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U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R Frances P erk in s, Secretary B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S Isador L u b in , C om m issioner (o n lea ve) A . F. H in rich s, A c tin g C om m issioner ♦ M oney Disbursements o f W age Earners and Clerical W ork ers 19 34-36 Summary V olum e By F A IT H M. W ILLIAM S and ALICE C. H A N S O N o f th e B u rea u o f Labor Statistics Bulletin A[o. 638 U N IT E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G OFFIC E W A S H IN G T O N : 1941 F or sale b y th e S u p erin ten d en t o f D ocu m en ts, W ashington, D . C. - P rice 55 cen ts U N IT E D ST AT ES D E P A R T M E N T OF LABO R F r a n c e s P e r k i n s , Secretary B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S I s a d o r L u b i n , Commissioner (o n le a v e ) A. F. H i n r i c h s , Acting Commissioner S i d n e y W . W il c o x H u g h S. H a n n a Chief Statistician Chief, Editorial and Research ST A F F OF TH E ST U D Y OF M O N E Y D IS B U R S E M E N T S OF W A G E E A R N E R S A N D C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S --- S U M M A R Y V O L U M E F a it h M . W il l i a m s , Chief, C ost of L iv in g D iv isio n J e r o m e C o r n f i e l d , A ssociate S ta tis tician C. H a n s o n , A ssista n t Chief, C ost of L ivin g D iv isio n A l ic e M a r y C. R u a r k , A ssista n t in charge of preparation of T abular S um m ary S a m u e l M . G a h a g e n and H a r r y W i n c k e l , in charge of ta b u la tio n in th e field ii CONTENTS Text Page P r efac e ________________________________________________________________________ S u m m ar y ____________________________________________ C hapter 1.-— Expenditure habits of wage earners and clerical workers___ C hapter 2.— Changes in family expenditures in the post-war period____ C hapter 3.— Income, family size, and the consumption level of the fam ily_______________________________________________________ C hapter 4.— Food___________________________________________________________ C hapter 5.— Housing________________________________________________________ C hapter 6.— Housefurnishings and household operation_________________ C hapter 7.— Clothing________________________________________________________ C hapter 8.— Transportation and recreation________________________________ C hapter 9.— Medical care, personal care, and miscellaneous items______ C hapter 10.— Savings________________________________________________________ C hapter 11.— Spending habits of special groups of families________________ C hapter 12.— Aggregate spending and saving of wage earners and clerical workers in large cities as related to their aggregate in come_________________________________________________________ List of text tables______________________________________________________________ List of figures___________________________________________________________________ v i i 1 9 34 46 66 86 104 121 132 150 167 187 207 223 227 List of Illustrations Facing Page P late 1.— Group of delegates to boot and shoe workers’ convention, 1919_ 2. — Women factory workers in Baltimore boarding a streetcar at the close of their day’s work (1936)_______________________________ 3. — Comparatively new one-family detached wooden houses in an eastern metropolitan area______________________________________ 4. — Back-yard view of Negro dwellings in one of the southern cities covered__________________________________________________________ 5. — Public Works Administration recent low-cost housing develop ment in Milwaukee_____________________________________________ 6. — Public Works Administration recent low-cost housing develop ment in Memphis_______________________________________________ 7. — Woman clerical worker dressed for the office_________________ 8.— W orkers’ automobiles parked outside a factory in Baltimore. _ 9. — After-work recreation in a public park in a large eastern city 10. — Camping out, Wisconsin Chequamegon National Forest____ 11. — Child-health conference for preschool children_______________ in 36 37 86 87 102 103 124 140 141 148 149 IV CONTENTS Tabular Summary Page L ist of ta b le s_______________________________________________________________ D e ta ile d ta b le s_____________________________________________________________ 230 232 Appendixes A p p e n d ix A p p e n d ix A p p e n d ix A p p e n d ix A . — Scope and period covered by th e s t u d y ____________________ B .— Selection of fam ilies to be in te r v ie w e d _____________________ C.— P rocedures fo llo w e d _________________________________________ D .— N o te s on ta b le s____________________________________________ L ist of appendix ta b le s_____________________________________________________ 355 359 362 383 402 Letter of Transmittal U n it e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r , B u r e a u of L a bo r S t a t ist ic s , Washington, D . C., June 15, 194-0. The S e c r e t a r y of L a b o r : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report summarizing the results of the survey of Money Disbursements of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Cities made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Previously issued bulletins have presented detailed data from this survey by regions and by cities. A. F. H in r ic h s , Acting Commissioner. Hon. F r a n c e s P e r k in s , Secretary of Labor. PR EFACE It is now more than half a century since the Commissioner of Labor was first instructed by the Congress in 1888 to obtain information on the incomes and the family expenditures of the wage earners of the country. In 1890, 42 percent of the gainfully employed workers in the United States were employed in industry, transportation, clerical service, and trade, and 41 percent in agriculture and allied occupa tions. In the 50 years which have intervened, there has been a marked shift in the occupational distribution of the workers of the Nation. Important changes in techniques of production have con siderably increased production per employed worker per year, both in industry and agriculture, whereas the demand for industrial prod ucts has expanded faster than the demand for farm products. The result, for many years, was a steady drift from the farms into industry and trade. This drift was interrupted during the first years of the depression and has since been resumed, although in diminished pro portion. In 1930, 58 percent of the gainfully occupied workers of the Nation were employed in industry, transportation, clerical services and trade, as compared with only 21 percent in agriculture and allied occupations. Important as it was in 1888 to know just what goods and services were available to urban wage earners and clerical workers, it is more important now. The National Resources Committee estimates that out of the Nation’s 24,913,200 nonrelief families in 1935-36, 13,085,500 were dependent for the major part of their support on the earnings of those two groups. The study on which the present report is based was undertaken primarily for the purpose of the revision of the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ index of the cost of goods purchased by wage earners and lower-salaried clerical workers. It has provided a new list of items to be priced, and new weights for that index. In addition, it has supplied valuable data about the kind of living available to the fami lies of employed wage earners and clerical workers in large cities, as defined by the sources of their incomes, the kinds of goods and serv ices they buy in a year, and the kind of dwellings in which they live. The material, supplying as it does the largest body of available data on the entire range of items for which moderate-income families in large cities spend, will be of great value to businessmen wishing VII VIII PREFACE to estimate the demand for specific products among urban families at the income levels in which these groups are found. It will also be of value to legislators and other students of taxation problems, to labor leaders and employers in connection with wage adjustments, to wel fare workers planning family budgets and relief allowances, and to students of consumption problems interested in the more theoretical aspects of the subject. Previous bulletins 1 have presented the data for the 42 separate cities with populations over 50,000 covered in the Study of Money Disbursements of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. The present volume summarizes what we have learned about the living of white and Negro families in these cities combined. For the first time since the study conducted in 1918-19 2 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we now have a general picture of the income level and the plane of living of this important urban group. It had been apparent for some time before the present survey was initiated, that consump tion habits had changed greatly since the last investigation of this kind. The data presented in this bulletin make it possible to under stand the effect upon the living of moderate income families, of new goods and services which have become available in the interval and the changed tempo of urban living. The Bureau is indebted to a number of different agencies for assist ance in the investigation. The Federal Emergency Relief Adminis tration and the Works Progress Administration supplied field investi gators in a number of cities. The W'orks Progress Administration supplied part of the clerical workers needed in summarizing the data. Local university, business, and welfare groups assisted in defining the area to be covered, and in choosing the sample in different commun ities. Thanks are especially due to the housewives who patiently worked with the Bureau’s representatives to recall the details of their families’ receipts and disbursements over the year. This investigation must be distinguished from the Study of Con sumer Purchases which was initiated a year after the present survey was under way. The Consumer Purchases Study was undertaken by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in cooperation with the Bureau of Home Economics of the Department of Agriculture, the National Resources Committee, and the Central Statistical Board. Its pur pose was to provide comparable information on the incomes and ex penditures of urban and rural families in different regions, in all occu pational groups, and at all income levels. The Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Home Economics were responsible for the collection and primary analysis of the data. The Bureau of 1 See Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletins Nos. 636, 637, 639, 640, 641. 2 See Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 357: Cost of Living in the United States. PREFACE IX Labor Statistics conducted the survey in 32 cities of varying size, representing different sections of the country. The Bureau of Home Economics studied families in small cities, villages, and farm coun ties. These two agencies have prepared separate reports on distribu tion of income and family disbursements in the areas which their respective surveys have covered. The National Resources Com mittee has utilized the results of the joint survey to prepare estimates of the distribution of consumer incomes and consumer expenditures in the entire United States. A. F . H in r ic h s , Acting Commissioner of Labor Statistics. D ecem ber 31, 1940. Bulletin T^o. 638 o f the U nited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics M oney Disbursements o f W age Earners and Clerical W ork ers, 1934-36— Summary V olum e Summary This volume presents a summary of the Bureau’s Nation-wide Study of Money Disbursements of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 1934-36. Separate results for each city have already been pub lished in a series of bulletins (Nos. 636, 637, 639, 640, and 641). The survey covered 12,903 white families and 1,566 Negro families in 42 cities with population over 50,000. Results for these 14,469 families in the 42 cities combined are presented in this report. All families included in the survey met the following requirements: Family incomes of at least $500 per year; no receipt of relief, either direct or work relief, during the survey year; at least one earner em ployed for 36 weeks and earning at least $300; no clerical worker earning over $200 per month or $2,000 per year. In com e The 14,469 families averaged 3.6 persons and their average income was $1,524. Half of them had incomes below $1,458. The average income of the 12,903 white families was $1,546 and of the 1,566 Negro families was $1,008. The income of the 28 percent of families in which the chief earner was a clerical worker averaged $1,642. Corresponding figures for other occupational groups were: Skilled worker, 23 percent, $1,661; semiskilled worker, 35 percent, $1,437; unskilled worker, 14 percent, $1,255. E xpen d itu res Data based on actual expenditures of these families show the over whelming importance of food, clothing, and housing, including fuel, light, and refrigeration. These expenses were around two-thirds of the total, even at the highest income levels surveyed. Outlays for the major categories of family spending are shown in the following table. The figures show not only the average for all families surveyed, but the changing proportions claimed by the various categories at rela tively low, intermediate, and high income levels. 1 2 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME Average Yearly M on ey Expense fo r M ain Categories o f Fam ily Spending [14,469 families in 1934-36] Families with annual net income of— All families Item Amount All item s-------------- ---------------------------- Food----- ---------- ---------- -------------------Clothing________________________________________ Housing--- ------------- ---------------------- -Fuel, light, and refrigeration----- ----------- ------Other household operation________________________ Furnishings and e q u i p m e n t _ ----------- ___ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, operation, and maintenance. _ ____ ____ ___________ Other transportation____ . ___ _________ _ Personal c a r e ____ ____________ _ _ __ Medical care_______ ___________________________ Recreation-----------------------------------------Education. __ ------------------------------------- . Vocation . . _ _ .. ._ Community welfare _. ----. _ . . . __ _ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the eco nomic family___________ _ -. _______ Other items____________ _______ _ _______ ____ Percent age Under $1,200 $1,200 to $1,800 $1,800 and over P ercen t P ercent P ercent $1, 512 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 508 160 259 108 58 60 33. 5 10.6 17.1 7.1 3.8 4.0 36.2 9.0 19.5 8.6 3.4 3.4 33.9 10.2 17.7 7.4 3.7 4.1 31. 7 11.9 15.3 6.2 4.2 4.0 87 38 30 59 82 7 6 19 5.8 2.5 2.0 3.9 5.4 .5 .4 1.3 3.2 2.7 2.0 3.8 4.8 .3 .3 1.2 5.7 2.4 2.0 3.9 5.3 .4 .3 1.2 7.3 2.5 2.0 4.0 5.9 .6 .5 1.3 24 7 1.6 .5 1.1 .5 1.4 .4 2.0 .6 It is clear that with a family income of $1,200 or less per year even limited supplies of food, clothing, and housing absorbed such a large part of the total, that the margin left for recreation, medical care, transportation, and other items was necessarily small. A t higher incomes, larger quantities and better food were consumed, housing was better and clothing more varied and attractive, but still there was a proportionately greater share of the total available for miscel laneous categories of family spending. Im p o r ta n c e o f S iz e o f F a m ily In order to obtain a full picture of what may be called the eco nomic level at which a family lives, it is necessary to take account of the complicating effect of family size and composition, and not merely of the size of family income. For example, a family composed of a young husband and wife only may live quite comfortably on an income of $1,500. Another family, however, composed of an elderly father, a middle-aged married couple, and four children ranging in age from 6 to 20 must forego many things the first family can afford, if it is to stay within its $1,500, that is, it must live at a lower economic level. This difference in family composition and size can be taken account of by classifying families according to total expenditure per family member. In counting the number of family members, the moder ately active man is taken as one unit, and each other member is counted in proportion, making due allowance for the customary con sumption of persons of different age, sex, and activity. Such a classification has been used, in addition to the family income classification, in the reports giving the results of this survey by re- SUMMARY 3 gions. It is also used in the tables in this bulletin which present de tails of family expenditure. Current expenditure per family member averaged $455. When families are classified by economic level, the largest families are found at the lowest levels. Fifteen percent of the families and 35 percent of the children were found in the group spending less than $300 per year per family member. A t this level, the families averaged five and a half persons. Forty-one percent of their total current expendi tures was spent for food; 26 percent for housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration; and 10 percent for clothing. Less than a quarter of the total could be used for the many other things which urban families must buy. F ood Food expenditures constitute the most important single item in the family budgets of the entire group of families surveyed, taking 33.5 percent of the average family’s expenditure. Despite the fact that food took first place in expenditures, a large proportion of these fami lies did not spend enough to secure the amount and kinds of food needed for good health for all the family and for normal growth of the children. Although most of them had sufficient food to avoid actual hunger, only about 75 percent of the white families and 32 percent of the Negro families spent enough to buy the recommended “ minimum-cost adequate diet” of the Bureau of Home Economics. This diet consists of lists of low-cost foods in proportions and quantities sufficient to yield a balanced ration for persons of different age, sex, and activity. The retail cost of each of these diets in each city was computed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on the basis of prices reported from retail stores for the year in which the consump tion survey discussed here was conducted. From these costs it was then possible to compute the cost of the Bureau of Home Economics’ “ minimum-cost adequate diet” for a family of any stated composition. The actual food expenditure of each family could then be compared with the computed cost of the minimum adequate diet for that family. While this comparison does not furnish information on the proportion of families actually attaining adequate diets, it does furnish an esti mate of the proportion of families spending enough for food to have obtained an adequate diet if the food selections had been wisely made; and it indicates that less than three-fourths met that test. H o u sin g Housing expenditures, the item of next importance in the spending of these families, averaged $34 per month. This figure includes expense for fuel, light, and refrigeration, rent, and rental value of owned homes. Two-fifths of these families lived in one-family de- 4 M ONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMM ARY VOLUME tached houses, one-fourth lived in apartments, and the rest in semi detached, row, or two-family houses. The home of the typical wage-earner or clerical family with an income above $500 had a bathroom with inside flush toilet and hot running water. It had electric lights and gas or electricity for cook ing. Seventy-eight percent of the families surveyed had all of the facilities just mentioned. Two-thirds had central heat in their homes. Ice was used for refrigeration by two-thirds of these families in 1934-36. During and since that period there has been a great increase in sales of mechanical refrigerators. Twenty-six percent had electric refrigerators at the time of the present study, and the proportion is doubtless larger now. Forty percent of the homes had garages and 30 percent, telephones. Seventy percent of the families surveyed rented their homes. Of these, 38 percent lived in houses, 24 percent rented heated apartments, and 38 percent unheated apartments. Thirty percent of the families were home owners; all but a negligible fraction of these lived in houses; a few lived in apartments of which they were owners or part owners. The total money expense of home owners for taxes, assessments, interest, insurance, repairs, fuel, light, and refrigeration was $27 a month. When the return on their capital investment is taken into consideration, their total monthly housing expenditure actually amounted to $39. Families renting heated apartments paid an average of $35 for rent, light, gas, and refrigeration. Rent, fuel, light, and refrigeration both for families renting unheated apartments and for families renting houses averaged $31 per month. H ou sefu rnish in gs and H ou sehold Operation About one-twelfth of the total expenditure was absorbed by house hold expenses other than rent, heat, and light. These expenditures were for furnishings and household equipment, cleaning supplies, laundry and domestic service, telephone, water rent, insurance on furniture, and other items connected with the running of the home. The average annual expenditure of all families for furnishings and equipment was $60 and for household operation, $58. Expenditures for furnishings and equipment were very limited at the lowest income level, where they amounted to only 2 percent of total expenditure. They rose to about 4 percent at the $2,000 income level, after which they showed a tendency to decline as a proportion of total expenditure. Expenditures for household operation increased from about 3 percent at the lowest income level to almost 4 percent at the highest. The increase in the amount paid for household operation as income in creased was due principally to greater use of laundry service and paid help. The total amount spent for the family home, including rent, SUMMARY 5 value of housing “ in kind” from investment in owned home, fuel, light, and refrigeration, furnishings, telephone, etc., averaged for all the families about $44 per month, ranging from about $20 per month for families with incomes of $500 to $600 a year to over $50 for those with incomes above $1,800. Clothing Clothing expenditures, the third most important item in relative importance, claimed 10.6 percent of total family expenditure. The urgency with which families regard the need for comfortable and socially appropriate clothing is evidenced by the larger outlay for clothing per family at higher income levels. As incomes permitted, these families of wage earners and clerical workers spent for clothing not only more dollars, but a larger proportion of the total family expenditure. When families were classified by amount of total expenditure per family member a sharp increase in clothing expendi ture per person was found at higher economic levels. Important differences were noted in total clothing expenditures of persons of different age, sex, and occupation, even when allowance was made for differences in income and family size. Employed women spent most, then employed men, followed by women at home and men at home. For both men and women over 18, outerwear (that is coats, sweaters, suits, shirts, dresses, and blouses) represented the major clothing expenditure. The second major clothing expense for both men and women was footwear, including shoes, slippers, rubbers and arctics, and hose. It represented a larger expenditure, both in dollars and as a percentage of the total, for women than for men. This fact is largely explained by the importance of silk stockings in the women’s clothing expendi tures. Women’s silk and rayon stockings cost 72 cents per pair on the average and accounted for $7.41 per year for each person, almost as much as shoes which cost the average woman in these workers’ families $7.85 a year. The men bought a new overcoat or topcoat on the average once in 5 years, at an average price of $21, and a new wool suit once in 2 years at an average cost of $24. A utom obiles Forty-four percent of all the families covered in this study owned automobiles. Almost all were purchased second-hand rather than new. Of these families nearly 2 percent owned more than one auto mobile, and practically all of them included grown sons and daughters who pooled their earnings with those of their elders. The average net purchase price (gross price, minus trade-in allowance) was $300 per family purchasing an automobile. 6 M ONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMMARY VOLUME Other Transportation The percentage of total expenditure devoted to “ other” transporta tion was less at the higher economic levels. The principal factor in this decline was the smaller proportion of expenditures going to street car fares as automobile ownership became more frequent. Radios That the habit of “ listening to the radio” has become widespread is shown by the high proportion of the families reporting radio ownership in 1934-36. Seventy-four percent owned a radio. Even among those families spending less than $200 per year per family member for all items of family living, 40 percent had a radio. Recreation The average expenditure for tobacco accounted for over a third of the total spent for recreation. Cigarette purchases were reported by only a little over half the families at the low economic level but by three-fourths at the high level. About 50 cents per week per family spending went for this purpose at the low economic level compared with almost 90 cents at the high economic level. Reading of the daily paper and some attendance at movies were almost universally reported. M ed ica l Care and P ersonal Care When these families had paid for the basic requirements of urban living— food, shelter, clothing, transportation, and recreation— they had, on the average, a margin of only one-tenth of their total expendi ture for medical care, personal care, gifts and direct personal taxes, formal education, and miscellaneous items. Thus it is not surprising to find that the actual average expenditure of all families for medical care, $59 per family or $16 per person, was far below the amount that has been estimated as necessary to obtain adequate medical care. The greatest part of this expenditure went to the general practitioner, while the dentist received the next largest share. These expenditures combined with those for medicines and drugs comprised over one-half of the total expenditure for medical care. The balance went for serv ices of hospitals, specialists, and nurses, and for eyeglasses, medical appliances, and miscellaneous medical expense. The average family expenditure of $30 for personal care was about equally divided between services of barber and beauty shops and the purchase of toilet articles and preparations. Haircuts accounted for $10 of the $16 total for personal care services, permanent waves for $2, and other waves for $1,70. Practically all of the families (96 7 SUMMARY percent) bought toilet soap as well as laundry soap. portion reported expense for haircuts. E du ca tion The same pro , V ocation, and M iscellan eou s Formal education, vocational expense (including such items as union dues), and miscellaneous expenditures each took one-half of 1 percent or less of total family expenditure. Such expenditures, and those for community welfare, all tend to be highly variable. Individual families spent from nothing to rather large amounts in this way. Savings In the aggregate, the current incomes of the families studied were a little greater than their current expenditures. The average savings amounted to $11. Among families with incomes from $500 to $600 (the lowest income level included in this study) the year brought a deficit, with an average net change in assets and liabilities for all families of $80. This deficit became progressively smaller at successive income levels, and changed to an average surplus at the $1,500 to $1,800 income level. The average surplus was greater at each higher income class, reaching a maximum of $231 for families with incomes of $3,000 and over. In this report, expenditure for life-insurance premiums is treated as savings. Changes in F a m ily E xpenditures F ro m 1 9 1 9 to 1 9 3 4 -3 6 A comparison of the figures obtained in the present investigation with those of a similar study made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1917-19 shows marked changes in family expenditures in the interval. Technological developments in the production of consumers7 goods in the period of almost 20 years made a considerable difference not only in the kinds of things on the market but also, combined with other factors, in the prices charged for goods purchased by moderateincome families. Prices of food and of clothing were very much lower in 1934-36 than in 1917-19, rents and housefurnishings prices were slightly lower. Electric light and power rates were lower, but coal cost more, since coal prices had been controlled at relatively low levels during the first World War. A comparison has been made of actual expenditures in 1934-36 with the cost at that date of goods comparable to those which were purchased by families in 1917-19. It shows that in the later period this group of employed workers spent more for food and for housing than would have been required to buy the equivalent of the food and housing purchased in 1917-19. The data available on the kinds of foods purchased in the two periods indicate that the consumption of this group at the later date was nearer the diets 242949°— 41------ 2 8 M O N EY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMM ARY VOLUME recommended by nutrition specialists than were the diets of families at approximately the same economic level in 1917-19. C om parison o f W h ite and N egro F am ilies The principal differences noted in the spending of white and Negro families are associated with income differences. The same require ments for inclusion in the survey were applied to white and to Negro families. As relatively more Negroes than whites were on relief or unemployed at the time of the survey, the Negroes included rep resented the higher stratum of Negro wage earners and clerical workers. Despite this fact, the incomes of the Negro families in cluded were substantially below those of the white families. When expenditures for white families were compared with those for Negro families at the same income level or economic level, few marked differences were found. The principal ones were that Negroes saved more because of their almost universal practice of paying insurance premiums; that they contributed more to relatives; and that they spent somewhat less for food. In Northern cities, Negro families spent more for housing than white families at the same income level, but the reverse was found in the South. Regional Differences The generalized averages for 42 cities combined necessarily do not show differences between localities. Separate data for individual cities have been presented in the series of bulletins mentioned earlier. When a comparison is made of differences in family-spending patterns between regions, many of these differences are found to be due to income variations. Some are of course associated with climate and custom. Regional differences in averages for main categories of spending are in general small between families at the same income level. For families with incomes between $1,200 and $1,500 the cate gory which showed the largest regional difference was housing. New York City families had the largest expenditure for housing including fuel, light, and refrigeration. Other North Atlantic cities had the second greatest expenditure and Pacific coast cities, the lowest housing expenditure. One of the most interesting contrasts found was the difference in expenditures for automobile purchase, operation, and maintenance. The highest average expenditure was found among the Pacific coast families, with families in the W est North Central, East North Central, Southern, and North Atlantic regions following in the order named. Families in New York City had the lowest average automobile expenditure. In fact, the average expenditure for auto mobile purchase, operation, and maintenance in Pacific coast cities was 9 times greater than the average for New York City. Chapter 1 EXPENDITURE HABITS OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS How did the families of wage earners and clerical workers earn and spend in American cities in the mid-1930*8? To present a composite answer to that question is the purpose of this report. Data are presented based on the incomes and expenditures reported by 14,469 families in 1 year during the period 1934-36. They were obtained from families of employed wage earners and clerical workers in 42 cities, and include figures from native and foreign-born white and Negro families. This group of families, with at least one employed member and a minimum income of $500 (the lower limit set by the plan of the investigation), averaged $1,524 income per year. However, half of the families studied had incomes of $1,458 or less. The average family, taking all the families studied in the 42 cities as one composite, spent a third of its entire income, $508, to purchase the family’s food, from the butcher and baker, the grocer and dairy man, and at lunch counters and restaurants. The average annual expense for housing, and fuel, light, and refrigeration was $367. For some families this meant rented apartments with heat, light, and current for refrigeration furnished by the landlord; for others it meant payment of taxes, interest, and repairs on a 5- or 6-room house and purchase of heating fuel, electricity for lighting, and ice for refrigera tion. Clothing for this average family, which included 3.6 persons, cost $160, or $44 per person. Winter coats for the men and older boys in the family were purchased about once every 5 years and for the women and girls about once every 4 years. On the other hand, shoes are a continuing necessity. Shoes constituted one of the largest items of clothing expenditure. The overwhelming importance of expenditures for food, clothing, and housing as a percentage of total expenditure, is shown in figure 1. All the families studied had had some expense for these three items. Some of the home owners went through the year of the study without any outlay for the upkeep of the house, but all of them were responsible for property taxes, and all taxes due were treated as a family expense; any unpaid taxes due over the period of the year were entered as an increase in family debts. Expense for purchase, operation, and maintenance of automobiles ranged from nothing at all among the 56 percent of the families not 9 10 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMM ARY VOLUME operating cars to relatively large amounts among the few families buying new cars during the year. When all families are considered together, expenditures for purchase, operation, and maintenance averaged $87 per family for the year. The survey found that more workers’ families in western cities had cars than in eastern cities. Furthermore, the families in smaller communities were more likely to have cars than those in metropolitan areas where traffic congestion is greater. The majority of the automobiles bought by this group of workers’ families were purchased as used cars. They served to take family members to and from work and school and to facilitate inex pensive week-end or vacation outings for the whole family. It was impossible, however, to separate the extent to which automobile expenditures were devoted to recreation as compared to other purposes. After automobile expenditures came those for recreation of other types, with an average of $82 a year. This included cameras, radio purchase and upkeep, paid admissions to movies, ball games, and other commercial amusements, purchase of newspapers and other reading matter, cigarettes and other forms of tobacco, as well as sport and play equipment. Expenditures for household furnishings, medical care, and household operation each averaged approximately $60. Expenditures for housefurnishings covered both purchase of new items, and replacement of such items as light bulbs, towels, sheets, and kitchen utensils. Included in household operation costs were telephone, laundry sent out, soap and cleaning supplies, household help, postage, and similar items. Of the average dollar spent for medical care, 22 cents went for drugs, medicines, eyeglasses, and medical appliances, 10 cents for hospital service, and 68 cents for other medical service. Eighty-five percent of the families reported expenditure for medicine and drugs, and 50 percent for dental care. Transportation by streetcar, bus, ferry, train, boat, and occa sionally by airplane, claimed a total of $38 of the average family’s income. Another $30 was required to take care of the personal grooming of these family members. Of this, the largest item was haircuts, with other barber and beauty-shop services, and toilet articles and preparations also claiming a share. The other channels into which the typical workers’ family money found its way were gifts and contributions to persons outside the family, which aggregated $24; direct taxes and other contributions to the community welfare, which averaged $19; $7 for formal educa tion; $6 for vocational expense, such as union dues and licenses; and $7 for miscellaneous expenditures. 11 EXPENDITURE HABITS The range and variety of the products of industry and agriculture purchased by these families is very great, as merely suggested by the categories of expenditure listed. It is clear that the combined dollars in the pay envelopes of all American wage earners and clerical workers Fig. I PERCENTAGE D IS T R IB U T IO N O F E X P E N D IT U R E AVERAGE FOR FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND LOWER-SALARIED CLERICAL WORKERS IN 42 CITIES 19 3 4- 36 ITFM 0 10 PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 20 30 40 U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS added together form a major source of the Nation’s purchasing power.1 1 See ch. 12. For an estimate of the aggregate consumption of all American families, including business and professional, farm and village families, single individuals, and institutions, as well as families of wage earners and clerical workers, see Consumer Expenditures in the United States, National Resources Committee. Washington, 1939. 12 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMM ARY VOLUME T able 1.— Expenditures fo r Groups o f Item s , by Incom e Level 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families with annual net income of— Item All fami $500 lies to $600 $600 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 $3,000 to to to to to to to to and $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 $3,000 over Percent of families in survey____ 100.0 0.8 8.4 Average family size: Persons________ __________ Expenditure units 1________ Food expenditure units 1___ Clothing expenditure units t_ 3.11 2.85 2. 66 2.39 3.18 2.91 2. 71 2.47 3.60 3.32 3.12 2.88 20.4 3.41 3.11 2.90 2.64 23.8 3.54 3.24 3.02 2. 75 20.3 3. 62 3.32 3.12 2.86 15.1 3.76 3.48 3. 27 3.02 5.6 2.7 1.3 1.6 4.03 3.77 3.58 3.38 4.27 4.04 3.85 3.75 4.37 4.12 3.88 4.05 4.81 4.64 4.45 4.65 Average annual current expenditure All item s------------------------ $1, 612 508 160 259 108 58 60 $651 250 49 132 64 20 13 87 38 30 59 82 7 6 19 9 17 13 22 28 2 2 7 20 25 17 33 38 2 2 10 40 29 22 42 54 4 3 13 73 33 27 53 72 5 4 17 99 40 32 64 87 7 7 20 137 43 37 78 104 11 9 25 162 52 43 81 129 14 11 28 161 65 51 97 152 19 22 35 197 78 59 109 177 17 14 37 212 115 71 115 232 22 18 48 24 7 5 18 7 5 13 4 18 5 26 6 35 9 46 11 52 20 63 25 92 21 Food--------- -------------Clothing__________________ Housing__________________ Fuel, light, refrigeration____ Other household operation __ Furnishings and equipment. Automobile and motor cycle — purchase, opera tion, and maintenance___ Other transportation ______ Personal care_ . . _ M edical care__ ___ Recreation_______ ______ Education___ _ _ ______ Vocation ________ _____ Community w e lfa r e ...____ Gifts and contributions to persons outside economic fam ily.. ------- -------Other item s__________ $851 $1,110 $1, 371 $1,629 $1,873 $2,160 $2,414 $2,704 $3,251 472 315 597 683 756 398 540 837 1,021 102 74 136 173 211 258 309 388 471 169 281 346 215 246 324 300 370 411 76 106 114 136 94 123 131 131 148 49 63 92 30 102 38 77 119 142 39 28 55 70 77 96 112 90 83 Percentage distribution All item s_____________________ Food____________________ Clothing__________ _ Housing__________________ Fuel, light, refrigeration____ Other household operation... Furnishings and equipment . Automobile and motor cycle — purchase, opera tion, and maintenance. Other transportation______ Personal care______________ Medical care----------------Recreation. --- --------Education.________________ Vocation_____ ____________ Community welfare_____ _ Gifts and contributions to persons outside economic family___________________ Other item s_______________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.5 38.4 37.0 35.8 34.4 33.2 31.8 31.7 31.4 31.0 31.4 10.6 8.7 9.9 10.6 11.2 11.9 12.8 14.4 14.5 7.5 9.1 17.1 20.2 19.9 19.3 17.9 17.3 16.0 15.0 14.3 13.7 12.6 8.9 7.0 6.6 7.1 8.5 7.7 6.3 5.4 9.8 4.6 4.8 3.5 3.9 3.8 3.1 3.4 3.6 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.4 3.3 3.5 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 3.1 3.4 5.8 2.5 2.0 3.9 5.4 .5 .4 1.3 1.4 2.6 2.0 3.4 4.3 .3 .3 1.1 2.4 2.9 2.0 3.9 4.5 .2 .2 1.2 3.6 2.6 2.0 3.8 4.9 .4 .3 1.2 5.3 2.4 2.0 3.9 5.3 .4 .3 1.2 6.1 2.5 2.0 3.9 5.3 .4 .4 1.2 7.3 2.3 2.0 4.2 5.6 .6 .5 1.3 7.5 2.4 2.0 3.7 6.0 .6 .5 1.3 6.7 2.7 2.1 4.0 6.3 .8 1.6 .5 .8 2.8 .8 .6 1.2 .4 1.3 .4 1.6 .4 1.9 .5 2.1 .5 i For the method of computing family size in expenditure units, see appendix C. Notes on this table are on p. 388. 1.4 7.3 2.9 2.2 4.0 6.5 .6 .5 1.4 6.6 3.5 2.2 3.5 7.1 .7 .6 1.5 2.2 .8 2.3 .9 2.8 .9 .6 13 EXPENDITURE HABITS , T able 2.— Expenditures fo r Groups o f Item s by Incom e Level 1 2 ,9 0 3 W H I T E F A M I L IE S I N 4 2 C I T IE S [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families with annual net income of— Item All fami $500 lies to $600 $600 $900 $1, 200 $1, 500 $1, 800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 $3,000 to to to to to and to to to $900 $1,200 $1, 500 $1, 800 $2,100 $2, 400 $2, 700 $3,000 over Percent of families in survey___ 100.0 0.5 7.1 Average family size: Persons________________ Expenditure units 1________ Food expenditure units 1___ Clothing expenditure units 1. 2.95 2.74 2. 59 2.24 3.12 2.86 2.67 2. 43 3.60 3. 32 3.12 2.88 19.8 24.2 3. 39 3.09 2.89 2.62 3. 53 3.23 3. 01 2.74 21.0 3.62 3. 32 3.12 2. 86 15.7 3.76 3.48 3. 27 3. 02 5.8 2.8 L4 1.7 4.02 3.76 3. 57 3. 37 4. 27 4.04 3.85 3.75 4.37 4.12 3.88 4.05 4.81 4.65 4.45 4.65 A v era g e a n n u a l cu rren t e x p en d itu re $871 $1,116 $1, 372 $1, 630 $1, 872 $2,159 $2,415 $2, 703 $3, 249 541 683 323 473 597 756 401 837 1, 022 472 102 211 74 173 258 136 308 388 324 217 281 300 370 408 175 246 345 94 114 122 136 132 131 148 106 77 49 102 119 142 63 77 92 38 31 89 113 39 70 55 83 77 96 28 A ll item s.. ............ ..................... $1. 536 515 163 262 109 59 61 $736 273 50 160 72 23 12 90 39 30 60 84 7 6 19 14 20 13 21 32 3 3 6 21 26 17 34 39 2 3 10 41 29 22 42 54 4 3 13 74 33 27 53 72 5 4 17 100 39 32 64 87 7 7 20 137 43 37 78 104 11 9 25 162 52 43 81 129 14 11 28 162 65 51 97 152 19 22 35 196 78 59 109 177 17 14 37 213 115 71 115 231 22 18 48 25 7 5 29 6 5 13 4 17 5 26 6 35 9 46 11 52 21 63 25 91 20 Food. _________________ C lothing.____ ____________ Housing__________________ Fuel, light, refrigeration____ Other household operation. _ Furnishings and equipment _ Automobile and motor cycle — purchase, opera tion, and maintenance___ Other transportation______ Personal c a r e . .________ __ Medical care____________ Recreation_______________ Education_______ _______ Vocation __ . . . _ __ _ Community w elfare.. . . Gifts and contributions to persons outside economic family. . . _______________ Other items_______________ P e r c en ta g e d istr ib u tio n All item s_____________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Food. __________________ 33.5 37.1 37.1 35.9 34.5 33.2 31.9 31.6 31.3 31.0 31.4 9.9 10.6 11.2 11.9 12.8 14.4 14.5 Clothing__________________ 9.1 6.8 8.5 10.6 Housing__________________ 17.1 21.8 20.1 19.4 17.9 17.3 16.0 15.0 14.3 13.7 12.5 8.4 6.3 7.0 6.5 5.4 4.6 8.8 4.8 Fuel, light, refrigeration____ 7.1 9.8 7.7 3.9 4.4 3.4 4.3 4.2 3.6 4.1 4.4 Other household operation... 3.6 3.8 3.1 3.5 3.2 4.1 4.3 4.1 3.1 3.5 1.6 4.0 4.0 Furnishings and equipm ent. 4.0 Automobile and motor cycle — purchase, opera 2.4 7.5 3.7 5.4 6.1 7.3 6.7 7.3 6.6 1.9 5.9 tion, and maintenance _ _ 2.4 2.4 2.9 3.5 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.7 Other transportation__ 2.5 2.7 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Personal care______________ 2.0 1.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.2 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.9 2.9 3.7 Medical care______________ 6.0 5.2 5.6 6.5 5.3 6.3 7.1 Recreation________________ 5.4 4.3 4.5 4.8 .4 .7 .2 .4 .4 .6 Education________________ .4 .6 .7 .8 .5 .9 .6 .3 .3 .3 .4 .5 .5 .4 .5 Vocation__________________ .4 1. 5 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.2 .8 Community welfare________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside economic 1.2 1.9 2.3 2.8 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.2 .7 1.6 .7 family__________________ .4 .4 .9 .9 .6 3.9 .6 .4 .5 .5 .5 Other item s_______________ 1 For the method of computing family size in expenditure units, see appendix O. Notes on this table are on p. 388. 14 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME T able 3.— Expenditures for Groups of Items, by Income Level 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families with annual net income ofItem All families Percent of families in survey____ - _________ 100.0 Average family size: Persons_________________ _____________ Expenditure units 1________ ____ — Food expenditure units 1_______________ Clothing expenditure units *--------- . _- 3.59 3.28 3.07 2. 84 $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 8.7 35.2 33.6 13.7 5.5 3.3 3.90 3. 57 3. 38 3.15 4.50 4.26 3. 99 3.98 3. 31 2.98 2.76 2. 59 3.42 3.11 2.89 2. 66 3.64 3. 33 2.98 2.86 3.76 3.45 3.21 3.03 $1,800 and over Average annual current expenditure All item s................................................... .......... Food--- --------- ------------ -----------Clothing_____________________ ____ ___ Housing--------- ------------------------Fuel, light, refrigeration-----------------Other household operation_____________ Furnishings and equipment____________ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, operation, and maintenance__________ Other transportation------- ------------Personal care--- ------- -----------------Medical care-----------------------------Recreation____________________________ Education __________________________ V o c a tio n ___________________________ Community welfare______________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside economic family------------ -------- - -Other item s------------- ----------- ----- $991 342 101 183 87 33 39 $543 221 47 97 54 16 15 $760 279 73 142 71 23 27 23 35 22 36 49 3 2 14 2 13 12 23 24 1 1 13 23 17 30 36 2 1 10 18 6 10 3 4 7 4 $1,018 353 98 190 95 34 40 $1, 304 417 139 251 105 47 59 $1,490 497 184 269 115 56 64 $2,191 643 273 366 131 87 100 27 36 22 37 50 2 2. 15 38 51 29 43 62 4 3 21 35 61 31 45 69 5 4 17 59 89 53 70 148 26 4 24 15 31 32 6 83 35 2 4 Percentage distribution All items---- ---------- ---------------------- F o o d ----- ------------------------------C loth ing.._ --- ------------ -------- -H o u sin g _____ __ _ _ _______________ Fuel, light, refrigeration.._______ _ ___ Other household operation_____ __ __ _ Furnishings and equipment______ . ___ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, operation, and maintenance ____ __ Other transportation_______ _______ Personal care--- ------ ------ --------- -Medical care__________________________ Recreation____ _____________________ Education ------ - ------------------- _ Vocation. _______ :_____________ ___ Community welfare___________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside economic family_____________________ Other item s___________ _______________ 100.0 34.6 10.2 18.5 8.8 3.3 3.9 100.0 40.7 8.7 17.9 9.9 2.9 2.8 100.0 36.8 9.6 18.7 9.4 3.0 3.6 100.0 34.7 9.6 18.7 9.3 3.3 3.9 100.0 32.0 10.7 19.2 8.1 3.6 4.5 100.0 33.4 12.3 18.1 7.7 3.8 4.3 100.0 29.3 12.4 16.7 6.0 4.0 4.6 2.3 3.6 2.2 3.6 4.9 .3 .2 1.4 .4 2.4 2.2 4.2 4.4 .2 1.3 1.7 3.0 2.2 3.9 4.7 .3 .1 1.3 2.7 3.5 2.2 3.6 4.9 .2 .2 1.5 2.9 3.9 2.2 3.3 4.8 .3 .2 1.6 2.4 4.1 2.1 3.0 4.6 .3 .3 1.1 2.7 4.1 2.4 3.2 6.7 1.2 .2 1.1 1.8 .4 1.1 .7 1.3 .4 1.5 .2 2.4 .3 2.1 .4 3.8 1.6 .2 1 For the method of computing family size in expenditure units, see appendix C. Notes on this table are on p. 388. S cop e and M eth od o f S tu d y The investigation in which these data were secured commenced in the fall of 1934. It was undertaken primarily for the purpose of revising the index of the cost of goods purchased by wage earners and clerical workers, published currently by this Bureau. No compre hensive data on a Nation-wide basis on the purchases of workers’ EXPENDITURE HABITS 15 families had been available since the completion of the last similar Nation-wide study conducted by the Bureau in 1917-19 among 12,096 families in 92 cities. During the years intervening since 1919 various local studies had been conducted by private agencies and the Bureau had made limited studies of expenditures of families of Federal employees and of workers in one large industrial plant. These studies had pointed to funda mental changes which had taken place in the consumption patterns of the great majority of American families. More widespread use of electricity, introduction of the radio, popularization of the auto mobile, development of inexpensive synthetic silk fibers, extensive use of refrigerator trains, and countless other changes in the tech nology and organization of production had served to bring within the reach of moderate-income families products which in 1919 were unknown or were priced outside the range of their pocketbooks. Not only had workers’ families readjusted their mode of spending to the new type of products on the market, but their consumption reflected adjustments to the quickened tempo of post-war American life. The present investigation was designed to show a cross section of this new way of American living insofar as it is revealed by the kinds and amounts of goods and services purchased by typical workers’ families, the money expenditures with which these goods and services were secured, and the balance between total incomes and current expenditures. Since the data were being obtained primarily for the purpose of providing a basis for indexes of living costs, it was important that they should not reflect the distorted spending of families whose incomes had been abnormally low and irregular. On that account no data were included from families with incomes under $500 a year or from families which received relief during the year.2 The data, though limited to reports from 14,469 3 families in 42 cities with populations over 50,000, may be considered to be repre2 Principal among the criteria for inclusion were the following requirements: 1. The chief earner a wage earner or lower-salaried clerical worker. No families in which the chief earner was a domestic worker were included, though families in which subsidiary earners were domestic workers were eligible. 2. At least one wage earner or lower-salaried clerical worker who worked a minimum of 1,008 hours in 36 weeks (or 28 hours in each of 30 weeks if employed in a distinctly seasonal industry, such as the clothing and construction industries). 3. A minimum annual income during the schedule year of $500, of which at least $300 was earned by one person. 4. No clerical worker in the family who earned over $2,000 in the year covered by the schedule or $200 in any one month of that year. 5. N ot over 25 percent of total family income from sources other than earnings (such as rents, interest, or di vidends). Receipts from boarders and lodgers were treated as earnings. 6. No income from direct relief or work relief at any time in the year covered by the schedule. For a complete account of the sampling procedure, see appendix D of any of the regional bulletins. 8 Data from 199 Mexican families in Los Angeles and Houston are not included in this report. See B. L. S. Bulletins Nos. 639 and 640. 16 M ONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMM ARY VOLUME sentative of the expenditures of families in cities of this size, meeting the requirements of the investigation. This representativeness was sought by two methods: First, the families actually visited in any city were drawn by lot in such a way that each family of an employed wrage earner or lower-salaried clerical worker had the same chance to be included as any other. Those actually scheduled are, therefore, presumably representative. Secondly, the 42 cities covered were distributed geographically from north to south and from coast to coast in such a way that data for several representative cities in each region could be combined. Pre liminary tests indicated that there were greater differences in con sumption and spending habits between cities in different regions than between different cities in the same region. The data for all cities studied within each region were therefore pooled and the averages for the regions were then combined, each being given an importance relative to that of the combined population of all cities with popu lations over 50,000 4 in that region. This procedure gives to the pooled regional totals the relative emphasis which is warranted by regional population distribution.5 F a m ily C om p osition and In com e Wide differences in expenditure patterns are found at the successive income levels covered by this study. They represent the effect not only of the amount of money available for spending, but the fact that, in the wage-earner and clerical groups, differences in family income are associated with differences in family size and composition. Variations in expenditure patterns from income level to income level also reflect the influence of differing occupational and age composition at high as compared with low income levels, and differences in the relative importance of earnings from supplementary workers.6 The average economic family studied in these 42 cities consisted of 3.60 persons, of whom 1.03 were children under 16 and 2.57 were adults (see table 4). Approximately one-fifth of the families studied were composed of man and wife only, and almost as many were families including man, wife, and 2 to 4 children. Families consisting entirely of adults, inclusive of families composed only of man and wife, con stituted over two-fifths of the entire group studied; families with man and wife and children under 16 constituted almost another 4 The population of metropolitan areas as defined in the Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Metropolitan Districts, Population and Area, rather than that within the city limits, was used. For N ew York City, however, the population figure for the city proper in 1930 was used. 5 For a more complete description of the weighting process employed in combining data for 42 cities, see appendix C, p. 366. « In using these figures, it should be remembered that families of the wage-earner and clerical groups as defined for this study include only families in which at least 76 percent of the income comes from earnings. EXPENDITURE HABITS 17 two-fifths; while the remaining fifth were families with children and adults in addition to, or other than, man and wife. The families studied were definitely larger, and the proportion of family members over 16 years old was greater, at the higher incomes. Thus, the average number of persons per family increased from just over three7 among families with incomes of $500-$600 to almost five among those with incomes of $3,000 and over. Even more strikingly, the average number of persons over 16 increased from 2.26 per family at the low income levels to 4.27 at the highest level studied. Obviously, in families in which the husband and wife are the only adults, the opportunity for supplementary earnings is much more limited than in families in which there are three to five adults. Corre spondingly, the much smaller percentage of families composed of man, wife, and children under 16 at higher income levels than at lower is another evidence of this situation. In such families the possibility of contributions from supplementary earners is relatively small, and the majority of such families in the wage-earner and clerical group were found at the lower income levels. 7 At the lower end of the income scale the relatively small number of families and the relatively small num ber of children in such independent families as were covered by this study, is probably due to the selective effect of relief policy. In all but 1 of 42 cities, the average size of families on the relief rolls was 10 to 20 percent larger than the average size of the families surveyed in this investigation. The difference between the average size of the independent families in the lower income brackets and the families on relief emphasizes the difficulty of supporting a family with several children in a period when employment opportunities are limited. 18 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME T able 4.—Distribution by Occupation and Fam ily Type and Average Household Com position, by Income Level 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with annual net income of— All fami $500 $600 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 $3,000 lies to to to to to to to to to and $600 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 $3,000 over O c c u p a tio n o f ch ief ea rn er a n d fa m i l y typ e1 Percent of families in survey______ 100.0 Percent of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker.......................... Skilled wage earner................... Semiskilled wage earner........... Unskilled wage earner_______ Percent of families composed of— Man and wife__________ ____ Man, wife, and 1 child 2__........ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children2. Man, wife, and 5 or more chil dren 2__________ ____ ______ Man, wife, children, and adults (4 to 6 persons)2_____ Man, wife, children, and adults (7 or more persons)2. _ Man, wife, and 1 adult............. Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults___ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults____________________ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not in cluding man and wife)_____ Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and wife) _ . Adult or adults, and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_____________ Adult or adults, and children (4 or more persons, not in cluding man and w ife)____ _ Percent of families having no homemaker_____ ______ _______ 8.4 20.4 23.8 20.3 15.1 5.6 2.7 1.3 1.6 27.7 1.5 14.0 23.3 11.4 8.7 35.2 46.5 45.6 13.8 40.6 31.7 21.0 16.3 40.8 21.9 26.6 23.2 38.0 12.2 33.3 26.9 31.0 8.8 37.0 29.6 28.1 5.3 27.9 35.3 29.7 7.1 29.8 33.3 29.8 7.1 41.6 29.0 27.2 2.2 46.7 31.1 18.3 3.9 21.6 29.0 28.8 17.8 13.2 15.5 19.4 17.9 15.8 24.3 21.1 20.9 22.1 19.4 23.1 20.9 19.2 20.7 18.9 17.4 19.1 16.6 11.1 14.0 12.6 7.7 6.4 14.0 4.9 6.3 12.6 2.6 1.8 0.8 .9 .3 .9 1.1 1.2 .9 .7 .5 .4 0 0 11.6 5.1 8.0 9.1 10.1 11.6 15.0 17.6 22.4 12.5 15.4 1.9 2.1 4.6 7.9 2.5 • 2.1 2.9 6.8 3.2 3.0 7.9 3.8 3.5 8.5 6.9 4.9 9.5 7.0 6.3 10.0 11.9 7.6 10.5 17.9 6.3 15.4 26.1 10.3 7.0 27.8 3.8 8.3 6.2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .6 .8 .8 2.9 6.3 15.8 12.7 7.2 5.9 4.8 4.2 6.0 5.0 4.1 3.5 1.6 0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.4 3.4 5.0 7.8 13.3 1.0 7.4 2.8 1.0 1.2 .7 .4 .2 .7 1.3 2.3 2.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.8 3.0 1.8 2.5 .4 1.7 .1 .2 .5 .2 .6 .3 0 2.0 .8 4.59 4.97 .2 0 0 .3 C o m p o sitio n o f househ old Average number of persons in household_____________ _______ Percent of households with— Boarders and lodgers................ Boarders o n ly ...................... Lodgers o n ly ............................ Other persons_____ __________ Average size of economic family: Number of persons........... ........ Under 16 years................. . 16 years and over.............. . Expenditure units_____ _____ Average number of persons in household not members of eco nomic fam ily................................. 3.79 3.24 3.27 3.57 3.68 3.82 3. 97 7.2 2.7 7.8 5.3 6.5 2.7 6.3 3.9 8.9 4.9 9.9 5.2 6.6 3.2 9.0 5.8 8.4 2.3 9.4 6.8 3.41 1.03 2.38 3.11 3. 54 1.13 2.41 3.24 3.62 1.07 2. 55 3. 32 3.76 1.10 2.66 3.48 4.03 .99 3.04 3.77 4.27 .82 3.45 4.04 4.37 .58 3. 79 4.12 4.81 .54 4.27 4.65 .18 .19 .32 .25 .35 .30 .24 .21 6.2 1.6 4.6 2.7 4.4 1.6 4.6 3.6 3.60 3.11 3.18 1.03 .85 .86 2.57 2.26 2. 32 3. 32 2.85 2.91 .21 .12 .12 4.32 13.1 2.7 12.4 8.3 4.48 8.2 3.9 9.4 6.7 8.9 2.4 6.4 11.9 6.7 4.3 7.3 8.8 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are on p. 388. 19 EXPENDITURE HABITS T able 5.—Distribution by Occupation and Fam ily Type and Average Household Com position, by Income Level 12,903 WHITE FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36 Item Families with annual net income of— All fami $600 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 $3,000 lies $500 to to to to to to to to to and $600 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 $3,000 over O ccu p a tio n o f ch ief earner a nd f a m ily ty p e 1 Percent of families in survey___ 7.1 19.8 24.2 21.0 15.7 5.8 2.8 1.4 1 .7 Percent of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker....... ................ 28.8 2.4 16.9 Skilled wage earner................... 24.2 18.3 10.1 Semiskilled wage earner........... 35.4 53.3 48.8 Unskilled wage earner. _........... 11.6 26.0 24.2 22.4 17.2 41.8 18.6 27.1 23.7 38.1 11.1 33.6 27.1 31.1 8.2 36.8 29.4 28.0 5.8 27.9 35.4 29.7 7.0 30.0 33.5 29.7 6.8 41.7 28.9 27.2 2.1 46.8 31.3 18.4 3.5 23.6 21.6 21.5 21.9 19.7 23.3 20.9 19.3 20.8 18.9 17.5 19.2 16.6 11.1 14.0 12.7 7.8 6.4 14.0 4.9 6.3 12.7 Percent of families composed of— Man and wife__________ ____ Man, wife, and 1 child2______ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children2 Man. wife, and 5 or more chil dren2. _________ ___________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2_____ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons) 2__ _ Man, wife, and 1 adult_______ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults___ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults........... ........................... Adults (2 or 3 persons, not in cluding man and w ife)______ Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and w ife)____ Adult or adults, and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)_____________ Adult or adults, and children (4 or more persons, not in cluding man and wife)_____ Percent of families having no homemaker___________________ 100.0 0.5 21.1 25.8 27.4 18.0 13.6 15.7 19.6 15.7 16.0 .8 11.7 2.6 .4 .9 1.2 .9 .7 .5 .4 0 0 3.6 7.9 9.0 10.1 11.6 14.9 17.6 22.6 12.6 15.5 .8 4.2 3.0 1.9 7.8 2.0 2.6 6.6 3.2 2.9 7.8 3.7 3.5 8.4 6.8 4.9 9.4 7.0 6.3 10.0 11.9 7.4 10.4 17.8 6.3 15.4 26.0 27.6 0 0 0 10.4 6.8 .1 .1 .1 .1 .6 .8 .8 2.9 6.4 23.8 14.5 7.6 5.9 4.8 4.2 6.0 5.0 4.1 3.5 0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.4 3.4 5.0 7.‘8 13.4 7.9 3.1 1.1 1.2 .7 .4 .2 .7 1.3 1.6 2.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.8 3.0 1.8 2 .5 .4 3.0 .1 .2 .5 .2 .6 .3 0 2.0 .8 3.55 3.67 3.81 3.97 4. 59 4.97 6.8 2.5 6.2 4.0 7.3 2.8 6.9 4.8 6.6 3.1 8.9 5.7 8.4 2.2 9.4 6.8 3.39 1.02 2.37 3.09 3.53 1.13 2.40 3.23 3.62 1.07 2. 55 3.32 3.76 1.11 2.65 3.48 4.02 .99 3.03 3.76 4.27 .82 3.45 4.04 4.37 .58 3.79 4.12 4.81 .18 .19 .22 .25 .35 .29 .24 .21 .2 1.7 0 .3 C o m p o sitio n o f househ old Average number of persons in household----------------------Percent of households w ith— Boarders and lodgers_________ Boarders only_______________ Lodgers only________________ Other persons_______________ Average size of economic family: Number of persons___________ Under 16 years of age_____ 16 years of age and over____ Expenditure un its___________ Average number of persons in household not members of eco nomic fam ily____ ______ _______ 3.79 3.11 3.22 7.5 1.6 5.0 2.8 4.8 1.3 4.3 3.5 2.95 3.12 1.03 .66 .81 2.57 2.29 2.31 3.32 2.74 2.86 .21 .15 .11 4.31 13.1 2.6 12.4 8.3 4.48 8.3 3.8 9.5 6.4 8.9 2.4 6.4 11.9 6.7 4.1 7.1 8.9 4! 4. 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are on p. 388. 20 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMM ARY VOLUME T a b l e 6 .— Distribution by Occupation and Fam ily Type and Average Household Com position, by Income Level 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families with annual net income ofAll fami lies Item $500 to $600 to $600 $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 and over O c c u p a tio n o f ch ief earner and f a m ily t y p e 1 Percent of families in survey____ _ ______ 100.0 Percent of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker ___ _______________ Skilled wage earner _ ___ ___ _ _ _ . Semiskilled wage earner---- ---------Unskilled wage earner_____ • _ _ _ __ _ _ Percent of families composed of— M an and wife _ _ _ __ ___ ___ _ Man, wife, and 1 ch ild 2 _ ___ _ _ _ ----Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children2 _____ _ Man, wife, and 5 or more children2__ __ _ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2___ _ _ ____ ______ _ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons) 2_ ___ ______ Man, wife, and 1 adult _ _ ________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults_____ _____ M an, wife, and 5 or more a d u lts ___ _ Adults (2 or more persons, not including man and w ife)__________ ___________ Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and wife). ___ _ __ __________ Adult or adults, and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife) _ _ Adult or adults, and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife) _ Percent of families having no homemaker___ 8.7 35.2 33.6 13.7 5.5 3.3 4.0 4.3 30.0 61.7 .3 2.6 38.1 59.0 .9 2.6 30.9 65.6 2.8 4.4 27.8 65.0 7.4 4.2 34.1 54.3 12.6 12.3 21.0 54.1 30.5 14.4 20.2 34.9 32.2 13.3 14.1 2.6 33.0 12.7 20.8 .7 35.1 14.7 14.9 3.2 34.0 14.7 13.0 3.1 29.8 8.6 14.5 1.2 19.7 9.3 9.3 4.7 9.6 9.6 3.8 0 9.8 7.1 8.4 10.4 10.4 13.9 21.2 5.2 10.0 4.8 .1 3.2 5.1 1.9 0 3.2 8.6 2.8 .2 6.2 9.6 4.0 0 8.0 13.3 6.7 0 7.0 16.3 15.1 0 7.7 19.3 17.3 0 5.5 4.5 1.6 6.1 1.2 5.8 .3 .7 .8 2.3 1.9 6.8 1.2 .2 0 0 3.2 2.9 2.5 .2 .4 3.7 .7 1.1 2.4 .2 0 0 0 .6 0 1.2 .5 3.8 0 C o m p o sitio n o f household Average number of persons in household___ Percent of households with— Boarders and lodgers._______ _____ _ Boarders only __ _ __ _______ _____ _ Lodgers only__________________________ Other persons. _ __ ___________________ Average size of economic family: Number of persons------ -----------Under 16 years of age ________ ____ 16 years of age and over__________ . Expenditure units_____________________ Average number of persons in household not members of economic fa m ily ....................... 3.76 3.41 3.50 3.82 3.7 5.0 7.7 3.6 4.5 1.6 4.2 2.6 2.5 2.7 5.8 3.8 2.8 5.1 7.6 2.6 3. 59 1.09 2.50 3.28 3. 31 1.09 2.22 2.98 3.42 1.07 2.35 3.11 3.64 1.16 2.48 3. 33 3. 76 1.10 2.66 3.45 3.90 1.07 2.83 3. 57 4.50 .76 3.74 4.26 .20 .09 .17 .18 .31 .34 .34 4.05 7.1 8.6 12.8 2.0 4.34 5.5 8.0 13.4 10.2 4. 65 5.6 19.7 6.1 10.8 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357,1924. Notes on this table are on p. 388. EXPENDITURE HABITS 21 The persons who pooled their incomes, and were dependent upon the common fund, were not the only members in the households. On the average, one in five households had a member who was outside the economic family, such as a boarder or lodger or guest. Approxi mately 7 percent of the households studied had boarders and lodgers, another 8 percent had persons who lodged only, and 3 percent had persons who boarded only. In general, there was a tendency for the percentage of families having lodgers in their households to be larger at higher income levels, up to the $2,100-$2,400 group, and to decline slightly thereafter. In com e and O ccupation In 35 percent of the families surveyed, the chief earner was a semiskilled laborer; in 28 percent, a lower-salaried clerical worker; in 23 percent, a skilled laborer; and in 14 percent, an unskilled laborer (table 4). The relatively small proportion of unskilled laborers in cluded is explained in part by the period of the business cycle in which the investigation was undertaken and the difficulty experienced by such workers in obtaining enough employment to attain an income of at least $500, or to keep their families from the relief rolls. The higher the income level, the greater in general was the propor tion of families in which the chief earner was a clerical worker or skilled worker. Conversely, the lower the income level the fewer relatively were the families, whose chief earner was classified as a clerical or skilled worker. Therefore, in connection with the con sideration of differences in family expenditures as between income levels, it is well to recognize that the families classified at the higher income levels represent larger proportions of clerical and skilled workers, as well as larger families composed of more adults than those at the lower income levels. Sources o f F a m ily In com e One-third of all the families found it possible to supplement the earnings of the principal earner by earnings of other members of the family (table 7). The average number of persons per family who reported some gainful employment during the year was 1.41. Of the total family income (which averaged $1,524 for the entire group sur veyed), an average of $175 was contributed by subsidiary earners, $1,285 by the chief earner, and the remainder, $64, covered income from all other sources. This last item includes net earnings from boarders and lodgers, which accounted for $32 of the $64. Average amounts of $10 or less per year each were received from pensions and insurance annuities, gifts from persons outside the economic family, net rents, interest and dividends, and miscellaneous sources. 22 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME T a b l e 7 .— Sources o f Incom e, by Incom e Level 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with annual net income of— All fami $500 $600 $900 $1200 $1500 $1800 $2100 $2400 $2700 $3000 lies to to to to to to to to to and $600 $900 $1200 $1500 $1800 $2100 $2400 $2700 $3000 over Percent of families in survey______________ 100.0 0.8 Percent of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners................ N et earnings from boarders and lodgers.. Other net rents______________________ Interest and dividends_______________ Pensions and insurance annuities______ Gifts from persons outside economic family_________ _________ _______ Other sources of income. ______ _______ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)______________________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_______________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_______________ Inheritance________ ________________ 10.0 4.5 6.0 2.7 8.7 14.8 11.3 5.3 5.8 3.8 9.3 4.7 9.6 10.4 11.1 10.5 5.1 8.2 7.4 4.6 6.7 6.7 5.8 3.7 5.5 5.6 5.6 6.9 37.8 46.4 53.4 42.5 39.3 35.0 32.1 30.8 28.6 26.1 19.1 .7 .8 .6 1.0 .5 .7 .5 .8 .3 .1 0 Average number of gainful workers per family........................................................ . 1.41 1.29 1.26 1.25 1.30 1. 37 1.43 1.80 2.05 2.41 3.04 8.4 20.4 23.8 20.3 15.1 5.6 2.7 1.3 1.6 32.4 25.3 24.1 50.1 26.5 30.7 44.3 59.0 70.8 87.6 93.4 16.4 8.4 9.5 24.4 16.0 17.7 18.5 25.9 20.5 13.7 17.1 6.3 1.0 5.0 6.7 5.6 7.3 8.0 9.6 9.2 10.5 9.3 12.8 3.8 7.5 13.8 11.9 15.1 16.8 17.5 15.3 20.2 25.8 .1 4.4 4.9 3.0 3.7 3.4 7.8 9.2 5.7 8.4 3.7 6.5 6.8 7.2 5.9 12.4 59.2 41.0 44.5 52.9 58.1 63.0 63.1 68.1 70.4 73.9 77.4 Average annual amount Total net family incom e................................ Earnings of individuals................. .......... Chief earner_______________ ____ _ Subsidiary earners_______________ Males 16 years and over__________ Males under 16 years___________ _. Females 16 years and over.............. . Females under 16 years_______ . . . N et earnings from boarders and lodgers.. Other net rents______________________ Interest and dividends_______ ____ ___ Pensions and insurance annuities ......... Gifts from persons outside economic family. _. _____________ ____ _______ Other sources of income. ____________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses) _ ___________________ Average surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_____________________________ Average deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities)____________________ _________ Average net change ifi assets and liabilities for all families in survey________________ Average inheritance_____________________ * Less than 60 cents. Notes on this table are on p. 389. $1524 $552 1460 542 1285 514 175 28 1257 371 0 0) 203 171 0 0) 32 8 1 7 4 0) 10 0) $777 $1065 $1352 $1641 757 1026 1300 1577 722 973 1212 1439 35 53 88 138 585 888 1162 1413 0) 0) 0) 0) 172 138 138 164 0) 0) 0) 0) 10 23 30 34 . 3 6 4 8 1 2 3 3 3 6 5 8 $1937 1861 1661 200 1657 0) 204 0) 40 9 6 9 $2252 $2529 $2881 $3468 2100 2379 2800 3338 1675 1684 1745 1771 425 695 1055 1567 1729 1807 2047 2315 1 0) 0) 0) 370 572 753 1023 0 0 0) 0) 65 57 35 35 13 14 10 8 11 13 8 8 39 33 39 32 7 7 1 1 3 3 5 3 4 7 7 7 7 7 14 20 10 30 6 2 12 22 —3 -1 -3 -3 -4 -3 -2 -4 -4 -10 -5 149 36 56 79 108 151 223 243 254 331 377 203 202 159 186 194 218 225 233 268 325 319 +11 - 8 0 - 6 2 - 3 7 - 1 3 +19 +68 +94 +103 +160 +231 1 2 3 2 3 2 0 3 2 2 0) E X P E N D IT U R E 23 H A B IT S T able 8.— Sources o f Incom e, by Incom e Level 12,903 WHITE FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families with annual net income of— All fami $500 $600 $900 $1200 $1500 $1800 $2100 $2400 $2700 $3000 lies to to to to to to to to to and $600 $900 $1200 $1500 $1800 $2100 $2400 $2700 $3000 over Item Percent of families in survey________ _____ 100.0 0.6 Percent of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners________ N et earnings from boarders and lodgers. Other net rents______________________ Interest and dividends_______________ Pensions and insurance annuities_____ Gifts from persons outside economic family.............. ........... ...... .................... Other sources of income______________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)__________ _____ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities).._____________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)_________________ Inheritance__________________________ 10.2 4.5 6.2 2.4 7.2 11.3 11.4 3.7 3.3 3.7 9.3 4.7 9.7 10.4 11.0 10.5 5.1 8.1 7.5 4.6 6.5 6.5 5.9 4.1 4.1 5.7 5.6 6.9 7.1 19.8 24.2 21.0 15.7 5.8 2.8 1.4 1.7 31.9 14.0 22.2 21.4 25.7 30.4 44.2 58.9 70.6 87.6 93.4 16.5 9.7 9.6 14.5 15.7 17.6 18.5 25.9 20.5 13.7 16.8 6.5 1.7 3.8 4.6 5.7 7.3 8.0 9.6 9.3 10.5 9.4 13.1 6.0 5.8 10.0 11.9 15.1 16.8 17.4 15.3 20.2 26.0 3.6 0 1.9 2.8 2.9 3.7 3.4 7.7 9.2 5.7 8.4 4.9 6.9 7.2 5.9 12.4 58.9 24.2 38.3 51.9 57.8 62.8 63.0 68.1 70.5 74.0 77.4 38.1 57.3 55.9 43.4 39.5 35.2 32.1 30.7 28.6 26.0 19.0 .5 .6 1.7 .7 .5 .8 .8 .3 0 .8 0 Average number of gainful workers per family........................................... ...... .......... 1.40 1.15 1.23 1.23 1.29 1.37 1.43 1.80 2.04 2.41 2.84 Average annual amount Total net family income.................... ............. Earnings of individuals..... ...................... Chief earner__________ _______ ___ Subsidiary earners_______________ Males 16 years and over................... Males under 16 years_____________ Females 16 years and over________ Females under 16 years___________ N et earnings from boarders and lodgers. Other net rents________ _____ ________ Interest and dividends_______________ Pensions and insurance annuities.......... Gifts from persons outside economic family____________ _____ _____ _____ Other sources of in c o m e ___ __________ Deductions from income ( b u s i n e s s losses and expenses)________________ Average surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)__________________________ Average deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_______________ _____ _______ Average net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey________________ Average inheritance_________________ . . . i Less than 50 cents. Notes on this table are on p. 389. 242949 41 3 $1546 $555 $781 $1068 $1351 $1642 1482 542 760 1028 1300 1578 1304 523 729 979 1215 1442 178 31 49 85 136 19 1275 314 564 888 1164 1415 0 0) 0) 0) <*) <*) 207 228 196 140 136 163 0 (0 0) 0) 0) 0) 32 23 29 11 11 34 7 2 3 4 6 8 4 0) 2 1 3 3 10 0) 3 5 6 8 $1935 1859 1661 198 1657 0) 202 0) 40 9 6 9 $2253 $2530 2101 2379 1677 1687 424 692 1729 1806 1 0) 371 573 0) (0 65 58 13 10 11 8 33 39 $2880 2799 1745 1054 2046 0) 753 0 35 8 8 32 $3466 3337 1772 1565 2314 0) 1023 0 34 14 14 39 7 7 1 1 3 3 6 3 7 4 7 7 7 7 14 20 10 30 6 2 11 22 -3 -2 -3 -3 -4 -3 -2 -4 -4 -10 -5 152 29 57 79 108 151 223 243 254 330 378 207 269 175 190 195 219 226 233 269 326 320 +11 -147 - 7 7 - 4 2 - 1 4 +18 +68 +94 +103 +160 +232 2 2 2 2 2 0 3 2 3 3 0 24 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME T able 9.— Sources o f Incom e, by Incom e Level 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families with annual net income ofItem All fami lies $500 to $600 to $900 to $600 $900 $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 8.7 35.2 33.6 13.7 5.5 3.3 42.6 15.0 2.4 7.0 5.1 39.7 6.8 0 1.1 .3 32.8 9.3 1.1 5.7 6.6 42.6 15.4 3.4 6.4 3.3 57.8 26.4 2.8 10.2 5.0 54.7 24.7 6.0 15.0 3.4 70.5 28.6 3.3 16.1 10.3 6.5 4.6 5.8 3.0 6.1 3.5 6.1 3.8 7.1 8.7 12.1 3.4 4.9 11.9 Percent of families in survey________ '______ 100.0 Percent of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners__________ N et earnings from boarders and lodgers -_ Other net rents________________ _______ Interest and d i v i d e n d s . _ ___________ Pensions and insurance annuities_______ Gifts from persons outside economic family_______ ___________ . . _____ Other sources of income________ _____ Deductions from income (business losses __ _ and e x p e n s e s ) _ __________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)___ ______ ____ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)______________ Inheritance. ___ _ _____________ ____ Average number of gainful workers per family. $1,800 and over 2.7 3.2 2.3 2.7 4.1 1.5 3.4 66.0 62.3 63.4 66.0 68.0 77.4 67.3 31.1 .2 32.5 0 32.7 .5 30.9 0 31.3 .2 17.1 0 31.0 .9 1.53 1.47 1.37 1.52 1.67 1.73 2.46 Average annual amount Total net family income___________________ $1,008 974 Earnings of individuals________________ Chief earner. __ _______ ____ _______ 853 Subsidiary earners_______ ________ 121 Males 16 years and over___________ 852 Males under 16 years_______________ 1 121 Females 16 years and over__________ Females under 16 years___ _____ C) N et earnings from boarders and lodgers. _ 21 Other net rents___________ _____ _______ 2 Interest and dividends____ . ________ 1 Pensions and insurance annuities_______ 3 Gifts from persons outside economic family________ . ___ _________ _ __ 3 Other sources of in c o m e __________ ____ 5 Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)___ ____ ____ _____ ____ -1 Average surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in 84 liabilities)__________________________ •____ Average deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabili ties)____________________________________ 98 Average net change in assets and liabilities for +25 all families in survey ...................................... Average inheritance. _ _________________ 0) $549 543 503 40 443 0 100 0 4 0 0) 1 $758 742 692 50 678 0) 64 0) 8 1 0) 3 $1,031 999 895 104 887 3 109 0) 21 3 1 3 $1, 333 1,266 1, 087 179 1,081 0) 185 0 41 3 1 5 $1, 592 1.506 1, 234 272 1,301 3 202 0 54 7 1 7 $2, 315 2, 213 1,462 751 1, 715 0 498 0 56 6 1 12 1 C) 2 3 3 3 4 14 9 8 11 20 (’) -1 -2 -1 53 80 122 40 0) 143 -4 277 55 84 97 153 108 146 +6 0 +6 0) + 23 0 + 36 1 +92 0 +141 3 1 Less than 50 cents. Notes on this table are on p. 389. The striking role of earnings of subsidiary earners in family incomes at the higher level is graphically shown in figure 2. A t each income level below $2,100 the earnings of the chief earner constituted on the average four-fifths or more of the total family income, but among families with incomes of $3,000 or over his earnings represented only slightly over half of the total. The fact that opportunities for an individual wage earner to receive much over $2,000 are sharply lim- EXPENDITURE HABITS 25 SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME AMONG WAGE EARNERS AND LO W ER-SALARIED CLERICAL WORKERS AT SUCCESSIVE INCOME LE V E LS IN 4 2 C ITIE S , 1 9 3 4 - 3 6 WHITE FAMILIES INCOME LEVEL HUNDREDS OF DOLLARS 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 30 35 $500 UNDER $600 $600 UNDER $900 $900 uSn de° r $ 1200 $1200 UNDER $1500 $1500 UNDER $1800 $1800 UNDER $2100 $2I0Q UNDER $2400 $2400 Jg,* 2700 $2700 u!!e«$3000 $3000 "» OVER NEGRO FAMILIES *500„i!S, *6 0 0 $600 $900 $900$1200 $1200 JO, *1500 *1500 UNDER $1800 $1800 OVER | | C H IE F EARNER U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS_________ OTHER SOURCES 26 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME ited 8 is indicated in figure 2 by the leveling off of the average earnings of the chief earner at about $1,700. Although income from sources other than earnings increased somewhat above the $1,800 family income level, the principal factor accounting for those higher incomes is to be found in the earnings of supplementary workers. Boys and girls aged under 16 were not substantial contributors to the family purse at any income level. Woman earners, however, contributed about a third as much as man earners at the $600-$900 income level and almost one-half as much among families with incomes over $3,000. Net earnings from boarders and lodgers increased steadily from an average of $10 at the $600-$900 level to a maximum of $65 at the $2,100-$2,400 level, and declined at higher income levels. This suggests that, on the whole, it is not until after family incomes exceed $2,400 that pressure to supplement family incomes by taking roomers or boarders lessens. The largest source of income other than earnings was pensions and insurance annuities (including industrial pensions). This item ac counted for an average of $39 at the highest income level, the second greatest specified source of nonearned income at that level being net rents from property. Part of this income was received by families which owned two-family houses, one-half of which they occupied as their own dwelling, renting the other half. Income from such sources as other net rents, interest and dividends, pensions and insurance annuities, gifts, and miscellaneous sources were almost negligible at income levels below $900, and no one of these sources provided on the average more than $40 per year at the highest income level covered. F am ily Expenditure Patterns The average amount spent for each of the major categories of con sumer expenditures was larger at each successive income level than at the one preceding, but the pattern of the distribution changed markedly with increases in income.9 8 The plan of the investigation excluded families in which any clerical worker earned over $2,000, but no upper limit was set for workers classified as wage earners, or for family income as such. See appendix D of Bulletin No. 636, 637, 639, 640, or 641. 9 The data presented on differences in spending patterns of families at different income levels represent findings for different families at the same time period. It is sometimes convenient, nevertheless, to speak of comparisons in spending between income levels as changes in spending with changes in income. The rela tive increase over the income range in the outlay for a given category of spending provides an indication of the elasticity of expenditures for that category. Elasticity may be measured in terms of the percentage increase over a given income range in average outlay for the category, or it may be indicated by a comparison of the increase in average expenditures for the category in question with the increase in income or in total expendi tures. Since the expenditure base has generally been used in the distribution of family expenditures, it has been convenient throughout the greater part of the report to speak of expenditures for specific items or groups of items as being relatively elastic or inelastic, according to whether amounts spent constituted an increasing or decreasing proportion of total expenditures. It will be apparent from tables 7, 8, and 9 that the elasticity of any category is much lower when computed in relation to income rather than to expenditures, because of the influence of deficits at the lower income levels, and of savings in the upper portion of the income scale. EXPENDITURE HABITS 27 Average incomes at the $2,700-$3,000 level were 271 percent greater than in the $600-$900 income bracket. Current expenditures were only 218 percent higher, however. A t the lower income level, part of current spending was financed from savings, or through credit, and at the higher level an important part of income was saved, and current expenditure was 6.3 percent below current income among families with incomes of approximately $3,000. The relative size of expenditures at high as compared to low income levels, by both white and Negro families, for food and other principal items of expense, is shown in figure 3. It will be seen from that chart, as well as from table 1, that food expenditures more than doubled from the $600-$900 bracket to the $2,700-$3,000 bracket, but that this was by no means the most striking increase in outlays as more income became available. Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family were about nine times greater at the high level, as were expenditures for formal education. The expansibility in expenditures for such items, as soon as income permits, is indicative of the scale of values of American workers. In the next most elastic group of expenditure items come transportation and clothing expendi tures, which were six times and five times greater, respectively, at the high as compared with the low income level. Although the absolute amounts spent for clothing were greater than those for transportation at every income level, the relative increase in the expenditure for transportation was greater. The influence of the more widespread purchase and more extensive operation of automobiles is clearly reflected in this great elasticity of expenditures for transportation.The expansion in clothing expenditures represents not only the fact that the clothing standards of wage earners and clerical workers in America cannot be distinguished from those of any other economic group, but also that the actual sums available for clothing expenditure at the low income level are so small that there is great pressure to increase this allowance as soon as incomes permit. Recreation expenditures were approximately five times as great at the high as compared with the low income level, and expenditures for household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration were four times as great. In the former figure are included higher expendi tures for movies, reading matter, and tobacco of various forms. The increase in the latter figure represents a more generous expendi ture for laundry services and some paid domestic help as well as greater utilization of telephone service at the high income level. Housing expenditures, including rent or current expenses of home ownership, plus fuel, light, and refrigeration, represented almost 30 percent of total expenditures at the lowest income levels, a greater proportion than any other item except food. Food and shelter must be provided for the family, no matter how much sacrifice is made in MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME 28 R E LA TIV E E X P E N D IT U R E S AT THE $ 2 7 0 0 TO $ 3 0 0 0 INCOME LE V EL AS COMPARED W ITH THE $ 6 0 0 TO $ 9 0 0 LEVEL FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND LOWER-SALARIED CLERICAL WORKERS IN 4 2 CITIES, 1 9 3 4 - 3 6 EXPENDITURES AT THE $600 TO $900 LEVEL =100 ITEM 100 200 300 RELATIVE EXPENDITURES 400 500 600 700 000 900 CONTRIBUTIONS a GIFTS* EDUCATION VOCATION TRANSPORTATION CLOTHING MISCELLANEOUS RECREATION HOUSEHOLD OPERATION COMMUNITY WELFARE PERSONAL CARE MEDICAL CARE ALL ITEMS FURNISHINGS a EQUIPMENT FOOD HOUSING in c . F U EL, LIGHT AND REFRIGERATION U .S . BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS * T 0 PERSONS OUTSIDE THE ECONOMIC FAMILY EXPENDITURE HABITS 29 other expenditures. On the other hand, home expenditures increased at higher income levels relatively less rapidly than any other category of expenditure. Among families with incomes from $2,700 to $3,000, they averaged $501 or 19 percent of total family expenditure. Even at this relatively high income level, food, housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration claimed almost half of total family expenditure, but this must be contrasted with two-thirds at the $600-$900 level. Thus, families with incomes about four times as great had food and housing expenditures slightly over twice as great but clothing expendi tures over five times as great. It is evident from figure 3 that families with larger pay envelopes spend more for food and housing than families with smaller pay. They spend proportionately even more for laundry and other household services, movies and other entertainments, clothing, automobiles, and educational facilities. These are the items which are sacrificed when imited income compels economy, but for which there is very great pressure to increase expenditures as incomes increase. Savings and Deficits Each of the families surveyed gave, in addition to an estimate of the items comprising their incomes and their current expenditures, a careful estimate of the net changes for the year in their assets and liabilities.10 It will be seen from table 7 that the entire 14,469 families surveyed reported an average surplus for the year of $11. This was a composite of large deficits at the low income levels (decreasing in size until, at the $1,500-$1,800 income level, a small surplus was reported), and at higher income levels, surpluses which grew succes sively larger, reaching a maximum of $231 for families with incomes of $3,000 or over.11 Not all families with incomes below $1,500 had deficits, however, nor did all those with larger incomes have surpluses. At each income level, some saved, while some “ went in the hole.77 From table 7, it is seen that the proportion of families having some savings rose from 44 percent at the $600-$900 level to 77 percent of those with incomes of $3,000 or more. At the lower income level, the savings of families having any surplus averaged $36, while the deficits of families drawing on credit and past 10 For detailed discussion of the items comprising assets and liabilities, and method of computing net surplus or net deficit, see ch. 10 and appendix D, pp. 385-386. 11 The fact that the average net change as reported for each income level in table 7 does not exactly equal the difference between average incomes shown in table 7 and average current expenditures shown in table 1 is due to the slight balancing difference between total receipts and total disbursements which was permitted when the original data were secured from the cooperating families. Since no family can be expected to recall its receipts and disbursements over an entire year to the last cent, schedules were accepted in which these two did not differ by more than 5 percent of the larger figure. The average balancing difference for all families in the survey was less than 1 percent. (See ch. 10 and appendix D, p. 386, for further discussion of allowable balancing difference.) 30 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME savings were of much greater magnitude— on the average, $202. Among the families with incomes of $3,000 or more the relationship of average surplus to average deficit was quite different. Those making savings averaged $377, those having deficits $319. Premium payments on life insurance were treated as savings in this investigation,12 as were payments of principal oii the mortgage of an owned home and payments for permanent improvements on owned homes. Other forms of savings were increases in bank balances, purchase of real property or stocks and bonds, as well as payment upon debts of all kinds, including balances due on installment pur chases made prior to the year of the survey. Conversely, among the deficit items were found decreases in bank balances, surrender or settlement of insurance policies, proceeds from sale of goods or prop erty, and increases in debts due, including increases in balances due on goods purchased during the year on the installment plan. Inheritance, which is neither a part of current income nor a reduc tion in assets, has been treated as a separate item in total family receipts. So few cases of cash inheritances were reported, however, that the average for this item is negligible at all income levels. Expenditure Patterns Am ong W hite and Negro Fam ilies Differences between the average expenditures of the white and Negro groups covered by the investigation are in large measure in come differences. Incomes of the families of white wage earners and clerical workers averaged $1,546, and those of Negro workers averaged $1,008.13 The proportions of families with incomes of $1,800 and over amount to 27.4 percent in the white group as compared with 3.3 percent in the Negro group. When the data for the Negro families are compared with those of the white families at the same income level, however, some consistent differences in sources of income and in expenditure patterns appear. The earnings of the chief earners in Negro families were smaller on the average than those of chief earners in white families at com parable income levels. As a result, Negro families depended more heavily than did white families upon earnings of subsidiary earners to achieve a given income level. See chapter 10, p. 179. 13 In using these figures it is important to remember that a larger proportion of the Negro than of the white families in the wage-earner and clerical groups in the cities studied were disqualified for the investi gation by the lower limit set for annual income ($600), and the requirements that no relief should have been received during the year covered by the schedule, the chief earner should be a worker found on a regular pay roll, and not in private domestic service. Although the same criteria were used in choosing the white and Negro samples, because of the extremely low incomes of a large part of the Negro group, and the large proportion receiving relief, the families included in the present survey represent a top stratum among families of Negro wage earners and clerical workers. Even with these limitations, the proportion of Negro families drawn in the sample with incomes above $1,800 was very much smaller than the proportion of white families above that income level. EXPENDITURE HABITS 31 The Negro families, at corresponding income levels, were slightly larger than white families, though the tendency for the larger families to be found at the higher income levels prevailed in both groups. Also, there were relatively more families with small children at the low income levels and more older families composed entirely of adults at the higher income levels in both groups. The proportion of families in which the chief earner was a semi skilled or unskilled laborer was very much greater in the Negro than in the white group— 92 percent among the Negro families, as com pared with 47 percent among the white families. This situation reflects the conventional limitation of Negroes to certain types of employment in many communities, and their relative disadvantage as compared with white workers in retaining employment during the depression. There was a tendency corresponding to that found among white families studied, however, for the proportion of clerical and skilled workers to be larger at the higher income levels. In terms of expenditures for the same items at comparable income levels, consistent differences occurred in food and housing. The Negro families spent on the average less for food at every corre sponding income level and less for housing at all but one income level. In terms of percentages of the total, Negro families spent relatively less for food than white families at three out of five com parable income levels and relatively less for housing at three out of five levels. The smaller expenditures for food are only partially accounted for by the relatively greater importance to Negro families of food received as gift or pay. In separate reports for Negroes in northern cities (see Bull. No. 637, vols. I and II, and Bull. No. 636) a somewhat different situation on housing expenditures is presented. There, the housing expendi tures by Negro families were consistently higher at comparable income levels than were those by white families. The customary limitation in many cities of Negro dwellings to certain districts has operated in northern cities to increase rents to Negro families for dwellings comparable in facilities to those occupied by white families. This higher expenditure for housing in northern cities is reflected in the lower expenditure for food. In the southern cities studied, however, the housing facilities of the Negro families were considerably less satisfactory than those of the white group, and their housing expenditures were on the whole lower than those by white families at the same income levels. The relatively heavy proportion of total Negro urban population found in the South means that the data from southern Negroes studied form a preponderant part of the total. Consequently in the data shown in tables 2 and 3 (pp. 13 and 14) the average expenditures for housing for Negroes in all cities com- 32 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME bined are not higher than those for white families at comparable income levels. Consistently higher expenditures at comparable income levels were found among Negro families for gifts and contributions to individuals and to the community welfare. Expenditures for gifts to individuals, in particular, showed a tendency to increase at higher income levels relatively more rapidly among the Negro families studied than among the white. Smaller amounts, on the other hand, were spent by Negro families for transportation, medical care, recreation, educa tion, vocation, and miscellaneous items. As a proportion of total expenditures, the Negro families studied consistently spent somewhat more for clothing, for fuel, light, and refrigeration, for furnishings and equipment, for personal care, and for gifts and contributions to individuals and to the community welfare. A striking difference in the spending patterns of Negro and white families is found in the figures on surplus and deficit.14 (See tables 8 and 9, pp. 23 and 24.) Whereas white families showed a progression from average deficits at low income levels to surpluses at high levels, the Negro families showed average surpluses at all income levels studied. The amount of the surplus was very small at the lowest levels and was larger at higher levels, but in view of the figures from the white families at comparable income levels, it is remarkable that there should have been even a small average surplus at the lowest levels. As with the white families, however, some families at every income level had surpluses and some had deficits. A t the $600-$900 level, the proportion of Negro families having surpluses was much greater than the proportion of white families with a favorable yearly balance. Among Negro families with incomes over $1,800, about onethird had net deficits and two-thirds net surpluses, proportions not greatly different from those at the lowest levels studied. The average amounts of deficits and of surpluses per family having each, grew progressively larger at higher income levels; the net change in assets and liabilities for all Negro families combined rose from an average surplus of $6 at the two lowest income levels studied to $141 at the highest. The greater tendency for the Negro than for the white families to have at least a small net saving may be in part an indication of their greater difficulties in securing credit, and in part a greater feeling of insecurity regarding income and a greater hesitation to make commitments. It also undoubtedly reflects the almost universal payment of life-insurance premiums by Negroes, and since these were treated as a savings item 15 such disposition of funds by Negroes tended to increase the net surplus shown for them. M ost of the Negro families studied reported regular premium payments for life or for 14 See ch. 10. See ch. 10, footnote 15, p. 179. 16 EXPENDITURE HABITS 33 burial insurance. Apparently these families place such payments high on the list of essentials. It is thus possible to summarize the differences between the expendi ture patterns of Negro as compared with white families at the same income level, by saying that the Negroes in general make larger sav ings than the whites, that they pay more for gifts and contributions, and that in consequence they spend less for most of the other cate gories of consumer expenditure. As regards changes in expenditures from one income level to another, however, the effect of larger incomes upon the expenditures of the Negroes for the major categories of expenditure is very simi lar in its broad outline to the effect of larger incomes on the expendi tures of the whites.16 16 See footnote 9, p. 26. Chapter 2 CHANGES IN FAMILY EXPENDITURES IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD The data on the expenditures of the 14,469 individual families who cooperated in this study show wide variations in expenditure habits from family to family. Even among families with the same income, living in the same city, there are very great differences in the way income is spent, and in the kind of goods consumed by each family member. There is, however, a striking similarity in the average expenditures of families of the same economic status from community to community. There are differences in the amounts spent for fuel, housing, and cloth ing that reflect differences in climate and local custom, but the sim ilarities are, in general, greater than the average differences. When the pocket money and the food allowance and the rent money and all the rest of the money families spent at a given income level are averaged, expenditures fall into very definite patterns. The resemblance of consumption habits in one city to those in another should not be taken to mean, however, that these habits are not susceptible to change. As a matter of fact, the similarity in the expenditure patterns prevailing at the present time in the various cities covered by this study is the more striking when the patterns of the present day are placed against those of almost a generation ago. Everyone is aware that the technological developments of the twentieth century have made great changes in the lives of moderateincome families in the United States. It is, however, difficult to realize that as late as 1919 motor cars seemed a luxury to this group. Passenger automobiles had been produced commercially since the nineties, but the cost of a car was for a long time far out of the reach of the average American family. In 1908 less expensive models were introduced, and in 1922 the wholesale price of a currently acceptable touring car was $298, f. o. b. Detroit. Approximately the same type of car would have cost $525 at wholesale at the end of the World War, and $850 in 1908. It had little in common with the automobiles which are purchased new today, but it met the requirements of Amer ican families in the 1920’s. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has comparable figures on the family expenditures of employed wage earners and clerical workers at the end of the World War and in 1934-36.1 So few families owned cars in the 1 For data for white families applying to expenditures in 1917-19, see U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 357, Cost of Living in the United States, 1924. For data applying to 1934-36, a special tabula tion has been made of the expenditures of white families for the 35 cities included in both studies for those families who met the requirements for inclusion in the 1917-19 study, that is, families composed of husband, wife, and at least 1 child. See Tabular Summary, tables A-15, A-16, A-17, A-18. 34 CHANGES IN EXPENDITURES IN POST-WAR PERIOD 35 earlier period that expenditures for automobiles, motorcycles, and bicycles were all classified together when the data were tabulated. Fifteen percent of the families studied in 1917-19 had some expense for one or another of these vehicles, as compared with 50 percent owning automobiles alone in 1934-36. Radios were hardly known at the time of the earlier study while more than three-quarters of the families studied in 1934-36 reported radio ownership. Changes in the houses they live in are perhaps quite as important to the happiness of the average family as the addition of automobiles and radios to their equipment. Slightly over one-half of the families renting dwellings in 35 large cities studied at the end of the World War had bathrooms, compared with nine-tenths of the families of employed wage earners and clerical workers renting houses in the same cities in 1934-36. Electric power, which had been available to few in the wage-earner and clerical groups before 1918, had declined in price over the period, and dwellings wired for electric lights and small electrical appliances had come within the buying range of the average employed worker. As many as one-quarter of the families covered in the present study were found to have electric refrigerators. The amount of modern plumbing facilities and the number of telephones installed in the homes of families of wage earners and lower-salaried clerical workers has also increased markedly during the last two decades. The changes which have occurred in food consumption since the World War have had far-reaching effects on American diets. A t the end of the war, as a result of extensive researches into the needs of the human body, Americans for the first time became aware of min erals and vitamins in foods, and their importance in human nutrition. This new information, together with lower food prices in general and the lower prices of certain nutritionally valuable foods in particular, and also the greater availability of fresh fruits and vegetables all the year round, combined to produce striking changes in the food expendi tures of wage earners and clerical workers. Larger per capita consumption of milk, oranges, lettuce, spinach, and canned tomatoes was recorded in 1934-36 than in 1917-19. To mato juice and grapefruit were also consumed in large amounts by the families recently studied. In addition, the 1934-36 survey indicated the purchase of other foodstuffs which were not on the market or within the reach of moderate income families at the time of the earlier study in 1917-19. The figures for the individual cities show that in general the greatest increases in milk consumption have occurred in the cities in which per capita milk purchases were lowest in 1917-19. The fact that milk purchases in New York and Minneapolis were considerably above the average in both periods undoubtedly reflects the special 36 M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S --- SU M M A R Y VO LUM E educational efforts in those cities and the methods by which low-cost milk has been made available to low-income families. Figures on purchases of citrus fruits in the two periods show the effect of low prices near the centers of production. In 1917-19 the highest per capita purchases were reported from Jacksonville, Fla., and Mobile, Ala. In 1934-36, purchases in all cities were much larger and the largest amounts were reported in San Francisco and Los Angeles. T a b l e 1 .— Average Weekly Per Capita Consumption of Citrus Fruits and M ilk by White Families of M a n , W ife, 1 Child Under 16, With and Without Others, in 35 Large Cities in 191 7 -1 9 and 1 93 4 -3 6 City Number of families Lemons (each) Oranges (each) Can Grape ned | fruit i grape (each) fruit 1 (lbs.) Milk (quarts) 1917-19 1934-36 1917-19 1934-36 1917-19 1934-36 1934-36 1934-36 1917-19 1934-36 Baltimore_____ . _________ Birmingham.. ____________ B oston.. . . . . . _ ______ Buffalo____________________ Cincinnati_________________ 195 151 407 256 249 162 101 188 142 138 0.21 .24 .06 .17 .24 0. 25 .61 .37 .34 .29 0. 22 .39 .20 .20 .30 1.60 1.39 1.76 1.64 1.83 0.10 .09 .16 .09 .21 (2) 0.01 .01 (2) .01 0.90 .50 1.79 1. 51 .93 1.97 1.20 2. 72 2. 01 2. 47 Cleveland_________________ Columbus__ _____ . . . . D a lla s __ ______ . ______ D enver... ____________ . . D etroit____________________ 245 169 75 154 288 158 79 115 82 142 .17 .11 .28 .19 .17 .22 .14 .95 .74 .46 .37 .27 .25 .24 .27 2. 54 2.16 1.50 2.28 2.98 .06 .08 .12 .27 .14 .01 .01 .01 1.68 1.47 .75 1.50 1.49 2.82 1.84 2. 45 2.11 2.19 Grand R apids.. ________ .. . 100 H o u s to n ______ _____ .. 98 145 Indianapolis_____ _ . .. . 81 Jacksonville. . ... 224 Kansas C ity____________ ._ 72 69 95 99 127 .11 .42 .18 .16 .21 .28 .98 .26 .92 .28 .32 .33 .28 .72 .45 1. 20 1.61 1.31 .79 1.78 .18 ' .14 .13 .20 .12 .01 0 0 (2) 0 1. 57 .97 1.42 .72 1. 34 2.19 1.93 2. 05 1.13 2.29 Los Angeles____________ . . . Louisville . _ Manchester. . . . . . .. . . . M em phis. . ___- . . . . M ilwaukee___ . . . ____ . 202 105 112 103 198 198 66 52 66 192 .38 .12 .13 .25 .11 1.16 .44 .15 .49 .48 .39 .20 .20 .39 .21 3.87 1.14 1.98 1. 30 1.78 .06 .12 .01 (2) (2) (2) (2) 1.25 .61 1.56 .62 1. 79 2. 29 1.98 2.23 1.64 2. 56 Minneapolis____ . . . ____ _ M obile____________________ N ew Orleans_______________ N ew York___ ______ _______ Norfolk___________________ 240 108 147 518 100 200 64 134 171 83 .13 .25 .16 .14 .22 .25 .36 .74 .77 .38 .14 .57 .55 .32 .48 1.96 1.12 1.39 2.48 .87 .15 .06 .02 .12 .07 (2) 0 0 .01 (2) 1.91 .64 .74 2.28 .61 2.90 1.02 1. 35 3.18 .98 Philadelphia_______________ Pittsburgh_________________ Portland, M aine___________ Richmond_________ _______ Sacramento________________ 301 254 97 153 107 105 192 92 62 69 .16 .15 .07 .12 .27 .40 .49 .06 .40 .89 .36 .23 .22 .39 .34 2. 47 2.16 1.17 .74 3. 21 .09 .08 .13 .05 .25 .01 (2) (2) 0 0 1. 35 1. 25 1. 67 .52 1.62 2.15 1.96 1.82 .99 2. 41 St. Louis__________________ Salt Lake C ity_____________ San Francisco... _______ .. Scranton__________________ Seattle_______ _____ ____ 227 103 301 151 197 118 126 85 138 126 .18 .25 .28 .09 .16 .40 1.76 1.18 .24 .65 .51 .38 .44 .18 .30 2.68 3.04 4.46 2. 62 3. 27 .11 .19 .51 .11 .19 .02 .01 .02 (2) .04 .82 1.05 1. 63 1.05 1.91 1.99 1.83 2.33 1.61 2. 70 0 .36 .10 0 .01 1 Grapefruit consumption was so infrequent among low- and moderate-income families in 1918 that it was not given a separate place on the schedule used at that time. 2 0.005 pound or less. The recent increase in the consumption of milk, butter, green vegetables, and fruits has not, however, offset the dietary disad vantages resulting from the American preference for highly refined P h oto b y U . S. D ep artm en t of Labor plate l . —G r o u p o f d eleg a tes to Bo ot and S h o e W o r k e r s ’ C o n v e n t i o n , 19 19. M r . S a m u e l G o m p e r s , S r ., W o r n is T y p i c a l o f T h a t P e r i o d . in Ce n t e r . C lo th in g P h o to b y U . S. D e p a r tm e n t of L abor P l a t e 2 . —W o m e n F a c t o r y W o r k e r s in B a l t i m o r e B o a r d i n g C l o s e o f T h e i r D a y ’s W o r k . ( 1 9 3 6 . ) a Streetcar at th e CH ANG ES IN E X P E N D IT U R E S I N P O ST -W A R PE R IO D 37 wheat and sugar products, our neglect of skim milk and of the certain inexpensive lean-meat products. “ Thus certain trends in dietary practices tend to impoverish rather than enrich diets from the nutritive standpoint. To a greater or less degree these tend to offset the beneficial effect of increased consump tion of milk, green-colored vegetables, and fruits. In consequence, diets are still relatively short in calcium and in vitamins A, B, and C .” 2 (See ch. 4.) Clothing expenditures have changed materially, both in the total amount spent and in the articles purchased. Nowadays when the average woman in the family of a wage earner or a clerical worker totals her clothing expenditures, she finds that her silk stockings have run away with more money than any other single item in her budget. Silk stockings were a luxury to women in the moderate-income group before the World War. In most stores the only kind of silk hose sold was a very heavy service-weight stocking, with a mercerized top, double-sole lisle foot, with a silk “ boot” only 20 inches high. These stockings cost $2 a pair at retail. After the war the much more attractive sheer and semiservice hose began to appear in all the stores at a lower price. Now silk stockings for everyday wear are the rule even for women in moderate-income families. With the increase during the last two decades of ready-made children’s and women’s clothes available at reasonably low prices, many a housewife has apparently given up the practice of making her clothes and those of the children at home. This is indicated by the drop in the number of families annually buying sewing machines from about 8 percent in 1917-19 to less than 2 percent of the families of wage earners and lower-salaried employees covered in the 1934-36 survey. These changes in the kind and quality of goods available in the retail market have combined with changes in prices since the end of the World War to produce very marked alterations in the distribution of family expenditures. The study mentioned above (see p. 34) as providing data on the spending patterns of families of wage earners and clerical workers in 1917-19 covers the expenditures of families of husband and wife and at least one child for 12 months within the period from August 1, 1917, to February 29, 1919. Seventy-five per cent of the material applies to the year 1918. In the interval between the end of this study and the beginning of the present investigation, the cost of living in the larger cities of the country rose to a high point in M ay 1920, dropped sharply until December 1921, and rose again gradually until December 1925. In 1926 costs began to decline 2 Stiebeling, Hazel K., in Yearbook of Agriculture, 1939 (p. 129), U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash ington, 1939, 38 M O N E Y D IS B U R S E M E N T S --- SU M M A R Y V O LUM E again, gradually until December 1929, sharply between that date and June 1933, rising again thereafter (see fig. 1). The result of all these changes was that total living costs for wage earners and clerical workers in large cities were approximately 5 percent lower in the period included in the present investigation than in that included in the bench-mark study at the end of the World War. Costs for different types of goods and services had moved quite differently in the interval. The estimated net change by groups of items is as follows: Estimated Net Change in Average Cost o f Goods Purchased by Wage Earners and Clerical Workers From the Period Covered by the Consumption Study of 1917—19 to That Covered by the Consumption Study of 1934—36 Food______________ Clothing___________ Rent______________ Fuel and light_____ Housefurnishings__ Miscellaneous items All items__________ 24 percent lower. 15 percent lower. 1 percent lower. 29 percent higher. 4 percent lower. 34 percent higher. 5 percent lower. Food costs were substantially lower, due partly to the development of new and more efficient techniques of agricultural production, and partly to the falling off in the European demand for American agri cultural products. Clothing costs had declined partly because of the invention of new methods of textile production, partly because of improvements in the mass production of moderate-price ready-towear clothes. Fuel and light costs were higher, largely because coal prices had been controlled at relatively low levels during the World War period. The cost of miscellaneous items purchased by moderateincome families (medical service, movies, laundry service, telephone, and newspapers) rose very rapidly in 1918, 1919, and 1920, and have remained relatively stable since that time, which accounts for their being in 1934-36 distinctly above the level of costs in 1917-19. To secure a living which cost $1,200 in larger cities of the country at the time of the 1917-19 survey, it would have been necessary on the average in 1934-36 to spend only $1,140. A comparison of the actual expenditures of families with money incomes ranging from $1,200 to $1,500 in the two periods immediately shows the differences in the distribution of the total amount spent for goods and services (see table 2). Expenditures in 1934-36 were somewhat lower for food, furniture, and furnishings; and considerably lower for clothing; expenditures for housing, fuel and light, and mis cellaneous items were considerably higher. COST OF GOODS PURCHASED BY WAGE EARNERS AND LOWER-SALARIED WORKERS IN 3 2 CITIES 1 INDEX INDEX 180 l-l i 160 120 100 60 PO ST -W A R PE R IO D 80 E X P E N D IT U R E S I N 140 CHANGES IN AVERAGE DECEMBER 1917 AND DECEMBER 1918 = 100 00 40 UNITED STATES BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 00 CO 40 M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y V O LUM E T able 2.— Current Expenditures of Families of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers With Incomes From $1,200 to $1,500 in 35 Large Cities in 1 9 1 7 -1 9 and in 1 93 4 -3 6 [Families including husband and wife and at least 1 child] 1917-19 1934-36 Cost at 1934-36 prices of goods pur chased in 1917-19 $521 205 $508 139 $389 169 60 216 339 57 281 1, 392 1,171 Average expendi tures in— Food ___________ ________________ Clothing___________ ___________________ Rent _________ - __________ _ Fuel and light________________________ Furniture and furnishings -------------Miscellaneous items _________________ T otal____________________________ 1w }259 P 1, 261 -54 Average expendi tures in— / \ 1917-19 1934-36 P ercen t P ercent Cost at 1934-36 prices of goods pur chased in 1917-19 Percent 41.2 16.3 15.0 5.5 4.8 17.2 36.4 10.0 17.5 7.8 3.9 24.4 33.2 14.4 16.0 7.5 4.9 24.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 The greatest difference between average expenditures at this income level occurred in the case of miscellaneous items. Expenditures for the miscellaneous group, which includes automobiles, radio, and tele phone, were almost three-fifths greater in 1934-36 than in 1917-19. In analyzing these figures, it is important to return to the realinement of prices which occurred in the period between the two surveys. In order to eliminate the effect of price differences as such from the comparison of expenditure patterns, the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ indexes of the cost of food, clothing, rent, fuel and light, and mis cellaneous items have been applied to the average expenditures of families in the $1,200-$ 1,500 income bracket in 1917-19. The result ing figures, which appear as column 3 of table 2, represent an estimate of what the equivalent of the goods actually purchased in 1917-19 would have cost if they had been purchased in 1934-36. A comparison of these figures with the expenditure patterns actually found in 1934-36 shows that the families studied in the latter period were spending considerably more for food than would have been required to buy the foods purchased in 1917-19. Part of this increase was due to the increase in eating out in the period between the two surveys, and part to the fact that these moderate-income families had taken advantage of lower food prices to satisfy food needs which had not been met in the period at the end of the World War. The data available on the kinds of food purchased indicate that the con sumption of employed workers at the present time is much nearer the diets recommended by nutrition specialists than were the diets of families at approximately the same general economic level in 1917-19. Total clothing expenditures in 1934-36 were, on the other hand, lower on the average than would have been expected on the basis of expenditures in 1917-19. Clothing prices, as mentioned above, were CH ANG ES IN E X P E N D IT U R E S IN P O ST -W A R P ER IO D 41 lower in 1934-36 than in the period at the end of the World War, but clothing expenditures were lower than would have been required to buy the equivalent of the clothing purchased earlier. Part of the difference is doubtless accounted for by the increase in dwellings with central heat. Riding to work in automobiles instead of walking long distances for trolleys has probably reduced the need for heavy winter clothing. In addition, the trend of styles in women’s clothing has been in the direction of less voluminous and more tailored garments. A comparison of actual housing expenditures in 1934-36 with those estimated as required to provide the type of housing secured by the families studied at the end of the World War shows a higher average expenditure in 1934-36, when the comparison is made in terms of housing as such, or in terms of housing expense combined with expense for fuel and light. Dwellings of a better grade than those occupied by workers at this income level were available in 1934-36— dwellings with electric lights and modern plumbing. These urban workers were not content with homes which were the equivalent of those with which city families at this income level had perforce been satisfied in the World War period. They found, however, that they could not obtain the housing they wanted by paying the equivalent of the amounts paid in 1917-19, and the lower cost of food and clothing gave them the margin they needed to pay more for housing, as well as to increase their expenditures for items classified in the miscellaneous category. Families in this middle-income class in the 35 cities included in both investigations spent $216 for miscellaneous commodities and services in 1917-19. In 1934-36 the equivalent of these commodities and services would have cost $281. Actually, however, families at this income level in these same cities in 1934-36 spent $339 for goods of this kind. The most marked change was in expenditures for travel. In 1917-19, among families of the type covered by the Bureau’s study at that time (i. e., families with husband, wife, and at least one child) expenditures for travel of all kinds averaged $35 a year or 3 percent of total current expenditure in the $1,200-$1,500 income class. The comparable figures for 1934-36 are $99, and 7 percent. The travel figures for both periods include the expense of automo bile purchase, maintenance, and operation, an item which has become of considerable importance even to moderate-income urban families who are not actually dependent on motor transportation. Nowadays when a family has had a successful year, it is more apt to think of an automobile as a symbol of success than to turn to new clothes, or new furniture for the parlor. Expenditures for personal care have also increased markedly in the interval between these studies. An expenditure of not quite $13 per family (1 percent of all current expenditures) in this income class in 1917-19 has become $27, or 2 percent of all current expenditure in 42 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME 1934-36. Obviously the barber and the hairdresser are receiving considerably more attention than in 1917-19. These differences in the distribution of expenditures by wage-earner and clerical families in the $1,200 to $1,500 income class are repre sentative of differences up and down the income scale covered by these two investigations, that is, from $500 to $2,500 and over. Without exception the averages by income class show that in 1934-36 families were spending a higher proportion of total expenditures for food and a lower proportion for clothing than would have been necessary to buy the equivalent of the 1917-19 purchases. In all except the lowest income class they were spending a higher proportion for housing than the equivalent of World War housing would have required. In this lowest bracket again, there was a deviation from the rule as regards furniture and furnishings. In every other income class the proportion spent in 1934-36 was slightly less than would have been required to purchase furniture and furnishings of types and in the amounts bought in 1917-19. In all but one income class the expenditure for miscellaneous items was proportionately larger in 1934-36. One of the most striking differences between these two sets of figures is in the matter of savings and deficits in each period. In the group covered in 1917-19 in these 35 cities, only the families at the lowest income level showed a deficit and that was a small one— not quite $11. Above the $900 level, each group, on the average, showed net savings (treating payments on insurance premiums as savings). Among the comparable families covered in 1934-36, in a period when the average cost of living was 5 percent lower, average deficits appeared until the $1,800 level was reached. The group with in comes from $1,200 to $1,500 spent, for example, $131 more for com modities and services than the similar group covered at the end of the World War. Their average incomes were, on the other hand, only $20 higher. The balance of the additional current expenditure was possible, partly because no net saving was made by families in this bracket in 1934-36, and partly because these families made use of funds other than current income. Part of these nonincome funds were withdrawn from savings accounts, part were borrowed on install ment credit, part represented a surrender of insurance policies, while the balance came from a variety of scattered sources. In contrast with the situation in 1917-19 when the average family in the wageearner and clerical group in the $1,200-$ 1,500 income class saved $80 over the year, in 1934-36 the comparable families reported a net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities of $30.2 2 See ch. 10 for a full description of the exact method of computing this change. CHANGES IN EXPENDITURES IN POST-WAR PERIOD 43 In considering these differences, it is important to remember the difference in the national situation at the time the two investigations were made. Much of the data obtained in the 1917-19 investigation applies to years ending between June 30 and November 1, 1918, a time when Government loans were being floated in small denomina tions, and subscriptions to them by moderate-income families were made at considerable sacrifice. Amounts paid on such subscriptions by families covered in the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ study would, of course, appear as savings in calculating changes in assets and liabilities. The investigation in 1934-36 was made just after a period of ex tensive unemployment and reduction in earnings, in which most low and moderate-income families, even if they had not suffered acutely from unemployment themselves, had postponed, insofar as possible, all expenditures which were not immediately necessary. By 1934 and more particularly by 1935, conditions were somewhat improved, particularly for the families having relatively steady employment, a requirement for inclusion in the study. It was natural, therefore, to find them bujdng with a certain amount of optimism to make up for the enforced economies of the past, drawing on savings where possible, and where savings were not available, on credit. (See ch. 10, p. 167.) There seems, however, to have been another reason for the differ ences in the expenditures of families with the same incomes. There is much that indicates that families of wage earners and clerical workers actually have higher standards of living than similar workers at the end of the war period. Their diets more nearly approach the recom mendation of specialists in human nutrition; they have homes with better lighting; many of them are able to travel more because they have automobiles. The change in the ideas of these workers as to how they ought to live has resulted in fundamental changes in their expenditure patterns. Insofar as the analyses already made make it possible to compare the goods and services purchased by comparable families, it would appear that the change has resulted in a level of living for employed workers 3 which may actually be called higher than that found at the end of the war. 3 It is important in using these figures to remember that this chapter does not attempt to estimate the change in the consumption of the average family in the wage-earner and clerical groups in our large cities from the middle of 1919 to the middle of 1936. The Bureau of Labor Statistics studies of the expenditures of wage earners and clerical workers at both periods were made for the purpose of providing weights for costof-living indexes applying to changes in the costs of goods purchased by employed workers. On that account, many families in the lowest income brackets were eliminated both from the study made at the end of the war period, and from the present investigation. It is impossible to make any estimate of the income distribution of all the urban families who regarded themselves as dependent on wages or clerical salaries who were eliminated from the 1917-19 study. 44 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME T able 3.— Expenditures of Families o f Wage Earners and Salaried Workers 1 in 1 9 3 4 -3 6 Compared With 1 9 1 7 -1 9 [Families including husband and wife and at least 1 child. Data for 6,240 white families in 35 cities cover 12 months w ithin the period 1934-36 and for 6,561 white families in 35 cities cover 12 months within the period 1917-19] Families with annual net income of— All families Under $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 to $1,800 to $2,100 to $2,500 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,500 and over 1934-36 Percentage of families_______ Average number of persons in family___ ___________ _ 100.0 4.34 5.4 4.10 19.9 4.13 25.8 22.6 4.25 4.30 17.0 4.44 6.2 3.1 4.83 5.64 Average annual current expenditure for— All item s.________ ____ _ $1, 552.91 $890.70 $1,131.24 $1,392. 75 $1,657.95 $1,893.15 $2,215.33 $2, 775. 55 551. 26 165.12 258.18 111.90 357. 79 77.64 166.11 74.64 432.47 103. 65 206.67 94.31 507. 95 138. 53 244.02 108.00 578.17 176.05 277.92 118.88 638. 21 211.47 300.29 123.81 749. 26 270.11 323.49 140.03 938. 02 387.03 360.65 149.18 63. 39 403. 06 31.82 182. 70 41.97 252.17 54.05 340. 20 74.33 432. 60 80.00 539. 37 90.83 641.61 107.17 833.50 N et change_________________ - 8 .1 8 - 101.46 - 4 9 .08 -30. 36 - 5 .8 1 + 47.45 Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items. ________ __ .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.5 10.6 16.6 7.2 40.2 8.7 18.6 8.4 38.2 9.2 18.3 8.3 36.4 10.0 17.5 7.8 34.8 10.6 16.8 7.2 33.7 11.2 15.9 6.5 33.8 12.2 14.6 6.3 33.8 13.9 13.0 5.4 4.1 26.0 3.6 20.5 3.7 22.3 3.9 24.4 4.5 26.1 4.2 28a5 4.1 29.0 3.9 30.0 Food________________ .. Clothing ______________ R ent__________________ Fuel and light___. . . Furniture and furnishings-------------------Miscellaneous_____ __ F o o d ... ___________ . . . Clothing. _____________ R ent--- ------- -------- -Fuel and light-----------Furniture and furnish ings__________________ Miscellaneous__________ +52. 92 +154.68 1917-19 Average number of persons in fam ily... _______________ 4.87 3.96 4.40 4.71 4.97 5.32 7.07 5.78 Average annual current ex penditure for— All items. _ ____________ $1,385.20 $772.80 $1,046.10 $1,261.20 $1,486.24 $1, 720.80 $2,009. 81 $2, 530.06 Food. ......... .................. . Clothing ___________ R en t.. ____________ _ Fuel and light__________ Furniture and furnish in g s._________________ Miscellaneous__________ N et change________________ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All item s.______ ________ Food____________ ______ Clothing--------- -------R ent................................... Fuel and light................... Furniture and furnish in g s................................ Miscellaneous__________ 558.81 234. 60 200.10 71.88 351.95 106.80 132. 67 51.27 453.94 156. 26 160. 76 61. 65 520.81 205.01 189. 73 69.26 592.49 254. 31 212.11 75.03 662.60 310. 24 233. 42 85.54 747.10 386.48 252. 83 89.13 957.82 550.06 274. 42 90.55 68.29 251. 52 24.48 105. 63 46.89 166.60 59.97 216.42 78.23 274.07 87. 65 341.35 109.85 424.42 113.87 543.34 +108.77 - 1 0 .75 +34.44 +80.50 + 141.42 +203.42 +259.00 +321.46 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.4 16.9 14.4 5.2 45.5 13.8 17.2 6.6 43.4 14.9 15.4 5.9 41.2 16.3 15.0 5.5 39.9 17.1 14.3 5.0 38.5 18.0 13.6 5.0 37.2 19.2 12.6 4.4 37.9 21.7 10.8 3.6 4.9 18.2 3.2 13.7 4.5 15.9 4.8 17.2 5.3 18.4 5.1 19.8 5.5 21.1 4.5 21.5 1 See appendix C, p. 366, for method of combining city data and of obtaining “all families” average. CH ANG ES IN E X P E N D IT U R E S I N 45 P O ST -W A R PER IO D T able 4.— Estimated Average Cost in 1934—36 o f Goods Purchased in 1917—19 by Families of Wage Earners and Salaried Workers 1 [Families of husband and wife and at least 1 child] Families with annual net income of— All families Under $900 Average annual current ex penditure for— All item s_______________ $1,316.24 $699. 77 Food___________ _______ Clothing_______________ R ent__________________ Fuel and light__________ Furniture and furnish ings__________________ Miscellaneous________ . Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All item s____ _______ Food------------ Clothing_______________ R en t.. . . . . ______ Fuel and light________ . Furniture and furnish ings-------------------Miscellaneous_______ $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 to $1,800 to $2,100 to $2,500 $1,800 $1,500 $2,100 $2,500 and over $960.46 $1,170.14 $1,392.35 $1,621.83 $1,920.97 $2,442. 90 423.93 200.09 198.39 92.43 257. 49 86.54 132. 56 63.12 336.63 127. 77 158. 35 77. 67 388. 52 169.06 186. 68 87.80 443.81 210. 99 210. 29 96.33 497.99 258.03 229.48 108. 66 567.46 324.43 256.39 113. 69 729.46 472.88 293. 77 116.72 65.39 336. 01 22.80 137. 26 44.13 215.91 56.83 281. 25 74.38 356. 55 83.47 444.20 103.10 555. 90 106.74 723. 33 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 32.2 15.2 15.1 7.0 36.8 12.4 18.9 9.0 35.0 13.3 16.5 8.1 33.2 14.4 16.0 7.5 31.9 15.2 15.1 6.9 30.7 15.9 14.2 6.7 29.5 16.9 13.4 5.9 29.8 19.4 12.0 4.8 5.0 25.5 3.3 19.6 4.6 22.5 4.9 24.0 5.3 25.6 5.1 27.4 5.4 28.9 4.4 29.6 1 Computed on the basis of the Bureau of Labor Statistics cost-of-living index. Chapter 3 INCOME, FAM ILY SIZE, AND THE CONSUMPTION LEVEL OF THE FAMILY Any attempt to compare the actual expenditures of the families of wage earners and clerical workers studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1934-36 with the cost of the “ American standard of living” presupposes that there is general agreement about the goods and services which go to make up that standard. As a matter of fact, there are almost as many opinions about the details which must be included in the “ American standard” as there are American homes, and the general point of view about the essential details has changed considerably with changes in production techniques of the last quarter of a century. There is, however, a general agreement about certain basic goods and services essential to the health and welfare of the American family. P o s t -W a r Standard Budgets During the period of the World War and the economic readjust ments which followed it, figures on the cost of maintaining an adequate family living were compiled by several different agencies of the Federal Government. * In connection with the wage adjustments of the war period, W . F. Ogburn, then in charge of the cost-of-living section of the National War Labor Board, prepared and priced two family budgets as of June 1918— a “ minimum of subsistence” budget for a family of five costing $1,386, and a “ minimum comfort” budget costing S l ^ O .1 In 1919 and 1920 the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics prepared two quantity budgets. The first was intended to represent the needs of Government employees in Washington2 while the second had a wider application. It was the “ minimum quantity budget 1 Bureau of Applied Economics, Inc. Bulletin No. 7: Standards of Living: A compilation of budgetary studies. Washington, 1920. 2 U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Tentative quantity and cost budget necessary to maintain a family of five in Washington, D. C., at a level of health and decency. Washington, 1920. This budget was based on a study of the expenditures of Government employees in Washington. The primary aim of the study was to furnish information for the use of the Joint Commission of Congress on "Reclassification of Salaries. The cost of this budget in August 1919 was $2,016 in Washington. 46 IN C O M E , F A M IL Y SIZ E , C O N S U M P T IO N LE V E L 47 necessary to maintain a worker’s family of five in health and decency” 3 and was prepared in cooperation with a committee of the National Conference of Social Work and the Office of Home Economics in the Department of Agriculture. Recent Standard Budgets Among the concrete formulations of standards of living at specified levels which are most used at the present time are the “ maintenance budget” of the Works Progress Administration, and the budgets for families in different economic groups prepared by the Heller Committee for Social Research. The Works Progress Administration, in March 1935, found that in 59 cities of the United States the average cost of a budget for a 4-person family of a manual worker at' a “ maintenance” level was $1,261. When the allowance for insurance premiums (which in the recent Bureau of Labor Statistics investigation were treated as savings) is deducted, the cost for items of current family living of the W P A budget at that date becomes $1,215. The Works Progress Administration characterized its budget as “ not so liberal as that for a ‘ health and decency’ level which the skilled worker may hope to obtain, but it affords more than ‘minimum of subsistence’ living.” 4 3 U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Minimum quantity budget necessary to maintain a worker’s family of five at a level of health and decency. M onthly Labor Review, June 1920, pp. 1-18. The budget constituted the Bureau’s “best estimates at that time of what should be included in the family budget of the workingman.” It was based in part on estimated standard requirements and in part on the expenditures of wage-earning families in the United States, as shown in the investigation of 1917-19. The food budget was obtained by averaging the actual amounts of foods used by 280 families selected from the 1917-19 survey. These families were selected because they averaged 3.35 equivalent adult males and purchased food amounting to 3,500 calories per man per day. Slight changes were made to make the budget acceptable to trained dietitians as a standard budget intended to maintain the family in health. The clothing budget was “intended to provide a fair degree of that mental satisfaction which follows being reasonably well dressed,” consistent with the m in im u m requirement for health and social decency. It was based on the clothing budgets of 850 families having three children under 15 years of age, as reported in the 1917-19 survey, modified to take account of suggestions from clothing experts and of the results of a special study of such factors as replacement. The standard of housing included in the budget required one room per person and a complete bathroom with toilet. The budget was never priced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but its cost was calculated for 10 large cities in 1922, by the Labor Bureau, Inc., a private research agency. According to the figures of that agency, the average for those cities was $2,282. If this cost of the budget were estimated in the dollar values of the period of the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ most recent study of the family expenditures of wage earners and clerical workers, it would amount to $1,898, but that budget is not applicable to present-day conditions. The kinds of goods and services customarily consumed have changed greatly in the past two decades. The fact that no automobile, no radio, no silk stockings, and no beauty-parlor services were included in the budget suggests the changes in American consumption habits which have taken place since it was prepared. 4 Works Progress Administration Research Monograph XII: Intercity Differences in Cost of Living in March 1935, 59 Cities, p. xiv. The “ maintenance budget” was designed to provide for a family consisting of a moderately active man, a moderately active woman, a boy aged 13, and a girl aged 8. The man is an unskilled manual worker who wears overalls at work. The allowance for food included in the budget is based on the adequate diet at minimum cost of the Bureau of Home Economics, using a restricted list of foods. The housing allowed is a 4- or 5-room house or apartment in a fair state of repair, with an indoor bath and toilet for the family’s exclusive use. The budget includes maintenance for an inexpensive radio, a daily newspaper, and attend ance at the movies once a week. It does not provide an automobile. N o provision is made for saving other than life-insurance premiums, which amount to $46 a year. 48 M O N E Y D IS B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y V O LUM E Yet another attempt to obtain quantity and cost statements of given standards of living is represented by the work of the Heller Committee for Research in Social Economics at the University of California. The average cost of its budget for a 5-person family of a skilled wage earner, as priced by the Heller Committee in San Francisco at various intervals from November 1933 to October 1936, was $1,953. That budget was designed to meet accepted require ments of health and decency and to “ accord with the spending habits of the economic group.” 5 The equivalent of this San Francisco cost for an average of 59 cities throughout the United States for March 1935 has been estimated to be $1,760.6 When the cost of life insur ance is deducted from this figure, it appears that the average current expenditure provided by this budget (as distinguished from the savings), may be estimated at $1,661, for the larger cities of the country. No official estimate at a higher level than the W P A maintenance budget has been made recently. Many economists use approximately $2,000 as the amount needed at the present time to provide an urban family of four persons with the goods and services included in what is widely accepted as the “ American standard of living.” 7 The significant thing to be noted, when attempts are made to compare the cost of each of these standards with actual family ex penditures, is that family size as well as total expenditure must be taken into account. Each of these quantity-cost budgets, if equitably shared by the indicated numbers of persons, provides for each of those persons the standard set by the budget. However, should the same 6 Heller Committee for Research in Social Economics, Quantity and Cost Budgets, University of Cali fornia, Berkeley, 1937. The 1936 budget for the family of a skilled wage earner provides for five persons—a man, his wife, a boy aged 11, a girl aged 6, and a boy aged 2. The food budget included in this standard was adapted from “ Adequate Food at Low Cost" by Ruth Okey and Emily H. Huntington, with adjustments to take into account customary food consumption as well as nutritional adequacy. The home is a five-room house, apartment, or flat in a “working-class neighborhood.” The budget allows for the maintenance of a radio and a second-hand automobile, and a small life-insurance policy. 8 To the San Francisco cost for each major category, as food, clothing, etc., was applied an adjustment factor which was the ratio of costs in San Francisco to costs in 59 cities combined, as determined by the Works Progress Administration as of March 15, 1935. (Research Monograph XII: Intercity Differences in Cost of Living in March 1935, 59 Cities, p. 116.) 7 Perhaps the most widely known of the private estimates is that of Mordecai Ezekiel, who set an income of $2,500 as necessary at 1929 price levels to furnish an average city family of four persons w ith the “ American standard.” When this sum is converted to its equivalent dollar value in 1934-36 by the application of the Bureau’s cost-of-living indexes, the corresponding money income in 1934-36 is found to be $2,015. When the savings included in the Ezekiel budget are deducted, the cost of goods and the services it provides (adjusted to the 1934-36 dollar) would be valued at $1,873 for a family of four. The author defines the standard to which his dollar estimate applies as follows: * * * decent shelter, decent clothing, and adequate food for growth and health. Under American conditions, a family can hardly be said to be sharing in abundant living unless it can also enjoy the comforts of civilization which many Americans have come to regard as necessities. Those include running water and modern plumbing, adequate heat, the telephone and electric light, newspapers, magazines and books, a minimum of health care from doctors and dentists, an automobile, and some opportunity for travel, recrea tion, amusement, and higher education. For the average city family of four persons, an annual income of $2,500 is probably the minimum on which such comfortable living can be attained (using the 1929 level of prices). In fact, such an income would probably not be high enough for most families to enjoy all the comforts listed. Rather than set our standards too high, though, we may regard such an income as being the minimum needed to enable a family to live a moderately full life under American conditions. Ezekiel, Mordecai. $2,500 a Year: From Scarcity to Abundance. Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York, 1936, p p . 3-6. 49 IN C O M E , F A M IL Y SIZ E , C O N S U M P T IO N LE V EL quantities of goods and services or the same total expenditures be shared by a larger number of persons, it is obvious that each would fall somewhat below the standard set by the budget. Conversely, should the same total expenditures be divided among a smaller number of persons than the budget estimate, each person would in fact enjoy a plane of living higher than indicated by the standard set in the budget. Family size as well as income is of crucial importance in determining the economic plane which the family is actually able to achieve. Small family size and a high income make for a higher degree of com fort, while large families and limited incomes mean a more limited provision of goods and services for each family member, or a lower economic plane. •It is also clear that two families with the same incomes, but one composed of husband, wife, and two children, and the other composed of husband, wife, and six children, live on widely separated planes of living. Classification o f F am ilies b y Consum ption Level 8 In the study of incomes and expenditures of families of wage earners and clerical workers in 1934-36, made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, account was taken so far as possible of the complicating effect of family size as well as income upon the planes or levels of living at which the families were found. It was desired to analyze the expenditures of the families studied in relation to their planes of living, and to make comparisons among the kinds of expenditures of families living at different economic levels. From the earlier discussion, it is apparent that classification by total income or total expenditure, without regard to the number and age of the consumers sharing the goods purchased by the family, would group together families with very different expenditure patterns. The procedure adopted met this difficulty by a plan of classification of families which, in effect, was based upon total family expenditure per equivalent adult. A cruder approximation would have used total expenditure per capita. However, to treat each member of the family as of equal importance in family spending would have been to ignore the wide differences in consumption needs and in customary expendi tures for persons of different age and sex. The difference in clothing requirements of a boy aged 2 and his sister aged 18 illustrates the point. No satisfactory single scale of equivalence was available to express the relative importance of the consumption needs of or customary 8 The terms “consumption level” and “economic level” are used synonymously to denote classification of families according to total annual expenditure per family member, that is, “annual unit expenditure for the total of all items of current family expenditure.” In counting the number of family members, a moder ately active adult male is counted as one unit. Each other member is counted in proportion, with due regard to differences in customary consumption by age, sex, and activity. See fuller discussion in ensuing pages. See also appendix C. 50 M O N E Y D IS B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y VO LUM E expenditures for children of given ages, or of women, as a proportion of the needs or customary expenditures of a man. The relative requirements of men, women, and children are very different, in fact, for food and for clothing, and there is no assurance that the relative requirements for other items are similar to those for either food or clothing. Therefore, scales of relative expenditures for each of these three groups of items were computed separately,9 but for the purpose of arriving at a final figure which may be designated as family ex penditure per equivalent adult. Since these scales were based upon customary expenditures by persons of different age and sex, they were called expenditure-unit scales. Hence the final basis for classi fication of families studied has been called annual unit expenditure, that is, annual total family expenditure per expenditure unit. The process of classifying families according to their consumption level may be indicated from the case of two families, each spending $1,450 during the schedule year. The first family consisted of a man of 40, working as a machine operator; his wife, aged 38; two sons, aged 15 and 6; and two daughters, aged 12 and 8. In addition, the family was responsible during 6 months of the year for the total support of the wife’s mother, who lived with the family during half the year. This family is regarded as consisting of 6% equivalent full-time persons. The second family consisted of a man of 27, also a machine operator; his wife, aged 26; a daughter, aged 4 ; and an infant son 1 year old. This is a 4-person family. The first family spent $725 and the smaller family $780 for all items other than food and clothing The expendi ture per full-time equivalent person in the first family was $112 as against $195 in the second family for all items other than food and clothing. Although the larger family spent 7 percent less on these items than the smaller, on a per capita basis its level was 43 percent below that of the smaller. In the case of food, the scales adopted in this study indicate th^t the first family consisted of the equivalent of 5.5 adult males in the family for the full year. This unit will be sub sequently referred to in the present study as “ food-expenditure unit.” The second family consisted of 2.9 food-expenditure units. The first family spent $580 per year for food, or the equivalent of $105 per 8 The scale of food expenditure units was based on data secured from the Bureau of Home Economics, showing quantities of food consumed by persons of different age, sex, and physical activity, estimated partly on the basis of energy requirements and partly on the basis of the actual food consumption of families of wage earners and clerical workers. (To have secured records of the actual food consumption of individuals would have required an unjustified expense). These quantities of foods were multiplied by the average retail prices for each item, for the United States, at the dates of the investigation, and the dollar figures so obtained were used to compute a scale of food-expenditure units for specified sex-age groups relative to the food ex penditures of an adult male. Clothing-expenditure relatives were computed directly from the data secured in this study on clothing expenditures for persons of different sex, age, and occupation. There is not enough information available on the influence of age or sex on expenditures for items other than food and clothing to improve upon the assumption that equal expenditures for these “other items" are incurred for each member of the family. Each member was, therefore, considered the equivalent of an adult male in his expenditures for this third group of items. More detailed explanation of the method of computing expenditure units may be found in appendix C. 51 IN C O M E , F A M IL Y S IZ E , C O N S U M P T IO N LE V E L food-expenditure unit. The second family spent $500, a substantially smaller proportion of its total income, but amounting to $172 per food-expenditure unit. Finally, for clothing, on the basis of the scale of customary expendi tures as related to sex, age, and occupation, taking the average ex penditures of adult male wage earners and lower-salaried clerical workers between the ages of 21 and 35, inclusive, as equivalent to one clothing-expenditure unit, it was found that the larger of the two fam ilies contained 4.0 clothing-expenditure units while the smaller family contained 2.6. The first family spent $145 for clothing and the smaller family, $170. This was an average per clothing-expenditure unit of $36 for the first family and $65 for the second. The economic level of the first family was measured by the sum of these three types of unit expenditure: $105 for food, $36 for clothing, and $112 for all other items; total for the family, $253 per expenditure unit. The smaller family, which it will be recalled had identical total expendi tures, was not classified with the larger family but rather with other families that had an expenditure per unit of more than $400 but less than $500. In both cases, this means that these particular families were grouped as regards economic level with families whose incomes may have been quite different. For example, a widow with one young child, earning $100 a month, would be grouped with the smaller of the two families, as would also a very large family with an income of more than $3,000 per year. D istribution o f F am ilies b y C onsum ption Level When the 14,469 families of wage earners and clerical workers studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics were classified into groups by $100 intervals in annual unit expenditure, in accordance with the procedure outlined in the foregoing section, two-fifths of them fell within the limits of expenditure of $300 to $500 per adult equivalent per year; as many as 15 percent spent less than $300, while 10 percent spent $800 or over. One-third of all the white families studied fell within the class spend ing less than $400 per unit per year, and over two-thirds were classified as having unit expenditures of less than $600. On the other hand, two-thirds of the Negro families studied fell below $400 and ninetenths below $600 unit expenditure, as shown in the following statement: P e r c e n t of— Annual unit expenditure of— Under $200_______________ __________________ $200 to $400_______________ _________________ $400 to $600_______________________ ___________ $600 and over. ___________ W h ite fa m ilie s N eg ro fa m ilies 2. 3 31. 4 36.7 29. 6 18. 47. 25. 8. Total____________________________ ___________ 100.0 1 5 6 8 100.0 B o th races 3. 32. 36. 28. 0 0 2 8 100.0 52 M O N E Y D IS B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y VO LUM E T able 1 .— Distribution by Occupation and Family T ype and Average Household Com position , by Consumption Level 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with total All fami Un $200 $300 $400 $500 lies der to to to to $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 annual unit expenditure of — $600 $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 to to to to to to and $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 over O cc u p a tio n o f c h ief earn er and fa m ily ty p e 1 Percent of families in su rvey.. . Percent of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker................ . Skilled wage earner............. Semiskilled wage earner___ Unskilled wage earner____ Percent of families composed of— Man and wife____________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2___ Man, wife and 2 to 4 chil dren 2___________ ______ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2______________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 2_ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2......................... . Man, wife, and 1 adult____ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults. Man, wife, and 5 or more adults.. ________ ________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and w ife). Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)____ ______________ Adult or adults, and chil dren (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife).. Adult or adults, and chil dren (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)................................... Percent of families having no home maker............................. 100.0 3.0 12.2 19.8 20.4 15.8 11.3 27.7 7.1 15.9 22.4 23.3 11.6 19.3 21.3 35.2 44.4 43.5 39.8 13.8 36.9 21.3 16.5 21.6 17.8 0 1.6 2.6 1.4 0.8 1.0 1.4 5.3 12.1 23.0 34.6 48.9 60.8 65.5 74.0 77.8 81.5 5.3 15.6 21.5 26.2 26.9 19.6 13.1 9.5 7.0 8.4 2.9 6.4 2.6 1.3 2.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.7 1.9 1.3 .7 0 0 0 .1 .8 .3 0 9.6 11.8 10.5 11.7 8.6 6.6 5.1 3.7 0 8.9 3.5 0 5.4 .7 0 8.5 2.0 0 3.5 0 0 3.8 .5 0 .1 .1 11.6 16.5 24.2 18.0 12.6 8.0 9.8 4.6 28.0 32.3 33.6 36.8 37.2 38.3 37.7 40.8 47.8 22.3 26.5 25.8 26.6 27.2 29.6 30.1 29.9 19.5 36.0 31.7 29.5 28.5 29.3 25.8 27.7 25.2 28.4 13.7 9.5 11.1 8.1 6.3 6.3 4.5 4.1 4.3 19.4 22.9 34.9 32.6 23.4 13.5 .9 7.1 3.2 3.8 35.0 14.6 8.3 .9 2.9 6.2 4.8 5.2 1.0 3.6 6.8 7.9 .2 .9 .3 .3 .2 .1 0 0 0 6.3 .5 2.0 3.9 6.7 6.8 9.1 9.7 9.9 13.0 1.6 1.4 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.4 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 .7 .9 1.0 1.1 1.5 .9 .3 .2 1.3 5.0 3.1 2.2 1.2 .7 .2 .4 0 .4 .1 .2 .4 .2 .6 .4 .3 1.1 .5 0 0 0 6.0 10.3 9.6 2.4 1.0 0 0 .8 1.0 0 1.7 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 C o m p o s itio n o f household Average number of persons in household.....................:_____ Percent of households with— Boarders and lodgers______ Boarders only......... ............. Lodgers only______ ______ Other persons....................... Average size of economic family: Persons........... ...................... Under 16 years of age___ 16 years of age and over. Expenditure units.—........... Average number of persons in household not members of economic fam ily...................... 3.79 6.61 5.33 4.32 3.93 3.33 3.01 2.69 2.60 2.49 2.47 2.37 2.12 7.2 2.7 7.8 5.3 7.5 1.9 3.5 2.7 6.1 2.2 5.3 3.1 3.60 1.03 2.57 3.32 6.49 3.14 3.35 5.81 5.19 2.21 2.98 4.64 .21 .14 .15 7.5 2.5 6.2 4.4 7.5 2.5 8.6 5.6 7.8 6.9 7.6 3.1 3.2 3.6 8.0 10.3 10.1 5.7 5.2 8.4 8.0 2.9 8.5 5.9 6.5 7.4 4.8 3.1 3.3 3.2 8.6 9.6 9.3 8.6 11.3 10.1 6.3 1.3 5.8 9.2 4.16 3.54 .3.13 2.79 2.55 2.38 2.28 2.26 2.21 2.00 1.43 .95 .69 .46 .28 .18 .15 .07 .08 .05 2.73 2.59 2.44 2.33 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.19 2.13 1.95 3.79 3.27 2.92 2.61 2.41 2.27 2.20 2.23 2.17 1.94 .20 .22 .22 .24 .27 .23 .24 .25 .19 .1 8 2 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. * Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are on p. 391. 53 INCOME, FAMILY SIZE, CONSUMPTION LEVEL T able 2.— Distribution by Occupation and Fam ily T ype and Average Household Com position, by Consumption Level 12,903 WHITE FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami U n $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 over O ccu p a tio n o f c h ief ea rn er and fa m ily t y p e 1 Percent of families in survey__________ 100.0 2.3 11.7 19.7 20.6 16.1 11.6 7.4 4.7 2.7 Percent of families in which chief earn er is— Clerical worker__________________ Skilled wage earner______________ Semiskilled wage earner__________ Unskilled wage earner............... ...... Percent of families composed of— Man and wife__________ _________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2__________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2___ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2_ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2____ ____________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2____________ Man, wife, and 1 adult___________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults______ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults___ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not includ ing man and wife)______________ Adults (4 or more persons, not in cluding man and w ife)__________ Adult or adults, and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)____ _____________________ Adult or adults, and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)____ __________ _____ Percent of families having no homem aker...____ ______________________ 1.0 37.4 38.3 37.9 41.0 47.8 27.4 29.8 30.2 30.1 19.5 29.5 25.8 27.8 25.3 28.4 5.7 6.1 4.1 3.6 4.3 21.1 0 .6 3.8 10.5 21.8 33.9 48.7 18.0 .9 4.2 15.3 21.8 26.7 27.3 19.8 19.6 21.4 35.9 33.8 24.1 13.8 6.5 2.6 .8 8.9 3.4 1.0 .1 .1 0 0 60.3 65.7 73.9 78.2 81.5 13.2 9.5 7.1 8.4 2.9 0 0 1.3 2.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17.3 20.7 44.8 17.2 23.3 22.2 40.3 14.2 28.8 23.0 36.2 12.0 33.0 26.9 31.9 8.2 0.8 37.0 26.9 28.5 7.6 28.8 24.2 35.4 11.6 8.9 14.5 47.6 29.0 1.4 34.0 26.2 29.7 10.1 11.7 16.1 25.1 18.4 12.9 8.2 4.8 1.9 1.4 .7 3.7 39.2 15.6 3.7 .8 .3 0 .1 0 8.2 .7 2.1 6.6 9.4 11.7 10.6 11.7 9.0 6.3 5.0 4.9 8.1 8.8 6.7 5.1 3.7 3.6 0 0.2 1.1 ,.3 .3 .2 .1 0 0 0 5.3 .7 0 6.4 .3 1.9 3.9 6.8 6.9 9.1 9.7 10.0 12.9 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.9 2.2 1.4 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 .3 .7 1.0 1.2 1.6 .9 .3 0 0 0 0 8.6 1.9 .6 0 3.0 0 0 0 3.8 .5 0 5.9 10.4 9.6 2.4 1.0 0 0 .8 1.0 0 1.7 .2 1.3 4.4 3.1 2.2 1.2 .7 .2 .4 0 0 0 0 0 .2 .6 .4 .3 1.1 0 1.0 0 0 .4 .2 .4 .2 C o m p o s itio n o f household Average number of persons in house hold____________________ ______ ___ Percent of households with— Boarders and lodgers.____________ Boarders only___________________ Lodgers only____________________ Other persons.................................... Average size of economic family: Persons_________________________ Under 16 years of age_________ 16 years of age and over. ........... Expenditure units_______________ Average number of persons in house hold not members of economic family. 3.79 6. 77 5.45 4.39 3.97 3.35 3.02 2.69 2.60 2.49 2.45 2.36 7.4 2.6 7.8 5.4 8.9 1.9 3.3 2.7 6.3 2.1 5.1 3.1 7.7 2.5 6.2 4.4 7.6 2.4 8.6 5.6 7.9 3.0 7.9 5.7 7.0 3.1 10.2 5.3 7.7 3.1 10.2 8.5 3.60 1.03 2. 57 3.32 6.64 3.17 3.47 5.96 5. 31 2.29 3.02 4.79 4.22 1.47 2.75 3.84 3.58 .97 2. 61 3.30 3.15 .70 2.45 2.94 2.80 .47 2. 33 2.62 2. 55 .28 2.27 2.44 8.0 2.8 8.4 5.9 6.4 7.4 4.8 3.1 3.3 2.7 8.7 9.6 9.3 8.6 11.3 10.2 2 .12 6.3 1.3 5.8 9.2 2.38 2.28 2.26 2.21 2.00 .18 .15 .07 .08 .05 2.20 2.13 2.19 2.13 1.95 2.27 2.20 2.23 2.17 1.94 .21 .15 .15 .20 .22 .22 .24 .27 .23 .24 .25 .19 .18 1 “ Children" are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “Adults" are persons 16 years of age and over, * Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States," B. L. S Bull. No. 357,1924. Notes on this table are on p. 391. 54 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME T able 3.— Distribution by Occupation and Fam ily Type and Average Household Com position , by Consumption Level 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families with total annual unit expenditure of— AA i1l1 Item fam U n $200 ilies der to $300 to $400 to $500 to $600 to $700 and over $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 Percent of families in survey_______ _____ _________ 100.0 18.1 25.4 22.1 16.3 9.3 5.0 3.8 Percent of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker________________________ ______ 4.0 Skilled wage earner....... ....................................... 4.3 Semiskilled wage earner............................... .......... 30.0 Unskilled wage earner......... .................................. 61.7 2.1 3.2 35.1 59.6 1.1 5.4 30.7 62.8 3.6 3.3 30.6 62.5 4.1 2.1 31.5 62.3 6.2 10.4 22.9 60.5 10.7 5.4 19.0 64.9 20.4 1.5 23.3 54.8 71.3 5.7 69.2 8.2 72.2 3.7 O ccu p a tion o f c h ief earn er and fa m ily t y p e i Percent of families composed of— M an and wife....................... ................................... Man, wife, and 1 child 2......... ........................ ...... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2_ ........................ Man, wife, and 5 or more children __________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 per sons)2--------------- --------------------------Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2.................. .............. ............................ Man, wife, and 1 adult.......................... ................. Man, wife, and 2 to 4 a d u l t s .......................... . Man, wife, and 5 or more adults_______________ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)_______ ______ _ _____ ______________ Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and w if e ) ...__________________ _____ __________ Adult or adults, and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)____________________ Adult or adults, and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)________________ Percent of families having no homemaker__________ 32.2 13.3 29.5 12.1 9.1 17.0 35.0 22.4 56.7 14.4 23.5 1.5 9.7 .3 3.3 0 9.8 17.8 16.2 9.4 5.2 10.0 4.8 .1 22.6 1.9 4.5 0 3.7 10.8 8.6 .2 .6 10.5 3.6 0 3.7 .6 3.3 4.8 4.4 .7 .3 .5 1.0 .3 1.1 1.4 2.5 .8 6.2 3.1 1.9 .4 .4 14.1 2.6 2.4 .2 0 3.1 0 .9 0 0 2.8 1.5 0 .4 15.8 1.6 0 0 13.0 3.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.0 3.5 0 0 10.2 4.3 0 8.1 3.1 7.4 0 2.7 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 .3 .6 0 0 0 .8 C o m p o sitio n o f household Average number of persons in household___________ Percent of households with— Boarders and lodgers.............. ...... ......................... Boarders o n ly .- ..................................................... Lodgers only........... ................................................ Other persons..................... ........ ............................ Average size of economic family: Persons_____________________________________ Under 16 years of age........ ............................ . 16 years of age and over.................................. Expenditure units................................................. Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family............ ...... ........................ . 3. 76 6.15 4.09 3.13 2. 72 2.61 2.56 2.72 3.7 5.0 7.7 3.6 3.4 1.8 4.1 2.8 4.0 3.4 7.0 3.4 4.4 3.5 6.6 3.7 3.9 5.0 9.1 4.8 3.4 8.5 11.4 3.9 1.8 8.8 16.4 0 4.0 26.5 7.6 3.7 3.59 1.09 2.50 3.28 6.05 3.06 2. 99 5. 36 3.95 1.33 2. 62 3.08 3.00 .65 2.35 2.79 2. 52 .27 2.25 2.37 2.36 .11 2.25 2.26 2.22 .08 2.14 2.13 2.31 .04 2.27 2.20 .20 .12 .15 .2 2 .21 .26 .37 .44 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. * Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357. 1924. Notes on this table are on p. 391. IN C O M E , F A M IL Y SIZ E , C O N S U M P T IO N LE V EL 55 Families found at low and at high consumption levels by no means coincided with types found at low and high income levels.10 One of the striking differences between the two types of classification was in relation to family size. When families were classified by income, average size of family was smallest at the lowest income level and largest at the highest income level. This tendency was directly related to the greater number of gainful workers associated with higher family incomes. When families were classified by economic level (by amount of annual unit expenditure), on the other hand, the largest families were found at the lowest economic levels and the average family size declined steadily as economic level increased (see table 1). The average number of gainful workers per family showed no consistent tendency either to increase or decrease from low to high economic levels. In fact, for the white and Negro families combined it ranged from 1.34 to 1.58, meaning that on the average every second or third family had a supplementary earner (see table 4). The same tendencies both as to family size and number of gain ful workers were generally true of white and of Negro families when classified by economic level. The Negro families at the lowest economic levels were, however, smaller than the white, but their average number of gainful workers was larger, at all comparable economic levels, since there was greater need in the Negro group to supplement the earnings of the chief breadwinner. Average income for both white and Negro families increased from low to high economic levels, but much less sharply than when families were classified by income. Even within the same economic levels, however, and despite the smaller number of gainful workers per family in the white group, the white families had consistently higher average incomes than did the Negro families (see tables 5 and 6). 10 For distribution of families by income level, see ch. 1, tables 4, 5, and 6, pp. 18-20. 242949°— 41------5 56 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME , Table 4.— Sources o f Incom e by Consumption Level 14,469 W H IT E A N D N EG R O FA M ILIE S IN 42 C IT IE S [D ata cover 12 m on ths w ith in the period 1934-36] Item Fam ilies w ith tota l annual u n it expenditure of A ll fam i U n $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 lies der to to to to to to to and to to to $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 over Percent of fam ilies in s u r v ey ___ 100.0 3 .0 12.2 19.8 20.4 15.8 11.3 7.1 4 .6 2.fi 1.4 0 .8 1.0 Percent of fam ilies havin g— Earnings of subsidiary earners____ ________ _________ N e t earnings from boarders and lodgers____________ Other net ren ts_____________ Interest and d iv id en d s_____ P ensions and insurance ann u ities___________________ G ifts from persons outside econom ic fam ily ......... ......... O ther sources of in com e____ D ed u ction s from incom e (business losses and exp en ses)___________________ Surplus (n et increase in assets and/or decrease in liab ilities)_________________ D eficit (n et decrease in as sets and/or increase in lia b ilitie s)____________ J_____ Inheritance________________ 3 7.8 3 2.2 34.6 3 3.8 3 4.3 3 8.7 39.4 42.2 4 4.3 4 8.6 64.1 59.2 74.2 .6 .1 .7 .4 .6 .3 .9 .9 2 .2 .5 .8 .7 3 .2 Average num ber of gainful work ers per fa m ily ________ _______ 1.41 1.58 32.4 39.4 35.8 31.8 30.9 29.6 28.3 3 5.6 3 0.8 34.9 40.1 4 7.9 52.4 16.4 12.0 13.1 15.6 21.7 17.2 19.3 19.4 17.5 18.1 17.4 11.9 13.4 6 .3 4 .8 5.6 5 .8 7 .2 6 .2 6.3 6 .9 7 .6 6 .6 2 .2 4 .6 3 .4 12.8 7 .0 8 .5 9 .7 12.7 15.9 17.0 15.2 16.2 15.8 14.0 14.3 2 3.4 3 .7 3 .2 10.0 9 .5 4 .5 4 .4 5 .8 3 .4 2 .7 3.4 10.5 10.4 2 .7 4 .6 4 .2 4 .9 4 .0 3 .6 4 .4 3 .0 4 .6 1.5 4 .3 8 .6 11.8 9 .2 10.9 4 .2 4 .2 9 .3 4 .2 8.1 4 .0 9.1 5 .4 9 .5 6 .7 5.3 8 .0 10.9 17.6 9 .7 5.9 5 .4 7 .2 7 .6 6 .3 6 .4 7 .4 6 .3 8.1 7.4 5 9.2 62.1 61.9 6 2.6 6 3.2 5 9.2 58.3 54.6 52.7 4 8.2 35.6 36.9 2 3.6 1.48 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.40 1.34 1.37 1.43 1.48 1.53 Average annual amount T otal net fam ily incom e________ $1524 $967 $1187 $1334 $1486 $1596 $1688 $1822 $1884 $1981 $2097 Earnings of in d iv id u a ls_____ 1460 932 1143 1280 1426 1528 1616 1756 1804 1900 2009 C hief earner____________ 1285 819 1020 1139 1258 1358 1438 1519 1563 1621 1679 Subsidiary earners.......... 175 113 123 141 168 170 178 237 241 279 330 Males: 16 years and over___ 1257 813 1007 1115 1220 1328 1405 1501 1534 1600 1624 2 1 1 0) U nder 16 years_____ 0 0 0 0 0) 0) 0) Fem ales:_____ 16 years and over___ 203 116 135 163 206 200 211 255 270 300 385 1 0) U nder 16 years_____ 0 0) 1 0 0 0 0 0 (0 N e t earnings from boarders 32 18 and lodgers_______________ 26 30 30 35 33 39 38 38 35 4 5 Other net ren ts_____________ 7 5 8 11 7 7 8 3 11 Interest and d iv id en d s_____ 1 1 4 2 3 4 6 5 8 9 7 Pensions and insurance an n u ities____ _______________ 3 4 10 7 10 13 9 28 10 10 6 Gifts from persons outside econom ic fam ily__________ 5 6 6 7 7 8 6 9 6 8 4 Other sources of in com e____ 5 4 6 7 5 7 6 4 15 14 14 D ed u ction s from incom e (business losses and ex p en ses)___________________ -2 -3 —2 - 3 -4 -3 -1 -4 -6 -4 -5 S u rp lus per fam ily h avin g sur plus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liab ilities) __ 149 93 113 128 144 163 174 188 199 199 221 D eficit per fam ily h avin g deficit (n et decrease in assets and/or increase in liab ilities)_________ 203 85 124 151 172 195 220 261 297 330 399 N e t change in assets and liab ili ties for all fam ilies in s u r v e y ... - 8 -26 -65 -177 + 11 + 30 + 27 + 29 + 32 + 21 + 15 2 () 2 0) Inheritance__________ _________ 2 2 4 2 8 5 11 1 Less than 50 cents. N o tes on th is table are on p. 391. $2262 $2396 2140 2250 1735 1700 405 550 1672 1620 0 0 468 0 630 0 33 5 11 20 3 22 42 61 11 29 22 21 -9 -3 203 238 403 475 -164 -296 1 23 57 INCOME, FAMILY SIZE, CONSUMPTION LEVEL , T able 5.— Sources o f Incom e by Consumption Level 1 2,903 W H ITE FA M IL IE S IN 42 C IT IE S [D ata cover 12 m on ths w ith in th e period 1934-36] Item Percent of fam ilies in s u r v e y .. . Percent of fam ilies havin g— Earnings of subsidiary earners__________________ N e t earnings from boarders and lodgers______________ Other n et ren ts____________ Interest and d ivid en d s. . . . P ensions and insurance an n u ities________________ G ifts from persons outside econom ic fam ily_________ Other sources of in com e___ D ed u ction s from incom e (business losses and exp en ses)__________ ______ Surplus (n et increase in assets and/or decrease in lia b ilities)__________ ____ D eficit (n et decrease in assets and/or increase in liab ilities)_______________ Inheritance_______________ Average num ber of gainful workers per fa m ily ........ .......... F am ilies w ith total ann ual u n it expenditure ofA ll fam U n $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 ilies der $200 $300 to and to to to to to to to to to $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 over 100.0 2.3 11.7 19.7 20.6 16.1 11.6 7.4 4 .7 2 .7 1.4 0 .8 1 .0 3 1.9 3 7.9 3 5.3 31.5 3 0.7 29.1 28.0 35.0 30.6 3 4.9 39.9 4 7.6 5 2.4 16.5 13.3 13.1 15.7 2 1.9 17.1 19.2 19.0 17.5 18.2 17.5 11.5 13.4 6 .5 5.9 5.9 6 .0 7 .4 6 .3 6 .4 7 .0 7.7 6 .5 2 .2 4 .6 3 .4 13.1 8 .8 8 .7 9 .9 12.8 16.1 17.1 15.2 16.1 15.8 13.8 14.4 2 2.4 3.6 2.7 10.2 4 .5 9.6 4.8 5 .9 4 .2 2.1 3 .3 11.0 10.6 2 .6 4.7 4.3 5.1 8 .6 11.8 3 .6 4 .5 2.9 4 .6 1.4 4 .3 9 .4 11.0 4 .2 4 .2 9 .4 4.1 8 .0 4 .0 9 .2 5.4 9 .6 6 .6 5.3 11.0 17.6 7.7 9 .7 5 .9 5 .5 7.3 7 .6 6.4 6 .4 7.4 3 .9 6 .4 8.1 7.4 58.9 61.6 61.4 6 2.1 62.9 59.2 58.4 54.7 52.6 4 8.2 35.7 37.1 2 3.6 38.1 3 2.5 3 5.0 3 4.2 3 4.6 3 8.7 3 9.2 42.1 44.3 4 8.6 64.1 59.5 74.2 .9 2 .2 .4 .6 .5 .7 3 .2 .6 0 .7 .3 .9 .8 1.40 1.56 1.47 1.43 1.40 1.36 1.35 1.39 1.34 1.37 1.44 1.48 1. 53 Average annual amount T otal n et fam ily incom e_______ $1546 $1021 Earnings of in d iv id u a ls____ 1482 981 C hief earner___________ 1304 859 Subsidiary earners........ 178 122 Males: 16 years and o v e r ... 1274 850 U nder 16 years____ 3 0) Females: 16 years and o v e r... 207 128 U nder 16 years____ 0) 0) N e t earnings from boarders and lodgers._____________ 32 21 Other net ren ts. _____ ______ 7 5 Interest and d iv id en d s........ 1 4 P ensions and insurance an n u ities................. ............... 10 4 G ifts from persons outside econom ic fam ily........... . 7 6 Other sources of in com e___ 7 4 D ed u ction s from incom e (business losses and ex -1 p en ses)........... ........... ......... -3 Surplus per fam ily having sur plus (n et increase in assets and/or decrease in lia b ilities)_ 152! 100 D eficit per fam ily havin g deficit (n et decrease in assets and/or 95 increase in liab ilities)________ 207 N e t change in assets and lia bilities for all fam ilies in sur v e y .......... ................................... + 1 1 + 31 2! 0 ) In h eritan ce.......... ......................... i Less th an 50 cents. N otes on th is tab le are on p. 391. $1219 $1352 $1502 $1606 $1695 $1821 $1888 $1983 $2101 $2255 $2396 1171 1297 1441 1538 1624 1756 1808 1901 2013 2136 2250 1045 1154 1271 1368 1446 1522 1568 1621 1683 1735 1700 126 143 170 170 178 234 240 280 330 401 550 1031 1129 1231 1 0) 1 1336 1414 1502 1538 1602 1628 1671 1620 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) 0) 139 (*) 166 1 210 0 202 0) 210 0 254 0 270 0 299 0 385 0 465 0 630 0 27 6 1 31 5 2 30 8 3 35 7 4 37 7 6 38 8 5 33 11 8 40 11 7 35 3 9 30 5 11 20 3 22 5 7 11 10 13 8 10 6 28 42 61 7 4 7 6 6 5 8 7 6 6 6 4 9 15 8 14 4 14 11 29 22 21 -2 -3 -2 -3 -4 -4 -6 -4 -5 -9 -3 117 131 146 165 175 188 200 199 221 203 238 129 154 173 197 222 262 298 330 399 403 475 + 27 + 2 9 2! 0 ) + 32! + 2 1 + 1 6 2! 2 3 —81 - 2 7 - 6 5 - 1 7 7 - 1 6 4 - 2 9 6 23 2! 5i 11 1 8; 58 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME , T able 6.— Sources o f Incom e by Consumption Level 1 ,566 N E G R O FA M ILIE S I N 16 C IT IE S [D ata cover 12 m on ths w ith in the period 1934-36] Item Fam ilies w ith A ll fam Un $200 ilies der to $200 $300 Percent of fam ilies in s u r v ey .—----- ------------------- 100.0 Percent of fam ilies havin g— Earnings of subsidiary earners-------------------- 42.6 N e t earnings from boarders and lodgers_________ 15.0 2.4 Other net ren ts_________________________________ Interest and d iv id en d s_________________________ 7.0 5.1 Pen sion s and insurance an n u ities___________ .. 6 .5 G ifts from persons outsid e econom ic fa m ily _____ Other sources of in com e---------------------------- 4 .6 D ed u ction s from incom e (business losses and 2.7 expenses)-------- --------------------------------Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in 6 6.0 lia b ilities)____________ _________ ______ D eficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in lia b ilities)----------------------------------------- 31.1 .2 Inheritance.. . . ________________ ______________ Average num ber of gainful workers per f a m i l y ------ 1.53 total annual u n it expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 18.1 25.4 22.1 16.3 9 .3 5.0 3 .8 43.7 8 .2 1.6 1.8 4 .6 9.1 3 .2 4 1.0 12.9 2 .3 6.1 9.1 5.1 4 .0 38.7 13.5 2 .2 6 .7 6 .0 5 .6 3 .6 36.1 15.9 2.9 10.1 5 .7 5.0 5 .5 51.0 20.8 2 .2 7.3 3.3 5.9 5.0 45.5 2 6.2 3.4 12.3 1.9 6 .3 11.7 73.9 35.9 3.7 18.3 7.4 13.1 9.1 1.1 3.1 1.6 4 .0 2.4 4 .1 8 .5 6 3.6 6 7.2 71.5 71.4 57.2 52.4 53.0 3 1.5 .3 30.1 .4 26.4 .1 25.8 .2 37.8 0 4 7.6 0 4 7.0 0 1. 63 1.54 1.46 1.40 1. 59 1.47 1.84 Average annual amount T otal n et fam ily incom e____________________________ $1,008 Earnings of in d ivid u als............................. .......... . 974 853 C hief earner...... ............................................... 121 Subsidiary earners........... ................................... Males: 852 16 years and o v e r ......................... .............. 1 U nder 16 years...... ................................... . Females: 121 16 years and over---------------- ----- ---U nder 16 years_____ _______________ . . . 0) 21 N e t earnings from boarders and lodgers_________ 2 Other net ren ts_______________________ ______ __ 1 Interest and d iv id e n d s. . ------------------------3 Pensions and insurance an n u ities_______________ 3 G ifts from persons outsid e econom ic fa m ily ._ . . . 5 Other sources of incom e _______________________ D ed u ction s from incom e (business losses and expenses)_________________________ ______ ____ - 1 Surplus per fam ily havin g surplus (net increase in 84 assets and/or decrease in liab ilities).......... ............ . D eficit per fam ily havin g deficit (net decrease in 98 _____________ assets and/or increase in liab ilities) N e t change in assets and liab ilities for all fam ilies in su rvey______________________________________ _ . +25 Inheritance------------ -------------------------------(0 $811 790 704 86 $886 860 769 91 709 764 1 0) 80 1 10 1 95 0) 14 2 1 2 2 5 0) 1 4 6 -1 72 0) 74 $983 $1,027 $1,209 $1,327 $1,753 992 1,162 1,250 1,647 954 888 856 987 1,040 1,232 104 98 175 210 415 846 1 883 1,007 5 0 963 0 1,308 0 107 104 0 21 4 1 3 2 4 287 0 58 4 1 5 3 12 339 0 64 7 2 13 18 4 0) 14 2 1 6 3 4 -1 74 0) 87 155 0 36 2 1 1 3 5 -1 -6 -2 107 109 185 54 69 82 109 131 145 195 +29 0) +25 1 +36 0) +36 1 + 12 0 -13 0 +7 0 i Less th an 50 cents. N otes on th is table are on p. 391. Calculation o f Standard B udgets in T erm s o f U n it E xp en d itu re A clearer understanding of the meaning of a distribution of families by consumption level may be obtained by classifying the standard budgets discussed earlier in this article by unit-expenditure groups. These budgets were adjusted to their average cost for the period represented by the Bureau of Labor Statistics' investigation, 1934-36, by the use of the Bureau's cost-of-living indexes. The family size specified for each 11 was expressed in terms of expenditure units, using 11 For th e $2,000 bu dget for a fam ily of four persons the sam e fam ily com position as in th e W P A “ m ain te nance’' b u d get w as assum ed. INCOME, FAMILY SIZE, CONSUMPTION LEVEL 59 the scales described earlier in this article. On this basis the total cost per expenditure unit was determined for each: $331 for the W PA “ maintenance” budget, $393 for the Heller Committee “wage earner” budget, and $505 for the “ $2,000 standard for a family of four.” A family of the composition and expenditure represented by the W P A budget would, in the Bureau of Labor Statistics' investigation, nave been classed with other families spending $300 but less than $400 per expenditure unit. In fact, 21 percent of the families included in that investigation, even though they were relatively favorably situated,12 had unit expenditures less than $331, the unit cost of the W PA budget at the date of the survey. Furthermore, 34 percent of the families studied had unit expenditures which would place them below the level of the Heller Committee's “ wage earner” budget, and 56 percent spent less than the cost of the “ $2,000 standard for a family of four.” In view of the larger size of the families at the lower consumption levels, 30 percent of the total number of persons covered in the investi gation were found to be living below the “ maintenance” standard; 44 percent below the Heller standard for wage earners; and 67 percent below the “ $2,000 standard.” Considering the fact that the groups at the higher consumption levels were largely mature families with rela tively few children under 16, the distribution of the children included in the survey is even more striking. The proportion of children found below the W P A “ maintenance” standard was 44 percent, below the standard of the Heller wage-earner budget 61 percent, and below the “ $2,000 standard” 82 percent. , P atterns o f E xp en d itu re b y C on sum ption L evel The classification by consumption level is most useful in bringing out in clear relief the spending habits of families which may be consid ered to be on the same economic plane. The pattern of average expenditure changes gradually from one consumption level to the next. At each level within the range covered in this investigation, food expenditures took a larger share of the total than any other group of items, and expenditures for housing, including fuel, light, and refrigeration, came next. At the lower consumption levels, clothing expenditures were third in importance, but at the higher levels average expenditures for the purchase and operation of automobiles exceeded average expenditure for clothing. The percentage of expenditures made for food declined much more sharply from low to high consumption level, namely, from 44 to 22 per cent (see table 7), than from low to high income level, for which the 12 Fam ilies receiving an y relief during th e year, or w ith incom es below $600, were excluded from th e stu d y . See appendix B , p. 359. 60 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME , T able 7.— Expenditures fo r Groups o f Item s by Consumption Level 14,469 W H ITE A N D N EG R O FA M ILIE S I N 42 C IT IE S [D ata cover 12 m on th s w ith in th e period 1934-36] Item Fam ilies w ith total annual u n it expenditure of A ll fam U n $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 ilies der $200 to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 over Percent of fam ilies in s u r v e y ___ 100.0 Average fam ily size: Persons___________________ E xpenditure u n its......... . Food expenditure u n its____ C lothing expenditure u n its. 3.6C 3 .32 3.12 2 .88 3 .0 12.2 19.8 2 0.4 15.8 11.3 6.49 5.81 5. 53 4. 77 5 .19 4.64 4.41 3 .90 4 .16 3.79 3. 55 3.22 3 .54 3.27 3 .05 2 .84 3.13 2 .92 2.72 2.55 2 .79 2.61 2.44 2 .32 7.1 4 .6 2 .6 1.4 0 .8 1.0 2 .55 2.41 2 .29 2.23 2 .38 2 .27 2 .16 2.10 2.28 2 .20 2.08 2 .12 2 .26 2 .23 2 .07 2 .12 2.21 2.17 2 .04 1.88 2.00 1.94 1.90 2.11 Average annual current expenditure A ll item s...................... ............. — $1612 $947 $1171 $1314 $1448 $1586 $1681 $1806 $1911 $2071 $2314 $2444 $2759 F o o d ................ .................... 508 414 478 492 506 519 518 535 537 560 572 625 612 C loth ing............... ................. 89 119 137 153 169 180 195 205 223 245 276 320 160 H o u sin g ............... ............. . 259 156 193 226 249 279 292 311 330 342 368 375 406 Fuel, light, refrigeration___ 87 105 109 111 110 110 110 107 106 104 107 108 94 Other household operation. 32 58 38 62 70 77 86 45 53 87 99 120 128 Furnishings and eq u ip m en t______ .1............... 42 54 19 28 63 75 85 60 99 116 123 135 154 A utom obile and m otor cycle—purchase, opera 14 65 tion , and m aintenance___ 87 28 48 87 109 144 161 221 343 317 441 Other transportation______ 32 34 42 39 41 45 46 44 38 25 40 57 53 24 34 Personal care______________ 30 19 26 30 31 33 52 38 41 43 49 36 45 56 67 75 M ed ical care.......................... 59 29 71 84 88 103 114 117 82 R ecreation........................ . 36 53 76 89 101 108 116 131 133 138 173 65 6 6 7 8 6 E ducation_________________ 7 6 9 8 7 9 2 14 7 10 Vocation____________ _____ 6 2 3 6 7 5 10 12 13 14 10 21 22 21 12 16 17 19 21 C om m u n ity w elfare.......... 19 25 24 28 30 G ifts and contributions to persons outside econom ic 24 4 8 12 19 25 40 fa m ily .......... ...................... 34 46 86 128 57 60 4 5 5 8 7 3 8 10 13 Other item s............................ 15 34 10 19 Percentage distribution F o o d - ..................................... C loth ing................................. H ou sin g .................................. Fuel, ligh t, refrigeration---Other household operation. Fu rn ish ings and eq u ip m en t................................... A utom obile and m otor c y c le - p u r c h a s e , opera tion, and m ain ten an ce.__ Other transportation............ Personal care______________ M edical care........ ................. R ecreation........ .................... E d u cation ____ ___________ V ocation .____ _____ ______ C om m u n ity welfare_______ G ifts and contributions to persons outside econom ic fa m ily __________________ Other item s_______________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.5 4 3.7 4 0.8 37.4 34.9 32.7 30.8 29.6 28.1 10.6 9 .4 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 17.1 16.5 16.5 17.2 17.2 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.3 7.1 9 .2 9 .0 8 .3 7.7 6 .9 6 .5 6.1 5.6 3 .8 3 .4 3 .2 3 .4 3 .7 3 .9 4 .2 4 .3 4 .5 100.0 27.1 10.8 16.5 5.1 4 .2 100.0 2 4.7 10.6 15.9 4 .5 4 .3 100.0 25.6 11.3 15.3 4.4 4 .9 100.0 2 2.2 11.6 14.7 3 .4 4 .6 5 .6 5 .3 5 .5 5.6 4 .0 2 .0 2 .4 3 .2 3 .7 4 .0 4 .5 4 .7 5 .2 5.8 2 .5 2 .0 3 .9 5.4 .5 .4 1 .3 1.5 2 .6 2.0 3.1 3 .8 .6 .2 1.3 2 .4 2 .7 2.0 3.1 4 .5 .5 .3 1.4 3 .7 2 .6 2 .0 3.4 4 .9 .5 .4 1.3 4.5 2 .7 2.1 3 .9 5.2 .5 .4 1.3 5.5 2 .6 2 .0 4 .2 5.6 .5 .4 1.3 6 .5 2 .5 2 .0 4 .2 6 .0 .5 .4 1.3 7.9 2 .5 1.9 4 .2 6 .0 .3 .6 1.2 8 .4 10.7 .1 4 .8 2 .4 2.1 1.7 2 .0 2 .0 1.9 4 .4 4 .2 4 .5 6.1 6 .3 5 .7 .4 .4 .3 .5 .6 .4 1.3 1.0 1 .2 1.6 .5 .4 .3 .*3 .9 .4 1.3 .3 1.6 .5 2 .0 .5 2 .2 .6 2 .4 .7 7 2 .8 .7 2 .6 1.5 13.0 16.0 2 .2 2.1 2 .0 1.9 4 .7 4 .2 5 .6 6 .3 .1 .5 .5 .5 1.0 1.1 3 .5 .4 4 .6 .7 N o tes on th is tab le are on p. 391. corresponding figures were 38 and 31 percent. This contrast indicates the effect, on the one hand, of the large number of mouths to be fed in families with low unit expenditures, and on the other, of the greater elasticity of demand for other items in the family budget, INCOME, FAMILY SIZE, CONSUMPTION LEVEL 61 when a more favorable economic situation permits an expansion of expenditure. Likewise, the great strain on a limited purse which must provide for a large family is indicated by the proportion of expenditure going for housing, including fuel, light and refrigeration. This expenditure formed a smaller percentage of the total at low consumption levels (25.7 percent) than at low income levels, though under either method of classification, the proportion declined at higher levels to around 17 or 18 percent. The proportion of the total expenditure devoted to clothing, on the other hand, remained relatively more stable when families were classi fied by consumption level. Whereas the percentage doubled from low to high income levels studied, it increased only from 9.4 for families with unit expenditures of less than $200 to 11.6 for those spending $1,200 or over. This relative stability of the percentage spent for clothing reflects two factors— the necessity for providing for large fam ilies at low consumption levels, and the expansibility of unit clothing expenditures at the high levels. The proportion of the total spent for transportation by public con veyance declined, since automobile travel was to a considerable extent substituted for travel by streetcar and bus at the higher consumption levels. Indeed expansibility in expenditures for automobile is par ticularly marked when families are classified by consumption level. The percentage of total expenditure used for this purpose rose from less than 2 to 16 percent at the highest consumption level studied, as contrasted with an increase to only about 7 percent at the highest income level studied. Thus the relatively small families with large expenditures were the heaviest users of cars. The percentage of the family’s total outlay spent directly for formal education (for school supplies, school tuition, and payments for special lessons) declined in general with rise in consumption level, although irregularly. This change is accounted for by the fact that the families at the higher consumption levels are in general those of older couples, in which there are relatively few children of school age. There was a marked increase, on the other hand, in the proportion of total current expenditure going for household operation, furnishings and equipment, and for gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family. By the very nature of the classification by total unit expenditure, when two families of the same composition and the same income spend different amounts for current living, the family spending the larger amount will be classified at a higher consumption level. It is, there fore, not surprising to find that families with large deficits were found at the high consumption levels, and that families at low consumption levels actually achieved small surpluses. It is perhaps more surprising to find that the proportion of families spending more than current 62 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME T able , 8 . — Expenditures fo r Groups o f Item s by Consumption Level 12,903 W H ITE FA M ILIE S I N 42 C IT IE S [D ata cover 12 m on th s w ith in the period 1934-36] Item Fam ilies w ith tota l annual u n it expenditure ofA ll fa m U n $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 ilies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1000 $1100 $1200 over Percent of fam ilies in su rvey____ 100.0 Average fam ily size: Persons........ ........................... E xpenditure u n its....... ......... Food expenditure u n its____ C lothing expenditure u n its. 2 .3 11.7 19.7 2 0.6 16.1 6.64 5.96 5. 71 4.93 3.60 3 .32 3 .12 2.88 5.31 4.79 4. 51 3.98 4 .22 3.84 3 .60 3.26 3.58 3 .30 3.08 2 .86 3.15 2 .94 2.74 2.56 11.6 7 .4 4 .7 2 .7 1.4 2 .80 2 .62 2.45 2.33 2 .55 2.44 2.29 2.23 2 .38 2.27 2 .16 2 .10 2.28 2.20 2.08 2 .12 2. 26 2 .23 2 .07 2 .12 0 .8 1 .0 2.21 2.00 2.17 1.94 2 .04 1.90 1 .87 2.11 Average annual current expenditure A ll item s........................................ $1636 $1000 $1201 $1331 $1464 $1599 $1689 $1806 $1917 $2071 $2319 $2442 $2759 F o o d .-------- --------------515 443 493 500 512 523 521 535 538 562 572 624 612 C loth ing__________________ 163 92 121 139 155 171 181 196 206 224 245 275 320 H ou sin g._______________ . 262 162 197 228 251 281 292 310 331 341 370 372 406 Fuel, ligh t, refrigeration___ 109 92 107 110 112 110 111 110 107 106 104 107 94 Other household operation. 59 35 63 86 40 45 54 70 77 87 100 120 128 F u rn ish in g s and equip61 m ent_________ . . . . . . . . 18 42 30 64 75 85 99 115 123 136 154 55 A u to m o b ile and m otor cy cle-p u rch ase, opera 90 16 29 88 110 146 162 221 344 319 441 tion, and m aintenance___ 66 50 39 32 42 44 Other transportation______ 27 34 41 46 44 39 40 53 57 30 24 34 34 Personal care______________ 30 32 38 41 19 26 43 49 52 60 72 36 45 57 68 75 30 85 88 103 114 117 M edical care_______ ___ 84 R ecreation_________ ______ 38 54 66 76 89 101 108 117 131 134 138 173 E d u cation ________________ 7 6 7 8 8 9 6 7 8 7 9 2 14 6 2 V ocation____ . . 3 5 7 7 10 6 10 12 10 13 14 22 21 C om m u n ity welfare_______ 17 21 25 21 19 13 16 19 28 24 30 G ifts and contributions to persons outside econom ic 25 12 n 25 34 4 8 39 46 56 60 86 128 fa m ily ................................. 7 5 10 3 8 15 4 5 8 13 34 10 Other item s......................... 19 Percentage distribution All item s........................................ 100.0 100.0 F ood ______________________ 3 3.5 44.3 C loth in g____________ _____ 10.6 9 .2 H ou sin g__________________ 17.1 16.2 Fuel, ligh t, refrigeration___ 7.1 9 .2 Other household operation. 3.8 3 .5 Furnishings and equip m ent 4 .0 1.8 A utom obile and m otorcy cle-p u rch a se, operation, 1.6 5.9 and m ain tenance________ 2 .5 2.7 Other transportation______ 2 .0 Personal care______________ 1.9 3.9 3 .0 M edical care______ _______ 5.4 3 .8 R ecreation________________ E d u cation ________________ .5 .6 .4 .2 V ocation______ ___________ C om m u n ity welfare_______ 1.2 1.3 G ifts and contributions to persons outside econom ic 1.6 .4 fam ily______________ — .5 Other item s_____ _________ .3 100.0 100.0 100.0 41.1 37.5 35.0 10.1 10.4 10.6 16.4 17.1 17.1 8 .9 8 .2 7 .7 3 .3 3.4 3 .7 2 .5 3 .2 3 .8 100.0 32.7 10.7 17.5 6 .9 3.9 4 .0 100.0 30.9 10.7 17.3 6 .6 4.1 4 .4 100.0 29.6 10.8 17.1 6.1 4 .3 4 .7 100.0 28.0 10.7 17.3 5 .6 4 .5 5 .2 2 .4 2 .7 2 .0 3.0 4.5 .6 .2 1.3 3.8 2.6 2.0 3.4 4.9 .5 .4 1.3 4 .5 2 .7 2.0 3.9 5 .2 .5 .4 1.3 5 .5 2 .6 2.0 4 .3 5.6 .5 .4 1.3 6 .5 2 .5 2 .0 4 .3 6 .0 .5 .4 1.3 8 .0 2 .4 1.9 4 .2 6 .0 .3 .6 1 .2 8 .5 2 .4 2 .0 4 .4 6.1 .4 .5 1.3 .7 .3 .9 .4 1.3 .3 1.6 .5 2 .0 .5 2 .2 .6 2 .4 .7 100.0 2 7.2 10.8 16.5 5.1 4 .2 5 .6 100.0 24.7 10.6 15.9 4 .5 4 .3 5 .3 100.0 2 5.5 11.3 15.2 4 .4 4 .9 5 .6 100.0 2 2.2 11.6 14.7 3 .4 4 .6 5 .6 10.7 14.8 13.0 1 6.0 2.1 1.7 2 .2 2 .1 2 .0 1.9 2 .0 1.9 4 .2 4 .4 4 .7 4 .2 6 .3 5.8 5 .7 6 .3 .3 .4 .1 .5 .6 .4 .5 .5 1.2 1 .0 1 .0 1.1 2 .7 .7 2 .6 1.5 3 .5 .4 4 .6 .7 1 N o tes on th is tab le are on p. 391. income increased (see table 4, p. 56) from the lower to the higher levels. Only one-third spent more than current income among the families with unit expenditure less than $500, whereas two-fifths or more spent above current incomes among the families with unit expenditures above $700. INCOME, FAMILY SIZE, CONSUMPTION LEVEL 63 , T able 9.— Expenditures fo r Groups o f Item s by Consumption Level 1 ,56 6 N EG R O F A M ILIE S I N 16 C IT IE S [D ata cover 12 m on ths w ith in th e period 1934-36] Fam ilies w ith total annual u n it expenditure of— Item P ercent of fam ilies in su rv ey .. Average fam ily size: P erson s.................................. E xpenditure u n its............... Food expenditure u n its___ C lothing expenditure units. All fam i U n lies der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 100.0 18.1 2 5.4 22.1 16.3 9 .3 5 .0 3 .8 3 .59 3 .28 3 .07 2 .84 6 ,0 5 5. 36 5.01 4 .32 3 .95 3 .08 3. 33 3 07 3 .0 0 2. 79 2 .62 2 .47 2.52 2 .37 2 .36 2 .26 2.10 2.10 2 .13 1.98 2.03 2.22 2.31 2.20 2 .06 2.21 2.22 2 .16 $700 and over Average annual current expenditure A ll item s................................. ............................................ $991 F o o d ................... .................... ..................... .............. 342 C loth in g .................................................................. . . 101 H ou sin g........................................................................ . 183 Fu el, ligh t, refrigeration.................................... ...... 87 Other household operation....................................... 33 F urnishings and e q u ip m en t............................ ........ 39 A utom obile and m otorcycle—purchase, opera 23 tion , and m aintenance........................................... 35 Other transportation............................ ..................... 22 Personal care............................................................... 36 M ed ical care............................ .................................. 49 R ecreation....................... ........................................... 3 E d u cation .................................................................... 2 V ocation ______ _______ ________________________ C om m u n ity w elfare____________ _____ _________ 14 G ifts and contributions to persons outside eco 18 nom ic fa m ily ............................. ................... .......... 4 Other ite m s................................................................ $792 328 81 137 73 24 22 $871 326 92 153 84 27 33 8 21 17 27 31 5 1 10 13 28 20 28 39 3 1 12 21 34 21 35 49 2 2 13 30 43 24 44 53 1 3 16 44 47 26 42 70 3 2 19 58 53 26 46 73 13 3 15 43 76 43 65 96 4 3 22 4 3 10 2 12 2 21 5 34 10 42 6 81 25 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4 1.5 3 7.5 3 4.7 32.8 30.1 29.0 10.2 10.6 10.2 9 .5 9 .7 10.0 17.3 17.6 18.5 18.3 19.0 2 1.8 9 .2 9 .4 9 .6 8 .8 8 .4 6 .7 3 .0 3 .1 3 .2 3 .4 3 .5 4.1 2 .8 3 .8 3 .7 4 .1 4 .3 4 .2 100.0 26.6 10.5 2 0.4 5 .4 4 .2 7 .1 $955 $1036 $1203 $1354 332 362 340 392 98 120 100 129 177 229 190 294 91 90 101 91 32 33 42 56 35 42 52 57 $1768 469 186 361 95 74 125 Percentage distribution 100.0 A ll item s.................................................................... ........... . F o o d _______________________ ______ ________ ______ 3 4.6 C loth in g _________ _______ ________ _________ _______ 10.2 H ou sin g............................. ............................... ................ 18.5 F u el, ligh t, refrigeration.................. ..................... ....... 8 .8 O ther household operation _____ ________ _________ 3 .3 F u rnishings and eq u ip m e n t__________ _____ ______ 3 .9 A u to m o b ile and m o to rcy cle — purchase, opera 2 .3 tion , and m aintenance__________________________ 3 .6 O ther tran sportation ............................... ............. ......... Personal c a r e . . . ........... ............................................ — . 2 .2 M e d ica l care...................................................................... . 3 .6 4 .9 R ecreation ___________________ _____________________ .3 E d u c a tio n .................................................................. ......... .2 V o c a tio n _____ _____________________________________ C o m m u n ity w elfare_________ _____________________ . 1.4 G ifts and con tribu tions to persons outside eco n o m ic fa m ily ............................................................... . 1.8 .4 O ther ite m s ......................................... .............................. 1.0 2 .7 2.1 3 .4 3 .9 .6 .1 1.3 1.5 3 .2 2 .3 3 .2 4 .5 .3 .1 1.4 2 .2 3 .6 2 .2 3 .7 5.1 .2 .2 1.4 2 .9 4 .2 2 .3 4 .2 5.1 .1 .3 1.5 3 .7 3 .9 2 .2 3 .5 5 .8 .2 .2 1 .6 4 .3 3 .9 1.9 3 .4 5 .4 1.0 .2 1.1 2 .4 4 .3 2 .4 3 .7 5 .4 .2 .2 1 .2 .5 .4 1.1 .2 1.3 .2 2 .0 .5 2 .8 .8 3.1 .4 4 .6 1.4 Notes on this table are on p. 391. A t the lowest consumption levels (as data to be presented in chapter 10 indicate), 60 percent or more of the funds drawn on in addition to income took the form of borrowing or other commitments for future payments. At the higher levels, however, families not meeting their current expenses from income were able to depend more and more on past savings. Among families with unit expenditures of $500 or more, 64 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME depletion of reserves of one sort or another exceeded increases in obligations. The years covered by this survey were characterized in general by an increase in the use of installment credit and by a relaxation in the terms of installment credit. They followed a period of intense strain and very general unemployment, and it seems clear that among the employed group covered by this survey, many families with relatively few dependents and relatively large incomes were using their credit standing to make purchases which had been postponed in the years just previous. U n it E xp en d itu res b y C on sum ption Level Since the classification of families by consumption level has been made on the basis of expenditure per unit, its meaning is brought out even more clearly when one compares unit expenditures for component items of the family budget. This is done in table 10 for the 15 per cent of families at the lowest and at the highest consumption levels studied. The lowest 15 percent includes families spending less than $300 per unit per year for all items; the highest 15 percent includes families with unit expenditure of $731 or more. The most striking fact in table 10 is that whereas total family expenditures were not even doubled from the lowest to the highest 15 percent of the families, the increase in total unit expenditure was more than threefold. Food expenditures increased only 22 percent per fam ily but more than doubled per food expenditure unit. The clothing expenditures of the highest group of families were less than twice those of the lowest group but were more than three and one-half times as great per clothing expenditure unit. These figures indicate an increase in level of living for individual family members much more than proportionate to the increase in total family expenditure. M ost striking among the other figures shown in table 10 is that the auto mobile expenditure and the gifts and contributions of the highest 15 percent of the families were more than 20 times as great per unit as those of the lowest 15 percent; expenditures for furnishings and equipment were 9 times as great; and expenses for medical care and for recreation approximately 6 times as great. It is when family expenditures are studied in this light that the real contrasts between the consumption of families at different eco nomic planes become apparent. 65 INCOME, FAMILY SIZE, CONSUMPTION LEVEL T a b l e 10.—Expenditures for Groups of Items by White and Negro Fam ilies at Selected Consumption Levels [D ata cover 12 m on ths w ith in the period 1934-36] Average per fam ily A verage per u n i t 1 Item E xpenditures at high consum ption levels relative to those at low levels (expenditure at th e low levels =* 100) 15 percent 15 percent 15 percent 15 percent of fami of fam i o f fam i of fam i A verage lies at lies at lies at lies at per low est highest low est highest consum p consum p consum p consum p fam ily tion levels tio n levels tion levels tion levels N um b er N u m b er N u m b er N u m b er of persons______________________ of food expenditure u n its ______ of clothing expenditure u n its____ of expenditure u n its____________ 5.45 4. 50 4.07 4.87 Average per u n it 2.36 2.26 2.15 2.13 Average annual am ount T otal expenditures.......................................... $1,112 $2,026 *$228 *$951 182 417 F o o d ........................ ........................... . C loth ing____________ __________ _____ H ousing (including fuel, ligh t, refrig eration)______________ _____ _______ Other household operation______ ____ Furnishings and eq u ip m en t.............. . . A utom obile and m otorcycle—pur chase, operation, and m ain tenance. . Other tran sp ortation ............... ............. Personal care___________________ ____ M edical care............................................. R ecreation_________ ______ _________ _ E d u cation -............................................... V ocation................................................... C om m u n ity welfare_________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside econom ic fa m ily ------------Other item s----- -------- -------------- 454 114 553 220 * 101 4 28 3 245 4 102 122 193 243 364 286 37 27 444 89 106 52 7 5 188 38 45 155 241 393 362 543 900 24 30 23 34 50 6 3 14 209 46 39 87 123 7 11 23 4 6 4 6 9 1 1 3 89 19 17 37 52 3 5 10 871 153 170 256 246 117 367 164 2,225 317 425 617 578 300 500 333 7 3 55 14 1 1 23 6 786 467 2,300 600 1 A ll averages per u n it except total expenditure, * food expenditure,* and clothing ex p enditure,4 are averages per person. * A verage per expenditure un it * A verage per food expenditure unit. * A verage per clothing expenditure unit. Chapter 4 FOOD Food means more than energy for the day to most families of em ployed wage earners and clerical workers. Their three meals a day the year round necessarily follow more or less routine menus, but most of them are able to vary those menus with delicacies of one sort or another on holidays and Sundays. Some of them provide for the health and the future growth of their children as a matter of course, with milk, orange juice, and cod-liver oil. To some of them, the food budget includes lunches in a restaurant or at a lunch counter for the gainfully employed, dinner downtown before the movies every once in a while, or supper at a roadside restaurant while the family is on an automobile trip. The fact that most, if not all, of the families surveyed occasionally used some of their food money for something beyond the basic neces sities does not, of course, imply that all of them could afford to secure a nutritionally adequate diet and still provide for other family needs. Although most of them bought enough food to keep them from feeling hungry, a large proportion did not spend enough to secure the amount and the kinds of food needed for good health for all the family and for normal growth of the children. More than a quarter of these families did not spend enough for food to secure the Bureau of Home Economics’ “ minimum-cost adequate diet” at the time the study was made. Most families in the wage-earner and clerical group do not budget their expenditures in advance. It would be very difficult for many of them to do so because of the irregularity of their earnings. A large proportion of these families, however, budgeted for their food expense. Their weekly food expenditures did not reflect the lower costs of the spring and summer months, but remained on the average remarkably constant from one season to the next.1 The testimony of the field interviewers confirms the impression that most of the families sur veyed reserved a definite sum after every pay day not only for rent (an amount fixed by contract) but also for food, fixed by family custom. Together these two items of inevitable expense took half of the average family’s annual outlay. T otal F ood E xp en d itu re b y In com e L evel The average amount spent for food by the 14,469 families of wage earners and clerical workers, who provided the data for this report, 1 Figures on total food expenditures for 1 w eek for each c ity separately are available in the following bulletins: N os. 636, 637, 639, 640, and 641. 66 FOOD 67 amounted to $508 for the year, 33.5 percent of total current expense. Among families with incomes from $500 to $600 (the lowest income class covered in the study), sums spent for food represented 38 percent of the current expenditure, and among families above the $2,400 income level, 31 percent. Average food expenditure per family for the year rose from $250 at the lower level to $1,021 among families with incomes of $3,000 and over (see table 1). The higher expendi ture in the highest income class shown for these occupational groups is accounted for not only by the larger size of the family income, but also by the larger number of persons to be fed. The larger size of family at the higher income levels is connected with the fact that most of the larger family incomes in this group represent the earnings of more than one worker. Families in the $3,000 and over income class averaged 4.27 persons over 16 years old; families in the $500 to $600 income class, only 2.26. The number of children per family was very slightly larger at the lowest as compared with the highest income level. For graphic illustration of increases in food expenditures at suc cessive income levels, see chapter 8, figures 1 and 2. T able 1.—Annual Food Expenditure, 14,469 Fam ilies in 42 Cities, by Income Level [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Average food expenditure per family Families with annual net income of— Amount Percent of expenditure for all items All f a m i l i e s . _________________________ - - $508 33.5 $500 to $600_________________________________ $600 to $900_________________________________ $900 to $1,200_______________________________ $1,200 to $1,500_____________________________ $1,500 to $1,800_____________________________ 250 315 398 472 540 38.4 37.0 35.8 34! 4 33.2 $1,800 to $2,100______________________________ $2,100 to $2,400______________________________ $2,400 to $2,700______________________________ $2,700 to $3,000______________________________ $3,000 and over_____________________________ 597 683 756 837 1,021 31.8 31.7 31.4 31.0 31.4 Average Average number of expenditure food-expend per fooditure units expenditure per family unit • 3.12 $163 2.66 2. 71 2.90 3.02 3.12 94 116 137 156 173 3.27 3.58 3.85 3.88 4.45 183 191 196 216 229 Differences in the customary food consumption of persons of differ ent age, sex, and occupation have been estimated, and family size in each income class has been measured in food-expenditure units,2 based on estimated customary expenditures. The average number of foodexpenditure units per family at the highest income level was 67 percent greater than at the lowest. It is for this reason that the increase in unit food expenditure at successive income levels is not so large as the increase in food expenditure per family. From $94 at the $500 to 3 For the scale used in this measurement, see appendix C. 68 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME $600 income level the amount spent for food per adult male equiva lent 3 rose to $229 among families with incomes of $3,000 and over, a sum only two and two-fifths as large, although income was six times as great and family food expenditure four times as large. Fig. I FOOD E X P E N D ITU R E S OF WAGE EA R N ER S AND LO W ER-SALARIED C L E R IC A L W O RKERS BY IN C O M E L E V E L 14,469 FAMILIES IN 4 2 CITIES 12 MONTHS WITHIN PERIOD 1934-1936 AVERAGE EXPENDITURE IN DOLLARS 600 AND UNDER 900 900 1200 1500 AND UNDER AND UNDER AND UNDER 1200 1500 1800 1 80 0 2100 2100 2400 AND UNDER AND UNDER 2400 AVERAGE EXPENDITURE IN DOLLARS AND UNDER AND UNDER 2700 3000 2700 3000 OVER AND INCOME LEVEL IN DOLLARS U .S . B U R E A U OF LA B O R STA TISTIC S , T otal F ood E xp en d itu re b y In com e and F a m ily T y p e For families of any given size and composition, the decline in the percentage of total expenditure allotted to food as incomes increase is much more pronounced than when all families are considered to8Measured in food-expenditure units. FOOD 69 gether. Data from New York City, which have been tabulated separately for three family types, illustrate the difference between the place of food in the finances of families of three different sizes in successive income classes (see table 2). The percentage for families of only husband and wife dropped from 37.6 to 28.4 over the income span from $600 to $900 to the $2,100 to $2,400 level. These figures may be contrasted with the decline from 39.5 to 35.5 over the same income range for all families surveyed in New York. Food expense necessarily forms a larger proportion of total expendi tures for the larger families at a given income level. This explains why, in a group which includes larger families in the high than in the low income classes, as in table 1, there should be a relatively small decline in the proportion spent for food from the highest to the lowest income classes characteristic of the group. Table 2.—Food as a Percentage of A ll Current Expenditures Made for Fam ilies of Three Types in New York City, by Income Level [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families composed of— Families with annual net income of— $600 to $900_________________________________ $900 to $1,200_______________________________ $1,200 to $1,500_____________________________ $1,500 to $1,800______________________________ $1,800 to $2,100______________________________ $2,100 to $2,400_____________________________ All fami lies 1 39.5 37.5 38.0 37.3 36.4 35.5 Husband and wife only 37.6 34.1 34.2 32.9 33.2 28.4 Husband and wife and 1 child Husband and wife and 2 to 4 children 41.0 37.2 37.9 34.9 35.5 34.6 48.3 41.4 41.0 39.1 39. 7 35.2 1 Note that families including more than 4 children and families including adults besides the husband and wife are included. Total F ood E xp en d itu re at D ifferen t C on sum ption L ev els 4 When the amount spent for all items per adult-male equivalent is made the basis of the classification, and data are obtained on food ex penditures at different consumption levels, the averages move quite dif ferently from those secured when food expense is tabulated by family income class. It will be remembered 5 that families at the lower consumption levels in the wage-earner and clerical group are, on the average, considerably larger than those at the higher levels. The large number of mouths to feed at the lowest consumption levels shown in table 3 results in a relatively high average food expenditure per family ($414) but a low annual expenditure per adult-male equiva4 The terms “consumption lever’ and “economic level” are used interchangeably to denote classification of families by annual expenditure per unit for the total of all items of family expenditure. The unit used for this purpose is the equivalent adult male. Each member of the family, taking into account age, sex, and activity, is counted as the appropriate decimal equivalent of an adult male. For fuller explanation, see ch. 3 and appendix C. 5 See ch. 3, p. 65. MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME 70 lent ($75). A t the highest consumption level shown, food expenditure per family ($612) was larger by almost one-half than the expenditure at the lowest level, but food expenditure per adult-male equivalent ($322) was more than four times as large. T able 3.—Annual Food Expenditure of 14,469 Fam ilies in 42 Cities Combined, by Consumption Level [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Expenditure per family Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All families _ Under $200 $200 to $300 _ .................................. ...... $300 to $400_________________________________ $400 to $500 _______________________________ $500 to $600 _ . . i _ .............. . $600 to $700 _______________________________ $700 to $800_________________________________ $800 to $900 _______________________________ $900 to $1,000 . ____ . ______ $1,000 to $ 1 ,1 0 0 _____________________________ $1,100 to $1,200_____________________________ $1,200 and over __ ___ __ . _ Amount Average size Expenditure of family in per food-ex Percent of food-expend penditure total expend iture units 1 u n it1 iture $508 33.5 3.12 $163 414 478 492 506 519 518 535 537 560 572 625 612 43.7 40.8 37.4 34.9 32. 7 30.8 29.6 28.1 27.1 24.7 25.6 22.2 5.53 4.41 3.55 3.05 2. 72 2. 44 2.29 2.16 2.08 2.07 2.04 1.90 75 108 139 166 191 212 234 249 269 276 306 322 1 For scale used in computing family size in food-expenditure units, see appendix C, p. 363. FOOD EATEN AT LUNCH COUNTERS AND RESTAURANTS The majority of the workers in these moderate-income families carry their lunches to work in discreet paper bags, in dinner pails, or in the more convenient lunch boxes fitted with a vacuum bottle for hot drinks in winter and cold ones in summer. Thirty-seven percent, however, reported purchases of meals while at work by some member of the family during the year. The amount spent per family reporting such expenditure averaged slightly more than 26 cents a meal, if one assumes that one worker ate lunch at a restaurant or lunch counter 300 days per year. The proportion of families with workers who could allow themselves this sort of relaxa tion in the middle of the working day increased strikingly as the economic level of the families rose. In families spending less than $200 to $300 per adult-male equivalent for all items, only 18 percent reported expenditures for meals at work, but among families spending $1,000 or more per adult-male equivalent there were more than 60 per cent. The average amount spent per family reporting such expense also rose strikingly. It was almost three times as large at the highest levels as at the low. FOOD 71 T able 4.—Expenditures for Food Prepared at Home, and Food Eaten at Restaurants and Lunch Counters, of 14,469 Fam ilies in 42 Cities, at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] All fami lies Item Percentage of families in survey___ ________________________ Average number of food-expenditure units. ______________ 100.0 3.12 Families with total annua' unit expenditure of— $200' to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 12.2 15.8 4.6 0.8 2.16 2.04 4. 41 2.72 Percentage of families spending for meals away from home: At work.. _ ________________________ ________________ At school____________ _ ________ __________ ______ On v a c a tio n _____ ___ ________ ______ ______________ Board at school___ . . . . ____________________________ Candy, ice cream, drinks, etc__________________________ 37.0 7.9 10.2 .4 33.7 20.9 9.5 2.5 .2 25.8 40.1 8.6 10.8 .5 35.1 48.9 3.8 22.8 .8 37.2 Percentage of families reporting food received as gifts, produced at home, or meals received as pay__ ___________________ 28.0 32.3 25.2 25.3 Average annual expenditure per family for all food___ . . _ $507. 72 $478. 47 $518. 54 $537.12 _ ... _ Food prepared at home.. _ . . . . ___ 461.17 458. 39 469. 05 460. 20 Food bought and eaten away from home, total_____ _ __ 76. 92 46. 55 20. 08 49. 49 Meals at work____________________ _______________ 29. 08 12.19 46. 71 31.39 2. 57 2. 76 .92 Meals at school_______________________ ___________ 2. 35 Other meals, not vacation__________________________ 4. 42 9.24 1.37 3. 81 Meals on vacation_______ _______________________ .32 5. 27 2.10 2.13 Board at sch o o l_____ _________ _____ ___________ .82 .64 .03 1.90 Candy, ice cream, drinks, etc_______________________ 3. 60 12.88 7.96 8.58 Average estimated value per family of gifts of food and homeproduced food and meals received as pay 1.. _____ ______ 7.11 9. 91 6.24 4. 63 66.7 0 37.9 0 48.0 31.4 $624. 76 488. 43 136. 33 81. 53 0 23.13 13.29 0 18.38 4.11 1 The aggregates on which these averages are based do not include gifts of food received, food produced at home, and meals received as pay reported by 5.8 percent of the families for which they could not estimate the value. Data presented in table 4 show the percentage of families reporting expenditures for meals of different kinds away from home, and average expenditures for all families combined and for families at certain consumption levels. In using this table, it is convenient to remember that the average income of the 14,469 families surveyed was $1,524. Incomes of the families at the consumption levels specified averaged as follows: F am ilies w ith to ta l annual u n it expenditure of— in c o m e $ 2 0 0 to $ 3 0 0 ____________________________________________ $1, 1 87 $ 5 0 0 to $ 6 0 0 ___________________________________________ 1, 5 9 6 $ 8 0 0 to $ 9 0 0 ___________________________________________ 1, 8 8 4 $ 1 ,1 0 0 to $ 1 ,2 0 0 _______________________________________ 2, 2 6 2 Family size in food-expenditure units for given consumption levels is shown in table 4. The amounts reported as spent for other meals away from home, and for candy, ice cream, and drinks purchased for consumption away from home, were on the average small. Almost 34 percent of the families reported some expenditure for the three items last named, and the average amount spent during the year per family reporting 242949 72 MONET DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME such expenditure rose from not quite $14 among families with a $200-$300 unit expenditure to $38 among those with a $1,100-$ 1,200 unit expenditure. AVERAGE E X P E N D IT U R E S FOR FOODS OF D IF F E R E N T TYPES Expenditures for food in grocery stores and markets, dairies, deli catessens, and bakeries averaged $461 for the year for these 14,469 families. The percentage distribution of this expenditure was as follows: P ercent M eat, fish, and p o u ltr y ______________________________________ E g g s----------------------------------------------------------------M ilk and m ilk products 1____________________________________ F ats 1---------------------------------------------------------------All fruits and v eg eta b les_____________________________________ C itrus fruits and to m a to e s______________________________ Green, leafy, and yellow v e g e ta b le s_____________________ P o ta to e s_________________________________________________ Other fruits and v e g e ta b le s .____________________________ Grain p rod u cts_______________________________________________ Sugars, sw e e ts _______________________________________________ A ccessories___________________________________________________ T o ta l_________________________________________________ 24. 5. 12. 10. 20. 5. 7. 2. 5. 15. 3. 7. 1 6 7 8 2 0 4 3 5 6 7 3 100. 0 i Cream and butter classified with fats. As compared with wage earners and clerical workers covered in food consumption studies in other countries from 1928 to 1936, the families which supplied the data for this report devoted a relatively low pro portion of their total food expenditure to cereal products (flour, meal, breakfast cereals, bread, and other baked goods) and a relatively high proportion to fruits and vegetables and meat. Consumption of milk by urban wage-earner and clerical groups in the United States appears to have been lower than in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Switzer land, and certain other North and Central European countries, accord ing to the latest consumption statistics available. It was, however, considerably higher than in the countries of Southern Europe and South America for which data have been received here. The distribution of actual food expenditures as shown above is in some ways quite different from that recommended by Sherman and Gillett for an economical and nutritionally adequate diet.6 The rec ommended distribution allocates 20 percent or more of the total food expenditure to milk and cheese, while the actual distribution shows less than 13 percent going to milk and milk products. The recom mended distribution allocates 20 percent or less of the total to meat, fish, and eggs, while the actual expenditures gave almost 30 percent to this group of foods. Twenty percent or more was recommended for 6 Sherman, H. C.: Chemistry of Food and Nutrition (pp. 535-536). 5th ed. New York, 1937. FOOD 73 bread and cereals, while the actual expenditure shows not quite 16 percent as spent for this group of foods. The proportion of the actual expenditure going to fruits and vegetables and to fats, sugars, sweets, and other accessories was, however, very similar to that recommended for a low-cost diet which will provide the greatest advantage in terms of health and well-being. The average food expenditure for the entire group was quite ade quate to provide good nutrition. If all of the families covered had had as much to spend as this average, the adaptation of their food purchases to provide nutritionally adequate diets would have been a relatively simple matter. The average spent for food came to about $2.70 per capita per week— approximately halfway between the sum needed to buy the “ minimum-cost adequate diet” and the “moderatecost adequate diet,” of the Bureau of Home Economics, in cities above 50,000 population in 1935.7 When the allowances for milk and milk products and for fruits and vegetables in these diets are compared with actual average expendi tures, however, it appears that actual milk expenditures were about 40 percent below the expenditure recommended in the minimum-cost diet, and 52 percent lower than that recommended in the moderatecost diet. The actual expenditure for citrus fruits and tomatoes was between the allowances of these two diets, but the actual expenditure for green, leafy, and yellow vegetables and other vegetables and fruits was 28 percent below the allowance of the minimum-cost ade quate diet and 51 percent below the allowance of the moderate-cost adequate diet. AVERAGE EX PE N D IT U R E S FOR FOOD OF D IFFER EN T TYPES, BY CONSUMPTION LEVEL At the higher consumption levels covered in this investigation, expenditures per family for foods of all types are larger than at the lowest of the three consumption levels for which the detailed food consumption figures have been compiled.8 The distribution of food expenditures is, however, distinctly different from one consumption level to the next. Expenditures for meat, fish, and poultry, fruits and vegetables, and accessories take a larger proportion of the total, and grain products and potatoes a considerably smaller proportion of the total at the highest than at the lowest level. The proportions going to milk and milk products, and fats, are also somewhat lower at the highest level. 7 See Stiebeling, H. K., and Ward, M. M.: Diets at Four Levels of N utritive Content and Cost, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Circular No. 296, 1933. 8 These are families with total annual unit expenditures for all items of family living of “under $400,” “$400 to $600,” and "$600 and over.” 74 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME T able 5.—Percentage Distribution of Expenditures for Food To Be Prepared at Home of 14,469 Fam ilies in 42 Cities Combined, by Groups of Items [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Type of food All families Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over Annual per capita expenditure 1______________ $128.11 $96.76 $139.11 $180.90 Meat, fish, and poultry_____________________ Eggs-------------------------------------------Milk, cheese, ice cream________ _______ ____ Fats.----- -------------------------------------Grain products__ __________________________ Citrus fruits and tomatoes.___ ______________ 24.1 5.6 12.7 10.8 15.6 5.0 22.4 5.9 13.7 11.0 18.2 4.1 24.3 5.5 13.0 10.7 15.0 5.2 25.6 5.3 11.2 10.8 13.1 5.9 Green, leafy, and yellow vegetables__________ P otatoes.. . ___________ ___________ _______ Other fruits and vegetables .. . . . ___________ Sugars and sweets__________________________ Miscellaneous------ --------- -- ----------- 7.4 2.3 5.5 3.4 7.6 6.6 2.6 5.0 3.7 6.8 7.6 2.2 5.7 3.4 7.4 8.3 2.0 5.9 3.1 8.8 T otal________________________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1Does not include sales tax. See Tabular Summary, table A-2, and appendix D. The smaller proportion of the total going to expenditures for milk, cheese, and ice cream at the highest consumption level is accounted for by the smaller number of children at this level. Twenty-one per cent of the adults in the families studied, but only 8.3 percent of the children, were found at the highest consumption level; only 46 percent of the adults, but 62 percent of the children, at the lowest level. Al though many nutrition specialists recommend a quart of milk a day for persons of all ages, a majority of the scientists in the field regard a pint a day as adequate for an adult, and a quart for each growing child. Using the latter allowance as a standard, the milk purchases of families at the lowest of the three consumption levels met 37 percent of their needs, those of the middle group 50 percent, and of the highest group 63 percent. Perhaps the most striking difference between food consumption at the three levels is the larger quantity of food purchased at the higher levels. Calculating purchases in terms of pounds purchased per foodexpenditure unit (in order to take account of the smaller bulk con sumed by children), the averages at the three levels are found to be 3.4, 4.2, and 4.9 pounds per food-expenditure unit per day. This difference is in part accounted for by the relatively large purchases of flour, cereals, and other grain products at the lowest consumption level. These are highly concentrated foods and there is little waste in preparing them for the table. At the higher levels, purchases of fruits and vegetables, which necessarily involve more waste in prepara tion for use, are of greater importance. Part of the difference in the quantity of food purchased is, however, simply accounted for by the 75 FOOD fact that some of the families at the lowest economic level spent so little for food. Per capita expenditure 9 for food increased from $1.86 per week at the lowest of the three consumption levels to $3.48 per week at the highest, an increase of 87.1 percent. Some of the most important of the foods which showed relatively greatest increase are as follows: P ercent of increase P er c e n t o f increase C ream ______________________________ 7 9 5 T o m a to e s___________________________ 3 2 2 313 G rapefruit_________________________ 4 0 8 Ice cream ___________ F resh p e a s_________________________ 3 5 6 C hicken, broilin g___________________ 3 11 L am b c h o p s_________________________3 3 4 Sirloin ste a k ________________________ 2 6 6 C ak es_______________________________ 3 2 2 D ifferen ces B etw een the F ood C on sum ption o f W h ite and N egro F am ilies The outstanding difference in the average food consumption of the white and Negro families is due to the difference in their average incomes. The average number of persons per family was almost exactly the same in the two groups, but it will be remembered that the incomes of the Negro families in this group averaged $1,008 per family, and those of the white families $1,546, or more than 50 percent higher. (Seech. 1, pp. 23-24.) The Negroes had much less money to spend on the average and they spent proportionately less for food. Expenditure for food per food-expenditure unit per year averaged $111 for the Negro families and $165 for the white families. In view of the concentration of Negro families at the lower income levels, it was to be expected that they would, on the average, spend a higher proportion of their total expenditures for food. Actually the white families devoted 33.5 percent of their aggregate current expenditures to food; the Negro families, 34.6 percent. The differ ence in these percentages is less than might have been expected, due to the fact that Negro families of a given economic status spent less for food per adult-male equivalent than white families of the same status. This difference appears whether the white and Negro families are classified by income level (see table 6) or by consumption level (see table 7). » Since human needs for and customary consumption of foods of different types vary considerably for persons of different age and sex, it is impossible to compute any single measure of family size which will be appropriate for comparing the consumption of specific foods from one family to another. Children’s need for milk is approximately twice as great as that of adults, while the need of heat-producing foods (starches and sugars) for adults is about twice as great as that of children. Children’s consumption of meat varies from that of adults at a still different rate. In order to secure figures on quantities of individual foods purchased and on expenditures for individual foods which would provide a reasonably satisfactory basis for comparison and yet not present a misleading appearance of refinement, data on family purchases of individual foods have been converted to a per capita basis. 76 MONET DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME Table 6.—Annual Food Expenditures by Income Level, 12,903 White Fam ilies in 42 Cities and 1,566 Negro Fam ilies in 16 Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Negro families W hite families Food expendi Aver Aver Food expendi Aver Aver ture per family age age ture per family age age num expend num expend Families with total ber of ber of Pro annual net in Pro iture portion iture foodfoodportion come of— Per expend per Per expend per fam of fam food- ofilies of iture of iture foodAver cent Aver cent ilies expend total total age units expend age expend expend units iture iture per per iture fam iture fam ily1 u n it 1 ily1 u n it1 All families_______ 100.0 $515 33.5 3.12 $165 100.0 $342 34.6 3. 07 $111 $600 to $600_______ $600 to $900_______ $900 to $1,200_____ $1,200 to $1,500____ $1,500 to $1,800____ .5 7.1 19.8 24.2 21.0 273 323 401 473 541 37.1 37.1 35.9 34.5 33.3 2. 59 2.67 2.89 3.01 3.12 105 121 139 157 173 8.7 35.2 33.6 13.7 5.5 221 279 353 417 497 40.7 36.8 34.7 32.0 33.4 2. 76 2.89 2. 98 3. 21 3. 38 80 97 118 130 147 $1,800 to $2,100____ $2,100 to $2,400____ $2,400 to $2,700 $2,700 to $3,000. _ $3,000 and over 15.7 5.8 2.8 1.4 1. 7 597 683 756 837 1,022 32.0 31.6 31.3 31.0 31.4 3.27 3. 57 3.85 3.88 4.45 183 191 196 216 230 2 3.3 2 643 2 29.3 2 3.99 2 161 1 For scale used in computing family size in food expenditure units, see appendix O, p. 363. 2 Figures apply to families with incomes of $1,800 and over. T able 7.—Annual Food Expenditures by Consumption Level, 12,903 White Fam ilies in 42 Cities and 1,566 Negro Fam ilies in 16 Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] W hite families Families with total annual unit ex penditure of— All families___ Pro por tion of fami lies Negro families Food expendi ture per family Aver age num ber of foodPer excent of pendiAver total ture units age ex per pendi ture fam ily1 Aver age ex pendi Pro ture por per tion of fami foodexlies penditure u n it1 Food expendi ture per family Aver age num ber of foodPer excent of pendiAver total ture age ex units per pendi ture fam ily1 Aver age ex pendi ture per foodexpenditure u n it1 100.0 $515 33.5 3.12 $165 100.0 $342 34.6 3.07 $111 Under $200_______ $200 to $300_______ $300 to $400_______ $400 to $500_______ $500 to $600_______ $600 to $700_______ 2.3 11.7 19.7 20.6 16.1 11.6 443 493 500 512 523 521 44.3 41.1 37.5 35.0 32.7 30.9 5.71 4. 51 3.60 3. 08 2.74 2. 45 78 109 139 166 191 213 18.1 25.4 22.1 16.3 9.3 5.0 328 326 332 340 362 392 41.5 37.5 34.7 32.8 30.1 29.0 5.01 3.33 2.62 2.22 2.10 1.98 65 98 127 153 172 198 $700 to $800_______ $800 to $900_______ $900 to $1,000______ $1,000 to $1,100____ $1,100 to $1,200____ $1,200 and o v e r .__ 7.4 4.7 2.7 1.4 .8 1.0 535 538 562 572 624 612 29.6 28.0 27.2 24.7 25.5 22.2 2.29 2.16 2.08 2.07 2.04 1.90 234 249 270 276 306 322 2 3.8 2 469 2 26.6 2 2.06 2 228 1 For scale used in computing family size in food expenditure units, see appendix C, p. 363. 2 Data apply to families with total annual unit expenditure of $700 and over. 77 FOOD This lower expenditure by the Negro families is partly accounted for by the fact that* the Negro group is perforce accustomed to using less expensive cuts of meat and less expensive vegetables than the white group. Another factor is that the Negro families eat in restau rants and lunch rooms less than the white families. Average expendi tures for meals away from home by Negro families were one-half to one-sixth lower than those of white families at the same consumption level, except for families at the lowest level for which separate figures are available. At this lowest plane, the white families averaged $11 per year per family for food at restaurants and lunch counters, while the Negro families averaged $13. The distribution of average expenditures for food by all the white families surveyed and all the Negro families, shown in table 8, reveals that the white families devoted a larger proportion of their total food expenditures to milk and milk products, to citrus fruits and tomatoes, and to “ other” fruits and vegetables; the Negro families a larger proportion to fats, to green, leafy, and yellow vegetables, and to potatoes. 8.—Percentage Distribution of Expenditures for Food To Be Prepared at Home, by Groups of Items, 12,903 White Fam ilies in 42 Cities and 1,566 Negro Fam ilies in 16 Cities T able [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Type of food All fami lies Annual per capita expenditure 1___ Meat, fish, and poultry____ __ __ Eggs--------------------------------Milk, cheese, and ice cream___ Fats_____________________________ Grain products _ _ __ Citrus fruits and tomatoes . . Green, leafy, and yellow vegetables.. Potatoes________________________ _ Other fruits and v e g eta b le s.___. . . Sugars and sweets. _. ... . .. M iscellaneous.. _ . . . _ ____ . _. Total_______________________ 1 Does not include sales tax. $129.87 24.1 5.6 12.8 10.7 15.6 5.1 4.7 2.2 8.2 3.4 7 .6 ’ 100.0 W hite families Negro families Families with total annual unit expendi ture of— Families with total annual unit expendi ture of— Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over $98. 52 $139. 28 $181.15 All fami lies $89.00 Under $400 $400 to $600 $74.07 $131. 57 $600 and over $160. 49 22.4 5.9 14.0 10.7 18.3 4.2 24.3 5.5 13.0 10.6 15.1 5.3 25.6 5.3 11.2 10.7 13.1 6.0 25.4 5.1 8.6 15.3 16.1 3.2 24.0 4.8 8.9 15.8 17.4 2.7 27.1 5.6 7.8 15.1 14.1 3.9 29.4 5.4 9.0 12.8 11.6 4.8 4.3 2.5 7.3 3.6 6.8 4.8 2.2 8.4 3.4 7.4 5.2 2.0 9.0 3.1 8.8 6.7 3.4 4.4 4.6 7.2 6.5 3.7 4.4 5.0 6.8 7.0 3.1 4.5 4.2 7.3 7.9 2.7 4.0 3.2 9.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 See Tabular Summary, table A-2, and appendix D. When the comparison is made in terms of the distribution of ex penditures by families of whites and Negroes spending $400 to $600 per expenditure unit, another type of difference appears. M ost of the Negroes in the United States either live in the South or are the children of parents who were born and brought up in the South. The 78 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME food-consumption habits of the Negro group as a whole are much more influenced by the habits of the South than are those of the white group as a whole. The food expenditures of the Negroes at the $400 to $600 unit-expenditure level differ from those of the white families at that level in that a larger proportion of the total was spent by the Negroes for lean meat, fish, and poultry; for green, leafy, and yellow vegetables; for fats; for potatoes (particularly sweetpotatoes); and for sugars and sweets. A smaller proportion of the total went to milk and milk products, to grain products, to c'itrus fruits and tomatoes, and to “ other” vegetables. The proportion spent for eggs and acces sories was approximately the same for the two groups. The expenditure for milk by Negroes was low partly because of the fact that more Negroes than white use evaporated milk, which is cheaper than fresh milk in urban communities, and partly because the Negroes on the average consume less milk than the whites. They also consume less butter, relying more on salt pork, bacon, and other fats. Stiebeling and Phipard found that “ the large quantities of vitamin A rich vegetables eaten in the South compensate in large measure for the rather low butter consumption.” 10 The tendency of the Negro group to spend less per pound of food purchased is well illustrated by data from white and Negro families in New York City, both from groups with unit expenditure of $400 to $600 for all consumption goods. T able 9.— P er Capita Purchases o f Food To B e Prepared at H om e, N ew York C ity Fam ilies W ith Total Annual Unit Expenditure o f $400 to $6.00 [Data cover 1 week w ithin the period 1934-36] W hite fam ilies1 Type of food Food purchased Pounds Grain products______________ __________ Eggs____ _ ________ _______________ M ilk and milk products3________ ______ F a ts 3 ............ - ___ _ ___________ Meat, poultry, and fish_________________ Fruits and vegetables_________ _________ Sugars and sweets ...................................... Accessories____________________________ T otal.............................. ................... 4.584 .633 7.048 .773 2.871 10. 530 1. 089 Cents 49.4 17.1 46.8 27.5 84.6 66.1 7.5 20.3 319.3 Negro fam ilies2 Average price per pound (in cents) 10.8 27.0 6.6 35.6 29.5 6.3 6.9 Food purchased Pounds 4.437 .683 3. 807 1.028 3. 722 10.137 1. 626 Cents 39.1 16.6 28.0 29.2 85.9 49.7 9.2 19.9 Average price per pound (in cents) 8.8 24.3 7.4 28.4 23.1 4.9 5.6 277.6 1 D ata apply to the winter quarter only. 2 Data apply to an average for 1 week in each of 4 quarters. 3 Butter and cream classified with fats. w Stiebeling, H. K., and Phipard, E. F.: Diets of Families of Employed Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Cities. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Circular No. 507. 79 FOOD For each type of food except milk and milk products, the Negro families spent less per pound than the white families. The one ex ception is accounted for by the fact that the white families devoted a larger proportion of their expenditure for this group of items to fresh milk and less to evaporated milk, cheese, and ice cream. The lower per capita expenditure for grain products by the Negroes is due to the fact that they bought less baked goods than the white families, but purchased more of their grain products in terms of flour and meal. Lower costs for fats are explained by smaller purchases of butter and greater reliance on salt pork and bacon. In the vegetable group, the difference is due in part to larger purchases of cabbage, collards, and kale, and smaller purchases of more expensive vegetables by the Negro group. It is clear that in these differences between the food purchases of white and Negro families in New York City, the Negroes definitely show the influence of Southern consumption pat terns. The influence of the South is even more apparent when one analyzes the purchases of lean meat, fish, and poultry by these two New York City groups. T able 1 0 .— P er Capita Purchases o f Lean M eat, Poultry, and Fish To B e Prepared at H om e, N ew York C ity Fam ilies W ith Total Annual Unit Expenditure o f $400 to $600 [Data cover 1 week within the period 1934-36] W hite families Negro families Type of food Pounds Beef_______________________________________ Veal ______________________________________ Lamb __ _______ _____________ ___ ___ Pork__________ __________ _________ Miscellaneous m eats__ _ _______ _________ Poultry. _________________ _______________ F ish_______________________________________ Total _________ _____________ ____ Cents Pounds Cents 0. 718 .231 .313 .288 .159 .775 .387 22.2 6.9 9.1 7.9 6.3 23.1 9.1 0.386 .082 .498 .771 . 185 1.221 . 579 8.9 2.3 11.9 17,7 4.2 32.8 8.1 2. 871 84.6 3.722 85.9 The larger purchases of pork, poultry, and fish combined with smaller purchases of beef and veal by these New York City Negro families is reminiscent of the food-consumption habits which prevail throughout the South. The slightly larger purchases of lamb by the Negro families are not, however, typical of the South. Lamb con sumption in that region is not, in general, as high as it is in other parts of the country. Variations in Food Consumption Habits From City to City The persistence of Southern food-consumption habits among Negro families in New York City, who have been away from the South, some of them, for more than a generation, is but one aspect of the general 80 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME tendency toward individuality in food consumption which appears throughout the data collected in this investigation. The pattern of the food purchases among wage earners and clerical workers differed greatly from city to city.11 This would not have been so remarkable two generations ago, when a large proportion of American wage earners were newly arrived from European countries with distinctly different food habits. However, today, the greater part of the foreign-born have been here for 25 years. One might have expected a very con siderable uniformity in the average food purchases of the wage-earner and clerical group as a whole at the present time, at least if one had judged from the general uniformity in types of clothing worn from city to city within the same region. As a matter of fact, however, differ ences in food consumption inherited from the colonial period still per sist in certain parts of the country. Perhaps the most striking instance of this sort appears in the case of New Orleans and Birmingham. In New Orleans, customs inherited from the French still prevail to a considerable extent in matters pertaining to food. The food consumption of the white wage-earner and clerical group in Birmingham is, however, considerably influenced by the foods available in the South Appalachian Mountains from which many of Birmingham’s white workers have migrated. As a result, expenditures for pork products in 1917-18 and in 1934-35 were much higher in Birmingham, and for veal, poultry, and fish, much higher in New Orleans. Expenditures for green vegetables, salad oils, and salad dressing were much larger in New Orleans. The amounts spent for white flour and corn meal were considerably larger in Birmingham, while those for white bread, spaghetti, and noodles were higher in New Orleans. Although average incomes among the white group were higher in Birmingham, the white group in New Orleans on the average spent more for food. Data on food purchases obtained in Milwaukee and Cleveland, where there are a large number of families of Central European descent, are very different from those obtained in Boston, where families of Anglo-Saxon and Irish descent predominate. Purchases of rye bread, cheese, veal, fresh pork, sausage, lard, cabbage, lettuce, apples, bananas, and coffee were considerably greater among the families studied in Milwaukee and Cleveland both in 1917-19 and in 1934-36. On the other hand, purchases of rolled oats, lamb, fresh fish, dried beans, fresh spinach, dried fruit, and tea were greater 11 A statistical test of the significance of the difference in food consumption between different cities in the same region was conducted by comparing expenditures on about 100 specific foods for the following pairs of cities: Cleveland-Cincinnati; Dallas-Houston; Kansas City-St. Louis; and San Diego-Los Angeles. For each pair, the test showed that the difference between the two patterns of food consumption was sufficiently large to make it extremely unlikely that the differences could be attributed to the fluctuations of random sampling. 81 FOOD among the families studied in Boston in both periods. See Tabular Summary, table A -18 . Many of the differences in food preferences between localities as shown by these studies have no dietary significance. The nutritional content of the diets in the two places may be the same and the actual foods consumed quite different. It is, of course, important to know about local preferences and to take account of them in any program which attempts to bring diets to a point where they will adequately provide for growth and health. Nutritional Adequacy of the Diets A calculation of the proportion of families spending enough to buy the “ minimum-cost adequate diet” of the Bureau of Home Economics indicates that 75 percent of the white families and 32 percent of the Negro families made such expenditure. There is a striking progression in the proportions from the families with unit expenditures of less than $400 to those spending $600 or more. In making these estimates, the cost of the “ minimum-cost adequate diet” was calculated on the basis of average prices in the period to which the expenditure data apply in each city surveyed. It is, of course, possible to shop with care and buy at lower prices than these. A careful selection of in-season fruits and vegetables and fish will lower the cost, but on the other hand, to secure a nutritionally adequate diet at the calculated cost requires thoughful planning and foodconsumption habits which follow nutritional needs very closely. These figures furnish, therefore, an estimate of the proportion of fam ilies spending enough to secure nutritionally adequate food; they do not furnish information as to the proportion of families actually attaining adequate diets. The following statement shows the per centage of families spending enough for food to buy the “ minimumcost adequate diet” of the Bureau of Home Economics, by unit expenditure for all items. _______P e r c e n t Unit expenditure for all items: All families________________________________ Less than $400____________________________ $400-$600_________________________________ $600 and over_____________________________ W h ite fa m ilie s of— N egro fa m ilie s 75 32 40 88 98 11 1 73 ____ 1 Families with unit expenditure of $400 and over. A detailed analysis of food-consumption records kept for 1 week in several seasons by a sample of approximately 4,000 of the families cooperating in the present investigation was made by Stiebeling and Phipard.12 The diets as shown by these records were classified as 13 See footnote 10, p. 78. 82 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME good or fair if the uncooked food materials consumed furnished per nutrition-requirement unit at least the following quantities: Specifications for diets rated good and fair: daily allowances of certain important nutrients per day for a 154-pound moderately active man N u tr ie n t G ood diets Protein: grams______________________________ 67 0. 68 Calcium: grams_____________________________ Phosphorus: grams__________________________ 1. 32 Iron: milligrams_____________________________ 15 Vitamin A: International units______________ 6, 000 Vitamin Bi: Thiamin: milligrams____________ 1. 5 Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid: milligrams_______ 75 Vitamin G: Riboflavin: milligrams__________ 1. 8 F a ir diets 45 0. 45 0. 88 10 3, 000 .75 37 0. 9 Their analysis shows from 11 to 21 percent of the white families in the several regions, and 11 percent of the Negro families in the South, consuming food which, as uncooked food material, provided generous quantities of protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamins A, B, ascorbic acid, and riboflavin. These included a wide margin of safety, probably about 50 percent above average minimum require ments for protein and the minerals, and a wider margin, as much as two or three fold, for the vitamins. These generous margins provide not only for some waste in use but also for the higher than average requirements of some individuals and the fact that more than the minimum quantities of certain nutrients needed for growth or equi librium appears to be advantageous. The percentage of the families in this sample whose diets were classified as fair and poor are shown in table 11. Stiebeling and Phipard found that “ The chances for better diets increased with rising per capita expenditures for foods. This was due chiefly to a more liberal use of milk, meat, eggs, leafy green vegetables, and fruits, when more money was available. But the quality of the food supply selected by families was by no means only a matter of level of food expenditure. A t every expenditure level above a certain minimum, some families succeeded in obtaining good diets but others procured food only fair or poor, from the standpoint of nutritive value. For example, with an expenditure of $2.50 a person a week for food, 32 per cent of the families in East South Central cities bought good diets, while 37 percent obtained diets that were classed as poor” 12 (that is, in need of improvement, since they were below, in one or more respects, what is now considered average minimum requirement). 12 See footnote 10, p. 78. 83 FOOD T able 11.— Proportion o f A ll Fam ilies Studied Obtaining Diets o f Different Grade, by Color o f Fam ily and Region Proportion obtaining diets graded— Color of family and region Good White: North Atlantic______________ _______ _________________ East North Central___________________________________ East South Central__________ ____________ ____ _______ P acific.- --- __________ _____ ___________ ______ Negro: South ______________________________________ _ Poor Fair P ercent P er c e n t P ercent 11 12 21 14 32 28 33 46 57 60 46 40 11 25 64 In summarizing their findings, Stiebeling and Phipard estimate that there is little likelihood of a deficiency in protein in the diets of many employed workers' families. Most of the diets furnished an adequate amount of phosphorus. Less than a half, however, purchased food supplying as much as 0.70 gram or more of calcium per unit per day (a safe allowance), while about a sixth had diets furnishing less than the average minimum requirement of 0.45 gram of calcium per unit per day. About half the diets supplied 15 milligrams of iron per unit per day (the amount needed for a “ good diet"), and all but about 5 per cent, a “ fair" allowance, 10 milligrams. About a third of the families obtained diets high enough in vitamin A to insure good visual adaptation in semidarkness, and about a fifth obtained a liberal allowance. About half the families purchased foods which furnished less vitamin B x than the standard of the good diet for this nutrient. An abundance of vitamin Bi promotes good functioning of the digestive tract. Acute deficiencies result in a disease of the nervous system called beriberi. Somewhat less than half of the families secured the specifications of the good diet as regards vitamin C (ascorbic acid), a substance found in abundance in citrus fruits and tomatoes and in certain green and leafy vegetables and fruits, but almost 90 percent had a “ fair" allow ance. Diets without sufficient provision of this nutrient result in increased susceptibility to infection and in restlessness and irrita bility in children. An acute deficiency in vitamin C may produce scurvy, but other symptoms are more common in this country. Riboflavin (essential in the production of an enzyme involved in cell respiration and the energy metabolism of the body) was fairly well supplied by these diets. The pellagra-preventive factor was appar ently amply supplied except in the Southeast, where the deficiency among the low-income groups is serious. Deficiencies in the consumption of calcium and vitamins A, B, and C are readily understood when the division of actual expenditure is compared with recommendations for adequate nutrition at expenditure levels just above and just below the average prevailing in this group. 84 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME Milk is one of the most important sources of calcium and of vitamins A and B. The relatively low proportion of the average allotted to milk and milk products is responsible in large part for these deficiencies. The deficiency which appears in the analysis as regards vitamin C is probably accounted for by the fact that actual purchases of green and leafy vegetables were considerably below those in the recommended diets. The average nutritive content of the diets of the white and Negro families at three different economic levels have been analyzed by the Bureau of Home Economics. (See table 12.) The average food energy provided by these diets exceeded the energy allowances used by this Bureau in calculating its standard food budgets, except among families at the lowest economic level. Among the white and Negro families spending less than $400 per adult equivalent for all items, the energy value of the diets provided, on the average, slightly less than the 3,000 calories per day for a 154-pound man at moderate work, whose needs are used as a “ nutrition unit” in cal culating the adequacy of family diets. The average food, protein, and iron value of the food of families— Negro and white— in each economic group generally met or exceeded the Bureau's allowances for good diets as given on page 82. Within a group of families whose diets furnish an average of 3,000 calories, 67 grams protein, or 15 milligrams of iron, probably about half have food that furnishes these nutrients in quantities that are below average, according to previous studies. The most prevalent and serious deficiencies in the diets of the fami lies studied appear to be in calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid. The averages for calcium given in table 12 paint a somewhat darker picture than is actually the case, however, inasmuch as the data on food consumed did not provide the detail necessary to take account of the calcium furnished by self-rising flour, a product widely used in the Southeast. The use of self-rising flour probably increased the calcium content of diets in that locality, among families at the lowest economic levels, by 50 percent and among those at the highest economic level by 20 percent. Even allowing for this qualification, calcium remains one of the serious and prevalent dietary shortages. Diets approached the level recommended for calcium only among white families in the highest economic group. Even among these families probably more than half had food that furnished less than 0.7 gram of calcium per nutrition unit per day. Relatively little information is available on the riboflavin needs of human beings. If a standard of 1.8 milligrams per man per day be accepted, at the lowest economic level the averages indicate gross inadequacy, and at the higher levels that about a third of the families would fall below the requirement for a good diet. 85 FOOD The ascorbic acid content of diets generally improves more mark edly than other nutrients with rise in economic status. Only at the lowest economic levels were the averages for ascorbic acid con tent below accepted dietary standards. Probably the diets of only about a fourth of the families in these groups furnished as much as 75 milligrams of ascorbic acid per unit per day, whereas at the highest economic level the diets of three-fourths or more probably met or exceeded this allowance. In general, successive increases in the average nutritive value of diets accompanied progressively higher economic status, but for most nutrients the dietary improvement proceeded at a lesser rate than spending for all living. T able 12.— Average N utritive Value o f Diets P er Capita and P er N utrition Unit Per D a y, by Color and Total Expenditure P er Consumption Unit, 1 Year During the Period 1934—36 [White and Negro families of employed wage earners and clerical workers in cities] Color and total expendi Energy ture per consumption value unit in 1 year (1) (2) Pro tein (3) Calci Phos um phorus (4) (5) Vitamins Iron (6) A Bi C G (7) (8) (9) GO) M illi gra m s Per nutrition u n it1 White: Under $400 ....... ........ $400-$600____________ $600 and over________ Negro: Under $400___________ $400-$600_____________ $600 and over. C alories G ra m s G ra m s G ra m s M illi gra m s M illi gra m s M illi gra m s 2,840 3, 260 3, 580 70 84 96 0.47 .59 .70 1.17 1.36 1.54 12.4 15.2 17.1 In t. u n its 4,900 6,900 8,600 1.6 1.9 2.1 65 97 123 1.6 2.0 2.4 2,990 3, 860 3. 780 67 93 96 .32 .53 .57 1.10 1.48 1.48 14.0 17.5 17.3 4, 400 6, 800 8, 200 1.7 2.2 2.2 54 88 109 1.3 2.0 2.1 1 Analysis furnished by the Bureau of Home Economics of the Department of Agriculture. The figures are in terms of the nutritional needs of a moderately active man of 154 pounds. They should be compared with the specifications for a good diet given on page 82. The relationship between food consumption and health is now so well established that it must be a matter of general concern that so large a proportion of this relatively favored group was not securing the foods needed for a nutritionally satisfactory diet. There is abundant clinical evidence that the vitamins and the minerals listed above are needed for physical well-being. Part of the consumption deficiencies just shown could easily be remedied by more widespread knowledge of nutritional needs, but a large part is due to the in adequacy of incomes to meet total family needs. As noted in chapter 3, 44 percent of the children in the families of the employed workers covered by this investigation were members of families whose expendi tures did not come up to the modest standard of the W P A “ mainte nance budget.” Chapter 5 HOUSING When the city worker talks of housing expense today, he is likely to think not only of the cost of a roof over his head but also of heat in winter, refrigeration in summer, and light the year round. To meet these needs, the families of wage earners and clerical workers sur veyed spent an average of a little over $30 a month or a fourth of the total family expenditure. In the case of tenant families, this figure includes rent and fuel, light, and refrigeration. For home owners it covers fuel, light, and refrigeration, as well as the money cost of maintenance and repair of the house, but not payments on principal of mortgage er the cost of permanent improvements to the home. The last two items were treated as family savings or investment. Almost a third of the families surveyed were home owners. For these families, the money spent during the year for taxes, assessments, interest, insurance, and repairs does not tell the whole story of current housing cost. Especially for a family with a substantial equity in its home, these current expenditures are frequently less than the amount it would have to pay in rent to obtain an equally good house. The difference between such estimated rental value and the money actually paid for current housing expense is in fact income “ in kind” from the family investment in the owned home. It is correspondingly ex penditure in kind for current housing, since the family has chosen to take the return on its investment in the form of housing. This type of housing expenditure averaged $12 a month per home-owning family surveyed.1 When averaged with the expenditures for all families studied, it raises the total housing expenditure for all families in the survey from the $30 previously mentioned to $34. There was a notable increase at higher income levels in the pro portion of families owning their homes. The rise was from below 20 percent to over 40 percent within the income ranges of this survey. The figures at each income level are as follows: i Housing expenditure “in kind” was calculated as the difference between estimated rental value and actual money expense for taxes, assessments, interest, refinancing charges, insurance, and repairs. The home owners were asked to estimate the rental value of their homes. This figure was checked by field agents with the real estate values of similar dwellings in the locality. 86 P l a t e 4 —B a c k -Y a r d V i e w of N e g r o D w e l l i n g s in a S o u t h e r n C i t y . S i n g l e p r i v y a t L e f t S e r v e s T h r e e F a m i l i e s . o f P o o r e s t H o u s i n g F o u n d in t h e S u r v e y . A n Ex a m p l e 87 HOUSING F a m il i e s w ith a n n u a l n e t in c o m e of— P e r c e n ta g e o f f a m i li e s w ho w ere hom e o w n ers All families____ $500-$600_____ $600-$900_____ $900-$1,200___ $1,200-$1,500_ _ $1,500-$1,800__ $1,800-$2,100__ $2,100-$2,400_ _ $2,400-$2,700_ _ $2,700-$3,000__ $3,000 and over ___ 29. 8 _____16. 3 _____ 23. 5 _____24. 1 _____26. 4 _____ 31. 5 _____ 36. 0 ___ 42. 0 ____ 37. 8 _____ 43. 7 _____ 41. 7 A t the higher incomes there were in general more adult earners and larger families, a combination favorable to home ownership. H o u sin g E xp en d itu re b y Tenure and T y p e o f D w elling Housing expenditures differed not only for owners and renters but according to the kind of dwelling occupied (see table 1). Tenants of heated apartments had the highest average housing expenditure and the smallest number of rooms.2 Tenants of unheated apartments had more space and paid lower rents; in general these apartments were located in older dwellings. In New York City, for example, most of the families renting apartments for which heat was not fur nished by the landlord lived in “ old law tenements” on Manhattan and in lower Brooklyn and used stoves for heating purposes. A few of the New York City apartments for which the tenant provided the heat were in two-family flats in Queens and Brooklyn; these were frame buildings with a separate furnace for each family. T able 1.— Monthly Housing Expenditure and Average Number of Rooms, by Tenure and Type of Dwelling, in 42 Large Cities [D ata cover 12 m on th s w ith in th e period 1934-361 Class of occupant H o m e o w n e r s 1____________ ___________________________ H ouse ren ters_______________ _____ ______ ______ R enters of heated a p artm en ts___________________ _____ R enters of un heated ap artm en ts___ _ _____________ T otal m on th ly R ent or housing rental value expenditure $39 31 35 31 2 $29 21 31 21 Fu el, ligh t, Average and refrig num ber of eration ex rooms per fam ily pend itures 3 $10 3 10 4 10 6 .4 4.1 3 .8 4 .7 1 98.8 percent of th e hom e owners lived in houses. * Includes $17 m on ey expenditure, and $12 housing “ in k in d " from in v estm en t in ow ned hom es. 3 A ssum ing th at expenditures for fuel, ligh t, and refrigeration are th e sam e for house owners and house renters. Separate figures on such expenditures are available for fam ilies liv in g in houses and p ayin g for heat separately from rent or ow nership p aym en ts, b u t not b y tenure. s T h e difficulties in v o lv ed in obtaining data on size of rooms m ade it seem inad visab le to a ttem p t to ascer ta in such inform ation in th e present in vestigation . Q uestions about w ind ow space and su n ligh t were o m itted for th e sam e reason. 242949°— 41------7 88 MONET DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME Home owners had the lowest money expenditures, $27 per month, but when the return on the investment is taken into consideration they spent more than renters of heated apartments. They had almost twice as much space, however, for this expenditure, and were accordingly better able to provide privacy for family members, and room for recreational activity and hobbies. The fact that rented houses averaged a smaller number of rooms than did apartments rented unheated is surprising. It is explained, to a considerable extent, by the relative scarcity of apartments and the predominance of rented houses in the southern cities, and the fact that many Negro families surveyed lived in small houses which frequently had only one or two rooms. The percentage of white and Negro families in each region living in the several types of dwelling is shown in table 2. Here the predomi nance of houses among the Negro wage earners and clerical workers in the southern and North Atlantic cities is clear, as is also the relative importance of heated apartments in the northern and eastern cities. It is because the majority of families living in apartments for which they provide the heat were found in the North and East that the aver age expenditure for fuel and light reported by these families is as high as that for families in houses. T able 2 . —Percent of Fam ilies Living in Dwellings of Specified Type and Tenure in 42 Large Cities Grouped by Region, 1934-36 W h ite fam ilies Region A ll fam i lies i L ivin g in apartm ents ren ted— N egro fam ilies L ivin g in houses— H e a t U n R e n t O w ned2 ed heated ed N e w Y ork C ity _________ N orth A tla n tic __________ Sou thern________________ E ast N orth C entral_____ W est N orth C entral_____ P acific________ _______ _ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 62.1 9 .2 8 .9 11.3 15.7 9 .2 2 3.3 3 2.0 17.2 3 0.9 19.4 1 5.6 2 .2 25.3 4 2.1 2 6.9 3 0.0 34.0 12.4 3 3.5 3 1.8 3 0.9 3 4.9 4 1.2 A ll fam i lies i 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 L iv in g in apartm ents rented— L iv in g in houses— H e a t U n R e n t O w ned2 ed ed heated 9 3.0 8 .1 1.1 4 .0 8 .1 6 .0 2 2.2 16.7 4 0.3 4 5.0 0 55.1 5 9.5 41.3 22.0 1 .0 1 4.6 2 2.7 14.4 2 4.9 1 O m ittin g fam ilies w h o changed their tenu re or ty p e of dw ellin g during th e year of the stu d y. 2 T reating all hom e ow ners as if th e y liv e d in houses; 98.8 percent of w h ite hom e ow ners and 100.0 per cen t of N egro hom e ow ners liv e d in houses. The differences in customary payments for housing and fuel, light, and refrigeration in cities in different regions of the country are shown in table 3. The highest payments were in New York City and the lowest in the South. 89 HOUSING PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES LIVING IN DWELLINGS OF SPECIFIED TYPE BY TENURE 1934 1936 - 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS IN 42 CITIES GROUPED BY REGION 0 10 20 30 PERCENTAGE 40 50 60 NEW YORK CITY NORTH ATLANTIC CITIES SOUTHERN CITIES EAST NORTH CENTRAL CITIES WEST NORTH CENTRAL CITIES PACIFIC COAST CITIES FAMILIES LIVING IN RENTED APARTMENTS FAMILIES LIVING IN RENTED HOUSES FAMILIES LIVING IN OWNED HOMES U S BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 70 80 90 90 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME T able 3.—Monthly Housing Expenditures 1 by Tenure and Type of Dwelling, in 42 Large Cities Grouped by Region, 1934—36 W hite fam ilies Negro fam ilies L ivin g in L iving in R entin g R enting houses 3— apartm ents— houses 3— apartm ents— A ll A ll fam fam ilies 2 H ea t ilies 2 H ea t U n R ent O w n ed 4 U n R en t O w ned * heated ed heated ed ed ed Region N e w York C ity _________ N orth A tla n tic_________ Sou thern________________ E a st N orth C entral......... W est N orth C entral_____ Pacific___ ___ _ $41 33 28 29 29 34 $40 33 26 29 28 27 $31 33 25 29 29 31 $49 35 27 31 31 30 $55 41 35 39 38 35 $41 29 18 21 22 $42 25 23 27 23 $30 24 18 21 23 $31 19 21 23 $43 40 21 25 28 1 In clu d in g fuel, ligh t, and refrigeration. 2 O m ittin g fam ilies w ho changed their tenure or ty p e of dw ellin g during the year of th e stu d y. a T hese figures have been com pu ted on th e assum ption th a t fuel, ligh t, and refrigeration expenditures of house renters and house owners are th e same. Separate figures on such expenditures are available for fam ilies liv in g in houses m aking p aym en ts for heat separately from rent or ow nership paym ents, b u t not b y tenure. * In clu d in g m on th ly value of incom e from in vestm en t in ow ned jhomes and treating all hom e owners as o ccu p yin g houses. See table 2, footnote 2. H o u sin g Facilities f o r A ll F am ilies Surveyed A general picture of the quality of the dwellings of these average families of employed wage earners and clerical workers is presented in table 4. Three-fourths lived in houses and one-fourth in apartments. M ost of them had a bathroom, electric lights, and gas or electricity for cooking. Two-thirds had central heat but less than one-third had telephones. Table 4.—Housing Facilities of 14,469 Fam ilies of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Large Cities [D ata pertain to hom es occupied at end of schedule year, w ith in th e period 1934-36] Item Percent of fam ilies livin g in— 1-fam ilydetached h ou se. 1-fam ily sem idetached or row hou se......... ....... 2 -family house................. A partm ent_____________ W ith elevator D w ellin g w ith janitor service_______________ Percent of fam ilies havin g— B a th r o o m ...................... Inside flush toilet______ O utside flush to ilet........ Other typ e to ilet_______ Sole use of toilet b y household. ................. W ater inside d w ellin g ... R u n n in g water inside d w ellin g_____________ H ot running w ater in side dw elling..... ........... P u m p inside d w e llin g ... H om e H om e A ll owners renters fam ilies 69.2 2 5.3 3 8.6 1 7.2 12.4 1 .2 .l 13.9 2 7.2 3 3.6 2 .3 14.9 2 2.7 2 3.8 1.6 .6 2 1.5 15.2 9 3.1 95.2 .9 3 .9 8 9.6 95.7 2 .0 2 .3 90.7 9 5.5 1.7 2.8 9 7.4 9 8 .2 91.9 98.7 9 3.6 9 8.5 97.6 9 8.1 9 7.9 8 6.3 .6 8 2.0 .6 8 3 .3 .6 Item P ercen t of fam ilies havin g— W ater outside d w ellin g . S in k _______ ___________ E lectric lig h ts. . Gas or electricity for cooking______________ Refrigerator: E lectric...................... Other m e c h a n ic a lic e _________________ N o n e ......................... Central heat—h o t air, h ot w ater, or stea m — T elep h on e_____________ Garage....... ....................... G arden or law n space— E ach of the following items: R unn ing hot water, inside flush to i let, electric light, and gas or electricity for c o o k in g ............. .......... H om e H om e A ll owners renters families 1.8 9 8.2 9 8.4 1.3 98.1 9 8.2 1.5 98.1 9 8.3 9 0.4 8 9 .6 8 9.8 2 7 .8 1 .9 6 2.9 7 .4 2 5 ,2 2 .7 6 5.6 6. 5 2 6.0 2 .5 6 4.8 6 .8 7 3.4 45.0 5 8.9 6 5.7 64.3 2 3.9 3 3.5 3 1.6 67.1 30. 3 4 1.2 4 1 .9 8 0.8 76.4 77.7 HOUSING 91 HOME OW NERS The typical home owner lived in a one-family detached house. Fewer than 1 in 10 home owners were without a bathroom, an inside flush toilet reserved for the sole use of the household, running water, electric lights, and gas or electricity for cooking. Two in ten home owners lacked one or more of the following conveniences: Running hot water, inside flush toilet, electric light, and gas or electricity for cooking. Two-thirds of the home owners used ice for refrigeration, but almost a third had electric or other mechanical refrigerators. Two-thirds had garden space and nearly half had telephones. RENTERS Over half the renters lived in apartments or in two-family houses arranged for occupancy by one family above the other. An average monthly rental of $23.50 was reported by all families living in rented dwellings, whether house or apartment, at the close of the study year. Nine out of ten families which rented their dwellings had bathrooms, inside flush toilets, running water, electric lights, and gas or electricity for cooking. Three-fourths of the renters had each of the following conveniences: Running hot water, inside flush toilet, electric light, and gas or elec tricity for cooking. About two-thirds of them had central heat, and the same proportion used ice for refrigeration. About one-third had garages and garden or lawn space. Telephones and electric refrigera tors were found in about a fourth of the rented dwellings. Total H o u sin g E xpen ditu re b y In com e Level Total money expenditure for housing 3 did not reach the average of $33 per month until family incomes exceeded $1,500 per year. (See table 5.) Families in the survey with incomes from $600 to $900 per year spent an average of about $20 a month, and that amount con stituted 29 cents of the total family dollar spent. Families with in comes from $2,400 to $2,700 spent $40 per month, yet this amount represented only 20 cents of each dollar spent by the families in this income class. (See ch. 6, figs. 1 and 2.) s R en t or current housing expenditure of hom e owners plu s fuel, ligh t, and refrigeration. For som e fam ilies, fuel, ligh t, and refrigeration costs are included in rent w hile for other fam ilies th ey are paid separately. For th is reason, total housing expenditure inclu ding all th ese item s is m ore nearly com parable for all cities and all incom e levels. 92 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME F ig . 2 PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES HAVING SELECTED HOUSING FACILITIES 1934 1936 - 12,903 WHITE AND 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS IN 42 CITIES GROUPED BY REGION NEW YORK CITY W H IT E F A M IL IE S PACIFIC COAST CITIES W H IT E F A M IL IE S INSIDE FLUSH TOILET, RUNNING HOT WATER, ELECTRIC LIGHTS, a GAS OR ELECTRICITY FOR COOKING CENTRAL HEATING U S BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 93 HOUSING Table 5.—Monthly Money Housing Expenditures of 14,469 Fam ilies of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Large Cities, by Income Level [D ata cover 12 m on ths w ith in th e period 1934-361 A nnu al net incom e of fam ily A ll fam ilies.................. . $500 to $600__________ $600 to $900_____________ $900 to $1,200____________ $1,200 to $1,500__________ $1,500 to $1,800......... $1,800 to $2,100__________ $2,100 to $2,400__________ $2,400 to $2,700__________ $2,700 to $ 3 , 0 0 0 - ........ $3,000 and over........ ........ A ver H ousing i H o u sin g 1 Per plus fuel, Fuel, light, plus fuel, H ous Fuel, light, age ous and refrig cent of nu m light, and Hing refrig light, and » ing i and eration fam i ber of refrigera eration refrigera tion tion lies in per sur sons v ey per fam ily Percent of m on ey expenditure A m oun t 100.0 3.60 $31 $22 $9 2 4.2 17.1 7.1 .8 8.4 20.4 23.8 20. 3 15.1 5. 6 2.7 1.3 1.6 3.11 3.18 3. 41 3. 54 3. 62 3. 76 4. 03 4. 27 4. 37 4. 81 16 20 26 30 33 35 38 40 42 47 11 14 18 21 23 25 27 29 31 34 5 6 8 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 30.0 28.8 27.8 25. 7 24.3 22.5 21.3 19.7 18. 5 17.2 20.2 19. 9 19.4 18.0 17.3 16.0 15.0 14.3 13. 7 12.6 9 .8 8 .9 8.4 7. 7 7.0 6. 5 6.3 5.4 4.8 4.6 i Includes rent plus repairs paid b y tenants, and expenditures of hom e owners for taxes, insurance, repairs, refinancing charges, interest on mortgage, bu t not paym en ts on principal or cost of perm anent im p rovem ent to ow ned hom es. When the value of housing in kind of home owners is added, the total housing expense for all families is about $3 per month larger than when computed only on a money basis. (See table 6.) As there were more home owners at higher income levels, the effect is more noticeable there. (See ch. 6, fig. 3.) Table 6.— Total Monthly Housing Expenditures of 14,469 Fam ilies of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Large Cities, by Income Level [D ata cover 12 m on ths w ith in th e period 1934-36] T otal expense for housing i T otal expense for housing i A nnual n et incom e of fam ily All fam ilies__________________ $500 to $600......... ................... $600 to $900__________________ $900 to $1,200________ _______ $1,200 to $1,500.............- .......... $1,500 to $1.800.______________ A m oun t Percent of total m on th ly incom e 2 $34 19 23 29 33 37 26.9 3 8.0 35.0 32.3 29.0 26.8 A nnu al net incom e of fam ily $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 $3,000 to $2,100______ ________ to $2,400_______________ to $2,700— .................... to $3,000_____ _________ and o ver______________ A m ou n t P ercen t of total m o n th ly incom e 2 $40 43 44 48 52 2 4.5 23.1 2 1.0 19.8 18.1 1 Includin g m on ey expenditure for rent, current housing expenditure of hom e owners, fuel, ligh t, and refrigeration, and value of housing in k in d from in vestm en t in ow ned hom e. 1 Includin g m on ey incom e and value of incom e received in kin d from in v estm en t in ow ned hom e. 94 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME The families at higher income levels had more members per family than did those at lower income levels and consequently needed more housing space. It is thus impossible to conclude the comparison of their housing expenditures when averages per family have been examined. When averages are computed in terms of expenditure per family member, it appears that families at the $600 to $900 level spent $6.42 per member per month for housing. This is contrasted with $9.31 for families having incomes of $2,400 to $2,700. In other words, although money expenditures per family were 95 percent greater at the high income level than at the low one mentioned, expenditure per person was only 45 percent greater. Total housing expenditure, including value of housing in kind from investment in owned homes, was 45 percent greater per person at the high income level. H o u sin g b y C onsum ption L e v e l 4 The details of housing facilities and expenditures are available for the families studied, classified by total expenditure per adult equiv alent. For housing, particularly, the family expenditures are much more meaningful when consideration is given to the number of persons among whom they are shared. Total housing expenditures per family (including fuel, light, and refrigeration and imputed expenditures of home owners) were 55 percent greater for families with total annual unit expenditures of $1,100 to $1,200 than for those with unit expenditures of $200 to $300.5 (See table 7.) Yet such expenditures per person were 249 percent greater at the higher con sumption level, partly because they had smaller families on the aver age. The greater privacy per family member at the high consumption level is indicated by the 0.49 person per room at that level as compared with 1.12 persons per room among families with total annual unit expenditures of $200 to $300. These figures may be compared with the generally accepted American standard of a minimum of one room per person. 4 For explanation of “ consum ption le v e l” and “econom ic le v e l” see ch. 3. 5 For average incom es of the fam ilies at the consum ption levels discussed see ch. 3, p. 56. 95 HOUSING Table 7.—Housing Space per Person, and Housing Expenditures per Fam ily and per Person, of Fam ilies in 42 Large Cities, at Selected Consumption Levels [D ata cover 12 m on ths w ith in tho period 1934-361 Item Average num ber of persons in household: A ll fam ilies._________ ____________ _____________ H om e ow ners.............................................................. H ouse ren ters.......................................... .................. Renters of centrally heated apartm ents_________ Renters of apartm ents not cen trally heated_____ Average num ber of rooms per family: A ll fam ilies_____________________________________ H om e ow ners___ _____ _________ ____ __________ H ouse renters_________________ ____ ___________ R enters of cen trally heated apartm en ts_________ R enters of apartm ents n ot cen trally heated_____ Average nu m ber of persons per room: A ll fam ilies_____________________________________ H om e ow ners______________ _____ ______ ______ H ouse renters________ _________________________ R enters of cen trally heated apartm en ts---------Renters of apartm ents n ot cen trally h eated _____ H ousing, including fuel, ligh t, and refrigeration: Average expenditure per family: A ll fam ilies L .____ _________________________ H om e owners *____________ ____ ___________ H ouse renters * . . ____ ___________ _________ R enters of cen trally heated apartm en ts____ Renters of apartm ents n ot centrally h eated . _ Average expenditure per person in household: A ll fam ilies 1________________________ _______ H om o owners *________ ____ _______________ H ouse renters 3_________ _______ _ ________ Renters of cen trally heated apartm en ts_____ Renters of apartm ents not cen trally h e a te d .. Average in vestm en t of hom e owners in ow ned hom e during year: Per fa m ily ...______ ____________________________ Per m em ber of econom ic fam ily________________ A ll fam ilies Fam ilies w ith total ann ual u n it expenditure of— $200 to $300 $5001 o $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 3.79 4.09 3.98 3.15 3 .65 5 .33 5 .66 5.15 4.69 5.13 3.33 3 .50 3 .36 3 .28 3 .12 2 .60 2 .85 2.58 2 .56 2 .42 2.37 2.51 2 .40 2 .42 2 .16 5.10 5 .99 5.33 3 .77 4.74 4.78 5.93 5 .22 3.91 4.75 5 .07 5.99 5.47 3.81 4.69 4 .95 6.22 5 .32 3 .68 4 .80 4 .80 5. 71 5.81 3 .51 4 .79 .74 .68 .75 .84 .7 7 1.12 .95 .99 1.20 1.08 .6 6 .5 8 .61 .8 6 .6 7 .53 .4 6 .4 8 .7 0 .5 0 .49 .44 .41 .6 9 .4 5 $409.74 469.16 374. 05 427.67 368.85 $341.22 393. 73 314.35 355.12 312. 21 $433.18 495.90 411.49 422.66 387.66 $480. 26 566.52 444. 53 461.07 418.30 $530. 01 541.38 490.56 580.00 461. 71 120.89 114. 71 93.98 135. 77 101.05 64.02 69. 56 61.04 75. 72 60.86 130.08 141. 69 122.47 128.86 124. 25 184. 72 198. 78 172.30 180.11 172.85 223.63 215. 69 204.40 239.67 213.75 84.13 21.97 68.35 12.45 93.68 29.00 104.51 42.48 260. 61 120.65 1 Including value of housing in k in d from in vestm en t in ow ned hom e. * Including value of housing in kin d from in vestm en t in ow ned hom e. T h ese figures are com pu ted on th e assum ption th at fuel, light, and refrigeration expenditures of renters of un heated houses and of house owners are the sam e. Figures on such expenditures are available for fam ilies liv in g in houses and payin g for heat separately from rent or ow nership paym en ts, b u t not b y tenure. (See footnote 2, table 2.) * T h ese figures are com puted on th e assum ption th at fuel, ligh t, and refrigeration expenditures of renters of un heated houses and of house owners are th e same. Figures on such expenditures are available for fam ilies liv in g in houses and payin g for heat separately from rent or ow nership paym en ts, b u t n ot b y tenure. , Investm ent in O w ned H o m e b y Consum ption Level Forty-five percent of the home owners invested in their homes during the year. These investments averaged $185. They took the form either of down payments on principal of mortgage or other form of home loan, or permanent improvements, such items as the addition of a room, the installation of a furnace, or building of a garage. The average investment, per family investing, of both white and Negro families at selected consumption levels, was as follows: Families with total annual unit expenditure of— family investing $200 to $300_________________________________________ $161 $500 to $600_________________________________________ 191 $800 to $900_______________ 219 $1,100 to $1,200______________________________________ 478 96 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME The fact that the investigation was made at a time when business recovery was under way but not yet complete undoubtedly accounts for the relatively small proportion of home owners making reductions in principal owed or making permanent improvements. When such expenditures are averaged for all home owners, whether investing or not, the average is reduced to $84. (See table 7.) That average investment per home-owning family at the high economic level shown in table 7 was 4 times as great as at the lower level, while such invest ment per person was 10 times as great, emphasizes the greater strain upon family funds of the large families. , H o u sin g F acilities b y C onsum ption Level Housing facilities among both tenants and owners (see table 8) were markedly better for families at the higher consumption levels. Thus the percent of owners having running hot water, inside flush toilet, electric light, and gas or electricity for cooking, rose from 64 percent at the $200 to $300 unit-expenditure level to 100 percent at the $1,100 to $1,200 level. The corresponding percentages for renters were 56 and 97 percent. Running water inside the dwelling, electric lights, and sinks were available to 90 percent or more of the families even among the least favored in this group 6 of employed wage earners and clerical workers. Inside flush toilets were available in not quite 9 out of 10 homes at the $200 to $300 unit-expenditure level. The electric refrigerator is the outstanding example of the type of facility which was afforded by only a small proportion of families at the low consumption levels, but by a rapidly expanding proportion at higher levels. Included in this group are also the telephone and garage. It is evident from the expenditures for these three items that they are much desired by this group of families. The percentage of families having them is very restricted at low consumption levels, but expands rapidly at higher ones. Items which show proportionately greater frequency at low consumption levels, but some increase at higher levels, are hot running water, bathrooms, inside flush toilets, and central heating. 6 N o fam ilies on relief or w ith incom es below $500 were included in the investigation. requirem ents for inclusion in th e stu d y , see appendix B. For details of the 97 HOUSING T able 8 .— Housing Facilities of Fam ilies of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Large Cities, at Selected Consumption Levels [D ata pertain to hom e occupied at end of sch ed ule year during period 1934-36] H OM E O W NERS A ll fam ilies Item F am ilies w ith total annual u n it expenditure of— $200 to $300 Percent of fam ilies livin g in— 1-family detached hou se_____________ __________ 1-family sem idetached or row h ou se..... ................. 2-family h ou se-------------------------------------A p artm en t_____________________________________ W ith elevator____ _________________________ D w ellin g w ith janitor service__________ ______ Percent of fam ilies havin g— B athroom ........ ............ ....................... ........................ Inside flush to ilet......................................... .............. Outside flush t o ile t1____________________________ Other ty p e to ile t_______________________________ Sole use of to ilet b y hou seh old _______ ____ _____ W ater inside d w ellin g __________________________ R u n n in g w ater inside d w ellin g _________ _______ H o t running w ater inside dw ellin g______________ P u m p inside d w ellin g __________________________ W ater ou tsid e d w ellin g _______________________ . S in k . __________ _______________________________ E lectric lig h ts______________ _____ ______ ______ Gas or electricity for cooking.............. ............ ........ Refrigerator: E lectric............ . ............................................ . Other m ech a n ica l..---------------------------Ice _________________________________________ N o n e --------------------------- ----- ----------Central heat—h ot air, h ot w ater, or steam ______ T elep hone_____________________ ____ ___________ G a r a g e -................. ...............— ------ ------------G arden space___________________________________ E ach of th e follow ing items: R u n n in g h ot water, inside flush toilet, electric ligh t, and gas or electricity for cooking--------- ------------------ $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 6 9.2 17.2 12.4 1 .2 .1 .6 65.7 2 3.0 10.6 .7 .3 .3 6 8 .2 17.5 1 2.9 1 .4 0 .9 6 8.4 14.4 15.6 1.6 0 .4 7 2.5 13.0 14.5 0 0 0 93.1 9 5.2 .9 3 .9 9 7.4 9 8.2 9 7.6 86.3 .6 1.8 9 8.2 9 8 .4 9 0.4 8 3 .2 8 8.6 1.6 9 .8 9 8 .4 9 5.0 9 3.8 72.4 1 .2 5 .0 9 5.6 9 7.5 78.9 9 6.9 9 7.6 .6 1.8 9 6.8 9 9 .4 9 8 .6 91.1 .8 .6 9 9 .4 9 9 .2 9 2.5 97.7 100.0 0 0 9 7.0 100.0 100.0 9 6.0 0 0 9 9 .7 9 9 .4 9 9 .0 100.0 100.0 0 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2 7.8 1.9 62.9 7 .4 7 3.4 45.0 58.9 65.7 9 .1 .6 8 0 .2 10.1 6 2.5 2 0.2 46.6 62.4 3 3.8 2 .0 59.2 5.0 76.4 54.1 63.3 6 6.4 49.3 5 .8 3 8.6 6.3 8 0.9 74.2 73.1 73.5 63.5 10.1 2 3.6 2.8 7 4.0 63.9 69.8 71.1 8 0.8 6 3.6 8 4.6 96.0 100.0 2 5.3 13.9 27. 2 3 3.6 2.3 21.5 30. 5 21. 7 24.0 2 3.8 .2 8 .9 2 3.4 11.9 2 8.8 35.9 2. 7 24.7 17.0 8 .7 27. 2 47.1 3 .2 3 7.7 15.7 13.6 19.0 51.7 15.6 44.6 8 9 .6 95. 7 2 .0 2.3 91.9 9 8.7 9 8.1 8 2.0 .6 1.3 9 8.1 9 8 .2 8 9.5 78.1 8 9.9 3. 9 6. 2 9 0.2 9 6.6 96.1 64.9 .5 3 .4 9 5.7 95.3 7 6.6 93. 2 98.1 1. 0 .9 92.3 9 9.8 9 9.0 87. 7 .8 .2 9 9.1 9 9 .4 95.8 9 7.1 9 9 .4 .6 o 95. 7 100.0 9 9.4 95. 8 .6 0 99. 6 9 9.3 9 8.5 9 7.8 100.0 o 0 9 5.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 o o 100.0 9 8.7 9 8.7 2 5.2 2 .7 65.6 6 .5 6 4.3 2 3.9 3 3.5 31.6 6 .9 .5 82.8 9 .8 4 5.2 7.7 2 0.7 34.0 2 8.8 2 .9 63.7 4 .6 7 0.9 2 9.4 3 6.7 2 9.7 5 0.8 5 .7 3 8.3 5 .2 7 9.2 4 4.5 4 5.6 2 8.9 56.7 12. 2 27.7 3.4 84.5 52.3 50.6 34.2 7 6.4 $23. 51 5 5.6 $17.90 8 4 .2 $24.74 93.7 $29.11 9 7.4 $34. 40 TENANTS Percent of fam ilies liv in g in— 1-family detached house _ _ _ __ 1-family sem idetached or row house_____________ 2-family house___________ ______________________ A p artm en t_____________________________________ W ith elevator__________________ _____ _____ D w ellin g w ith janitor service_________________ Percent of fam ilies h avin g— Bathroom _ ______________ ____________ ___ Inside flush toilet ______ ___________________ Outside flush t o il e t 1 - - _____________________ Other ty p e to ilet___ __ ______ - ______ ____ ___ Sole use of toilet b y household ________________ W ater inside dw ellin g _ _ _ __________ ___ R u n n in g w ater inside d w ellin g _________________ H o t running w ater inside d w ellin g ____ ________ P u m p inside d w e llin g _________________________ W ater ou tsid e d w ellin g_____ ___________________ Sin k . . . __________ _ . E lectric lig h ts ._____ ________________ __________ Gas or electricity for cooking___________________ Refrigerator: E le c t r ic ___________________________________ Other m echanical__________________________ I ce _______________________________ ________ N on e . _ _____ ____ _____ __________ Central heat—h ot air, h ot water, or steam _______ T elep h on e.______________ ______________________ Garage_____________________ __________________ Garden space_______________________ _____ — E ach of th e following item s: R u n n in g h ot water, inside flush toilet, electric light, and gas or electricity for c o o k in g ________________________ A verage m o n th ly rental rate p aid __________________ 1 T h e large proportion of ou tsid e flush toilets is explained b y th e conversion in som e southern cities of privies to flush toilets as required b y c ity ordinance w hen sewers w ere laid. In a nu m ber of northern cities as w ell, a few fam ilies used outsid e flush toilets. 98 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME H o u sin g E xp en d itu res, b y C on sum ption L evel Families at the lower consumption levels who were living as tenants paid only about $17 a month rent for a house or unheated apartment, or $25 a month for a heated apartment. (See table 9.) When they spent as much as $1,100 to $1,200 per adult equivalent, they paid two-thirds to three-fourths as much again for rent. T able 9 . — Average Annual Rent 1 Paid by Tenant Families o f Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Large Cities, at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families with total annual unit expendi ture of— Type of dwelling Houses________________________ __ __________ ___________ Apartments rented heated___ _ _ Apartments rented unheated___ _ _ _ All families $251 375 253 $200 to $300 $204 304 208 $500 to $600 $283 369 269 $800 to $900 $307 409 299 $1,100 to $1,200 $361 514 348 1 Including repairs paid by tenant. These averaged less than $1.10 in each instance except for house renters in the $1,100-$1,200 unit expenditure class where they averaged $6.64. Money expenditures of home owners were greatest for taxes and interest. These two items accounted for 77 percent of current money housing expenditures, exclusive of fuel, light, and refrigeration. Re pairs and replacements accounted for an additional 16 percent of the current housing outlay. The remainder was absorbed by assessments, insurance, refinancing charges and, in a few cities, by ground rent. A larger proportion of families at higher consumption levels were able to make investments in their homes, and the amount per family investing was correspondingly greater. (See table 10 and p. 95.) In general, the families at higher levels (see p. 56 for average income by consumption level) also carried more insurance and paid more on principal and taxes. The rental value of their homes was in general higher. The value of housing received in kind from the investment in their homes was higher, interest paid was correspondingly lower. These lower interest payments reflect the greater equities of the families at the higher consumption levels. 99 HOUSING T able 1 0 . — Housing Expenditures of Home-Owning Families of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Large Cities, at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] All families Item Families with total annual unit expendi ture of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Percent of families which invested during schedule year in owned home______ ___ ______________ 45.4 42.5 49.1 47.7 54.6 Average amount invested during schedule year, total. Payments on principal_____ __________________ Improvements on home_______________ _____ $84.13 65.85 18. 28 $68. 35 54. 36 13. 99 $93. 68 75.95 17. 73 $104. 51 81.15 23. 36 $260.61 221.43 39.18 Average estimated annual rental value_____________ 346.32 283.85 367.08 428. 88 411. 57 Total money expenditure o n owned home_________ Taxes_____________ _________________________ Assessments_________________________________ Repairs and replacements____________________ Fire insurance on home____ ______ ____ _ _ ___ Liability insurance on home. ________ _________ Ground rent._______________ _____________ Interest on mortgages__________ ____ ____ _____ Refinancing charges___________ _____ _________ 202.46 78.15 3. 75 32. 72 7.23 .11 1.05 77.29 2.16 149.43 63.91 1.88 15. 26 5. 62 .11 1.23 59. 39 2.03 220.18 81.82 4. 72 37.64 7.99 .24 1. 20 83.87 2.70 277.01 101.63 3.39 54.16 10. 39 .32 1. 34 103.70 2.08 205.11 70.26 15.50 25.07 12.81 1.73 0 76.10 3.64 Average income in kind from investment in owned home_______________________ ______ __________ 143.86 134.42 146.90 151.87 206.46 , , E xpen d itu res fo r F u el L igh t and R efrigeration For families in houses where heat was furnished by the occupant (both home owners and renters), fuel, light, and refrigeration expendi tures were principally for coal, electricity, and gas. (See table 11.) Ice was purchased by two-thirds of the families, but by a much larger proportion at the low than the high consumption levels. Heating fuels, on the other hand, did not show the consistent increase which might have been expected at higher consumption levels. This may be due in part to the fact that the adult families are found principally at the higher consumption levels. They would not be under the same necessity as families with small children to keep their houses heated throughout the day, nor to such high temperatures. Coal, electricity, gas, ice, and coke— in that order— were the largest items in the fuel bills of renters of unheated apartments. Fuel oil was substituted, to a considerable extent, for coal and wood at the higher consumption levels. Ice was used by a declining percentage of families at higher consumption levels. In certain localities families reported the use of lignite, briquets, and charcoal. These instances were relatively rare, however, so that the average expenditure for these items is small. Coke was rather frequently reported, however, and the average expenditure ranged from $3 to $19 at the several consump tion levels. 100 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMMARY VOLUME T a b l e 11. —Fuel, Light, and Refrigeration Expenditures of Families Making Separate Payments for Heat [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families living in— Houses1 Item Fuel, light, and refrigeration____________ __________ Apartments Percent of families spending Average amount2 Percent of families spending 100.0 $122. 84 100.0 $116. 27 97.2 30.0 42.4 1.6 14.3 .9 .1 21.7 4.8 85.9 *9.2 1.4 68.5 30. 26 18. 42 19. 60 .80 8.84 .35 (<) 2. 32 2. 40 27. 01 1.08 . 12 11. 64 96.8 35.1 33. 5 26. 02 18.11 14.19 .03 10.45 .20 .04 1.56 8. 75 24. 39 .91 .04 11. 58 Electricity ___ _____ __________ ________ ___ Anthracite____________ _______________ . . ______ Bituminous coal______________ _____________________ Lignite____________________________________________ Coke______________________________________________ Briquets__________________________________________ Charcoal._ _____________ ______ ________ ______ W ood________ _______ ______________ . ___________ F u e lo il... _____________________ _____ ________ . Gas_______________________________________________ Kerosene________________ ________________________ Gasoline (not for automobile) .. _ _ _______ _ . _ Ice_________________ ___________ _________________ 00 18.9 .7 .3 19.5 16.9 89.5 6.7 .7 73.0 Average amount2 1Includes owners and tenants making payments for heat separate from rent. See table 2, footnote 2. 2 Average based on all families whether they incurred the expense or not. Averages per family spending may be obtained by dividing the average expenditure for all families (shown in columns (2) and (4)) by the corresponding percentage of families spending (in columns (1) and (3), respectively). 3Less than a half of 1 percent. * Less than y> cent. Families renting apartments for which the charge for heat was included as a part of the rent reported separate expense only for electricity, gas, and ice. The proportions spending for the first two items were greater at the higher consumption levels while the reverse was true for ice. (See table 12.) T able 1 2 . — Fuel, Light, and Refrigeration Expenditures of Families Renting Heated Apartments in 42 Large Cities, at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item All fam ilies Families with total annual unit expendi ture of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Percent of families spending for— Electricity_________________ ________________ Gas______ ___________ ___________ ________ Ice____________ _______________________ 80.2 77.8 50.2 72.1 68.0 77.1 81.1 79.6 49.8 82.6 78.0 29.9 92.1 94.2 14.3 Average expenditure for fuel, light, and refrigeration -Electricity___________________ _ -------------Gas____ _ - - ______________________ . ___ Ice_______________________ ________________ All other fuel_________________________________ $53.07 23. 74 17. 65 10. 48 1.20 $51.15 19. 09 17. 08 12.48 2.50 $53.35 23. 81 18. 30 10.89 .35 $52. 01 26. 29 17. 58 7. 89 .25 $65. 86 35. 93 25. 42 4. 51 0 HOUSING 101 H o u sin g o f W h ite and N egro F a m ilies The total housing expenditures of Negro families surveyed were $286 per year or approximately $24 a month as compared with $35 per month for white families. These figures include fuel, light, and refrig eration expenditures as well as value of housing in kind from invest ment of home owners. The Negro families had 4.4 rooms per family, as compared with 5.1 for the white families. Over a third, 36.9 percent, of the Negro families lived in one-family detached houses as compared with 38.7 percent of the white families. The difference in housing expenditures of white and Negro families is no greater than would be expected from the difference in their incomes. The average income of the white families surveyed was $1,546, and of the Negro families was $1,008. A t comparable income and consumption levels, it was generally found that in northern cities the Negroes actually paid higher rents than white families. The Negroes are by custom restricted to certain sections of the city. This means that to obtain housing of quality comparable with that of white families they must pay more. In southern cities, on the other hand, Negro families generally paid lower rents than white families of similar financial status. The facilities of the dwellings they occupied were, however, considerably below those of the white families, indi cating again the operation of restrictions in the dwellings available to Negroes. R egional D ifferen ces in H o u sin g F a cilities W H IT E FA M IL IE S Climatic and other regional differences affect the kinds of housing found in different sections of the country. Only 27 percent of the white families in the Southern cities and 34 percent in the Pacific coast cities had central heat, as compared with 84 percent of those living in cities in the East North Central area. (See table 13.) Garden and lawn space were rare for families studied in New York City and the other North Atlantic cities, as compared with the other regions. Apartments are most typical in New York City, but one-family de tached houses are more frequent on the West coast, and in West North Central and Southern cities. Electric refrigerators were reported by the largest proportion of white families in the West North Central cities, whereas telephones were most frequently reported on the Pacific coast. The combination of running hot water, inside flush toilet, electric light, and gas or electricity for cooking was reported by 93 percent of the white families in New York City, 92 percent in Pacific coast cities, 83 percent in the East North Central area, 77 percent in the North Atlantic, 74 percent in the West North Central, and 64 percent in the Southern cities. 102 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME T a b l e 1 3 . — Housing Facilities of White Families in 42 Large Cities, New York City Item Percent of families living in— 1-family detached house_______ _____ 1-family semidetached or row house. 2-family house_____________________ Apartment___ _____________________ With elevator_______________ _ Dwelling with janitor service________ Percent of families having— Bathroom___ _______ _____________ Inside flush toilet__________________ Outside flush toilet_________________ Other type toilet___________________ Sole use of toilet by household___ . . . Water inside dwelling__ _ _______ _ Running water inside dwelling______ Hot running water inside dwelling___ Pump inside d w ellin g________ ___ Water outside dw elling.. ________ . S in k.________________ ___________ Electric lights_____________________ Gas or electricity for cooking___ ____ Refrigerator: E lectric_______________________ Other mechanical_______________ Ice________ ________ ___________ N one____________________ ____ Central heat—hot air, hot water, or steam .______________________ ____ Telephone_________________________ Garage____________________________ Garden or lawn space_______________ Each of the following items: Running hot water, inside flush toilet, elec tric light, and gas or electricity for cooking___________ ____ __________ 11 North Atlantic cities by Region 8 12 East Southern North cities Central cities 5 West North Central cities 5 Pacific Coast cities 5.6 2.3 20.1 72.0 7.0 77.6 28.0 26.2 26.2 19.6 .6 5.8 53.8 21.1 15.5 9.6 .1 3.8 47.5 5.9 31.2 15.4 .9 6.5 57.0 5.9 16.6 20.5 .6 11.4 67.3 6.6 9.7 16.4 2.8 6.7 91.5 99.2 .8 0 91.2 100.0 100.0 94.5 0 0 100.0 99.8 97.8 91.8 97.6 .6 1.8 95.3 99.8 99.3 85.2 .2 99.6 99.0 88.3 92.8 92.8 3.5 3.7 90.7 98.0 97.3 68.9 .7 2.0 95.9 97.1 85.9 90.6 96.1 1.1 2.8 94.1 98.7 97.7 85.0 1.0 1.3 98.8 99.3 96.0 90.4 94.4 1.4 4.2 91.8 99.1 98.3 80.3 .8 .9 98.0 99.3 89.8 99.2 99.5 .3 .2 99.3 100.0 99.9 97.9 .1 0 100.0 99.9 93.7 27.4 11.3 60.0 1.3 23.5 1.4 69.3 5.8 28.6 1.8 67.2 2.4 28.7 1.0 64.6 5.7 34.3 1.1 58.1 6.5 25.2 1.4 45.4 28.0 77.5 14.3 9.7 15.3 75.0 31.1 27.2 39.9 27.1 34.6 57.2 46.7 84.0 25.6 58.1 51.4 78.3 42.6 56.8 44.8 34.1 53.1 75.9 60.2 92.5 76.8 63.9 82.6 73.6 91.7 .5 N E G R O F A M IL IE S In general, the Negro families surveyed had less satisfactory housing facilities than the white families in every region. (See table 14.)7 In New York City, however, the figures obtained show that the Negro fami lies included in the investigation had what may be regarded as a min imum combination of housing facilities. In some instances the propor tion of such families in New York having a given facility was even greater than that of the white families studied, for example, hot running water, janitor service, and central heat. These figures all reflect the general restriction of Negro wage earners in New York City to apart ment areas. None of the Negro families in New York City reported a garage, and a much smaller percentage than of white families had garden or lawn space. A smaller proportion had electric refrigerators. As regards the aspects of housing not measured by the study— size of rooms, provision of sunlight, air, and quiet— the majority of New York City families, white as well as Negro, are at a disadvantage as compared with other city families in the United States. Southern Negro families had the lowest proportion (20 percent) using gas or 7 In using the figures for Negroes for all regions it is particularly important to remember that families on relief were excluded from the study as well as families with incomes below $500. (See appendix B.) 103 HOUSING electricity for cooking. They also had the highest percentage report ing outdoor flush toilets and privies. Only 11 percent of the south ern Negro families surveyed had all of the following housing facilities: Running hot water, inside flush toilet, electric light, and gas or elec tricity for cooking. This figure compares with 29 percent in East North Central cities, 32 percent in West North Central, 69 percent in North Atlantic cities and 95 percent in New York City. T a b l e 1 4 . — Housing Facilities of Negro Families in 16 Large Cities, by Region New York City Item Percent of families living in— 1-family detached house_____________ _________ 1-family sem idetached or row house 2 -family house________ _____ ________________ Apartment__________________________________ With elevator____________________________ D w elling w ith janitor service_ _ ____ Percent of families having— Bathroom__ ________________________________ Inside flush toilet _________________________ Outside flush toilet___________________________ Other type toilet ______________________ Sole use of toilet by household________________ Water inside dwelling________________________ Running water inside dwelling________________ Hot running water inside dwelling______ ______ Pump inside dwelling________________________ Water outside dwelling_______________________ Sink _______ ______________________________ Electric lights_______________________________ fins nr electricity for coolring Refrigerator: Electric_________________________________ Other mechanical________________________ Ice _____________________________________ None____________________________________ Central heat—hot air, hot water, or steam____ _ Telephone - _______________ _______ G arage_________________________ _________ Garden or lawn space________ _______________ Each of the following items: Running hot water, inside flush toilet, electric light, and gas or electricity for cooking_______________________ 242949'0— 41- -8 2 North Atlantic cities 2 9 East Southern North cities Central cities 2 West North Central cities 0 0 5.0 95.0 14.0 94.0 9.1 61.1 13.6 16.2 .5 3.5 55.0 27.9 10.3 6.8 0 .6 34.8 17.9 20. 9 26.4 .5 3. 5 33.0 9.6 28.2 29.2 .5 10.0 99.0 100.0 0 0 96.0 100.0 100.0 99.0 0 0 100.0 98.0 97.0 87.4 94.0 4.5 1.5 82.3 100.0 100.0 81.8 0 0 99. 5 96.0 84.3 40.0 49.1 27.2 23.3 81.5 71.3 68.6 17.7 2.7 28.7 68.6 62.2 20.0 46.3 73.1 5. 5 21.4 79.1 82.1 79.6 36.8 2.5 17.9 84.6 92.0 53.7 62.2 68.9 10. 5 20.6 75.6 92.3 91.8 37.8 .5 7.7 89. 5 95.2 62.7 10.0 2.0 88.0 0 94.0 12.0 0 2.0 8.6 0 91.4 0 54.0 17.7 5.6 11.6 1.9 0 90.1 8.0 9.4 9.6 12.6 37.5 6.0 0 92.0 2.0 34.3 8.5 20.4 46.8 15.8 0 83.7 .5 32.5 24.9 16.7 24.4 95.0 69.2 10.8 29.4 32.1 Chapter 6 HOUSEFURNISHINGS AND HOUSEHOLD OPERATION 1 About a twelfth of the total outlay of the average family surveyed goes for household expenses even after rent, heat, and light have been paid for.2 These additional expenses are made up of sums for furnish ings and household equipment, cleaning supplies, laundry and domestic service, telephone, water rent, insurance on furniture, and other miscellaneous items connected with the running of the household. They averaged almost $120 a year, or 7.8 percent of total expenditure of $1,512. Expenditures for these items, as will be seen from table 1, were about equally divided between furnishings and equipment on the one hand and household operation 1 on the other. E xp en d itu res at D ifferen t In com e L evels For families at the lowest income levels studied, the amounts spent averaged $20 or less per year for each of these categories, whereas families with annual incomes above $2,400 spent over $90 a year on the average for each. (See table 1.) A t the highest income levels covered in this investigation, there was a tendency for expense for household operation to exceed that for furnishings and equipment, due principally to greater use of laundry service and paid help. As a proportion of total family expenditures, the outlays for house hold operation and for furnishings and equipment each claimed around 2 to 4 percent at different income levels. There was, however, a real difference in tendency for the two types of expenditure. For house hold operation there is a consistent tendency for the proportion of total expenditures to increase from about 3 percent to almost 4.5 percent at the highest levels studied. This change is primarily due to the increase in use of household services, which is subject to con siderable expansion as dollars for spending are greater.3 (See figs. 1 and 2.) Expenditures for furnishings and equipment showed a different tendency. They were severely restricted at the lowest income level, where they amounted to only 2 percent of total expenditure. The percentage rose with income to a maximum of a little over 4 percent at around the $2,000 family income level, but thereafter tended to decline.4 (See figs. 1 and 2.) 1 Other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, which were included with housing proper, and described in ch. 5, p. 86. 2 For data on expenditures for housing proper see ch. 5, p. 99. 3 Data from the Study of Consumer Purchases, Urban Series (see vol. I of Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulls. Nos. 642-647 and 649, also vol. IV of Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. No. 648), confirm these findings and show considerable elasticity in expenditures for household operation at higher income levels. 4 Similar tendencies were found in the Study of Consumer Purchases, Urban Series, where in most cities the proportion of total expenditures going for furnishings and equipment reached a maximum at around $2,000 and then dropped off. (See reference in footnote 3.) 104 105 HOUSEFURNISHINGS AND HOUSEHOLD OPERATION T able 1.— Annual Expenditures for Furnishings and Equipment, and for Household Operation, by Income Level [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Average expendi Percentage of total ture per family money expendi for— ture for— Families with annual net income of— Furnish House Furnish ings and hold op ings and House equip equip hold op ment 1 eration 2 ment 1 eration 2 All families_______ ___ __ ________________________________ $60 $58 4.0 3.8 $500 to $600_______________________________________________ $600 to $900_______________________________________________ $900 to $1,200______________________________________ _______ $1,200 to $1,500____________________________________________ $1,500 to $1,800____________________________________________ 13 28 39 55 70 20 30 38 49 63 2.0 3.3 3.5 4.0 4.3 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.9 77 90 96 83 112 77 92 102 119 142 4.1 4.2 4.0 3.1 3.4 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.4 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 $3,000 to $2,100____________________________________________ to $2,400____________________________________________ to $2,700____________________________________________ to $3,000____________________________________________ and over------------------ -------------------- ------- -- i Includes all purchases made during the year whether paid for or not. Full price of goods purchased on installment (purchase price less trade-in allowance, if any, plus carrying charges, if any) is included here, regardless of balances owing on installment. (See appendix D, p. 400.) 8 Other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, which were included with housing proper. A t the low income levels the bare minimum for replacement of the most necessary household goods is about all that can be afforded. Families in somewhat better economic circumstances must also make replacements, but at least a part of their expenditure is directed toward additions to their stock of furniture and equipment, articles of the type which contribute to comfort and a few that partake of the nature of luxury consumption, chairs, tables, dressers, supplemented by inexpensive items of decoration in the form of curtains, table linen, floor coverings, lamps, and pictures, in conjunction with a few con venience items, such as electric refrigerators and vacuum cleaners. Once these things are achieved, there is little thought of their replace ment until they wear out, within the income ranges of families studied in this investigation. Changing the style of home furnishings to express changes in the taste of the family members can be carried out by moderate-income families only with respect to inexpensive accessories, not for major items of furnishings. Consequently, though dollar expenditures for this entire class of goods increase, their rela tive tapering off suggests in general that basic needs have been met by the time the family incomes reach approximately $2,000 and that other needs are more urgent.6 At higher income levels where it is possible to gratify the desire to purchase attractive pieces of electrical equipment, new curtains or rugs or furniture, these items are found to be in competition with such ®The findings in the Study of Consumer Purchases, Urban Series, showed that this tapering off continues up to about the $5,000 income level, when there is again an increase in relative expenditures for furnishings and equipment. (See references in footnote 3.) 106 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME N o t e .— I ncom e in kind from investm ent in owned hom e not included in figures 1 and 2. HOUSEFURNISHINGS AND HOUSEHOLD OPERATION R E L A T IV E FA M ILY HO M E E X P E N D IT U R E S COMPARED W ITH T H O S E FOR SELECTED CATEGORIES OF FAMILY S P EN D IN G AT SUCCESSIVE INCOME LEVELS, 1934-1936 1 4 ,4 6 9 W HITE AND NEGRO FAM ILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS IN 4 2 CITIES a n n u a l e x p e n d it u r e (In D ollars) a n n u a l e x p e n d it u r e (In Dollars) The slopes of the lines show the percent increase in expenditure corresponding to the percent increase in income. A slope greater than that o f a 4 5 degree line represents a gain o f the specified kind o f expenditure relatively greater than the gain in income-, a slope less than that o f a 45 degree line represents again relatively sm aller U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 107 108 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME rivals for the family funds as an automobile, movies and other recreational activities, and gifts to relatives. The relative dropping off in expenditures for furnishings and equipment at higher income levels shown in figure 2 is thus a complement of the sharp increases shown in some of the more expansible items of family expenditure. F a m ily H o m e E xp en d itu res b y In com e L evel A picture of the total annual cost of operating a home can be had by adding the cost of furnishings, equipment, and operation to the current cost of housing proper,6 including fuel, light and refrigeration. (See fig. 3.) For all the families covered in this survey this total cost was $528 or about $44 per month, and it claimed a third of total family income. The total amount spent for the family home showed a clear tendency to be greater at higher incomes, averaging over $50 per month for those with incomes over $2,000, as compared with about $20 per month for families with annual incomes of $500 to $600 per year. The smaller amount claimed more than two-fifths of total family in come at the lowest level mentioned. The larger sums spent at higher income levels did not represent such a large proportion. Indeed, for families with annual incomes of $3,000 and more they constituted only a quarter of the total income. A small part of the decline in the proportion of income devoted to home expenditures after about the $2,000 mark is accounted for by the decline in the proportion spent for furnishings and equipment discussed earlier. In far larger part, however, it reflects the priority inevitably given to expense for shelter at the lower income levels, even at considerable sacrifice of other types of expenditure. At higher income levels, on the other hand, while there is a definite tendency to increase the amounts spent for housing proper, the increases are relatively smaller than those for certain other kinds of expenditure which are stinted or absent entirely at lower incomes. The increase in amount spent per family at higher income levels for the family home is, however, much less sharp when calculated on a per person basis. In the present investigation, a very close relation ship was found between number of earners and size of income. Thus families with larger incomes tended to be those with more than one adult earner, generally families with several adults and few children. Taking account of the number of persons sharing the housing pro vided, it is seen that average amounts spent per capita doubled be tween the $500 and $1,800 income levels, but thereafter increased little if at all. This compares with a doubling in amounts spent per family 6 For details of current expenditures for housing proper of the families here discussed, see ch. 5. Fig. 3 1934-1936 ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME H OUSING* F U E L , L IG H T AND REFRIGERATION OTHER HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS ft OPERATION EQUIPMENT $500 TO 6 0 0 $1 2 00 TO 1 5 0 0 $2 100 TO 2 4 0 0 $ 3 0 0 0 AND HOUSEFURNISHINGS AND HOUSEHOLD OPERATION FAMILY HOME EXPENDITURES AT SELECTED INCOME LEVELS OVER U N IT E D STATES BUREAU OF L A B O R STATISTICS * INCLUDING VALUE OF HOUSING RECEIVED IN KIND FROM INVESTMENT IN OWNED HOME o CO 110 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME from the $500 to the $1,800 income level and a more than tripling of expenditures at the highest income levels. T able 2.—Annual Family Home E xpenditureby Income Level [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Average annual home expenditure per family Average Families with total number annual money in of per come of— sons per family A verage an n u al home expendi ture per person Total expenditure Amount Value of Money expenditure3 housing received in kind Total Money Percent expendi from expendi Percent of total invest ture ture 8 of total money in Amount expendi income 2 ment owned ture home All families____ 3.60 $528 33.7 $43 $485 32.1 $147 $135 $500 to $600________ $600 to $900________ $900 to $1.200_______ $1,200 to $1,500_____ $1,500 to $1,800_____ 3.11 3.18 3. 41 3.54 3. 62 251 331 421 495 572 43.7 41.1 38.3 35.6 33.9 22 28 35 39 44 229 303 386 456 528 35. 2 35.6 34.8 33.3 32.5 81 104 123 140 158 74 95 113 129 146 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 $3,000 3. 76 4. 03 4. 27 4.37 4. 81 629 703 731 774 880 31.6 30.4 28.3 26.2 24.9 52 61 56 71 67 577 642 675 703 813 30.9 29.7 28.0 26.0 25.0 167 174 171 177 183 153 159 158 161 169 to $2,100_____ to $2,400_____ to $2,700_____ to $3,000_____ and over_____ 1 Annual family home expenditure includes the following items: (1) Average annual current housing ex penditure, which includes (a) rent paid by tenants, (b) taxes, assessments, interest, refinancing charges, in surance, and repairs paid by home owners, but not payments on principal or permanent inprovememts to owned homes, (c) average annual value of housing received “in kind” from investment in owned home; (2) fuel, light, and refrigeration expenditures whenever these were not included in rental or ownership pay ments; (3) other household operation expenditures; and (4) purchases of furnishings and equipment. 2 Treating as income the sum of money income and value of income received “in kind” from investment in owned home. 3 For these items of home expenditure, as for all other items purchased by the families surveyed, bills incurred during the year but unpaid were treated as money expenditures. Thus taxes due but unpaid are here included as money expenditures. Total amounts obligated for purchases on installment were treated as money expenditures. The amounts owing but unpaid were taken into account in computing the net change in each family’s assets and liabilities over the year. (See appendix D.) F a m ily H o m e E xp en d itu res b y C on sum ption L evel The type of home a family has is clearly affected not only by the size of its income, but by the number, age, sex, and occupation of the persons for whom that income must provide. It will be remembered that the families in this survey were classified therefore by consump tion level. The larger families tend in general to fall in the lower consumption levels and the smaller families in the higher levels. On the average, family incomes were higher at the higher consumption levels.7 The average income of the 14,469 families surveyed was $1,524 and of the families at certain consumption levels was as follows: Average F a m ilie s w ith total a n n u a l u n i t e x p e n d itu r e of— in co m e $200 to $300_________ _ _ „ _ ____________________ $1,187 $500 to $600_____________________________________________ 1, 596 $800 to $900________________________________ ______ ______ 1, 884 $1,100 to $1,200____________________________ ___ . . . 2,262 7 For fuller explanation of terms “consumption level” and “economic level” see ch. 3. 111 HOUSEFURNISHINGS AND HOUSEHOLD OPERATION The details of expenditures for furnishings and equipment, and for household operation, as well as those for housing proper, available for the families studied, are thus classified by total expenditure per adult equivalent. Differences between the housing expenditures of families at successive consumption levels and at successive income levels are shown by a comparison of table 3 with table 2. Whereas the total home maintenance expenditure per person increased from $81 at the $500 to $600 income level to $177 at the $2,700 to $3,000 level, an increase of 118 percent, the percentage increase from the $200 to $300 to the $1,100 to $1,200 unit expenditure levels was 349 percent. Table 3.—Annual Family Home Expenditure,1 at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Average annual home expenditure per family Average number Families with total Average of income annual unit ex per persons penditure of— family per family Average annual home expendi Value of Money expendi ture per person ture s housing received in kind from Percent of total Total Money Percent invest Amount of total ment in Amount money expend expend iture 3 income 2 owned expend iture iture home Total expendi ture All families _ _ ___ $1, 524 3.60 $528 33.7 $43 $485 32.1 $147 $135 $200 to $300 ______ $500 to $600_______ $800 to $900_______ $1,100 to $1,200____ 1,187 1, 596 1,884 2,262 5.19 3.13 2. 38 2. 21 408 558 665 784 33.1 34.0 34. 5 34.0 44 44 43 47 364 514 622 737 31. 5 32.4 32.5 30.2 79 178 279 355 70 164 261 333 1 See footnote 1, table 2. 3 See footnote 2, table 2. 3 See footnote 3, table 2. It is also notable that the percentage of total money outlay claimed by money expense for home maintenance shows little tendency to decline at the higher consumption levels, as contrasted with the rather notable decline by income levels shown in table 2. This remains true despite the fact that family size is decidedly smaller at higher consumption levels than at higher income levels.8 Attention may now be directed to consideration of the break-down of the family dollar going for furnishings and equipment, and house hold operation. These data are presented in table 4 for families classified by consumption level. Electrical equipment, furniture, and textile furnishings, in the order named, vie for the largest part of the furnishings and equipment dollar. s The small families at the upper consumption levels were comprised mainly of adults, as were the large families at the upper income levels. (Large families at low consumption levels included a considerable number of children not yet in the labor market. The small families at low income levels also included some children but seldom more than one adult earner.) The small families of adults at the upper consump tion levels, living relatively comfortably, apparently found the alternatives to spending of their money on the home less urgent than did larger families of adults with approximately the same family incomes. 112 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME Glassware, china, and silverware accounted for less than 3 percent even at the highest consumption level. At the lowest consumption level shown, expense for textile furnishings (principally towels and bedding) exceeded electrical-equipment purchases. Here the neces sity for replacement of these indispensable items precluded the pur chase of all but relatively inexpensive pieces of electrical equipment. A t intermediate consumption levels electrical equipment claimed the largest part, but at the highest level shown in table 4 expenditures for furniture were greater. It is thus clear that the greatest expansi bility from low to high consumption levels appears in expenditures for furniture. They were six times as large at the highest consump tion level shown in table 4 as at the lowest. Electrical equipment showed almost as great a tendency to increase, with expenditures over five times as great at the high as at the low level. T able 4.—Expenditures for Main Groups of Furnishings and Equipment, and House hold O p eration at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item All fami lies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 Families with total an nual unit expenditure of— All fami $1,100 lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 to to to to to $1,200 $300 $600 $900 $1, 200 Average expenditure per family Percentage distribution of expenditures Furnishings and equipment, total $59. 94 $30.14 $63. 45 $98. 99 $135.25 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6. 96 8. 66 .57 7. 23 6. 72 15. 93 14. 53 1.24 20. 95 10. 80 30. 25 19. 57 1.83 32. 26 15. 08 43. 72 29.91 3. 72 38. 63 19. 27 30.6 19.8 1.8 32.6 15.2 32.3 22. 1 2.8 28. 6 14.2 58.31 38. 43 62. 44 86. 29 120.09 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4. 84 Water r en t3--- ------------------Telephone___ _____ _____ ____ _ 9. 98 Laundry and domestic service___ 15.98 Paper, cleaning supplies, and matches______________________ 18. 37 Stationery, postage, etc-------- -3. 48 2. 29 Interest on debts 4 ___ _____ Insurance on furniture___________ 1.45 Other it e m s ______________ . .. 1.92 5.16 3. 63 4. 95 4. 94 11.95 17.15 4. 63 18. 37 32.16 5. 57 21.89 58. 78 8.3 17.1 27.4 13.4 9.5 12.9 7.9 19.1 27.5 5.4 21.3 37.3 4.6 18. 2 49.0 18. 77 1.86 1. 88 .71 1.47 18. 54 3. 46 2. 37 1. 67 2. 36 18. 37 4. 44 3.19 2.20 2. 93 17. 52 5. 01 3. 70 4. 21 3. 41 31.5 6.0 3.9 2.5 3.3 48.9 4.8 4.9 1.8 3.8 29.7 5.5 3.8 2.7 3.8 21.3 5.1 3.7 2.5 3.4 14.6 4.2 3.1 3.5 2.8 16. 58 Furniture--- ----------------- -Textile furnishings---13. 95 Glassware, china, and silverware.- 1.21 18. 39 Electrical equipment___________ Miscellaneous equipm ent2-------- 9.81 Household operation, to ta l1_____ 27.6 23.3 2.0 30.7 16.4 23.1 28.7 1.9 24.0 22.3 25.1 22.9 2.0 33.0 17.0 1 Excluding fuel, light, and refrigeration. 2 See table 8 for items included. 3 Includes only water rent paid for separately from dwelling rent or by home owners. 4 Excluding interest on mortgage, which was treated as expense for housing proper, and carrying charges on installment purchases, which were included as expenditures for the specific items purchased on install ment. Since many families borrow money for a variety of purposes, it is very difficult to allocate interest paid on such debts to the particular uses to which the money was put. Therefore, such sums as were re ported by the families interviewed have been included here in the total for household operation. They are relatively small in amount and may, if the reader desires, be subtracted from the total for household opera tion. If such subtraction is made, the percentages shown in the table would, of course, have to be recom puted so that the total expenditure for household operation minus interest on debts would equal 100 percent. For all families surveyed the two groups of items which accounted for over half of the total for household operation (other than fuel, light, and refrigeration) were cleaning supplies, and laundry and 113 HOUSEFURNISHINGS AND HOUSEHOLD OPERATION domestic service. The expenditures for these two items moved in opposite manner, however, from low to high consumption levels. Cleaning supplies bulked very large at the lowest consumption levels, where housewives necessarily did most of their own work. As the pressure on family funds relaxed, the total expenditure for cleaning supplies remained substantially unchanged, but there was a notable increase not only in the amount but in the proportion of the total household operation dollar going for laundry and domestic service. Telephone service was the next greatest kind of household opera tion expense, and it showed a strong tendency to increase at higher consumption levels. Expenditures fo r Household Operation 9 b y Consum ption Level A break-down of items of household operation in greater detail than shown in table 4 is presented in table 5. Full-time domestic service is seen to be very rare among these families of wage earners and clerical workers even at the highest consumption levels. That which was reported occurred usually in Southern cities and was not neces sarily used for the entire year. Part-time service, on the other hand, was a rapidly expanding item reported by as many as a fourth of the families at the highest consumption level, as shown in table 5. The average payments for service at that level per family spending were $73 a year or about $6 per month. T able 5.— Expenditures fo r Selected Item s of Household Operation at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with total an nual unit expendi ture of— All fami lies $200 to $300 $500 to $600 All fami lies $800 $1,100 to to $900 $1, 200 Percentage of families spending Water rent_____________________ Telephone ___ _________ ___ Domestic service: Full time 2____ Part tim e_____ Laundry out___ _______ Interest on debts 3______________ Insurance on furniture__________ 39.8 35.9 2.2 7.3 31.9 11.3 19.9 42.6 15.0 1.1 2.5 15.2 11.0 12.8 38.9 42.1 3.1 7.1 35.0 11.3 22.8 36.2 59.1 3.0 16.6 54.4 13.6 28.1 Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Average expenditure per family spending 1 34.9 $12.16 $12.11 $12. 70 $12. 79 68.3 27.80 24. 20 28. 38 31.08 4.4 90. 91 31.82 80. 32 122.00 24.8 37.81 21.20 35.49 41.87 67.7 35.17 26.78 34.69 39.61 11.3 20. 27 17.09 20.97 23.46 46.2 7.29 5. 55 7.83 7.32 $15.96 32.05 167.05 72.90 49. 26 32.74 9.11 1 Average expenditure per family spending may be converted to average expenditure for all families by multiplying the expenditure in question by the percentage of families spending for the item in question at the given consumption level. 2 The annual figures cannot be divided by 52 to obtain weekly wage rate paid, since the average includes expenditures by families having full-time help for any portion of the year. 3 See table 4, footnote 4. 9 Excluding fuel, light, and refrigeration. 114 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME Payments for laundry sent out were reported by as many as 15 percent of the families at the lowest consumption level. The amounts spent at that level, about 50 cents per week per family spending, indicate that for some families laundry service was limited to men’s collars or shirts. In some cases families sent curtains and blankets just once a year. Other families used “ wet wash” service once in several weeks. A t the highest consumption level for which data are shown in table 5, however, a much larger proportion of the families reported expense for laundry out and those spending averaged almost $1 per week. Expense for laundry soaps, starch, and bluing, not presented separately in the table, showed some tendency to be lower at higher consumption levels, a correlative of greater use of laundry services. Outlay for soap flakes and cleaning powders, on the other hand, was somewhat greater at upper levels. , Furniture Expenditure b y Consum ption Level The fact that major items of furnishings and equipment are bought only once a generation by these moderate-income families is con firmed by the data in table 6 on percentage of families spending.10 In the furniture line, the highest proportion of families reporting ex penditure for an item appears for tables (other than kitchen tables) and for living-room suites, each reported by 5.2 percent. From these figures it may be concluded that once in 20 years is the average fre quency for these families to make replacements or additions to their furnishings, once the household has been established.11 Bedsprings were purchased by 4 percent of the families, or at the rate of once in 25 years per family. Bedroom suites, couches, and daybeds were re ported by still smaller percentages of families, as were dining-room suites. Less than 2 percent of the families surveyed reported pur chase during a year’s period of such items as chiffoniers and chests, dressers, benches and footstools, desks, bookcases and shelves, daven ports, and sideboards. There was a clear tendency, however, for expenditures for the less strictly utilitarian items to be reported by a greater proportion of the families of the higher consumption levels. This was the case especially for tables for use elsewhere than in the kitchen, upholstered chairs, suites of furniture, stands, and costumers. Seven percent or 10 The scope of the investigation made it impossible to obtain an inventory of the furnishings and equip ment owned by the families surveyed. It is, therefore, not known how many families had the use of any specific item of furniture, while data on repairs are only general and do not indicate kinds of furniture repaired. It is clear that many more families owned and used items of furniture than reported their purchase within the year. An inventory of certain major items of furnishings and equipment owned was obtained in the Study of Consumer Purchases. See Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 648, vol. IV. 11 Families which had not been housekeeping for at least 11 months during the year were excluded from the investigation. Consequently, the averages presented in this article do not include the expenditures for furnishings and equipment of families setting up housekeeping. HOUSEFURNISHINGS AND HOUSEHOLD OPERATION 115 more of the families at the higher consumption levels purchased living-room and bedroom suites, while less than 1 percent purchased couches or daybeds, 2 percent bought dressers or chiffoniers, and 1 percent bought davenports. , T a b l e 6 . — Furniture Expenditures at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All All fami fami lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 lies to to to to $300 $600 $900 $1, 200 Percentage of families spending Suites: Living room ........... . Bedroom.. ................. Dining room............. . Beds: W ood........................... M etal_______________ Cots, cribs: Wood..... ........... . M etal. ......... ...... Bedsprings________________ Davenports________ ______ _ Couches, daybeds................. Dressers_________ ________ _ Chiffoniers, chests_________ Sideboards, b u ffets............ . Desks_____________________ Bookcases, bookshelves_____ Tables, except kitchen______ Chairs: Wood______ ______ _ Upholstered_______ Benches, stools, footstools__ Tea carts, wheel trays______ Stands, racks, costumers___ Other_____________ _______ _ 5.2 3.5 2.6 2.0 2.7 2.2 .5 4.0 .6 2.6 1.2 1.5 .3 1.1 .8 5.2 3.6 3.2 1.2 .1 1.7 5.1 3.7 1.8 1.1 1.2 2.2 1.1 .7 2.8 .2 1.8 .7 .7 .1 .5 .2 2.0 2.2 1.1 .3 0 .9 2.4 4.8 2.8 2.6 2.2 2.5 3.7 .4 3.9 .6 2.8 1.5 1.8 .1 1.2 .9 5.8 3.7 2.8 1.0 .2 1.8 4.8 7.1 7.0 5.5 2.2 3.0 3.0 .4 4.5 .1 3.6 .8 1.8 .7 2.8 2.3 10.1 4.1 7.1 2.2 0 2.4 8.2 Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Average expenditure per family spending * 10.8 $102.12 $74.05 $101.04 $106.90 $150.46 98. 57 72. 22 113.93 126. 43 131. 55 7.1 3.5 75.00 44. 55 69. 62 80. 55 97. 71 3.2 20.00 17.50 19.09 38.12 20.91 15.19 12. 73 2.3 19.60 15. 33 31.74 1.5 10.91 6. 36 10. 27 8. 67 11.67 .6 10.00 4.29 12.50 35.00 6. 67 12.00 5.6 8.93 14.44 12. 56 13.04 43. 33 25.00 1.0 30.00 80.00 133.00 29. 23 26. 67 .7 28.06 12. 86 27.86 2.1 14.17 14.29 13. 75 18.00 5. 71 2.1 15.33 11.43 11.11 13.33 20.00 0 10.00 20.00 30.00 8. 57 0 19.09 16.00 42. 38 2.1 22. 50 31.43 .7 8. 75 10.00 5. 65 8. 57 8.89 8.46 8.28 13. 61 14.7 4.00 11.88 6.3 7.22 6.82 14.29 7. 30 9. 27 19. 38 12. 73 26.22 9.8 18.93 18. 59 3. 33 4. 55 2.26 3.1 3. 33 2.00 10.00 14.29 .7 0 0 10.00 4.12 2.22 6.3 5.00 7. 46 3. 33 11.9 21.57 15.00 21.59 23.87 20.42 i See table 5, footnote 1. Expenditures for furnishings and equipment in any given year are subject to extremely wide variations from family to family. Since the majority of the items which come under this heading are at least semi durable in nature, families are usually able to adjust the level of their spending to the current family situation with regard to other demands on income. In general, young families in the process of building up their household equipment will spend more for furnishings than will those that have been long established. A family which has established a household may do without any new additions to its stock of goods in a year when its income is reduced or other demands are particularly urgent. Prices which will be paid for a given article also show a very wide range of possibilities; thus a table may cost anywhere from 59 cents to $100 or more, and couches and daybeds may be of inexpensive metal construction or may be expensive, heavily upholstered pieces. It is important to bear in mind these variations in expenditures of any one family from year to year, and between two families in the price paid for a given type of article, 116 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME which explain the irregularity in the averages despite the relatively large numbers of families upon which they are based.12 The items of furniture accounting for the largest outlays per family spending were suites of furniture for living rooms, bedrooms, or dining rooms. Davenports and couches came next in size of expend iture. For all of these items, except couches, there was a marked tendency for expenditure to be larger at higher consumption levels. The decline at the highest level in amounts for couches and day beds per family spending, as well as the very high figure for davenports, are probably explained by chance variation.12 , Expenditure fo r Electrical Equipm ent b y Consum ption Level Electrical equipment ranges all the way from electric-light bulbs, purchased by the majority of families, to electric stoves, ironers, and mangles bought by less than 1 percent of the families surveyed. Light bulbs, items of relatively short durability, were the most frequently reported item. The next most frequently reported item was lamps, purchased by 11 percent of all families surveyed. A much higher proportion at high than at low consumption levels reported purchases of lamps, again confirming the suggestion that this is one item which moderate income families replace more frequently than would be absolutely necessary, in order to introduce an element of variety in their homes. Families at higher levels also permitted themselves pur chases of much more expensive lamps. It is striking that a higher percentage of all families surveyed reported purchase of electric refrigerators and electric washing machines (see table 7) than of any item of furniture (see table 6). The great contribution of these items to- lightening the housewife’s tasks and facilitating more pleasant living for the entire family is witnessed by these figures. There was a much greater increase in proportion of families reporting purchase of refrigerators than washing machines at the higher consumption levels. The relatively smaller increase in expenditures for washing machines is explained by greater use of laundry services at higher consumption levels (see table 5). Electric irons were purchased by about 1 percent more families than bought washing machines. Their primarily utilitarian nature is indicated by the failure of the percentage of families purchasing, to increase at higher consumption levels. There was practically no increase in the average outlay per family spending for washing machines and electric refrigerators at higher consumption levels. In purchasing such substantial items, the families tend to pay as much as they think is required to obtain an 12 For measures showing the relatively high variability in expenditures for furnishings and equipment as compared with those of other types of family expenditures see Tabular Summary, table 24, in Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletins Nos. 636, 637 (vols. I and II), 639, 640, and 641. 117 HOUSEFURNISHINGS AND HOUSEHOLD OPERATION article of reasonably good durability, and large enough for the family needs, if necessary, extending their payments over a longer period of time. T able 7 . — Expenditures for , at Electrical Equipm ent Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] All fami lies Item Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 All fami lies $1,100 to $1,200 $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Average expenditure per family spending i Percentage of families spending Vacuum cleaners_______ Refrigerators (electric)__ Electric stoves, hotplates_ Washing machines______ Irons. . . . . ________ Ironers, mangles_______ Heaters, fans__________ Sewing machines (elec tric) _______________ Toasters______ ______ _ L am ps.. . . . __________ Light bulbs____________ Other.______________ . Families with total annual unit expenditure of— 4.3 5.8 .7 5.7 6.6 .3 1.7 1.7 1.3 .2 4.8 6.9 0 .6 5.9 6.8 .6 5.9 7.2 .4 2.0 8.6 11.2 1.8 5.2 6.7 0 3.3 9.1 12.0 .5 7.8 11.2 0 2.1 $44.19 163. 62 54.29 62. 63 4.09 43. 33 6. 47 $49.41 165. 38 20.00 57.92 3.04 0 6. 67 $43.89 164. 26 65.00 63. 39 4. 31 42.50 5.50 $45.00 178. 57 42. 22 58. 27 4.48 0 7. 27 $65.82 169.33 104.00 63. 33 4. 73 0 7.62 1.0 3.8 10.6 57.6 4.4 .4 1.7 4.9 53.0 1.9 1.1 4.4 12.6 59.8 4.8 1.5 4.7 16.6 60.8 7.2 1.0 8.9 26.8 55.0 12.7 77. 00 2. 37 5.94 1.34 6. 36 85.00 1.76 3.47 1.09 2. 63 57. 27 2. 27 5. 55 1.34 5.00 80. 67 2.98 7. 41 1.53 7. 64 96.00 2. 58 9. 07 1.75 12. 52 China and 1 See table 5, footnote 1. Expenditures fo r Textile Furnishings , , Silverware , Glassware E t c b y Consum ption Level Expenditures for utilitarian items which must be replaced rather frequently, such as brooms, brushes, mops, towels, and sheets, are presented in table 8. Such items, by their nature, are purchased by a relatively large proportion of families and show little tendency to increase at higher consumption levels. Relatively expensive and more durable items of textile furnishings, tableware, and miscellaneous equipment also appear in table 8. Such items as mattresses, blankets, linoleums, curtains, table porce lain ware, and glassware are purchased with expectation of a longer period of service, and consequently are purchased in any 1 year by a smaller proportion of families. These are items for which expendi tures, when made, are fairly substantial, and show some tendency to be greater at higher consumption levels. Many of the items listed in table 8 contribute more to the amenities of living than to comfort in the physical sense of the term. Expendi tures for such items as rugs, inlaid linoleum, silverware, mirrors, pictures, clocks, and ornaments show a clear tendency to be greater per family spending at upper consumption levels. These are the items which are somewhat more likely to receive larger outlays when in creased family funds permit some supplementing of barest essentials. 118 T able MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME 8 . — Expenditures for Furnishings and Equipment, at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with total an Families with total annual nual unit expenditure of— unit expenditure of— All All fami fami lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 to to to to to to to to $300 $600 $900 |$1, 200 $300 $600 $900 $1,200 Percentage of families spending Average expenditure per family spending1 T e x tile fu rn ish in g s Carpets, rugs_____________ _____ Linoleum, inlaid. __ _ _ _ Felt-base floor coverings_________ Mattresses _ _ _____ Pillows__________ _______ _____ Blankets___________ __ Comforts, quilts ___ _ _ _ _ Sheets_________________________ Pillowcases_________ ______ . Bedspreads, couch covers____ _ Tablecloths, napkins, doilies:2 Cotton-----------------------Linen------- ---------------T ow els:2 Linen____________ ___ Cotton turkishOther cotton_______ Table runners, dresser scarfs___ _ Curtains, draperies__ ______ Dishcloths, cleaning cloths _. ___ Other__________________ ______ 15.2 5.7 8.7 9.7 2.7 15.4 3.8 29.3 21.9 10.0 11.4 5.2 7.6 9.2 1.4 14.7 3.1 21.6 16.6 7.2 16.9 5.4 8.6 8.7 2.7 16.1 4.2 29.8 23.3 10.0 18.6 6.9 8.6 11.2 4.5 16.2 5.0 33.9 23.4 12.9 27.1 $26. 45 $17.46 $26.04 $31.02 3.5 11.93 11.35 11.85 15. 36 6.9 8. 82 8. 39 8.26 7.91 11.2 16.80 14.02 15.98 16.07 2.0 3.33 2.86 2. 96 3. 56 14.5 5. 65 6.02 6.10 6.48 4.8 5.53 4.84 5.48 6.40 34.3 4. 30 3. 66 4. 40 5.19 25.0 1.87 1.63 1.97 2.14 20.6 4. 20 3.06 4.30 6.12 9.9 3.0 6.6 31.8 8.3 4.1 31.6 19.5 10.7 8.9 .9 4.3 30.6 8.0 2.4 21.6 11.7 9.8 10.1 2.8 5.931.6 8.0 4.8 32.5 22.7 10.4 11.1 5.3 7.9 35.4 8.9 7.7 41.1 30.1 10.5 10.5 7.4 17.6 35.3 16.4 12.0 57.4 30.3 13.7 1.92 3.67 1.67 1.79 1.08 2.20 5. 95 .62 3. 74 1.35 1.11 1.16 1.41 .88 .83 3. 66 .43 2.86 2.08 3. 21 1.69 1.99 1.25 1.88 6.37 .62 4. 62 $33. 28 31.43 12.17 25.18 5.00 7. 93 8.12 6. 82 2.64 8. 59 2.70 3. 77 2.41 1.92 1.46 2. 60 7. 83 .66 5. 33 2.48 2. 97 2.56 3. 14 1.34 2.00 10. 56 .63 7.08 $5.74 1.88 12. 25 1.90 2.11 $13. 33 1.96 28. 57 .59 .57 $1.48 $2. 82 $3.54 4.29 4. 83 3. 53 1.15 1.21 1.25 .33 .49 .58 85.00 211.67 223. 33 18. 21 14. 80 26. 00 37.70 53. 59 55.00 1.73 1.88 3. 55 1.37 2. 38 3. 27 1.08 1.11 1.32 1.38 1.55 1.61 12.00 17.00 12.00 10.00 13.85 13. 48 3.00 3. 33 4.15 1.54 2.11 2.47 $5. 95 4.00 1.33 .95 294.29 30.00 64. 87 1.23 7. 99 1.35 1.97 0 29.47 12. 59 5.81 Silverw are, ch in a , a n d glassw are China or porcelain, table______ _ 13.9 Glassware____ - _ - - _____ - 16.4 Tableware: Silver,- _ - _____ 3.4 Other_______________ 1.0 Other___ __________________ _ 1.8 13.6 13.5 2.2 .8 1.1 12.2 16.6 4.2 .8 2.1 16.2 17.6 4.0 2.1 1.9 14.7 17.9 4.9 1.7 .7 $4.60 1.28 8. 53 3.00 2. 22 $2.65 .74 3.64 1.25 1.82 $5. 25 1.45 6.67 5.00 1.90 M iscella n eo u s fu rn ish in g s and e q u ip m en t Mirrors, pictures, clocks, orna ments________________________ C arpet sweepers. __ _____________ Brooms, brushes, mops__________ Dustpans, pails, etc_____________ Gas refrigerators________________ Ice boxes_______________________ Stoves and ranges (not electric)__ Canning equipment, cookers_____ Pots, pans, cutlery______________ Tubs, boards, wringers__________ Ironing boards, racks, baskets___ Sewing machines (not electric)___ Baby carriages, gocarts__________ Trunks, hand baggage__________ Household tools, ladders, c a n s __ Window shades, wire screens, . awnings______________________ Lawn mowers, garden equipment- _ Repairs, cleaning_______________ 10.9 2.8 62.1 11.3 .4 2.7 8.4 8.6 24.7 5.5 4.8 .9 2.8 2.4 5.7 6.1 .7 67.1 12.0 .2 2.8 8.7 8.1 20.5 7.4 2.9 .5 2.6 1.0 3.9 10.3 2.9 58.0 10.3 .6 2.5 7.8 8.5 23.5 4.5 5.8 16.1 5.1 58.5 10.4 .9 2.0 10.0 7.6 26.6 5.3 6.2 3.9 2.1 5.7 2.3 4.1 8.5 15.5 5.2 7.1 17.0 4.5 3.2 14.3 5.4 8.1 16.9 5.6 11.3 1.0 1.0 20.0 $2. 75 5.5 3. 57 52.6 1.16 8.4 .44 .7 215.00 1.7 18. 89 11.3 46.07 5.7 2.09 2.47 23.9 5.2 1.09 1.46 6.6 0 14. 44 3.8 12.86 2.7 4.17 6.2 2.11 13.0 6.5 9.2 3.81 3.65 7.89 2.29 2.67 5.94 4.06 3. 52 8. 77 6.69 4.82 10.80 8.85 4.46 10.43 1 See table 5, footnote 1. 2 The distinctions between textile furnishings of linen and cotton were those reported by the housewives themselves. It is possible that some of the items reported as linen may have been part linen and part cotton. The item linen towels includes dish towels as well as hand towels. The average expenditures for all kinds of towels may be added to obtain total towel expenditures regardless of fiber. The percentages of families spending are not additive, however, since the same family may have reported purchase of more than one kind of towel. HOUSEFURNISHINGS AND HOUSEHOLD OPERATION 119 Purchases on the Installm ent P la n In the tabulation of data on increases and decreases in installment obligations, separate figures were secured on changes in obligations for automobiles and “ other” items. No distinction was made in the tabulations of changes in amounts due on furnishings and equipment as compared with clothing, jewelry, or other articles which families might buy on the installment plan. Inspection of the returns from individual families shows, however, that major items of furnishings and equipment account for the bulk of such installment purchases. T able 9.— Changes in Debts Payable to Firms Selling on Installment Plan for Goods Other Than Automobiles, at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families having net increase in install ment obligations Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Percentage of families Families having net decrease in installment obligations Average amount per family Percentage having in of families crease 1 Average amount per family having de crease 1 All families________________________________________ 24.3 $74.69 9.5 $77. 26 $200 to $300________________________________________ $500 to $600________________________________________ $800 to $900________________________________________ $1,100 to $1,200_____________________________________ 22.9 24.4 25.8 22.3 49.87 76.48 106.82 155. 70 10.3 9.4 9.7 6.9 53.69 86. 38 100. 72 94. 49 1 Average for all families, whether having increase or decrease, may be computed by multiplying the item in question by the corresponding percentage at the given consumption level. N ote.—If a family bought a refrigerator or other item on the installment plan during the year of the study, the entire cost of the refrigerator (purchase price less trade-in, if any, plus carrying charges, if any) was treated as family expenditure. The amounts shown in tables 6 and 7 thus represent total obligations, whether paid or not, for the year. Any balance unpaid at the end of the schedule year was tabulated as increase in obligations to firms selling on the installment plan. Correspondingly, installment [payments for items bought during the previous year were tabulated as decrease in obligations to firms selling on the install ment plan. These figures, together with those for other debts and investments, were used to compute the net change in the family’s assets and liabilities for the year. Expenditures for a refrigerator or other item bought on the installment plan during the year, for which payments were completed before the end of the year, would appear only as an item of equipment expense and would not be tabulated under the heading of increase or decrease in installment obligations. (See appendix D.) A general idea of the extent of installment purchase of furnishings and equipment can be gained from table 9. It must be borne in mind that those figures include only increases and decreases in installment obligations on all types of goods bought on installment except auto mobiles, and that they do not include installment purchases com pletely paid off during the year. Nevertheless, they do tell a large part of the story of installment sales. A fourth of the families reported net increases in installment obligations (other than for automobile) for the year, while only a tenth reported net decreases. In times of complete economic stability, it might be expected that some families would be making new com mitments and others paying off old ones in about equal proportions, 242949°— 41------9 120 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME so that the percentage having net decreases and those having net increases might tend to cancel each other. Even in normal periods, however, the element of secular growth and expanding markets would tend to result in an excess of new commitments over liquidation of old obligations. The disparity in 1934-36, however, is probably greater than would be explained by that factor alone. A change in marketing practice during the middle 1930’s is of im portance in explaining the excess of families having increases over those having decreases in obligations.13 This was the liberalization in installment terms offered by retail firms in 1933, which remained in effect until 1937. A further explanation is the situation in which these families found themselves during the period of the business cycle in which the study was made. The period was one of partial recov ery from several years of severe depression and unemployment. All of the families surveyed had succeeded in staying off the relief rolls, and all had at least one employed earner and minimum incomes of $500. Such families, many of whom had deferred purchases of all but minimum housekeeping items for several years, were feeling more and more the need of replacements or actual additions to their stock of furnishings and equipment. They were thus likely to decide to undertake such purchases when attractive terms were offered. The amounts paid off per family with a net decrease in obligations were greater at low consumption levels than the new amounts in curred by families at the same levels having net increases in obliga tions. This conservatism in the size of new commitments made does not disappear until the higher consumption levels are reached. i3 The cashing of the soldier’s bonus bonds in June 1936 was not an important factor, since the latest month for which data for any family were obtained was M ay 1936. As the law was enacted in January 1936, a few families may have made commitments in anticipation of receiving additional funds in June. 7 Chapter c l o t h in g 1 The clothing dollar of the average employed city worker’s family must meet many demands. It must provide shoes and sturdy gar ments for school children, suitable clothes for the employed member or members to wear to work, and apparel adequate to meet the accepted social standards of the community in which the family lives. That these requirements constitute a major demand upon the family purse is clear from the proportion of total family expenditures which they claim. After food and housing, clothing was the next largest category of expense, yearly disbursements per family averaging 10.6 percent of the total family expenditure. The urgency with which families regard the need for warm and socially appropriate clothing is evidenced by the larger outlay for clothing per family at higher income levels. As incomes permitted, these families of wage earners and clerical workers spent for clothing not only more dollars, but a larger proportion of the total family expenditure. The average clothing expenditure per family was $49 for those with incomes of $500 to $600, but rose to a much higher figure, $388, for those with incomes of $2,700 to $3,000, and to $471 for those with incomes of $3,000 and over. The first figure represents 7.5 percent of total expenditure of families at the lowest income level studied, while the last two figures represent more than 14 percent of total expenditures of families at the highest income levels included in the investigation.2 At the high income levels family size is greater, which accounts in part for the very great expansion in clothing expendi tures at the upper income levels, but expenditure per person was definitely higher at higher incomes. When families are classified 3 on a basis which takes into account not only the amount of funds available for spending, but the number of dependents on those funds, the increase in clothing expenditures from low to high levels is less striking. This is accounted for by the smaller family size at the higher expenditure levels, discussed in chapter 3. , Clothing E xp en d itu res b y A g e , Sex, and Occupation Total family clothing expenditures are by no means prorated equally among the members of workers’ families. The age, sex, and activity of the family members make a great difference in their cloth1 See Tabular Summary, table A-17. 2 See ch. 1, table 1, p. 12; ch. 6, figs. 1 and 2; and ch. 8, figs. 1 and 2. 3 See ch. 3, table 7, p. 60. 121 122 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME ing needs, and these differences are reflected in the apportionment of the family clothing dollar. In figure A are shown the relative clothing expenditures of persons of different age, sex, and occupation, as determined from the data obtained from the present investigation. They represent the com posite clothing expenditures of persons of the indicated sex-ageactivity groups in approximately 10,000 white families in 42 cities, after eliminating the effect of differences in family size and income.4 In the rise and fall of the curves of this chart lies a dramatic story of changes in the individual's clothing expenditures at different points in his life. Perhaps the most striking contrast which emerges is the fact that the high points on the curves for women's clothing expendi tures are almost half again as high as those for men's clothing expenditures.5 In the United States, the clothing purchased by families of low and moderate income is patterned as closely as possible after the clothing worn by individuals in the upper income group. In a study of higher income families recently conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it was found that clothing expenditures of wives, most of whom were not employed outside the home, were from a third to a half greater than those of husbands at incomes of $2,500 or more. A t first glance at figure A it might appear that women in families of wage earners and clerical workers also spend more than men for clothing. Closer examination of the data in this chart shows, how ever, that these high clothing expenditures are limited to woman members of the family who were themselves earners, either in clerical or wage-earning occupations. The women at home— including the homemakers, daughters neither in school nor gainfully employed, and other women who were part of the economic family— spent much less for clothing than did the employed women. The women at home also spent distinctly less than the employed men. Clearly, in these families, economic pressure was so great that women at home were obliged to keep their own clothing expenditures below even the small amounts spent by their men for clothes to wear to work, and below the amounts spent by the woman members of the family who held jobs. The keen competition which women meet in seeking jobs, particularly in clerical work, is evidenced in the high expenditures for clothing of the employed women. A young woman's activity in the years from 15 to 21 is seen, from figure A, to have a direct influence upon her clothing budget. If 4 These figures do not reflect differences in income between wage earners and clerical workers, since in come and family size were held constant in making the averages graphed in figure A. The average income of the white families covered in the investigation was $1,546, the average family size was 3.6 persons. 5 The clothing expenditures of male wage earners and clerical workers from 21 through 35, which averaged $56.68, were taken as equal to 1.00 in the preparation of the chart and the table on which it is based. See appendix O. 123 CLOTHING " AESTIMATED ANNUAL CLOTHING EXPENDITURES' BY PERSONS OF DIFFERENT AGE, SEX, AND OCCUPATION 42 CITIES COMBINED 1.00 »$56.68 0 2 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 36 42 48 AGE AGE •AFTER ELIMINATING THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENCES IN FAMILY SIZE AND INCOME. BASED ON DATA FROM WHITE FAMILIES ' J. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 54 60 66 124 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME she remains in school and dependent on her family, she has less to spend for clothes, on the average, than her classmates who dropped out of school to take jobs. But she is apt to have more to spend as a student than if she marries and sets up her own home, possibly with the arrival of children before her young husband is well established in a regular occupation. It is also noteworthy that clerical workers, whether men or women, spent more for clothing than did wage earners, with the same income, but that this situation was much more pronounced in the case of women after about 26 years of age. Women of maturer years, who remain in the clerical occupations, though they spend somewhat less than the younger girls, evidently find it necessary or desirable to spend substantially more to maintain a good appearance than women wage earners of their own age. The older women working in fac tories or other wage-earning situations apparently can economize by wearing uniforms or work aprons during the day, but they do spend for street and dress clothes more than if they were at home and not receiving a pay check. The men at home, most of whom were there because of illness or involuntary unemployment, spent the least for clothing of any of the adult groups. After differences in the heights of the curves for the various sexoccupation groups, the next most striking aspect of the curves, shown in figure A, is their shape through the age span. As would be expected, clothing expenditures for children increase as they grow older, reaching a maximum for the age group 18 to 21. (Again it is interesting to note the higher expenditures for girls than boys from age 12 on.) For both men and women, the peaks in clothing expenditures come in the years of early maturity, when they are starting to work, marry ing, and establishing themselves in life. There is a tapering off in clothing expenditures with advancing age, gradual in most cases, but notably sharp for woman wage earners. The sharpness in the decline for men at home after age 21 suggests the transition of boys from the category of those recently out of school and hunting jobs who have parents to provide for them to that of the older unemployed, many of them having dependents of their own. The relatively sharper decline in later years for woman workers than for men from high levels between 21 and 30 years reemphasizes the greater impor tance of clothing to women in the years when they are most likely to marry. A n a ly sis o f Clothing Expenditures f o r M e n and W o m en Turn now to a consideration of the individual clothing items which make up these total clothing expenditures. The detailed articles of clothing purchased by the families studied have been P h o to b y U . S. D e p a r tm e n t of L abor P L A T E 7 . —W O M A N C L E R IC A L W O R K E R O P E R A T IN G A C H E C K - W R IT I N G M A C H IN E . 125 C L O T H IN G tabulated according to sex and age groups, separately for whites and for Negroes and also for the two color groups combined.6 For both men and women over 18, outerwear, consisting of coats, sweaters, suits, shirts, and dresses and blouses, took the largest expend iture of any group of clothing items. Such garments accounted for, on the average, $25 a year, or over half of the men’s clothing expend itures which totaled $49. They took an average of $23 or 42 percent of women’s total clothing expenditures of $55. The rate at which the men in these urban workers’ families pur chased coats in 1934-36 would mean that a man bought a new overcoat or topcoat once in 5 years at an average price of $21. A new light- or heavy-weight wool suit was bought once in 2 years and cost an average of $24. Among the women, heavy coats were purchased by two in nine women, meaning that at that rate these women would buy new coats once in 4 % years and would pay an average price of $32. Similarly, these women averaged 1.1 silk or rayon dresses a year, at an average cost of about $6 per dress. T a b l e 1 .— Expenditures for Groups of Clothing Items by M en and Women in 14,469 White and Negro Families, at Selected Consumption Levels,1 in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Sex and age group, and item of clothing All fami lies 2 Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Average expenditure per person Families with total an nual unit expenditure of— All fami lies 2 $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 $1,100 to to $900 $1,200 Percentage distribution Men and boys 18 years of age and $49.18 $26. 89 $54. 47 $75. 87 $106.14 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 over: Total - ____ ___ 1. 25 2. 72 3. 60 5. 50 2. 36 4.8 Headwear_________________ 4.6 5.0 4.7 55. 05 51.3 49.6 51. 2 53. 2 25. 24 13. 34 27. 89 40.31 Outerwear ______ _______ 3.45 2.01 3.68 5. 09 7. 26 7.0 Underwear____________ ____ 7. 5 6.8 6.7 7. 67 12. 63 15. 54 21.20 23.6 28.6 23. 2 20. 5 Footwear _____ 11. 59 2. 62 7. 55 11. 33 Miscellaneous_______ _ __ _ 6. 54 17.13 13.3 9.7 13.8 14.9 100.0 5. 2 51.9 6.8 20.0 16.1 Women and girls 18 years of age and over: Total _ _ . . 55. 48 Headwear------ -- ---------- 3. 37 Outerwear____________ 23. 37 Underwear... ___________ - 6. 96 Footwear ______ ______ _ 17.02 Miscellaneous________ _____ 4. 76 100.0 6.3 47.9 11.9 23.1 10.8 26. 29 1.49 10. 45 3. 23 9. 64 1.48 62. 20 3.81 25. 89 8. 08 19. 03 5. 39 96. 02 6. 02 41.84 11.91 26.35 9. 90 147. 38 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 9. 27 6.1 5.7 6.1 6.3 70. 57 42. 1 39.7 41.6 43.6 17. 48 12. 5 12.3 13.0 12.4 34.08 30.7 36.7 30.6 27.4 15. 98 8.6 5.6 8.7 10.3 1 For fuller explanation of “consumption level” and “economic level,” see ch. 3. 2 The average net income of all families included in this investigation was $1,524. Footwear, including shoes, slippers, rubbers and arctics, and hose, accounted for the second major clothing expense for both men and women (table 1). It represented a larger expenditure, both in dollars and as a percentage of the total, for women than for men. This fact 6 Averages for white families were so nearly the same as those for all families combined that they have not been shown in Tabular Summary, table A-17. They may be consulted in the files of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 126 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME is largely explained by the importance of the items silk and rayon stockings and shoes. Stockings accounted for $7.41 per person and cost 72 cents per pair on the average. Shoes cost the average woman in these workers’ families $7.85 a year. For men, such items as suspenders, garters, handkerchiefs, gloves, and ties, grouped under the heading of “ miscellaneous” in table 1, took the third largest expenditure. They were followed by purchases of underwear and headwear, in the order named. For women, on the other hand, expenditures for underwear were larger on the average than those for miscellaneous accessories or for headwear. The size and relative importance of these main groups of clothing expenditures were not the same for men and women in families classified at low economic levels as for those in families at high levels.7 Clothing expenditures per person were about four times as great for men in families with $1,100 to $1,200 per equivalent adult male for all items as for men in families which spent only $200 to $300 per adult male for all items. For women in these families clothing ex penditures were almost six times greater at the high as compared with the low level. Although outerwear took the greatest expendi tures at all economic levels, it increased in relative importance at high economic levels among the women, but for men, remained at about half of total clothing expenditure at all consumption levels. Footwear for women, on the other hand, declined in relative impor tance at higher consumption levels, while expenditures for accessories and other miscellaneous items were of proportionately greater importance. Among the men, also, the same tendencies were found in the changing importance of footwear and accessory expenditures at high as compared with low economic levels. The expenditures for major categories of clothing, at a low and a high economic level, for men and for women are shown in figure B. When individual items of clothing are listed in order by size of expenditure, as in tables 2 and 3, it is evident that some 15 to 17 apparel items constitute about two-thirds to three-fourths of the total clothing expenditure. These items are not the same, however, and appear in different rank order at low and at high economic levels. Thus, for women in families with total unit expenditures of $200 to $300, silk stockings, followed by street shoes and then by silk and rayon dresses, lead the list of clothing items. The amounts spent for them annually, on the average, were small, however— $3.62 per 7 For explanation of classification of families by economic level or consumption level, see ch. 3. 127 CLOTHING DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL CLOTHING EXPENDITURES FOR INDIVIDUALS IN FAMILIES AT LOW AND HIGH ECONOMIC LEVELS WHITE AND NEGRO PERSONS IN 14,469 FAMILIES IN 4 2 CITIES COMBINED 12 MONTHS WITHIN THE PERIOD 1 9 3 4 - 3 6 MEN 0 U S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 20 40 60 80 128 M ONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMMARY VOLUME person for silk hose and $2.66 for silk and rayon dresses.8 In terms of average per article purchased, the expenditures for the women at the low economic level were 61 cents per pair of silk hose and $4.59 for a silk and rayon or all-rayon dress. T a b l e 2 . —Expenditures for Selected Items of Clothing by Women in White and Negro Fam ilies, at Two Consumption Levels, in 42 Cities Combined IData cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families with total annual unit expenditure of $200 to $300 Families with total annual unit expenditure of $1,100 to $1,200 Average expenditure Item and rank Item and rank Per Per ar woman ticle Total clothing expen d it u r e ..._____ $26. 29 1. Silk hose ________ _ _ ____ 2. Street shoes _____________ 3. Silk, rayon dresses . ______ 4. Heavy fur-trimmed coats______ 5. Heavy plain coats ___ _____ 6. Cotton house dresses_________ 7. Dress shoes___ ___________ 8. Felt h a t s , ___ . . . ________ 9. Cotton street dresses________ _ 10. Light wool coats______________ 11. Corsets, girdles_______ ____ 12. Wool suits ___ _________ _____ 13. Ravon bloomers, panties, _ ___ 14. Shoe repairs____________ ______ 15. Straw hats___________________ 16. Cleaning, repairing _ _____ Expenditure for selected items: Amount ___ __ _______ . Percent of total clothing ex penditure _________________ Average ex penditure 3. 62 3.37 2. 66 1.61 1.12 1.10 .94 .86 .81 .75 .60 .59 .47 .46 .41 .39 19. 76 75.2 Per Per ar woman ticle Total clothing expenditure_______ $147.38 $0. 61 2. 96 4. 59 23. 00 14.00 .92 2. 85 1. 51 1.65 12. 50 2.14 9. 83 .39 1.37 1. Silk, rayon dresses.. _ _______ 20.64 ________ 2. Silk h o s e ____ 14. 51 3. Fur c o a t s .._________ ____ 10.61 4. Street shoes. . . . ______ 9.93 5. Heavv fur-trimmed coats___ 9. 53 6. Wool suits __ ___ _____ 6.05 7. Cleaning, r ep airin g..________ 5.92 8. Felt hats_____ ___ _________ 4.82 9. Light wool coats____ ______ 4. 26 10. Dress shoes __________ _ 4. 24 11. Corsets, girdles __________ 3. 89 12. Silk slips ______ _______ 3. 61 13. Wool dresses. . .. _________ * 3. 51 14. Cotton street dresses_________ 2.98 15. Handbags, purses_______ ____ 2.73 16. Heavy plain c o a t s ._____ __ 2. 40 17. Straw hats _ __________ . . . 2. 37 Expenditure for selected items: Amount 112.00 Percent of total clothing ex penditure_______________ _ 76.0 $8. 29 .95 151. 57 5.12 47. 65 19. 52 3.03 21. 30 5.17 2.19 1.84 10. 32 3.14 2.08 18. 46 3.12 At the consumption level at which families had total unit expendi tures of $1,100 to $1,200, the first three items in size of average expenditure were silk and rayon dresses, silk hose, and fur coats. Expenditures for the first two items averaged $21 and $15 per per son, respectively, and $8.29 and $0.95 per article. Fur coats were purchased by 7 percent of the women at the high consumption level and did not even appear in the list of items comprising 75 percent of women’s clothing expenditure at the low level. Other items which appeared in the list totaling three-fourths of clothing expenditures of women in families at the high consumption level, but not at the low level, as shown in table 2, were silk slips, wool dresses, and handbags. Items which appeared in the list at the low level but not in the first 17 items at the high level were cotton house dresses, shoe repairs, and rayon bloomers. The identical 16 items 8 These averages are based upon expenditures of all women in the age group 18 and over, whether they purchased or not. The women who did not buy any of the indicated items during the entire year were treated, for purposes of getting the average, as having made zero expenditures. 129 CLOTHING which comprise 75 percent of total clothing expenditures of women in families at the low consumption level, accounted for only 65 percent of expenditures of women in families at the high consumption level. It is apparent from the relative shifts in importance of these items that at low consumption levels women must perforce keep their cloth ing expenditures to a rather restricted list of necessaries. Even at the low level, however, they do find several pairs of silk hose and one or two cheap rayon dresses indispensable. When the women live in families with much more ample funds, they spend much larger amounts for hose and dresses, and a few of them buy such luxuries as fur coats; and more at that level purchase handbags and other accessories, and the variety is greater and the quality better of wool dresses and suits, silk slips, and dress shoes purchased. For the men, it is likewise seen from table 3 that in families at a high consumption level, they spend not only more for clothing than men in families with more limited purchasing power, but suits displace shoes as the item of first importance. Such items as ties, shoe shines, topcoats, rayon hose, pajamas, and nightshirts receive relatively more expenditure, and wool trousers, cotton trousers, overalls, and cotton hose receive relatively less. T able 3.—Expenditures for Selected Items of Clothing by Men in White and Negro Fam ilies, at 2 Consumption Levels, in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months w ithin the period 1934-36] Families with total annual unit expenditure of $200 to $300 Item and rank Average ex penditure Per man Total clothing expenditure............ . . 1. Street shoes.................................. 2. Heavy wool suits....................... 3. Lightweight wool suits________ 4. Cotton and other dress shirts.. — 5. Overcoats __ 6. Work shoes................................... 7. Wool trousers 8. Cleaning, repairing 9. Felt hats _____ 10. Cotton work shirts—.................... 11. Shoe repairs _________ __ 12. Overalls, coveralls..... .................. 13. H eavy cotton hose____________ 14. Dress cotton hose........... ............. 15. Cotton trousers ________ Expenditure for selected items: Amount ___ Percent of total clothing ex penditure 19.99 74.3 Item and rank Average ex penditure Per man Per article Per article Total clothing expenditure_______ $106.14 $26.89 3. 33 2.84 2. 61 1.53 1. 51 1.10 .92 .89 .86 .86 .82 .74 .72 .66 .60 Families with total annual unit expenditure of $1,100 to $1,200 $3.30 21.85 18.64 1.08 16.78 2. 56 2.88 2. 53 .80 1.42 .17 .17 1.62 1. Lightweight wool suits_______ 2. Heavy wool suits____________ 3. Street shoes........ ....................... 4. Cleaning, repairing.................. 5. Overcoats_____________ _____ 6. Cotton and other dress shirts.. 7. Ties______________ _______ _ 8. Felt hats____________________ 9. Shoe shines_________________ 10. Topcoats......... ........................... 11. Pajamas, nightshirts ________ 12. Cotton work shirts................... 13. Work shoes................................ 14. Rayon hose................................. 15. Shoe repairs_________________ Expenditure for selected items: Am ount____________________ Percent of total clothing ex penditure_____________ ___ 13.87 12. 75 9.49 8. 45 8.11 7.15 3.97 3. 91 2.46 2.27 2.10 1.66 1.62 1.43 1.36 80.60 75.9 $26.67 31.10 5.97 31.19 1.58 .69 4.12 22.70 1.76 1.21 3.95 .27 130 M ONEY D ISB U R S E M E N T S — SU M M A R Y VOLUM E Clothing E xpen d itu res fo r Children A summary of the main groups of clothing items, for children in all families studied and in those at three selected consumption levels, is presented in table 4.9 There were not enough children in families at the higher consumption levels to justify preparation of separate averages for higher intervals than that of families with total annual unit expenditures of $700 and over. The relative importance of foot wear in children’s total clothing allowances is seen to be very great in all the children’s groups and more especially so in the families at the low consumption level. At higher consumption levels, shoes and other footwear claim larger dollar expenditures, but are exceeded by expenditures for outerwear, which occupy a position of greater relative importance at high than at low consumption levels. T able 4.— Expenditures for Groups of Clothing Items for Children in 14,469 White and Negro Fam ilies, at Selected Consumption Levels, in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Sex and age group and item of expenditure All fam ilies 1 Families with total an nual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $700 and over Average expenditure per person Girls 12 through 17 years: T otal_______ $39.85 1.69 Headwear--- ---- ---------------15. 82 Outerwear_______________________ U nderwear.__ ___________________ 4.17 Footwear__________ ______________ 15.31 2. 86 M iscellaneous___ ___________ ____ _ Girls 6 through 11 years: T otal________ 23. 52 .64 Headwear_______ _______________ Outerwear_____ _________________ 8. 22 Underwear______ ____ ______ _____ 2. 58 Footwear_________________________ 10.34 Miscellaneous_______•_____________ 1.74 Girls 2 through 5 years: T otal_________ 16. 83 Headwear. ______ _______ _____ .37 Outerwear___ ______ _____________ 5. 67 Underwear_______________________ 2. 28 Footwear_________________________ 6. 75 Miscellaneous................ ...................... 1.76 Boys 12 through 17 years: T otal--------- 35. 58 Headwear________________________ .76 Outerwear_______ ____ ___________ 18. 24 Underwear_________ ______ ______ 2. 37 Footwear ............ ........ ..................... 11. 68 Miscellaneous____________________ 2. 53 Boys 6 through 11 years: Total__......... 25.90 Headwear________________________ .54 Outerwear____________ __________ 10. 64 Underwear........................................... 2. 06 F ootw ear.............. .............................. 10.86 Miscellaneous___________________ . 1.80 Boys 2 through 5 years: T otal................. 17. 36 Headwear_______ _______________ .30 Outerwear_______ _________ . . . 5.49 Underwear......... ........ ......................... 1.99 Footwear........................... .............. . 7.17 Miscellaneous________ ____ _ _ . . . 2.41 $26. 93 1.08 10. 71 2. 56 11.24 1.34 15. 60 .41 5. 03 1. 64 7. 68 .84 10.18 .20 3. 38 1. 24 4. 50 .86 25.49 .57 12.74 1.67 9.15 1.36 18.73 .34 7.44 1.41 8.60 .94 10. 50 .16 2.99 1.12 4.80 1.43 $58. 83 $107. 42 2. 73 5.10 23. 22 47. 21 6. 78 11.22 20.88 33.12 5. 22 10. 77 38. 66 55. 44 1.04 1.78 14. 47 21.50 4.16 6. 25 15.81 20.12 3.18 5. 79 23. 89 45.97 .58 1.04 8.15 17. 02 3. 42 7.16 9.11 15. 35 2. 63 5. 40 55.08 76.14 1.18 1.49 28. 80 41.13 3. 56 5. 49 16. 66 20. 37 4. 88 7. 66 37. 32 46.14 .85 1.02 15. 65 19. 79 3. 06 3. 87 14. 59 17. 36 3.17 4.10 23. 68 38 87 .42 .72 7.87 12. 43 2.97 4.84 14. 24 9.07 3. 35 6.64 All fam ilies 1 Families with total annual unit expend iture of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 Percentage distribution 100.0 4.2 39.7 10-5 38.4 7.2 100.0 2.7 34.9 11.0 44.0 7.4 100.0 2.2 33.7 13.5 40.1 10.5 100.0 2.1 51.3 6.7 32.8 7.1 100.0 2.1 41.1 8.0 41.9 6.9 100.0 1.7 31.6 11.5 41.3 13.9 100.0 4.0 39.8 9.5 41.7 5.0 100.0 2.6 32.2 10.5 49.3 5.4 100.0 2.0 33.2 12.2 44.2 8.4 100.0 2.2 50.0 6.6 35.9 5.3 100.0 1.8 39.8 7.5 45.9 5.0 100.0 1.5 28.5 10.7 45.7 13.6 100.0 4.6 39.5 11.5 35.5 8.9 100.0 2.7 37.4 10.8 40.9 8.2 100.0 2.4 34.1 14.3 38.2 11.0 100.0 2.1 52.3 6.5 30.2 8.9 100.0 2.3 41.9 8.2 39.1 8.5 100.0 1.8 33.3 12.5 38.3 14.1 1 The average net income of all families included in the investigation was $1,524. 9 D etails of child ren’s clothing expenditures appear in the Tabular Sum m ary, table A-8. $700 and over 100.0 4.7 44.0 10. 4 30.9 10.0 100.0 3.2 38. 8 11.3 36.3 10.4 100.0 2.3 37.0 15.6 33.4 11.7 100.0 2.0 54.0 7.2 26.7 10.1 100.0 2. 2 42.9 8.4 37. 6 8.9 100.0 1. 9 32.0 12.4 36.6 17.1 131 CLOTHING D ifferen ces in Clothing E xpen d itu res o f W h ite and N egro F a m ilies It is not possible, within the limits of this chapter, to discuss in detail the differences in clothing expenditures of individuals in white as compared with those in Negro families. Total clothing expendi tures of white men and women at comparable economic levels were somewhat higher than those of Negroes. (See table 5.) These differences, in terms of dollars spent, are small at all except the higher economic levels. In percentage terms, they are moderately large, however, especially when compared with the differences in income per family member of white and Negro families within the same economic level. (See ch. 3.) No consistent relationship was found in the size of average expenditures for clothing for white children of various ages as compared with Negro children. In some age groups at some consumption levels the expenditures for Negro children were higher on the average than those for white children. T able 5.— Total Clothing Expenditures per Person, Aged 18 Years and Over, by Color and Sex, in Fam ilies Classified by Consumption Level, in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] White Negro Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Men Women Men Women All families 1______________________________________ $49.90 $56.48 $33.13 $33. 23 Under $200 ................................................ ...... ................ $200 to $300________________________________________ $300 to $400______ ______ __________________ ______ $400 to $500____ _____ ______________________________ $500 to $600. ________ ______________________________ $600 to $700 ________ ______________________________ $700 to $800_________ _______________________________ 17.04 26.92 37. 51 44.82 54.61 64. 22 73.08 15.58 26.42 38. 22 51.57 62.41 72. 63 83. 92 18.66 26.52 33.16 39. 34 49.43 55.06 8 69. 31 15.05 24.89 34.87 38.76 53.32 59.15 2 83. 85 1 The average income of all white families included in the investigation was $1,546, of Negro families was $1,008. 2 Figures for Negroes are for families with total unit expenditures of $700 and over. Chapter 3 TRANSPORTATION AND R ECR EATIO N 1 Annual expenditures for transportation and for recreation constitute respectively the fourth and fifth largest category in the average outlay of moderate-income families in cities. The average yearly expendi ture in 1934-36 for 14,469 families was $125 for transportation, and $82 for the amounts classified in this study under the heading of recreational expense. This latter item includes sums spent for amuse ments, games and sports, for recreational supplies and equipment, for nontechnical reading, and for tobacco. The amounts spent for trans portation and recreation were exceeded only by expenditures for food, housing (including fuel, light, and refrigeration) and clothing. (See fig . 1 .) No sharp separation can be made among these five major categories of family expenditure on the basis of “ necessaries” and “ luxuries.” Although a family must, of course, have a minimum of food, shelter, and clothing, not all elements in such expenditures, particularly among families at higher consumption levels, come within strict definitions of “ necessity.” Such, for example, are purchase of meals in restaurants, of candy, ice cream, and drinks, of novelty items of clothing and of housefurnishings selected with an eye to their prestige value. As necessary as minimum food essentials, to most urban families, is the use of some form of conveyance to work, school, and markets. The daily reading of at least one newspaper, listening to the radio, and occasional attendance at the movies provide information and the relaxation necessary in the tension of city living. Performance of routine, repetitive tasks during the day, and living in the close quar ters frequently enforced by population concentration in our larger cities make desirable some form of relaxation and diversion to main tain bodily and mental health. Obviously the expenses classified under the heading of “ recreation” do not include all the sums spent for goods and services used in con nection with activities which are thought of as recreational. An im portant part of transportation expense, especially by families at the higher consumption levels, represents money spent for week-end out ings, picnics on summer evenings, visits, and trips to the movies. Yet it is impracticable to separate expense for such purposes from transpor tation to school or work; the total automobile expenditure, whether for recreational trips or otherwise,2 therefore appears here as transporta1 See Tabular Summary, table A-9, for transportation and table A-10 for recreation. 2 Expenditures for use of the family automobile for strictly business purposes, such as by a salesman, were deducted from family automobile expenditure. Such use was infrequent among families of wage earners and clerical workers. (See appendix D , notes on tables.) 132 TRANSPORTATION AND RECREATION FAMILY EXPENDITURES FOR TRANSPORTATION AND RECREATION COMPARED WITH THOSE FOR FOOD, HOUSING AND CLOTHING AT SUCCESSIVE INCOME LEVELS, 1 9 3 4 -1 9 3 6 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS IN 4 2 CITIES ANNUAL EXPENDITURE On Dollars) U S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ANNUAL EXPENDITURE (/„ Dollars) 133 134 M ONET D IS B U R S E M E N T S — SU M M A R Y VOLUM E tion expense. Refreshments served to guests in or out of the home appear as food expenditures. Boy Scout uniforms and athletic gar ments were listed as clothing expenditures. Conversely, some items listed under the heading of recreational expense are educational as much as recreational in nature.3 , E xp en d itu res fo r T ran sportation and R ecrea tion b y In com e L evel It is clear that in the two categories of family expenditure under con sideration in this chapter— transportation and recreation— are mingled elements of education, relaxation, and essential utility. Nevertheless, there is a substantial proportion of “ luxury” expenditure in these categories as evidenced by the changes in spending for these items at different income levels. Transportation and recreation expenditures for families at successive income levels, when plotted as curves, show a much sharper upward inclination than do the curves for food and housing. (See fig. 2.) This is particularly true when the curve for automobile transportation is separated from that for other trans portation, the automobile curve going up quite steeply at higher in come levels. The actual expenditures for food and housing also increase from one income level to the next, but the increase is rela tively much less rapid than that for automobile and recreation ex penditures. This means that a larger part of the expenditures for these two categories is of a relatively less urgent nature; it represents items added to the family consumption when incomes permit, but dispensable in times of emergency or event of income contraction. The curves for total transportation expenditure and for clothing, on the other hand, at most points within the income range of the families studied in this investigation, bear a fairly close resemblance. Evi dently the purchase of an automobile vies closely with increases in clothing expenditures, as family incomes increase. Combined transportation and recreation expenditures accounted for 13.7 percent of the total family expenditure, which averaged $1,512 for all the families surveyed. Transportation alone accounted for 8.3 percent of the total, and within the income limits of $500 to $3,000 approached but did not exceed expenditures for clothing. Both transportation and recreation expenditures increased at higher income levels, in dollars and as percentages of total family expendi ture, though transportation expenditures showed the greater elas ticity. Expenditures for automobile purchase, operation, and main tenance were much more elastic than those for all other forms of * R eading expenditures (other th an purchase of school textb ooks w hich were classified w ith expenditures for form al education, and for technical journals or literature w hich were classified as occupational expense) have been inclu ded under th e heading of recreation, although th e d a ily new spaper claim s th e major part of th e to ta l reading expenditure. M u sical instrum ents and supplies, w hich m a y have been purchased for use b y children, have also been included w ith expenditures for recreation, although expenditures for m u sic lessons w ere treated as a part of formal education expenditure. (See appendix D , notes on tables.) T R A N S P O R T A T IO N AND R E C R E A T IO N RELATIVE FAMILY EXPENDITURES FOR TRANSPORTATION AND RECREATION COMPARED WITH THOSE FOR FOOD, HOUSING AND CLOTHING AT SUCCESSIVE INCOME LEVELS, 193 4-1936 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS IN 4 2 CITIES ANNUAL EXPENDITURE (In D o lla rs ) ANNUAL EXPENDITURE ( I n D o lla rs ) The slopes o f the lin es show the percent increase in expenditure corresponding to the percent increase in income. A slope greater than that o f a 4 5 degree line represents a gain o f the specified kind o f expenditure relatively g reater than the gain in income, a slope less than that o f a 4 5 degree Une represents a gain relatively smaller U. S BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 242949°— 41- 10 135 136 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME transportation. Automobile expenditure was 10 times as great at the income level $2,700 to $3,000 as at the $600 to $900 level, while the average income at the former level was almost 4 times that at the latter. Expenditure for transportation other than by automobile failed to keep pace with the change in income and was only 3 times as great. (See fig.. 2 and ch. 6, figs. 1 and 2.) T able 1.— Expenditures for Recreation and Transportation o f 14,469 Families, by Income Level, in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Average expenditure Average expenditure per family forper person for— Aver age num Other Other Other ber of Auto trans Recre Auto trans Recre Auto trans Annual net income per Recre porta ation mobile 1 porta ation mobile 1 porta ation mobile 1 sons tion tion tion per fam ily Percent of total expend Amount Amount iture All families................. 3.60 5.4 5.8 2.5 $82 $87 $38 $23 $24 $11 $500 to $600_________ $600 to $900_ ................ $900 to $1,200........... $1,200 to $1,500.......... . $1,500 to $1,800.......... $1,800 to $2,100______ $2,100 to $2,400______ $2,400 to $2,700______ $2,700 to $3,000.......... . $3,000 and over........... 4.3 4.5 4.9 5.3 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.3 6.5 7.1 1.4 2.3 3.6 5.3 6.1 7.3 7.5 6.7 7.2 6.4 2.7 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.5 28 38 54 72 87 104 129 152 177 232 9 20 40 73 99 136 162 161 196 209 18 25 29 33 40 43 52 66 78 113 9 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 47 3 6 12 21 27 36 40 38 45 43 5 8 9 9 11 12 13 15 18 24 3.11 3.18 3.41 3. 54 3.62 3.76 4.03 4. 27 4.37 4.81 i Includes expenditures for purchase, operation, and maintenance. The fact that higher family incomes among these wage earners and clerical workers are definitely associated with large families and with more adult earners has already been discussed in the first chapter of this report. (See p. 16.) When recreation and transportation expenditures are reduced to a per person basis, as in the last three columns of table 1, the increase from low to high income levels is accordingly less marked. The elasticity in expenditures for these two items remains, even on a per person basis, but is less striking than on the family basis. The expenditures per person at the income level $2,700 to $3,000, as compared to those at the $600 to $900 level, were over 3 times as great for recreation, 7% times as great for auto mobile expenditure, and a little over 2 times as large for other forms of transportation. Income per person was almost 3 times as great at the high level under discussion— $659 as against $244 at the $600 to $900 level. The proportion of families owning automobiles increased rapidly from low to high income levels. This rise, however, was not as great as the increase in the proportion purchasing cars during the schedule year. As would be expected, the families in the upper income levels find it much easier to buy a new car than would the families at the 137 TRANSPORTATION AND RECREATION lower levels, who generally try to make the family car “ last another year.” T able 2.— Families Owning and Purchasing Automobiles, by Income Level, in 42 Cities Combined [D ata cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Percentage of families Total annual income Owning automo biles Purchasing automobiles during sched ule year All families 44.4 10.8 $600 to $600__________ $600 to $900_________ ____________________________________________________ $900 to $1,200___________________ ________________________________________ $1,200 to $1,500 ________ ____ __________________________________________ $1,500 to $1,800 _________ _____________________________________________ $1,800 to $2,100 _______ ____ ____________________________________________ $2,100 to $2,400_______________ ________________________________________ $2,400 to $2,700 ___________________________________________________ $2,700 to $3,000 ______________________ _____ _____ ___________________ $3,000 and over ________ ______ __ ______ ___ _____ _______________ ___ 9.5 21. 7 32.6 45.1 49.8 56. 2 58.8 54.6 61. 7 60.1 1. 6 4. 3 6.2 9. 4 12.1 15.1 18.4 19.1 16. 7 26.5 Expenditures fo r Transportation and Recreation 9 by Consum ption Level The effect upon family spending for transportation and recreation, when family size as well as income are taken into account, is shown by a comparison of table 3 with table 1. Average expenditures per person at high consumption levels 4 (table 3) were markedly greater than those at high income levels (table 1). Table 3.— Expenditures Per Person for Recreation and Transportation of 14,469 Families, by Consumpton Level, in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Average expenditure per person for— Average total ex penditure per family Average number of persons per family Recrea tion All families....................................... ............. $1,512 3.60 $23 $24 $11 Under $200..................................................... $200 to $300_____ ______ _________________ $300 to $400..................................................... $400 to $500..................................................... $500 to $600....................... - ........................... $600 to $700..................................................... $700 to $800____________________ ________ $800 to $900.................................................... $900 to $1,000.......... ...........................-............ $1,000 to $1,100-............................................. $1,100 to $1,200................................................ $1,200 and over.............................................. 947 1,171 1,314 1,448 1,586 1,681 1,806 1,911 2,071 2,314 2,444 2,759 6.49 5.19 4.16 3. 54 3.13 2.79 2. 55 2.38 2.28 2. 26 2.21 6 10 16 21 28 36 42 2 5 12 18 28 8 Total annual unit expenditure 2 .00 49 57 59 62 86 4 For fuller explanation of “consumption level” and “economic level” see ch. 3. Automo bile pur Other chase, oper transpor ation, and tation mainte nance 39 56 68 97 152 144 220 4 6 11 13 15 17 19 20 18 24 29 138 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME Automobile expenditures per person for families at the relatively high consumption level represented by a total expenditure of $1,100 to $1,200 per equivalent adult per year, are 29 times as great as those for families spending only $200 to $300 per year per equivalent adult. Recreation expenditures per person were 6 times as great; while transportation expenditures other than by automobile were 4 times as great per person at the high consumption level as compared with the low. Autom obile and Radio Ownership The automobile and the radio have truly wrought a revolution in the transportation and recreation facilities within reach of the average employed wage-earner or clerical worker’s family as compared with what they could afford 20 years ago. The extent to which these goods have become part of the consumption patterns of moderateincome families is shown for all the families surveyed and for families at selected consumption levels as follows: T o ta l a n n u a l u n it e x p en d itu re P er c e n ta g e o f fa m ilie s o w n in g — M o r e than 1 A u to m o b ile s a u tom obile R a d io s All families_____________ __ 74. 0 44. 4 0. 8 $200 to $300___________ $500 to $600___________ . . $800 to $900_____ _____ _ $1,100 to $1,200________ __ 27. 48. 58. 66. .4 .8 .9 3. 1 63. 76. 80. 84. 8 7 8 8 8 5 4 5 It is not surprising that radios, being much less expensive, were owned by more than twice as many families as owned automobiles, at the low consumption level. Automobile ownership, however, increased relatively more rapidly than radio ownership at higher consumption levels. This suggests that at the lower economic levels, the satura tion point has been more nearly reached for radios than for automo biles, or conversely, that the demand for automobiles is, at the present time, relatively much more expansible than that for radios, in the wage-earner and clerical group. The number of families owning more than one automobile was negligible at all except the highest consumption levels. That the figure there is as high as 3 percent is explained by the fact that such families usually had several adult earners. The second car represents, in practically all cases, a purchase by an earning son or daughter. Autom obile Expenditures That these automobiles were generally purchased second-hand rather than new is indicated by the average net expenditure (gross price, minus trade-in allowance) of $300 per family purchasing an TRANSPORTATION AND RECREATION 139 automobile. (See table 4.) Of the cars bought by the 10.8 percent of families making purchases during the survey year, only one-fourth were new cars. The proportion of families buying new automobiles increased very markedly, however, at higher consumption levels, while the proportion buying used cars also increased, but not so sharply. At low economic levels a family can manage to have a car only by buying a used one at second-, third-, or fourth-hand. As their per capita resources increase, more can buy used cars and they buy somewhat less ancient models in a better state of repair. Increasingly, at higher levels more families are able to buy new cars, almost universally on the installment plan. T able 4 . — Expenditures fo r Automobile and Motorcycle Purchase, Operation, and Maintenance, by Families, at Selected Consumption Levels, in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Percent of automobiles owned, made i n 1933 or later__.......................... .................... ............................ 1927 to 1932....................................................... ....................... Before 1927__________________________________________ Percent of families purchasing automobiles in year: New cars__________________________ :___________________ Second-hand cars____ ____________________ ____________ Percent of families purchasing motorcycles in year___________ Average expenditure per family purchasing for— Automobile purchase 1_______________________________ . Motorcycle purchase__________________________________ Average expenditure per automobile-owning family for— Total operation and m aintenance______________________ Gasoline ________________________________________ Oil........................................................................................ Tires and tubes __________________________________ Repairs and maintenance__________________________ Other automobile and motorcycle expense___________ Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies $200 to $500 to $800 to $1,100 to $600 $900 $300 $1,200 18.1 72.8 9.1 3.2 77.6 19.2 15.6 77.5 6.9 31.9 62.2 5.9 57.9 34.9 7.2 2.7 8.1 .1 .1 4.0 .2 1.6 8.6 0 7.5 11.6 0 27.9 8.4 0 $300 60 $104 70 $259 0 $385 0 $557 0 123 67 8 7 11 30 84 47 6 6 6 20 125 69 8 8 11 29 150 81 9 8 14 38 173 93 11 6 16 47 1 Gross price, minus trade-in allowance. Motorcycles were purchased by a negligible fraction of the families studied, and gasoline and oil for motorcycles formed an insignificant part of total expenditures for these items. Operation and maintenance expenditures per car-owning family are shown in table 4. Gasoline constituted over half of the total at all consumption levels. Repairs and maintenance expenditures were fairly low, since a large proportion of the wage earners make most of the repairs on their cars themselves. Garage rent and parking charges, licenses, taxes, insurance, fines and damages, and other miscellaneous expenses came to an average of $30 per year for all families in the sur vey. The much larger expenditures per owning family at high consumption levels for gasoline and other operating expenses indicates greater daily use of the car at those levels and more week-end outings and vacation trips. 140 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME The fact that many of the families surveyed (over half at lower consumption levels) did not have cars means that when averages are computed for all families surveyed the average is reduced by those fam ilies not purchasing. The details of automobile expenditure with aver ages for all families surveyed 5 are presented in table 5. On that basis total automobile and motorcycle purchase, operation, and maintenance accounted for 2.4 percent of family expenditure for families with total annual unit expenditures of $200 to $300, but increased to 13.0 percent for families spending $1,100 to $1,200 per unit and averaged 5.8 percent for all families surveyed. Automobile purchase accounted for only 0.4 percent of all family expenditure at the low level, rose to 8.3 percent at the high level, and averaged 2.1 percent for all families. T able 5 . — Automobile and Motorcycle Expenditure o f 14,469 Families, at Selected Consumption Levels, in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Percent of families in survey. _ _ __ _ _________ ___ Percent of families owning automobiles. . . . _ __________ . Percent of automobiles owned __ . . . _ ______. . . Made in— 1936______________________________________________ 1933-35___________________________________________ 1930-32 . . . . __________________________ 1927-29___________________________________________ Before 1927 . . _______ . . . . ___________ Originally purchased— N ew . _ _ _ ______ _____ _ . _____ ______ Second-hand__ ____ ___ _ _ _ . . . __ Percent of families purchasing automobiles in year: N e w .. _ _____ ______ _ . . . _ _______ _ _____ ... Second-hand _______ _ __ _ . _ Percent of families purchasing motorcycles in year_______ ____ All fam ilies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 100.0 44. 4 100. 0 12.2 27.8 100.0 15.8 48. 5 100.0 4.6 58. 4 100. 0 0.8 66. 5 100.0 1.3 16.8 31.0 41.8 9.1 0 3.2 18. 4 59.2 19. 2 .6 15.0 32. 9 44.6 6. 9 2. 7 29. 2 33.9 28.3 5. 9 2 1 .0 37. 2 62.8 19. 9 80.1 38.3 61. 7 50. 4 49. 6 71.1 28. 9 2.7 8.1 .1 .1 4.0 .2 1.6 8.6 0 7. 5 11.6 0 27.9 8 4 0 $1,100 to $1,200 7.9 50.0 13.9 7. 2 Average annual amount Purchase, operation, and maintenance, t o t a l_______ ______ Purchase of— Automobiles_____________ ___.. _______________ _ Motorcycles_____________ ____ ___________ ____ ________ Gasoline________________________________________ . . . ____ Oil________________________________________________ _____ Tires______ __________________________ __________________ Tubes_______ . . . ___ ________ ____ _____________________ Repairs and maintenance_________________ ____________ __ Garage rent and parking____________________ ____________ Licenses and taxes_____________________________ _________ Insurance. ____________ ________ _______ _____ ____ _____ Fines and damages.. _ _______ ___________________ __ __ Rent of automobile and/or motorcycle _ _ . ____ Other automobile and motorcycle transportation e x p e n s e ..__ $87. 44 $27.63 32. 44 .05 29. 77 3. 66 2.87 .37 4. 88 3.22 4. 69 3. 96 .28 1.09 .16 4. 25 . 14 13.03 1.64 1.24 . 15 1. 69 .70 2. 74 .81 .08 1.03 .13 $86. 99 $161. 24 26. 40 0 33. 35 4.05 3.45 .48 5. 37 3.31 5.02 3.92 .44 1.06 .14 73. 55 0 47.12 5. 50 4.03 .48 8.17 6.30 6. 77 7.37 .43 1.09 .43 $317.34 202. 33 0 61. 77 7. 24 3.60 .42 10.65 8.88 8.34 12. 78 .33 . 78 .22 * The average expenditures shown in table 5 may be converted to average expenditures per automobile owning family by dividing the expenditure in question by the percent of families owning automobiles at the given consumption level. P h o to b y U . S. D ep a r tm e n t of L abor P L A T E 8 . —W O R K E R S ’ A U T O M O B IL E S P A R K E D O U T S ID E A F A C T O R Y IN B A L T IM O R E . P h o to b y N ation al Park S ervice P l a t e 9 . —A f t e r -Wo r k r e c r e a t i o n in a P ublic p a r k in a La r g e E a s t e r n C i t y . TRANSPORTATION AND RECREATION 141 Other T ran sportation E xp en d itu res Expenditures for transportation other than by automobile or motor cycle account for $38, or 2.5 percent of the total expenditure of the families surveyed. Though the amounts are relatively small, these expenditures cover not only daily streetcar or bus fares for a large proportion of the families, but also the more rare boat and railroad rides and a very few airplane rides. Average expenditure per family for the “ other” transportation vras generally higher at successive consumption levels but the percentage of total expenditure devoted to it declined from low to high consumption levels, being 2.7 percent for families spending annually $200 to $300 per unit and 2.2 percent for those spending $1,100 to $1,200 per unit. The principal factor in this decline is the smaller proportion of expenditures going to streetcar fares at higher consumption levels. The proportion of families report ing trolley expenditure rises slightly from low to middle consumption levels and then tapers off slightly at higher consumption levels, as auto mobile ownership becomes more frequent. It averages 81 percent for all families surveyed. Streetcar fares constituted $28 or 89 percent of “ other” transportation expenditures among families with total annual unit expenditure of $200 to $300, and $35 or only 66 percent of the total for those spending $1,100 to $1,200. Railroad and local bus tie for second place in terms of use, with 9.4 percent of families reporting expenditure for each. There was a considerable increase, however, from low to high consumption levels in proportion of families reporting railroad fares, which are more of the “ luxury” type of expenditure for vacations or special trips. The train trips were not generally long ones, however, as indicated by the average expenditure of $19 per family reporting such expenditures. Taxis, reported by 8.1 percent of the families, likewise were used much more frequently by families at higher consumption levels. The amounts spent for taxis averaged 50 cents per month for the families using them, but only 50 cents a year for all families in the survey. After taxis the forms of public conveyance next most frequently reported as used were the interurban bus, followed by boats. Interurban busses evidently are used by a small proportion of the families for regular commutation, as neither the proportion of families using them nor the amount spent per family spending show any marked increase at higher consumption levels. Boat fares, on the other hand, are in the “ luxury” class with train fares, showing a sharp upward tendency at higher consumption levels. Bicycle expenditure, either for purchase or repair, was reported by less than 1 percent of the families and was more frequent at the lower consumption levels where most of the children are found. Air plane rides were very rarely reported, and the amounts spent for them MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME 142 indicated that in general they were limited to sightseeing trips over a city. So few families reported such expense that the averages, even when based on families reporting expenditure, were erratic, reflecting the unusual expenditures of one or two families. Details of transportation other than by automobile or motorcycle for families at selected consumption levels are shown in table 6. T able 6 . — Expenditures for Transportation Other than by Automobile or Motorcycle, by Families, at Selected Consumption Levels, in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] All fami lies Item Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Percent of families spending Streetcar..................... ............ Local bus____ _____________ Taxi______________________ Bicycles, purchase and repair. Railroad__________________ Interurban bus_____________ Boat____ __________________ Airplane................................... 80.8 9.4 8.1 .9 9.4 6.6 4.3 .2 79.4 8.0 4.1 1.0 4.7 4.5 1.8 0 82.7 9.0 8.5 .9 9.4 6.3 5.2 .1 80.9 11.5 13.1 .1 17.9 10.4 5.9 .6 All fami lies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Average expenditure per family spending 76.8 $39.49 $35. 59 $41.92 $40. 78 12.6 25. 64 20.00 25.89 36.09 23.3 6. 30 5.12 6.00 11.80 21.11 18.00 18. 89 30.00 0 28.0 19.04 12. 34 17. 34 25. 64 6.6 12.88 14. 22 13.49 14.81 10.0 13.95 4.44 11.15 14. 58 0 5.00 0 30.00 1. 67 $45.76 24.52 6.61 0 27. 57 15.30 40.70 0 R ecreation E xp en d itu res Expenditures for recreation, including amounts spent for amuse ments and recreational equipment, tobacco, and reading, took 5% cents of each dollar spent by these families of wage earners and clerical work ers. Although there was a substantial increase in the amount spent, from low to high consumption levels, the percentage of total expendi tures going for recreation thus defined showed only a slight tendency to increase at higher levels (see table 7). T a b l e 7 . — Summary o f Expenditures for Recreation, by Families, at Selected Consumption Levels, in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item All fami lies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Amount 15. 36 28.97 18. 62 19. 34 11.17 21.26 11.49 8.93 16. 49 31.80 20. 78 19.87 Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Percent of total family expenditure Recreation, total................... $82.29 $52.85 $88.94 $116.00 $137.80 Reading ................................. Tobacco--........................... . Commercial entertainment-. Other recreation.................... All fami lies 19. 55 35.28 26.90 34. 27 23.18 40. 52 32.26 41. 84 5.4 4.5 5.6 6.1 5.6 1.0 1.9 1.2 1.3 .9 1.8 1.0 .8 1.0 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.9 1.4 1.8 .9 1.7 1.3 1.7 TRANSPORTATION AND RECREATION 143 The average expenditure for tobacco among all the families surveyed accounted for over a third of the total spent for recreation. Reading; commercial entertainment, including movies, plays, concerts, and spectator sports; and other recreational expenditures made up the total. Averages, as in table 7, based on all families surveyed, whether or not they incurred a given expenditure, do not readily present a picture of the actual spending for individual items. Various types of recrea tion, by their very nature, make more appeal to the tastes or needs of one family than another. Thus families with small children are partic ularly interested in play equipment; those with members musically inclined purchase musical instruments or supplies. Some who are athletically inclined want sport equipment; others find their pleasure in the radio and in magazines. The percentages given in table 8 show the wide range in proportion of families reporting expenditures for the specific items making up the recreation total. Reading of the daily newspaper and some attendance at movies are the items which are almost universally reported. A newspaper, either delivered to the home or bought at a newsstand, was reported by almost all of the families surveyed, even at the low consumption levels. Reading of a daily paper is a habit of great tenacity, and serves almost all the family members. Magazines were reported by a much smaller proportion of families, but a proportion which increased rapidly at higher consumption levels. Evidently magazine subscriptions or news stand purchases are items which families add to their expenditures as rapidly as resources permit. The amount per family spending, how ever, even at high consumption levels, was not so much as $6 per year. In reviewing the expenditures for books and magazines, it is important to remember the fact that these data represent the expend itures of families in the larger cities of the country where library facilities are readily available to most families. The families buying books spent enough to buy several inexpensive ones. Those renting books from loan libraries paid enough, even at the relatively low consumption level of those with total annual unit expenditures of $200 to $300, to read 10 books per year, assuming an average rental charge of 15 cents per book, and the expenditure was much higher at higher consumption levels. Cigarette purchases were reported by only a little over half the families at the low consumption level but by three-fourths at the high level (see table 8). About 50 cents per week per family spending went for this purpose at the low consumption level, compared with almost 90 cents at the high consumption level. The tension of routine jobs and city living, together with unusually effective advertising, have contributed to a rather wide extension of smoking, and to many of the smokers in the families surveyed, daily smokes were necessaries. MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME 144 The items listed in tabl6 8 tell equally interesting stories regarding other items of the urban family’s recreation expenditures. Movies are attended by adults increasingly at higher consumption levels, where the expenditure reaches a figure of over 50 cents per week per family spending. Expenses for plays and concerts are reported by a some what larger proportion than those buying books, though the per centage of families reporting and the amount spent per family incur ring such expense both rise at higher consumption levels. T able 8 . — Expenditures fo r Recreation, by Families, at Selected Consumption Levels, in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item All fam ilies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Percent of families spending Newspapers, street_________ Newspapers, home delivery. Magazines________________ Books purchased (other than school texts)_____________ Books borrowed from loan libraries_________________ Cigars____________________ Cigarettes_________________ Pipe tobacco_______________ Other tobacco_____________ Movies (adult admission)___ Movies (child admission)___ Plays and concerts_________ Spectator sports____________ Musical instruments_______ Sheet music, records, rolls___ Radio purchase..................... Radio upkeep_____________ Cameras, films, and photo graphic equipment_______ Athletic equipment and sup plies____________________ Children’s play equipment... Pets"(purchase and care)___ Recreational associations___ Entertaining in home 1_____ Entertaining out of home L .. 40.3 70.5 51.5 All fam ilies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 Average expenditure per family spending 39.3 71.2 45.1 33.8 70.4 26.6 5.0 2.1 5.7 7.4 12.4 7.40 5. 24 3.6 15.5 58.9 26.3 8. 6 79.8 29.9 7.9 19.8 2.5 5.5 9.7 25.7 .6 10.0 53.4 28.2 13.5 65.0 48.3 4.6 10.6 2 5 3.7 7.9 19.3 3.9 17.5 61.6 24.6 6.8 84.2 26.3 8.8 21.5 2.7 5.6 9.3 28.4 5.5 20.1 61.9 22.3 4.6 88.8 8.4 12.8 30.9 1.8 4.2 11.4 29.3 11.0 16.2 73.6 24.2 2.8 94.3 2.7 13.4 28.2 1.7 4.5 17.6 29.9 3. 61 17. 61 37. 88 10. 38 13. 95 18.37 7.19 5. 57 6. 92 45. 60 3. 27 50.10 4.24 1. 67 14.00 28. 43 10. 35 13. 04 11. 65 7.10 1. 96 3. 77 27.20 2.70 40. 76 3.26 17.1 7.7 18.2 24.9 26.7 3. 27 1. 56 3.63 3.78 3.22 8.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 6.2 3.3 5.5 21.6 12.2 10.9 1.5 1.5 7.8 20.7 21.4 20.4 6.8 3.2 10.7 8.0 25.7 24.5 11.0 5.3 10.3 1.7 14. 2 36.2 22.0 11.0 9. 25 7. 52 9.90 10. 65 9. 52 27. 27 5.27 5. 46 4. 34 8. 62 4. 00 10.00 9. 23 8.12 9. 72 10.00 7. 21 33.12 13. 55 10. 62 15.14 15. 27 16. 27 57.55 8.45 50. 59 27. 39 12. 04 15. 86 24. 27 45.7 68.2 62.4 55.5 $11.86 69.1 11.43 73.3 4. 57 $9. 02 $12.85 $14. 07 10.13 11. 87 12. 80 3. 27 4. 56 5.80 8. 42 $16.14 12. 71 5.23 6. 49 8.95 2.82 5. 27 18. 91 22. 09 40. 29 44.23 10.89 12. 33 14. 56 15. 43 20. 23 24. 74 7.57 8.45 5. 34 7. 03 6. 00 10.74 40. 00 115. 56 3. 21 3. 57 49. 78 56. 67 4.47 4.81 4. 55 22. 28 46.10 8. 02 37.14 29. 66 2. 22 9. 78 10. 35 64.12 3. 56 77. 73 5. 42 1Except food and drinks. Radios were purchased during the year by about 10 percent of the families surveyed, at an average price of $50. A t higher consumption levels, as would be expected, the price paid was greater. It will be recalled that the proportion of the families owning radios (see p. 138) was substantially greater than the proportion purchasing. About a fourth of the families had some expense during the year for radio repair or upkeep, such as purchase of new tubes. Musical instruments were purchased by a very limited number of families. The size of the expenditures suggests some, second-hand pianos and some smaller instruments, such as banjos. 145 TRANSPORTATION AND RECREATION The photographic hobby is one enjoyed by a substantial proportion of the families surveyed, particularly at the higher consumption levels, though the amounts spent were so small as to cover, in most instances, only films and some developing. Amounts spent for children’s play equipment per family spending increased strikingly at higher consumption levels. The desire to supply children with adequate toys is evidently very strong and is gratified when means permit. Memberships in the Y . M . C. A. or other associations providing recreational facilities or outings were reported by a tenth of the families at the low consumption level, but by a third at the high level. Favors, party decorations, and other forms of entertaining accounted for relatively small expenditures by a small proportion of the families, though both proportions and expenditures showed a tendency to be greater at high consumption levels. Certain of the items of recreation which by their nature cannot be shared among all members of the economic family are presented in table 9 on the basis of expenditure per person. Pipe-tobacco expendi tures per man are about the same at all consumption levels, while cigars show some increase at higher levels and cigarettes show a large in crease. Most of the other items show substantial increases in expendi ture per person at higher consumption levels. T able 9 . — Expenditure per Person o f Specified Age or Sex for Selected Items o f Rec reation, for Families at Selected Consumption Levels, in 42 Cities Combined [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] All families Item Cigars per man 18 years of age and over__________ _ Pipe plus other tobacco per man 18 years of age and over ____________________________________ ____ Cigarettes per person 16 years of age and over______ Movies (adult) per person 16 years of age and over... Movies (child) per child under 16 years of age______ Plays and concerts per person 16 years of age and over. Children’s play equipment per child under 16 years of age---------------- ------- -------- -------- --------- Families with total annual unit expendi ture of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 $2.39 $1.09 $2.98 $4.15 $3.68 3.45 8. 68 5.70 2.09 .17 3.66 5.09 2.54 1.55 .03 3. 31 12.17 6.98 2. 88 .19 3.22 12. 45 9.99 3.94 .41 3.04 15.93 13.13 7.50 .62 1.48 .53 2.43 4.72 10.75 Geographical V ariations in E xp en d itu res For T ransportation and R ecreation The effect of population density, as well as differences in incomes, on expenditures for transportation are strikingly apparent when data on automobile expenditures are compared as between regions. Somewhat less striking, but none the less interesting, differences among the cities of various regions occur in expenditures for movies, tobacco, and street- 146 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME car fares. Data for selected items of transportation and recreation by region are shown in table 10.6 The percentage of families owning automobiles is very much higher in the Pacific coast cities than in New York City, with cities in the Fig 3 PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES OWNING AUTOMOBILES AND RADIOS 1934-1936 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS IN 42 CITIES GROUPED BY REGION PERCENTAGE 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 NEW YORK CITY II NORTH ATLANTIC CITIES 12 SOUTHERN CITIES 8 EAST NORTH CENTRAL CITIES 5 WEST NORTH CENTRAL CITIES 5 PACIFIC COAST CITIES OWNING AUTOMOBILES H j|j OWNING RAOIOS U S BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS two North Central regions ranking comparatively high. The low of 15 percent in New York City clearly reflects the high cost of garage and parking space, traffic hindrances, and the alternative of cheap and rapid subway transportation. The fact that North Atlantic • In preparing th is table, the data from all of the cities studied w ith in a region were pooled, g ivin g to each c ity a relative im portance in the regional average proportionate to the size of the sam ple in th a t city . (See app en dix C .) 147 TRANSPORTATION AND RECREATION cities ranked second lowest in percentage of automobile ownership undoubtedly shows the influence of these same factors in other large cities of the most densely populated portion of the country. In Seattle and the California cities, on the other hand, the ownership of some kind of car by over two-thirds of the families studied attests quite different factors at work. Good roads, comparative ease in getting out of city traffic, inviting and inexpensive camping spots in nearby mountains, on lakes and sounds, and at the ocean, contribute to wide use of the motorcar in Pacific coast cities. The cities of the West North Central and of the East North Central regions rank second and third high in the proportion of families owning automo biles, while the Southern cities were the lowest of any except New York and the North Atlantic cities. It is notable that at the highest consumption level shown in table 10, all of the Southern families drawn in the sample owned automobiles. T able 1 0 .— Expenditures for Certain Items of Transportation and Recreation by Families, at Selected Consumption Levels, in 42 Cities, Grouped by Region Item New York City 11 8 East 12 North North Cen Atlan South ern tic tral cities cities cities 5 West 5 North Pacific Cen coast tral cities cities All families in survey 14.8 Percent of families owning automobiles______ _______ Average expenditure for— Automobiles and motorcycles, total_________ ___ $31.90 Purchase ______________________ __________ 11.10 Operation________________ ________ ______ 20.80 Other transportation, total------- ------- --------- 59.94 Streetcar_________ ____________ _____ _____ 49.68 2.93 Local bus__________ ____ _______ _____ ___ 7.33 Other_______________________________ _____ 79.7 Percent of families owning radios. ............................. . Average expenditure for— $112. 74 Recreation, total ................. ...................................... 20. 37 Reading........... ........ .................... ................... . 38. 25 Tobacco_____ _____________ _______ ______ 30. 04 M ovies_______________ _____ ______________ 2.99 Other commercial entertainm ent.. ________ 4.56 Radio purchase and upkeep_______ _____ ___ 34.8 45.5 57.9 61.2 70.3 $65.40 20.88 44. 52 38. 51 33.94 1. 31 3.26 74.4 $92.64 $117. 21 $115.84 37.69 48.60 44. 52 54.95 68. 61 71. 32 32.36 32. 61 36. 02 23. 82 26. 73 30. 54 4. 26 3. 30 1. 79 4.28 2.58 3.69 62.2 73.5 78.8 $139.39 46.63 92. 76 34.28 25.93 1.59 6. 76 78.7 $76. 24 14. 65 28.64 15. 43 1. 64 5.17 $72.89 12. 31 28. 01 13.94 1.12 6.90 $80.94 15.88 27. 57 13.74 1.61 7. 57 $73. 57 13.68 24.64 14.64 1. 61 4.37 $90.64 16.00 27.11 18. 36 2.66 6.09 Families with total annual unit expenditure of $200 to $300 Percent of families owning automobiles......................... 1.8 Average expenditure for— Automobiles and motorcycles, total............ ........... $1.26 Purchase...................................................... ........ 0 Operation.................... ........................................ 1.26 Other transportation, total........ .............................. 39.76 Streetcar............... .................... ................. ........ 38.11 .83 Local bus.............................. ................... .......... .82 Other................................................... ................ Percent of families owning radios................................... 67.9 Average expenditure for— Recreation, total................. ................................... $58. 26 Reading....................... ...................................... 13.08 Tobacco.......................... .................................... 24.11 M ovies......... ............ ......................................... 15.08 Other commercial entertainment...................... .05 Radio purchase and upkeep.............................. 3.68 18.9 25.4 40.7 43.5 61.6 $19.45 3.10 16.35 34.67 32. 32 1. 01 1.34 67.6 $25. 52 4.38 21.14 26.41 21.93 2.69 1.79 50.1 $39.79 6.21 33.58 26.79 23.59 2.10 1.10 63.0 $41.11 8.80 32.31 34.59 28.01 1.67 4.91 69.9 $61.99 5.24 56. 75 29.07 24.22 1. 59 3.26 66.1 $55. 25 11.58 23. 35 11. 51 .52 3.07 $48.21 8.75 19.99 9. 64 .47 4.70 $52.66 12.05 20.26 9.73 .47 4.82 $47.17 10.12 17.14 10.89 .59 3.63 $53.00 11.92 15. 50 12.50 .59 4.08 148 M ONEY D I S B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y VOLUM E Table 10.— Expenditures fo r Certain Item s of Transportation and Recreation by Fam ilies, at Selected Consum ption Levels, in 42 Cities, Grouped by Region— C o n . Item New York City 8 East 11 12 North North Cen Atlan South ern tral tic cities cities cities 5 West 5 North Cen Pacific coast tral cities cities Families with total annual unit expenditure of $500 to $600 Percent of families owning automobiles........................ 10.6 Average expenditure for— Automobiles and motorcycles, total_____________ $17. 03 1. 94 Purchase--------------------------- -------Operation_________________________________ 15. 09 Other transportation, total____________________ _ 63.91 57. 49 Streetcar_____________ _______________ 1. 89 Local bus_________________ _________ _____ 4. 53 Other_______________________ ____________ _ 40.4 58.2 64.0 62.8 71.4 $71. 82 $109. 79 $114.88 $116.66 38.90 18. 80 37.96 44. 23 53. 02 70.89 76.92 72. 43 40. 81 33.49 33.98 38. 65 36.11 24.99 27.60 33.37 1. 46 3. 68 3.93 .97 4.82 3. 24 2. 45 4. 31 $123.48 31. 52 91.96 33.14 24.97 2.00 6.17 76.9 77.2 71.7 74.8 82.8 79.4 Average expenditure for— Recreation, total_________________ _____ _______ $117. 28 20. 66 Reading_______________________ __________ Tobacco____ ______________________________ 40. 28 35. 73 M ovies-- ------- ---------- ------------------1. 74 Other commercial entertainment.................... 3.82 Radio purchase and upkeep _ ......... ........... . _ $82. 88 15. 38 32. 50 16. 69 2. 00 4. 86 $81. 49 14. 70 31.61 15. 69 1. 55 6.76 $88. 69 17. 05 29.86 15. 39 1.51 8. 34 $79. 73 15.33 25.83 16. 25 1.55 6. 56 $84.87 15. 77 27.08 16.86 1.97 5.41 Percent of families owning radios ................ ................ Families with total annual unit expenditure of $800 to $900 Percent of families owning automobiles_____________ 23.0 54.6 69.8 68.2 73.8 80.2 Average expenditure for— Automobiles and motorcycles, total_____________ $51.91 $138. 93 $202. 48 $196. 36 $222. 36 20. 22 51.91 100. 66 97.96 121. 36 Purchase______ __________ - ____________ Operation. ________ __________ ______ 31.69 87. 02 101.82 98.40 101. 00 69. 66 Other transportation, total__________________ . 47. 34 34. 35 39. 63 35.40 40.51 19. 92 Streetcar__________________________________ 45. 02 27. 37 25. 74 5. 79 1. 64 6. 39 Local bus______________ __________________ 6. 92 4. 25 18. 85 Other________________________________ ____ 5.19 8.04 5. 34 5. 41 $229. 52 97.89 131. 63 35.15 23.47 .36 11.32 Percent of families owning radios____ _____ _________ 82.0 Average expenditure for— Recreation, total___________________________ _ $143. 32 24. 76 Reading__________________________________ 41.28 Tobacco______________________ . . . .......... 34.46 M ovies____ _____ _ _ ___________________ 7.26 Other commercial entertainment__________ _ Radio purchase and upkeep_______ ____ ____ 4. 09 80.1 75.8 78.8 88.0 87.5 $99.56 $110. 60 $119.61 $101.83 18. 49 .16. 87 19. 62 17. 87 29. 60 41. 78 35.11 31. 48 20. 81 20.69 18.37 19.16 3.10 2.97 3. 43 4.95 3. 83 12.25 13.27 7.07 $126.27 18.00 38. 80 22. 57 4.52 10.17 Families with total annual unit expenditure of $1,100 to $1,200 Percent of families owning automobiles......................... 28.9 69.2 100.0 76.2 86.7 90.5 Average expenditure for— Automobiles and motorcycles, total......... ........... . $73. 51 $362. 59 $376.78 $506.22 $417. 52 25.11 232.10 195. 37 393.13 263. 75 Purchase. ________________________________ Operation_________________________________ 48.40 130.49 181.41 113.09 153. 77 52. 65 26. 66 Other transportation, total_____ _______________ 89. 59 28. 22 45. 40 52. 56 49.22 Streetcar___ ____ ______ ____ ______________ 7. 22 25.62 35.18 Local bus.............................................................. 2.44 0 10.21 .49 2.77 2.11 Other................. ....................... ........................... 34. 59 3.43 9.23 7.45 $372.07 204. 50 167. 57 38. 29 15.31 7. 72 15.26 Percent of families owning radios........ ........................... 88.4 76.9 100.0 90.5 $169.72 24.63 37. 72 30. 55 8.06 26.53 85.0 76.2 Average expenditure for— Recreation, total..... .................................................. $147. 73 $138. 73 $118.49 $116. 22 $129.14 23. 29 18.95 20.92 Reading................................................................ 26. 92 18.86 49.38 43.47 28.38 38.07 Tobacco......... ..................................................... 39. 30 21.64 24.90 17.66 28.29 M ovies......... ...... ........ ............. ........................... 39.37 Other commercial en terta in m en t................... 5.39 2. 71 2.31 4.43 3. 62 14.22 7.33 17.55 11.51 Radio purchase and upkeep.............................. 17.18 P h o to b y U . S. F orest S ervice Plate 10.— Camping Out. Wisconsin Chequamegon National Forest. This Type of recreation Has become Increasingly Popular in the Last 20 Years. P h o to b y U . S. D e p a r tm e n t of L abor Plate 11.— Child-Health Conference for Preschool Children. Many Conferences of This Type Are paid for Through Social Security Funds. T R A N S P O R T A T IO N AND R E C R E A T IO N 149 The average figures on automobile purchase (counting families which made no purchase as having had zero expenditures) do not follow the same pattern as car ownership. Although New York City is still the lowest and the North Atlantic region next lowest, the East North Central group outranks the Pacific and West North Central groups in average amounts spent for car purchase. In car-operation expendi tures, however, the Pacific coast cities were notably higher than those in other regions, with the West North Central and East North Cen tral cities vying closely for second place. New York remained at the bottom, with North Atlantic cities next lowest. In expenditures for other transportation, New York City families made up for low automobile expenditures with high streetcar and subway expenditures, and the North Atlantic cities which were sec ond lowest in automobile expenditures were second highest in street car expenditures. Aside from these two groups there were no notable regional differences in expense for streetcar fares. Local bus fares represented greater expenditure per family in the South than in any other region, while New York City, followed by the Pacific cities, ranked highest in all other transportation expenditures. In recreation expenditures, one finds the New York City family’s compensation for lack of the automobile and ready access to facili ties for outdoor sports taking the form of relatively high expenditures for movies and other commercial amusement. New Yorkers, in the wage-earner and clerical group, take their recreation predominantly in the form of indoor amusements. A higher percentage of them own radios than in any other region, although the regional differences in radio ownership are slight. New York families also spend more for reading than Southern families, which ranked lowest on two of the items of recreation; namely, reading and other commercial entertain ment. The relationships as between regions for these various items of recre ation and transportation were not always the same at low and high consumption levels. At a low consumption level, the absence of motor car ownership in New York City was especially pronounced. A t high levels Southern cities exceeded other regions in automobile ownership, and the Pacific cities exceeded New York City in expenditures for recreation of all the types classified under this heading. Chapter 9 MEDICAL CARE, PERSONAL CARE, AND MISCELLA NEOUS ITEMS 1 After the three main requirements— food, shelter, and clothing— have been paid for, moderate-income city families find on the average that less than two-fifths of their incomes are left for the many other goods and services which are essential to urban living. In addition, almost three-tenths of the average income goes to pay for household operation, furnishings, transportation, and recreation. That leaves a margin of only one-tenth to cover all of the items of family expenditure discussed in this chapter— medical care, personal care, gifts and direct personal taxes, formal education, and miscellaneous expenditures. Even* though these items form, on the average, a relatively small part of the total family expense, they include outlays of great impor tance to physical and mental well-being. Medical care in an emergency is crucial to health, if not to life itself. The provision of school books and tuition for advanced study or for special lessons may make it possible for the family to carry out cherished ambitions for the children or the adults of the family. Contributions to dependent relatives frequently are essential to the preservation of self-respect. In some cases they are sufficient to avoid recourse to relief or doubling up of families in one household. Neatness and attractiveness of personal appearance, reflected in expenditures for personal care, give a feeling of self-confidence to the job holder or job seeker as well as to the student or homemaker. Expenditures for such items are, therefore, even when small in amount, of considerable interest in human terms. They cumulate, in the case of expenditures for medicines and drugs or toilet preparations, for example, to impressive aggregate outlays for the products of certain manufacturing and service groups. (See ch. 12.) E xp en d itu res fo r M ed ica l Care , by In com e L evel Expenditures for all kinds of medical care and personal care, for the 14,469 families included in the investigation, are shown in table 1. Medical care for these nonrelief families with incomes over $500 averaged $59 per family or $16 per person for 12 months within the period 1934-36. 1 See the following Tabular Summary tables: Table A-14, medical care and personal care; table A-16, formal education, vocation, community welfare, gifts and contributions, and other miscellaneous items. 150 151 MEDICAL CARE, PERSONAL CARE, MISCELLANEOUS T able 1 . — Expenditures fo r M edical and Personal Care b y 14,469 Fam ilies o f W age Earners and Clerical W orkers, by Incom e Level, in 42 Large Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Medical care Annual net income Average number of per sons per family Average expendi ture— Per family Per person Personal care Percent of total current expendi ture Average expendi ture— Per family Per person Percent of total current expendi ture All families................................ . 3.60 $59 $16 3.9 $30 $8 2.0 $500 to $600.....................— ........ $600 to $900................. ................ $900 to $1,200________ ________ $1,200 to $1,500............................ $1,500 to $1,800............................ 3.11 3.18 3.41 3.54 3.62 22 33 42 x 53 64 7 10 12 15 18 3.4 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 13 17 22 27 32 4 5 6 8 9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 $1,800 to $2,100............................ $2,100 to $2,400..................... — _ $2,400 to $2,700............................ $2,700 to $3,000............................ $3,000 and over..................... ...... 3.76 4.03 4.27 4. 37 4. 81 78 81 97 109 115 21 20 23 25 24 4.2 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.5 37 43 51 59 71 10 11 12 14 15 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 The figures on medical-care expenditure represent medical, dental, and hospital services purchased in general on an individual-fee basis,. drugs and medicines, medical appliances, and health-insurance pre miums. Unpaid medical bills, if incurred within the year of the investigation, are included as expenditures.2 The , total cost of the medical services received by the families represented in the study was undoubtedly somewhat larger than this amount. Clinic and ward services are supported in part by endowments and contributions to hospitals, and in part by services contributed by the medical staff. Some, but not many, of these families reported the payment of clinic fees, and as many as 4 percent paid for beds in hospital wards. In formation on the subject of free medical care was obtained only in New York. For the 897 white families of employed wage earners covered in the New York City investigation, the following statement3 shows the number of families reporting free service, together with those reporting charges for corresponding service. Familiesreportingservice— Charged for Free Room in hospital ward________________________________ 28 6 Clinic______________________________ General practitioner: 0 Home visit________________________________________ 345 Office visit_________________________________________ 360 2 Specialist______________________________________________ 138 2 a In using all the figures collected in the expenditure study and especially those on medical care, it is important to keep in mind that the data represent family obligations incurred during the year, whether or not the family had paid the charges incurred. (See appendix D, p. 384.) 8 This ratio is not to be taken to represent the amount of free clinical work in N ew York City. Relief families were not covered in this survey, nor were families with incomes of less than $600. Free medical care, however, was not regarded as a form of relief. 242949°— 41-------11 1124 152 M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S — SU M M A R Y VOLUM E FAMILY E X P E N D IT U R E S FOR SPECIFIED GROUPS OF ITE M S AT SUCCESSIVE INCOME LEVELS 1 9 3 4 -1 9 3 6 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS IN 42 CITIES ANNUAL EXPEN D ITUR E On D o lla r s ) U. 3. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ANNUAL EXPENDITURE On D o l l a r s ) M E D IC A L CARE, PER SO N A L CARE, M ISC E L L A N E O U S Fig. 2. R E L A T IV E FAMILY E X P E N D IT U R E S FOR SPECIFIED GROUPS OF ITEM S AT SUCCESSIVE INCOM E LEVELS 1 9 3 4 -1 9 3 6 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS IN 42 CITIES ANNUAL EXPENDITURE (In D o llars) ANNUAL EXPENDITURE (In D o lla rs ) 200 1 00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I The slopes o f the lines shorn the percent increase in expenditure corresponding to the percent increase in income A slope greater than th a t o f a 4 5 degree hne represents a gom o f the specified fund o f expenditure rela tiv e ly greater than the gam m income-, a slope less than th at of a 4 5 degree hne represents a gain relatively sm aller U S BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 153 154 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME The two cases of free service by specialists included above were services supplied by a pediatrician and a throat specialist. As a percentage of total family expenditure, medical-care expend itures remained fairly stable at around 3% to 4 percent. (See fig. 2.) Families with incomes from $500 to $600 reported average annual medical-care expenditures of only $22 per family, or $7 per person— 3.4 percent of their total expenditures. At higher income levels the amounts spent per family and per person were markedly greater. (See table 1 and fig. 1.) Because families at higher income levels were larger, the increase per person from low to high income levels was not, however, as great as the increase in expenditure per family. ADEQUACY OF EX P EN D ITU R E FOR M ED ICA L CARE The average expenditure for medical care of $59 per family or $16 per person may be compared with various estimates of the cost of adequate medical care. Thus, the Committee on Costs of Medical Care4estimated the amount of service necessary to meet the people’s real needs, if paid for on a group basis rather than an individual feefor-service basis, at $36 per person per year. This included $11 for dental care and $25 for other medical needs.5 This is over twice the amount of the actual expenditures for medical and dental care of the families of wage earners and clerical workers studied. Furthermore, most of these families paid for their medical care on an individual feefor-service basis rather than under a form of group medical care. More recently the Technical Committee on Medical Care of the Inter departmental Committee to Coordinate Health and Welfare Activities6 estimated $25 per person per year as the reasonable minimum cost per person of adequate medical care (including dentistry), if the care is purchased by groups rather than by individuals.7 This sum is also substantially in excess of the sums paid by these families of wage earners, principally on an individual basis. On the basis of private medical care at minimum fees on a fee-forservice basis, the Technical Committee just mentioned refers to the * The Committee on Costs of Medical Care was organized in M ay 1927 by a group of physicians, health, officers, social scientists, and representatives of the general public to “study the economic aspects of theprevention and care of sickness including the adequacy, availability, and compensation of the persons and agencies concerned.” The chairman was Ray Lyman Wilbur. Funds for a 5-year program of research were supplied by a number of agencies and independent foundations. * Committee on Costs of Medical Care. Publication No. 28 (final report): Medical Care for the American People (p. 31), Chicago, 1932. See also Publication No. 25 of the same committee: Ability to Pay for Medical Care, by Louis S. Reed (p. 84), Chicago, 1933. 6 The Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Health and Welfare Activities was appointed by the President in August 1935 under the chairmanship of Josephine Roche, to forward the operation of the varied Federal program provided by the Social Security Act. The Technical Committee on Medical Care was charged by the Interdepartmental Committee in 1937 with the task of surveying the health and medicalcare work of the U. S. Government. Its report was presented at the National Health Conference in Wash ington, July 18 to 20, 1938. 7 Report of the Technical Committee on Medical Care. (In Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Health and Welfare Activities, Proceedings of National Health Conference, July 1938, p. 57.) MEDICAL CARE, PERSONAL CARE, MISCELLANEOUS 155 estimate of $76 per person per year computed by Samuel Bradbury.8 This estimate excludes dentistry, medicines, appliances, and any clinic or free service provided by the community. In citing this estimate the Technical Committee commented, “Obviously such ex penditures for medical care would be possible for the great majority of families only with extraordinary adjustments in the distribution of income, in budgets, and in standards of living.” 9 There is a wide disparity between this figure and those shown in table 1. Even for the highest income group shown, the expenditures of the wage-earner and clerical families would have to be tripled to reach such a standard. One is forced to conclude that in fact the medical needs of many of these families are dangerously slighted. Expenditures fo r Personal Care, by Incom e Level Expenditures for personal care, although not having the direct relation to the physical well-being of medical-care expenditures, are of considerable importance to the self-respect and self-confidence of family members. The stability of the ratio of such expenditures to total expenditures, at all income levels within the range studied (see table 1 and fig. 2), suggests the extent to which good grooming has been accepted as a necessary part of present-day living. In terms of dollar expenditures the amounts spent per family increased steadily at higher income levels, reaching a high of $71 for families with incomes of $3,000 and over, or $15 per person at that level. (See table 1.) This compares with $4 and $5 per person per year for families with incomes from $500 to $900. The latter figure would allow for about one haircut a month and minimum purchases of toilet prep arations. Expenditures fo r G ifts , Taxes, and M iscellaneous /terns, by Incom e Level Gifts and contributions to relatives and other persons outside the family claimed an average of $24 per family, or 1.6 percent of total family expenditures. (See table 2.) The amounts spent per family increased markedly from low to high income levels. (See fig. 1.) In contrast to medical- and personal-care expenditures, they showed a striking tendency to take an increasing proportion of total expenses at higher income levels; such contributions expand very rapidly when incomes permit. (See fig. 2.) The fact that the investigation was 8 Lee and Jones (Committee on Costs of Medical Care, Publication No. 22, Chicago, 1932) estimated the medical care required by a population with the age distribution which prevailed in 1930; and Dr. Samuel Bradbury estimated its cost on a fee-for-service basis at $76 per person (Samuel Bradbury, M. D.: The Cost of Adequate Medical Care, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1937, p. 53). The average cost of adequate care was figured in general according to the current schedule of minimum fees for services rendered, as shown in the 1933-34 Blue Book of the Chicago Medical Society. 9 See footnote 7. MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME 156 made during 1934-36, when recovery from the depression was under way but not complete, may mean that these contributions to rela tives and other persons were heavier than would have been the case in a period of more normal employment. Direct taxes (other than real estate, automobile, and sales taxes)10 and other contributions to community welfare took almost as large a proportion, 1.3 percent, of total family expenditure. The average per family was $19, and ranged from $7 for those with incomes of $500 to $600 to $48 for those with incomes of $3,000 and over. (See table 2.) As a percentage of total family expenditure within the income range of wage earners, such outlays were much more stable from one income level to another than were gifts and contributions to individuals. (See fig. 2.) T a b le 2.— Average Expenditures fo r Specified Groups o f Item s by 14,469 Fam ilies o f W age Earners and Clerical W orkers, by Incom e Level, in 42 Large Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Annual net income Direct Gifts and contribu For taxes tions to mal Voca and com relatives edu tion munity and other cation welfare persons Direct Gifts and Mis- For taxes contribu celmal Voca tions to and lane- edu tion com relatives ous cation and other munity items welfare persons Amount Miscellaneous items Percent of total current expenditure All families___________ $7 $6 $19 $24 $7 0.5 0.4 1.3 1.6 0.5 $500 to $ 600-1.......... — $600 to $900___________ $900 to $1, 200............... . $1, 200 to $1,500.......... $1, 500 to $1,8 0 0 „ ....... - 2 2 4 5 7 2 2 3 4 7 7 10 13 17 20 5 7 13 18 26 18 5 4 5 6 .3 .2 .4 .4 .4 .3 .2 .3 .3 .4 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 .8 .8 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.8 .6 .4 .4 .4 $1, 800 to $2,100_______ $2,100 to $ 2,4 00 - ....... . $2,400 to $2, 700_______ $2, 700 to $3, 000.......— . $3, 000 and over........ . .. 12 14 19 17 22 9 11 22 14 18 25 28 35 37 48 36 46 52 63 92 9 11 20 25 21 .6 .6 .8 .6 .7 .5 .5 .9 .5 .6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.8 .5 .5 .8 .9 .6 Items taking half of 1 percent or less of total family expenditure were formal education, vocational expense, including such items as union dues, and miscellaneous expenditures. (See table 2.) Ex penditures for these items and for community welfare all tend to be highly variable. Individual families spent from nothing to rather large amounts on each of these items; consequently averages for these items fluctuate from one income or consumption level to another 10 A t the lower income levels, taxation tends to be indirect rather than direct. The percentage of income taken in direct taxes is not to be assumed to be a measure of the support of community activities by the group of families covered. For an estimate of total tax payments, see Colm, Gerhard, and Tarasov, Helen: M on ograph No. 5, Temporary National Economic Committee: Who Pays the Taxes? Allocation of Federal, State, and Local Taxes to Consumers’ Income Brackets, Washington, 1940. MEDICAL CARE, PERSONAL CARE, MISCELLANEOUS 157 much more than averages for some other items purchased much more regularly, as food.11 The American public-school system provides the greatest part of the educational services received by children of wage earners and clerical workers at no specific charge to the parents. Thus, the expenditures for formal education shown in table 2 do not indicate the complete cost of the education of the children in the families surveyed. They do represent, however, any direct outlays made by the family for school books or school supplies, as well as tuition or cost of such special lessons as music or dancing lessons. They also include the school cost, other than room and board, of any children attending school or college away from home. Educational and vocational expenditures showed a general tendency to increase at higher income levels, both in dollars and as a percentage of the total. (See table 2, also figs. 1 and 2.) The increase in the percentage was, however, considerably less than in the case of gifts and contributions to individuals, but more than in the case of direct taxes and contributions to community welfare. The fact that families at higher income levels were larger means that the increase in expendi ture per person is somewhat less than that in expenditure per family. Declines at the highest income levels are explained partly by the high variability of these averages. The decline for education is also due in part to the small number of children under 16 found in families at the high income levels. One factor in the decline in vocational expense at the high income levels is the greater proportion of clerical workers, who are less likely than are wage earners to have expenditure for union dues. Expenditures for miscellaneous items, except for a striking irregu larity at the low income level, showed a general tendency to increase at higher incomes. The high average of $18 at the $500 to $600 income level is an illustration of the possible effect upon the average of unusual expenditures by one or two families. One family at this income level in a northern city spent a total of $1,100 for two funerals, and paid for them by settlement of a life-insurance policy. The average, excluding that one family, would drop from $18 to $1. 11 Coefficients of variation have been computed to measure, in percentage terms, the extent of variation from the average of expenditures of individual families. These measures in almost every city showed the greatest variation for these small miscellaneous expenditures. (See Tabular Summary, tables 24A and 24B, of Bulletins Nos. 636, 637 (vols. I and II), 639, 640, and 641.) 158 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME , D eta ils o f E xp en d itu res b y C on sum ption L e v e l 12 DETAILS OF MEDICAL-CARE E X PE N DITU R E Expenditures for specific items of medical care, when averaged for all families surveyed, whether or not they incurred the given expense, were as follows: Averagef or General practitioner: surveyed Home visit----------------------------------------------------------------- $6. 95 Office visit____________________________________________ 6. 86 Dentist___________________________________________________ 10. 84 Medicine and drugs.______________________________________ 9. 70 Specialist and other practitioner----------------------------------------- 8. 92 Accident and health insurance_____________________________ 4. 05 Hospital, private room____________________________________ 3. 60 Hospital, bed in ward-------------------------------------------------------1. 90 Eyeglasses________________________________________________ 3. 22 Clinic_____________________________________________________ . 45 All other medical expenses------------------------------------------------2. 69 In medical care, especially, an individual family very seldom spends in any 1 year the amount which is the average. Much depends on whether there is a serious illness, or whether certain members need eye or dental attention. From table 3 may be seen the frequency with which families reported expenditures for specific items of medical care. Thus, 85 percent of the families spent for medicines and drugs, but only 1 percent for a private nurse in a hospital. Fifty percent reported expenditure for dentists. Office visits to general practi tioners were reported by 43 percent of the families surveyed and home visits by 38 percent. Only 5.5 percent reported use of clinics and as few as 17 percent had specialists or other practitioners. The average outlay per family spending for a given item is always larger than the average based on all families. Such wide variations in the proportions of families incurring a given expense mean that the dif ferences between these two averages vary greatly from item to item. The figures on page 318 may thus be compared with those shown in table 3. Average expenditure for eyeglasses for the 22 percent of families spending was $15, as opposed to $3 when the average is based on all families. The average expense per family spending was greatest for specialists and for private rooms in hospitals, with nurse in hospital coming next, and bed in hospital ward, fourth. Expense for securing a private nurse in the home, sometimes used to avoid hospitalization, or following hospitalization, occasioned the next greatest item of expenditure per family spending, though only 1.3 percent had such i* Classification by consumption level or economic level is the term used to denote classification of families by annual expenditure per unit for the total of all items of family expenditure. The unit used for this pur pose is the equivalent adult male. Each member of the family, taking into account age, sex, and activity, is counted as the appropriate decimal equivalent of an adult male. For fuller explanation, see ch. 3, or appendix C. 159 MEDICAL CARE, PERSONAL CARE, MISCELLANEOUS expenditure. Dental services averaged $22 for the year for the 50 percent of families paying for dental services. Home visits from gen eral practitioners averaged $18 for the 38 percent of families having them and office visits $16 for 43 percent of the families. T able 3.— Medical-Care Expenditures by 14,469 Fam ilies of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, by Consumption Level, in 42 Large Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families with total annual Families with total annual unit expenditure of— unit expenditure of— All All fami fami lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 to to to to to to to to $300 $600 $900 $1, 200 $300 $600 $900 $1,200 Item Average number of persons in eco nomic family__________________ 3.60 5.19 3.13 2. 38 2.21 Percent of families spending General practitioner: Home visit__________________ Office visit _ ______ _________ Specialist and other practitioner— Dentist _ ____________________ Clinic___ _______ __________ . Nurse in home: Private _________________ Visiting __________________ Nurse in hospital— _________ ___ Hospital: Private room— ______________ Bed in ward_________Medicine and drugs_____________ Eyeglasses _ _____________ _ Medical appliances_______ _____ _ Accident and health insurance____ 3.60 5.10 3.13 2.38 2. 21 Average expenditure per family spending i 38.0 42.7 16.7 49.5 5.5 38.7 34.1 10.8 38.1 6.3 40.3 46.1 19.2 52.9 5.3 30.9 44.9 20.8 57.1 3.4 36.9 49.6 21.0 69.2 .6 $18 16 53 22 8 $16 10 37 15 5 $21 17 55 22 9 $23 26 71 27 19 $27 30 99 35 5 1.3 .4 1.1 .7 .3 .5 1.4 .4 1.3 1.4 .3 1.8 4.2 0 4.8 29 15 46 13 17 16 27 20 68 49 27 96 40 0 53 6.8 4.2 85. 4 22.0 8.6 21.5 3.2 4.6 83.6 17.5 5.8 17.6 8.9 4.7 86.8 22.9 8.6 21.3 8.8 3.9 84.3 25.3 9.2 25.2 12.1 1.0 91.0 38.4 9.8 30.0 53 45 11 15 2 19 36 29 8 14 1 20 56 50 12 15 3 18 79 46 14 18 3 21 67 16 16 15 4 22 1 Average expenditure for all families, whether incurring the expense or not, may be found in Tabular Summary, table A -ll. Expenditures for clinic service averaged only $8 for the 5.5 percent of families reporting such expense. As noted earlier, it is not known how many families received clinic service without charge. Except for New York City (see p. 151), no data are available regarding service given by general practitioners, dentists, or hospitals without charge. When families are classified by consumption level, it is found that as their economic resources become greater an increasing percentage secure eyeglasses and avail themselves of the services of specialists, dentists, and private hospital facilities. Not only do more of the families at the higher consumption levels report expense for medical attention, but the expenditures of these families are greater. This suggests that only the most urgent medical needs are satisfied when the economic resources of the family are restricted. D ETA ILS OF P E R S O N A L-C A R E EX P EN D ITU R E The average family expenditure of $30 for personal care was about equally divided between services of barber and beauty shops, and toilet articles and preparations. Haircuts accounted for $10 of the $16 160 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME total for personal-care services, permanent waves for $2, and other waves for $1.70. Toilet soap and haircuts were the most universally purchased items of personal-care expense. Ninety-six percent of the families surveyed reported expenditures for these items. (See table 4.) The family spending for haircuts averaged almost $1 per month. This would mean approximately three 35-cent haircuts per month for all family members. Toilet soap, on the other hand, represented an average expense of a little under 40 cents a month per family. There was no tendency to increase soap expenditures at higher consumption levels, presumably because of the smaller family size at the higher levels. Another indication of the extent of at least a small expenditure for neat personal appearance is the purchase of cosmetics and toilet preparations by 86 percent of the families and of tooth powder, tooth paste, and mouth washes by 93 percent. For all items of personal care except haircuts and toilet soap, there is a decided tendency for a larger percentage of families to incur expenditures at higher consumption levels. This tendency is most pronounced for the shampoos and manicures, but is also quite im portant for shaves by barber, and for permanent and other waves. It exists, but to a much less extent, for various toilet articles and prepara tions. The fact that haircuts are not universally reported at the high est consumption level is undoubtedly explained by the few families with no adult male members. T able 4.—Personal-Care Expenditures by 14,469 Fam ilies of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, by Consumption Level, in 42 Large Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with total annual Families with total annual unit expenditure of— unit expenditure of— All All fami fami lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 to to to to to to to to $300 $600 $900 $1,200 $300 $600 $900 $1,200 Average number of persons in eco nomic family__________________ 3.60 5.19 3.13 2. 38 2.21 Percent of families spending irersoiiai-uure services* Haircuts.................................... Shaves by barber....................... Shampoos............................... . Manicures____ ______________ Permanent w a v e s . ____ _____ Other waves. . _____________ Other personal-care services....... Toilet articles and preparations: Toilet soap_________ ____ ____ Tooth powder, tooth paste, mouth w a s h e s ..._______. . . Cosmetic and toilet prepara tio n s.._ _____________ ____ Brushes, razor blades, and other toilet articles_______________ 3.60 5.19 3.13 2.38 2.21 Average expenditure per family spending i 96.1 11.6 12.4 4.4 40.2 31.7 2.2 95.0 8.2 3.4 .8 26.8 14.5 1.0 97.4 13.1 13.1 5.1 43.8 37.8 2.4 97.8 16.9 22.1 9.1 49.1 45.6 1.6 96.4 96.0 93.6 96.3 97.6 5 5 5 5 5 92.8 88.7 93.9 94.0 97.9 4 4 5 5 6 85.7 77.8 88.0 91.2 95.5 4 3 5 6 7 78.5 70.7 80.5 83.7 92.2 3 2 3 3 3 98.0 21.7 35.8 26.8 51.9 62.5 8.8 $11 6 6 6 5 5 6 $10 5 4 2 4 3 7 $10 6 5 5 5 5 6 $11 6 8 7 6 8 4 $13 6 9 7 6 8 10 1 Average expenditure for all families, whether incurring the expense or not, may be found in Tabular Summary, table A-ll. MEDICAL CARE, PERSONAL CARE, MISCELLANEOUS 161 Average expenditures per family spending for practically all of the items of personal care are remarkably stable. There is very little increase per family spending with rise in consumption level. The only exceptions are shampoos, manicures, finger waves, and cosmetics and toilet preparations, for which expenditures were notably greater at higher levels. These items partake somewhat more of the char acter of luxury expenditures than do those for such minimum essen tials as soap, tooth cleansers, and haircuts. They indicate in part the influence of advertising and the appeal of various aids to beauty and grooming. The fact that family size was smaller at high consumption levels means that all of the items of personal-care expenditures, when computed on a per person basis, increased rapidly from low to high consumption levels. Expenditures for tooth and mouth-wash preparations were three and one-fourth times as great at the high consumption level as at the low, while expenditures for cosmetics and toilet preparations were seven times as great. Expenditures per person for all families and for those at low and high economic levels for the individual items of personal care are shown in table 5. T able 5.—Average Expenditure per Person for Personal Care in Fam ilies of Low and High Unit Consumption Level Average expenditure per person in— Item All families Families w ith total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 Haircuts___________________________________________________ Shaves by barber_______ ___________________________________ Shampoos__________________________ ____ ___________________ Manicures________________________________ _______ __________ Permanent waves___ ______________________ _____ ___ ______ Other waves ____ - __ ____ ___________________ _ _ Other personal-care ser v ic e s.________________________________ Toilet soap __________________ _________ ____ ____________ Tooth powder, tooth paste, mouth washes......... ...... ........... .......... Cosmetics and toilet preparations.. ____ ___ _____ ___________ Brushes, razor blades, and other toilet articles.......... ................ . $2. 81 .20 .21 .07 .53 .47 .04 1.29 1.13 1. 04 .56 $1.82 .07 .03 0) . 18 .09 .01 .94 .68 .45 .27 $1,100 to $1,200 $5.92 .61 1.50 .83 1.50 2. 31 .42 2.14 2.19 3.23 1.46 1Less than Yi cent. The extent to which the permanent wave has become commonplace in maintaining attractive personal appearance is indicated by the fact that 40 percent of the families had such expenditure. The pro portion expanded rapidly at higher consumption levels from 27 percent at the low level to 52 percent at the high level shown in table 4. The average annual expense per family spending remained about $5 or $6 at all consumption levels. Other types of hairdressing were reported by 32 percent of the families, the proportion at the high level being four times that at the 162 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME low level shown in table 4. Expenditures for shampoos, per family spending, also show a definite tendency to expand as means permit. The relatively small expenditure at low economic levels for shampoos and waves means that the women in families at those levels must rely to a considerable extent on their own care of the hair. Manicures and personal-care services other than for the hair were negligible at low consumption levels, but at the highest level shown in table 4 as many as one-fourth of the families spent over 50 cents a month for manicures. D ETA ILS OF E D U C A TIO N A L AND VO CA TIO N A L EXPENSE About a third of the families had some expenditure for tuition, school books or supplies, or special lessons for family members living at home, and the average cost for those families spending was $19. (See table 6.) The expenditure at the highest level shown in the table was almost threefold that at the lowest level shown. The percent of families having such expenditures was, however, smaller at the higher consumption levels. This is accounted for by the relative preponderance of children in families at the lower consumption levels. T able 6 . —Formal Education and Vocation Expenditures by 14,469 Fam ilies of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, by Consumption Level, in 42 Large Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with total annual Families with total annual unit expenditure of— unit expenditure of— All All fami fami lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 to to to to to to to to $300 $600 $900 $1,200 $300 $600 $900 $1,200 Average number of persons in eco nomic family............................. . 3.60 6.19 3.13 2.38 2.21 5.19 3.13 2.38 2.21 Average expenditure per family spending 1 Percent of families spending Formal education: Members away from home....... Members at home______ _____ Vocation: Union dues or fees_____ ______ Professional association dues or fees........... ............................. Technical literature__________ 3.60 1.3 33.1 1.7 47.6 1.4 29.4 1.1 14.1 0 7.4 $58 19 $26 12 $50 25 $183 42 0 $34 24.0 18.8 24.7 27.8 31.2 24 16 25 32 38 2.3 1.2 1.0 .4 2.2 1.3 3.8 3.0 5.0 2.0 12 7 5 2 12 10 17 3 9 8 i Average expenditure for all families, whether incurring the expense or not, may be found in Tabular Summary, table A-12. Very few families in this wage-earning and clerical group sent children away to school. Only 1.3 percent of the families had such expense, and the proportion declined at higher economic levels where there were fewer children. The average expenditure for such educa tion (exclusive of room and board cost) increased from $26 per family spending at the lowest consumption level shown in table 6 to $183 among the few families with total annual expenditures per family MEDICAL CARE, PERSONAL CARE, MISCELLANEOUS 163 member of $800 to $900. No families at the highest economic level reported such expense. This is explained in large part by the com position of families at the higher consumption levels. Among these families of wage earners and clerical workers, those at the high con sumption levels were principally small families with several adult earners and few children. In the group with no expenditures for education (those with total annual expenditure per adult equivalent of $1,100 to $1,200) there were only eight children under 16 in every hundred families. Average family size at that level was 2.21 and the average number of workers was 1.48. Expenses incurred in connection with the worker’s job or occupa tion are, in one sense, not family expenditure at all. From the point of view of computing the family’s net income, they are rather an occupational expense which should be deducted from the earnings. Among families of wage earners, however, union dues, which form the greatest portion of such occupational expense, are generally thought of as family expenditures. For that reason, a category of expense called vocational expenditure is presented for these families. Almost one-fourth of the families reported payments for union dues, as con trasted with only 2 percent reporting professional association dues or fees and 1 percent reporting expense for technical literature in the field of their jobs. The latter two items showed a rapid increase in proportion of families having such expenditures at higher consump tion levels. There was an even greater proportionate increase in the percent of families paying union dues or fees. Expenditure per family for vocational expense, computed as an average for all families, whether they incurred the expense or not, is shown in table 2. Com puted as an average only for the families spending, unions cost the families contributing an average of $24 per year, professional associa tions half that amount, and technical literature a fourth that amount. Each of these items showed a general tendency to be greater at higher consumption levels. D ETA ILS OF EX P EN D ITU R ES FOR G IFTS W ELFARE, AND M ISC ELLA N EO U S AND CO N TR IB U TIO N S, C O M M U N ITY IT E M S Contributions to churches, synagogues, and other religious organ izations were made by three-fourths of the families. Over half con tributed to the community chest and over a fourth paid poll, income, or personal-property taxes. (See table 7.) About $21 per year was the average for those contributing to religious organizations at all consumption levels, even the lowest. Community chest contribu tions on the other hand were made by an increasing proportion of families and the amounts per family increased at higher levels. Taxes shown in table 7 include only poll, income, and personalproperty taxes. (See table 2 for average based on all families whether 164 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME paying taxes or not.) Taxes on owned homes were treated as a part of housing expenditure. (See ch. 6 and appendix D .) Those for automobile licenses and other car taxes are shown as automobile expense. (See ch. 5 and appendix D .) It was not possible to sepa rate sales taxes from the price of the article purchased, as families frequently could recall the total cost of an item, as a pair of shoes, but not the amount of tax included in the price. Further, since practices of retailers varied in showing the tax separately or including it in the price, many families did not know how much sales tax they had paid. Therefore, sales taxes have simply been included in the expenditure for the specific commodity. T able 7.— Taxes, Gifts, Contributions, and Miscellaneous Expenditures by 14,469 Fam ilies of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, by Consumption Level, in 42 Large Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with total annual Families with total annual unit expenditure of— unit expenditure of— All All fami fami lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 to to to to to to to to $300 $600 $900 $1,200 $300 $600 $900 $1,200 Percent of families spending Community welfare: Religious organizations_______ Community chest and other organizations______________ Taxes—poll, income, and per sonal property_____________ Gifts and contributions: Christmas, birthday, etc., gifts. Support of relatives__________ Support of other persons_____ Miscellaneous: Funerals__________ __________ Legal costs__________ _______ Gardens......................... ........... Fam ily losses________________ Average expenditure per family spending i 74.2 78.8 74.2 64.3 60.4 $21 $17 $22 $29 $26 54.9 43.7 58.3 63.8 69.6 5 3 5 7 8 27.3 28.7 27.0 27.0 34.2 5 4 4 5 8 68.3 17.2 6.2 47.3 9.2 2.6 75.2 19.6 7.4 81.9 25.8 8.5 90.4 38.9 10.0 19 61 14 10 32 11 19 51 13 29 80 21 35 135 12 1.4 1.5 8.3 1.4 1.0 1.1 9.1 .9 1.3 1.2 8.0 1.2 1.7 2.7 10.0 2.2 1.7 1.1 6.6 2.9 244 53 4 43 153 17 3 38 238 73 4 44 344 134 6 55 252 24 4 29 i Average expenditure for all families, whether incurring the expense or not, may be found in Tabular Summary, table A-12. About a fourth of the families paid income, poll, or personalproperty taxes, up to the highest consumption levels where the pro portion increased to a third. The amounts paid increased from about $4 to an average of $8 per tax-paying family at the highest consump tion level shown in table 7. Gifts and contributions to individuals show extremely great expan sion as more funds for spending become available. Thus, expense for Christmas and birthday gifts to persons outside the family was re ported by 90 percent of families at the high consumption level as compared with 47 percent at the low level shown in table 7. The amounts devoted to this item by these families were three and a half times as great at the high as at the low level. MEDICAL CARE, PERSONAL CARE, MISCELLANEOUS 165 Support of relatives was reported by a rapidly increasing propor tion of families at higher consumption levels. That is to say, as soon as the economic resources of the families permitted there was a striking increase in the amounts spent for the assistance of less fortunate rela tives. The amounts which they gave more than quadrupled from the low to the high consumption levels shown in table 7. The proportion of families spending for the items listed under the general heading of “ Miscellaneous” appears to be independent of the financial well-being of the family. W ith the exception of gardens these are in general the items for which a family spends only when visited by misfortune. As could be expected, the expenditures for funerals for families incurring this expense increased from the low to the high consumption level. Average expenditures for legal costs per family spending are extremely uneven, principally because of the high variability of such averages. C om parison o f Selected Item s o f M ed ica l Care and M iscella n eou s E xp en d itu res o f W h ite and N egro F a m ilies When the economic resources of white and Negro families are the same, as measured by the amount spent per equivalent adult member, their expenditures for certain of the items discussed in this article form an interesting contrast (see table 8). A t both the low and the relatively high consumption levels for which the comparisons are shown, the same general differences are found. A larger proportion of white families make expenditures for dental work than do the Negro families, and the cost to those families is greater. The fact that the percentage of Negro families spending for dental care increased at the higher consumption level is, however, an indication of a felt need for such service among the Negro group. The Negro families, on the other hand, are more apt to buy accident and health insurance and their payments for this protection are larger than those of white families who buy this type of insurance. More Negro families contribute to the support of relatives than do the white families with comparable economic resources, and their contributions are larger. Also, more Negro families make donations to religious organizations than do white families, but the amounts given by the white families are larger. In considering the figures shown in table 8 13 it must be noted that the Negro families were smaller than the white and that their incomes were lower. They had a somewhat higher average number of gainful work ers and the chief earner was an unskilled laborer in a much higher proportion of the families. Total expenditure per equivalent adult 13 In using the figures for Negro families it is particularly important to remember that families on relief were excluded from the study as well as families with incomes below $500. (See appendix B.) 166 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME male, however, for both the white and Negro families for which data are presented in table 8 placed them in the same consumption levels. T able 8 . —Expenditures by White and Negro Fam ilies 1for Specified Items, at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $500 to $600 White Negro White Negro White Negro White Negro Percent of families spending General practitioner: Home visit................................................ . Office v isit.................................................. D entist__________________________________ Clinic______________________ _____ _______ Medicine and drugs................... ...................... Accident and health insurance_____________ Support of relatives..... .................................... Support of other persons______ ____ _______ Funerals -----------------------------------Religious organizations___________________ Taxes___ ____ __________ ________________ 38.5 34.7 40.0 6.5 83.1 15.7 8.0 2.5 1.0 77.9 29.0 40.4 28.2 19.2 4.6 88.6 36.9 21.6 3.8 .7 88.3 26.1 40.3 46.4 53.6 5.3 86.8 21.0 18.9 7.5 1.3 73.9 27.1 39.6 33.9 27.3 5.6 86.7 34.8 47.2 5.2 3.3 86.4 21.3 Average expenditure per family spending 2 $16 10 16 5 8 18 31 12 160 18 4 $12 8 10 5 7 26 35 6 123 12 4 $21 17 22 9 12 18 50 12 228 22 4 $15 16 11 3 12 27 62 17 237 19 5 1 Negro families were surveyed in 16 of the 42 large cities in which white families were surveyed. 2 Average expenditure for all families, whether incurring the expense or not, may be found in Tabular Summary, tables A -ll and A-12. Chapter 10 SAYINGS1 In the aggregate, the current incomes of the families studied in the 42 cities covered in this survey in 1934-36 were a little greater than their current expenditures. When surpluses and deficits are balanced, the average net savings amounted to $11 per family. One of the largest items contributing to the surpluses was insurance premiums, which averaged $82 for all families studied. Three-fifths of the fami lies included in the survey reported a surplus 2 or net saving which averaged almost $150. Almost two-fifths of the families, however, had a deficit.2 A very small proportion reported no net change in assets or liabilities, and their current incomes and current expenditures were approximately in balance.3 In considering these figures, it is important to bear in mind the occasional large expenditure which must be made by every family, and the general level of incomes among the families of wage earners and clerical workers. The purchase by a family with an income of around $1,500 of an electric refrigerator for $150, for example, must inevitably be financed in part by some means outside of current in come. It may be from past savings which have been set aside for this purpose, or from current borrowing. Using either method, the family will show a deficit in the particular year in which an extra ordinary occasional purchase is made. The important thing to observe, therefore, is not that a number of families spent more than their incomes in a given year, but the balance at a given income level between aggregate income and aggregate expenditures. Under normal circumstances we might expect that exceptional outlays made in any 1 year by some of the families at this income level would balance accumulations made by other families in anticipation of later purchases from savings, or reductions of liabilities incurred for purchases of previous years. In this connection, it is important to note the setting of the period in which these surveys were made. There had been a period of 3 or 4 years of intense anxiety during which there was no certainty as to what the future held in store. It would appear that a number of families in the wage-earner and clerical groups had managed, even during the worst days of the depression, to conserve small amounts of their past savings or of their current income. By 1934, and more 1 See ch. 1, tables 7, 8, and 9; ch. 3, tables 4, 5, and 6; and Tabular Summary, tables A-13 and A-16. 2 For further definition of surplus or saving, and of deficit or dissaving, as used in this discussion, see appendix D, p. 385. 3 For discussion of method of calculating net change in assets and liabilities and relation to balancing difference, see p. 171 and appendix D. 167 242949°— 41------ 12 168 M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S — SU M M A R Y VOLUM E particularly by 1935, anxiety with reference to the future was some what relieved. This was especially so among families covered by this investigation, since families without relatively steady employ ment and those who had been on relief at any time during the survey year were excluded from the study. These families, many of whom had refrained from large purchases for several years, were feeling the necessity of replacement or were sufficiently encouraged to undertake purchases of new items. Surplus and D eficit by Incom e Level Among families with incomes from $500 to $600 (the lowest income level included in the investigation), the average net change in assets and liabilities for all families was a deficit of $80 (see table 1). This deficit became progressively smaller at successive income levels, and changed to an average surplus of $19 for families in the $1,500 to $1,800 income class. The average surplus was greater at each higher income level, reaching a maximum of $231 for families with incomes of $3,000 and over (see fig. 1). The proportion of families having a surplus tended to be greater at higher income levels and the average amount of such surplus likewise increased. The proportion of fami lies having a deficit declined at successive income levels, although, with one exception, the average size of the deficit among families “ going into the red” was greater at the higher income levels. The large deficits incurred by 46 percent of the families at the lowest income level are explained by the great difficulty which large city families find in trying to stretch incomes of this size to meet urgent needs. It also suggests that not all of the families with incomes at that level had customarily had such limited incomes. Some families, finding their current income restricted, drew upon reserves or con tracted debts instead of reducing further their current consumption. Large city families at that income level who had neither savings nor ability to borrow in general probably went on relief. A larger proportion of the Negro families surveyed managed to achieve surpluses than did the white families (see table 2). The average surplus per family having surplus was greater at correspond ing income levels for Negro families than for white, and similarly Negro families incurred smaller deficits. So pronounced is this tendency that the average net change in assets and liabilities for all Negro families surveyed was positive, that is to say, was a surplus, at every income level— even the lowest included in the investigation. The fact that this surplus was consistently smaller at lower income levels suggests, however, that the pattern of surplus and deficit is fundamentally the same for Negro families as for white, except that the turning point from deficits to surpluses occurs lower in the income scale for Negroes, probably somewhere a little below the $500 level. SAVINGS 169 170 T a b l e 1 .— MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMM ARY VOLUME Average Surplus and Deficit of 14,469 Fam ilies of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Cities, by Income Level [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36J Families with annual net income of— All families_____ __________ __________ $500 to $600____________________________ $600 to $900____________________________ $900 to $1,200________________ _______ $1,200 to $1,500.---_____________________ $1,500 to $1,800___________ _____ ________ $1,800 to $2,100_________________________ $2,100 to $2,400________ _____ - ........ ........ $2,400 to $2,700____________________ ____ $2,700 to $3,000_________________________ $3,000 and over___________ ___________ Average number of per sons per family 3.60 3.11 3.18 3.41 3.54 3.62 3. 76 4.03 4. 27 4. 37 4. 81 Percent of families having Surplus Deficit 59.2 41.0 44.5 52.9 58.1 63.0 63.1 68.1 70.4 73.9 77.4 37.8 46.4 53.4 42.5 39.3 35.0 32.1 30.8 28.6 26.1 19.1 Average amount per Average surplus family having— or deficit for all families Surplus Deficit in sur vey 2 $149 36 56 79 108 151 223 243 254 331 377 $203 202 159 186 194 218 225 233 268 325 319 +$11 -80 -62 -37 -13 + 19 + 68 +94 +103 +105 +231 1 The difference between 100.0 and the sum of the percentages of families having surplus and those having deficit is accounted for by the families having no net change in assets and liabilities, that is, whose incomes and expenditures were equal (or balanced to within 5 percent of the greater figure). (See appendix D.) 2 T hat is, positive or negative net change in assets and liabilities (see p. 174). A large factor in the greater proportionate savings of Negro families is the payment of life-insurance premiums, an item which will be more fully discussed later.4 In general, however, the ability of Negro families to spend beyond their current incomes is restricted by the limited extent of their accumulated reserves and the relatively small amount of credit they can command. This factor would tend to restrict the proportion of Negro families reporting negative changes in assets and liabilities. T a b l e 2 .— Average Surplus and D eficit of 12,903 White Fam ilies in 42 Cities and 1,566 Negro Fam ilies in 16 Cities, by Income Level [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families, by color, with annual net income of— Average Percent of families Average amount per having 1— number family having— of persons per fam Surplus Deficit Surplus Deficit ily Average surplus or deficit for all fam ilies in su rvey2 W h ite fa m ilies All fam ilies... --- - _ _____________ $500 to $600____________________________ $600 to $900____________________________ $900 to $1,200________________ ____ _____ $1,200 to $1,500_________________________ $1,500 to $1,800_______ ____ _____ _______ $1,800 to $2,100___________ ____ - ............. $2,100 to $2,400............................................... $2,400 to $2,700______________ ___________ $2,700 to $3,000-...................... ...................... $3,000 and over___________________ _____ 3.60 2.95 3.12 3.39 3. 53 3.62 3.76 4.02 4.27 4.37 4.81 58.9 24.2 38.3 51.9 57.8 62.8 63.0 68.1 70.5 74.0 77.4 38.1 57.3 55.9 43.4 39.5 35.2 32.1 30.7 28.6 26.0 19.0 $152 29 57 79 108 151 223 243 254 330 378 $207 269 175 190 195 219 226 233 269 326 320 +$11 - 14 7 -77 -42 -14 418 + 68 + 94 +103 +106 +232 3.59 3.31 3.42 3.64 3.76 3.90 4.50 66.0 62.3 63.4 66.0 68.0 77.4 67.3 31.1 32.5 32.7 30.9 31.3 17.1 31.0 84 40 53 80 122 143 277 98 55 84 97 153 108 146 + 25 +6 +6 +23 + 36 -1-92 +141 N e g r o fa m ilie s All families______ __________________ $500 to $600_______________ ____________ $600 to $900_____________ _____ _________ $900 to $1,200__________ ________ _______ _ $1,200 to $1,500_________________________ $1,500 to $1,800________________________ _ $1,800 and over— ....... — ............. ............. 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 T hat is, positive or negative net change in assets and liabilities. * Seep. 179. (Sec appendix D .) SAVINGS 171 Calculation o f N et Change in A ssets and Liabilities The figures cited on savings and deficit have been computed from the families' own statements about net changes in their assets and liabilities 5 and do not represent simply a balancing difference between reported incomes and reported current expenditures.6 Neither do the figures on assets and liabilities represent a complete statement of the net worth of the families surveyed, but only of changes 7 in their net worth. Further, the only changes taken into consideration were those which occurred as the result of the actual transfer of property or funds. Changes in the market value of real estate or personal property remaining in the hands of the families studied are not included. As an aid to more complete understanding of the figures discussed in this article, summaries of entries on the schedule 8 are presented as they would appear for two individual families, one of which had a surplus and the other a deficit for the year. For illustration, it is assumed 9 that during the 12 months from March 1935 to February 1936, inclusive, family A paid off $500 on the principal of the mortgage on the family home. This appears on the schedule as a decrease in debt in the form of mortgage on owned home. The family also paid semiannual premiums totaling $39 on a lifeinsurance policy. Both the mortgage and tne life-insurance items are entered on the right-hand side of the schedule page ‘and their sum, $539, represents the total annual net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities reported by family A. This amount represents the total of funds disbursed for items other than current family consumption. 8 Each family, in addition to furnishing data on all sources of current income and estimating outlay for all items of current family expenditure, reported separately on any changes during the year in the amounts of its assets or liabilities (see summary of schedule entries, pp. 172-173.). 6 M ost families were not able to present a statement of total receipts and total disbursements which bal anced exactly. For definition of receipts and disbursements, see appendix D . No schedule was accepted for use from a family which could not supply a statement of total receipts and total disbursements which balanced within 5 percent. (See appendix D .) The average balancing difference showed a slight tendency to be negative, that is, for current expenditures plus other disbursements reported to exceed current income plus nonincome sources of funds reported. In no city surveyed, however, was the average balancing difference as great as 2.0 percent. 7 The great interest which would attach to figures on total net worth, i. e., the value of assets held and lia bilities owing, was recognized when the study was planned. The scope of the investigation, and the diffi culties of ascertaining this information, however, precluded its inclusion in the schedule. Furthermore, it is the figures on net change for the year which when added to current income (if a deficit) or to current expenditure (if a surplus) indicate the magnitude of the family’s total receipts or total disbursements for the year. For definitions of the terms net money income, current expenditure, total receipts, total disburse ments, as used in this study, see appendix D. s For facsimile of the schedule, see appendix F in Bulletin No. 636, 637, 639, 640, or 641. 9 The data shown for families A and B are hypothetical and not data actually reported by individual families. They conform closely, however, to the kinds of situations actually reported by various families and illustrate the method of treatment. MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME 172 Summary of Schedule E ntries1for Fam ily A (Fam ily Having a Surplus) [Changes in the form and amount of family assets and liabilities in the year Mar. 1, 1935, to Feb. 29, 1936. N ot including changes due to appreciation or depreciation of property which has not changed hands.] Funds made available for family use from sources other than family income in schedule year Amount Decrease in assets: Reduction in savings account------- $200.00 Increase in liabilities: Increase in amounts due firms selling on the installment plan— goods other than ai'| tr‘'mr,bil#1. Increase in miscellaneous debts (doctor for tonsillectom y)________ 45.00 Total ______________________ Disposition of money received during the schedule year not used for current family expenditures Increase in assets: Payments on life insurance (pre miums paid semiannually)_______ Decrease in liabilities: Decrease in principal of mortgage on owned home______ _____________ Amount $39.00 500.00 25.00 270.00 Total.............................................. 539.00 N et ch a n g e ............................................... +269.00 1 These entries would appear on page 18 of the schedule. Bulletin No. 636, 637, 639, 640, or 641. For schedule facsimile, see appendix F in It is further assumed that during the 12 months included within the survey year for family A, the family cleared up the balance of $65 which it still owed on March 1, 1935 (the beginning of the survey year), for a radio purchased for Christmas 1934 (prior to the survey year). Had there been no other installment sales transaction by family A, that item would have been entered on the right-hand side of the schedule page as a decrease in debt to firms selling goods other than automobiles on the installment plan. However, in September 1935 (during the survey year), family A purchased a $200 electric refrigerator 10 for which it paid $50 down and a balance of $8 a month. There was still owing on the refrigerator at the end of February 1936 a balance of $110. This increase in installment debt of $110, balanced against the $65 decrease represented by payments on the radio, left a net increase for the year, in debt owing to firms selling on the install ment plan, of $45. This item of $45 is the only entry which appears for these two installment-account transactions.11 It shows on the left side of the page as a net increase in debt to firms selling goods other than automobiles on the installment plan. A withdrawal by family A of $200 more than deposited during the year in the savings account also, appears on the left-hand side of the page as a net reduction in cash in savings account. A bill of $25 owing the doctor for a tonsillectomy performed during the survey year is listed as an increase in “ other debts.” The total for the entries on the left-hand side of the page is $270 and may be designated the net decrease in assets and increase in liabilities for family A. This amount represents funds from sources other than current family income made available for family spending during the year. 10 The entire sum of $200 for the electric refrigerator would also be entered on page 14 of the schedule as an expenditure for that item. (See ch. 6, p. 119.) 11 The field agent was instructed in such cases to write an explanatory note on the blank page 19 of the schedule which could be checked by editors and tabulators. SAVINGS 173 The totals on the right- and left-hand sides of the page may now be balanced against each other to find out whether family A ends the year with a deficit or a surplus. Thus, $270 subtracted from $539 leaves a balance of $269 on the right-hand side of the balance sheet, which is a positive net change in assets and liabilities, hence a surplus or net saving, or increase in net worth, for family A. Family B, through a somewhat different set of financial transactions, came out with a net balance on the left-hand side of the sheet, that is, with a deficit or net dissaving, a decrease in net worth. Family B bought a $400 automobile 12 in November 1935 for which it paid $90 down and three monthly payments totaling $90, leaving a balance owing at the end of February 1936 of $220. That amount appears on the left-hand side of the page as net increase in debt to firms selling automobiles on the installment plan. Family B also had a net reduction of $60 in its savings account and borrowed $120 from a small-loan company to help pay for the installation of an automatic hot-water heater. The entries on the left-hand side of the page thus total $400 for net decreases in assets and increases in liabilities for family B. This $400 constitutes funds from sources other than cur rent income made available for family spending during the year. Summary of Schedule Entries 1for Fam ily B (Fam ily Having a Deficit) [Changes in the form and amount of family assets and liabilities in the year Mar. 1, 1935, to Feb. 29,1936. Not including changes due to appreciation or depreciation of property which has not changed hands. [ Funds made available for family use from sources other than family income in schedule year Amount Decrease in assets: Reduction in savings account______ $60.00 Increase in liabilities: Increase in amounts due small-loan companies. _ . _________________ Increase in amounts due firms sell ing on the installment plan—auto mobiles __________ . Total__ _ Net change. ________ _ ... . __ __ ______________ 120.00 220.00 400. 00 Disposition of money received during the schedule year not used for current family expenditures Increase in assets: Investment in improvements on own home (installation of auto matic hot-water heater) ______ _ Payments on life insurance (pre miums paid quarterly)_____ . . . Decrease in liabilities: Decrease in amounts due firms sell ing on the installment plan—goods other than automobile (washing m achine).._____ _. Total _____________________ _ Amount $125,00 26.00 55.00 206.00 -194.00 1 These entries would appear on page 18 of the schedule. Bulletin No. 636, 637, 639, 640, or 641. For schedule facsimile, see appendix F in The other side of the balance sheet for family B shows the $125 automatic hot-water heater installation as an investment in the form of a permanent improvement to the owned home. In addition a balance of $55 13 owing on an electric washing machine purchased on the installment plan in January 1935 (prior to the survey year) was paid off during the survey year. This item appears on the right side 12 The entire amount of $400 would be entered on page 16 of the schedule as expenditure for automobile purchase. (See ch. 8, p. 138.) 13 No expenditure for this washing machine is entered on schedule page 14 because the purchase was not made during the survey year. (See appendix D.) 174 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME of the schedule page as a decrease in debt to firms selling goods other than automobiles on the installment plan. Payment of $26 in life insurance premiums is also entered on the right side of the page. The entries on the right come to a total of $206 for net increases in assets and decreases in liabilities for family B. This total represents funds disbursed during the year for items other than current family con sumption. This total subtracted from the $400 on the left side, leaves family B with a negative net change in assets and liabilities of $194, that is to say, with a deficit or net dissaving, a decrease in net worth of that amount. It is the data for surpluses and deficits, calculated as just outlined, which appear in the first four columns of tables 1 and 2. To average the net change in assets and liabilities for families A and B, one adds the + $ 2 6 9 and the —$194 with a resulting + $ 7 5 for the two families or an average net change of + $ 3 7 .5 0 per family. The net change, being positive, is surplus. Such a figure is comparable to those shown in the last column of tables 1 and 2. Surplus and D eficit, b y Consum ption Level When families are classified not according to their incomes, but according to their consumption level 14 there is a striking reversal in the pattern of surplus and deficit from that found for families classified by income level. Families at the lowest consumption levels had the largest surpluses and those at the highest consumption levels the largest deficits. (See fig. 2.) T able 3.—Average Surplus and D eficit of 14,469 Fam ilies of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Cities, at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months w ithin the period 1934-36] Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fam ilies.............. .................. Under $200___________ _______ $200 to $300___ ____ __________ $300 to $ 40 0 ....____ __________ $400 to $500__________________ $500 to $600__________________ $600 to $700__________________ $700 to $800__________________ $800 to $900__________________ $900 to $1,000_________________ $1,000 to $1,100_______________ $1,100 to $1,200_______ _______ _ $1,200 and over_______________ Average annual income per family Average number of per sons per family $1, 524 967 1,187 1, 334 1, 486 1, 596 1, 688 1,822 1,884 1,981 2,097 2, 262 2. 396 3.60 6.49 5.19 4.16 3. 54 3.13 2.79 2. 55 2. 38 2.28 2. 26 2. 21 2.00 Percent of families having 1— Surplus Deficit 59.2 62.1 61.9 62.6 63.2 59.2 58.3 54.6 52.7 48.2 35.6 36.9 23.6 37.8 32.2 34.6 33.8 34.3 38.7 39.4 42.2 44.3 48.6 64.1 59.2 74.2 Average Average amount per family having— surplus or deficit for all families Surplus Deficit in sur vey 2 $149 93 113 128 144 163 174 188 199 199 221 203 238 $203 85 124 151 172 195 220 261 297 330 399 403 475 +$11 +30 + 27 + 29 + 32 +21 + 15 -8 -26 -65 -177 -164 -296 1 The difference between 100.0 and the sum of the percentages of families having surplus and those having deficit is accounted for by the families having no net change in assets and liabilities, that is, whose incomes and expenditures were equal (or balanced to within 5 percent of the greater figure). (See appendix D.) 2 1. e., net change in assets and liabilities. For explanation of consumption level and economic level see ch. 3. 175 SAVINGS This result is to be expected from a classification by current expendi ture. A family may incur a deficit in attaining a relatively high level of current expenditure. Likewise, a family saves by refraining from spending for current goods and services up to the limit of its income. In the classification by- consumption level, therefore, fami lies with deficits move up the scale to a higher level of spending than current income alone would allow, and families with surpluses for the year move down the scale. This serves to emphasize the fact that the consumption level of a given family in a given year is determined not only by its current income, but also by its past savings and its ability to borrow. Families at the higher consumption levels not only had on the average larger incomes than those at the lower levels, larger accumulations of past savings, and correspondingly greater ability to borrow, but were also of smaller size and therefore had less fear of depleting reserves or of taking on the responsibility of borrowing. Consequently, it is not surprising to find that in a period when busi ness recovery was getting under way, the groups with the highest level of current spending were those having the largest average deficits. T able 4.—Average Surplus and Deficit of 12,903 White Fam ilies in 42 Cities and 1,566 Negro Fam ilies in 16 Cities, at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Families, by color, with total annual unit expenditure of— Average Average Average number annual annual of ex income income penditure per ex per per penditure family units family unit Percent of families having 1— Sur plus Deficit Average amount per family having— Average surplus or deficit for all families in sur Sur vey 2 plus Deficit W h it e fa m ilie s All families_____ _____________ $1,546 3. 32 $466 58.9 38.1 $152 $207 +$11 Under $200__ _____ ___________ $200 to $300___________________ $300 to $400___________________ $400 to $500___________________ $500 to $600__________ ____ ____ $600 to $700___________________ 1, C21 1,219 1,352 1,502 1,606 1,695 5.96 4.79 3.84 3.30 2.94 2.62 171 254 352 455 546 647 61.6 61.4 62.1 62.9 59.2 58.4 32.5 35.0 34.2 34.6 38.7 39.2 100 117 131 146 165 175 95 129 154 173 197 222 +31 + 27 +29 + 32 +21 + 16 $700 to $800______________ _____ $800 to $900____________ ____ $900 to $1,000__________________ $1,000 to $1,100________________ $1,100 to $1,200________________ $1,200 and over___ _ __ . ___ 1, 821 1,888 1,983 2,101 2,255 2,396 2.44 2.27 2.20 2.23 2.17 1.94 746 832 901 942 1,039 1,235 54.7 52.6 48.2 35.7 37.6 23.2 42.1 44.3 48.6 64.1 59.0 75.0 188 200 199 221 203 238 262 298 330 399 403 475 -8 -27 -65 —177 —164 - 298 All families______ ___________ _ 1,008 3.28 307 66.0 31.1 84 98 + 25 Under $200___________ ________ $200 to $300__________ _________ $300 to $400___________________ $400 to $500___________________ $500 to $600__________ ____ ____ $600 to $700___________________ $700 and over_________________ 811 886 983 1,027 1,209 1,327 1,753 5.36 3.08 2.79 2. 37 2. 26 2:13 2.20 151 288 352 433 535 623 797 63.6 67.2 71.5 71.4 57.2 52.4 53.0 31.5 30.1 26.4 25.8 37.8 47.6 47.0 72 74 74 87 107 109 185 54 69 82 109 131 145 195 N e g r o fa m ilie s 1 See footnote 1, table 3. 2 1. e., net change in assets and liabilities. K29 - -25 H-36 H[-36 -12 -13 +7 - 176 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMM ARY VOLUME A larger proportion of Negro than of white families at the Jower consumption levels had surpluses and a smaller proportion had deficits (see table 4). This confirms the general difference in inci dence of surplus and deficit in the two color groups, noted when fami lies were classified by income level. At the higher consumption levels, however, there was a departure from this relationship. At unit-expenditure levels of $500 to $600 and higher, relatively fewer Negro than white families had surpluses and at the unit-expenditure level of $600 to $700 relatively more had deficits. Incomes of Negro families at these two consumption levels averaged $1,209 and $1,327, as compared with an* average of $956 for the three next lower levels. Negro families with such resources are obviously in a better position to secure credit than families at the lower levels. However, their income per unit even at those levels was below that of white families. Hence it is not surprising that the average size of surplus as well as of deficit, per family having, was smaller at every consumption level for the Negro than for the white families. Sum m ary o f N et Increase and Decrease in A ssets and Liabilities It is of considerable interest to determine to what extent funds drawn from sources other than current incomes represent past reserves and to what extent they constitute claims on future income. Conversely, to what extent do funds disposed of for other than cur rent family expenditures represent additions to assets, and to what extent are they used merely for liquidation of old obligations? A summary of data on these points is presented in table 5. Of the total of family funds disbursed for items other than current consumption, over a quarter went to decrease old obligations and almost three-quarters to increase assets, including payment of insur ance premiums. This was substantially the case at all consumption levels and for Negro families as well as white. The proportions devoted to decrease of old obligations were slightly higher, however, lor Negro families, constituting almost 30 percent of total funds spent for items other than current expense for goods and services. There was also a slight tendency for this proportion to decline for white families at higher consumption levels. There was a much more pronounced shift from low to high con sumption levels in the sources of funds drawn upon other than from current income. A t the lowest consumption level shown in table 5 only a little over a third represented withdrawals from past reserves, while almost two-thirds constituted commitments for future pay ment, including balances due on installment accounts. A t higher consumption levels, the proportion represented by decrease in assets became progressively larger until at the highest level shown it ac- SAVINGS 177 Fig 2 CHANGES IN ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OVER THE SCHEDULE YEAR AT SUCCESSIVE CONSUMPTION LEVELS 1934-1936 1 4 ,4 6 9 FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS IN 4 2 CITIES DO LLARS DOLLARS 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 I 00 120 I 40 I 60 I 80 200 220 240 260 280 300 -- ----- '----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- '----- ----- »-1 1 UNDER 200 $200 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 UNDER UNDER UNDER UNDER UNOER UNOER UNOER UNOER UNDER UNDER AND 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 EXPEN D ITU R E PER FAMILY MEMBER WEIGHTED ACCORDING TO AGE,SEX AND DEGREE OF ACTIVITY U S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 1200 OVER 3 00 178 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME counted for two-thirds, leaving only one-third of nonincome funds to be supplied by increases in liabilities. For Negro families these tendencies w^ere even more pronounced. T a b le 5.— Increases and Decreases in Assets and Liabilities of Families of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Cities at Selected Consumption Levels [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-361 Item All fami lies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami Families with total annual unit expendi ture of— $200 $500 $800 $1,100 lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 $300 $600 $900 $1,200 to to to to to to to to $300 $600 $900 $1,200 Average amount Percentage 14,469 families in 42 cities Funds disposed in disbursements other than for current consumption—total $164.48 $123. 26 $178.98 $202.62 $262.16 N et increase in assets 1__________ 119.85 87.81 128.02 149.85 194.43 N et decrease in liabilities 2_______ 44.63 35.45 50.96 52. 77 67. 73 Funds received from sources other than current income—total_____________ 153.12 96.74 158.12 230. 36 424. 27 N et decrease in assets 3__________ 77.26 36.08 82.77 128. 31 273. 71 N et increase in liabilities 4_______ 75.86 60.66 75.35 102. 05 150. 56 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 72.9 71.2 71.5 74.0 74.2 27.1 28.8 28.5 26.0 25.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.5 37.3 52.3 55.7 64.5 49.5 62.7 47.7 44.3 35.5 12,903 white families in 42 cities Funds disposed in disbursements other than for current consumption—total. $167.80 $127. 73 $180. 71 $203.01 $261. 72 N et increase in assets 1__________ 122.35 91.10 129. 36 150. 35 194.96 45. 45 36.63 51. 35 52.66 66. 76 N et decrease in liabilities 2______ Funds received from sources other than current income—total. 1___________ 157.06 101.10 159. 61 230.91 426. 39 79. 97 38.88 83. 81 128.90 275. 08 N et decrease in assets 3__________ 77.09 62. 22 75.80 102. 01 151. 31 N et increase in liabilities 4_______ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 72.9 71.3 71.6 74.1 74.5 27.1 28.7 28.4 25.9 25.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.9 38.5 52.5 55.8 64.5 49.1 61.5 47.5 44.2 35.5 1,566 Negro families in 16 cities Funds disposed in disbursements other than for current consumption—total. $90. 57 $77.48 $111.60 64.14 54.10 75.67 N et increase in assets i __________ N et decrease in liabilities 2_______ 26.43 23.38 35.93 Funds received from sources other than 65. 46 52.08 99.93 current income—total_____________ 16.86 7.44 42.17 N et decrease in assets 3__________ N et increase in liabilities 4_______ 48.60 44.64 57. 76 100.0 100.0 100.0 70 8 69.8 67.8 29.2 30. 2 32.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 25.8 14.3 42.2 74.2 85.7 57.8 — — 1 For example, increase in money in banks, making permanent improvements to owned home, or pay ment of life-insurance premiums, etc. (See appendix D.) 2 For example, payment on principal of mortgage on owned home, repayment of money borrowed, pay ment of balance owing on goods purchased in preceding year on installment plan, etc. (See appendix D.) 3 For example, withdrawal of funds from bank, sale of property, surrender or settlement of insurance policy, receipt of payment of funds previously loaned to others, etc. (See appendix D.) 4 For example, obligating one’s self to pay a mortgage, borrowing from banks or other lenders, contracting to pay for goods on the installment plan, contracting other debts, etc. (See appendix D.) This comparison shows clearly that while families at higher con sumption levels have an ability to command credit if they so desire, they also have greater reserves to fall back upon. Consequently, their tendency is to draw first upon reserves and only secondarily to make substantial future commitments. Families at the lower con sumption levels* especially the Negro families, have in general such limited reserves that their principal means of spending funds in excess of current income must come from incurring debts. As their credit SAVINGS 179 resources are limited, they cannot spend very much beyond current income. In interpreting the data shown in table 5, one should guard against the assumption that the averages shown for net increase in assets and for net decrease in liabilities can be added to obtain average surplus. It is clear from the sample schedule entries discussed earlier that a surplus family may have had some net withdrawals from assets or increases in liabilities, so long as these were outweighed by net increases in assets and decreases in liabilities. Thus, it is the balancing of four sets of items, increase and decrease in liabilities as well as increase and decrease in assets, which determines whether or not the family had a surplus. The combination of two of these items, in crease in assets and decrease in liabilities, yields only the total of funds spent for items other than current living. It is the balance of this total with the complementary one for funds received from sources other than current income, which is equivalent to the surplus or deficit of the particular family or group of families under consideration. L ife In su ra n ce Far the most significant claim upon funds disposed for items other than current family consumption was for life-insurance 16 premiums. Nine out of ten of the families surveyed reported such payments, and the average yearly payment per family purchasing was $93. (See table 6.) The universality of the practice of paying for life insurance among families of urban wage earners and clerical workers is indicated by the fact that the percentage of families reporting this item is almost as great at the lowest consumption level as at the highest shown in table 6. Likewise, the average premium paid per family was rela tively high, even at the lowest consumption level. There was a slight 15 It is recognized that most insurance-policy premiums include payments for several elements, only one of which is truly savings. The first is the actual cost of life-insurance protection during the year in question. This would amount to the cost on an actuarial basis of term insurance for 1 year at the actual age of the insured. Such cost is properly current family expenditure for insurance protection for the year. Another element is the part of the premium which goes toward operating costs of the insurance company. This element is especially large in the case of industrial insurance, which covers the expense of making weekly collections. This element is also not properly savings, but merely a form of current family expenditure. Any amounts included in the premium payments in excess of these two items, which accumulate in the form of net cashable value of the policy, are truly savings. To the extent that policies are allowed to lapse under terms which mean loss of payments previously made, even such payments can only doubtfully be classed as savings. In a study among Federal employees carried on by the Bureau of Labor Statistics just prior to the initia tion of this investigation, the schedule provided for securing information on the type of insurance covered by the premiums reported. It was found that very frequently informants were unable to provide the infor mation; hence, the question was not included in the present schedule. It is, therefore, impossible to esti mate how much of the amount paid in life-insurance premiums represents savings and how much was paid for insurance protection during the year or other services of the insurance company. The entire amount of such payments has therefore been treated as a disposition of funds for items other than current family ex penditure, an increase in assets, and hence as savings. In using the figures on savings, the reader should make such allowances for this treatment as required by the purpose at hand. 180 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME tendency for the proportion of families paying insurance premiums to be lower at the consumption levels representing total annual cur rent expenditure per equivalent adult male of $700 to $800 and more.16 This is probably due to the relatively fewer families with children at those levels and the consequently less need felt for protection. A higher proportion of the families at those levels reported settlement of insurance policies. T able 6.— Disposition of Funds Received During Survey Year N ot Used for Current Fam ily Expenditure, 14,469 Families of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item for which funds were disposed Percent of families disposing of funds for indicated items Average amount per family dis posing of funds Families with total annual unit expen diture of— Families with total an nual unit expenditure of— AllAllfami fami lies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 lies $200 to to to to to $300 $600 $900 $1,200 $300 $500 to $600 $800 $1,100 to to $900 $1,200 N e t in crea se in assets Increase in cash: On hand_______________ ___________ In checking account ...................... . In savings account_________________ Investment in— Improvements in own home________ Other real estate (including real es tate mortgages)__________________ Building and loan shares________ _ Stocks and bonds. ________________ Other property____________________ Payments of premiums for insurance policies: Life insurance..... ................................ Annuities____________ ____________ Increase in outstanding loans to others. __ 2.3 1.2 2.4 1.6 1.2 0) 1.0 2.7 11.4 4.6 12.1 20.0 2.3 $70. 87 $78. 33 $75. 42 $43.12 $183.04 1.8 150.00 186.05 151.00 195. 56 138.33 15.3 157. 81 144.13 157. 52 154. 30 214. 31 3.7 3.3 3.1 4.1 5.0 150.00 140.91 177.42 160.49 174.00 .9 .9 .8 1.1 .6 .5 .3 .6 1.0 .7 1.1 .9 .9 1.8 1.3 1.3 3.3 .5 1.8 7.9 268. 89 148. 33 197.00 387. 78 183.03 101.11 122. 00 155. 71 131.11 58.00 165.00 70.00 142. 73 225. 38 62. 22 176. 36 55. 00 98. 89 189. 23 435. 70 88.6 87.8 90.5 84.7 4.1 1.9 4.7 4.8 1.8 1.0 2.3 3.3 90.0 92.81 82. 22 98.14 105. 29 107.16 10.6 58.78 38. 95 55.96 61.04 70.66 1.5 91.67 54.00 137. 83 93.64 29. 33 11.7 12.1 12.8 11.2 1.5 1.6 2.0 .8 10.6 182.82 139.09 188.91 213.12 485.66 1.7 123.33 113. 75 125. 00 125.00 39.41 N e t decrea se in liabilities Payment on principal of mortgages on own home_______ __________ ______ _ Payment on principal of other mortgages. Payment of debts to— Banks.................................................... Insurance companies.......................... Small-loan companies______________ Firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles___________________ Other goods. __________________ Individuals_____ _ _ _____ _______ Other__________ __________________ .5 .7 2.1 .3 .5 3.9 .8 .8 1.9 .2 .7 1.6 1.1 90.00 46. 67 48. 75 195.00 129.09 0 55. 71 52.00 82.50 38. 57 0 1.0 75.24 61.79 77.89 110.62 244.00 2.2 1.4 9.5 10.3 2.6 1.8 7.3 8.7 2.4 9.4 2.7 7.3 3.1 9.7 2.3 5.5 2.8 6.9 .7 1.5 176. 82 112.14 206. 25 253.87 98. 21 77.26 53. 69 86. 38 100. 72 94. 49 85. 38 67. 22 100. 37 113.04 221. 43 75. 62 65.29 81.78 95.09 60.00 1 Less than 0.05 percent. An even higher percentage of the Negro than of the white families studied reported payment of insurance premiums. In general, about the same tendencies in the movement of this percentage from low to high consumption levels was noted for Negro families.16 The per centage was over 90 at all but the lowest consumption level, but 16 See Tabular Summary, table A-13. SAVINGS 181 dropped slightly at the $700 and over unit-expenditure level. The pre miums paid by Negro families averaged much less than for white fami lies, however, and centered at a little over $58 per family paying, the amounts being definite^ greater the higher the consumption level. As compared with the 90 out of 100 white and Negro families paying premiums, 7 out of 100 reported receipt of funds by surrender of insurance policies and 2 out of 100 through settlement of insurance policies (see table 8). The surrender rate was definitely greatest at the lowest consumption levels, where pressure upon current family income was greatest. The settlement rate, on the other hand, was greater at higher consumption levels. This suggests, in part, that families at those levels were better able to pay premiums until the maturity of the policy and consequently to receive its full returns. Families at the higher consumption levels were also relatively older and hence there were relatively more deaths of their parents; consequently they tended more frequently to receive settlements of policies paid for by persons inside the economic family. The average amount received per family surrendering a policy was $130 and this average was larger at higher consumption levels. The average settlement was $380, but there was no clear relationship between this average and consumption level. A much lower proportion of the Negro families studied, 3 percent, reported surrender of insurance policies than of white families, for whom the percentage was over 7. About the same proportion of the Negro families, 2 percent, reported settlement of insurance poli cies. In relation to the size of the premiums paid by Negro families, the average amounts received by Negro families for surrender, $74, and for settlement, $189, were substantially lower than the corre sponding figures for white families. Even at the comparable consump tion level of $200 to $300 total annual unit expenditure, the average amounts received in surrender and settlement, respectively, by Negro families were about half the corresponding average amounts received by white families. The proportion of white families reporting surren der of policies at that consumption level was 9.8 compared with 3.7 for the Negro families. In general, therefore, it appears that the Negro families held on to their insurance policies more tenaciously than did the white families during the partial recovery period of 1934-36. A slightly higher pro portion reported premium payments, but a much lower proportion reported surrender. A t a comparable consumption level, the white families making premium payments averaged payments about 50 percent greater than Negro families, while, at the same consumption level, white families surrendering policies received payments twice as great as Negro families. 182 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME Savings Item s Other Than L ife In su ra n ce After life-insurance premiums, the second most frequently reported form of disposition of funds other than for current living was pay ment on principal of mortgage on owned home, indicated by 12 per cent of all families surveyed. The average payment on the mortgage was $183. Though the percentage of families reporting such pay ment showed little change by consumption level, the average amount of such payments per family making them showed a sharp rise from $139 at the lowest consumption level to $486 at the highest, as shown in table 6. The uncertainties of job tenure and ever-present possi bility of having to move to a new locality to seek work, apparently operate to prevent families who might be financially able from buying homes. Taking aggregate disbursements of the families surveyed for items other than current family living, insurance premiums alone accounted for 50 percent of the total.16 Payment of principal on mortgage on owned home was slightly greater than aggregate increase in savings accounts, and these two items combined contributed 24 percent of the total. Payments on old installment accounts for goods other than automobiles constituted about 4 percent of such disbursements, and the addition of payments on automobiles purchased on installment prior to the survey year brings the total for all installment payments for goods previously purchased to 7 percent of total non-currentconsumption disbursements. No other single item of increase in assets or decrease in liabilities accounted for over 3 percent of such aggre gate disbursements. M ost families in the survey, however, reported changes in assets or liabilities of only two or three types. The average amounts paid per family having such disbursements are shown in table 6. There it is seen that for families making such disposition of funds, a good many items bulked larger than insurance premiums. The largest item of all, on that basis, was investment in real estate other than the family home, and the second was payment of principal on mort gage on owned home. For the latter item, as well as for most though not all of the other items shown in table 6, the average amount per family disbursing was greater at higher consumption levels. Net increase in cash in savings accounts was reported by 11 percent of the families, and this percentage showed a sharp tendency to rise at higher consumption levels. The average amount of such increase per family having an increase, however, showed no regular tendency to be greater at higher consumption levels, ranging from $144 to $214 for the levels shown in table 6. See Tabular Summary, table A-13. 183 SAVINGS The next most frequently reported form of disposition of family funds for items other than current living, was reduction of installment obligations incurred prior to the schedule year for furniture and equipment and other goods, except automobiles. These were followed by reductions in miscellaneous debts, in which were included bills owing doctors, grocers, stores, etc. No other form of net increase in assets or decrease in liabilities was reported by as many as 5 percent of the families. In general, the percentage of families reporting increase in a given asset item or decrease in a liability item tended to remain about the same or to increase slightly at higher consumption levels with a few notable exceptions. Items for which the percentage of families reporting was notably higher at higher consumption levels were increase in cash in savings accounts and payment of annuity premiums. For this group of families such forms of savings partake of the nature of luxuries. Items, on the other hand, reported by a smaller propor tion of families at high consumption levels were repayments of debts to small-loan companies, reduction in old balances owing for goods other than automobile sold on the installment plan, and reduction in miscellaneous debts. These items apparently represent forms of debt avoided when economic circumstances permit and hence on the docket for repayment by relatively fewer families at high than at low con sumption levels. In general, the same tendencies were found among Negro families as among white families studied in their disposition of funds for items other than current living. Table 7 gives a comparison of the items reported by the largest proportions of each group. T able 7.— Principal Items for Which Funds Were Disposed Other Than for Current Family Living, 12,903 White Families in 42 Cities and 1,566 Negro Families in 16 Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item 1. Life-insurance premiums _ 2. Principal on mortgage on owned home_-_ _____ _____ _ -- ----3. Increase in savings account--_ .. 4. Payment of old debts to firms selling goods other than automobiles on installment plan_________________ 5. Payment of miscellaneous old debts,. 6. Annuity premiums,. ______ ____ 242949°— 41------ 13 Percent age of white families reporting 88.5 11.8 11.6 9.2 7.4 4.1 Item 1. Life-insurance premiums___ ____ __ _ 2. Payment on old debts to firms selling goods other than automobiles on the installment plan __ ___ 3. Principal on mortgage on owned home. 4. Increase in savings account- ______ 5. Payment of miscellaneous old debts. _ 6. Annuity premiums________________ Percent age of Negro families reporting 91.3 16.4 9.0 6.1 4.3 4.0 184 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME As with the white families, most items of increase in assets or de crease in liabilities were reported by the same or a slightly higher proportion of Negro families at higher consumption levels. Increases in savings accounts and payments of annuity premiums showed par ticularly notable rises. Items showing a general downward tendency in proportion of Negro families reporting were, as for white families, repayments to small-loan companies and reductions in miscellaneous old debts. The movement of the percentages at different consump tion levels of Negro families reporting for individual items was fre quently less regular than for white families, due to the smaller num ber of Negro families studied and the consequent greater influence upon the average of one or two families making unusual disbursements. F u n d s F rom Sources Other Than C urrent In com e On the other side of the family balance sheet, funds in addition to current income were made available from withdrawals from previously accumulated assets, or increases in obligations of various types, or from inheritance. Less than 1 percent of the families received in heritances, however, so that item is of negligible importance in any aggregate sense. For the few families involved, inheritance was, however, a substantial item, averaging almost $400. Three items stand out as the form of deficit financing used by the largest numbers of families studied (see table 8). Net increases in miscellaneous debts (chiefly in the form of open accounts owing to merchants, doctors, and other suppliers of goods and services) were reported by a fourth of the families surveyed, though the proportion declined at higher consumption levels. Net increase in obligations for goods other than automobiles purchased during the survey year on the installment plan were reported by 24 percent of the families. This percentage showed no regular tendency to decline at higher con sumption levels. The third major source of nonincome funds was net withdrawal from savings accounts, reported by a fifth of all the families surveyed. This percentage rose sharply at higher consump tion levels, indicating that such families were better able to meet unusual expenses by resort to savings and found it less necessary to go into debt. In the aggregate for all families surveyed, over a fourth of all non income funds came from net withdrawals from savings accounts. About 19 percent came from net increases in installment obligations for automobiles and other goods and 7 percent from borrowing from individuals. Surrender of insurance policies accounted for 6 percent, while approximately as much came from borrowing from insurance companies and small-loan companies combined. Settlement of in surance policies accounted for 4 percent of aggregate nonincome funds 185 SAVINGS drawn upon by the families surveyed. No other item of decrease in assets, increase in liabilities, or inheritance accounted for as much as 4 percent of the total. In terms of amounts obtained per family drawing on each such source of funds (see table 8), the greatest item was sale of real estate, followed by inheritance and then by settlement of insurance policies. The smallest yield per family drawing on that source came from sale of goods and chattels, and the next smallest item on that basis was in stallment debts for goods other than automobile. T able 8.— Funds M ade Available During the Survey Year for Family Use From Sources Other Than Current Income, at Selected Consumption Levels, 14,469 Families of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in 42 Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Percent of families receiving funds from indicated source Funds made available for family use from sources other than family in come in schedule year Average amount per family receiving Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All All fam fam ilies $200 $500 $800 $1,100 ilies to to to to $300 $600 $900 $1,200 Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $800 to $900 $1,100 to $1,200 N e t decrea se in assets Reduction in cash: On h a n d ..________ ___ _____ 3.4 2.4 4.2 3.6 In checking account_____________ 1.6 1.0 1.9 3.8 In savings account______________ 19.0 10.2 21.4 24.5 Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages) __ ___ _ _ __ __ .5 .4 .4 .5 Building and loan shares________ .6 .2 .8 1.0 Stocks and bonds. _ __ _ _ _ .9 .2 1.2 1.7 Goods and chattels.— _____ 2.8 2.5 2.9 3.9 Other property_________________ .7 .6 .6 1.8 Insurance policies: Surrender______________________ 7.2 9.3 6.7 5.6 Settlement _____ 1.7 1.4 1.4 2.9 Receipts from outstanding loans to others. _ __ _ _ 1.9 1.0 2.0 3.5 7.4 $133.24 $109.58 $129. 29 $187. 50 $121. 76 10.1 245. 62 106.00 152. 63 172.11 359.41 35.1 221. 74 150. 39 227.10 265.59 425.93 1.0 487. 50 210.00 640.00 285.00 290.00 273. 75 0 5.8 291.11 155.00 205.83 2.6 55. 71 33.20 61.38 .6 84. 29 75.00 76.67 246.00 187.00 451. 76 51.79 156.11 570.00 0 463. 28 276.15 133.33 4.9 129.72 115. 81 123.13 161. 96 154. 29 1.7 380. 59 158. 57 365. 00 731. 72 153. 53 8.2 127.89 84.00 151.00 115. 71 343. 66 N e t increa se in liabilities Increase in mortgages on own home. __ 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.5 Increase in other mortgages___ _ __ .4 .3 .5 .3 Increase in debts: Payable to banks___ _ 1.4 1.1 1.8 1.0 Payable to insurance companies. 4.0 4.1 4.3 3.7 Payable to small-loan companies.. 5.4 5.4 4.8 5.8 Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: Automobiles..- _______ ___ 5.2 1.6 5.1 9.0 Other goods.. ___________ 24.3 22.9 24.4 25.8 Payable to individuals__________ 8.1 10.9 8.5 7.1 Other debts___ _____ _ ______ 24.9 36.9 20.6 19.6 Inheritances_____________________ . .7 .3 .8 .6 .5 354.62 196. 25 387.69 226.00 888.00 0 210. 00 62.50 213.33 294.00 0 1.7 133. 57 5.4 131.00 2.3 96.11 50. 91 152. 22 159.00 52. 35 80.00 133. 02 172.97 163. 33 77.04 100. 62 114. 66 60.00 20.6 201.35 93.12 171. 76 254. 22 21.8 74.69 49.87 76.48 106. 82 6.9 125.43 88. 62 141.41 217.18 18.5 78. 47 72. 36 82.23 85.15 .7 398.33 237.14 616.67 1,001.25 308.20 157. 71 323. 33 80. 27 140.00 Five percent of the families reported net increase in debt to smallloan companies and the same proportion found the year’s end left them with a net increase in installment obligations for automobiles purchased during the year. The former percentage was lower at 186 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME higher consumption levels, whereas the percentage increasing auto mobile obligations rose strikingly at higher consumption levels. Four percent of the families borrowed from insurance companies but less than 1% percent from banks, while as many as 8 percent borrowed from individuals. Seven percent surrendered insurance policies for whatever cash value they commanded. No other source of non income funds was reported by as many as 4 percent of the families surveyed. In general there was a tendency for the average per family drawing upon each such source of nonincome funds to be greater at higher consumption levels. The tendency was irregular in many instances, however, because of the relatively small proportion of families reporting. Chapter 11 SPENDING HABITS OF SPECIAL GROUPS OF FAMILIES The general picture of income and spending habits given in chapter 1 is presented as a composite for all of the families surveyed. No dis tinction is shown there for western as compared with southern or northern families, native as compared with foreign-born families, or home owners as compared with home renters. In this chapter, atten tion is directed to a review of such differences as appear to exist in the spending patterns of such special groups of families. R egion al D ifferen ces in A ctu a l Fam ily E xpen d itu res Differences in income, climate, and custom, as well as family size and kinds of goods and services available all affect the spending of families living in different sections of the country. It is to be expected that housing expenditures in metropolitan New York, for example, where the area available for expansion surrounding the city is strictly limited and most families live in apartments, would be considerably higher than those for families living in frame houses on the Pacific coast or in the South. The separate expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration by New York City families would be expected to be relatively low on the average because for so many of them these items are included in rent. The fuel expense of southern and Pacific coast families would be expected to be low, on the other hand, because of the mildness of the climate. Money expenditures alone do not necessarily measure the satisfac tions obtained by the families spending. It is impossible to put a money value upon fresh air and sunshine, green trees and gardens, play space and swimming holes, use of municipal libraries and mu seums, availability of theaters, lecture groups, or clinics. The types and amounts of the material economic goods obtained by the family are, however, by and large measured by its expenditures at given prices. The data of this investigation, when they are summarized by city or by region, reflect differences in the money incomes of the wageearner and clerical groups in the given areas, as well as differences in family size and composition, and in price level. *They do not therefore measure differences in cost of the same level of living as between com munities. The investigators who participated in the present study were sent not to stores to price a predetermined list of goods and services but to families who were willing to give detailed facts about 187 188 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME their income and expenditures. The results obtained must conse quently be distinguished from those obtained by pricing a hypothetical budget such as those described on pages 46-49. T a b l e 1. — Average Regional Cost of Living in 53 Cities With Population Over 50,000 in March 1935 1 [Works Progress Administration maintenance budget for a manual worker’s family of 4 persons] Average cost Average for of budget2 53 cities=100 Region New York City_______________________________________________________ 13 North Atlantic cities________ ___________ _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ _______ 8 East North Central cities ____________ _ _ ______ 8 West North Central c itie s______ _____ ____ __ ______ ____ ________ 18 Southern cities3___ _____ __ __ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ 5 Pacific coast cities____ __ _______________ _______ _ _________ 53 cities______ ____ ____ _______ _ $1,328. 73 1, 238. 90 1, 245. 87 1, 208. 30 1,163. 03 1,229. 93 109.8 102.4 102.9 99.8 96.1 101.6 1,210. 41 100.0 _ _ _ 1 Computed for regions as defined for the present investigation. Data are from Stecker, M. L., Intercity differences in cost of living in March 1935, 59 cities, Research Monograph XII, Works Progress Administra tion, Division of Social Research, 1937, pp. 158-159. 2 Does not include life insurance. 3 Does not include Washington, D. C. Difference in the average cost of the standard budget, defined by the Works Progress Administration at the maintenance level for a manual worker’s family of four persons, amounts to approximately 14 percent between the most expensive and the least expensive areas for which the income and expenditure figures have been summarized for cities of the size-class covered in the present investigation. (See table 1.) It is of some interest to compare these cost figures of a standard budget with the average incomes of the families from which data were secured in the present investigation. T a b l e 2 . — Average Family Incomes, by Regions 14.469 FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Region Dollars Average for all families=100 New York City _ _ ______ _______ 11 North Atlantic cities___ __________________ _________ ______ __ 8 East North Central cities _ _ 5 West North Central-Rocky Mountain cities __________ _ ________ __ 12 Southern cities _ __ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 Pacific coast cities___ _________ _____________ _ ________ _ _ 1, 737 1,490 1,499 1,485 1,369 1,607 114.0 97.8 98.4 97.4 89.8 105.4 42 cities 1, 524 100.0 _____ _ ____ ________ ___ __ These figures indicate that average incomes in the Pacific region were about 7 percent below those in New York City. Incomes in the North Atlantic and North Central cities were about 15 percent lower, and in the Southern cities about 21 percent lower than in SPENDING HABITS OF SPECIAL GROUPS 189 New York. These differences are considerably greater than the differences between the cost of the maintenance budget for large cities similarly grouped by regions. In view of the fact that income differences were not adequately compensated by lower living costs in some regions, it is to be expected that average differences in family expenditures by region will reflect these income differences, as well as those differences in expenditures which are associated with differences in climate and custom. T a b l e 3 . — Summary o f Income and Expenditures 14,469 FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES, BY REGION New York City 11 North Atlantic cities 8 East North Central cities 5 West North Central cities 12 5 Pacific Southern coast cities cities Average family size: Persons____________ __ ______ __ Expenditure units. _ _ _._ _ _ Food expenditure units. Clothing expenditure units.. Net family income .. _. . . . _ _ __ Net change in assets and/or liabilities _ 3.64 3. 38 3.17 3. 04 $1, 737 -6 8 3.80 3.49 3.29 2.97 $1, 490 +14 3.49 3.21 3.00 2. 76 $1, 499 +13 3. 45 3.18 2.96 2. 77 $1, 485 +31 3. 63 3. 35 3.13 2.90 $1, 369 +26 3.20 2.98 2.80 2.60 $1,607 +70 Expenditures for groups of items: Average annual current expenditure for— All items.. ___________________ $1, 828 $1, 486 $1, 500 $1, 464 $1, 351 $1, 552 Food _ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ . Clothing______ . . . . ____ Housing . . . . . . ______ Fuel, light, and refrigeration____ Other household operation ._ __ Furnishings and equipment_____ Automobile______ _____ _ _____ Other transportation.. . . . _ ___ Personal care __ _____ Medical care... ___ ________ Recreation________ ___________ Education ___ _ _ __ Vocation. __ _ _ ___ Community welfare _ _ . Gifts__________________________ Other items _ _ _ _ _ 664 200 385 90 67 47 32 60 35 63 113 6 15 15 30 6 507 155 266 125 54 56 65 39 28 53 76 6 5 23 20 8 488 165 234 112 52 70 117 32 29 59' 81 8 5 17 24 7 469 150 226 110 57 64 116 36 29 64 74 9 6 21 27 6 430 148 201 93 68 63 93 32 30 60 73 7 4 19 23 7 497 162 240 81 68 59 140 34 35 72 91 10 6 14 36 7 Percentage of annual current expenditure for— All items. ___________ _ ___ _ _ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Food. _ ___ _ _ Clothing... ___ __ ____ Housing. ______ _ _____ Fuel, light, and refrigeration________ Other household operation.. ____ Furnishings and equipment _ ______ Automobile.. ________ ______ _____ _ Other transportation____ __ _____ Personal care _ . _______ _ _ Medical care. _ . _______ ______ Recreation __ ___ ______ _______ Education. ___________________ _ Vocation ______ _______ ____________ Community w elfa re._____________ Gifts____________ ________ ___ _ Other items _ ___ ____ 36.3 10.9 21.1 4.9 3.7 2.6 1.8 3.3 1.9 3.5 6.2 .3 .8 .8 1.6 .3 34.1 10.4 17.9 8.4 3.6 3.8 4.4 2.6 1.9 3.6 5.1 .4 .3 1.6 1.4 .5 32.6 11.0 15.6 7. 5 3.5 4.7 7.8 2.1 1.9 3.9 5.4 .5 .3 1.1 1.6 .5 32.0 10.3 15. 4 7.5 3.9 4.4 7.9 2.5 2.0 4.4 5.1 .6 .4 1.4 1.8 .4 31.8 n .o 14.9 6.9 5.0 4.7 6.9 2.4 2.2 4.4 5.4 .5 .3 1.4 1.7 .5 32.0 10.4 15.5 5.2 4.4 3.8 9.0 2.2 2.3 4.6 5.9 .6 .4 .9 2.3 .5 N ote.—See appendix D, “ Balancing difference” (p. 386), for explanation of why total incomes do not ex actly equal total expenditures plus net change in assets and liabilities. A summary by regions of the spending of the 14,469 families studied in this investigation is presented in table 3. (See also table A—14, 190 M ONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMMARY VOLUME p. 330). The New York City families spent on the average almost $300 more for all goods and services than the next highest average for any other area ($1,552 for 5 Pacific coast cities). The incomes of the New York City families were not correspondingly higher. Hence they showed an average deficit of $68, as compared with at least a small average surplus in ever}7 other region. The third highest total expenditure was made by families in 8 East North Central cities in which the average was $1,500. This contrasts with $1,486 for 11 North Atlantic cities, $1,464 for 5 West North Central-Mountain cities and $1,351 for 12 Southern cities. The differences among the various regions in total expenditure are not necessarily found, however, for specific categories of spending. Thus New York City families rank first in total expenditure but lowest in expenditure for automobiles and furnishings and equipment. The traffic congestion and the parking difficulties of a metropolitan area, combined with a low-fare rapid transit system, readily explain the small average automobile expenditure. Limited living space in this unique metropolis accounts for the low furnishings and equipment figure. The Southern cities in general had the lowest expenditures of any region for the same categories for which New York had the highest. Expenditures of the Southern families surveyed averaged less than for any other region for food, clothing, housing, and vocational expense. They were also among the lowest for recreation and for transportation other than by automobile. The South, on the other hand, was relatively high in expenditures for household operation chiefly because of the more frequent use of domestic service. The South also ranked high among the regions in expenditures for furnishings and equipment, personal care, and contributions to community welfare. The Pacific coast cities ranked first or second in magnitude of expenditures for automobiles,1 medical care, gifts and contributions to individuals, formal education, personal care, and household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration. They ranked lowest, how ever, in expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration. The mild climate in the four California cities and in Seattle, which feels the moderating effect of the Japanese current, together with low electricity rates in Seattle, which has a municipally owned plant, explain this figure. Fuel, light, and refrigeration expenditures were highest, as would be expected, in the three northern regions— the North Atlantic, East North Central, and West North Central-Mountain cities. That many of the differences in family spending patterns as be tween regions are due to income variation is shown by contrasting table 4 with table 3. In table 4, families at the same income level, between $1,200 and $1,500, in each region have been selected for 1 See ch. 8. 191 SPENDING HABITS OF SPECIAL GROUPS comparison. The differences as between regions are much less marked when incomes are approximately the same, and the ranking of regions by size of expenditure for given categories is greatly altered. New York City families with incomes of $1,200 to $1,500 still spend the most, and show an average deficit of $41 as compared with surpluses achieved by families at that income level in 3 regions and a deficit of only $6 in other North Atlantic cities. The spending of the New York families at this income level is, however, only about $100 greater than that of the families at the same income level in the region with the lowest total expenditure, the West North CentralMountain cities. f T a b l e 4 . — Summary of Income and Expenditures 3,332 W H ITE AND NEG RO FA M ILIES IN T H E $1,200-$1,500 IN CO M E GROUP IN 42 C IT IE S, BY REGION Item New York City 11 North Atlantic cities 8 East North Central cities 5 West North Central cities 12 5 Pacific Southern coast cities cities Average family size: Persons. . . . ____ _ _ . Expenditure units. __ .... Food expenditure units ... _ Clothing expenditure units . . . . ___ N et family incom e... _________ Net change in assets and/or liabilities. 2. 97 2. 77 2. 56 2. 58 $1, 354 -41 3. 67 3. 37 3.17 2. 86 $1, 346 -6 3. 69 3. 35 3.12 2. 87 $1, 330 -1 3. 33 3. 07 2. 85 2. 66 $1, 340 +35 3.81 3.49 3. 26 2. 99 $1, 337 +22 3.12 2. 88 2.70 2. 46 $1, 346 + 33 Expenditures for groups of items: Average annual current expenditure for— All item s.. . _ . __ $1, 420 $1, 359 $1, 342 $1, 316 $1, 326 $1, 330 Food________ __ . . __________ Clothing . . _ _ .. Housing. . _ ____ . . . . . . Fuel, light, and refrigeration Other household operation... Furnishings and equipment. Automobile . _ ___ . . Other transportation. . _ Personal care __ Medical care _ ______ _ _. Recreation.. ________ . . . .. Education. _ ______ ... Vocation... _ _ _ _ _ _ _._ _ Community welfare._ __ __ __ _ Gifts_________ _ ... _____ __ ._ Other item s.. _ . ._ 476 122 404 73 53 39 13 48 31 36 77 3 6 10 28 1 452 137 266 119 45 52 52 40 27 47 69 3 3 21 22 4 449 149 210 115 43 69 76 37 26 53 65 6 3 19 18 4 429 135 195 108 50 67 82 45 29 58 57 4 6 19 29 3 436 140 199 98 61 68 75 34 29 58 71 6 4 19 22 6 443 130 221 73 54 46 116 31 29 62 71 7 4 12 26 5 Percentage of annual current expenditure for— All it e m s __ _________ ______ __ _ _ 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Food___ _________ _____ _______ Clothing _ _ _ ___________ _ Housing___________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration______ ._ Other household operation Furnishings and equipment_______ _ Automobile______________ _ ______ Other transportation. __ _ ___ _ Personal care. _ . . ___ _ .. Medical care_____ . . . . . ___ _ Recreation___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _. Education________ _______ _ __ Vocation ______ _ _ _ _ ___ _ Community welfare ._ ___ _____ Gifts______________________________ Other items. . 33.5 8.6 28.5 5.1 3.7 2.8 .9 3.4 2.2 2.5 5.4 .2 .4 .7 2.0 .1 33.3 10. 1 19.6 8.8 3.3 3.8 3.8 2.9 2.0 3. 5 5.1 .2 .2 1.5 1.6 .3 33. 5 11.1 15.7 8.6 3.2 5.1 5.7 2.8 1.9 4.0 4.8 .4 .2 1.4 1.3 .3 32. 6 10.3 14.8 8.2 3.8 5.1 6.2 3.4 2.2 4.4 4.3 .3 .5 1.5 2.2 .2 32.9 10.6 15.0 7.4 4.6 5.1 5.7 2.6 2.2 4.4 5.3 .4 .3 1.4 1.7 .4 33.3 9.7 16.6 5.5 4.1 3.5 8.7 2.3 2.2 4.7 5.3 .5 .3 .9 2.0 .4 N ote.—See appendix D, “ Balancing difference” (p. 386), for explanation of w hy total incomes do not exactly equal total expenditures plus net change in assets and liabilities. 192 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMMARY VOLUME Regional differences in averages for specific categories of spending are in general small as between families at the same income level. Even though small, however, they are of interest in reflecting certain geographical or other regional factors which affect consumption habits. This is particularly true since when similar comparisons are made for income brackets other than the one just considered, similar differences are found. The category showing the largest regional difference is housing. Even when housing expenditures are added to those for fuel, light, and refrigeration to equalize the differences due' to inclusion of this item iii rent, New York City families at this income level paid on the average a fourth more than those in 11 other North Atlantic cities where the average was second highest. For total money housing expenditures including fuel, light, and refrigeration, the average expenditures were third greatest for families in the East North Central cities, wit>h the West North Central-Mountain cities, the Southern cities, and the Pacific coast cities following in the order named. It should be borne in mind that this contrast in housing expense between New York City, which has been treated as a region in itself, and cities in other regions is in part to be ascribed to citysize difference as much as if not more than to regional difference. The same caution holds for all comparisons for New York City with the other regions. When imputed expenditure in terms of imputed interest on the investment in owned homes (i. e., the annual value of housing in kind received from investment in owned home) is added to the money expenditure the regional differences are not so striking. Home ownership is more common in the areas outside New York City. Food expenditures, even for families at the same income level, remained highest in New York City and were lowest in the West North Central-Mountain cities. The difference, however, was less than $50 per year. The other North Atlantic cities were second highest in food expenditures and the Southern cities the second lowest. The relatively high cost of food in metropolitan centers and the extent of the custom of eating in restaurants in New York City and other large cities probably explain these figures. When family incomes are the same, at this $1,200 to $1,500 level, the Southern cities retain their first place in expenditures for house hold operation in which are included wages paid to domestic servants. The maximum difference between regions in the average for this item at this income level was, however, only $18 per year. The Southern families at this income level ranked second or third among the regions in expenditures for clothing, furnishings and equipment, automobile, SPENDING HABITS OF SPECIAL GROUPS 193 medical care, recreation, formal education, and personal care. They ranked fifth in expenditures for food, housing (not including fuel, light, and refrigeration), and transportation other than by automobile, but for no category of spending ranked lowest among the regions. The New York City families at this income level spent more on the average than the families studied in any other region for transportation other than by automobile, for personal care, and recreation, as well as food and housing mentioned earlier. They had the lowest expen ditures, on the other hand, for clothing. New York City, being the center of much of the garment industry of the country, offers in its stores a wide variety of low-priced garments from which these families evidently supplied themselves. New York City families at the $1,200 to $1,500 income level also had the lowest expenditures of any region for furnishings and equipment, automobiles, medical care, and com munity welfare. Pacific coast families at this income level had the highest expendi tures of any region for automobiles and for formal education. The attraction of the open road, the countryside, and the moderate weather, as well as the distances between localities explain in part this expenditure for automobiles. It is also partly to be attributed to the high freight rates paid on cars shipped to the Pacific coast and the consequent differential in price of cars of approximately 20 percent in coast cities compared with prices at the factory. A t this income' level, it is the West North Central-Mountain cities, as might be expected, which rank second in automobile expenditures. Southern families tie with those in the East North Central for third place for this item of yearly expenditure. The figures for automobile expendi ture include operation and maintenance costs as well as purchase. Families in the East North Central cities at this income level had the highest expenditures for clothing and for furnishings and equip ment, and ranked high in average outlay for formal education, as well as for automobiles. Regional Differences A m o n g W h ite and N egro Families* Another factor which makes a difference in the pattern of average family spending as between regions is the proportion of white and Negro families in the population. In tables 5 and 6 are presented data for all Negro families studied in each of 5 regions 2 and data for Negro families at the $900 to $1,200 income level, 2 No Negroes were studied in Pacific coast cities. 194 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMMARY VOLUME T a b l e 5 . — Summary of Income and Expenditures 1,566 NEG RO FA M ILIES IN 16 C IT IE S, BY R EG IO N [Data covered 12 months within the period 1934-36] North NewYork Atlantic City cities East North Central cities West North Central cities Southern cities Average family size: Persons _ ________________ ______________ Expenditure units. _ - - ______ _____ . .. Food expenditure units--- ---------------- ---Clothing expenditure units___________________ N et family income __________ _____ _______ N et change in assets and liabilities __ _______ _ 3.13 2. 97 2. 75 2. 79 $1.446 + 10 3.46 3.23 3.07 2. 73 $1,138 + 22 3.51 3.15 2,93 2. 72 $999 +37 3.36 3.08 2. 88 2. 63 $1,126 +35 3.79 3.44 3.20 2. 98 $875 +23 Average annual current expenditure for— All item s_________________ -----_____________ $1, 459 $1,125 $963 $1,097 $855 451 149 417 73 50 49 5 56 34 31 82 3 5 8 30 16 371 105 244 103 37 37 27 43 24 35 54 2 2 17 23 1 359 97 153 96 30 45 20 35 20 31 43 4 1 16 11 2 370 110 162 102 40 48 44 49 26 48 45 2 4 16 29 2 302 92 135 77 29 35 22 26 19 37 44 3 1 13 15 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30.9 10.2 28. 6 5.0 3.4 3.4 .4 3.8 2.3 2. 1 5.6 _2 13 .6 2.1 1.1 33.0 9.3 21. 7 9.2 3.3 3.3 2.4 3.8 2.1 3.1 4.8 .2 .2 1.5 2.0 .1 37.2 10.1 15.9 10.0 3.1 4.7 2.1 3.6 2.1 3.2 4.5 .4 .1 1.7 1.1 .2 33.7 10.0 14.8 9.3 3.6 4.4 4.0 4.5 2.4 4.4 4.1 .2 .4 1.4 2.6 .2 35.3 10.8 15.8 9.0 3.4 4.1 2.6 3.0 2.2 4.3 5.1 .4 .1 1.5 1.8 .6 _ --------------Food_._ ________ _______ Clothing ____ _______________________ ____ Housing. . . . . __ __ _ . . . . . . _____ ... Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ ________ __ .. Other household operation . . . .... Furnishings and equipment_________ _________ Automobile - _ ___ ___ __ __ Other transportation___ _ _ Personal care. __ ____-_ Medical care ___ _ _____ -_ _ ... Recreation _____________________ _________ ____ _ _________ Education___ _ Vocation_____ _________________ _ _ __________ Community w e lfa r e .___ __ _. - _ __ _ Gifts------------------ -------------------- -----Other item s----------- --------------------------Percentage of annual current expenditure for— All item s__________________________________ _ Food____ __ --- ------- -------------------Clothing____________________________________ Housing. __ _ . _ . ______ Fuel, light, and refrigeration____ Other household operation ___ _ ___. . . Furnishings and equipment_______________ __ Automobile . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ ... Other transporation _. _ . ... . .. Personal care _ _ Medical care ___ ___ Recreation . Education-------- ----------- ----- -----------Vocation__________ ________ _______ ____ Community welfare____ __ _ _ _ __ _ Gifts_______------ -- ____ ______. . . ___________ Other item s_________________ N ote.—See appendix D, “Balancing difference” (p. 386), for explanation of w hy total incomes do not exactly equal total expenditures plus net change in assets and liabilities. In general, the same conclusions hold for Negro families as for all families, that most of the differences in averages for the families in the entire region are income differences. When comparison is made within an income level, as in table 6, there is no significant difference in regional rankings of total expenditure for all goods and services. Neither is there any significant tendency for one region to rank con sistently high or low in outlay for each or most of the main categories of family expenditure. 195 SPENDING HABITS OF SPECIAL GROUPS T a b l e 6 .— Summary of Income and Expenditures 504 NEG RO FA M ILIES IN T H E $900-$1,200 IN C O M E GROUP IN 16 C IT IE S, BY R EG IO N [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item North NewYork Atlantic City cities East North Central cities West North Central cities Southern cities Average family size: Persons ___________ _ ___ _______________ Expenditure units - ... ___ _______ _____ Food expenditure units____ __ ________ ____ Clothing expenditure units___________________ N et family income _ ______________ __________ N et change in assets and liabilities.-- . ___ _ ___ 2. 83 2.61 2. 38 2.42 $1, 067 -11 3.49 3. 25 3.09 2. 68 $1,038 +24 3. 52 3.19 2.99 2. 70 $1,025 +28 3. 55 3.24 3.02 2. 75 $1, 033 +28 3.97 3.63 3.37 3.18 $1,025 +22 Average annual current expenditure for— All item s________ _______ _____ ____ ____ „ $1,105 $1, 029 $1,001 $1, 015 $1,007 364 102 348 66 32 29 38 25 20 53 1 5 6 13 3 348 88 234 100 32 30 27 35 22 30 48 1 2 16 14 2 362 94 159 100 33 48 28 36 20 37 45 2 1 18 17 1 364 93 153 104 35 41 21 49 23 51 46 2 3 15 10 5 346 108 162 90 35 43 31 35 22 42 54 4 2 14 15 4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.9 9.2 31.5 6.0 2.9 2.6 (2) 3.4 2.3 1.8 4.8 .1 .5 .5 1.2 .3 33.8 8.6 22.7 9.7 3. 1 2.9 2.6 3.4 2.1 2.9 4.7 .1 .2 1.6 1.4 .2 36.1 9.4 15.9 10.0 3.3 4.8 2.8 3.6 2.0 3.7 4.5 .2 .1 1.8 1.7 .1 35.9 9.2 15.1 10.2 3.4 4.0 2.1 4.8 .2.3 5.0 4.5 .2 .3 1.5 1.0 .5 34.3 10.7 16.1 8.9 3.5 4.3 3.1 3.5 2.2 4.2 5.3 .4 .2 1.4 1.5 .4 Food-----------------------------------------'Clothing ____________ ______ _____________ Housing. __________ _____ __ _________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration __ ___ ___ _ Other household operation ____ ______ Furnishings and equipm ent______ ________ _ Autom obile_______________ ___ _ _ __ ______ Other transportation__ ___ _____ ______ Personal care________ ______________ _ _ ___ Medical care ___________ _ _ _ ______ _____ Recreation _ ____ __ __ _ __ ___ Education_____ _____ _ __ _________ ______ Vocation__________ ___ ________ ___ ___ ___ _ Community welfare. __ _____ ___ ______ Gifts_____________________ _ ________________ Other item s___________ ________ _____ _____ Percentage of annual current expenditure for— All item s___ ___ .__ ___---------------------Food______ ____ ____ ___ ______________ ___ Clothing ________ _ _____ ___ _ _____ Housing___ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ Fuel, light, and refrigeration_______ _____ _ __ Other household operation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Furnishings and equipment. _ __ __ ____ Automobile _______ __ ___ _____ „ Other transportation __ _ _ _ _ _________ Personal care. Medical care _ __ __ __ ___ __ . Recreation ___ ____ ____ Education.__ _ _ __ __ _ __ Vocation. __ . . . . . . Community welfare. __ ______ ___ __ G ifts.. ________________ _____ ______ _____ . Other item s_________ ____ ______ _ _ ____ 0) 1 Less than $0.50. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. N ote.—See appendix D, “ Balancing difference” (p. 386) for explanation of w hy total incomes do not exactly equal total expenditures plus net change in assets and liabilities. The general pattern of regional differences found for white and Negro families combined at a given income level, also holds for Negro families at a given income level. Thus New York City Negroes spent more for housing than Negroes in other regions. They spent no more for food, however, than Negroes in the East or West North Central cities. They spent least for automobiles, while Southern 196 MONET DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMMARY VOLUME Negroes at that income level spent most for automobiles. New York City and Southern Negroes at the same income level tied within $1 in expenditures for recreation. Southern Negroes with incomes from $900 to $1,200 spent more than Negroes in any other region for clothing, followed by New York City and then by the other Northern Negro families. N a tive-B o rn Com pared W ith F o r e ig n -B o m To what extent do families with foreign-born homemakers on the average carry over certain customs and traditions from their native lands to a degree sufficient to influence their expenditure patterns? To answer this question a special analysis was made comparing fam ilies with native-born homemakers with those having foreign-born homemakers. The analysis was made from among the schedules in each of the 30 Northern cities surveyed. The 12 Southern cities were omitted because of the negligible size of their foreign-born populations. In each of those 30 cities 3 in the Northern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific regions, families with foreign-born homemakers were matched with families having native-born homemakers. The schedule of a family in a given city having a foreign-born homemaker was matched with the schedule of another family in that city having a native-born homemaker whose income, family type, and occupational class of the chief earner 4 and total annual unit expenditure 5 were the same within narrow limits. The result was that through selection in tabulation, two subsamples were obtained, alike in all characteristics considered most likely to affect family spending, except nativity. There were not sufficient cases of families of any given nativity to permit further classification by country. The various countries of birth of these homemakers are, however, represented in this sample in approximately the same proportion as in the total sample of families surveyed. These proportions are fairly close to those shown for the country as a whole in the 1930 census.6 It should be noted that in the country as a whole, the foreign-born population has a higher average age than the native-born because of the restriction of entry of immigrants in the post-war period. In 3The 30 cities included: N o r th A tla n tic R e g io n , New York City, Boston, Buffalo, Johnstown, Lancaster, Manchester, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland, Rochester, Scranton, Springfield; E a s t N o r th C en tra l R e g io n , Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Indianapolis, Lansing, Milwaukee; W e s t N o r th C entra l a nd M o u n t a i n R e g io n , Denver, Kansas City, Minneapolis-St. Paul, St. Louis, Salt Lake City; P a c ific R e g io n , Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco-Oakland, Seattle. 4 Account was taken of clerical, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled work. 5 For explanation of total annual unit expenditure, see ch. 3 and appendix C. 6 See appendix E of Bulletins Nos. 636, 637, 639, 640, and 641. SPENDING HABITS OF SPECIAL GROUPS 197 this paired sample, however, there is relatively little age difference because family type was kept the same in making up the pairs.7 The careful limits of the criteria used in selection of these subsamples mean that differences in spending patterns which might be due to such extraneous factors as income, age, family size, occupation, funds available for spending per family member, or locality, have been substantially eliminated. Accordingly, the differences in spending patterns which are found between these paired samples of native-born and foreign-born families are to be attributed principally to factors associated with the one important element in which the two samples differ, namely, nativity of homemakers. The average incomes and expenditures of the families in these paired samples are presented in table 7. Incomes for both groups averaged about $1,530 as compared with the average of $1,524 for the entire 14,469 families surveyed. Despite this similarity in incomes, the native-born families did not spend as much for commodities and services as the foreign-born, their total current expenditures averaging $16 less. Their savings averaged $16.24, contrasted with an average deficit of $2.22 for the foreignborn families. Such a difference in savings is larger than would have occurred by chance. The items for which foreign-born families spent more than the native-born are food, clothing, furnishings and equipment,, miscellane ous expenditures, medical care, transportation other than by automo biles, and household operation. Items for which the native-born spent more on the average are housing, including fuel, light and refrigera tion, automobiles, recreation, and personal care. 7For family types used, see ch. 1, table 4, p. 18. Ages of persons in families of types classified by num ber of children under 16 would tend to correspond rather closely. It may be, however, that, for families of husband and wife only, there are age differences between the native-born and foreign-born. Whether husband and wife were young or old, families of this composition were considered of the same family type and hence eligible for pairing. Accordingly, the foreign-born families may represent a slightly older age group than the native-born in this paired sample. The difference in age, if any, however, would be much less than for the native and foreign population of the country as a whole. There were considerably more native-born than foreign-born families drawn in the random sample of 14,469 families. Accordingly, this technique of pairing families meant in effect including almost all of the foreign-born families sampled and finding a match for each among the larger number of native-born families studied. A few of the foreign-born families for whom data were available had to be excluded from the analysis because no match could be found among the native-born families. The paired sample, however, represents a much larger proportion of all the foreign-born than of all native-born families drawn in the random sample. Since this is true and since the native-born were paired by family type w ith foreign-born families who in general tend to be older (see above) the native families included in the paired sample are necessarily older on the average than native families in the entire random sample. Consequently, the dif ferences in spending noted between these paired samples of foreign-born and native-born families should not be assumed to be the same as would be found between a random sample of the native-born and a random sample of the foreign-born population. 198 M ONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMMARY VOLUME T able 7.— Income and Expenditures of a Paired Sample 1 of Foreign-Born and NativeBorn 2 Families 2,812 W H ITE FA M ILIES IN 30 C ITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Average by which foreignborn exceed native-born Average Item Annual net money income__________ _ ____ N et change in assets and liabilities_______________ Current money expenditure for all items___ ______ Food_________________ ___________ Housing, including fuel, light, and refrigeration. Household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration._ ... . _ __ __ __ Furnishings and equipm ent.. . . . ______ __ Clothing_____________ ___ ______ __ _ __ . . . Total transportation_______________________ Automobile purchase, operation, and main tenance _ _ . --------Other transportation _ ___ _ Recreation.- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ Medical care________ - ______ _ _________ Personal care____ ______________ Other items______ _ __________ _______ Annual value of housing in kind received from in vestment in owned home___ _ . . Nativeborn Foreignborn $1,533. 33 +16. 24 1, 529. 56 530. 24 386. 92 $1, 528. 52 - 2 . 22 1, 545. 93 548. 27 371. 58 —$4. 81 -18. 46 +16. 37 + 18.03 -15 . 34 0.31 54. 87 51. 35 160.00 118. 65 55.04 60. 68 170. 59 108. 48 + . 17 +9. 33 +10. 59 - 1 0 .1 7 .31 18.17 6. 62 8. 57 78. 78 39. 87 85. 54 54. 63 30.92 56. 44 65. 21 43. 27 79.00 58. 75 28. 86 64. 68 -13. 57 + 3.40 - 6 . 54 + 4.12 - 2 . 06 +8. 24 17.23 8. 53 7. 65 7. 54 6. 66 14.60 36. 96 50. 79 + 13.83 37.42 Amount Percentage 1.07 3.40 3. 96 1 Each pair of foreign-born and native-born families had the following characteristics: Residence in the same city; income level the same, i. e., incomes the same within at most $300; family type the same; occupa tional group the same, within 2 classes. (Permissible combinations were: A clerical worker paired with a clerical worker or a skilled worker; a skilled worker paired wdth a skilled worker, a clerical worker, or a semiskilled worker; a semiskilled worker paired with a semiskilled or skilled worker; an unskilled worker paired with an unskilled worker.) Annual unit expenditure the same within narrow limits such that the aggregate unit expenditure of all foreign-born families paired in a city differed by not more than 1 percent from the aggregate unit expenditure of all native-born families paired in that city. 3 Families were classed as foreign-born or native-born on the basis of nativity of the homemaker, since the homemaker exercises a predominant influence upon the consumption habits of the family. For none of the main categories of family spending was there as much as $20 difference between the average expenditures of the foreign-born and native-born. The averages for the foreign-born families differed from those for the native-born by less than 10 percent for every category except furnishings and equipment, automobile, and miscellaneous expenditures. The foreign-born spent on the average 18 percent more for furnishings and equipment, but 17 percent less for automobile purchase, operation, and maintenance. It seems likely that the foreign-born families in general lived nearer the center of town using automobiles less, but other transportation relatively more. It has not been possible, however, to analyze the place of residence of the native- and foreign-born families. When total transportation expenditures are considered, the average for the foreign-born was only 9 percent below that for the native families. In terms of the percentage by which expenditures of foreign-born families exceeded those of native-born, the next largest difference after furnishings occurred in the case of miscellaneous expenditures, which were 15 percent greater for the foreign-born. Transportation other than by automobile claimed expenditures by the foreign-born more than 8 percent greater than those by the native-born, while medical care expenditures were greater by more than 7 percent and clothing SPENDING HABITS OF SPECIAL GROUPS 199 expenditures by almost 7 percent. The differences for the remaining categories for which expenditures were greater by the foreign-born were all less than 4 percent. For the smaller list of categories for which average expenditures of foreign-born were less than of native-born families, no other category even approached the difference of 17 percent for automobiles. The next greatest proportionate difference was in total transportation (automobile plus other forms of transportation) for which the differ ence was almost 9 percent. The percentage difference for recreation was almost 8, for personal care almost 7, and for housing almost 4 percent. An understanding of the meaning of these differences in expenditures of comparable families having native-born from those having foreignborn homemakers can be gained by studying the proportion of cases in which the differences were in the same direction. If the two groups did not basically differ in consumption one would expect that the expenditures of about half the foreign-born families would be smaller than those of the native-born, while half would be larger, and the average differences could be dismissed as due to chance variations. Such a random distribution was, however, not found for most of the categories of expenditure. In the case of expenditures for automo biles, for example, in a very large proportion of cases expenditures by the foreign-born were smaller than those by the native-born. A more precise test 8 was made to ascertain whether the dif ferences between the two samples were greater than would have occurred by chance. It indicated that the differences in total current expenditure (and hence in surplus or deficit), and that for household operation, may be dismissed as having no significance. That for medical care is uncertain. Differences for all the other categories of spending, however, were greater than would have occurred by chance.9 The greatest significance is found in the lower s The value of “t,” the ratio of the mean difference between the two samples to the estimated standard error of the difference, was computed for each item. The value of “t ” for all 1,406 pairs in 30 cities com bined is as follows: Current money expenditure for all items, 0.94; food, 2.59; housing, including fuel, light, and refrigeration, 3.15; household operation, other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, 0.12; furnishings and equipment, 3.04; clothing, 2.71; automobile purchase, operation, and maintenance, 2.69; other transpor tation, 2.41; recreation, 2.83; medical care, 1.51; personal care, 3.32; no “t ” measure was computed for “total transportation” or for “other items.” For a paired sample of this size a value of “t ” of 1.96 or more indicates a statistically significant difference between the expenditures of the native-born and foreign-born families. A value of “t ” of that size or greater could be expected to occur entirely by chance between two completely random samples of this size in only 5 times in 100; a “t ” of 2.58 or larger could be expected to occur by chance only 1 time in 100. 9 Such statistical significance was not found in the preliminary analysis when the paired samples of some of the 30 cities were studied separately. The differences between the averages for the native-born and the foreign-born families within a given city were in most instances very small. When the value of the “t ” factor was computed for each category of spending for the separate cities “t ’s” of a magnitude to indicate statistical significance did not appear. The fact that the “t ’s” do become significant when computed for the entire 2,812 families means that the differences, though small, are persistently in the same direction. Hence it may be generalized that there is a small but consistent difference in the spending patterns of compa rable native-born and of foreign-born families. 2 4 2 9 4 9 ° — 4 1 ------ 1 4 200 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMMARY VOLUME expenditures of the foreign-born for personal care and for housing. It seems likely that European attitudes toward land proprietorship ex plain the larger proportion of foreign-born than of native home owners. For home owners current money expenditure for housing is generally less than for renters (see p. 201) and this is the probable explanation of the lower expenditures of the foreign-born. If the annual value of the housing in kind received by home owners from investment in their homes is added to money housing expenditure, the average for total housing expense for native-born becomes $423.88 and for foreignborn $422.37. The difference between them is not significant. It is understandable that the smaller amounts spent by the foreignborn families for automobiles and recreation fit in with certain ways of living carried over from their early life, as do the larger expenditures for food and clothing. Their larger expenditures for furnishings and equipment would off-hand be expected to be related to the greater proportion of home owners. For a paired sample of renters and owners, however (see p. 201), the reverse relationship was found, namely, that renters spent more for furnishings and equipment. Hence there appears to be a definite tendency among foreign-born families as such to spend more upon equipment for the home. In summary, attention should be directed to the fact that the statistical significance of the differences between the spending patterns of native- and of foreign-born families lies not in their size, which was generally very small, but in their persistence. The small differences, in city after city, were noted in the same direction. Hence, such consistent even though small differences in a sample of the size of this one do assume significance in the sense that they cannot be dismissed as due to chance variations. They may nevertheless have very little general economic significance. H o m e Owners Com pared W ith H o m e Renters A similar analysis has been made of the spending habits of 623 pairs of white families who were home owners and home renters, in 11 cities 10 in the .North Atlantic region. The same procedure was followed in the selection of these paired samples of home owners and home renters as in the analysis of families with foreign-born and native-born homemakers described on page 196. Income, age, family composition, occupational class, and total annual unit expenditure 11 were, by design, the same within narrow limits for each pair of home-owning and home-renting families. Hence it may 10 These cities were Boston, Buffalo, Johnstown, Lancaster, Manchester, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Port* land, Rochester, Scranton, Springfield. Limitations of time and funds did not permit extension of the analysis to additional cities. 11 See footnote 1, table 8. S P E N D IN G H A B IT S OF S P E C IA L 201 GROUPS properly be assumed that such average differences as are found in their spending habits are principally explained by factors associated with the one important point of difference between the two samples, namely, home tenure. The differences noted in the spending of these families are shown in table 8. It will be observed that, because of the requirements of pairing, the average income of home owners ($1,564) and of home renters ($1,561) was the same within a very few dollars. The differ ence is no greater than might have occurred by chance. The average is slightly higher than the average of $1,499 for all white families sur veyed in these 11 North Atlantic cities. Since there were more renters than home owners in the sample, the procedure in selecting the pairs was virtually that of pairing the renters against the home owners, i. e., more schedules from renter than from home-owner families were dis carded. Since more home owners were found at the higher income levels, it was to be expected that the average incomes for the families in this paired sample would be higher than for all white families in the region. T able 8.— Income and Expenditures of a Paired Sample 1 of Home-Owning and HomeRenting Fam ilies 1,246 WHITE FAMILIES IN 11 NORTH ATLANTIC CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Average by which renters exceed owners Average Item Home owners Home renters $1, 564. 50 +36. 34 $1, 561. 04 +28.09 —$3. 46 -8 . 25 __ ___ 1, 534. 25 1, 548.07 +13. 82 + .9 Food_________ ______ _____ _____ _ _____ Housing including fuel, light, and refrigeration. Household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration.. . . . . ____ ______ ... Furnishings and equipment . . . . Clothing . . . .... _ __ _ _ Total transportation___________ . ______ Automobile purchase, operation, and main tenance . _ _____. . . ____ _ Other transportation . . . _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ Recreation__ _ _______ _ _______________ Medical care______________ ____ _______ _ _ Personal care_____ _______________________ Other items _ . . . . Annual value of housing in kind received from in vestment in owned home. . _ ... 544. 48 369. 25 519. 56 415.15 -24. 92 +45. 90 -4 .6 +12.4 62.14 49. 25 163. 72 115.04 52. 39 60. 92 165. 98 108. 30 -9 . 75 +11. 67 +2. 26 -6 . 74 -15.7 +23.7 +1.4 -5 .9 71.00 44.04 74.05 55.17 28. 26 72. 89 66.66 41.64 84. 83 53. 33 29. 66 57.95 -4.34 -2.40 +10. 78 -1.84 +1.40 -14.94 -6 .1 -5 .4 +14.6 -3 .3 +5.0 -20.5 Annual net money income - _ Net change in assets and liabilities ________ _ _ _______ Current money expenditure for all items Amount Percentage -0 .2 132.12 1 Each pair of home-owning and home-renting families had the following characteristics: Residence in the same city; income level the same, i. e., incomes the same within at most $300; family type the same; occupational group the same within 2 classes; annual unit expenditure the same within narrow limits such that the aggregate unit expenditure of all home owners paired in a city differed by not more than 1 percent from the aggregate unit expenditure of all renters paired in that city. In contrast with the small but significant difference in averages for most categories of spending found between paired samples of foreignborn and of native-born families, significant differences in spending 202 M ONEY D I S B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y VOLUM E as between home-owners and renters were found for only two categories not directly connected with housing.12 Those were recreation ex penditures and food expenditures. Recreation expenditures of renters were 14 percent greater than those of home owners. Such expenditures, as classified in this study, include movies and other paid admissions, athletic or hobby equipment, newspapers and magazines, cigarettes and tobacco, radios, and musical supplies. It is not surprising that home-owning families find their homes more satisfactory places for recreation than renting families. The fact that they spend more for automobiles than renting families seems to suggest that they depend more on their cars than on com mercial amusements for recreation. On the other hand, there may have been a tendency for home owners to live farther from the city center and hence to have greater need for automobile transportation. That home owners spent more for food than renters may be related in part to more frequent entertainment of guests in their homes. Though the effect of family size was minimized in making up the pairs, it is possible that the number of persons, especially children, in the families of owners was slightly greater than in the case of renters 13 and that this accounts for the larger food expenditure. As would be expected, the most significant difference between spend ing of home owners and home renters was in current money expense for housing including fuel, light, and refrigeration. Renters paid 12 percent more than home owners. Home owners do not usually pay the full equivalent of the current rental value of their homes for such items as taxes, assessments, interest, refinancing charges, repairs, and in surance. These are the items which were treated in this investigation as current housing expenditures of home owners. Current housing expenditures do not include payments on principal of mortgage or down payments on home; such items were treated as investment. (See ch. 10.) When the annual value14 of the housing in kind received 12 The statistical significance of the differences in spending between pairs of families of the same income, occu pation, family type, and annual unit expenditure (see p. 387 for definition of annual unit expenditure) has again been measured by the value of “ t” (see p. 199). The value of “ t” for each item measured for all 623 pairs in 11 cities combined is as follows: Current money expenditure for all items, 0.51; food, 2.28; housing including fuel, light, and refrigeration, 5.99; household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, 4.20; furnish ings and equipment, 2.48; clothing, 0.38; automobile purchase, operation, and maintenance, 0.55; other transportation, 0.96; recreation, 3.48; medical care, 0.47; personal care, 1.43. No “ t” measure was computed for “ total transportation” or for “ other items.” For a paired sample of this size, a value of “ t” of 1.96 or more indicates a significant difference between the expenditures of the home-owning and the home-renting families. A value of “ t” of that size or greater could be expected to occur entirely by chance between 2 completely random samples of this size in only 5 or less times in 100. 12 There is some latitude in number of persons in families classified as of the same type. (See ch. 1, table 4, p. 18.) In the Study of Consumer Purchases conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it was found that large families were more apt to be home owners than small families. (See Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 642, vol. I.) Hence it is likely that the number of persons in the families of home owners in the paired sample was slightly greater than in the families of renters. 14 Computed as the difference between annual rental value and sums actually paid out for the following items: Taxes, assessments, interest, refinancing charges, repairs, insurance. (See ch. 5.) S P E N D IN G H A B IT S OF S P E C IA L G ROUPS 203 from investment in owned homes (which amounted to $132.12 for the home-owning families included in this comparison) is added to money expenditures for housing, it appears that the total current housing expenditures of the home owners was almost $100 greater than that of the renters. Higher furnishings and equipment expense by renting families was found to be greater than would occur by chance. This may be in part a reflection of greater use of built-in equipment by home owners. It suggests also that home-owning families, in general living in more outlying districts than renters, met their greater expenditures for automobiles, in part at least, by cutting down on furnishings. Also renting families, not having the responsibility for meeting payments on the mortgage, may feel somewhat freer to make purchases of electrical equipment or other items of comfort or convenience about the house. Since most home owners have an obligation to meet mortgage pay ments, it is not surprising that their savings exceeded those of renters. They were not as much greater, however, as might have been expected, the averages being $36 for home owners and $28 for renters. Among the 643 families of home owners, 29.1 percent reported pay ments on principal of mortgage, averaging $158 per family making payments. When these payments are averaged among all 643 home owners,16 however, the figure is reduced to $46. The fact that average savings of home owners were lower than their average payments of principal on mortgage is explained by the fact that they had counter balancing increases in liabilities such as balances owing on installment purchases. (Seech. 10.) Despite the somewhat greater average savings of home owners, the pioportion of renters having surpluses was, as a matter of fact, slightly greater. The size of their surpluses, however, was smaller, resulting in lower average savings for the entire group of renters than of owners. The figures are shown in table 9. An interesting tendency shown by the figures is the notably higher savings of home owners at income levels above $2,000, the excess over savings of renters being greater than the amounts of their mortgage payments. The figures also indicate a slackening, at higher income levels, in the increases in percentage of home owners making mortgage payments and in the amount of such payments per family investing. is For the entire sample of home owners studied (see ch. 5 and Tabular Summary, table A-4) a rather small amount was reported paid on principal of mortgage. The period of the study may have been a factor here. It may be that recovery from the depression had not advanced far enough in 1934-36 to make home owners among moderate-income families feel able to make payments of substantial size on their mortgages. 204 M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S — SU M M A R Y VOLUM E T able 9.— Savings of a Paired Sample of Home-Owning and Home-Renting Fam ilies, 1,246 White Fam ilies in 11 North Atlantic Cities [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-36] Item Families with annual net income of— All fami $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 lies Under $900 to to to to to and $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 over Number of families: Owners___________________ ________ 623 Renters______________________________ 623 Percentage of families having— Surplus: Owners _ _ ___ . _______ _ 63.4 Renters__________________________ 66.5 Deficit: Owners______________ ___________ 35.2 Renters__________________________ 31.8 Average per family having— Surplus: Owners_________ _ __ $183 Renters_________ _______ _ . _ $121 Deficit: Owners---- ------ ----------------------------- $226 Renters_______ ___________________ $165 Average net changes in assets and liabilities for all families: Owners ____________ _ _____ +$36 Renters______________________________ +$28 Percentage of owners making payments on principal of mortgage___________________ 29.1 Average size of principal payment: Per owning family making payment____ $158 Per owning family____________________ $46 31 31 124 124 140 140 138 138 119 119 41 41 30 30 38.7 38.7 51.6 62.9 59.3 67.1 66.7 68.8 73.9 72.3 80.5 78.0 76.7 56.7 61.3 54.8 47.6 34.7 38.6 32.1 32.6 28.3 24.4 27.7 19.5 19.5 16.7 43.3 $85 $43 $104 $57 $137 $92 $169 $142 $238 $157 $318 $156 $264 $275 $174 $187 $241 $138 $188 $195 $268 $112 $251 $154 $172 $155 $207 $318 —$74 —$86 —$61 —$12 +$8 -$1 +$25 +$115 +$222 +$66 +$70 +$92 +$168 +$18 16.1 21.0 20.0 34.1 39.5 36.6 43.3 $99 $16 $133 $28 $130 $26 $182 $62 $144 $57 $221 $81 $178 $77 Fam ilies H aving Surplus Compared W ith Those H aving Deficit Another question to which an answer has been attempted by the use of a paired sample is this: In what way are the current-expenditure patterns of families who achieve a surplus different from those of families which go in the red? A special analysis of 258 white families having surpluses compared with 258 white families having deficits was made for 4 cities in Cali fornia.16 The same criteria were used in selecting the families for the analysis as in the case of the paired samples of native-born and foreign-born families (see p. 196) and the paired samples of home owners and home renters. The characteristic of having a surplus or having a deficit, while perhaps not quite so tangible as nativity or home tenure, is the one important factor which distinguishes one-half of this paired sample from the other. Other differences such as income, family composition, or occupation have been eliminated by the procedure of pairing the families.17 Hence, such differences in the expenditure patterns as occur between the two groups of families may be associated with this one important characteristic in which they differ, namely", achieving 16 The cities were Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego, and San Franeisco-Oakland. Limitations of time and funds did not permit extension of the analysis to additional cities. » See p. 205. S P E N D IN G H A B IT S OF S P E C IA L 205 GROUPS a surplus or having a deficit. It may be thought of as a “propensity to save” on the part of the surplus families and a “propensity to con sume” 18 on the part of the deficit families. The most striking difference between the expenditure patterns of the paired surplus and deficit families shown in table 10 is the more than $200 difference in their total current expenditures. This would, of course follow from the basis of the classification and the fact that income differences had been eliminated in the process of pairing. The families having deficits not only had greater total expenditures, but their average spending for every category but one was greater than the corresponding expenditure of the families having surpluses. Two of the categories of spending for which the differences between surplus families and deficit families were largest19 are the ones for which deficit financing (see ch. 10) of consumers goods on a formal contract basis is most frequent. They were transportation (including T a b l e 1 0 . — Income and Expenditure of a Paired Sample 1 of Fam ilies Having Surplus and Fam ilies Having Deficit 516 WHITE FAMILIES IN 4 CALIFORNIA CITIES [Data cover 12 months within the period 1934-35] Average by which deficit families exceed surplus families Average Item Annual net income--_____ - ______________ Net change in assets and liabilities_______________ Current money expenditure for all items______ Food__________________________ _________ Housing including fuel, light, and refrigeration. Household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Furnishing and equipm ent____ _ ___ Clothing_________ __ _ _______ ____ ____ Transportation ___ __ ______ __ _______ Recreation _______ _____________ _ _ _ Medical c a r e .-_________ ______ _______ _ Personal care. ______ _ _ _ _ _______ _ Other items. _ _ . __ ____ _ Surplus families Deficit families $1,561. 42 123. 95 $1, 528. 88 134. 73 —$32. 54 -258. 68 2.1 208.7 1, 462. 07 1, 679. 80 +217. 73 14.9 486. 79 321. 69 503. 63 336. 98 +16. 84 +15. 29 3.5 4.8 68. 93 50. 80 156. 38 136. 65 88. 37 58. 22 34. 32 59. 92 66. 32 88. 92 179. 04 217. 42 101. 64 86. 94 36. 92 61.99 - 2. 61 +38.12 +22. 66 +80. 77 +13. 27 +28. 72 +2. 60 +2. 07 3.8 75.0 14.5 59.1 15.0 49.3 7.6 3. 5 Amount Percentage i Each pair of surplus and deficit families had the following characteristics: Residence in the same city; income level the same, i. e., incomes the same within at most $300; family type the same; occupational group the same within 2 classes. 18 See John Maynard Keynes, General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York, 1936. !9 The statistical significance of these differences was estimated by computing the value of “ t.” (See foot note 8, p. 199.) This measure indicates whether the differences between individual pairs of families are as often in one direction as the other and hence may be ascribed to chance, or whether they are persistently in one direction. The “ t” measure as computed for each category for the 258 pairs of families in 4 cities com bined is as follows: Current money expenditure for all items, 16.52; food, 1.86; housing, including fuel, light, and refrigeration, 1.62; household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, 0.82; furnishings and equipment, 4.92; clothing, 3.24; transportation. 6.62; recreation, 2.77; medical care, 4.04; personal care, 2.03; formal education, 1.71; other items. 0.54. No “ t” measure was computed for “ automobile” separate from “ other transportation.” For a paired sample of this size a value of “ t” of 1.965 or more is significant. For a “ t” of that size or larger, the chances that such differences as were found would have occurred in any two samples drawn at random would be 5 or less in 100. 206 M ONEY D I S B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y VOLUM E automobiles) and furnishings and equipment. For automobiles or equipment purchased on the installment plan, the total cost of the article was treated as current expenditure 20 if the purchase was made in the schedule year, whether or not the payments were completed during the year. The amounts still owing at the end of the schedule year were treated as an increase in liabilities and taken into account in computing the family’s deficit. (See ch. 10 and appendix D .) The third most important category in which the current expendi tures of the surplus families and the deficit families differ is medical care. As a rule, when the deficit represents expenditures for medical care, it is in the form of doctor’s bills 21 which may remain unpaid for some time. Other items showing a significantly greater expenditure by deficit families than by surplus families are clothing, recreation, and personal care. Enough of these families were so inclined to keep up personal appearance and provide relaxation, even though they found it neces sary to draw on their reserves or use credit to do so, that they in fluenced the averages to an appreciable extent. 20 Throughout the report the term “ current expenditures” is used to mean expenditures for ultimate consumers’ goods, including relatively durable consumption goods. The time and funds available for the investigation have not made possible the presentation of separate totals distinguishing expenditures for the more slowly consumed as distinguished from quickly consumed goods. Indeed, the data on depreciation rates for relatively durable consumers’ goods are so fragmentary that it would be extremely difficult to do so. Expenditures for such durable goods as automobiles, mechanical refrigerators, and other furnishings and equipment have been classified with expenditures for food and carfare and other quickly consumed goods as “ current expenditures,” while money spent for permanent improvements on owned homes and other real estate or as payment on the principal of mortgages has been classified as savings. The total cost of consumers’ goods purchased on credit was included in current expenditures and the amount of the obli gations outstanding at the end of the year was taken into account when computing changes in liabilities over the 12-month period. (See table A-13 and appendix D.) 21 It should be noted that for bills incurred for medical services or for any other goods or services such as grocery bills, charge accounts at department stores, or installment contracts, only the net increase for the year in such obligations was included in computing the family’s deficit. (See ch. 10 and appendix D.) Chapter 1 2 A G G R E G A T E SP E N D IN G A N D S A Y IN G OF W A G E E A R N E R S A N D C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S IN L A R G E C IT IE S A S R E L A T E D TO T H E IR A G G R E G A T E IN COM E The combined spending of all wage earners and lower-salaried cleri cal workers forms an impressive mass market for the products of in dustry, agriculture, and trade. It is an important segment of total national spending. An examination of the data secured in this survey from the standpoint of the importance of urban wage earners and cleri cal workers in relation to the consumer expenditures of all American families is presented in this chapter. While the present study was not a survey of all wage earners and clerical workers, it provides the basis for estimates of the incomes and spending of a substantial proportion of the total. Five and one-half million is the number of families which has been estimated to be the total group to which the sample data for 1934-36 may be considered to apply. That number of families in 1935-36 lived in cities with pop ulation over 50,000 and met the other principal requirements for in clusion of sample families in the survey.1 Accordingly, it may be said that the 5% million families found themselves in substantially the same situation so far as income and spending is concerned, as did the sample of families surveyed. These families comprised almost half of the Nation’s total of non relief families primarily dependent for support upon wage earners and clerical workers. They constituted in 1935-36 about one-fifth (19 percent) of all families (of 2 or more persons) of the Nation. Their aggregate income amounted to somewhat less than one-fifth (18 per cent) of the total family income of the country as estimated by the National Resources Committee for the years 1935-36. The fact that this represented about the same proportion of family population and of income indicates that this group represents neither the extremes of poverty nor wealth. Only 8 percent of them fell within the income lim its defined by the National Resources Committee for the “ lower onethird” of the Nation’s families, 50 percent fell within the middle third, and 42 percent within the upper third of the Nation’s families. These 5,500,000 families had aggregate annual incomes in 1934-36 of $8,400,000,000. This figure is almost one-fifth of the total national 1 That is, they were primarily dependent for their support on the earnings of wage earners and clerical workers, had not received relief, had incomes of at least $500, and had no clerical worker with earnings over $2,000. The figure of 5 H million is based upon the National Resources Committee report “ Consumer Incomes in the United States,” Washington, 1938, and upon special tabulations by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the source data from the Study of Consumer Purchases. 207 208 M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S — S U M M A R Y VOLUM E income of families of two or more persons, and 14 percent of total national consumer income.2 B asis o f Estim ates The estimated totals of income and expenditure for 5,500,000 families in 1934-36 are based upon data provided by the sample of families visited in this investigation. This sample was carefully chosen to represent a cross section of the families of the employed wage earners and lower-salaried clerical workers in large cities. Hence it is reasonable to estimate that the income distribution in 1934-36 of all the 5,500,000 families was about the same as for the sample group. On this assumption, it is estimated that the total income of these families in 12 months of 1934-36 was approximately 8,400 million dollars. (See table 1.) T able 1.—Estimated Fam ily Income of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Large Cities [5,500,000 families; 12 months during the period 1934-36] Families Aggregate income Annual net family income Number Percentage Amount (in thousands) Percentage All families........................................................... 5, 500, 000 100.0 $8, 369, 200 100.0 $500-$600_______ ________ ______ _____ _______ $600-$900______ ________ ____________________ $900-$1,200_________________________________ $1,200-$1,500________________________________ $1,500-$1,800....................................... .................. 44, 000 462, 000 1,122, 000 1,309, 000 1,116, 500 .8 8.4 20.4 23.8 20.3 24, 300 359. 000 1,194,900 1, 769, 700 1,832,200 .3 4.3 14.3 21.1 21.9 $1,800-$2,100........ ................................................. $2,100-$2,400........ ................................................. $2,400-$2,700—.................... ............... .................. $2,700-$3,000________________________________ $3,000 and over---------- -------- ----------------------- 830, 500 308,000 148, 500 71, 500 88,000 15.1 5.6 2.7 1.3 1.6 1,608, 700 639, 600 375,600 206, 000 305,200 19.2 8.3 4.5 2.5 3.6 Distribution o f Expenditures in 1934r-36 In 1934-36, it is estimated that the aggregate spending of these 5K million families was $8,339,400,000. (For discussion of their savings, see p. 212). The estimated division of these expenditures by main categories is shown in table 2. Food expenditures alone were almost $3,000,000,000, while housing, together with fuel, light, and refrigeration, accounted for slightly over $2,000,000,000. Automobile purchase took $193,000,000; auto mobile operation and maintenance, $287,000,000. Recreation amounted to $452,000,000, while clothing expenditures reached a total of $892,000,000. Expense for medical care totaled $326,000,000 and for personal care, $166,000,000. The sheer size of these figures indicates the importance of the combined pay envelopes of the millions of city workers who form 2 See National Resources Committee, Consumer Incomes in the United States, Washington, 1938, p. 34. S P E N D IN G AND S A V IN G AS RELATED TO 209 IN C O M E a part of America’s mass markets for the products of agriculture, industry, and trade, of which this group is a part. Table 2.—Distribution of Estimated Aggregate Expenditures of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Large Cities [5,500,000 families; 12 months during the period 1934-36] Item 9 Aggregate annual current expenditure for: All items_______________________ __________________ F ood__________________________________________________________ Clothing __________________ ________ __ ____________ ___ Housing ... Fuel, light, and refrigeration ........... O ther household operation... Furnishings and equipment _. Automobiles: Purchase Operation and m aintenance O ther transportation Personal care M edical care ■ Recreation _ ... .................. Form al education ... _ ____ _ Vocation. _ ____________ __ _____ _ ____________ ___ _____ Community welfare__ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Gifts__________________________________________________________ __ ___ _ _ _ Other items _ __ _ _ Amount (in thousands) Percentage $8,339,400 2, 792,000 891,700 1,423,800 595,300 320, 300 329,100 100.0 33. 5 10.7 17.1 7. 2 3.8 3.9 193, 500 287, 500 209,800 166, 200 326, 200 452, 500 39,300 34,100 105, 600 134, 200 38,300 2.3 3.4 2.5 2.0 3.9 5.4 .5 .4 1.3 1.6 .5 Comparison W ith Totals fo r the N ation The magnitude of these expenditures appears more clearly when they are placed in perspective. National estimates of consumer expenditures are available for 1935-36, against which may be set the expenditures of this segment of the families of urban wage earners and clerical workers for 12 months during the period 1934-36. The expenditures of this group of families in 1934-36 constituted almost one-fourth of total national expenditures for transportation other than by automobile and almost the same proportion of national outlay for furnishings and equipment. They were about one-sixth of the national totals for clothing, food, and personal care and more than one-seventh of the totals for housing, medical care, and recreation. The comparisons are shown in table 3. Table 3.—Expenditures of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Large Cities as a Percentage of Expenditures of A ll Consumer Units [ 5,500,000 families; 12-months during the period 1934-36] Item Food. ________ _ -----_____________ ________ _______ ___ ___ _ __ C loth ing.__ _ __ ____ ______ _____ _ __ __ _____ _ ____________________ ___ _ __ Housing____ ________ _____ ____ _____________ ________ _____ _______________________ Household operation._ _ __ ______ ___ _____ _ __ _________________________ __ _ Furnishings and equipment ___________________________________________________ ___ Automobile purchase, maintenance, and operation __ ____________________ _____ Other transportation «_ __ __ __ __________ _____ Personal care __ _ ____ ___ _____ _______ Medical care _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ ___ ____________________ _ __ Recreation _ _ __ _ _ _ ____ ______________________ ___________ Education_____________ ___ _____ ______ ___ ______________________________________ Other __ _ __ _ __ _______________ Percentage 16.5 16.9 15.0 11.6 23.1 12.7 23.8 16.0 14.7 14.3 7.7 9.3 210 M ONET D IS B U R S E M E N T S — S U M M A R Y VOLUM E Expenditures F or Autom obiles One commodity, automobiles, has been selected for illustrating in greater detail the relation of the spending of this group of million families to that of the Nation as a whole. A consideration of the relation in 1934-36 of the automobile pur chases of these families to total automobile sales shows that this group purchased an average of 148,200 new automobiles a year during the survey period, about 5 percent of total new cars sold. (See table 4.) The importance of the million families in the automobile market is not measured merely by the number of new automobiles they pur chased, however. For every new car purchased by these families in 1 year, they bought three used cars, the total number being 445,900 per year. The mass market for new automobiles is made possible only by an even larger market for used cars. It has been estimated that 65 percent of new cars sold in the period 1934-36 were purchased as replacements for old cars.3 Such replacement sales are possible only if a used-car market of substantial size exists. The exact num ber of new-car purchases made possible by sales of almost 450,000 used cars to urban wage earners and clerical workers cannot be accu rately estimated. It may be conservatively estimated, however, that at least half the used-car purchases played a part in the purchase of additional new cars by persons not included among the group under consideration. T able 4.—Estimated Aggregate Purchases of Automobiles by Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Large Cities [5,500,000 families; 12 months during the period 1934-36] Number of families purchasing Aggregate expenditure Income New cars Used cars Total___________________ Either New cars Used cars Either ____ 148,200 445,900 594,100 $500-$600_______________________ $600-$900_______________________ $900-$1,200_____________________ $1,200-$1,500___________________ $1,500-$1,800__________________ 0 0 0 35.300 31.300 700 19.900 69, 600 87, 700 103,800 700 19,900 69,600 123,000 135,100 0 0 0 10,105,480 16,825, 655 72,160 2,162,160 12,802,020 20.237.140 24,451,350 72,160 2,162,160 12,802,020 30, 342,620 41,277, 005 $1,800-$2,100___________________ $2,100-$2,400___________________ $2,400-$2,700___________________ $2,700 and over __ _ _ 37.400 19, 400 10.400 14, 400 88,000 37, 300 18,000 20.900 125,400 56, 700 28,400 35,300 23,204,170 11,919,600 6, 565,185 9, 271, 735 21.161.140 9, 948,400 4,692,600 4,821,685 44,365, 310 21; 868,000 11, 257, 785 14,093, 420 $77,891,825 $100, 348, 655 $178,240,480 It appears that purchases of used cars by this group resulted in the sale of at least 350,000 new cars per year in this 1934-36 period. Al though they are not ordinarily considered a vital factor in the sale of new cars, it is apparent from these estimates that their purchase has a considerable effect on the new-car market. 3 Roos, C. F., and von Szeliski, Victor: “ Factors governing changes in domestic automobile demand/’ in The Dynamics of Automobile Demand. New York, 1939, pp. 54-55. S P E N D IN G AND S A V IN G AS BELATED TO IN C O M E 211 The E ffect o f Incom e on Autom obile Purchases The effect of changes in income on purchases of new cars can be estimated from the spending patterns of families of different incomes at the time of the study. Table 5 shows the average expenditures in one year by this group of families at'different income levels separately 1 year by this group of families at different income levels separately for new and for used cars. Also shown is the percentage of all families at each income level purchasing either a new or a used car during 1 year. The relation of income to new-car purchases among this group of city families is immediately apparent from the table. A t incomes below $1,200 no new cars were bought. From that point on, as income increases the frequency of purchase increases rapidly, so that at the highest income level 9 percent of the families purchased a new car during the year. The average expenditure per family increased from almost $8 to about $58, a sevenfold increase in car purchase with only a doubling in income. T able 5.—Estimated Average Purchases of Automobiles by Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Large Cities [5,500,000 families; 12 months during the period 1934-36] Second-hand cars New cars Income class Percent age pur chasing Average expendi ture per family i Average expendi ture per family purchas ing i Percent age pur chasing Average expendi ture per family i Average expendi ture per family purchas ing i All cars Average expendi ture per family i 2.7 $14. 20 $526. 08 8.1 $18. 23 $225. 08 $32.43 $500-$600______________ $600-$900______________ $900-$l,200____________ $1,200-$1,500___________ $1,500-$1,800___________ 0 0 0 2.7 2.8 0 0 0 7. 72 15.07 0 0 0 285.87 538.19 1.6 4.3 6.2 6.7 9.3 1.64 4. 68 11. 41 15. 46 21.90 102. 79 108.74 184.01 230.68 235. 48 1.64 4.68 11.41 23.18 36.97 $1,800-$2,100___________ $2,100-$2,400___________ $2,400-$2,700___________ $2,700 and over_____ _. 4.5 6.3 7.0 9.0 27.94 38. 70 44.21 58.13 620. 91 614.31 631.55 645.88 10.6 12.1 12.1 13.1 25.48 32. 30 31.60 30. 23 240.41 266. 91 261.13 230. 73 53. 42 71.00 75.81 88. 36 All families ______ i Net expenditure, i. e., gross purchase price minus trade-in allowance. Used-car purchase was much more frequent among families in this group than new-car purchase. Even at the lowest income levels, 2 percent of the families purchased used cars. Frequency of used-car purchase increased with income but not so rapidly as new-car purchase. The tapering off of the frequency of used-car purchases at higher in come levels clearly reflects a shift from used to new cars. 212 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME Savings There remains for consideration the volume of saving of these families of wage earners and clerical workers, as contrasted with their purchases of consumer goods and services for current family living. Since savings for the economy as a whole constitute a deferral of con sumption, the data on this subject are of special interest. The data on savings of the sample of families surveyed in 1934-36 were not obtained simply by subtracting expenditures from income. The families were asked to report in detail any increases or decreases for the year in investments or debts, that is, the net extent of previous obligations paid off, new obligations incurred, withdrawal from reserves, or addition to reserves.4 (See ch. 10.) Using the reported figures on savings as such from the families surveyed in 1934-36 as the basis for the estimates, the data shown in table 6 are obtained. T a b l e 6 . — Estim ated Aggregate Savings o f W age Earners and Clerical W orkers in Large Cities [5,500,000 families; 12 months during the period 1934-36] Aggregate net change in assets and liabilities Income class Amount (in thousands) Percentage of aggregate in come +$63, 000 + 0 .8 $500-$600- _________ __________________________________ __________ ____________ - __________ -- ____ $600-$900 - __ $900-$l,200 - _________________ - - ________ ____ ______ $1,200-$1,500 _____________ _____ - - -- ____- --- - __________ $1,500-$1,800___________________________________________________________ - 3 , 500 -27, 700 -41, 800 -17, 700 + 21,000 - 1 4 .4 - 7 .7 - 3 .5 $1,800-$2,100 ______________ ___________ ________ -- ____ - ___ $2,100-$2,400___________________________________________________________ $2,400-$2,700 ______ _ _ ____________ __________ __ $2,700-$3,000 _______ ____ __ ________________ $3,000 and over _ _ _ _ . _________ +56, +28, +15, +11, +20, All families ____ 900 900 200 400 300 - 1.0 + 1 .1 + 3 .5 + 4 .5 + 4 .0 + 5 .5 + 6 .7 The 3,000,000 families with incomes below $1,500 spent aggregate amounts in excess of their aggregate incomes to the extent of nearly $91,000,000. Their aggregate net use of credit, or of previous savings or other reserves— in other words, their aggregate deficit— was thus over 2}i percent of their aggregate income. The 2,500,000 families with incomes above $1,500, on the other hand, spent less than their incomes and had an aggregate net saving of $153,700,000, or not quite 4 That such net change in assets and liabilities reported by a given family when added to expenditures, did not always exactly equal its income is entirely understandable from the difficulties of recalling in precise detail family expenditures over a year period. The discrepancy, if any, constituted a small amount of the year’s expenditures unaccounted for or a slight overestimate of expenditures. So long as this discrepancy was not greater than 5 percent of total income or expenditure in any individual case, the schedule was ac cepted for tabulation and the discrepancy treated as a balancing difference. The net balancing difference for all families surveyed was less than 1 percent. SPENDING AND SAVING AS RELATED TO INCOME 213 3 percent of their aggregate income. The aggregate savings of $63,000,000 for the entire group of 5,500,000 families represented eight-tenths of 1 percent of their aggregate income and about 1 percent of the aggregate national savings estimated by the National Resources Committee at $5,978,000,000 for 1935-36. T he S itu ation in 1 9 4 0 Had the survey been made in 1940, a somewhat larger number of families would have met the requirements for inclusion because of the improvement in the employment and relief situation as compared with the earlier period. Furthermore the incomes of the families surveyed would undoubtedly have been higher in 1940. It is not possible to estimate just how many additional families would have been added to the 5,500,000 if the survey had been made in 1940. Nor is it possible to judge exactly how many of the original number would have been removed by death or other changes in family composition, or by in crease in earnings of clerical members of the family beyond the $2,000 limit. It is, however, possible to estimate within a fair degree of ac curacy the extent of the increase in incomes which the same or sim ilarly situated 5,500,000 families received from 1934-36 to 1940. An estimate can also be made of the disposition made by these families of their increased incomes.5 The estimates for 1940 are calculated from the figures obtained in 1934-36 with adjustments for economic changes which have taken place since that time. In com e in 1 9 4 0 It is estimated that the annual incomes of a similarly situated group of 5,500,000 families in 1940 aggregated $10,000,000,000, an increase of more than $1,500,000,000 over their annual incomes in 1934-36. Total wage and salary payments in the Nation increased about 25 percent from the date of the study to 1940.6 If it is assumed that the incomes of the 5,500,000 families increased by the same percent age an estimate is obtained of $10,600,000,000 for their aggregate income in 1940. This figure represents the probable outside limit of the correct estimate. It should be reduced somewhat, however, to take account of the fact that some of this increase in wage and salary payments undoubtedly reflects increase in employment of families not originally eligible for inclusion in the study because of relief status, low employment or earnings, and hence not included within the 5,500,000. Total nonagricultural employment increased about 10 percent over the same period.7 If we make the extreme assump5 Alternatively the estimates presented in the remainder of this article may be thought of as relating to the income and expenditures which the original 5,500,000 families would have enjoyed if conditions of 1940 had prevailed in 1934-36. 6 According to national income estimates of the U. S. Department of Commerce. 7 According to the estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 214 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME tion that none of this increase in employment went to persons in the 5.500.000 families, but allow for an appropriate increase in their wage rates, we undoubtedly understate the extent of increase in their income. Such an assumption gives an estimate of $9,500,000,000, which represents the lower reasonable limit of a correct estimate.8 It can be stated with some assurance that the true figure for the 1940 income of the 5,500,000 families lies somewhere between $9,500,000,000 and $10,600,000,000. It is recognized that estimates such as these under discussion can at best be only approximations. For convenience, therefore, an intermediate figure of an even $10,000,000,000 has been used as the estimate of the aggregate income of 5,500,000 families in 1940. The estimated distribution of the $10,000,000,000 among the 5.500.000 families in 1940 is shown in table 7. This distribution has been computed on the assumption that the relative positions of the 5.500.000 families remained the same in 1940 as in 1934-36, i. e., that the degree of inequality in the distribution of their income was the same in both periods. Corresponding figures for 1934-36 have been shown in table 1. T able 7 . — Estim ated F a m ily In com e o f W ag e Earners and Clerical W orkers in Large C ities , 194 0 [5,500,000 families] Families Aggregate income Annual net family income Number Percentage Amount (in thousands) Percentage ___ 5, 500, 000 100.0 $10, 000, 000 100.0 $500-$600 ______________ _________________ _ _ $600-$900_____________ _____________________ $900-$l,200______ ____ _____ _____ — ........... — $1,200-11,500______ ________ _________________ $1,500-$1,800________ _______________________ 1, 000 212,000 633, 000 1,020, 000 1, 098, 000 3.9 11.5 18.6 20.0 166, 300 675, 200 1, 381, 700 1, 805,100 1.7 6.8 13.8 18.0 946,000 766, 000 414, 000 171,000 239,000 17.3 13.8 7.5 3.1 4.3 1,836, 300 1, 711, 500 1, 041, 900 492, 700 889, 300 18.4 17.1 10.4 4.9 8.9 All families ....... ........... ............ .............. . $1,800-$2,100________________________________ $2,100-$2,400________________________________ $2,400-$2,700________________________________ $2,700-$3,000 _____ _________________________ $3,000 and over__________ _ __ ______________ In crea se in R eal In com e The cost of living for this group of families had risen 2.6 percent from 1934-36 to 1940, and the increase in their real income has not, therefore, been so great as in their money income over this period. Of $1,631,000,000 increase in money income $218,000,000 was re quired to compensate for increased living costs, and the remainder, 8 The estimate of $9,500,000,000 is obtained by the following calculation: 125 — X 8.4 billion=9.5 billion SPENDING AND SAVING AS RELATED TO INCOME 215 $1,413,000,000, represents the amount of money available for the purchase of additional goods and services. D istribu tion o f E xp en d itu res in 1 9 4 0 The estimated current expenditures of these 5,500,000 families in 1940 aggregated $9,736,000,000. Their expenditures for food alone, it is estimated, accounted for $3,181,000,000. (See table 8.) Housing expense probably totaled about $1,568,000,000, and an additional $642,000,000 was estimated as spent for fuel, light, and refrigeration. The third largest category of expenditure is for clothing, which, it is estimated, took $1,113,000,000. T able 8.— Distribution o f E stim ated Aggregate Expenditures o f W a ge Earners and Clerical W orkers in Large Cities , 1 94 0 [5,500,000 families] Item Aggregate annual current expenditure for: All items __ __ __ _______________________________ Amount (in thousands) Percentage $9,735,900 100.0 Food ____ _______ _________________________________________ ______________ ________ Clothing _ ___ _ Housing __ _ ____ _______________ __ _________ ___ Fuel, light, and refrigeration- _________ ________ _________ ______ Other household operation _ __ __ _ _______________________ _ Furnishings and equipment_____________________________________ Automobiles: Purchase __ ____ - ___________________________________ Operation and maintenance__ _______________________________ Other transportation___________________________________________ Personal care _ _ ______ ______________________ __ Medical care ______________________________ - 3,181, 400 1,113,100 1, 568, 200 641, 500 389, 400 386,100 32.7 11. 5 16.1 6.6 4.0 4.0 262, 400 355,000 249, 500 196, 300 380.100 2.7 3.6 2.6 2.0 3.9 Recreation._ _ __ ____________________________________________ Formal education____ ________ ___ ____ _________________________ Vocation _ _____ _ _____________ _ __ ______________ ___ Community w e lfa r e __________________ ____________ ___ ___ ____ Gifts ___ _______________________________________ Other items. _ ___________________ ____ - - _ ______ 557.100 52, 900 46, 800 127, 000 179, 300 49, 800 5.7 .5 .5 1.3 1.8 .5 Recreation usually claims the next largest part of total expenditures. W ith the income estimated for 1940, $557,000,000 would go to purchase of reading matter, tobacco, admissions to movies, spectator sports and other entertainments, equipment for games, cameras, and other hob bies; $389,000,000 to household operation; and $386,000,000 to housefurnishings and equipment. Medical care expenditures are estimated to have aggregated $380,000,000 for the year. The cost of operation and maintenance of automobiles is estimated at $355,000,000 for these families in 1940. The figure covers chiefly gaso line, oil, tires, and tubes. Purchase of automobiles, it is estimated, took approximately $262,000,000. (For further discussion of automo bile purchases in 1940 see p. 219.) This figure was greater than that for total costs for transportation by all means other than the family car. The aggregate for this purpose was $250,000,000. 242949°— 41------15 216 MONET DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME It is estimated that $196,000,000 was spent for personal care. Gifts and contributions to relatives or others outside the economic family took $179,000,000; direct income, personal property and poll taxes, contributions to religious organizations, community chests, and other contributions to the community welfare took $127,000,000; direct expense for formal education amounted to $53,000,000; voca tional expenses, largely union dues, to $47,000,000; while other mis cellaneous expenditures accounted for $50,000,000. If spending continued to follow the same general pattern at various income levels in 1940 as in 1934-36, it may be estimated that with an increase between the two periods of $1,600,000,000 in money income received by this group of families, there was an increase in total current spending of about $1,400,000,000. Thus a 19-percent increase in income was accompanied by only about a 17-percent increase in spending. (For a discussion of increase in saving see p. 220.) This increase in their family expenditures was not evenly divided among the various categories of consumption. (See table 9.) The largest absolute increase, estimated at over a third of a billion dollars, went to food. Clothing took the second largest increase, an estimated $221,000,000. Large shares of the increased spending also went to housing, recreation, automobile operation and maintenance, house hold operation, furnishings and equipment, automobile purchase, and medical care. The smallest absolute increases went for vocational expense, formal education, and miscellaneous expenditure. T a b l e 9 . — Distribution o f E stim ated Increase in Aggregate Expenditures o f W age Earners and Clerical W orkers in Large Cities [5,500,000 families; 1940 compared with 1934-36] Increase from 1934-36 to 1940 Item Aggregate annual current expenditure for: All i t e m s ___________________ __________________ _ Amount (in thousands) Percentage distribution of the increase Increase as a percentage of expenditures in 1934-36 $1, 396, 500 100.0 16.7 Food___________ ______ ___ _____ ___________ ______ C lo th in g ___ _______ _____________ ____ _______ H o u s in g _________________ __________ ________ _ _ Fuel, light, and refrigeration _ _____ _______________ Other household operation. ________ ________ _ Furnishings and equipment _______ ___________ Automobiles: Purchase _ _ _ __ ________ ________ Operation and maintenance _ _____________ -Other transportation___ ___ __________ _ _________ Personal care _ ____ _ _ __ ___ _________ M edical c a re.--___________ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ _ R ecreation__________________________________ ____ 389, 400 221, 400 144, 400 46, 200 69,100 57, 000 27.9 15.9 10. 3 3.3 4.9 4.1 13.9 24. 8 10.1 7.8 21. 6 17. 3 68, 900 67, 500 39, 700 30,100 53,900 104, 600 4.9 4.8 2.8 2. 2 3. 9 7.5 35. 6 23. 5 18.9 18. 1 16. 5 23.1 Formal education....... ............. . ___ __________ __ Vocation ___________ _ _ __ ______ _ __ Community welfare_______ _____ _ _ ________ G i f t s . __________ ____ _ __ ___________________ Other items _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 13, 600 12,700 21, 400 45,100 11, 500 1.0 .9 1.5 3. 2 .8 34.6 37. 2 20.3 33. 6 30.0 SPENDING AND SAVING AS RELATED TO INCOME 217 With an average income increase of 19 percent, and with many families moving into higher income brackets, expenditures for four spending categories showed increases of 30 percent or more. These were the expenses for which very little is left over after necessities are taken care of on a limited budget— gifts, formal education, voca tion, and miscellaneous expense. Spending categories which usually increase more as income goes up and which are estimated to have increased by 20 to 30 percent, more than proportionate to the in creased income, were automobile purchase, operation, and mainte nance; clothing; recreation; and household operation, exclusive* of fuel, light, and refrigeration. The least expansiveness was probably in fuel, light, and refrigeration and in housing expenditures. Food, though extremely large in absolute amount, no doubt showed the next least relative expansion. B a sis o f E stim a tes o f Changes A ccom p a n yin g In creased In com es The data presented in previous articles have shown the differences in the relative importance of purchases of goods of different types at certain income levels. It is important to bear in mind the fact that those figures at each income level represent the expenditures of different families at approximately the same period. They do not show the expenditures of the same family as it rose or fell in the income scale. Students have long recognized the importance of data on the dis bursements of the same families over a consecutive period, but the expense in time and energy of such a study and the difficulties in locating families who would be representative in other ways, year after year, have prevented its being made. For the purpose of the present estimates of changes in spending and saving with changes in income, it has been assumed that families moving into a higher income bracket would, on the average, distribute their purchases as did the families who actually had the higher incomes at the period of the earlier survey, thus assuming that no marked change in consumption habits had occurred in the interval.9 This assumption is likely to be less true to fact during a short period when incomes increase suddenly, but probably closely approaches the truth when there is a period of time for adjustment to the new spend ing level. The adjustment period varies for each commodity, prob ably being longest for housing. In estimating the changes in expenditures from 1934-36 to 1940, it was assumed that price changes over the period had not been great 9 The few studies which have been made of changes in total purchases with changes in aggregate income over a period of time confirm estimates made on the foregoing assumption. See National Resources Com mittee, Patterns of Resource Use, Washington, 1939; and C. F. Roos and Victor von Szeliski, “ Factors governing changes in domestic automobile demand,” in The Dynamics of Automobile Demand, New York, 1939. 218 MONEY” DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME enough to make a significant difference in family spending patterns for these major categories of consumer goods and services. The Bureau’s index of cost of goods purchased by wage earners and lowersalaried clerical workers had shown an increase of 2.6 percent between the two periods. There were, however, considerable differences in the price movements of the different categories most important in the family budget. Food costs were down 2 percent as compared with their level in 1934-36, and the fuel, electricity, and ice group was down 1 percent. Miscellaneous items had increased by 3 percent, clofhing by 5 percent, and house furnishings by 6 percent over the same time interval. The greatest change of all was in rents, which had shown a 10-percent increase since the period of the investigation, when rents were still depressed due to the drop in income during the period of the depression. In the absence of a new field survey which would show the actual distribution of expenditures by families presented with choices under somewhat altered price relationships, it was assumed that the average distribution of family expenditures among the major consumption categories at given income levels had not changed greatly between 1934-36 and 1940. The procedure in making the expenditure estimates for 1940 was to work from the altered income distribution. Families at a given money income level were assumed to have made the same average money expenditures for a given category ol consumption in 1940 as did the families at that money income level in 1934-36. In effect this practice assumed that with changes in price, quantities taken will be altered in such a way that expenditures will remain the same. It is recognized that this assumption does not entirely conform with actuality. It seems preferable, however, to the assumption that quantity taken would remain the same regardless of price. The latter assumption has been discarded, and with it the procedure of adjusting the average ex penditures at each income level in 1934-36 by an amount equal to the index change in cost, before multiplying by the number of families estimated to be at that income level in 1940. The assumption made is borne out by observations ol field agents in 1934-36 with respect to food expenditures. This was a period of rising food prices, but house wives frequently reported that a given sum, as $10 per week, was set aside for groceries, and this amount was spent regardless of shifts in individual food prices over the year covered by the schedule. The rise of 17 percent in housing expenditures estimated as the re sult of the higher incomes in 1940 more than meets the 10-percent increase in rental charges which occurred between 1934-36 and 1940. About a third of the families in the group were home owners. Since the decline in the costs of home owners was much less than the decline SPENDING AND SAVING AS RELATED TO INCOME 219 in costs for renters from 1929 to 1933, it seems unlikely that the ad vance in the fixed charges of home owners or their maintenance costs was as great as the advance in rents between 1934-36 and 1940. The estimate ol housing expenditures in 1940 does not, however, allow for as much improvement in the amount ol housing space and in the quality of the housing facilities of the group, as would be provided for in the quality and quantity of food or clothing estimated as purchased. It suggests, nevertheless, that better housing would have been found if the families surveyed had been visited in 1940 rather than in 1934-36. In the absence of a new field survey there is no positive basis for estimating to what extent, in view of rising rents, families whose in comes had increased would have purchased homes or moved to better quarters instead of increasing savings or expenditures lor other types of goods and services to the extent estimated. Consequently the figure of 17-percent increase in housing expenditure should be re garded as a minimum. A u tom ob ile P urch a se in 1 9 4 0 A t the same rate of spending for cars as prevailed in 1934-36, by 1940 the number of new cars purchased by these families would have been about 215,000, an increase of almost 70,000 cars or 45 percent more than their purchases in 1934-36. Total new-car sales for all families in the country had increased by about 700,000 Irom 1934-36 to 1940, an increase of a little more than 25 percent. Although this group had accounted for only 5 percent of the sales of new cars in 1934-36, these estimates indicate that they probably accounted for 10 percent of the additional 700,000 cars sold in 1940. By 1940 their used-car purchases estimated in the same way had probably increased to approximately 516,000 cars, an increase of about 70,000 over 1934-36. Whereas their new-car purchases had increased by almost 50 percent, used-car purchase had increased only about 15 percent over this period. This analysis indicates that these families of wage earners and clerical workers in large cities constitute a marginal group with respect to automobile purchases. The effect of income changes on their new-car purchases are much more pronounced than they are for the population at large. When incomes increase, their purchases of new cars increase much more sharply than do those of the country at large and, conversely, when incomes decrease their new-car pur chases are much more sharply curtailed.10 10 This corresponds to the experience of the industry from 1929 to 1932, when it found that automobile sales to wage earners declined much more markedly than for the population as a whole. Scoville, John W.: Behavior of the Automobile Industry in the Depression. Detroit, 1936, pp. 6 and 7. 220 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME Savings in 1 9 4 0 If the same pattern of saving at successive income levels had been followed by these families in 1940 as in 1934-36 with the turning point from average deficit to average surplus occurring at the same income level, the aggregate net savings of the group would have been $223,000,000, as shown in table 10. The estimates indicate that for this group savings are more than three times as great when incomes increase by one-fifth. The prime reason for this great increase in savings is the movement of families upward in the income scale, with a larger proportion in 1940 having incomes above $1,500, the point in the income scale at which the families surveyed in 1934-36 began to show a surplus. The estimates indicate further that 10 percent of the increased incomes of this urban group went into savings, and 90 percent into current expenditures. The National Resources Com mittee, making estimates for a hypothetical situation resembling the actual increase in national income from 1934-36 to 1940, estimated that in the entire population, 25 percent of the increase would be allotted to savings. T able 10 .— Estim ated Aggregate Savings o f W age Earners and Clerical W orkers in Large Cities , 194 0 [5,500,000 families] Income class All families $500-$600_______________________ $600-$900_______________________ $900-$1,200- _ __________________ $1,200-$1,500____________________ Aggregate net change in assets and liabilities +$223,100, 000 -100,000 -13,100, 000 - 23, 400, 000 -13, 300,000 Income class $1,500-$1,800__________ „ $1,800-$2,100______________ _ $2,100-$2,400____________________ $2,400-$2,700____________________ $2,700-$3,000___________________ $3,000 and over_____ __ ___ _ Aggregate net change in assets and liabilities +$20, 900, 000 +64, 300, 000 +72, 000, 000 +42, 600, 000 +18, 000, 000 +55, 200, 000 Within a given money income class, the average savings per family are assumed to be the same at both periods. It seems likely, that, with the increasing security of employment, families in 1940 had greater confidence than in 1934-36 in making future commitments. Data from trade sources indicate over a 25-percent increase in the volume of installment sales from 1935 to 1940, and a liberalization in the terms of such sales. To the extent that the 5,500,000 families in 1940 were making new commitments of this sort, in excess of their paying off of similar obligations carried over from preceding years, the savings figures indicated in table 10 should be reduced.11 On the other 11 For the definition of savings used in this investigation see p. 385. Purchases of all durable goods except houses were treated as current family expenditures. Payments on principal of mortgage for purchase of a home were treated as savings. The lack of availability of data on different rates of depreciation for various types of durable goods made it impracticable to take account of their capital value. It is recognized that, to the individual, purchase of a durable good on the installment plan, may appear an investment. Without a complete accounting of his capital position, however, obligations due on such purchases must be considered a liability. They were so treated in the current investigation. SPENDING AND SAVING AS RELATED TO INCOME 221 hand, there may have been other factors working in an opposite direction. The burden of contributions to unemployed relatives, which was substantial in 1934-36, had undoubtedly eased by 1940, with a consequent tendency to lower the average withdrawal from reserves of families at comparable income levels. In the absence of comprehensive family living surveys for years since 1936, no final statement on this point is possible. P robable F u tu re Changes in E xpen d itu res The aggregate amount of the changes in spending resulting from the increased incomes of these 5,500,000 families since 1936 is of consider able importance. For the purpose of anticipating probable future demand, the relative importance and the direction of the estimates of change are of even more significance than the dollar amount. To the extent that no great changes occur in relative costs of various parts of the family budget, the shifts in consumption to be anticipated during the next few years as a result of wage payments growing out of the defense program will be similar to those estimated as having occurred between the years of the survey and 1940. Not only will the changes in consumption for these 5,500,000 families be likely to con tinue in the directions indicated if their incomes increase further, but the volume will be swelled by purchases made by other families formerly on relief, or having incomes below $500, whose members are being reabsorbed into the labor market. Even if no material price changes occur, it still seems clear that food expenditures will continue to show the greatest absolute increases, thus benefiting the farmers. Clothing demands, purchases of auto mobiles, and recreational demands will increase considerably, as well as demands for furnishings and equipment, housing, and medical care. The expenditure patterns presented in this report are based on the manner in which families of wage earners and clerical workers dis posed of their incomes during 1934-36. These patterns have indi cated a standard of comfort which far exceeds that of almost all other countries of the world, even though they show room for improvement when compared with generally accepted American standards. W e have seen that 73 percent of these families spent enough for food to purchase a “ minimum-cost adequate diet.” According to analyses of the United States Bureau of Home Economics for a sample of the families surveyed, the diets actually consumed were rated good or fair (meeting in all respects what are now considered average mini mum dietary requirements in the United States not only for calories and proteins but also for minerals and vitamins) among 40 to 60 per cent of the families surveyed in different regions. The best figure (60 percent of the families with fair or good diets) was for white fami- 222 MONET DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME lies in Pacific coast cities, and the worst (36 percent with good or fair diets) for Negro families in the South. Seventy-eight percent of families surveyed in 1934-36, a little over three out of four, had all of the housing facilities generally regarded as standard in modern Ameri can housing. On the other hand, few families spent for medical care amounts judged necessary, on the average, to meet normal medical requirements. Fuller employment and increasing wage incomes in the last few years since the survey was made have undoubtedly made improve ments in the situation of these families of city workers. It seems clear that the primary efforts of the country for the next few years at least will be devoted to the expansion of the national defense. The most urgent requirements of this group of moderateincome families and others at even lower economic levels can no doubt be met in large part without any interference with the defense effort. Actual and potential supplies of many food materials are ample for demands now anticipated. In the fields of clothing, furniture, housing, and automobiles, sup plies and possibilities of expansion are somewhat more limited. Ac cordingly, as the defense program advances, some changes will un doubtedly occur in family purchases at the income levels under consideration in this report. The defense program will also undoubtedly cause changes which will alter the applicability of the savings estimates presented here. The survey made in 1917-19 showed a much greater saving in propor tion to income than the recent survey, largely because of the wide spread purchasing of Liberty bonds and thrift stamps in the earlier period in contrast to the deficits accumulated in the period just prior to the study made in 1934-36. Now that incomes are increasing because of fuller employment and rising wage levels, and a popular war-savings program is again being offered to the public, savings will probably again be made in considerably higher relative volume than in those years immediately following the depression. L is t o f T e x t T a b le s Chapter 1 Page T able 1.— Expenditures for groups of items, by income level__________ 2. — Expenditures for groups of items, by income level, white fami lies______________________________________________________ 3. — Expenditures for groups of items, by income level, Negro fami lies______________________________________________________ 4. — Distribution by occupation and family type and average household composition, by income level_________________ 5. — Distribution by occupation and family type and average household composition, by income level, white families. __ 6. — Distribution by occupation and family type and average household composition, by income level, Negro families-_ 7. — Sources of income, by income level______________________ 8. — Sources of income, by income level, white families_______ 9. — Sources of income, by income level, Negro families______ 12 13 14 18 19 20 22 23 24 C hapter 2 T able 1.— Average weekly per capita consumption of citrus fruits and milk by white families of man, wife, one child under 16, with and without others, in 35 large cities in 1917-19 and 193436_______________________________________________________ 2. — Current expenditures of families with incomes from $1,200 to $1,500 in 35 large cities in 1917-19 and 1934-36_______ 3. — Expenditures of families of wage earners and salaried workers in 1934-36 compared with 1917-19____________________ 4. — Estimated average cost in 1934-36 of goods purchased in 191719 by families of wage earners and salaried workers______ 36 40 44 45 C hapter 3 T able 1.— Distribution by occupation and family type and average household composition, by consumption level____________ 2. — Distribution by occupation and family type and average household composition, by consumption level, white fami lies______________________________________________________ 3. — Distribution by occupation and family type and average household composition, by consumption level, Negro fami lies______________________________________________________ 4. — Sources of income, by consumption level_________________ 5. — Sources of income, by consumption level, white families__ 6. — Sources of income, by consumption level, Negro families__ 7. — Expenditures for groups of items, by consumption level__ 8. — Expenditures for groups of items, by consumption level, white families_________________________________________________ 9. — Expenditures for groups of items, by consumption level, Negro families_________________________________________________ 10.— Expenditures for groups of items at selected consumption levels____________________________________________________ 223 52 53 54 56 57 58 60 62 63 65 224 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME C hapter 4 Page T able 1.— Annual food expenditure, by income level__________________ 2. — Food as a percentage of all current expenditures made for fam ilies of three types in New York City, by income level_____ 3. — Annual food expenditure, by consumption level__________ 4. — Expenditures for food prepared at home, and food eaten at restaurants and lunch counters, at selected consumption levels____________________________________________________ 5. — Percentage distribution of expenditures for food to be prepared at home, by groups of items_____________________________ 6. — Annual food expenditures by white families and Negro fami lies, by income level_____________________________________ 7. — Annual food expenditures by white families and Negro fami lies, by consumption level________________________________ 8. — Percentage distribution of expenditures for food to be pre pared at home, by groups of items, white families and Negro families, by consumption level___________________________ 9. — Per capita purchases of food to be prepared at home, New York City families with total annual unit expenditure of $400 to $600_____________________________________________ 10. — Per capita purchases of lean meat, poultry, and fish to be pre pared at home, New York City families with total annual unit expenditure of $400 to $600_________________________ 11. — Proportion of all families studied obtaining diets of different grade, by color of family and region______________________ 12. — Average nutritive value of diets per capita and per nutrition unit per day, by color and total expenditure per consump tion unit, 1 year during the period 1934-36_______________ 67 69 70 71 74 76 76 77 78 79 83 85 Chapter 5 T able 1.— Monthly housing expenditure and average number of rooms, by tenure and type of dwelling___________________________ 87 2. — Percentage of families living in dwellings of specified type and tenure in 42 large cities grouped by region___________ 88 3. — Monthly housing expenditures by tenure and type of dwelling in 42 cities grouped by region____________________________ 90 4. — Housing facilities of 14,469 families______________________ 90 5. — Monthly money housing expenditures, by income level___ 93 6. — Total monthly housing expenditures, by income level_____ 93 7. — Housing space per person, and housing expenditures per family and per person, at selected consumption levels------95 8. — Housing facilities of families, at selected consumption levels __ 97 9. — Average annual rent paid by tenant families, at selected consumption levels^_____________________________________ 98 10. — Housing expenditures of home-owning families, at selected separate payments for heat______________________________ 99 11. — Fuel, light, and refrigeration expenditures of families making separate payments for heat________________________________ 100 12. — Fuel, light, and refrigeration expenditures of families renting heated apartments, at selected consumption levels__________ 100 13. — Housing facilities of white families, by region____________ 102 14. — Housing facilities of Negro families, by region___________ 103 LIST OF TEXT TAfiLES AND FIGURES 225 Chapter 6 Page T able 1.— Annual expenditures for furnishings and equipment, and for household operation, by income level_____________________ 2. — Annual family home expenditure, by income level_______ 3. — Annual family home expenditure, at selected consumption levels____________________________________________________ 4. — Expenditures for main groups of furnishings and equipment, and household operation, at selected consumption levels. _ 5. — Expenditures for selected items of household operation, at selected consumption levels______________________________ 6. — Furniture expenditures, at selected consumption levels___ 7. — Expenditures for electrical equipment, at selected consump tion levels_______________________________________________ 8. — Expenditures for furnishings and equipment, at selected con sumption levels__________________________________________ 9. — Changes in debts payable to firms selling on installment plan for goods other than automobiles, at selected consumption levels____________ 105 110 111 112 113 115 117 118 119 Chapter 7 T able 1.— Expenditures for groups of clothing items by men and women, at selected consumption levels___________________________ 2. — Expenditures for selected items of clothing by women, at two consumption levels__________________________________ 3. — Expenditures for selected items of clothing by men, at two consumption levels______________________________________ 4. — Expenditures for groups of clothing items for children, at selected consumption levels______________________________ 5. — Total clothing expenditures per person, aged 18 years and over, by color and sex, in families classified by consumption level____________________________________________________ 125 128 129 130 131 Chapter 8 T able 1.— Expenditures for recreation and transportation, by income level_____________________________________________________ 2. — Families owning and purchasing automobiles, by income level. 3. — Expenditures per person for recreation and transportation, by consumption level____________________________________ 4. — Expenditures for automobile and motorcycle purchase, oper ation, and maintenance, at selected consumption levels._ 5. —Automobile and motorcycle expenditure, at selected consump tion levels_______________________________________________ 6. — Expenditures for transportation other than by automobile or motorcycle, at selected consumption levels____________ 7. — Summary of expenditures for recreation, at selected con sumption levels__________________________________________ 8. — Expenditures for recreation, at selected consumption levels. _ 9. — Expenditure per person of specified age or sex for selected items of recreation, at selected consumption levels--------------------10.— Expenditures for certain items of transportation and recrea tion, at selected consumption levels, by region---------------- 136 137 137 139 140 142 142 144 145 147 226 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME Chapter 9 Page T able 1.— Expenditures for medical and personal care', by income level - _ 2 . —Average expenditures for specified groups of items, by income level____________________________________________________ 3. — Medical-care expenditures, by consumption level_________ 4. — Personal-care expenditures, by consumption level________ 5. — Average expenditure per person for personal care in families of low and high unit consumption level--------------------------6. —^Formal educational and vocational expenditures, by consump tion level_____________________ - _________________________ 7. — Taxes, gifts, contributions, and miscellaneous expenditures, by consumption level___________________________________ 8. — Expenditures by white families and Negro families for speci fied items, at selected consumption levels_________________ 151 156 159 160 161 162 164 166 Chapter 1 0 T able 1.— Average surplus and deficit, by income level________________ 2. — Average surplus and deficit, by income level, white families and Negro families______________________________________ 3. — Average surplus and deficit, at selected consumption levels. _ 4. — Average surplus and deficit, at selected consumption levels, white families and Negro families________________________ 5. — Summary of increases and decreases in assets and liabilities, at selected consumption levels___________________________ 6. — Disposition of funds received during the survey year not used for current family expenditure___________________________ 7. — Principal items for which funds were disposed other than for current family living, white families and Negro families___ 8. — Funds made available during the survey year for family use from sources other than current income, at selected con sumption levels__________________________________________ 170 170 174 175 178 180 183 185 Chapter 11 T able 1.— Average regional cost of living in 53 cities with population over 50,000 in March 1935. (Works Progress Administra tion maintenance budget for a manual worker’s family of 4 persons)____________________ - __________________________ 2.— Average family incomes, by region_________________________ 3. — Summary of income and expenditures, by region_________ 4. — Summary of income and expenditures in the $1,200-$1,500 income group, by region_________________________________ 5. — Summary of income and expenditures, Negro families in 16 cities, by region_________________________________________ 6. — Summary of income and expenditures, Negro families in the $900-$1,200 income group in 16 cities, by regions________ 7. — Income and expenditures of a paired sample of foreign-born and native-born white families___________________________ 8. — Income and expenditures of a paired sample of home-owning and home-renting white families_________________________ 9. — Savings of a paired sample of home-owning and home-renting families_________________________________________________ 10.— Income and expenditures of a paired sample of white families having a surplus and families having a deficit____________ 188 188 189 191 194 195 198 201 204 205 LIST OF TEXT TABLES AND FIGURES 227 Chapter 1 2 Page T able 1.— Estimated family income of wage earners and clerical workers in large cities____________________________________________ 2. — Distribution of estimated aggregate expenditures of wage earners and clerical workers in large cities________________ 3. — Expenditures of wage earners and clerical workers in large cities as a percentage of expenditures of all consumer units _ _ 4. — Estimated aggregate purchases of automobiles by wage earners and clerical workers in large cities-_______________________ 5. — Estimated average purchases of automobiles by wage earners and clerical workers in large cities__________________ _____ 6. — Estimated aggregate savings of wage earners and clerical workers in large cities_____________________________ „ _____ 7. — Estimated family income of wage earners and clerical workers in large cities_______________ __________________________ 8. — Distribution of estimated aggregate expenditures of wage earners and clerical workers in large cities, 1940______ 9. — Distribution of estimated increase in aggregate expenditures of wage earners and clerical workers in large cities, 1934-36 to 1940_________________________________________________ 10.— Estimated aggregate savings of wage earners and clerical workers in large cities, 1940______________________________ 208 209 209 210 211 212 214 215 216 220 List of Figures Chapter 1 F igure 1.— Percentage distribution of expenditure__________ ___________ 2. — Sources of family income, at successive income levels______ 3. — Relative expenditures at the $2,700 to $3,000 income level as compared with the $600 to $900 level______ _____________ 11 25 28 Chapter 2 Figure 1.— Cost of goods purchased by wage earners and lower-salaried workers in 32 cities, from December 1917 through December 15, 1936__ ______________________________________________ 39 Chapter If. F igure 1.— Food expenditures, by income level_________________________ 68 Chapter 5 F igure 1.— Percentage of families living in dwellings of specified type, by tenure______________________________________________ 2.— Percentage of families having selected housing facilities______ 89 92 Chapter 6 F igure 1.— Family home expenditures compared with those for selected categories of family spending, at successive income levels _ 106 2. — Relative family home expenditures compared with those for selected categories of family spending, at successive income levels________________________ 107 3. ' —Family home expenditures, at selected income levels-----109 228 MONET DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME C hapter 7 Page F igure A.— Estimated annual clothing expenditures by persons of dif ferent age, sex, and occupation___________________________ B.— Distribution of annual clothing expenditures for individuals in families at low and high economic levels_______________ 123 127 Chapter 8 F igure 1.— Family expenditures for transportation and 2. 3. recreation com pared with those for food, housing, and clothing, at succes sive income levels________________________________________ 133 — Relative family expenditures for transportation and recrea tion compared with those for food, housing, and clothing, at successive income levels________________________________ 135 — Percentage of families owning automobiles and radios_____ 146 C hapter 9 F igure 1.— Family expenditures for specified groups of items, at successive income levels_____________________________________________ 2.— Relative family expenditures for specified groups of items, at successive income levels__________________________________ 152 153 Chapter 1 0 F igure 1.— Changes in assets and liabilities over the schedule year, at successive income levels__________________________________ 2.— Changes in assets and liabilities over the schedule year, at successive consumption levels_____________________________ 169 177 Tabular Summary 229 List of Tables A verag es fo r J+2 C ities C om bin ed Page T able A—1.— Distribution of families, by consumption level and income level: White and Negro families_______________________ __ 232 White families______________________________________ 233 Negro families______________________________________ 233 A -2.— Food expenditures, by consumption level: White and Negro families___________________________ 234 Negro families______________________________________ 235 A -3.—Housing facilities, by consumption level: White and Negro families___________________________ 242 Negro families______________________________________ 244 A -4.— Housing expenditures, by consumption level: White and Negro families___________________________ 246 . Negro families______________________________________ 250 A -5.—Fuel, light and refrigeration expenditures, by consumption level: White and Negro families___________________________ 252 . Negro families______________________________________ 256 A -6.— Household operation expenditures, other than for fuel, light, and refrigeration, by consumption level: White and Negro families___________________________ 258 Negro families______________________________________ 259 A -7.— Furnishings and equipment expenditures, by consumption level: 260 White and Negro families___________________________ Negro families______________________________________ 265 A -8.—Clothing expenditures, by consumption level: 270 White and Negro families___________________________ Negro families______________________________________ 298 A -9.— Transportation expenditures, by consumption level: 313 White and Negro families___________________________ Negro families______________________________________ 314 A-10.— Recreation expenditures, by consumption level: White and Negro families___________________________ 315 Negro families__________________________________________316 A - l l . —Medical care and personal care expenditures, by consump tion level: White and Negro families___________________________ 318 Negro families______________________________________ 319 A-12.— Formal education, vocation, community welfare, gifts and contributions, and miscellaneous expenditures, by con sumption level: White and Negro families___________________________ 321 Negro families______________________________________ 322 230 TABULAR SUMMARY 231 Page T able A - 13.—Disposition of money received during schedule year not useyd for current expenditure and funds made available for family use from sources other than family income in schedule year, by consumption level: White and Negro families___________________________ Negro families______________________________________ 324 328 A verages f o r J^2 C ities G rou p ed into 6 R egion s A-14.— Summary of income and expenditures, by income level: White and Negro families___________________________ White families______________________________________ Negro families______________________________________ 330 334 339 A verages f o r 3 5 C ities A-15.—Distribution of families of types comparable with those studied in 1917-19, by consumption level and income level: White families______________________________________ A-16.—Description of families studied and sources of income of families of types comparable with those studied in 191719, by income level: White families______________________________________ A - 17.—Expenditures for groups of items of families of types com parable with those studied in 1917-19, by income level: White families______________________________________ A-18.— Average annual per capita quantity of food purchased for consumption at home by white families of man, wife, one child under 16, with and without others_______________ 242949°— 41------ 16 344 345 346 347 232 T a b l e A —1 .— Percentage Distribution of Families by Income Level and Consumption Level Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Income level All fami lies $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 $1,300 $1,400 $1,500 $1,600 $1,700 $1,800 $1,900 $0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 $1,300 $1,400 $1,500 $1,600 $1,700 $1,800 $1,900 $2,000 to to to to to to to to to $900 to to to to to to to to to to to All families_______________ 100.0 0. 06 $500 to $600______________ $600 to $900______________ $900 to $1,200_____________ $1,200 to $1,500___________ $1,500 to $1,800___________ $1,800 to $2,100___________ $2,100 to $2,400___________ $2,400 to $2,700___________ $2,700 to $3,000___________ $3,000 to $3,300___________ $3,300 to $3,600___________ $3,600 to $3,900___________ $3,900 to $4,200___________ $4,200 to $4,500___________ $4,500 to $4,800___________ $4,800 to $5,100___________ $5,100 to $5,400___________ $5,400 to $7,800___________ $7,800 to $8,100____________ .82 8. 36 20. 41 23. 75 20. 30 15.10 5. 57 2. 72 1.33 .70 .44 .27 . 11 .08 .02 0 .01 0 .01 .02 .03 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 96 12. 24 19.78 20. 41 15. 82 11.27 .27 1.09 1.02 .39 .12 .05 .02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .30 2. 43 4. 42 2. 90 1.31 .65 . 16 .05 0 .02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .18 2. 46 5. 58 5. 51 3. 35 1.83 .53 .20 .08 .02 .04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .02 1.72 4. 32 5.61 4. 27 2. 87 .82 .45 .20 .05 .05 .02 C1) (0 0 0 0 0 .01 0) .44 3.30 3.43 4.05 2. 53 1.08 .53 .20 .07 .08 .05 .04 .01 0 0 .01 0 0 .02 .13 1.24 3.15 2. 55 2. 48 .75 . 46 .19 . 12 .08 .05 .03 .01 .01 0 0 0 0 7.15 4.58 2. 59 1.38 0. 80 0. 41 0. 23 o .n 0.08 0. 05 0. 07 0 0.01 0 .05 .29 1.81 1.94 1. 56 .83 .36 .12 .07 .04 .05 .01 .02 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .01 .15 .55 1.69 1.21 .45 .22 .11 .05 .07 .04 0 .02 0 0 0 0 O’ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .15 . 19 .22 .07 .08 .06 .01 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .02 .02 .01 .03 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 0 .03 .02 0 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 0 0 0 0 0 .05 .24 .61 .98 .31 . 11 .18 .07 .01 .01 .02 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .12 .23 .55 .22 .10 .05 .06 .01 .01 0) .01 0 0 0 0 .01 0 1 0 0 0 0 .02 .03 .03 .10 .09 .06 .04 .02 .02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) .04 .05 .07 .04 .03 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .03 .01 .01 0 .01 0 .01 0 .01 0 0 0 0 0 .01 0 .01 C1) 0 0 .02 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMMARY VOLUME 14,469 white and Negro families 12,903 white families All families____ 100.0 0. 02 $500 to $600____ $600 to $900____ $900 to $1,200— . $1,200 to $1,500.. $1,500 to $1,800-. $1,800 to $2,100_ _ $2,100 to $2,400.. $2,400 to $2,700- _ $2,700 to $3,000- $3,000 to $3,300-_ $3,300 to $3,600_ _ $3,600 to $3,900. $3,900 to $4,200. _ $4,200 to $4,500.$4,500 to $4,800-_ $4,800 to $5,100-. $5,100 to $5,400_. $5,400 to $7,800-. $7,800 to $8,100-_ .50 7.12 19. 81 24.19 20. 95 15. 67 5.80 2. 83 1. 40 .74 .45 .29 . 12 .09 .02 0 .01 0 .01 0) .01 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 32 11. 65 19. 68 20. 59 16.11 11. 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .13 .78 .85 .37 .12 .05 .02 .16 2. 04 4. 30 2.91 1. 33 .68 .16 .05 0 .02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 16 2.12 5.51 5. 65 3. 46 1.89 .55 .20 .08 .02 .04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .02 1. 56 4.18 5. 77 4.41 2. 98 .86 .47 .21 .05 .05 .02 0) C1) .01 0 0 0 0 0 .42 3. 21 3. 51 4.17 2. 62 1.13 .55 .21 .08 .08 .05 .05 .02 0 0 .01 0 0 .02 .13 1.22 3.17 2. 65 2. 57 .78 .48 .20 .13 .09 .06 .03 .01 .01 0 0 0 0 7. 37 4. 74 2. 69 1. 43 0. 84 0. 43 0. 25 0.12 0. 08 0.05 0. 07 0 0.01 0 .01 .01 . 15 .56 1. 75 1. 26 .47 .23 . 12 .05 .07 .04 0 .02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 . 12 .24 .58 .23 . 10 .05 .06 .01 .01 0) .01 0 0 0 0 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C1) .04 .05 .08 .05 .03 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 0 .03 .02 0 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .05 .30 1. 84 2.00 1.61 .87 .37 . 13 .07 .04 .06 .01 .02 0 0 0 0 0 .05 .25 .63 1.02 .32 . 11 .19 .08 .01 .01 .02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .16 .20 .23 .07 .08 .07 .01 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .03 .03 . 11 .09 .07 .04 .02 .02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .02 .03 .01 .03 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .03 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 0 .01 .01 0) 0 .02 0 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 All families_______________ 100.0 $500 to $600_______________ 8. 72 $600 to $900_______________ 35. 20 $900 to $1,200______________ 33. 62 $1,200 to $1,500____________ 13. 64 5. 48 $1,500 to $1,800____________ 2.17 $1,800 to $2,100____________ .40 $2,100 to $2,400____________ .44 $2,400 to $2,700____________ .03 $2,700 to $3,000____________ 0 $3,000 to $3,300____________ .22 $3,300 to $3,600____________ 0 $3,600 to $3,900____________ .08 $3,900 to $4,200____________ 0.70 17. 37 25.35 22.10 16. 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .33 .32 .05 3.70 3. 70 7. 94 10. 96 4. 67 7.18 .82 2.63 .83 . 16 .05 0 .05 .03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .86 9.84 7. 26 2. 55 1.06 .35 .09 .09 0 0 0 0 0 .07 5.28 7. 49 2.06 1.01 .36 0 .05 .03 0 0 0 0 9.32 5. 04 2.17 0. 96 0. 45 0.13 0. 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 .06 .80 5. 20 1.58 1.04 .47 .09 .08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .10 0 « 0 0 0 .03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .06 1.58 2. 63 .33 .36 0 .08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 14 .98 .26 .40 .08 .14 .09 .08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .05 .23 .68 0 0 0 0 0 .06 .11 .18 .03 .07 0 0 0 td d SUMMARY 1,566 Negro families H > 1 Less than 0.005 percent. OO 234 T a b l e A —2 , P art I. — Annual Food Expenditures, by Consumption Level 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Percentage of families in survey Average number of food expenditure units in 1 year--------------------- --------Percentage of families spending for meals away from home: At work--------- -----------------At school. _______ - - - -- --On vacation-.- ________________ Board at school______________________ Candy, ice cream, drinks, etc __ Number of families reporting food re ceived as gifts, or produced at home, or meals received as pay------------ --- 100.0 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 to $1,000 3.0 12.2 19.8 20.4 15.8 11.3 7.1 4.6 2.6 1.4 0.8 1.0 2.29 2.16 2.08 2.07 2.04 1.90 5.53 4.41 3.55 3.05 2.72 2.44 $1,000 to $1,100 $1,100 to $1,200 $1,200 and over 37.0 7.9 10.2 .4 33.7 17.6 7.8 1.3 .3 17.4 20.9 9.5 2.5 .2 25.8 27.9 9.4 4.2 .1 31.6 36.3 9.7 7.9 .4 33.2 40.1 8.6 10.8 .5 35.1 46.1 6.9 15.0 .9 39.3 52.1 5.3 17.9 .7 38.0 48.9 3.8 22.8 .8 37.2 56.6 2.6 24.0 .5 45.1 62.5 1.3 33.5 .8 33.5 66.7 0 37.9 0 48.0 67.1 .5 34.0 .9 50.1 28.0 37.7 32.3 29.7 25.8 25.2 26.8 28.6 25.3 27.9 25.9 31.4 25.9 $507. 72 461.17 $413.54 402. 09 $478. 47 458. 39 $492. 25 463.36 $506.47 466. 66 $518. 54 469.05 $518. 31 457. 57 $534. 56 459. 36 $537.12 460. 20 $560.05 471. 88 $571. 50 457. 22 $624. 76 488. 43 $611.56 459. 55 46. 55 29.08 2. 35 4. 42 2.10 .64 7.96 11.45 7.06 1.80 .21 .08 .09 2.21 20.08 12.19 2. 57 1.37 .32 .03 3.60 28.89 17. 62 2. 77 1.94 .53 .16 5.87 39.81 25.66 2.74 2. 55 1.18 .55 7.13 49.49 31. 39 2.76 3.81 2.13 .82 8. 58 60.74 38. 59 2. 01 6. 32 2. 43 1.37 10.02 75. 20 48.11 1. 73 8. 56 4.62 .98 11.20 76. 92 46. 71 .92 9. 24 5. 27 1.90 12.88 88.17 55.45 .91 11.39 5.83 .33 14.26 114. 28 62.57 1.19 20. 28 8. 79 1.15 20. 30 136. 33 81.53 0 23.13 13.29 0 18.38 152.01 89.14 .07 25.35 16. 36 2.83 18. 26 7.11 10. 62 9. 91 8.00 6.49 6.24 7.16 5.26 4.63 5.81 2.00 4.11 6. 48 1 The aggregates on which these averages are based do not include gifts of food received, food produced at home, and meals received as pay, reported by 5.8 percent of the families but for which they could not estimate the value. VOLUM E Average annual expenditure per family for all food------------------------------Food prepared at home______________ Food bought and eaten away from home, total _________ - _____ _____ Meals at work—_ - _ _______ _ __________ Meals at school___ Other meals, not vacation__________ Meals on vacation___ _______ _ Board at school____ __. _- - . . . Candy, ice cream, drinks, etc___ Average estimated value, per family, of gifts of food and home-produced food and meals received as pay (incom plete) 1_____________________________ 3.12 Under $200 D I S B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y All families M ONEY Item TABULAR 235 SUM M ARY T a b l e A —2 , P a r t I .— Annual Food Expenditures, by Consumption Level 1,566. NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item All fami lies Percentage of families in su rv ey____ 100.0 Average number food expenditure 3.07 units in 1 year ________ ___ . __ Percentage of families spending for meals away from home: At work ___ - . _____________ 23.4 At school. _ _______ ______ ______ 8.8 On vacation __ 2.2 Board at school_________________ .8 Candy, ice cream, drinks, etc.. . 24. 5 Percentage of families reporting food received as gifts, or produced at home, or meals received as p a y ___ 31.1 Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to. $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 18.1 25.4 22.1 16.3 9.3 5.0 3.8 2.10 1.98 2.06 5.01 3.33 2.62 2. 22 $700 and over 18.0 11.0 .5 0 21. 5 20.6 13.7 .8 .8 20.8 21.1 8.2 1.5 .5 26.2 23.2 6.0 1.9 .3 25.0 30.7 3.4 4.2 3.2 25.3 34.3 2.2 5.7 3.0 33.2 50.6 3.0 16.3 0 36.7 36.3 33.4 27.5 27.3 27.2 28.8 40.3 Average annual expenditure per family for all food.. . _ $342. 07 $328.44 $325. 51 $331. 79 $339. 73 $362.14 $391. 69 Food prepared at home 319.51 315.02 309.57 311.84 318. 51 332. 71 340. 79 Food bought and eaten away from 29.43 15.94 home___ 19.95 21.22 50.90 22. 56 13.42 8. 76 17. 67 24.88 Meals at work____ _____ _____ 12.80 7. 34 11.97 12.85 .94 2. 69 2.95 1.53 .72 Meals at school-- - _____ _ . 2.05 1.86 2.46 Other meals, not vacation. 1.01 10.08 2.47 .70 1.14 1.51 .65 .11 . 11 .70 Meals on vacation ___ _ .29 .08 .26 .1.53 0 .17 .12 4.85 Board at school__ .47 .12 6.18 9.67 Candy, ice cream, drinks, etc___ 2.58 2.94 5.11 4.62 4.48 Average estimated value per family of gifts of food and home-produced food and meals received as pay (in 7.43 13.03 12.49 10.77 12.01 14.18 10.46 complete)1______________________ $468. 72 391.55 77.17 42. 51 1.43 22. 39 2.35 0 8.49 10.78 1 The aggregates on which these averages are based do not include gifts of food received, food produced at home, and meals received as pay, reported by 3.4 percent of the families, but for which they could not estimate the value. 236 M ONEY D I S B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y VOLUM E T a b l e A —2 . P art I I .— Estimated Quantity of and Expenditure for Food Purchased for Preparation at Home in 1 Year, by Consumption Level 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expendi ture for all goods and services of— All families Item Average number of equivalent full time persons per family________________________________ Average number of food-expenditure units per fam ily___________________________________ Under $400 $400 to $600 3.61 4.72 3.37 2. 55 3.12 4.02 2. 91 2.28 Average quantity purchased per person in 1 year Item All families Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of— Under $400 Lb. Total _ __ _______________ __ . __ Grain products, to ta l._1_______ .. 223. 5 Bread and other baked goods, total.. 142.2 Bread: W hite____________________ 92.5 Graham, whole wheat______ 10.6 R ye______________________ 13.5 Crackers ........... .................. ............... 5.6 Plain rolls................................. ........... 3.6 Sweet rolls. ..................... .................... 3.6 Cookies............................................ . 3.7 Cakes________________________ _. 4.7 P ie s ... ________ ______ _____ ___ _ 2.8 Other ___ _ _ _______________ _ 1.6 Ready-to-eat c e r e a ls ..______ ____ 4.7 Flour and other cereals, total._ ___ 76.6 47.7 Flour, w heat____ _________ ____ Corn meal. _ __________ ______ 4.0 Hominy .. ____________ _____ .8 5.2 R ice.. . __ __________ i ____ 5.5 Rolled oats _ . . . . . . _ ._ _ Wheat cereal.__ . . . . . . 2.4 Macaroni, spaghetti, noodles___ 10.0 Other grain products____ ' _ 1.0 Eggs, total. ___. . . ______ _______ 30.4 Milk: Fresh, whole . ____ _ 198. 4 4. 6 Buttermilk and other m ilk. _. Evaporated and condensed,.. 15.8 Cheese: American_________________ 3.8 Cottage__________________ 1.5 Other___________ _________ 1.7 Ice cream__ ____________________ 2.5 Fats, total..... ........................... ...... ... ■ 51.4 Butter .................................. ...... 18.8 Cream _ . . . _________ _ ... 2.6 Other table fats_______________ 2.5 Lard______ . . . ____ ________ 9.6 Vegetable shortening__________ 2.8 Table or cooking oils___________ 3.3 Mayonnaise and other salad dressing____________________ 4.2 Bacon, sm o k e d _______________ 6.2 1.4 Salt side of pork_______________ $400 to $600 $600 and over $600 and over Average expenditure per person in 1 year All families Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of— Under $400 Lb. Lb. Lb. 216.7 131.6 95.2 8.1 10.7 4.6 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.4 1.8 1.2 3.6 81.5 51.4 5.2 .9 5.4 5.5 1.9 10.3 .9 25. 4 171.9 4.4 14.9 2.9 1.0 1.3 1.3 42.7 14.2 .7 3.2 10.3 1.9 3.2 226.4 147.4 92.0 12.0 15.0 6.3 3.8 4.2 4.2 5. 2 2.7 2.0 5.3 73.7 46.1 3.1 .7 4.9 5.5 2.7 9.5 1. 2 31.8 210.2 4.7 16.5 4.3 1.7 1.9 2.8 53.8 20.6 2.7 2.2 9.3 3.2 3.1 234. 2 158.5 87.3 14.0 17.7 6.9 5.8 4.9 5.2 9. 4 5.3 2.0 5.9 69.8 41.8 2.7 .8 5.2 5.1 3.0 10.0 1. 2 39. 1 239. 1 4.7 16.6 5.1 2.4 2.7 4.6 67.3 25.9 6.9 1.4 8.6 4.5 3.9 $128.93 19.99 14. 27 7. 66 .91 1. 21 .81 .62 .59 .71 1.08 .39 .29 .80 4. 92 2. 32 .16 .05 .37 .46 .37 1.07 . 12 7.16 12. 21 .22 1. 29 1.00 .20 .69 .64 13.83 6. 71 .72 .42 1.48 .54 .78 2.8 4.7 1.7 4.9 6.7 1.1 6.4 8.8 .9 .87 2. 04 .27 $400 to $600 $600 and over $97.27 $140.02 17. 63 21.00 12.15 15.19 7.75 7. 71 .66 1.06 .94 1. 33 .62 .91 .39 .70 .42 .67 .47 .80 . 51 1. 22 .23 .40 .20 .35 .61 .91 4.87 4.90 2. 39 2.26 . 19 . 14 .05 .04 .36 .37 .44 .48 .29 .41 1.05 1. 06 . 10 .14 5. 69 7. 71 10.15 13. 61 . 17 .24 1. 21 1.35 .75 1.12 .13 .23 .50 .79 .31 .70 10. 63 14. 83 4. 99 7.47 .21 .73 .53 .37 1.56 1. 45 .34 .60 .68 .80 $182.27 23. 61 17. 61 7.44 1.25 1.61 1.05 1.00 .85 1.12 2.15 .76 .38 1.03 4. 97 2.18 . 13 .05 .41 .44 .46 1.14 . 16 9.58 14.56 .29 1.37 1.37 .34 .98 1.28 19.47 9. 38 1.88 .24 1.39 .91 .97 .94 2.25 .22 1.39 3.11 .20 .57 1.42 .33 TABULAR 237 SUM M ARY T a b l e A —2 , P art I I .— Estimated Quantity of and Expenditure for Food Purchased for Preparation at Home in 1 Year, by Consumption Level— C o n tin u e d 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average quantity purchased per person in 1 year Item All families Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of— Under $400 Meat, poultry, fish, and other sea food, total. __ _ __ Beef: Fresh, steak, porterhouse, sirloin______ _ top round_____ other_________ roast, rib________ chuck______ __ other. _____ _ _ boiling, chuck. ___ _ _ plate________ other.. _ ___ Other beef_________ __ __. Veal: Fresh, steak, chops_____ roast . _ __ ___ stew.. ______ _ Lamb: Fresh, chops.__ ________ roast__ _ _ stew _ _ _ _ _ _ . Pork: Fresh, chops_____ _ _ . loin roast ___ __ other __ _ _ _ . Smoked ham, slices whole or half p ic n ic..___ ____ Pork sausage Other pork . _ _ Other fresh meat. _________ Miscellaneous meats, total— _ _ Bologna, frankfurters. _ _ Cooked: Ham _ _ _ _ _ Tongue _ ___ Liver _ _ ______ Other meat products _ __ Poultry: Chicken, broiling__ ___ . roast.__ _ _ _ . stew _ _ _ _ _ Turkey. __ __ _____ __ Other_______________ __ . Fish and other sea food: Fish: Fresh . . . __ _ _ _ C a n n ed ____ _ _ _ Cured _ _ __ ___ ___ .. Other sea food _______ _ . _ Vegetables and fruits, total ______ Potatoes _ __ __ Sweetpotatoes, yams___________ Peanut butter _ Other dried legumes and nu ts__ T om atoes.. . . . . Canned tomato products. __ . Green and leafy vegetables: Cabbage _. _ _ Lettuce ... _ _ __ __ Spinach, fresh _ . . . canned. __ ___. . . Lima beans, fresh . _ ... Beans, snap (string), fresh... canned. Peas, fresh . . . canned. . _ _ _ _ . Other green and leafy vege tables, fresh.. _ _ _____ canned __ _ __. 1 Less than 0.05 pound. Lb. $400 to $600 $600 and over Average expenditure per person in 1 year All fami lies Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of— Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over Lb. Lb. 125.2 97.6 135.8 171.6 $30.87 $21. 68 $33.90 $46.41 7.7 5.3 5.1 7.6 5.3 2.5 4.4 .8 2.0 1.9 4.1 2.8 1.6 3.1 4.0 1.6 6.8 4.2 2.8 1.5 3.3 1.1 3.0 .9 .1 12.8 7.7 1.8 .2 2.1 1.0 5.4 3.3 4. 2 .6 .5 4.5 4.0 4.7 5.7 5.1 2.1 4.4 .8 1.8 1.5 2.8 2.3 1.5 1.6 2.3 1.5 5.2 3.3 2.7 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.3 1.0 0) 11.5 7.4 1.3 .1 1.8 .9 2.6 2.1 3.1 .5 .2 8.4 6.3 5.2 7.8 5.6 2.9 4.7 .7 1.9 2.3 4.6 3.1 1.6 3.5 5.5 1.7 7.4 5.0 3.1 1.5 3.6 1.1 3.4 .8 .1 13.0 8.0 1.8 .1 2. 2 .9 6.4 2.6 4.7 .3 .7 14.2 7.0 5.6 11.5 5.7 3.2 3.9 .7 2.3 2.3 6.2 3.5 1.8 6.2 5.4 1. 7 9.5 5. 2 2.8 2.3 4.8 1.3 4.0 .9 .2 14.7 7.8 2.7 .3 2. 5 1. 4 10.0 7.1 6.0 1.5 .8 2. 39 1.47 1.05 1.88 1.13 .62 .84 . 13 .36 .44 1.12 .64 .30 .94 .94 .30 1.92 1.05 .60 .48 .85 .25 .76 .17 .03 3.47 1.84 . 79 .06 .51 .27 1. 52 .99 1.11 .21 . 12 1.29 1.03 .89 1.31 1.03 .46 .79 . 13 .31 .32 .69 .49 .27 .44 .48 .27 1.42 .75 .54 .32 .56 .22 .54 .18 .01 2.82 1. 65 .56 .03 .35 .23 .71 .54 .76 .16 .03 2. 48 1.75 1.14 1.94 1.18 .71 .93 . 12 .35 .53 1. 28 .70 .31 1.05 1.34 .33 2.09 1. 23 .63 .52 .99 .26 .88 . 17 .03 3.57 1.91 .79 .05 .55 .27 1.79 .97 1. 25 .10 .19 4.72 1.99 1.26 3. 06 1.24 .81 .82 .15 .47 .55 1.87 .84 .37 1.91 1.34 .35 2. 78 1. 41 .64 .80 1.27 .29 1.07 .19 .06 4. 72 1. 93 1. 29 . 12 .78 .40 2. 92 2. 04 1. 66 .49 .21 10.0 2.8 .5 1. 6 476.8 137.3 7.2 1.6 8.4 12.6 12.5 8.4 2.1 .5 1.1 374.3 128.4 6.4 1.4 9.1 6.6 10.3 10.6 3.5 .5 1.7 515.9 141.5 7.0 1.8 8.2 14.3 12.8 12. 1 3.8 .6 2.8 641.7 150.2 9.3 1.4 7.7 22.7 16.4 1.76 .55 . 11 .37 25. 91 2. 64 .27 .27 .78 1.43 1.14 1.26 .36 .08 .22 17. 72 2. 25 .23 .25 .74 .66 .94 1.91 .65 .11 .42 28. 66 2. 78 .27 .32 .78 1.62 1.19 2. 57 .78 . 16 .60 40.10 3. 28 .39 .26 .91 2. 85 1.52 20.4 10.6 6.9 1.3 1.1 5.9 2.6 4.2 6.3 19.6 6.7 5.0 1.1 1.1 4.0 2.0 2.1 4.9 20.0 11.7 7.9 1.4 1.0 6.4 3.1 4.8 6.5 22.8 17.1 9.4 1.7 1.5 9.3 3.3 8.0 8.5 .54 1.16 .49 .13 .11 .56 .25 .40 .71 .46 .74 .36 .10 .10 .34 .18 .18 .54 .57 1.29 .55 .14 .10 .64 .31 .44 .78 .66 1.92 .69 .17 .16 .96 .33 .82 1.00 9.6 1.6 7.8 .8 9.7 1.7 13.4 2.9 .76 .21 .56 .09 .81 .23 1.26 .43 Lb. 238 M ONEY D I S B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y VOLUM E T a b l e A - 2 , P ar t I I .— Estimated Quantity of and Expenditure for Food Purchased for Preparation at Hom e in 1 Year, by Consumption Level— C o n tin u e d 14,469 W H ITE A N D N E G R O FA M ILIE S IN 42 C ITIES Average quantity purchased per person in 1 year Item Vegetables and fruits, total—Con. Yellow vegetables: Carrots_____ Other vegetables: Celery____________________ Corn, canned______ ____ Onions___________________ Other fresh v eg eta b les_____ Other canned vegetables___ Citrus fruits: Lemons____________ ______ Oranges________________ __. Grapefruit, fresh_________ Other fruits: Apples: Fresh-------------Bananas_______________ __ Peaches: Canned_______ __ Pineapple: Canned____ . Other fresh fr u it s ___ . _ _. Other canned fruits and fruit juices. _ ________ __ Dried: Prunes.. _ _ _ _ _ Raisins_______ ____ _ Other dried fruits______ Sugar and sweets, total _____ ______ Sugar: W hite_____ _ _ _ ) B r o w n .._________ Other sweets: C andy... ____ Jellies__ _ Molasses, sirups. _ Other sweets____ Miscellaneous, total___ ___________ Packaged d e s se r ts.____ Tea_____________ ________ C offee... -__ . __ _ _______ Cocoa____________________ . . . Soups, canned____ . . . _ __ __ . . _____ Cod-liver oil___ Soft drinks consumed at hom e... Other drinks consumed at home. Other foods___ __ __________ Sales tax on food............... ...... 2 Sales tax not included. All families Lb. Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of— Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over Lb. Lb. Lb. Average expenditure per person in 1 year All fami lies Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of— Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over 13.8 10.1 15.4 19.1 $0.67 $0.46 $0.76 $0.97 7.1 5.1 18.4 18.3 .9 4.4 4.1 14.8 11.8 .7 7.8 5.3 20.0 20.7 1.1 12.2 6.9 23.2 29.5 1.3 .60 .53 .79 1.18 .44 .35 .40 .62 .68 .24 .66 .56 .86 1.32 .50 1.08 .75 1.04 2.03 .78 7.1 48.0 14.3 4.5 33.5 6.5 7.9 54.5 16.4 11.7 70.0 .28. 5 .64 2. 65 .57 .38 1.77 .24 .73 3.03 .63 1.10 4.01 1.22 39.9 22.2 3.0 2.3 15.8 33.0 17.2 1.8 1.1 8.7 44.6 25.7 3.3 2.9 18.9 48.0 27.6 4.8 4.1 31.9 1.80 1.12 .32 .30 1.27 1.37 .83 .20 .14 .58 2.05 1.30 .36 .37 1.41 2.37 1.45 .54 .53 2.61 4.0 1.6 4.2 8.9 .46 .19 .48 .99 3.0 1.3 .9 57.3 50.7 1.8 1.7 3.0 .1 25.6 1.1 1.5 10.8 1.3 3.8 .4 2.2 3.6 .9 4.6 1.6 1.2 70.8 63.1 2.6 2.4 2.6 .1 43.5 2.0 2.2 14.3 .9 5.5 .5 6.9 9.5 1.7 4.9 1.6 1.9 75.4 66. 2 3.7 2.5 2.8 .2 68.3 2.6 2.4 17.9 .9 7.0 .6 13.8 21.3 1.8 .39 .14 .19 4. 35 3.10 .61 .34 .29 .01 2 9.75 .49 1.01 3.37 .20 .62 .38 .49 1.51 1.68 .82 .29 .12 .14 3.58 2. 70 .37 .24 .26 .01 2 6. 61 .31 .76 2. 58 .23 .46 .29 .16 .56 1.26 .51 .46 .17 .19 4.70 3. 35 .63 .42 .29 .01 2 10. 27 .55 1.12 3.60 .18 .66 .38 .54 1.40 1.84 .91 .52 .17 .33 5. 57 3.60 1.13 .46 .36 .02 2 15.97 .75 1.36 4.78 .17 .92 .56 1.16 3.86 2.41 1.37 3.9 1.4 1.2 65.4 58.0 2.4 2.1 2.8 .1 40.4 1.8 2.0 13.4 1.1 5.0 .5 6.1 9.2 1.3 TABULAR 239 SU M M A R Y T a b l e A —2 , P a r t I I .— Estimated Quantity of and Expenditure fo r Food Purchased for Preparation at Home in 1 Year, by Consumption Level 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES All families Item Families with total annual unit expendi ture for all goods and services of — Under $400 Average number of equivalent full-time persons per fam ily__________________________________ Average number of food expenditure units per family_____________________________________ All families 4. 21 2.46 2. 26 3.07 3. 55 2. 06 2.01 Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of — Under $400 Lb. ______ _ __ _ Total. ___ ___ Grain products, t o t a l ___________ _ 228.4 Bread and other baked goods, total-_ 75.5 64.2 Bread: W hite_____ ___ _______ _ _ Graham, whole wheat____ 2.8 1.2 R ye-------- __ ___ ---Crackers. ___ __ _ ______ _ _ 2.0 Plain rolls. _ _______________ _ _ 1.2 1.0 Sweet rolls___ _ _______ _ ___ .9 Cookies_______ _____ ___ _____ 1.4 Cakes. _ ____. . . ______ .5 Pies----- ---- --------- -.3 Other______________ ___________ Ready to eat cereals. _ _ _ _ _ ___ 1.8 Flour and other cereals, total___ _ 151.1 86.9 Flour, w heat____ _ ______ _ Cornmeal 32.7 Hominy _ __ __ _______ _ _ 4.5 16.3 Rice__ _ __ __ ___ ----- -4.5 Rolled oats_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Wheat cereal _ ___ __ __ 1.1 4.8 Macaroni, spaghetti, noodles___ .3 Other grain products. __ 22. 7 Eggs, total. __ ___ _ 84.7 Milk: Fresh, whole___ _____ _ ___ 14.3 Buttermilk and other m ilk__ 16.2 Evaporated and condensed. __ 2.6 Cheese: American ___ .1 Cottage____ _ .4 Other.. _ _ _ _ _ __ . 1.6 Ice cream _ __ _ ____ _ _ _ 64.5 Fats, total_____________ __ ______ 11.1 B u tte r _______ _ ._ _______ Cream _ _______ .3 2.2 Other table fats _______ _ 24.6 Lard__ _ __ ___ _ 1.7 Vegetable shortening__ _ __ .8 Table or cooking oils___ _____ Mayonnaise and other salad 2.8 dressing. __ _ 9.3 Bacon, smoked ___ ___ ___ 11.7 Salt side of pork................. ......... $600 and over 3.79 Average quantity purchased per person in 1 year Item $400 to $600 $400 to $600 $600 and over Lb. Lb. Lb. 215.5 67.6 59.6 1.6 1.0 1.8 .9 .6 .-7 1.0 .3 .1 1.6 146.3 83.7 32.9 4.1 15.7 4.4 1.0 4.2 .3 18.4 74.9 13.6 14.5 2.1 .1 .3 1.1 58.3 8.8 .1 2.3 23.8 1.0 .4 276.0 102.1 84.1 5.2 1.9 2.9 1.6 2.1 1.0 1.8 .7 .8 2.4 171. 5 101.3 35.2 5.3 17.2 4.7 .9 6.5 .4 36.0 114.9 17.8 20.6 4. 2 .1 .5 1.8 86.3 18.4 1.3 1.7 29.3 2.9 1.5 247.1 99.2 63.9 11.4 2.1 3.1 4.5 3.6 2.8 5.3 1.4 1.1 2.8 145.1 82.1 20.2 7.0 21.8 5.4 1.8 6.6 .2 39.9 123. 8 13. 7 25.2 4.7 .7 .6 8.6 82.1 20.9 .6 1.9 20.4 7.7 3.8 2.2 8.3 11.4 4.1 12.9 14.2 6.4 12.1 8.3 Average expenditure per person in 1 year All fami lies Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of — Under $400 $400 to $600 $89.03 $74. 08 $131. 59 12. 91 18. 99 14. 30 5. 63 9. 51 6. 57 4. 65 7. 04 5.12 .50 .15 .26 .08 .06 . 18 .22 .49 .29 . 11 . 19 .15 .09 .35 . 17 .11 .18 . 14 .38 .26 .19 .04 .11 .06 .04 .01 .09 .24 .41 .28 7. 04 9. 07 7. 45 3. 94 5. 27 4.17 1.12 1. 28 1.13 .22 .19 . 26 1.03 .92 .85 .40 .36 .37 . 12 . 14 . 13 .44 .65 .49 .02 .02 .04 4. 53 3. 58 7. 37 4. 04 4. 63 6. 30 .50 .60 .53 1. 24 1.38 1.70 1.00 .60 .48 .02 .02 .01 .05 . 14 .07 .47 .28 .51 11.72 19. 84 13. 63 3. 00 3. 87 6. 56 .02 .37 . 10 .36 .26 .34 4. 30 3.46 3.59 .48 .28 .15 .54 .07 . 19 .58 2. 54 2.14 .44 2.16 2. 06 .94 3. 74 2. 65 $600 and over $160. 85 18. 68 10. 21 5.47 1.09 .20 .58 .62 .64 .44 .80 .19 .18 .37 8.10 3. 89 .81 .41 1. 58 .41 .25 .72 .03 8. 72 7. 37 .66 2.16 1.13 . 11 . 19 2. 91 20.52 7. 44 .34 .33 3.17 1.41 .74 1.47 3. 97 1. 65 240 T able M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S — SU M M A R Y VOLUM E a r t I I . — Estimated Quantity of and Expenditure for Food Purchased for Preparation at Hom e in 1 Year, by Consumption Level— C o n tin u e d A —2 , P 1 ,566 N E G R O F A M IL IE S I N 16 C IT IE S Average quantity purchased per person in 1 year Item Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of— All fami lies Under $400 Meat, poultry, fish and other sea food, total_____________________ Beef: Fresh, steak, p o rterh o u se, sirloin______ top round_____ other_________ roast, rib___________ chuck_________ other_________ boiling, chuck_______ plate________ other________ Other beef________________ Veal: Fresh, steak, chops______ roast_____________ stew _____________ Lamb: Fresh, chops___________ roast____________ stew____________ Pork: Fresh, chops____________ loin roast. ________ other____________ Smoked ham, slices______ half or whole____ picnic__________ Pork sausage____________ Other pork_____________ Other fresh m eat______________ Miscellaneous, total_______________ Bologna, frankfurters__________ Cooked: Ham ________________ Tongue______________ Liver_________________________ Other meat products__________ Poultry: Chicken, broiling________ roast___________ stew____ _______ Turkey__________________ Other___________________ Fish and other sea food: Fish: Fresh___________________ Canned_________________ Cured__________________ Other sea food_________________ Vegetables and fruits, total________ Potatoes______________________ Sweetpotatoes, yam s__________ Peanut butter_________________ Other dried legumes and nu ts___ Tomatoes, fresh_______________ Canned tomato products_______ Green and leafy vegetables: Cabbage__________________ Lettuce___________________ Spinach, fresh_____________ canned___________ Lima beans, fresh__________ Beans, snap (string), fresh__ canned. Peas, fresh________________ canned______________ Other green and leafy veg etables, fresh____________ canned__________ i Less than 0.05 pound. Lb. Lb. 119.0 101.5 $400 to $600 Lb. $600 and over Average expenditure per person in 1 year All fami lies Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of— Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over Lb. 171.2 198.2 $22.55 $17.73 $35. 66 $47.12 4.3 2.5 2.0 4.3 3.5 .7 4.5 .9 2.0 1.6 3.7 1.6 1.2 1.3 2.4 1.0 7.9 2.6 4.9 1.3 3.4 3.5 4.9 3.0 .3 12. 2 6.7 .7 .1 4.1 .6 5.4 4.2 4.9 .6 .6 3.5 2.1 1.8 3.6 3.3 .6 4.8 1.1 1.9 1.4 3.2 1.6 1.2 .8 1.2 .8 6.8 1.9 4.6 1.0 2.7' 3.1 4.0 2.9 .4 11.7 6.4 .6 (0 4.1 .6 3.4 2.7 3.1 .2 .2 7.1 4.4 2.3 7.0 4.4 1.3 3.7 .4 2.2 2.2 4.6 .9 1.1 2.2 7. 2 1.5 11.7 3.6 5.9 2.4 4.7 5.5 8.3 4.0 .2 14.1 7.5 1.1 .2 4.8 .5 9.9 9.1 8.7 .5 2.2 7.6 3.4 3.5 6.1 3.0 0 3.2 0 3.1 1.3 7.6 3.1 1.2 5.4 4.3 2.0 10.5 8.8 4.7 2.7 8.8 2.7 6.4 1.9 0 14.3 9.0 1.4 0 3.1 .8 20. 3 9.0 18.7 6.1 .6 1.03 .58 .36 .87 .62 .12 .66 . 12 .28 .26 .76 .31 .17 .35 .51 .15 1.97 .61 .72 .36 .79 .66 1.03 .41 .04 2. 27 1.29 .23 .01 .66 .08 1.40 1.00 1.18 .20 .14 .78 .46 .31 .69 .58 . 10 .67 . 14 .25 .23 .60 .29 . 17 .20 . 22 . 10 1. 66 .43 .68 .26 .63 .55 .81 .38 .05 2. 06 1.20 .16 .01 .61 .08 .81 .60 .68 .08 .05 1.77 1.07 .43 1.43 .84 .25 .60 .07 .34 .36 1.12 .21 . 16 .61 1. 54 .26 3.13 .80 .85 .72 1.06 1.14 1.84 .52 .03 2.80 1.45 .45 .04 .80 .06 2. 72 2. 24 2.17 .23 .54 2.09 .75 .81 1.60 .59 0 .68 0 .55 .19 1.85 .84 .16 1. 54 1.18 .42 2.64 2.42 .82 .67 2.24 .58 1.54 .33 0 3. 32 1. 96 .43 0 .81 . 12 5.50 2. 53 4.98 1.80 .13 18.1 1.6 .6 1.5 334.8 87.3 30.6 .8 18.2 5.0 7.9 16.4 1.6 .5 1.4 287.8 78.7 28.9 .8 18.4 3.3 6.8 23.5 1.8 .9 1.7 476.9 113.0 35.6 .7 19.8 7.4 11.5 23.9 2.1 .9 1.0 547.6 123.3 38.1 1.5 13.3 22.9 10.4 2.09 .23 .07 .23 15.79 2.01 1.04 .14 1.19 .54 .63 1.77 .21 .05 . 18 12.75 1.77 .95 .14 1.15 .34 .53 3.02 .27 . 12 .40 24.33 2. 81 1.30 . 12 1.43 .85 .96 3.67 .33 .17 .20 30.97 2. 78 1.49 .23 1.22 2, 34 1.02 30.9 3.0 5.6 .6 2.2 7.8 1.4 1.9 3.0 27.6 2.2 4.3 .5 2.2 6.6 1.0 1.1 2.7 40.3 5.5 9.1 1.0 2.6 10.3 2.5 3.7 4.0 45.3 7.3 12.0 1.3 .8 18.0 2.9 6.4 4.0 .83 .34 .35 .05 .18 .64 .11 .16 .31 .76 .23 .26 .04 .18 .48 .08 .08 .27 1.06 .67 .62 .09 . 19 .92 .21 .35 .42 1.05 .90 .78 .11 .09 1.90 .22 .64 .51 17.7 .5 1 17.0 .4 19.7 .8 22.6 1.4 .93 .06 .76 .03 1.46 .11 1.87 .20 TABULAR 241 SUM M A R Y T a b l e A - 2 , P art I I .— Estimated Quantity o f and Expenditure fo r Food Purchased for Preparation at Hom e in 1 Year, by Consumption Level— C o n t in u e d 1,566 N EG R O FA M ILIES IN 16 C IT IE S —Continued Average quantity purchased per person in 1 year Item Vegetables and fruits, total—Con. Yellow vegetables: Carrots___ Other vegetables: Celery __________ _ _ _ _ _ Corn, canned______ ___ __ Onions. .............. ........ ... Other fresh vegetables______ Other canned vegetables. __ Citrus fruits: Lemons ________ ______ Oranges. __ __ _ __ __ Grapefruit, fresh__ . . . _. _ Other fruits: Apples, fresh._____________ Bananas.. __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Peaches, canned__________ Pineapple, canned . .. _ __ Other fresh fruits____ ___ Other canned fruits and fruit juices__ __ __ Dried: Prunes____ ____ _ Raisins.__ ___ Other dried fruits______ Sugars and sweets, total-__ _ __ _ Sugars: W hite \ BrownJ--- -Candy ________________ _ ___ Jellies. _ _ _ _ __________ _ _ Molasses, sirups____ _ _ _ ___ __ __ __ _. Other sweets__ Miscellaneous, t o t a l ___ _______ Packaged dessert__ _______ _ Tea ________________________ C o ffe e ______________________ _____________ ___ Cocoa____ Soups, c a n n e d ._________ Cod-liver oil-.. _ _ ______ ._ Soft drinks consumed at home — Other drinks consumed at home.. Other foods--- ---------------Sales tax on food______________ 1 Less than 0.05 pound. All families Lb. Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of— Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over Lb. Lb. Lb. Average expenditure per person in 1 year All fami lies Families with total an nual unit expenditure for all goods and serv ices of— Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over 3.9 3.0 5.6 10.5 $0.19 $0.14 $0. 28 $0.56 1.6 4.6 19.5 8.9 .3 1.3 3.8 16.0 7.0 .2 2.5 6.7 31.1 14.8 .3 2.8 7.9 31.6 19.4 2.1 .12 .43 .73 .45 .12 .10 .34 .60 .35 .08 .19 .65 1.14 .72 .17 .18 .92 1. 28 1.00 .49 5.4 17.2 5.3 4.0 11.8 3.2 8.8 33.2 11.5 15.0 42.5 14.7 .49 .97 .23 .36 .65 .13 .82 1.92 .54 1. 30 2. 35 .68 21.0 10.9 1.9 .7 3.8 17.4 8.6 1.4 35.1 21.2 3.5 1.7 7.1 27.2 10.7 3.6 1.8 10.5 .92 .45 .20 .09 .34 .76 .34 .15 .05 .18 1. 53 .91 .32 .22 .69 1. 23 .56 .46 .27 1.13 A 2.5 1.4 1.0 1.3 6.5 .12 .09 .13 .49 2.3 .3 1.4 68.3 58.0 1.3 1.3 7.7 C1) 23.4 .7 1.1 9.6 1.1 1.2 .2 4.7 4.3 .5 2.1 .3 1.3 62.1 51.7 1.2 1.1 8.1 0) 18.3 .6 .9 8.1 1.0 .9 .2 2.3 3.9 .4 2.5 .5 2.0 90.5 79.3 2.0 2.1 6.9 .2 39.7 .9 2.0 14.8 1.4 1.5 .1 14.3 4.1 .6 4.2 0 5.1 82.9 76.3 1.0 2.0 3.6 0 39.5 1.2 1.0 13.8 .9 4.2 .2 6.5 10.3 1.4 .21 .03 .19 4.11 3.12 .21 .21 .56 .01 2 6. 39 .16 .52 2. 23 .18 .15 .09 .45 1. 28 1. 33 .03 .18 .03 .17 3. 72 2.81 .16 .17 .58 (3) 2 5.06 .12 .43 1.85 .17 .11 .10 .21 .97 1.10 .01 .21 .05 .27 5.50 4.17 .43 .33 .52 .05 2 9. 61 .29 .86 3. 54 .24 .17 .05 1.32 1.18 1.96 .02 .50 2 Sales tax not included. 3 Less than 0.5 cent. 0 .22 5.15 4.04 .26 .41 .44 0 214. 80 .34 .69 3. 36 .22 . 54 .21 .92 6.01 2.51 .36 242 M ONEY D I S B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y VOLUM E T a b l e A - 3 .— Housing Facilities, by Consumption Level 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item jA.1I fami- Un- $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies dcr to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over I. Percentage of families in survey who rented prin cipal home at end of 69.7 2.0 8.2 13.7 14.1 10.9 7.9 5.1 3.3 schedule year_______ Percentage of families in each consumption level who rented principal home at end of schedule year__________________ 69.7 65.9 67.1 69.3 69.0 69.4 69.7 71.9 71.1 Average monthly rental rate at end of schedule D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. year__________________ 23. 51 14. 92 17. 90 20. 74 22. 69 Percentage of families liv ing in— 1-fam ily d e ta c h e d house_____________ 25.3 1- family semidetached or row house_______ 13.9 2-family house_____7- 27.2 M ultiple dwelling (3family or more)____ 33.6 Dwelling with ele vator______________ 2.3 Dwelling with janitor service____________ 21.5 Percentage of families having— Bathroom in dwelling unit_______________ 89.6 Toilet: Inside flush___ 95.7 Outside flush. _ 2.0 2. 3 Other ty p e___ Sole use of toilet by household_________ 91.9 Water: Inside dwell 98.7 ing— Running___ 98. 1 Hot running. 82.0 .6 N ot running. Outside dwell 1.3 ing only---Sink________________ 98. 1 Electric lights_______ 98.2 Gas or electricity for cooking___________ 89.5 Refrigerator: Electric, 25.2 Other m e chanical___ 2.7 Ice only_ 65.6 N one___ 6.5 Hot air, hot water, or steam heat________ 64.3 Telephone___________ 23.9 Garage______________ 33.5 Garden space________ 31.6 Each of the following items: Inside flush toilet, running hot water, electric lights, and gas or electricity for cooking______ 76.4 D o l. D o l . D o l. D o l. 25. 24 26.16 27. 67 28. 54 2.0 1.1 0.6 0.8 76.1 75.8 76.9 75.5 D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 29. 53 30.40 34. 40 35. 22 36.4 30.5 28.7 26.1 23.4 23.0 21.2 17.0 17.3 16.4 15.7 13.1 32.2 21.7 15.2 11.3 11.9 11.9 12.9 8. 7 12.2 24.0 26.8 31.3 28.8 27.1 25.9 27. 2 10.6 24.8 4.5 13.6 31.6 • 19.0 7.8 23.3 19.2 23.8 29.3 31.3 35.9 38.0 40.0 47. 1 55.8 47.3 47.5 51.7 3.2 6.0 6.0 15.6 13.3 8.9 13.7 19.1 24.7 25.7 33.6 37.7 36.5 44.6 44.6 50.8 62.1 78.1 87.3 90.0 93.2 95.2 95.5 97. 1 76.5 89.9 94.7 95.9 98.1 99. 1 99.0 99.4 9.8 3.9 2.4 2.3 1.0 .6 .2 .6 .9 .3 .8 0 13.7 6.2 2.9 1. 8 97.5 99.7 .3 0 95.1 97.8 99.6 100.0 .4 0 0 0 98.1 98.6 0 1.4 86. 1 90.2 91.0 90.2 92. 3 94.1 94.8 95.7 95.6 96. 1 96.3 .2 4.2 .2 .4 1.4 2.7 4.1 4.0 95.3 91.4 96.6 98.6 99.0 99.8 99.8 99.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.6 96.1 97.8 98.7 99.0 98.7 99.2 99.4 99.6 99.5 100.0 100.0 45.0 64.9 76.3 81. 5 87.7 91.2 93. 3 95.8 95.7 94.5 100.0 96.6 .5 .3 .8 1. 1 .1 .8 .8 .6 .4 .5 0 0 .2 .2 8.6 3.4 1.4 1.0 .7 0 0 89.6 95.7 98. 1 98.5 99. 1 99.0 99. 2 99. 6 99.6 82.9 95.3 98.0 99. 1 99.4 99.8 99.8 99.3 100.0 0 0 98.6 100.0 99. 6 98. 7 51.6 76.6 85. 1 90. 1 95.8 96.3 97.4 98.5 3.1 6.9 12.9 21. 5 28.8 36.9 38.4 50.8 99.2 49.9 96.4 59.8 98.7 100.0 56.7 59.9 .5 1.0 2.5 2.9 2.8 4.3 5.7 0 77.1 82.8 77.3 70.2 63.7 56. 0 53.4 38.3 19.8 9.8 8.8 5.8 4. 6 4.3 3.9 5. 2 7.0 39.5 3.6 3.5 35.2 1.5 12.2 27.7 3.4 16.8 22.6 .7 29.7 45.2 57.8 63,5 70.9 6.6 7.7 13.7 19.9 29.4 13.8 20.7 26.6 33.3 36.7 32.2 34.0 33.1 32.4 29.7 79.2 44. 5 45.6 28.9 81.8 40.5 48.9 29.7 82. 7 51.4 52.8 26.4 84.5 52.3 50.6 34.2 85.1 53.7 55.5 27.3 29.4 55.6 68.3 75.3 84.2 87.7 91.9 93.7 94.6 92.2 97.4 96.1 72.8 32.3 39.4 31. 5 75. 1 36.0 41.9 29.6 0 98.9 98.3 TABULAR 243 SUM M A R Y T a b l e A —3 .— Housing Facilities, by Consumption Level— C o n t in u e d 14,469 Item W H IT E AND N EG R O FA M IL IE S IN 42 C IT IE S —Continued Families with total annual unit expenditure ofAll fami Un $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over II. Percentage of families in survey who owned prin cipal home at end of schedule year ____ _ _ Percentage of families in each consumption level who owned principal home at end of schedule year... _ ____ _. Percentage of families liv ing in— 1-family d e t a c h e d house_____________ 1-family semidetached or row h ou se... 2-family house _____ Multiple dwelling (3family or more)____ Dwelling with ele vator . . . . ... Dwelling with janitor service. _ _ Percentage of families having— Bathroom in dwelling u n it.... . Toilet: Inside flush__ Outside flush.. Other ty p e___ Sole use of toilet by household . . .. _ Water: Inside dwell ing_______ Running___ Hot running Not running Outside dwell ing on ly ... Sink________________ Electric lights.. _ Gas or electricity for cooking___________ Refrigerator: Electric. Other m e chanical . Ice only. N one___ Hot air, hot water, or steam heat________ Telephone Garage. _ _ _ _ _ _ Garden space _. .. Each of the following items: Inside flush toilet, running hot water, electric lights, and gas or electricity for cooking. .. _ . 30.3 1.0 4.0 6.1 6.3 4.9 3.4 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 30.3 34.1 32.9 30.7 31.0 30.6 30.3 28.1 28.9 23.9 24.2 23.1 24.5 69.2 63.8 65.7 72.8 69.4 68.2 70.3 68.0 68.4 63.3 92.0 72.5 67.5 17.2 27.2 23.0 16.2 15.1 17.5 15.7 13.6 14.4 12.4 9.0 10.6 9.6 14.3 12.9 12.5 17.5 15.6 14.9 21.8 5.8 1.1 13.0 14.5 25.7 6.8 1.2 0 .7 1.4 .1 0 .3 .1 .3 .3 1.2 1.4 1.5 0 0 0 .9 0 0 1.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .6 93.1 70.5 83.2 91.8 94.6 96.9 97.3 98.8 97.7 95.2 76.2 88.6 93.8 96.6 97.6 99.0 99.5 100.0 .5 .9 6.6 1.6 1.6 .6 .3 .1 0 .4 0 3.9 17.2 9.8 4.6 2.9 1.8 .7 98.6 99.2 .8 0 97.5 100.0 100.0 97.5 100.0 100.0 0 0 0 2.5 0 0 97.4 99.6 98.4 97.2 98.1 96.8 96.1 97.6 97.0 94.2 96.9 100.0 98.2 87.5 95.0 98.0 98.9 99.4 99.6 100.0 100.0 97. 6 86.0 93.8 97.2 98.6 98.6 99.3 99.8 100.0 86.3 54.8 72.4 83.7 86.7 91. 1 94.4 98.4 96.0 .8 .3 .8 .3 .2 0 .6 1.5 1. 2 98.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.0 93.5 100.0 96.5 0 0 0 0 .9 .9 .1 1.6 0 .4 .6 .4 2.0 .3 95.6 .6 .4 0 0 1.3 0 0 1.8 12.5 5.0 2.0 1.1 0 98.2 86.2 95.6 98.4 98.4 99.4 99.6 99.8 99. 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.4 89.2 97.5 97.5 99.2 99. 2 99.6 99.8 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.4 59.6 78.9 88.5 92.8 92.5 98.3 97.3 99.0 27.8 3. 1 9.1 18.5 26.5 33.8 39.7 44.9 49.3 96.6 49. 2 96.0 100.0 100.0 51.2 63.5 68.5 .6 1.3 1.3 2.0 3.2 2.9 5.8 1.9 .3 62.9 77.2 80.2 72.4 63.9 59.2 52.0 48.9 38.6 7.4 19.4 10. 1 7.8 8.3 5.0 5. 1 3.3 6. 3 4.7 41.1 5.0 2.5 44.7 1.6 10.1 23.6 2.8 6.6 17.0 7.9 80.9 74.2 73. 1 73.5 78.4 64.4 77.5 71.1 80.5 73.8 91.8 80.9 74.0 63.9 69.8 71.1 70.6 80.3 86.0 68.5 80.8 41.9■ 63.6 76.1 82.8 84.6 93.4 95.4 96.0 88.8 89.9 100.0 96.5 73. 4 45.0 58. 9 65. 7 49. 1 11. 1 27.2 63.2: 62.5 20.2 46.6 62.4 70.8 33.5 54.8 65.0 75.7 44. 1 57.4 65. 5 76.4 54. 1 63. 3 66.4 80.0 62.7 67.6 67. 2 82.1 65.7 67.9 62.9 244 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME T able A —3 .— Housing Facilities, by Consumption Level— C o n t in u e d 1,566 N EG RO FA M ILIES IN 16 C ITIES Item Families with total annual unit expenditure All fami $400 $300 $500 $600 lies Under $200 to to to to to $200 $500 $700 $300 $600 $400 of— $700 and over H o u s i n g fa cilities in d w ellin g occu p ied at en d o f sched ule yea r I. Percentage of families in survey who rented principal home at end of schedule year_________________________________ Percentage of families in each consump tion level who rented principal home at end of schedule year___________________ Average monthly rental rate at end of schedule year_________________________ Percentage of families living in— 1-family detached house_______________ 1- family semidetached or row house__ 2- family house______________________ Multiple dwelling (3-family or more)___ Dwelling with elevator________________ Dwelling with janitor service__________ Percentage of families having— Bathroom in dwelling u n it____________ Toilet: Inside flush___________________ Outside flush__________________ Other typ e__________________ Sole use of toilet by household_________ Water: Inside dwelling_________ ^_____ Running____________________ Hot running________________ N ot running________________ Outside dwelling only_________ Sink_________________________________ Electric lights________________________ Gas or electricity for cooking___________ Refrigerator: Electric_________________ Other mechanical________ Ice only_________________ N one___________________ Hot air, hot water, or steam heat_______ Telephone___________________________ Garage_______________________________ Garden space_________________________ Each of the following items: Inside flush toilet, running hot water, electric lights, and gas or electricity for cooking_______________________ 82.0 14.6 20.6 18.9 13.3 7.4 4.3 2.9 82.0 80.6 81.2 85.4 81.7 79.6 86.8 76.4 $16. 24 $12.18 $13.82 $15.09 $17.01 $20.19 _$26. 05 $32. 99 28.7 30.8 15.1 25.4 1.7 12.0 44.1 35.3 9.9 10.7 .7 3.2 34.1 34.0 11.6 20.3 .4 4.6 28.1 29.0 16.8 26.1 .2 8.7 21.3 27.6 23.6 27.5 1.3 15.3 16.0 29.2 20.5 34.3 3.3 19.3 9.2 34.5 6.3 50.0 9.4 40.1 13.8 11.4 12.9 61.9 11.4 54.3 55.4 67.8 17.0 15.2 78.5 83.8 81.7 40.3 2.1 16.2 82.6 77.7 46.8 4.3 .2 91.0 4.5 30.3 8.1 7.8 25.5 37.1 50.3 24.7 25.0 75.8 73.9 70.6 20.7 3.3 26.1 71.8 56.7 17.1 .4 0 88.3 11.3 17.4 2.1 8.1 31.5 44.5 57.8 19.9 22.3 78.5 80.1 77.4 26.4 2.8 19.9 78.3 73.1 35.2 1.5 .4 93.5 4.6 19.7 5.3 6.8 29.6 59.3 71.3 16.6 12.1 78.4 83.5 81.3 39.1 2.2 16.5 83.0 80.3 48.1 3.7 .4 91.2 4.7 27.5 8.2 7.6 24.5 61.0 75.6 14.9 9.5 77.1 89.6 89.2 50.3 .4 10.4 87.7 89.3 60.9 2.8 0 96.4 .8 34.8 9.1 10.9 25.6 68.7 81.0 12.0 7.0 82.5 90.1 88.6 62.6 1.5 9.9 90.0 83.8 67.9 3.5 0 95.0 1.5 40.1 7.0 7.5 18.5 87.5 91.8 6.3 1.9 78.6 98.7 98.7 74.5 0 1.3 95.3 97.9 84.4 23.0 0 77.0 0 66.9 22.1 7.6 8.0 92.4 95.7 0 4.3 89.6 96.7 96.7 90.7 0 3.3 96.7 100.0 94.7 28.3 0 71.7 0 88.5 35.3 1.0 15.0 32.3 11.1 18.3 29.5 42.1 56.7 71.4 87.5 245 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b le A —3 .— Housing Facilities by Consumption Level— C o n t in u e d 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item Families with All fami Under $200 lies to $200 $300 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over H o u s i n g fa cilitie s in d w ellin g occ u p ie d at en d o f sch ed u le yea r —Continued II. Percentage of families in survey who owned principal home at end of sched ule year____________________ _ ___ _ Percentage of families in each consumption level who owned principal home at end of schedule year___ __ __ _______ Percentage of families living in— 1-family detached house__ _ _ _ __ __ 1-family semidetached or row house __ _ 2-family house ________ _ ________ M ultiple dwelling (3-family or more)___ Dwelling with elevator. _ . . . Dwelling with janitor service._ __ _ __ Percentage of families having— Bathroom in dwelling un it__ _______ Toilet: Inside flush _____________ ___ Outside flush____________ _ __ Other type . . . _ . _ _______ Sole use of toilet by h o u seh o ld ______ _ Water: Inside dwelling______ _______ Running_________________ Hot running____ ______ ___ N ot ru n n in g _________ _ ___ Outside dwelling only_________ Sink____ . . . ._ _ . . . __ _ ______ _ Electric lights___ ____________ _ ... Gas or electricity for cooking___ ____ Refrigerator: Electric_______ ______ _ Other mechanical ______ Ice only ________ . N one. . . _ ___ _ __ Hot air, hot water, or steam heat______ T elep hone______ _ _ _ _ ________ _ Garage. _. _______ ________________ Garden space . ___ ______ _ ___ ._ Each of the following items: Inside flush toilet, running hot water, electric lights, and gas or electricity for cooking ___________ __ . . . . 18.0 3.5 4.8 3.2 3.0 1.9 0.7 0.9 18.0 19.4 18.8 14.6 18.2 20.4 13.2 23.6 74.2 19.4 6.4 0 0 .5 92.0 6.4 1.6 0 0 0 74.3 16.4 9.3 0 0 0 67.3 30.0 2.7 0 0 3.0 72.2 18.6 9.2 0 0 0 74.3 17.7 8.0 0 0 0 50.6 28.3 21.1 0 0 0 51.7 48.3 0 0 0 0 59.2 65.5 8.9 25.6 97.9 75.4 74.8 44.8 .6 24.6 75.0 85.5 49.5 10.5 0 86.4 3.1 33.0 29.5 31.3 55.3 32.6 34.2 16.0 49.8 98.4 55.3 53.7 10.7 1.6 44.7 54.5 68.0 10.7 0 0 93.6 6.4 11.0 16.6 21.1 66.1 43.3 55.7 8.8 35.5 97.0 65.8 65.8 34.1 0 34.2 66.9 82.7 39.3 1.8 0 93.5 4.7 29.2 8.3 25.4 60.5 66.9 70.7 8.7 20.6 98.2 78.6 78.6 46.7 0 21.4 77.8 86.0 53.8 8.5 0 88.0 3.5 26.6 33.9 43.0 58.0 67.4 83.6 2.8 13.6 98.1 87.4 87.4 59.6 0 12.6 85.5 95.0 71.4 20.6 0 79.4 0 38.0 42.9 41.0 40.7 94.6 89.7 8.8 1.5 100.0 97.1 97.1 82.3 0 2.9 91.2 97.1 77.9 19.5 0 80.5 0 59.6 37.2 37.8 55.0 83.2 91.6 8.4 0 83.1 85.7 85.7 74.9 0 14.3 100.0 100.0 68.9 25.3 0 74.7 0 43.8 74.9 29.6 21.2 100.0 96.8 3.2 0 93.7 100.0 93.7 77.9 6.3 0 100.0 100.0 93.7 41.0 0 59.0 0 81.1 83.2 15.8 49.4 38.1 2.7 29.0 43.8 55.9 71.4 52.1 65.2 246 T a b l e A —4 .— Housing Expenditures, by Consumption Level 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item Average number of persons in economic family______ Average number of persons in household____________ Percentage of families investing in: Principal home________________________________ Vacation home_________________________________ Percentage of families having current expenditure for— Owned principal home: Taxes_______________________________________ Assessments_________________________________ Repairs and replacements____ _________________ Fire insurance on home_______________________ Liability insurance on home___________________ Ground rent_________________________________ Interest on mortgages_________________________ Refinancing charges__________________________ Rented principal home: Rent (gross rent less concessions)_______________ Repairs by t e n a n t . _________________________ Secondary housing: Owned vacation home________________________ Rent on vacation or trips______________________ Rent at school________________________________ Average amount invested during schedule year in owned: Principal home, total___________________________ Payment on principal of mortgage and down pay m ent___________________________________ Improvements on home_______________________ Vacation home_________________________________ Average current expenditure for: Owned principal home, total____________________ Taxes_______________________________________ Assessments__________________________________ Repairs and replacements_____________________ $1,200 and over Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 to $1,000 100.0 3.60 3. 79 3.0 6.49 6.61 12.2 5.19 5.33 19.8 .4.16 4.32 20.4 3. 54 3.93 15.8 3.13 3.33 11.3 2. 79 3.01 7.1 2. 55 2.69 4.6 2. 38 2.60 2.6 2.28 2.49 14.0 (2) 12.8 0 14.2 0 14.0 0 14.8 0 15.2 0 14.3 .1 11.9 .1 13.3 0 7.9 0 15.1 0 14.5 0 13.0 .5 $1,000 to $1,100 to $1,100 $1,200 1.4 2. 26 2.47 0.8 2. 21 2.37 1.0 2.00 2.12 30.1 4.3 14.8 13.9 .2 .6 19.3 1.7 34.0 1.5 7.8 12.2 0 .4 20.1 l.i 32.4 3.5 12.7 13.7 .2 .9 21.4 2.2 30.1 3.9 13.9 13.6 .3 .6 19.2 2.2 30.9 4.2 15.2 14.4 .1 .8 20.2 1.6 30.3 4.8 15.0 15.1 .3 .6 20.2 1.9 30.1 4.9 17.4 13.2 .2 .4 18.6 1.5 27.7 5.1 17.1 11.8 .2 .5 17.3 1.0 28.6 4.6 17.8 15.8 .4 .4 19.5 1.6 24.8 5.4 15.5 10.9 0 .2 14.5 .5 25.5 6.0 15.8 15.1 .4 0 17.3 1.4 24.1 5.0 11.9 14.6 2.3 0 15.0 1.6 23.9 5.1 15.5 13.6 0 .4 13.9 0 70.1 4.2 66.4 3.5 67.6 3.9 70.2 4.5 69.5 3.7 70.1 4.2 69.9 4.6 72.6 4.1 71.3 3.8 76.4 5.3 75.4 6.2 76.9 7.4 74.7 4.8 .3 7.3 .4 0 .3 .3 .3 1.4 .1 .1 2.8 .1 .3 5.5 .5 (2) 8.0 .5 .4 9.8 .7 .3 11.5 .3 .7 18.3 .5 .7 19.6 .2 0 25.3 1.1 1.7 30.2 0 .5 30.1 .9 $27.10 $20. 38 $21. 51 $23. 33 $26. 53 $29. 91 $30.02 $35. 91 $29. 42 $20. 79 $37. 79 $62. 80 $27. 51 21.45 5. 65 .04 14.36 6.02 0 16. 92 4. 59 0 18.31 5. 02 0 21.24 5. 29 0 24. 39 5. 52 0 22.67 7. 35 .03 29.24 6. 67 .40 23.16 6. 26 0 15.88 4. 91 0 28. 28 9. 51 0 50.89 11.91 0 25.19 2. 32 .27 61.70 23. 62 1.13 10.11 39.92 18. 88 .68 2.82 49.03 20.91 .63 4.99 53. 94 21.17 1.14 7. 88 61.12 23.90 .93 8. 61 67. 54 25.03 1. 42 11.43 70. 83 27. 25 1.15 12. 55 69. 83 25. 37 1.15 13. 98 79. 81 28. 98 1.12 15.60 68. 22 23. 46 .74 22. 36 85. 64 23. 83 5.66 20. 78 48.05 16. 80 3. 56 5. 76 81.09 22. 36 .80 27.26 MONET DISBURSEMENTS --- SUMMARY VOLUME I. Percentage of all families in survey 1________________ All fam ilies 2 4 2 9 4 9 °— 41 Fire insurance on home _ __ ____ Liability insurance on h o m e . __________ _ Ground rent___ _______ _____ _________ _ . . . . Interest on m ortgages_____ Refinancing charges______ Rented principal home, total. . _ ____ _ Rent (gross rent less concessions) . . . . ____ _ . Repairs by tenant_______ . . . . . _ ___ _ Secondary housing, total___ . ... _ Owned vacation home.. . ______ _ __ . Rent on vacation or trips______ _____________ Rent at school___ ___________ _ ___________ I. Percentage of families who owned their principal home for 12 months___ _ _ . . . . . Average number of persons in economic family_____ Average number of persons in household... _ _ Percentage of families who invested during the sched ule year in owned principal hom e... ___________ Average amount invested in schedule year, total_____ Payment on principal of mortgage and/or down pay ment. ______ ______ _ Improvements on home_____ _____________ Average current housing expenditures on owned principal home, total. . __ _. __ . __ __ __ _ Taxes________ ___ _ _ ______ ____ Assessments________ ______ _ _________ . . . Repairs and replacements __________ . . . . . . Fire insurance on home . __ _______ _. . Liability insurance on home_____ ______ ._ Ground rent __ ______________ . . . . Interest on mortgages. . . . . ___ . _____ Refinancing charges _________ 1.40 0 .13 15.51 .50 115.97 115. 72 .25 .07 0 .02 .05 1.88 .04 .40 19.45 .73 143.43 143.10 .33 .27 .08 .17 .02 1.96 .08 .25 20. 52 .94 171. 61 171.17 .44 .40 (3) .31 .09 2.15 .02 .38 24. 58 . 55 186. 77 186.44 .33 1. 27 .04 .92 .31 2. 46 .07 .36 25. 93 .84 209.92 209. 45 .47 1.81 (3) 1.35 .46 2. 47 .04 .21 26. 66 .50 218. 76 218.11 .65 2.63 .20 1.80 .63 2.23 .02 .35 26.09 .64 237.90 237. 41 .49 3.32 .08 3.02 .22 3.03 .10 .38 30.04 . 56 244. 65 244. 27 .38 6.02 . 15 5.17 .70 5.10 5. 52 4. 78 5.15 5.16 5.07 5.08 5.06 15.7 18.6 25.9 24.2 15.6 16.0 21.3 26.3 21.5 14.9 11. 7 17.9 24.8 26.9 18.7 14.1 18.2 27.4 25.2 15.1 14. 5 18.0 26.3 25.5 15.7 15.5 19.6 27.1 23.0 14.8 16. 7 18.1 25. 5 23.6 16.1 17. 5 17.9 26.4 23.7 14.5 29.8 3. 83 4.09 1.0 6.87 7.01 3.9 5.49 5. 66 6.0 4. 41 4.64 6.2 3.67 3. 90 4.7 3.23 3. 50 3.3 2. 85 3.22 2.0 2. 52 2.88 2.29 0 .11 19.11 . 15 268. 44 267. 70 .74 5.11 .41 4. 56 . 14 3.29 .02 0 30.30 1.76 276. 58 276. 23 .35 5.82 0 5.05 .77 3.23 .40 0 17.29 1.01 320.02 318.47 1.55 7. 33 .17 7.16 0 2.80 0 .19 27.68 0 311.38 310.62 .76 13. 21 1.30 10.50 1.41 4.95 4. 96 4.89 4.80 4. 51 21. 3 15.9 24.8 22.1 15.9 20.9 24.3 18.3 21.1 15.4 27.2 18.4 19.7 20.8 13.9 30.2 18.8 25.3 17.1 8.6 29.7 23.5 18.9 15.3 12.6 1.3 2.46 2.85 .6 2. 38 2.68 .4 2.38 2.62 .2 2.16 2. 51 .2 2.18 2.30 45.4 38.1 42.5 44.5 46.4 49.1 46.1 41.7 47.7 32.3 56.5 54.5 59.3 $84.13 $58.22 $68. 35 $70. 61 $81. 84 $93. 68 $96. 26 $90.81 $104. 51 $81. 53 $128. 59 $260. 61 $108. 26 65.85 18.28 40. 77 17.45 54. 36 13.99 54.22 16. 39 65.40 16.44 75. 95 17. 73 73.07 23.19 67. 61 23.20 81.15 23. 36 60.88 20. 65 93.63 34.96 221.43 39.18 100.44 7. 82 202.46 78.15 3.75 32.72 7.23 .11 1.05 77. 29 2.16 118.18 56.19 2.03 7.76 4.18 0 .38 46.15 1.49 149. 43 63.91 1.88 15.26 5. 62 . 11 1.23 59.39 2.03 176. 78 69. 62 3. 75 26.03 6. 30 .03 .84 67.18 3.03 195. 35 76. 99 3.01 27.02 6.89 (3) 1.22 78.47 1.75 220.18 81.82 4.72 37.64 7.99 .24 1.20 83.87 2.70 234. 95 90. 72 3.85 41.58 8.08 .15 .69 88. 59 1.29 239.13 90.50 4.09 41.89 7.96 .07 1.27 91.89 1.46 277.01 101. 63 3.39 54.16 10.39 .32 1.34 103.70 2.08 284.00 97. 39 3.23 92. 61 8.45 0 .47 81.59 .26 341.83 100. 61 22.74 84.16 12.86 .08 0 115. 57 5. 81 205.11 70.26 15.50 25.07 12.81 1. 73 0 76.10 3. 64 285.89 77.18 3.23 102. 70 10.28 0 .77 91.73 0 TABULAR SUMMARY Average number of rooms in dwelling unit Percentage of families living in dwellings with— ________ Less than 4 rooms. . . . . _______ 4 r o o m s._________ __ . . . . 5 rooms________ ______ 6rooms_. _____________ ._ __ __ _ . . . _____ 7 rooms or more._ . . . . ___ . . . . . _____ 2. 22 .05 .31 23. 56 .70 195. 28 194.83 .45 1.87 .08 1.49 .30 1 The total number of families surveyed includes those in each of the four subgroups shown in this table (i. e. home owners, house renters, apartment renters with heat included in rent, and apartment renters with heat not included in rent) and also families who changed their housing status during the year for whom no separate subgroup is shown. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. 3 Less than 0.5 cent. 247 248 T a b l e A —4 .— Housing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C o n tin u e d 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 to $1,000 $1,000 to $1,100 to $1,100 $1,200 $1,200 and over $346. 32 $214.30 $283.85 $314. 61 $340.00 $367. 08 $397. 94 $395. 92 $428. 88 $424. 29 $448. 80 $411. 57 $414. 44 143.86 96.12 134.42 137. 83 144.65 146.90 163.00 156. 79 151. 87 140.29 103. 55 206. 46 128. 55 5. 99 5. 59 5.93 5.88 6. 01 5. 99 6. 07 6.04 6. 22 6. 05 6. 05 5. 71 5. 77 2.5 9.1 23.9 33.7 30.8 5.7 13.9 27.6 30.3 22.5 3.3 11.0 20.0 33.2 32.5 2.8 10.1 24.9 34.3 27.9 2.1 8.6 24.0 35.6 29.7 2.0 7.7 27.4 33.9 29.0 1.8 7.0 22.4 32.2 36.6 1.1 7.9 25.2 33.7 32.1 2.5 6.5 19.8 30.3 40.9 6.7 10.1 13.5 35.7 34.0 4.9 8.6 20.4 36.7 29.4 5.6 17.3 28.6 25.6 22.9 1.6 12.9 18.1 35.5 31.9 26.3 3.89 3. 98 1.3 6. 59 6. 69 4.3 5.00 5.15 5.9 4.11 4.28 5.0 3. 49 3.74 3.7 3.15 3. 36 2.5 2.88 3. 08 1.7 2. 52 2. 77 .8 2. 34 2.58 .5 2.19 2. 49 .2 2. 25 2. 38 .2 2.12 2. 40 .2 2. 01 2. 08 Average expenditure for rented principal home, total... . . . . . .... . _ . . . . _______ $251. 21 Rent (gross rent less concessions)______ __________ 250. 21 Repairs by tenant . . . . .. _____ . . . . _ 1.00 Average monthly rental rate. 20. 65 $172. 30 171. 94 .36 14. 39 $204. 47 203. 73 .74 16. 69 $229. 66 228. 49 1.17 18. 67 $255. 98 255. 45 .53 20. 96 $282. 67 281. 63 1.04 23. 05 $285. 30 283. 85 1.45 23. 25 $295. 00 294. 08 .92 23.90 $306. 89 305. 82 1.07 27. 05 $327. 67 325. 68 1.99 28. 26 $319. 06 317. 61 1. 45 26.12 $360. 75 354.11 6. 64 30. 42 $339. 37 337. 61 1.76 29.06 5. 33 4.93 5. 22 5.28 5. 40 5. 47 5. 48 5. 32 5. 32 5. 47 6.15 5. 81 4. 84 10.0 16.7 27.7 28. 5 17.1 19.4 23.6 24.9 18.6 13.5 12.1 19.1 25.2 25.7 17.9 11.0 15.8 27.2 30.3 15.7 9.6 15.9 26.3 31.6 16.6 8.6 15.0 28.4 28.3 19.7 7.3 15.5 30.6 28.9 17.7 6.0 14.4 32.6 30.6 16.4 7.3 14.0 35.0 29.3 14.4 12.9 16.9 22.4 26.9 20.9 4.6 18.4 21.7 36.2 19.1 7.4 19.4 24.4 28.5 20.3 9.4 39.6 18.9 17.6 14.5 16.3 3. 09 3.15 .1 5.19 5.19 .6 4. 67 4. 69 2.1 3. 91 4.01 2.9 3.45 3. 53 3.1 3.13 3. 28 2.5 2. 72 2. 82 1.8 2.68 2. 78 1.3 2. 43 2. 57 .8 2. 30 2. 43 .5 2. 09 2.18 .2 2. 39 2. 42 .4 1.98 1. 91 Average estimated annual rental value _____ _____ Average imputed income from equity in owned principal home_________________________________ Average number of rooms in dwelling unit__ _____ Percentage of families living in dwellings with: ___ . _____ Less than 4 rooms- _ . _ _ _ 4rooms.__ _________ _________ ____ _________ _ __________________ ____ 5 rooms___ _ . . . 6 rooms____ __________________ ____ _________ 7 rooms or more.. ___ _______ ___ III. Percentage of families who rented house for 12 months- .... Average number of persons in economic family___ Average number of persons in household _ _ .. Average number of rooms in dwelling unit_______ Percentage of families living in dwellings with: Less than 4 rooms____________ 4 rooms______ ______ _______ 5 rooms___ __________ _______ Grooms_____________ . . . 7 rooms or more___ _____ IV. Percentage of families who rented apartment for 12 months with heat included in rent.. . . . Average number of persons in economic family Average number of persons in household___________ . VOLUM E $300 to $400 D IS B U R S E M E N T S — SU M M A R Y $200 to $300 Item M ONEY All fam ilies Under $200 Average expenditure for rented principal home, total___ _ . . . _ __ $374. 60 Rent (gross rent less concessions)________________ 374.48 Repairs by tenant________ ____________________ .12 Average monthly rental rate______________________ 31.28 i $222. 99 221. 40 1.59 18. 66 $303. 97 303. 78 . 19 25. 23 $324. 97 324.88 .09 27.12 $356. 76 356. 69 .07 29. 80 $369. 31 369.16 . 15 30. 90 $377. 38 377. 24 . 14 31. 66 $402. 56 402. 56 (3) 33. 57 $410. 34 410.19 . 15 34.13 $413.09 412. 71 .38 34.42 $410.12 410.12 0 33.76 $514.14 514.14 0 43.78 $473. 26 472. 37 .89 39. 37 4.14 3. 91 3.93 3. 91 3. 81 3. 69 3.83 3. 69 3. 72 3. 39 3. 51 3. 40 27.8 38.6 6.9 26.7 0 40.3 23.2 17.0 13.3 6.2 41.5 29.5 20.0 6.3 2.7 42.9 30.5 17.6 6.8 2.2 42.9 34.6 15.1 6.8 .6 50.9 26.2 16.3 5.6 1.0 50.3 25.0 13.4 7.9 3.4 57.0 25.3 12.4 5.3 0 53.5 25.7 14.4 6.4 0 65.6 25.4 5.1 2.8 1.1 77.9 13.6 7.0 1.5 0 57.0 27.5 13.0 0 2.5 V. Percentage of families who rented apartment for 12 months with heat not included in rent___________ Average number of persons in economic family____ _ Average number of persons in household ... ___. . . 25.8 3. 50 3. 65 .5 6. 29 6. 64 3.2 5. 05 5.13 5.4 4. 04 4.19 5.9 3. 48 3.58 4.1 2. 97 3.12 2.8 2. 67 2. 83 1.5 2. 58 2. 76 1.1 2. 25 2. 42 .6 2.15 2. 32 .3 2.37 2.60 .2 2.16 2.16 .2 1.94 2.13 Average expenditure for rented principal home, total________________________________________ $252. 58 Rent (gross rent less concessions) ________ 251. 98 Repairs by tenant... ________ __________ _____ .60 Average monthly rental rate__ ______________ 21.01 $185. 84 185. 53 .31 15. 48 $207. 84 207. 66 . 18 17. 33 $234.19 233. 87 .32 19. 47 $240.90 240. 32 .58 20. 09 $268. 77 267. 98 .79 22. 45 $281. 08 279. 92 1.16 23. 47 $299. 72 298. 50 1. 22 24.90 $299.10 298. 40 .70 24.92 $298. 06 297. 38 .68 24. 56 $339. 35 338. 94 .41 27. 94 $348. 37 347. 76 .61 28.78 $328.19 327. 55 .64 28.13 4. 74 4. 64 4. 75 4. 70 4. 69 4. 69 4.84 4. 97 4. 80 4.90 5.09 4. 79 4. 71 16.7 25.2 32.4 19.4 6.3 24.0 28.6 34.2 9.1 4.1 17.1 24.8 29.0 22.0 7.1 18.6 24.6 32.1 18.3 6.4 18.9 24.5 30.8 19.1 6. 7 17.2 25.5 33.4 18.9 5.0 13. 5 26.5 32.3 20.4 7.3 12.4 25.3 33.4 21.7 7.2 13.1 22. 5 37.4 22.5 4. 5 6.7 32.3 32.2 19.2 9.6 8.8 21.6 34.5 24.0 11.1 5.2 29.1 51.6 14.1 0 16.2 14.2 43.2 23.2 3.2 Average number of rooms in dwelling unit. __ . .. Percentage of families living in dwellings with: Less.than 4 room s... ______ _ _______________ 4 rooms____ _____ ______________ ___________ 5 rooms_______________________________________ 6 rooms_____ _________ ______ _____ ______ 7 rooms or more____ _ _____ _____ ______ 1 SU M M A R Y 3. 77 48.0 28.6 15.3 6.2 1.9 TABULAR Average number of rooms in dwelling unit__ Percentage of families living in dwellings with: __ . Less than 4 rooms___ _____ _ ___ _ _ _ 4 rooms. .. . _ ______ ____ . . . ____ ____ ______ _ 5 rooms... . ________ _____________ . . . . _____ 6 rooms___ _______ _ _______ _. _________ 7 rooms or more. _. . . . . 3 Less than 0.5 cent. 249 250 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME T a b l e A —4 .— Housing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item Families with total annual unit expenditure All fami $300 $400 $500 $600 lies Under $200 to to to to to $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 I. Percentage of all families in survey 1_ . __ 100.0 Av. no. of persons in economic fam ily... 3. 59 Average number of persons in household. .. 3. 76 Percentage of families investing in— Principal home __ 9.9 Vacation home ______ __ ______ ... 0 Percentage of families having current ex penditure for— Owned principal home: 17.6 T a x e s __ _ _______ _ ________ .8 Assessments. . _____ .. ________ 6.7 Repairs and replacements__ _ _ _ Fire insurance on home___ . . . . . 9.6 .2 Liability insurance on hom e.. . . _ . .6 Ground rent__ _. _ _ _ _ 11.5 Interest on mortgages___ _ . . . 1.0 Refinancing charges___ __ ._ _ . . . Rented principal home: Rent (gross rent less concessions) _. _. 82.4 Repairs by tenan t.. _. . . . _ _. 3.7 Secondary housing: Owned vacation hom e.. ______ . 0 Rent on vacation or trips . . . . . . _ 1.0 Rent at school.________ ___ . . . .7 18.1 6. 05 6.15 25.4 3. 95 4.09 22.1 3.00 3.13 16.3 2. 52 2. 72 10.8 0 10.0 0 8.4 0 8.8 0 19.1 .6 4.8 9.5 0 .3 13.6 1.6 18.5 .8 6.2 9.8 0 .7 11.1 1.3 14.0 .4 5.1 8.1 0 .5 10.5 .8 80.9 1.8 81.6 4.0 0 0 0 0 .3 .4 9.3 2. 36 2.61 of— $700 and over 5.0 2. 22 2.56 3.8 2.31 2.72 12.2 0 5.4 0 18.9 0 18.6 1.4 8.5 10.1 0 .7 10.3 .7 19.2 1.9 10.5 11.8 2.0 .6 10. 5 0 12.7 0 3.6 5.0 .6 0 8.2 0 22.9 .8 15.9 15.7 0 1.5 20.6 3.0 85.9 4.7 81.4 3.4 80.2 3.8 86.7 2.7 76.5 9.1 0 0 0 3.1 2.5 0 2.2 3.0 0 6.5 0 .8 .5 .8 .3 Average amount invested during schedule year in owned: Principal home, t o t a l . _____ ______ $12. 71 $15. 97 $8.86 $10. 31 $15. 08 $16.16 $4. 57 $2Q. 01 Paym ent on principal of mortgage and 10.84 11.00 down paym ent________ __________ 9. 71 12. 94 13.17 8.56 4. 57 25.28 4. 97 Improvements on hom e____ _ ____ 1.87 .30 .60 2.14 2. 99 0 3. 73 Vacation h om e._ _______ . . . __ . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Average current expenditure for— 22. 12 17. 74 16. 89 20. 87 22. 56 33. 52 17. 96 60.85 Owned principal home, total. __ _ 4. 65 5.91 7. 22 Taxes . . . _ _ __ . . . . . . __ . . . 7. 18 8. 42 10. 27 7.15 14. 67 . 11 . 12 .07 .28 .37 Assessments.. . . . ________ ____ _ 0 .08 (3) 3.74 3.20 3. 21 3.14 3. 72 Repairs and replacements.._____ ____ 5. 76 1.08 11.98 .84 1.09 .95 .81 Fire insurance on hom e.. ... _ 1. 50 1.69 .64 2.24 0 Liabilitv insurance on home ___ _ . 10 0 0 .93 .24 0 0 . 12 .32 .49 Ground rent .36 .45 .32 0 1.04 7. 83 Interest on mortgages__ . . . . 5. 90 9. 08 8. 77 8. 11 14. 18 8. 85 30.10 .99 .45 .43 .54 Refinancing charges _ . : ... .08 0 0 .74 Rented principal home, total.. . . 160. 83 119. 57 135. 75 155. 67 167. 17 192. 93 273. 54 299. 46 160. 42 119. 27 135. 10 155. 32 166. 85 192. 55 273.38 298. 94 Rent (gross rent less concessions) . .41 .30 .65 .35 Repairs by tenant _ . . ____. . . . .32 .38 . 16 .52 Secondary housing, total___ 0 .50 . 17 .09 .31 2. 33 2. 69 .86 0 0 0 Owned vacation home _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rent on vacation or trips . . 13 .05 .03 . 17 .40 .26 .86 .37 0 . 12 Rent at school________ . . . _______ .06 . 14 1.93 2. 43 0 Average number of rooms in dwelling unit. Percent of families living in dwellings with: Less than 4 rooms__ _______________ _ 4 rooms____ . _________ _______ _ _. 5 rooms . . . _____ . _ . . . _____ 6 rooms____________________________ _ 7 rooms or more_______ . . . __________ II. Percentage of families who owned their principal home for 12 months . . . ____ Av. no. of persons in economic family__ Average number of persons in household. Percentage of families who invested dur ing schedule year in owned principal home_______ ____ _ ... 4. 44 33.6 23.8 19.5 13.8 9.3 17.7 3. 80 4.00 53.5 4. 52 30.9 25.7 20.4 15.0 8.0 3.5 6.28 6. 35 55.0 4. 36 33.8 25.7 21.3 9.9 9.3 4.7 4.10 4.18 52.3 4.29 39.4 23.4 15.9 12.9 8.4 3.1 3. 36 3.54 51. 3 4. 42 36.0 20.4 21.1 14.7 7.8 2.9 2.88 3. 21 50.5 4. 65 30.2 21.6 18.3 21.0 8.9 1.9 2. 51 2. 73 54.4 4. 64 29.5 19.2 19.8 12.7 18.8 4. 90 14.5 32.1 18.0 19.7 15.7 .7 2. 20 2. 36 .9 1.87 2.04 41.0 80.0 Average amount invested during sched ule year, total_____________________ $66.80 $83.14 $45. 72 $70.07 $68. 82 $65.15 $34. 53 $122. 74 Paym ent on principal of mortgage and down paym ent... ______ . . 57.60 57.10 44.11 65. 84 57.09 63.46 34. 53 106.97 9.20 26. 04 1.61 4.23 11.73 1.69 Improvements on hom e_____________ 0 15. 77 1 The total number of families surveyed includes those in each of the 4 subgroups shown in this table (i. e., home owners, house renters, apartment renters with heat included in rent, and apartment renters with heat not included in rent) and also families who changed their housing status during the year for whom no separate subgroup is shown. 3 Less than 0.5 cent. TABULAR SUMMARY 251 T a b l e A —4 .— Housing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C o n t in u e d 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item ah fami lies Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over Average current housing expenditures on owned principal home, total_________ $124. 32 $92. 78 $92. 07 $142. 97 $124. 65 $161.90 $135.66 $257. 74 Taxes_______________ _ _ 40. 61 24. 29 33.90 48.44 46. 68 49.49 53. 95 62.08 .59 .02 .69 .51 Assessments.-________ _ 1.55 0 1.80 0 Repairs and replacements------- - 20. 92 16. 75 17. 44 20. 96 20. 62 27. 76 8.13 50.70 4. 41 6.12 Fire insurance on home— _ __ -- __ 5. 73 4.96 8.10 8. 47 4.86 9. 47 .56 Liability insurance on h o m e ___ _ _ 0 0 0 0 4. 47 1.85 0 .62 2.04 2. 69 2. 29 Ground rent_____ ___ _____ ____ 2. 47 4. 41 1.56 0 50. 84 40. 92 30. 74 61.21 44. 96 68.35 66. 87 127. 37 Interest on mortgages____ ______ 2. 54 Refinancing charges _ 5.20 2. 32 3.83 .27 3.71 0 0 Average estimated annual rental value___ 212. 85 146. 92 171.11 250. 25 236. 70 267. 69 302.03 289.40 Average imputed income from equity in owned principal home ____ _ 88. 53 54.14 79. 04 107. 28 112. 05 105. 79 166. 37 31.66 5. 23 Average number of rooms in dwelling unit5. 40 5.12 5. 61 5. 34 5.70 6.02 5. 23 Percent of families living in dwellings with: 11.4 16.3 8.6 2.9 11. 3 13.6 16.7 0 Less than 4 rooms-. _____ ____- - 24.3 4 rooms______ _ _ ___ __ _______ 17.7 22.5 8.4 12.2 9.5 .12.7 15.7 22.2 26.4 25.4 5 rooms — __ ___ _ _________ _ __ 42.8 35.4 23.7 6.3 22.8 21.5 22.5 6 ro o m s___ ______________ - - ___ 12.6 18.8 35.2 20.1 54.8 38.9 22.1 20.6 29.5 29.4 24.9 12.8 23.2 7 rooms or more-------------- ----------4.3 I I I . Percentage of families who rented house 47.2 11. 4 10. 5 5.9 for 12 months.. _ _ __ _________ _ 13.7 3.1 .7 1.9 3.82 6. 06 2.40 Av. no. of persons in economic family, 3.93 2.89 2.18 2. 28 2. 29 4. 01 6.15 Average number of persons in household _ _ 4.09 3.05 2. 70 2.65 2. 63 2.79 Average expenditure for rented principal $171. 24 $143.44 $159.08 $172.05 $190. 29 $220. 38 $256.37 $240. 08 home, total.. __ __ __ 170.51 142. 97 157. 91 171. 36 189. 82 220.13 255. 61 239. 22 Rent (gross rent less concessions) _ _ .73 .86 .47 1.17 .47 .76 .69 .25 Repairs by tenant-.. ________ _______ Average m onthly rental rate.— ___ 14. 23 11.94 13.19 14. 25 15. 87 18. 33 21.30 19. 94 4. 52 4.41 4. 78 4. 50 Average number of rooms in dwelling unit. 4.37 4. 81 4. 68 5.31 Percent of families living in dwellings with: 34.7 30.9 30.1 31.9 .1 33. 7 26 19.1 12.9 Less than 4 room s.. 25.7 15.6 , 24.6 23.5 23.0 23.2 23.1 43.1 4 rooms---- -------- --------------------24.4 20.1 20.5 19.4 18.8 22,7 6.8 7.8 § rooms. _ _____ ____ _ ... _ 15.9 15.5 12.3 17.0 19.0 28.2 12.9 6 rooms... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . 12.7 9.6 7.5 13.6 6.3 9.4 37.3 11.7 7 rooms or more___ _____ 6.7 IV. Percent of families who rented apartment 10.9 .3 1.0 2.5 for 12 mo. with heat included in rent__ 2.0 1.5 1.8 1.8 4. 23 2. 81 4. 45 3.13 3.00 2. 85 2. 43 2. 55 Average no. of persons in economic fam ily. _ 4. 23 4. 56 3.02 3. 28 Average number of persons in household,__ 3.23 3.25 2. 72 3.12 Average expenditure for rented principal $376. 33 $210. 64 $387.12 $286. 98 $337. 26 $402. 20 $422. 85 $475. 50 home, t o t a l . ____ _ ________ 376. 25 210. 64 387.12 286. 98 337. 26 402. 20 422. 63 475. 24 Rent (gross rent less concessions)___ .08 0 .22 0 0 0 0 .26 Repairs by tenant - ________ _____ Average monthly rental rate _ ___ __ 31.32 17. 55 32. 26 23. 91 28.10 33.83 35. 03 39. 60 4.20 4. 27 5.04 3.60 4.07 4.11 4. 58 Average number of rooms in dwelling unit, 5. 03 Percent of families living in dwellings with: 30.9 34.0 33.1 0 46.6 19.4 36.8 16.7 Less than 4 rooms ____ _ _ __ 32.1 31.0 31.9 31.5 22.6 42.8 32.6 23.1 __ __ _ 4 rooms____ _ 25.4 31.9 16.2 15.6 35.4 22.0 18.0 27.1 5 rooms.. _ _ ___ ______ _ _ _ 10.8 36.2 16.5 0 4.6 16.8 9.0 9.0 6 rooms___ ______ _______ ____ _ 3.3 5.3 8.5 5.3 13.5 0 0 4.5 7 rooms or more _. _ _ . _ - ___ V. Percentage of families who rented apart ment for 12 months with heat not in 5.9 2.9 6.4 5.0 .6 .4 23.9 cluded in r en t.. __ _ _ __ _ 2.7 2. 21 5.80 4.31 2. 96 3. 23 1.88 2.07 2.31 Av. no. of persons in economic fam ily.__ 4. 42 2. 29 3.32 5.89 3.05 2.37 1. 90 2.13 Average number of persons in household._ Average expenditure for rented principal home, total _ _ ___ _ _ _______ $160. 95 $156. 21 $148. 50 $160.02 $156. 83 $180. 04 $221. 82 $226. 90 Rent (gross rent less concessions)_______ 160. 70 156.19 148.41 • 159. 89i 156.64 179.03 221. 82 224. 36 .02 : 2. 54 .25 .19 .09 .13 Repairs by tenant __ . __ __ _ 1.01 0 13.48 13.02: 12.18 13.69' 13.08 14.92 18. 29 18. 91 Average monthly rental rate_____ 3.97 3.43 3. 51 2.15 Average number of rooms in dwelling unit. 3.46 3.44 3.46 3.35 Percent of families living in dwellings with: 55.2 57.5 39.6 55.4 52.3 67.6 Less than 4 rooms _ 62.7 45.7 36.1 31.2 26.0 8.7 22.3 26.6 22.4 8.9 4 rooms 10.2 12.5 9.4 17.4 45.6 11.2 16.7 19.0 _ 5 rooms __ _ _ _ ___ ____ 3.4 4.2 1.9 4.7 0 0 6.6 7.9 6 rooms_______ ____ _ . . . ------4.5 0 1.9 1.0 2.4 1.3 0 0 7 rooms or more. . _ __ 252 T a b l e A —5 . — Fuel, Light, and Refrigeration Expenditures, by Consumption Level 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Average expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, total_____ __ ________ __ ____ Electricity___________ . . . Anthracite________________ ____ _______ _ Bituminous coal ._ _ . . . ._ Lignite________________ _ ___ _ C o k e .______ _ Briquets________________ ____________________ Charcoal________________ ____________________ Wood. . ____ F u elo il_____ ____________ _ _____ _ Gas____ __________________ __________________ Kerosene_________ _____ ______ _________ ______ Gasoline (not for auto)__________ _ ___________ Ice___ _____ ____ _ ............ . _ _ ... $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 to $1,000 $1,000 to $1,100 to $1,100 $1,200 $1,200 and over 100.0 3.0 12.2 19.8 20.4 15.8 11.3 7.1 4.6 2.6 1.4 0.8 1.0 94.1 26.6 32.4 .9 13.2 .7 0) 17.0 7.6 85.2 7.1 1.2 66.2 79.8 28.8 50.6 .1 5.3 .4 .3 30.9 .6 54.3 27.0 3.1 80.2 94.6 32.1 42.9 .6 10.7 .7 .2 23.5 8.6 76.1 13.3 1.4 81.9 94.5 27.8 37.1 1.3 12.2 1.1 (0 19.2 8.8 83.2 8.6 1.2 76.8 95.5 27.6 32.6 .7 14.8 .5 0) 17.4 8.6 87.3 5.5 1.1 69.6 94.5 26.3 27.8 1.1 13.9 .6 .1 14.0 6.7 89.5 5.2 1.0 63.3 94.0 24.5 26.6 .8 15.6 .6 0) 14.4 7.2 90.6 3.6 1.3 56.2 95.1 22.9 26.4 1.0 13.4 .4 0 14.0 7.4 91.1 4.4 1.1 54.5 93.7 23.2 26.3 .9 12.3 .4 0 9.9 4.6 90.0 .8 1.0 41.9 94.4 25.1 18.8 .6 14.6 .7 0 11.7 7.5 91.5 2.1 .3 46.9 92.1 16.2 21.5 1.8 18.0 0 0 9.6 4.6 85.5 3.2 0 41.2 96.4 13.9 26.5 1.2 12.6 .7 0 9.6 5.2 91.0 4.2 1.5 34.4 93.4 14.7 8.9 .5 8.5 1.4 0 10.9 3.5 87.8 3.0 0 29.4 $108.15 $86. 99 $104. 90 $109.10 $111.37 $109. 90 $110.15 $109. 75 $107. 20 $105. 87 $103.63 $107.17 $93. 70 27.65 15.11 14. 50 .44 7.77 .23 .01 1. 70 3.90 24. 46 .86 .07 11.45 19.67 12. 37 17. 95 .09 1.88 .01 .02 4.27 3.-50 15.12 2.81 .26 9.04 24. 56 15. 82 16.91 .27 5.26 .24 .02 2. 59 4.83 21. 28 1.71 .11 11. 30 26. 43 14. 81 16.21 .63 7.13 .36 .02 2.06 4. 51 23.63 1.12 .09 12.10 27.33 16.10 14. 87 .34 8. 91 .23 (2) 1.58 4.35 25. 04 .68 .07 11.87 28.84 15.63 12.89 .53 8.23 .19 ( 2) 1. 31 3.43 26. 01 .58 .06 12. 20 29.29 14. 71 13.06 .44 9. 53 .24 (2) 1.17 3.62 26.12 .39 .04 11.54 30. 41 14.05 13.31 .48 8.03 .16 0 1.56 3.26 26. 30 .53 .08 11. 58 30.88 15. 78 13.26 .44 7.94 .12 .02 .76 1.81 26.85 .25 .07 9. 02 30. 53 16. 49 8. 90 .21 9.53 .02 0 .82 2.35 26. 59 .32 (2) 10.11 31.07 12. 01 11.22 . 91 11. 55 0 0 .55 2.68 23. 83 .54 0 9. 27 35. 84 9.26 13. 52 .45 10. 50 .11 0 .37 3.32 25. 44 .31 .03 8. 02 33. 01 8. 67 8.96 .28 4. 85 .60 0 .92 3.49 25. 77 .39 0 6.76 D ISB U R S E M E N T S - I. Percentage of families in s u r v e y . __ _________ _ Percentage of families spending for: Electricity__________ ____ ______ _ ____ A nth racite_____ B ituminous coal Lignite__________________ _ _________ _ _ Coke__________ Briquets_________________ ___ ___________ Charcoal... _ . . . __ ______ _____ _ . . . _____ Wood____________________________ ___________ Fuel oil__________________________ ___________ ____________________ ___________ Gas______ __________ _ ___________ Kerosene. __ ___ Gasoline (not for a u t o ) __ ___________ ______ _ ._ Ice______________ All fam ilies Under $200 M ONEY Item GG d > w < o d II. Percentage of families in houses making payments for heat separately from rent___________________ Percentage of families spending for: Electricity________________ ___________________ Anthracite_____________________________________ Bituminous coal________________________________ Lignite________________________________________ C o k e ._________ ______ ____ _ ______________ . Briquets_______________________ _____________ Charcoal.__ _______________ . . . . . . ___________ W ood_____________________ _ ________________ Fuel oil________________________________________ Gas___________________________________________ Kerosene_______ _____ ________ _____________ Gasoline (not for auto)______ ____ _______________ Ice_________________ __ ______________________ 2.3 7.8 11.5 10.5 7.9 5.5 3.5 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.4 97.2 30.0 42.4 1.6 14.3 .9 .1 21.7 4.8 85.9 9.2 1.4 68.5 80.3 32.5 54.6 .2 4.1 .5 .3 32.6 5.3 52.8 27.7 3.0 79.4 95.0 31.1 50.8 1.0 9.3 .8 .2 25.8 3.9 76.0 15.0 1.9 80.1 97.1 28.4 46.1 2.2 12.2 1.3 0) 21.6 4.7 84.2 11.3 1.5 76.9 98.7 30.5 39.8 1.3 16.6 .4 (9 22.7 5.7 88.5 7.0 1.4 69.3 98.7 29.7 38.2 2.0 16.1 .6 .2 18.0 4.1 91.3 6.6 1.4 65.2 98.6 28.5 35.8 1.8 18.5 .6 (9 19.1 4.7 94.8 3.9 .8 59.4 99.3 29.2 41.0 2.1 15.9 1.2 0 20.0 6.0 92.3 5.7 1.6 55.0 98.1 37.8 36.3 2.2 16.6 1.0 0 14.9 5.0 93.8 3.6 1.4 43.6 100.0 41.9 24.4 1.5 22.1 1.0 0 16.7 6.4 98.7 1.0 0 49.1 100.0 25.7 31.0 4.5 24.4 0 0 12.3 6.8 85.4 6.5 0 47.4 98.8 18.9 48.9 2.9 10.9 1.7 0 14.5 1.7 86.9 9.2 3.6 34.9 100.0 32.7 30.1 1.4 18.2 4.0 0 21.7 5.8 95.4 7.2 0 40.8 Average expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, . . . . _ .. _. . ____ $122.84 total __ ______________ $86. 24 $109. 88 $119.44 $125. 32 $128.82 $132. 45 $134. 07 $137. 64 $134.97 $140. 23 $129. 81 $135.66 26. 09 16. 75 19.91 .43 4.84 .32 .02 3. 09 2.19 22. 63 1.88 .16 11.57 29. 01 16.17 21. 05 1.07 7. 68 .57 .02 2. 41 2. 05 25. 69 1.39 . 11 12.22 33.19 19.88 18.78 .89 11. 75 .35 (2) 1.71 2. 86 30. 97 .42 .04 11. 61 34. 26 20.46 20. 51 1. 01 10.17 .35 0 2.48 3.17 29. 40 .56 . 16 11. 54 36.11 23. 62 19. 65 1. 06 11. 33 .29 0 1.17 2.11 32.68 .26 . 17 9.19 34. 97 29. 39 11.92 .51 14.61 .05 0 1.68 1. 46 30. 91 .01 0 9. 46 37.28 19. 52 18.89 1.94 16.78 0 0 .86 3.98 30. 53 1.08 0 9. 37 40.02 16.17 27. 05 1.09 7.17 .27 0 .73 1.07 28. 40 .65 .07 7.12 38. 58 19. 51 16. 62 .81 10.06 1.73 0 .49 4.19 34. 39 1.10 0 8.18 Electricity.. _____________ ______ . . . . .. . . . Anthracite . . ______________ _______ ____ Bituminous c o a l_______ ______________________ Lignite_____ . _ _______ ._ __ _____ _________ C o k e .____ . . . _ __________ _____ _____ _______ Briquets_______________________________________ Charcoal_________ ___________________________ Wood_________________________________________ Fuel oil________________________________________ Gas__________ _______ ______ . . . _______ . . . Kerosene______________________________________ Gasoline (not for auto)----------------------------Ice______ ______________________________ _____ 30. 26 18.42 19. 60 .80 8. 84 .35 (2) 2. 32 2. 40 27. 01 1.08 . 12 11.64 19.76 10.59 19. 50 . 12 2. 06 .01 .03 4.68 2.13 15. 30 2. 86 .26 8.94 30.18 19. 65 19.14 .65 10.29 .29 (2) 2.12 2.60 27.44 .82 .14 12. 00 32.26 19. 38 18. 51 1. 01 10.09 .24 (2) 1. 92 2.37 29. 72 .67 .06 12. 59 H3 > W d > SU M M A R Y 53.2 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 Less than 0.5 cent. 253 254 T a b l e A —5 .— Fuel , Light, and Refrigeration Expenditures , by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— III. Percentage of families in houses not making pay ments for heat separately from rent_____________ Percentage of families spending for— Electricity____________________________________ Gas___________________________________________ Ice____________________________________________ $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 to $1,000 to $1,100 to $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 $ 1,200 0) and over 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0) 0) 0) 58.5 48.7 61.1 29.4 29.4 64.7 69.9 46.6 76.7 39.3 49.3 49.3 45.0 44.7 79.6 58.2 64.1 66.2 20.6 20.6 24.4 91.4 74.0 48.0 81.7 81.7 63.6 30.8 30.8 23.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.9 66.7 77.8 56.4 56.4 28.2 Average expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, total________________________________________ $41. 37 $45. 98 $46. 60 $32. 62 $37. 68 $46. 25 $13. 99 $53. 97 $70. 01 $13. 86 $82.13 $82. 01 $40. 51 Electricity_____________________________________ Gas___________________________________________ Ice____________________________________________ All other fuel__________________________________ 15. 44 11.63 12.18 2.12 5.31 9. 43 11.20 20.04 18.66 10. 50 8.25 9.19 12.81 11. 83 7.88 . 10 8. 91 10.04 15. 90 2. 83 15. 61 14. 38 13.22 3.04 7. 21 2. 06 2. 74 1.98 22. 86 16. 98 14.13 0 26. 37 18. 18 25. 46 (2) 3. 85 3.85 6.16 0 15. 32 14. 38 52. 43 0 36. 00 17. 78 28.23 0 22. 82 8. 46 9. 23 IV. Percentage of families in apartments making pay ments for heat separately from rent____________ Percentage of families spending for: Electricity_____________________________________ Anthracite____________________________________ Bituminous coal_______________________________ Lignite________________________________________ Coke__________________________________________ Briquets______________________________________ Charcoal______________________________________ Wood_________________________________________ Fuel oil_______________________________________ Gas___________________________________________ Kerosene______________________________________ Gasoline (not for auto)__________________________ Ice____________________________________________ 1.0 (9 0 29.3 0.6 3.7 6.0 6.8 4.6 3.1 1.8 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 96.8 35.1 33.5 (9 18.9 .7 .3 19.5 16.9 89.5 6.7 .7 73.0 90.1 38.4 47.0 0 10.1 0 .4 28.1 12.3 59.1 23.2 2.9 79.8 93.8 38.7 33.6 0 15.9 .7 .4 23.1 20.8 78.5 11.0 1.3 84.8 95.8 35.2 33.9 .3 16.3 .9 .3 23.4 19.1 84.3 7.1 .6 78.4 97.9 34.4 35.1 0) 18.8 .9 0 18.1 16.1 90.3 6.1 .3 75.7 97.6 39.4 29.9 .3 19.8 .7 0 17.0 15.1 93.7 5.7 1.0 71.8 98.4 34.4 30.6 0) 23.5 1.1 0 18.0 17.1 96.2 4.8 1.4 61.8 98.0 32.4 27.8 0 22.9 0 0 17.5 17.8 98.2 5.5 .8 66.4 96.8 31.8 36.8 0 18.7 0 2.1 13.4 8.9 94.7 2.5 (0 48.5 98.9 29.5 31.1 0 22.0 1.1 3.6 15.4 16.7 96.8 4.8 0 56.3 100.0 19.0 41.7 0 30.1 0 0 16.7 12.5 100.0 (0 0 51.4 100.0 25.4 28.2 0 26.3 0 0 16.9 21.6 93.9 0 0 49.8 97.4 25.0 32.1 0 21.2 0 0 18.6 0 100.0 3.2 0 50.0 M ONEY DISBURSEMENTS ---- SUMMARY VOLUME Item All fam ilies Under $200 Average expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, total_____________ ____________ ____________ $116. 27 $97.28 $104. 37 $112.70 $116. 54 $118. 89 $122. 40 $123. 87 $119. 20 $123. 48 $125. 61 $113. 34 $120. 58 26. 02 18.11 14.19 .03 10.45 .20 .04 1. 56 8. 75 24. 39 .91 .04 11.58 20.03 20.22 14.73 0 2.55 0 .02 3.21 9.12 15.19 3.01 .15 9. 05 22. 44 16.46 13. 82 0 7. 03 .12 .07 1.97 11.31 19. 32 1.50 .03 10. 30 24. 66 17. 90 13. 55 .06 8.33 . 13 .06 2.06 10. 64 22. 41 1. 02 .03 11.85 25. 73 17. 55 14.89 .03 10. 84 .35 (2) 1. 51 8.88 24. 38 .71 (2) 11. 67 26. 78 20.41 12.61 .03 11.31 .27 .03 1.14 7. 49 25. 55 .80 .07 12. 40 28.28 18. 01 13. 83 (2) 13. 92 .21 .04 1.12 7. 83 26. 73 .57 .04 11.82 29. 38 16. 34 13. 69 0 13. 50 0 0 1.39 6. 90 29.24 1.02 (2) 12. 41 27.76 20.79 17. 79 0 11. 30 0 .07 .99 3. 32 27. 59 .42 (2) 9.17 28.11 17.19 15. 27 .04 12.93 (2) 0 .50 5. 54 30.79 .44 0 12.67 29. 90 13. 75 17.47 0 19.11 0 0 .69 5.14 29.48 .60 0 9. 47 27. 75 13.10 11.36 0 15. 73 0 0 .23 13.62 21.41 0 0 10.14 34. 62 12. 05 19. 55 0 8.72 0 0 .45 0 35.19 .06 0 9.94 Electricity__________________ __ _____________ Anthracite_____ ___ __________ _ _ __ __ ___ Bituminous coal__ __ __ _ _ _________________ Lignite _ _ _ ____ _ _____ ____ Coke_ _ _ _ __ _ ____ __________ _ _ _ __ Briquets___________ __________________________ Charcoal _ _ ____ __ ______ _ W ood_________________________________________ F u elo il____ ______ ______ __ _____________ Gas_______________________ __ -__ __ _________ Kerosene. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ Gasoline (not for auto)____ _ _ ___ ___ Ice___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ V. Percentage of families in apartments not making Average expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, total _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ Electricity _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ Gas______ _ _______ ______ ___________ ___ Ice __ __ _ ___ ___ ______ _____ All other fuel ___ ________ ____ _________________ 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 Less than 0.5 cent. 0.1 0.6 2.1 2.9 3.1 2.6 1.7 1.3 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.4 64.2 64.2 77.9 72.1 68.0 77.1 72.7 72.7 66.1 79.3 77.5 61.6 81.1 79.6 49.8 81.1 76.1 49.4 84.6 82.4 44.0 82.6 78.0 29.9 82.5 76.5 30.0 88.8 75.7 27.2 92.1 94.2 14.3 93.1 81.7 18.5 $53. 07 $48. 65 $51.15 $49. 90 $55. 24 $53. 35 $51. 89 $55.37 $52.01 53. 53 $46. 81 $65. 86 $50.07 23. 74 17. 65 10.48 1.20 15.68 18. 41 9.04 5. 52 19. 09 17. 08 12. 48 2. 50 19. *6 16. 92 12.14 1.68 22.81 18. 74 11.71 1.98 23.81 18. 30 10.89 .35 23. 09 15.85 11.45 1. 50 25.99 18.62 10. 27 .49 26. 29 17.58 7.89 .25 28.12 17. 58 7.05 .78 24. 55 12.78 7.41 2. 07 35. 93 25. 42 4. 51 0 28. 36 17.19 4.35 .17 255 16.5 80.2 77.8 50.2 TABULAR SUMMARY payments for heat separately from rent_________ Percentage of families spending for— ___ __ _ Electricity _________ _ ___ ___ Gas____________ ____ ___________ ____ _____ Ice___ _______ _ ________________ _ __ 256 M O N EY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMM ARY VOLUME T a b l e A—5.— F u e l, L ight, an d R efrigeration E xpend itures, 1,566 by C onsum ption Level NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item I. Percentage of families in survey________ Percentage of families spending for— Electricity. __ ______________________ Anthracite _________ _____________ Bituminous coal _ ___________ _______ Lignite. . . . _____ ________________ Coke_______ _ ____________ _ _____ Briquets . . . . ______________ . . . Charcoal. __ _ __ __ __ . . . ____ W o o d .___________ . . . _ . . . . ._ Fueloil. _. . . . . _ _ _ _ Gas ___ . . . ._ . . . ___ ____ Kerosene____ _ ___ ._ . . . __ Gasoline (not for auto)___ ______ . . . _ Ice __________________ _ _ _____ .. Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 100.0 18.1 25.4 22.1 16.3 9.3 5.0 3.8 75.5 16.3 64.3 0 1.8 .3 .8 39.5 1.0 46.5 38.5 2.4 92.0 56.0 16.3 69.1 0 2.5 .3 1.2 60.5 1.2 16.3 60.6 5.0 93.2 72.8 14.0 72.9 0 2.2 .9 1.8 45.9 1.5 35.7 44.9 3.9 95.2 77.8 17.5 69.9 0 1.4 0 .3 36.6 .8 49.3 38.7 1.6 92.5 83.8 14.8 63.1 0 1.1 0 .3 29.8 .5 58.5 24.4 .8 93.3 85.0 18.0 52.4 0 3.0 0 .6 26.6 .6 70.9 27.9 0 93.3 89.8 21.9 33.3 0 0 0 0 21.5 0 82.4 8.1 0 80.2 95.1 19.2 25.3 0 0 0 0 10.7 1.5 87.4 14.9 0 76.4 Average expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, t o t a l._______ _ _ ._ _. $86. 73 $72. 58 $83.94 $89. 52 $91.44 $100. 90 $91.10 $94. 51 Electricity. _______ __ Anthracite __________ . . . __ ____ Bituminous coal____ _ _ _ _ Lignite. __ _ _ ___ . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ Coke. _ _ __ __ ___ __ _ _ _ Briquets. ___ ___ _ _ ______ _ ___ Charcoal______ ____________ __ . . . _ W ood________________________________ Fuel oil__________ . . . _____ ____ Gas __ . __ _______ K erosene.___ ___ __ _. _ _ ___ Gasoline (not for auto). ___ ____ Ice.. _____ _ ___ II. Percentage of families in houses making payments for heat separately from rent _ Percentage of familing spending for— Electricity _ _ _ _ _ _____ Anthracite ._ ______ _ . __. Bituminous coal.. _ _______ _ Lignite. _ _ ___ __ . . . __ __ Coke. _ . . . _ _______________ _ Briquets _ __ ___________ _ . . . . . . Charcoal__ _ _ ___ __ ___ . . . W ood_______________________________ Fueloil_______ __ __ _ _ __ __ Gas___ _ .__ . . . ___ ______ K erosene.___ _____ _ _ __ __ Gasoline (not for auto) I c e ... . . . . . . _ ___ . . . _ __ . 16. 57 7.68 23. 38 0 .61 .01 .05 6.18 .24 12. 75 3.88 .15 15. 23 10. 92 5. 56 24. 33 0 .81 .01 .09 9. 66 .14 4. 43 5. 40 .29 10.94 15. 37 7.22 25.13 0 .40 .04 .10 7. 69 .16 9.27 4. 31 .23 14. 02 16. 91 7. 34 25.42 0 .71 0 .01 5.84 .30 13.46 3.98 .10 15. 45 63.0 14.5 18.0 13.8 8.3 4.6 2.3 1.5 73.7 22.1 69.5 0 2.2 .3 1.2 48.9 1.0 38.7 44.8 2.9 91.3 53.8 17.4 69.6 0 2.7 .4 1.2 65.0 1. 2 13.4 61.5 5.0 94.7 72.0 19.3 72.6 0 2.8 .6 2.2 51.4 1.6 31.2 47.4 3.2 93.4 76.7 22.4 73.9 0 .7 0 .4 46.9 0 44.1 42.9 2.9 91.4 88.4 24.5 68.7 0 1.1 0 .7 36.3 1.0 52.5 31.4 1.7 90.6 88.2 26.3 61.1 0 6.1 0 1.2 31.7 1.2 67.0 33.8 0 90.1 100.0 39.4 52.5 0 0 0 0 37.4 0 81.6 13.1 0 76.9 93.7 48.3 47.9 0 0 0 0 21.3 3.8 91.2 23.9 0 61.6 18. 06 7.33 24. 61 0 .40 0 .03 3.65 .45 16.47 2.85 . 12 17. 47 19. 06 10.89 20. 80 0 1.53 0 .04 5.03 .28 20. 61 3.65 0 19.01 24.67 12.11 11.85 0 0 0 0 1.64 0 21.83 1.08 0 17. 92 25. 96 10. 34 11.06 0 0 0 0 1.00 .13 24.20 1.98 0 19.84 Average expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, total. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ $92. 01 $72. 53 $86.46 $95.46 $104. 85 $121. 25 $114.48 $120. 71 Electricity. _ __ ___ _ _______ Anthracite _______ _____ _____ Bituminous coal __ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ ______ _ _ _ _ Lignite _ ____ C oke... _ ___ ________________ _ _ __ Briquets____ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ Charcoal. ___ _ _________ ____ Wood________________________________ Fueloil_____ .. _____ ______ Gas______ _ _ ___ Kerosene___ ___ __ _ Gasoline (not for auto) _ __ ___ _ Ice____________________ ______________ 16. 45 10.93 25. 79 0 .71 .01 .07 7.85 .26 11.08 4. 39 .17 14. 30 10. 53 6.11 24.18 0 .9 i .01 .09 10. 36 .06 3. 56 5.57 .25 10. 86 15. 60 9.60 25. 25 0 .54 .03 . 11 9.20 .22 7. 66 4. 33 .18 13.74 17.14 10.18 27. 30 0 .38 0 .02 8.09 0 12.41 4. 32 .16 15. 46 19. 75 13. 79 29.28 0 .23 0 .06 4.08 .89 16.33 3.28 .24 16. 92 21.59 16. 63 27.38 0 3.12 0 .07 5. 73 .85 21.98 4.79 0 19.11 26.62 24.52 18. 87 0 0 0 0 1.44 0 26.04 .83 0 16.16 28.13 26. 06 20. 43 0 0 0 0 2.16 .34 27. 48 4.68 0 11.43 TABULAR SUMMARY 257 Table A—5.— F u e l, L ight, and Refrigeration E xpend itures, by C onsum ption Level— Con. 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item III. Percentage of families in houses not mak ing payments for heat separately from rent__________________________ ___ Percentage of families spending for— Electricity ___ _ _ ___ _ Gas ___ ___ ______________ __ Ice __ _________________ Average expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, total. _ _ Electricity . . _ __________ _ ___ . Gas . . . __ _ __ _ Ice. _ _____ ___ _ __ All other fuel.__ _ _ ________ IV. Percentage of families in apartments making payments for heat separately from rent __ __ __ ___ _ __ Percentage of families spending for— Electricity ____ ____ _ ____ Anthracite __ _ _ _ Bituminous c o a l . __ _ _ _ Lignite. _ Coke. _ __ _ _ __ _ Briquets __ __ _ _ Charcoal__ __ __________ W o o d ______________________ Fueloil____ ___ _____ _ _ _ Gas ______ _ _____ ___ _ _ Kerosene. _ _ _ _ __ _ Gasoline (not for auto) _ _ _ __ __ ___ Ice_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ Average expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, total,_ ______________ fami lies Under $200 $200 to $300 1.4 0.3 0.1 37. 6 30. 6 75.9 31.8 30. 9 68.2 0 0 100.0 $46. 97 $46.81 $34.14 6.12 6. 09 15.12 19. 64 5. 53 9. 41 11. 64 20. 23 0 0 18.' 93 15. 21 $300 to $400 0.1 0 0 0 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 50.2 49.8 100.0 56.6 13.2 56.6 0 0 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $6.00 $48. 61 $71. 35 $35. 92 $50.44 0 0 0 6. 00 9. 26 10. 40 19. 26 9. 69 11.03 1. 93 10. 82 47. 57 0 0 9. 06 26. 86 8. 97 11.46 30.01 0 24. 7 3.0 6.3 6.2 5.2 2.9 0. 7 0.4 77.1 8.5 82. 5 0 1.9 .5 .5 34.3 1.4 49. 5 37. 8 2.2 94.7 64.2 9.3 80.4 0 3.7 0 1.9 46.7 1.9 25. 7 56.8 5.6 87.5 73.6 5. 4 86.0 0 .9 1.8 .9 37.5 1.8 39.3 43.0 5.9 96.1 83.2 9. 5 85. 7 0 3. 5 0 0 27. 7 2.8 53.1 38.2 0 97.1 82.4 4.5 87. 2 0 1.8 0 0 34.1 0 56.2 26.2 0 92.1 71.9 16.6 65. 4 0 0 0 0 34.2 0 65.0 36.3 0 100.0 87.3 23.6 .64.0 0 0 0 0 18.7 0 79.8 14. 9 0 92.4 100.0 0 100.0 0 0 0 0 26.1 0 82.6 8.7 0 91.3 $86. 07 $77. 28 $81. 05 $88. 57 $88. 09 $90. 87 $106. 97 $90.66 12. 96 2. 80 29. 61 0 .46 0 . 10 7.83 .57 6. 83 4. 28 .52 11.32 15.42 2.82 28. 62 0 .68 .01 .03 4. 66 .34 14. 24 4.01 . 17 15. 07 V. Percentage of families in apartments not making payments for heat separately from rent __ __ _ ________ Percentage of families spending for— Electricity__________________ _________ Gas _ ________ ________ _ __ Ice _ ______________ ____ __ 10.9 .3 1.0 2.0 2.4 1.6 1.8 1.8 86.8 86.2 87.2 68.1 68.1 100.0 100.0 94.3 91.5 76.9 76.9 88.6 76.3 82.6 97.6 94.3 94.3 84.1 87.2 82.7 75.1 100.0 95.5 82.6 Average expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, total___________ _______ Electricity.___ ___ ___ _________ ___ _ Gas _ __ ______________________ __ Ice. _ _ ______________ _________ ____ All other fuel.________________________ 14.28 1.74 29. 08 0 .05 .05 .09 4. 52 .02 11.92 4.79 .44 14. 07 16.04 .95 29. 43 0 .87 0 0 4.99 0 16.00 3.65 0 16.16 Electricity _ _ Anthracite ____ __ _____ _ Bituminous coal . Lignite _ _ _ __ _ Coke___ ____ ___ ______ _ Briquets_____ _ __ __ ________ __ Charcoal.. _ _____ _____ ______ ___ W ood________________________________ Fuel oil__ _ __ ___ ______ _ G a s __ ___ _ ________ Kerosene___________ ______ _ _ _ Gasoline (not for auto)__ __ __ ______ Ice __ ___________ _______ _____ 16. 73 3. 52 29.88 0 1.68 0 0 2.80 1.06 14.50 3.76 0 14. 64 13.67 6. 34 23.48 0 0 0 0 6. 28 0 19.18 3.73 0 18.19 25. 30 6.86 22.18 0 0 0 0 1.35 0 26. 75 3.57 0 20. 96 17.10 0 33.72 0 0 0 0 1.66 0 19. 97 .48 0 17. 73 $62.07 $47. 63 $61.33 $53. 72 $58. 74 $67.13 $59.68 $76.05 21.11 19. 91 20. 45 .60 15.03 19. 61 12. 99 0 20.46 23.26 16. 23 1.38 16.52 17.70 17.00 2.50 18.04 19.02 21.68 0 22. 47 23. 43 21.23 0 24.49 15. 39 19.80 0 26. 87 23.10 26.02 .06 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— -SUMMARY VOLUME 258 T able A - 6 .— H ousehold O peration E xpenditures Other T han fo r F u e l, L ight, an d R efrig eration, by C onsum ption Level 14,469 Item Percentage of families in sur vey_____________________ Percentage of families spend ing for— Water rent______________ Telephone ____________ Domestic service: Full-time. ___ ________ Part-time___________ Laundry out-_ Postage, telegrams___ _ Moving, express, freight, drayage----------------------Safe-deposit box_________ Insurance on furniture___ Interest on debts. _- ____ WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami Un $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over 100.0 4.6 2.6 1.4 0.8 1.0 39.8 47.6 42.6 40.8 40.3 38.9 39.4 38.1 36.2 35.9 10.3 15.0 25.0 33.3 42.1 48.8 50.9 59.1 31.0 57.5 36.0 64.1 34.9 68.3 33.4 67.1 2.2 .3 1.1 1.3 2.2 3.1 2.6 3.8 3.0 7.3 1.0 2.5 3.3 6.2 7.1 10.1 12.1 16.6 31.9 9.5 15.2 21.3 28.9 35.0 42.5 46.6 54.4 85.5 66.9 77.4 82.9 86.9 88.0 90.4 91.7 89.4 2.9 14.6 56.7 92.0 3.2 23.9 62.7 95.0 4.4 24.8 67.7 88.8 6.5 31.1 75.2 92.4 9.7 7.7 10.9 11.1 12.0 14.2 14.5 .4 .7 1.8 3.2 5.0 8.2 7.1 8.7 12.8 15.5 18.7 22.8 23.2 24.1 7.4 11.0 11.4 10.7 11.3 12.6 10.7 15.8 10.0 29.6 9.6 19.1 10.9 30.2 15.5 14.1 17.1 46.2 11.3 22.1 14.8 36.7 19.6 11.7 4.5 19.9 11.3 3.0 12.2 19.8 20.4 15.8 11.3 7.1 15.7 10.8 28.1 13.6 Average expenditure per family for household op eration other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, total________________ $58.31 $31.74 $38.43 $44.62 $53.31 $62.44 $69.57 $77.16 $86.29 $87.04 $99. 49 $120.09 $128.46 Water rent______________ 4. 84 Telephone______________ 9. 98 Domestic service: Full-time_____________ 2. 00 Part-time_____________ 2. 76 Household paper____ ___ 3. 58 Bar soap __ ______ 3. 63 Starch, bluing___________ 1.25 Soap flakes, powder _ _ 5. 73 Cleaning powder, polish, steel wool, etc._ _ __ ___ 2. 44 1.74 Matches __ ______ _ Laundry out ___ ______ _ 11.22 Stationery, pens, pencils, ink___________________ 1.39 Postage, telegrams_______ 2. 09 Moving, express, freight, drayage. _ _ ____ 1.10 Safe-deposit box _ _ ___ . 16 Insurance on furniture___ 1.45 Interest on debts _ _ ___ 2. 29 Other items-. ______ .66 5. 39 5.16 4. 85 4. 83 4. 94 4. 70 4. 55 4. 63 3.92 4. 96 5. 57 4. 21 1.83 3. 63 6. 07 8. 59 11.95 13. 92 15.26 18. 37 17. 41 20. 89 21.89 23. 87 .45 .17 2. 92 4.72 1.54 4. 71 .35 .53 3. 35 4. 40 1.48 5. 55 .77 .89 3.60 3.78 1.33 5. 76 1.83 1.97 3. 61 3. 65 1.27 5. 74 2. 49 2. 52 3. 71 3. 47 1.22 5.86 3.12 3. 54 3. 61 3. 31 1.09 5. 79 4.05 5.08 3. 67 3.19 1.15 5. 72 3. 66 6. 95 3. 58 3.12 1.14 6.11 2. 53 8.10 4. 03 2. 90 .95 6. 30 2. 62 7. 35 5. 92 9.83 18.08 15.22 3.88 3. 43 3. 77 2. 95 2.76 2.80 .83 .91 .77 5. 34 5.70 5.96 1.44 2.07 2.24 2. 40 2. 57 2. 63 2. 67 2. 91 3. 06 3.00 3. 45 3. 35 1.94 1.92 1.86 1.70 1.71 1. 59 1.70 1.51 1.54 1.84 1.27 1.53 2. 05 4. 07 6. 08 9. 13 12.14 15. 46 18. 42 21.55 23. 49 27. 47 33. 35 41.56 .82 1.06 1.16 1.29 1.42 1.65 1.62 1.68 .88 1.24 1.61 1.95 2. 32 2. 57 2. 85 2. 96 2.33 3.01 2. 32 3.72 1.71 3. 29 2. 85 4. 40 .50 .62 .87 1.00 1.14 1.43 1.70 1.48 .01 .02 .06 . 11 .20 .29 .28 .45 .60 .71 1.15 1.27 1.67 1.79 1.81 2.20 1.44 1.88 2. 00 2. 34 2. 37 2. 27 2.58 3. 19 .33 .39 .54 .63 .74 .81 .86 .80 1.49 .41 2. 49 2. 22 .86 1.44 .42 2. 93 3. 92 1.13 1.72 .74 4. 21 3.70 .96 3.23 .50 2. 65 4. 55 1.32 259 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e A—6 .— H ousehold O peration E xpenditures Other T han for F u e l, L ight, and R efrig eration, fry C onsum ption Level— Continued 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item Percentage of families in survey - - _ _ __ Percentage of families spending for— Water rent __ - ____ ___ __ __ Telephone,. _ _ _ _ _ _______ Domestic service: Full-timePart-time_______ _ Laundry out-_- ____________________ __ Postage, telegrams__ ____ __ Moving, express, freight, drayage-- _ _ Safe-deposit box _____ ___ __ Insurance on furniture.- _ _ ___ _ _ Interest on debts __ ___ _ __ Average expenditure per family for house hold operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, total____________________ W ater rent - _ _ _ __ _ Telephone-. _ _ __ _ . ___ _ _ _ Domestic service: Full-time- _ Part-time- _ ______ Household paper _ ___ _ _ __ _ Bar soap _____ _ ______ __ ______ _ _ Starch, bluing _ __ ______ Soap flakes, powder. - _ _ _ _ _ _____ . Cleaning powder, polish, steel wool, etc- . _ Matches_______ _______ _ ___________ Laundry out___ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ Stationery, pens, pencils, ink________ ___ Postage, telegrams___ _________________ Moving, express, freight, drayage____ __ Safe-deposit box___ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Insurance on furniture. ___ _ _ Interest on debts ______ _ __ _____ Other items _ _ __ _ Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 100.0 18.1 25.4 22.1 16.3 9.3 5.0 3.8 31.2 14.6 .7 2.6 19.5 74.7 10.7 .7 12.8 7.7 34.5 7.4 .6 .6 5.0 65.5 8.3 0 4.8 8.6 34.9 7.7 .6 1.5 12.9 72.3 10.7 .3 10.2 7.9 30.4 12.1 .3 2.5 18.2 75.3 10.2 .4 16.0 6.7 26.8 18.0 .9 3.5 22.5 77.2 9.9 1.1 13.9 5.3 26.8 16.7 1.6 1.9 35.7 87.7 9.7 1.0 14.4 10.3 18.5 37.3 0 8.7 45.3 79.4 19.5 3.3 25.1 8.9 32.4 59.4 2.5 7.3 53.2 96.4 17.4 .8 14.5 8.2 $33.08 $23. 56 $27. 08 $31. 69 $33. 44 $41.82 $55. 73 $73. 50 3. 54 4.11 .26 .56 2. 27 3. 97 1.29 3.53 1.25 1.64 5. 71 .83 1.31 .66 .03 .84 1.04 .24 3.87 1.19 .29 .16 1.88 4. 63 1.42 2. 93 .67 1. 73 .96 . 72 .89 .34 0 .40 1.07 .41 3.82 1.73 .30 .13 2.28 4.10 1.25 3. 25 1.20 1.83 3. 30 .80 1.05 .58 .01 .64 .65 .16 3. 50 3. 81 .29 .70 2. 27 3.78 1.34 3. 58 1.22 1.70 3. 93 .81 1.34 .58 .01 .98 1.50 .35 3. 53 4. 77 .27 1.08 2. 33 3.74 1.28 3.82 1.47 1.46 5.19 .80 1.34 .58 .04 .95 .63 . 16 3.13 5.15 . 18 .11 2. 49 3. 77 1.36 3. 73 1.44 1.57 12. 82 .86 1.67 .73 .06 1.26 1.40 .09 1.80 13. 09 0 2.59 2. 61 3.07 .93 4. 08 1.68 1.16 16.28 .99 1. 72 2.17 .17 1.49 1. 77 .13 3. 62 18.60 .21 .59 2. 59 3. 65 1.07 5. 38 2. 46 1.19 25. 76 1. 44 3. 29 1.33 .04 1.17 .79 .32 260 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME T a b l e A —7.— F u rn ish in gs an d E quipm ent E xp en d itu res, by C onsum ption Level 14,469 Item WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami Un $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300f $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over Percentage of families in sur vey_____________________ 100.0 3.0 12.2 19.8 20.4 15.8 11.3 7.1 4.6 2.6 1.4 1.0 0.8 Percentage of families re porting receipt of gifts of furnishings and equip ment. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14.9 13.7 11.4 14.1 15.0 14.5 16.6 16.9 17.4 16.3 20.0 12.8 20.5 Average value per family of furnishings and equip ment received as gifts (in complete) 1____ _______ $2. 81 $1.54 $1.75 $2.20 $2. 50 $2. 84 $3.15 $4.80 $3. 26 $4. 24 $7.81 $4. 62 $5. 81 Percentage of families spend ing for— 5.2 1.2 3.7 4.8 4.6 4.8 6.2 7.5 7.1 8.5 10.8 10.8 Suites: Living room___ 9.5 3.5 .9 1.8 2.2 3.3 2.8 4.7 5.7 7.0 6.9 8.7 Bedroom. ____ 7.1 8.2 .9 1.1 1.4 2.1 2.6 3.7 4.7 5. 5 4.1 Dining room. __ _ 2.6 7.1 8.4 3.5 2.0 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 3.9 2.4 3.2 5.4 Beds: W ood____ _______ 2.0 2.6 Metal____ ________ 2.7 2.5 2.2 3.4 3.4 2.5 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.3 1.7 2.2 .6 1.1 1.7 2.1 3.7 2.9 1.8 3.0 1.2 3.0 Cots, cribs: W o o d ______ 1.5 1.8 .5 .4 .7 .4 .6 .4 Metal_______ .3 .4 .7 0 .5 .6 .5 4.0 3.6 2.8 3.3 4.0 3.9 3.8 4.3 4.5 8.3 7.6 Bedsprings._ __ _______ 5.6 11.2 .6 .2 .2 .4 .6 2.0 .5 .9 (2) .1 1.8 Davenports_____________ 1.0 1.4 2.6 1.1 1.8 2.7 2.3 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.7 3.3 Couches, d a y b e d s ...___ .7 3.3 1.2 .4 .9 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.4 .7 .8 3.0 1.5 2.1 Dressers _ __ _ _ 3.9 1.5 .6 2.2 .7 1.0 1.4 1.8 1.9 2.7 1.8 1.2 2.1 Chiffoniers, chests_______ 5.1 .3 .2 .1 .2 .2 .1 .6 .7 .4 .4 .7 Sideboards, buffets______ 0 .9 .1 .5 .8 .7 1.2 1.6 1.5 2.8 1.4 Desks____ _____________ 1.1 2.3 2.1 3.3 .8 .1 .2 .3 .6 .9 1.3 1.4 2.3 1.0 2.6 Bookcases, bookshelves. __ .7 3.4 5.2 . 6 2.0 2.9 4.2 5.8 6.0 7.5 10.1 15.4 15.3 14.7 18.9 Tables, except kitchen___ 6.7 3.8 Chairs: Wood. _ ____ 3.6 2.2 2.2 3.3 3.1 3.7 4.1 5.2 4. 1 6.3 9.2 3.2 .4 1.1 1.7 2.7 2.8 3.9 5.1 7.1 10.0 11.9 9.8 11.9 Upholstered_____ .3 .8 2.2 Benches, stools, footstools. 1.2 0 .8 1.0 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.8 3.1 4.1 .1 0 .2 0 0 0 .1 .3 0 .7 Tea carts, wheel trays____ 1.3 .7 0 3.2 .9 1.0 1.4 1.8 2. 4 2.8 2.4 Stands, racks, costumers. _ 1.7 0 6.8 6.3 5. 7 .9 2.4 3.4 4.6 4.8 6. 5 8.5 8.2 12.0 11.0 11.9 11.4 Other furniture . . . __ 5.1 Carpets, rugs____ _ .. 15. 2 3.9 11.4 12.7 13.7 16.9 18.4 20.1 18. 6 25.4 21.0 27.1 34.2 5.7 4.3 5.2 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.8 6.4 6.9 Linoleum, inlaid. 7.8 5.2 6. 4 3.5 Felt-base floor coverings. __ 8.7 4.1 7. 6 9.2 9.1 8.6 8.9 8.9 8.6 12.4 8. 1 6.9 14.3 9.7 7.9 9.2 9.4 9.8 8.7 10.3 10.9 11. 2 11.7 16.1 11.2 13.9 Mattresses______________ 2.7 Pillows_________________ .5 1.4 1.6 2.5 2.7 3.0 4.1 4. 5 7.7 6.0 2.0 8.6 Blankets __________ __ 15. 4 10. 6 14.7 15.3 16.4 16.1 15.3 13.8 16.2 19. 5 13.2 14.5 18.7 Comforts, quilts___ __ _ 3.8 2.4 3.1 3.7 3.2 4.2 3.9 4.2 5.0 6.1 5.2 7.3 4.8 Sheets__________________ 29.3 24.4 21. 6 27.4 29. 8 29.8 32.8 33.8 33.9 34.8 41.0 34.3 35. 2 Pillowcases___ _ _ _ _ _ 21.9 14.8 16.6 20.9 22. 3 23.3 24. 3 25.0 23.4 24.8 24.2 25.0 29.9 Bedspreads, couch covers. _ 10.0 6. 5 7. 2 8.4 9. 5 10.0 11.4 11.8 12.9 17.6 17.4 20. 6 18.1 T ablecloths, napkins, doilies: Cotton________________ 9.9 7.2 8.9 8.6 8.9 10.1 10.8 13.1 11.1 13.9 14.0 10.5 14.7 Linen_________________ 3.0 .5 .9 1.9 2.8 2.8 5.1 4.2 5.3 7.1 5.1 7.4 13.8 Towels: Linen________ _ 6.6 3.6 4. 3 6.7 6.7 5.9 7.5 7.4 7.9 8.2 11.3 17.6 10.0 Cotton, turkish... 31.8 21.9 30, 6 31.8 33.4 31.6 30.7 32.3 35.4 32.8 32.5 35.3 34.2 Other cotton. 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.2, 8.0 8.3 8.3 8.9 20.5 12.2 16.4 8.1 Table runners, dresser 4.1 1.4 2.4 2.9 2.9 4.8 4.0 7.2 7.7 scarfs____ 7.7 14.0 12.0 10.8 Curtains, draperies ____ 31. 6 11.8 21. 6 29.8 29.6 32.5 36.7 40.0 41.1 44.8 44.5 57.4 43.9 D i s h c l o t h s , cleaning cloths, etc___________ _ 19.5 6.4 11.7 16.5 19.6 22.7 22.9 24.6 30.1 24.5 18.0 30.3 29.3 Other textile furnishings.. 10.7 7.8 9.8 10.9 10.1 10.4 10.5 12.5 10.5 14.7 15.6 13.7 14.8 China or porcelain, table... 13.9 11.3 13.6 14.8 13.1 12. 2 15.0 10.5 16.2 17.5 20.8 14.7 19.7 Glassware_______________ 16.4 14.1 13. 5 16.3 15.4 16.6 18.3 18.7 17.6 17.3 20.9 17.9 27.6 3.4 2.0 2.2 3.1 2.8 4.2 3.6 4.0 4.0 Tableware: Silver. . _ _ 5.5 6.0 4.9 7.8 Other... ___ _ 1.0 .9 1.0 .7 .8 .7 .8 1.9 .9 2.1 1.3 1.7 0 1.8 . 5 1.1 1.7 1.7 2. 1 2.2 2.5 1.9 Other silverware, e t c ___ 3.0 1.2 .7 1.8 1 The aggregates on which these averages are based do not include the gifts of furnishings and equipment reported received by 2.4 percent of the families but for which they could not estimate the value. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. 261 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e A —7.— F u rn ish in gs an d E qu ipm ent E xpend itures, by C onsum ption Level— Con. 14,469 Item Percentage of families spend ing for—Continued. Vacuum cleaners._ . _ _ Refrigerators (electric)___ Electric stoves, hotplates. _ Washing machines. ______ Irons __________________ Ironers, mangles___ _____ . Heaters, fa n s .._____ Light bulbs.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ L a m p s.______ ______ Toasters___ _ . . . ______ Sewing machines (electric). Other electrical equipment. Mirrors, pictures, clocks, ornaments____ _ _ _ Carpet sweepers____ _ Brooms, brushes, mops___ Dustpans, pails, etc Gas refrigerators. _ . _ Iceboxes_____ . Stoves and ranges (not electric)_______________ Canning equipm ent, cookers Pots, pans, cutlery______ Tubs, boards, wringers___ Ironing boards, racks, baskets . _ Sewing machines (not electric)_______________ Baby carriages, gocarts___ Trunks, hand baggage___ Household tools, ladders, cans__________________ Window shades, wire screens, awnings Lawn mowers, garden equipment____________ Repairs, cleaning _ . . . 2 Less than 0.05 percent. WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami Un $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to and to to $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over 4.3 0 1.7 2.4 4.4 5.9 5.2 5.5 5.8 .8 1.3 2.9 5.9 6.8 8.6 8.6 .9 .7 .1 .2 .6 .6 .6 1.2 5.7 2.7 4.8 6.1 6.4 5.9 5.7 4.9 6.6 2.9 6.9 6.4 6.4 7.2 6.6 6.9 .3 0 .2 .1 .4 1.0 0 .4 .6 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.8 3.0 1.7 (2) 57.6 44.3 53.0 56.9 57.3 59.8 60.6 60.0 10.6 2.0 4.9 6.9 9.3 12. 6 13.3 14.8 3.8 .3 1.7 3.0 3.6 4.4 5.2 5.2 .4 1.0 0 .6 .8 1. 1 1.3 1.7 4.4 2.7 1.9 2.9 4.2 4.8 5.7 5. 1 10.9 3.9 6.1 9.7 11.2 10.3 12.8 2.8 . 7 1.3 1.7 2.9 4.8 .7 62.1 68.6 67. 1 66.3 63.0 58.0 60. 5 11.3 8.2 12.0 11.6 11.8 10.3 11.9 .4 0 .2 .2 .3 .6 .9 2.7 1.4 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.5 2.3 8.6 11.2 1.8 5.2 6.7 0 3.3 60.8 16.6 4.7 1.5 7.2 3.7 11.7 .6 7.3 8.9 .5 3.4 62.7 23.2 7.5 2.1 8. 7 10.9 12.1 2.2 5.8 10.3 1.2 3.8 55.9 20.8 5.0 1.2 7.5 9.1 12.0 .5 7.8 11.2 0 2.1 55.0 26.8 8.9 1.0 12.7 15.1 12.9 3.1 3.9 7.6 .5 7.3 68.4 26.9 9.0 3.9 12.1 13.1 16.1 4.3 5.1 56.0 58.5 10.2 10.4 .9 (2) 3.8 2.0 17.3 6.1 57.7 10.8 1.3 2.7 18.0 4.8 51.2 12.4 .4 2.4 20.0 5.5 52.6 8.4 .7 1.7 21.5 5.8 54.8 21.1 0 4.2 9.6 10.0 10.8 10.3 11.3 8.9 8.6 4.7 8.1 10.4 9.2 8.5 7.8 8.1 7.6 24.7 12.9 20.5 22.6 25.1 23.5 28.4 28.0 26.6 5.5 11.3 7.4 6.2 5.0 4.5 4.7 4.1 5.3 8.0 32.8 5.3 8.7 32.9 4.1 5.7 23.9 5.2 6.5 32.6 3.7 8.4 8.0 8.7 7.6 8.3 7.8 8.6 4.8 1.6 2.9 4.4 4.3 5.8 5.2 5.1 6.2 10.1 6.8 6.6 7.0 .9 2.8 2.4 .6 1.3 .2 .5 2.6 1.0 .9 2.4 1.6 .8 2.4 2.1 1.0 3.9 2.1 .9 3.7 3.5 .8 3.0 4.6 1.0 2.3 4. 1 1.7 3.1 4.9 1.9 1.8 6.6 0 3.8 2.7 2.9 1.4 8.7 5.7 2.8 3.9 5.4 5.4 5.7 6.3 6.7 8.5 9.2 8.5 6.2 12.4 15.5 12.6 17.0 16. 2 15.0 14.3 15.9 16.0 16.9 18.1 12.2 13.0 11.2 6.9 12.8 9.2 13.0 6.5 9.2 13.8 16. 1 5.2 7.1 1.5 2.0 4.5 3.2 4.9 5. 7 4.8 5.4 5.4 8.1 6.7 5.2 5.6 9.7 11.2 11.3 262 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMM ARY VOLUME Table A—7.— F u rn ish in gs an d E qu ipm ent E xpend itures, by C onsum ption Level— Con. 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item All fami Un $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over Lverage number of articles purchased per family: Suites: Living room_____ B edroom _______ Dining room_____ Beds: Wood____________ Metal. __ ............ . Cots, cribs: Wood __ ___ Metal_______ Bedsprings_ _ ________ Davenports____ _________ Couches, daybeds.-- ___ Dressers _ ____________ Chiffoniers, chests____ _ Sideboards, buffets______ Desks__________________ Bookcases, bookshelvesTables, except kitchen___ Chairs: Wood_______ _ _ Upholstered_____ Benches, stools, footstools. Tea carts, wheel trays -. _ Stands, racks, costumers. _ Carpets, rugs 4__________ Linoleum, inlaid 4_______ Felt-base floor coverings 4_ Mattresses-.. _______ Pillows. _______ ______ Blankets________________ Comforts, quilts _____ Sheets__________________ Pillowcases __ . . . . . . . _ Bedspreads, couch covers Towels: Linen. Cotton, turkish . Other cotton. ___ Table runners, dresser scarfs_________________ Curtains, draperies___ __ Vacuum cleaners___. . . Refrigerators (electric)___ Electric stoves, hotplates. _ Washing m achines.____ Irons___________________ Ironers, mangles ____ Heaters,fans.. ............ . Light bulbs. _______ _____ Lamps__________________ Toasters ______________ Sewing machines (electric). 3 Less than 0.005 article. 4 Expressed in square yards. 0. 05 .04 .03 .02 .03 .02 0) .05 .01 .03 .01 .02 (3) .01 .01 .06 .08 .04 .01 (3) .02 1. 36 .60 1.00 .11 .06 .30 .06 1.17 1.16 .14 .44 2.28 .55 0.01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .01 (3) .03 (3) .01 (3) .01 0 .01 (3) (3) .08 .01 0 0 0 .31 .43 .51 .10 .01 .23 .03 .85 .66 .10 .39 1.29 .41 0.07 .07 .06 .02 .03 .03 (3) .05 (3) .04 (3) .02 (3) .03 .02 . 12 .08 .09 .03 0 .03 1.43 .64 .83 . 12 .11 .31 . 10 1. 51 1. 36 .20 .59 2. 51 .69 0.08 .07 .04 .09 .02 .03 .01 .09 .02 .04 .03 .02 0 .02 .01 .20 . 11 . 12 .03 .01 .04 2. 53 .94 1.49 . 14 . 17 .30 .07 1.53 1.40 .22 .61 2. 62 .63 0.11 .09 .07 .02 .03 .01 0 .09 .02 .04 .01 .01 (3) .01 .03 .20 .09 . 15 .02 .01 .07 1.82 .20 .92 . 19 . 11 .24 .09 1.68 1. 22 . 21 .91 2. 15 .59 0.11 .08 .04 .03 .06 .02 .01 .06 .01 .01 .02 .02 0 .02 .01 . 19 . 19 . 10 .03 .01 .09 2. 45 .60 1.18 . 17 .03 .24 .05 1.98 1. 80 .29 1.01 3. 03 . 79 0.10 .08 .08 . 05 .02 .02 .01 .12 .01 .03 .04 .05 .01 .03 .05 .25 .10 . 15 .04 0 ,06 3. 37 .65 1.58 . 14 .20 .28 .09 1.28 1. 42 . 22 .91 2. 99 .50 . 10 1. 41 .05 .06 .01 .06 <07 (3) .02 4. 63 . 14 .04 .01 .03 .06 .08 .07 .06 . 10 .20 . 16 .35 .86 1.22 1.27 1.48 1.76 1.95 2. 02 .02 .03 .04 .06 .05 .06 .08 0 .01 .01 .03 .06 .07 .09 .09 . 11 .01 .01 .01 '.01 .01 .02 (3) (3) .02 .05 .06 .07 .06 .06 .05 .05 .03 .07 .07 .06 .07 .06 .07 .07 0 0 .01 0 0 0 .01 0 .02 .03 .03 .04 .01 .01 .01 (3) 3.18 3. 94 4.40 4. 64 4. 63 5. 17 5. 26 5.15 .03 .06 .09 . 11 . 16 . 19 . 19 .22 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .05 .05 0 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 (3) . 17 2. 21 .04 . 12 .01 .07 .09 .01 .08 5. 52 .35 .08 .02 .24 2.00 . 11 . 12 .03 .06 . 10 .01 .04 5. 40 .27 .06 .01 .37 2. 84 .09 . 12 0 .08 .n 0 .03 4. 45 .39 .10 .01 . 19 2. 30 .15 .13 .03 .04 .08 .01 .07 6. 50 .42 .09 .04 0. 03 .01 .01 .01 .03 .01 .01 .03 (3) .02 .01 .01 (3) (3) (3) .03 .08 .02 (3) 0 .01 .87 .62 1.10 . 11 .04 .30 .05 .82 .81 . 10 .28 2. 01 .55 0.05 .02 .01 .02 .04 .02 .01 .04 (3) .02 .01 .01 0 .01 0 .03 .08 .02 (3) 0 .01 1.15 .55 1. 12 . 11 .03 .29 .06 1.03 1.09 . 11 .48 2. 18 . 55 0.05 .03 .03 .02 .04 .02 0 .06 (3) .02 .01 .01 (3) .01 .01 .05 .08 .03 .01 0 .01 1. 32 .66 .93 . 11 .04 .32 .04 1.16 1.13 . 14 .44 2. 41 .56 0.05 .03 .03 .02 .03 .04 (3) .04 .01 .03 .02 .02 (3) .01 .01 .07 .07 .04 .01 0 .02 1.43 .61 1.11 . 10 .06 .31 .06 1.22 1.37 . 14 .43 2. 44 . 57 0.06 .05 .04 .02 .02 .03 0 .04 .01 .03 .01 .02 .01 .02 .01 .07 .09 .04 .03 (3) .03 1. 66 .45 .74 . 12 .06 .29 .06 1.31 1.25 . 13 .65 2. 22 .59 0.07 .06 .06 .03 .02 .02 .01 .05 .01 .03 .01 .03 .01 .01 .01 .09 . 17 .06 .02 (3) .03 1. 70 .66 .95 .13 .08 .27 .06 1.45 1.39 . 18 .49 2. 47 .57 TABULAR SUMMARY 263 Table A—7.— F urn ish in gs and E qu ipm ent E xpend itures, hy Consum ption Level— Con. 1 4 ,4 6 9 Item W H I T E A N D N E G R O F A M I L I E S I N 4 2 C I T I E S — C o n tin u e d Families with total annual unit expenditure ofAll fami Un $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over Average expenditure per family for— Furnishings and equip* D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. ment, total-.- ____ 59.94 18. 89 30.14 41. 57 54. 41 63. 45 75.13 85. 49 98. 99 115. 80 123. 24 135. 25 153. 82 Furniture, total_______ 16. 58 4. 39 6. 96 10. 62 14. 24 15. 93 20. 34 27.10 30. 25 39.64 42. 39 43. 72 51.68 Suites: Living room__- 5.31 .93 2. 74 3.97 4. 64 4.85 6. 47 8. 61 7.59 12.16 13. 67 16, 25 12. 92 Bedroom_____ 3. 45 .88 1.30 1.70 2.91 3.19 3.80 6. 29 8. 85 9.06 11.33 9. 34 7. 87 Dining room.. 1.95 .73 .49 .84 1.63 1.81 2. 66 3. 86 4. 43 4. 36 4. 32 3. 42 11. 48 Beds: Wood_________ .40 .30 .21 .33 .35 .46 .47 .65 .42 .74 .57 .87 1. 22 Metal________ .41 .26 .28 .52 .49 .49 .28 .27 .46 . 18 .25 .27 .73 Cots, cribs: W ood___ .24 .05 .07 . 13 .23 .38 .40 .17 .35 .42 .58 .09 .13 Metal___ .05 .03 .03 .11 .03 .05 .02 .04 . 14 .03 .04 . 15 0 Bedsprings - __ ___ .48 .28 .25 .36 .45 .49 .55 .62 .65 1.02 1.41 .73 1.67 Davenports______ .21 .26 .04 .05 . 17 .24 .18 .56 . 18 .08 1.20 1. 35 1. 33 Couches, daybeds____ .76 . 16 .48 .66 .68 .78 1.00 1.07 1.01 1.31 1.33 .09 1.49 Dressers ___ ____ .24 .75 . 17 .05 . 10 . 11 .15 .27 . 18 . 16 . 11 .46 . 12 Chiffoniers, chests___ 24 .37 .51 .20 .23 . 17 .08 . 13 .22 .31 .20 .42 1. 01 Sideboards, buffets___ .03 .02 .02 .02 .02 .03 . 10 .06 .06 .02 .08 0 .01 Desks___ _________ .23 .89 .21 0 .08 . 10 . 10 .27 .31 .31 .88 .58 .45 B ook cases, b o o k shelves, . . .32 .09 .26 .06 .07 .01 .02 .02 .03 .08 .20 . 11 .13 Tables, except kitchen. .44 .02 .08 . 18 .28 .48 .49 .59 1.20 1.23 1.73 2.00 3.19 Chairs: Wood .. .63 .35 .56 .26 . 13 . 15 . 19 .20 .27 .28 .44 .38 .90 Upholstered-- .62 .05 . 14 .25 .42 .53 .83 1.06 1.32 2.11 2. 56 2. 57 5. 52 Benches, stools, foot stools ___________ .15 .34 .04 0 . 14 .07 .01 .02 .02 .02 .07 .09 . 10 .02 0 Tea carts, wheel trays_ .03 0 0 .02 0 .07 .10 0 0 . 10 0 Stands, racks, cos tumers. __________ .02 .03 .06 .06 .07 . 14 .12 .09 .20 .47 .27 .07 0 Other_______________ 1.10 .28 .36 .78 1.09 .98 1. 23 1.85 1. 77 3. 27 1. 67 2. 84 2. 21 T ex tile fu rnishings, total 13. 95 5. 22 8. 66 11.00 12. 85 14. 53 16. 55 18. 60 19. 57 25. 23 25. 25 29.91 33. 72 Carpets, rugs _ ____ 4. 02 .69 1.99 2. 90 3. 42 4.40 5. 13 5. 58 5. 77 8. 96 7. 62 9. 02 14.29 .73 Linoleum, inlaid. . _ .90 1.14 1.10 .68 .40 .59 .57 .75 .64 .63 .76 1.06 Felt-base floor cover .84 .82 ings— .71 .73 .31 .67 .74 .78 .71 .72 .77 .68 1.24 Mattresses. _ _ ___ 1.63 .88 1.29 1.36 1.56 1.39 2. 03 2. 26 1.80 2.50 3. 83 2.82 2. 57 .34 .35 . 19 . 10 Pillows _______ _ .04 .04 .07 .08 .09 . 16 . 16 .09 0 .92 1. 15 1.36 Blankets . . . ____ .94 .85 .83 .90 .97 .97 .95 .91 1.05 1.08 Comforts, quilts_____ .39 .29 .70 .71 .21 . 14 . 15 . 18 . 18 .23 .23 .25 .32 Sheets _ __ 1.26 .70 .79 1. 05 1.26 1.31 1. 47 1.65 1. 76 1.80 1.93 2. 34 1. 97 .45 .66 Pillowcases _ ___ .41 . 18 .27 .35 .39 .46 .48 .54 .50 .58 .80 Bedspreads, couch .72 1. 77 .83 .82 covers _ . __ . . . __ .42 .21 . 22 .30 .41 .43 .43 .57 .79 Tablecloths, napkins, doilies: .26 .26 .40 .60 Cotton__________ . 19 .06 . 12 . 14 . 16 .21 .22 .33 .30 .52 .22 .24 .66 Linen___________ .11 .02 .01 .04 .09 .09 . 21 . 17 .20 .32 .45 .24 .18 Towels: Linen.__ . . . . 11 .08 .05 .09 . 10 . 10 . 14 . 15 . 19 Cotton, turk.59 1.11 .71 .98 ish_______ .57 .23 .43 .50 .59 .63 .60 .70 .68 .22 .11 .13 .11 Other cotton. .09 .05 .07 .09 .09 . 10 .09 . 12 . 13 Table runners, dresser .33 .24 .96 .20 .09 .01 .02 .04 .06 .09 .09 . 17 .20 scarfs . . . _ Curtains, draperies__ 1.88 .24 .79 1.29 1.50 2. 07 2. 53 2. 78 3. 22 4. 07 4.09 6. 06 4. 39 Dishcloths, cleaning .20 . 12 .19 .24 cloths, etc __ _ .12 .03 .05 .09 . 11 . 14 . 16 .17 .20 .59 .68 .97 1.13 Other_______________ .40 .14 .28 .33 .36 .48 .35 .56 .56 Silverware, china, and glassware, total____ 1.21 .32 .57 .87 .86 1. 24 1.64 1.87 1. 83 3. 52 2. 86 3. 72 3. 26 China, or porcelain, .64 .19 .36 .48 .48 .64 .77 .92 .93 1.78 1.16 1.96 1. 86 table _____________ .64 .35 .72 .54 Glassware______ .. . .21 .07 .10 . 16 . 17 .24 .30 .28 .33 .67 Tableware: Silver____ .29 .05 .08 .19 . 15 .28 .43 .56 .49 1.09 1.00 1.40 .02 0 .04 .05 .01 .09 .04 .03 Other____ .03 .01 .01 .01 .01 .04 («) .01 .06 .02 .03 .05 .04 .05 .08 .04 .04 0 Other___ _________ 8Less than 0.05 cent. 2 4 2 9 4 9 ° — 41- -18 264 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME T a b l e A —7.— F urn ish in gs an d E qu ipm ent E xpend itures, by C onsum ption Level— Con. 1 4 ,4 6 9 W H I T E A N D N E G R O F A M I L I E S I N 4 2 C I T I E S — C o n tin u e d Item Average expenditures per’ family for—Continued. Furnishings and equipment—Continued. Electrical equipment. total__ _ Vacuum cleaners___ Refrigerators (electric). Electric stoves, hotplates Washing machines.. _ Irons________________ Ironers, mangles-------Heaters, fa n s__ _ __ Light bulbs ____ _ . Lamps______________ Toasters _ _ _______ Sewing m a c h in e s (electric)____ __ __ Other_______________ Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami Un- $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to and to to $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 18. 39 4.15 7. 23 11.82 17.81 20. 95 24.11 25. 71 32. 26 31.13 39.28 38. 63 43.53 .84 .99 1.96 2. 59 2.08 2.29 3.87 1.22 5.20 5.99 6. 63 1.90 0 9.49 1.47 2.15 4. 81 9.13 11.17 13. 63 14. 67 20.00 17. 62 21.48 20. 32 20.13 . 38 3.57 .27 .13 . 11 . 77 .63 .09 .04 . 28 .28 . 39 . 51 . 50 . 76 (5) 1.98 2. 78 3.61 3. 97 3.74 3. 85 3.28 3.03 . 10 .21 .24 .25 .31 .27 .27 .30 0 0 .10 .06 .17 .19 .56 0 02 . 04 . 07 . 10 . 11 . 13 . 14 . 24 45 . 58 . 68 . 77 . 80 89 88 93 .06 . 17 .29 .42 .70 .76 1.13 1.23 0 12 .12 .14 .03 .05 .08 .10 . 64 5.30 .42 .25 . 14 1. 03 1.52 .29 1 99 3.92 .51 .69 . 28 . 94 1.90 .14 . 52 4.94 .53 0 .16 . 96 2. 43 .23 2. 39 2. 67 .89 .28 17 1. 32 4.15 .54 . 63 1. 26 1.41 1. 21 .24 .42 .46 .55 1.93 .77 1.54 .69 . 96 1.59 3. 57 .79 . 77 0 .28 .07 .34 .05 . 54 .16 . 56 .23 Miscellaneous equip ment, total.. ____ 9.81 4. 81 6. 72 7.26 8. 65 10.80 12.49 12. 21 15.08 16.28 13.46 19.27 21.63 M irrors, p ictu res, clocks, ornaments. ._ .30 .07 .09 .20 .27 .29 .39 .44 .57 .72 .78 1.19 1.51 Carpet sweepers_____ .10 .03 .03 .06 .07 . 14 .14 .17 .18 .23 .22 .25 .20 Brooms, brushes, mops .72 .86 .77 .72 .68 .70 .71 .69 .73 .74 .68 .78 .70 Dustpans, pails, etc... .05 .03 .04 .04 .05 .05 .05 .06 .06 .06 .06 .08 . 16 Gas refrigerators .86 0 .74 2.06 0 .17 .56 .46 1.27 2.07 .37 2.01 2.08 Ice boxes ____ ______ .51 .20 .51 .48 .56 .37 .48 .82 . 52 .56 .15 .51 1.49 Stoves and ranges (not electric) 3. 87 2.70 3. 28 2. 72 3.69 4.18 4. 44 4. 86 5.50 6.04 4.88 7. 33 5. 66 Canning equipment, cookers . 19 . 25 . 18 . 05 . 14 . 22 . 17 . 16 . 20 . 21 . 27 .23 . 07 Pots, pans, cutlery___ .61 .13 .28 .55 .47 .56 .95 .84 .87 .81 1.23 1. 91 2. 07 Tubs, boards, wring .06 . 11 .08 .06 .06 .05 .06 .06 .07 .02 ers . . . .06 .05 .07 Ironing boards, racks, baskets .12 .07 .02 .04 .06 .06 .09 .08 .09 .10 .17 .10 .13 Sewing machines (not electric)_ .13 .13 .06 .09 .15 .17 11 .20 .12 .25 .26 .20 0 Baby carriages, gocarts . . . _ .84 . 36 .09 . 26 . 23 .29 . 54 . 45 . 51 . 31 .09 1.12 .43 Trunks, hand baggage. .10 (5) .03 .03 .08 .07 .15 .22 .17 .29 .34 .34 .97 Household tools, lad .43 ders, cans __ . .12 .04 .06 .08 .10 . 12 . 11 . 13 .21 .38 .20 . 36 Window shades, wire screens, awnings___ .59 . 22 .39 .40 .57 .58 .70 .84 1.13 1.03 1.08 1.15 .86 Lawn mowers, garden .41 .19 .02 . 12 . 16 .18 . 19 .23 .22 .27 .67 equipment. .27 .29 Repairs, cleaning____ .56 .04 . 19 .25 .39 .71 .65 .91 1.22 1.29 1.56 .78 3. 82 Other_______________ .33 .42 .43 .07 . 18 .35 .35 .56 .52 .57 .77 .96 1.88 5 Less than 0.05 cent. TABULAR SUMMARY 265 T a b l e A —7 .— Furnishings and Equipment Expenditures , by Consumption Level— Con. 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item Percentage of families in survey __ _ Percentage of families reporting receipt of gifts of furnishings and equipment______ Average value per family of furnishings and equipment received as gifts (incomplete) L . Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 100.0 18.1 25.4 22.1 16.3 9.3 5.0 3.8 7.9 8.3 6.6 7.2 8.1 8.9 6.0 16.7 $1.09 $0. 52 $0.88 $1.08 $1.64 $1.07 $0.72 $3.47 Percentage of families spending for— Suites: Living room_______ ____ _____ _.. 6.0 3.2 3.7 6.8 6.5 7.6 8.3 12.9 Bedroom__________ __ _ . _____ 2.2 4.4 4.7 3.9 5.3 6.3 7.6 13.9 2.1 Dining r o o m _________ _ ______ 1.6 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.9 3.0 0 2.2 2.4 Beds: W ood___ ________ _______ ____ 2.5 1.6 1.8 3.6 2.2 .6 Metal. ____________ __ _ _ ____ 2.6 1.3 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.6 0 .8 Cots, cribs: W ood___________ ____ ______ .5 .6 .8 .5 .7 0 0 0 .4 .4 Metal______________________ .6 .9 0 .9 4.4 0 2.4 2.2 3.2 Bedsprings_____________________________ 4.2 2.9 3.6 0 5.1 .6 1.2 Davenports______ ____________________ _ .7 .8 .7 .9 0 0 2.1 2.2 Couches, day b e d s _____________________ 1.7 2.6 1.8 2.2 0 5.1 1.4 Dressers.. ___ .. . . . _______ _ __ 1.3 .8 .3 1.0 2.6 2.2 5.7 Chiffoniers, chests, __ _ ________ .6 1.0 .6 1.0 .7 2.0 0 4.7 .3 0 .6 .3 Sideboards, buffets. ___________________ .6 0 0 0 .3 .5 .3 0 .6 Desks___________ ____ ___ ________ 0 0 .8 .1 .1 .3 0 Bookcases, bookshelves________________ 0 0 0 0 Tables, except kitchen___ _ ___ ______ 4.4 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.6 1.0 4.9 10.1 3.2 2.4 Chairs: Wood. _ __ ________ _______ 2.5 5.8 1.5 1.6 3.5 7.3 4.1 Upholstered .. ________ 1.9 .6 1.5 .9 1.5 4.6 9.8 .4 0 .2 .9 .6 Benches, stools, footstools ___________ _ 0 2.2 0 .1 0 0 0 0 1.6 Tea carts, wheel trays. __ . . . _______ __ 0 0 .7 .4 .4 1.5 0 0 Stands, racks, costumers_____ _ _ __ . . . 1.6 7.6 4.4 .6 5.2 3.2 10.2 4.0 Other furniture... . _ _____ _ __ 5.7 14.6 4.4 12.4 Carpets, rugs... _____ ______________ 12.6 8.2 10.1 10.8 20.6 32.8 6.1 5.3 7.5 6.2 4.6 6.9 Linoleum, inlaid ____ _ ________ _ 7.0 3.7 7.5 7.5 6.7 12.5 Felt-base floor coverings _________ 2.7 7.7 5.6 22.4 7.2 8.0 7.5 8.8 8.5 8.9 Mattresses __. ___ ________ __________ _ 4.3 6.7 3.4 3.4 5.4 Pillows. . . . ____________________ ___ _ 1.6 .6 .7 .9 2.8 10.9 11.6 8.9 11.3 12.8 10.9 12.7 Blankets______ ________ ____ ____ _ ___ 13.0 .5 2.3 2.3 1.3 1.9 Comforts, quilts____ __ __ ______ 2.0 3.0 6.8 25.2 21.4 23.4 26.8 _ ___ ___ 25.0 25.0 30.9 Sheets____ __ ___ ______ _ 23.3 15.4 16.2 17.1 17.0 17.9 17.6 Pillowcases.. _ ___ ____________________ 21.7 19.6 12. 7 12.8 13.6 13.3 9.0 10.5 16.8 20.5 Bedspreads, couch covers.__ ___ ______ 4.1 3.6 5.0 5.3 6.6 3.7 6.2 Tablecloths, napkins, doilies: Cotton____ 4.7 2.1 2.2 Linen 1.3 .3 1.3 1.2 .6 0 1.1 3.9 5.3 3.8 Towels: Linen _______ __ . _____ 4.8 1.8 8.7 4.7 10.2 16. 1 Cotton, turkish____ ___ _ 17.1 15.7 16.9 21.0 12.6 18.4 7.2 7.6 7.9 8.8 6.5 Other cotton. _____ _ ___ 6.8 5.4 11.8 2.4 2.1 2.7 2.8 1.9 Table runners, dresser scarfs____ ________ 2.0 3.5 9.6 10.4 19.2 17.9 20.5 16.7 18.9 24.8 30.5 Curtains, draperies___ _ ___ _. ______ 7.6 6.6 9.3 23.1 11.7 12.7 19.9 Dishcloths, cleaning cloths, etc__________ 36.3 5.2 7.1 8.2 7.7 7.9 10.0 5.1 11.6 Other textile furnishings.. ________ __ 8.2 8.2 7.1 11.2 5.9 China or porcelain, table__ ______ _ ___ 7.8 8.8 15.8 9.1 12.2 10.3 11.5 7.3 10.2 11.4 Glassware.. _ . ..... ...................... 12.3 2.1 1.5 2.3 1.1 2.2 3.0 Tableware: Silver. __ ___ ________ ____ 3.5 4.4 .4 1.1 .9 .9 .5 1.5 Other__________ _______ 1.9 7.4 1.4 1. 1 .9 1.1 .3 2.5 0 Other silverware, etc.. ___ _ ___ ___ _ 3.7 1 The aggregates on which these averages are based do not include the gifts of furnishings and equipment reported received by 0. 5 percent of the families but for which they could not estimate the value. 266 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME T a b l e A —7. — Furnishings and Equipment Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C o n . 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item Percentage of families spending for—Con. Vacuum cleaners_________ ___________ Refrigerators (electric)— ___ ___________ Electric stoves, hotplates________________ Washing machines______ __________ Irons____ __________________ ___ Ironers, mangles______________________ Heaters, fans.. . . . ________________. . . Light bulbs _________ __________________ Lamps_________________________ . . . . . . Toasters____________ _________________ Sewing machines (electric) __. _ ______ - Other electrical equipment______ ____ Mirrors, pictures, clocks, ornaments ___ Carpet sweepers. _ ___________________ Brooms, brushes, mops. __ ____ ___ Dustpans, pails, etc____ _ . ____ Gas refrigerators_____ . _. Iceboxes____ _____ _ Stoves and ranges (not electric)__________ Canning equipment, cookers _ _ ______ Pots, pans, cutlery. __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ Tubs, boards, wringers __ _ _ Ironing boards, racks, baskets. _ ________ Sewing machines (not electric)___________ Baby carriages, gocarts_________________ Trunks, hand baggage. . _ ____________ Household tools, ladders, cans _ _______ Window shades, wire screens, awnings___ Lawn mowers, garden equipment________ Repairs, cleaning_______ __ __________ Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 0.9 2.2 .8 1.2 7.2 0 .5 44.5 6.0 .4 .5 2.2 7.2 .9 68.1 11.7 0 4.3 13.5 1.5 16.8 15.7 2.2 .8 1.2 1.3 1.0 17.7 1.2 2.2 0 0 .3 .6 3.9 0 0 33.7 2.6 0 0 .9 4.2 0 64.2 7.4 0 3.1 9.1 1.5 12.9 22.1 2.2 1.5 2.0 .2 0 12.5 1.6 .9 0.2 .5 .7 .9 7.8 0 .2 42.3 6.3 0 .4 2.9 4.4 .4 64.7 11.7 0 4.0 17.4 1.3 16. 5 20.6 2.3 .2 1.8 1.6 1.3 18.9 1.1 2.3 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 0.6 2.1 1.1 1.4 7.2 0 .3 45.6 5.2 .8 .4 .7 7.7 .9 76.3 13.7 0 4.3 11.8 1.7 17.6 12.4 1.2 .7 1.4 .7 .9 16. 5 2.0 2.3 $400 to $500 1.1 2.8 .9 .2 9.3 0 1.0 43.9 7.0 .6 .6 1.0 8.2 .3 63.8 12.8 0 5.4 14.0 2.1 18.0 17.5 2.3 1.0 0 .6 .9 16.0 .3 .3 $500 to $600 2.3 2.9 .6 1.0 5.4 0 2.8 53.2 9.8 .9 0 8.8 8.4 .9 59.7 7.2 0 3.9 13.5 1.0 15.8 9.7 1.8 .6 0 1.9 1.0 25.2 0 0 $600 to $700 0 6.6 3.3 3.8 9.3 0 0 61.5 13.2 0 1.6 6.2 8.9 .6 68.9 18.3 0 9.2 21.2 1.9 17.3 10.0 3.8 1.9 1.6 2.7 1.6 27.3 1.1 10.1 $700 and over 8.2 13.8 0 2.3 12.5 0 0 61.8 19.1 2.2 4.4 8.6 18.7 13.1 73.1 17.2 0 2.5 18.1 0 21.0 2.2 4.7 0 0 9.3 4.4 17.0 1.5 7.9 TABULAR 267 SU M M A R Y T a b l e A —7 . — Furnishings and Equipment Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C o n . 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Item Average number of articles purchased per family: Suites: Living room___ ______ _________ Bedroom. ... _ .... D iningroom .. _ _. _ Beds: Wood__ ____ . . . __ _ . . . _______ M etal____ ______ ______ ______ Cots, cribs: W ood.. _ _ _ . . . . _____ Metal _ __________ . . . . . . Bedsprings____________ __ _____ _ __ Davenports ________ .... Couches, d a y b e d s ...______ _ ___ Dressers... _______ Chiffoniers, chests ________ . . . . __ Sideboards, buffets _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ D esks___ ______ .. _ _____ _ _____ Bookcases, bookshelves. _ .... Tables, except kitchen. ._ _ _____ ______ Chairs: Wood_________ ______ _____ Upholstered . . . . . . ___ . Benches, stools, footstools. ._ . . . ______ Tea carts, wheel trays____________ ____ Stands, racks, costumers__ ______ Carpets, rugs 4____ _ _________________ Linoleum, inlaid 4__________ ________ _. Felt-base floor coverings 4__ _ Mattresses _ _____ . . . Pillows . . . ______ _____ ___. . . Blankets_________ __________ Comforts, q u ilts ____ _________________ Sheets____________________ _ _____ ____ Pillowcases .. ... ... . . . Bedspreads, couch covers.. . _ _ Towels: Linen . __ Cotton, turkish ______ . ____ Other cotton_______ ______ Table runners, dresser scarfs___ __. Curtains, draperies... Vacuum cleaners . . Refrigerators (electric)_________ ______ Electric stoves, hotplates __ _____ _ Washing machines _ __ Irons. .. .__. _ _ ._ . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ Ironers, m a n g les___ _ __ _ _ ______ Heaters, fans __ ________ ____ ____ ___ Light bulbs___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ Lamps ___ _ __ _____ _ ___ . T oasters_______________ ________ Sewing machines (electric)____ _ ______ 3 Less than 0.005 article. 4 Expressed in square yards. Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 0.06 .05 .02 .02 .02 .01 .01 .03 .01 .02 .01 .02 (3) (3) (3) .04 . 10 .03 (3) (3) .01 1.16 .71 .87 .09 .03 .21 .03 .80 .79 . 19 .22 .77 . 16 .07 .63 .01 .02 .01 .01 .07 0 .01 2.8S .Of1 (3) .01 0. 04 .02 .02 .03 .03 .01 .01 .02 .01 .02 (3) .01 0 (3) (3) .01 .08 .01 0 0 0 .51 .55 .38 .09 .01 .30 .01 .86 .70 . 18 .09 . 51 .48 .05 .38 0 0 (3) .01 .04 0 0 2. 01 .07 0 0 0.07 .04 .02 .02 .01 .01 (3) .02 .01 .02 .01 .01 .01 0 (3) .03 .11 .02 (3) 0 (3) .47 .97 .84 . 11 .02 . 18 .04 .84 .65 . 19 .21 .80 .46 .07 . 64 (3) (3) .01 .01 .08 0 (3) 2.46 .08 0 (3) total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 0.03 .04 .02 .02 .02 .01 (3) .04 .01 .03 .01 .01 (3) .01 0 .03 . 17 .01 .01 0 (3) .70 .60 .82 .09 .02 . 19 .03 .87 .88 .21 . 19 .78 .36 .06 .56 .01 .02 .01 .01 .07 0 (3) 2. 73 .06i .01 (3) $400 to $500 0. 06 .06 .03 .02 .02 .01 0 .03 .01 .02 .02 .01 .01 0 0 .03 .03 .02 .01 0 0 1. 79 .45 .57 .10 .05 .22 .02 .81 .70 . 12 .32 .87 .37 .06 .80 .01 .03 .01 (3) . 10 0 .01 3.06 .08 .01 .01 $500 to $600 0.08 .06 .02 .04 .03 0 .01 .04 .01 .02 .03 .02 0 .01 0 .04 .06 .06 0 0 .01 .99 1.26 1. 73 .08 .07 . 12 .02 .93 .87 . 15 .12 1.08 .48 .04 .77 .02 .03 .01 .01 .05 0 .03 3. 77 . 14 .01 $600 to $700 0.08 .08 .03 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 .06 0 0 0 0 .05 .03 . 10 0 .02 -.02 1. 85 .54 .94 .04 .10 .24 .03 1.50 1.25 .37 .53 .55 .31 .07 . 55 0 .07 .03 .04 .09 0 0 4.32 . 15 0 .02 $700 and over 0.13 .14 0 .02 .01 0 .07 .07 0 .05 .02 .05 0 .01 0 . 19 . 14 . 12 .02 0 .14 3.85 .46 1.37 .07 .08 .17 .11 .95 1.11 .25 .14 .85 .45 .30 .93 .08 .14 0 .02 .14 0 0 6.18 .36 .02 .04 268 M ONEY D I S B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y VOLUM E T a b l e A —7 .— Furnishings and Equipment Expenditures , by Consumption Level— Con. 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average expenditure per person Item Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over Average expenditure per family for— Furnishings and equipment, total________ $39.45 $22.14 $32.65 $35. 24 $42.16 $52. 27 $57. 30 $124.95 Furniture, total,.- _ 16, 37 9.00 12. 59 13.43 18.50 26. 33 18.87 57.08 Suites: Living room _ _ ___ __ _ 5. 47 4. 45 6.92 3. 07 4.01 9. 42 5.77 15.83 ___ _ 4.91 Bedroom___ ___ _ 8.04 1.88 3. 81 3.46 5. 88 4. 66 23. 67 Diningroom____ _ 1.63 1.17 1.32 2.00 2.40 1.96 1.38 0 Beds: W ood_____ _ ______ .48 .26 .32 .28 .67 .22 1.84 .86 Metal____ _________ _______ .21 .27 .14 .21 .26 .41 .04 0 Cots, cribs: Wood- _ _ __ _ .05 .10 .01 .03 0 . 13 0 0 M e ta l____ . 10 .02 .05 0 .06 1.88 .03 0 BedspringS___ ___ _ _ _ __ .31 . 15 .23 .34 .40 .39 1. 23 0 Davenports._ ____________ _____ . 19 .15 . 10 .20 .39 .34 0 0 Couches, daybeds___ _____ __ .53 .35 .44 .86 .25 .65 1.61 0 .24 .14 .54 Dresses,- _ __ __ ___ .15 .11 .44 06 1. 59 Chiffoniers, chests. _ ______ _ _ .20 .20 .16 .18 . 19 .35 .53 0 .02 .02 Sideboards, buffets ___ __ ______ 0 .07 .02 0 0 0 .04 Desks _ _ __ --------.01 0 .04 .15 0 .22 0 Bookcases, bookshelves._______ ___ .02 .02 .05 0 0 0 0 0 Tables, except kitchen_____________ .18 .10 .29 .24 .49 .09 .13 .32 Chairs: Wood___ - __ _ --------.12 .27 .26 .16 .07 .18 .04 2.76 Upholstered, ______ __ ___ .29 .09 . 14 .08 . 13 .85 .30 2. 72 Benches, stools, footstools__ :_ _ __ .04 .02 .01 0 .01 .01 0 0 Tear carts, wheel trays. _ -----------0 0 0 0 0 .02 0 (5) Stands, racks, costumers, _ _______ .01 .01 .01 0 0 .03 .05 . 10 .35 1. 22 .97 .90 .90 2.11 Other______ ____________________ _ 4. 52 3.67 Textile furnishings, total _ _ _ _ ____ 7.99 7.59 8.00 4.93 7. 50 8.96 11. 22 21.19 1.64 Carpets, rugs _ ___ _ ------ -1.90 .35 2.00 1.84 4. 22 8.51 1.61 .74 .55 .39 .51 .33 .84 Linoleum, inlaid __ _ _ _____ .76 .46 .65 .34 Felt-base floor coverings,-, _ __ _ .67 .65 .49 1.02 1.79 .59 1.02 .99 .89 .92 1. 31 .91 .49 1. 43 Mattresses________ _ _ _ ----.02 .04 .01 .09 .03 .01 .05 Pillows _ _ _ .06 .59 .70 1.01 .60 .80 Blankets. __ _________ _ — _ __ _ .45 .93 .46 .09 .01 .08 . 13 .04 . 10 .43 Comforts, quilts _ ____ _ ___ _ .11 .74 .91 .79 .87 .88 Sheets __ _ _ ___ ____ 1. 26 1.65 1.14 .22 .29 .25 .18 .26 .24 .49 .36 Pillowcases _ _ _ _ .50 .48 .36 .42 Bedspreads, couch covers.46 .46 .99 1. 14 Tablecloths, napkins, doilies: Cotton,, .02 .06 .06 .08 .07 .06 .08 .06 Linen, __ .03 .01 .03 .07 .04 0) .01 0 .04 .04 .04 Towels: Linen , . ________ _ .01 .04 .06 .03 .16 Cotton, turkish _ ___ __ .24 .18 .09 .13 .22 .21 .27 .26 Other cotton _ _ _ _ _ _ .05 .04 .06 .06 .06 .08 .05 .11 Table runners, dresser scarfs ___ .05 .01 .05 .04 .02 .02 .45 .02 .62 .74 .16 .69 .98 1. 02 Curtains, draperies _ _ _. 2. 44 .97 .02 .04 Dishcloths, cleaning cloths, etc, __ _ .05 .05 .03 .10 . 13 .09 .21 .15 . 12 . 17 .23 .35 1.03 Other________ _______________ - -__ .13 .35 .44 Silverware, china, and glassware, total— .31 .28 .62 .52 1.51 .43 .24 China or porcelain, table__ _ _ _ .18 . 12 .16 .10 .49 .06 .40 .09 .07 .07 .10 .08 .05 Glassware, __ _ _ _ _ ___ _______ .10 .20 .10 .09 .49 Tableware: Silver. __ __ _ ___ _ .13 . 10 .06 .40 .06 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .01 . 16 Other. __ _______ ____ .02 .01 .01 («) .03 .04 0 .17 Other_____ ________________________ TABULAR 269 SUM M ARY T a b l e A —7 . — Furnishings and Equipment Expenditures , by Consumption Level— Con. 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average expenditure per person Item Average expenditure per family for—Con. Furnishings and equipment—Con. Electrical equipment, total. . . . . Vacuum cleaners . . . _ _ __ _ _ Refrigerators (electric)____ ____ _ Electric stoves, hotplates _ Washing m achines.. _ _ _________ Irons. __ . _________ _. . Ironers, mangles____________ ... . Heaters, fans. ___________________ _ . Light bulbs___ _ _ _ _ ____ _ . . Lamps. ____ _____ _ _ _________ _ Toasters____ _ _ _____________ Sewing machines (electric)____ _____ Other____ _____ _________ _ . . . . __ Miscellaneous equipment, total___ . Mirrors, pictures, clocks, ornaments.. __ Carpet sweepers_____ __ _________ Brooms, brushes, mops _ ______ _. Dustpans, pails, etc. _. . . . Gas r e fr ig e r a to r s._ _ _ . _ . Ice boxes._ . __ _ _ _ _ _ . Stoves and ranges (not electric)_____ C anning equipment, cookers _ . . . . . . Pots, pans, cutlery. _ ___ . . . . Tubs, boards, wringers. ._ _ _ Ironing boards, racks, baskets.. _ _ Sewing machines (not electric) _ _____ Baby carriages, gocarts. ... _ _ Trunks, hand baggage. ... Household tools, ladders, cans __ _ _ Window shades, wire screens, awnings. Lawn mowers, garden equipment. _ . Repairs, cleaning __ . . . Other______ ____ ________ _ . . . 8 Less than 0.005. Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 $5.98 .27 3.17 .33 .77 .27 0 .04 .40 .33 .01 .33 .06 8.68 . 14 .03 .86 .05 0 .81 5.07 .02 .21 . 17 .02 .20 . 11 09 .01 .57 .03 . 16 .13 $1.24 0 0 (5) .69 . 14 0 0 .25 15 0 0 .01 6. 66 .04 0 .94 .03 0 .48 3.65 .01 .10 .24 .02 .48 .16 .01 0 .24 .01 (5) .25 $2.61 .10 .67 .01 .51 .27 0 (5) .31 . 29 0 .44 .01 9. 51 .09 .01 .92 .04 0 .75 6. 25 .02 .25 .22 .02 .05 . 12 .08 .02 .48 .02 .05 . 12 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $6.56 .17 3.04 1.04 1. 05 .24 0 . 10 .40 .20 .03 .26 .03 7. 31 . 12 .02 .84 .07 0 .85 4.08 .01 .24 . 12 .02 .14 .20 .01 .01 .39 .04 .07 .08 $5. 90 .30 4.01 .01 .08 .35 0 .04 .41 .21 .01 .47 .01 9.48 . 18 (5) .79 .08 0 1.39 5. 56 .02 .22 . 15 .03 .06 0 .01 .01 .79 .05 .02 . 12 $8.06 $16. 47 $29.01 1.13 0 1.30 4. 47 10.48 19.18 0 .01 1.90 .91 2.26 1.82 .49 .35 .37 0 0 0 .09 0 0 .54 .63 .98 .39 .51 2. 31 .04 .01 0 0 .23 1.86 .02 .23 1. 03 8. 30 10. 22 16.16 .21 .08 .77 .66 .01 .01 .74 .79 .75 .06 .06 -04 0 0 0 .89 .07 .77 4. 56 7.11 6. 38 .02 0 .01 .22 .21 .33 . 12 .01 . 10 .04 .09 .03 .65 0 .01 0 .18 0 1. 01 .07 .46 .03 .01 .01 .84 .60 2.07 0 .02 2. 0 .33 .04 .01 $600 to $700 $700 and over 270 M ONEY D I S B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y T a b l e A —8 .— Clothing Expenditures, by VOLUM E Consumption Level PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item All fami U n $200 lies der to $200 $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1, 000i $1,100 $1,200 to to to to and $900 $1, 000 $1,100 i $1, 200 over C lo th in y e x p e n d itu r e s Percentage of fami lies in survey___ _ 100.0 3.0 Average number of clothing expendi tu re u n its per family___________ 2.88 4. 77 Percentage of fami lie s s p e n d in g for— Ready-made cloth ing, dry clean ing, and acces sories__________ 99.9 99.5 Y ard goods and fin d in g s .______ 56.9 58.9 Paid help for sew 5.2 3.2 ing— Percentage of fami lies reporting cloth ing received as gifts--------------- 49.0 51.0 12.2 19.8 20.4 15.8 11.3 7.1 4.6 2.6 1.4 0.8 1.0 3. 90 3. 22 2. 84 2. 55 2. 32 2. 23 2. 10 2. 12 2.12 2.12 2.11 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.0 59. 3 58.4 59.6 56.4 55.1 54.2 52.0 58.1 52.7 47.5 60.0 3.2 3.4 4.3 5.9 6.0 8.4 9.2 7.6 10.2 7.5 14.9 52. 7 51.1 49.4 49.5 49.0 43.9 42.6 43.9 43.6 44.0 38.1 A verage e x p e n d i ture per family D o t. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. Dol. Dol. Dol. Dol. D o l. D o l. D o l. for c lo th in g ____ 160. 33 89.31 118. 67 137. 35 1 5 2 . 8 9 169. 40 180. 33 195. 42 204. 86 2 2 3 . 4 9 2 45 . 06 276. 45 3 2 0 . 4 5 Ready-made cloth ing, dry clean ing, and acces sories__________ 156. 22 86. 07 115. 36 133. 60 148. 83 165.00 175. 77 191. 00 200. 52 2 1 7 . 75 240. 33 272. 69 313. 02 Y ard goods and findings... 3. 86 3. 18 3. 23 3. 63 3. 88 4. 07 4. 21 4. 01 3. 92 5. 23 4. 02 3.29 6.16 Paid help for sew ing______ ___ .35 .41 .42 .25 .06 . 18 .33 . 51 .47 1. 27 .71 . 12 .08 Average value per family of clothing received as gifts (incomplete)2___ 8. 93 9. 93 8. 95 8. 86 8.91 8. 94 10. 00 7. 95 8.23 9. 48 8.17 10. 08 9. 22 Percentage of fami lies having men and boys 18 years of age and over 1__ 94. 3 Number of men and boys 18 years of age and over U . 16, 508 Average number of men and boys 18 years of age and over per family having such men and boys 1 _ _ _ _ 1. 21 Percentage of fami lies having boys 12 through 17 years 15.6 of age 1__________ Number of boys 12 through 17 years of age 1_____ ___1 2, 692 95. 7 95.5 96.2 94.2 93.8 93.0 94.2 615 2,267 3, 357 3, 366 2, 535 1, 744 1,091 91. 7 93.3 95. 0 96.6 91.3 711 371 205 114 132 1.47 1. 34 1. 22 1. 21 1. 18 1. 15 1. 12 1.17 1. 06 1. 08 1. 02 1.05 44.9 33. 3 22.0 14.8 10. 2 6.8 4.6 1.7 2. 1 1.0 0.9 1.4 761 481 250 112 48 13 2 266 8 2 748 1 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 2 The aggregates on which these averages are based do not include gifts of clothing reported received by 5.1 percent of the families, but for which they could not estimate the value. TABULAR 271 SU M M A R Y T a b l e A - 8 .— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed PER SO N S1 IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item All fami Un $200 lies der to $200 $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 to to to and to $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over C loth in g e x p e n d i tu res —Continued Average number of boys 12 through 17 years of age per f a m ily h a v in g 1.19 such b o y s1____ Percentage of fami lies having boys 6 through 11 years of age 1___ _____ _ 17.5 Number of boys 6 through 11 years of age U__ ______ 2, 960 Average number of boys 6 through 11 years of age per f a m ily h a v in g such b o y s 1. . ____ 1.17 Percentage of fami lies having boys 2 through 5 years of age 1-------------12.0 Number of boys 2 through 5 years of age 1-------------- 1,900 Average number of boys 2 through 5 years of age per f a m ily h a v in g such boys 1 _____ 1. 09 Percentage of fami lies having women and girls 18 years of age and over 1-- 98. 1 Number of women and girls 18 years of age and over 1- _ 18, 018 Average number of women and girls 18 years of age and o ver per fa m ily having such wo 1. 27 men and girls 1___ Percentage of fami lies having girls 12 t h r o u g h 17 years of age 1_____ 16.0 Number of girls 12 through 17 years 2, 728 of age 1 _ Average number of girls 12 through 17 years of age per f a m i l y h a v in g such girls 1. _ _ _ 1. 18 Percentage of fami lies having girls 6 through l i years of age 1__________ 17.4 Number of girls 6 through 11 years of age 1__________ 3,001 1. 36 1. 29 1. 19 l. 10 1. 07 1. 01 1.00 1. 16 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 43.2 36.6 24.4 17.4 11.8 6.8 4.5 3.5 2.9 0.5 0 0.7 261 804 839 575 281 114 50 23 11 1 0 1 1. 38 1.24 1.20 1.12 1.04 1.03 1.06 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 1.00 25. 6 22.5 16.3 12.3 8.6 6.7 5. 1 3.0 1.3 0 1.7 0 133 459 523 390 205 110 53 20 5 0 2 0 1.19 1. 15 1.12 1. 07 1.04 1. 01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 97. 3 98. 2 97.8 98.8 98. 1 97.4 98. 2 96. 5 96. 5 98.0 100.0 91.3 641 2,417 3, 777 3, 734 2, 763 1, 905 1,177 723 405 219 122 135 1. 51 1.39 1. 35 1. 28 1. 23 1.20 1.16 1.13 l.}2 1.12 1.05 1.07 47. 1 35.2 22.0 14.6 11.1 6.7 4.1 3.2 1.6 0.5 0 1.4 295 766 737 480 266 111 42 22 6 1 0 2 1.43 1.23 1.17 1. 11 1. 05 1. 02 1.00 1.06 1.00 1.00 0 1.00 48.3 39.4 24.7 16.5 11.6 8.2 4.8 2.3 2.4 0 0.9 1.4 287 809 840 554 290 141 52 15 9 0i 1 3 1 Includes only persons dependent on funds for 52 weeks. 0 272 M ONET D I S B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y VOLUM E T a b l e A —8 .— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C o n t in u e d PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Item Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami Un $200 lies der to $200 $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 to to to to and $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over C loth in g e x p e n d i tu res —Continued Average number of girls 6 through 11 years of age per f a m i l y h a v in g such girls 1__ Percentage of fami lies having girls 2 through 5 years of a g e1__________ Number of girls 2 through 5 years of age 1 ---------Average number of girls 2 through 5 years of age per f a m i l y h a v in g such girls i ______ Percentage of fami lies having infants under 2 years of age 1 ------------Number of infants under 2 years of age 3_____ Average number of infants under 2 years of age per f a m i l y h a v in g infants 3_ _______ 1.19 1. 36 1.16 1.19 1.14 1.09 1. 05 1.03 1.00 1. 00 0 1.00 1. 50 11.6 24.9 19.3 16.9 11.4 10.3 7.2 3.4 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.7 0 130 385 541 361 257 117 35 14 8 3 2 0 1.10 1.19 1.13 1.12 1. 07 1.09 1. 00 1. 01 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0 10.4 17.2 15.0 12.1 10.1 10.3 8.8 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.5 4.3 3.6 76 270 362 311 237 144 65 39 23 ‘l l 5 5 1. 03 1. 01 1. 02 1. 05 1. 04 1. 01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.00 1,853 1,548 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 3 Infants 1 to 2 years of age are included only if dependent on family funds for 52 weeks; those under 1 year of age are included regardless of the number of weeks dependent on family funds. TABULAR SUMMARY 273 T a b l e A - 8 .— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C o n t in u e d PERSONS 1 IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Item Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fam U n $200 $300 $400 $500 ilies der to to to to $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over C loth in g , m e n a nd b o ys 18 yea rs o f age a nd over 1 dumber of articles: Hats: F elt_____________________ Straw ________ ___ Caps: Wool_________________ Other___________________ Overcoats_______________ Topcoats_______________________ Raincoats______________________ Jackets: Heavy fabrics._ _______ Leather_______ Other. _ ________ . . . Sweaters: H eavy________________ L ig h t.. ___ _ ... Suits: H eavy wool . . . ___ Lightweight wool__ . . . _ Cotton, lin en ... . . . _____ Palm Beach____________ Other . . . Trousers: Wool_________________ Cotton.. _____ #Other___ _ . . . . . . Overalls, coveralls._. __ . . . Shirts: Cotton, work___ Cotton and other, dress___ Wool____________________ Underwear: Suits, cotton, knit. . ____ w oven___________ cotton and wool_________ rayon and s ilk .. . . . . . . Undershirts, cotton. cotton and wool__ rayon and silk____ Shorts, cotton_________________ rayon and silk _. ___ Drawers, cotton and wool______ Pajamas and nightshirts_______ Shoes: Street.. __ . . . W ork___________________ Canvas_________________ Other___________________ Boots: Rubber__________________ Leather_________________ Arctics_________________________ Rubbers_______________________ Shoe: Repairs___ _ S h in e s _____ _______ Hose: Cotton, h e a v y _______ dress____ ______ Rayon. . . . _ ___ Silk_________ Wool____________________ Gloves: Work, cotton___________ other... ________ Street, leather__ ____ _ other.. . . . . . . _ Ties____________________________ Collars_________________________ Bathing suits, sun suits_________ Handkerchiefs__________________ Accessories_____________________ Bathrobes______________________ Cleaning, repairing _ __ _ Other_________________________ 0. 53 0. 22 .21 .10 .20 . 14 .14 .09 .15 .04 .06 .01 .04 .01 .10 .07 .05 .01 .03 .03 .13 .08 .14 .07 .24 .06 .23 .10 .02 .02 .01 (4) .02 .01 .33 .22 .43 .32 .08 .04 .60 .42 1.22 .88 2. 33 .96 .06 .02 0. 34 0. 44 0. 51 0.62 0.68 0. 72 0. 71 .12 .16 .20 .25 .26 .26 .32 .18 .20 .20 .21 .21 .21 .20 .12 .14 .11 .13 .15 . 16 .21 .09 .13 .13 . 15 .18 .22 .20 .02 .05 .05 .07 .09 .09 . 13 .02 .03 .04 .04 .04 .07 .05 .09 .10 .10 .10 .09 .09 . 12 .03 .05 .05 .06 .07 .07 .07 .02 .03 .02 .03 .05 .08 .02 .12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 15 .13 .12 .10 .13 .12 . 14 .15 . 18 . 16 .13 .18 .21 .26 .32 .36 .37 .14 . 18 .23 .25 .28 .32 .35 .01 .01 .02 .03 .03 .04 .03 (4) .01 (4) .01 .01 .02 .01 .01 .01 .02 .01 .01 .02 .03 .32 .34 .32 .33 .37 .34 .36 .37 .41 .45 .46 .42 .37 .52 .05 .08 .07 .07 .07 . 10 . 11 .52 .67 .61 .59 .61 .64 .54 1.07 1.05 1.25 1. 27 1.31 1.28 1.43 1.42 1.94 2. 20 2. 62 2. 93 3.15 3.20 .04. .05 .06 .07 .09 .09 .08 0. 90 .34 .20 . 14 .23 .13 .08 .09 .08 .04 .17 .17 .48 .34 .06 .01 .04 .32 .46 .10 .69 1.58 3. 60 .06 0. 96 .34 .20 .26 .18 . 15 .05 .12 .06 .03 .17 .18 .42 .47 .06 .02 .01 .31 .56 .22 .69 1.69 3.70 .08 0.95 .45 .19 .28 .26 .10 .04 .11 . 14 .03 .17 .20 .41 .52 .06 .04 .06 .29 .50 . 16 .68 1.37 4. 52 .06 0.83 .38 .18 .06 .41 .16 .05 .12 .13 .01 .24 .22 .48 .55 .03 .04 .05 .36 .44 .12 .36 1.27 4. 36 .05 .49 .28 .33 .03 1.49 .33 .07 1.71 .04 .24 .46 1.25 .43 .03 .05 .04 .01 .05 .26 .44 .21 .23 .01 1.02 .24 .03 1.19 .01 .17 .19 1.01 .43 .03 .02 .04 (4) .04 .20 .49 . 18 .30 .02 1.28 .29 .06 1.49 .04 .20 .27 1.14 .45 .02 .04 .03 .01 .04 .25 .49 .26 .34 .02 1.49 .31 .06 1.69 . 03 .23 .41 1.22 .44 .03 .04 .04 .01 .05 .29 .51 .29 .36 .05 1.63 .33 .07 1.87 .03 .27 .56 1.34 .43 .03 .06 .04 .01 .06 .28 .49 .30 .38 .05 1.83 .30 .06 2. 07 .05 .23 .67 1.45 .44 .04 .06 .04 .01 .06 .27 .61 .36 .34 .07 1.83 .54 .09 2.33 .07 .33 .76 1.48 .44 .04 .08 .03 .02 .07 .35 .64 .37 .39 .04 1.82 .36 .10 2. 05 .06 .22 .86 1. 50 .39 .03 .07 .04 .02 .08 .33 .40 .36 .41 .05 2.12 .74 .16 2. 36 . 11 .59 .97 1.76 .36 .05 .12 .02 .03 .08 ,32 .67 .57 .37 .08 2.02 .50 . 15 2.06 .06 .50 .98 1.74 .36 .03 .14 .03 .02 .08 .32 .93 .26 .39 . 12 2. 59 .23 .36 2.83 .32 .22 1.19 1. 59 .41 .04 .11 .04 .05 .10 .18 .57 .29 .50 .07 2.98 .64 .34 3.20 . 18 .51 1.17 1.66 .42 .10 .12 .07 .04 .08 .40 2. 90 4.27 2. 77 3.82 .91 1.72 .21 .24 .08 .26 1.33 1.90 . 19 .28 .04 . 13 .02 .03 .83 1.45 .06 .06 .01 .03 2. 67 3. 61 .07 . 17 .01 .01 4. 06 4. 64 2. 31 .42 .36 2. 44 .36 . 15 .04 2. 08 . 10 .04 4. 71 .28 .05 3. 77 4. 41 2. 55 .58 .37 2. 32 .47 .21 .02 2. 52 .21 .05 4. 97 .22 .03 4.18 4.61 2. 56 .85 .44 2.10 .27 .26 .03 3.03 .28 .08 5. 45 .34 .03 3. 80 4. 36 2.76 1.36 .46 2. 20 .20 .32 .04 3. 43 .39 .09 5.73 .25 .05 4. 46 4. 34 3.26 1.42 .63 2. 66 .59 .27 .02 3. 86 .44 . 11 7.20 .35 .06 3. 95 3. 89 3.04 1.37 .74 2. 38 .47 .37 .03 3. 75 .63 .16 6.17 .38 .10 4. 09 3. 29 4.27 2. 20 .67 1. 70 .19 .33 .07 4. 52 .27 . 12 6. 72 .45 .07 3.11 5. 56 4. 65 2. 29 .45 2. 28 .59 .40 .04 3. 39 .64 .16 7. 50 .50 .11 3.22 4. 36 5. 38 2. 79 .77 2. 51 .13 .48 .02 5.74 .48 .14 6. 78 .31 .06 2.64 6.73 2. 62 2. 65 .47 1.12 .36 .59 .07 6.17 1.11 .25 7.41 .53 .15 3. 97 4. 33 2. 51 .79 .41 2. 21 .35 .22 .03 2. 55 .25 .07 5.10 .27 .03 .30 .18 .20 .02 .69 .18 .01 .78 (4) .17 .07 .76 .39 .04 .02 .03 .01 .02 . 12 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 4 Less than 0.005 article. MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME 274 T a b l e A - 8 . — Clothing Expenditures, hy Consumption Level— C o n t in u e d PERSONS 1 IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average expenditure per person Fam ilies w ith total annual u n it expenditure of— Item A ll fam i U n $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over C lo th in g , m e n a n d b o y s 18 y e a r s o f a ge a n d o v e r 1—Con. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. T otal expenditure- _ _ _ _ _ _ 49.18 17.42 26.89 37.32 44. 65 54. 47 Hats: F e l t _______________ 1.69 .4 8 .8 6 1.22 1.52 1.96 S t r a w . . ______ _ .4 0 .13 . 18 .2 7 .34 .4 7 Caps: W ool____________ .2 0 . 12 . 16 . 19 .2 0 .21 .05 .0 6 .0 6 .08 O ther_____________ .07 .0 5 O vercoats________________ 3.20 .60 1.51 2. 45 2.76 3. 27 .63 .93 1.35 T op coats___ ___________ __ 1.13 .15 .3 0 R ain coats________________ . 18 .0 7 .0 7 .14 . 17 .2 0 .24 .34 .3 9 .44 .41 .41 Jackets: H ea v y fabric____ L eather_________ .34 .0 6 .1 8 .2 9 .2 9 .4 2 O ther______ _ _ .09 .0 7 .0 5 .0 9 .0 6 .0 9 Sweaters: H e a v y _______ .40 . 16 .2 8 .3 5 .4 2 .4 7 Light__________ Suits: Heavy wool_______ Lightweight wool__ Cotton, linen_____ Palm Beach______ Other____________ Trousers: W ool_________ Cotton________ Other_________ Overalls, coveralls. . __ _ Shirts: Cotton, work____ Cotton and other, dress___ __ ____ W ool____ ___ _ Underwear: Suits, cotton, kn it_____ w oven___ cotton and wool _ _ rayon and silk___ Undershirts, cotton____ cotton and wool _. rayon and silk_____ Shorts, cotton_____ __ rayon and silk__ Drawers, cotton and wool________________ Pajamas and nightshirts. Shoes: Street _ _. ______ W ork________ Canvas___________ Other _ _ _ _ _ _ Boots: Rubber. _ __ _ __ Leather __ ___ Arctics__________________ Rubbers________________ Shoe: Repairs_________ _ Shines____________ Hose: Cotton, heavy____ dress______ Rayon____________ Silk_______________ Wool. _ ________ Gloves: Work, cotton____ other____ Street, leather other_____ T ies____________________ Collars__________________ Bathing suits, sun s u its ... H andkerchiefs.._ __ _ _ Accessories______________ Bathrobes______________ Cleaning, repairing______ Other___________________ .26 .10 .16 .22 .25 6.11 1.34 2.84 4.31 5.17 5. 23 1.71 2.61 3. 55 4.93 .23 .09 .07 .14 .21 .10 .03 .01 .05 .05 .29 .23 . 11 . 14 .30 1.13 .58 .92 1.10 1.06 .74 .51 .60 .72 .75 .17 .07 .10 .14 .15 .95 .53 .74 .97 .92 1.13 .67 .86 1.00 1.09 3.05 . 11 D o l. D o l. 73. 07 2.58 .59 .23 .09 5. 81 1.79 .36 .45 .43 .09 .47 75. 87 90. 88 93. 86 106.14 125. 73 2. 56 3. 39 3.69 3.91 3. 55 .7 2 .8 0 .91 1. 27 .96 .21 .21 .33 .21 .33 .09 .11 .14 .11 .04 5.17 6. 45 5.18 8.11 12.16 2. 53 2.63 3.19 2.27 4.30 .24 .4 5 .23 . 16 .51 .49 .56 .6 6 . 54 .64 .49 .7 0 .38 1.01 1. 27 . 22 .11 .0 8 .15 .0 2 .32 8. 77 6. 61 .30 .15 . 18 1.34 .78 .18 1.02 1. 25 .42 9. 85 8.06 .43 .34 .50 1.29 .66 .24 1.15 1.33 D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. .42 .59 .67 .64 .76 .38 .43 .45 .38 .54 10. 43 13.99 12. 04 12. 75 14. 95 8.62 8. 65 12. 43 13. 87 15. .58 .25 .72 .57 .80 .53 .20 .11 .26 .46 .56 .92 1.18 .24 .83 1. 09 1.36 1.43 1. 30 1.34 1.62 .94 .92 1. 03 .92 .94 .25 .33 .31 .42 .38 .96 1. 12 1.30 1.29 .75 1.49 1.85 1.99 1.66 1.80 .90 1.53 2.28 2.79 3. 44 4.14 4.46 4. 73 .03 .06 .07 . 11 .13 .11 .23 . 16 5. 56 . 17 5. 72 . 18 7.15 .23 7. 82 .14 .80 .44 .50 .04 .72 .54 .42 .73 .06 .99 .92 .77 .76 .09 .75 1.10 .41 .61 .25 1.07 .72 .38 .93 . 10 1. 34 .54 .31 .43 .03 .52 .28 .16 .21 .02 .20 .42 .21 .25 .01 .31 .50 .26 .37 .02 .40 .52 .27 .42 .02 .50 .57 .34 .38 .05 . 56 .58 .35 .55 .06 .69 . 73 .47 . 54 .06 .70 . 17 .07 . 11 . 13 . 15 .16 .20 .32 .22 .37 .26 . 13 .39 .04 .61 .02 .01 .22 (s) .02 .39 (•) .03 .48 .02 .04 .58 .02 .03 .67 .01 04 .81 .02 .06 .91 .04 .09 .82 .04 . 10 1.00 .07 .10 .86 .03 .18 1.15 .13 .23 1. 43 .12 . 14 . 17 .77 .94 5.70 6.70 1.38 1.43 .05 .06 .16 .16 .10 .13 .05 .07 . 14 . 14 .33 .32 1.33 1. 53 .43 .61 .82 .81 1.01 1.01 .63 .73 .31 .50 .19 .23 .45 .44 .13 .11 .44 .55 .04 .05 1.69 2.13 .08 11 .21 .24 .51 .61 .15 . 15 .13 .26 3. 33 4.15 .38 .57 weeks. .26 1.13 6. 87 1.51 .06 .21 . 10 . 10 .17 .43 1.64 .82 .89 .96 .88 .58 .29 .58 . 19 .54 .04 2. 43 .11 .32 .78 .20 .27 4. 43 .60 . 15 1. 27 7.24 1.40 .06 .21 . 12 . 14 .24 .40 1.51 .76 .81 .94 .82 .56 .33 .48 . 18 .76 .04 2. 53 .17 42 .72 .23 .50 4. 68 .62 .31 1.55 8. 62 1.26 . 11 .33 . 12 .23 . 18 .40 1.72 1.34 .87 .94 1.12 .88 .34 .63 .12 .66 .11 3. 09 .09 .34 .79 .28 .34 6. 67 .78 .25 1.69 8. 82 1.31 .08 .43 . 13 . 13 .20 .42 1.61 1.49 .62 1. 37 1. 32 .98 .22 .50 .32 .88 .03 3. 30 .20 .54 .91 .38 .65 7. 02 .31 . 14 .64 5. 17 1.31 .05 . 13 . 11 .06 . 12 .30 1.23 .39 .75 .90 .61 .29 .17 .45 .14 .38 .04 1.46 .07 . 16 .47 . 13 . 15 2. 76 .32 1 Includes only persons dependent 5 Less than 0.5 cent. .30 6.80 5.91 .26 .14 .25 1.24 .81 . 18 1.03 1.20 D o l. 64. 06 2. 30 .55 .21 .0 7 4.19 1.70 .21 .35 .4 6 .1 7 49 .08 .09 . 10 .07 .20 .33 2. 34 3. 33 4.16 .98 1.10 1.32 .04 .03 .03 .02 .04 .08 .08 .09 .09 .02 .01 .04 .03 .08 .09 . 11 .21 .27 .56 .82 1.11 .04 .07 .13 .47 .72 .72 .51 .66 .90 .19 .34 .49 .04 .07 .13 .03 .10 .14 .30 .39 .48 .06 .10 .12 .04 . 16 .24 .01 .02 .03 .26 .57 .93 .01 .01 .03 .01 .06 .08 .17 .26 .35 .02 .05 .09 .02 .02 .06 .65 .89 1.64 .1 7 .09 .16 on family funds . 13 .51 4. 85 1. 31 .04 .09 .11 .05 . 11 .33 1.24 .23 .71 .89 .62 . 21 .15 .48 .18 .33 .03 1.26 .05 . 13 .42 10 .11 2. 27 .22 for 52 . 13 .26 2.10 2.12 9.49 9. 62 1. 62 1.60 .04 .29 .33 .40 .13 .30 .29 .33 .31 .24 .22 .47 1.36 2.13 2.46 3.25 .88 .71 1.16 1.72 1.43 1.65 1.00 1.16 .48 .34 .59 .32 .07 .14 1. 00 1. 47 .01 .22 3. 97 4.90 .14 .35 .82 .45 1. 03 1.19 .22 .45 .28 .84 8. 45 10. 65 .92 1. 51 TABULAR 275 SU M M A R Y T a b l e A—8 .— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C o n t in u e d PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Item All fami lies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over C lothing, boys 12 through 17 years of age 1 Number of articles: 0. 07 Hats: Felt_____________ _________ 0.42 .02 Straw____________ __ . . . .02 .27 Caps: Wool___________________ .37 .07 Other_______ . . . ____ - _ .09 .06 Overcoats____ - -------.13 Topcoats____________ _______ .02 (4) .02 Raincoats. _, .07 .17 Jackets: Heavy fabric, _ _ .24 .04 Leather _ __ _ _ ___ .13 .03 Other_______ _____. ___ .03 .25 Sweaters: H eavy, _ ___ _ .39 . 17 Light, ____________ , .37 Playsuits: Wool kn it__ .01 (4) Cotton suede, ... _ _ _ , 01 .01 Other_________ ______ .01 (4) .08 Suits: Heavy wool_________ . ,_, .20 .10 Lightweight wool___ __ __ .22 .02 Cotton, lin en ,__ _ .. . . . .02 Palm Beach___ _ ______ 0 (4) .01 Other_________ _______ .02 .52 Trousers: Wool____ _________ , .77 .45 Cotton _ . ... .64 .05 Other_____________ , 1.31 .26 Overalls, coveralls ________ , .39 .45 Shirts and blouses: Cotton, w ork,. .53 C o tto n a n d 1.33 other, dress,, 2. 79 .02 W ool________ .04 .31 Underwear: Suits, cotton, k n it___ .38 . 19 woven .19 .24 cotton and wool.30 rayon and silk,. 0 .02 .67 Undershirts, cotton, __ 1.65 c o tto n an d .20 .34 wool— rayon an d .03 silk___ .05 Shorts, cotton_______ .70 1.86 rayon and silk. .04 (4) Drawers, cotton and wool. . . . . 10 . 19 Pajamas and night .05 shirts_________ .40 Shoes: Street. . . . . . . . . _ . 2.17 1. 65 W o rk ... . . . . . . _ ____ .05 .09 Canvas .33 .57 . .03 Other_____ _ ____ .07 Boots: Rubber. _ ____ . .01 .02 Leather. _ _____ .01 .03 .03 Arctics____ ______ __________ .05 . 14 Rubbers____ _____ ______ _ __ .30 Shoe: Repairs _ . __ Shines _. _. ______ _ Hose: Cotton, heavy. . . _ _ _ 3.59 2. 57 dress__________ ___ 2. 95 5. 01 Rayon_______ ________ . .41 1.46 Silk______________________ 0 .16 .05 Wool_____________________ .23 Gloves: Work, cotton. ___ ______ .17 .08 .01 other. . _____ .02 .04 Street, leather__ ______ .25 other____ ________ .17 .06 .69 Ties____________________________ 1. 93 .01 Collars_________________________ (4) .17 .04 Bathing suits, sun s u it s ..___ ____ 3. 37 1.09 Handkerchiefs... ______________ . 10 Accessories_____ . . . .. . . . . .20 0 .02 Bathrobes_______________ _____ Cleaning, repairing Other__________________________ 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds 0. 38 .02 .35 .09 .09 .01 .04 .22 .11 .03 .32 .29 .01 (4) .01 .15 .17 .01 (4) .01 .68 .52 .10 .38 .42 0. 71 .02 .40 . 11 .10 .03 .06 .27 .11 .04 .37 .40 .01 .01 .01 .19 .22 .04 (4) .02 .85 .68 . 15 .43 .58 0.24 .03 .36 .11 . 15 .02 .08 .25 . 13 .03 .44 .50 .02 .01 .01 .21 .26 .02 0 .03 .79 .71 .15 .46 .43 0. 33 .04 .41 .07 .24 .02 .11 .32 . 18 .02 .57 .46 .01 .02 .04 .35 .29 .01 .01 .01 .92 .86 .23 .33 .98 0.48 .01 .40 . 10 .29 .02 .18 .22 .26 .04 .50 .52 .02 .04 .02 .38 .31 .08 .01 .03 .92 .76 .21 .41 .53 0.45 .03 .41 .07 .32 .04 .12 .14 .23 .05 .72 .52 .04 .02 .02 .63 .37 .04 .01 .04 .85 .72 .13 .16 .52 2. 32 .03 .43 .21 .32 (4) 1. 21 2. 91 .05 .37 .19 .30 .01 1.81 3.13 .05 .36 .21 .24 .03 1. 95 3. 56 .07 .42 . 14 .30 .05 2. 38 4.15 .03 .33 .22 .30 .02 2. 31 4.54 .07 .36 . 12 .33 .04 2. 64 .22 .33 .42 .43 .68 .55 .03 1.37 .02 .02 2. 02 .04 .04 2. 25 .04 . 12 2.64 . 12 .02 2.63 0 .45 3.14 .35 . 11 .22 .21 .32 .52 .38 . 19 1.86 .06 .51 .06 .02 .03 .06 .24 .38 2. 24 .12 .64 .05 .02 .03 .05 .33 .49 2.29 .08 .67 . 11 .02 .03 .04 .35 .77 2. 59 . 15 .66 .10 .02 .02 .06 .43 .81 2. 98 .07 .62 .17 .07 .11 .10 .32 1.49 3.10 .03 .64 .06 .05 .02 .07 .52 3.09 4. 81 1. 07 .11 .14 .21 .01 .13 .16 1. 33 .01 .10 2.88 .09 .01 3. 57 5. 27 1.44 .09 .27 .16 .02 .27 .16 2.04 .01 .15 3. 53 .23 .02 3. 57 4. 83 1.94 .21 .26 .18 .01 .32 .15 2.14 .07 .20 3. 70 .26 .02 5.05 7.05 1. 87 .28 .26 . 14 .03 .38 .24 3.13 .01 .33 4.49 .25 .01 5.44 6.10 2. 01 .90 .41 . 17 0 .51 .21 3. 38 .01 .37 5. 80 .25 . 12 4.86 4. 26 3. 09 .42 .87 .,06 .06 .58 .35 4. 09 .04 .66 5. 30 .35 .08 for 52 weeks. 4 Less than 0.005 article. 276 M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S — S U M M A R Y VOLUM E T a b l e A —8 . — Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C o n t in u e d PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average expenditure per person Item All fami lies Families w ith total annual unit expenditure of— Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over $41. 39 .54 : 05 .26 .06 2.14 .30 .27 .92 .75 . 11 1. 03 .81 .02 .01 (5) 3. 38 3. 95 . 13 0 .30 2.17 1.20 .32 .43 .36 $55. 08 .79 .04 .32 .03 3. 72 .14 .37 1.23 1. 00 .04 1.34 .83 .02 .02 .01 5. 96 4. 38 .05 .08 .10 2. 71 1.64 .51 .33 .89 $62. 68 1.04 .02 .34 .06 4. 60 .22 .69 .80 1. 70 .18 1. 36 .97 .02 .03 .02 6. 76 5. 62 .21 . 12 .19 2. 92 1. 56 .42 .40 .41 $76.14 1.11 .04 .31 .03 5. 36 .35 .50 .47 2. 01 .19 2.26 .95 .03 .02 .03 11. 03 7. 03 .32 . 11 .40 2.66 1.35 .40 . 15 .40 2. 81 .04 .31 . 18 3. 40 .08 .34 .10 3. 85 .04 .24 .19 5.12 .07 .26 .13 .21 .01 .57 .23 .07 .72 .29 .02 .78 .47 .01 .96 .12 .13 .28 . 19 .02 .68 .02 .04 .85 .05 .01 .‘86 .15 1.17 . 12 .06 .08 C lothing, boys 12 through 17 years of age 1—Continued 'otal expenditure ___ _ $35. 58 $14. 56 $25. 49 $34. 96 .12 .25 .41 Hats: Felt____ _ _ _ _ .43 .02 .02 .02 Straw __ ___ __ _ .03 .24 .28 .16 Caps: W o o l . . ___ _____ _ _ _ _ .25 .04 .06 .06 ___ Other. __ ________ . 05 1.09 1.22 Overcoats____ _ __ .53 1.76 .29 . 11 Topcoats. ___ __ _ ___ __ _ _ . 19 (5) .17 . 18 Raincoats ___ .05 .22 .69 .92 .44 Jackets: Heavy fabric. __ _ _ __ _ .82 .54 .12 .49 Leather __ _ __ ___ .65 . 13 .09 Other __ ___ ___ ___ _ .06 . 11 .79 .34 .57 Sweaters: H eavy _______ _ ___ .85 .59 .40 L ight___ ____ _ _ _ .16 .59 .01 Playsuits: Wool knit_______ _ .01 (5) (5) .01 .01 Cotton suede. _ _ _ .01 (5) .01 Other________ _____ _ .01 (5) .01 2. 94 1.92 1.10 Suits: Heavy wool _ __ _ _ ____ 3. 21 3. 06 .82 2. 25 Lightweight wool _ __ _ 3.11 .18 .03 Cotton, linen___ _ _ _ __ .03 . 11 .02 .01 Palm Beach _____ _ 0 .03 .10 .13 Other___ ______ ____ _ .09 .15 2.17 1.49 Trousers: Wool___ _______ _ _ .93 1.95 1.04 .77 C o tto n ..________ _ 9 52 1.03 .33 .16 Other_______ _____ __ .11 .28 Overalls, coveralls. __ _ ______ .36 * .41 .23 .37 .45 Shirt and blouses: Cotton, w ork... .27 .30 .41 C o t t o n and 1.72 2.43 other, dress .91 2. 37 .03 .02 Wool_______ -.03 (5) .28 Underwear: Suits, cotton, k n it.___ .30 .21 .29 woven.. . 14 . 15 .10 . 15 cott on and .22 .22 wool. . . . . . . .18 .23 .01 rayon and silk. 0 .01 (5) .49 Undershirts, Cotton. _ .33 . 18 .48 cotton and .12 wool. _ .07 .07 .11 rayon and silk__ .01 .01 .01 .02 Shorts, cotton_______ .58 .38 .18 .56 rayon and silk. .01 .02 (5) (5) Drawers, cotton and .07 wool . ___ _ .03 .04 .06 Pajamas and night shirts. .42 .18 .44 .05 Shoes: Street.__ ______ _______ 5.12 6. 45 3. 65 6. 43 Work____________________ .31 . 17 . 11 .24 Canvas _____________ .56 .43 .52 .25 Other___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ .08 .06 . 12 .03 Boots: Rubber___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .03 .02 .03 (5) Leather _ ___ _ _______ .10 . 10 .02 . 11 Arctics___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________ .11 . 11 .11 .05 .31 R ubbers... __ _ ___ ___ _______ .23 .12 .30 Shoe: R epairs._ _ _________ _ __ 1. 51 1.17 .53 1. 57 Shines__ _ _ _ _____ . . . .01 .02 (5) (5) Hose: Cotton, heavy. __ __ __ .83 .61 .46 .78 dress._ __ ___ ____ 1. 05 .86 1.01 .50 Rayon . _ __________ . . . . 19 .27 .29 .07 Silk______________________ .02 0 .02 .05 .11 W ool_____________________ .03 .06 .10 Gloves: Work, cotton___________ .04 .05 .03 .05 other ___ _____ . .01 .01 (5) (5) Street, leather... ^ _ ___ .29 .04 .15 .30 other______ ____ .10 .02 .08 .10 Ties__________ ____________ ___ . 15 .34 .57 .60 Collars_______ ___ _____ (s) C5) (5) (5) Bathing suits, sun suits_____ .33 .05 .16 .26 Handkerchiefs_____ ___ _______ .24 .18 .23 .06 Accessories____________ _ __ _ .02 .04 .07 .08 Bathrobes. _________ _ . __ .05 0 .04 .01 Cleaning, repairing. _ ______ _ . 14 .31 .54 .70 Other. _ . . . _____ __________ _ _ .12 .03 .07 .06 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 0 .20 .54 .95 .84 7.18 8. 64 10. 42 .24 .46 .24 .63 .70 .67 .24 .20 .33 .03 .03 .04 .13 .08 .43 .07 . 15 .23 .35 .47 .36 1.83 2. 60 2.47 .02 .07 .06 .84 1.04 1.26 .98 1.61 1.52 .44 .42 .43 .08 .08 .23 . 12 .11 .23 .07 .04 .05 .01 .02 0 .37 .48 .67 .09 . 16 .17 .72 1.10 1.22 (5) (5) (s) .39 .84 .80 .29 .35 .46 .10 .12 .11 .07 .04 .30 .95 1.61 1. 57 .07 .07 . 15 5 Less than 0.5 cent. .14 1.89 11.13 .09 .61 .14 .11 .06 .18 .57 3. 75 .07 1.12 1.16 .89 .18 .31 .07 .02 .86 .29 1.83 .01 .99 .60 .23 .32 2.31 .05 TABULAR SUMM ARY 277 T a b l e A —8 . — Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C o n t in u e d PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Families w ith total annual unit expenditure of— fami lies Under $200 C loth in g , b o ys 6 through 11 y e a rs o f age $400 to $500. $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 0.06 .01 .54 . 19 . 15 .30 .05 . 19 . 10 .03 .36 .38 .07 .08 . 14 . 15 . 16 .27 .01 .04 .70 .63 . 17 .88 0. 02 .01 .31 . 15 .07 (4) (4) .07 .04 .02 .24 .26 .03 .03 .05 .09 .09 .09 0 .01 .52 .45 .03 .57 0. 02 .01 .44 . 15 . 12 .02 .03 . 17 .08 .02 .28 .28 .04 .04 .08 . 12 . 12 . 19 0 .03 .62 .55 . 13 .68 0.04 .01 .53 . 17 . 13 .03 .04 . 19 . 10 .04 .29 .42 .06 .06 . 11 . 12 . 19 .28 .01 .04 .71 .58 .14 .91 0. 07 .02 .64 .21 . 16 .05 .07 .23 .13 .03 .45 .44 . 10 . 11 .20 . 18 . 18 .33 .01 .05 .74 .72 .23 1 . 01 0.10 .02 .73 .24 .23 .07 .09 .26 .09 .05 .45 .49 . 11 . 13 .22 . 19 . 19 .29 0 .05 .93 .82 .29 .90 0. 21 .01 .98 .37 .35 .03 . 19 .31 . 16 .04 .71 .49 . 17 . 19 .34 .25 .21 . 77 .01 .07 .92 1.04 .29 1.28 0. 26 .01 .57 .30 .32 .05 . 10 .30 .10 .06 .74 .55 .13 . 14 .25 .30 .23 .53 .03 .01 .81 .89 .20 1.09 2. 87 .07 .94 .47 .47 .03 .51 . 13 .01 .56 .01 .08 . 55 2. 98 .50 . n .05 .07 . 15 .30 . 66 .01 .62 .24 .28 (4) . 14 .06 0 . 19 0 .03 .09 1. 94 .32 .08 .01 .02 .07 .14 2. 25 .04 .78 .45 .36 .01 .37 .08 .01 .39 (4) .04 .24 2. 68 .46 .09 .04 .06 . 10 .24 2. 76 .07 .89 .40 .50 .02 .59 . 11 .01 * .64 .01 .06 .47 2. 98 . 57 .08 .06 .08 . 14 .32 3.26 . 12 1.16 .50 .55 .06 .55 .22 .02 .62 .02 . 13 .75 3. 25 .53 . 15 .04 .06 .23 .33 4.15 .06 1.15 .55 .62 . 12 .67 . 15 .02 . 78 0 . 12 1 . 02 3. 44 .48 . 14 .07 . 11 . 14 .41 5. 05 . 17 1. 43 1 . 06 .69 .06 .98 .04 .01 .99 0 0 1.42 4. 08 .69 .23 . 12 . 10 .27 .48 4. 42 . 16 1.14 .88 .78 0 .79 .45 .03 .86 0 .28 1.62 4. 04 .47 .23 .09 . 12 .32 .36 4.28 4. 53 .30 .03 .35 . 19 .20 .39 1. 41 .01 .18 2. 29 .30 .05 2. 65 2. 80 .09 0 .02 . 13 .01 . 18 . 57 0 .07 1 . 20 .03 0 4. 22 3.51 . 19 .01 . 18 . 15 . 12 .37 .94 .01 . 10 1. 56 .20 .01 4. 01 5. 21 .40 .02 .38 .24 .20 .43 1. 35 .01 . 15 2.26 . 50 .04 4. 85 4.69 .34 .03 .46 .20 .26 .43 1. 70 .01 .25 2.81 .29 .09 5. 35 5. 61 .32 . 12 .61 .16 .37 .35 1. 76 .01 .28 2.88 . 16 .09 4. 39 6. 91 .63 .04 .65 .18 .38 .56 2.16 0 .43 5. 26 .49 .13 5.19 5.12 .55 .21 .70 .35 •.37 .37 2.74 0 .33 3. 49 .30 . 15 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. Less than 0.005 article. $300 to $400 1 Number of articles: _ __ _ Hats. Felt__ _ _ _____ Straw________ _______ ____ _ Caps: W ool___ ___________ Other____ __________ _ _ _ _ Overcoats.. . . . _______ _ __ . . . Topcoats.. . . . . . . . . . _________ Raincoats ____ . . . ___ __ ____ . Jackets: Heavy fa b r ic ___ _ __ . . . ._ . Leather . ._ _ _ _______ O th er.____ ___ . . _____ Sweaters: Heavy . . . ____, ________ Light_____ _____ ___________ Play suits: Wool knit. _ ___ _ . Cotton suede ___ _ _____ Other.. _____ _____ . . . _____ ____ Suits: Heavy w ool___ __ . . . . _ Lightweight w ool____ ... ... . Cotton, linen_____ __ ______ . . . . Palm Beach__ __ __ _ __ . _ __ . _ ... ____ Other __ _____ __ ___ __ Trousers: Wool. . _ _ _ . ___ __ C o tto n ..______. . . _ . . . _____ Other. __ . ______ . . ---------Overalls, coveralls. . _ _ ___ . . . Shirts and blouses: Cotton and other, ex cept wool. _ ... W ool________________ Underwear: Suits, cotton, k n it_____ __ _ . woven. _ cotton and wool. . rayon and silk__ . Undershirts, cotton_________ cotton and wool. rayon and silk ... Shorts, cotton____ . . . . rayon and silk _ Drawers, cotton and wool___ Pajamas and nightshirts.. Shoes: Street . . _ . . . . ____ C anvas.. . . . _______ Other.. . . _______ ______ _ Boots: Rubber . . . _____. . . _ _ Leather . . . ___________ . . . __ Arctics ____________ . . . ___ __ _____ Rubbers. _______________ . . . ______ Shoe: R epairs. ____ ______________ ___ __ Shines. ______ __ . . . _ ... _ Hose: Cotton, heavy ____________ __ . . . . . . dress ' _ _ _ ____ . . . __ . . . ______ __ R a y o n ... . . . ______ __ Silk______________________________ Wool_____________________________________ Gloves: Cotton. . ______ _________ Leather_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Other. ___ ___ _ ___ _ __ Ties_______________ _________________ Collars__________ ___________________ Bathing suits, sun suits'.________________ _ _____ ___ Handkerchiefs____ __ Accessories. __ . _ _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ Bathrobes____ _______ _____ _______ Cleaning, repairing. Other____________ 1 * $200 to $300 278 M O N E Y D IS B U R S E M E N T S — S U M M A R Y V O L U M E T a b l e A - 8 . — Clothing Expenditures , hy Consumption Level— C o n tin u ed PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average expenditure per person Item Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over C lo th in g , b o ys 6 through 11 y e a rs o f a g e 1—Con. Total expenditure_________________ _____ $25.90 $11.10 $18. 73 $24. 77 $31.03 $37. 32 $49. 68 $46.14 .07 .02 .01 .05 Hats: Felt____ ______________________ .07 . 12 .29 .32 .01 .01 Straw ... __________________ _ __ .01 .01 .01 .01 (5) (5) .36 .13 .24 .33 Caps: W ool---------------- -------- ------.44 .57 .77 .50 . 10 .05 .07 .09 Other____________________________ . 12 .15 . 19 .20 1.00 .26 .66 .72 1. 16 Overcoats____________ _________________ 1.75 3.10 2.81 .13 .05 .10 .22 Topcoats. ________________________ ___ .33 .23 .26 (*) . 14 .01 .05 R a i n c o a t s . . . . ___________________ __ . 10 .20 .25 .67 .28 .55 .17 .43 .55 _______________ .67 Jackets: Heavy fabric. .78 .97 .89 .39 .14 .28 .36 .61 Leather. _____________________ .40 .72 .69 . 10 .03 .04 .13 Other___ ______________ _____ _ .08 .14 . 17 .22 Sweaters: H eavy. _ _ _________ ______ .56 .24 .37 .47 .70 .83 1.18 1. 37 .45 .21 .30 .48 .54 L ight________________________ .63 .71 .64 .18 .09 .04 . 15 Play suits: Wool kn it______ _____ _______ .25 .33 .46 .34 .10 .02 .05 .08 .14 Cotton suede_____ ____ _______ . 18 .25 . 19 . 18 .09 .05 . 15 .33 Other......... ...... ............................ .25 .34 .46 1.00 .52 .70 .85 1.15 Suits: Heavy w ool........ ........ ............. ...... ... 2.10 1.-67 2. 40 .99 .65 .66 1. 07 1.22 1.23 1. 36 Lightweight w ool............................... 1. 61 .36 .09 .23 Cotton, linen. . . . _______________ .35 .49 .38 .98 .78 .02 0 0 .02 Palm Beach...................................... . .01 0 .06 .18 .12 .09 .01 .16 .08 Other__________________ _________ .16 .34 . 12 1.14 .70 .85 1.15 1.26 Trousers: Wool_____________ _____ ______ 1.76 1. 59 1. 53 .76 .44 .61 Cotton_____________ __________ .70 .92 1. 01 1. 32 1.13 .23 .03 . 15 .21 .34 Other. _. . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .38 .53 .41 .70 .41 .56 .75 .81 Overalls, co v era lls_____________________ .76 1.13 .96 Shirts and blouses: Cotton and other, ex 1. 94 .83 1. 38 1. 76 2.31 cept wool__________ 3.12 3. 97 3. 38 .06 .03 .04 Wool________________ .10 .07 .15 .13 (5) .59 .30 .48 .56 .71 .72 Underwear: Suits, cotton, k n it__________ 1.11 .71 .31 .29 w oven________ . 13 .25 .36 .37 .67 .48 .32 .21 . 15 .33 .39 cotton and w ool.. . ._ .47 .51 .57 .02 rayon and silk____ _ _ .01 .01 .03 .07 .02 0 (5) .09 . 13 .03 . 15 . 14 Undershirts, cotton._________ . 18 .27 . 19 .05 .01 .03 .04 cotton and wool. .09 .06 .04 .18 rayon and silk ... 0 .01 .01 .01 .01 (5) (5) (5) . 15 .09 .04 Shorts, cotton__ _•________ . 18 . 17 .23 .29 .23 0 rayon and silk___ . . . .01 0 0 (s) 0 (5) (5) .03 .02 .01 .01 .05 Drawers, cotton and w ool___ .05 0 .09 .46 .20 .06 .37 .65 .90 Pajamas and nightshirts . . . _ 1.26 1.41 6. 34 2. 94 5.13 6. 27 Shoes: Street and dress. ___________ ____ 7. 17 8.49 10. 66 10. 53 .34 .44 .40 .22 Canvas_____ __________________ .46 .45 .68 .49 . 16 .08 . 14 . 12 .20 Other.. __ _____ __ ____ ________ . 17 .39 .30 .09 .02 .05 Boots: Rubber. ______________ _________ .10 .09 . 13 .20 .13 .22 . 19 .04 . 15 .18 .34 Leather _____________________ _ .32 .43 .22 .21 A rctics.. . _ __________________ _________ .13 .07 .32 .25 .44 .47 .09 .20 .26 .28 .30 Rubbers____ ________________________ .40 .46 .32 1. 08 .53 .83 .97 1.31 Shoe: R e p a ir s ..___ _______ ____ ________ 1.52 2.18 1.85 .01 0 .01 Shines________________ ____ ______ .03 .09 . 15 (5) (s) .82 .93 Hose: Cotton, h eavy____ _______ ________ .96 .47 1.18 1.26 1.13 1.11 .95 .49 .71 1.06 dress____________ ____ ____ 1. 00 1.23 1. 73 1.17 __________________ R a y o n ... . .06 .02 .03 .08 .08 .07 . 13 .11 Silk______________________________ .01 0 .01 .03 .01 .05 (s) (5) Wool_______ ____________ ____ .13 .02 .07 . 13 .19 .22 .31 .25 .05 Gloves: Cotton.. __ _______________ __ .06 .03 .07 .07 .07 .05 .18 .14 .13 .21 .07 .29 .32 Leather______________________ _ .28 (5) . 17 .08 . 14 .18 .19 Other______ _____ ____ ______ . 17 .31 .14 .27 .08 . 16 .26 .34 .51 Ties___________________________________ .53 .62 0 .01 Collars__________ ______ _________ 0 0 (5) (5) (5) (5) Bathing suits, sun suits_________________ . 18 .05 . 10 .42 . 14 . 18 .58 .23 . 14 .09 .21 .06 .13 .18 H andkerchiefs.............................................. .38 .24 .05 .03 .05 .05 .06 Accessories_____ . . . ------------------.11 . 10 (5) .09 0 .01 .07 .14 Bathrobes . . . . . _ _____________ ____ .17 .30 .36 Cleaning, repairing---- ----- -------------.22 .03 .04 .17 .28 .44 .58 .95 .02 .01 .02 .01 .05 .05 .04 O ther.. ._ __ _. _ _________________ .01 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 5 Less than 0.5 cent. 279 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e A—8 . — Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 Item C loth in g , b o ys 2 through 5 yea rs o f age 0. 04 .02 .30 . 14 .16 .05 .01 .04 .01 .01 .25 .34 .31 .31 .46 . 12 . 18 1. 22 .01 . 14 . 11 . 10 $400 to $500 .04 1.18 .61 .02 1. 09 .44 .52 .04 .24 .16 .01 .22 .02 . 15 .83 2. 78 . 11 . 15 .04 .01 .17 . 14 2. 78 3.98 .42 .09 .33 .07 0 . 10 .30 . 18 .40 .63 .07 .05 0. 02 (4) .24 . 11 . 11 .01 0 .02 .01 .01 .16 .23 .22 .21 .33 .05 .08 .84 .01 .06 .07 .06 0. 04 .02 .32 . 16 . 15 .04 .01 .05 .03 . 02 .23 .32 .25 .26 .38 . 11 .20 1. 26 .02 . 17 . 11 . 13 0. 04 .03 .33 . 12 . 19 .08 .02 .03 .01 .02 .27 .43 .29 .29 .43 . 14 . 19 1.23 .01 .21 . 14 . 11 . 10 .15 1.78 .03 .03 0 (4) .08 .03 .05 .37 2. 21 .10 .12 .02 .01 .38 .01 . 16 .82 2.99 . 11 .10 .03 .01 .23 .01 .23 .88 3.15 . 14 .21 .04 1.58 1.81 .04 0 .01 .05 3. 07 2. 70 .30 .04 . 11 .05 2. 70 4. 56 .42 .09 .29 .06 0 0 0. 04 .01 .09 .08 .08 .02 0 .01 .01 0 .10 .29 .16 .16 .24 .03 .06 .61 (4) .05 .02 .05 .01 1.02 .25 0 .67 .21 .24 0 .07 . 15 0 0 .04 .01 .03 .02 0 0 0 .04 .01 .20 .09 .07 .01 1.10 .45 (4) .77 .43 .33 0 .13 . 11 (4) .09 .09 .06 .22 .05 .29 .44 .04 (4) 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 4 Less than 0.005 article. $300 to $400 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over i Number of articles: Hats: Felt___ _ __ ___ __ ________ Straw ___ _ __________ ___ Caps:Wool__ ___ ___ _ _____ Other___ _ ________ __ _ _ O vercoats____ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ Topcoats. . __ ___________ _ _ __ __ Raincoats__ _ ____ _ ___ __ _ . Jackets: Heavy fa b r ic ____ _ ___ __ _ Leather __ _ _ _ __ __ __ Other _______ ___ __ __ _ Sweaters: H eavy. _________ ____ Light______ _ ----- _. Play suits: Woolknit___ __ ___ ______ _ Cotton suede ------____ __ Other, ___ ____ _ ______ Suits: Heavy w o o l __ _ ___ __ __ ___ _ Lightweight wool____ _ _ _ _ _ Cotton, linen_____ ____ _ _ _ Palm Beach_ ___ _ __ _ _ _ Other______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Trousers: Wool _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ Cotton__ ______ ______ _______ _ _ Other___ Overalls, coveralls. _ ___ __ ___ Blouses: Cotton and other, except wool__ Wool _ ___ ______ _____ Underwear: Suits, cotton, k n it.............. _ woven _ _ _ __ cotton and wool _ rayon and silk. Undershirts, cotton. _ _____ cotton and woolrayon and silk___ Shorts, cotton. ___ _____ rayon and silk. _ Drawers, cotton and wool___ Pajamas and nightshirts_____ Shoes: Street ___ _____ _ __ ___ _ _ Canvas _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _____ Other_______ Boots: Rubber. ___ ___ _ __ __ __ L e a th e r .___ _ _ _ __ ___ Arctics____ __ _ _ ______ _ Rubbers _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _________ Shoe: Repairs _____ _ Shines _ _ __ __ ___ Hose: Cotton, heavy. __ _ ______ _ __ dress. _______ _ _ _ Rayon _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ Silk_____________________________ W ool____________________________ Gloves: Cotton _ __ ___ _ ___ _ ___ Leather _ _ _______ ______ O th er____ _ ___ __ ___ _ ___ Ties___ ________ ___ _______ _ ___ Collars________________ _ _ _ __ _ _. Bathing suits, sun suits ____ ___ _ Handkerchiefs_______ _ ________ __ Accessories_______ ___ _ _ __ ____ Bathrobes. _ ________ Cleaning, repairing _ ___ ______ Other __________ _____________ ___ 2 4 2 9 4 9 ° —4 1 ---- 19 total annual unit expenditure of— .05 1.17 .61 .03 .98 .38 .52 .08 .36 . 14 .02 .18 .12 .07 .32 .22 .33 .84 .07 .03 0. 06 .01 .34 .16 . 16 . 11 .01 .08 0 0 .38 .44 .40 .47 .60 .24 .29 1. 23 .01 . 19 .12 . 14 0.07 .01 .42 .21 .32 .04 .01 .06 .03 0 .28 .53 .47 .40 .70 . 17 .30 2.16 0 . 15 .14 0.07 .03 .43 .29 .33 . 11 .05 .06 .02 .02 .61 .36 .63 .63 .94 .07 .34 2. 71 0 .15 .30 .02 . 14 0 .13 1.37 2. 98 .09 .22 .08 .03 .33 . 11 . 11 1. 39 3.07 . 10 .19 .06 2. 94 4.18 .55 .08 .60 .06 2. 27 4. 93 .60 .05 .36 .13 3. 62 5.18 .39 .35 .33 .07 2. 73 6. 08 .68 .07 .95 0 0 0 0 .09 1. 34 .75 .03 1.14 .51 .53 .02 .25 .19 .02 .22 .17 . 14 .29 .32 .37 .57 .04 .07 .04 1.22 .61 .02 1.32 .47 .75 .05 .35 .19 0 .02 .26 .17 .14 .39 .27 .45 .35 .13 .08 . 10 .01 .95 1.01 .02 1.85 .61 .93 .01 .12 .07 .04 .22 .23 .13 .36 . 13 .69 1.00 .22 .14 .21 .09 1.23 .99 .01 2.41 .66 .88 .06 .25 .56 0 .28 .50 2.15 3. 79 .18 . 15 .03 .02 .40 .30 .07 .17 .78 .10 .81 1.54 .10 .13 280 M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y V O LUM E T a b l e A —8 . — Clothing Expenditures , by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average expenditure per person Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 Item C lo th in g , bogs 2 through 5 y e a rs o f age $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 1—Con. Total expenditure _______ _ ___ ____ $17.36 Hats: Felt_____ _ _ _ _________ ______ .03 Straw___________ _______ _ ___ .01 Caps: Wool____ _ ____ _________ _____ . 19 Other_____ ______ _ ___________ .07 Overcoats___ ______ ___ ___ _______ .87 Topcoats___________ ______ ______ __ .20 .02 Raincoats__ ________ _ _________ _ .08 Jackets: H eavy fabric___ _ ________ _ Leather _________ _ _____ .04 .02 Other __________ ____ ____ _ .35 Sweaters: H eavy __ ______ _ _________ .34 Light__________ ___________ .75 Play suits: Wool k n it_ __ _______ ______ Cotton suede____________ . 34 Other.. _ ___________ __________ .57 .41 Suits: H eavy wooL ___ ______________ Lightweight wool_____ _ _ . .40 1.13 Cotton, lin en .. _________ _ __ Palm B e a c h . . . _______________ _ .01 Other____ _____________________ .21 Trousers: W ool_________________________ .15 C otton.. ____________ ______ .12 .04 O th e r .___ _ . . . _____ ___ _ .75 Overalls, coveralls._ __ ____________ .33 Blouses: Cotton and other except wool___ .02 W ool______ ________________ .61 Underwear: Suits, cotton, knit . _ . . . _ .26 woven________ .31 cotton and wool. . . . ._ .02 rayon and silk. ______ .07 Undershirts, cotton _ __ __ cotton and wool.06 rayon and silk-.. (5) Shorts, cotton. . _ ____ .05 rayon and s ilk .______ (5) Drawers, cotton and wool___ .03 Pajamas and nightshirts.. _ _ .58 ___ . . . . . . _ . 4. 81 Shoes: Street ... C anvas._______ __ _ _ _______ .09 Other. _______ _ . . . ___ . 14 Boots: Rubber____ _______ _ _____ .04 Leather.. __________ . . . . . . . . . .03 Arctics. ___ _ ________________ . . . _ .21 Rubbers _ _ . . . _ __________ ________ .12 Shoe: Repairs. _ _ ____________ _____ .23 Shines _ . . . _______________ (5) Hose: Cotton, h ea v y .______ _ _______ .57 dress________ ___ _ . .73 Rayon_____________________ __ . . . .08 Silk_______________________________ .02 W ool______________________________ . 10 Gloves: Cotton_______________ __ ______ .02 L eather_________________ _ . . . .05 Other__________________________ . 13 Ties____ _____________________________ .03 0 Collars. _. . . . _____________________ .21 Bathing suits, sun suits____ ________ ____ .04 Handkerchiefs._ ___________ _ __ .02 Accessories__________ ________ ________ .07 B a th r o b e s.____ __ __ _ ______ ________ . 15 Cleaning, repairing.__ _ ________ . . . __ .03 Other __________ . . . _______ _________ $5.98 $10. 50 $15.60 $20. 63 $23. 68 $29.05 $38.87 .02 .04 .01 .09 .02 .07 .07 .01 .02 .01 .01 (5) (5) (5) .17 .23 .24 .34 .04 .11 .41 .07 .04 .07 .09 .11 .02 .23 .76 .99 1. 02 1.73 .24 .42 2.46 .13 .29 .53 .20 .05 .03 .48 .01 .04 0 .03 .03 0 .09 .03 .10 .15 .07 . 10 .02 . 12 .08 .02 0 .21 .02 .01 .05 .04 .02 .01 0 0 0 .11 .26 .38 .60 .40 . 17 .09 1. 49 .27 .44 .55 .70 .19 .16 .44 .56 1.44 .97 1.00 .49 .18 1.74 .25 .44 .45 .22 .65 .08 .79 .43 .74 1.09 .76 .37 . 14 1. 33 .36 .63 .80 .65 .16 .07 .49 .31 .69 .49 .77 .11 . 17 .97 1.00 1.48 1.18 2. 36 .68 3.13 .37 .02 0 .01 .01 .01 0 («) . 19 .29 .45 .09 .30 .04 .40 .12 .19 .20 .22 .08 .02 .33 .14 .12 .18 .12 .05 .03 .25 .03 .06 .07 .01 .01 .06 .01 .75 .82 .87 .83 .65 .68 .80 .31 .39 .38 .58 .75 .11 .20 .02 .02 .02 .03 0 .01 (5) .47 .77 1.32 .41 .70 1.45 .25 .22 .41 .32 .27 .21 .41 .07 .28 .34 .56 .58 .16 .67 . 10 .03 .02 .04 .01 0 .04 0 .04 .09 .07 . 14 .03 .06 .02 .05 .08 .06 .05 .06 .03 . 19 .01 .01 .03 0 0 (s) (5) .07 .05 .01 .05 .08 .08 .01 0 .05 0 0 (5) (5) (s) .03 .06 .01 .06 .02 .13 .01 .52 .64 .99 1.12 .23 1.81 .08 4.56 5. 62 6.14 7. 20 3.15 9. 77 2. 21 .09 .09 . 12 .09 .06 .18 .02 .09 .23 .25 .22 .11 . 19 .01 .03 . 11 .05 .07 .04 .01 0 .03 .04 .06 . 09 .05 .01 .01 .22 .27 .30 .28 .09 .58 .03 .09 .15 . 14 .23 .06 .27 .01 .20 .31 .21 .30 .19 .57 .03 .01 .01 0 0 (5) (5) (5) .57 .60 .50 .88 .64 .56 .25 .78 .78 1.00 1.03 1.27 .24 .48 .08 .10 . 12 .08 .05 .17 .01 .02 .02 .01 .11 .12 0 (*) . 14 . 13 .39 .03 .07 . 19 (5) .02 .02 .06 .03 .03 .01 .02 .04 .08 .09 .09 .14 0 .03 . 12 .13 .21 .20 .39 .08 .01 .04 .03 .05 .05 .01 .03 (6) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .14 .27 .28 . 16 .40 .49 .06 .04 .04 .03 .02 .07 . 11 .01 .02 .01 .04 .01 .01 .01 0 . 14 .25 .26 .01 .03 . 10 .01 .13 .20 .32 .08 1.29 .02 (5) .04 .02 .03 .19 .03 .02 .01 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 5 Less than 0.5 cent. total annual unit expenditure of— 281 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e A—8 . — Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Item Families with total annual unit expenditure ofAll fami lies U n $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1, 200 der to to to to and to to to to to to $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over C lo th in g , w o m e n a nd girls 18 y e a rs o f age a nd over 1 Number of articles: Hats: Felt__________________ Straw_________________ Fabric________________ Caps and berets: Wool_________________ Other_________________ Coats: Heavy, plain__________ fur trimmed____ Fur___________________ Light, w ool_____ _ _ _ cotton__________ silk, rayon------Raincoats____ ___ _ _ _ Sweaters and jackets: Wool knit_____________ Wool fa b ric... _ _____ Leather, leatheretteOther_________________ Suits: Wool_________________ Silk, rayon------------ Other_______________ Waists and middies: Silk, rayon________ Cotton_______________ O t h e r , _____________ Skirts: Wool_________________ Other_________________ Dresses: Cotton, house_________ street,. __ _ _ Silk, rayon. ___ _ Wool_________________ Other_________________ Aprons_________________ Coveralls_______________ Knickers, breeches, shortsUnderwear: Slips, cotton ____ silk-, _______ _ rayon__________ Corsets, girdles ___ _ Brassieres____________ Union suits and combi nations: Cotton____________ Wool_____________ Silk, rayon________ Underwaists, shirts____ Bloomers and panties: Cotton______________ R ayon---------------Silk_________________ Nightgowns and sleep ing pajamas: Cotton, light.. -. flannel______ Silk, rayon__________ 0. 93 0.44 0. 57 0. 72 0. 92 1.02 1.15 1. 25 1.34 .48 .18 .30 .39 .46 .56 .61 . 64 .68 .25 .10 .15 .21 .25 .28 .35 .33 .37 1.52 .81 .42 1.59 .76 .57 2.24 .97 .75 .04 .01 .04 .01 .05 .02 .04 .01 .04 .01 .04 .02 .05 .02 .08 .02 .08 (4) .06 .02 .13 .03 .21 .06 .09 .05 .11 .05 .02 0 . 12 .04 .02 (4) (4) 0 .02 .01 .08 .07 (4) .06 .01 (4) .01 .09 .10 .01 .10 .02 (4) .01 .10 .11 .02 . 11 .02 (4) .02 . 10 .12 .02 .13 .02 .01 .03 .11 .13 .04 .16 .03 .01 .04 .10 .11 .14 .13 .04 .05 .18 .18 .02 .03 .01 (4) . 12 .04 .09 .16 .06 .22 .04 .01 .05 .11 .19 .05 .24 .03 .08 .13 .20 .07 .20 .02 .01 .06 .14 .16 .11 .24 .06 .01 .08 .15 .05 .01 .01 .06 .03 (4) .01 .10 .05 (4) .01 .11 .04 .01 .01 . 15 .16 .05 .05 .01 (4) .01 .01 . 17 .05 .01 .01 .17 .07 .01 .01 .23 .09 .02 .02 .25 .07 .01 .04 .21 .06 .01 .02 .41 .09 .02 .01 .36 .09 .04 .04 . 10 .03 .03 .03 .01 .01 .06 .01 .01 .08 .02 .02 .10 .02 .03 .12 .03 .03 .13 .04 .04 .14 .03 .04 . 17 .05 .66 .18 .05 .05 .20 .05 -.05 .31 .09 .08 .26 .04 .04 . 16 .03 .08 .04 .01 (4) .09 .06 (4) .11 .06 .01 . 14 .04 .01 .16 .09 .01 .21 .09 .02 .24 .08 .02 .24 . 13 .01 .25 .11 .03 .36 .16 .01 .61 .33 .39 .15 .04 .04 .02 .10 .01 . 10 .02 . 12 .02 . 12 .02 .12 .02 .14 .03 .15 .02 .14 .04 .19 .03 .31 .06 .15 .04 .88 1.20 1.31 1.50 1.44 1.64 1.73 1.93 .40 .49 . 55 .65 .62 .63 .70 . 75 .37 .58 .85 1.08 1.20 1.36 1.48 1.73 .05 .09 .11 . 15 . 19 .21 .21 .25 .04 .03 .05 .06 .07 .09 .11 .15 .23 .34 .41 .53 .55 .62 .60 .57 .03 .02 .04 .03 .04 .05 .05 .05 .01 .01 .03 .03 .04 .07 .06 .11 1.91 .67 1.80 .25 .11 .60 .10 .05 1.77 . 52 1.81 .23 .20 .65 .02 .13 1.62 .95 2. 49 .34 .17 .68 .07 .10 1. 62 1.11 2.83 .55 .36 .43 .09 .19 .05 .01 . 12 .02 1.48 .61 1.09 .16 .07 .49 .04 .04 0 0 .42 .78 .48 .52 .77 .45 . 16 .25 . 12 .36 .50 .30 .43 .28 .52 .45 .53 .50 .41 .69 .43 .74 .53 .53 .77 .44 .35 .34 .36 .95 1.05 1.17 1.46 .52 .51 .46 .41 .60 .63 .73 .75 .84 .95 .76 1.08 .33 1.39 .59 .90 1.12 .37 1.75 .45 .89 1.17 . 12 1.96 .42 1.08 2. 07 .31 2. 39 .55 1.13 1. 30 .21 .10 .31 .35 .21 .02 .10 .27 .20 .07 .23 .25 .19 .09 .24 .32 .21 .10 .29 .37 .21 .10 .34 .42 .20 .09 .50 .34 .23 .14 .51 .60 .08 .10 .47 .49 .13 . 15 .55 .48 .14 .17 .75 .53 . 16 .17 . 19 .17 .13 .17 .16 .11 .16 1.56 1.21 1.22 1.44 1.68 1.78 1. 55 1.73 1.51 .38 .07 .16 .26 .34 .42 .52 .52 .70 .22 1.65 .83 .17 1.74 1. 35 .15 1.79 1. 36 .24 1.83 1. 62 .59 .25 .80 .88 .36 1.06 .48 .22 .23 .20 .09 .02 .32 .12 .08 .39 .21 .13 in clu d es only persons dependent on family funds 4 Less than 0.005 article. 1. 43 .71 .46 .49 .22 .21 .27 .14 .25 .32 .57 .28 .26 for 52 weeks. .53 .25 .31 .25 .14 .41 .41 .59 .23 .41 .66 .30 .38' .71 .22 .65 .74 .34 .69 1 282 M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y V O LU M E T able A—8 .— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed PERSONS 1 IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Item Families with total annual unit expenditure ofAll fami- Un $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1, 200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1, 000 $1,100 $1, 200 over C lo th in g , w o m e n a n d g ir ls 1 8 y e a r s o f ag e a n d over Continued. Number of articles—Con. Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton_______________ 0. 04 0.01 0. 02 .03 .01 .01 Silk, rayon____________ Other_________________ .01 0 (4) .05 .01 .02 Bathrobes______________ .03 .01 .01 Kimonos, negligees______ Hose: Silk__________________ 10. 27 3.58 5. 92 .81 1.26 .91 R ayon________________ .62 .75 .80 Cotton________ _______ Wool— _______________ .06 .01 .03 Shoes: Street....... ........... ........... 1. 54 1.05 1.14 .46 .30 .33 D ress_________________ .23 .10 .14 Sport_________________ .42 .24 .27 House slippers__________ Shoes: Repairs_______________ Shines________________ .12 .06 .08 Rubbers________________ Arctics, gaiters------------ .16 .06 .12 Gloves: Cotton________________ .44 . 14 .26 .28 .03 .09 Leather_______________ .04 Other_________________ . 11 (4) Bathing suits, sun suits___ .08 .01 .04 Handkerchiefs__________ 3. 63 1.92 2. 49 Furs___________________ (4) (4) (4) Mufflers, scarfs__________ .09 .02 .03 Handbags, purses--------- .64 . 16 .32 .08 .04 .05 Umbrellas______________ Garters, belts, hairpins, etc________________ i — Cleaning, repairing______ Other__________________ in c lu d e s only persons dependent on family 4 Less than 0.005 article. 0.02 0.04 0. 05 0.06 0. 05 0. 06 .02 .03 .03 .05 .06 .07 .01 .01 .01 .02 (4) (4) .03 .05 .08 .17 .07 .10 .02 .04 .04 .04 .04 .10 0.05 .06 (4) .11 .11 0.07 .05 .01 .12 .09 0.12 .10 .02 .08 .03 0.11 .16 .06 .22 .09 8. 34 10. 03 11.71 12.13 13.60 15. 34 16.26 19. 26 18. 80 26. 07 .34 .88 .95 .58 .51 .96 .24 .42 .44 1.82 .75 .67 .59 .37 .39 .49 .36 .31 .26 .21 .06 .05 .06 .08 .07 .06 .11 .01 .01 .08 1.38 1. 54 1.64 1.60 1.75 1.96 .40 .46 .46 .54 .57 .65 .18 .21 .25 .27 .28 .30 .35 .44 .47 .50 .50 .53 1.96 .77 .34 .60 2.15 .65 .37 .57 1. 94 .82 .47 .49 2.44 .92 .72 .69 .16 .22 .20 .24 .20 .27 .24 .24 .22 .27 .32 .42 .54 .59 .54 .71 .16 .26 .35 .39 .44 .55 .07 . 10 . 12 . 14 . 17 .19 .05 .07 .09 . 10 . 13 . 17 3. 23 3. 68 4.14 4. 13 4. 40 4. 66 .01 .01 .01 (4) (4) (4) .06 .08 .10 .11 .14 .14 .47 .61 .77 .83 .86 1.06 .06 .07 .09 .09 .11 .09 .77 .63 .18 .20 4. 37 .01 .16 1.11 .14 .98 .63 .57 .21 5.14 (4) .20 1. 36 .16 .89 .92 .24 .17 4. 56 .04 .26 1. 31 .19 .95 1.10 .33 .29 6. 21 .01 .35 1. 62 .18 .10 .13 .13 .16 .12 .18 .13 .20 funds for 52 weeks. .16 .19 283 TABULAR SUMMARY T able A —8 .— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average expenditure per person Item Families with total annual unit expenditure ofAll fami U n $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1, 000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to and to to $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1, 200 over C loth in g , w o m e n and girls 18 yea rs o f age a nd over l— Continued. D o l. 55. 48 Total expenditure_____ Hats: Felt__________________ 1.90 Straw _ ______ ____ .95 Fabric___ ___ _ _ __ _ .47 Caps and berets: Wool__ _ ___ _ ___ _ .04 Other_______ _______ _ .01 Coats: Heavy, plain . ___ _ _ 1. 84 fur trim m ed __ 3. 58 Fur__________________ 1. 61 Light, wool___________ 1.78 cotton . ____ . 17 silk, raycn___ __ .04 Raincoats___ _ _ _ __ .05 Sweaters and jackets: Wool knit-_ - - ___ _ .32 . 11 Wool fabric___________ Leather, leatherette____ .03 Other________________ .05 Suits: Wool_________________ 1.46 Silk, rayon____________ .23 Other_________________ . 17 Waists and middies: Silk, rayon. _ __ .29 Cotton________________ .10 Other. _______ . .02 Skirts: Wool_________________ .27 Other_________________ .04 Dresses: Cotton, house. 1.60 street. 1.39 Silk, rayon____________ 6. 54 .96 Wool_________________ Other_________________ .41 Aprons_________________ .22 Coveralls_______________ .04 Knickers, breeches, shorts. .06 Underwear: Slips, c o tto n ____ _ .30 silk_____________ 1.13 rayon.. ._ __ .43 Corsets, girdles-__ . 1. 50 Brassieres____________ .40 Union suits and combi nations: Cotton______________ . 15 W ool_______________ .11 Silk, rayon__________ .30 Under waists, shirts____ . 16 Bloomers and panties: Cotton. ._ . . . ._ .07 R ayon______________ .71 Silk_________________ .29 Nightgowns and sleep ing pajamas: Cotton, light. ___ .. .42 flannel____ ._ .23 .34 Silk, r a y o n .._____ D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l . D o l. 15. 45 26. 29 38. 07 51.17 62. 20 72. 37 83. 79 96. 02 107. 41 119. 21 147. 38 182.43 .57 .21 .09 .86 1. 22 1. 75 2.16 2. 61 2. 94 3. 38 .41 .64 .87 1.10 1. 32 1. 51 1.69 .20 .32 .41 .51 .66 .66 .87 .02 (5) .02 (6) .03 .01 4.19 2.12 .97 4. 82 2. 37 1. 87 6. 51 2. 86 1.82 .05 .02 . 12 .09 .17 .06 .03 .01 .03 .01 .04 .02 .05 .02 .07 .01 .07 .01 .63 1. 12 1.50 1.93 .73 1. 62 2. 43 3. 25 .27 . 58 .94 .38 .75 1.20 1. 58 .03 .06 . 13 .20 0 .01 .01 .03 .03 .03 .03 .04 2. 03 4. 23 1.62 2. 05 . 15 .04 .04 2. 34 4. 88 2. 57 2. 41 .21 .07 .09 2. 55 6.19 3. 07 3.15 .24 .11 .09 2. 59 5. 55 4. 33 2. 98 .28 .05 . 10 1. 94 6. 69 6. 75 3.60 .28 .09 .09 .38 . 10 .02 .05 .40 . 11 .05 .03 .42 . 17 .04 .05 0 3.72 2. 40 2. 99 8. 43 9. 53 5. 49 4. 62 10.61 11.03 4.16 4. 26 4. 57 . 18 .20 .59 0 .14 .08 . 18 . 15 .30 .08 . 15 .01 .01 . 19 .08 .01 .01 .22 .07 .02 .05 .52 . 18 .08 .06 .70 .20 .04 . 13 .58 .16 .04 .06 1.11 .26 .09 .04 1.01 .33 .27 .17 .27 .05 .03 .59 .08 .05 .87 1.28 1.65 2. 09 2. 09 2. 67 . 11 .17 .26 .37 .26 .70 .09 . 14 . 18 .20 .26 .50 3.14 .64 .48 3. 76 .57 .38 6. 05 .91 .59 5. 03 .54 .23 .03 .03 (5) . 11 .05 (5) .18 .06 .01 .24 .08 .02 .30 . 11 .02 .42 .11 .03 .49 . 14 .05 .52 .16 .03 .61 .18 .07 .71 .20 .05 1. 55 .42 1.10 .26 .11 .07 .02 .19 .01 .24 .03 .27 .05 .29 .03 .31 .04 .37 .07 .42 .06 .43 .08 .62 .04 .82 . 11 .45 .08 . 77 1.10 1. 32 1. 61 1. 78 . 55 .81 1.03 1.44 1. 55 1.41 2. 66 4. 26 5.90 7. 03 . 16 .39 . 52 .79 1.20 . 10 . 11 . 19 .36 .44 .08 . 13 . 18 .24 .26 .02 .02 .05 .03 .04 .01 .03 .03 .05 (5) 1.88 1.63 8. 73 1.27 .50 .30 .05 .09 2. 08 1.95 10. 55 1. 56 .71 .28 .05 .09 .33 . 10 .02 .06 .30 2. 41 .66 3.14 .72 .32 3.12 .44 2. 97 .75 .07 3. 61 .45 3. 89 1.94 .37 4. 99 .62 4. 43 1.06 .17 . 15 .60 .16 .19 .17 .64 .31 .07 .16 .76 .25 .12 .28 .69 .33 .16 .22 1.18 .40 .07 .86 .46 .09 .93 .59 .08 .90 .70 .06 .92 1.26 .07 1.03 1.32 . 14 1.34 1.84 .59 .26 .67 .68 .32 .72 .74 .25 1.03 .85 .51 1.26 .77 .31 1. 57 1.00 .65 2. 26 .27 .33 .30 .60 . 17 .29 .30 .33 .30 .28 .36 .63 .99 1.34 1. 57 1.88 2. 38 .40 .45 .48 .47 .44 .43 .97 1.39 1.84 1. 97 2. 44 2. 59 .28 .36 .45 .61 .45 .71 . 12 .03 .06 .08 . 13 .06 . 16 .08 . 12 .08 .20 . 14 .16 . 11 .27 .16 .16 .11 .34 .17 .21 . 17 .39 .17 .21 .19 .47 .20 .06 .40 .04 .07 .47 .09 .07 .61 . 17 .06 .72 .22 .07 .81 .32 .07 .77 .41 .21 . 11 .08 .31 .19 . 15 .42 .22 .25 .51 .50 .28 .26 .38 .45 1 Includes only persons dej)endeiat on family7 funcIs for .52 weijks. 5 Less than 0.5 cent. . 12 .06 .02 0 2. 38 2. 36 2. 58 1. 95 2. 33 2. 10 1. 89 1. 77 2.98 4.10 12. 27 13. 49 15. 14 20. 64 25. 29 1.90 1. 76 1.94 3. 51 5. 09 . 94 .87 1. 66 1.60 3.82 .29 .34 .35 .29 .27 .11 .05 . 12 .03 .12 . 11 .19 . 16 .74 . 16 .22 . 17 .16 .22 . 10 3.78 1. 85 .96 284 M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S — -SUM M ARY V O LUM E T a b l e A - 8 .— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed PERSONS1 IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average expenditure per person Item Families with total annual unit expenditure of— A ll fami U n $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1, 200 over C lo th in g , w o m e n a nd girls 18 ye a rs o f age a nd over 1— Continued Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton________________ Silk, rayon_____ ______ Other______ Bathrobes______________ Kimonos, negligees____ _ Hose: Silk__________________ R a y o n .__ _________ Cotton______________ _ W ool_________________ Shoes: Street_________________ Dress_________________ Sport_________________ House slippers__________ S h o eRepairs__________ ____ Shines_____ _______ _ Rubbers________________ Arctics, gaiters _____ __ Gloves: Cotton________________ Leather_______________ O t h e r ..___ _________ _ Bathing suits, sun suits__ Handkerchiefs_______ _ Furs____________________ Mufflers, scarfs __ __ _ Handbags, purses. Umbrellas ... _ _ _ Garters, belts, hairpins, etc___________________ Cleaning, repairing ___ _ Other___________________ .05 .01 .07 .01 .01 0 .20 .01 .09 .01 .03 .03 .01 .11 .03 .05 .05 .01 .17 .07 .06 .07 .01 .26 .09 .08 . 11 .02 .27 .11 .08 . 11 .02 33 .14 .10 . 14 .07 .44 .28 .09 . 14 .02 .48 .32 .13 .18 .01 .40 .29 .18 .23 .09 .45 .08 .24 .79 . 19 1.17 .34 7. 07 1.98 3.62 5. 29 6.78 8.00 8.94 9.90 11.42 12. 64 14. 23 14. 51 21.22 .34 .47 .34 .36 .42 .27 .27 .35 .27 .17 .25 1.27 . 18 . 16 .16 .19 . 18 .17 .17 . 10 .10 .13 .10 .12 .08 .07 .04 .01 .02 .03 .03 .06 .06 .06 .03 .09 .03 .07 .01 5.50 2. 56 3. 37 4. 23 5.29 6. 26 6. 79 7.50 8. 25 1.72 .52 .94 1.30 1.67 1.77 2.13 2. 47 2. 96 .63 .18 .30 .43 .56 .72 .82 .88 .97 .37 .13 .19 .28 .38 .44 .49 .50 .60 8. 59 3. 37 1.15 .67 9. 96 3.05 1.27 .72 9. 93 11. 86 4. 24 4. 68 1.93 3. 05 .99 .60 .80 .04 . 12 .23 .26 (5) .05 .06 .46 .01 .07 .13 .64 .01 .10 .17 .83 .02 . 13 .22 .90 1.01 1.02 1.08 .04 .08 .04 .09 .13 .14 .17 .17 .27 .30 .33 .38 1.30 .17 .20 .41 1.46 .22 .24 .46 1. 52 .32 .27 .40 1.74 .42 .23 .64 .33 .52 . 11 .22 .31 .07 .08 .88 . 16 .08 .02 (5) .02 .09 .02 .01 .12 .06 .16 . 12 .03 .07 . 15 (5) .02 .29 .08 .22 .25 .06 . 13 .24 .02 .04 .50 . 11 .31 .41 .45 .44 .64 .44 .62 .77 .87 1.15 .09 . 12 .16 .19 .20 . 18 .25 .29 .38 .50 .30 .37 .40 .45 .53 .02 .02 .10 .28 .36 .07 .08 . 11 . 14 . 14 .76 1.07 1.17 1.36 1.85 . 13 .20 . 19 .23 .21 .68 1.34 .18 .69 .51 .31 .16 1.91 .35 .81 1. 41 .33 .64 .74 .04 .26 2. 77 .45 .89 2.15 .26 .67 .67 .01 .32 2. 73 .51 1. 05 2.31 .51 1.17 .93 .89 .41 3.81 .62 . 14 .17 .19 .22 .23 .27 .81 1.36 1.87 2. 33 2. 65 3.70 .08 .21 .18 .31 .84 .34 funds for 52 weeks. .29 4. 24 .90 .38 4. 55 .77 .39 .50 5.92 10.48 1.46 2. 29 .18 1. 63 .26 1 Includes only persons dependent fi Less than 0.5 cent. .02 .02 (5) .04 .01 .05 .09 . 16 .39 .01 .08 on family TABULAR 285 SUM M ARY T a b l e A —8 .— Clothing Expenditures , by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Families with All fami Under $200 lies to $200 $300 Item C lothin g, girls 12 through 17 yea rs o f age $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 1 Number of articles: Hats: F elt------ ---------------- -------S tr a w ________________________ Fabric________________ . _ Caps and berets: W ool. ___ __________ Other__________ _____ Coats: Heavy, plain____________________ fur trimmed . . . ______ _ Fur____________________________ Light, w o o l.. __ . . . . . . . . . . cotton . . . . . . . . ----silk, rayon . . . _________ . Play suits: Wool k n it____ .. ----------________ Cotton suede _ Other_______ ______ ________ R a in co a ts___ ... --- -Sweaters and jackets: Wool k n it______ _____ . . . . . . . . .. Wool fabric_____ -------- ------- .. Leather, leatherette_____ _______ Other. ... . _ . .. _______________ Suits: Wool----- ----- ---------------Silk, rayon _ _ ____ . . . . ----Other________________ _________ Waists and middies: Silk, rayon.. _ __ ____ . . . . . . Cotton. _ . . . — -------- . . . ----- . Other____ _ . . . .. --- - . . . Skirts: W ool___________________________ Other______________ . . . -----Dresses: Cotton, h o u se.._ street... . ---Silk, rayon___ . . . . . -----W ool____ _ . . . -------------O th e r ___________ . . . . . . . Aprons _ . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ .. --Coveralls _ . ___ .. . ._ . . . Knickers, breeches, shorts. __ _. _ --Underwear: Slips, cotton____ ... silk . ____________ rayon._ . . . -------- . Corsets, girdles--------------Brassieres.. . . . . ..... Union suits and combinations: Cotton___ _____ _ .. . W o o l... . _ --------- --Silk, rayon ___ _ ___ _ Underwaists, shirts . . . ____ Bloomers and panties: Cotton___ _ ______ _ . . . R a y o n ---- ------- --------Silk______________ : ______ Nightgowns and sleeping pa jamas: Cotton, light____ . flannel____ Silk, rayon________ 0. 64 .28 .18 .37 .06 .22 .09 (4) . 11 .02 (4) .02 .03 .04 .08 0.28 .11 .07 .29 .04 .10 .03 0 .05 .01 0 (4) (4) .01 .05 0.45 .22 .12 .37 .05 .19 .07 (4) .08 .02 0 .01 .01 .02 .06 0. 59 .26 .19 .31 .08 .24 .10 0 .12 .01 0 .02 .03 .03 .07 0. 77 .35 .18 .43 .06 .25 .10 .01 .16 .02 .01 .03 .04 .06 .08 0.97 .38 .25 .42 .08 .23 .13 .01 .15 .03 .12 .04 .06 .08 .15 1. 23 .41 .26 .47 .07 .38 .15 .03 .12 .06 .02 .06 .08 .11 .23 1.59 .51 .53 .48 .08 .25 .31 .01 .18 .06 0 .06 .10 .13 .23 .39 .16 .05 .04 .15 .02 .04 .16 .09 (4) .02 .04 (4) .01 .25 .16 .03 .02 .10 .01 .04 .40 .17 .04 .03 .13 .01 .01 .52 .20 .08 .05 .20 .02 .07 .66 .17 .06 .03 .19 .03 .04 .52 .17 .09 .05 .26 .04 .02 .73 .16 .18 .19 .39 .04 .04 .23 .40 .02 .40 .05 .48 1.28 .74 .17 .05 .09 .02 .14 .62 .46 .56 .16 .81 .02 .11 .01 .18 .02 .32 .88 .35 .09 .02 .02 .02 .61 .06 .29 .04 .31 .14 .36 .01 .30 .04 .51 1.09 .54 .11 .03 .05 .01 .06 .63 .22 .50 .08 . 56 .26 .36 .01 .42 .05 .51 1. 23 .71 .19 .03 .07 .02 .12 .59 .50 .52 .14 1.00 .34 .47 .01 .53 .05 .41 1.47 .88 .19 .06 .13 .02 .20 .63 .55 .63 .20 .89 .40 .50 .08 .55 .11 .48 1.80 1.08 .16 .08 .19 .04 .19 .58 .85 .74 .33 1.14 .31 .85 .08 .44 .07 .91 1. 38 1.36 .24 .07 .14 .07 .59 .88 .81 .87 .58 .95 .63 .85 .05 .85 .10 .55 2.20 1.96 .63 .20 .11 .03 .46 .68 1.66 1.11 .44 1. 51 .14 . 12 .18 .51 .17 .07 .02 .24 .13 .06 .15 .44 .16 .15 .21 .50 .16 .12 .22 .57 .07 .19 .23 .77 .13 .20 .34 .85 .38 .10 .46 .55 .41 2. 35 .25 .43 1. 44 .03 .48 1.87 .13 .32 2. 54 .19 .36 2.68 .34 .46 3.20 .42 .26 3. 07 .65 .84 2.40 1. 36 .34 .24 .15 .08 .05 .01 .19 . 19 .06 .36 .23 .13 .40 .35 .21 .57 .31 .29 .72 .39 .54 .88 .28 .34 0 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 4 Less than 0.005 article. total annual unit expenditure of— 286 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME T able A —8 .— Clothing Expunditures , by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed PERSONS i IN 14,460 W H IT E AND N EG R O FA M ILIES IN 42 C IT IE S — Continued Average number of articles purchased per person Families with All fami Under $200 lies to $200 $300 Item C lo th in g , girls 12 through 17 y e a rs o f age Continued. $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 1— Numer of articles—Continued Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton____ _ _ _____ _ _ . ____ Silk, rayon, _ _ ________ ________ _ , Other___ _ _______ __ _____ , Bathrobes ___ _____ ____ __ ___ Kimonos, negligees_____ . . Hose: Silk _ _ _____ _ ______R a y o n ,_ ______ _ _________ ,, C otton,, _____ , , _______ Wool____________________________ Shoes: Street, „ Dress, ________ , ---------______ _______ , Sport_____ _ House slippers___ _________ Shoe: Repairs_____ _____ _____ _ , Shines_____ _ ___ ,, Rubbers___ _ __ _ _ _______ Arties, gaiters____ _, _________ ,, Gloves: C otton,_ _ ______ _ , ________ Leather___________________ Other___ ____ _ _________ ___ Bathing suits, sun suits . _ __ _ _ __ Handkerchiefs,_. _ ,_ ________ ___ Furs________ ___________________ Mufflers, scarfs,, _,, , ---------- , , , , , Handbags, purses_________ ___________ Umbrellas ., ___ , , _, Garters, belts, hairpins, etc. _______ , ,, Cleaning, repairing, _ _ __ _ , ,,, O th er_ _ ___ _ _______ _________ ,, 1 Includes only persons dependent on fam ily 4 Less than 0.005 article. total annual unit expenditure of— 0.07 .03 .01 .05 .02 7.13 2.11 3. 38 .21 2.10 .55 ' .56 .18 .14 .29 .37 .13 .19 .19 3. 32 (4) .15 .54 .05 0.02 (4) (4) .01 .01 2.20 1.30 3. 47 .05 1. 76 .27 .32 .08 0.05 .02 (4) .02 .01 4. 72 2.09 3.49 .19 1.91 .44 .47 .11 0.05 .03 (4) .04 .01 7.15 2. 70 3. 22 .25 2.17 .50 .56 .19 0.10 .03 .01 .09 .01 9. 21 2. 00 3. 66 .22 2. 37 .71 .63 .23 0.14 .03 .01 .10 .04 9.93 2. 05 3.20 .30 2.19 .72 .79 .27 0. 07 .07 0 .10 .02 11.71 2.11 3.11 .50 2. 32 .84 .67 .32 0.22 .24 .04 .19 .02 21.17 .48 2. 62 .09 3. 01 1.08 .89 .47 .04 .21 .16 .01 .07 .03 1.7 0 0 .05 .23 .01 .12 .23 .28 .06 .16 .09 2. 52 (4) .09 .36 .05 .14 .30 .37 .16 .20 .17 3. 53 ( 4) .14 .48 .06 .21 .35 .42 .22 .24 .28 3. 67 0 .19 .65 .08 .13 .35 .67 .17 .27 .36 4.78 0 .21 .86 .06 .21 .29 .62 .29 .21 .53 4. 67 0 .30 1.08 .09 .22 .50 .59 .45 .42 .60 3.91 0 .35 1. 54 .11 funds for 62 weeks. 287 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e A —8 . — Clothing Expenditures , by Consumption Level— C on tin u ed PERSO NS i IN 14,469 W H IT E AND N EGRO FA M ILIES IN 42 C IT IE S —Continued Average expenditure per person Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 Item C loth in g , girls 12 through 17 y e a rs o f age total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 1 Total expenditure________ ___ ______ . __ $39. 85 $14.87 $26.87 $37.85 $50. 71 $58.83 $71. 66 $107.42 Hats: Felt-- __________________________ .26 .72 2.80 .85 .49 1.5] 1.80 1.08 Straw _ _______ ________ _____ _ .10 1.04 .37 .54 .25 .35 .48 .75 .20 .05 .19 .21 .34 .34 Fabric___________________________ .11 .80 .24 .21 .42 Caps and berets: Wool________ ______ . . . .15 .21 .29 .29 .35 .02 .03 .02 .04 Other_____ ________ .03 .06 .03 .05 2. 42 2. 28 3. 26 Coats: Heavy, p la in ____. __________ .78 2.16 2. 74 4.17 3. 76 .30 2. 33 2. 92 fur trimmed______ _______ 1.48 .93 1.47 1. 52 6. 51 .02 0 .52 1.36 Fur_____________________________ .17 0 .27 .07 .36 2.54 1.08 .63 1.06 1.69 1. 51 1.43 Light, wool_____ _____ _ ___ .11 .32 .32 .09 .11 .20 cotton___________________ .08 (5) .01 0 0 0 .03 .13 0 silk, rayon________________ (5) .34 .08 .01 .03 .06 .11 .16 .23 Play suits: W ool knit __. ___ __________ .04 .13 .06 .09 Cotton suede-- ___ __ . . . .03 .01 .02 (5) .01 Other_______________________ .08 .03 .11 .06 .23 .34 .16 .54 .05 .12 .12 . 14 .08 .27 .41 Raincoats.. _ ___________ _ ________ Sweaters and jackets: .69 .20 .40 .91 1. 33 1.04 1.84 .68 Wool k n i t ____________ _ ___________ .34 .29 .11 .27 .40 .39 .39 Wool fabric--------- ------------------.28 .02 .87 .09 .17 .27 .33 .37 Leather, leatherette___________________ .08 .02 .03 .10 .04 .10 .37 .07 .09 Other____________________ __________ 2. 25 5.70 1. 29 .25 .74 1.13 1.99 1. 62 _ __________ _______ Suits: Wool____ .02 .12 .19 .35 .02 .06 .13 .08 Silk, rayon__ . . . . . . ---- -----.21 .14 .02 .14 .10 .03 .11 .18 O th er____________________ _____ Waists and middies: .41 .60 1.17 .03 .16 .30 .47 .31 Silk, rayon.... _ - ------------ ------ .47 .98 .10 .25 .32 .43 .85 .35 C otton .__ __________________ _____ .01 .02 .09 .05 .01 .20 .03 Other______________________ - ---(s) .56 1.12 1.23 1.22 1.84 .26 .77 .81 Skirts: Wool___________________________ .22 .20 .03 .05 .07 .08 . 16 .08 Other___________ --- ---- -----.60 .22 .42 .52 .46 .55 1.19 .48 Dresses: Cotton, house — ---------- -2. 33 2. 76 4.64 .84 2. 20 1. 39 1.69 street _ __ ----------1.83 4. 41 9. 77 2. 82 2. 53 3. 32 6. 31 1.10 1. 73 Silk, rayon____________________ .21 2. 61 .34 .62 .70 .71 .59 .98 W ool_________________________ 1.00 .03 .31 .33 .18 .08 .13 .18 Other----- ---- -- -------.01 .04 .05 .10 .04 .03 .09 .09 Aprons ___ _____ _ ------------- -------.02 .04 0 .01 .02 .01 .05 .08 _ --- ---------Coveralls____ .01 .22 .93 .09 .20 .49 . 14 .05 Knickers, breeches, shorts----------------.44 .34 .23 .29 .38 .38 .53 .36 Underwear: Slips, cotton.----- ----------.63 1.01 .99 2.27 .05 .19 .51 .51 silk. ------ ---------- -.41 .50 .57 .98 .31 .37 .77 rayon__________ --- .15 .64 .50 .21 .03 .07 .19 .26 .71 Corsets, girdles_______ _. . .49 .44 .29 .40 .25 .07 .15 .30 Brassieres---- --------- -. Union suits and combinations: .10 .05 .26 .07 .08 .11 .08 .07 Cotton__________________ .04 .09 .13 .17 .10 .05 .15 .08 Wool____________________ .34 .01 .09 .13 .22 .17 .31 .13 Silk, rayon_______ ______ .26 .22 .27 .36 .16 .06 .13 .16 Under waists, shirts- „ ______ Bloomers and panties: .32 .14 .10 .15 .11 .13 .08 .13 Cotton--------------------1.09 .96 1.11 1. 34 .80 .38 .58 .78 Rayon___________________ .55 .20 .06 .09 .27 .37 .14 .01 Silk_____________________ Nightgowns and sleeping pa 1.04 .31 .51 .71 .13 .28 .05 .28 jamas: Cotton, light------.39 .35 .19 .33 .31 .22 .03 .15 flannel_____ .47 .14 .23 .33 .01 .06 .77 .17 Silk, rayon____ 1Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 5 Less than 0.5 cent. 288 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME T able A - 8 .— Clothing Expenditures , Consumption Level— C o n tin u ed PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average expenditure per person Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item C lo th in g , girls 1% th ro vgh All fami lies U n der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $0.05 .04 (5) .09 .02 3.91 .83 .69 .07 5.55 1.38 1.15 .13 1.09 .01 .13 .34 .23 .17 .14 .25 .22 (5) .11 .36 .10 .10 .53 .05 $0.10 .04 .02 .22 .02 5. 27 .65 .78 .10 6. 42 2.17 1.43 .20 1.29 .01 .21 .47 .28 .29 .18 .61 .27 0 .15 .57 .15 .19 .88 .11 $0.16 .04 .03 .29 .07 5.45 .77 .76 .11 6.83 2. 27 2.16 .25 1.65 .02 .15 .46 .46 .23 .20 .71 .33 0 .17 .76 .08 .17 1.40 .26 $0.10 .11 0 .28 .05 6. 64 .68 .83 .07 7. 59 2. 82 1.63 .34 1.75 .03 .25 .30 .40 .47 .17 1.00 .36 0 .28 1.07 .19 .21 1.83 .73 $700 and over 17 y e a rs o f age — Continued Total expenditure—Continued. Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton---------- ---------------------$0.08 $0.01 $0.04 Silk, rayon__________ ____________ __ .04 .03 (5) .01 Other________________________________ 0) («) .02 .03 Bathrobes________________________ _____ .13 .02 Kimonos, negligees___ _____ _________ .01 .01 3.89 2.32 1.13 Hose: Silk_____________________________ R ayon___________________________ .67 .35 .65 Cotton__________________ ____ _ __ .70 .59 .67 .02 .07 .07 Wool____ ____ ___________________ 5. 50 4. 39 3.51 Shoes: Street___________________________ 1. 53 1.03 Dress____ ______ ________________ .58 1.22 .50 .87 Sport____ ____ __________________ .14 .06 House slippers----------------------------.05 .84 1.10 .46 Shoe: R e p a i r s . _______________________ .01 Shines_________________________ _ 0 (6) .14 .04 .10 Rubbers-------- -------- -----------------.34 .24 .17 .. Arties, gaiters--------------------.14 .23 .07 Gloves: Cotton---------------------------Leather________________________ .01 .06 .17 Other__________________________ .04 .13 .10 .39 .06 Bathine: suits, sun suits_________________ .15 .22 .09 Handkerchiefs______________________ .15 0 Furs__________ „___________ ________ ___ (5) (5) .02 .11 .05 Mufflers, scarfs. ______________________ .44 .22 .09 Handbags, purses___________________ .. .09 .04 Umbrellas___ ___________ _______ _ (5) .03 .11 .06 Garters, belts, hairpins, e tc ... __________ Cleaning, repairing___________ ________ .65 .07 .23 . . . .. .13 .06 .01 Other ... _ ________ ___________ i Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 8 Less than 0.5 cent. $0.34 .35 .05 .76 .05 12.13 .26 .67 .03 10.49 3.14 2.72 .49 2.12 0 .31 .76 .55 .73 .43 1.81 .55 0 .29 1.80 .18 .20 2. 26 1.34 TA B U L A R 289 SU M M A R Y T a b l e A - 8 .— Clothing Expenditures , b y C onsum ption Level — C on tin u ed PERSO NS i IN 14,469 W H IT E AND NEG RO FA M ILIES IN 42 C IT IE S—Continued Average number of articles purchased per person Families with A11 All fami Under $200 lies to $200 $300 Item C loth in g , girls 6 through 11 y e a rs o f age $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 1 Number of families—Continued. Hats: F elt__ ___ _________ ______ _____ Straw_______ ________ _ Fabric___________________________ Caps and berets: W o o l________________ ___ ___ Other___ Coats: Heavy, plain--- ---------------fur trimmed_____________ Fur_____________________________ Light, wool______ _____________ cotton___ ______________ silk, rayon__ _____________ Play suits: Wool k n it______ _________ ___ Cotton suede________________ Other_______________________ Raincoats___ __ _______________ ___ Sweaters and jackets: Wool k n it___________________________ Wool fabric_________________________ _ Leather, leatherette___________________ Other _______________________________ Suits: W ool___________ _____________ _ Silk, rayon------ ------------------Other___________________________ Waists and middies: Silk, rayon.. _ _________________ _ _ _ C o tto n .------- ---------------- ---------Other_______________________ ______ Skirts: W ool_________________ _ _ ... Other--- -------- ----------Dresses: Cotton--------------------------Silk, rayon__________ . . . -----W ool__________________________ Other_______________________ Aprons_____. . . ____ . . . _________ _ . Coveralls____ ____________ _. . --Knickers, breeches, shorts . . . Underwear: Slips, cotton. __ . . . . silk___ _____________ rayon________ ______ Union suits and combina tions: Cotton.. . . . . Wool______________ Silk, rayon____ ____ Underwaists, shirts. .. --Bloomers and panties: Cotton___ _______ . . Rayon------ ------- -------Silk______________________ Nightgowns and sleeping pajamas: Cotton, light----flannel__ Silk, rayon........ . 0.18 .12 .08 .45 .09 .21 .08 (4) . 13 .02 .01 .08 .07 .09 .11 0. 09 .03 .03 .36 . 12 .11 .02 (4) .03 (4) 0 .02 .02 .02 .05 0.10 .09 .05 .39 .06 .18 .05 0 .08 .02 .01 .04 .03 .04 .06 0.15 .11 .11 .43 . 11 .21 .08 (4) .12 .01 (4) .06 .06 .07 .08 0.22 .15 .10 .51 .08 . 23 .09 0 .16 .03 .02 .11 .10 .12 .17 0. 33 .16 .10 .53 .10 .14 .13 (4) .22 .03 .02 .15 .14 .17 .17 0. 32 .17 .13 .59 .08 .31 .11 0 .17 .03 0 .17 .15 .19 .22 0.48 .27 .24 .68 .04 .42 .17 0 .30 .04 .10 .28 .24 .31 .26 .33 .12 .02 .02 .04 .01 .02 .14 .08 (4) .04 .01 0 0 .26 .09 .02 .02 .02 .02 .01 .31 .11 .02 .02 .03 (4) .02 .39 .15 .03 .02 .05 (4) .05 .52 .16 .02 .03 .07 .54 16 .04 .02 .08 .69 .17 .07 .12 .08 0 0 .01 .09 .15 .02 2. 78 .35 . 14 .05 .03 .03 .16 .94 .08 .11 .04 .53 .03 .25 .03 3.17 .49 .20 .18 .06 .03 .11 .93 .13 . 15 .04 .24 .02 .20 .04 3. 24 .55 .14 .04 .01 .02 .10 .69 .20 .19 .13 .54 .03 .41 .03 3. 59 .47 .25 .35 .03 .06 .13 1.50 .37 .15 0 .03 0 0 .02 .20 .01 . 12 .02 2.47 .31 . 12 .06 .03 .02 .09 .72 .07 .09 .03 (4) 1.62 .09 .06 .06 (4) (4) .01 .47 .01 .05 .01 .10 .01 .06 .03 2.00 .20 .07 .02 .02 .02 .06 .62 .02 .04 .58 .29 .16 .64 .36 .06 .03 .29 .58 .17 . 11 .48 . 52 .26 .16 .79 .66 .44 .18 .60 .64 .47 .29 .83 .60 .34 .21 .74 .93 .59 .33 1.10 .92 1.58 .17 .64 .93 .04 .95 1.19 .10 .90 1.46 .13 1.08 1.89 .32 .77 2. 34 .27 1.06 2. 43 .26 1.22 2. 52 .50 .28 .33 .05 .10 . 13 0 .18 .20 .01 .29 .32 .02 .32 .43 .12 .38 .54 .10 .51 .54 .14 .52 .57 .20 0 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 4 Less than 0.005 article. total annual unit expenditure of— 0 .01 .19 .08 .02 2. 25 .31 .12 .04 .02 .02 .06 .62 .04 . 11 0 .04 .19 290 M O N E Y D IS B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y V O LU M E T a b l e A - 8 .— Clothing E x p en ditu res , b y Consum ption Level — C o n tin u ed PERSO NS i IN 14,469 W H IT E A ND N EG R O FA M IL IE S IN 42 C IT IE S Average number of articles purchased per person Item Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami Under $200 to $300 to $400 to $500 to $600 to $700 lies and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 over C loth in g , girls 6 through 11 y e a rs o f a g e 1—Con. Number of families—Continued. Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton____________________ Silk, rayon-----------------Other_____________________ Bathrobes--------------------Kimonos, negligees-----------Hose: Silk---------- ---------Rayon-----------------Cotton________________ Wool_________________ Shoes: Street and dress_______ Sport________________ House slippers----------------Shoe: Repairs_______________ Shines________________ Rubbers____________________ Arctics, gaiters---------------Gloves: Cotton______________ Leather_____________ Other_______________ Bathing suits, sun suits______ Handkerchiefs_______________ Furs________________________ Mufflers, scarfs______________ Handbags, purses___________ Umbrellas__________________ Garters, belts, hairpins, etc___ Cleaning, repairing-----------Other______________________ 1 Includes only persons dependent on family 4 Less than 0.005 article. 0. 06 .03 0) .05 (4) .97 1.42 6. 99 .50 2.91 .39 .17 0. 01 (4) 0 (4) 0 . .37 .46 4. 70 .06 2.13 .24 .02 0. 02 .01 (4) .01 (4) .57 .90 6.75 .35 2. 63 .37 .07 0.06 .02 (4) .03 (4) .92 1.70 6. 52 .43 2. 76 .36 .19 0. 06 .03 (4) .08 0 1.38 2. 00 7. 21 .60 3.35 .46 .25 .17 .30 .24 .08 .27 19. 43 2.24 .12 .15 .28 .22 .05 .20 .09 1.42 0 .06 . 13 .02 .16 .25 .21 .06 .24 .15 2. 09 0 .07 .22 .06 .17 .38 .24 .24 .04 .15 .10 .01 . 10 .04 .84 0 .02 .09 (4) funds for 52 weeks. .11 .33 .26 3.08 0 .10 .26 .03 0.10 .03 . 11 (4) 1.32 1.70 9. 83 .83 3.53 .48 .29 0.17 .09 .03 . 11 0 1.59 2.15 7. 35 .84 3. 33 .57 .30 0. 23 .25 .05 . 16 0 1.97 .98 9.98 1.74 4.07 .52 .42 .24 .44 .42 .10 .44 .37 3. 47 .01 .11 .44 .07 .14 .43 .26 .19 .43 .41 3.88 0 .17 .46 .07 .24 .35 .42 0 .22 .58 .66 4.18 0 .26 1.07 .10 TABULAR SUMMARY T able A -8. — Clothing 291 Expenditures , b y C onsum ption Level — Continued PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average expenditure per person Item Families with All fami Under $200 lies to $200 $300 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over C loth in g , girls 6 through 11 y e a rs o f a g e 1—Con. Total expenditure_____ _ . _ . . _ ------ . $23. 52 . 17 Hats: F elt_____________________ — . 12 Straw--- --------- ----------- ---Fabric. . . . . _____________ ______ .06 Caps and berets: W ool. _ __ __ __ .25 O th er___ ____ _ _ __ .04 Coats: Heavy, plain____ _ __ __ -----1.53 .61 fur trimmed___________ _ .01 Fur_____________________________ .79 Light, w ool________ _ __ ------.08 cotton----- ----------------.09 silk, rayon. ------... . .32 Play suits: Wool k n it------ ------------.08 __________ Cotton su ed e.. . . 16 Other_____ ____ —. . .17 Raincoats____________ _ ___________ Sweaters and jackets: .47 Wool k n it___ ______ ______ ____ _ . .16 Wool fabric__________________________ .05 Leather, leatherette________________ . .02 Other_______ _ . . . ._ --------- - . .19 Suits: W o o l . . _________________________ .01 Silk, r a y o n ________________ . . . .06 Other___ _____________________ _ Waists and middies: .02 Silk, rayon--- ------ ----------------- -.15 Cotton------------ ------------------- . Other_____________________ ________ (6) .17 Skirts: Wool_________________ -- -----.02 Other______________ ________ 2. 46 Dresses: C o tto n .___ _________________ Silk, rayon--- ------------- -----.71 .27 W ool__________________________ .09 Other______________ . . . ------Aprons . . . . . _ _ _. _ _ --- . .01 .02 Coveralls. __ __ __ ____ _ . Knickers, breeches, shorts.__ __ . . . _ ._ _ .06 Underwear: Slips, cotton.__ . . . _ __ . . . . .29 .06 silk_____ .... .05 rayon------ -----------Union suits and combina .33 tions: Cotton_____ . . .23 Wool______________ Silk, rayon_________ .09 .18 Underwaists, shirts. _ . ... Bloomers and panties: .24 Cotton . . ---.41 R a y o n _________________ Silk______________________ .06 Nightgowns and sleeping .19 pajamas: Cotton, light____ flannel___ .25 .04 Silk, rayon___ . $9. 26 $15. 60 $21.06 $29.34 $38. 66 $40. 27 $55. 44 .06 .13 .23 .37 .08 .40 .68 .03 .07 .10 .15 .19 .21 .41 .03 .05 .09 .03 .08 .13 .17 .15 .21 .23 .30 .31 .43 .49 .04 .02 .05 .04 .05 .07 .03 .63 1.45 1.05 1.83 2.13 2. 95 3.94 .12 .26 .58 .80 1.18 1.17 1.94 .02 0 .01 0 .04 0 0 .44 .67 1.04 1. 29 .10 1.68 2. 51 .01 .02 .12 .09 . 11 .15 .19 0 .05 .16 .12 0 1. 21 (5) .07 .49 .13 .24 .64 .68 1.03 .02 .12 .03 .06 .16 .17 .26 .04 .12 .24 .07 .32 .34 .51 .14 .42 .06 .08 .26 .29 .48 0 0 .16 .08 .01 .02 .06 .01 .13 .56 .20 .06 .02 .22 .01 .12 .79 .27 .07 .03 .50 .90 .24 .08 .04 .46 1.27 .25 .10 .12 .33 0 0 .20 .02 3.17 .90 .31 .06 .01 .01 .10 .40 .07 .06 .04 .36 .02 .42 .04 4.08 1.22 .44 .28 .03 .02 .10 .40 .12 .09 .05 .19 .02 .37 .07 4. 03 1.67 .38 .28 .01 .02 .13 .37 .17 .11 .17 .51 .03 .68 .05 4. 78 1.63 .69 .42 .01 .06 .13 .68 .40 .09 .04 . 15 0 .17. 0 0 (5) .04 0 .03 (5) 1.10 .15 .09 .04 (5) (5) .01 .13 .01 .01 (5) .07 (5) .08 .02 1.66 .40 .15 .04 .01 .02 .04 .21 .01 .02 .11 .01 2. 22 .69 .28 .07 (5) .01 .04 .25 .02 .04 .16 .03 .01 .07 .31 .12 .05 .11 .28 . 19 .08 .23 .39 .37 .09 .17 .46 .40 .17 .26 .47 .33 .18 .23 .53 .50 .31 .42 .13 .21 .01 .23 .28 .02 .22 .38 .04 .31 .49 .09 .23 .67 .10 .29 .77 .10 .31 .75 .26 .04 .07 .10 .13 .01 • .18 .33 .02 .21 .36 .09 .31 .46 .09 .39 .41 .11 .44 .54 .16 0 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 5 Less than 0.5 cent. .41 .14 .04 .02 .18 .01 .03 .31 .10 .03 .02 .07 .01 .03 0 0 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME 292 T able A -8. — Clothing E x p en ditu res , b y Consum ption Level — Continued PERSONS i IN 14,469 W HITE A ND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average expenditure per person Item Families with total annual unit expenditure of— an All fami lies Un der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over $0.10 .04 0 .25 .01 .48 .47 2. 21 .31 9.10 89 .20 1.35 .02 .24 .54 .22 .09 .29 .39 .17 .02 .07 .20 .07 .08 .40 .06 $0.15 .10 .03 .18 0 .58 .55 1.75 .38 9. 20 1.20 .28 1.30 .04 .14 .55 . 15 .23 .28 .41 22 0 .12 .21 .10 . 12 .69 .10 $0.20 .34 .03 .29 0 .63 .27 2. 55 .69 11.55 1.12 .39 2.00 0 .33 .59 .29 .33 .47 .61 .29 0 .23 .61 13 . 15 .38 .50 C loth in g , girls 6 through 11 yea rs o f a g e 1—Con. Total expenditure—Continued. Pajamas, lounging and beach: C otton----- _ _ _ ---------- ------------ . Silk, rayon____ _ ___ _ _______ ___ Other_________ _______ __ ______ ____ Bathrobes___ _______ _____________ Kimonos, negligees___ _ _ _ _______ Hose: Silk______ _______________ ___ R a y o n _________ _ _ _________ C otton____ ___ •_ _______ ____ _ W ool____________________________ Shoes: Street and d r e ss _________ _ _ _ Sport__________________ _______ House slippers______ _ ___ _________ Shoe: R epairs... ___ _________ . . . .. Shines__ __ ___________ _______ Rubbers.________ ______________________ Arctics, gaiters_________________ ______ Gloves: C o tto n _______ _______________ Leather. __ ___ _. ._ _____ Other.. _ _ . . . ___ ____ ______ Bathing suits, sun suits____ _ ___ Handkerchiefs____ _ ______ _________ Furs_____________ ___________________ Mufflers, scarfs._ ___ _________ ____ _ Handbags, p u rses__ _ __ ______ Umbrellas________________ ____________ Garters, belts, hairpins, etc_________ ___ Cleaning, repairing __ _ _ __ Other _ ___ ___ _ -_. ____ _ _ _ _ 1 Includes only persons dependent on fam ily 8 Less than 0.5 cent. $0.05 .03 (5) .08 (5) .26 .33 1.45 .16 6.06 .62 .12 .83 .01 .14 .36 .11 .07 .16 .19 .13 (5) .05 .10 .05 .06 .21 .05 $0.01 $0.02 (5) (5) 0 (5) .02 (5) 0 (5) .07 .15 .09 .19 .80 1. 26 .01 .10 3.15 4.47 .28 .52 .01 .04 .34 .55 (5) (5) .08 . 11 . 14 .29 .03 .08 .03 (5) .05 .10 .04 .08 .05 .08 0 0 .01 .03 .02 .04 .02 (5) .01 .04 .02 . 10 0 .01 funds for 52 weeks. $0.03 $0.04 .02 .01 (5) (5) .04 .13 0 (5) .21 .31 .45 .38 1.35 1. 56 .14 .20 5. 55 7.49 .56 .75 .10 .16 .80 .96 0 (5) .13 .16 .31 .45 .09 .11 .04 .10 .14 .19 .15 .29 .11 .17 0 0 .04 . .07 .07 .10 .06 .05 .06 .08 .14 .33 .04 .05 293 TABULAR SUMMARY T able A—8 .— Clothing E xpenditures , b y C onsum ption Level —Continued PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 Item C loth in g , girls 2 through 5 yea rs o f age total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 1 Number of articles: Hats: F elt_________ - - --------------Straw.---------F a b r ic .._____________ ______ --------Caps and berets: Wool-- __ Other____ . _ Coats: Heavy, plain-- __ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ fur trimm ed____ _________ Fur_____________________________ Light, wool _ _ _____ - - - - - _ cotton____________________ silk, r a y o n .- - ___________ Play suits: Wool k n it-_ ------ -----Cotton suede______________ Other ________ ___________ _ Raincoats - ---- -- --Sweaters and jackets: Wool knit- ___ ______ _ _ _ ------Wool fabric___ ___ - - ----------Leather, leatherette------ ------------Other_____ ____________ ____ ______ Suits:Wool_. __ __ --- ------ - . Silk, rayon___--- --------- --------Other____________________________ Waists and middies: Silk, rayon ___________ - ----------Cotton._______________ ______ Other_____ _______________ ______ ____ Skirts: W o o l... --- ------- -- Other---- --- -------- -----Dresses: C o tto n _____________ ___ ___ Silk, rayon____ __ __ ___ _ W ool__________________________ Other---------- ------- -----Aprons __ _ _ - - - - - - - --- -- -_ Coveralls. -------------------___ ■ Knickers, breeches, shorts __ -------- __ Underwear: Slips, cotton __ ------- . _ silk____ ________ _ r a y o n __ ___ _ __ _ Union suits and combina tions: C otton--------------Wool_______________ Silk, rayon_____ _ _ Underwaists, shirts____ ___ Bloomers and panties: C o tto n ___________ ______ R ayon__ _____ _ _ _ __ Silk______________________ Nightgowns and sleeping pa jamas: Cotton, lig h t- .- ___ flannel____ Silk, rayon. ___ 0.07 .06 .06 .32 .08 .17 .03 (4) .10 .04 .01 .19 .12 .13 .03 .36 .13 (4) .02 .05 .01 .03 0.02 .04 (4) .21 .21 .09 (4) 0 .04 .01 (4) .10 .07 .07 (4) 0.05 .03 .05 .23 .05 .17 .02 0 .05 .03 (4) .10 .07 .07 .02 0.06 .04 .04 .27 .06 .16 .02 0 .09 .03 .01 .10 .08 .09 .02 0.07 .08 .06 .37 .09 .17 .03 0 .12 .04 .01 .25 .16 .17 .03 .20 .08 .22 .10 .01 .03 .03 .26 .09 (4) .02 .04 (4) .02 .43 .19 (4) .03 .04 0 .04 0 .06 .03 0 (4) 0 0 0 .02 .01 .07 .03 .07 0 .04 .08 .01 .02 0 0 0 .83 .55 .18 .02 .05 (4) .03 (4) 2.11 .15 .08 .09 .01 . 15 .01 .28 .04 .05 .69 .29 .13 .75 .45 . 18 .06 .29 .64 .16 .08 .56 .54 .23 . 13 .61 .73 .31 .20 .77 .80 .43 .12 1.12 1.07 .41 .06 1.19 1. 38 .85 .24 1.65 .90 .66 1. 23 .46 .04 1.08 .96 .08 1.29 1. 39 .29 1.23 1. 39 .32 1. 77 2.03 .27 2.43 2. 99 .44 .19 .25 .01 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 4 Less than 0.005 article. .23 .43 .01 .41 .55 .08 .48 .73 .05 .73 .82 .07 .73 1.16 .07 1.24 1.11 .16 .33 .49 .03 0 .14 .19 .01 .04 .01 3.07 .34 .06 .07 .05 .25 . 11 .54 .05 .04 0 .06 .02 .02 3.05 .29 .07 .11 .04 .19 .01 .56 .10 .09 0 .71 .16 .01 .01 2.04 .12 .06 .12 .03 .04 .04 .34 (4) .01 0 0 .50 .18 0.21 .13 .16 .54 .17 .25 .11 .01 .22 .07 .02 .71 .45 .48 .14 .01 0 (4) 0 1.74 .05 .05 .04 .13 .26 0 .38 0 .07 .01 .01 .04 0 0.07 .07 .06 .42 .15 .17 .08 0 .19 .06 .01 .40 .25 .27 .04 .01 .04 (4) .03 .01 2.60 .23 .07 .09 .04 . 18 .04 .44 .05 .05 0 0 0.08 .08 .09 .43 .10 .21 .06 (4) .15 .05 .01 .20 .13 .14 .02 0 .04 .05 .07 3. 59 .39 .03 .06 .02 .37 .01 .73 .04 0 0 .07 .03 .10 0 5. 67 .92 .40 .17 .14 .23 .05 1.12 .17 .03 294 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS— SUMMARY VOLUME T a b l e A - 8 .— Clothing Expenditures, by Consum ption Level— C ontinued PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Families w ith All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 Item C loth in g , girls 2 through 5 y e a rs o f age $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 1—Con. Number of articles—Continued. Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton______________________________ Silk_______________________ ______ Other____________________________ ___ Bathrobes____________ ____ _________ ___ Kimonos, negligees_____________________ Hose: Silk_______ _______________ ______ R ayon________________ ____ _____ Cotton________________ ____ _____ W o o l... . . ...... .......................... . Shoes: Street and dress_____ ______ ___ Sport______ _ ________________ _ House slippers.____ ____________________ Shoe: Repairs__________________________ Shines. _____________________________________ Rubbers_______ _________ _________________ Arctics, gaiters__________ ______________ ____ Gloves: Cotton. ........................... ........................... Leather___________ ________ _______ Other......... ..... ........................ ............... ............. Bathing suits, sun suits. ................................... H a n d k e rc h iefs.. .......... ............. .................. ............. F u rs.. _ . . . . . . _____________________________ Mufflers, sca r fs ______________ ______ ______________ Handbags, purses _________________________ ______ _ U m brellas ____ ______________ ______ ______ ______ Garters, belts, hairpins, etc________ ________ Cleaning, repairing _ ____ __ _________ __ Other ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Includes only persons dependent on family 4 Less than 0.005 article. total annual unit expenditure of— 0.05 .01 (4) .05 (4) .65 .99 5.80 .48 2.55 .20 .15 0.02 0 0 0 0 .27 .16 4.60 .14 1.77 .12 .04 0.03 0 0 .01 0 .23 .76 4.75 .22 2.19 .13 .05 .13 .17 .13 .04 .18 .29 .81 (4) .05 .13 .02 .06 .03 .07 .02 .06 .16 .32 .08 .14 >09 .03 .15 .16 .49 0 .03 .04 .05 0 (4) .05 0 funds for 52 weeks. 0.04 .01 .02 (4) .66 .93 5.69 .39 2.48 .18 .11 0.06 (4) (4) .06 0 .83 1.24 6. 39 .65 2.68 .22 .23 0.09 .02 .01 .14 .01 .76 1.44 6. 31 .83 2.85 .28 .26 .07 .14 .09 .03 .13 .19 .70 .13 .25 .17 .06 .23 .38 .83 .24 .19 .19 .06 .21 .30 1. 28 .01 .08 .18 .04 0 0 .02 .09 .01 0 .06 .17 .02 0.01 .06 0 0.29 .15 0 .04 .01 .47 1.02 6. 70 .81 2.94 .20 .17 .26 0 2.58 1.15 9.04 .83 4. 49 .35 .37 .13 .22 .11 .06 .26 .62 1.12 0 .08 .21 .03 .35 .44 .27 .11 .53 1.07 2.13 0 .22 .34 .12 TABULAR SUMMARY 295 T a b l e A—8 .— Clothing E xpen ditu res , b y C onsum ption Level — Continued PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average expenditure per person Families with A 11 All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 Item C lo th in g , girls 2 through 5 y e a rs o f age total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over i—Con. Total expenditure_______ . . . . . . . . _ __ $16.83 .06 Hats: F elt_____________________________ .04 Straw________________________ .04 Fabric__________________________ .19 Caps and berets: W ool--------------- ___ Other_______________ .04 Coats: Heavy, plain___ _ _____________ .96 fur trimmed __ __________ .25 Fur_____________________________ .01 .45 Light, w ool-.- __________cotton_____ ___________ _ .11 silk, rayon________________ .02 Play suits: Wool k n it___________________ .63 Cotton suede________________ . 15 Other_____________________ _ .25 .03 Raincoats....................... .................. _ __ Sweaters and jackets: .44 Wool knit- __ ______________________ .18 Wool fabric___________________________ Leather, leatherette. _____ ____________ (5) .03 Other--------- -------- ------- ----------.27 Suits: W ool......... ........................ ........ ... .. Silk, rayon....................... ................. .01 .09 Other______________________ _____ Waists and middies: Silk, rayon__________________________ (6) .02 C otton___ _______ ______________ _____ Other____________ _________ __________ (5) .03 Skirts: W ool...... ..................... ..................... Other__________________________ (5) 2.10 Dresses: C o tto n .______________________ Silk, rayon ______________ _ .36 .11 W ool__________________________ .07 Other________________________ .01 Aprons________ ___ ___ . . . ------.10 Coveralls____________ ____ ____ _____ _ .02 Knickers, breeches, shorts.__ __ --------. 15 Underwear: Slips, cotton---- -- --------silk__________________ .03 rayon___ _ _ __ _ . . . .02 Union suits and combina tions: Cotton_____________ .35 W ool______________ .22 Silk, rayon_____ _ _ .06 Underwaists, shirts . . . . . . .23 Bloomers and panties: Cotton____ _ _______ . . . .22 R a y o n ...------------------.25 Silk___ ______ ___________ .05 Nightgowns and sleeping pa .19 jamas: Cotton, light______ .35 flannel_____ .03 Silk, r a y o n _______ $6.80 $10.18 $13. 54 $18.91 $23.89 $27. 46 $45.97 .04 .01 .05 .07 .25 .11 .08 .03 .02 .03 .05 .07 .07 .10 .02 .02 .04 .09 .04 .18 (5) .10 .24 .42 .10 .15 .23 .28 .04 .02 .12 .02 .06 .10 .06 .35 .77 .87 1.01 1.39 1.02 1. 76 . 13 . 17 .15 .43 .62 1. 37 (5) 0 0 0 0 .04 .10 0 .09 .19 .38 .51 .73 1. 20 .91 .02 .05 .13 .24 .08 .23 .18 .01 .02 .02 .06 .04 .01 (5) .15 .32 .44 .77 .92 1.82 1. 33 .04 .08 .11 22 .32 .43 .18 .06 .13 .72 .31 .18 .37 .53 .03 .02 .03 .02 .06 .10 (5) 0 0 .14 .07 .03 .10 .01 0 (5) 0 (5) 0 .86 .05 .05 .03 .03 .10 0 .08 0 .02 0 .22 .09 .01 .02 .13 0 .06 .51 .22 (5) .02 . 16 0 .07 0 .01 .03 0 0 .64 .24 .01 .38 .03 .20 0 0 .97 .37 .15 .51 .01 . 11 1. 23 .85 0 0 1. 23 0 .24 .02 .02 .01 (5) 1. 29 .14 .07 .09 .01 .03 .03 . 11 (5) .01 .02 (5) .01 (5) 1. 55 .24 .10 .06 (5) .09 .01 .09 .02 .02 .05 (5) 2.46 .42 .10 .05 .01 . 15 .02 . 19 .02 .02 .04 (5) 2.91 .47 .14 .10 .01 .11 .01 .18 .07 .05 .17 .10 .02 .05 .27 .10 .02 .14 .29 .14 .05 .17 .35 .24 .08 .23 .38 .38 .05 .38 .66 .35 .04 .36 .97 .69 . 16 .98 .17 .10 .21 .09 .01 .18 .20 .02 .26 .32 .09 .21 .38 .08 .34 .46 . 13 .47 .80 .20 .07 .10 .16 .09 (5) (5) i Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. * Less than 0.5 cent. .12 .28 .01 .26 .40 .06 .33 .55 .03 .42 .68 .05 .51 .96 .07 242949°— 41------20 0 0 .01 .30 .09 (5) .04 .26 .01 .07 0 0 .03 0 .02 .04 .03 3. 73 .65 .07 .04 .01 .20 .01 .31 .02 0 0 .07 0 5.80 1.85 .54 .11 .02 .14 .07 .44 .18 .02 296 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMM ARY VOLUME T able A —8.— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— Continued PERSONS i IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average expenditure per person Item All fami lies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— U n der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $0. 03 (5) 0 .02 (5) .13 .17 1.03 . 10 3.91 .26 .06 .13 0 .07 . 16 .03 .02 .06 .14 .03 0 .02 .02 .01 .04 .08 .04 $0. 04 (5) 0) .09 0 .18 .24 1.19 .20 4. 73 .30 .13 .17 (5) . 12 .30 .06 .03 . 11 .27 .05 0 .03 .04 .01 .05 .17 .03 $0.08 .02 .01 .23 .01 .20 .32 1. 32 .25 5.69 .41 .15 .26 .02 .23 .26 .09 .05 . 11 .31 .04 .03 .04 .05 .05 .05 .25 .05 $0.01 $0.17 .04 . 14 0 0 .06 .40 .03 0 .13 .60 .22 . 2C 1.35 1.97 .3 1 .28 6.49 10.04 .41 .30 .12 .21 .51 . 14 0 0 . 15 .3; .26 .5f .06 . 2( .04 .1C .27 .14 .43 .41 .08 .21 0 0 .06 .1C .05 .01 .03 .11 .09 . 11 .45 .61 .10 0 $700 and over C loth in g , girls 2 through 5 yea rs o f a g e 1—Con. Total expenditure—Continued Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton__________________ ________ Silk_________________________________ Other-------------- ------------------B a th r o b e s.-------------------------Kimonos, negligees_____ ______ ___ _ _ Hose: Silk_______________ ________ _ Rayon________ ___ ______________ C otton________________ _ . W ool____________ _ _______ _ Shoes: Street and dress.- . . . __ _ _ Sport______________ __________ House slippers_________________________ Shoe: Repairs_____ _____ _____ ____ Shines________________________ _ Rubbers______ _ __ ___ . . . . . . . . _ Arctics, gaiters_______ _ Gloves: Cotton. _ ----------------------Leather_________________ ____ Other... __ _ _ . . . _____ ___ Bathing suits, sun suits _______ _____ Handkerchiefs.. . _ ._. F u r s ___________ _ . _______ Mufflers, scarfs ._ . . . ____. . . Handbags, purses____ _____ _____ _____ Umbrellas_____ . . . . . . Garters, belts, hairpins, etc_____________ Cleaning, rep a irin g .--Other______ _ _______ _______ . . . 1 Includes only persons dependent on f amily 6 Less than 0.5 cent. $0. 01 $0.01 0 0 0 0 0 .01 0 0 .04 .05 .02 .13 .84 .68 .05 .05 2. 23 2. 93 . 17 . 13 .01 .03 .06 .09 0 0 .04 .06 . 15 .03 .02 .03 .01 .02 .02 .06 .05 .09 .02 .02 0 0 .01 (5) .01 (5) .01 0 .03 (5) .01 .04 .04 . 10 funds for 52 weeks. $0. 04 .01 (5) .08 (5) . 14 .18 1.09 . 14 4. 37 .26 .09 . 16 (5) . 11 . 21 .05 .03 .09 .21 .04 (5) .03 .03 .02 .05 .14 .04 297 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e A—8 .— Clothing Expenditures , b y C onsum ption Level — Continued PERSONS IN 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item C loth in g , in fa n ts All fami lies Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 3 Number of articles: Caps, hoods, bonnets____ _ _ _ ____ Coats ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Sweaters, sacques_______ ______ Sweater suits_________ _ _ _ _ _ _ Dresses, rompers___ __ ___ _ Skirts, gertrudes_____ ____ __ ___ Shirts, bands _ _ _ _____ __ D iapers.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ __ Sleeping garments._ _______ ___ Stockings__ _ __ _________ Bootees, shoes. _ _______ _____ Layettes ___ ________ _____ _ Other____ _____________ _ _ _ 0. 70 .27 .61 .38 2. 34 .73 2. 45 9. 37 1.40 4. 30 1.84 .25 0. 27 .05 .28 . 18 1.40 .30 1.20 6. 28 .60 2. 30 1.07 .05 0.59 .21 .49 .18 1.95 .54 1.64 6. 30 .76 3.91 1.55 .03 0. 55 .25 .46 .31 2.11 .66 2.41 7.11 1.27 4. 43 1.83 .21 0. 65 .28 .70 .51 2. 36 .80 2.52 8. 62 1.35 4. 26 2.11 .24 0. 92 .29 .84 .51 2. 68 .89 2.76 10.28 1.81 4. 72 2.01 .28 0.94 .36 .69 .55 3.01 .78 3.18 12. 98 1.88 5.44 2.07 .93 1.03 .29 .78 .36 2. 79 1.03 3.41 18.80 2. 25 3. 85 1.70 $15. 62 .62 1.29 .68 1.26 2.13 .32 1.05 1.30 1.26 1.24 2.90 .61 .96 $20.14 .83 1. 33 .92 .98 2. 41 .74 1.60 2. 33 1. 30 .96 2.22 1. 78 2. 74 .22 Average expenditure per person Total expenditure____ _ _______ __ _ Caps, hoods, bonnets. _ ________ Coats___ __ ___ _ _______ __ Sweaters, sacques____ Sweater suits. _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ Dresses, rompers______ ________ Skirts, gertrudes... _ ____ Shirts, bands _______ _ _ _ D ia p e r s ___ _ _ ____________ Sleeping garments. __ __ _ _ Stockings. _ _ ._ _ __ __ Bootees, shoes.__ ___ __ _ __ _ _ Layettes ___ _ _ _______ Other____ ________ $11. 66 .42 .84 .56 .89 1.52 .29 .93 1.00 .83 .87 2. 04 .58 .89 $3.98 .10 . 15 .20 .26 .49 .08 .33 .51 .21 .37 .70 . 12 .46 $6.91 .25 .48 .35 .31 .99 . 14 .53 .63 .40 .68 1.43 .25 .47 $9. 30 .33 .69 .41 .75 1.21 .24 .86 .72 .66 .84 1. 79 .28 .52 $11. 87 .40 .82 .61 1.27 1. 55 .28 .97 .86 .86 .89 2. 30 .43 .63 $15.06 .55 1.05 .76 1. 23 1.91 .32 1.12 1.19 1.23 1.00 2. 45 .98 1. 27 3 Infants 1 to 2 years of age are included only if dependent on family funds for 52 weeks; those under 1 year of age are included regardless of the number of weeks dependent on family funds. MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME 298 T able A—8 .— Clothing Expenditures , b y C onsum ption Level — Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over C loth in g e x p en d itu res Percentage of families in survey___________ 100.0 18.1 25.4 22.1 16.3 9.3 5.0 3.8 Average number of clothing expenditure 2.84 4.32 units per fam ily________________________ 2.47 3.07 2.16 2.10 2.03 2.21 Percentage of families spending for— Ready-made clothing, dry cleaning, and accessories____________________________ 99.9 100.0 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 62.1 Yard goods and findings_________________ 55.2 60.3 51.6 49.0 47.7 46.5 64.6 Paid help for sewing____________________ 7.6 9.3 6.4 8.4 6.8 8.8 3.8 12.3 Percentage of families reporting clothing received as gifts_________________________ 32.0 36.1 32.0 31.7 23.0 31.2 30.2 56.8 Average expenditure per family for clothing— $100. 58 $80. 68 $91. 79 $98. 31 $99. 64 $120. 09 $128. 70 $185. 84 Ready-made clothing, dry cleaning, and accessories____________________________ 97. 92 77. 65 89.19 95. 90 97. 58 118. 20 126. 61 177. 90 2. 84 2. 49 Yard goods and findings_________________ 2. 45 2.24 1. 81 1. 75 2.04 6. 52 .19 Paid help for sewing____________________ .21 .11 .17 .25 .14 .05 1.42 Average value per family of clothing received 5.24 as gifts (incomplete) 2__________________ 3. 77 3. 90 3. 56 3. 08 3. 22 4.13 10. 49 Percentage of families having men 18 years of 96.8 97.4 age and over 1___________________________ 97.5 97.1 96.1 91.1 98.6 94.9 Number of men and boys 18 years of age and 1,801 365 373 266 over1__________________________________ 487 168 76 66 Average number of men and boys 18 years of age and over per family having such men 1.33 1.26 1.11 1. 08 and boys 1______________________________ 1.18 1.17 1.05 1.18 Percentage of families having boys 12 through 37.1 17.6 7.4 10.7 17 years of age 1_______________________ 15.0 2.7 0 0 143 Number of boys 12 through 17 years of age L— 40 289 83 19 4 0 0 Average number of boys 12 through 17 years 1.36 of age per family having such boys 1______ 1.18 1.09 1.00 1.23 1.00 0 0 Percentage of families having boys 6 through 45.2 23.9 9.8 11 years of age U ______________________ 17.8 5.5 3.4 2.7 1.3 173 116 Number of boys 6 through 11 years of ageU__ 43 14 2 353 4 1 Average number of boys 6 through 11 years 1.22 of age per family having such boys 1 ------1.27 1.27 1.35 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Percentage of families having boys 2 through 26.1 14.9 6.6 5.1 5 years of age 1________________________ 11.2 0 0 2.7 89 66 Number of boys 2 through 5 years of age 1__ 28 16 4 203 0 0 Average number of boys 2 through 5 years of 1.20 age per family having such boys 1________ 1. 22 1.22 1.12 0 1.16 1.00 1.00 Percentage of families having women and 98.9 99.2 99.1 girls 18 years of age and over 1____________ 99.2 98.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of women and girls 18 years of age 516 420 395 296 70 and over 1______________________________ 1,949 161 91 Average number of women and girls 18 years of age and over per family having such 1.41 1.22 1.31 1.17 1.19 women and girls 1______________________ 1. 25 1.10 1.15 Percentage of families having girls 12 through 39.6 23.4 13.9 7.4 4.1 17 years of age 1_________________________ 0 17.8 3.8 Number of girls 12 through 17 years of age U_ 155 51 0 107 23 345 6 3 Average number of girls 12 through 17 years 1.39 0 of age per family having such girls i______ 1.24 1.15 1.06 1.23 1.00 1.00 Percentage of families having girls 6 through 50.2 20.9 12.7 6.6 2.1 3.8 0 11 years of age 1_________________________ 18.5 Number of girls 6 through 11 years of age 1__ 195 22 90 50 363 3 0 3 Average number of girls 6 through 11 years of age per family having such girls i_______ 1. 25 1.37 1.09 1.14 1. 31 1.00 0 1.00 Percentage of families having girls 2 through 28.3 15.9 .4 4.3 .7 1.3 1.7 5 years of age 1____________________ .. 10.3 94 70 18 1 2 1 Number of girls 2 through 5 years of age 1___ 187 1 Average number of girls 2 through 5 years of 1.22 1.18 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.16 1.11 1.00 age per family having such girls 1________ Percentage of families having infants under 20.5 10.8 8.1 0 9.1 .7 5.1 3.1 2 years of age 3__________________________ 44 4 0 60 28 1 145 8 Number of infants under 2 years of age 3____ Average number of infants under 2 years of 1.02 1. 00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 1.02 1.04 age per family having infants 3___________ 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 2 The aggregates on which these averages are based do not include gifts of clothing reported received by 4. 5 percent of the families, but for which they could not estimate the value. 3 Infants 1 to 2 years of age are included only if dependent on family funds for 52 weeks; those under 1 year of age are included, regardless of number of weeks dependent on family funds. TABULAR SUMMARY T able 299 A -8.— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level—Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 Under $200 lies to to to to to and $200 $300 $600 $700 $400 $500 over C lo th in g , m e n a nd b o ys 18 yea rs o f age a n d over 1 Number of articles: 0. 42 Hats: Felt_____________________________ Straw_______ _____ ______________ .19 .26 Caps: Wool_________________ ______ _ . 11 Other------------------------.10 Overcoats-------------- ----------------- .03 Topcoats_________________ ___________ .04 Raincoats____ _ - -----------------.09 Jackets: H eavy fabric--------------------.03 Leather__ _________ ____ _ .02 Other_____________ ______ .12 Sweaters: H eavy____ „ ________ ____ .08 L ight____________ ________ .19 Suits: H eavy w ool_____________________ .17 Lightweight wool________________ .03 Cotton, linen________ ___ _ _ Palm Beach-_- _ __ ___________ .01 .01 O th e r ...___________ . . . ---------.26 Trousers: W ool_________________ _______ .35 Cotton. . . . _________________ .04 O ther... ____________________ .70 Overalls, coveralls. . . . . . . . . _____ 1.10 Shirts: Cotton, work____________________ Cotton and other, dress____ _____ 1. 57 .02 Wool___________________________ .58 Underwear: Suits, cotton, knit_______ . . . .24 w oven___ _ .. .23 cotton and wool___ . . . .04 rayon and silk ________ 1.09 Undershirts, cotton__________ .29 cotton and wool-. .06 rayon and silk__ 1.31 Shorts, cotton. . . . . ____ .04 rayon and silk_______ .18 Drawers, cotton and w o o l.._ .28 Pajamas and nightshirts___ _ .91 Shoes: Street-----------------------------W ork___________________________ .50 .02 Canvas.. _____________ . . . ____ .02 Other______. . . . . . _________ . . . Boots: Rubber. ___________ ___________ .05 Leather _ ____________ ___ ____ (4) .02 Arctics.. ----- -----. . . _________ __ . . 13 Rubbers______________ _______________ . Shoe: Repairs____ ______ _____ S h in e s _____ ___ __ _ 2. 92 Hose: Cotton, heavy_____ _______ _______ 3.50 dress____ . ______ R ayon_________ _______________ 1. 69 .61 Silk_____________________________ W ool____________________________ .10 Gloves: Work, cotton___________________ 1.79 .36 other___________________ Street, leather......... ............. ........... .11 .02 other____ _____________ _ T ies______ _______ _____________________ 1.20 .16 Collars____________ ___________ ________ .02 Bathing suits, sun suits_________________ Handkerchiefs__________________ ______ 3. 88 Accessories_________ _______________ . . . .18 .02 Bathrobes............................ ........................... Cleaning, repairing_________ ___________ 0.24 . 13 .19 .09 .05 0) .03 .07 .01 .02 .08 .05 .08 . 11 .04 (4) .01 .17 .33 .04 .63 .99 .95 .01 .40 .19 .18 .01 .76 . 16 (4) .87 (4) . 16 .09 .70 .49 .03 .01 .05 .01 .02 .08 0. 38 . 13 .26 . 11 .09 .01 .05 .08 .03 .02 .13 .06 . 18 .15 .02 (4) .01 .27 .38 .02 .68 1.08 1.41 .03 .55 .23 .16 .03 1.01 .26 .04 1.22 .01 .15 . 14 .88 .49 .01 .01 .04 •(4) .01 . 10 0. 48 .24 . 27 . 14 . 11 .02 .05 .12 .04 .01 .09 .10 . 17 .18 .03 .01 .01 .27 .38 .06 .78 1.18 1.63 .01 .57 .33 .28 .03 1.32 .36 .08 1.43 .05 .27 .28 .96 .51 .01 .02 .04 (4) .02 . 13 0.47 .25 .30 .09 . 11 .06 .05 . 11 .02 .02 . 16 .09 .26 . 16 .03 .01 .01 .29 .35 .03 .86 1.13 1.72 .04 .69 .28 .27 .02 1.19 .29 .05 1.46 .07 .10 .46 1.03 .55 .02 .02 .07 .01 .04 . 18 0. 49 .21 .28 . 12 .17 .06 .03 . 10 .03 .03 .15 .09 .28 .28 .01 .01 .02 .27 .29 .09 .66 .97 2.01 .01 .68 .21 .28 .08 1.17 .22 . 13 1.31 .09 .16 .42 .98 .51 .02 .05 .07 0 .06 .18 0. 68 .32 .31 .07 . 17 .03 .01 .08 .01 0 .09 .09 .32 .30 .03 0 .03 .32 .31 . 10 .62 1.18 2. 77 .01 .64 .12 .38 .09 1.20 .28 .30 2.02 . 13 .15 .63 1.09 .31 .02 .05 .02 0 0 .22 0. 75 .33 .36 .05 .21 .12 .02 .08 .05 .11 .12 . 17 .51 .22 .03 .02 .05 .26 .21 .01 .43 1. 42 2.64 0 .61 .18 .11 .25 1.37 1.11 .07 2.15 .07 .53 1.05 1.19 .47 .01 .02 .03 0 .04 .20 2. 30 2. 66 .71 .32 0 1. 25 .14 .02 .01 .62 .10 (4) 2. 77 .09 0 3. 07 3. 43 1.67 .63 .10 1.96 .23 .09 .01 .94 .02 .03 3.18 .14 .01 2. 77 3. 70 1.75 .54 .09 1. 61 .61 .11 .02 1.34 .08 .02 4.29 .26 .01 2. 67 3.33 2. 05 .67 .12 1.76 .66 . 14 .02 1.43 .24 .04 4. 78 .16 .04 3. 43 3.79 1.87 .77 .26 2. 60 .28 .21 .02 2.03 .14 .02 5. 26 .27 .06 5.09 6. 97 3.21 1.27 .09 1.59 .24 .21 .02 1.46 .35 .02 4.78 .23 .07 3. 34 3. 44 3.24 1.04 . 19 1.38 .26 .24 .02 2.32 1.42 0 4. 52 .22 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. * Less than 0.005 article. .08 300 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME T able A -8 .— Clothing E xpenditures , b y C onsum ption Level — Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average expenditure per person Item All fami lies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— U n der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over C lo th in g , m e n a n d b o ys 18 yea rs o f age and o v e r 1—Continued Total e x p e n d i t u r e __ _ _ ____________ $33.13 $18.66 $26. 52 $33.16 $39. 34 $49. 43 $55.06 $69. 31 Hats: Felt_____________________________ 1.09 .50 .87 1.12 1. 29 1.39 2.61 2. 57 Straw_______ __ ______ __ _ .33 .22 . 18 .42 .40 .41 .68 .73 Caps: W ool___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ .26 . 17 .24 .32 .34 .27 .30 .45 Other_________ _______________ _ .07 05 .04 .08 .09 . 12 .04 .02 Overcoats______ _____ _ __ 1.99 .78 1.44 2. 00 2. 02 4. 00 5. G2 3. 46 Topcoats____________ _____ ____ __ .44 .04 .10 .33 .89 1.00 .57 2. 25 Raincoats____ _ _________ ________ _ .20 .18 .21 .27 .24 .13 .03 . 12 Jackets: Heavy fabric, __ _______ ______ .31 . 19 .24 .42 .41 .34 .53 .30 Leather___ _______ _______ . 13 .04 .13 .19 .09 .24 .06 .29 .04 __ __ _ .02 Other______ _____ .03 .02 • .04 .09 0 . 19 Sweaters: H eavy. __ ________ ______ . 15 .27 .24 .28 .39 .39 . 17 .24 . 11 L ight________________________ .06 .09 . 14 . 13 . 16 . 10 .22 Suits: H eavy wool. ___ ________ _ 4. 47 1.67 3. 68 3. 39 6. 01 7.31 7.89 14. 42 Lightweight wool....... ...... ................ 1.91 3.16 2.11 3. 02 3. 36 6.77 6.80 4.55 Cotton, lin en .__ ___ _ _______ . . . .18 . 19 .16 .20 .34 . 13 .10 .32 Palm Beach________ _ _______ .06 .03 .01 .11 .07 . 14 0 . 15 Other. . ._ ___________________ . 17 .21 .04 . 14 .64 .06 . 12 1.23 Trousers: Wool_____ _______ ___________ .77 .79 .46 .77 .88 1.24 .83 1. 23 Cotton_____ _ _ ________ . . . .64 .56 .50 .60 .55 .56 .50 .31 O ther... . . . _______________ . .08 .06 .03 . 12 .08 .17 .21 .02 Overalls, coveralls____________ _______ _ 1.11 .85 1.12 1. 24 1.37 1.15 .97 .73 Shirts: Cotton, work______ ._ ___ ______ .88 .79 .76 .92 .96 .82 .93 1.63 .92 1. 52 Cotton and other, dress______ __ 1.88 2.04 2.09 2.66 3.61 3.96 W ool___________________________ .04 .03 .01 .02 .06 .01 .01 0 .58 .51 Underwear: Suits, cotton, k n it___ _ . . . .40 .55 .79 .72 .70 .83 woven .. .22 . 15 . 18 .33 .26 . 11 .26 . 19 cotton and wool _ _ . 25 . 17 . 17 .26 .44 .41 .20 .30 rayon and silk. . ._ .04 .01 .03 .02 .02 .25 .07 . 17 Undershirts, cotton _ _ . . . .34 .20 .30 .40 .37 .39 .40 .69 cotton and wool. . 14 . 14 .07 .10 . 19 .12 .10 .55 rayon and silk.. .02 .03 .02 .03 . 12 .07 .03 (5) Shorts, cotton______________ .42 .24 .44 .37 .48 .69 .43 1.06 rayon and silk. . . . . . .02 .02 .01 .03 .04 .06 .03 (5) Drawers, cotton and wool___ . 11 .09 .08 .17 .05 .09 . 11 .32 .35 .09 .62 Pajamas and nightshirts. ._ . 13 .35 .79 1.41 .56 Shoes: Street... __ __ ___ ______________ 3. 40 2.08 2.96 3. 59 4.13 4. 93 4.29 5.90 Work___________________________ 1.27 1.15 1. 20 1.24 1.46 1.58 .92 1.49 .02 .02 .02 .03 .05 Canvas_______ _ __ ___ _ __ .04 .05 .01 O ther... ______________ _____ . . . .05 .02 .03 .07 .07 .06 .28 .04 Boots: Rubber. _________________ _ . 16 . 14 . 12 . 16 .25 .04 .19 .11 .01 .02 .01 .01 .03 0 0 0 L e a th e r ._____________ ________ .05 .04 .02 Arctics........ ........ .......................... ... ......... .01 .09 .18 0 .04 . 15 .09 . 12 . 15 .24 Rubbers . ___________________________ .20 .25 .27 .90 .53 .77 .99 1.08 1.21 1.35 Shoe: Repairs_________ ____________ 1.28 .30 .04 . 12 .28 .24 .65 .91 1.69 S h i n e s . . ___ _._ . . _______ . 47 .34 .45 .45 .75 Hose: Cotton, heavy_____ __ _ . . . . . . .46 .54 .97 .69 .45 dress____________________ .72 .79 .58 .82 1.55 .94 Rayon____________ ____ __________ .39 . 14 .38 .51 .37 .47 .78 .90 .18 .15 .22 Silk_____________________________ .06 .18 .27 .47 .48 .04 0 ,06 ____ .03 .03 .10 .03 .05 Wool___ _______________ _ .55 .64 .94 .74 Gloves: Work, cotton— ................ ............. .56 .38 .53 .46 .15 .17 .32 .12 .24 .14 other_____ _____ _________ .06 .11 . 15 .02 .11 .15 .18 .31 .28 .35 Street, leather__________________ .02 other________________ .. .01 .03 .02 .03 .05 .03 (5) .55 .21 .60 .67 .92 .85 .36 1. 71 Ties________________________ ___________ .04 .02 .01 .02 .06 .03 .09 .42 Collars_________ . . . _________________ .01 .01 .02 .01 .03 .03 0 Bathing suits, sun suits. _ ______________ .01 .29 .34 . 18 .22 .38 .38 .33 .56 Handkerchiefs__________________________ .02 .12 .14 .11 .08 .05 .08 Accessories_____________________ ______ _ .18 .08 0 .01 .06 .16 .22 .23 .29 Bathrobes______________ ___......... ........... 1.75 .92 1. 32 1.87 2.10 2.46 3.19 4.05 Cleaning, repairing_________________ . . . .27 .15 .11 .75 Other____ _______ ______________________ .36 .11 .92 .14 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 5 Less than 0.5 cent. TABULAR SUMMARY T able A—8.— 301 Clothing E xpen ditu res , b y C onsum ption Level — Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average number of articles pur chased per person Average expenditure per person Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item fami lies Un der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over Families with total annual unit expenditure of— fami lies Un der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over Clothing-, b o ys 12 through 1 7 1 y e a rs o f age Total______ _ __ Hats: Felt_______________ 0. 20 .05 Straw. _________ Caps: Wool. __ .51 Other__________ __ . . 16 Overcoats. __ _______ .10 .01 Topcoats. . . . . ___ .03 Raincoats . 13 Jackets: Heavy fabric_____ .04 Leather. ___ . .02 Other___________ .31 Sweaters: Heavy______ . . . .26 Light-------------------0 Play suits: Wool knit. . _ _ .01 Cotton suede... 0 Other__ ____ .26 Suits: Heavy wool __ . . . . .18 Lightweight wool__ .03 Cotton, linen.. _ __ 0 Palm Beach.. _____ .02 Other________ ___ .52 Trousers: W o o l . . ___ .51 Cotton___ _ . . 13 Other__________ .32 Overalls, coveralls.__ Shirts and blouses: .30 Cotton work _ 1.87 C otton and other, dress___ .03 W ool__________________ Underwear: .45 Suits, cotton, k n it______ w oven____ .23 .29 cotton and wool__ .02 rayon and silk ._ _ .76 Undershirts, cotton _ _ cotton and . 24 wool rayon and .01 silk. __ _ .99 Shorts, cotton. _ _ . . . _ rayon and silk___ 0) .08 Drawers, cotton and wool. . 13 Pajamas and nightshirts. _ 1.77 Shoes: Street. . . . . . . . . . .05 Work. _ _ . . . .44 C a n v a s ___ __ .03 Other___ __ . . . - . . .01 Boots: Rubber _______ . .01 Leather. . . ... . .02 Arctics . . . __ . 12 Rubbers__ _ _ . . . Shoe: Repairs Shines 3. 00 Hose: Cotton, heavy _. 2.84 dress______ .90 Rayon _ _ .04 Silk_______________ . 10 Wool______________ .08 Gloves: Work, cotton ____ other _______ (4) .07 Street, leather _____ .11 other. _ _ .90 T ies... ._ _ ______ _____ Collars _ _ . . . . . (4) .04 Bathing suits, sun suits___ 1.62 Handkerchiefs___ .13 Accessories. _____ _ . . . .02 Bathrobes. ____ ____ . . Cleaning, repairing Other____ _____ _ __ 1 Includes only persons dependent on 4 Less than 0.005 article. 5 Less than 0.5 cent. 0.10 .02 .42 . 13 .02 .01 .01 .09 .02 .03 .22 .24 0 .01 0 . 19 . 13 .02 0 .01 .50 .44 .06 .29 .32 0. 27 .07 .52 . 13 . 18 0 .01 . 12 .05 .03 .28 .30 0 .01 0 .29 . 19 0 0 .01 .43 .42 .21 .42 .31 0. 30 . 11 .68 .34 . 13 .04 .10 .21 .08 .02 .63 .22 0 .02 0 .37 .28 .07 0 .02 .66 .85 .21 .30 .13 0.37 .05 .82 .18 .27 .04 .14 .17 .04 0 .45 .36 0 .02 0 .33 .27 .05 0 .18 .74 .61 .08 . 16 .47 $23. 29 $13. 92 $26. 29 $38. 77 $43. 33 .14 .36 .43 .61 .98 .06 .03 .08 . 12 .01 .34 .65 .48 .33 .23 .14 .05 .07 .17 .08 2. 22 2.24 .19 4.03 1.36 .64 .02 . 12 0 .46 .02 (5) .32 .66 . 11 .62 .38 .64 .36 .23 .12 .07 .13 .07 .31 .05 .06 .08 .07 0 .74 .53 .30 .43 1.43 .34 .21 .32 .41 .28 0 0 0 0 0 .02 .05 .15 .03 .01 0 0 0 0 0 2.43 4.56 4. 74 5.02 3. 57 2. 20 1. 22 2.41 5.12 3.62 . 11 .08 0 .35 .21 0 0 0 0 0 .11 .26 .01 .10 2.63 .94 .92 1.06 1.65 1. 23 .52 .62 .56 .50 .80 .32 .19 .10 .30 .08 .21 .39 .14 .28 .36 .21 2. 49 .09 2. 63 0 1.69 0 1.37 .02 .49 .25 .14 .50 .28 .48 .90 .50 .09 .48 .18 1.26 .40 .28 . 13 . 18 .01 .19 . 11 .17 .49 .84 .07 .63 .01 .08 .05 1.41 .03 .26 .01 0 .01 .01 .06 .02 1. 23 0 . 14 .09 1.80 .08 .62 .07 .03 .02 .05 .07 0 1.85 0 0 .24 2.49 .03 .87 .03 .04 0 .03 .30 0 1.89 2. 02 .22 0 .03 .06 .01 .01 .03 .36 .01 .02 .71 . 12! 0 4. 09 3. 27 1.03 .09 . 18 . 15 0 . 12 . 13 1. 36 0 .03 2.19' . 14 0 5.29 3.10 2. 85 0 0 .08 0 .07 .26 1. 44 0 .08 3.71 .07 .07 2. 02 5.90 1. 28 .20 .31 .04 0 .44 .29 1. 61 0 .09 1.60 .26 . 13 1.33 (4) 0 .40 .25 .30 .59 0 0 0 0 0 .81 .51 2. 66 .05 .22 0 0 0 0 .39 .92 0 . 18 . .03 . 11 .87 .04 .57 .53 . 17 .01 .04 . 03 (5) .09 .08 .23 (5) .06 . 11 .04 .07 .51 .32 14 . 11 .32 .07 .29 .09 .30 .40 .20 .30 0 . 12 16 . 0 . 19 .06 .15 (5) (5) .48 1.40 0 .01 .32 (5) .03 . 13 4.18 . 10 .33 .04 .04 .10 2.12 0 .04 0 .25 .16 1.77 .05 .22 . 12 (5) .11 family funds for 52 weeks. .22 (5) .03 .04 2. 90 .05 .20 (5) 0 .02 .01 .04 .44 .01 .27 .34 .04 0 .02 .02 .01 (5) .02 .09 (5) .02 .04 .01 0 .22! .03; 0 .05 .07 4. 57 .15 .35 . 13 .05 .07 .07 .07 .91 .06 .71 .48 .27 .02 .07 .05 0 . 11 .04 .33 0 .05i .14 .03; 0 .54 .02! .14 0 0 0 .47 .34 6. 26 .04 .78 .02 . 18 0 .04 .30 2.13 . 10 1.46 .75 .34 0 0 .02 0 . 11 .25 .39 0 . 11 .32: .05i .27 1.15i .32! .24 0 0 0 .26 .47 7.04 .29 .27 0 0 0 0 .34 1.17 0 .38 1. 49 .30 .03 .10 .01 0 .57 .31 .44 0 .31 .08 . 13 .35 1.12 .58 302 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME T able A -8 .— Clothing Expenditures , b y C onsum ption Level —Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average number of articles pur chased per person Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item fami lies Under $200 to $300 to $300 $400 $200 $400 and over C loth in g , b o ys 6 through 11 y e a rs o f age 1 T o t a l__ _______ _ _ Hats: F elt____ _ _____ . Straw___ Caps: WooL _____ Other, _ __ __ Overcoats, Topcoats____ Raincoats . _ Jackets: Heavy fabric . ,, Leather, _ _ _ O t h e r .,_______ _ Sweaters: H eavy_________ Light___ _____ Play suits: Wool k n it_____ Cotton suede,_, Other_____ _ Suits: Heavy wool Lightweight wool__ Cotton, linen ____ Palm B each,__ _ Other_____________ Trousers: W ool. . _ C otton__ ___ _ Other... Overalls, coveralls Shirts and blouses: Cotton and other, except w o o l,.. Wool_________ _____ Underwear: Suits, cotton, kn it______ woven_____ cotton and wool___ rayon and silk____ Undershirts, cotton. cotton and w o o l___ r a y o n and silk _ Shorts, cotton. _ rayon and silk___ Drawers, cotton and wool Pajamas and nightshirts, Shoes: Street, __ __ Canvas_____ Other. _ _______ Boots: Rubber _ __ Leather, __ __ _ Arctics., _______ Rubbers____ _ __ _ Shoe: Repairs Shines., _ Hose: Cotton, heavy___ . dress., . . . R ayon,,, _ __ Silk_________ W ool_____________ Gloves: Cotton__________ Leather__________ Other___£_______ T ies,., ,_ ______ Collars. ___ __ _ Bathing suits, sun suits___ Handkerchiefs. _ _ _ _ _ . Accessories,_ _ _______ Bathrobes___ _____ __ Cleaning, repairing Other. ____ ___ _ ___ Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies Under $200 to $300 to $400 and $200 $300 $400 over 0.07 .02 . 56 .20 . 16 .01 .03 .07 .07 .01 .31 .37 .07 . 10 .09 . 16 .17 .30 0 .04 .35 .52 .09 .58 0.04 (4) .42 . 15 . 11 .01 .02 .02 .06 0 .26 .33 .03 .04 .03 .08 . 12 . 17 0 .01 .33 .48 .05 .49 0. 05 .02 .64 .23 .15 .01 .04 .08 .11 0 .30 .48 .09 .12 .11 .20 .24 .46 0 .04 .38 .66 .07 .72 0.06 0 .79 .22 .22 0 .02 .21 .04 .03 .46 .31 .14 .21 . 19 .26 .19 .29 0 .20 .47 .47 .19 .46 0. 41 .13 .78 .36 .40 .04 .14 .15 0 .06 .51 .15 .22 .31 .28 .36 .20 .47 0 .04 .05 .21 .27 .90 $15. 20 .06 .01 .30 .08 .74 .05 .10 .15 .18 .03 .32 .28 .07 . 12 .05 1.11 1.01 .31 0 .09 .45 .46 . 11 .49 1.59 .03 1.57 0 2. 31 .08 2. 35 0 2. 30 .02 1.08 .01 .92 .44 .34 .01 .11 .65 .35 .36 .02 .08 1.07 .58 .35 0 .17 1.53 .45 . 18 0 .06 .91 .46 .48 .08 .08 .09 .02 .01 .24 (4) . 17 0 .02 . 20 2.18 .37 .05 .02 .03 .02 .10 0 .03 .07 1. 70 . 24 .03 .01 .01 0 .06 .01 .27 2. 56 .43 .02 .03 .05 0 .11 .02 .29 2. 97 .63 .21 0 .04 .07 .25 2. 48 2. 75 . 16 .04 .09 .07 .05 . 16 .44 0 . 10 1.04 .04 .02 2.18 1. 67 .05 0 0 .05 .01 . 10 .27 0 .03 .64 (4) 0 2.24 3. 78 .23 . 12 .05 .09 .03 .21 .55 0 .12 1.14 .02 0 4.60 3. 35 .27 0 .63 .06 .18 .29 .81 0 .20 2. 22 .09 .09 0 .09 0 0 0 .33 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 5 Less than 0.5 cent. Average expenditure per person 0 0 $9. 50 $17. 52 $25. 94 $26. 93 .03 .05 .04 .31 0 .07 (5) (5) .18 .64 .32 .59 .05 .09 . 16 .20 .28 .73 3.16 1.43 .01 .02 .69 0 .03 .13 .02 .58 .04 .21 .34 .31 . 19 .23 . 10 0 0 0 .19 .06 .22 .66 .30 .65 .23 .12 .35 .42 .03 .07 .30 .13 .05 . 12 .52 .22 .02 .05 .09 .21 .42 2. 87 1.38 2. 27 .56 1.29 1.82 1.41 .16 .59 .42 .48 0 0 0 0 .01 .09 .34 . 14 .44 .04 .49 .57 .36 .64 . 17 .56 .04 . 11 .37 .29 .49 .52 .60 .39 .80 1.29 .04 1.45 0 1.48 .02 .32 . 15 . 14 .01 .02 .64 .27 .17 .92 .24 . 14 .66 .35 . 17 .04 .52 . 21 . 15 (5) .03 .10 .03 .02 . 11 (6) .05 0 0 .04 0 .01 .04 (5) .01 .05 0 .01 (5) .04 . 15 2. 61 4. 46 . 16 .25 .02 .05 .02 .05 .02 . 10 0 0 .08 .03 . 65 . 36 0 .01 .34 .42 .59 .30 .05 .01 0 .02 0 .02 .01 .02 .01 (6) .03 .07 .04 . 10 0 0 .04 .09 .04 .05 (5) (5) 0 0 .05 . 13 .02 .02 0 0 .02 . 15 0 .01 (5) .76 . 14 .21 2. 36 3. 81 6. 49 .62 . 26 .56 .05 .09 .42 .02 0 0 .02 .06 . 11 .12 .02 .07 0 .07 .21 .55 . 87 .01 .01 .44 1.90 .94 4. 75 .48 . 62 .04 .45 .09 .05 .01 0 .04 .24 0 .18 .02 .03 . 15 .03 . 16 . 11 .06 . 12 .53 .08 . 14 0 0 0 .31 . 10 . 19 1.40 .05 . 12 .06 .02 .03 .02 . 11 .09 . 11 . 19 .01 0 4 Less than 0.005 article. 52 weeks. 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .02 0 0 0 .05 .77 4. 59 .53 .07 0 .05 . 16 0 .83 .09 .31 1.07 .08 .01 0 . 11 . 10 .08 . 13 0 .43 .07 .21 .09 .36 .01 TABULAR SUMMARY 303 T a b l e A—8 .— Clothing E xpenditures , b y C onsum ption Level —Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item Average number of articles pur chased per person Average expenditure per person Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies Under $200 to $300 to $400 and $200 $300 $400 over Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies Under $200 to $300 to $400 and $200 $300 $400 over C lo th in g , b o ys 2 through 5 y e a rs o f age 1 T otal______ ______ ______ Hats: F elt_______________ Straw____ ___ _ __ Caps: W o o l.________ __ Other. __ _____ Overcoats _____________ Topcoats________________ R aincoats._______ . . . . _ Jackets: H eavy fabric _. . Leather. _ ___ _ O ther.. . _ _ _ _ _ _ Sweaters: H e a v y ________ Light__________ Play suits: Wool knit. . . . Cotton suede... Other_________ Suits: Heavy wool____ . . . Lightweight wool__ Cotton, linen __ Palm Beach____. . . Other__ . . . __ _ _. Trousers: Wool ___ Cotton____ Other__ __ _ _ Overalls, coveralls. __ _ Blouses: Cotton and other, except wool. __ _ W ool__ __ Underwear: Suits, cotton, kn it___ _ woven __ cotton and wool __. rayon and silk. __ _ Undershirts, cotton. __ _ cotton and wool _ rayon and silk ____ Shorts, cotton.. _ ... rayon and silk___ Drawers, cotton and wool Pajamas and nightshirts.. Shoes: Street.. _ __ Canvas__________ Other. ________ Boots: Rubber ______ Leather__________ Arctics _ _ . . . Rubbers_____ _ _ Shoe: Repairs Shines . . . _ _. Hose: Cotton, heavy dress ___ _ R ayon.. . . . Silk___________ W ool____ _____ Gloves: Cotton___ . . . _ Leather_______ __ Other___________ Ties______ ._ ___ . . . Collars. _ Bathing suits, sun suits___ Handkerchiefs Accessories _______ . _ Bathrobes . . . _____ Cleaning, repairing. ___ _ Other____________ 6.02 .02 .30 . 19 . 12 .04 0 .03 .02 (<) .20 .42 .12 .38 .57 .04 .09 .91 (4) . 22 . 11 .14 .03 1.00 .42 .02 .91 .33 .53 .01 . 16 0. 03 0 .16 . 17 .08 .01 0 .02 0 0 . .09 .30 .10 .32 . 49 0 .07 .46 .01 . 19 .03 . 17 -03 1.08 0. 01 .04 .37 .21 . 17 .07 0 .06 0 0 . 23 .64 .09 . 28 .42 .90 .16 1.19 0 .12 .11 .18 .05 1.20 . 20 .58 .05 .47 .22 .41 1. 25 .28 .33 0 .22 0 0 . 11 0 .17 .01 0 .03 .01 .09 .31 1.96 . 12 .05 (4) .01 .02 .08 .02 .06 1.70 .04 0 0 0 0 0 2.05 2. 64 .33 .03 .04 .09 .05 . 13 .03 0 .22 . 14 .04 .05 1.16 2.12 0 0 .02 .01 0 .04 .02 0 . 19 0 0 .02 0 .03 6.06 .06 .55 .15 .23 .05 0 .06 .03 .02 .48 .48 .21 .66 .99 .13 .06 1. 22 0 . 65 .39 .06 0 .35 0 1. 46 .33 1. 63 .06 .11 .01 0 0 0 .05 .39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .33 2. 04 .14 .01 0 .01 .05 .10 .08 0 1. 06 2. 41 . 19 .29 .03 .03 .06 .09 2.70 2. 77 .57 .03 0 .08 .05 .05 .02 0 .15 0 .02 .02 3.17 4.16 .50 .17 .24 .11 .06 .44 .11 0 .37 1.00 .26 .17 .08 . 14 . 19 . 18 . 19 .61 .91 .04 1.83 0 .08 .08 0 0 .83 .78 . 17 .01 .95 1.02 .16 0 0 .41 .20 .22 (5) .03 0 .42 .45 0 0 .32 .32 0 0 0 .84 .32 2. 32 .28 .04 0 0 0 .36 , 2. 33 2. 04 .84 0 0 .42 .28 .34 0 0 .35 0 0 . 14 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 4 Less than 0.00 5 article. 5 Less than 0.5 cent. $10.15 .01 (5) . 15 .06 .44 . 11 0 .06 .08 (5) . 18 .30 .14 . 27 .31 .21 .24 .80 (6) . 25 . 10 .08 .03 .58 .06 0 .01 (5) .02 . 18 2. 74 .09 .04 (5) .02 .02 .05 . 20 0 .34 .36 .06 (5) .01 .03 .04 .04 (5) 0 .22 .01 .01 .05 .09 .02 $5. 94 $11. 06 $16. 79 $16. 81 .01 .05 0 (5) .01 .02 0 0 .06 . 19 .31 .21 .05 .06 .05 . 15 .24 .67 .81 0 .24 .01 . 12 .16 0 0 0 0 .03 . 10 . 14 0 0 0 .08 .71 0 0 .01 0 .08 .19 .46 .23 . 18 .44 .34 .33 .10 .09 .25 .31 .20 .18 .49 .59 . 22 .20 .56 .68 0 .40 .61 0 . 14 .53 .03 .06 .33 1.13 1.48 1.03 .01 0 0 0 . 14 .04 .07 1.23 .03 . 11 .34 .06 .08 . 13 .03 0 .02 .06 0 0 .64 .67 .51 .20 0 0 .08 . 21 .02 .19 .09 . 14 .55 .11 .19 .03 0 (5) 0 0 0 0 .01 . 15 2. 82 .09 .01 0 .02 .05 .05 . 12 0 .39 .40 .08 (5) 0 .02 .03 .02 (5) 0 .33 0 .01 .02 .04 .01 .13 .64 .37 .71 .03 .02 .05 (5) .01 0 (s) .04 2. 01 .03 0 0 0 0 0 . 11 0 .15 .28 0 0 (5) 0 0 .01 (5) 0 .16 0 0 .01 («) .03 0 0 0 0 .32 0 0 0 .01 .60 3. 62 .20 .27 .03 .08 .06 .03 . 26 0 .54 .55 .05 .03 .06 .02 .03 .12 .01 0 .40 .04 .04 .19 . 14 .01 .51 .56 .70 .08 .11 0 0 0 .21 .31 4. 58 .20 .02 0 0 0 .28 . 72 0 .69 .32 .26 0 0 .17 .23 .09 0 0 .49 0 0 .14 .59 .02 304 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---- SUMM ARY VOLUME T a b l e A - 8 . — Clothing E xpenditures , b y Consum ption Level — Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person All fami lies C loth in g , w o m e n a nd girls 1 8 yea rs o f age and over1 lumber of articles: Hats: Felt--- ----------- -------------Straw__________ _ _ _ _ _ _ __. Fabric----------------------- _ Caps and berets: W ool.. --- -------- -Other. _ _______________ Coats: Heavy, plain----------------------fur trimmed__ _______ Fur_______ ____________ ______ Light, wool_____ __ . . . ---cotton. __ ___ . silk, rayon_________ ____ Raincoats. _ _ __ ______ Sweaters and jackets: Wool knit. . . . . _. __ ________ Wool fabric__________ ______________ __ __ _ Leather, leatherette___ Other____ _ . ---- ----------- __ _ Suits: W o o l... ----------------- -------- _ Silk, rayon------------------Other . . . . ---- ------- Waists and middies: Silk, rayon------------------------------Cotton__________________ . . . ------- -Other _________ _____ - ------Skirts: W ool___ ------ ------ -Other---- ------ ._ __ Dresses: Cotton, house___ ___________ street _ __ _ . . . Silk, rayon----- _ _______ W ool.. ____ _____ _ ._ _ Other __________ _ _ . _ _ Aprons________________________________ Coveralls. _____ _ — _._ _ Knickers, breeches, shorts.__ _ _ _ ---Underwear: Slips, cotton--- - _ _ _._ _ silk.. __ ______ .r a y o n __ ________ .__ Corsets, girdles. _ _____ _________ ._ _ Brassieres Union suits and combina tions: Cotton_____________ W ool... __________ Silk, rayon_________ Underwaists, shirts................. Bloomers and panties: Cotton__________ _____ Rayon____________ . . . Silk ____________________ Nightgowns and sleeping pa jamas: Cotton, light.- ___ _ flannel___ _ Silk, rayon.__ _____ Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton_______________________ _ _ _. Silk, rayon__________ ______________ Other. ....... .......................................... ... Bathrobes______________________________ Kimonos, negligees__________________ _ Hose: Silk_____ _________________ __ R ayon.. __________ ____ ____ Cotton______________________ _____ W ool_____________________________ Shoes: Street. ______________________ . Dress___________________________ Sport.................................................. House slippers___________ ________ ___ _. i Includes only persons dependent on family 4 Less than 0.005 article. 0.68 .37 .14 .07 .02 .09 .09 (4) .07 .01 (4) .04 Families with total annual unit expenditure of— U n der $200 $200 to $300 0.41 0. 59 .21 .32 .08 .15 .07 .06 .02 .01 .06 .10 .03 .06 0 0 .04 .06 ^ .01 (4) 0 (4) .02 .04 .09 .05 .01 .01 .07 .02 .02 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 0. 65 .41 .15 .08 .03 .10 .08 (4) .06 .01 (4) .04 0.78 .44 .12 .09 .01 .09 .12 0 .09 .01 (4) .05 0.86 .40 .23 .06 .03 .10 .21 .01 .11 .01 0 .03 .11 .06 .01 .01 .07 .02 .02 .10 .06 .01 .01 .07 .04 .03 .01 .18 .04 (4) .05 .05 .08 .02 1.35 .74 .72 .08 .11 .27 .04 .05 .47 .59 .43 .21 .42 .11 .04 .01 .10 .01 1.94 .58 .84 .11 .06 .27 . 12 .02 .66 .83 .38 .21 .24 .22 .08 (4) .09 0 1. 50 .36 1.40 . 12 .07 .34 .02 0 .34 .87 .58 .42 .20 0 1.52 .77 1.40 . 16 .09 .27 0 0 .20 .84 .52 .40 .49 1.17 .73 .14 .03 .03 .12 . 14 .03 .09 .02 0 .05 1.50 .46 .31 .08 0 . 16 . 10 .03 .14 .02 .02 .06 .06 .05 .01 .01 .03 .01 .01 .15 .06 .01 .02 .05 .03 .02 .11 .05 .01 .02 .09 .02 .03 .03 .02 .03 .01 .86 .38 .33 .04 .03 . 10 .01 .01 .45 .17 .38 .05 .19 .04 -.07 (4) .09 .01 1.17 .54 .53 .05 .03 .37 .02 .02 .57 .30 .48 .11 .28 .06 .04 .01 .09 .01 1.12 .61 .73 .11 .05 .25 .02 .02 .46 .45 .63 .12 .42 .27 .11 .21 .32 . 17 .03 .09 .24 .29 .10 . 17 .31 .29 .15 .22 .34 .28 .10 .29 .34 .29 .13 .23 .59 .16 .22 .39 .43 .27 .24 .43 .58 .23 1. 38 .22 .25 1.31 .06 .23 1. 34 . 15 .21 1.52 . 12 .28 1. 22 .30 . 14 1.64 .46 .12 1. 34 .71 .21 1.49 .69 .38 .17 .11 .31 .08 .03 .33 .16 .06 .35 .23 .12 .55 .15 .09 .46 .25 .15 .42 .17 .28 .37 .11 .56 .01 .01 .01 .01 (4) .05 .02 8. 39 1.74 .60 .06 1.29 .37 .22 .37 .05 .02 .01 .10 .06 11.92 1.59 .47 .03 1.39 .44 .23 .66 .06 .05 .01 .08 .01 1. 21 .55 .66 .08 .05 .26 .03 .02 .49 .44 .48 .15 .32 .01 .01 (4) .03 .03 7.81 1.41 .67 .04 1.21 0 0 0 .01 0 .01 .01 .02 .01 .02 .01 3. 23 6.03 1.36 1.44 .79 .75 .04 (4) 1.02 1.14 .24 .S t .31 .09 .12! • If .24 . 3Cl .S t funds for 52 weeks. 0 .02 .03 9.27 1.23 .71 .08 1.27 .39 .13 .33 0 0 .10 .05 0 .04 .02 .12 .01 15. 42 .79 .40 0 1.40 .36 .23 .45 0 0 0 . 16 .09 .05 .08 . 14 .03 .06 .17 0 0 .04 .07 .05 16.11 1.57 .42 0 1. 55 .65 .30 .59 TABULAR SUMMARY 305 T a b l e A - 8 . — Clothing E x p en ditu res , b y C onsum ption Level — Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Item Families with All fami lies Under $200 $200 to to $300 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over C loth in g , w o m e n and girls 18 yea rs o f age and over 1—Continued Shoe: Repairs____________ Shines_____________ Rubbers---_______________ Arctics, gaiters___________ Gloves: Cotton___________ Leather__________ Other____________ Bathing suits, sun suits---Handkerchiefs____________ Furs.----------------------Mufflers, scarfs___________ Handbags, purses________ Umbrellas___________ Garters, belts, hairpins, etc Cleaning, repairing_______ Other___________________ $. 05 .09 .30 . 10 .05 $.02 .01 .11 .02 .01 2. 60 .01 0 1. 79 ! 39 .08 . U1 .18 .04 $. 03 .09 .23 .07 .02 .01 1.98 0 .02 .31 .07 1 Includes only persons dependent upon family funds for 52 weeks. 4 Less than 0.005 article. $.05 .09 .41 .11 .07 .01 2. 91 0 .03 .45 .10 $.06 .11 .37 .10 .07 .01 3.20 0 .04 .48 .08 $.04 .15 .38 .19 .04 $. 10 .36 .14 $. 14 .29 .59 .50 3. 32 .02 2. 63 .06 5. 25 .56 .17 .04 .58 .08 .01 .01 .10 .12 .21 .01 .20 0 .02 .69 .09 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME 306 T able A—8.— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average expenditure per person Item AH f amilies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Un der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over C loth in g, w o m e n a nd girls 18 yea rs o f age and over 1—Continued Total expenditure__ _ _____________ __ _ $33. 23 $15. 05 $24. 95 $34. 87 $38. 76 $53. 32 $59.15 $83.85 1.09 Hats: Felt_____________________________ .53 .83 1. 04 1.29 1. 59 2.16 3.08 Straw, _ ___ __________________ .57 .25 .62 .45 .72 .70 1. 38 .84 .19 . 19 .07 .22 Fabric________________ _______ .17 .33 .23 .52 Caps and berets:Wool______________ __ .04 .03 .04 .06 .06 .04 .03 .05 .01 Other--------------------.01 (5) .02 .03 .01 0 (5) 1. 49 Coats: Heavy, plain-_________ ________ .65 1. 38 1.78 1.39 1.74 1.63 5. 01 2.27 fur trimmed____________ .61 2. 32 1. 06 3.15 6. 39 4. 32 4. 35 Fur_____________________________ .32 0 .29 .71 0 0 4.04 1.11 Light, w o o l., __ __ _________ ___ .92 .42 .65 .70 1.16 2. 35 1.22 2. 21 .06 .02 cotton ..____ _________ . . . .03 . 14 .08 .02 .02 .23 silk, rayon______ _______ .03 0 .02 .02 .06 0 0 .10 .05 .21 Raincoats___ ____ _____ ________ _ __ .10 .14 .09 .10 .08 .16 Sweaters and jackets: Wool k n i t . ___ ____ _______ __________ .18 .08 .22 . 15 .26 .24 .24 .33 Wool fabric____ _____________________ .08 .06 . 10 .08 .08 .10 .11 0 .02 .03 .02 .02 Leather, leatherette___________________ .04 .01 0 0 Other ---- ----------------------------.02 .04 .02 .03 .11 .01 .01 0 1.17 .99 .95 Suits: W ool------- ------- ----------- _ .38 .78 1.40 2. 30 1.00 .10 Silk, rayon___ _____________ ____ .18 .19 .13 .16 .32 .41 .39 .09 .09 O th er ...,,. . . . . ____________ __ .05 .05 .08 .35 .04 .29 Waists and middies: Silk, rayon___ ____________________ __ .09 .10 .04 .04 .07 .22 .40 .35 C otton_______________________________ .04 .03 .01 .05 .04 .04 .09 .03 Other ____ _____________________ .01 0 .01 0 .01 . 12 (5) (6) Skirts: Wool____ _______ _________ _ _. . 16 .06 . 16 . 19 .19 . 17 .22 .37 .02 .02 Other----- -----------------------.01 .01 .04 .03 0 0 .71 1.09 1.08 1. 33 1.16 Dresses: Cotton, house.. . ___________ _. 1.93 1. 52 1.69 .55 street__ ______ ______ 1.07 .95 1.16 1.42 1.27 1. 34 2.11 Silk, rayon, __ _ _______________ 3.81 3. 57 1.44 2. 56 4.18 8. 41 5.16 9.01 .61 Wool__________________________ .45 .27 . 16 .44 .77 .78 1.33 .09 Other___ ______________________ .26 .26 .62 .08 .59 .34 .43 .03 .10 .10 . 11 .10 Aprons. --------------- -----------------.11 .23 . 10 .02 .03 C overalls,.. ------- ----- ----------------.01 .02 .04 .11 .01 0 Knickers, breeches, shorts______________ .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 0 0 (5) .27 .23 .24 Underwear: Slips, cotton-----------------.27 .47 .30 .20 .16 silk____ ____ ________ .56 .19 .52 .34 .80 1.12 1.41 1.23 _ __ .35 .22 .32 .50 rayon _______ .34 .30 .43 .51 Corsets, girdles______ .08 .25 .40 .23 .56 1.02 1.15 1.15 .12 .17 Brassieres ______ ____ ___ .05 .09 .16 .12 .31 .09 Union suits and combina .21 .18 .11 tions: Cotton ______ .18 .20 .31 . 13 .23 W ool______________ .10 .02 .12 .07 .10 .19 .14 .26 Silk, rayon_________ .22 . 15 .05 .11 . 15 .18 .27 .56 Underwaists, shirts_________ .13 .12 .19 .08 .10 .22 .16 .31 Bloomers and panties: .08 .06 .11 Cotton________ _______ .08 .08 .04 .21 .05 R ayon___ _____ __________ .47 .65 .60 .54 .55 .80 .74 .87 Silk_____________________ .15 .03 .08 .23 .10 .34 .36 .58 Nightgowns and sleeping pa .17 jamas: Cotton, light. ___ .26 .24 .42 .20 .36 .34 .37 .14 .04 .19 flannel____ .13 .13 .28 .17 .12 Silk, rayon_______ .02 .07 .21 . 15 .16 .10 .39 .97 Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton_____________________ _ ____ .02 .01 .01 .01 .01 .06 .07 0 Silk, rayon,____ ______________________ .02 .02 0 .01 .01 .07 .03 .16 Other _________ ________ ______ 0 0 0 .01 .05 0 0 (8) .11 .01 .22 .05 .06 Bathrobes_________ _ --- _ .28 .36 .28 .06 .02 .05 .05 .01 Kimonos, negligees, ______ ________ . 18 .14 .26 5.47 6. 61 10.51 11.23 4.73 1.79 3. 55 5. 31 Hose: Silk____________________ _______ .47 .73 .84 Rayon................. . _ _______ .58 .56 .50 .94 36 .21 .17 .15 Cotton_________________ _ .16 .15 . 16 .09 .15 .02 W ool____ _______ ________________ .04 .04 .01 .06 0 0 (5) 2.29 3.59 3.10 4.77 Shoes: Street_______________ .. 3.70 3.98 5.69 6.83 Dress___________________________ 1.16 .66 1.28 1.29 .98 1.62 1.37 2.70 .34 .16 .29 .28 53 Sport— ________________________ .53 .53 .94 House slippers,_______________________ _ .13 .25 24 .29 .17 .52 .38 .68 .21 Shoe: Repairs________ _______ ____ .46 .38 .40 .56 1.27 .66 .89 .02 .02 Shines........___ . _____ _ . .01 .01 .03 .01 .02 .24 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. * Less than 0.5 cent. 307 TABULAR SUMMARY T able A -8 . — Clothing E xp en ditu res , b y C onsum ption Level — Continued PERSO NS 1 IN 1,566 N EG RO FA M ILIES IN 16 C IT IE S — Continued Average expenditure per person Item C lo th in g , w o m e n and girls 18 yea rs o f age and over i—Continued Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies Un der $200 $200 to $300 Rubbers-------------- -------------------$0.04 $0.01 $0.02 .07 Arctics, gaiters_______1_________________ .11 .01 .13 Gloves: C otton.________________________ .20 .06 .02 Leather________________________ .07 .15 .02 Other__________________________ .05 .01 .02 .01 Bathing suits, sunsuits_________________ 0 Handkerchiefs_________________________ .09 .13 .18 Furs_____________________ _•____________ .07 .05 0 .02 .01 Mufflers, scarfs_________________________ .01 .24 Handbags, purses______________________ .38 .11 Umbrellas_____________________________ .11 . 13 .06 .04 .05 Garters, belts, hairpins, etc______________ .07 .21 .45 Cleaning, repairing_____________________ .80 .03 .25 .05 Other_______ _____ ____________________ i Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $0.06 . 11 .25 .17 .05 .04 .19 0 .02 .39 . 16 .07 .89 .13 $0.05 .14 .27 .15 .07 .01 .24 0 .03 .49 .14 .06 1.02 .08 $0.04 .17 .30 .31 .03 .04 .25 .29 .07 .67 .33 .13 1.41 .20 $0. 07 .15 .27 .23 .22 .03 .19 .07 .03 .65 .14 .08 1.74 .07 $700 and over .21 .08 .49 .38 0 1.50 .14 .18 2.54 4.67 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME 308 T a b l e A - 8 . — Clothing E xpenditures , b y Consum ption Level — C o n tin u e d PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item Average number of articles purchased per person Average expenditure per person Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies $400 $300 Under $200 and to to $200 over $300 $400 Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies Under $200 $300 $400 to to and $200 $300 $400 over C lo th in g , girls 12 through 17 yea rs o f age 1 ______ _ Total _______ Hats: F elt_______________ 0. 55 Straw___ ___ ___ _ .20 Fabric.-. _________ . 14 Caps and berets: Wool .36 Other___ .09 Coats: Heavy,plain______ .20 fur trimmed.06 Fur______________ 0 Light, wool_______ .09 cotton______ .01 silk, rayon.__ 0 Play suits: Wool k n i t ____ (4) Cotton suede-__ 0 Other__ _____ .01 R a in co a ts___ ___________ .05 Sweaters and jackets: Wool knit . _________ _ .33 Wool fabric___ ______ . 14 .05 Leather, leatherette. _ . _ Other____ ______ ____ .02 Suits: W ool.. _ _______ _ .09 Silk, rayon,. .01 .04 Other_____________ Waists and middies: Silk, r a y o n _______ _ .09 Cotton _______ _ _ _ . 16 Other, _ ___ .02 Skirts: Wool. __ _ .26 Other .05 .49 Dresses: Cotton, house___ street _ _ 1. 05 Silk, rayon . 59 Wool ___ __ . 10 .03 Other.......... .......... Aprons ____ _____ _ _ .04 Overalls _____ . (4) Knickers, breeches, shorts, _ (4) Underwear: Slips, cotton _______ .68 silk______ _____ .27 r a y o n .______ _ .39 Corsets, girdles________ .03 Brassieres______________ .36 Union suits and combi nations: Cotton........................ . .24 Wool____ ___________ . 12 Silk, rayon___________ .06 Underwaists, shirts__ . .29 Bloomers and panties: Cotton___________ ___ .45 R ayon____ ___________ 1. 81 .07 Silk__________________ Nightgowns and sleeping pajamas: Cotton, ligh t_________ .27 fla n n e l._____ . 16 Silk, rayon___________ .04 Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton________ ____ .02 Silk, rayon___________ .02 Other_______________ (4) 1 Includes only persons dependent on * Less than 0.005 article. 5 Less than 0.5 cent. 0. 38 . 15 .09 .33 .09 . 14 .04 0 . 10 0 0 (4) 0 (4) .03 0. 53 .23 .11 .47 .06 .26 .02 0 .06 .02 0 (4) 0 .01 .09 0. 61 .37 .17 .41 .21 .24 .09 0 .05 0 0 (4) 0 .01 .01 1. 29 . 14 .39 . 12 .02 . 19 .26 0 . 13 0 0 .02 0 .06 .02 .26 . 16 .02 .01 .03 .01 .01 .24 . 19 .05 .04 . 16 .01 .01 .40 .04 .03 .81 .08 . 18 .01 .09 .06 . 16 $25. 60 $14. 94 $27. 56 $29.11 $64. 71 .65 .37 .59 .72 2. 10 .25 . 11 .28 .59 .25 . 17 .07 . 11 . 19 .80 .20 . 18 .25 .25 . 11 .04 .04 .02 .07 .01 2.15 3. 09 1.11 3. 40 2.12 1. 19 .41 .33 1. 33 7. 53 0 0 0 0 0 .58 .56 .60 .26 1.13 .07 0 .22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .01 .01 .07 (5) .09 .07 . 16 .02 .07 .26 .38 .20 . 10 .02 .99 .02 .08 . 18 .38 .08 .43 .01 .43 .95 .74 . 19 . 14 .38 . 13 .05 . 19 .39 . 12 1. 08 1. 56 . 15 .08 0 0 0 . 10 . 11 .02 .42 .08 .41 1. 16 2. 27 .31 . 12 0 (5) (5) .30 (5) .28 .87 1.13 .21 0 (5) 0 0 .45 .03 .75 1. 62 1. 75 .21 .01 .06 (5) .01 .63 .97 . 14 . 13 .35 . 29 .23 .22 .02 . 10 .28 .06 .15 .01 .04 .27 .29 .27 .54 .63 .22 .65 .03 .61 .22 .05 .04 .21 .21 . 15 .10 .26 .41 .27 .11 .31 .10 .09 .78 .10 .07 .04 .09 .43 1.47 .07 .67 1.95 .06 .29 1. 72 0 0 3.08 .20 . 19 .05 .01 .28 .17 .04 .35 .36 .03 0 0 .30 . 18 .07 .01 .26 .01 .03 .36 .34 .09 .05 1. 75 .03 .06 .02 .05 .09 . 11 0 .64 .07 .03 .46 .08 .38 .04 0 2. 90 0 .49' . 14 .28 . 10 .75 .02 .32 .88 2. 52 . 52 .61 0 0 0 .47 .07 .01 .38 .70 .07 1.42 9. 11 .78 .24 0 0 0 . 14 .35 . 17 .41 .04 .19 .27 .91 . 13 . 14 . 12 .09 .03 .02 .05 .10 .10 .07 .06 .15 .18 .05 .06 0 .13 .65 .03 . 12 .39 .03 .21 .60 .03 .07 .54 0 2. 21 . 13 .56 .30 .17 .17 * .12 .05 .10 .03 .01 .17 . 13 .02 .20 .27 .04 .44 .28 .34 .03 .03 0 0 .06 .04 .01 (4) 0 0 0 (4) family funds for 52 weeks. .02 .02 (5) .03 .01 (6) 0 .21 (4) .40 .97 .37 .08 0 .01 0 0 .78 .07 .27 .02 . 15 0 .29 .02 . 77 1.19 . 55 .06 .01 . 11 .01 .01 0 .59 .38 .51 0 0 0 0 .04 .03 0 0 .17 0 0 0 0 .03 .02 0 0 0 0 .44 .05 0 0 .08 .05 .37 .04 TABULAR SUMMARY T able A—8 .— 309 Clothing E xpen ditu res , b y C onsum ption Level —Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average number of articles purchased per person Average expenditure per person Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies $300 $400 Under $200 to to and $200 $300 $400 over Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies $300 $400 Under $200 to to and $200 $30b $400 over C loth in g , girls 12 through 17 y e a rs o f age —Continued Bathrobes _______ Kimonos, negligees_______ Hose: Silk_____ _ _ __ _ R a y o n ._ _________ Cotton_____ . . . W ool______________ _______ Shoes: Street___ D ress... ________ Sport. __ _ _____ House slippers___________ Shoe: Repairs ______ Shines. _ _______ Rubbers__ _______ ______ Arctics, gaiters___________ Gloves: Cotton_____ Leather. Other. _. ______ Bathing suits, sun suits___ Handkerchiers. ______ Furs________________ Mufflers, scarfs___________ Handbags, purses. __ ____ Umbrellas. _____ _____ Garters, belts, hairpins, etc. Cleaning, repairing.. ___ Other_______ (4) (4) 4.84 1. 33 2. 86 . 13 1.83 .40 .37 .04 0 0 2. 46 .79 3.17 .04 1. 81 .25 .22 .01 0 .01 4. 42 2.08 2. 74 .04 1.83 .47 .49 .08 $0. 01 0 5. 02 1. 74 3.50 .61 1. 88 .49 .33 .04 $0.02 0 17. 38 .80 .76 .08 1. 78 .75 .74 .07 .04 .08 .21 .02 .04 .08 2. 55 0 .05 .35 .03 .02 (4) .09 .01 .03 .01 1. 49 0 .02 .22 (4) .04 . 13 .25 .04 .04 .08 3.12 0 .01 .32 .02 .08 .06 . 18 .04 .07 3. 84 0 .06 .34 .06 .02 .33 .72 .05 .02 .48 3.70 0 .36 1. 07 . 13 0. 08 .02 .01 . 52 .08 . 13 .01 0 .04 .02 0 (4) (4) .01 .02 0.20 .20 .06 .51 .08 . 14 .02 0 . 10 .03 0 .04 .07 .09 .06 0. 46 .21 . 10 . 56 . 16 .37 .08 0 .06 .02 0 .01 .01 .02 .08 0.19 .20 . 12 .39 .25 .49 .20 0 .42 .03 0 .09 . 14 . 18 .26 .27 . 14 .58 . 17 .02 .20 . 13 .06 .07 .04 0 $. 01 (5) 2. 45 .43 .52 .04 3. 89 .99 .73 .03 .67 .01 .03 .09 . 11 .04 .02 . 15 . 13 0 .03 .24 .05 .04 .29 .07 0 0 $1. 04 .27 .49 .01 3.31 .58 .33 .01 .36 0 .02 (5) .03 .01 .02 .01 .07 0 .01 . 11 .01 .05 .09 .02 0 (3) $2. 30 .66 .52 .01 3.95 1.19 1.00 .05 . 76 0 .04 . 16 .10 .08 .03 .08 .16 0 (5) .17 .02 .04 .28 .02 $0.02 0 2.10 .59 .82 . 19 4. 46 1.17 .52 .02 . 98 0 .06 .07 .09 0 .02 .16 .20 0 .04 .15 .15 .04 .25 .04 $0.06 0 10.22 .21 .20 .03 5. 57 1.93 2.13 .05 1. 32 . 08 .03 .34 .52 . 10 .01 .98 .21 0 . 19 1. 21 .22 .03 1.31 .50 13. 83 . 13 .06 .03 .23 .04 1.24 .30 0 .45 .06 0 .03 .02 .03 . 13 8. 38 .06 .01 .01 .20 .02 .70 .04 0 . 12 .05 0 (5) (5) (5) .03 14. 21 . 15 . 10 .05 .23 .03 1. 03 . 11 0 .49 .09 0 .06 .04 .06 . 11 23. 96 . 34 . 18 .05 .32 .05 2. 54 .80 0 .56 .02 0 .05 .03 .05 .10 32.16 . 11 .08 .07 .33 . 15 3. 30 1.90 0 2. 43 . 12 0 .09 .06 .09 .87 . 16 . 13 .01 .04 .27 .17 .62 .25 .02 .24 . 19 .17 .05 .09 .03 .26 . 16 .02 .03 .01 (6) (6) .02 .01 .05 C loth in g , girls 6 through 11 yea rs o f age 1 Potal . _ ___ Hats: F elt_______________ 0.17 Straw _____________ .08 Fabric.__ . . . _____ .04 Caps and berets: W ool____ . 51 Other___ . 10 Coats: Heavy, plain. .20 .03 fur trimmed. Fur______________ 0 Light, wool____ . . . .09 .02 cotton _____ silk, rayon.. _ 0 Play suits: Wool knit .02 .03 Cotton suede.._ .04 O ther._ _ . . . Raincoats ____ _ _ _ .06 Sweaters and jackets: .25 Wool kn it____ . . . _ _ Wool fabric _____ . 14 Leather, leatherette. __ .01 Other.. . . . . . __ .06 Suits: W ool... _ __ __ _. .02 Silk, rayon .01 Other_______ ____ (4) Waists and middies: Silk, rayon____________ .03 Cotton. _______ _ _ .08 O ther... __ ___ ._ ._ 0 .03 Skirts: Wool______. . . .03 Other____________ 1 Includes only persons dependent on 4 Less than 0.005 article. 5 Less than 0.5 cent. . 17 . 14 (4) .09 0 0 0 0 .04 .04 .03 .01 0 0 0 0 0 .02 0 .02 0 .10 .05 .06 . 13 .02 0 .04 .21 .02 .08 0 0 0 0 0 family funds for 52 weeks. 0 .02 .03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .02 .01 (6) 0 0 .01 0 .01 0 .04 .05 .04 0 .03 .01 .02 .16 .02 .17 0 0 0 0 0 .04 .01 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME 310 T abm e A-8.— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item Average number of articles purchased per person Average expenditure per person Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies $400 Under $200 $300 to and to $200 over $300 $400 Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies Under $200 $300 $400 $200 to to and $300 $400 over C loth in g , girls 6 through 11 yea rs o f age —Continued Dresses: Cotton __ . . . 2. 37 .22 Silk, rayon____ .08 Wool___________ .08 Other___________ .03 Aprons_. _ _____ ___ _ .03 Coveralls. ___________ Knickers, breeches, shorts._ .03 Underwear: .65 Slips, cotton __ _____ .03 silk_____ _____ rayon__________ . 12 Union suits and combinations: .69 Cotton_______________ .18 W ool________________ Silk, rayon. _ _ .07 .32 Underwaists, shirts. _ _ Bloomers and panties: .96 Cotton______ _______ R a y o n ._ . . . 1. 06 .02 Silk__________________ Nightgowns and sleeping pajamas: Cotton, light. — _ .22 . 18 flannel _ Silk, rayon. _______ (4) Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton _______________ .03 .04 Silk, rayon___________ _ Other. ._ _ _ ---------.01 .01 Bathrobes---------Kimonos, negligees_____ (4) .69 Hose: S ilk _______________ R ayon_____________ .93 4. 88 Cotton. ______ _ __ .23 W ool______________ 2. 45 Shoes: Street and dress___ .26 Sport_____________ .03 House slippers___________ Shoe: Repairs____________ Shines _ _________ Rubbers_________________ .06 .09 Arctics, gaiters___________ Gloves: Cotton__________ . 17 Leather. . . . .04 .05 Other. ________ Bathing suits, sun suits___ .06 Handkerchiefs___________ 1.43 0 Furs_____________________ .02 Mufflers, scarfs . __ _.. . 13 Handbags, purses________ Umbrellas. ____________ .01 Garters, belts, hairpins, etc. Cleaning, repairing _ ____ O th er... _______ ._ . __ 1 Includes only persons dependent on 4 Less than 0.005 article. 5 Less than 0.5 cent. 1.68 .06 .05 .03 .02 .02 0 2. 38 .31 .03 .08 .04 .02 . 10 2. 76 . 57 .27 .30 .05 .08 0 6. 47 .41 .08 .03 .03 .06 .07 $1.90 .42 . 18 .08 .01 .02 .01 $1.16 .09 . 10 .02 .01 .02 0 $1.89 .64 .07 . 11 .01 (fi) .04 $2.53 1.09 .68 .30 .02 .03 0 $5.90 .74 . 13 .05 .01 .02 .05 .45 .01 .07 . 75 .03 .03 .62 .14 .34 1. 83 .02 .43 .20 .01 .05 . 14 (5) .02 .22 .01 .01 .22 .05 . 16 .47 .01 .22 .42 .08 .01 . 17 .96 .31 .07 .36 1.15 .16 .10 .54 .80 .46 .46 .71 .32 .13 .04 .09 .19 .05 .01 .05 .50 .21 .03 .09 .47 .09 .06 . 17 .42 .45 .23 .22 1.19 .96 .02 .67 1.14 0 .35 1. 55 .05 1. 44 .58 . 19 .28 (5) .23 .26 (5) .13 .26 .07 .42 .01 .23 .20 .40 .41 .01 .50 .29 .02 .09 . 11 (5) 0 .11 . 12 .18 .27 .01 (4) .01 0 (4) 0 .36 .44 4. 43 .08 2. 03 . 16 0 .03 .02 .03 .01 .01 .60 1.35 4. 40 .21 2. 54 .30 .01 .06 0 0 0 0 2. 21 1. 65 6.15 .81 3. 44 .31 .13 . 14 .46 .02 .03 .08 .11 .13 . 16 .02 .04 .13 1.17 0 .01 .14 0 .07 .14 .43 .09 .13 .03 3.16 0 .08 .21 .02 .03 .02 (5) .01 (5) . 15 .17 .80 .05 3. 94 .36 .02 .30 0 .04 .09 .06 .03 .02 .09 .06 0 .01 .03 .01 .01 .05 .01 (5) (5) 0 .01 0 .08 .07 .70 .02 2. 86 . 18 0 . 19 0 .02 .03 .02 0 .01 .01 .04 0 .01 .03 .01 .01 .02 .01 0 0 0 . 13 . 10 .02 .01 .83 .01 .08 .02 0 0 0 0 . 10 .51 1. 71 7. 26 .26 3. 23 .72 .14 .11 .33 .35 .22 . 15 .28 3.28 0 0 .23 0 family funds for 52 weeks. .05 .04 0 0 .04 .01 .02 .01 .01 . 12 .27 .77 .04 3. 93 .43 (5) . 33 0 .08 .14 .07 .02 .02 . 16 .05 0 .01 .03 0 .01 .05 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 19 .22 .01 .06 .49 .33 1.10 .21 6. 60 .38 . 11 . 44 0 .06 . 13 . 19 .08 .06 .16 . 11 0 .05 .04 (5) . 01 . 12 .01 .33 .28 0 .09 .18 .10 0 . 19 .29 1. 08 .06 6. 57 1.26 .04 . 72 0 .08 .26 .13 . 13 .06 .27 . 16 0 0 .06 0 . 03 . 06 0 311 TABULAR SUMMARY T able A—8.— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level—Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average number of articles pur chased per person Average expenditure per person Families w ith total annual unit expenditure of— Families w ith total annual unit expenditure of— Item amilies U n der $200 $200 $300 $300 $400 to to $400 and over fami lies U n der $200 $300 $200 $300 $400 $ 5. 26 ( 5) ( 5) $8 . 72 $ 15. 77 $ 18. 98 to to $400 and over Clothing, girls 2 through 5 years of age 1 T otal___________________ Hats: F elt____________ Straw___________ Fabric__________ Caps and berets: Wool____ Other, Coats: Heavy, p lain ___ fur trimmed Fur_____________ Light, wool______ cotton_____ silk, rayon,_ Play suits: Wool knit_____ Cotton suede, Other________ Raincoats_______________ Sweaters and jackets: Wool knit_____________ Wool fabric____________ Leather, leatherette____ Other_________________ Suits: Wool_____________ Silk, rayon________ Other_____________ Waists and middies-. Silk, rayon____________ Wool__________________ Other_________________ Skirts: Wool_____________ Other____________ Dresses: Cotton__________ Silk, rayon______ Wool___________ Other___________ Aprons__________________ Coveralls________________ Knickers, breeches, shorts. Underwear: Slips, cotton___________ silk______________ rayon____________ Union suits and combi nations: Cotton______ Wool________ Silk, rayon___ Under waists, shirts_____ Bloomers and panties: Cotton______________ Rayon_______________ Silk_________________ Nightgowns and sleeping pajamas: Cotton, light. flannel, Silk, rayon,. Pajamas, lounging and beach: Cotton_________ Silk___________ Other__________ Bathrobes_______________ Kimonos, negligees______ 0.08 .02 .01 .21 .10 .20 .01 0 .03 .02 .01 .04 .05 .08 .01 0.01 .01 .01 . 18 .10 .10 .01 0 .01 .02 .01 .02 .02 .04 .01 0.11 .01 0 .26 . 12 .30 .01 0 .07 .02 .01 .06 .07 . 12 .01 0.27 .11 .08 .21 0 .15 .04 0 0 0 0 .08 .10 .16 0 0. 33 0 0 .13 0 .73 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .02 .03 0 .22 . 11 .21 .10 .23 .11 .21 .26 .47 0 .09 .06 0 .01 0 .02 0 ( 4) .01 2.11 . 19 .03 .03 .01 . 11 .03 0 .52 .03 .69 .24 .07 .16 .65 .48 0 0 0 .16 .06 .01 0 .03 0 .01 0 1.80 .04 .02 0 .02 .07 0 0 .36 0 0 . 19 .23 .02 0 0 0 0 .01 0 .06 0 0 .03 .04 .01 0 .02 0 0 .02 2.40 .20 0 .08 .01 .05 .08 0 .52 .04 .09 .75 .39 .11 . 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 .80 .01 0 0 0 0 .18 0 0 0 0 0 2.16 1. 03 .22 0 0 .12 0 0 0 .43 0 0 0 0 0 .13 0 0 0 0 0 4.13 0 0 0 0 2.00 0 0 0 0 .50 .40 .90 1.02 0 0 1.34 0 0 0 0 0 .01 0 0 0 0 .09 0 .11 .08 .05 .21 0 0 0 0 0 0 .07 .09 .20 0 .03 0 .01 0 0 .01 0 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) 0 1.04 .29 .04 .01 0 .07 .01 .11 .27 .13 .03 .04 0 09 .10 .09 .12 .01 0 0 0 0 .01 .75 .04 .03 0 .01 .04 ( 5) .67 .40 i Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 4 Less than 0.005 article. 6 Less than 0.5 cent. 2 4 2 9 4 9 ° — 4 1 ----- 21 .15 .09 ( 5) .27 1.00 .53 0 .15 .51 .08 .06 .02 .07 .03 . 14 .01 .01 .07 .03 .33 .01 0 .01 .08 .03 .02 .01 .04 .01 0 .61 .61 .31 .16 0 0 .07 .01 .01 .10 .03 .67 .05 0 .96 .37 .07 .25 .32 .25 .02 $ 7.89 0 0 .11 .01 .09 .04 .96 .07 .19 .06 .03 .14 .06 .28 .01 .06 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.18 1. 93 .31 0 0 .06 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 60 0 0 0 0 1.43 0 ( 5) 0 0 .01 1.28 .23 0 .03 ( 5) .03 .02 0 . 19 ( 6) .40 .23 .03 .06 0 .04 .06 0 0 0 0 0 0 .08 0 2.29 0 0 0 0 0 .01 .01 .03 0 .58 0 0 0 0 0 1.86 .02 0 .02 .09 .09 0 .09 .04 .19 .34 .25 .36 0 0 1. 08 0 0 . 16 0 0 0 0 0 .89 .21 0 0 .15 .04 0 .01 .02 0 .03 0 0 0 .23 .09 .08 .24 .08 .08 .16 .13 .01 0 0 0 ( 5) 0 .05 0 0 0 .38 .29 . 11 .03 . 13 .36 .31 0 .15 .24 0 .09 .34 0 0 0 0 .07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .35 .35 .24 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS----SUMMARY VOLUME 312 T able A—8.— Clothing Expenditures, by Consumption Level— Continued PERSONS i IN 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Average number of articles pur chased per person Item All fami lies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— U n der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over Average expenditure per person All fami lies Families with total annual unit expenditure of— U n $200 der . to $200 $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over $0.03 .08 .47 .03 2.36 . 10 .02 .07 0 .05 .02 .03 .01 .01 .12 .02 0 .01 .01 (5) .01 .05 0 $0.01 .02 .39 .02 2.03 .11 (5) .02 0 0 0 .02 0 (5) .02 .01 0 0 (5) (5) 0 .02 0 $0.05 . 15 .46 .02 2.12 .11 .01 . 09 0 .08 .03 .03 0 .01 .24 .02 0 0 .01 0 .01 .01 0 $0. 08 .06 .80 . 10 4. 50 .06 .13 .09 0 .07 .04 .07 .07 .02 .16 .07 0 .05 .10 0 .05 .27 0 $0.16 .20 1.10 0 4. 35 0 .03 . 51 0 .33 .39 0 0 .20 .02 0 0 .33 0 0 . 13 .26 0 7. 01 .31 .83 .34 .55 1.13 .16 .37 .72 .38 .49 1.40 .04 .29 2.86 .11 .17 .24 .13 .35 .08 .16 .47 .06 .22 .57 0 .30 5.86 .31 .79 .26 .29 .93 .19 .39 .78 .34 .37 1.09 0 . 12 14.48 .69 1.14 .65 1.41 3.13 .22 .79 1.06 .93 .98 2. 87 .19 .42 13. 79 .37 3. 40 .35 1.48 1.05 .23 .41 .92 .81 1.04 3.20 0 . 53 C loth in g , girls 2 through 5 yea rs o f age— Continued Hose: Silk___ ___________ Rayon____________ Cotton____________ Wool______________ Shoes: Street and dress___ Sport_____________ House slippers___________ Shoe: Repairs ________ Shine___ __________ Rubbers_____ _ ________ Arctics, gaiters. __ ______ Gloves: Cotton__________ Leather__________ Other____________ Bathing suits, sun suits___ H andkerchiefs__________ Furs__ _________ _____ _ Mufflers, scarfs___ _____ Handbags, purses. . . _ ___ Umbrellas. _ ____ Garters, belts, hairpins, etc. Cleaning, repairing.__ . _ Other. _ __ _____ C loth in g , in fa n ts 0. 34 .50 3. 36 . 12 1.88 .09 .04 0 .06 .01 .09 .01 .03 .21 .57 .02 .07 .01 0.26 .14 3.12 . 10 1.80 .09 .01 0 0 0 0 0 .08 .01 . 11 .41 .03 .02 0. 41 .96 3.15 .11 1.64 .10 .03 0. 32 .43 5. 08 .27 3.07 .04 .27 .12 .02 .08 .09 .04 .23 .09 .04 .40 1.30 0 .09 .35 0 0 0 1.23 .38 .75 .59 5. 85 .64 2.17 7.78 1.59 6.50 3. 01 .08 .46 1.01 .37 .80 1.69 .54 .91 6. 72 .94 4.09 2.15 0 0 0 0 0 .03 .30 .65 .07 1.06 1.20 5. 07 0 2.47 0 . 13 0 0 0 0 .33 .13 .47 .07 .33 6 T o t a l ___ _________ ___ _ Caps, hoods, bonnets___ _ Coats______ . . . . . .. . . . Sweaters, sacques _ _ _. . . . Sweater suits_____________ Dresses, rompers____ .. Skirts, gertrudes___ _ Shirts, bands__________ _ Diapers. . . . _ . . . ___ Sleeping garments________ Stockings___ . . . _ __ _ . Bootees, shoes___ .... Layettes__________ _. .. Other.__ _ ___________ . .71 .36 .48 .30 2. 39 .51 1.34 7. 02 .73 3. 32 1.45 .02 .31 . 13 .42 . 10 1.00 .27 .65 5. 78 .19 1.70 .77 0 1.61 .48 .43 .22 2. 29 .76 1.90 8. 39 .87 3.17 1. 36 0 1 Includes only persons dependent on family funds for 52 weeks. 8 Less than 0.5 cent. 8 Infants 1 to 2 years of age are included only if dependent on family funds for 52 weeks; those under 1 year of age are included regardless of the number of weeks dependent on family funds. TABULAR SUMMARY T able 313 A—9.— Transportation Expenditures, by Consumption Level 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item fami Un $200 $300 lies der to to $200 $300 $400 Percentage of families in survey. __ ______ 100.0 3.0 12.2 19.8 Percentage of families spending for trans 97.6 88.3 94.7 96.6 portation. ______ Percentage of families owning automobiles. 44.4 17.0 27.8 37.0 1.3 0 0 Made: 1936______ .3 3.2 8.2 16.8 0 1933-35___ 31.0 18.8 18.4 27.1 1930-32___ 1927-29___ 41.8 61.2 59.2 49.3 9.1 20.0 19.2 15.1 Beforel927_ O r ig in a ll y p u r chased: N ew ___ _____ _ 37.2 18.2 19.9 28.4 Second-hand___ 62.8 81.8 80.1 71.6 Percentage of families purchasing a u t o mobiles in year: 2.7 0 .1 N ew ___________ .3 8.1 4.5 4.0 6.8 Second-hand_____ Percentage of families purchasing motorcy .1 0 .2 .1 cles in year_____. . . Percentage of families owning more than 1 .8 0 .4 .7 automobile. .. .. Percentage of families spending for trans po rta tio n o th e r than a u t o m o b ile and motorcycle: Trolley.. ____ 80.8 73.1 79.4 80.0 9.4 5.5 8.0 8.6 Local bus________ 8.1 3.5 4.1 6.0 Taxi____ ____ . .9 1.2 1.0 .9 Bicycle. ______ 9.4 2.9 4.7 5.8 Railroad. _____ _ 6.6 3.9 4.5 5.2 Interurban bus__ 4.3 1.1 1.8 3.0 B o a t.. . ____ . .2 0 0 .1 Airplane___ _ _ _ Average expenditure for all transporta D o l. tion, total____ .. 125. 81 A u to m o b ile s and m o t o r c y c le s — purchase, opera tion, and main 87. 44 tenance____ _ Purchase of: Automobiles___ 32. 44 .05 Motorcycles___ Gasoline______ . 29. 77 Oil______________ 3. 66 2.87 T ires.._ ________ .37 Tubes___________ Repairs and main tenance________ 4. 88 Garage rent and 3. 22 parking. .. .. Licenses and taxes. 4. 69 3. 96 Insurance. . . . __ Fines and dam ages----- ------.28 Rent of automo bile and/or mo 1.09 torcycle_______ Other automobile and motorcycle transportation .16 expense________ i Less than 0.05 percent. 2Less than 0.5 cent. D o l. D o l. 39.29 59. 22 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 to to to to and $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over 20.4 15.8 11.3 7.1 4.6 2.6 1.4 0.8 1.0 98.8 98.7 99.3 99.1 99.4 99.8 99.4 99.9 98.2 42.8 .5 11.0 32.1 46.8 9.6 48.5 .6 15.0 32.9 44. 6 6.9 52.8 1.3 18. 4 36.8 37.2 6.3 57.5 2.4 24.0 37.0 32.7 3.9 58.4 2.7 29.2 33.9 28.3 5.9 68.4 4.4 34.6 33.0 23.7 4.3 71.4 5.5 50.1 28.2 14.7 1.5 66.5 7.9 50.0 21.0 13.9 7.2 78.9 6.9 59.6 16.9 13.3 3.3 31.7 68.3 38.3 61.7 43.1 56.9 43.1 56.9 50.4 49.6 49.1 50.9 50.9 49.1 71.1 28.9 62.4 37.6 .8 7.6 1.6 8.6 3.6 8.9 5.6 10.9 7.5 11.6 11.6 13.1 20.5 23.7 27.9 8.4 32.8 19.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .1 .1 .8 .8 1.0 1.2 .9 1.3 2.9 3.1 2.9 82.5 9.2 7.0 1.4 9.1 6.5 3.9 0) 82.7 9.0 8.5 .9 9.4 6.3 5.2 .1 82.5 10.8 11.7 1.3 13.0 8.3 5.0 .3 79.6 11.4 11.7 .2 12.3 9.1 6.4 .6 80.9 11.5 13.1 .1 17.9 10.4 5.9 .6 80.6 9.9 12.3 0 15.7 10.2 7.8 .4 77.4 11.7 15.3 0 14.6 6.7 8.3 .4 76.8 12.6 23.3 0 28.0 6.6 10.0 0 77.3 15.0 20.2 .4 26.5 7.7 17.3 4.2 D o l. D o l. 8 2 .10 103. 55 D o l. D o l. 127. 82 151. 62 D o l. 188. 36 D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 206. 98 265. 05 382. 77 370. 26 498.09 13.93 27. 63 48. 41 64.68 86.99 109. 25 143. 81 161. 24 220. 55 342. 92 317. 34 440.96 2.89 0 5.67 .77 .48 .06 4. 25 .14 13. 03 1.64 1.24 .15 11. 55 16. 82 26.40 37.80 58. 58 73. 55 111. 39 208. 51 202. 33 288. 51 .09 0 .04 0 .07 0 0 0 0 0 20. 91 26. 85 33. 35 37.70 43.98 47.12 54.26 70. 73 61.77 76.18 2. 56 3.16 4. 05 4. 85 5.57 5.50 6.70 9. 87 7.24 9. 62 2. 09 2. 67 3. 45 3. 53 4.45 4. 03 5.03 5.71 3.60 6. 51 .32 .64 .42 .56 .98 .29 .48 .48 .65 .48 .40 1.69 2. 82 3.89 5.37 6.91 8. 27 8.17 12.14 11.19 10. 65 16. 54 .56 .70 1. 65 1. 66 2. 74 3.68 .45 .81 1. 50 2.30 4. 37 2.81 3. 31 5.02 3.92 4.69 5. 70 5.75 6. 49 6. 34 7.96 6. 30 9.07 8.86 8.88 9.64 6. 77 7. 45 9. 76 8. 34 9.88 7. 37 12.10 15. 53 12.78 18. 91 .08 .15 .20 .44 .26 .32 .43 .16 .93 .33 2. 54 .98 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.06 1.41 1.00 1.09 1.28 .87 .78 .81 .13 .14 .17 .22 .43 .32 .32 .22 .84 0 .01 .13 .13 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME 314 T able A -9.— Transporation Expenditures, by Consumption Level—Continued 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami U n $200 .$300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $ 1,000 $ 1,100 $ 1 , 200 to to to lies der to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $ 1,000 $ 1,100 $ 1, 200 over Item D o l. Other transportation. 38. 37 Trolley _ ______ 31.91 2.41 Local bus_______ T axi____ . __ __ .51 .19 Bicycles_________ 1.79 Railroad________ .85 Interurban bus___ .60 B oat_______ _ . .01 Airplane___ Other transporta .10 tion expense___ D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 25. 36 31.59 33. 69 38.87 40. 83 42. 37 44. 55 45. 74 44. 50 39. 85 52. 92 57.13 23.16 28.26 29.17 33. 66 34. 67 34.15 34. 38 32.99 34. 66 26.89 35.14 30. 40 1.03 1.60 2.20 2.18 2. 33 3.02 3.13 4.15 2.62 2.39 3.09 5. 37 .24 .21 .35 .30 .51 .63 .73 1. 52 .98 1. 26 1. 54 2.13 .36 .17 .31 .24 .18 .15 .03 .03 0 0 0 . 13 .32 .58 .87 1.19 1. 63 2.13 3. 20 4. 59 4. 05 5.40 7. 72 11. 64 .20 .64 .59 .75 .85 1.09 1.30 1.54 1.24 1.17 1.01 1. 40 .06 .08 .27 .31 .58 .93 1.69 .86 .90 1.32 4.07 5.13 0 0 .01 .03 .01 .01 .03 (2) (?) .01 0 .46 .12 .06 .10 . 11 .04 .09 .08 .05 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES .02 1.41 .35 .47 Families with. total annual iunit expenditure of— 4.11 fami Under $200 to $300 to $400 to $500 to $600 to $700 lies and $200 $300 $500 $400 $600 $700 over 100.0 25.4 Percentage of families in survey . _ ___ ___ IS. 1 22.1 16.3 9.3 5.0 3.8 Percentage of families spending for trans92.4 83.5 90.1 97.0 portation____________________ _____ --93.0 99.1 98.9 100.0 9.9 15.1 11.5 Percentage of families owning automobiles. 25.4 19.3 14.6 20.1 16.3 0 .6 0 0 .7 0 Made: 1936__________________________ 0 4.9 0 6.4 6.5 3.5 1933-35________________________ 13.8 4.8 10.6 14.1 25.3 1930-32________________________ 28.0 15.7 33.2 19.9 28.3 58.1 44.2 1927-29________________________ 59.1 65.6 74.7 68.4 51.0 55.5 31.3 27.6 9.1 6.1 9.4 2.4 Before 1927____________________ 5.8 6.2 0 9.2 Originally purchased: 3.0 12.3 6.1 13.4 8.2 14.6 N e w .. _______ . ------31.7 33.7 93.9 87.7 97.0 Second-hand. _ . . . ________________ 86.6 85.4 91.8 68.3 66.3 Percentage of families purchasing automo biles in year: 0 .3 N ew . _________________ _ . .. . . . . 0 .4 .3 0 2.4 .8 2.1 3.9 2.0 4.9 Second-hand. ____ _ _ . 4.9 8.4 4.5 5.5 Percentage of [families owning more than 1 0 .3 0 .9 0 2.6 automobile—.. _ . . . ... — 0 0 Percentage of families purchasing motor 0 0 0 0 cycles in year.. . 0 0 0 0 Percentage of families spending for trans portation other than automobile and motorcycle: 79. 9 71.5 77.9 80.1 79.9 90.6 Trolley.-. ------88.1 94.1 5.9 6.9 _______ __ 6.1 6.7 5.9 Local bus _ ______ _ 5.8 .6 9.0 9.4 5.5 5.2 12.4 14.1 Taxi_________ . . . _. _______ ____ 9.6 10.8 29.9 .4 .3 1.1 .4 0 0 Bicycle . _ _ . . . . --- -- . . . . - .. 0 0 10.1 6.3 8.7 7.2 12.9 9.4 19.9 Railroad. .. . ------- -------------30.3 2.6 Interurban bus . _ ---- --- .. 4.3 1.6 3.3 7.7 7.0 8.9 7.3 2.6 1.5 4.9 2.5 2.7 1.5 3.3 ____ . . ------. . . 6. 5 Boat .. ______ 0 0 .1 0 0 0 1.9 Airplane. . __ -----------------------0 Average expenditure for all transportation, total____________________ ___________ $57. 81 $28. 55 $40. 23 $54. 66 $72. 66 $90. 09 $111.25 $118. 42 Automobiles and motorcycles— purchase, 22. 79 7. 76 12. 70 20. 94 30.09 43. 57 58. 09 42. 91 operation and maintenance_________ 1. 24 2. 42 7. 53 17.21 31.25 18.88 7. 85 8. 54 Purchase of: Automobiles_____________ 0 0 Motorcycles ____ ____ 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 82 5.61 6. 67 12. 43 13. 31 11.31 10.89 7.66 Gasoline____________ . .. --------1.94 1.04 .35 .57 1.58 1.01 1. 59 1.57 Oil__________________________________ .61 .72 1.03 .85 1.48 1.86 1. 76 Tires--------------------------------- __ .97 .09 . 12 . 12 . 11 .23 .08 .26 .04 Tubes_______________________________ 1.72 2. 42 1. 27 .84 4. 40 .40 .73 2. 43 Repairs and maintenance .. _______ .12 1.14 .16 1.33 4.92 Garage rent and parking _ _ _ _ . 1.18 2.90 3. 66 2. 66 1.81 1.07 1.39 1.55 2.94 2. 25 Licenses and taxes_______ _____ _____ 2. 58 .26 .15 .01 .05 .08 .45 .52 Insurance.. -------------- -----------.28 0 .04 .09 .06 .01 .20 0 Fines and damages________ _________ .28 61 1. 02 Rent of automobile and/or motorcycle. . . .65 .41 .53 .47 .07 1.09 Other automobile and motorcycle trans .01 0 .01 0 .03 0 0 portation expense___________________ 0 35.02 20.79 27. 53 33. 72 42. 57 46. 52 53.16 75. 51 Other transportation_____ . . . 29.88 17. 80 24. 69 29. 35 34. 01 40.92 47. 48 56. 71 Trolley______________________________ 1.94 2. 91 1.42 1. 73 1.18 .88 .23 6. 44 Local bus. ______ -_.52 .76 .83 .78 .33 1.00 3.79 Taxi _________________ . . . . . .98 .06 .17 .05 .06 0 0 0 0 Bicycles _______ ______ _____ . . .72 2. 36 1. 45 .67 1.01 1.23 3.91 5. 79 Railroad. ___________ .. ------.34 .53 . 14 .19 1.17 1. 54 .51 .54 Interurban bus _ _ ____ ____ ____ .91 .47 . 19 .55 .41 .02 2. 22 .18 B o a t___________ _ ___ . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 .03 0 Airplane. _________ ________________ 00 .38 . 12 .31 .01 0 0 0 .02 Other transportation expense__________ 1 2 Less than 0.5 cent. Item TABULAR SUMMARY 315 T able A—10.—Recreation Expenditures, by Consumption Level 14,469 Item WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total All fam U n $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 ilies der to to to to to $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 Percentage of families in survey_______________ 100.0 Percentage of families 74.0 owning radios______ Percentage of families spending for— Reading: Newspapers, streets _ 39.3 Newspapers, home delivery__________ 71.2 Magazines__ ______ 45.1 Books purchased (other than school texts)_____ _ ___ 5.0 Books borrowed from 3.6 loan libraries_____ Tobacco: 15.5 Cigars.. - __ 58.9 Cigarettes. _ . _ Pipe tobacco __ ___ 26.3 8.6 Other tobacco___ Commercial entertain ment: Movies (adult admis sion) _____________ 79.8 Movies (child admis sion) _____________ 29.9 Plays and concerts. __ 7.9 19.8 Spectator sports___ Recreation e q u ip ment: Musical instruments _ 2. 5 Sheet music, records, rolls______________ 5.5 9. 7 Radio purchase_____ Radio upkeep______ 25.7 Cameras, films, and photographic equip m ent_____________ 17.1 Athletic equipment and supplies __ _ 8.0 C h ild r e n ’s p la y equipment____ _ 20. 2 Pets (purchase and care)__________ _ 19.4 Recreational associa tions_______________ 18. 6 Entertaining: In home, except food 6.2 and drinks _ Out of home, except food and drinks___ 3.3 Average expenditure for recreation, to ta l._ . . . Reading, total_____ _ Newspapers, street... Newspapers, home delivery__________ Magazines___ ____ B o o k s p u rch a sed (other than school texts) . . .. . Books borrowed from loan libraries_____ Tobacco, total Cigars____ _ _ Cigarettes__________ Pipe tobacco.. . _ Other tobacco. 1 Less than 0.5 cent. D o l. annual unit expenditure of— $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 to to to to and $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over 3.0 12.2 19.8 20.4 15.8 11.3 7.1 4.6 2.6 1.4 0.8 1.0 40.3 63.8 71.0 75.2 76.7 82.2 80.8 80.8 81.6 82.5 84.8 80.3 26.2 33.8 36.2 37.8 40.3 42.8 45.8 45.7 48.1 43.9 55.5 58.6 64.0 70.4 72.5 72.4 70.5 11.9 26. 6 35.2 42.7 51.5 73.0 59.0 69.6 58. 7 68.2 62.4 70.8 67.2 73.4 67.0 69.1 73.3 63.8 71.9 14.7 .7 2.1 4.6 4.1 5.7 7.6 6.3 7.4 6.3 10.0 12.4 .3 .6 2.4 3.8 3.9 5.7 6.1 5.5 7.6 5.0 11.0 8.0 10.0 12.7 15.4 17.5 53.4 55. 5 58.9 61.6 28.2 29.2 26. 6 24.6 13.5 9.5 8.5 6.8 21.1 61.4 24.8 6.8 17.1 65.4 25.0 5.7 20.1 61.9 22.3 4.6 22.8 69.4 24.3 6.4 27.6 68.2 25.9 4.0 16. 2 73.6 24.2 2.8 21.1 73.0 18.6 4.7 44.6 65.0 77.0 82.0 84.2 86.8 82.2 88.8 91.7 87.1 94.3 88.8 45. 2 48.3 40.9 32.3 26.3 3.9 4.6 5.0 6. 8 8.8 7.3 10.6 15.4 18.9 21. 5 19.1 10.5 25.9 13.5 10.4 23.9 8.4 12.8 30.9 6.6 14.8 34.1 2.0 14.1 33.9 2.7 13.4 28.2 4.2 22.5 40.2 4.9 40.8 28.2 18.7 2.7 3.2 2.3 1.8 2.0 2.8 1.7 .4 . 5 3.7 6.2 6.1 5.6 4.3 7.9 9.3 9.3 9.3 10.8 19.3 21.8 25.2 28.4 7.0 9.4 31.7 4.7 12.9 31.0 4.2 11.4 29.3 4.5 11.7 36.8 7.8 13.9 32.6 4.5 17.6 29.9 9.5 25.8 37.6 1.5 7.7 14.4 16.8 18.2 1.8 5.5 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.7 21.4 20.5 24.9 28.4 30.1 26.7 31.8 7.8 11.1 10.3 10.7 9.8 13.0 10.3 19.7 17.0 21.6 25.8 23.5 20.7 18.8 14.2 8.0 8.6 2.3 1.7 3.2 6.0 12.2 14. 6 18.9 21.4 25.2 28.2 25.7 30.9 26.8 14.2 31.4 7.7 10.9 15.8 17.3 20.4 22.8 24.8 24.5 24.9 27.8 36.2 37.5 16.9 6.4 8.0 .2 1.5 3.6 4.9 6.8 9.3 10.2 11.0 15.3 12.5 22.0 .6 1.5 2.2 2.9 3.2 5.3 3.2 5.3 7.8 7.3 11.0 D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 10.7 D o l. 82. 29 36. 00 52. 85 65. 44 75. 62 88.94 100.92 107. 77 116. 00 130. 76 133. 44 137. 80 173.10 15. 36 7. 59 11.17 13. 07 14. 79 16.49 18. 52 18. 36 19. 55 21.28 21.05 23.18 25. 47 4. 66 1.87 3.05 3.60 4. 36 5.18 5. 64 6. 35 6. 43 7. 38 6. 05 8.96 9.18 8.14 5. 37 7.13 7. 85 8.31 8. 37 2. 06 .33 .87 1.40 1.75 2. 35 .37 .23 28.97 2. 73 22. 31 2. 73 1. 20 .16 .23 .01 .01 .06 15.99 21.26 24. 73 .75 1.40 1.75 10. 07 15.18 18. 56 2.801 2.92 1 3.03 2. 37 1 1.76 1 1.39 .01 .11 . 14 27.97 2. 41 21. 70 2. 73 1.13 .48 8.94 2.92 8. 51 2. 83 8.73 3. 62 .80 .37 .48 9.24 10.00 3. 77 3. 74 .61 .22 .29 . 11 .28 .30 31.80 33.31 35. 70 35.28 39. 66 3. 31 3. 82 3. 45 4. 44 5. 23 24. 82 26. 05 28. 86 27. 38 31.17 2. 68 2. 45 2. 58 2. 75 2. 42 .99 .99 .81 .71 . 84! 1.07 8.78 3. 83 8. 30 5. 55 1.11 2. 03 .41 .19 .50 43.18 40. 52 43.75 7. 85 3. 61 3. 05 32. 32 33.93 38. 55 2. 41 1.94 1.72 . 60 1.04 .43 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME 316 T a b l e A - 1 0 . —Recreation 14,469 Expenditures, by Consumption Level—Continued WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item fam Un $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 ilies der to to to to to $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 Average expenditure for recreation—Con. Commercial entertain- D o L ment, total______ 18. 62 Movies (adult admis sion) _____________ 14. 66 M ovies (child admis sion) _____________ 2. 15 .44 Plays and concerts. Spectator sports____ 1.37 R e c r e a t io n a l equip ment, total____ . 12. 01 M u s i c a l in s tr u ments _______ . . . 1.14 Sheet music, records, rolls.. __ ______ .18 Radio purchase_____ 4. 86 Radio upkeep______ 1.09 Cameras, films, and photographic equipment__ _ . . . __ . .56 Athletic equipment and supplies _____ .74 Children’s play equip m ent___ ______ 1. 52 Pets (purchase and care)_____________ 1. 92 Recreational associa tions_______________ 1.98 Entertaining: In home, except food and drinks_______ .59 Out of home, except .90 food and drinks___ Other recreation______ 3. 86 1 Less than 0.5 cent. D oL D oL D oL D oL D oL DoL $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 to to to to and $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1, 200 over DoL D oL DoL DoL D oL D oL 6.35 11.49 14.20 17.16 20.78 22.40 24. 75 26.90 32.87 32. 31 32. 26 39.04 3. 85 7. 57 10. 46 13.60 17.03 18. 37 20.28 21.97 26.94 27. 58 27.97 28.90 2.19 3. 43 2.92 2. 32 1.99 .06 .09 . 13 .24 .47 .25 .40 .69 1.00 1.29 1. 39 .80 1.84 1.23 .75 2. 49 .71 .90 3. 32 .50 1.58 3. 85 .09 .71 3. 93 .06 1.31 2.92 .52 3. 55 6. 07 4.02 6. 75 9.60 10.58 12.30 16. 21 17.31 17. 23 18. 42 20. 22 23. 03 28. 81 .74 1.08 2. 01 1.27 2.08 2. 32 .10 .17 .23 . 18 0) 2. 63 3. 22 4.11 4. 44 4.63 .28 .63 .81 .96 1.27 .30 5. 58 1.47 .11 6.98 1.54 . 15 6. 46 1. 41 .31 6.17 1.92 .96 .76 .94 .99 1. 61 .86 1.87 .96 1. 42 1. 45 2.37 1. 43 .87 5. 76 .14 .01 .08 .68 1.16 .12 .29 .32 .51 .66 .31 .54 .72 .71 1.09 .77 .54 . 16 .33 9.41 13.68 11.60 1.75 1. 62 2.12 .72 1.18 1. 81 1.78 1. 68 1.59 1.59 .85 .93 .25 .86 .18 . 16 .53 .91 1. 38 2.08 3. 34 3. 64 3.89 3. 41 4. 73 3.89 5.97 .61 .94 1. 33 1.57 2.04 2.70 3.07 3. 74 3.85 3. 55 4. 36 6. 57 .01 .06 2.00 1. 46 3.49 3. 71 .49 .83 1.07 1.79 .05 . 15 .24 .58 1.06 1.38 1.03 2. 07 2.60 3. 98 1.89 5. 06 1.00 6.51 3.05 2.14 1. 45 8.46 10. 54 10. 22 .20 .37 2. 67 2.91 8.29 22.84 TABULAR SUMMARY 317 T able A-10.—Recreation Expenditures, by Consumption Level— Continued 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of— Item Percentage of families in survey___ _____ Percentage of families owning r a d io s .___ _ Percentage of families spending for— Reading: Newspapers, street.. ________________ Newspapers, home delivery___ _ _ M agazines_______ ____ ________ Books purchased (other than school texts) ___ _______ Books borrowed from loan libraries Tobacco: Cigars.. _ ___ ___ Cigarettes. _ ________ ___ Pipe tobacco_____ Other tobacco___ ____ Commercial entertainment: Movies (adult admission). Movies (child admission) __ Plays and concerts____ Spectator sports____ _ _ Recreational equipment: Musical instruments___ ___ _ _ Sheet music, records, rolls _ Radio purchase___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ . . . _ ___ _ . . . Radio upkeep____ ____ Cameras, films, and photographic equip m ent__________ _ _. _______ _ . _ Athletic equipment and supplies__ _ Children’s play equipment. _ _ _ _ Pets (purchase and care)___ _____ Recreational associations. ___ ____ Entertaining: In home, except food and drinks___. . . Out of home, except food and drinks __ A11 All fami lies U n der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over 100.0 48.6 18.1 27.8 25.4 40.8 22.1 52.8 16.3 58.8 9.3 57.5 5.0 72.2 3.8 80.8 27.4 65.6 15.1 13.5 66.8 6.2 20.4 67.3 11.6 26.8 70.6 15.6 29.1 68.1 17.2 35.9 58.8 19.9 65.3 50.9 20.2 69.6 43.9 50.9 1.7 .3 0 0 1.4 .2 .9 .4 3.4 .3 1.9 0 5.5 0 4.4 2.5 16.6 47.9 24.5 15.6 10.0 40.6 22.0 20.2 12.9 43.0 23.8 22.6 18.3 51.8 24.8 11.9 18.9 47.4 31.3 10.5 25.7 56.5 26.6 11.4 12.9 56.2 11.9 12.4 34.2 61.9 20.9 6.2 52.4 20.4 7.5 12.3 35.2 31.3 4.2 5.5 50.6 27.3 5.3 9.1 55.2 21.2 5.5 9.6 58.0 12.1 9.0 18.0 59.3 8.4 12.3 20.3 63.3 4.6 14.1 22.3 74.8 2.9 23.2 25.1 1.1 2.7 8.9 14.5 .6 .3 3.4 8.3 1.7 3.1 8.1 10.6 1.4 2.3 7.3 15.2 0 4.4 10.6 18.6 .6 2.1 12.4 17.6 2.7 2.2 20.8 21.2 0 9.0 14.9 31.0 2.2 1.6 12.7 9.8 10.7 .2 1.1 19.1 3.6 4.1 .9 2.0 17.6 5.6 7.0 2.4 1.1 13.7 9.4 10.3 2.7 1.3 7.5 11.2 12.4 1.8 1.5 3.3 19.4 14.1 9.3 1.6 5.2 18.6 12.7 6.8 5.4 .8 28.2 50.0 3.2 1.8 .2 .5 1.5 1.3 1.7 2.6 4.4 1.6 7.9 3.2 10.4 2.2 10.1 4.4 Average expenditure for recreation, total___ $48. 67 $30. 86 $38. 61 $48. 93 $53.00 $69.91 $72. 86 $95. 96 8. 74 7. 69 8.88 Reading, total ____ _________________ 5.99 9. 43 10. 37 13.11 15. 24 .82 1. 52 2. 47 2. 25 2. 46 Newspapers, street_________ 3. 67 7. 61 8. 38 4.98 5. 86 5. 75 6.11 Newspapers, home delivery. _ ____ 6. 46 6. 02 4. 64 4.11 .46 .19 .48 .42 .64 Magazines _ __ __ .30 .56 2. 42 Books purchased (other than school .05 .03 0 .01 .09 .04 texts)____ ___________ ______ _ __ .30 .26 .01 0 .01 0) 0 Books borrowed from loan libraries._ __ 0 .07 0) 20. 22 14. 88 16. 77 21.04 21.35 28.29 27. 61 29.17 Tobacco, total.__ _ _ ______ 2. 34 1.88 .97 2. 27 2. 84 3.39 Cigars _____ __ _____ 2. 78 7.24 9.41 10.14 14.48 13. 63 20.19 21. 46 18.94 Cigarettes __ _ _ ._ _ _ _ 13.39 2.14 2. 21 2. 56 2. 53 3. 32 3. 30 Pipe tobacco____ _ __ 1.28 2.67 2. 54 2. 36 1. 96 1.73 1.56 1. 41 Other tobacco____ ______________ _ 2.09 .32 4. 31 8. 31 6.71 7.93 9. 69 13. 35 10.49 19. 07 Commercial entertainment, total___ _ _ 4. 68 6. 05 2. 48 5. 74 Movies (adult admission)_______ _ 7. 45 9. 88 8. 25 15. 74 1. 53 1. 42 .61 Movies (child admission)______ _ _ __ 1. 16 1.45 .73 .33 . 15 .94 .33 . 11 . 10 Plays and concerts___ _ __ _ . . . .20 .37 .89 1.29 Spectator sports. _____ .77 .27 .40 .57 1.14 1.92 1. 02 .89 7.68 4. 08 6. 05 7. 35 Recreational equipment, total _ _ 7. 36 12. 61 15. 66 16.18 .62 .02 .83 1. 23 .51 Musical in stru m en ts___ ______ _ 0 1.71 0 .06 .06 .08 .13 .01 .04 Sheet music, records, rolls. _ _ __ __ . 10 0) 2. 42 3. 38 3. 76 4. 60 4. 45 8.59 10.97 10.28 Radio purchase_________ __________ .32 .82 1. 24 .25 .65 .61 Radio upkeep_________________ _______ 1.34 .88 Cameras, films, and photographic equip .09 .01 .06 .10 .20 .74 ment. _ ___ . . . _ ___ _ _ .08 0) .04 .06 .07 .01 . 15 .09 Athletic equipment and supplies. .05 .15 .92 1.13 .83 1.10 .65 .29 Children’s play equipment____________ .23 .04 .33 .64 .80 . 18 1.06 1. 66 Pets (purchase and care)________ _ . 1. 04 4.19 .28 .48 .86 .87 .98 1. 34 Recreational associations____ _______ ____ .86 4. 73 Entertaining: .06 .56 .79 .82 .33 .01 .10 2. 23 In home, except food and drinks___ .03 . 12 .45 .35 .20 .01 .43 .13 Out of home, except food and drinks___ .82 2. 32 1. 32 2. 32 3. 06 3. 28 3.88 9. 21 Other recreation _____ . . . ______ 1 Less than 0.5 cent. MONEY DISBURSEMENTS---SUMMARY VOLUME 318 T able A—11.— M ed ica l Care Expenditures and Personal Care E xpenditures , b y Consum ption Level 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure of- Item All fami U n $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700" $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over M e d ic a l care e x p en d itu res Percentage of families in sur vey____________________ Percentage of f a m il i e s spending for medical care: Services of: General practitioner: Home,- . . . __ Office. _ ____________ Specialist and o th e r practitioner .. ___ _. D entist ___ __ _ Clinic _ _ _ .. Nurse: In home: Private. Visiting. In hospital______ Hospital: Private room.. Bed in w ard... Medicine and drugs . . . . . . . Eyeglasses___ Medical appliances .. . . . Accident and health in surance.. . . . . . .. 100.0 3.0 12.2 19.8 20.4 15.8 11.3 4.6 2.6 1.4 0.8 1.0 38.0 32.1 38.7 40.6 39.8 40. 3 36.4 31.1 30.9 42.7 26.8 34.1 40.3 43.9 46.1 47.0 46.4 44.9 36.7 49.5 34.3 47.6 36.9 49.6 39.0 55.2 20.8 57.1 3.4 1.4 .3 1.8 8.8 3.9 84.3 25.3 9.2 20.6 61.6 3.8 2.4 1.2 2.4 11.3 3.1 87.8 28.0 22.9 22. 7 62.8 2.9 2.3 0 3.0 10.6 1. 7 88.0 33.8 20.0 21.0 69.2 .6 4.2 0 4.8 12.1 1.0 91.0 38.4 9.8 29.5 61.4 1.7 2.8 0 4.5 12.6 2.4 91.6 28.7 10.0 21.5 19.9 17.6 18.4 21. 7 21.3 24.3 25.7 25.2 27.3 29.3 30.0 27.4 16. 7 7.7 10.8 14.0 49.5 30.6 38.1 47.1 5.5 9.3 6.3 6.5 1.3 1.3 .7 1.8 .2 .1 .3 .4 .4 .5 1.1 .6 6.8 1.5 3.2 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.6 5.2 85.4 79.9 83.6 85.2 22.0 15.3 17.5 20.1 8.6 3.4 5.8 7.8 Average expenditure per family for medical care, D o l. total__________________ 59. 18 Services of: General practitioner: Home. . . . . .... 6. 95 Office_______________ 6. 86 Specialist and o th e r practitioner_________ 8. 92 D en tist_____ _____ __ 10. 84 Clinic.. .. _ .45 Nurse: In home: Private- .38 Visiting. .06 In hospital_____ .51 Hospital: Private room. _ 3. 60 Bed in ward__ 1.90 Medicine and drugs___ _ 9. 70 Eyeglasses______________ 3. 22 Medical appliances. _ . . . .20 Accident and health in surance______ . _ _ 4.05 Other medical care___ 1.54 Average expenditure per person for medical care, total____________________ 16. 44 D o l. D o l. D o l. 16.1 49.5 5.5 1.4 .4 .9 6.6 4.3 86.1 21.0 8.3 D o l. 19.2 52.9 5.3 1.4 .4 1.3 8.9 4. 7 86.8 22.9 8.6 D o l. 21.8 52.8 5.5 .9 .3 1.0 8.9 3.4 85.9 24.0 11.6 D o l. 7.1 19.9 55.9 4.1 1.2 .5 1.5 8.7 2.7 84.8 26. 7 9.8 D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 28. 90 35.76 44.73 56.47 67. 27 71.40 74. 57 84. 49 88. 22 103. 35 113. 84 116. 85 4. 22 6.14 6. 56 6. 97 8. 47 6.58 7.19 7. 07 6. 49 8. 66 10. 09 7. 69 2. 45 3. 51 4.89 6. 45 7. 63 8. 39 9.45 11. 49 11.97 11.18 14. 82 15.53 2. 42 3. 83 .24 .20 .02 .09 .37 2. 44 6. 28 1.50 .08 4. 01 5. 82 .29 .09 .05 .08 1.16 1.33 6. 76 2. 41 .08 5.91 7. 40 .32 .25 .03 .08 1.61 2. 12 8. 21 2. 66 . 12 7. 72 10. 93 .58 .45 .04 .25 3.05 1.92 9.95 3. 06 .24 10. 57 11.57 .47 .38 .08 .88 4. 96 2. 35 10. 63 3. 35 .22 13. 46 12.06 .65 .29 .02 .42 5. 57 1.89 10. 85 3. 65 .32 10. 45 16. 00 .51 .56 .25 .82 4. 41 1.34 11.87 4.22 . 19 14. 73 15. 49 .65 .68 .08 1. 72 6. 92 1.80 11.67 4. 59 .28 4. 30 3. 47 3. 27 3. 76 3. 90 4. 50 5.07 5.29 .46 .56 1.30 1.10 1.81 2. 75 2. 24 2. 03 12.11 15. 65 20. 73 22. 34 21. 77 24. 11 .37 .03 .46 .60 1.71 1. 70 0 .06 0 1.44 2. 55 2. 53 6.70 9. 97 8. 07 .92 1.92 . 16 12. 30 15. 92 14.14 4. 48 5. 20 5. 95 .21 .56 .35 5. 56 1.58 7.13 1.76 6.54 4. 62 33. 29 22. 40 .22 .91 0 1. 20 10. 34 2. 33 10. 33 4. 28 . 15 5. 96 2. 22 4. 45 6. 89 10. 75 15. 95 21.49 25. 59 29. 24 35.50 38.69 45. 73 51.51 58. 42 P e r so n a l care exp e n d itu r e s Percentage of families spend ing for personal care: Personal care services: Haircuts . . . Shaves by barber______ Shampoos.. .... Manicures. ___ _______ Permanent waves _ Other waves .. Other personal care serv ices_________________ Toilet articles and prep arations: Toilet soap . _ Tooth powder, tooth paste, mouth w ashes.. Cosmetic and toilet prep arations___ . . . . . . Brushes, razor blades, and other toilet arti cles. _______________ 96.1 90.0 95.0 96.5 11. 6 4.8 8.2 7.5 12.4 1.1 3.4 6.2 4.4 0 .8 1.4 40.2 12.3 26.8 36.0 31.7 5.6 14.5 23.7 2. 2 1.6 1.0 1.4 95.0 11.0 9.9 3.0 42.4 29.6 97.4 13.1 13.1 5.1 43.8 37.8 97.1 15.6 17.9 3.9 44.4 42.6 96.9 17.2 22.2 6.4 49.2 43.8 97.8 16.9 22.1 9.1 49.1 45.6 97.0 20.9 31.3 12.4 48.3 51.4 97.0 13.5 28.7 15.5 55.2 46.8 98.0 21.7 35.8 26.8 51.9 62.5 97.7 17.7 48.9 30.9 55.7 60.0 1.5 2.4 2.5 4.4 1.6 5.6 4.8 8.8 4.8 96.4 94.7 96.0 96.7 97.1 93.6 96.4 95.0 96.3 97.5 98.5 97.6 96.8 92.8 75. 2 88.7 92.6 94.3 93.9 95.2 94.6 94.0 96.7 98.0 97.9 96.7 85.7 64.1 77.8 84.6 86.6 88.0 90.4 89.8 91.2 93.5 93.3 95.5 93.5 78.5 62.1 70.7 75.6 79.5 80.5 84.3 79.7 83. 7 91.0 87.2 92.2 87.6 TABULAR SUMMARY 319 T a b le A I 1.— M ed ica l Care Expenditures and Personal Care E xpenditures , b y C onsum ption Level —Continued 14,469 WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure ofAll fami U n $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over Item P e r s o n a l care exp e n d itu r e s — Continued Average expenditure per family for personal care, D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. total__________________ 30.10 18. 55 23. 62 26.12 29. 70 31.43 33.36 34. 36 37. 73 Personal care services, _ - - 15. 62 8. 42 11.45 12.93 15.19 16. 34 17. 85 18. 54 20.70 total_____ H aircuts,-. __ _ ___ 10.13 7. 52 9. 45 9. 84 10. 20 10. 21 10. 51 10. 56 10. 81 Shaves by b arber_____ .72 .18 .37 .34 .77 .84 1.02 .92 .97 Shampoos___ ___ _ .76 .05 . 14 .28 .51 .72 1.06 1.49 1.83 .02 .04 . 19 .27 .32 .32 .60 Manicures , , _ __ . .27 0 Permanent waves__ 1.92 .36 .95 1.40 1.97 2.18 2.45 2.51 2. 90 Other waves__ __ 1.69 .21 .45 .94 1.45 1. 97 2.34 2. 59 3. 52 Other personal c a r e services_______ __ _ . 13 . 10 .07 .09 .10 . 15 .15 .15 .07 Toilet articles and prep arations, total_____ , 14. 48 10.13 12.17 13.19 14. 51 15. 09 15.51 15. 82 17.03 Toilet s o a p ___________ 4. 65 4. 71 4. 88 4.82 4. 69 4. 57 4. 50 4. 32 4. 44 Tooth powder, tooth paste, mouth washes, - 4. 08 2. 74 3. 55 3.78 4.18 4. 34 4.13 4. 52 4. 53 Cosmetic and toilet prep arations_____________ 3.74 1.53 2. 33 2. 90 3. 65 4.03 4. 48 4. 67 5. 44 Brushes, razor blades, and other toilet arti 2. 01 1.15 1.41 1.69 1.99 2.15 2.40 2.31 2. 62 cles , _ __ Average expenditure per person for personal care, total,, __ __ . __ 8. 36 2. 86 4. 55 6.28 8. 39 10.04 11.96 13. 47 15. 85 D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 40.84 42.66 48. 87 52.06 22.87 23. 23 28. 93 31.80 11.00 11.70 13. 09 13.19 1.50 1.05 1.34 1.74 2. 33 2.24 3. 32 5.03 .93 1. 42 1.84 3. 06 2.92 3.06 3. 32 3. 90 3.74 3. 27 5.10 4. 61 .45 .49 .92 .27 17. 97 19.43 19.94 20.26 4. 71 4. 54 4. 73 4. 51 4. 72 5. 21 4. 85 5.24 5.70 6.78 7.14 7.67 2.84 2. 90 3. 22 2.84 17. 91 18. 88 22.11 26.03 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item Families with All fami lies Under $200 to $200 $300 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over M e d i c a l care exp e n d itu r e s Percentage of families in survey_______ __ _ Percentage of families spending for medical care: Services of— General practitioner: Home _ . --Office,, _ ___ Specialist and other practitioner, __ . Dentist _ _ _ _______ _ Clinic__________________ __________ Nurse: In home: Private______ _____ _ Visiting _ ___ In hospital___ , _____________ Hospital: Private room___ ___ _ ___ Bed in ward __ _ __ ___ __ Medicine and drugs____ ________ ___ _ Eyeglasses____ ____ _ ______ __ _, __ Medical appliances, _ ___ __ _. __ Accident and health insurance _,, __ _,_ _ 100.0 18.1 25.4 22.1 16.3 9.3 5.0 3.8 38.3 31.3 4.4 20. 6 6.0 .2 .3 .1 1.4 3.0 88.8 13.3 4.4 35.8 35.7 19.7 3.3 13.7 7.4 .6 .3 0 1.1 2.1 87.8 6.5 2.3 34.3 40.4 28.2 3.6 19.2 4.6 .2 .6 0 .7 3.9 88.6 11.8 4.2 36.9 38.4 27.3 4.5 20.6 7.4 0 .3 0 .8 1.9 90.1 12.8 4.2 36.6 35.2 39.6 3.0 22.3 2.7 .3 .3 0 2.3 3.9 92.1 18.3 5.8 39.1 39.6 33.9 5.6 27.3 5.6 0 0 0 .6 3.8 86.7 14.7 5.2 34.8 39.1 51.7 7.7 21.0 9.4 0 0 0 4.6 3.7 78.9 19.2 4.8 31.1 45.0 54.7 12.9 37.2 9.3 0 0 1.5 5.5 5.0 87.9 26.8 7.9 23.8 Average expenditure per family for medical care, total _ ______ ____ ________ __ $35. 63 $26. 63 $28. 33 $34. 68 $44. 41 $42. 05 $46. 50 $64. 58 Services of— 7.54 5. 77 9.41 5. 84 4. 68 5. 07 7. 93 General practitioner: Home____________ 5. 23 2. 28 4. 49 5. 45 5.11 7.11 1.49 3. 50 Office,. , _. _ _ 3. 39 6.24 1.63 3. 76 3. 27 .85 1. 60 Specialist and other practitioner____ _ 1. 79 1.03 2. 77 2.91 3.44 9.48 2. 27 .63 1.95 1 86 D entist__ ________ _,_ _______ , _ .35 .21 .33 . 11 .18 .58 .25 .23 Clinic______________________________ 0 0 0 0 02 .05 .07 .01 Nurse: In home: Private,, ___ _ ___ _ 0 .04 .06 .01 0 Visiting, ___________ 0 .06 .07 0 .04 0 0 0 0 0 1.12 In hospital _____ _______ __ .22 2.90 5. 48 .56 .06 . 11 . 13 .73 Hospital: Private room ,., _____ _ ___ .96 .51 .56 .43 1.82 1.46 .98 4.01 Bed in ward_____ _________ 320 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS-— -SUMMARY VOLUME T able A -T l.— Medical Care Expenditures and Personal Care Expenditures, by Consumption Level— Continued 1,566 NEGRO FAMILIES IN 16 CITIES Item Families with All fami Under $200 lies to $200 $300 total annual unit expenditure of— $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over M e d i c a l care e x p e n d itu r e s —Continued Medicine and drugs_________ ____ Eyeglasses___________________ ______ _ Medical app liances__________ _______ Accident and health insurance___________ Other medical care___ __ ___ _______ Average expenditure per person for medical care, total___ ______ _ _____ ____ 8.48 1.45 .07 10.10 .37 7.73 .48 .02 9.08 .19 6. 42 1. 01 .06 9. 77 .26 8. 77 1.73 .05 10. 66 .40 9. 89 1.99 .13 12. 33 .53 10. 51 1. 92 .03 9. 43 .41 8. 82 1.89 .21 9. 38 .51 12. 42 3. 22 .06 6. 79 .76 0.92 4. 40 7.17 11. 56 17. 62 17. 82 20. 95 27. 96 94.9 7.9 17.2 1.0 1.0 11.8 11.0 90.0 6.4 3.6 0 0 4.4 6.4 96.2 6.3 12.7 .5 .8 8.9 8.7 95.5 6.6 14.8 .3 1.3 10.1 11.2 96.8 10.7 21.6 1.8 1.3 13.7 10.9 96.5 9.1 25.9 1.3 2.0 17.8 15.9 92.9 6.8 36.0 1.6 1.9 23.6 15.9 96.9 18.9 62.3 8.0 0 36.8 21.4 P e r s o n a l care e x p e n d itu r e s Percentage of families spending for personal care: Personal care services: Haircuts________ _______ ______ _ ___ Shaves by barber _____________ ____ Shampoos____ _ ________________ _ _ M anicures___ _____________________ Permanent waves_____________________ Other w aves______________ _ _____ _ Other personal care services___________ Toilet articles and preparations: Toilet soap__________ __________ __ Tooth powder, tooth paste, mouth washes________ ____ ____________ Cosmetic and toilet preparations. . . . . . . Brushes, razor blades, and other toilet articles_____________________________ 96.4 97.2 97.1 96.9 97.1 94.2 92.2 96.1 84.0 75.6 77.9 65.1 77.7 74.7 87.0 76.0 89.8 83.8 89.1 74.7 86.7 78.3 96.1 92.7 72.2 68.2 70.3 72.9 75.1 72.9 75.9 80.4 Average expenditure per family for personal $21. 92 $16. 93 $19, 50 $21.10 $23. 78 $25. 98 $25. 94 $42. 84 care, total . . . ___ _ _ 9. 58 10. 42 12. 02 13.94 13. 56 26. 34 Personal care services, total__ . . . _ _ _ 11.10 7. 85 Haircuts .. _ . . . _ . . . . ___ _ 7.16 6. 67 7.12 7.10 7.17 7. 51 7. 11 9.24 Shaves by barber_________ ___ . . . .66 .40 .40 .64 .80 .81 .77 2.59 Shampoos ____________ _______ .21 2. 34 .90 1.03 1. 88 1.46 3.03 7. 60 Manicures______ ____________ _____ _ .01 .01 .02 .04 0 .08 .07 .43 .02 Permanent w a v e s ___ ____ ____ . . . 0 .09 .05 .05 .15 .07 1.15 .19 Other waves ______ _ ________ ______ .49 .87 .70 1.95 3. 62 .98 1.55 Other personal care services. _ . . . _____ .82 .38 .64 .89 1.06 1.16 .96 1.71 Toilet articles and preparations, total . . . 10. 82 9.08 9. 92 10.68 11. 76 12.04 12. 38 16. 50 T o iletso a p .. . . . __ . . . _ _ 4. 02 4.02 3.97 3.98 4.03 4. 46 3. 31 4.18 Tooth powder, tooth paste, mouth washes. __ . . . . ______. . . 2.54 2. 63 2. 99 3. 05 3.46 3.63 3. 43 5.02 2.11 Cosmetic and toilet preparations. ____ 2. 39 1.48 2. 35 2.61 3. 32 2.85 4.98 Brushes, razor blades, and other toilet 1.42 articles___ _ . . . . . . . . . .. ._ 1.09 1.34 2.32 2. 32 1. 36 1.16 1.36 Average expenditure per person for personal 2.80 care, total____________ ______ _______ 6.10 4.94 7. 03 9. 44 11.01 11.68 18. 55 TABULAR SUMMARY 321 T a b l e A-12.—Formal Education, Vocation, Community Welfare, Gi/fcs and Contribu tions, ami Miscellaneous Expenditures, by Consumption Level 14,469 Item WHITE AND NEGRO FAMILIES IN 42 CITIES Families with total annual unit expenditure ofAll fam Un- $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 ilies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over F o r m a l ed uca tion exp en d itu res Percentage of families in surv ey____________________ 100.0 3.0 12.2 19.8 20.4 15.8 11.3 7.1 4.6 Percentage of families spending for— Members away from home. 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.7 .5 1.1 Members at home_______ 33.1 53.8 47.5 42.0 37.0 29.4 22.9 18.3 14.1 2.6 1.4 .2 15.9 1.1 8.2 0 0.8 1.0 7.4 .9 11.4 Average expenditure per family for formal educa tion, total_____________ $7.19 $5.85 $6. 36 $6. 34 $7. 35 $8. 07 $9. 21 $5. 64 $7. 90 $6.86 $8. 55 $2.48 $9. 05 For members away from home_________________ .75 .75 .45 .28 .54 .70 1.77 .38 2. 01 .20 4. 64 0 .98 For members at home____ 6.44 5.09 5.91 6. 06 6. 81 7. 37 7.44 5.26 5.89 6. 66 3.91 2. 48 8.07 V o ca tion e x p en d itu res Percentage of families spending for— LTnion dues or fees. _ __ _ _ 24.0 13.6 18.8 23.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 27.2 27.8 Professional association dues or fe e s .__________ 2. 3 .4 1.0 1.8 2.2 2. 2 2. 7 3.6 3.8 Technical literature_____ 1.2 0 .4 .8 1.0 1.3 2.0 1.5 3.0 28.5 29.8 31.2 28.2 5.9 2.2 6. 0 4.5 5.0 2.0 4.0 3.1 Average expenditure per family for vocational items, total__________ _ $6. 20 $2.05 $3.12 $4. 54 $5. 67 $6. 76 $7. 34 $9. 74 $9. 65 $11.88 $10. 02 $12. 74 $13. 50 Union dues or fees_______ 5. 71 1.93 2. 92 4. 33 5.31 6. 22 6.52 8.87 8.80 11. 23 9. 34 11.94 10. 25 Professional association dues or fees____________ .27 .02 .05 .14 .20 .26 .41 .62 .66 .47 .45 .45 .76 Technical literature______ .08 0 .01 .03 .05 .13 .16 • 18 .10 .11 .13 .15 .18 Other items of vocational expense_______________ . 14 .10 . 14 .04 .11 .15 .25 .07 .09 .07 .11 .20 2. 31 C o m m u n i t y w elfa re ex p e n d i tu res Percentage of families spend ing for— Religious organizations___ 74.2 77.6 78.8 78.7 76.2 74.2 71.3 67.2 64.3 Community chest and other organizations_____ 54.9 31.8 43. 7 50.9 54.7 58.3 62.0 61.3 63.8 Taxes: Poll, income, and personal property______ 27. 3 34.9 28.7 27.8 26.3 27. 0 25.1 25.4 27.0 Average expenditure per family for community welfare, total ______ __ Religious organizations___ Community chest and other organizations._ _ Taxes: Poll, income, and personal property______ 62.3 66.5 60.4 67.3 68.7 69.6 71.1 26.9 32.7 34.2 29.9 63.5 $19.21 $12.09 $16.04 $16.98 $18.74 $20 52 $21.60 $21.01 $24.51 $21.06 $27. 84 $23. 82 $30. 40 15. 40 9. 39 13. 48 13. 95 15. 28 16. 59 17. 34 16. 31 18. 61 16.10 20. 67 15.89 18. 47 .78 1.35 1.84 2. 39 2. 77 3.10 3.40 4. 42 3. 71 5.14 5.24 9.10 1.24 1.92 1.21 1.19 1.07 1.16 1.16 1.30 1.48 1.25 2.03 2.69 2. 83 Percentage of families spend ing for— Christmas, birthday, etc., 68.3 29.0 47.3 60.2 70.4 75.2 79.2 82.2 81.9 gifts____________ ____ 17.2 4.5 9.2 12.6 15.6 19.6 24.8 27.5 25.8 Support of relatives......... Support of other persons... 6.2 2.2 2.6 4.1 6.4 7.4 8.3 8.9 8.5 85.8 30.3 7.8 84.7 36.1 12.6 90.4 38.9 10.0 90.0 43.2 12.9 2. 57 G ifts a nd con trib u tio n s Average expenditure per family for contributions and gifts to persons out side economic family, to ta l_________________ $24.37 $3 82 $7. 77 $11.75 $19.44 $25.39 $34.36 $39.62 $46.13 $56.90 $60.28 $85. 67 $128.20 Christmas, birthday, etc., gifts_____ _ _________ 13. 08 2. 36 4. 53 7. 72 11.07 14. 47 17. 86 20.12 23. 61 31.33 27.69 32. 06 43.74 10. 44 1.32 2. 95 3.78 7.17 9. 99 15.40 18.05 20. 74 24.84 30.87 52. 45 82.99 Support of relatives .73 1.72 1.16 1.47 Support of other persons.. .85 .14 .29 .25 1.20 .93 1.10 1.45 1.78 322 M ONEY D I S B U R S E M E N T S --- S U M M A R Y VOLUM E T able A —12.— F orm al E d u cation , V ocation, Com m unity W elfare, Gifts an d Contributio n s, and M iscellan eou s E xpend itures, fey Consum ption Level— Continued 1 4 ,4 6 9 W H I T E A N D N E G R O F A M I L I E S I N 4 2 C I T IE S Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami Un $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 lies der to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 $1,200 over Item M is c e lla n eo u s ex p en d itu res Percentage of families spend ing for— Funerals________________ Legal costs______________ Gardens__ _________ Family losses_________ __ 1.4 .4 1.5 .8 8.3 11.9 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.1 9.1 .9 1.2 1.0 8.7 1.2 1.2 15 72 LI 1.3 1.2 8.0 1.2 1.4 2.0 7.4 1.6 2.2 1.7 1.4 2.7 7.1 10.0 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.5 1.0 2.9 4.6 2.3 12.4 2.0 1.7 1.1 6.6 2.9 4.0 4.1 12.7 2.4 Average expenditure per family for miscellaneous items, total____________ $7.00 $2. 74 $3. 62 $4. 60 $5.30 $7. 62 $7.80 $9.82 $12.90 $15.02 $33. 61 $10. 24 $18.93 F u n era ls.._____________ 3. 41 .37 1. 53 2. 26 2. 21 3.09 4.12 6. 23 5.85 6. 68 25.99 4.28 8. 82 Legal costs____ _________ .79 .11 .19 .47 .66 .88 1.01 .66 3. 63 1.67 .39 .26 2. 39 .34 .50 .24 .25 .28 .36 .44 .34 .57 Gardens________________ .47 .29 .58 .66 Family losses___________ .60 .28 .34 .42 .58 .53 .50 1.52 1.20 .96 .86 .84 .34 Other__________________ 1.86 1.48 1.32 1.20 L 57 2. 76 1.73 1.07 1.65 5.24 5. 79 4. 57 6. 27 1 ,5 6 6 N E G R O F A M I L IE S I N 1 6 C I T IE S rtem Families with total annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies Under $200 to $300 to $400 to $500 to $600 to $700 and $300 $400 $200 $500 $600 $700 over F o rm a l education exp en d itu res Percentage of families in survey - _ . __ Percentage of families spending for— Members away from home. . . _ ___ Members at home ____ Average expenditure per family for formal education, total. ___ . . . ___ For members away from home______ . _ For members at home. . . ___ _______ 100.0 18.1 25.4 22.1 16.3 9.3 5.0 3.8 1.2 31.9 1.1 67.5 .8 38.4 1.1 24.5 .5 14.7 2.5 12.2 3.6 11.9 0 12.3 $3.16 .79 2. 37 $4. 77 .07 4.70 $2. 60 .09 2. 51 $1. 65 .08 1. 57 $1.10 . 17 .93 $3.13 $13. 48 1.95 10. 55 1.18 2. 93 $4. 32 0 4. 32 5,1 .3 5.9 .4 .2 11.
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