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U NITED STATES D E PARTM EN T OF LABO R F rances P erk in s, Secretary B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S Isador L u b in , Commissioner M oney Disbursements o f Employed W age Earners and Clerical W ork ers in T w elv e Cities o f the South 1934-36 By FA ITH M . WILLIAMS and ALICE C. HANSON assisted by GENEVIEVE B. W IM SATT o f the Bureau o f Labor Statistics Bulletin T^o. 640 U N IT E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G OFFICE W A S H I N G T O N : 1941 F or sale b y th e S u p e rin ten d en t o f D o cu m e n ts, W ash in g ton , D . C. P rice 60 cen ts U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF LABO R F r a n c e s P e r k in s , Secretary B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ISA D O R L U B IN Commissioner Sidney W. W ilcox A. F. H inrichs Chief Economist Chief Statistician H ugh S. H anna Chief, Editorial and Research STAFF FOR THE STUDY OF MONEY DISBURSEMENTS OF WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS IN 12 CITIES OF THE SOUTH F aith M . W illiams Chief, Cost of Living Division G ertrude Schmidt W eiss and A lice C. H anson General Directors of Field W ork A lice C. H anson General Director of Tabulation E dna D. H orner Assistant Director of Tabulation d ir e c t o r s o f f ie l d w o r k Ann James, Baltimore R uth A llen , Birmingham Sam B arton , Dallas R obert T homas, Houston R uth A llen and R obert T homas, Jackson R obert T homas, Jacksonville L illian L unenburg and Sara L andau , Louisville R uth A llen and G rover V aughn Memphis R uth A llen , Mobile R uth A llen and R obert T homas, New Orleans E arle H olsinger, Norfolk E dna B erglund , Richmond s u p e r v is o r s o f t a b u l a t io n in t h e f ie l d E nid F rancis ; Samuel M . G ahagen ; A lice W . H erbst and B elle R a n k in ; K athryn H eath and E ppa H eaton ; Sara L andau and E dward K ilpatrick ; R obert T homas and W ayman R egister. ii CONTENTS Page P reface _________________________________________________________________ Summary _________________________________________________________________ Part I. W hite F amilies Other T han M exican : C hapter 1. Income Level and Money Disbursements______________ Current expenditures of each city group as a whole_____________ Food_____________________________________________________ Housing__________________________________________________ Clothing__________________________________________________ Transportation______________________________________________ Recreation__________________________________________________ Other items_________________________________________________ Family income__________________________________________________ Distribution of expenditures at successive income levels___________ Variations in money disbursements__________________________ Income levels and planes of living_____________________________ Size and composition of family______________________________ Planes of living determined by family size as well as incom e.. Equivalence between total expenditures and economic levels. Order of expenditures at different economic levels_________________ Expenditures at two economic levels_________________________ Changes in assets and liabilities__________________________________ C hapter 2. Expenditures for Specified Goods________________________ Food____________________________________________________________ Annual food expenditures____________________________________ Food expenditures in 1 week in spring, summer, fall, and winter quarters___________________________________________ Housing_________________________________________________________ Home ownership____________________________________________ Types of dwellings__________________________________________ Size of homes_______________________________________________ Garages-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Facilities____________________________________________________ Housing expenditures_______________________________________ Home owners___________________________________________ Renters________________________________________________ Vacation housing_______________________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration____________________________ Other items of household operation______________________ Furnishings and equipment______________________________________ Clothing_________________________________________________________ Variability of clothing expenditures__________________________ Total expenditure per family for clothing____________________ Gifts of clothing_____________________________________________ Clothing expenditures for men and boys. . __________ in xi 1 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 17 22 24 24 25 30 30 35 37 45 45 45 46 50 50 51 51 53 53 55 55 56 57 58 59 59 61 61 61 62 62 IV CONTENTS P art I. W hite F amilies Other T han M exican — Continued. C hapter 2. Expenditures for Specified Goods— Continued. Clothing— Continued. Clothing expenditures for women and girls_________________ Occupational differences in the clothing expenditures of adults__________________________________________________ Transportation________________________________________________ Recreation____________________________________________________ Personal care__________________________________________________ Medical care__________________________________________________ Formal education_____________________________________________ Vocation______________________________________________________ Gifts and contributions to individuals and to the community welfare_____________________________________________________ Miscellaneous items___________________________________________ C hapter 3. A Generation of Changing Living Standards___________ Distribution of current expenditures in 1934-36 as compared with those in 1917-19---------------------------------------------------------Part II. N egro F amilies _____________________________________________ C hapter 1. Income Level and Money Disbursements______________ Family income________________________________________________ Size and composition of family____________________________ Current expenditures of each city group as a whole_____________ Distribution of expenditures at successive income levels________ Order of expenditure at different economic levels_______________ Order of expenditures at two economic levels______________ Changes in assets and liabilities________________________________ C hapter 2. Expenditures for Specified Goods______________________ Food__________________________________________________________ Annual food expenditure__________________________________ Food expenditures in 1 week of the spring and winter quar ters____________________________________________________ Housing_______________________________________________________ Home ownership__________________________________________ Types of dwellings________________________________________ Size of homes_____________________________________________ Garden space and garage__________________________________ Facilities_________________________________________________ Housing expenditures_____________________________________ Home owners________________________________________ Renters______________________________________________ Secondary housing____________________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration__________________________ Other items of household operation___________________ Furnishings and equipment____________________________________ Clothing______________________________________________________ Total expenditures per family for clothing_________________ Gifts of clothing__________________________________________ Clothing expenditures for men and boys___________________ Clothing expenditures for women and girls_________________ Recreation____________________________________________________ Transportation________________________________________________ Personal care__________________________________________________ Medical c a r e _ - ^ ^ - ^ - _ - ^ - ....................................... Page 64 65 68 71 72 73 75 76 76 78 79 79 83 85 85 88 88 89 92 94 96 101 101 101 101 105 105 105 105 106 107 108 108 108 108 108 109 110 111 111 111 111 113 114 114 117 117 CONTENTS V Page Part III. M exican F amilies in H ouston___________________________ Chapter 1. Income Level and Money Disbursements______________ Family income________________________________________________ Size and composition of family____________________________ Current expenditures of the city group as a whole______________ Distribution of expenditures at successive income levels________ Order of expenditures at different economic levels______________ C hapter 2. Expenditures for Specified Goods______________________ Food_________________________________________________________ Annual food expenditure__________________________________ Food expenditures in 1 week in spring, summer, and fall quarters________________________________________________ Housing______________________________________________________ Housing facilities_________________________________________ Housing expenditures_____________________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration______________________________ Other items of household operation________________________ Furnishings and equipment____________________________________ Clothing______________________________________________________ Total expenditure per family for clothing__________________ Clothing expenditures for men and boys___________________ Clothing expenditures for women and girls_________________ Other groups of current expenditures___________________________ P art IV. T abular Summary__________________________________________ P art V. A ppendixes __________________________________________________ Appendix A. Notes on Tabular Summary__________________________ General_______________________________________________________ Economic family______________________________________________ Household____________________________________________________ Net family income or net money income_______________________ Current expenditures__________________________________________ Surplus or deficit______________________________________________ Surplus_______________________________________________________ Deficit________________________________________________________ Inheritance___________________________________________________ Total money receipts__________________________________________ Total money disbursements______________________________ Balancing difference___________________________________________ Schedule year_________________________________________________ Averages based on all families_________________________________ Sales tax______________________________________________________ Notes on individual tables_____________________________________ Local conditions affecting the data_____________________________ Cost of living_____________________________________________ Employment_____________________________________________ Sales tax_________________________________________________ Relief____________________________________________________ Table A. Number of families of 2 or more persons on relief in the period covered by the survey when relief was at a maximum________________________________ A ppendix B. Scope of the Investigation__________________________ Geographic area covered in the Southern region_______________ Scope of the Nation-wide study______________________ 119 121 121 122 123 124 125 131 131 131 132 134 134 134 135 135 135 135 135 137 138 139 141 629 631 631 631 631 631 632 633 633 633 634 634 634 634 634 634 635 635 648 648 649 649 649 650 651 651 651 VI CONTENTS P art V. A ppendixes — Continued. A ppendix C. Period Covered by the Study_________________________ Table B. Period to which data in schedules for cities in the Southern region apply_______________________________________ A ppendix D. Selection of Families to be Interviewed____________ Method of choosing the sample________________________________ Rules for determining eligibility of families_____________________ A ppendix E. Nativity of Homemakers in Families Studied_________ Table C. Homemakers born in the United States______________ A ppendix F. Field Procedure______________________________________ Interview method of securing data_____________________________ Figure B. Schedule facsimile______________________________ Check interviewing____________________________________________ Food check lists for 1 week____________________________________ Weekly records of food consumption___________________________ A ppendix G. Analytical Procedure________________________________ Income classification__________________________________________ Classification by economic level________________________________ Expenditure unit— food relatives_______________________________ Table D. Relative food expenditures for persons of differ ent age, sex, and occupation____________________________ Expenditure unit— clothing relatives___________________________ Table E. Relative clothing expenditures for persons of dif ferent age, sex, and occupation__________________________ Expenditure unit— other items_________________________________ Total expenditure unit_________________________________________ Figure C. Sample code sheet______________________________ Adjustment for contact with families through other member than chief earner_________________________________________________ Table F. Derivation of adjustment factors for earner groupsTable G. Illustration of application of adjustment factors to schedule data________________________________________ Page 654 654 658 658 660 664 664 666 666 667 686 686 686 688 688 688 688 689 690 690 693 693 694 695 697 699 List o f T ext Tables in Part I T able 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Expenditures for groups of items___________________________ Occupational classification of chief earners__________________ Family incomes____________________________________________ Sources of family income at successive income levels________ Items comprising family income____________________________ Average unit expenditure at successive income levels_______ Total family expenditure equivalents for families of three dif ferent types, at given economic levels----------------------------Average unit expenditure at successive economic levels______ Expenditures in rank order at two different economic levels. _ Percentage of families having surplus and deficit, and net change in assets and liabilities during the schedule year at successive economic levels_____________________________ Changes in assets and liabilities during the schedule year at successive economic levels-----------------------------------------------Unit food expenditure at two different economic levels--------Expenditures for food per capita per week---------------------------Proportion of families spending enough to purchase an ade quate diet at minimum cost---------------------------------------------- 7 12 13 15 17 27 30 33 36 40 42 46 48 50 00 Is TENT'S V II Page T able 15. Average number of persons per room at successive economic levels___________________________________________________________ 16. Housing facilities at the end of the schedule year_____________ 17. Housing expenditures____________________________________________ 18. Expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration_________________ 19. Expenditures for furnishings and equipment at successive eco nomic levels____________________________________________________ 20. Distribution of annual clothing expenditures for individuals in families at successive economic levels, men and boys____ 21. Distribution of annual clothing expenditures for individuals in families at successive economic levels, women and girls___ 22. Expenditures for automobile operation and maintenance for automobile owners, at successive economic levels___________ 23. Radio ownership and purchase at successive economic levels. 24. Expenditures for medical care at successive economic levels__ 25. Percentage of total expenditures for community welfare and gifts and contributions going to various items______________ 26. Percentage change in the cost of goods purchased by wage earners and clerical workers from the time of the 1917-18 survey to the time of the 1934-36 survey___________________ 27. Distribution of current family expenditures in 1917-19 and 1 9 3 4 -3 6 ________________________________________________________ 28. Differences in incomes and current expenditures between the groups studied in 1917-19 and 1934-36, in nine cities______ 53 55 57 58 61 63 65 69 71 74 77 80 81 82 L is t o f F ig u r e s i n P a r t I F igure 1. Patterns of family expenditures, at successive income levels, Baltimore______________________________________________________ 2. Relative family expenditures, at successive income levels, Baltimore______________________________________________________ 3. Distribution of family expenditures at two different economic levels, Louisville______________________________________________ 4. Changes in assets and liabilities at successive income levels, Richmond______________________________________________________ 5. Proportion of families having selected housing facilities, at successive economic levels, Norfolk__________________________ A. Estimated annual clothing expenditures by persons of dif ferent age, sex, and occupation_________________ 67 19 20 32 39 52 L is t o f T e x t T a b l e s i n P a r t II T able 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Family income__________________________________________________ Sources of family income at successive income levels________ Expenditures for groups of items_______________________________ Average unit expenditure at successive income levels_________ Average amount spent per expenditure unit at successive economic levels____________________________________________ 93 34. Expenditures in rank order at two different economic levels._ 35. Percentage of families having surplus and deficit, and net change in assets and liabilities during the schedule year at successive economic levels________________________________ 36. Changes in assets and liabilities during the schedule year, at successive economic levels____________________________________ 85 87 89 91 95 97 98 CONTENTS V III P age T able 37. Expenditures for food per capita per week__________________ 38. Proportion of families spending enough to purchase an ade quate diet at minimum cost, at three economic levels_____ 39. Average number of persons per room at successive economic levels____________________________________________________ 40. Housing facilitiesat the end of the schedule year____________ 41. Housing expenditures______________________________________ 42. Expenditures for furnishings and equipment at different eco nomic levels_____________________________________________ 43. Distribution of clothing expenditures for individuals in fami lies at successive economic levels, men and boys__________ 44. Distribution of clothing expenditures for individuals in fami lies at successive economic levels, women and girls_______ 45. Radio ownership and purchase, at successive economic levels. 46. Expenditures for recreation and transportation at two different economic levels______________________________________ 102 104 106 107 109 110 112 113 114 116 List o f Figures in Part II F igure 6. Distribution of family expenditures at two different economic levels, Louisville_________________________________________ 7. Changes in assets and liabilities at successive income levels, Richmond_______________________________________________ 90 100 List o f Tables in Part III T able 47. 48. 49. 50. Sources of family income at successive income levels________ Expenditures for groups of items___________________________ Expenditures in rank order at two different economic levels. _ Percentage of families having surplus and deficit, and net change in assets and liabilities during the schedule year at successive economic levels__________________________ 129 51. Changes in assets and liabilities during the schedule year at 130 successive economic levels_________________________ 52. Distribution of clothing expenditures for individuals in fami lies, at successive economic levels, men and boys__________ 53. Distribution of clothing expenditures for individuals in fami lies at successive economic levels, women and girls_______ 122 123 127 137 139 List o f Figures in Part III F igure 8. Distribution of family expenditures at two differenteconomic levels, Houston____________________________________ 126 List o f Tables in Tabular Summary T able 1. Distribution of families by economic level and income le v e l.. 2. Description of families studied, by economic level_____ 149 Occupation of chief earner. Family type. Nativity of homemaker. Composition of household. Earnings and income. 3. Expenditures for groups of items, by economic l eveL— 143 193 CONTENTS IX Page T able 4. Disposition of money received during schedule year not used 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 2 4 -A . 2 4 -B . 2 4 -C . 2 4 -D . 25. for current expenditure, and funds made available for family use from sources other than family income in schedule year, by economic level_____________________________ Description of families studied, by income level_______________ Occupation of chief earner. Family type. Nativity of homemaker. Composition of household. Earnings and income. Expenditures for groups of items, by income level____________ Food used at home and purchased for consumption at home during 1 week, by economic level____________________________ Annual food expenditures, by economic level__________________ Housing facilities, by economic level___________________________ Housing expenditures, by economic level______________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration expenditures, by economic level. Household operation expenditures other than for fuel, light, and refrigeration, by economic level_________________________ Transportation expenditures, by economic level_______________ Personal care expenditures and medical care expenditures, by economic level_________________________________________________ Recreation expenditures, by ecomonic level____________________ Formal education, vocation, community welfare, gifts and contributions, and miscellaneous expenditures, by economic level-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Clothing expenditures, by economic level_____________________ Furnishings and equipment expenditures, by economic level.. Description of families studied at three economic levels_______ Composition of household. Earnings and income. Expenditures for groups of items, at three economic levels___ Distribution of families of types comparable with those studied in 1917-19, by economic level and income level___ Description of families of types comparable with those studied in 1917-19, by income level___________________________ Composition of household. Earnings and income. Expenditures of families of types comparable with those studied in 1917-19 for groups of items, by income level____ Coefficients of variation of money disbursements— White families_________________________________________________________ Coefficients of variation of expenditure items at successive income levels, Houston— White families other than Mexi can_____________________________________________________________ Coefficients of variation of expenditure items at successive income levels, Norfolk— White families_______________________ Coefficients of variation of expenditure items at successive income levels, Norfolk— Negro families_______________________ Expenditures for groups of items estimated from regression equation, Baltimore— White families_________________________ 215 239 283 305 393 405 417 441 465 477 489 501 513 525 559 565 576 587 593 609 625 625 626 626 627 N ote.— For each table except 24A and 25, comparable data for Negro families appear immediately following those for white families. PREFACE This bulletin is one of a series which present data on the incomes and expenditures of 14,668 families of wage earners and clerical workers in 42 cities with populations over 50,000. In the present volume are set forth data covering the incomes, current expenditures, savings, and deficits of 2,710 white workers’ families in 12 cities of the South, 858 Negro workers’ families in 9 of those cities, and 100 Mexican families in Houston. Figures are also shown on housing facilities, the amount and kind of food, clothing, and housefurnishings purchased in the year of the study, and the types of medical care received. The investigation was undertaken in 1934-36 for the primary pur pose of providing the basis for a revision of the weights used for the cost-of-living indexes published currently by the Bureau. The last comprehensive investigation had been made in 1917-19 when wartime price changes and wage adjustments had made imperative a study of the expenditures of workers’ families. In the years intervening since that date, rapid changes in workers’ purchasing habits had taken place. Changes in technology and in organization of production had served to bring within the workers’ reach many items which had been nonexistent or prohibitive in price in the war days. These included silk stockings, rayon fabrics, the widespread use of electricity, modern plumbing, the automobile, and the radio, as well as many other prod ucts of modern industry. Such fragmentary studies by private agencies and by the Bureau as had been made since 1919 pointed to impressive changes in workers’ consumption habits. A comprehen sive inquiry into these new levels of living was accordingly urgently required to obtain an adequate list of the items properly entering into an index of the cost of goods purchased by wage earners and clerical workers. The increasing importance of the South in the industrial life of the Nation makes the data presented in this volume of particular interest. When compared with comparable data for other regions, they make possible a comparison of the difference in levels at which families in varying regions of the country are actually living. The study in Houston was made in cooperation with the Works Progress Administration and the Bureau of Social Research of the University of Texas. In Memphis, the Tennessee Relief Administra tion and the Shelby County Consumers’ Council cooperated in the xi X II PREFACE investigation, while in New Orleans the School for Social Work of Tulane University and the Louisiana Emergency Relief Administra tion lent their aid. The study in Richmond was carried on in cooper ation with the Richmond and Henrico County Consumers’ Council, the Virginia State Tax Commission, and the Virginia Emergency Relief Administration. In Baltimore, Dallas, Louisville, and Nor folk, the investigation was carried on with the cooperation of the Works Progress Administration. The investigation was furthered by the assistance of many officials in these organizations and from interested individuals and civic bodies too numerous to be mentioned here by name. In addition, two groups must be recognized as having made the study possible: the individual worker who performed the field collection and office tabulation of the data, often under unfavor able conditions, on a high plane of professional responsibility; and the housewives who laid aside their household tasks long enough to furnish answers to the detailed questions in the schedules. In the final analysis and preparation of this report, special contri butions to problems of method were made by Jerome Cornfield, William S. Shelton, and Samuel E. Cohen. M ary C. Ruark was responsible for the final tabulations. Adrienne C. M ayer assisted in checking the table forms and preparation of text. IS A D O R L U B IN , Commissioner of Labor Statistics M ay 1939. . Bulletin 7\[o. 640 of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics M oney Disbursements o f W age Earners and Clerical W ork ers in 12 Cities o f the South, 1934-36 Summary This is a study of the levels at which 3,668 families of employed wage earners and clerical workers are living in 12 cities in the Southern Region— Baltimore, Birmingham, Dallas, Houston, Jackson, Jackson ville, Louisville, Memphis, Mobile, New Orleans, Norfolk, and Rich mond. M oney incomes of these families averaged $1,369. (See pages 15, 87, and 122.)1 The incomes of the white families, other than Mexican, studied in the 12 cities averaged $1,464; the income of the Negro families $875, while average incomes of 100 Mexican families covered in Houston amounted to $924. These differences in income are not, however, an adequate measure of variations in the economic level of the three groups. Size of family ranged from an average of 3.6 persons among the white fam ilies other than Mexican to 4.9 among the Mexicans. Number of persons per family among the Negroes averaged 3.8 persons. (See Tabular Summary, table 2.) The earnings of the chief earners in all these families averaged $1,321. Their earnings were supplemented in average families by earnings of grown children, wife, or other family members, but only to the amount of $147. (See Tabular Summary, table 2.) Families of wage earners predominated in the sample, which was chosen to represent a cross section of the wage-earner and clerical group in Southern cities. (See pp. 12, 86, and 122.) The average family in this region spent practically all its income for current family living with a total of $1,353. Food, clothing, and housing together claimed more than seven-tenths of total family expenditure. Less than three-tenths remained to provide for house hold operation, furnishings and equipment, medical care, automobile and other transportation, recreation, personal care, education, gifts and taxes and miscellaneous expenditures. (See pp. 7, 89, and 123.) 1 This reference and those given in subsequent paragraphs in this summary indicate the pages where figures for individual cities are given. 1 2 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH Food alone cost the average family $433. In other words, food took 37 cents out of the average dollar spent to meet the families’ current needs. When actual expenditure for food is compared with the cost of the Bureau of Home Economics “ adequate diet at mini mum cost” it is found that 63 percent of the white families, 22 percent of the Negro families, and 20 percent of the Mexican spent enough to secure this diet. (See pp. 50, 104, and 133.) Housing expenditures were second in importance, taking a total of $201, of which $93 represented amounts spent directly for fuel, light, and refrigeration. This total expenditure for shelter represents almost 15 cents out of the average dollar. (See pp. 7, 89, and 123. Clothing claimed $148 or 11 cents of the dollar. This sum covered cleaning and shoe repair as well as ready-made clothing for all mem bers of the family. A negligible amount was spent for materials for home sewing. As would be expected from the difference in their average incomes, there were wide differences in the clothing expendi tures of these three groups. Those of the white families averaged $159; of the Mexican families, $127; of the Negro families, $92. Among the white families other than Mexican, the women and girls 18 years of age and over spent more for clothes, on the average, than men in the same age group. In the Mexican and Negro groups, the men spent more; the Negro men slightly more than the Negro women; the Mexican men two-thirds more than the Mexican women. (See Tabular Summary, table 17.) Of the 28 cents left from the average dollar after food, housing, and clothing had been paid for, the families studied in these southern cities spent 7 cents for automobile purchase, operation, and main tenance. Among all the families covered, 46 percent owned automo biles. The city with the largest proportion of automobile owners was Houston, where 74 percent of the families interviewed reported that they owned cars. (See pp. 69 and 116.) A comparison of the percentage distribution of expenditures by families in the wage-earner and clerical group in 1917-19 and in 1934-36 shows striking changes over the 17-year interval. Some of the differences are due to changes in price relationships. Costs of food, housefurnishing goods, and clothing were lower at the time of this investigation than at the end of the war period; costs of fuel and light and miscellaneous items, higher. Study of the data on actual money expenditures and on prices shows, however, that part of the change in spending is due to changes in consumption habits since the World War. Marked changes in transportation expenditures have come with the automobile. There are, in addition, trends toward larger purchases of food, smaller purchases of clothing, and larger current expenditures for housing. (See p. 81.) SUM M ARY 3 Differences between the figures on average family expenditures in the cities covered by this report reflect differences in the income level of the wage earner and clerical groups in these communities, in con sumption habits, and in family size and composition, as well as what ever differences there may be in the price level. They do not measure differences in living costs as between communities. The results of this investigation must be distinguished from those obtained by pricing a hypothetical budget to secure the cost of a previously defined standard of living.2 The investigators who partici pated in the present study were sent, not to stores to price a prede termined list of goods and services, but to families which were willing to give the detailed facts concerning their incomes and expenditures. Some of the data obtained on the goods and services purchased by workers’ families afford a basis for evaluating the adequacy of the living of the families cooperating in the investigation. A detailed comparison has not been made, however, between the goods actually purchased by the families studied, and the goods included in budget estimates of the amounts needed for maintaining healthful family life. The terms “ level of living” and “ plane of living” have been used to describe the actual economic status of the families studied. This actual way of living is distinguished from their “ standard of living,” the type of living which they regard as normal and proper, or from a “ norm of living” established by a group or an agency as adequate or suitable for certain purposes. The term “ standard of living” is sometimes used to mean not only the manner of living regarded as proper and suitable by the families themselves, but that recommended by a group or an agency; it is further used to mean the way the families actually are living. This triple usage has been found to be confusing, and on that account the use of the term “ standard of living” in this publication is restricted to its primary meaning as a standard. “ Planes of living,” the subject of this report, have been distinguished both from standards of the families themselves and from norms or budgets set by agencies or groups. The families to be interviewed in the investigation were chosen by a random sampling method from the lists of employees furnished by employers also chosen at random. (See appendix D , pp. 658-663.) Since the investigation was initiated primarily for the purpose of obtaining new weights for a cost-of-living index, and the funds for field work and analysis were limited, the survey was restricted to 2 Such a study has recently been completed by the Works Progress Administration, Division of Social Research, in cooperation with the Retail Price Division of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In this survey, prices were obtained in 59 cities covering the cost of items of goods and services necessary for a maintenance level and an emergency level of living for a 4-person family of a manual worker. Results of this study are published in a report of the Works Progress Administration by Margaret Loomis Stecker, entitled “ Inter city Differences in Costs of Living in March 1935, for 59 Cities,” Washington, D . C., July 1937. 4 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'E THE SOUTH the income levels most representative of employed wage earners and clerical workers,3 the groups for which the Bureau’s cost-ofliving index is computed. The following criteria were used in the selection of families: 1. A t least one wage earner or lower-salaried clerical worker who worked a minimum of 1,008 hours in 36 weeks; or 28 hours in each of 30 weeks if employed in a distinctly seasonal industry, such as the clothing and construction industries. (1,008 hours was used as being equivalent to 3 % eight-hour days in each of 36 weeks.) 2. No income from direct relief or work relief at any time in the year covered by the schedule. (See appendix A, p. 650, for proportion of families on relief at the period of the investigation.) 3. A minimum annual income during the schedule year of $500, of which at least $300 was earned by one person. 4. No clerical worker in the family who earned over $2,000 in the year covered by the schedule or $200 in any 1 month of that year. 5. N ot over 25 percent of total income from sources other than earnings (such as rents, interest, or dividends). Net receipts from boarders and lodgers were treated as earnings. F a m i ly ty p e s covered .— The group supplying the material on which, this report is based includes families of all types except single person families.4 Because of the limitation of funds, the Nation-wide survey of wage earners and clerical workers was not enlarged to include a study of the money disbursements of persons living alone, either as lodgers or as householders. In any random sample of the population or any occupational group, size of family varies from income level to income level. Since the averages presented in this report are based upon the actual expendi tures of a random sample of families of the wage earner and clerical groups, wherever comparisons are made between the spending of families at different income levels, these differences in size of family must be taken into account. 3 The importance of obtaining data on the consumer purchases of higher-salaried clerical workers, pro fessional workers, managers and officials, and those in business for themselves was generally recognized Early in 1936 the Bureau of Labor Statistics undertook a Study of Consumer Purchases which covers all economic groups, in 32 different cities. Funds were allotted to the project by the Works Progress Admin istration. At the same time a coordinated study was undertaken by the Bureau of Home Economics in 66 farm counties, in 140 villages, and in 19 small cities. Both of these investigations were made in coop eration with the National Resources Committee and the Central Statistical Board. For cities covered see appendix B, p. 651. 4 The study of the living of single individuals presents a separate and distinct problem which will be covered by the Bureau at a later date. At the request of the emergency relief board in Philadelphia, the Bureau of Labor Statistics undertook a study of the incomes and money disbursements of employed wage earners and clerical workers living as single individuals in that city in the year 1934-35. The results of that investigation will be published in a subsequent bulletin. Part I.— White Families Other Than Mexican 5 74390° -41- -2 Chapter 1 Income Level and M oney Disbursements Current Expenditures of Each City Group as a W h ole1 The average current expenditures of the families of white wage earners and lower salaried clerical workers studied in each of the 12 cities in the South approximated very closely average incomes in each city. Current expenditures ranged from an average of $1,289 in Louisville to $1,572 in Houston. T able 1.— Expenditures for groups of item s , 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -8 6 Richmond Norfolk New Orleans Mobile Memphis Louisville Jacksonville Jackson Houston Dallas Birmingham Item Baltimore [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Average annual current expenditures for all items__________________ $1, 402 $1,462 $1,458 $1, 572 $1, 537 $1,554 $1, 289 $1,434 $1,403 $1,294 $1,569 $1, 556 Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items..................... . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Food............................. 35.6 30.5 30.4 28.2 27.6 30.2 36.1 28.6 30.7 35.7 32.6 29.4 10.5 11.4 11.8 10.6 13.7 10.7 10.0 10.7 12.0 10.6 Clothing_____ _______ 9.3 11.2 16.4 12.5 14.5 14.5 14.8 13.0 14.1 14.3 13.0 16.0 14.9 16.4 Housing_____________ Fuel, light, and re 5.8 7.3 6.6 5.0 7.3 4.6 7.8 7.2 6.4 7.9 frigeration.. . _____ 5.9 7.6 Other household op 3.9 6.6 5.0 5.1 6.9 eration..... .......... ....... 6.9 3.9 5.9 6.1 4.5 5.2 5.1 F u r n i s h i n g s and 4.4 5.2 6.0 3.2 4.3 3.9 4.4 5.1 5.9 4.7 5.6 equipment_________ 4.0 Automobile and mo torcycle purchase, operation, and main 7.2 10.2 11.1 4.3 9.4 9.5 5.0 8.3 7.7 4.6 6.0 6.5 tenance.. _________ 2.0 1.7 1.8 2.7 Other transportation... 3.9 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.9 3.0 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.4 1.8 2.1 Personal care________ 2.3 3.4 5.0 4.1 5.3 4.0 5.0 4.3 5.8 4.4 4.3 4.1 Medical care_________ 5.3 5.3 5.7 4.9 5.7 5.7 6.4 4.8 Recreation______ ____ 4.7 5.7 5.6 5.7 5. C .7 .4 .4 .4 .6 .5 .5 .4 .6 .3 .6 Education___________ .6 .2 .2 .4 .5 .2 .3 .3 .2 Vocation_____________ .6 .3 .3 .1 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.2 Community welfare. _ 1.5 1.9 1.7 Gifts and contribu tions to persons outside the econo 2.2 1.3 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.5 1.3 mic family_________ l.fi .5 .1 .8 .3 .7 .8 .8 .4 .3 .6 .6 .5 Other items................. i Throughout the report, the term “ current expenditures” is used to mean expenditures for ultimate consumer goods, including relatively durable consumption goods. Interest on money borrowed for family use has been included in such expenditures, but savings and investments have not. The time and funds available for the investigation have not made possible the presentation of separate totals giving expendi tures for the more slowly consumed, as distinguished from quickly consumed, goods. Indeed, the data on depreciation rates for relatively durable consumer goods are so fragmentary that it would be extremely difficult to do so. Expenditures for such durable goods as automobiles, mechanical refrigerators, and other furnishings and equipment have been classified with expenditures for food and carfare and other quickly consumed goods as “ current expenditures,” while money spent for permanent improvements on owned homes and other real estate or as payment on the principal of mortgages has been classified as savings. The total cost of consumers goods purchased on credit was included in current expenditures, and the amount of the obligations outstanding on them at the end of the year was taken into account when computing changes in liabilities over the 12-month period. (See appendix A, p. 632.) 7 8 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH Food. The central importance of food in the living of these workers’ families is indicated by the fact that, in all the cities, expenditures for food represented a larger proportion of total current expenditures than any other item. This was true despite the decline in food prices from 1926 to 1933. Among the white families from whom figures were obtained in Baltimore, Louisville, and New Orleans, the propor tion spent for food was on the average about that found among families with comparable incomes in New York City. In the remain ing Southern cities the average percentage was from 4 to 9 points lower than that reported in New York. Of the 12 cities under con sideration, the percentage of total expenditures allotted to food was highest in Louisville, averaging 36.1, and lowest in Jackson, where it was 27.6. Average annual food expenditures ranged from $409 in Memphis to $511 in Norfolk. When family size and composition are taken into account, Norfolk also ranked highest, with $164 per adult male equivalent, while Baltimore, Dallas, Louisville, and Houston came next in that order. An analysis of the data shows that the average family food expendi ture is a function not only of income and family size, but also of the level of food prices at the time of the investigation. A significant correlation was found between the rank of food costs in 11 cities,2 and the rank of the average expenditure for food by families included in the survey. There is a definite tendency for the amount spent for food per family and per adult male equivalent to be greater in those cities where the food costs were higher. In New Orleans the average food expenditures ranked considerably higher than would be expected from the level of food costs, the aver age income, and the size of family. The reason lies in part in the large amounts spent for meals at work. Whereas in the other 11 cities, annual expense for noon lunches and other meals by the white families averaged $26, the corresponding expenditures in New Orleans were $43. The relatively high food expenditure in New 2 For the 11 cities for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics collects retail food prices, the retail cost of the Bureau of Home Economics’ adequate diet at minimum cost for a man at moderate work was computed for a period approximating that covered by the investigation. (See Stiebeling, H. K., and Ward, M . S., Diets at four levels of nutritive content and cost, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Circular No. 296, Washington, 1933.) The cities rank as follows in the cost of this diet for the specified periods: Year ending Cost of adequate diet Baltimore.____ _____ Feb. 29,1936 Dallas.. ____________ Jacksonville. , _ Aug. 31,1935 Louisville___________ Feb. 29,1936 Norfolk..................... . ____ do_______ $129 128 128 128 128 City City Houston Richmond Birmingham. Mobile Now Orlpans __ Year ending Cost of adequate diet Feb. 29,1936 Nov. 30,1934 do Feb. 28,1935 Nov. 30,1934 $120 119 118 113 107 IN C O M E LEVEL, AND M ONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S 9 Orleans is not, however, entirely explained by expenditures at res taurants and lunch counters. The average expenditure for food to be consumed at home was also higher than would be expected, and seems to imply that there was a greater emphasis in New Orleans than in the other cities on the variety and the quality of the food which went into the year’s menus. The amount of family income also affects the average. In Norfolk, where the white families studied enjoyed the highest income, the average amount spent for food was greatest even though that city did not have the highest food costs. Average income for the families covered in each city appears nevertheless to be a less important factor in the southern area than in other regions. Housing. Consistently for the white families in all of the 12 cities, expendi tures for housing came next in importance to food. Due to the varying proportion of families having heat and light included in rental payments, accurate comparison of housing expenditures can be made only after the outlays for housing and for fuel, light, and refrigeration have been combined. The proportion of total expenditure allotted to this aspect of family living ranged from 19 percent in Jacksonville to 24 percent in Richmond. In general, these percentages tend to be lower than those found in the North Atlantic, East North Central, and West North Central regions. The differences are probably due in part to differences in mean winter temperatures 3 and hence lower fuel expenditures in the Southern region. A rough notion of housing adequacy may be formed by a check on the type of housing facilities. The proportion of renters without one or more of the four following housing facilities, running hot water, inside flush toilet, electric light, and gas or electricity for cooking, ranged from 70.7 percent in M obile to 17.8 percent in Jackson. For home owners, the corresponding figure ranged from 65.6 percent in M obile to 13.9 percent in Baltimore. These figures were in general higher than those among white families in other regions studied. Clothing. Clothing expenditures came third in importance for the Southern groups studied everywhere except in Dallas and Houston. In all 12 cities the range in the proportions of total expenditures they claimed was somewhat narrower than that in the percentages allotted to food and housing. In 6 of the 12 cities the percentage of the total al lotted to clothes ranged from 10.0 to 10.7 percent. The lowest percentage was 9.3 in Norfolk, and the highest 13.7 in Jackson. 3 Normal mean temperatures for November, December, January, February, and March are: Baltimore, 39.0°; Birmingham, 49.8°; Dallas, 51.0°; Houston, 57.5°; Jackson, 51.1°; Jacksonville, 58.9°; Louisville, 40.3°; Memphis, 46.6°; Mobile, 55.3°; New Orleans, 58,3°; Norfolk, 45.2°; and Richmond, 42.6°, Fahrenheit. 10 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SOUTH T ransportation. In Dallas and Houston the competition of automobile expenditures with those for clothing is very close. In these two cities sums paid out for transportation, both for the purchase, operation, and main tenance of automobiles and motorcycles and for other forms of trans portation, constituted the third largest item of family expenditures, exceeding those for clothing. In the remaining cities this type of outlay formed the fourth largest item. A large part of these ex penditures were undoubtedly for recreational purposes, but it was impossible to secure from the families surveyed any estimate of the distribution of transportation expenditures between the various purposes they served. Automobile expenditures were notably lower in Baltimore, New Orleans, and Louisville, while in each of these cities a higher propor tion of the expenditures were for other forms of transportation. Recreation. The types of expenditure classified under the heading of “ recrea tion” claimed on the average about 5 cents of each family dollar. They ranked fourth in importance of total expenditures in Baltimore and New Orleans, fifth in Norfolk, and sixth in Birmingham, Houston, Jackson, Jacksonville, Louisville, and Mobile. In the recreation group there have been included expenditures for amusement by families of all tastes, but expenditure for tobacco and movies consti tuted the biggest items classed under this heading in each of the 12 cities. Other items. Between 3 and 6 percent of total expenditures were devoted to medical care, and from 4 to 6 percent to furnishings and equipment. In most cities slightly more than 2 percent of all expenditures were allocated to personal care; i. e., services in barber shops and beauty parlors, cosmetics, and toilet articles and preparations. Household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, education, voca tion, community welfare, and gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic families made up the balance of the annual expenditures. Family Income The families studied included persons working in manufacturing industries, wholesale and retail trade, transportation and communi cation, building construction, public employment, hotels and restau rants, banking and real-estate houses, garages, laundries, and places of amusement. In addition, in Norfolk persons engaged in fishing were also included, as were individuals employed in coal mines in Birmingham, and in oil wells in Houston. N o families in which the chief earner was in domestic service were included in the investiga- IN C O M E LEVEE AND MONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S 11 tion, although a family was eligible for scheduling if subsidiary earners were domestic servants. In all the cities except Jacksonville, where trade was the most im portant source of employment, the largest proportion of families had a chief earner engaged in manufacturing. Iron and steel and tobacco manufacturing, together with sawmills and woodworking industries, were the most important in the number of employees drawn from manufacturing industries. Workers in food processing and its allied trades likewise constituted an important part of the sample drawn from manufacturing in all the cities covered in the area. Food man ufacturing (primarily the canning of sea food) was especially promi nent in the New Orleans manufacturing sample, and food manufac turing of other types was of notable importance in Birmingham, Jackson, Jacksonville, Louisville, and Mobile. M any of the workers whose names were drawn from manufacturing establishments were employed in printing, publishing, and engraving establishments, in chemical and allied trades, and in textile and clothing manufacture. After manufacturing, in most of the 12 cities, the next largest group of names were drawn from workers in wholesale and retail trade of various types, and from those in the diverse occupations classed under the heading of transportation and communication. These latter in cluded dock and wharf workers in the seaport cities, workers on steam railroads and electric trolley systems, auto bus and truck op erators, operators and maintenance employees of telephone and tele graph companies, etc. Public employees in municipal, State or Federal offices or agencies also constituted a substantial portion of the sample. Families of wage earners predominated in all the samples, com prising between 53 and 76 percent in each of the 12 cities (see table 2). In Birmingham, Dallas, Jackson, Jacksonville, and Norfolk, families of skilled workers predominated in the wage-earner group, with those of semiskilled workers next in order, and those of unskilled workers least numerous. In the 7 other cities, families in which the chief earner was a semiskilled worker were the most numerous, those of skilled workers being of next importance, and those of unskilled workers least (see table 2). In a time of full employment, the proportion of wage earners would have been somewhat larger in all the cities studied. Even though the dates covered by the survey in these southern cities were sub stantially later than the low points in both employment and payrolls in the manufacturing industries.4 Other reports6 have shown that * Data on employment and pay rolls in separate cities are not available. The low points in the Bureau of Labor Statistics indexes of employment and pay rolls in manufacturing industries for the country as a whole were reached in July 1932 and March 1933, respectively. 6 See for example, Works Progress Administration, Division of Social Research, Monograph IV, 1936, Ur ban Workers on Relief, vol. I., Washington, 1936. 12 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SOUTH such workers have suffered more from irregularity of employment and low earnings in the period since 1929 than clerical workers, and that consequently a larger proportion of them have been on relief. Since the present study excluded families below certain levels of employment and income, and families having been on relief 6 during the year prior to the interview by the field workers, the proportion of clerical workers is larger than it would have been had the study been made in 1929. T able 2 .— Occupational classification of chief earners, 1 year during the period 1 9 8 4 -8 6 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Percentage of families in which chief earner was— City Baltimore______ ___________ ______ ____ _ Birmingham._ _ _ ___ ___________________ Dallas_____ ________________ __________ Houston. _______________ ___ ____________ Jackson._ _____________________________ Jacksonville __ _ ____ _ _____________ Louisville _______________________________ Memphis.________________________________ Mobile ______________ _________________ New Orleans _ _______________ ________ Norfolk-Portsmouth______________________ Richmond___________ ___________________ Number of families in survey 419 202 294 258 150 178 197 194 146 318 162 192 Clerical worker 29.3 37.1 46.9 41.1 46.7 44.9 24.4 40.7 34.9 39.6 28.4 34.9 Skilled wage earner 28.4 33. 7 24.1 22.5 26. 7 28.1 29.4 27.3 28.8 23.0 41.4 29.2 Semiskilled wage earner 32.0 25. 2 23. 5 27.1 21.3 24. 7 30. 5 28.9 32. 2 26.4 22. 2 32.8 Unskilled wage earner 10. 3 4.0 5.5 9.3 5.3 2.3 15.7 3.1 4.1 11.0 8.0 3.1 Net money income per white family studied averaged $1,300 in Louisville and New Orleans, slightly over $1,400 in Mobile, about $1,450 in Baltimore, Birmingham, Dallas, and Memphis, about $1,550 in Houston, Jackson, and Jacksonville, and about $1,600 in Norfolk and Richm ond.7 The average income is influenced in all cities by a scattering of the higher incomes. In every city, the mean average was slightly higher than the median, the income level that divides the families into two equal groups (see table 3). « No figures are available showing the exact number of familes on relief at same time during the period covered by the data. Figures supplied by the Division of Social Research, Works Progress Administration, make it possible, however, to calculate for each city the ratio of the number of families of two or more persons on relief in the month of the maximum relief load during the period of the survey to the number of such families as shown by the census of 1930. This rate varies from 4.2 for Norfolk to 36,0 for Mobile. (See appendix A, p. 650.) 7 To ascertain whether these differences from city to city represented only the chance differences inherent in random sampling or whether they revealed actual differences between income levels of all workers in the respective cities, a statistical test was conducted. R. A. Fisher’s method for the analysis of variance as exemplified in intraclass correlation (discussed on pages 226 and 227 of his “ S t a t i s t i c a l M e t h o d s f o r R e s e a r c h W o r k e r s , ” 6th ed., London, 1936) was used to test whether the mean incomes obtained in the several cities differed more than could be expected if successive samples had been drawn at random from the same popu lation. It was shown that differences in these 12 cities were great enough to imply a statistically significant difference between them. IN C O M E LEVEE, AND MONEY 13 D IS B U R S E M E N T S T able 3. — F am ily incom es , 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -3 6 Number of families in survey............................... Net money income: Arithmetic average. __ First quartile............... M edian_____________ Third quartile_______ 419 202 $1,437 $1,441 1,089 1,078 1, 381 1,390 1, 700 1,785 294 258 150 $1,475 $1, 567 $1,541 1,134 1,249 1,080 1,440 1, 505 1,441 1,800 1,842 1,926 178 197 194 146 318 162 Richmond NorfolkPortsmouth New Orleans Mobile Memphis Louisville Jacksonville Jackson Houston Dallas Birmingham Item Baltimore [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] 192 $1, 566 $1,308 $1,459 $1,417 $1,302 $1,614 $1,585 1,125 911 1,277 1,169 978 1,104 1,036 1,517 1, 236 1,440 1,383 1,260 1, 560 1,495 1,922 1, 535 1,816 1,828 1, 655 1,955 1,908 The range of money incomes was from $500,8 the lower limit set by the plan of the investigation, to the $4,670 reported by a family drawn in the random sample in Richmond. The highest income covered in the survey in each of the other cities was as follows: Mobile__________________________________________________ $4,426 Houston_________________________________________________ 3, 941 New Orleans_____________________________________________ 3, 835 Baltimore_______________________________________________ 3, 744 Birmingham_____________________________________________ 3, 680 Jacksonville_____________________________________________ 3, 677 Jackson_________________________________________________ 3, 657 Louisville________________________________________________ 3, 654 Norfolk_________________________________________________ 3, 573 Dallas___________________________________________________ 3, 402 Memphis________________________________________________ 2, 880 The occupation of the chief earner was found not to be the most important factor in determining the fam ily’s annual income.® The number of earners in the family and their length of employment were quite as significant, if not more so. In each city the maximum incomes were reported by families in which several persons contributed to the family purse. For example, the Richm ond family having an annual income of $4,670 was made up of eight persons, five of whom were earning and contributing their earnings to a common fund. The average number of earners in the family having the maximum annual incomes in the other cities was 3.4. 8 No incomes below $600 were drawn in the samples studied in Houston, Jackson, Louisville, and Norfolk. • An “ economic family” as defined for this study consists of two or more persons living together and shar ing their economic resources. In most cases the members of an economic family are related by ties of blood, marriage, or adoption, but in some cases, an unrelated member was found to share income and family living. Persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption were not treated as members of the economic family if they lived in the household as boarders and kept their funds separate from family funds, unless they gave a com plete record of their incomes and expenditures. Persons who were members of the economic family for an entire year were not necessarily members of the household for the year. A member supported by the family in school, college, or hospital for all or part of the year, or a member working away for that period, would be treated as a member of the economic family but not of the household for the entire year. In computing the number of persons who were part of the economic family for a year, the number of weeks each member had shared his income with the family was listed, the numbers summed and the total divided by 52. This procedure yielded the number of equivalent persons who had made up the family for 1year. 14 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH The relationship between family income and number of contribu tors to the family fund suggested by the foregoing example is con firmed by other data from the investigation (see table 4). Average earnings of the chief earner at the lowest income level (i. e. families receiving from $500 to $900) averaged between $631 and $763 in the 12 cities. The proportion of total family income represented by the earnings of the chief earners decreased with rise in income level. This decline was accounted for largely by the sharp increase in earn ings of subsidiary earners among families with larger incomes, as there was no regular change in the proportion of total income coming from sources other than earnings at different income levels. In some cases, two earners produced less than $900 of family income; in fact, in half the southern cities, at least 1 out of every 5 families with incomes of less than $900 had more than 1 person employed at some time during the year. The proportion of families with more than 1 gainful worker increased, though not markedly, within the family income range from $900 to $2,100. In general, 1 out of each 2 to 4 such families had more than 1 earner. Within this range the family income of wage earning families depends to a great extent upon the size of the individual incomes. However, the opportunities for individual earnings of more than $2,100 are so limited among wage earners 10 that family incomes of more than this amount depend primarily upon the presence of several earners. Thus in all but 1 southern city studied, at least 1 out of 2 of the families that had incomes of more than $2,000 achieved this level because of the presence of 2 or more earners in the family; in 3 cities all families above this level averaged more than 2 earners per family. The number of gainful workers per family was relatively lowest at all income levels in Norfolk, where a large number of highly skilled workers are regularly employed in the navy yards. In view of the criteria used in selecting families for inclusion in the study (see pp. 658-663), it is not surprising to find that earnings of individuals (excluding receipts from boarders and lodgers) constituted the chief element in family incomes. Indeed, in every city, earnings of individuals represented 95 percent or more of total family income (see tables 4 and 5). Of the remaining 5 percent of family income, the greatest proportion came from net receipts from boarders and lodgers. The next largest item in most cities was pensions and insurance annuities, followed by rent, interest, and dividends. The latter items accounted for an average of $17 per family in NorfolkPortsmouth and, at the low end of the range, for only $5 per family in Birmingham, Dallas, and Louisville. Gifts from persons outside the economic family (chiefly relatives) and income from miscellaneous io it should be noted that families of clerical workers earning more than $2,000 were not included in the sample. 15 INCOME LEVEL, AND MONEY DISBURSEMENTS souices were generally small. Business losses and expenses not deductible from individual earnings but deductible from total family income, averaged $6 or less in all cities but Houston. T able 4 . — Sources of fa m ily income at successive income levels, 1 year during the period 1934.-36 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers— White other than Mexican] Income group Number of fami lies Percentage of income from— Average Average number net of gainful money workers Earnings Earnings of sub Other per of chief income 1 sidiary sources 4 family 2 earner earners 3 Baltimore, all families............ .................... . 419 $1,437 1.40 84.8 13.9 1.3 Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900.......................................$900 to $1,200.................................... $1,200 to $1,500— ............................. $1,500 to $1,800________ ______ _ $1,800 to $2,100____________ ____ _ $2,100 to $2,400____________ ____ _ $2,400 to $2,700______________ ____ $2,700 and over......................... ....... 49 95 120 67 51 17 9 11 765 1,057 1,349 1,625 1, 933 2, 252 2,483 3,070 1.16 1.24 1.31 1. 39 1.63 2.24 2.33 1.91 94.5 90.1 88.1 90.6 81.7 61.6 68.7 69.5 4.7 8.5 10.9 9.2 16.5 36.4 29.7 26.5 .8 1.4 1.0 .2 1.8 2.0 1.6 4.0 Birmingham, all families-------------------------- 202 1,441 1.39 86.1 10.8 3.1 Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900___ ______ ___________ $900 to $1,200...................... .............. $1,200 to $1,500-............................. . $1,500 to $1,800-............................ . $1,800 to $2,100.................................. $2,100 to $2,400____ ____ _________ $2,400 and over....... ....................... . 24 39 50 41 36 7 5 748 1,044 1,320 1, 639 1,892 2, 211 3,131 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.43 1.29 1.69 2.98 84.4 89.0 90.4 88.2 88.3 76.8 52.2 12.0 8.0 7.1 9.1 8.9 21.3 38.2 3.6 3.0 2.5 2.7 2.8 1.9 9.6 Dallas, all families................................. ........ 294 1,475 1. 36 85.8 12.9 1.3 Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900______________________ $900 to $1,200________ ___________ $1,200 to $1,500................................. $1,500 to $1,800____________ ____ _ $1,800 to $2,100___________________ $2,100 to $2,400___________________ $2,400 to $2,700_______ ___________ $2,700 and over................. ................ 30 57 71 57 57 8 8 6 759 1,040 1,331 1, 618 1,915 2,223 2, 507 2, 926 1.23 1. 33 1.34 1.19 1. 37 1.62 2. 50 2.17 87.7 89.2 89.9 91.5 87.0 73.6 62.3 52.9 7.9 10.0 9.4 7.6 12.3 25.3 35.4 41.3 4.4 .8 .7 .9 .7 1.1 2.3 5.8 258 1, 567 1. 52 86.7 11.9 1.4 12 46 67 58 53 10 12 738 1,068 1, 357 1, 642 1,929 2, 243 2,979 1. 75 1. 35 1.3A 1.47 1.53 1.80 2.83 85.6 92.1 91.5 92.6 89.0 72.3 53.1 13.7 7.6 6.9 6.6 9.2 21.5 45.5 .7 .3 1.6 .8 1.8 6.2 1.4 150 1,541 1.59 79.7 18.2 2.1 17 30 32 24 20 15 5 7 761 1,043 1, 327 1,636 1,929 2,208 2,492 2,983 1. 29 1. 30 1.34 1.46 1.95 1.87 2.80 2. 71 93.8 91.9 86.0 86.6 72.8 77.1 57.8 57.0 6.3 6.7 11.1 10.9 26.1 19.3 41.5 41.1 -.1 1.4 2.9 2.5 1.1 3.6 .7 1.9 Houston, all families____________ ______ _ Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900______________________ $900 to $1,200_____________________ $1,200 to $1,500___________________ $1,500 to $1,800___________________ $1,800 to $2,100___________________ $2,100 to $2,400___________________ $2,400 and over................................. Jackson, all families..................................... Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900______________________ $900 to $1,200.............. ................... . $1,200 to $1,500__________ ____ _ $1,500 to $1,800............... ................... $1,800 to $2,100__________ ______ _ $2,100 to $2,400__________ ________ $2,400 to $2,700_________ _________ $2,700 and over....... ....................... . 1Net money income is defined in appendix A, p. 631. 2A gainful worker is defined as a person having had some gainful employment in business or industry or domestic service at any time during the year. (Some families included persons in domestic service as subsidiary earners.) 3 Including net earnings from boarders and lodgers. 4Less business losses and expenses not deductible from earnings of the year covered by the schedule. 16 T TW ELVE able C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH 4 . — Sources of fa m ily income at successive income levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -3 6 — C on tinu ed Income group Jacksonville, all families_________________ Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900______________________ $900 to $1,200_____________________ $1,200 to $1,500___________________ $1,500 to $1,800___________________ $1,800 to $2,100___________________ $2,100 to $2,400___ ____ __________ $2,400 to $2,700______ ____________ $2,700 and over__________________ Louisville, all families___________________ Percentage of income from— Average number of gainful Earnings workers Earnings of sub Other per of chief sidiary sources family earner earners Number of fami lies Average net money income 178 $1, 566 1.50 84.3 13.9 1.8 20 33 33 32 34 13 5 8 751 1,056 1,345 1, 626 1,924 2, 233 2,528 3,189 1.45 1.42 1. 30 1.41 1.47 1.69 2.20 2.50 90.0 89.4 92.9 86.1 90.5 82.0 62.9 52.0 7.6 9.1 4.2 11.6 8.7 17.3 36.5 44.6 2.4 1.5 2.9 2.3 .8 .7 .6 3.4 197 1, 308 1. 31 88.6 10.1 1.3 Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900______________________ $900 to $1,200_____________________ $1,200 to $1,500___________________ $1,500 to $1,800___________________ $1,800 to $2,100___________________ $2,100 and over................................ 33 59 51 29 17 8 781 1, 057 1, 340 1, 650 1,944 2, 545 1.18 1.20 1. 35 1.34 1. 65 1.50 95.1 91.7 86.6 92.0 82.9 78.8 4.2 7.0 12.5 7.6 16.7 13.4 .7 1.3 .9 .4 .4 7.8 Memphis, all families____________________ 194 1,459 1.18 90.4 7.8 1.8 Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900______________________ $900 to $1,200_____________________ $1,200 to $1,500__________ _____ $1,500 to $1,800.— ______ _____ $1,800 to $2,100___ _______________ $2,100 and over..... .......... _..............- 25 35 44 37 40 13 749 1,072 1,345 1, 628 1,915 2, 381 1.04 1.14 1.20 1.11 1.12 1. 77 97.6 92.4 89.6 95.1 91.9 72.4 1.1 5.7 9.6 2.8 6.3 24.8 1.3 1.9 .8 2.1 1.8 2.8 Mobile, all families______________________ 146 1,417 1.41 87.6 10.8 1.6 Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900______________________ $900 to $1,200____________ _______ $1,200 to $1,500___________________ $1,500 to $1,800___________________ $1,800 to $2,100___________________ $2,100 and over__________________ 29 21 35 24 26 11 702 1, 056 1, 320 1, 652 1,938 2, 575 1.20 1. 39 1.45 1.23 1. 34 2.39 97.0 86.6 87.9 92.6 92.7 65.2 3.1 10.2 9.9 6.9 5.3 33.8 -. 1 3.2 2.2 .5 2.0 1.0 New Orleans, all families__________ _ 318 1. 302 1.33 84.9 12. 5 2.6 Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900______________________ $900 to $1,200____________ _______ $1,200 to $1,500___________________ $1,500 to $1,800___________________ $1,800 to $2.100...................... ............ $2,100 to $2,400___________________ $2,400 and over________ _________ 74 71 60 72 25 7 9 731 1,038 1,332 1, 671 1,885 2,094 2,656 1.17 1.13 1.37 1.29 1.73 2. 36 2.43 94.0 92.3 84.7 89.0 79.8 49.0 55.3 5.1 5.7 11.6 8.7 19.2 39.7 44.3 .9 2.0 3.7 2.3 1.0 11.3 .4 ----- 162 1, 614 1.12 93.4 3.7 2.9 Families with annual net income of— $600 to $900 5_____________________ $900 to $1,200_______ ____________ $1,200 to $1,500___________________ $1,500 to $1,800___________________ $1,800 to $2,100-.____ ____________ $2,100 to $2,400--______ _________ $2,400 and over— ............... .............. 10 23 40 32 28 20 9 785 1, 057 1,344 1, 620 1,917 2,199 2,876 1.00 1.35 1.05 1.06 1.14 1.15 1.11 97.2 90.0 95.2 96.2 95.6 95.0 79.3 2.4 8.1 3.6 2.0 3.1 3.5 4.6 .4 1.9 1.2 1.8 1.3 1.5 16.1 Richmond, all families_________________ . 192 1, 585 1.59 79.8 18.4 1.8 Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900 _____________________ 27 750 1.16 $900 to $1,200____________________ 29 1, 111 1. 52 $1,200 to $1,500___________________ 42 1,347 1. 55 $1,500 to $1,800___________________ 37 1,658 1.40 $1,800 to $2,100___________________ 24 1,977 1.67 $2,100 to $2,400___________________ 12 2, 214 1. 69 $2,400 to $2,700___________________ 12 2, 540 2. 28 $2,700 and over_______________ 9 2. 99 3,270 6No cases of families receiving less than $600 occurred in the sample. 94.7 85.0 86.9 87.2 82.5 75.4 64.3 50.7 3.1 14.3 11.0 11.3 16.3 20.7 34.8 46. 6 2.2 .7 2.1 1.5 1.2 3.9 .9 2.7 Norfolk-Portsmouth, all families----- IN C O M E LEVEE AND MONEY 17 D IS B U R S E M E N T S T able 5. — Item s comprising fa m ily incom e , 1 year during the period 193J+S6 NorfolkPortsmouth New Or leans Mobile Memphis Louisville Jackson ville Jackson Houston Dallas Birmingham Xl"0 p Vo 1 i Item B a 11 i more [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Number of families in 194 202 294 258 150 318 162 192 178 197 146 survey ----------------------419 Average net money in come, to ta l... _______ $1, 437 $1,441 $1, 475 $1, 567 $1,541 $1, 566 $1, 308 $1, 459 $1, 417 $1, 302 $1, 614 $1, 585 Average earnings from all individuals_________ 1, 391 1, 370 1, 435 1, 525 1,490 1, 518 1, 258 1,394 1, 384 1,248 1, 541 1, 521 Net earnings from board 11 21 19 33 39 35 20 19 20 26 25 ers and lodgers_____ __ 27 Total income from all other sources: Rent, interest, and 12 11 11 5 6 15 6 dividends____ _ _ 11 5 7 5 17 Pensions and insur 4 6 15 9 13 17 11 11 7 8 20 3 ance annuities_____ 8 4 3 5 7 8 9 7 3 6 7 Gifts________________ 1 5 6 9 4 2 4 5 12 7 7 Miscellaneous sources. 3 19 Business losses and ex -5 -4 -6 -2 -6 -1 5 -5 -1 penses (deduct)________ 0) 0) 0) 0) i Less than $0.50 Distribution of Expenditures at Successive Income Levels Family expenditures for each one of the major groups of items in the budget increased with increases in income. The relative increase differed, however, from one item to another. (See Tabular Summary table 6.) The percentages spent for food, and for housing, and fuel, light, and refrigeration combined, were generally smaller at the higher income levels than at the lower. On the other hand the percentage spent for clothing, transportation, items of household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, and gifts to persons outside the economic family tended to increase with increases in income. The tendency noted in other regions for the percentage of total expenditures allotted to personal care to remain constant regardless of income holds true in general for the cities in the southern region, but the average proportion in the southern cities is as a rule 2.5 percent, as compared with 2.0 in most of the cities in other regions. Recreation expenditures accounted for about the same percentage of total expenditures at high as at low income levels, except in New Orleans, where there was a very definite rise in the proportions allotted to recreation from low to high income levels. Contributions to com munity welfare in the form of income and poll taxes, gifts to com munity institutions, and other miscellaneous expenses received about the same percent of total expenditures at high as at low income levels. The particular circumstances of a given family, its tastes and habits, its experience, with unexpected illness or other emergencies, all may contribute to explain differences in its expenditures in a particular 18 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH year from those of other families in the same city, even if they were of the same size and have the same incomes. In small samples, the experience of individual families tends at times to produce erratic movements. Thus, for example, expenditure for medical care showed no clear relation to income level. Also, the percentage expenditures for furnishings and equipment failed to show a consistent tendency from low to high income levels in all 12 cities. Irregularities in the movement of the percentage of total expenditures going to such items as clothing, recreation, gifts, and contributions were noted in many cities. At the highest incomes, where the sample is smallest, there were irregularities even in the movement of the percentage of total expenditures going for food and housing. The general pattern of expenditure emerges more clearly if the data are portrayed without regard to these fluctuations that may be due entirely to the fact that only a small proportion of the workers in the city could be surveyed. The pattern is best revealed by curves that cut through these accidental variations and that approximate the results which would probably have been obtained had it been possible to obtain a schedule from every family in the employed wage earner and clerical group. Such an estimate for Baltimore is presented in figures 1 and 2. The scale used in figure 1 in graphing patterns of family expend itures was chosen to show the absolute importance of the different items included in the family budget. It shows the concentration of family funds in expenditures for food and housing. It also brings out the current competition between expenditures for clothing and for transportation. A t all income levels within the range studied, average family expenditures for transportation (including expenditure for automobile purchase and operation) were nearly as great as those for clothing. A t no income level in Baltimore, however, did they exceed clothing expenditures as in Dallas, Houston, and certain cities in the Pacific, West North Central, and East North Central regions. In this respect Baltimore was more like Philadelphia, selected as typical of the North Atlantic region than like the cities farther west. The cluster of lines at the bottom of the chart makes clear the relatively small sums available for other expenditures after the essentials of food, housing, clothing, and transportation are paid for. They empha size the difficulties which families in this group encounter when they meet unexpected emergencies, and the limited margin with which they buy those commodities and services which are so important in adding variety to urban life. The difference in the relative change from one income level to another in expenditures for competing categories of consumption is best illustrated by the logarithmic scale of figure 2. The thin lines on the chart indicate the slope which would be graphed for an expendi- 19 INCOME LEVEL AND MONEY DISBURSEMENTS F i* I PATTERNS OF FAMILY EXPENDITURES AT SUCCESSIVE INCOME LEVELS AMONG WAGE EARNERS AND LOWER-SALARIED CLERICAL WORKERS BALTIMORE, 1935-1936 WHITE ANNUAL EXPEN D IT U RE ( I n D o lla rs ) FAMILIES ANNUAL EXPEN D ITURE ( I n D o lla rs ) IOOO 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 ANNUAL INCOME IN DOLLARS U. 9. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 2700 3000 20 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH Fig. 2 RELATIVE FAMILY EXPENDITURES AT SUCCESSIVE INCOME LEVELS AMONG WAGE EARNERS AND LOWER SALARIED CLERICAL WORKERS BALTIMORE, 1935-1936 A N N U A L E X P E N D I T U R E (In D o lla r s ) W H IT E FAMILIES A N N U A L E X P E N D IT U R E ( In D o lla r s ) A N N U A L IN CO M E IN D O L L A R S The slopes o f the lines show the percent increase in expenditure corresponding to the percent increase inincom e. A slope g reater than th a t o f a 4 5 degree line represents a gain o f the specified k in d o f expenditure re la tiv e ly g reater than the gain in income-, a slope less than th a t o f a 4 5 degree line represents a gain relatively sm a lle r. t ) .s . Bu r e a u of la b o r s t a t is t ic s . IN C O M E LEVEL, AND MONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S 21 ture that increased in exact proportion to income: thus, for example, a tenfold increase of expenditure accompanying a tenfold increase of income as one reads from left to right. The relative steepness of the curves therefore suggests the relative elasticities of the various types of expenditure. Thus, housing expenditures are here seen to be much less elastic than those for most other categories of goods or services and to increase much less rapidly than income. The pressure on low-income families of housing costs, which are relatively higher in Baltimore than in comparable cities, partly explains the inelasticity of the housing figure. Especially among the larger families at the higher income levels there is a tendency to let increases in purchases of other types take precedence over increases in housing expenditures. Thus, food expenditures, also less elastic than other expenditures at low incomes, rise almost in proportion to income at the higher levels. While this is true of total family expenditures for food, figures presented in table 6 show the irregularity of the increases in food expenditures per adult male equivalent with rise in family income. These figures and the curves in figures 1 and 2 serve to emphasize the fact that due to the urgency of other wants which go unsatisfied at the lower-income levels, expenditures for food and housing in the wage earner and clerical group seldom rise above the level regarded by the group as a satis factory minimum (taking size and composition of family into account) while in many cases they fail to reach that minimum. The much greater urgency of increases in clothing expenditures as compared with those for food and housing is easily understood when the small size of the average clothing expenditures at low-income levels is considered. Transportation and furnishings and equipment expenditures show even greater elasticity than those for clothing up to the $1,200 income level. The rapid rise suggests that few families at the lowest income levels studied can afford automobiles or other than bare essentials of household equipment, but that these items are among the first to be added when incomes permit. A t higher levels within the income range studied, however, transportation expenditures continue as elastic as those for clothing, in contrast to a rapid tapering off in relative purchase of furnishings and equipment. Evidently, after a few of the most essential items of convenience and comfort have been added to the house furnishings and equipment, additional funds are more likely to go for clothes or automobiles, recreation, gifts, or miscellaneous items. Household operation expenditures, other than those for fuel, light, and refrigeration, on the other hand, increase relatively rapidly after the $1,200 income level, reflecting the demand for laundry services and some domestic help when income permits, 7 4 3 9 0 °— 41------- 3 22 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH while the flatness of the curve at the lower income levels suggests the indispensable character of certain expenditures for household supplies Variations in money disbursements. For many reasons of taste, habit or circumstances peculiar to a given year or a given family situation, the expenditures of a particular family for a certain item or group of items may deviate considerably from the average for a large group of families. Thus a family which experienced a serious illness of the principal earner might be obliged to incur medical and perhaps hospital expenses and possibly to defer purchases of clothing and recreational items and payments on back debts; a family with a gifted child might make considerable sacrifices of clothing, transportation, and even food in order to provide special lessons in the hope of an artistic career for the child; the young couple recently married will probably spend much more for furniture and equipment than an older couple with the same incom e; a family with dependent relatives must make larger contributions to persons outside the economic family than one whose relatives are more fortunately situated. In interpreting the average figures presented in this volume, it is important to keep in mind some idea of the extent of these variations from the average, and their magnitude for the different main cate gories of expenditures. Because of differences of family income and size as well as for the reasons cited, the average expenditure of all families covered has only a limited significance. This is more true for certain categories of expenditure than for others. Data presented in table 24-A of the Tabular Summary show the extent to which the expenditures of individual families vary from the average in each city. In general the cities with the highest average expenditures had the lowest meas ures of variation 11 while the reverse was true of cities with smallest average expenditures. Though the measures of variation are not identical from city to city for given categories of expenditure, they are sufficiently similar to reveal distinct patterns of variation for different types of expendi tures. There is relatively less variation in food and housing ex penditures than in any other item of the family budget. The next group of items, personal care, clothing, recreation, and household operation, other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, are definitely more variable. When we come however to medical care, transportation, and furnishings and equipment, we find relatively the greatest vari- 1 * The measure of variation used, the coefficient of variation, expresses the dispersion about the average of the individual items which go to make up the average. The measure is in percentage terms, i. e., is inde pendent of the size of the average. For fuller statement, see appendix A, note on tables 24-A and 24-B, p. 647. In the textual discussion, the terms variation, measure of variation, degree of variation, variability, etc., should be understood always to refer to coefficients of variation as set forth in tables 24-A and 24-B of the tabular summary. INCOME LEVEE. AND MONEY DDSBUESEMENTS 23 ability, three or four times as much as for food expenditures. The variability in savings and in deficits, for families ending the year with savings, or “ in the red,” along with that for transportation and “ other items” places them in the most variable group of expenditure items. The very listing of the above groups of items suggests the probable reasons for the striking differences in variability for certain categories. Food and housing, m ajor items in the family budget, must be pur chased regularly by all families and, within the income and occupa tional range of this study, wide variations from the average are not to be expected. A t the opposite extreme, many items of furnishings and equipment are purchased by relatively few families in any 1 year and such outlays when made involve comparatively heavy expendi tures. The great irregularity in transportation expenditures represents the difference between expenditures at one extreme of those families which spent only for trolley or bus fares essential to get to work and to stores, and at the other extreme of those which purchased auto mobiles during the schedule year. Contrary to the tendency noted in other regions, the relative variation in transportation expenditures were, in general, greater in the larger cities than in the smaller ones. Irregularity in medical care expenditures reflect differences in emer gency situations encountered during the year by individual families. The relatively high variability in savings and deficits indicates the wide differences in the circumstances affecting expenditure and in the management of family finances. Tests reveal that there is no apparent relation between the excess of expenditures over incomes, the average income or expenditure, or city size and the size of the coefficient of variation of deficits or surpluses. Even at the same income level, it is hardly to be expected that any two families will spend their funds in exactly the same way. The significance of the various averages presented— the extent to which families tend to conform to the average pattern— is shown by income levels for the cities of Houston and Norfolk in tables 24-B and 24-C of the Tabular Summary.12 For almost every category of expenditure there is less variation in the expenditures of families in any given income class than there is in the expenditures of the city group as a whole. The data presented in the Tabular Summary, tables 24-B and 24-C for Houston and Norfolk on the variability of expenditure by income level can also be studied in connection with similar data from other regions. When the findings for seven cities in six different regions are compared, it is found that there was relatively less variation from the average in the expenditures of individual families at higher than 12 Measures of variation for families of separate types by income level, were computed for families studied in New York City (see B . L. S. 637, vol. I, Tabular Summary, table 24). Funds were not available for similar computations for other regions. 24 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH at lower incomes for a number of categories. This was true of expendi tures for clothing, furnishings and equipment, and medical care. The higher relative variations in expenditures for several categories at the lower income levels suggest the close pressure of these narrow margins of family income. For a low income family, an emergency or unusual expenditure for medical care, furnishings, or automobile was apt to mean a sharp corresponding trimming in the others, so that individual families studied spent anywhere from zero to rather large amounts for some of these items. Their incomes were not large enough to permit them to allocate their resources regularly from year to year in about the same proportions for these various family require ments, but rather they stretched their dollars as best they might. For the higher income families, on the contrary, the smaller relative variability in several categories of expenditures indicates that it was possible for these families to work out a more consistent pattern of expenditures. Such drastic rearrangements in their budgets were not required even should an emergency expenditure arise. They were more nearly able to plan regular replacements of items of clothing and furnishings, to make regular as well as emergency expenditures for medical care, and to plan definite expenditure for personal care. Income Levels and Planes o f Living Size and composition o f family. The amount of the family income and the number of persons in the family are both of importance in determining the way the family income is spent. It is, therefore, crucial to understand the family types which predominate at each income level among the families studied. The average size of the white families drawn in the sample in each of the 12 cities varied from 3.31 persons in Dallas to 4.03 persons in M obile.13 If the investigation had been extended to families on relief, the average size of family would have been somewhat larger in all the cities.14 13 Data are available in the 1930 census (those for Jackson and for Mobile in the unpublished records of the Census Bureau) which make it possible to calculate the median size of white families of two or more persons in each city at that date. In cities, the average size of family in the sample surveyed was slightly larger than the census median, in slightly smaller. The median size of families of two or more persons as com puted from the census data are as follows: Baltimore________________________________ 3.65 Louisville________________________________ 3.43 Birmingham_____________________________ 3. Memphis________________________________ 3.42 Dallas_____________________ ____ _________ 3.29 Mobile______ ______ _____________________ 3.72 Houston..._____ _________________________ 3.29 New Orleans...____ _____________________ 3.73 Jackson__________________________________ 3. 50 Norfolk__________________________________ . Jacksonville_______________________ ____ 3.40 Richmond_______________________________ . The average size of the families of two or more persons on the relief rolls in these cities in the month when relief was at a maximum varied from 3.4 persons in Dallas to 4.8 in Birmingham and Memphis. (See appen dix A, p. 650.) 1 11 66 14 3 57 3 55 INCOME LEVEL, AND MONEY DISBURSEMENTS 25 In all 12 cities except Jacksonville and Norfolk about 40 percent of families reported no children under 16 years of age.15 The propor tion was about one-third in those two cities. In 11 of the 12 samples the average size of family in the group with incomes less than $900 was less than that for the samples as a whole. This smaller family size at the lowest income level among the inde pendent families covered in the present investigation compared with the larger size of the families on the relief rolls emphasizes the diffi culty of supporting a family with several children in a period when opportunities for employment are limited. It has already been indicated that among families of wage earners and clerical workers, increases in family income are largely dependent on the number of employable persons making up the family group. When the families are classified by family income, the number of persons over 16 years of age tends to increase with increases in the total income. This situation is characteristic of all 12 cities. The change in the number of children under 16 years of age with increase in the income of the family is less regular.16 Planes of living determined by family size as well as income. Preliminary study of the variations in the amounts and kinds of goods purchased by families in different income classes emphasizes the obvious fact that the plane at which a family lives is determined quite as much by the number, age, sex, and occupation of the persons dependent on family income as by the size of the income. Since average size of family is larger at higher income levels, it is impossible to assume that the plane of living is proportional to income. Further more, it is evident that in any one income class there are included families with very different planes of living, the differences depending on the composition of the families to be supported with the given income. For example, among the 419 families surveyed in Baltimore, there were 67 with incomes ranging from $1,500 to $1,800. Of these, 31 were families including 2 or 3 persons. They lived in relative comfort is Except in New Orleans, of the families without young children, about a half were families of husband and wife only; between a fourth and a third were families of husband, wife, sons, and daughters or other family members over 16 years of age; and about a fifth were families of adults not including a husband and wife. This last group is made up of a variety of family types: widows or widowers with children over 16 years old, and brothers and sisters uniting their economic resources are the most frequent. In New Orleans the families without children under 16 were about equally divided among these three family types. In Mobile and Richmond, the largest number of children under 16 years of age occurs at the lowest income level, and the number varies irregularly as incomes rise. In Norfolk the number of children per family rises with increase in income to approximately one and one-half children at the $1,200 to $1,500 group and in Baltimore at the $1,500 to $1,800 group, and then declines irregularly. In Jacksonville an average of one and one-half children per family is reached at the $1,800 to $ income group, and then the average declines. In Louisville, a maximum of two cnildren is reached at this income level. In Jackson the aver age climbs to one and two-thirds children under 16 years of age in the group with incomes of $2,100 to $2,400. At no one of the income levels studied in the other five cities (Birmingham, Dallas, Houston, Memphis, and New Orleans) did the average number of children exceed one and one-third per family. 16 2,100 26 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH at this income level. In the same income class there were 36 families of 4 or more persons in which expenditures were definitely more re stricted, depending on the number and the age of the persons in the family. (See Tabular Summary, table 5.) In this group of families the plane of living was necessarily considerably lower than in the families with only 3 or less members. Since one of the primary purposes of the investigation was to deter mine the kind of purchases made by families at different economic levels, the detailed analysis of expenditures has been based upon a classification which takes into account not only the total amount of money available for family living, but, also, the composition of the family for which it is spent. The process of classifying families ac cording to their consumption level (see appendix G, pp. 688-695) may be indicated from the case of two families, each spending $1,450 during the schedule year. The first family consisted of a man of 40 working as a machine operator; his wife, 38; two sons aged 15 and 6; and two daughters, aged 12 and 8. In addition, the family was responsible during 6 months for the total support of the wife’s mother, who lived with them during half the year. This family is regarded as consisting of six and one-half equivalent full-time persons. The second family consists of a man of 27, also a machine operator; his wife, 26; a daugh ter of 4 years and an infant son 1% years old. This is a four-person family. The first family spent $725 and the smaller family $780 for all items other than food and clothing. There is not enough informa tion at present available on the influence of age or sex on these general types of expenditure to improve upon the assumption that equal ex penditures are incurred for each family member. The per capita expenditure per equivalent full-time person in the first family was $112 as against $195 in the second family for all items other than food and clothing. In the case of food, studies of customary expenditures and of dietary needs have been made in sufficient detail to allow for the creation of scales of expenditure for each age, sex, and activity group in terms of the customary expenditures of an adult male employed full time. The food-expenditure scales adopted in this study indicate that the first family consists of the equivalent of 5.5 adult males in the family for the full year. This unit will be subsequently referred to in the present study as a “ food-expenditure unit.” The second family consists of 2.9 food-expenditure units. The first family spent $580 per year for food, or the equivalent of $105 per expenditure unit. The second family spent $500, which, although a substantially smaller proportion of its total income, amounted to $172 per food-expenditure unit. Finally, in connection with clothing, it has been possible as a result of this study to derive scales of customary expenditures related to sex, age, and occupation. If the average expenditures of adult male wage INCOME LEVEL A M 27 MONEY DISBURSEMENTS earners and lower-salaried clerical workers between the ages of 21 and 35 inclusive are regarded as equivalent to one clothing expenditure unit, the larger of the two families contains 4.0 clothing expenditure units while the smaller family contains 2.6. The first family spent $145 for clothing and the smaller family, $170. This was an average per clothing expenditure unit of $36 for the first family and $65 for the second. The economic level of the first family has been measured by the sum of these three types of unit expenditure; $105 for food; $36 for clothing; and, $112 for all other items; total for the family, $253 per expenditure unit. The smaller family is classified with those that have expenditure per unit of more than $400 but less than $500. In both cases, this means that these particular families are grouped as regards economic level with families whose incomes may be quite different. For example, a widow with one young child, earning $100 a month, would be grouped with the smaller of the two families, as would also a very large family with an income of more than $3,000. Since family income is so closely related to family composition it is important that expenditures be analyzed in relation to number of expenditure units. This will be more clearly seen from table 6. For example in Baltimore, the average family expenditure at the highest income level shown was slightly more than 3 % times that at the low est, but the unit expenditure at the highest income level was only slightly more than that at the lowest level. In subsequent discussions in this bulletin, expenditures will be analyzed b y economic or consumption level. The number of levels distinguished for any given city depends on the number of families which furnished information, and the way in which they were dis tributed among the several expenditure-per-unit groups. T able 6 . — A v era g e u n it exp en d itu re at successive in co m e levels , 1 yea r d uring the p eriod 1 9 8 4 - 8 6 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Income group Average Average Average Average amount unit ex Average Average size of unit total Number family in expendi unit food clothing spent for pendi of other expendi expendi ture for expendi families ture per items per all items ture ture family ture person units B A L T IM O R E Families with annual net in come of— $500 to $900_____ _____ ____ $900 to $1,200.......................... $1,200 to $1,500...... ............... $1,500 to $1,800...... ................ $1,800 to $ ................. . $2,100 to $2,400..................... . $2,400 to $2,700____________ $2,700 and over.._ ............... 2,100 49 95 120 67 51 17 9 11 2.59 2.94 3.10 3.61 3.83 4. 26 4. 28 4.30 $799 1,053 1, 352 1, 568 1, 841 2,092 2,399 2,743 $127 147 164 167 172 177 204 222 $24 39 48 60 61 69 64 94 $156 171 223 206 245 242 291 317 $308 358 436 434 481 491 561 638 28 TWELVE CITIES OE THE SOUTH T able 6 . — A verag e u n it exp en d itu re at successive in co m e levels, 1 ye a r d u rin g the p eriod 1 9 3 4 - 8 6 — Continued Income group Average Average Average Average Average Average size of amount Number family total unit in unit food clothing spent for unit ex of expendi pendi expendi expendi other families ture per expendi ture ture items per ture for family ture all items units person B IR M IN G H A M Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900________________ $900 to $1,200...... ................... $1,200 to $1,500....................... $1,500 to $1,800........ .............. $1,800 to $ ....................... $ to $2,400_____ ______ $2,400 and over...................... 2,100 2,100 24 39 50 41 36 7 5 3.33 3. 39 3.47 3.49 3.20 2.84 4.73 $769 1,080 1, 350 1, 676 1, 910 2,179 2,856 $83 113 131 142 196 243 153 $27 46 50 64 73 114 $116 159 206 261 346 442 300 $231 319 389 480 597 767 604 27 41 51 71 84 117 104 122 137 178 232 278 330 433 406 405 279 342 432 518 609 800 684 732 27 40 52 62 71 71 84 114 138 179 258 322 374 307 330 307 265 368 456 535 632 568 573 590 39 51 275 366 491 469 536 456 503 681 100 DALLAS Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900..:_____________ $900 to $1.200______________ $1,200 to $1,500______ ____ _ $1,500 to $1,800........ ............. ........ .......... . $1,800 to $ $2,100 to $2,400____________ $2,400 to $2,700____________ $2,700 and over____________ 2,100 30 57 71 57 57 8 8 6 2.86 3.05 3.10 3. 07 3. 07 2.60 3. 76 3.80 797 1,044 1, 338 1, 590 1,871 2,081 2,571 2,780 112 129 146 168 187 238 172 205 H OUSTON Families with annual net in come of— $500 to $900................. .......... $900 to $ ________ ____ _ $1,200 to $1,500______ _____ $1,500 to $1,800...................... $1,800 to $ , . ............... . $2,100 to $2,400____________ $2,400 to $3,000................... . $ and over. .................. 1,200 2100 3,000 12 46 67 58 53 10 7 5 2.80 3.05 3.08 3.03 3.09 3. 76 4. 07 5. 37 743 1,122 1, 405 1, 620 1,954 2,135 2, 333 3.168 100 131 142 156 185 185 166 159 JACKSON Families with annual net in come of— $600 to $900________________ $900 to $ ______________ $1,200 to $1,500____________ $1,500 to $1,800................... . $1,800 to $ ....................... $2,100 to $2,400.................... $2,400 to $2,700____________ $2,700 and over.................. . 1,200 2,100 17 30 32 24 2.87 3.03 2. 76 3.48 3.60 4. 67 4 3.83 1, 354 1, 631 1, 930 2,130 2,443 2,610 93 118 139 133 135 136 135 171 114 141 195 285 258 319 247 277 396 33 33 32 34 13 5 2.91 2.89 3. 31 3. 22 3. 76 3. 41 3. 76 3. 52 793 1,062 1,334 1, 592 1, 905 2,116 2, 524 3,266 113 137 142 160 164 178 161 193 27 38 46 60 67 74 81 128 132 191 214 273 274 367 423 593 273 367 403 494 507 621 671 928 33 59 51 29 17 2.81 2.78 3. 51 3. 22 4.60 3.88 793 1, 071 1,324 1, 582 1,863 2, 426 150 153 170 157 216 26 38 50 56 51 133 193 173 260 195 320 282 385 377 491 405 625 20 15 5 7 .86 790 1,110 66 75 79 70 88 JACKSONVILLE Families with annual net in come of— $500 to $900_______________ $900 to $1,200______________ $1,200 to $1,500____________ $1,500 to $1,800____________ $1,800 to $ ____________ $ to $2,400.............. ....... $2,400 to $2,700..................... $2,700 and over___________ 2,100 2,100 20 8 LOUISVILLE Families with annual net in come of— $600 to $900________________ $900 to $1,200______________ $1,200 to $1,500____________ $1,500 to $1,800....................... $1,800 to $ ____________ $ and over...................... 2,100 2,100 8 122 88 29 INCOME LEVEL, AND MONEY DISBURSEMENTS T able 6 . — A verag e u n it exp en d itu re at successive in co m e levels , 1 yea r d uring the p eriod 1 9 3 4. - 86 — Continued Income group Average Average Average Average Average amount Average size of Number family total unit in expendi unit food spent for unit ex clothing of pendi other families expendi ture per expendi expendi ture for ture ture items per family ture all items units person M EM PHIS Families with annual net in come of— $500 to $900_______________ $900 to $1,200. ....................... $1,200 to $1,500____________ $1,500 to $1,800____________ $1,800 to $ , - ...............— $ and over____________ 2,100 2100 25 35 44 37 40 13 2.69 3. 27 3.42 3.18 3. 35 3.62 $756 1,139 1,403 1.573 1, 809 2,062 $106 111 $30 44 50 64 73 70 $143 189 230 276 312 344 $281 348 412 495 540 570 5 24 564 806 1,058 1,341 1,566 1,850 2,532 77 95 108 117 138 144 146 18 26 39 51 11 3. 52 3. 55 3. 40 3.70 3. 58 3. 84 4.90 65 105 163 189 230 272 294 160 227 311 362 437 482 517 14 60 71 60 72 25 7 9 3.23 3.24 3.40 3. 50 3. 46 4.12 4.23 4.65 579 792 1,007 1,337 1,661 85 107 123 145 162 166 182 181 82 109 140 189 254 229 256 275 179 244 296 382 480 458 505 541 126 167 194 300 273 333 455 264 328 403 543 506 584 737 125 196 235 259 292 313 299 361 245 359 419 449 514 564 540 643 124 151 152 153 M O BILE Families with annual net in come of— $500 to $600....................... $600 to $900....... .................... $900 to $1,200____ ____ ____ $1,200 to $1,500____________ $1,500 to $1,800..................... $1,800 to $ ____________ $ and over_______ ____ 2,100 2,100 21 35 24 26 68 65 79 N E W OR LE A N S Families with annual net in come of— $500 to $600.................. ......... $600 to $900-................. ....... $900 to $1,200____ _________ $1,200 to $1,500....................... $1,500 to $1,800____________ $1,800 to $ ............... — _ $ to $2,400. ............. ....... $2,400 and over...................... 2,100 2,100 1,888 2,135 2, 516 10 27 33 47 60 62 65 82 N O R FO LK Families with annual net in come of— $600 to $900......... ................... $900 to $1,200......................$1,20a to $1,500.............. . $1,500 to $1,800.............. $1,800 to $ ....... ............... $2,100 to $2,400................. . $2,400 and over............. ........ 2,100 10 23 40 32 28 20 9 3.02 3. 27 3. 38 2.89 3.69 3.62 3.38 2,114 2,490 3.33 3. 34 3.18 3. 72 3. 3.63 4. 21 4.65 1, 331 1,669 1,880 2,048 2,274 2,990 797 1,073 1, 363 1, 570 1.866 112 128 159 183 169 181 208 25 32 48 58 61 68 68 RICHM OND Families with annual net in come of— $500 to $900......... ................... $900 to $1,200...................... . $1,200 to $1,500____________ $1,500 to $1,800...... ............. $1,800 to $ ...... ............ . $2,100 to $2,400.................... $2,400 to $2,700........ ............. $2,700 and over...................... 2,100 27 29 42 37 24 12 12 9 66 817 1,200 98 119 137 131 152 173 154 179 22 41 45 57 68 73 82 98 30 TWEILVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH Equivalence between total expenditures and economic levels. Since most American studies of expenditure have been based upon differences in expenditure at various income levels, it may be con venient to translate the economic levels under discussion into equiva lent total annual expenditures for the two families described above. On the basis of the scales used in this study, the first family is re garded as consisting of 5.7 expenditure units, while the second family consists of 3.4. An economic level of $250 expenditure per unit for the first family implies total 'annual expenditures then of $1,425, while a level of $650 unit expenditure for the same family would mean total expenditures of $3,705. The equivalence is shown in table 7. T a b l e 7 . — Total f a m i ly expenditure equivalents f o r fa m ilies o f three different typ es at given econom ic levels [Families ol wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Total family expenditure Economic level—Families with annual unit expenditure of— $150___________________ __________________ ____________ $250 __............................... ................. ....................................... $350. _____ ______________ ______ _____________________ $450_________________ _________________________________ $550______ _________________ _____ _____________________ $650— ................................................... ..................................... Family of 5.7, expenditure units 1 Family of 3.4, expenditure units 2 $855 1,425 1, 995 2,565 3,135 3,705 $510 850 1,190 1,530 1,870 Family of 1.9, expenditure units 3 2,210 $285 475 665 855 1,045 1,235 1 Family consisted of a man 40, working as a machine operator; his wife 38; two sons aged 15 and 6, and two daughters aged 12 and 8. 2 Family consisted of a man, 27, working as a machine operator, his wife, 26; a daughter, 4 years old; an infant son, 1J4 years old. 3 Family consisted of a man, 35, working as a machine operator; and his wife, 31. Order o f Expenditures at Different Economic Levels At lower unit expenditure levels there were a few small families with very low incomes, but more large families with incomes approach ing the median. Families of these two different types were nearer together as far as spending patterns are concerned than two families with the same money income, one of husband and wife and no other persons and the other including in addition several other children. Similarly at the higher expenditure levels, there were some medium or large-sized families with high incomes, but more small families With incomes approaching or exceeding the median; these two types of families were closer in their spending habits than families of divergent size but similar incomes. INCOME LEVEE AND MONEY DISBURSEMENTS 31 Differences between the average expenditure patterns of families at the lowest and highest economic levels may be illustrated by data from the group studied in Louisville (see figure 3). There were 40 families at the lowest expenditure level analyzed and they averaged about 5 persons per family. Their incomes averaged $1,185. They devoted 43 percent of their total outlay to food, and almost 21 percent to housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration, having thus only one-third of the total left for clothing, other items of household operation, transportation, recreation, medical care, personal care, and other items which must be purchased in an American city. The 17 families spending at the higher level of $600 to $700 per unit per year had an average of about 2.8 persons per family. Their incomes averaged $1,621 per year. They spent over one and a half times as much for food per food expenditure unit as the larger families at the lower level, but the outlay represented only 28 percent of their total expenditure. Their expenditures for housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration averaged $116 per person as compared with $47 at the lowest level, but the percentage of the total devoted to housing at the highest level was only 19.2 percent. The families at the highest level analyzed had thus 53 percent of their expenditures yet to make after they had paid for food, housing, heat, light, and refrigeration. Table 8 presents unit expenditures at successive economic levels. The relatively slow increase in unit food expenditures in comparison to the much more rapid increases in unit clothing expenditures and in other expenditures per capita, emphasizes the differences in the demand for commodities of these different types. The strikingly greater increase in the average food unit expenditures from low to high economic levels (table 8) than from low to high income level (table 6) shows clearly that the classification of families by economic level succeeds much better in throwing together families of similar spending patterns than does classification by family income level. 32 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH Fig. 3 DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY EXPENDITURES OF WAGE EARNERS AND LOWER-SALARIED CLERICAL WORKERS AT TWO DIFFERENT ECONOMIC LEVELS LOUISVILLE, 1 9 3 5 -1 9 3 6 WHITE FAMILIES PERCEN T OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 0 U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 10 20 30 40 50 33 INCOME LEVEL AND MONEY DISBURSEMENTS T able 8 . — A verage u n it expenditure at successive econ om ic levels , 1 yea r d u rin g the period 1 9 3 4 -3 6 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Economic level Average Average size of Number family total exin expendi of expendi families ture per ture family units Average Average expendi amount ture for spent for other all items items per ex per per pendi son ture unit Average unit food expendi ture Average unit clothing expendi ture $80 114 148 173 $19 29 43 53 62 79 91 94 84 155 157 216 286 345 421 493 733 643 $173 254 348 446 543 644 736 854 944 1,144 291 243 24 32 48 53 73 83 92 96 92 125 73 114 160 236 294 373 424 563 563 691 169 238 331 430 533 657 731 860 945 1,069 81 99 131 150 180 195 204 247 233 251 284 33 45 57 71 82 98 108 94 126 157 20 65 125 171 227 281 349 429 472 594 655 896 166 249 346 434 530 628 736 826 927 1,034 1,335 73 181 238 309 373 444 517 604 763 155 254 346 429 535 639 734 838 925 1,117 109 161 226 300 380 436 568 751 331 417 532 622 749 828 1,123 B A L T IM O R E Families with annual unit ex penditure of— $100to $200-................ .......... $200 to $300— ............. .......... $300 to $400-...................... $400 to $500..................... ....... $500 to $600....................... $600 to $700......... ................... $700 to $800-.................... — $800 to $900— ........................ $900 to $1,000-...................— $1,000 and over..................... 14 60 92 100 66 40 23 11 7 6 5.62 4. 56 3. 58 3.05 2.64 2. 59 2.39 2.46 1.98 2.24 $970 1,160 1,246 1, 360 1,434 1,668 1, 759 2,102 1,870 2,563 200 223 223 233 236 346 $73 112 B IR M IN G H A M Families with annual unit ex penditure of— $100 to $200-.......................... $200 to $300.......................... . $300 to $400-........................$400 to $500„.......................... $500 to $600-................ .......... $600 to $700......................... $700 to $800......................... $800 to $900— ........................ $900 to $1,000-............... ........ $1,000 and over............... —. 10 29 49 32 28 21 10 5 6 12 5.12 4.39 3. 87 3.35 3.04 2. 61 2. 22 2.01 2.41 2.13 865 1,047 1,281 1, 441 1,621 1, 715 1, 622 1,728 2,277 2,277 73 91 123 142 162 177 211 201 DALLAS Families with annual unit ex penditure of— $100 to $200-.......................... $200 to $300— .................... $300 to $400— .................... . $400 to $500-..................... $500 to $600— ............. .......... $600 to $700............................ $700 to $800-......................... $800 to $900-......................... $900 to $l,000-._............. — $1,000 to $1,100............... — $1,100 and over.................. . 11 29 54 51 54 39 19 14 9 6 8 5. 25 4.14 3. 51 3.16 2.72 2.60 2.44 2.23 2.18 2.11 873 1,032 1,214 1,371 1,442 1,633 1,797 1,842 2,021 2.05 2,182 2,736 5.41 4.03 3.84 3.34 2.95 2.81 2.53 2.26 2.24 2.06 839 1,023 1,327 1,434 1,578 1,795 1,856 1,895 2,071 2,301 4.85 4.13 3.09 3.29 2.95 2.30 2.81 1,027 1,366 1,290 1,750 1,835 1, 722 2,328 2,370 HOUSTON Families with annual unit ex penditure of— $100 to $200......................... . $200 to $300-........................... $300 to $400............................. $400 to $500............................. $500 to $600-...................... — $600 to $700— .................... $700 to $800-........................... $800 to $900-........................$900 to $1,000-....................... $1,000 and over................ . 6 18 44 49 47 36 25 11 12 10 69 108 124 143 162 186 200 220 232 228 12 34 41 48 65 77 90 96 83 117 112 JACKSON Families with annual unit ex penditure of— $100 to $300............................ $300 to $400— ______ ______ $400 to $500________ ______ $500 to $600........................... . $600 to $700_____________ $700 to $800.______ ________ $800 to $900— ............. ......... $900 and over..................... . 14 25 44 32 16 8 5 6 2.11 72 113 126 152 154 195 163 212 30 55 64 81 86 114 95 150 212 34 TWELVE CITIES OP THE SOUTH T able 8 . — A verag e unit expenditure at successive econom ic levels , 1 yea r d uring p eriod 1 9 3 4 -8 6 — Continued Economic level Average Average size of Number family in total exexpendi of families expendi ture per ture family units Average unit food expendi ture the Average Average Average expendi amount unit ture for spent for clothing other all items expendi items per ex ture per per pendi son ture unit JACKSONVILLE Families with annual unit ex penditure of— $100 to $300________________ $300 to $400________________ $400 to $500________________ $500 to $600________________ $600 to $700— ..................... $700 to $800_______ _______ $800 to $900— ...................— $900 to $1,200— ____ ______ $1,200 and over____________ 22 37 39 30 17 13 9 6 5 4.34 4.06 3.14 2.96 2. 81 2. 79 2.26 2.17 2.07 $977 1,365 1,378 1,590 1,802 2.060 1,915 2,309 3,006 5.01 4. 54 3.45 906 1,135 2.47 2. 67 2.49 2. 02 $94 126 157 171 183 200 222 $25 41 48 66 93 90 100 101 242 263 150 1,172 1,317 1,701 1,802 1, 799 93 115 149 172 188 192 243 268 29 43 51 64 71 2.72 2.15 2. 22 2.08 2.86 915 974 1,267 1,391 1, 528 1,710 1, 601 1,844 2,242 71 89 119 139 156 159 206 218 190 35 44 57 67 77 87 85 106 5.48 4. 51 4.31 3.16 2.92 2. 79 2.84 1.96 831 1,076 1, 455 1,361 1,575 1, 755 2,072 1,749 143 167 162 194 224 5.58 4.09 3.63 3.10 861 980 1,225 1,350 1,524 1,702 1,758 1,801 2,077 77 109 133 155 184 208 228 256 360 $106 170 232 297 359 451 526 718 1,023 $225 336 439 537 641 738 847 1,064 1,452 69 106 159 216 281 374 391 539 181 250 351 441 533 637 724 891 69 172 230 312 386 453 529 787 162 235 338 428 534 629 845 831 778 64 108 173 226 301 386 432 583 152 239 338 431 539 629 730 892 60 103 161 227 276 342 405 498 654 154 240 337 435 529 633 726 834 1,135 LOUISVILLE Families with annual unit ex penditure of— $100 to $200............................ $200 to $300________________ $300 to $400— ............... — $400 to $500............................ $500 to $600............................ $600 to $700........................... $700 to $800________________ $800 and over..... ................... 8 40 44 42 27 17 7 12 2.66 1,211 20 88 84 M EM PH IS Families with annual unit ex penditure of— $100 to $200— ........... .......... $200 to $300_________ _____ $300 to $400________________ $400 to $500________________ $500 to $600_______________ $600 to $700________________ $700 to $800________________ $800 to $900________________ $900 and over_____________ 8 25 40 34 29 25 15 8 10 5.65 4.14 3. 75 3. 25 21 111 M OBILE Families with annual unit ex penditure of— $100to $200________________ $200 to $300___________ — . $300 to $400-..................— . $400 to $500________________ $500 to $600________________ $600 to $700_______________ $700 to $800_______________ $800 and over_____________ 14 30 30 20 21 12 8 11 67 97 112 21 32 52 62 73 85 105 86 N E W O R LEANS Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Under $200_________ ____ _ $200 to $300________________ $300 to $400________________ $400 to $500________________ $500 to $600________________ $600 to $700_______________ $700 to $800.......................... $800 to $900............................. $900 and over........................ 31 66 60 70 38 19 16 12 6 2.88 2.69 2.42 2.16 1.83 17 27 43 51 67 82 92 82 127 35 INCOME LEVEL AND MONEY DISBLPRSEMENTS T able 8 . — A verag e u n it expenditure at successive econ om ic levels , 1 yea r d uring the p eriod 1 9 8 4 - 8 6 — Continued Economic level Average Average size of Number family in total exexpendi of expendi families ture per ture family units Average unit food expendi ture Average unit clothing expendi ture 141 162 171 $31 37 54 63 60 Average Average expendi amount ture for spent for all items other per ex items pendi per per son ture unit NORFOLK Families with annual unit ex penditure of— $100 to $300............................ $300 to $400________________ $400 to $500________________ $500 to $600________________ $600 to $700_______________ $700 to $800________________ $800 to $900________________ $900 to $1,000______________ $1,000 and over.................. . 26 22 37 26 16 8 12 5 10 4.54 4. 24 3.49 3.18 2. 40 2.38 2. 21 1.93 $1,074 1,471 1,509 1,696 1, 494 1,728 1.840 1,812 2,537 $102 219 250 308 264 2.05 4.59 4. 21 3.39 3. 31 2. 80 2. 34 2. 52 2. 22 936 1,151 1,397 1,452 1,757 1, 797 1, 739 70 103 125 136 164 164 194 189 219 2.22 221 70 79 133 $103 168 218 299 335 440 511 556 749 $237 347 432 533 622 726 833 939 1,143 16 31 45 53 76 74 74 103 117 69 116 162 242 290 404 474 551 720 457 251 332 428 531 642 743 842 1,061 66 RICHM OND Families with annual unit ex penditure of— $100 to $200_____ _____ ____ $200 to $300________________ $300 to $400________________ $400 to $500________________ $500 to $600_______________ $600 to $700_______________ $700 to $800_______________ $800 to $900________________ $900 and over.............. ........ 10 24 35 38 28 18 23 7 9 2,122 2, 355 Expenditures at two economic levels. A comparison of the distribution of total family expenditures at two economic levels i. e. annual unit expenditures of $200 to $300 and of $600 to $700 (see table 9) shows the shift in consumer demand from one of the lowest planes at which independent families were found to the highest plane of living enjoyed by any considerable num ber of families of wage earner and clerical workers in each of the 12 cities covered in the Southern region. The overwhelming absolute importance of food and housing in the budgets of these workers’ families is shown by the fact that they retained first and second place at high as well as low economic levels in every city. Clothing was the item of third importance at high as well as low levels in every city but Houston. Here the competition between clothing and the automobile is illustrated at the high level, where expenditures for the latter exceeded those for the former. The greatest shift in the purchases of the white families in each of the 12 cities occurred in the proportion of total funds spent for the purchase, operation, and upkeep of automobiles and motorcycles. Except in Jackson and M obile, rise in rank of such expenditures from the lowest to the highest expenditure levels were balanced by decreases in the rank of expenditures for transportation other than by automo bile or motorcycle. 36 T TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOOTH able 9 . — E x p en d itu res in rank order at two different econom ic levelsy 1 yea r during the period 1 9 3 4 -3 6 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—white other than Mexican] Economic level—Families with annual unit expenditure of— Group expenditure item $200 $600 $200 to to to $300 $700 $300 $600 $200 $600 $200 $600 to to to to to $700 $300 $700 $300 $700 Baltimore Birmingham Food__........................................ . Clothing-----------------------------------Housing, including fuel, light, and refrigeration________ ___ Other household operation _____ Furniture and equipment____ _ Automobile and motorcycle pur chase, operation, and mainte nance__________ _____________ Other transportation____________ Personal care_________________ _ Medical care____________________ Recreation.................................. Education..______ _____________ Vocation______ ______ __________ Community welfare___________ . Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily— Other items................. ............ ....... 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 7 8 2 6 8 5.5 5.5 2 2 2 6 2 5 6 2 6 2 7 6 7 8.5 10.5 5 9 5 10 10 8 3 11.5 9 12 5 13 15 11.5 6 12 15 9.5 9.5 1 5 7 4 8 9 10 4 12 8 6 8 10.5 11 12 12 15 14 10.5 9 13 12 7 5 13 14 11 15 7 4 14 15 13 11 7 5 15 13 14 4 10 9 8 7 13 14 12 11 15 1 7 9 4 14 15 13 11 1 Jackson 3 4 9 1 Houston $600 $200 $600 to to to to $300 $700 $300 $700 3 4 13 14 10.5 1 Dallas $200 1 1 2 8 10 4 11 10 5 6 12.5 15 12.5 14 8.5 14 Jackson ville 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 4 8 2 6 8 5 6 4 7 12 10 7 8 4 11 10 9 6 5 11 15 12 12 9 13 14 13 13 14 15 10 9 7 5 14 15 11 Economic level—Families with annual unit expenditure of— Group expenditure item $200 $600 to to $300 $700 $200 Louisville Memphis 1 Food __________ _____ _____ 3 Clothing________________________ Housing, including fuel, light 2 and refrigeration_____________ Other household operation---------- 8 Furniture and equipment----------- 4 Automobile and motorcycle pur chase, operation, and mainte 9.5 nance . ______ ____________ 7 Other transportation................... 9.5 Personal care........ ...................... . 6 Medical care.................................... 5 Recreation______________ _______ Education............... .......... J.......... . 13 Vocation_______ _________ ____ 14 Community welfare__________ . 11 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily--------------- - ................. ............ 12 Other items___________________ _ 15 1 3 2 9 5 $600 to to $300 $700 1 3 2 5 7 4 8 10 10 12 9 8 6 1 3 2 6 $200 to $300 Mobile 1 3 2 4 5.5 9 5 4 7 15 14 13 11 11 10 9 8 7 7 8 5.5 14 12 13 15 10 11 6 11 12.5 12.5 15 4 14 15 $600 to $700 1 $200 $600 $200 $600 $200 $600 to to to to to to $300 $700 $300 $700 $300 $700 New Or leans 1 3 3 2 2 7 10 2 8 9 6 9 10 4 5 7 9 10 8 6 13.5 13.5 6 8 5 4 14 13 11 11 12 12 12 15 15 13.5 13.5 1 3 5 4 7 15 14 12 11 13 Norfolk 1 1 Richmond 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 6 8 2 6 8 7 8.5 5 9 10 5 7 11 8 10 6 12 7 4 14 15 5 9 4 7 4 13 15 9 12 14.5 11 11 12 13 14 10 13 14.5 1 4 13 11 6 5 14 15 10 8.5 12 1100-300 instead of 200-300. Expenditures for gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family underwent the second greatest change in relative rank from low to high economic levels for the region as a whole, becoming more important at the higher level in every city except Nor folk. For personal care expenditures there was a shift downward of 1 to 3 ranks in 8 cities. In 10 of the 12 cities expenditures for medical INCOME LEVEL AND MONEY DISB'UTtSEMENTS 37 care were o f less importance comparatively at the highest than at the lowest economic level. Expenditures having the lowest ranks, as edu cation, vocation, and 4‘ other items,” retained about the same relative importance among families with annual unit expenditure of $200 to $300 as among families with annual unit expenditure of $600 to $700. The relatively small expenditures for formal education at the latter level is explained by the type of families found at this level at each of the cities.17 Changes in Assets and Liabilities 18 On the average the current expenditures of white families studied in these 12 cities of the Southern area were less than their current incomes except in Birmingham where there was an average net deficit of $1. In the other 11 cities the lowest average savings were found in the Jackson group, where the figure was $9, while the highest average of $50 occurred in Baltimore.19 In Birmingham 54.4 percent of the families covered in the survey reported an average surplus of $145 for the year or an aggregate of $15,950. This was exceeded however by an aggregate deficit of $16,192 reported by 43.6 percent of the families, representing an aver age deficit of $184. In Baltimore, typical of most of the southern cities, on the other hand, a larger proportion of the families (70.6 per cent) reported a surplus, but the average surplus per family was slightly smaller ($141). The average deficit of the families having net deficits, which comprised 28.2 of the Baltimore sample, was $175. As a result the aggregate savings of the Baltimore group amounted to $41,736 as against aggregate deficits of $20,650. In considering these figures it is important to keep in mind the financing of the occasional large expenditure which must be made by every family, and the general level of incomes among the families of wage earners and clerical workers. Median incomes in these eleven white groups ranged from $1,236 to $1,560. The purchase by a fam ily at this income level of an electric refrigerator for $150 for example, must inevitably be financed by some means outside of current income. It may be from past savings which have been set aside for this purpose or from current borrowing. Using either method, the family will 17The families at that level average nearly 3 persons. The number of persons under 16 years old averaged about one-half persons per family and the number of persons gainfully employed at some time during the year averaged slightly over 1^$ persons per family. 1* For the purpose of this study, changes in assets and liabilities are computed on the basis of changes which occurred as the result of the transfer of property or funds. Changes in the market value of real estate or per sonal property remaining in the hands of the families studied are not included in these figures. For more detailed explanation, see appendix A, notes on table 4, p. 637. is The figures just cited have been computed from the families’ own statements about changes in their assets and liabilities and do not represent a balancing difference between reported incomes and reported current expenditures. (See appendix A, p. 634.) No schedule was accepted for use from a family which could not supply a statement of the total receipts and total disbursements which balanced within 5 percent. 7 4 3 9 0 °— 41------- 4 38 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH show a deficit of current income as regards current expenditures in the particular year in which an extraordinary occasional purchase is made. The important thing to observe, therefore, is not that a number of families spent more than their incomes in the given year, but the bal ance at a given income level between aggregate income and aggregate expenditures. Under normal circumstances we might expect that ex ceptional outlays made in any one year by some families would bal ance accumulations made by other families in anticipation of later purchases from savings, or in reducing liabilities incurred for purchases of previous years. In this connection it is important to note the setting of the period in which these surveys were made. There had been a period of 3 or 4 years of intense anxiety during which there was no certainty as to what the future held in store. It would appear that a number of fami lies in the wage earner and clerical groups had managed even during the worst days of the depression to conserve small amounts of their past savings or of their current income. B y 1934, and more particularly by 1935, anxiety with reference to the future was somewhat relieved, especially in the case of the group of families covered by this investiga tion, since families without relatively steady employment and fami lies having been on relief at any time during the year prior to the inter view by the field agent were excluded from the survey. Among ten of the twelve white groups under consideration in the present chapter net deficits appear at income levels under $900. (See Tabular Summary table 5.) In Louisville and in Richmond a net sur plus for the families studied does not appear until income has reached $1,200 (see figure 4 ); in Jackson and Norfolk not until the $1,500 level; and in Birmingham not until $1,800. In Houston and Memphis there was a net surplus at the income level $500 to $900, but net deficits at succeeding income levels until families achieved an income of $1,500. When families are classified on the basis of current expenditures, it follows that families may attain a relatively high level of current expenditure by incurring a current deficit. Thus deficit families move to a higher level of living than current income alone would allow, and families with the same income but with surpluses for the year move down. As is to be expected under these conditions, less regularity is shown in deficit and surplus financing in table 10 with families classified by consumption level, than is shown in table 5 of the Tabular Summary with families classified by income. In general a net surplus is found at low consumption levels and net deficits at high ones. This is not to be taken to mean that low income families characteristically have surpluses. It serves to emphasize the fact, however, that the consumption level at which a given family lives in a specified year is determined not only by its current income, but also by past savings and ability to borrow. IN C O M E LEIVEEi A N D M ONEY 39 D lS B 'U 'E S E M E N 'T S Fig . 4 C HA NG ES IN A S S E T S A N D L IA B IL IT IE S OVER T H E SCHEDULE YEAR AMONG WAGE EARNERS AN D L O W E R -S A L A R IE D C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S A T S U C C E S S IV E IN C O M E L E V E L S R IC H M O N D , 1 9 3 4 - 1 9 3 5 WHITE FAMILIES D O LLAR S D O LLA R S 280 NET SURPLUS ALL FAM ILIES A N N U A L IN C O M E IN D O L L A R S U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 40 T TWELVE CITIES OE THE SOUTH 10. — Percentage o f fa m ilie s having su rp lu s and deficit, a nd net change in assets and liabilities during the schedule yea r at successive econom ic levels , 1 yea r during the period 1934-—3 6 able [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Percentage of fam ilies having— City and economic level Baltimore, all families______ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400................. $400 to $600. ............. . $600 and over_______ Birmingham, all families___ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400................ $400 to $600.............. . $600 and over----------Dallas, all families______ . . . Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400.............. . $400 to $600.... ............ $600 and over_______ Houston, all families________ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400_________ $400 to $600_________ $600 and over_______ Jackson, all families________ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400.. ........... $400 to $600_________ $600 and o v e r ..____ Jacksonville, all families. . . . Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400_________ $400 to $600_________ $600 and over............ Louisville, all families. . . . . . Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400........... $400 to $600_________ $600 and over_______ Memphis, all families______ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400............. $400 to $600............. $600 and over_______ Mobile, all families.________ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400_________ $400 to $600............. $600 and over_______ New Orleans, all families___ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400_________ $400 to $600.......... $600 and over............. Num ber of families Average amounts of— Net change in assets and liabilities for all families Net surplus Net deficit Per family Per ex pendi ture unit Per gainful worker Surplus per family having surplus Deficit per family having deficit 419 70.6 28.2 +$50 +$15 +$36 $141 $175 166 166 87 75.3 71.1 60.9 54.4 22.9 28.3 37.9 43.6 +59 +61 +13 +15 +39 +47 +9 115 136 -2 +21 +5 -1 212 145 119 126 308 186 63.6 45.0 50.0 53.7 35.2 51.7 48.1 38.1 +43 60 54 294 +10 94 105 95 258 57.4 62.9 40.0 57.7 27.7 33.3 53.7 41.9 66.2 202 88 68 -12 -6 4 +17 -1 -4 -2 7 +6 +29 -9 -5 0 +13 119 171 171 155 94 172 311 174 +7 +20 +46 -3 1 +8 107 178 183 182 125 151 214 +46 +46 -6 0 165 197 176 162 104 182 295 162 +18 +29 -5 6 103 178 228 149 253 164 +16 +38 93 150 218 130 84 145 264 150 +27 +62 -4 2 +21 +12 -1 8 +4 +76 +19 -9 0 +9 -3 6 +3 222 96 94 150 65.6 43.6 52.0 32.4 34.4 56.4 46.0 39 76 35 178 64.1 53.9 34.3 61.8 30.8 44.7 65.7 36.0 +33 +42 +33 +10 59 69 50 197 62.7 63.8 58.0 65.0 35.6 31.9 42.0 34.0 +28 +50 + 16 +33 +7 +16 +6 +10 +11 92 69 36 194 68.5 71.0 44.4 57.7 30.4 29.0 52.8 36.6 +50 + 55 -5 2 +41 +12 +21 -22 +13 +33 +50 -4 3 +35 200 264 203 73 63 58 146 60.3 61.9 50.0 57.5 27.4 34.9 50.0 41.8 +69 +80 -3 5 +27 +17 +26 -1 5 +7 +61 +67 -2 9 + 19 145 227 247 151 174 317 143 74 41 31 318 56.8 68.3 45.2 56.6 41.9 31.7 54.8 31.4 +28 +106 -7 7 +15 +35 -3 1 +4 +6 +18 +83 -6 2 119 195 164 110 276 149 157 108 53 55.4 62.0 49.1 27.4 30.6 45.3 +30 +33 -6 2 +11 +22 98 119 130 89 134 277 +66 -88 +21 +8 +13 -3 3 +7 -2 6 +6 +22 +25 +11 +25 -5 0 115 126 196 108 120 94 121 68 95 86 IN C O M E LEVEE AND M ONEY 41 D IS B U R S E M E N T S T able 10 . — Percentage o f fa m ilie s having su rp lu s and deficit, and net change in assets and liabilities during the schedule year at successive econ om ic levels, 1 yea r during the period 1 9 8 4 -S 6 — Continued Percentage of fam ilies having— City and economic level Norfolk, all families________ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400_________ $400 to $600.... ............ $600 and over_______ Richmond, all families______ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400................ $400 to $600.............. . $600 and over_______ Num ber of families Average amounts of— Net change in assets and liabilities for all families Net surplus Net deficit Per family Per ex pendi ture unit Per gainful worker Surplus per family having surplus Deficit per family having deficit 162 63.0 35.8 +$35 +$11 +$31 $173 $205 48 63 51 192 66.7 66.7 54.9 59.4 33.3 31.7 43.1 39.1 +57 +70 -2 7 +37 +13 +46 +64 -2 6 +23 143 181 196 183 116 159 312 183 69 58.0 63.6 56.1 43.5 33.3 40.4 +17 +73 +17 +4 +10 +7 +11 115 185 262 132 323 66 57 +21 -12 +10 +22 +46 110 In studying the deficit financing of the family groups (see left-hand side of page 18 of facsimile of schedule, p. 684, and appendix A, p. 633), it is of considerable interest to note that except in Richmond, the largest part of their aggregate deficits was met by increasing liabilities, rather than decreasing assets. Typical of these 11 city groups, the families studied in Memphis obtained $102 by borrowing (i. e., increasing liabilities) but only $35 by decreasing assets accumu lated prior to the schedule year. (See table 11.) As the consumption level of the families rose, in each of the 12 cities, an excess of current expenditures over income was increasingly met by withdrawal from past savings. The most frequently specified sources of funds other than family income were net increases in installment account obligations for goods other than automobiles in Baltimore, Dallas, Jacksonville, M em phis, and Mobile, and increases in “ other debts” (which include grocers', doctors' and hospital bills) in the remaining cities. W ith drawals from savings constituted the next most frequently used source of funds for families in Baltimore. Increases in “ other debts” were the next most important sources in Jacksonville, Memphis, and Mobile. Increases in amount due on installment plan for goods other than automobiles accounted for the second most frequently used source of funds in all other cities except Dallas. Increase in installment purchases were responsible only for a fourth to a half of the total increase in liabilities in the 12 cities. Even so, however, they were considerably larger than the amounts spent in paying off liabilities incurred in this way in times previous to the 42 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH schedule year. Evidently by 1935 sufficient optimism regarding future prospects prevailed among the families studied to account for their willingness and ability to undertake major purchases deferred for some time. T able 11 . — Changes in assets and liabilities during the schedule yea r at successive econ om ic levels , 1 yea r during the p eriod 1 9 8 4 - 3 6 City and economic level Num ber of fami lies Aver age in crease in assets1 Aver age de crease in liabili ties 1 Average decreases in amounts due on goods pur chased on installment plan 1 Auto mo biles Baltimore, all families ----Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400_________ $400 to $600________ $600 and over............ Birmingham, all families___ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400_________ $400 to $600............ $600 and over______ Dallas, all families-------------Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400_________ $400 to $600. ............. $600 and over______ Houston, all families___ . . Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400________ $400 to $600________ •$600 and over______ Jackson, all families________ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400....... ......... $400 to $600............... $600 and over.......... Jacksonville, all families___ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400------------$400 to $600................ $600 and over______ Louisville, all families .......... Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400............... $400 to $600................ $600 and over............ Memphis, all families______ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400_________ $400 to $600.............. $600 and over______ Mobile, all families. ________ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400_________ $400 to $600............... $600 and over.......... 419 $120 $43 166 166 87 98 115 170 118 34 39 202 88 60 54 294 94 105 95 258 68 96 94 150 86 96 195 93 46 101 130 131 96 100 189 90 $1 (2) 20 5 6 21 21 3 13 1 8 12 23 5 24 94 105 119 77 11 22 26 26 42 70 30 108 33 17 88 110 146 49 85 92 60 3 28 9 13 59 69 50 197 144 132 369 107 35 70 75 50 0 20 92 69 36 194 97 142 127 37 47 90 51 73 63 58 146 79 146 166 97 41 63 52 74 41 31 72 137 104 51 171 101 6 10 50 77 56 48 39 76 35 178 77 $10 60 3 88 66 18 3 2 1 6 5 4 Aver age in crease in liabili ties 1 Auto mo biles Other goods 1 0 8 68 Aver age de crease in assets1 Average increases in amounts due on goods pur chased on installment plan1 Other goods $49 $64 $6 $33 23 36 50 57 103 123 5 16 16 2 26 34 46 27 2 11 14 34 39 26 16 18 122 15 27 36 130 36 150 186 88 43 28 17 23 70 45 87 132 139 4 25 55 37 19 24 36 40 30 42 177 61 12 221 24 69 26 25 34 55 23 5 15 76 25 44 23 116 138 74 16 15 48 7 29 28 63 62 129 20 9 20 13 13 10 19 12 7 14 16 57 88 41 57 90 68 10 85 37 91 49 11 8 11 6 32 156 35 4 21 16 30 66 84 97 97 52 73 200 105 66 102 35 6 10 6 8 5 12 66 52 188 105 7 5 4 6 17 22 22 101 102 61 100 73 186 4 4 23 2 9 21 21 21 26 27 33 32 31 40 10 13 30 57 30 8 13 12 23 14 69 1 Averages computed by dividing the total number of families at each expenditure level into the aggregate increases or decreases of the families reporting such increases or decreases. 2Less than $0.50. I N -G O M E LEVEL, AND MONEY 43 D IS B U R S E M E N T S T ables 11. — Changes in assets and liabilities during the schedule yea r at successive econom ic levels , 1 yea r during the p eriod 1 9 8 4 - 3 6 — Continued [Families of wage earners and clerical workers— White other than Mexican] City and economic level Num ber of fami lies Aver age in crease in assets Aver age de crease in liabili ties Average decreases in amounts due on goods pur chased on installment plan Auto mo biles New Orleans, all families-. Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400................ $400 to $600................ $600 and over............ Norfolk, all families________ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400________ $400 to $600________ $600 and over______ Richmond, all families_____ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400_________ $400 to $600________ $600 and over______ Aver Aver age de age in crease crease in in assets liabili ties Auto mo biles Other goods 318 $74 $21 $2 $4 $29 $51 157 108 53 162 56 94 87 142 22 17 27 2 2 0 3 4 4 28 63 91 123 48 63 51 192 157 174 130 63 129 171 106 69 66 57 88 100 110 188 55 46 79 34 67 38 92 74 3 6 15 25 80 38 10 0 0 5 9 4 18 14 36 64 53 1 8 17 7 13 21 15 Average increases in amounts due on goods pur chased on installment plan 27 28 112 90 100 133 $6 (2) 6 26 18 1 14 38 15 7 15 26 Other goods $12 6 15 21 41 27 43 51 22 15 31 22 2Less than $0.50. On the other side of the balance sheet, the most frequent form of savings among the families in the South (see Tabular Summary table 4) was the payment of life insurance premiums,20 reported by 87 per cent or more of the white families in each of the 12 cities except in Dallas, Memphis and New Orleans, where the percentages were 74, 81, and 69 respectively. The average amount of such pre miums per family making payments ranged from $64 in Houston to $104 in Memphis. The average amount of premiums paid in creased with rise in economic level except in Louisville and Mobile, where there was a slight tendency to decrease. Payments on prin cipal of mortgages and down payments on owned homes constituted the type of savings next in order of frequency in Baltimore, Dallas, Memphis, and New Orleans; increase in savings account was second in Norfolk, decreases in debts due individuals and due doctors, grocers, etc., were the second most frequently reported form of savings in M obile and Louisville, and in the other 5 cities decreases in installment payments due on goods other than automobiles was second. 2o In a study among Federal employees carried on by the Bureau of Labor Statistics just prior to the initiation of this investigation the schedule provided for securing information on the type of insurance covered by the premiums reported. It was found that very frequently informants were unable to provide the information and the question was not included in the present schedule. It is, therefore, impossible to estimate how much of the amount paid in life insurance premiums represents savings and how much was paid for insurance protection during the schedule year. 44 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF T H E SO UTH A comparison in each of the 12 cities of the number of families reporting the purchase of an automobile and the number of families reporting an increase in installment obligations for the purchase of automobiles, both during the schedule year, shows that in Houston and Norfolk four-fifths of the families purchasing automobiles financed them by installment contracts of which a balance remained unpaid at the end of the year covered by the schedule. About two-thirds of the families purchasing automobiles in Dallas and Jacksonville, about a third in New Orleans and one-half or slightly less than a half of the families in the other 7 cities did so. Since about two-thirds of the cars were bought second-hand and cost less than $200, it is probable that a considerable number of families buying cars paid for their automobiles within the period of the schedule year. In some cases the families resorted to small loan companies for the purpose of financing automobile purchase, but the figures as reported in this study do not make possible any conclusion as to the proportion doing so. Chapter 2 Expenditures for Specified Goods Food Annual food expenditures. The total amount of unit food expenditure increased markedly with rise in consumption level.1 In 7 of the 12 cities, families spending $600 to $700 per expenditure unit for all items paid out over 90 percent more for food for each adult male equivalent in the household than families with a total unit expenditure of $200 to $300. In the other 5 cities, the increase ranged from 59 to 79 percent. (See table 12 and Tabular Summary, table 8.) In contrast to the increase in unit food expenditures in each of the cities in the South, the average proportion of total current ex penditures spent for food per family declined. This was partly because of the decrease in size of the family associated with rise in economic level, and partly because of the fact that the additional funds available at the higher levels were used for needs which the urgency of food purchases at the lower planes had made it impossible to satisfy. Average dollar expenditures per family for food prepared at home (including money spent for lunches carried to work and to school) increased from low to high expenditure levels in eight cities. Ex penditures for food prepared at home in Louisville, Memphis, and Richmond were lower at the higher level, and those in M obile were approximately the same at both levels. Conversely, actual dollar expenditure for food purchased and eaten away from home increased with rise in the economic level, the per centage varying from 61 in Birmingham to 235 in Richmond. Out of each dollar spent for food at the low economic level in Baltimore, Norfolk-Portsmouth, Richmond, M obile, and Memphis between 3 and 6 cents was used to purchase food away from home. Between 7 and 10 cents was so spent in all the other cities except Birmingham, where the figure was 11 cents. A t the high economic level, 8 cents of each food dollar spent in Norfolk-Portsmouth was allotted to this i Classification by consumption level or economic level is the term used to denote classification of families by annual expenditure per unit for the total of all items of family expenditure. The unit used for this pur pose is the equivalent adult male. Each member of the family, taking into account age, sex, and activity, is counted as the appropriate decimal equivalent of an adult male. In the Tabular Summary tables, details of annual food expenditures are shown by as many economic levels as the number of cases in each city and the type of data for this table would allow. However, for purposes of discussion in the text, three comparable levels for all cities are used. They are: low economic level, under $400; intermediate, $400 to $600; high, $600 and over. 45 46 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F T H E SO U TH item. The proportion rose through the other cities to reach a maxi mum of 19 cents in New Orleans. Meals at work accounted for at least 50 percent of the total amount spent for food away from home at both low and high levels in every city except Norfolk and Rich mond. A t the low economic level, this proportion was smaller in these two cities, 31 percent and 38 percent, respectively; at the high economic level it rose to 56 percent and 71 percent. Expenditures for board at school (which were classified with ex penditures for meals away from home) were extremely rare throughout all the groups studied. Such expenditure was reported by only 17 out of the 2,710 white other than Mexican families covered in this region. T able 12 . — Unit food expenditure at two different economic levels, 1 year during the period 1934.-36 [Families of wa?e earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Economic level—Families with annual unit of expenditure of— City Number of families Baltimore_______ _____ ______ ________ Birmingham_____________________________ Dallas_____ _____ ________________________ Houston_____________________________ — Jackson i----------- --------------------------------------Jacksonville!_______ ____ ____ ______ ____ Louisville._______ __________________ ____ Memphis________________ _____________ . Mobile __ .................................. ............ . . . New Orleans____ ____ _ _______________ Norfolk i____ ______ _____________________ Richmond_____________ _________________ $600 to $700 $200 to $300 60 29 29 18 14 22 40 25 30 66 26 24 Unit food expendi ture $114 91 99 108 72 94 115 89 97 109 102 103 Number of families 40 21 39 36 16 17 17 25 12 19 16 18 Unit food expendi ture $223 177 195 186 154 183 192 159 162 208 221 164 Percentage increase in unit food expendi ture 95.6 94.5 97.0 72.2 113.9 94.7 67.0 78.7 67.0 90.8 116.7 59.2 i $100 to $300 instead of $200 to $300. Food expenditures in 1 wee\ in spring, summer, fall, and winter quarters. Data on the purchase of 194 separate foods are available for 1 typical week in 1 quarter for each city.2 They show a marked increase 3 In order to avoid overburdening the housewives cooperating in the investigation, the schedule was not planned with a view to obtaining estimates of the annual consumption of individual foods. The section on the details of food purchases provided only for a summary of annual food expenditures and the details of food purchased and consumed only during the week prior to the visit of the field agent. Since the figures on average amounts purchased and consumed were in the great majority of cases identical, data on food purchases only are presented here. Data on number of families using are presented to give a more complete picture of consumption (see Tabular Summary, table 7). In most cities, the field work extended over more than one season. The differences between the averages secured in the several quarters in such instances reflect not only seasonal differences in food purchased, but also accidental differences in the economic level and the national backgrounds of the families in the subsamples interviewed in the different quarters. It was, therefore, decided to publish in full for each city only the estimates for that season in which data were secured from the largest number of families. Data are for the spring quarter in Baltimore, Dallas, Houston, Louisville, Mobile, and Norfolk-Portsmouth; in the summer quarter in Jackson; in the fall quarter in Jacksonville; and in the winter quarter in* Birmingham, Memphis, New Orleans, and Richmond. E X P E N D IT U R E S E U R S P E C IF IE D GOODS 47 in the expenditures for food per person with rise in economic level. They also show that the types and quantities of foods purchased are distinctly different at the various levels. For these cities, the per capita 3 expenditures and quantities pur chased of meats, poultry, and sea food showed marked increases from the low to the high economic levels. Green vegetables and fruits, important sources of minerals and vitamins, likewise increased in respect to average expenditures and to quantity purchased, except in M obile where per capita expenditures at the intermediate level were larger than at the high. For starchy foods such as flour, macaroni, rice, cereals, etc., on the other hand, the tendency was not so consistent. In Baltimore, Dallas, Jacksonville, Louisville, Memphis, New Orleans, and NorfolkPortsmouth, quantities and per capita expenditures showed an in crease at the high level; in the data for Jackson, which apply to the summer, the movement was strikingly downward. In Birmingham and Richmond, expenditures were higher at this level, but the types of cereal food purchased differed considerably, and the quantities purchased were less than at the low level. This suggests that as economic resources permitted, the families varied their diets and obtained more of their calories from dairy products and other pro tective foods. Expenditures for total grain products, however, increased at higher levels. They varied at the low level from 29.6 cents in Jackson to 39.7 cents in New Orleans, and at the high level from 37.1 cents in Houston to 57.0 cents in Norfolk-Portsmouth (see table 13). This increase can probably be ascribed more to a change in the form and quality of such products purchased than to an increase in their quantity. Expenditures for milk constituted the largest average expenditure for any single item of food in all the cities except Mobile, where white bread equaled it, and New Orleans, where the latter out ranked it. The difference between the average expenditure for milk at the low and high economic levels varied from 48 percent in Dallas to 136 percent in Birmingham and Norfolk. 8 Since human needs for and customary consumption of foods of different types vary considerably for persons of different age and sex, it is impossible to compute any single measure of family size which will be appropriate for comparing the consumption of food from one family to another. The need of children for milk is approximately twice as great as that of adults, while the need of adults for the heat-producing foods (starches and sugars) is about twice as great as that of children. Children’s consumption of meat varies from that of adults at a still different rate. In order to secure figures on quantities of individual foods purchased and on expenditures for individual foods which would provide a reasonably satisfactory basis for comparison and yet not present a misleading appearance of refinement, data on family purchases of individual foods have been converted to a per capita basis. 48 TW ELVE T able C IT IE S O'E T H E SO UTH 13.— Expenditures for food per capita per week during the period 1 9 8 4 -8 6 1 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Average per capita expenditure in 1 week in the following quarters: 129 128 108 Richmond Mobile 117 New Orleans Louisville 114 Memphis Houston 204 Birmingham Dallas 314 Winter Jacksonville Baltimore Number of families furnishing data on food purchased in specified quarter___________________________ Norfolk-Portsmouth Item Jackson Sum mer Fall Spring 155 202 114 300 156 Total expenditure for— All foods_____________ _________ - $2.60 $2. 38 $2. 31 $2.41 $1.92 $2.67 $1.92 $2.32 $ . 26 $2.31 $2.30 $2.41 2 Grain products...... .......... ....... Eggs------------------------------------Milk, cheese, ice cream_____ Butter and cream_________ . Other fats__________________ Meat, poultry, fish, and other sea food_____________ Vegetables and fruits.............. Sugars and sweets__________ Miscellaneous foods................ Sales tax________ ___________ Total expenditure for— All foods........................................Grain products_____________ Eggs------------------------------------Milk, cheese, ice cream_____ Butter and cream____ ______ Other fats__________________ Meat, poultry, fish, and other sea food ____________ Vegetables and fruits_____ _ Sugars and sweets__________ Miscellaneous foods_________ Sales tax___________ ________ .41 . 14 .29 .14 .37 .12 .36 .09 .30 .69 .54 .08 .19 .45 .56 .44 .52 1 .40 .13 .30 .09 .37 .09 .50 .51 .09 .18 .42 .33 .08 .17 .40 .14 .27 .32 .63 .52 .13 .20 .04 .11 .11 .12 .22 .19 .21 .22 .25 .31 .09 .10 .38 . 15 .30 .09 .39 .16 .27 .43 .37 .21 .33 .17 .29 .08 .23 .28 .42 .49 .44 .42 .46 .40 .46 .54 .45 .60 .47 .23 .07 .25 .10 .17 .24 .22 .12 .10 .11 .20 .14 .17 .11 .11 .10 .10 .10 .10 .09 .10 .15 .19 .22 .15 .16 .18 .21 .21 .20 0 0 0 0 0 0 .04 0 0 0 0 0 Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. 100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0 100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0 15.8 15.5 15.6 16.6 19.3 15.0 5.4 5.1 3.9 5.4 4.7 5.2 1 1 .1 13.0 13.0 12.5 10.4 4.1 5.4 3.8 4.8 3.7 8.7 11.4 9.4 4.6 9.3 16.7 16.4 1.4.6 16.9 18.7 15.4 5.2 6.5 7.5 7.0 4.3 7.1 12.9 11.7 10.4 9 .1 3.6 3.9 3.5 5.2 4.4 4.6 13.0 9.0 8 .6 6 .1 7.1 26.5 18.9 19.0 20.7 21.9 23.6 22.5 17.2 19.5 3. 1 4.6 4 .8 3.7 4.2 4.9 7.3 6.3 7.5 8 .8 1 1 .6 18.6 17.3 23.5 24.9 21.9 19.0 20.4 19.9 19.6 19.5 5.2 4.3 4.4 4.3 3.9 4.1 7.8 6.9 9.1 9.1 2.1 8.2 21.2 20.8 23.5 0 0 8.2 0 0 0 12.8 10.2 10.1 12.0 8.2 0 21.1 2.0 0 8.0 0 0 0 8.2 0 * See appendix A, p. 639, for statement of reason for use of per capita figures. White bread accounted for the second largest per capita expenditure in Baltimore, Dallas, Houston, Jackson, Louisville, and Norfolk. The relation between average per capita expense for bread and the general expenditure plane is irregular. This average was largest at the high economic level in seven cities, at the intermediate three, and at the low in Houston and New Orleans. The average quantity purchased was largest at the high level in all the cities except Jackson ville, Louisville, Mobile, and New Orleans, where it was largest at the intermediate, and Houston and Baltimore, where it was largest at the low. Eggs, second in Birmingham, Jacksonville, Memphis, and Richmond, and third in the other cities, showed in general a striking increase at the higher level. Average quantities purchased were also much larger at this level. Butter, fourth in importance of expenditure was consistently higher in both amount purchased and expenditure at the high level. The rapid expansion in consumption of such pro tec- E X P E N D IT U R E S FO'R S P E C I F I E D 49 GOODS tive foods by w o r k e d families at higher planes of living suggests that means rather than tastes limit their use at the lower levels. No consistent seasonal variation appears between the data secured in cities studied in different seasons. However, in general, the per capita expenditures for green and leafy vegetables were higher for the cities in which the figures on food purchased apply to the spring. Even a preliminary review of the figures shows that the diets of the families at the highest economic level had, on the average, a considerably higher nutritive content than those at the lowest economic level shown. The quantities purchased per capita of foods rich in minerals and vitamins essential to growth and the maintenance of health were appreciably greater among the families at the higher levels of spending, and show that as family resources increased, these workers were buying diets more nearly meeting their own nutritional needs and those of their families. It is of considerable interest to estimate the adequacy of food expenditures at the different consumption levels. Such an estimate 4 furnishes a rough approximation to the probability of adequacy of the diets purchased to meet the nutritional needs of the families studied. (See table 14.) The prices used in this calculation were the prices collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for its food cost indexes. It is, of course, possible to shop with care and buy at lower prices than these; a judicious selection of in-season fruits and vegeta bles and fish will lower the cost. On the other hand, to secure an adequate diet at the calculated cost requires extremely careful planning and food-consumption habits which follow nutritional needs very closely, and the probabilities are that not all families spending such amounts did in fact achieve adequate diets. The figures furnish, therefore, the basis for an estimate of the proportion of families spend ing enough for nutritionally adequate food, though they do not show the proportion of families actually getting it.5 The proportions for all families and for families at different consumption levels show that the percentage spending enough to purchase an adequate diet rose very rapidly with rise in consumption level. 4 For this purpose the size of each family was measured in adequate-food-cost units based on the U. S. Bureau of Home Economics’ adequate diet at minimum cost (Stiebeling, H. K., and Ward, M . M ., Diets at four levels of nutritive content and cost; U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 296, Washing ton, 1933) and average food expenditures per adequate-food-cost unit were also calculated for each family. These expenditures were compared with the calculated cost of the same diet for a man at moderate work, which was taken as a unit in the adequate food cost scale. The Bureau of Labor Statistics turned over to the Bureau of Home Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, for nutritional analysis, detailed records of actual food consumption for week of a sample of the families studied. See Hazel K. Stiebeling, “ Nutritive Value of Diets of Families of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in North Atlantic Cities, 1934-35,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1936. Also see Hazel K. Stiebeling and Esther F. Phipard, “ Diets of Families of Employed Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Cities,” U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 507, January 1939. 5 1 50 T TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH 14.— Proportion of fam ilies spending enough to purchase an adequate diet at m inim um c o s t1 at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -3 6 able [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] All families City and item Economic level— Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over B ALTIM O RE Families in survey________________________ ______ ___________ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to pur chase an adequate diet at minimum cost___________________ _ 419 68.0 BIRM IN G H AM Families in survey.---------------------------- ---------------------------------Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to pur chase an adequate diet at minimum cost____________________ 202 56.9 166 33.7 88 2 1 .6 166 8 6 .1 87 98.9 60 54 73.3 96.3 DALLAS Families in survey____________________________________________ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to pur chase an adequate diet at minimum cost __________ _______ 294 63.3 94 2 0 .2 105 95 75.2 92.6 HOUSTON Families in survey:_________________________ _____ ______ ____ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to pur chase an adequate diet at minimum cost _ __________________ 258 68 96 94 67.4 25.0 69.8 95.7 JACKSONVILLE Families in survey____________________________________________ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to pur chase an adequate diet at minimum cost . . . ----------------- 178 59 69 50 65.7 18.6 82.6 98.0 LOU ISVILLE Families in survey____________________________________________ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to pur chase an adequate diet at minimum cost _____________ _____ 197 92 69 36 59.4 28.3 80.9 97.3 M EM PH IS Families in survey____________ ______________________________ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to pur chase an adequate diet at minimum cost _____________ _____ 194 73 63 58 62.4 23.3 77.8 94.8 M OBILE Families in survey__________________________ ____ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to pur chase an adequate diet at minimum cost ___________________ 146 74 41 31 50.7 1 2 .2 87.8 93.5 N E W ORLEAN S Families in survey________________________ ___________ ______ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to pur chase an adequate diet at minimum c o s t___ __________ . . _ 318 157 108 53 67.6 41.1 90.7 1 0 0 .0 N O RFO LK Families in survey___ __________________ ______ . . . _________ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to pur chase an adequate diet at minimum cost ____ _____ _______ 162 48 63 51 63.6 18.8 69.8 98.0 RICHMOND Families in survey------------------------------------------------------------------Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to pur chase an adequate diet at minimum cost ----------------------------- 192 69 66 57 55.4 21.7 58.2 93.0 i Based on the adequate diet at minimum cost of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Home Economics. The cost of this diet per adequate food cost unit during the period of the investigation was $128.65 in Baltimore, $118.01 in Birmingham, $128.37 in Dallas, $ in Houston, $127.66 in Jacksonville, $127.71 in Louisville, $112.53 in Memphis, $113.31 in Mobile, $107.03 in New Orleans, $128.02 in Norfolk, and $118.51 in Richmond. Data are not presented for Jackson because retail prices are not available for that city. 120.22 Housing Home ownership. The proportion of white families owning their homes ranged from 16.7 in New Orleans to 43.0 in Baltimore. The absolute difference between the percentage of home owners at low and high economic levels was not large. The proportion increased with rise in economic E X P E N D IT U R E S PO E SP E C IF IE D GOODS 51 le v e l6 in eight cities, while in Dallas, Houston, Memphis, and New Orleans it declined. The somewhat higher percentage of home owners at the lower economic levels in four cities is in part connected with the larger families at the lower level and the consequent im portance of housing in their economic planning. Since it is frequently difficult to locate large houses and apartments for rent, the large family has more incentive to buy than the small one. Types of dwellings. In the South, the proportion of families of wage earners and clerical workers living in one-family detached houses is very much larger than in other regions, for there are comparatively few apartments of any kind in these cities. Except in Baltimore, where the proportion is 9 percent, and in New Orleans, where it is 27.4 percent, more than half the families studied in the South lived in such dwellings, with a maximum of 87 percent in Mobile. In general, for this region the proportion of families in one-family detached dwellings increased as the size of city decreased. Baltimore, the largest city, showed the smallest percentage, while M obile, next to the smallest city, showed the largest. The predominance of semidetached and row houses in the architecture of Baltimore and New Orleans is shown by the large proportion of families living in that type of dwelling, 68.0 and 47.0 percent, respectively. Two-family houses were the next most fre quently reported type of residence, chosen by about a fifth of the families in most cities. Buildings housing three or more families were in the minority everywhere. Eighteen percent of the families in Norfolk reported homes of this type, while in the other cities the proportion ranged from 4 percent in Baltimore to 13 in Richmond. Size o f homes. In all cities studied in this region, home owners and renters of houses had larger homes than did those renting apartments, and renters of unheated apartments had more space than those whose fuel was included in their rent. The home owners averaged about five and one-half rooms per family and renters of houses about five rooms. Families living in apartments where heat was not included in the monthly rental averaged about four rooms, while those with heat furnished by the landlord and included in the rent averaged close to three and one-half rooms. In general, the largest homes were reported in Norfolk, the city with the highest average income, and the smallest in New Orleans. Although white families who were home owners or house renters were, on the average, larger than those living in multiple-family « Throughout, economic or consumption level is defined by the amount spent per expenditure unit per year. In Tabular Summary tables 9 and 10 details for housing are shown by as many economic levels as the number of cases in each city and the type of data for this table would allow. However, for purposes of discus sion in the text three comparable levels for all cities are used. They are: Low economic level, under $400; intermediate, $400 to $600; high, $600 and over. 52 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F T H E SO U TH dwellings, their homes were enough larger to make up for their greater numbers of children. In table 15 it is seen that in general, the num ber of persons per room 7 is greatest among renters of unheated apart ments, that is, apartments in which heat was furnished by the tenants — usually by means of stoves. When we compare families living at the higher economic levels with those at the lower, there is observed a pronounced downward movement in the number of persons per room. Fig. 5 PROPORTION OF FAMILIES OF WAGE EARNERS AND LOWER-SALARIED CLERICAL WORKERS HAVING SELECTED HOUSING FACILITIES AT SUCCESSIVE ECONOMIC LEVELS NORFOLK, 1 9 3 5 -1 9 3 6 WHITE FAMILIES 80 RUNNING WATER, HOT AND COLDjINSlOE FLUSH TOILET, ELECTRIC LIGHTS AND GAS OR ELECTRIC ITY FOR COOKING (ALL FIVE ITEM S) C E N T R A L HEATING ECONOMIC LEVEL ( ANNUAL AMOUNT SPENT PER EXPENDITURE UNIT) UNDER BBSH $400 A $40 0 $600 OVER U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS This is due in large part to the smaller size of families at the higher living planes. In all the cities, except Dallas, studied in this region, families in one or more tenure groups at the low economic level aver aged more than one person per room, which is below the rough stand ard usually accepted in the United States as indicating the minimum of necessary space. In table 10 of the Tabular Summary, the data from which these figures are computed are available in a more detailed break-down by economic level. 7 For the purpose of calculating number of persons per room, hallways, open porches, kitchenettes, dinettes, and baths were not counted as rooms. 53 EXPENDITURES FOR S'PEiOIF'IED GOODS Garages. The increasing importance of the automobile in enabling the Ameri can worker to locate land and a house he can afford to buy is indicated by the fact that more than half of the home owners in all the groups studied except in Baltimore, where less than a fifth possessed this facility, had garages. Among renters, the proportion of families hav ing a garage was considerably less except in Dallas and Houston, where the two groups were nearly equal. Much the best off of all these cities was Houston, where the proportions were 94 and 96 percent respectively. Facilities. Among the families renting their homes, from three-fourths in Mobile to a fifth or less in Baltimore, Dallas, and Jackson lived in dwellings without one or more of the following facilities: Inside flush toilets, running hot water, electric lights, and gas or electricity for cooking. In all 12 cities, the percentage of home owners lacking these facilities is considerably less than that of renters. (See table 16.) It will be observed from the table and from figure 5 that while a larger proportion of the home owners had comfortable plumbing arrange ments, electric refrigerators, and telephones, renters relatively more frequently enjoyed central heating and gas or electricity for cooking. A considerable proportion of renting families, and even some among home owners, shared the use of the toilet with other families. T able 1 5 .— Average number of persons per room at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -8 6 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Item All families Economic l e v e l — f a m i l i e s with annual unit expendi ture of— Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over BALTIMORE Number of families in survey_______________________ _______ _____ Average number of persons per room among: Home owners_______________________________________________ Renters of houses_____________________________________________ Renters of heated apartments_______________________________ Renters of unheated apartments_____________________________ 419 166 166 87 0. 63 0. 77 0.83 0.98 0.81 0.89 1.02 1.06 0.59 0.65 0.81 0.90 0. 44 0.58 0. 72 1.00 BIRMINGHAM Number of families in survey_______ __________________________ Average number of persons per room among: Home owners_________ ______________________________ ______ Renters of houses________ - _____________________ ___________ Renters of heated apartments_______________________ _____ __ Renters of unheated apartments____________________________ 202 88 60 54 0. 69 0. 76 0. 75 0.83 0. 86 0.91 2. 76 0.99 0. 66 0.69 0. 87 0. 58 0. 52 0. 44 0.66 DALLAS Number of families in survey__________ ________________________ Average number of persons per room among: H o m e o w n e r s .-__ _____________________ ________________ _ Renters of houses________ ___________________ _____________ . Renters of heated apartments________________ ______ _______ Renters of unheated apartments________________ _________ _ 74390°— 41------ 5 294 94 105 95 0. 69 0. 73 0.82 0.68 0.94 0.94 0.97 0.99 0. 63 0. 65 1.08 0. 65 0. 52 0.56 0. 63 0. 52 54 T able TW ELVE C IT IE S OF T H E SO UTH 1 5 .— Average number of persons per room , at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -3 6 — Continued All families Item Economic le v e l— fam ilie s with annual unit expendi ture of— Under $400 HOUSTON Number of families in survey____________________ ____________ Average number of persons per room among: Home owners_____ ____________ _____ ___________ _____ Renters of houses.......................................................................... Renters of heated apartments __________________ ____ ___ Renters of unheated apartments..___________ _____________ JACKSON Number of families in survey_________________ __________ ____ Average number of persons per room among: Home owners............................. ............................................. Renters of houses_____________ ________ ____________ _____ Renters of heated apartments ____________________________ Renters of unheated apartments.............. ......................... ....... JACKSONVILLE Number of families in survey___________________________ _____ Average number of persons per room among: Home owners_______________ ________ ____________ _______ Renters of houses....................... ................................................... Renters of heated apartments ____________________________ Renters of unheated apartments.____________ _____________ 1 1 258 68 0.71 0.81 0.90 0.99 0.73 1.09 0.86 $400 to $600 $600 and over 96 94 0.70 0.79 1.05 0. 74 0.53 0.64 0. 73 0. 64 150 39 76 35 0. 87 0.93 1.13 1. 05 0. 77 0.91 0.78 0.73 1.04 1. 46 0. 97 0.95 178 59 69 50 0.69 0. 72 1.15 0.96 0.59 0. 67 0.54 0. 53 0.87 1.07 0. 87 0. 61 LOU ISVILLE Number of families in survey. _____ _________________ _________ Average number of persons per room among: Home owners_________________________ ___________________ Renters of houses____________ __________ _________________ Renters of heated apartments ........... ................................ . Renters of unheated apartments........................................ ....... 1 197 92 0.78 0.95 0.97 1.17 0.71 0. 51 0.61 6.96 1. 31 0.78 0. 67 69 0.66 36 M EM PH IS Number of families in survey____________ _________________ _ Average number of persons per room among: Home owners................................................................................ Renters of houses................... ... ................................................... Renters of heated apartments_______ ______ ______________ Renters of unheated apartments........................................ ...... 194 0.73 0.78 0.79 0. 84 73 1.00 1.05 1. 38 . 1 21 63 58 0. 65 . 0.94 0.64 0.47 0.56 0.53 0.72 066 M O B ILE Number of families in survey....................... .................................... Average number of persons per room among: Home owners................................................. ................................ Renters of houses_________________ ____ ________________ Renters of heated apartments ........... ..................... ................. Renters of unheated apartments ________ ______ ______ 1 146 74 41 31 0.80 0.94 1.06 0.58 0. 69 0.59 0.57 1.21 1 N E W O RLEAN S Number of families in survey_________________________________ Average number of persons per room among: Home owners........................................ ........................................ Renters of houses................... ..................................................... . Renters of heated apartments ............................................. Renters of unheated apartments............................................ 318 157 108 53 0.89 0.93 1.05 1.14 0.84 0.77 0.55 0.64 0.95 1.14 0.79 0.61 N O R FO LK Number of mailies in survey_________________ ____________ ___ Average number of persons per room among: Home owners______________________ _____ ________________ Renters of houses........................................................... ............. Renters of heated apartments_________ ____ ______ _______ Renters of unheated apartments............................................... 162 48 63 51 0. 59 0. 77 0.77 0.76 0.81 0.85 1. 50 0.97 0.60 0. 75 . 0. 76 0.41 0.57 088 0.68 0.55 RICHMOND Number of families in survey............. ............... ......................... Average number of persons per room among: Homeowners.. ___________ ____ _____ __________ Renters of houses______________________________ Renters of heated apartments................... .......................... Renters of unheated apartments............................. 1 Figures not presented because of small number of families. 192 0.66 0.86 0.67 0.91 69 66 57 0.74 1.05 1. 65 1.07 0.73 0. 77 1.29 0.80 0.54 0. 57 0. 55 0.68 55 EXPENDlTTJRElS FOR SPECIFIED GOODS T able 16. — Housing facilities at the end of the schedule year, 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -3 6 Number of families who owned principal home at end of schedule year. _. Percentage of owners having— Central heat-----------------------Gas or electricity for cooking... Electric refrigerator................. Running hot water................. Inside flush toilet.................... Sole use of toilet...................... Telephone............................... Garage................—................. Garden space........................... Play space_________________ Each of the following items: Inside flush toilet, running hot water, electric lights, and gas or electricity for cooking---------------------Number of families who rented prin cipal home at end of schedule year.. _ Percentage of renters having— Central heat________________ Gas or electricity for cooking... Electric refrigerator............. . Running hot water.................. Inside flush toilet......... ........... Sole use of toilet____________ Telephone................. —........... Garage----------------------- -------Garden space....... ................... Play space............................ Each of the following items* Inside flush toilet, running hot water, electric lights, and gas or electricity for cooking......................... 180 88.3 98.9 46.1 89.4 93.3 95.0 27.2 18.9 62.8 67.2 96 94 43 43 68 65 64 53 25.8 0 80.3 96.9 27.3 35.4 69.7 75.0 89.4 92.7 97.0 100.0 59.1 58.3 69.7 85.4 62.1 60.4 84.8 85.4 0 97.9 36. 2 64.9 92.6 97.9 57.4 95.7 91.5 97.9 0 95.3 14.0 83.7 97.7 97.7 65.1 83.7 79.1 95.3 2.3 60.5 46.5 67.4 83.7 97.7 46.5 88.4 67.4 97.7 41.2 95.6 38.2 77.9 85.3 98.5 41.2 67.6 82.4 98.5 40.0 86.2 30.8 67.7 93.8 96.9 66.2 90.8 56.9 83.1 4.7 64.1 32.8 48.4 82.8 96.9 42.2 70.3 40.6 89.1 1.9 86.8 9.4 54.7 94.3 94.3 18.9 50.9 49.1 67.9 66 54 Richmond Norfolk New Orleans Mobile Memphis Louisville Jacksonville Jackson Houston Dallas Birmingham Item Baltimore [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] 46 61.1 60.9 87.0 84.8 55.6 58.7 72.2 78.3 94.4 95.7 94.4 100.0 53.7 65.2 75.9 65.2 46.3 45.7 72. 2 65.2 86.1 60.6 74.0 64.9 81.4 51.2 77.9 63.1 34.4 50.9 72.2 60.9 239 136 198 164 107 135 129 129 82 265 108 146 75.3 97.1 25.1 83.3 91.2 82.0 10.5 12.6 40.6 48.1 39.7 79.4 27.2 69.9 94.1 91.9 37.5 63.2 33.8 80.9 1.0 98.0 32.8 79.3 98.5 97.0 41.4 79.3 31.8 67.7 2.4 98.2 32.3 77.4 98.8 93.9 37.2 93.9 71.3 85.4 1.9 97.2 9.3 83.2 98.1 70.1 57.9 64.5 54.2 84.1 1.5 40.0 11.1 57.8 98.5 87.4 23.7 72.6 38.5 81.5 24.8 96.1 28.7 62.8 78.3 82.9 14.0 45.7 58.9 78.3 39.5 81.4 20.2 71.3 96.1 81.4 38.8 74.4 32.6 58.9 2.4 51.2 26.8 30.5 85.4 91.5 18.3 57.3 22.0 90.2 1.5 86.8 9.4 50.6 92.5 93.6 17.0 31.3 30.9 53.2 47.2 79.6 46.3 50.9 93.5 84.3 34.3 45.4 23.1 48.1 37.7 75.3 34.9 66.4 93.8 85.6 32.2 32.2 26.0 58.2 79.1 64.0 77.8 76.2 81.3 31.9 61.2 65.9 29.3 47.2 49.1 59.6 In table 9 of the Tabular Summary, the data on housing facilities are presented in greater detail, including a break-down according to economic level. The increase from the low to the high economic level in the use of electric refrigerators, telephones, central heating, and hot running water was greater than that of any other items. Housing expenditures. When families are classified according to economic level, the pro portion of total expenditures devoted to housing and fuel, light, and refrigeration combined shows a slightly declining movement from lower to higher expenditures level in all cities but Mobile (see table 3 of the Tabular Summary). In part this tendency is a reflection of the smaller families found at the higher economic levels, but it is also found in studying changes in housing expenditures with increases in income among families of one size and type. H o m e o w n ers .— Among home owners, average current housing expenditures ranged from $119 in Dallas to $226 in Richmond. Included in this total are taxes, assessments, repairs and replacements, fire and liability insurance on home, interest on mortgages, and 56 TW ELVE C IT IE S OOF T H E SO O JTH refinancing charges. In all the cities studied, there was a notable increase in amount used for this purpose by home-owning families at higher as compared with those at lower economic levels, though it was not proportionate to the increase in total unit expenditure.8 From table 17 it is apparent that the amount invested in homes by owners making such investments is not large, ranging from $69 in New Orleans to $158 in Jacksonville for the 12-month period covered by the schedule. Investment in housing has been treated to include both payments on principal of mortgage and for permanent improvements to a home, such as the addition of an enclosed porch. Investments of this type showed a regular tendency to increase with improvement in the families’ plane of living. The home owners cooperating in the Study supplied the field in vestigators with their estimates of the annual rental value of their homes, varying from an average of $395 in Richmond to $223 in Birmingham.9 When the amount which home-owning families esti mated would have been necessary to rent their homes at market price is compared with their current housing expenditure, there is a net difference of income in kind, which may be called the imputed income from equity in owned home. The average amount of this imputed income is shown on table 17 to range from $181 in Dallas to $55 in Birmingham. R en ters .— Rental rates paid in these Southern cities (see table 17) ranged from $11 to $34 per month, depending on the city and the type of accommodation. There was a distinct tendency, as indicated in table 10 of the Tabular Summary, for these rates to increase as economic level rose. 8 By total unit expenditure is meant the amount of current expenditure for all items per expenditure unit. • The rank order of the average rentals as estimated by home owners for the 11 cities covered in this region both by the present investigation and by the Works Progress Administration study of “ Cost of Living in 59 Cities” shows a very high correlation with rental values obtained in the latter study. As mentioned above, the Works Progress Administration investigation attempted to secure the cost of the same level of living in each city covered. On the basis of the cost of a given level of housing, the 11 cities included in both studies rank as follows from the highest to the lowest cost: Norfolk, Richmond, Baltimore, Memphis, Dallas, Houston, Louisville, New Orleans, Birmingham, Mobile, and Jacksonville. When ranked from highest to lowest according to the average values of owned homes reported by the wage earners and clerical workers covered in the present investigation, the order is as follows: Richmond, Baltimore, Norfolk, Mem phis, New Orleans, Dallas, Houston, Jacksonville, Louisville, Mobile, and Birmingham. One would judge from a comparison of the two types of ranking that the home owners of New Orleans and Jacksonville are somewhat better off than the average for the entire home-owning group in all the cities. E X P E N D IT U R E S T able FOR S P E C IF IE D 57 GOODS 17. — Housing expenditures, 1 year during the period 1 9 8 4 -3 6 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Item Balti more Home owners for 12 months: Number of families________________________ 180 Average current money expenditure_______ $200.10 Average amount invested during year in $82.47 owned home______ ______________________ Average annual rental value_______________ $352.00 Average imputed income from equity in owned home........................................... ........ $152.00 Renters of houses for 12 months: 141 Number of families.......... .......... .................. . $21.93 Average monthly rental rate paid__________ Renters of apartments for 12 months with heat included in rent: Number of families________________________ 65 $22.82 Average monthly rental rate paid__________ Renters of apartments for 12 months with heat not included in rent: 31 Number of families.................. ........................ $12. 31 Average monthly rental rate paid.................. Secondary housing: 419 Number of families in survey____ ____ ____ Average expenditure for owned vacation 0 home______________________ ______ ______ Number of families spending for rent on vacation home or trip.. _________________ 11 Average expenditure for rent on vacation or $22. 85 trip per family making such expenditure.. . Number of families spending for rent at 1 school___________________________ _______ Item Louis ville Home owners for 12 months: 66 Number of families............................................ Average current money expenditure.............. $139.76 Average amount invested during year in owned home______ ____ _________ ___ $88. 27 Average annual rental value_____ _________ $287. 00 Average imputed income from equity in owned home________ _____ ________ _____ $147. 00 Renters of houses for 12 months: Number of families... . . . ______ ________ 76 Average monthly rental rate paid__________ $17.11 Renters of apartments for 12 months with heat included in rent: Number of families________________________ 0) Average monthly rental rate paid__________ 0) Renters of apartments for 12 months with heat not included in rent: Number of families_______ ____ ___________ 43 $14.19 Average monthly rental rate paid............... Secondary housing: Number of families in survey________ _____ 197 Average expenditure for owned vacation 0 home_______ _____ ______________________ Number of families spending for rent on on vacation home or trip_________________ 6 Average expenditure for rent on vacation or trip per family making such expenditure. _ $58.44 Number of families spending for rent at 1 school....... .................................... ........ .......... Birming Dallas ham Hous ton Jackson Jackson ville 61 $168.14 91 $119.17 85 $170. 38 43 $204.25 40 $139. 72 $84.66 $223.00 $117.35 $300.00 $104. 22 $295.00 $86.07 $355.00 $158.48 $295.00 $55.00 $181.00 $125. 00 $150.00 $155.00 102 $13. 73 126 $20.15 102 $19. 88 58 $19.65 67 $19. 67 22 $22.47 35 $25. 81 10 $22. 08 0) 0) 10 $11. 44 37 $19. 70 41 $24. 52 30 $20. 48 58 $17. 23 202 294 258 150 178 0 0 0 0 0 19 11 35 14 25 $19. 35 $19.51 $9.51 $21. 21 $14.17 2 3 3 0 0 Mem phis Mobile New Norfolk Orleans 64 $172.56 62 $168. 37 53 $164.05 53 $173.55 46 $225. 70 $125.92 $323.00 $69. 77 $264. 00 $68.53 $305. 00 $147.95 $347.00 $119.08 $395.00 $150.00 $96.00 $141. 00 $173.00 $169. 00 79 $17. 55 67 $15.03 188 $17. 22 49 $20. 36 60 $21. 86 24 $29.55 21 $34.33 70 $18.14 33 $17.89 59 $17.61 192 20 $26.15 29 $14. 75 0) C1) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) Rich mond 194 146 318 162 0 0 0 0 0 3 11 6 5 21 $21.99 $19. 51 $57. 77 $19.12 $10.42 0 1 1 2 1 1 Detailed information not presented because of small number of families in this classification. V a ca tion h o u sin g .— Among the families covered in the investigation, vacations played but a minor part. The proportion making expendi tures for rent on vacation or trips was smallest in Memphis, where but 3 families out of 194 reported them, and largest in Jacksonville, where the figures were 25 out of 178. The average expenditure per family paying rent on vacation or trip ranged from $10 in Houston 58 TW ELVE C IT IE S OE THE SO U TH to $58 in Louisville and New Orleans. In all the cities studied, as the plane of living rose there was a sharp increase in the average amount spent for rent on trips. F u e l , light , and refrigera tion .— As is seen in table 18, expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration were heaviest in winter and fall, indicating that but few of the families of workers have sufficient reserve funds or storage facilities to lay in a coal supply in the summer time when they might take advantage of the prevalent lower prices. Expenditures in this category in spring and summer are made chiefly for electricity, gas, and refrigeration (ice, or fuel for a mechanical refrigerator). In table 11 of the Tabular Summary, detailed information is pre sented for expenditures on all types of fuel, light, and refrigeration, including electricity, anthracite, bituminous coal, coke, briquets, wood, fuel oil, gas, kerosene, gasoline not used for automobiles, and ice. Since the actual amount paid for fuel, light, and refrigeration depends to a large extent on whether a house or an apartment is involved, and whether the rent paid the landlord includes heat, data are presented separately for families in four categories as well as in the form of averages for all families (see table 11 of the Tabular Sum mary). As would be expected, the largest total payments for fuel, light, and refrigeration were made by families heating houses, with coal, electricity, and gas constituting the largest item of expenditure. T able 18.— Expenditure for fu el , light, and refrigeration, 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -8 6 * [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Item Number of families in survey ____ ___ Total expenditures for fuel, light and re frigeration for— Year __________________________ W inter _________________________ Spring__________________________ Summer_________________________ Fall ...... ..............- ..................... Item Balti more 419 $103.37 28. 65 18. 47 20.53 35.72 Louis ville Birming ham Dallas Houston Jackson Jackson ville 202 294 258 150 178 $97. 26 $84. 89 $78.39 $70. 68 $92. 23 27.35 19. 35 23. 35 27. 21 25. 75 19. 50 18. 49 21.15 23.06 18. 35 18. 27 18. 71 19.39 16. 37 18.11 16.81 29.16 19. 60 20.03 23.44 Mobile New Orleans Norfolk Memphis Rich mond Number of families in survey________ ___ Total expenditures for fuel, light and re frigeration for— Year __ ____________________________ 197 194 146 318 162 192 $93.78 $111.00 $100. 83 $82.73 $124. 24 $118.08 Winter............................................ . Spring _____________ ___________ Sum m er.___ ______ ______ Fall ............... .......... ................... . 26.01 16.89 19.84 31.04 32. 85 25. 56 22. 49 30.10 30.04 22. 54 23. 25 25.00 22.91 19.11 18.99 21. 72 36. 94 23. 53 25. 49 38. 28 33. 32 24.48 27.82 32. 46 When families paying for heat separately from rent are classified by total unit expenditure, the dollar outlays for fuel, light, and re- E X P E N D IT U R E S FUR S P E C IF IE D GOODS 59 frigeration show a slight increase from low to high levels. The fact that they do not increase more sharply indicates two things. One, that there is an essential minimum which cannot be cut if the house hold is to function, and the other, that even at the highest spending levels which these people reach, the demands of other items in the budget are still so urgent that there is little money to spare for in creased consumption in this field. As funds available for spending increase, however, a greater upward swing from low to high consump tion levels appeared for electricity than for any other item included in this group. Other item s o f household op era tio n .— Items of household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, which include water rent, telephone, domestic service, laundry sent out, laundry soap and cleaning supplies, and other miscellaneous items (see table 12 of Tabular Summary), showed marked increase from low to high eco nomic levels, approximately doubling in all these 12 cities. The items showing the greatest response to change in economic level were tele phones, domestic service, laundry sent out, and insurance on furniture. Furnishings and Equipment The very high variability 10 of expenditures for house furnishings and equipment from family to family in a given year is shown by figures presented in Tabular Summary table 24-A, p. 625. Thus, in relation to the average expenditure of all families in this region, the total furnishings and equipment expenditures of individual families varied more than four times as much as did their total food expendi tures. These divergences are readily understandable from the nature of the purchases involved. M ajor items of furnishings and equipment are usually bought only at rare intervals in a family’s lifetime, and many of even the smaller items in this category are such that pur chasing them can be dispensed with entirely in a year of financial stringency. Variability of the total expenditures of individual families for fur nishings and equipment is, of course, greatly exceeded by the vari ability of expenditures for specific items in this group. The family which bought a living room suite last year will perhaps make no im portant addition to its stock of furniture this year, but will save to ward purchases of other such items in subsequent years. On account of this high variability, average expenditures for specific items of furniture and furnishings for relatively small groups of families do not show significant movements, and the figures on the details of furniture and equipment purchases have been presented as regional averages rather than in terms of averages by cities (see Tabular Summary, table 18). For discussion of variability, see pp. 22 and 647. 60 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH Expenditures for furnishings and equipment, which were greatest for furniture, electrical appliances, bedding, and miscellaneous equip ment, varied significantly with economic level.11 At. the lowest level $42.19 was spent for this group of items, whereas families at the highest economic level spent $109.62 for this purpose. A t all economic levels, the items purchased by the largest propor tion of families were fundamentals of household equipment: brooms, brushes, m ops; light bulbs; sheets and pillow cases; cotton Turkish towels; curtains and draperies; pots, pans, and cutlery; and window shades, screens, and awnings, with little variation in rank order of items between the different economic levels. Of the various groups of items coming under the general head of furnishings and equipment, silver, china, and glassware shows the largest percentage increase in average expenditure from lowest to highest economic level, and furniture the second largest. When the average expenditure for living room suites is computed for those families buying such furniture, 51 among the 1,027 families at tne lowest economic level averaged $82; 61 of the 982 families at the intermediate level averaged $91, and 55 of the 701 families at the highest averaged $100. Electric light bulbs were always the most frequently purchased item for electrical equipment. At the low economic level, electric irons ranked second in frequency with 87 families purchasing, lamps third with 61 families purchasing, and washing machines fourth with 53 families purchasing. Electric refrigerators required the largest average expenditure at all levels. Expenditures for carpets and rugs by families at the highest economic level averaged $4.84, as compared with $1.68 at the lowest level. When these averages are converted to averages per family buying, 91 families at the lowest plane averaged $19, whereas 123 families at the highest averaged $28. On the other hand, average expenditures for equipment of a more strictly utilitarian type, felt base floor covering, were the same at both levels, $0.65. Average expendi tures per family purchasing this type of floor covering were slightly larger at the high level. 11 See footnote 11, p. 22. 61 EX PE ND IT U1E1E1S FOR SPECIFIED GOODS T able 19. — Expenditures for furnishings and equipment at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 8 4 -8 6 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican, in 12 cities combined] Economic level—families with an nual unit expenditure of— Item Under $400 $400 to $600 Number of families in survey____ _____ _______ ___________________ Total expenditure for furniture and equipment .............................. Furniture___________ __________________________ ____ _____ ___ Textile furnishings_________________________________ _______ _ Silverware, china, and glassware____________ _________ ________ Electrical equipment __ _____ _______________________ ___ _ Miscellaneous equipment_____________________________________ 1,027 $42.19 10. 27 8.94 .61 12. 65 9. 82 P ercen t Total expenditure for furniture and equipment ______ __________ Furniture ___________ __________ ___________ _________ ___ Textile furnishings ... - ___________ _______ __ ______ _____ Silverware, china, and glassware______________ ________ _____ Electrical equipment ___ ___________ ______ ____________ Miscellaneous equipment______________________________________ 100.0 24.3 21.2 1.2 30.0 23.3 982 $65. 22 18.53 12.59 1. 06 20. 83 12. 21 P ercen t 100.0 28.4 19.3 1.6 32.0 18.7 $600 and over 701 $109. 62 32. 58 18. 91 2.18 38. 72 17. 23 P ercen t 100.0 29.7 17.3 2.0 35. 3 15.7 C lothing Variability12 of clothing expenditures. Clothing expenditures for any one individual vary greatly from year to year. An even greater variability exists between the clothing expenditures of different indivudals in any one year. This high degree of variability results from such factors as the stock of clothing left over from the previous year, the money income of the family, and the number of persons within the home whose needs must be supplied from family funds, and such unusual situations as may require special purchases. Because of this high variability, it is difficult to secure representative averages on the clothing expenditures of individuals unless data are available from a large number of persons. For this reason, average expenditures for individuals for specified articles of clothing have been computed for the region as a whole, and not for separate cities. Total expenditure per family for clothing. Among the major items of consumer expenditures, those for clothing are the most elastic. With increases in economic resources among families of wage earners and low-salaried clerical workers, more and more of the family funds go to solve the problem of what to wear. The larger average expenditure per family at the high consumption level 13 is the result not only of the purchase of larger quantities of the 12 See footnote 11, p. 22. 13 Throughout, economic or consumption level is defined by amount spent per year per expenditure unit. For each of the tables showing details of expenditures, as many economic levels have been shown as the number of cases and type of data would allow. Since clothing expenditures are shown by sex and age groups as well as by economic level, only three such levels are presented for this table. They are: Under $400, $400 to $600, and $600 and over. The age groups shown for each sex in the tabulation of items of clothing purchased are: 18 years of age and over, 12 through 17 years, 6 through 11 years, and 2 through 5 years. Pur chases for children under 2 years old are shown without regard to sex. 62 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F THE SO U TH same items purchased by families at the low level, but also of greater variety and better quality of goods (see Tabular Summary table 17). The universality of the custom of buying clothing ready to wear is indicated by the overwhelming proportion of these funds going to purchase of ready-made clothing, dry cleaning, and accessories. Expenditures for yard goods and findings used for sewing garments at home averaged around $5 per family at each of the low and inter mediate economic levels and $6 at the high level. Paid help for sew ing was used so infrequently that the average expenditure per family was only 12 cents at the lowest economic level, 36 cents at the inter mediate level, and 83 cents at the highest. Gifts o f clothing. Among families of wage earners and clerical workers, the custom of exchanging gifts of clothing at Christmas, birthdays, or other special occasions is quite extensive. If such presents were paid for from family funds and exchanged within the economic family, they were not recorded on the schedule as gifts, but simply as clothing expenses. If, however, gifts were received from persons outside the family circle, an attempt was made to ascertain their value. Fifty percent of the families at the low economic level, 52 percent at the intermediate level, and 48 percent at the high reported receiving them. Their value averaged around $10. Since a large proportion of the families receiving gifts could not estimate the value, and these have not been included, the above figures do not give a complete account of this item. Clothing expenditures for men and boys. Total clothing expenditures per person decreased from $53 for men and boys 18 years and over through each age group 14 to $14 for boys aged 2 to 5 years. Such a relationship between average expenditures and age is observed at each of the three economic levels studied. Within each age group, however, the average expenditure per person more than doubled from the low to the high consumption level.15 Clothing expenditures are summarized according to those for headwear, outerwear, (defined to include shirts as well as suits, trousers, overcoats, jackets, sweaters, and similar items), underwear, footwear (defined to include hose of all types, shoes, slippers, rubbers, and overshoes), and miscellaneous items. An analysis of these outlays when made by men and boys at a low plane of living and by those at one of the highest reached by any considerable number of wage earners and clerical workers reveals a strong similarity in the clothing consumption habits of these two different groups. Those at the high level naturally buy more, and get a better quality; their annual i* The age groups distinguished for this table are: 18 years and over, 12 to 17 years, 6 to 11 years, and 2 to 5 years. See footnote 13, p. 61. E X P E N D IT U R E S FOR S F E G IE IE D 63 GOODS expenditure per person is more than twice that at the low level. The items purchased, however, are the same, and the rank order of the five categories does not change. Apparently higher spending levels than these must be reached before individual tastes can be indulged. (See table 20.) T able 20. — Distribution of annual clothing expenditures for individuals in fam ilies at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1984.-86 [Men and boys in families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican, in 12 cities combined] Average clothing expenditure per person in— Families with annual unit expenditure of— Sex, age group, and type of clothing All families Under $400 Families with annual unit expenditure of— All families Under $400 $400 to $600 and over $600 $400 to $600 and over $600 Men 18 years of age and over: Headwear...................................... Outerwear................................... ... Underwear.................................. . Footwear................................ ....... Miscellaneous items.................... P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t $2.63 26. 20 3. 55 11.21 9. 21 $1.70 16.98 2.34 8.07 4.54 $2.82 27. 52 3. 65 11.74 9.86 $4.01 40.41 5. 48 15. 95 16. 45 5.0 49.7 6.7 21.2 17.4 5.1 50.4 7.0 24.0 13.5 5.1 49.5 6.6 21.1 17.7 4.9 49.0 6.7 19.4 20.0 Total__________ _________ ____ P ercen t 52. 80 33.63 55.59 82. 30 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Boys 12 through 17 years of age: Headwear........ ......... ..................... Outerwear..................................... Underwear____ ___________ ____ Footwear_______________ _______ Miscellaneous items____________ .57 17.96 2.22 9. 49 3. 23 .46 13. 70 1.74 8. 08 2.13 .80 25.44 3.06 12. 30 5.24 .97 42.08 5.02 15. 54 9. 36 1.7 53.7 6.6 28.4 9.6 1.8 52.4 6.7 30.9 8.2 1.7 54.3 6.5 26.3 11.2 1.3 57.7. 6.9 21.3 12.8 Total_________________________ 33. 47 26.11 46.84 72. 97 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Boys 6 through 11 years of age: Headwear. _______________ ____ Outerwear_______ ____ _____ ___ Underwear............................. ........ Footwear_____________________ _ Miscellaneous items____________ .39 10. 82 1.83 8.40 1.42 .26 8. 34 1.39 6. 88 .93 .57 14.18 2.38 10.61 2. 25 .84 20.88 3. 73 13. 44 2.98 1.7 47.4 8.0 36.7 6.2 1.5 46.8 7.8 38.7 5.2 1.9 47.3 7.9 35.4 7.5 2.0 49.9 8.9 32.1 7.1 Total_______________________ _ 22. 86 17.80 29.99 41.87 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Boys 2 through 5 years of age: Headwear______________________ Outerwear....... ............................... Underwear____ ____ __________ Footwear________ ______ _______ Miscellaneous items____________ .33 6. 44 1.41 5. 62 .50 .21 4.38 .92 4.06 .28 .43 8.62 2.05 7.80 .82 .89 13. 50 2. 63 8. 34 1. 35 2.3 45.0 9.9 39.3 3.5 2.1 44.5 9.3 41.3 2.8 2.2 43.6 10.4 39.6 4.2 3.3 50.6 9.8 31.2 5.1 Total................................. ......... 14. 30 9. 85 19.72 26. 71 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Shoes, although purchased more frequently than any other single item, received a declining proportion of total clothing expenditure. They had to be bought even at the low level, where they averaged 1.2 pairs per person purchasing and cost $3.48. At the high level, the pressure of other items was so urgent that these figures had increased only to 1.6 and $4.79. It was the purchase of a new suit which really increased as more money became available to use for clothes. This item took the greatest proportionate expenditure (50 percent) at all levels. The absolute amount paid, however, rose from about $22 at the low plane to $27 at the high, and the number of men buying 64 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F THE SO U TH suits was doubled. To put it differently, men at the low level bought a new suit once in 6 years; at the high they were able to do so once every 3 years. Miscellaneous expenses, though perforce a small item in the clothing budget, rose faster than anything else as plane of living improved. Handkerchiefs, ties, and other relatively short-lived garments were frequently purchased by both groups. Cleaning and repairing services were used by 56 percent of the men at the low level, who paid $4.58 per year for them, and by as many as 85 percent at the high plane at an average price of $11.78. Clothing expenditures for women and girls. Total average clothing expenditures for women and girls were in general similar to those for men and boys. The average, however, was slightly lower than the men’s in the adult group— $50 as contrasted with $53. It is significant that women make greater adjustments in their clothing expenditures than men. Thus, women in families at the lowest economic level spent 42 percent less than the average for all women, while men in the same group spent 36 percent less. Appar ently the economies inevitable at the low level made it necessary for women who stayed at home to depart farther from the clothing standards of their group than men who went out to work. On the other hand, women in the highest economic group spent 72 percent more than the average, while men spent only 54 percent more. The distribution of these expenditures between the five main types of clothing was different among the women. Larger percentages were devoted to headwear, underwear, and footwear, and less to outerwear (see table 21). The percentage spent for outerwear, however, in creased with economic level, while that for footwear declined. At both low and high economic levels, shoes ranked first, both in frequency of purchase and proportion of total expenditure. The following percentages of women had expenditures for the indicated types of shoes, and the average prices paid were as shown. Low economic level High economic level Item Street shoes..__________ ______________________________________ Dress shoes___________________________________________________ Sport shoes_____________________________________ ____ ________ Percent Average price Percent 65 18 10 $3 3 2 77 31 19 Average price $4 4 3 Silk hose ranks second in frequency of purchase at both levels, ranging from 5.8 pairs at 66 cents to 12.2 pairs at 79 cents. Felt hats followed them in order of frequency of purchase. Silk and rayon dresses, usually thought of as the most important item in a woman’s wardrobe, ranked fourth in frequency of purchase. E X P E N D I T U iR E lS FOB S P E C IF IE D 65 GOODS As a proportion of total clothing expenditure, they were third at the low level, when 42 percent of the women bought them at an average price of $4.86, and first at the high, where 72 percent purchased and paid $7.58 per dress. Thus, even at the high level, one out of four women was unable to buy a new silk (or rayon) dress at any time dur ing the schedule year. T able 2 1 .— Distribution of annual clothing expenditures for individuals in fam ilies at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 19SJ^S6 [Women and girls in families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican, in 12 cities combined] Average clothing expenditure per person in— Sex, age group, and types of clothing Families with annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over Families with annual unit expenditure of— All fami lies Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t Women 18 years of age and over: Headwear _ _ ______ Outerwear___________ - ______ Underwear______________ ______ Footwear. ____ . _____________ Miscellaneous items________ - . $3.38 20.10 6. 48 15.44 5.00 $1.85 11.18 3. 65 10. 21 2.17 $3.43 20.99 6. 70 16. 21 5.00 $5.99 34.91 11.16 23. 73 10.04 6. 7 39.9 12.9 30.6 9.9 6.4 38.4 12.6 35.1 7.5 6.6 40.1 12.8 30.9 9.6 7.0 40.8 13.0 27.6 11.6 P ercen t Total_________________________ 50. 40 29.06 52. 33 85. 83 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Girls 12 through 17 years of age: Headwear______________________ Outerwear___ ___ ___ _______ _ Underwear_______ _____ _______ Footwear ______ _____ _______ Miscellaneous items____ _______ 1.73 14. 88 4. 21 13. 32 3.04 1. 22 10.47 2. 98 10. 62 1. 59 2.30 21. 34 5. 80 16. 88 4. 69 3. 74 28. 95 8.85 21.93 9. 35 4.7 40.0 11.3 35.8 8.2 4.5 39.0 11.1 39.5 5.9 4.5 41.8 11.4 33.1 9.2 5.1 39.8 12. 2 30.1 12.8 Total________________________ 37.18 26. 88 51.01 72.82 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . 59 7.15 1.88 8. 61 .82 .41 5.28 1. 41 7.05 .52 .88 9. 77 2. 70 11.18 1. 27 1.32 15.70 3. 63 13. 95 2. 27 3.1 37.5 9.9 45. 2 4.3 2.8 36.0 9. 6 48.1 3.5 3.4 37.9 10. 5 43.3 4.9 3.6 42.6 9. 8 37.8 6.2 ____ ___ _____________ -.19.05 14.67 25. 80 36. 87 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .37 5. 62 1.73 6. 23 . 53 . 24 3.74 1.09 4. 76 .21 .45 7. 17 2. 30 7. 34 .57 .99 12. 01 3. 34 11. 44 2. 60 2.6 38.8 11.9 43.0 3.7 2.4 37.2 10.9 47.4 2.1 2.5 40.2 12.9 41.2 3.2 3.3 39. 5 11.0 37.6 8. 6 14. 48 10. 04 17. 83 30. 38 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Girls 6 through 11 years of age: Headwear__________ ______ ____ Outerwear__________________ . _ Underwear____________________ Footwear ________________ Miscellaneous it e m s .__ ___ - _ Total Girls 2 through 5 years of age: Headwear______________________ Outerwear_____________________ Underwear_______ ____ _ __ _ Footwear______ ___ ___ ___ ___ Miscellaneous items. ________ . T o ta l...._____ _______________ Occupational differences in the clothing expenditures o f adults. Expenditures for clothing by the adults included in the Study were found to have been affected, to an important degree, by the occupa tion of the persons included in the Study, as well as by the economic level of the family. An analysis of the relative affect of occupation and social environment on clothing expenditures has been made for all white persons studied in 2,710 families in the 12 Southern cities and 30 other cities combined. The total clothing expenditures of men and women engaged in clerical work were contrasted with the 66 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F THE SO U TH expenditures of those in manual work and those at home without gainful employment, and of boys and girls at school, after elimination of any effect upon these differences which might be due to differing incomes or family composition (see appendix G, pp. 690 to 693). Among the employed workers, under 21, for both men and women, difference between average expenditures for clothing by wage earners and by clerical workers were negligible. At older ages, however, for both men and women, the expenditures of clerical workers were con sistently greater than those of wage earners. The differences varied for men from 7 percent in the group aged 21 to 24 years to 15 percent in the group aged 27 to 30. The greater expenditure by clerical workers than wage earners for clothing was less pronounced for women than for men up to the 27th year, but thereafter was much more pronounced for women, reaching a maximum difference of 44 percent in the age group 42 to 48. Average clothing expenditures of men and women at home without gainful employment were substantially lower than those of employed individuals. Among the men, expenditures of clerical workers exceeded those of men at home by 38 percent or more for the groups aged 15 to 21, and by 100 percent or more for the groups aged 21 to 60. For women the comparable figures are somewhat less striking, 15 percent for the group aged 15 to 18 and from 52 to 78 percent for the groups from 18 to 60 years of age. The fact that it is more customary for adult women to be at home without gainful employment than for adult men, whereas most of the men found in this situation were involuntarily at home because of unemployment or illness, probably explains this very low level of clothing ex penditure for unemployed men at home. Clothing expenditures for boys aged 15 to 21 at school were onefifth to one-fourth greater than those of unemployed boys at home of the same age, but were in turn exceeded by 13 percent or more by clothing expenditures of clerical workers in the same sex-age group. Girls at school aged 15 to 18 spent 7 percent more than girls at home, but girl clerical workers of that age spent 7 percent more than the school girls. A t the next age level, 18 to 21, girl clerical workers spent 25 percent more than school girls, who in turn spent 22 percent more than girls at home. A t every age level, in comparable occupational categories, the women spent more for clothing than did men, the average expenditure for women clerical workers aged 24 to 27 being 45 percent greater than that for men clerical workers of the same age, and the differences in the age group 36 to 42 for the same occupations being 57 percent. Women wage earners aged 24 to 27 spent 46 percent more for clothing than men wage earners of the same age and in the age group 36 to 42 the difference was 23 percent. EiXPENDITTJQ&ElS FOB S P E O I F I 'E D 67 GOOD'S The relationships discussed in the foregoing paragraphs may be seen graphically in figure A .16 #" ESTIMATED ANNUAL CLOTHING EXPENDITURES BY PERSONS OF DIFFERENT AGE, SEX, AND OCCUPATION 42 CITIES COMBINED I.OO- $56.68 0 2 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 36 42 48 54 AGE AGE •AFTER ELIMINATING THE E FF E C T OF D IFFEREN CES IN FAMIUf S IZE AND INCOME. BASED ON DATA FROM WHITE FAMILIES. U. t. BUREAU OF LABOR. STATISTICS The data on which this chart is based are shown in appendix G, table D , p. 690. 60 66 68 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH T r anspor t ation In all cities studied in this region, expenditures for transportation showed a sharp increase at the higher economic levels as compared with the lower, more than doubling in each city. (See Tabular Summary, table 13.) The chief factor in this increased expenditure was the automobile, since the average outlays for all other forms of transportation increased but slightly from low to high economic levels. The upward swing at higher economic levels in expenditures for automobile maintenance and operation is indicated in table 22. Not only did the percent of families owning automobiles rise markedly, but the amount spent for operation and maintenance by such families showed a substantial increase. Thirty-six percent of the group studied in New Orleans operated automobiles, whereas 74 percent in Houston had their own cars. In Baltimore, Louisville, and New Orleans, where the high cost of garage and parking space and the traffic conditions typical of metropolitan areas generally make automobile operation relatively expensive, the smallest proportion of families operated their own cars. Expenditures of all sorts for automobile transportation formed 53, 65, and 61 per cent, respectively, of total transportation expense in these three cities. In the other cities covered in this region, the proportions varied from 74 to 87 percent. The proportion of families purchasing automobiles within the schedule year (table 13 of the Tabular Summary) was naturally much smaller than the proportion owning cars. Never more than 7 percent of the families in any city in this region purchased a new car during the schedule year, while those purchasing second-hand cars varied from 5 percent in Baltimore to 17 percent in Jacksonville. Net expenditures for automobiles, new and second-hand, averaged $194 per family purchasing in M obile and $365 in Dallas. The aver age for the remaining 10 cities ranged between $200 and $350.17 Data presented in table 22 show average expenditures for automobile operation and maintenance in these 12 cities. Expenditures for gasoline and oil made up from 60 to 70 percent of the total in each city except Baltimore. In Baltimore where the proportion for gasoline and oil was only 55 percent, 13 percent on the average was spent for garage rent and parking, as compared to less than 4 percent in any other of 17 These averages were computed by dividing the aggregate amount spent for automobiles by the families studied in each city by the number of families purchasing automobiles. They include amounts still due at the end of the schedule year but do not include the trade-in value of cars which may have been turned in on the transaction. Payments on automobiles purchased in previous years are not treated as automobile expense in this report, but as reduction of outstanding liabilities. (See appendix A, pp. 632 and 637.) E X P E N D IT U R E S F'O R S P E C IF IE D 69 GOODS these 12 cities. Baltimore has an ordinance against over-night parking on the street, which is strictly enforced. In general, the pro portion of the operation and maintenance expenditure spent for gaso line and oil declined with rise in economic level. In part this decline is due to the increasing percentage going to parking and garage expense and in part to larger expenses for repairs and insurance. One factor in the situation is the tendency for wage earners needing to economize on their cars to make their own repairs. T 2 2 . — E x p en ditu res fo r autom obile operation and m aintenance fo r auto m obile ow n ers , at successive econom ic levels , 1 yea r d uring the period 1 9 8 4 - 8 6 able [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Economic level—families with annual unit expenditure of— City and item All fami lies Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over BALTIMORE Percentage of families owning automobiles _____________________ Expenditure for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning automobile __________ Percentage for— Gasoline and oil______ ____________ ___________________ Garage rent and parking_______________ _________________ Other____________ _____ ___________________________________ 27.0 14.5 27.1 50.6 $136.23 $100.34 $132.47 $159. 76 55.5 13.4 31.1 53.1 9.5 37.4 58.6 12.5 28.9 53.6 15.4 31.0 BIRMINGHAM Percentage of families owning automobiles ___________________ Expenditure for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning automobile. _________ Percentage for— Gasoline and oil__________________________________________ Garage rent and parking________________________________ O th er.. ------- --------- ------------------------ --------- ----------------------- 57.9 45.5 61.6 74.1 $115. 29 $94. 07 $100. 35 $150. 40 62.4 0.9 36.7 64.3 0.3 35.4 63.1 0.4 36.5 60.8 1.6 37.6 DALLAS Percentage of families owning autom obiles______ __ ... Expenditure for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning automobile ________ . Percentage for— Gasoline and oil____ . ________________________ ______ Garage rent and parking.......................... .......... ......... ......... Other________ ___________________________________________ 68.7 54.3 69.5 82.1 $99. 22 $72. 03 $99. 34 $116.85 73.7 1.0 25.3 74.9 0.1 25.0 73.3 0.7 26.0 73.5 1.6 24.9 HOUSTON Percentage of families owning automobiles. _. ________________ Expenditure for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning automobile __________ Percentage for— Gasoline and oil_______________ _____ _____ ___________ . . . Garage rent and parking______•________________ ________ Other_____________________________________________ ______ _ 73.6 54.4 76.0 85.1 $133. 05 $106. 25 $139. 30 $139.62 63.1 1.8 35.1 64.7 1.5 33.8 61.8 1.4 36.8 63.7 2.4 33.9 JACKSON Percentage of families owning automobiles -----------------------------Expenditure for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning au to m o bile_________ Percentage for— Gasoline and oil-------------------- -------------------------------------------Garage rent and parking_______________________________ Other_______________________________ _____________________ 65.3 51.3 54.5 82.9 $125.02 $100.68 $112. 82 $166. 78 66.8 0.3 32.9 64.5 68.4 35.5 31.6 65.8 0.7 33.5 JACKSONVILLE Percentage of families owning automobiles_________ ______ ______ Expenditue for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning automobile ________ ... Percentage for— Gasoline and oil.. _ _ . ________________ _____________ Garage rent and parking______________ __________________ Other______________________________ ______ ____________ _ 74390°— 41------6 67.4 50.8 75.4 76.0 $125. 06 $82. 68 $117. 91 $168. 34 70.3 64.2 0. 5 29.2 70.0 0.6 72.8 0.6 3 5 .8 2 9 .4 2 6 .6 70 TW ELVE C T T IE S O'F THE SOUTH T able 2 2 .— E x p en d itu res f o r autom obile opera tion and m ain ten an ce f o r autom obile ow n ers, at successive econ om ic levels, 1 yea r during the p eriod 1 9 3 4 —8 6 — Con. Economic level—families with annual unit expenditure of— City and item All families Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over LOUISVILLE Percentage of families owning automobiles. ----- ---------------------Expenditure for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning automobile___________ Percentage for— Gasoline and oil________________ _________ ______ ____ Garage rent and parking._______ __________ _______ _ Other................. ........................................ ................. .......... 37.1 30.4 37.7 52.8 $96. 56 $71. 33 $87. 90 $145. 52 66.5 1.2 32.3 72.9 1.8 25.3 68.4 0. 5. 31.1 60.2 1.3 38.5 M EM PHIS Percentage of families owning automobiles. ----------------- ------Expenditure for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning automobile___ ________ Percentage for— Gasoline and oil___ __________________ ____ ___________ Garage rent and parking..-----------------------------------------Other................................. ...................................... ........... 59.3 46.6 58.7 $128. 77 $95.95 $124.30 65.8 0.6 33.6 70.2 0.1 29.7 67.1 0.5 32.4 75.9 $157.84 62.8 0.8 36.4 M OBILE Percentage of families owning automobiles_______________ ____ Expenditure for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning automobile. ................ Percentage for— Gasoline and oil..................................................................... Garage rent and parking______________________ _______ Other...... .......................... ....................................................... 56.2 44.6 68.3 67.7 $136.12 $111. 38 $136.19 $174. 66 63.8 0. 2 36.0 65.2 0. 3 34.5 62.9 37.1 63.3 0.4 36.3 N E W O RLEAN S Percentage of families owning automobiles_____________ ______ Expenditure for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning automobile___________ Percentage for— Gasoline and o i l . . . ......... .......... ......................................... Garage rent and parking...................................................... Other...................................................................... .......... ....... 35.5 24.8 41.7 54.7 $123.51 $98.75 $132. 33 $142. 24 63.9 2.6 33.5 65.2 2.8 32.0 61.6 3.0 35.4 66.2 1.7 32.1 N O RFO LK Percentage of families owning automobiles................................... Expenditure for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning automobile ................ Percentage for— Gasoline and oil_____________________________________ _ Garage rent and parking________________ ______ ______ Other...... ................... .......................................................... . 42.0 $124.10 60.3 1.0 38.7 22.9 41.3 60.8 $127. 55 $111. 68 $133.21 54.3 0.2 45.5 63.9 1.3 34.8 59.9 1.1 39.0 RICHMOND Percentage of families owning automobiles______________ ______ Expenditure for automobile maintenance and operation: Average amount per family owning automobile_____ _____ Percentage for— Gasoline and oil.................. ..................... ......................... Garage rent and parking______________________________ Other.................................................................................. . 52.1 31.9 60.6 66.7 $132.10 $74. 21 $131.44 $166.38 ' 60.2 3.6 36.2 64.3 59.5 3.7 36.8 59.8 4.5 35.7 35.7 Of the amount spent for -all other means of transportation, the largest portion went to trolley fares, largely used for carrying earners to work and children to school. In 11 cities, the proportion of fami lies using the trolleys was greatest in Louisville, where 87 percent reported expenditures for this item, and least in Norfolk, where 70 percent of the families had none. Only 1.1 percent of the families in Jacksonville reported expenditures for trolleys, but 49 percent for E X P E N D IT U R E S EUR S P E O IF IE D 71 GOODS buses. Average expenditures for all forms of transportation other than by automobile and trolley, including local bus, taxi, bicycle, railroad, interurban bus, boat, or airplane were relatively small. Recreation The largest proportion of total expenditures for items classified under the general heading of recreation in each of these 12 cities went to tobacco, principally in the form of cigarettes, the amounts per family averaging from $24 in Louisville to $36 in Jackson. (See Tabular Summary, table 15.) The second largest item of expenditure in all cities except Louisville was for movies, and the third was news papers either delivered at home or purchased on the street. In Louisville, expenditures for newspapers exceeded those for movies. Expenditures for all types of reading matter combined exceeded total expenditures for movies only in Birmingham, Louisville, Memphis, and Mobile. In all 12 cities, it was confined almost exclusively to newspaper and magazines. The largest proportion of families spend ing for the purchase or rental of books occurred in Birmingham where 8.9 percent of the families reported such expense. The propor tion of families purchasing magazines was larger, varying from 23 percent in Louisville to 64 percent in Houston. Expenditures for recreational equipment of various sorts, such as cameras and films, athletic supplies, and radios and other musical instruments, varied from $9 in Louisville and Richmond to $23 in Norfolk. Sixty-eight percent of all families in the region owned radios; those who bought one during the year averaged $50 in pay ment for it. When families are classified by unit expenditure, total outlays for recreation almost doubled from low to high economic level. The items which showed relatively greatest increases were radio purchase (table 23), tobacco, and movies, which were not quite twice as large at the higher planes as at the lower. Expenditures for reading matter as a whole rose moderately, but those for magazines increased threefold. T able 23. — R a d io ow n ersh ip and purchase at successive econom ic levels , 1 year during the period 1 9 8 4 - 8 6 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican, in 12 cities combined] Economic level—families with annual unit expenditure of— Item All families Under $400 Number of families in survey__________________________ ____ __ Percentage of families: Owning radio_________________________________________ Purchasing ra d io.__________________ ___ ___________ Average amount paid for radio per family purchasing_______ $400 to $600 $600 and over 2,710 1,027 982 701 67.9 12.6 $50 57.7 10.9 $46 71.5 12.5 $46 77.6 15.1 $60 72 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH T o get a more complete picture of the money spent for recreation and leisure time activities, it is necessary to examine expenditures classified under other categories. Thus, food includes purchases of candy, ice cream, and drinks consumed both within and without the home, the cost of food served to guests, of meals on vacations and trips, and of meals purchased in restaurants. Under transportation are included expenses for bus, boat, or train trips, as well as total family automobile expenditure, a portion of which is in most cases properly chargeable to recreation. Expenses of vacation homes or rent on vacation or trips (rarely reported by families in this survey) appear under the heading of housing expenditure. Bathing suits, sun suits, slacks, and other items of clothing used for sport and vacation wear are classified as clothing expenditures. While it is not possible to calculate exactly what portion of these expenditures may be considered made for recreation purposes, it is apparent that they do contribute something to this field. Personal Care M oney spent for personal care (see Tabular Summary, table 14), which accounts for close to 2 percent of total expenditures at each economic level in all 12 cities, includes expenditures for services (hair cuts, shaves, shampoos, manicures, etc.) as well as for toilet articles and preparations, such as brushes and cosmetics. Such expenditures generally doubled from the lowest to the highest economic level, and were about equally divided between personal care services and toilet articles and preparations in Baltimore, Birmingham, Dallas, Memphis, and Norfolk. In the remaining cities average expenditures for toilet articles and preparations were larger. Haircuts were the most frequently purchased type of personal care service, followed by permanent waves. Of each dollar spent for services, haircuts accounted for 60 to 78 cents, and between 8 and 23 cents were spent for permanent waves. While expenditures for hair cuts remained relatively constant from one economic level to another, the amount spent for shaves by barbers, shampoos, and permanent waves tended to increase with improvement in plane of living. An irreducible minimum of toilet soap, tooth powder, tooth paste, brushes, and other such articles, is achieved even by families at the lowest level, but their use does not increase with progression to a higher plane. Those families with a little more money to spend on their grooming apparently start buying cosmetics and toilet prepara tions, as expenditures for these items more than doubled from the lowest to highest economic level. At the higher economic levels, where the families were small, expenditures per person for these goods and services were three times as high as they had been at the lower levels. E X P E N D IT U R E S FOR S P E C IF IE D GOODS 73 Medical Care A fairly consistent increase in the amount spent for medical care per family from the lowest to the highest economic levels occurred in each city (see table 24 and Tabular Summary, table 14). This tend ency, combined with the smaller family characteristic of the higher economic level, suggests considerably more adequate care for the health of each person among the families at the upper planes. Since it has been found from the United States Public Health Survey and other studies that the incidence of illness is certainly not less in the families in the lower economic strata, the greater expenditures at the higher levels probably indicated treatment for ills which go unat tended among less fortunate families, as well as better treatment. They may also indicate, to some extent, the practice of members of the medical profession of charging for services in proportion to what is known of the fam ily’s ability to pay. The actual average expenditures per person for medical care more than trebled in each city from the lowest to the highest economic level. The average at the highest level shown varies from $30 to $38 per person except in Richmond and Memphis, where the figures are $46 and $52. Obviously the expenditures per person for most wage earners in the South compare unfavorably with the figure of $76 per person estimated by Samuel Bradbury and accepted by the Technical Committee on Medical Care as needed to provide the fundamentals of good medical care on a fee-for-service basis.18 Medicine and drugs were purchased by a larger proportion of families than any other form of medical care at all economic levels. Frequently this meant attempts at home diagnosis and treatment to save the expense of physicians’ fees. In general, at the lowest economic level, the largest proportion of expenditures for medical services per family was devoted to payment of general practitioners and to dental care. On the average in most cities the former was the most frequently used type of medical serv ice at this plane. At the highest economic level in nine cities, ex penditures for the services of dentists were reported by more families than expenditure for any other type of service. In Baltimore and Mobile, the most frequent item was general-practitioner office visits, while in Houston they tied with dentists. The average expenditures per family for the services of general practitioners tended to increase with economic level. In general, the families studied visited the offices of general practitioners for medical assistance about as fre quently as they called those doctors to their homes; in most cities is Lee and Jones (Committee on Costs of Medical Care, Pub. No. 22, Chicago, 1932) estimated the medical care required by a population with the age distribution which prevailed in 1930, and Samuel Bradbury estimated its cost on a fee-for-service basis at $76 per person (Samuel Bradbury, The Cost of Adequate Medical Care, Chicago, 1937, p. 53). 74 TW ELVE C T T IE S OF THE SOUTH the average expenditure per family was slightly larger for the latter type of service. Both the proportion of families using and the aver age expenditure per family for specialists tended to increase sharply with rise in economic level. T able 24 . — E xp en ditu res fo r medical care at successive econom ic levels , 1 yea r during the period 1 9 8 4 - 8 6 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] Number of families City and economic level Average Average Average number of expenditure expenditure persons for medical for medical per care per care per family person family Baltimore, all families________________________________ 419 3.57 $13 $47 Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $300___________________________ _____ $300 to $400__________________ ________________ $400 to $500.____ ______________ ________ ______ $500 to $600____________________ ______________ $600 to $700___________________________________ $700 and over_________________________________ 74 92 100 66 40 47 5.29 3.91 3.35 2.80 2. 74 2.40 6 9 14 14 25 35 33 35 48 40 69 84 Birmingham, all families______________________________ 202 3.67 21 77 Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $400___________________________________ $400 to $600 _________________________________ $600 and over---- ------- ----------------------------------- ... 88 60 54 4.56 3.43 2.49 13 29 34 58 100 84 Dallas, all families. __________________________________ 294 3.31 18 58 Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $400_____________________________ _____ $400 to $600_________________ __________ ______ $600 and over___________________________ _____ 94 105 95 4.29 3.17 2. 51 10 17 31 43 55 77 Houston, all families___________ ____ _________________ 258 3. 40 23 79 Families w ith annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $400___________________________________ $400 to $600_________________________ ____ ____ $600 and over_________________________________ 68 96 94 4. 47 3. 38 2.63 11 24 37 51 80 97 Jackson, all families___________________________________ 150 3. 55 22 77 Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $400___________________________________ $400 to $600..... ......................................................... $600 and over________________________________ 39 76 35 4. 75 3. 34 2. 68 13 22 38 62 73 101 178 3. 54 18 64 59 69 50 4.58 3.29 2.64 9 21 30 43 69 81 197 3. 57 J6 56 92 69 36 4. 52 2.82 2. 56 9 21 32 42 60 83 194 3. 53 23 83 73 63 58 4. 56 3.28 2.49 12 23 52 53 75 129 146 4.03 15 62 74 41 31 5.07 3.26 2.59 10 22 49 71 80 Jacksonville, all families____________________________ Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $400_____________ _____________________ $400 to $600............................................... ............. $600 and over_____________________________ _ Louisville, all families___________________________ ___ Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $400..... ................................ ....................... $400 to $600..... ............................................... .......... $600 and over______________ _______ _________ Memphis, all families.................................................. ....... Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $400.._______ ____ ____ ___________ ____ $400 to $600___.............. ........................... .............. $600 and over___________________ ___________ Mobile, all families_______________________________ . Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $400.............. ................. ............................... $400 to $600............................................................. . $600 and over............................................................. ------------- “ 75 EXPENDITURES FOR SPECIFIED GOODS T able 24 . — E x p en d itu res f o r m edical care at successive econom ic levels, 1 yea r during the period 1 9 3 4 - 3 6 — Continued City and economic level Number of families Average Average Average number of expenditure expenditure persons for medical for medical per care per care per family person family New Orleans, all families__________________________ . . . 318 3.80 $14 $55 Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $300_______ ____ _______________________ $300 to $400.................. .......... ................. ................. $400 to $600........................ .......... ........ ................ $600 and over.________________________________ 97 60 108 53 5.08 3.90 3.24 2. 52 7 11 19 38 33 45 60 95 Norfolk, all families ________________ ________________ 162 3. 63 18 64 Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $400________________ ____ _____ ____ $400 to $600___________________________________ $600 and over..._______ _____ _________________ 48 63 51 4. 89 3. 67 2. 39 8 20 31 40 74 75 Richmond, all families........ ............ . _ _______________ 192 3. 79 22 83 Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $400 ______ ______________________ $400 to $600 ....................................... ........ .......... . $600 and over._________ ________________ ______ 69 66 57 5.04 3.57 2. 54 12 24 43 60 84 109 Except in Memphis, at every economic level in each city the pro portion of families reporting payment for the use of the services of a clinic was small, particularly in view of the fact that it is usual for clinics to make some nominal charge for all service, even to very poor families. In Memphis, about 10 percent of the families reported the use of this service, while in the other cities except Jackson and Mobile the proportion ranged from 1 in 50 to 1 in 100. In the two excepted cities, no families reported any such expenditures. The amount spent per family for the use of clinics seems not to be a function of plane of living, since there was no discernible movement of either increase or decrease in amount with rise in economic level. No figures were secured of the amount of free medical care received by these families. W ith the exception of Baltimore, Memphis, New Orleans, and N or folk there was a distinct increase in the expenditure per family for accident and health insurance with rise in economic level. For all families, it ranged from less than $3 in Norfolk to $11 in New Orleans. Formal Education If the investigation had been extended to cover all the goods and services received without direct expense by the groups studied, a large section of the schedule would have been devoted to the amount and kinds of education provided by the city and by other agencies for children and adults. Elementary school, high school, and trade school classes, and classes in museums and libraries and parks, free of im mediate cost to those who take advantage of them, are to a greater or less degree a regular part of the life of all the 12 cities covered by 76 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH this report. They are, of course, paid for by the citizens, but no figures have been secured in the present study on the use of these educational facilities by the group covered, or the indirect cost of this group of the city’s educational system. Direct expenditures for formal education (see Tabular Summary, table 16), for textbooks, school supplies, and tuition, occupy but an insignificant place in the expenditure pattern of the families studied. They accounted for one-half of 1 percent of total expenditures among the families studied in each of the 12 cities covered in this area. A function of number of persons of school age in the various families, direct outlays for formal education showed no positive correlation with economic level. In every city the bulk of all formal education expenditures, which averaged between $4 and $9, were for members living at home. They covered all such items as books, pencils, paper, and supplies. In five cities no families reported expenditures for education of members living away from home. In the remaining cities the per centage of families reporting these expenditures reached a maximum of four in Birmingham, Dallas, and Richmond. Vocation Expenditures for union dues or fees, professional association dues or fees, technical literature, and similar items have been classified as “ vocational expense” (see Tabular Summary, table 16). In general, such expenditures increased sharply from the lowest to the highest economic level, but the small number of cases upon which the averages are based result in irregularities in tendency. The largest part of these outlays went for union dues and fees, which ranged from $2 per family in Richmond to $7 in Memphis, and tended to increase from the lowest to the highest economic level. The number of families making expenditures for professional dues or fees ranged from 1 in 5 cities to a peak of 18 in Dallas. Gifts and Contributions to Individuals and to the Com munity Welfare For each of the 12 cities except Memphis, Mobile, and Norfolk, the total amount contributed to the support of relatives and other persons outside the economic family was uniformly greater than contributions to religious organizations and community chests, and paid in taxes. The former type of expenditure also increased much more rapidly from the lowest to highest economic level. The average amount spent per family in gifts and contributions to individuals varied from an average of $18 in Baltimore and M obile to $30 in Houston, Jacksonville, and Richmond. Contributions to E X P E N D IT U R E S F'OR S P E C I F I E D 77 GOODS welfare agencies plus personal taxes ranged from $17 in Baltimore to $30 in Norfolk. In each of the cities, gifts to religious organizations constitute the bulk of the contributions to community welfare. The proportion of families making such contributions tended to increase slightly with rise in living plane. The actual average contribution tended to in crease, but not in as great a proportion as the total community welfare contribution. Amounts paid in poll, income, and personal-property taxes increased markedly from the lowest economic level to the highest. The average expenditure per family for such items 9 ranged from 6 cents in Balti more to $6 in Norfolk. These variations are due in part to differences in the laws of the various States at the time covered by the investiga tions. Christmas and birthday gifts constituted the major proportion of all expenditures for persons outside the economic family at both the lowest and highest economic level in Baltimore, Dallas, and Norfolk. Con tributions for support of relatives exceeded expenditures for gifts at the highest economic level in all other cities, and also at the lowest plane in Birmingham, Jackson, Jacksonville, Louisville, and Richmond. T able 2 5 , — Percentage o f total expenditures f o r com m u n ity welfare and gifts and contributions going to various item s , 1 yea r during the period 1 9 3 4 .-3 6 Jackson Jacksonville Louisville Memphis Mobile 202 294 258 150 178 197 194 146 318 162 192 $50 $45 $49 $48 $50 $46 $44 $39 $33 $54 $57 37.2 6.0 1.9 40.3 4.3 3.9 29.0 6.7 2.9 30.7 2.1 7.5 35.4 3.7 1.2 33.1 4.4 2.3 39.3 6.9 3.1 45.2 7.4 2.2 30.9 7.7 5. 4 39.7 4.3 11.2 31.6 6.9 8.9 19.0 33.6 31.6 18.6 28.3 30.4 16.7 41.8 22.5 35.3 16.6 38.1 30.1 19.5 16.3 27.6 24.0 27.0 24.4 18.6 24.7 24.6 2.3 1.3 2.7 1.2 1.9 5.5 1.1 1.3 5.0 1.8 3.3 Richmond Houston 5 *<u £ Norfolk Dallas Number of families in 419 survey____ - _ ______ Total expenditures for community welfare and $35 gifts and contributions.. Percentage of expendi tures for community welfare and gifts and contributions: Religious organiza 45.3 tions-. ___ - _ 3.1 Community chest___ 0.2 Taxes1 ___ ______ Christmas, birthday, etc., gifts___________ 30.6 Support of relations... 19.9 Support of other per 0.9 sons -------------- ------- C G a <> 3 a Birmingham Item Baltimore [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] i Included only poll, income, and personal-property tax. 9 Taxes on real estate are not included in these averages. They were entered with expenditures for housing. Sales taxes were included with expenditures for the items to which they apply. See appendix A, p. 649. 78 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'E T H E SO U TH Miscellaneous Items In general, expenditures for all miscellaneous items increased rap idly from the lowest to the highest economic levels, but due to the small numbers of families reporting them, great irregularities in tendency appear for the individual items. Expenditures for funerals were reported by one family in Dallas, Jacksonville, and Memphis, and by a maximum of seven in New Orleans, at an average cost ranging from $26 in M obile to $415 in Louisville. Legal costs and gardens were other outstanding items in this group of expenditures, although usually averaging less than a dollar and a half in all cities except Birmingham, where $4 was spent on these items. Chapter 3 Distribution of Current Expenditures in 1934-36 as Compared W ith Those in 1917-19 In addition to covering families including a husband and a wife, the present investigation also includes incomplete families of various types, such as brothers and sisters living in the same household and pooling their incomes, or a widow and her children. In this respect it differs from that made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1917-19 in 11 of these 12 cities. The earlier study was restricted to families having as a minimum “ a husband and wife and at least one child, who is not a boarder or lodger.” 1 Since 2-person families, according to the 1930 census, constituted 22 percent or more of the families of two or more persons in each of the 12 cities covered in the 1934-36 investigation, the limitation of the earlier study was abandoned. Be cause of the more extensive coverage of the present study, special tabulations are presented to make possible comparisons with the earlier investigation.2 A comparison of the percentage distribution of expenditures by families studied in 1917-19 3 with that by comparable families studied in 1934-36 in cities in the southern region sheds much light on changes in the consumption situation which have taken place between these two periods. The cities in the South which were studied both in 1917-19 and in 1934-36 are Baltimore, Birmingham, Dallas, Houston, Jacksonville, Louisville, Memphis, Mobile, New Orleans, Norfolk, and Richmond. However, to make comparisons of the expenditures of the two groups of families, it is desirable to convert the dollar figures of the 1917-19 study to values which are comparable to the price levels which prevailed in 1934-36. Cost of living indexes needed for this conversion are available for all of these cities except Dallas and Louisville. In the Tabular Summary, tables 21, 22, and 23 present income and expenditure data for all 11 cities for families studied in 1934-36 which are of the same composition as those included in the earlier study. The following discussion is, however, limited to the 9 cities for which indexes are available. 1 TJ. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Cost of Living in the United States. Bull. No. 357, 1924, p. 2. 2 Somewhat over one-half of the families from whom data were obtained in these cities in 1934-36 were of the types studied in the 1917-19 investigation. For the white families the proportions ranged from 50.0 percent in Jackson to 62.9 percent in Jacksonville. A special summary of the income and expenditure data from these families is presented in tables 21, 22, and 23 of the Tabular Summary. The types of families contributing to the present survey and not included in the 1917-19 study are as follows: families of man and wife only, man and wife and other persons over 16 years old, and incomplete families not including a married couple. sData for this study are published by the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, Cost of Living in the United States, Bull. No. 357, 1924. 79 80 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF T H E SO U TH The percentage changes which have taken place in the costs of goods from 1917-18 to 1934-36 for Baltimore, Birmingham, Houston, Jacksonville, Memphis, M obile, New Orleans, Norfolk, and R ich mond are given in table 26. Costs of food and clothing decreased for all the cities, while those for miscellaneous items increased. The cost of the other component parts of the family budget had also changed considerably. T a b l e 26 . — Percentage change in the cost o f goods purchased hy wage earners and clerical workers f r o m the tim e o f the 1 9 1 7 - 1 8 su rvey to the tim e o f the 1 9 8 4 ~ 8 6 su rvey 1 [Families of wage earners and clerical workers—White other than Mexican] City Baltimore___________________ Birmingham_____ ___________ Houston___ ____ ____________ Jacksonville_________________ Memphis. ........... ........ .......... __ Mobile _______________ ____ New Orleans_____________ _ Norfolk.. .................. ................. Richmond_____________ _____ Food -1 7 .0 -3 8 .2 -2 7 .2 -3 2 .0 -3 6 .2 -3 6 .4 -3 2 .6 -3 1 .7 -3 6 .2 Clothing -1 2 .4 -2 6 .2 -2 2 .0 -2 6 .6 -2 3 .6 -2 1 .2 -2 7 .3 - 6 .9 -2 1 .5 Rent +15.0 -3 3 .0 - 8 .3 -2 5 .7 -1 2 .0 -1 4 .9 +14.5 -1 1 .9 - 2 .6 Fuel and light Housefur nishing goods +25.3 + 4 .1 -2 1 .5 + 8 .5 +21.4 - 7 .1 - 8 .0 + 8 .9 +16.8 + 0 .1 -2 2 .5 + 2 .2 -1 2 .7 -1 4 .9 - 8 .8 -1 0 .6 - 4 .4 -.2 Miscella neous H39.5 -10.0 -15.0 -16.9 1-19.8 K20.7 1-27.1 [-31. 2 (-27. 2 i The schedules taken in Baltimore cover the year ending July 31,1918; in Norfolk, the year ending Nov. 30, 1918; in Birmingham, Houston, and Richmond, the year ending Dec. 31, 1918; in Memphis, Mobile, and New Orleans, the year ending Jan. 31, 1919; and in Jacksonville, the year ending Feb. 28, 1919. T o secure goods which cost $1,500 at the time covered by the 1917-19 survey, it would have been necessary to spend at the time covered by the second survey $1,168 in Birmingham, where the great est decrease in price level appears, but $1,358 in Norfolk, where the least decrease is shown. Baltimore is the only city in the group where the price level was higher and it would have been necessary to spend $1,532 at the second period for goods which cost $1,500 at the time covered by the 1917-19 survey. Comparing the families in the $1,200 to $1,500 income band in the 1917-19 study with the similar families studied in 1934-36, one of the most striking facts is the general increase in the level of expenditure. From table 27, this change is apparent. When the figures on average expenditures by the wage earners and clerical workers studied in the nine cities have been converted to the purchasing power prevailing during the period of the present investigation, there are increases in total expenditures, ranging from $16 in Baltimore to $393 in Bir mingham. The percentage increases in the real level of expenditure in these cities are shown in table 28. They are not a result entirely of increases in real incomes. In contrast with the situation found in 1934-36, where this group of families in all cities except Baltimore reported expenditures in excess of incomes, the group studied in 1917-19 reported savings averaging from $17 in Richmond to $99 in Birmingham in terms of 1934-36 dollars. T able 2 1 . — D istribution o f current f a m i ly expend itures in 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 1 and 1 9 8 4 - 8 6 [White families of wage earners and clerical workers with annual net incomes of $1,200 to $1,500] Baltimore Ex penditure Per cent Ex pend iture Per cent Ex pend iture Per cent Memphis Ex pend iture Per cent Mobile Ex pend iture Per cent New Orleans Ex pend iture Per cent Norfolk Ex pend iture Per cent Richmond Ex pend iture Per cent 18 35 41 42 17 50 100.0 $1, 307 41.0 474 231 13.9 17.1 238 74 4.9 23.1 290 100.0 $1, 301 36.3 487 210 17.7 18.2 247 5.6 64 22.2 293 100.0 $1, 315 37.4 513 16.2 . 238 19.0 211 4.9 58 22.5 295 100.0 $1, 275 539 39.0 190 18.1 16.1 219 4.4 46 22.4 281 100.0 $1, 349 514 42.3 262 14.9 17.2 242 3.6 106 22.0 225 100.0 $1, 310 38.1 515 19.4 202 17.9 216 7.9 67 16.7 310 100.0 39.3 15.4 16.5 5.1 23.7 100.0 33.9 12.2 23.7 4.6 25.6 $952 294 134 177 57 • 290 100.0 $1,147 392 30.9 14.1 142 199 18.5 65 6.0 349 30.5 100.0 $1,097 34.2 322 169 12.4 202 17.3 65 5.7 30.4 339 100.0 $1,119 29.4 310 15.4 160 242 18.4 5.9 55 352 30.9 100.0 $1,108 27.7 326 14.3 188 21.6 185 4.9 53 31.5 356 100.0 $1, 136 363 29.4 17.0 138 16.7 237 41 4.8 32.1 357 100.0 $1, 221 351 32.0 12.1 244 230 20.9 101 3.6 31.4 295 100.0 $1,173 28.7 329 20.0 158 225 18.8 8.3 67 24.2 394 100.0 28.0 13.5 19.2 5.7 33.6 35 100.0 $1, 345 36.2 436 9.7 141 291 24.6 4.2 62 25.3 415 41 100.0 $1, 410 32.4 432 142 10.5 245 21.6 4.6 103 30.9 488 23 100.0 $1, 353 450 30.7 10.1 128 267 17.4 36 7.3 34.5 472 29 100.0 $1, 413 33.2 416 9.5 156 19.7 306 2.7 95 34.9 440 24 100.0 $1, 397 29.5 436 11.1 176 21.7 268 6.7 97 31.0 420 34 $1, 329 480 139 317 35 358 28 100.0 $1, 392 515 36.1 10.5 145 337 23.8 2.6 86 27.0 309 23 100.0 $1, 364 37.0 444 10.4 138 24.1 349 6.2 60 22.3 373 166.6 31.2 12.6 19.2 6.9 30.1 166.6 32.6 10.1 25.6 4.4 27.3 by means of percentage changes in the cost of food, clothing, rent, fuel, and light, fur niture and furnishings, and miscellaneous items, from the year of the earlier studies in each of the 9 cities. 3 Expenditures in 1934-36 dollars. For detailed distribution of expenditures, see Tabular Summary, table 23. 4Includes refrigeration. E X P E N D IT U R E S 35 100.0 $1, 313 39.0 539 182 14.9 18.4 225 6.1 64 21.6 303 CURRENT 37 100.0 $1, 222 41.8 476 14.3 182 20. 5 226 4.7 74 18.7 264 1 Data for 1917-19 based on figures published in Bureau of Labor Statistics' Bulletin 357, pp. 9, 10, 34, 36, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 54. The period covered by the schedules secured in the various cities is as follows: Baltimore, year ending July 31, 1918; Birmingham, Dec. 31,1918; Houston, Dec. 31,1918; Jacksonville, Feb. 28,1919; Memphis, Jan. 31,1919; Mobile, Jan 31, 1919; New Orleans, Jan. 31, 1919; Norfolk, Nov. 30, 1918; Richmond, Dec. 31, 1918. 2 Data in terms of 1934-36 dollars were computed from original expenditure figures Jacksonville OF Families studied in 1917-19: Number___ _ __ ...... ................. . 60 Expenditures in 1917-19:1 Total...... ................................... ........ $1,310 Food_______ _________________ 547 Clothing... _________________ 187 Housing, fuel, and light______ 269 62 Furniture and furnishings___ Miscellaneous________________ 245 Expenditures in terms of 1934-36:2 Total................................ ................. $1, 338 Food................................ .......... 454 Clothing_____________________ 163 Housing, fuel, and light______ 317 62 Furniture and furnishings___ 342 Miscellaneous________ ______ Families studied in 1934-36, types compa rable with those studied in 1917-19:3 Number___ ______________ _________ 65 Total________________________________ $1, 354 Food________ ______ _____________ 490 Clothing...____ _________________ 131 Housing, fuel, and light4_________ 333 Furniture and furnishings_______ 57 Miscellaneous___________ ________ 343 Per cent Houston D IS T R IB U T IO N Ex pend iture Birmingham OO 82 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF T H E SO U TH An analysis of the figures secured from the groups studied in Birmingham in the two periods will illustrate the type of changes in family living which have occurred in the interval between the investi gations. The group in the income band $1,200 to $1,500 in 1917-19 spent on the average $1,222 for current living. Of this, $476 (39 per cent) was spent for food. Because of the decline in food prices, the same kinds and quantities of food could have been purchased for $294 at the time of the second investigation, but food habits had changed to such an extent that the group studied in 1934-36 actually spent on the average $142 more than this for food, $436 or 32.4 percent of their total current expenditures. Clothing prices also declined. Although the average clothing expenditures of the group in the income band $1,200 to $1,500 in 1934-36 were $41 less than those in the same income band in 1917-19, they were $7 more than the calculated 193436 cost of clothing bought in 1917-19. The average expenditures for furniture and furnishings of the group of families studied in 1934-36 were $12 less than those of the group studied at the earlier period, but $5 more than the calculated 1934-36 cost of furniture and furnishings bought in 1917-19. The cost of housing, fuel, and light decreased, while that of miscellaneous items increased in Birmingham in the interval between the two surveys. The group studied in the second period is found to have spent more for these two groups of items both in dollars and percentage wise than the group studied in the earlier investigation. A comparison of the cost of the 1917-19 purchases in 1934-36 dollars with the actual purchases in 1934-36 shows in all nine cities a tendency toward larger purchases of food and larger current expendi tures for housing, fuel, and light. Expenditures for clothing decreased in six cities, increased in two and in one city the same average ex penditure is shown for the two periods. Expenditures for furniture and furnishings increased in four cities and decreased in five. The group covering miscellaneous items in each city claimed a larger percentage of the 1934-36 total than appeared in the 1917-19 purchases expressed in the dollars of those years. The percentage allotted to miscellaneous items in 1934-36 is larger in only three of the nine cities, however, when the 1917-19 purchases are converted to the 1934-36 price level. T a b l e 2 8 .— D ifferen ces in in com es and current expend itures 1 between the groups studied in 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 and 1 9 3 4 - 3 6 in 9 cities [Wage earners and clerical workers with annual net incomes of $1,200 to $1,500—White families] City Incomes Expendi tures P ercen t P ercen t -1 .4 Baltimore........................... +26.0 Birmingham,..................... Houston ____________ +14.3 +19.2 Jacksonville_____________ +17.2 Memphis-----------------------Both in terms of the 1934-36 price level. 1 +1. 2 +41.3 +22.9 +23.3 +26.3 City Mobile_____ _____ ______ New Orleans____________ Norfolk _______________ Richmond________ _____ Incomes Expendi tures P ercen t P ercen t +16.7 +12.9 +8.3 +13.7 +26.1 +17.0 +14.0 +16.3 Part II.— Negro Families 83 Chapter 1 Income Level and M oney Disbursements Schedules were obtained from Negro families in Baltimore, Bir mingham, Jackson, Louisville, Memphis, M obile, New Orleans, N or folk, and Richmond. These samples were chosen at the same time and in the same way as those for the white families in these nine cities, and represent a cross section of the families of employed Negroes in 1935-36. The families studied cannot be regarded as representative of the total Negro population of wage earners and clerical workers in each of these cities, since there was a minimum income and employ ment requirement, and the study did not extend to families on relief. (For the proportions of families excluded from the study because of this ruling, see section below on “ family size and composition.” ) Family Income 1 Family incomes of the selected group surveyed averaged about $800 in Birmingham, Jackson, Memphis, Mobile, and New Orleans; about $900 in Norfolk and Richm ond; and between $950 and $1,000 in Baltimore and Louisville.2 The average income was influenced in all cities by a scattering of the higher incomes. Median incomes were somewhat lower than the mean; that is, more than half of the families received incomes less than the average for all families. Table 29 shows the average net money income, and the incomes below which one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourths of the families surveyed fell. T able 29.— F a m ily in co m e , 1 yea r d uring the period 1 9 3 4 - 3 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Item Number of families in survey . Net money income: Arithmetic average.......... First quartile____ ______ Median_________________ Third quartile................... Balti more Bir ming ham Jackson Louis ville Mem phis Mo bile New Orleans NorRich folkPorts- mond mouth 107 101 100 74 94 94 83 109 96 $990 770 936 1,164 $828 635 767 916 $784 624 706 905 $969 780 887 1,088 $821 628 780 936 $759 583 721 851 $841 641 780 1,005 $939 718 884 1,088 $929 725 847 1,027 1 Details of family income when families are classified by economic level, are in Tabular Summary, table 2, and when classified by income level, in Tabular Summary, table 5. 2 R. A. Fisher’s method for the analysis of variance as exemplified in intraclass correlation (discussed on pp. 210 and 211 of his “ Statistical Methods for Research Workers,” 5th ed., London, 1934) was used to test whether the mean incomes obtained in the two cities differed more than could be expected if successive samples had been drawn at random from the same population. It was found that the range in the incomes of both groups is so large that no statistical significance can be attributed to the differences between average incomes of Negro families found in the cities in this area. There is, however, a significant difference between the average incomes of the white and Negro families studied in these cities. 74390°— 41------7 85 86 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF T H E SO U TH It will be remembered that the plan of the Study provided that no family with an income of less than $500 be included. In each of the groups surveyed, the maximum family incomes received were: Balti more, $2,696; Birmingham, $1,976; Jackson, $2,004; Louisville, $1,973; Memphis, $1,842; Mobile, $1,670; New Orleans, $1,692; Norfolk, $1,982; and Richmond, $3,449. In Jackson, Memphis, Louisville New Orleans, and Norfolk these maximum incomes were attained by families having but a single earner, who was a mail carrier in the first two cities, an engineer in the fire department in Louisville, a boiler maker on a railroad in New Orleans, and a packer in the N avy Yard in Norfolk. From two to four earners were contributing to the funds of the families having the maximum incomes in the other four cities. For example, in Baltimore, the family receiving $2,696 had four earners, the homemaker being engaged in private domestic service, with one son a cook in a hospital, another son a baker’s helper, and a third son an unskilled laborer in the lumber industry. In accordance with the fundamental purpose of the investigation, the chief source, of family income was earnings. The highest earn ings reported for any one individual among the Negro groups studied ranged from $2,004 for a mail carrier in Jackson to $1,300 for an embalmer in Mobile. Income from all other sources, of which net earnings from boarders and lodgers were the largest part, ranged from $12 in New Orleans to $52 in Richmond. Gifts from persons outside the economic family (chiefly relatives) accounted for less than 50 cents in two cities and a maximum of $4 in Memphis. Families of unskilled wage earners predominate in the samples studied in each of the nine cities except Richmond, where semi skilled workers are the most numerous. Families of the latter type are the second most numerous in the other eight cities. Except in Louisville, 10 percent or less of the families had skilled workers as chief earners and 5 percent or less had chief earners engaged in clerical work. In Louisville, the corresponding proportions were 15 percent and zero. The importance of earnings of subsidiary earners in family income is about the same for the Negro as for the white families studied. In general it is apparent that the percentage of total income pro vided by the chief earner decreases with a rise in total family in come, while the percentage provided by subsidiary earners increases markedly. The average number of persons reporting employment at any time during the year 3 was substantially higher at the upper levels in most cities. In Baltimore, for instance, there were 1.36 gainful workers at the $600 to $900 level, but 2.33 for the $1,500 and over group. 3 A gainful worker is defined as a person having had some gainful employment in business or in industry or domestic service at any time during the year. IN C O M E T able 30. — LEJVETj A N D M ONEY 87 D IS B U R S E M E N T S Sources o f f a m i ly in com e at successive in com e levels , 1 yea r d uring the period 1 9 8 4 - 8 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Percentage of income from— Average number of gainful workers Earnings Earnings of sub Other per of chief sidiary sources3 family ’ earner earners 2 Number of families Average net money income Baltimore, all families_____ _____________ Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600..________ ___________ $600 to $900...................................... $900 to $1,200— . ........................... $1,200 to $1,500— ................... ........ $1,500 and over__________________ 107 $990 1.60 80.0 18.4 1.6 8 36 42 15 6 539 758 1,028 1, 338 1,890 1.50 1.36 1.62 1.87 2.33 90.4 89.5 81.5 70.5 62.8 9.6 10.2 17.2 23.3 37.2 0 .3 1.3 6.2 0 Birmingham, all families________________ Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600______________________ $600 to $ 9 0 0 -...........— ____ _____ $900 to $1,200-............................. . $1,200 and over............................... 101 828 1.60 87.2 11.8 1.0 22 52 16 11 548 752 995 1,492 1. 59 1. 54 1.88 1.55 91.4 92.8 72.7 85.3 8.4 6.4 24.9 14.3 .2 .8 2.4 .4 Jackson, all families____________________ _ Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600______________________ $600 to $900.................................... . $900 to $1,200-................................ $1,200 and o v er........................... 100 784 1.66 86.7 12.0 1.3 20 54 20 6 541 710 983 1,593 1.90 1.41 2.00 1.83 82.1 93.5 76.2 86.1 17.7 5.6 22.0 10.4 .2 .9 1.8 3.5 Income group 74 969 1.42 90.7 8.4 .9 37 24 8 5 762 1,016 1, 329 1, 666 1.30 1.42 2.13 1.20 93.4 89.9 85.3 92.8 6.3 9.9 14.3 2.8 .3 .2 .4 4.4 Memphis, all families____________________ Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600_____________ ________ $600 to $900...... ............ ... ................. $900 to $1,200....... .......................... . $1,200 and over..... ............................ 94 821 1. 22 92.9 6.1 1.0 15 53 19 7 553 741 1,018 1,468 1.13 1.17 1.37 1.43 99.3 94.6 89.5 88.3 0 4.5 9.9 10.5 .7 .9 .6 1.2 Mobile, all families__ ______________ ____ Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600______________________ $600 to $900...... ......................... — $900 and over.................................. 94 759 1.76 84.7 14.4 .9 28 48 18 556 733 1,139 1.60 1.62 2. 40 92.6 88.0 73.4 7.4 10.4 26.5 0 1.6 .1 83 841 1.41 88.1 11.8 .1 15 36 25 7 552 720 1,044 1,346 1.37 1.25 1.64 1.48 90.6 92.8 84.3 83.4 9.2 6.7 15.9 16.6 .2 .5 -.2 0 Norfolk, all families------------ --------------------Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600______________________ $600 to $900................. ..................... . $900 to $1,200-.................................. $1,200 to $1,500.................................. $1,500 and over— ............................. 109 939 1.50 87.6 11.5 .9 11 47 31 15 5 540 760 1, 019 1,327 1,836 1.45 1.42 1. 55 1.73 1. 20 91.7 87.8 87.6 82.7 95.5 8.1 11.3 11.6 17.0 1.7 .2 .9 .8 .3 2.8 Richmond, all families.. ........... ........ ........ Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600______________________ $600 to $900....................................... $900 to $1,200..................................... $1,200 and over.................................. 96 929 1. 77 75.3 20.7 4.0 11 41 33 11 553 766 1,034 1, 596 1.54 1.74 1.80 2.04 87.5 80.2 77.3 58.6 10.3 18.0 19.5 30.7 2.2 1.8 3.2 10.7 Louisville, all families___________________ Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900....................... ............... $900 to $1,200-.................................. $1,200 to $1,500............................ $1,500 and over........................... . New Orleans, all families............................. Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600........ ............................... $600 to $900....................................... $900 to $1,200— ............................. $1,200 and over................................ 1 A gainful worker is defined as a person having had some gainful employment in business or industry or domestic service, at any time during the year. (Some families included persons in domestic service as subsidiary earners.) 2Including net earnings from boarders and lodgers. 3 Less business losses and expenses not deductible from earnings of the year covered by the schedule. 88 TW ELVE C IT IE S OE THE SO U TH Size and composition of family. The average number of persons per family among the Negroes was about the same as or a little larger than among the white group in each of the cities studied. Among the Negro families, it ranged from 3.51 in Memphis to 4.05 in Norfolk, which is larger than the median size of all Negro families of two persons or more in these cities as shown in the census of 1930 of 2.79 and 3.18 persons, respectively. The average size of family would have been somewhat larger in all the cities except Norfolk, if the investigation had been extended to families on relief, among whom it varied from a maximum of 3.4 in Norfolk to 4.4 in Shelby County (Memphis). When the families are sorted by income, the number of persons over 16 years of age tended to increase with rises in income, as shown in table 5 of the Tabular Summary. Family size averaged about 3 per family by the time the $1,200 income level was reached except in M o bile, where there were 3.16 persons in the $900 and over income group. The change in the number of children under 16 years of age with increase in family income is very irregular. About half the families were composed entirely of adults, and of these a large proportion were husband and wife only. Current Expenditures o f Each C ity Group as a Whole 4 Negro families in these nine Southern cities allotted relatively higher proportions of their total expenditures to food and to housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration, than did white families of comparable income. Minor exceptions occur in the case of food in Baltimore and housing in Birmingham, Richmond, and M obile. T o the most important item, food, from 32 cents of each dollar in Richmond to 39 cents in Norfolk was allotted, and to housing from 19 cents in Birmingham to 34 cents in Baltimore. Except in Birmingham, Memphis, and Nor folk, expenditures for clothing required a relatively smaller proportion of the total family budget than among white families, ranging from 8.6 in Baltimore to 13.5 in Birmingham. These three items together required between two-thirds and three-fourths of the total family expenditures, which varied between $760 in Jackson and $970 in Baltimore. As a result of the relatively higher proportions allotted by Negro than by white families to the three major items of family expenditures, there occurs a somewhat different distribution of funds among the minor items. The percentages allotted transportation and recreation, which rank fourth and fifth in importance, are generally less than for white families, although in Birmingham and Richmond recreation was slightly higher for the Negroes. Transportation expenditures accounted for about 6 cents out of every dollar spent and recreation * Current expenditures are defined on p. 632. IN C O M E LEVEE AND MONEY 89 D IS B U R S E M E N T S about 5 cents. Expenditures for furnishings and equipment and for household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration were slightly smaller than for white families. The amounts paid out for medical care ranged from 2 percent in Baltimore to 5.8 percent in Jackson; except in Jackson, M obile, and Richmond these percentages were lower than average proportion spent for medical care by the white families. On the contrary, the proportion of the Negroes’ total expenditures allotted to personal care was, with exception of Baltimore and New Orleans, slightly higher, varying from 1.8 in Baltimore to 2.6 in Jackson. T able 3 1 .— E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item s , 1 yea r during the period 1 9 8 4 - 8 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Item Balti more Bir ming ham Jackson Louis ville Mem phis $973 $806 $761 $920 $807 100.0 34.9 8.6 24.9 100.0 33.6 13.5 11.9 100.0 32.0 12.3 14.6 100.0 37.7 9.3 14.7 9.4 7.2 8.3 3.2 3.8 3.2 3.2 4.7 0.8 4.9 1.8 2.0 4.4 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.7 0) Average annual current expen ditures for all items__________ Percentage of total annual cur rent expenditures for— All items.............................. . F o o d .............................. Clothing......................... . Housing____ __________ Fuel, light, and refrig eration___________ Other household opera tion_________________ Furnishings and equip ment______ ___ . . . Automobile and motor cycle, purchase, oper ation, and mainte nance________________ Other transportation___ Personal care__________ Medical care______ ____ Recreation_____________ Education______ ____ Vocation______________ Community welfare___ Gifts and contributions to persons outside economic family_____ Other items____________ New Or leans Nor folk $772 $815 $918 $919 100.0 35.9 10.9 15.1 100.0 35.7 11.1 12.3 100.0 38.2 9.8 19.2 100.0 38.5 10.2 14.5 100.0 31.7 11.0 12.8 10.0 9.7 7.4 7.6 9.6 11.3 3.6 3.2 3.4 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.2 3.6 4.2 3.8 8.2 5.3 4.4 3.6 2.9 2.4 4.5 6.3 0.7 0.5 1.6 6.2 0.9 2.6 5.8 5.4 0.7 0.1 1.7 3.7 3.2 2.1 3.9 4.2 0.2 0.1 1.7 1.6 3.7 2.5 4.3 4.6 0.4 0.1 1.5 4.3 2.1 2.3 5.6 5.7 0. 5 0.1 1.7 1.5 3.2 2.2 4.2 4.9 0.2 0.2 1.1 1.4 3.1 2.0 3.2 4.8 0.4 0.2 1.7 1.8 3.0 2.5 6.4 5.7 0.4 0) 1.4 2.2 0.6 1.2 0.8 2.0 (0 1.6 0.7 2.3 1.7 1.5 0.2 1.5 0.3 2.6 1.0 Mo bile Rich mond 1 Less than 0.05 percent. Distribution o f Expenditures at Successive Income L evels 5 For the Negro families in these nine Southern cities, as incomes increased the percentage spent for food and housing (including fuel, light, and refrigeration) declined. Expenditures for clothing, house hold operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, transportation, and furnishings and equipment, on the contrary, tended to increase with a rise in income level. The rise in the expenditures for clothing was due not only to the fact that it is one of the most elastic items in. the family budget, but also to the larger number of persons to be clothed at the higher income levels. The dollar expenditures for transportation showed the most striking changes from low to high income levels, increasing threefold or more in all cities except Mem* See Tabular Summary, table 6. 90 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH Fig. 6 DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY EXPENDITURES OF WAGE EARNERS AND LOWER-SALARIED CLERICAL WORKERS AT TWO DIFFERENT ECONOMIC LEVELS LOUISVILLE, 1935-1936 NEGRO FAMILIES ITEM FOOD HOUSING INCLUDING FUEL, LIGHT AND REFRIGERATION CLOTHING MEDICALCARE TRANSPORTA TION OTHER THAN AUTOMOBILE HOUSEHOLD OPERATION RECREATION COMMUNITY WELFARE,GIFTSl CONTRIBUTIONS FURNISHINGS & EQUIPMENT EDUCATION, VOCATION a MISC. PERSONAL CARE AUTOMOBILE U.S. BUREAU OF IABOR STATISTICS PERCENT OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES IN C O M E LEVEL, AND MONEY 91 D IS B U R S E M E N T S phis, where there was about a 50 percent rise. Except in Jackson and Louisville, where the movement was irregular, outlays for recrea tion also increased. For the other groups of items covered by current family expendi tures, no consistent movement from one income level to another appeared, largely because such expenditures are not solely functions of income, but are very much affected by the size and composition of the families. In general, the percentages spent for personal care at each income level fluctuated around the average for all families, as did those for community welfare. Among the Negro families studied, the percentages for medical care tended to increase with income. Expenditures for vocation and education were negligible at every level. From table 32 it is apparent that the plane of living of the Negro families studied as determined from income and the size and com po sition of family combined is similar to that found for the white families. The increases in the unit expenditures by the Negro groups at each income level were very irregular, as the number of persons per family changed so widely. T able 3 2 .— Average unit expenditure at successive in com e levels , 1 yea r d uring the period 1 9 3 4 - 3 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Income group Average Average Average expendi amount unit spent for for all clothing ture items other expendi items ex per per pendi ture person ture unit Number of families Average expendi ture per family Average unit food expendi ture 8 36 42 15 6 $523 765 1,011 1,243 1,863 $102 92 107 115 174 $13 20 28 36 61 $97 125 146 158 254 $152 237 281 310 505 22 52 16 11 547 749 1,000 1,312 77 75 98 140 20 33 52 63 73 87 193 244 171 195 353 449 20 54 20 510 711 962 1,381 62 85 78 89 17 36 32 41 72 131 109 166 153 254 '221 297 723 962 1,316 1,535 102 22 32 37 54 107 153 107 191 234 310 241 377 B A LTIM O RE Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600_______ ______ ___________ $600 to $900................................ ........... . $900 to $1,200..... ....................................... $1,200 to $1,500........................................ . $1,500 and over.—.................................... B IR M IN G H AM Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600_______ _______ __________ $600 to $900-....................................... $900 to $1,200......................................... . $1,200 and over.......................... .............. JACKSON Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600......................................... $600 to $900-............................................ $900 to $1,200................................. ........ $1,200 and over....................................... . 6 LOUISVILLE Families with annual net income of— $600 to $ 9 0 0 ............................................ $900 to $1,200............................................ $1,200 to $1,500.......................................... $1,500 and over......................................... 37 24 8 5 123 94 129 92 TW ELVE T able 32. — C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH A verage unit expenditure at successive in com e levels , 1 yea r during the period 1 9 8 ^ - 8 6 — Continued Income group Average Average Average expendi amount unit for spent for clothing ture all items other expendi items per per ex ture pendi person ture unit Number of families Average expendi ture per family Average unit food expendi ture 15 53 19 7 $565 748 1,022 1,231 $77 97 95 116 $21 31 35 51 $75 123 130 176 $172 253 261 345 28 48 18 570 722 1,207 79 86 99 18 30 38 88 109 137 184 223 275 15 36 25 7 561 713 991 1,272 74 88 104 125 18 23 33 43 96 94 121 179 188 206 259 348 11 47 31 15 5 523 762 995 1,299 1,607 90 95 112 110 125 17 21 34 40 65 82 98 136 136 144 192 216 283 288 335 11 41 33 11 517 818 1,014 1,414 77 84 104 94 26 27 38 48 99 119 151 181 204 231 295 326 M EM PHIS Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600-..__________________ ____ $600 to $900-........................................$900 to $1,200______ ____ ________ ____ $1,200 and over........................ ............... M OBILE Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600___ ____ ____________ ____ $600 to $900___ ____ ______ ____ _____ $900 and o v e r ........................................ N E W O RLEANS Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600_____ ____________________ $600 to $900______ _____ _____________ $900 to $1,200............................................. $1,200 and over.................................... . N O R FOLK Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600__________________________ $600 to $900____ ________ ____________ $900 to $1,200....... .............. ...................... $1,200 to $1,500_______________________ $1,500 and over______________________ RICHM OND Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600_________________ ________ $600 to $900__________________________ $900 to $1.200-_________ _____________ $1,200 and over_____________________ _ Order o f Expenditures at Different Economic L ev els 6 Since the incomes and the number, age, sex, and occupation of the persons dependent on the funds of the Negro families varied quite as much as among the white families, the data secured from the former were also analyzed by economic level.7 The tendencies noted for white families, i. e., increase in income and decrease in family size with rise in economic level, obtain for the Negro families in all cities. W ith a rise in economic level, there appeared a striking decline in the percentage of expenditure allotted to food and a less extreme decrease in that for housing (including fuel, light, and refrigeration). The proportion of each dollar which was spent for clothing tended to increase, although in some cities the movement was extremely irregular. The general tendency for the other groups of items covered by cur rent family expenditures was also to increase in relative importance with improvement in the economic status of the family. 6 See Tabular Summary, table 3. 7 For a description of the methods of computing and the meaning of economic level, see p. 688. 93 INCOME LEVEL AND MONEY DISBURSEMENTS Interesting contrasts to the figures given in table 32 are presented in table 33, which shows the changes in unit expenditures when families are classified by economic level. Whereas the average unit expenditure for all items increased threefold from the lowest to the highest economic level, it increased only twofold from the lowest to the highest income level. T a b l e 33 . — A verage am ount spent per expenditure unit at successive econom ic levels , 1 yea r during the period 1 9 8 4 - 3 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Economic level Number of fami lies Average Average Average Average Average amount expendi total ex unit food unit spent for ture for pendi all items expendi clothing other ture per expendi per ex ture items per family ture pendi person ture unit BA LTIM ORE Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $200_______ ________ _________ $200 to $300_____ ____________________ $300 to $400__________________________ $400 to $500__________________________ $500 to $600__________________________ $600 and over________________________ 24 28 21 18 9 7 $850 901 894 1,014 1,225 1,470 $64 101 129 156 171 218 $15 23 33 35 63 67 $74 121 172 235 317 400 $155 245 334 428 552 687 38 27 17 19 671 738 769 1, 212 58 94 107 151 26 36 44 62 58 111 173 292 141 244 329 516 28 39 22 11 678 748 737 1, 076 56 83 111 129 21 32 46 60 61 125 175 286 138 240 333 476 14 22 18 15 5 872 903 895 923 1,197 68 104 138 160 178 16 33 34 40 46 65 100 176 234 317 151 240 348 435 544 24 30 22 18 730 778 797 977 64 95 132 134 19 33 35 58 67 115 169 260 151 236 338 452 31 32 19 12 666 780 791 982 63 96 119 124 22 31 31 45 63 116 183 209 149 242 334 382 B IR M IN G H AM Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200__________ _______________ $200 to $300____ _____________________ $300 to $400_____ ____________________ $400 and over_________ ______________ JACKSON Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200__________________________ $200 to $300__________________________ $300 to $400__________________________ $400 and over________________________ LOUISVILLE Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200__________________________ $200 to $300__________________________ $300 to $400__________________________ $400 to $500__________________________ $500 and over............. ............... ........ M EM PHIS Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $200........ ........................... .......... $200 to $300........ .................................. $300 to $400............................. ................ $400 and over________________________ M O BILE Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200..__________ ______________ $200 to $300............................... .............. $300 to $400......................... .................... $400 and over............... .......... .......... ....... 94 T able TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 3 3 .— A verage am ount spent per expenditure u n it at successive econom ic levels , 1 yea r during the period 1 9 3 4 - 3 6 — Continued Economic level Number of fami lies Average Average Average Average Average amount expendi total ex unit food unit spent for pendi clothing ture for all items other ture per expendi expendi per ex ture items per family ture pendi person ture unit N E W OR LEAN S Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200..... ..................... ......... .......... $200 to $300..............................................$300 to $400._________ _______________ $400 to $500.___________ _____________ $500 and over_________ ____ _________ 27 22 18 9 7 $740 757 869 898 1,060 $63 92 130 165 201 $19 28 35 40 72 $61 113 164 248 281 $143 234 328 454 29 30 22 17 11 801 807 978 1, 039 1,210 68 104 135 146 203 16 27 43 49 69 54 107 157 238 302 139 238 337 435 579 25 23 24 12 12 842 861 877 1,006 1,195 65 93 113 124 159 21 31 41 58 55 66 118 185 255 381 152 242 340 437 595 552 NO RFOLK Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200................................................ $200 to $300______ __________ ______ $300 to $400__________________________ $400 to $500__________________________ $500 and over________________________ RICHM OND Families with annual unit expenditure of— $100 to $200...................... ........................ $200 to $300______ _______ _______ ___ $300 to $400____ _____________________ $400 to $500__________________ _____ $500 and over............................... .......... Order o f Expenditures at T w o Economic Levels A comparison of the rank order of the different group items of expenditure at the lowest and at the highest economic levels among the Negro families, as shown in table 34,8 reveals an expenditure pattern similar to that discovered among the white families. The largest item, food, was first at both levels in all cities except Baltimore, where average expenditures for housing by Negro families at given income levels were considerably higher than in any other city in the region. Housing expenditures (including fuel, light, and refrigeration) ranked first at the lowest economic level in Baltimore, but held second place at both levels in all other cities. Clothing was always the third most important item except at the highest economic level in Jackson, Mobile, and New Orleans, where it ranked fourth. The greatest shift in rank order occurred in increased expenditures for automobile transportation in every city except Norfolk, where they dropped from eleventh to twelfth. The maximum gain occurred in Mobile, where they moved from fourteenth place at the lowest economic level to third at the highest. Gifts and contributions to * In comparing this table with the similar figures shown for white families, it should be remembered that variations in economic status are greater for the white than for the Negro group. The highest economic level at which any considerable number of white families were found was that at which $600-$900 was spent for expenditure unit, while for Negroes there were very few families spending more than $400-$500 per expendi ture unit. IN C O M E LEVEE AND M ONEY 95 D IS B U R S E M E N T S persons outside the economic family rose from relative obscurity, i. e., around twelfth to fourteenth place, at the lowest level, to average about ninth at the highest. Except in Baltimore, Birmingham, and Jackson, expenditures for furnishings and equipment were one to four ranks more important at the higher economic level. On the other hand, outlays for household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration dropped to eighth place in all cities except Baltimore, where they rose to sixth. In general, recreation tended to maintain a rank close to fifth at both levels. Personal care expenditures like wise were relatively constant at about ninth to eleventh place. Since the expenditures for medical care throughout the group were so small as not to provide for adequate health services, but were made primarily for emergencies, their movement was irregular between ranks and among the various cities. T able 34. — Expenditures in rank order at two different economic levels, 1 year during the period 1934~36 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] o o o $400 to 500 o $100 to 200 $100 to 200 & $100 to 200 $400 to 500 $100 to 200 $400 to 500 $100 to 200 o 8 ! $100 to 200 St $100 to 200 o g $400 to 500 $100 to 200 $100 to 200 Expenditure item $400 to 500 Families with annual unit expenditure of- Balti more Food---------- ------- ---------------Clothing___________________ Housing, including fuel, light, and refrigeration___ Other household operation.. Furnishings and equipment Automobile and motorcycle purchase, operation, and maintenance. .. _______ Other transportation_______ Personal care .................. . Medical care.............. .......... Recreation________ ______ Education............. ........... . Vocation____ _ _. ________ Community welfare____ _ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the eco nomic family____________ Other items_______________ Bir ming Jackham 1 son 1 2 1.5 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 8 6 2 1 1.5 7.5 6 6 7 11 4 9 7.5 5 12 13 10 7 5 10 10 4 8 7 6 4 8.5 10 12. 5 9 11 8.5 6 9 5 8 4 5 4 5 14 13 13 11 13 15 15 13 11.5 11 12 10 9 Louis ville 1 1 4 3 Mem phis 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 6.5 8 9 6 8 7 3 12 12 5 10 10 5 4 6 6.5 13 13 14 14.5 11 11 7 9 10 Mo bile 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 8 8 7 6 6.5 4 12 5 9 4 . 5 6.5 4.5 4 14.5 11 13 13.5 12 10 9.5 9.5 11 5.5 5.5 14 15 13 14.5 11.5 15 7 14 9 8 11 13.5 7 14.5 15 13 14 12.5 15 14.5 14.5 15 12 New Or leans 1 1 4 3 2 2 8 6.5 10 9 3 12.5 12 4 11 8 5 5 6.5 4 7 5 12.5 14 11 15 15 14 10.5 9 10 14 9 8 Nor folk Rich mond 1 1 i 1 1 4 3 3 3 2 2 4 6 2 2 2 8 8 6 8 5 3 6 4 7 12 11 7 9 10 8 6 8 6 4 3 5 5 5 15 12.5 14 12.5 13 14.5 13 15 12 10 11 10 7 11 9 7 10 9 9 10.5 10.5 4 5 14 15 13 12.5 13 12.5 11 12.5 9 12.5 7 14 14.5 15 14 12 10.5 6 15 i $400 and over instead of $400 to $500. Although food expenditures ranked either first or second at both levels in each city, the food consumption at the two levels was not similar, due to the difference in actual dollars spent and in the size of the families at the contrasted planes of living. As in the case of the white families studied, the number of expenditure units 9 per Negro 8 Food expenditure units are computed from scales based on the estimated cost of customary food con sumption during the period of the survey. They may be used as a convenient common denominator in studying differences in total food expenditures at different economic levels. 96 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF T H E SO UTH family decreased markedly from the lowest to the highest economic level. When total food expenditures are divided by the number of food expenditure units, the result gives striking evidence of the change in food consumption from one level to another. (See table *32.) Changes in Assets and Liabilities As many as 74.3 percent of the Negro families studied in Louisville, but only 50.6 percent of those in New Orleans, reported net surpluses for the year covered by the schedule. The largest percentage having a deficit, 39.6, occurred in Richmond, and the smallest, 24.3, in Louis ville. These families who were able to meet all the demands for family living only by drawing on previously accumulated assets or by using credit, averaged deficits ranging from $47 in New Orleans up to $126 in Memphis.10 (For a definition of surplus and deficit, see p. 633.) A small proportion of the families reported incomes just balancing current expenditures. When all families in each sample are consid ered together, there results a net surplus amounting to between $53 and $11 in all cities but M obile, where there was a net deficit of $4. When white families were classified b y consumption level (shown in detail in the Tabular Summary, table 4) there was found a general tendency for the figures on the net change in assets and liabilities to show an average surplus for all families at the lowest levels and an average deficit for all families at the higher. While this is not so regularly true of the Negroes in the South, in some cities there is a sharp decline in the amount of the surplus with progression to a higher consumption level, and in M obile and Richmond the pattern characteristic of the white families is clearly followed. Accumulated reserves or the ability to command credit are important factors in placing a family in a higher spending category in any given year. An analysis of the change in assets and liabilities, as shown in table 35, indicates that reductions in assets and increases in liabilities tended to grow from low to high economic levels. The rising tide of install ment buying stimulated by the depression and easing of credit in the latter part of 1933 was a factor in the increase in liabilities of these Negro families. In most cities, as the expenditure level of families rose, increases in amounts due on goods purchased on the installment plan assumed a larger proportion of the total increase in liabilities. For example, in Memphis, increases in sums owed for goods purchased on the installment plan amounted to 18 percent of the increase in all liabilities at the low level and 54 percent at the high. A comparison 10 The figures just cited have been computed from the families’ own statement about changes in their assets and liabilities, and do not represent a balancing difference between reported incomes and reported current expenditures. (See appendixA, p- 634.) Most families were not able to present a statement of total receipts and total disbursements which balanced exactly. No schedule was accepted for use from a family which could not supply a statement of total receipts and total disbursements which balanced within 6 percent. in c o m e Le v e l and m oney 97 Di s b u r s e m e n t s of the average increase in such liabilities with the decreases reported by families who had smaller amounts outstanding on goods purchased by this plan at the end of the year than at the beginning showed that in all cities total installment obligations incurred during the year were considerably larger than those paid off. T 35.— Percentage of fam ilies having surplus and deficit, and net change in assets and liabilities during the schedule year at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 8 4 -8 6 able [Negro families of waee earners and clerical workers] Average amount of— City and economic level Baltimore, all families______________ Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Under $200____________ ____ $200 to $400_________ $400 and ov e r____ _________ Birmingham, all families. _ _ _ ____ Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Under $200_____ _________ . $200 to $400___ ____ ________ $400 and o v e r.___________ Jackson, all families____ ____ ______ Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Under $200_________________ $200 to $400...... ......................... $400 and over_____________ Louisville, all families_______ ______ Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Under $200____ ____ _______ $200 to $400_________________ $400 and over_______________ Memphis, all families__________ . . . Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Under $200. ___________ $200 to $400............................. $400 and over_______________ Mobile, all families. ________ . . . Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Under $200...____ _______ $200 to $400.............................. ___________ $400 and over New Orleans, all families________ Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Under $200_______ _________ $200 to $400.________ _______ $400 and over__________ ____ Norfolk, all families_________ . . . .. Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Under $200 ............... .............. $200 to $400 _____ ________ $400 and over...____ _______ Richmond, all families ______ _____ Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Under $200 ________________ $200 to $400 ________________ $400 and over____________ Num ber of families of families having Net change in assets and liabilities for all fami lies Surplus per family having surplus Deficit per family having deficit Net sur plus Net deficit Per fam ily Per ex pendi ture unit Per gainful worker 107 72.9 25.2 +$31 +$9 +$19 $67 $70 24 49 34 101 75.0 71.4 73.5 61.4 20.8 28.6 23.5 34.7 +26 +23 +47 +25 +5 +7 +21 +7 +17 +14 +29 +16 50 51 103 90 55 44 122 88 38 44 19 100 63.2 59.1 63.2 69.0 36.8 34.1 31.6 30.0 + 14 +31 +31 +26 +3 +11 + 13 +8 +9 +19 +18 +16 49 100 150 72 46 81 201 78 28 61 11 74 71.4 68.9 63.6 74.3 28.6 29.5 36.4 24.3 +40 + 17 +40 +53 +8 +6 +18 +16 +19 +11 +34 +37 69 58 165 96 31 75 179 76 14 40 20 94 71.4 82.5 60.0 73.4 21.4 17.5 40.0 24.5 +81 +52 +36 +16 +14 +16 +17 +5 +54 +37 +26 +13 130 86 97 64 55 111 53 126 24 62 18 94 50.0 82.7 77.8 61.7 45.8 15.4 22.2 36.2 -8 +35 -8 —4 -2 +12 -4 -1 -6 +28 -7 -2 41 58 98 52 63 87 380 100 31 51 12 83 64.5 64.7 41.7 50.6 32.3 35.3 50.0 25.3 +14 -4 -5 0 +27 +3 -1 -1 9 +8 +8 -2 -2 9 +19 46 51 92 77 49 102 176 47 27 40 16 109 40.7 57.5 50.0 66.1 22.2 30.0 18.8 31.2 +32 +19 +38 +25 +6 +6 +19 +7 +20 +14 +32 +17 88 61 108 86 17 52 86 102 29 52 28 96 75.9 63.5 60.7 59.4 24.1 30.8 39.3 39.6 +57 +17 +7 +11 +10 +5 +3 +3 +38 +11 +5 +6 92 73 102 88 54 97 140 105 25 47 24 48.0 63.8 62.5 52.0 36.2 33.3 +26 +11 -7 +5 +4 -3 +15 +6 -4 122 73 90 62 97 191 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 98 T able 36.— Changes in assets and liabilities during the schedule year at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 8 4 -8 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Average de Average in creases in creases in amounts due amounts due Num Average Average on goods pur Average Average on goods pur ber of increase decrease chased on in decrease increase chased on in City and economic level fam in li stallment plan 1 in in in li stallment plan1 assets1 abilities 1 assets1 abilities1 ilies Baltimore, all families... Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200.......... $200 to $400_____ $400 and over___ Birmingham, all families. Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200.......... $200 to $400_____ $400 and over___ Jackson, all families_____ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200........... $200 to $400.......... $400 and over___ Louisville, all families___ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200.......... $200 to $400.......... $400 and over___ Memphis, all families___ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200.......... $200 to $400_____ $400 and over___ Mobile, all families_____ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200......... $200 to $400_____ $400 and over___ New Orleans, all families. Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $2C0______ $200 to $400_____ $400 and over___ Norfolk, all families_____ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200______ $200 to $400.......... $400 and over___ Richmond, all families.. Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200.......... $200 to $400______ $400 and over___ Auto mobiles Other goods Auto Other mobiles goods 107 $56 $23 $0 $5 $8 $38 $0 $30 24 49 34 101 43 44 81 43 7 15 44 35 0 0 0 2 4 2 9 13 2 6 16 9 22 29 63 45 0 0 0 5 15 19 56 16 38 44 19 100 29 44 68 50 17 32 76 28 0 2 3 5 12 13 17 5 2 5 30 8 31 40 82 44 0 2 20 7 15 15 20 13 28 61 11 74 46 35 141 58 24 20 79 38 3 7 0 0 4 4 15 11 4 47 10 29 34 134 33 1 6 29 2 7 11 42 13 14 40 20 94 70 61 43 53 46 35 41 23 0 0 0 1 12 9 14 5 12 12 4 22 22 32 44 39 0 3 3 1 6 12 21 13 24 52 18 94 64 39 81 41 14 22 39 20 0 2 0 2 4 6 3 6 7 9 78 21 79 16 50 43 0 2 0 8 14 7 27 13 31 51 12 83 34 45 40 33 19 18 32 15 0 0 16 (2) 8 4 7 7 7 20 63 2 33 46 58 18 0 3 45 0 27 40 16 109 25 35 42 73 16 11 23 19 0 (2) 0 1 4 7 12 6 4 3 6 8 23 23 61 0 0 0 2 3 11 21 29 29 52 28 96 71 61 97 62 25 17 16 34 0 0 3 1 2 8 5 11 1 1 22 28 38 60 85 57 0 3 0 0 9 23 62 25 25 47 24 40 58 93 46 25 40 0 2 2 5 14 11 9 22 59 50 49 81 0 0 0 24 30 15 (2) (2) 8 20 (2) 11 i Averages computed by dividing the total number of families at each expenditure level into the aggregate increases or decreases of the families reporting such increases or decreases. * Less than $0.50. IN C O M E LEVEE AND MONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S 99 The most frequent form of savings among the Negro families in the Southern region (see Tabular Summary, table 4) was the payment of life-insurance premiums, which were reported by at least 90 percent of the families in six cities and substantial proportions in the other three. The average amount of such premiums per family paying them ranged from $34 in Birmingham to $62 in Norfolk. The second most frequently reported disposition of funds for other than current expenses was payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on owned homes in Baltimore, Jackson, and Louisville; and decrease in installment payments due on goods other than automobiles in all other cities except Norfolk, where it was payments on annuities. On the other side of the balance sheet, the most frequently specified sources of funds other than family income were net increases in installment obligations for goods other than automobiles in Baltimore, Birmingham, Memphis, and New Orleans; and except in Memphis (where they were replaced by settlement of life insurance policies) “ other debts,” which include doctors’ , grocers’ , and hospital bills, were second. In the other five cities, these two items were also most important, but in reversed order. N o Negro families in Baltimore purchased automobiles. In the other cities, of those families which purchased automobiles, a larger proportion of Negroes than of whites financed them by installment contracts of which a balance remained unpaid at the end of the year covered by the schedule. Since a large number of the cars were purchased second-hand and cost about $300, it is probable that many families paid for them within the period of the schedule year. In some cases, the families resorted to small loan companies for the purpose of financing automobile purchase, but the figures as reported in this study do not make possible any conclusions as to the proportion doing so. 100 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F THE SO U TH Fig. 7 CHANGES IN ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OVER THE SCHEDULE YEAR AMONG WAGE EARNERS AND LOWER-SALARIED CLERICAL WORKERS AT SUCCESSIVE INCOME LEVELS RICHMOND, 1 9 3 4 -1 9 3 5 NEGRO FAMILIES DOLLARS DOLLARS ALL FA M ILIE S UNDER 900 900 1200 1200 O VER AND UNDER ANNUAL INCOME IN DOLLARS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS AND Chapter 2 Expenditures for Specified Goods Food Ann ual Food Expenditure The increase with economic level1 in the total amount of unit food expenditure by the Negro families studied was noticeably greater than that for the white families. Negroes spending between $400 and $500 per expenditure unit for all items paid out from 91 to 162 percent more for food for each adult male equivalent than those with a total unit expenditure of $100 to $200. In five cities, the increase was over 130 percent. Average amounts spent for food per family increased with rise in consumption level, but declined consistently in proportion to total current expenditures. The actual dollar expenditures per family for food prepared at home (including money spent for lunches carried to work and to school) were much less regular. Outlays for food away from home showed similar inconsistency. In five cities they increased with rise in consumption level; in others, they reached their maxi mum at the intermediate level, and in Jackson, at the low. In general, expenditures for meals at work also increased with rise in plane of living. In Jackson, however, they decreased; in Baltimore and New Orleans they were highest at the intermediate level; in M obile no families reported purchases at the high level. Only eight families reported payments for board at school. Food expenditures in 1 wee\ of the spring and winter quarters. Data on the purchase of 194 separate foods by the Negro families studied are available for one typical week in one quarter for each city 2 by families divided into three different economic levels. (See 1 Classification by consumption level or economic level is the term used to denote classification of families by annual expenditure per unit for the total of all items of family expenditure. The unit used for this pur pose is the equivalent adult male. Each member of the family, taking into account age, sex, and activity, is counted as the appropriate decimal equivalent of an adult male. In Tabular Summary, table 8, details of annual food expenditures are shown by as many economic levels as the number of cases in each city and the type of data for this table would allow. However, for purposes of discussion in the text, three comparable levels for all cities are used. For the Negro families they are: Low: under $200 per expenditure unit; inter mediate: $200 to $400 per expenditure unit; and high: $400 and over per expenditure unit. 2In most cities, the field work extended over more than one season. The differences between the a\ erages secured in the several quarters in such instances reflect not only seasonal differences in food purchases, but also accidental differences in the economic level of the subsamples interviewed in the different quarters. It was, therefore, decided to publish in full for each city only the estimates for that season in which data were secured from the largest number of families. Data are for the spring quarter in Baltimore, Jackson, Louis ville, Mobile, and Norfolk-Portsmouth; for the winter quarter in Birmingham, New Orleans, and Rich mond; and in the winter and spring quarters combined for Memphis. 74390°— 41----- 8 101 102 TW ELVE C IT IE S OE THE SO U TH Tabular Summary, table 7.) When major food groups are compared, there appear to be no marked differences due to seasonal variation in consumption, except that in general, expenditures for green and leafy vegetables were slightly larger in the cities studied during the spring. The data show a notable increase in the expenditures for food per person with rise in economic level. They also show that the types and quantities of foods purchased are distinctly different at the various levels. For all cities, the per capita expenditures and quantities purchased of meats, poultry, and sea food showed marked increases from the low to the high economic level. Vegetables and fruits, important sources of minerals and vitamins, likewise increased in both respects. T able 37.— Expenditures for food per capita 1 per week [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Average per capita expenditures in 1 week in specified quarter Balti more Number of families furnish ing data on per capita food expenditures in 1week____ Total expenditure for— All foods.. _____ Grain products____ Eggs.------ -------------Milk, cheese, ice cream____________ Butter and cream __ Other fats__________ Meat, poultry, fish, and other sea food. V e g e ta b le s and fruits____________ Sugar and sweets___ Miscellaneous foods. Sales tax. _________ Total expenditure for— All foods................... Grain products____ Eggs----------------------Milk, cheese, ice cream____________ Butter and cream... Other fats. ______ Meat, poultry, fish, and other sea food. V e ge ta b les and fruits____________ Sugar and sweets.. _ Miscellaneous foods. Sales tax __________ Jackson Spring Winter Winter and spring Bir Louis Mobile Norfolk ming ville ham New Rich Orleans mond Mem phis 95 46 62 94 75 101 77 86 86 $1.68 .29 .08 $1. 43 .29 .05 $1.73 .28 .09 $1. 52 .33 .05 $1. 69 .28 .08 $1.40 .26 .07 $1.53 .36 .05 $1.53 .20 .08 $1. 66 .26 .09 . 14 .07 .15 . 11 .04 .24 .17 .08 .21 .11 .05 .26 .09 .06 .23 .09 .04 .25 .11 .06 .15 . 10 .06 .17 .12 .08 .28 .48 .24 .41 .30 .45 .28 .33 .45 .31 .06 . 10 0 .24 .10 .10 .02 .30 .08 .11 0 .23 .09 .10 0 .30 .08 . 12 0 .21 .09 .11 0 .26 .08 .13 0 .24 .08 . 15 0 .32 . .28 .11 .12 0 P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t 100.0 17.2 4.8 100.0 20.2 3.5 100.0 16.2 5.2 100.0 21. 7 3.3 100.0 16.6 4.7 100.0 18.5 5.0 100.0 23.5 3.3 100.0 13.1 5.2 100.0 15.7 5.4 8.3 4.2 8.9 7.7 2.8 16.8 9.8 4.6 12.1 7.3 3.3 17.1 5.3 3.6 13.6 6.4 2.9 17.9 7.2 3.9 9.8 6.6 3.9 11.1 7.2 4.8 16.9 P ercen t 28.6 16.8 23.7 19.7 26.6 20.0 21.6 29.4 19.3 18.4 3.6 6.0 0 16.8 7.0 7.0 1.4 17.4 4.6 6.4 0 15.1 5.9 6.6 0 17.8 4.7 7.1 0 15.0 6.4 7.9 0 17.0 5.2 8.5 0 15.7 5.2 9.8 0 16.9 6.6 7.2 0 1 Reasons for use of per capita rather than per food-expenditure unit figures for individual food items are given in footnote 3, p. 47. Changes in the quantities purchased of starchy foods, such as flour, macaroni, rice, and other cereals, and average expenditures for such foods, were irregular. Generally, they increased with rise in economic E X P E N D IT U R E S FOE S P E C IF IE D GOODS 103 level. Among other groups, most of whom were living on a higher plane, it has been found that the reverse is true; when economic resources increase, families vary their diets, and obtain more of their calories from dairy products and other protective foods. All of these Negro families were apparently still restricted, in general, to the con sumption of the cheapest foods available. When average expenditures for single items of food are compared, the differences between the food habits of the Negro families in the South and those of other groups studied are very evident. Differences are also apparent among the Southern cities. Milk, the item of largest expenditure in the food purchases of almost every other group, is first in Louisville only, dropping to second or third in the other cities. In Louisville and Norfolk-Portsmouth the Negroes spent 15 and 6.8 cents per capita per week for milk, compared with 25.2 and 22.7 cents among the white families. When pounds of evaporated and condensed milk are converted into equivalent pounds of fresh milk and the quantities purchased at the low and high levels in the various cities compared, it is seen that purchases at the high level were more than 3 times as large as those at the low level in Louisville, Jackson, Memphis, and New Orleans, and more than twice as large in Balti more, Birmingham, Mobile, and Norfolk. This rapid expansion in consumption by workers’ families empha sizes the fact that means rather than tastes limit their purchases at lower planes. White bread was the item first in the amount of expenditure in only two cities, Baltimore and New Orleans. Its place was taken by white flour in all others except Louisville. Other items of food which rank high in amount of expenditure and which point to the differences in diets of this group are lard, salt side of pork, and fresh fish. In general, quantity purchased and per capita expenditures increased markedly between low and high economic levels. An estimate of the adequacy of the food expenditures of these Negro families reveals striking difference between those at the low level and those at the high.3 The prices used in this calculation were 3 For the purpose of this estimate the size of each family was measured in adequate-food-cost units based on the United States Bureau of Home Economics adequate diet at minimum cost (Stiebeling, H. K., and Ward, M . M .: Diets at four levels of Nutritive Content and Cost, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Cir cular No. 296, Washington, 1933) and average food expenditures per adequate-food-cost unit were also calculated for each family. These expenditures were compared with the calculated cost of this same diet for a man at moderate work, which was taken as a unit in the adequate-food-cost scale. It should be noted, however (cf. Hazel K. Stiebeling and Esther F. Phipard, Diets of Families of Em ployed Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Cities, U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 507, Washington, January 1939, pp. 78-85), that different selections of foods may produce adequate diets at somewhat lower costs. Thus the Southern Negroes typically purchased low quantities of milk, tomatoes, and citrus fruits, but this was to a large extent balanced by the purchase of inexpensive locally grown leafy green and yellow vegetables such as collards, kale, mustard, and turnip greens. Stiebeling and Phipard found that an adequate diet composed of the foods typically purchased by Southern Negro families could be purchased for slightly less at 1935 prices than a similar diet consisting of foods customarily bought by Southern white families, and both were somewhat less costly than similar diets based on Northern or Western food consumption habits. 104 TWELVE -CITIES 0'F THE SOUTH the average prices collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for its food cost indexes. An estimate of the proportion of the families at each economic level spending enough to purchase an adequate diet showed striking in creases with general improvement in plane of living. (See table 38.) A t the lowest level, no family in any city was able to do this; at the high level, the proportions ranged from 42 percent in M obile to 94 percent in New Orleans. T able 38.— Proportion of fam ilies spending enough to purchase an adequate diet at m inim um cost,1 1 year during the period 1 9 8 4 -8 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Families with annual unit expenditure of— City and item All families Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over BA LTIM O R E Families in survey------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to purchase an adequate diet at minimum cost____________________________________ 107 24 49 34 24.3 0 6.1 67.6 B IRM IN G H AM Families in survey____________________________________________________ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to purchase an adequate diet at minimum cost__________________ _____________ 101 38 44 19 15.8 0 6.8 68.4 LOUISVILLE Families in survey____________ ____________________________ ________ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to purchase an adequate diet at minimum cost__________________________________ 74 14 40 20 23.0 0 15.0 55.0 M EM PHIS Families in survey-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to purchase an adequate diet at minimum cost--------------------------- ---------------------- . 94 24 52 18 27.7 0 28.8 61.1 M OBILE Families in survey______ _____________ ________ _____ __ . . _ _ ___ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to purchase an adequate diet at minimum cost__________ _ __________ . . . ____ 94 31 51 12 12.8 0 13.7 41.7 N E W ORLEAN S Families in survey.. . . . _______________ . . . _ _________ ______ . . _ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to purchase an adequate diet at minimum cost_________ _____ _________ ________ 83 27 •40 16 30.1 0 25.0 93.8 N O R FO LK -PO R TS M O U TH Families in survey________ _______ _________________________________ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to purchase an adequate diet at minimum cost__________ ______________________ 109 29 52 28 21.1 0 9.6 64.3 96 25 47 24 20.8 0 10.6 62.5 RICHMOND Families in survey____________ . . . .... _ ______________________ Percentage spending enough per food expenditure unit to purchase an adequate diet at minimum cost__________________________________ 1 Based on the adequate diet at minimum cost of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Home Economics. The cost of this diet per adequate food cost unit per year during the period of the investiga tion was $128.65 in Baltimore, $118.01 in Birmingham, $127.71 in Louisville, $112.53 in Memphis, $113.31 in Mobile, $107.03 in New Orleans, $128.02 in Norfolk and $118.51 in Richmond. Data are not presented for Jackson because retail prices are not available for that city. E X P E N D IT U R E S FOR S P E C IF IE D GOODS 105 Housing Home ownership. From 10 percent of the Negro families studied in New Orleans to 32 percent in Richmond owned their own homes. Due to the small numbers in each sample, the relation of home ownership to economic level appears irregular, though in five cities the proportion increases with rise in expenditure level of the family. Probably because of the relatively large family size, from 63 percent of the Negro families in Richmond to 98 percent in Jackson either owned or rented a house. Types of dwellings. The proportions of Negro families living in detached one-family dwellings, semidetached or row dwellings, two-family houses, or mul tiple dwelling units, bears a striking resemblance to the distribution of white families in the same cities among these four kinds of housing. The predominant type of dwelling reported by the Negroes was a detached house for one family. While in Baltimore the figure was only 5 percent, in most cities more than one-half the families lived in this way. As with the white families, the maximum percentage was re ported in Mobile, where the figure was 96. Row or semidetached houses are the most frequent types of dwelling in Baltimore and in New Orleans. Sixteen percent or less in each city resided in two-family dwellings. Small proportions of families reported multiple-dwelling homes in each city except Jackson, where not a single family lived in one. Size of homes. Families owning homes enjoyed slightly more space than did renters of houses. The comparative numbers of rooms are an average of five against four. For the three cities with a sufficient number of families living in apartments with heat not included in rent to warrant the computation of separate figures, the average number of rooms per apartment was about three. A striking fact shown in table 39 is the consistent downward m ove ment in the number of persons per room with rise in economic level. The relatively high standard of most of these families in regard to the minimum necessary space is not to be taken as indicating the condi tion of all Negro families in these cities, since it must be remembered that the sample is a cross section only of employed wage earners and clerical workers who at no time during the schedule year had received relief. 106 T able TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F THE SOUTH . 39.— Average number of persons per room at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -8 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Economic level—families with annual unit expenditure of— Item ies Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over BALTIM O RE 12 3 Number of families in survey________________ A verage number of persons per room among— Renters of houses------------------------------------- 107 24 49 34 .74 1.17 .64 .50 BIRM IN G H AM 1 2 Number of families in survey------------------------Average number of persons per room among— Home owners____________________________ Renters of houses------------- ------------------------ 101 38 44 19 .67 1.27 .98 1.60 .83 .95 .53 .89 JACKSON 12 Number of families in survey________________ Average number of persons per room among— Home owners------------------------------------------Renters of houses---------------------- --------------- 100 28 61 11 .86 .99 1.24 1.44 .73 .83 .62 .65 LOUISVILLE i 2 Number of families in survey________________ Average number of persons per room among-r Home owners------------------------------------------Renters of houses - _-------- ---------------- --------- 74 14 40 20 .82 .95 1.12 1.52 .87 .93 .40 .62 M EM PHIS 1 Number of families in survey------------------------Average number of persons per room among— Home owners------------------------------------------Renters of houses________________ ______ _ Renters of unheated apartments. ........... m o b il e 94 24 52 18 .87 .97 1.08 1.18 1.52 1.46 .89 .86 1. 03 .47 .54 .79 12 Number of families in survey________________ Average number of persons per room among— Home owners____________________________ Renters of houses------------------------------------- 94 31 51 12 1.10 1.09 1.27 1.45 1.02 .91 .87 .92 N E W O RLEAN S 12 3 Number of families in survey________________ Average number of persons per room among— Renters of houses________________________ 83 27 40 16 1.04 1.45 .87 .72 N O RFOLK-PORTSM OU TH * Number of families in survey________________ Average number of persons per room among— Home owners____________________________ Renters of houses_______________ _______ _ Renters of unheated apartments ............... 109 29 52 28 .86 .84 .97 1. 26 1.42 1.50 .63 .75 .94 .60 .43 .58 RICHMOND i Number of families in survey________________ Average number of persons per room among— Home owners____________________________ Renters of houses________________________ Renters of unheated apartments_________ 96 25 47 24 .74 1.13 1.06 1.21 1. 47 1.94 .65 .85 .99 .52 .96 .84 1 Figures not presented for families living in heated apartments because of small number of families in this classification. 2 Figures not presented for families living in unheated apartments because of the small number of families in this classification. 3 Figures not presented for families living in owned homes because of small number of families in this classification. G a r d e n sp a c e a n d g a r a g e . As with the white families, home owners surpassed renters in the proportion of families having garden space by 2 to 1. Considerably larger proportions of home owners than renters reported the use of a garage. For example, in Richmond 19 percent of the home owners and only 5 percent of the renters were so equipped. E X P E N D IT U R E S EOR S P E C IF IE D 107 GOODS Facilities. None of the families in Birmingham and M obile, and none of the home owners in New Orleans, lived in dwellings with all of the follow ing facilities: Inside flush toilets, running hot water, electric lights, and gas or electricity for cooking. In the other cities, the home owners fared better than did the renters in respect to having the use of all four of these facilities. Table 40 shows the percentage of the families having various facilities such as central heating, telephone, etc., and confirms the impression that the home owners lived in relatively more comfortable dwellings than did renters. In table 9 of the Tabular Summary, the data on housing facilities are presented in greater detail, including a break-down according to economic level. T able 40. — Housing facilities at the end of the schedule year , 1 year during the period 198J/.S6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Item Number of families who owned principal home at end of schedule year___ . Percentage of homes having— Central heat_______ Gas or electricity for cooking. . . . . __ Electric refrigerator. Running hot waterinside flush toilet. Sole use of toilet___ Telephone_________ Garage____________ Garden sp ace .____ Play space_________ Each of the follow ing items: I n s i d e flush toilet, runn i n g hot water, electric lights and gas or electricity for cooking___ Number of families who rented principal home at end of schedule year___ __ Percentage of renters having— Central heat_______ Gas or electricity for cooking. ____ Electric refrigerator. Running hot waterinside flush toilet.._ Sole use of toilet........ Telephone................ Garage.......... ............ Garden space______ Play space_________ Each of the follow ing items: I n s i d e fl ush t oi l e t , run ning hot wa ter, electric lights and gas or electricity for cooking___ Balti more Bir ming ham Jackson Louis ville Mem phis 12 20 31 21 18 Mo bile 27 New Orleans 8 Nor folk 26 Rich mond 31 91.7 10.0 0 9.5 27.8 0 0 7.7 3.2 83.3 16.7 91.7 91.7 100.0 41.7 8.3 75.0 83.3 10.0 5.0 25.0 85.0 100.0 20.0 45.0 80.0 95.0 25.8 3.2 16.1 22.6 100.0 29.0 48.4 77.4 87.1 57.1 4.8 42.9 57.1 100.0 33.3 42.9 81.0 95.2 16.7 5.6 16.7 77.8 83.3 50.0 44.4 50.0 61.1 7.4 0 7.4 48.1 100.0 14.8 33.3 55.6 88.9 0 0 12.5 50.0 100.0 0 12.5 50.0 62.5 30.8 15.4 26.9 46.2 100.0 11.5 7.7 38.5 61.5 48.4 3.2 35.5 58.1 96.8 12.9 19.4 19.4 54.8 83.3 0 9.7 42.9 5.6 0 0 15.4 32.3 95 81 69 53 76 67 75 83 65 28.4 1.2 0 3.8 30.3 0 0 2.4 4.6 43.2 2.1 47.4 66.3 81.1 1.1 1.1 36.8 53.7 1.2 0 1.2 49.4 72.8 1.2 3.7 48.1 61.4 8.7 0 4.3 21.7 79.7 7.2 14.5 39.1 79.7 54.7 1.9 30.2 52.8 79.2 7.5 20.8 66.0 75.5 2.6 0 6.6 40.8 59.2 10.5 11.8 25.0 15.8 0 0 1.5 28.4 83.6 4.5 9.0 32.8 91.0 25.3 0 16.0 73.3 82.7 4.0 5.3 24.0 46.7 12.0 1.2 8.4 38.6 83.1 3.6 1.2 20.5 44.6 6.2 1.5 12.3 46.2 67.7 13.8 4.6 0 33.8 24.2 0 2.9 28.3 1.3 0 10.7 3.6 6.2 108 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F THE SOUTH Housing expenditures. When the Negro families are classified according to economic level, the tendency noted for white families, i. e. a declining proportion of total expenditures devoted to housing and fuel, light, and refrigera tion combined with increase in economic level, appears distinctly in all cities except Birmingham, Louisville, and New Orleans. This is partly due to the relatively large percentage of expenditures necessarily going to this group of items at the lowest economic level and the urgency of other needs not met there at all, and partly to the smaller size of the families at the higher economic levels (for details of housing expenditures see table 10 in the Tabular Summary). H o m e o w n ers .— Among home owners, average outlays w~ere very much less than for white families, ranging from $68 in Jackson to $121 in Birmingham. (See table 41.) Of the items included in total current housing expenditures, taxes, interest on mortgages, and repairs and replacements account for about 80 percent in each of the cities. Due to the small number of cases, the change with increase in economic level was extremely irregular. On the average, these Negro families were able to invest from $18 in M obile to $93 in Memphis in their own homes. Again there is no consistent direction with improvement in plane of living. The annual rental values reported by the home owners ranged from $113 in M obile to $216 in Louisville. R e n te r s .— As noted above, most of the families not owning their homes rented houses, with apartment renters in the minority. M onthly rental rate for houses ranged from $7 in Birmingham to $21 in Baltimore. In general, there is a tendency for the average monthly rent paid to increase with rise in economic level, as can be seen in table 10 of the Tabular Summary. S econ d a ry h o u sin g .— None of the Negro families studied owned a vacation home. One family in Baltimore and Birmingham and two in M obile paid rent on a vacation or a trip. One family in Baltimore, two in M obile and Richmond, and three in Birmingham paid room rent for children away at school. F u e l , light , and refrigeration .— Expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration were heaviest in winter and fall, with practically no expenditures for coal in spring and summer. In table 11 of the Tabular Summary, detailed information is presented for expenditures on electricity, anthracite, bituminous coal, coke, briquets, wood, fuel oil, gas, kerosene, gasoline not used for automobiles, and ice. Since the actual amount paid for fuel, light, and refrigeration depends to a large extent on whether a house or an apartment is involved, and on whether the rent paid the landlord includes heat, data are presented in that table for families in four separate categories as well as in the form of averages for all families. E X P E N D IT T J R E IS T able FOR S P E C IF IE D 109 GOODS 41.— Housing expenditures, 1 year during the period 1 9 8 4 -8 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Item Home owners for 12 months: Number of families. . . _ Average current expenditure... _ ______ Average amount invested during year in owned home _ Average annual rental value_________ ______ Average imputed income from equity in owned home _ Renters of houses for 12 months: Number of families____ Average monthly rental rate paid_____________ Renters of apartments with heat included in rent for 12 months: Number of families____ Average monthly rental rate paid____ Secondary housing: Number of families in survey______ ____ Average expenditure for owned vacation home. Number of families spending for rent on vacation or trip__ __ Average expenditure for rent on vacation or trip per family mak ing such expenditure. . Number of families spending ior rent at school__________ _ __ Balti more Bir ming ham Jackson Louis ville Mem Mobile phis 20 30 20 18 26 120.90 68. 08 93.94 116.10 78. 29 0) New Or leans Nor folk Rich mond 24 31 86.21 74.08 0) 81.30 51. 53 73. 56 92.97 18. 45 45.84 55. 64 153.00 151.00 216.00 214.00 113.00 168.00 179.00 32.00 83.00 122.00 98.00 35.00 82.00 105.00 71 71 68 33 46 64 61 51 30 21.13 7. 32 10. 67 11.99 10.95 8.22 13.09 12. 27 12.46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) 0 0) 0) 0 0 0) 0 107 101 100 74 94 94 83 109 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 23.97 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0) 0) 1 3 i Detailed information not presented because of small number of families in this classification. Other item s o f household op era tion .— Items of household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration include water rent, telephone, domestic service, laundry sent out, laundry soap and cleaning sup plies, and other miscellaneous items. Expenditures for these items as shown in table 12 of the Tabular Summary increased markedly from low to high economic levels. Laundry out and telephone showed a particular gain, as did such expenditures by white families. One family each in Baltimore, Louisville, Mobile, and Richmond, and two families in Birmingham employed full-time domestic service. Part-time domestic help was employed by from one family in M obile and Louisville to five families in Norfolk, but none in Memphis or New Orleans. 110 TW ELVE C IT IE S 0(F THE SOUTH Furnishings and Equipm ent4 Expenditures for furnishings and equipment, which were largely for suites of furniture, stoves and ranges (not electric), electric refrigerators, and carpets and rugs, were considerably greater at higher levels. A t the low level, $23.54 was spent for this group of items, whereas families at the high spent $58.35. (See Tabular Summary, table 18.) The goods purchased at different levels varied not only in kind but in quantity. A t the low plane the articles purchased by the largest proportion of families were such fundamentals of household equip ment as brooms, brushes, and mops; electric light bulbs; tubs, wash boards, and wringers; sheets and other bedding; pots, pans, and cutlery; and window shades, wire screens, and awnings. Such articles as suites of furniture, carpets, felt base floor coverings, curtains and draperies, and cotton turkish towels, on the contrary, were purchased relatively more frequently at the high level. Of the various groups of items coming under the general head of furnishings and equipment, the expenditure for electrical equipment increased most markedly from low to high planes of living. (See table 42.) T able 42. — E x p en d itu res f o r fu rn ish in g s and eq u ip m en t at different econom ic levels , 1 yea r dur t g the p eriod 1 9 8 4 - 8 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers in 9 cities combined] Families with annual unit expendi ture of— JLM3U1 Under $200 $200 to $400 Number of families in survey_____________________ _______________ Total expenditure for furnishings and equipment______________ Furniture_____ ___ ______ ________________________________ Textile furnishings______ _________________________________ Silver, china, and glassware. Electrical equipment____ ________________________________ Miscellaneous equipment _ . _ ....... 240 $23. 54 10.47 5.36 .2*2 1.06 6.43 P ercen t Total expenditure for furnishings and equipment____ _________ Furniture_________________________________________________ Textile furnishings____ ____________________________________ Silver, china, and glassware _ Electrical equipment .. . _ Miscellaneous equipment _ _ 100.0 44. 5 22.8 .9 4.5 27.3 436 $31. 63 13.12 7.22 .39 1.65 9.25 P ercen t 100.0 41.5 22.8 1.2 5. 2 29.3 $400 and over 182 $58.35 24.65 11.05 .61 9.78 12.26 P ercen t 100.0 42.3 18.9 1.1 16.7 21.0 4 Because of the high variability characteristic of expenditures for furnishings and equipment (seep. 626), figures on expenditures for specified items by the Negro families studied have been presented in terms of averages for the nine cities combined. EXPEM>ITUBElS FOB SPECIFIED GOODS 111 C lo th in g 6 Total expenditure per family for clothing. Total expenditures for clothing by Negro families in the South (see Tabular Summary, table 17) averaged $91 per family. Expenditures at the low level averaged $82, rising to $88 for the intermediate group and $110 for the high. The smaller size of family at the high level made the increase in clothing expenditures even more strik ing when they were analyzed on a per person or per clothing-expendi ture-unit basis. Thus the average unit clothing expenditures at the three levels were $20, $33, and $53, respectively. That the custom of buying clothes ready to wear extends to the Negroes is indicated by the overwhelming proportion of the total going to purchase ready-made clothing, dry cleaning, and accessories. Expenditures for yard goods and findings used for sewing garments at home averaged $3.45 per family at the low level, $2.82 at the inter mediate, and $2.02 at the high. Paid help for sewing was used so infrequently that the average expenditure per family was only 33 cents. Gifts of clothing. Gifts of clothing, if paid for from family funds and exchanged within the economic family, were not recorded as gifts but simply as clothing expenses. When, however, such presents were received from persons outside the family circle, an attempt was made to ascertain their value. Approximately one-third of the families reported receiving them. Their value as estimated by the families averaged $4.26, but as a large proportion could not judge the value of the items received, they have not been included, and the above figure does not give a complete account of this item. Clothing expenditures for men and hoys. Average clothing expenditures per person increased regularly from $20 for Negro men and boys 18 years and over at the lowest consump tion level to $46 at the high. The limited number of cases at the high level bars comparison of expenditures at different economic planes for any but the highest age group. When the clothing expenditures of the men and boys 18 years of age and over are summarized according to general type (see table 43), those for outerwear are found to have received about half of the total expenditure. There was little change in relative expenditures for clothes of different types with rise in economic level for any group 8 Throughout, economic or consumption level is defined by amount spent per year per expenditure unit. For each of the tables showing details of expenditures, as many economic levels have been shown as the number of cases and type of data for the particular table would allow. Since clothing expenditures are shown by sex and age groups as well as by economic level, only three such levels are presented for this table. They are: Under $200, $200 to $400, $400 and over. The age groups shown for each sex in the tabulation of items of clothing are: 18 years of age and over, 12 through 17 years, 6 through 11 years, 2 through 5 years. Pur chases for children under 2 years old are shown without regard to sex. 112 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F THE SO U TH except footwear, which decreased in proportionate expenditure as the plane of living rose. T able 43 . — D istrib u tio n o f clothing expenditures f o r individuals in fa m ilies at successive econom ic levels , 1 yea r during the period 1 9 8 4 - 8 6 [Men and boys in Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers, in 9 cities combined] Sex and age group, and type of clothing All fam ilies Economic level—Fam ilies spending per ex penditure unit per year Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over All fam ilies Economic level—Fam ilies spending per ex penditure unit per year Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over P ercen t P ercen t Men and boys 18 years of age and over: Headwear______________________ Outerwear_____________________ Underwear.................................. . Footwear_____________ _______ _ Miscellaneous items............. ........ P ercen t P ercen t $1. 65 15.37 2.36 7. 64 3. 78 $1.03 9. 68 1.51 5.41 2. 54 $1. 74 15. 67 2.41 7.68 3. 68 $2. 38 23. 53 3.63 11.02 5. 90 5.4 49.8 7.7 24.8 12.3 5.1 48.0 7.5 26.8 12.6 5.6 50.3 7.7 24.6 11.8 5.1 50.7 7.8 23.7 12.7 Total............................................ 30.80 20.17 31.18 46.46 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 An analysis of the data by low and high economic levels yields an extraordinary similarity in the clothing-expenditure patterns of these two different groups. A t neither level is any but an essential item of apparel important in number of purchases or in the proportionate expenditure it claims. The only difference is a small improvement in quantity and quality when a higher plane of living has been reached. For example, shoes were always purchased by more men than was any other article, though at the low level those buying them averaged 1.3 pairs at $2.96, while at the high the figures were 1.5 and $4.18. In each group, cotton “ dress” shirts were second in frequency of pur chase, followed in varying order by such things as work shirts and felt hats. When clothing budgets are made out by these Negro families, primary consideration is always given to heavy wool suits. Since, however, at the low level only 9 percent of the men bought one during the year scheduled, and at the high 28 percent, they were pur chased only at 11- and 4-year intervals. The average prices were $21 and $23. Lightweight wool suits were purchased by 11.8 percent at the low plane and 21 percent at the high. After suits, the next largest proportion of each clothing dollar went for shoes, which in both groups were followed by shirts. The average cost of the latter was $0.97 at the low plane and $1.30 at the high. Despite the pressure of these urgent items, a little money was made available to care for the clothes. Forty-five percent of the men at the low level averaged $2.53 for cleaning and repairing, while among 74 percent at the high, $3.62 was so spent. 113 EXPENDITURES F'OR SPECIFIED GOODS Clothing expenditures for women and girls. Clothing expense for Negro women and girls was slightly smaller than that for men and boys except in the age group 12 through 17. Again analysis by economic level is presented only for women and girls 18 years and over. Their annual clothing expenditures ranged from $15 at the lowest of the three levels distinguished to $45 at the high. Of this money, the proportions spent for outerwear and mis cellaneous items also increased with rise in economic plane, while those devoted to headwear and footwear declined. Among women and girls living in families with a unit expenditure of less than $200 for all goods and services, and those with a unit expenditure of $400 and over, shoes, hose, and felt hats were the articles most frequently bought, and shoes and hose were the most important items of proportionate expenditure. Street shoes were purchased by 69 percent of the women at the low level, and 70 percent at the high, at average prices of $2.38 and $3.19; dress shoes were bought by 19 percent and 36 percent, costing $2.73 and $3.60. Fifty-five percent of the women at the low level bought 5 pairs of hose apiece and paid 57 cents for each of them. A t the high level they bought 10 pairs each at 66 cents a pair. For the third most important expenditure item, the first divergence appears. For the woman with the smallest unit expenditure, dresses came next, with 24 percent purchasing at an average cost of $4.26. Those at the highest plane devoted more to coats, spending $26 for a new one every 8 years. T able 44.— D istrib u tio n o f clothing expenditures fo r individuals in fa m ilies successive econom ic levels , 1 yea r during the period 1 9 3 4 - 3 6 at |Women and girls in Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers, in 9 cities combined] Sex and age group, and type o! clothing All families Economic level—Fam ilies spending per ex penditure unit per year Under $200 $200 to $400 All fam ilies $400 and over Economic level—Fam ilies spending per ex penditure unit per year Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over W omen and girls 18 years of age and over: Headwear______________________ Outerwear_________ ______ __ Underwear_____________________ Footwear_______________________ Miscellaneous items_________ __ P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t $1.66 10. 84 3. 40 9. 52 1. 61 $1.01 5. 37 2.03 6. 31 .76 $1. 75 10. 81 3.29 10. 00 1. 60 $2. 48 19.89 6.10 13. 69 3.04 6.1 40.1 12.6 35.2 6.0 6.5 34.7 13.1 40.8 4.9 6.4 39.4 12.0 36.4 5.8 5.5 44.0 13.5 30.3 6.7 T o ta l-........................ ................. 27.03 15.48 27.45 45.20 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 These two groups represent the lowest level at which independent Negro families lived and the highest at which any significant number were found. The general nature of their clothing expenditures would seem to indicate that at both these planes of living, the urgency of food and housing is so great that even clothing is sacrificed to meet their demands. Apparently it is only when income and expenditure 114 TWELVE CITIES O'F THE SOUTH levels higher than those appearing for these samples are reached that variety or abundance can be introduced into the wardrobe. Recreation In all cities, expenditures for tobacco, principally in the form of cigarettes, were larger than for any other item classified under the general heading of recreation, although as a percentage, they decline with rise in economic level. The amounts spent per family ranged from $16 in Louisville to $23 in Jackson (the low and high cities respectively for tobacco expenditures among the white families). Second place was taken by paid admissions to movies in Baltimore, Jackson, Norfolk, and Richmond, and third by newspapers. In the other cities this order was reversed. The purchase or rental of books was reported by a maximum of 3 percent of the families in Birmingham and New Orleans. The proportion of families purchasing magazines was somewhat larger, ranging from 5 percent in Louisville and Mobile to 18 percent in Birmingham. Expenditures for recreational equipment, which rose with improvement in plane of living, ranged from $4 in Baltimore, LouisTihe, Memphis, and New Orleans to $13 in Birmingham. Here too it seems to be lack of money rather than lack of interest which limited the use of leisure time. The percentage of families owning radios doubled from low to high economic levels. (See table 45.) Only in Birmingham, Jackson, Norfolk, and Richmond did any Negro families at the low economic levels purchase radios during the schedule year. The proportion making such purchases at the high economic levels ranged from 4 percent in Norfolk to 22 percent in Memphis. T able 4 5 . — R a d io ow n ersh ip and purchase , at successive econom ic levels , 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 - 3 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers in 9 cities combined] Item Number of families in survey______________________ _____ ____ Percentage of families— Owning radio _ ____________________ ________________ Purchasing radio___ __________________ ______ ___________ Average amount paid for radio per family purchasing_________ All families Economic level—families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over 858 240 436 182 32.8 7.3 $53. 46 20.4 2.9 $80. 39 31.9 8.0 $48.74 51.1 11.5 $52.34 EXPENDITURES FOR SPECIFIED GOODS 115 T r ansport at ion Animal expenditures by Negro families for transportation by trolley, bus, automobile, train, or other means of conveyance ranged from $38 in New Orleans to $56 in Baltimore. Such expenditures increased both in dollar value and in proportion of the total with rise in eco nomic level. In Baltimore, New Orleans, and Norfolk, only 6 or 8 percent of the families owned an automobile. In the other cities, a large proportion of expenditures for transportation went for the pur chase, maintenance, and operation of cars, reaching a maximum of 87 percent in Jackson, where over a third of the Negro families owned their own automobiles. Expenditures for automobile operation increased rapidly with improvement in economic level, with a marked rise in the proportion of such outlays going to the purchase of gasoline. Of the amounts spent for all other means of transportation, the largest portion went to trolley fares, largely used for carrying earners to work and children to school. The percentage of families using trolleys was greatest in Birmingham, with 90 percent, and least in Norfolk, with 28 percent. One N egro family purchased a new car during the schedule year in Louisville and in Mobile, but none did so in the other 7 cities. Pur chases of second-hand cars ranged from zero in Baltimore to 14 in Jackson. The average price paid per car purchased ranged from $102 in New Orleans to $300 in Memphis. T able 46 . — E x p en d itu res f o r recreation and transportation at two different econom ic levels , 1 yea r d uring the period 1 9 3 4 - 8 6 [Negro families of wage earners and clerical workers] Families with annual unit expenditure of: Item $100 to $200 $400 and over 34 24 Number of families studied.......................... Recreation expenditures: Average amount...................................... $26.18 $61. 78 Percentage for: 53.8 54.9 Tobacco............................................. 22.1 15.3 Movies............................ ................... 22.2 Newspapers--------- ----------------------12.0 .2 .4 Other reading.----------------------------Recreational equipment, etc______ 6.6 11.6 .8 .1 Plays, concerts, spectator sports. Percentage of families owning radios... 33.3 73.5 Percentage of families purchasing radios^ 0 11.8 Average amount paid for radio per family purchasing..................... $0 $23. 63 Transportation expenditures: Average amount.............................. $32. 40 $96.07 Percentage for— Automobile purchase, mainte 17.8 10.0 nance and care............................... 82.2 Other--------- ----------- --------------------- 90.0 Percentage of families owning automobile..................................... 0 14.7 Expenditure for automobile main tenance: Average amount per family owning automobile— ........... $0 $116. 42 Percentage for— Gasoline and oil.............. 65.5 0 8.2 Garage rent and parking. 0 Other______ ___________ 26.3 0 $400 and over Birmingham 38 19 $100 to $200 $400 and over Jackson 28 11 $100 to $200 $400 and over $100 to $200 $400 and over Louisville Memphis 14 24 20 18 $100 to $200 $400 and over Mobile 31 12 $100 to $200 $400 and over New Orleans 27 16 $100 to $200 $400 and over Norfolk 29 28 $100 to $200 $400 and over Richmond 25 24 $36. 45 $82.62 $37. 21 $54. 74 $31. 57 $55.99 $33.05 $50. 26 $36. 02 $46. 79 $23. 73 $59. 79 $24. 73 $52. 21 $35.12 $82. 71 50.1 4.4 15.6 .5 29.3 .1 15.8 10.5 36.4 11.5 11.4 1.9 35.4 3.4 57.9 21.1 62.9 11.7 11.6 .2 10.7 2.9 28.6 3.6 $73. 34 $77. 62 $49.84 56.4 6.3 13.3 4.1 18.5 1.4 63.6 0 51.5 11.0 22.9 .4 14.0 .2 21.4 0 $0 $0 37.1 7.3 16.4 0 39. 2 0 50.0 15.0 $28.00 49.4 16.9 24.6 .7 2.3 6.1 12.5 0 $0 36.0 12.2 19.7 2.7 27. 5 1.9 38.9 22.2 $45. 27 37.2 12.0 14.4 .1 35.9 .4 29.0 0 $0 43.1 17.4 14.7 0 23.5 1.3 33.3 8.3 $24.84 44.3 23.8 22.3 .4 8.1 1.1 3.7 0 $0 57.5 6.8 11.0 .7 20.1 3.9 18.8 6.3 51.7 12.2 20.0 .5 15.2 .4 24.1 3.4 50.8 19.0 15.0 1.0 11.4 2.8 57.1 3.6 37.4 7.4 16.4 .5 38.0 .3 16.0 4.0 30.9 12.1 8.2 .6 47.4 .8 41.7 12.5 $74. 72 $20.01 $59.92 $199. 50 $89. 84 $27. 36 $124.18 $25. 51 $141. 50 $41.16 $81. 71 $29. 26 $68. 44 $15.91 $147.16 $29. 49 $59. 98 $29. 27 $57.61 $19. 53 $88. 35 35.7 64.3 69.1 30.9 76.9 23.1 87.8 12. 2 19.0 81.0 66.6 33.4 6.0 94.0 49.8 50.2 20.6 79.4 91.8 8.2 7.1 92.9 39.9 60.1 38.4 61.6 27.2 72.8 34.6 65.4 58.1 41.9 7.9 42.1 17.9 63.6 14.3 40.0 4.1 22.2 9.7 50.0 3.7 18.8 3.4 10.7 8.0 37.5 $87.65 $133.81 $72. 35 $115.88 $54. 67 $78.30 $42. 00 $78. 30 $33. 79 $149. 54 $56. 70 $109. 23 $301.02 $146. 07 $84. 38 $110. 05 61.4 0 38.6 63.9 0 36.1 49.4 0 50.6 71.5 0 28.5 72.6 0 27.4 74.2 0 25.8 47.4 0 52.6 74.1 0 25.9 60.2 0 39.8 55.7 .1 44.2 65.7 0 34.3 67.0 0 33.0 15.9 0 84.1 54.1 0 45.9 54.2 17.2 28.6 61.6 9.0 29.4 TWELVE CITIES O'P THE SOUTH Baltimore $100 to $200 EXPENDITURES FOR SPECIFIED GOODS 117 Personal Care Family expenditures for personal care, which include services such as hair cuts, shaves, shampoos, and manicures, as well as purchases of toilet articles and preparations, ranged from $18 in Baltimore, Mobile, New Orleans, and Norfolk to $23 in Richmond. Actual dollar expendi tures for these items increased one and a half times from low to high economic levels; expenditure per person increased almost fourfold. As with white families, haircuts are most frequently purchased, accounting for between 64 and 84 cents out of each dollar spent for personal care services. These figures are slightly higher than for white families. Shampoos and shaves were the next most frequently reported types. Medical Care As their family funds grew, the percentage expenditures for medical care of the Negroes in these nine Southern cities increased more regularly than those of other groups, both white and Negro. The striking feature of this, however, is that except in Norfolk, never less than 30 percent, and in two cities more than 50 percent, of these expenditures were invested in accident and health insurance. It is of course true that there are no data available showing what medical care was received in return for this insurance. In view of the extremely recent spread of institutions making possible prepayment for medical service, it seems unlikely that many of these expenditures were made for such a purpose. The more usual form of insured medical aid provides payments at the time of the illness. The sched ules used in this investigation do not show this figure separately. There is, however, an item giving the average amounts received by all families in pensions and insurance payments of all kinds combined. In Memphis, where the all-family average payment for accident and health insurance was $20, the average receipt was $1. In New Orleans, $18 was paid out and nothing was received. Baltimore was the only city in which receipts from all pensions and annuities equaled the amount paid for accident and health insurance. It seems likely that this situation partly explains the sums actually spent on medical service. Medicines and drugs were purchased by a larger proportion of families than any other form of medical care. The services of general practitioners were also widely used, and claimed the largest propor tionate expenditures of any type of medical service. 7 4 3 9 0 °— 41- -9 118 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH Even among the Negro families, the percent reporting clinic fees is extremely small, ranging from 1 percent in Birmingham, Jackson, and Louisville to 9 percent in Baltimore. Although it is usual for clinics to make some nominal charge for all service, there are undoubt edly some which do not. Since no information on free medical care was obtained, it is impossible to say definitely that these figures accurately represent the amount of clinic care the families received. Part III.— Mexican Families in Houston 119 Chapter 1 Income Level and M oney Disbursements Schedules were obtained from 100 Mexican families in Houston. This sample was chosen at the same time and in the same way as that for other families studied. It represents a cross section of the families of employed Mexicans in 1935-36 in this city, as defined for the purposes of this study. The sample was not intended to be repre sentative of the total Mexican population of wage earners and clerical workers, since the Study excluded families on relief1 and those lacking specified employment. The same criteria were used for all the samples covered in the investigation in order that the resulting data would be on a comparable basis. Fam ily Incom e 2 As with the other families studied, no M exican family was included which had an income of less than $500. The actual incomes of families drawn in the Mexican sample ranged from $504 to $1,797. This maximum income was received by a family having two earners; the husband was a skilled stationary engineer in a creamery and the son an unskilled field laborer at a country club. The average family income was $924. The median was somewhat lower, $892. Onefourth of the Mexican families studied had incomes of less than $700 and three-fourths had incomes of less than $1,064. These figures were substantially lower than those for a comparable Mexican sample studied in Los Angeles (see B. L. S. Bull., No. 639, pt. II). As would be expected from the eligibility requirements of the Study (see appendix D , p. 660), the chief source of family income was earnings. The highest earning reported for any one individual among the Mexican families was $1,574, received by a semiskilled black smith working for a railroad. The relative contributions of supple mentary earners to family income were of about the same importance for the Mexican as for the other white families. However, while the percentage of income from sources other than earnings tended to increase with rise in income level for white families, the reverse was distinctly true for the Mexican families. (See table 47.) 1 An estimate based upon the number of families of “other races” (of which 99.6 percent were Mexican in October 1933) on relief during the peak month during the present investigation shows that there were 1,500 such families. This number was 39.9 percent of the total Mexican families in Houston in 1930. Both the number of families on relief and the number of Mexican families in 1930 are for Harris County, since relief figures were not available for the city of Houston. 2 Details of family income when families are classified by economic level are in Tabular Summary, table 2; and when classified by income, in Tabular Summary, table 5. 121 122 T able TW ELVE 47. — C IT IE S O'E THE SO U TH Sources of fa m ily income at successive income levels, 1 year during the 'period 1 9 3 4 —3 6 [Mexican families of wage earners and clerical workers] Average Percentage of income from— number of gainful Earnings workers Earnings of sub Other per of chief sidiary sources3 family ' earner earners 2 Number of families Average net money income All families.______ _____________________ 100 $924 1.54 84.4 13.5 2.1 Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600............... ............................... $600 to $900 ........... ............................... $900 to $1,200 ........................................... $1,200 to $1,500.......................................... $1,500 and over________________ _____ 12 38 32 12 6 547 735 1,010 1,304 1,618 1.08 1.39 1. 69 1.67 2. 33 90.7 87.9 85.7 81.5 71.6 3.3 9.0 13.2 17.8 27.8 6.0 3.1 1.1 .7 .6 Income group 1 A gainful worker is defined as a person having had some gainful employment in business or industry, or domestic service, at any time during the year. (Some families included had persons in domestic service as subsidiary earners.) 2 Including net earnings from boarders and lodgers. 3 Less business losses and expenses not deductible from earnings of the year covered by the schedule. The proportions of clerical workers, unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled wage earners found in the Mexican sample are more similar to those found for Negro families in the Southern cities than for the white families other than Mexicans. In the Houston Mexican sample, 56 percent of the families had an unskilled wage earner as the chief earner, 30 percent had a semiskilled wage earner, 6 percent a skilled wage earner, and 8 percent a clerical worker. These propor tions correspond very closely to those found in the Mexican group studied in Los Angeles. They reflect the agricultural background from which they have come as immigrants, the general limitations of their schooling, and their very slight opportunity to acquire skill in trades. Size and composition of family. The average number of persons per family, 4.91, was considerably higher than for white families other than Mexican in Houston, and exceeded the average size of Negro families in all of the cities studied in the South.3 It was slightly larger than the average for Mexican families in Los Angeles. If the investigation had been extended to families on relief, the average size would have been even larger, since the average size of the families of ‘ ‘other races” of two or more persons on relief in the month when relief load reached a peak during the period of the investigation in Harriss County was 5.3. The tendency noted among both white and Negro groups for the average size of family to increase with rise in income level holds true among these 100 Mexican families. The number of persons 16 years of age and over increased sharply with rise in income level, but the number of persons under 16 years of age increased to about 2% persons * See Tabular Summary, tables 2 and 5. IN C O M E LEVEE AND MONEY 123 D IS B U R S E M E N T S in the $900 to $1,200 income group and then declined with the subse quent income groups. The group with incomes over $1,800 was made up largely of mature families, with few young children, where the wife and the older sons and daughters were free to work. C u rren t Expenditures o f Each C ity G roup as a W hole 4 The distribution of current expenditures which averaged $954 by the Mexican families 5 tended to resemble that of the Negroes studied in the Southern cities, who were living at approximately the same economic level. A larger portion of each dollar spent was allotted to food than by white families in any city in the Nation-wide study, including New York. Thirty-eight cents was spent for this most important item in the family budget. Expenditures for housing including fuel, light, and refrigeration received but 18 cents, which is slightly under that spent by the white families other than Mexican in Houston. On the other hand, the proportion spent for clothing, 13 percent, was very much higher than for other white families in Houston and approached the maximum found for Negro families of 13.5 percent in Birmingham. Expenditures for all forms of transportation constituted the next most important item, with automobile purchase, operation, and main tenance accounting for 8.0 of the total of 9.4 percent. In this item, these families depart from the pattern shown by Negro families, since the latter allotted only around 5 cents to automobile transportation. Furnishings and equipment took fifth place with about 6 cents out of every dollar so spent. Recreation accounted for 5 cents, followed by expenditures for household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration, for which about 3 cents was spent. Medical care ex penditures received a relatively smaller porportion of total expenditures than for either the white or Negro families studied in this region. On the other hand, personal care expenditures averaged about 2.5 percent, which is higher than for white families other than Mexican. T able 48. — Expenditures for groups of items , 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -3 6 [Mexican families of wage earners and clerical workersl Item Average annual current expenditure for all items........................... __ .. Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items_______________________________ Food ____________________________ Clothing.......................................... . Housing___________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration.......... . Other household operation________ Furnishings and equipment_______ Automobile and motorcycle, pur chase, operation, and maintenance. Item Houston $954 100.0 37.9 13.3 12.9 4.8 3.0 5.7 All items—Continued. Other transportation_______________ Personal care.............. ....................... . Medical care_______________________ Recreation______________ ______ ___ Education__________ ________ _____ Vocation___________________________ Community welfare__________ _____ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family_____ Other items________________________ 8.0 4 Current expenditures are defined on p. 632 of this report. 8See Tabular Summary, tables 3 and 6. Houston 1.4 2.5 2.5 4.8 .6 .2 .7 1.4 .3 124 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F THE SOUTH Despite the lower incomes of the Mexican families in Houston, the general distribution of their expenditures was remarkably similar to that of the Mexican families studied in Los Angeles. The percent ages of the total allocated to food, housing, fuel, light, and refrigera tion, other household operation, clothing, personal care and medical care were almost the same as for the Los Angeles families. The relatively large food expenditures in both cities are undoubtedly associated with the large-size families. The much greater proportion spent for clothing in both cities than by comparable other white families probably reflects the pleasure in some m easure of adornment frequently found among Latin peoples. It is confirmed by the findings of an earlier study of Mexican families in San Diego.6 In analyzing this difference in the apportionment of expenditures for clothing and other items, it is well to recall that an average expenditure of but $127 was used to clothe 5 people. The housing expenditures of both city groups were lower than those of the other white families in their respective cities though the expenditures of the Houston Mexican families were proportionately greater than those of the Los Angeles Mexicans. Although the other white families in both Houston and Los Angeles spent more for transportation than for clothing,7 the Mexican families in both cities reversed the relative importance of these two items. The Houston Mexicans spent proportionately more than did the Los Angeles Mexicans for automobile transportation, 8.0 as compared with 7.3 percent, and relatively less for other transportation, 1.4 as against 2.5 percent. On the other hand the Houston Mexican families devoted a smaller proportion than did the Los Angeles families, 4.8 as compared with 5.9 percent of their total expenditures, to items classed under the heading of recreation, including tobacco, reading matter, movies and other paid admissions and recreational equipment of various sorts. Distribution o f Expenditures at Successive Income Levels The tendency noted for both the other white families and the Negro families for the percentage spent for food and housing (includ ing fuel, light, and refrigeration) to decline with rise in income level holds true also for the Mexican families. Expenditures for household operation other than fuel, light, and refrigeration also tended to decline when expressed as percentages of total expenditure but the movement was slightly irregular. On the other hand relative expen ditures for clothing, furnishings and equipment, transportation, recrea tion and gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic e Heller Committee for Research in Social Economics: How Mexicans Earn and Live. Cost of Living Studies V, University of California Publications in Economics, vol. 13, 1933. No. 1, pp. 1-114. i In only 3 of the 42 cities studied in the Nation-wide investigation were average expenditures for all white families for transportation found to be greater than those for clothing. The third city is San Diego. IN C O M E LEVEL AND MONEY D IS B U R S E M E N T S 125 families increased with rise in income level. Of these the greatest increase occurred in the case of transportation, for which the dollar expenditures were 10 times as great at the highest income level as at the lowest. The percentages allotted to personal care, medical care, and com munity welfare tended to remain about the same at all income levels. (See Tabular Summary, table 6.) In general these findings coincide with those for Mexican families studied in Los Angeles. Exceptions occur in the movement in the two cities of relative expenditures for personal care and for furnish ings and equipment. These differences, however, are probably due only to the variations 8 inherent in small samples and do not represent any fundamental differences in consumption patterns in the two cities. Order o f Family Expenditures at Different Economic Levels For reasons explained in connection with the analysis of the data obtained from the other families studied in the South, the data secured from the Mexican families cooperating in the investigation were also analyzed by economic level.9 The relationships noted for white families other than Mexican, i. e., increase in income and decrease in family size with rise in economic level, also held true for the Mexican families. With a rise in economic level there appeared (see Tabular Summary, table 3) a decline in the percentage of expenditure allotted to food and to housing (including fuel, light, and refrigeration). Contrary to the movement noted for other white families the proportion of each dollar spent for clothing tended to remain about the same for each economic level. This same relative movement was found among Mexicans in Los Angeles. The percentage of each dollar allotted to household operation other than fuel, light and refrigeration, to fur nishings and equipment, to transportation other than for automobile, to personal care and to medical care similarly showed little change at successive economic levels. The general tendency for the other groups of items covered by current family expenditures was to increase in relative importance improvement in the economic status of the family. A comparison of the rank order of the different main groups of expenditure items at the lowest and at the highest economic levels analyzed Mexican families were found as shown in table 49, reveals the overwhelming absolute importance of food, housing (including fuel, light, and refrigeration), and clothing, at both levels. They ranked * See footnote 11, p. 22. * For a description of the methods of computing and the meaning of economic level, see pp. 25 to 27 and appendix G., pp. 688. 126 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F THE SO U TH F ig . 8 DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY EXPENDITURES OF WAGE EARNERS AND LOWER-SALARIED CLERICAL WORKERS AT TWO DIFFERENT ECONOMIC LEVELS HOUSTON, 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 3 6 MEXICAN FAMILIES ITEM PERCEN T OF TOTAL EXPEN D IT U R ES O FOOD HOUSING INCLUDING FUEL, LIGHT AND REFRIGERATION CLOTHING FURNISHINGS a EQUIPMENT AUTOMOBILE RECREATION HOUSEHOLD OPERATION PERSONAL CARE MEDICAL CARE EDUCATION, VOCATION a MISC TRANSPORTA TION OTHER THAN AUTOMOBILE COMMUNITY WELFARE,GIFTS CONTRIBUTIONS U. S . B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S «0 20 30 40 50 IN C O M E LEVEL AND M ONEY 127 D IS B U R S E M E N T S first, second, and third, respectively, in magnitude of expenditure among families with the greatest as among families with the least annual expenditure per equivalent adult. The most striking aspect of the comparison between expenditures of the Houston Mexican families at low and high levels is the absence of any tendency to marked shifts in consumption as economic status increased. Thus the rank orders at both low and high levels were identical not only for the three essentials named above, but for seven other categories of consumption. The only important shifts noted at the high as com pared with the low level were a dropping in relative importance of personal and of medical care and an increase in relative importance of transportation other than by automobile and of gifts and contribu tions to persons outside the economic family. T able 49. — Expenditures in rank order at two different economic levels, 1 year during the perid 1 9 3 4 -8 6 [Mexican families of wage earners and clerical workers] Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Families with annual unit ex penditure of— Group expenditure item Group expenditure item $100$200 Food. ________________________ _ Clothing_______________________ Housing, including, fuel, light, and refrigeration. Other household operation_____ Furnishings and equipment Automobile and motorcycle pur chase, operation, and mainte nance ________________________ Other transportation____________ $100$200 $400$500 1 3 1 3 2 7 4 2 7 4 5 10 5 8 Personal care____________________ Medical care____________________ Recreation__________ ____ _____ _ Education_______________________ Vocation________ _______________ Community welfare____________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside economic family_______ Other items__ _____ _____ ______ $400$500 8 9 6 11.5 15 11.5 11.5 13 6 10 15 11.5 13 14 9 14 Substantially less general consistency in expenditure patterns at high as well as low economic levels was found among the Mexican families studied in Los Angeles, where the spread of families by economic level was greater than in Houston. Likewise many of the Negro samples and all of the white samples studied showed greater shifts in consumption from low to high economic levels. The prin cipal explanation for the consistency among the Houston Mexicans is the small spread between the lowest and the highest economic levels at which any group of these Mexican workers’ families lived. Even the highest economic level at which any substantial proportion of Mexican families in Houston was found was not one calculated to permit extensive expression of individual tastes, but rather was one at which little margin was left after the essentials of food, clothing, and housing were met. There were of course, differences in the content of consumption at the two economic levels, due both to the difference in actual dollars spent and to the size of the family. Thus food consumption was actually different at the high level, even though food expenditures 128 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF T H E SO U TH ranked first at both levels. The amount of unit food expenditure was notably greater at the high level. The Mexican families studied in Houston, like these in Los Angeles, were unable to balance incomes and expenditures and finished the year with an average neb deficit of $17. (See table 50 and Tabular Summary, tables 2 and 5.) Their aggregate increases in assets and decreases in liabilities incurred before the schedule year were more than offset by decreases in assets and increases in liabilities, chiefly the latter. (See table 51.) The same considerations outlined in the discussion of assets and liabilities for other white and for Negro families pertain to the M exi can families. (See pp. 37 and 96.) In comparing the changes in finan cial status of the other white and the Mexican families in Houston, the smaller net incomes and larger size of the latter families should be remembered. In general, however, the pattern of savings and deficits was similar to that of the other white families in Houston and curi ously enough quite different from the pattern of the Mexican families studied in Los Angeles. A little more than half of the families ended the year with an aver age surplus amounting to $63. Forty-one percent of the families, on the other hand finished the year with an average deficit almost twice as great, $123. When the families are classified by income (see Tabular Summary, table 5) a net deficit was found at all but two income levels: Among the 12 families in the $500 to $600 income group there was a net surplus of $5, while the 32 families with incomes from $900 to $1,200 showed a net surplus of $8. This compares with a net deficit found at every income level among the Los Angeles Mexican families. When the amount of current expenditure is used as the basis of classification (see Tabular Summary, table 2), however, the effect, as has been found among other groups of families studied, is to move the deficit families into the higher spending categories. It is not sur prising, therefore, that table 50 shows only the families at the lowest economic level having an average surplus, whereas the size of the average deficit is largest at the highest economic level. In studying the deficit financing of these Mexican families (see table 51 and Tabular Summary, table 4) it is evident that increases in new obligations were relatively more important than withdrawals from past savings or other assets. This was particularly true at the highest economic level. Increases in installment obligations were the outstanding means of expenditures from sources other than current income. “ Other debts’ ’ which include increases in the amounts due doctors, grocers, hospitals, etc., were the second most frequently resorted to source. IN C O M E T LEVEL AND M ONEY 129 D IS B U R S E M E N T S 50 . — Percentage of fam ilies having surplus and deficit, and net change in assets and liabilities during the schedule year at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -3 6 able tMexican families of wage earners and clerical workers) Item Number of families_______ _ _ _______ __________ ____ Percentage of families having— Net surplus______________________ _______ ____________ Net deficit__________________ _________ _ ___________ Average amount of— Net change in assets and liabilities for all families: Per family__ _ __ ________________ _______ Per expenditure unit __ __ ___ ___ ____ ___ Per gainful worker, _ ____ ___________ __________ Surplus per family having surplus___________ ___ ____ Deficit per family having deficit__________ ___________ All families Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over 100 30 56 14 53.0 41.0 56.7 33.3 53.6 44.6 42.9 42.9 —$17 —4 -11 63 123 +$15 +2 +8 55 48 —$17 -4 -1 2 64 116 —$84 -32 -6 2 85 279 Eleven of the nineteen Mexican families purchasing automobiles during the schedule year financed them by installment obligations which had not been completely met at the end of the schedule year. Whether the remaining eight families financed their purchases through small loan companies cannot be determined from the data available. Among the Mexican families studied, as with the other white and Negro families, the most frequent form of savings was the payment of life insurance premiums. Eighty-five percent of the Mexican families reported paying such premiums at an average expenditure of $34 for each of these 85 families. The tendency was for both the proportion of families making such payments and the amounts paid to decrease with rise in economic level. This is in contrast to the general tendency noted for white families, and among Mexican families in Los Angeles, and the somewhat less consistent tendency among the Negro families for the proportion of families buying life insurance and the average amount paid per family to increase with rise in economic level. Pay ments on annuities formed the second most frequently used form of savings among Mexican families in Houston, in contrast with pay ments on principal of mortgage on owned home among the Los Angeles Mexican families. 130 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T a b l e 5 1 .— Changes in assets and liabilities during the schedule year at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -8 6 [Mexican families of wapre earners and clerical workers] All families Number of families________________________________________ Average amount of i— Increase in assets _____________________________________ Decrease in liabilities__________________________________ Decrease in amounts due on goods purchased on installment plan: Automobiles___________ _____ _______________ ______ Other goods______________________________________ Decrease in assets_____________________________________ Increase in liabilities __ _ _ Increase in amounts due on goods purchased on installment plan: Automobiles______________________________________ Other goods______________________________________ Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over 100 30 56 14 $45 10 $36 8 $50 11 $40 12 2 3 16 56 4 3 1 28 3 26 52 0 0 7 129 18 27 6 14 11 32 73 35 0) 1Average computed by dividing the aggregate increases or decreases of the families reporting such in creases or decreases by the total number of families at each expenditure level. Chapter 2 Expenditures for Specified Goods Food Annual Food Expenditure. Average food expenditures per family among the Mexican families in Houston, as a proportion of total current expenditures, declined consistently with rise in economic level.1 The actual number of dollars spent for food prepared at home (including food for lunches prepared at home and carried to work and to school) on the contrary increased slightly from $341 at the low to $357 at the high level. (See Tabular Summary, table 8.) The increases in dollar expenditures for food bought and eaten away from home were much greater than those in expenditures for food eaten at home. M oney spent at restaurants, lunch counters, soda fountains and bars increased almost sixfold from the lowest to the highest level. Such expenditure accounted for not quite 1% cents of each food dollar at the low economic level, but nearly 9 cents at the higher level. Expenditures for meals at work increased from the low to the high level even more rapidly than did total expenditures for food away from home. These general tendencies were similar in direction to those noted among Mexican families in Los Angeles. Although total food expenditures were not very different at low and high economic levels, the food consumption was quite different owing to the smaller size of families at the high level. Families with annual unit expenditure of $100 to $200 for all items in the family budget, had an average annual expenditure for food of $60 per food-expenditure unit,2 in contrast with $159 for families spending $400 to $500 per expenditure unit for all items. 1 Classification by consumption level or economic level is the term used to denote classification of families by annual expenditure per unit for the total of all items of family expenditure. The unit used for this pur pose is the equivalent adult male. Each member of the family, taking into account age, sex, and activity, is counted as the appropriate decimal equivalent of an adult male. For each of the tables showing details of expenditures as many economic levels have been shown as the number of cases in each city and the types of the data for each particular table would allow. For annual food expenditures for Mexican families the levels are as follows: Low, under $200 per expenditure unit; intermediate, $200 to $400 per expenditure unit; high, $400 and over per expenditure unit. 2 Food-expenditure units are computed from scales based on the cost of estimated customary food con sumption of persons of differing age, sex, and occupation. (See appendix Q, pp 688, 689.) They may be used as a convenient common denominator in studying differences in total food expenditures atd ifferent economic levels. 131 132 TW ELVE COTES OF THE SOUTH Food Expenditures in 1 Wee\ in Spring, Summer, and Fall Quarters. Data on 194 separate foods purchased and consumed during one typical week in one of the three quarters, spring, summer, and fall, show that not only is there a marked increase in the average expendi ture for food per capita with rise in economic level among these fami lies, but also that the types and quantities of foods are different at the various levels. The figures on the details of food purchases have been summarized to show average purchase by families at three different economic levels.3 (See Tabular Summary, table 7.) A comparison of the amounts spent for all food per capita per week 4 by families at the three expenditure levels shows an increase of 152 percent from the low to the high level. The per capita expenditures for meats, poultry, and sea food, and the quantities purchased of these items increased rapidly with economic level. The per capita expenditure for this group of foods was approxi mately three times as large at the high as at the low level. On the average, however, the expenditures of the Mexican families were less than half those of the other white group studied in Houston. Ex penditures for any quantities purchased of vegetables and fruits approximately doubled from low to high level. The Mexican families used more than three times the quantity of the starchy foods represented by flour and other cereals than that used by the other Houston families. Per capita expenditures for total grain products rose from 22.8 cents at the low level to 48.0 cents at the high level. Quantity purchases also showed a marked increase with economic level. The Mexicans used less potatoes per capita, on the other hand, than did the other group of Houston families. Expenditures for milk were larger than those for any other single item, but amounted to only two-thirds of the amount spent by the other white families studied in Houston. Quantities purchased and expenditures increased with economic level except in the case of expenditures for evaporated and condensed milk, which were largest at the intermediate level. White flour accounted for the second largest per capita expenditure for an individual food item. The average quantity purchased was five times that for the other white families, and the average expendi ture approximately four times as large. Quantity purchased and expenditure were largest at the intermediate level where families were larger than at the high level. Butter and lard were replaced by many of the Mexican families at the two lower levels by vegetable shortening, which was the item of * For each of the tables showing details of expenditures as many economic levels have been shown as the number of cases in each city and the type of the data for each particular table would allow. For food expend itures during 1 week for the Mexican families the levels are: Under $200, $200 to $400, and $400 and over. i Reasons for use of per capita rather than per food-exjpenditure unit figures for individual food, items are given in footnote 3,rp. .47. E X P E N D IT U R E S FDR S P E C IF IE D GOODS 133 third largest expenditure. A t the high level, expenditures for lard were larger than those for vegetable shortening. Even at the high level expenditures for butter, though substantially larger than at the low level, did not assume the relative importance found among other white families. Quantities purchased of vegetable shortening and average expenditures were highest at the intermediate level, due to the increased use of lard at the high level. White bread ranked fourth in expenditure. Both expenditures and quantities purchased increased with economic level, in direct contrast to the usage evidenced by the other group of families. The importance of the “ frijole” as an article of Mexican diet is indicated by the fact that dry beans was the item requiring the fifth largest expenditure. Expenditure and quantity were largest at the intermediate level. It is possible to compare the average food expenditures of the Mexican families in Houston with annual unit expenditure from $200 to $400 for all items of the family budget with Mexican families in Los Angeles at the same level. The per capita food expenditure of the Los Angeles families was one-fourth more than that of the com parable Houston families. The Houston families spent less for total grain products, but purchased a larger quantity since they bought more of it in the form of flour and cereals and less in the form of bread and baked products than did the Los Angeles families. They purchased twice as much white flour and about eight times as much corn meal as did the Los Angeles group. Less eggs, milk, and butter were pur chased by the Houston families. The Houston families spent 57 cents of every dollar going for fats for vegetable shortening, while the Los Angeles families spent 38 cents of every “ fat” dollar for lard. The Houston Mexicans spent a slightly smaller proportion of the food dollar for meat, poultry, fish, and other seafood than did the Los Angeles group (14 cents as compared with 16 cents). Total per capita expenditure for this group of foods was, however, 33 percent smaller in Houston than in Los Angeles. In the case of vegetables and fruits, per capita expenditure and quantity purchased were smaller in Houston. Green and leafy vegetables and citrus fruits were used in larger quantities in Los Angeles with correspondingly larger expendi tures for these items. The dried beans, used extensively by both groups, were purchased in larger quantities by the Houston families. An estimate of the proportion of the 100 Houston Mexican families at each of the three economic levels spending enough for food per food expenditure unit to buy an adequate diet at minimum c o s t 5 shows a striking progression from the families in the lowest economic level to those in the highest. Only 20 of the 100 families could be so 8 For method of computation and limitations of this estimate see p. 49 ,74390°— 41-------10 134 TW ELVE CETTE'S OF THE SOUTH classified. The proportion rises from no families at the lowest level to 18 percent at the intermediate and 71 percent at the highest level who spent enough for adequate nutrition if they had selected foods closely in accordance with nutritional need. Housing Housing facilities. Renters of houses,6 who constituted 74 percent of the Mexican sample in Houston, averaged about four rooms per dwelling. For these renters of houses the average number of persons per room was 1.35. The downward movement in the number of persons per room with rise in plane of living was also true of the Mexicans. For families with annual unit expenditure of $100 to $200 there were 1.80 persons per room, while for families spending $400 and over the figure dropped to 0.69. For all of the Houston Mexican families combined the number of persons per room averaged 1.32. This figure is considerably higher than the average for families in any other group studied. The figure is particularly striking, since it must be remembered that the sample is a cross section only of em ployed wage earners and clerical workers who at no time during the schedule year had received relief. As with the white families, home owners surpassed renters in the proportion of families having garden space. Eight out of nine home owners possessed such space while 73 out of 91 renters did so. Likewise 8 of the 9 home owners had the use of a garage while only 46 of the 91 renters had the use of garages. A comparision of the housing facilities of the Mexican group and the white group other than Mexican studied in Houston shows the kind of difference which would be expected in view of the generally lower incomes of the Mexican families. Only one renting and one home owning Mexican family lived in a dwelling with all of the following facilities: Running hot water, inside flush toilet, electric lights and gas or electricity for cooking. From table 9 of the tabular summary more detailed data are available on the individual facilities possessed by home owners and renters. Housing expenditures.7 For families renting houses, the average monthly rental rate was $11. These monthly rental rates increased with rise in economic level from $10 at the lowest to $14 at the highest. Two families rented apartments with heat included in rent and 13 apartments with heat not included iii rent. Data on the monthly rentals of such families have not been computed due to the small numbers of cases. • Since but nine of the families were home owners data on the size of their dwellings have not been pre sented separately. 7 See Tabular Summary, table 10. E X P E N D IT U R E S FOR S P E C IF IE D GOODS 135 None of the Mexican families studied owned a vacation home. Five families paid rent on a vacation or trip at an average expenditure of $12 per family making such trips. Fuel, light, and refrigeration. Expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration were practically the same in all four seasons of the year averaging $14, $10, $11, and $11 for winter, spring, summer, and fall, respectively. The major part of these expenditures was for electricity and gas, while wood ac counted for $10 out of the total annual expenditure of $46. Other items of household operation. Of the items included under the heading of household operation, the Mexican families spent the major portion for laundry soap and clean ing supplies. An average of $4 was paid for laundry sent out. One family had the services of full-time domestic help and but three families of part-time domestic help. Furnishings and Equipm ent Expenditures for furnishings and equipment, by these families of Mexican wage earners and clerical workers, showed a marked varia tion with economic level. (See Tabular Summary, table 18.) At the low level expenditures averaged $44 per family, whereas the average at the high level was $82. The items purchased by the largest proportion of families at the low economic level were fundamentals of household equipment, brooms, brushes, mops, light bulbs, tubs, boards and wringers, bed ding, and felt base floor covering. A t the high economic level brooms, brushes, mops, light bulbs, and tubs, boards and wringers were also of first importance in number of families purchasing, with turkish towels, stoves, and pots, pans, and cutlery following. Families at the high level bought such articles as rugs and carpets, furniture, towels, and tableware more frequently than did families at the low level. Of the various groups of items coming under the general head of furnishings and equipment, expenditures for silverware, china, and glassware increased most markedly with rise in economic level. C loth in g 8 Total expenditure per family for clothing. The Mexican families studied spent on the average $124 for clothing. As in the case of the other white and Negro families, all but a very small * See Tabular Summary, table 17. Throughout, economic or consumption level is defined by amount of annual unit expenditure. For each of the tables showing details of expenditures as many economic levels have been shown as the number of cases and type of data for each particular table would allow. For the Mexican families, clothing expenditures are shown at three levels: Under $200, $200 to $400, and $400 and over for the groups 18 years of age and over. The data for the age groups 12 through 17 years, 6 through 11, and 2 through 5 years are presented without any attempt at separation of expenditures at different economic levels. 136 TW ELVE c it ie s o f t h e SOUTH proportion was spent for ready-made clothing, dry cleaning, and accessories. Expenditures for yard goods and findings used for sewing garments at home averaged $4.96 per family at the low level, $3.55 at the intermediate, and $3.45 at the high level. Paid help for sewing was used so infrequently that the average expenditure per family was only 1 cent. Gifts of clothing paid for from family funds and exchanged within the economic family were not recorded on the schedule as gifts but simply as clothing expenditures of the family. An attempt was made to ascertain the value of gifts received from persons outside the family circle. Twenty-eight percent of the families reported such gifts. The value of such gifts averaged $1.52, but as a large proportion of the families reporting gifts could not estimate the value of the items received and such values have not been included, the above figure does not give a complete account of this item. The most striking difference in the clothing expenditures of these Mexican families from those of most other family groups studied is in the relative amounts spent by men and women. Whereas among the family groups surveyed in most cities, including the Mexican families studied in Los Angeles, women aged 18 and over almost universally spent more than men of similar age at each economic level, the reverse was true in Houston. A t all three economic levels the men spent substantially more than the women. At the lowr economic level the figures were $28 and $17, respectively, and at the high level $81 and $45. In percentage terms the women spent 39 percent less at the low level and 44 percent less at the high. Evidently the women more frequently went without hats and made their own or bought very inexpensive dresses. A smaller proportion of the women’s clothing dollar was devoted to headwear, outerwear, and miscellaneous items and a larger proportion to footwear and underwear. (See tables 52 and 53.) The relationship between men’s and women’s clothing expenditures in Houston is just the contrary of that found among Mexican families in Los Angeles,9 and that found among other white families in prac tically all the cities in the Nation-wide survey. In these other groups the women spent more than the men at each economic level. The difference may be due chiefly to the low incomes of the Houston Mexicans and the greater opportunity for women to economize on clothing than for men who must go out to work. The same variation from what appears to be the usual relationship in the families of urban wage earners and clerical workers occurs in the data secured from Negro families in the South. In the case of the Negroes, » See B. L. S. Bulletin 639, pp. 104-107, 241, and 256. Also Heller Committee for Research in Social Economics, How Mexicans Earn and Live. Cost of Living Studies V, University of California Publi cations in Economics, vol. 13, 1933. No. 1, p. 37. E X P E N D IT U R E S FOR S P E C IF IE D 137 GOODS however, the difference between the amounts spent by men and women was smaller, and the level of the men’s clothing expenditure distinctly lower. Clothing expenditures for men and hoys. Average clothing expenditures per person decreased from $44 for men and boys 18 years and over through each age group to $9 for boys aged 2 through 5 years. When the clothing expenditures of the men and boys 18 years of age and over are summarized (see table 51), it appears that expenditures for outerwear required half of the total expenditure, increasing with economic level from 46 percent at the low level to 53 percent at the high level. The proportion for miscellaneous items also increased with economic level, while that for headwear and footwear decreased as the level of expenditure rose. At the low economic level the annual clothing expenditure for men and boys 18 years of age and over was $28, and at the high level $81. Shoes were purchased by the largest number of men at both the low and the high economic level. At the low level they averaged about 1.3 pairs of street shoes per person purchasing at an average price of about $2.96 per pair. A t the high level the corresponding figures increased to 1.8 and about $3.67. Cotton trousers were the item second most frequently purchased at the low level and cotton shirts third. A t the high level, cotton dress shirts, cotton undershirts and handkerchiefs all tied for second place in frequency purchase. T a b l e 5 2 .— Distribution of clothing expenditures for individuals in fam ilies successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 3 ^ -3 6 at [Men and boys in Mexican families of wage earners and clerical workers] Average clothing expenditure per person in— Sex, age group, and type of clothing Families with annual unit expenditure of— All fam ilies Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over Families with annual unit expenditures of— All fam ilies Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over Men and boys 18years of age and over: Headwear._________ ___________ Outerwear....................................... Underwear...................................... Footwear______________________ Miscellaneous items...... ............... $3.00 22. 56 2.50 9.54 6.73 $2.58 13.17 1.87 7.68 3.06 $3.04 22.67 2.24 9.32 6. 77 $3.73 43.14 4. 85 14. 46 14. 86 6.8 50.9 5.6 21.5 15.2 9.1 46.4 6.6 27.1 10.8 6.9 51.4 5.1 21.2 15.4 4.6 53.3 6.0 17.8 18.3 Total............................................ 44.33 28.36 44.04 81.04 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t Shoes were also the item taking the largest share of the men’s cloth ing dollar at the low level, but at the high level wool suits represented the greatest expenditure. Five of the seventeen men at the high level bought heavy wool suits at an average price of $33 and six purchased 138 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH lightweight wool suits, paying an average of $18 per suit. A t the low level, cotton shirts were second and cotton trousers of third im portance in magnitude of expenditures, while at the high level shoes were second and cotton shirts third. Almost half of the men at the low level used cleaning and repairing services at an average expenditure per man using such services of $3.32 per year. About three-fourths of the men at the high level averaged $10.20 for such services. Expenditures for felt hats averaged over $2 at each economic level and were larger than corresponding expenditures of white or Negro men. Accessories, including belts, while small in amount represented higher expenditures by Mexicans than by white or Negro men. The limited numbers of boys aged less than 18 bars analysis of their detailed clothing expenditures. Clothing expenditures for women and girls. The low clothing expenditures of women as compared with men has already been noted. For the lower age groups, total clothing ex penditures for girls were very similar to those of boys. As was true for men, shoes were purchased by a larger proportion of women aged 18 and over than any other item. This was true at the high as well as the low economic level. The items purchased by the next largest numbers of women at the low level were house slippers, then cotton house dresses, and next rayon bloomers and panties. Rayon, cotton, and silk hose followed in the order named. At the high level, there was little difference in the number of women pur chasing items ranking second to shoes in terms of number purchasing, such as rayon panties, felt hats, and house slippers. In terms of size of expenditure, shoes were the most important item at the low level. Approximately 25 cents of the clothing dollar at this level went for shoes. Forty-two women purchased street shoes, 3 purchased dress shoes, and 1 sport shoes, and paid $1.91, $2.67, and $1 per pair, respectively. Silk and rayon dresses were second in amount of expenditure. Sixteen women bought such dresses at an average price of $3.44 per dress. Cotton housedresses were third in importance of expenditure at the low level, 26 women paying an average of 93 cents per dress. At the high level, silk and rayon dresses replaced shoes as the item of largest expenditure. Ten of the fifteen women bought such dresses at an average price of $5.24 per dress. Shoes ranked second. Thirteen women purchased street shoes at an average price of $2.92 per pair, and 2 purchased dress shoes at $3.35. Silk hose were third in importance of expenditure for this group. Those purchasing bought on the average 8 pairs and paid 81 cents a pair. E X P E N D IT U R E S T able FOR S P E C IF IE D 139 GOODS 53. — Distribution of clothing expenditures for individuals in fam ilies at successive economic levels, 1 year during the period 1 9 3 4 -8 6 [Women and girls in Mexican families of wage earners and clerical workers] Average clothing expenditure per person in— Families with annual unit expenditure of— Sex, age group, and type of clothing All families All families Under $200 Women and girls 18 years of age and over: Headwear_______ _____ ________ Outerwear_____________________ Underwear............. ......... .............. Footwear_______________________ Miscellaneous items____________ Total_____ ______ ____ _______ $200 to $400 and $400 over Families with annual unit expenditure of— Under $200 $200 to $400 and $400 over P ercen t P ercen t P ercen t $1.18 11. 75 3.44 9.06 1. 56 $0.77 7.00 2.09 6.83 .56 $1.20 13.42 3.74 9.69 1.47 $2.43 18.30 6. 25 12.86 5.10 4.4 43.5 12.7 33.6 5.8 4.5 40.6 12.1 39.6 3.2 4.1 45.4 12.7 32.8 5.0 5.4 40.8 13.9 28.6 11.3 26.99 17. 25 29.52 44.94 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 P ercen t O th e r Groups o f C u rre n t Expenditures In all probability a large portion of the expenditures for transporta tion (see Tabular Summary, table 13) were for recreational purposes, but it was impossible for the families accurately to prorate their transportation expenditure between recreational and strictly transportational purposes. For these 100 Mexican families average an nual expenditures were $89 and increased fourfold from the annual expenditure level of families spending $100 to $200 per expenditure unit to those families spending $400 and over. Eighty-five percent of average transportation expenditures were for automobile purchase, operation, and maintenance. This percentage increased with rise in economic level as did the proportion of families owning automobiles. On the average 48 percent of these Mexican families owned automo biles. N o families reported the purchase of a new car during the schedule year, but 19 families purchased second-hand cars, for which an average price of $207 was paid. The largest proportion of expenditures for all other forms of trans portation was for local bus, which averaged about $7 per year per family. Forty-three percent of the families reported use of local busses. The next largest expenditure, averaging $3 per year, was for taxis used by 28 percent of the families. Average expenditure per person for medical care (see Tabular Sum mary, table 14) averaged $5, rising from $3 at the lowest level to $9 for families spending $300 to $400 per expenditure unit per year and $6 for families spending over $400. These figures are grossly inade quate to supply the minimum necessary care for health.10 Medicine and drugs were purchased by 93 percent of the families, accounting for over a quarter of total expenditures for medical care. About a “ See footnote 18, p. 73. 140 TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH third of the families purchased health and accident insurance at an average expenditure per family buying such insurance of $15. Both the proportion of families purchasing this type of insurance and the average amount paid per family decreased with economic level. Dollar expenditures for personal care (see Tabular Summary, table 14) remained practically the same at every economic level, averaging about $24. The personal care services most frequently used were haircuts, permanent waves, and “ other waves.” Of the items included under the general heading of recreation (see Tabular Summary, table 15), the largest proportion of the expenditures of Mexican families were for movies. Tobacco, which was of the first importance for the white and Negro families, takes second place followed by expenditures for newspaper, both delivered at home and bought on the street. Forty-one of the one hundred Mexican families studied owned radios while 21 purchased radios during the schedule year at an average price of $62 per radio. Details of other items of expenditure by these Mexican families, which included education, vocational expense, gifts and contributions to individuals and to the community welfare, are presented in table 16 of the Tabular Summary. Part IV .— Tabular Summary 141 143 TABULAE SUMMARY T able 1 .— D istrib u tio n o f fa m ilie s b y econ om ic level and in com e level B AL T IM O R E , M D .— W H IT E FAMILIES | $100 to $200 | $200 to $300 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 | $600 to $700 j $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 to $1,000 | $1,000 to $1,100 $1,100 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,300 $1,300 to $1,400 $1,400 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,600 419 0 14 60 92 100 66 40 23 11 7 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 45 95 120 67 51 17 9 5 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 5 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 19 15 9 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 18 26 23 12 7 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 19 20 12 9 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 19 8 3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 5 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 5 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 22 29 16 13 7 2 0 0 0 0 $1,600 to $1,700 1 Under $100 Families in survey___ Annual net income of— $500-$600.._.......... $600-$900.............. $900-$l,200______ $1,200-$1,500_____ $1,500-$1,800_____ $1,800-$2,100_____ $2,100-$2,400_____ $2,400-$2,700......... $2,700-$3,000......... $3,000-$3,300_____ $3,300-$3,600......... $3,600-$3,900_____ 1 $300 to $400 Income class All families Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year B AL T IM O R E , M D .—NEGRO FAM ILIES Families in survey.. . 107 Annual net income of— $500-$600....... ....... 8 $600-$900________ 36 $900-$1,200______ 42 $1,200-$1,500....... . 15 4 $1,500-$1,800........ $1,800-$2,100........ 1 $2,100-$2,400........ 0 1 $2,400-$2,700........ 0 24 28 21 18 9 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 11 8 2 0 0 0 0 3 10 11 4 0 0 0 0 2 10 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 8 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B IR M IN G H A M , A L A.—W H IT E FAM ILIES Families in survey. Annual net income of— $500-$600________ $600-$900.... .......... $900-$1,200........ . $1,200-$1,500____ $1,500-$1,800....... . $1,800-$2,100_____ $2,100-$2,400......... $2,400-$2,700_____ $2,700-$3,000_____ $3,000-$3,300_____ $3,300-$3,600_____ $3,600-$3,900_____ 202 0 10 29 49 32 28 21 10 3 21 39 50 41 36 7 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 9 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 17 13 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 17 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 8 7 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 6 6 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 0 1 1 2 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 BIR M IN G H A M , A L A .- -NEGRO FAMILIES Families in survey... 101 Annual net income of— $500-$600.__.......... 22 $600-$900.............. 52 $900-$l,200______ 16 $1,200-$1,500......... 7 1 $1,500-$1,800........ 3 $1,800-$2,100____ 3 35 27 17 10 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 9 26 0 0 0 0 10 9 5 2 1 0 1 12 3 1 0 0 0 4 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 144 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T a b l e 1. — D istrib u tio n o f fa m ilie s by econom ic level and in com e level— Continued DALLAS, T E X .—W H IT E FAM ILIES $600 to $700 $700 to $800 | $800 to $900 $900 to $1,000 $1,000 to $1,100 29 54 51 54 39 19 14 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 13 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 19 15 6 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 8 15 13 9 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 13 14 14 9 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 12 11 11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 9 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 m 0 1 $1,600 to $1,700 $500 to $600 11 $1,300 to $1,400 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 0 o o $1,400 to $1,500 $100 to $200 Families in survey.. . 294 Annual net income of— $500-$600________ 3 $600-$900________ 27 $900-$l,200______ 57 $1,200-$1,500_____ 71 $1,500-$1,800_____ 57 $1,800-$2,100_____ 57 $2,100-$2,400_____ 8 $2,400-$2,700_____ 8 4 $2,700-$3,000_____ 1 $3,000-$3,300_____ 1 $3,300-$3,600_____ $1,100 to $1,200 Under $100 o Income class $1,200 to $1,300 All families 1 Economic level--Families spending per expenditure unit per year HOUSTON, T E X .—W H IT E FAM ILIES OTHER T H A N M E X IC A N Families in survey... 258 Annual net income of— 0 $500-$600________ $600-$900________ 12 $900-$1,200______ 46 $1,200-$1,500_____ 67 $1,500-$1,800_____ 58 $1,800-$2,100_____ 53 $2,100-$2,400_____ 10 4 $2,400-$2,700_____ 3 $2,700-$3,000_____ 1 $3,000-$3,300_____ 3 $3,300-$3,600_____ 0 $3,600-$3,900_____ $3,900-$4,200_____ 1 0 6 18 44 49 47 36 25 11 12 4 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 14 11 6 3 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 19 11 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 10 18 10 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 5 10 12 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 9 2 9 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOUSTON, T E X .—M E X IC A N FAMILIES Families in survey. __ Annual net income of— $500-$600..........— $600-$900________ $900-$1200_______ $1200-$1500______ $1500-$1800_......... 100 0 30 34 22 6 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 12 38 32 12 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 15 8 0 2 4 10 14 5 1 3 10 5 4 0 0 3 1 0 2 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 JACKSON, MISS.—W H IT E FAMILIES Families in survey.. . Annual net income of— $500-$600________ $600-$900________ $900-$1200_______ $1200-$1500........... $1500-$1800_......... $1800-$2100______ $2100-$2400.......... $2400-$2700______ $2700-$3000______ $3000-$3300______ $3300-$3600______ $3600-$3900........ - 150 0 4 0 17 30 32 24 20 15 5 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 5 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 44 32 16 0 2 8 4 6 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 14 10 6 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 9 5 5 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 ] 3 3 5 2 0 2 6 0 0 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 5 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 I 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 i 0 145 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 1 .— D istrib u tio n o f fa m ilie s b y econom ic level and in com e level— Continued JACKSON, MISS.—NEGRO FAM ILIES $200 to $300 8O 4C /3- $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $800 to $900 $900 to $1,000 $1,000 to $1,100 $1,100 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,300 $1,300 to $1,400 $1,400 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,600 100 3 25 39 22 7 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 54 20 3 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 9 10 5 1 0 0 8 23 7 0 1 0 1 17 3 1 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 o o o 8 0 1/34 $1,600 to $1,700 $100 to $200 Families in survey.__ Annual net income of— $500-$600________ $600-$900________ $900-$l, 200______ $1, 200-$l, 500____ $1,500-$!, 800____ $1,800-$2,100____ | Under $100 Income class All families Economic level--Families spending per expenditure unit per year JACKSONVILLE, FLA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES Families in survey.. . 178 Annual net income of— 1 $500-$600________ $600-$900________ 19 $900-$l, 200______ 33 $1, 200-$1, 500____ 33 $1, 500-$1,800____ 32 $1,800-$2,100____ 34 $2,100-$2, 400____ 13 5 $2, 400-$2, 700____ 3 $2, 700-$3,000____ 1 $3,000-$3, 300____ 3 $3, 300-$3, 600____ 1 $3, 600-$3,900____ 0 4 18 37 39 30 17 13 9 2 1 3 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 5 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 9 7 7 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 10 7 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 8 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 4 4 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 LOUISVILLE, K Y .—W H IT E FAMILIES Families in survey. 197 Annual net income of— 0 $500-$600________ $600-$900________ 33 $900-$l,200______ 59 $1,200-$1,500_____ 51 $1,500-$1,800_____ 29 $1,800-$2,100_____ 17 $2,100-$2,400_____ 3 $2,400-$2,700_____ 3 $2,700-$3,000_____ 1 $3,000-$3,300_____ 0 $3,300-$3,600_____ 0 $3,600-$3,900_____ 1 0 8 40 44 42 27 17 7 8 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 11 12 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 13 18 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 14 9 4 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 16 4 5 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LOUISVILLE, K Y .—NEGRO FAMILIES Families in survey. Annual net income of— $500-$600________ $600-$900________ $900-$1,200______ $1,200-$1,500_____ $1,500-$1,800_____ $1,800-$2,100_____ 74 1 13 22 18 15 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 35 24 8 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 2 0 0 1 12 4 4 1 0 1 9 5 1 1 1 0 6 8 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 146 T able TW ELVE C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH 1. — Distribution of fam ilies by economic level and income level— C on tinu ed M EM P H IS, T E N N .—W H IT E FAM ILIES Under $100 $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 | $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 to $1,000 $1,000 to $1,100 $1,100 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,300 $1,300 to $1,400 $1,400 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,600 Families in survey.._ Annual net income of— $500-$600_............. $600-$900_............. $900-$l,200........... $1,200-$1,500_........ $1,500-$1,8G0......... $1,800-$2,100_____ $2,100-$2,400_____ $2,400-$2,700_____ $2,700-$3,000_____ 194 0 8 25 40 34 29 25 15 8 3 5 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 22 35 44 37 40 10 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 8 7 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 7 14 6 4 0 0 1 0 3 7 8 7 8 1 0 0 0 1 4 6 8 7 3 0 0 0 0 4 5 4 9 2 0 1 0 0 1 3 4 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $1,600 to $1,700 Income class | All families Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year M EM P H IS, T E N N .—NEGRO FAM ILIES Families in survey _. _ Annual net income of— $500-$600_............. $600-$900_............. $900-$l,200. .......... $1,200-$1,500_........ $1,500-$1,800_____ $1,800-$2,100_____ 94 0 24 30 22 14 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 53 19 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 11 4 0 0 0 6 17 5 2 0 0 0 15 4 2 1 0 0 8 5 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M OBILE, AL A .—W H IT E FAM ILIES Families in survey. Annual net income of— $500-$600_............. $600-$900...... ......... $900-$l,200........... $1,200-$1,500........ $1,500-$1,800......... $1,800-$2,100_____ $2,100-$2,400_____ $2,400-$2,700_....... $2,700-$3,000_____ $3,000~$3,300_....... $3,300-$3,600____ $3,600-$3,900_____ $3,900-$4,200_....... $4,200-$4,500......... 146 0 14 30 30 20 21 12 8 8 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 24 21 35 24 26 7 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 7 5 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 10 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 6 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 2 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M OBILE , A L A.—NEGRO FAM ILIES Families in survey.. . Annual net income of— $500-$600............... $600-$900_............ $900-$l,200.......... . $1,200-$1,500_____ $1,600-$1,800_____ 94 3 28 32 19 9 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 l 0 j 0 0 0 0 28 48 14 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 13 12 2 0 1 10 15 6 1 0 2 14 3 0 0 1 5 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 147 TABULAE SUMMARY T able 1 . — Distribution of fam ilies by economic level and income level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, LA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $1,300 to $1,400 $1,400 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,600 1 30 66 60 70 38 19 16 12 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 14 60 71 60 72 25 7 6 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 10 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 25 20 6 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 10 19 15 8 4 3 1 0 0 0 12 13 19 16 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 8 20 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 7 5 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 7 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 9 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $1,600 to $1,700 | $300 to $400 318 $1,200 to $1,300 | $200 to $300 $1,100 to $1,200 | Under $100 | $100 to $200 Families in survey. Annual net income of: $500-$600.............. $600-$900________ $900-$l,200______ $1,200-$1,500_____ $1,500-$1,800_____ $1,800-$2,100_____ $2,100-$2,400_____ $2,400-$2,700_____ $2,700-$3,000_____ $3,000-$3,300......... $900 to $1,000 Income class All families $1,000 to $1,100 Economic level—-Families spending per expenditure unit per year N E W ORLEANS, LA.—NEGRO FAMILIES Families in survey..- 83 Annual net income of: $500-$600________ 15 $600-$900________ 36 $900-$l,200______ 25 5 $1,200-$1,500_____ 2 $1,500-$1,800_....... 1 26 22 18 9 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 12 7 1 0 6 12 4 0 0 2 8 6 2 0 0 4 4 1 0 0 0 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NORFOLK-PORTSM OUTH, V A .—W H IT E FAM ILIES Families in survey. . . Annual net income of— $500-$600_ ............. $600-$900............. $900-$1.200............ $1,200-$1,500_____ $1,500-$1,800_____ $1,800-$2,100_____ $2,100-$2,400......... $2,400-$2,700_____ $2,700-$3,000_____ $3,000-$3,300_____ $3,300-$3,600_____ 162 0 3 23 22 37 26 16 8 12 5 4 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 10 23 40 32 28 20 4 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 5 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 9 2 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 13 6 5 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 9 7 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 4 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 3 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NORFOLK-PORTSM OUTH, V A .—NEGRO FAMILIES Families in survey. . . 109 Annual net income of— $500-$600________ 11 $600-$900.............. 47 $900-$l,200............ 31 $1,200-$1,500_____ 15 2 $1,500-$1,800......... $1,800-$2,100_____ 3 2 27 30 22 17 8 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 13 6 3 0 1 5 16 6 3 0 0 2 7 9 3 1 0 0 8 4 3 1 1 0 1 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 148 T able TW ELVE C IT IE S OF T H E SO UTH 1 . — Distribution of fam ilies by economic level and income level— C on tinu ed R IC H M O N D , V A .—W H IT E FAM ILIES $200 to $300 I $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 to $1,000 $1,000 to $1,100 $1,200 to $1,300 $1,300 to $1,400 $1,400 to $1,500 0 10 24 35 38 28 18 23 7 4 1 3 1 0 0 3 24 29 42 37 24 12 12 4 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 7 7 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 9 11 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 7 7 7 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 3 7 5 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 5 2 2 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 9 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 j $1,500 to $1,600 $100 to $200 192 $1,600 to $1,700 | Under $100 Families in survey.. . Annual net income of— $500-$600.............. $600-$900-_........... $90G-$1,200-.......... $1,200-$1,500_____ $1,500-$1,800_____ $1,800-$2,100_....... $2,100-$2,400_____ $2,400-$2,700_____ $2,700-$3,000_____ $3,000-$3,300_____ $3,300-$3,600_____ $3,600-$3,900_____ $3,900-$4,200_____ $1,100 to $1,200 Income class All families Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year 0 0 R IC H M ON D , VA.—N EGRO FAMILIES Families in survey___ 96 Annual net income of— $500-$600__........ . 11 $600-$900........... . 41 $900-$l,200______ 33 7 $1,200-$1,500......... 1 $1,500-$1,800......... $1,800-$2,100_____ 0 1 $2,100-$2,400_____ 1 $2,400-$2,700_____ $2,700-$3,000_........ 0 $3,000-$3,300_____ 0 1 $3,300-$3,600_____ 0 25 23 24 12 8 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 14 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 8 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 13 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes on this table are in appendix A , p. 635. 149 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2. — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , by econ om ic level B AL T IM O R E , M D .-W H I T E FAMILIES Item Economic level--Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fam ilies $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r and b y F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey.____ _____ __________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker. .............................. ........ Skilled wage earner................................. Semiskilled wage earner_______________ Unskilled wage earner___________ ____ Number of families composed of— Man and wife............................................ Man, wife, and 1 child8—........................ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children8_______ Man, wife, and 5 or more children8___ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)8___ ____ ______________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)8............................. . Man, wife, and 1 adu lt.......................... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults............... Man, wife, and 5 or more adults______ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)______________________ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)________ ______ ______ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 per sons not including man and wife)___ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife). 419 14 60 92 100 66 40 23 11 7 6 123 119 134 43 1 3 6 4 9 14 27 10 23 18 35 16 37 29 29 5 23 21 17 5 12 14 11 3 10 7 6 0 3 7 1 0 3 2 2 0 2 4 0 0 87 80 70 5 0 1 3 2 0 0 21 3 7 15 26 0 14 20 13 0 21 24 3 0 15 16 1 0 15 2 2 0 6 2 1 0 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 52 0 15 16 11 5 4 1 0 0 0 13 26 27 0 4 0 3 0 6 1 4 0 3 6 8 0 0 8 10 0 0 4 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 31 0 4 5 12 4 2 2 0 1 1 6 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 3 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 374 5 8 10 5 3 2 9 12 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 54 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 80 1 2 4 0 1 1 3 88 1 2 1 5 1 0 1 58 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 37 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 21 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 23 92 100 11 40 14 60 6. 21 5.33 4.09 3. 58 2.99 3.10 2.63 2.95 7 1.95 6 2. 45 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no home maker____ _____ _____ _______________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United states............................................. Italy............................................................ Germany..................................................... Poland......................................................... Russia_________________ ____ _________ England....................................................... Ireland......................................................... Other...................................... ..................... C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households.. _____ __________ Average number of persons in household. Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers.............................. Boarders only......................... ................... Lodgers only..................... ........................ Other persons............................................. Average size of economic family in— Persons, total. .......................................... Under 16 years of age........................... 16 years of age and over........................ Expenditure units________ ___________ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family........... 419 3.79 68 0 11 6 0 0 0 0 12 0 2 0 12 0 3 0 18 0 1 1 8 0 1 3 11 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3. 57 1.01 2. 56 3. 28 6. 21 2.64 3. 57 5.62 5.07 2.14 2.93 4. 56 3.91 1.25 2. 66 3.58 3.35 0. 75 2.60 3.05 2.80 0. 53 2. 27 2.64 2. 74 0. 50 2.24 2.59 2.48 0.35 2.13 2.39 2. 72 0.36 2. 36 2.46 1.71 0 1. 71 1.98 2.33 0 2.33 2. 24 0 0.28 0.18 0.23 0.19 0.38 0.16 0. 26 0. 25 0.17 0. 23 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. * Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 7 4 3 9 0 °— 41-------11 150 TWELVE CITIES OF TH E SOUTH T able 2. — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued B A L T IM O R E , M D .—W H IT E FAM ILIES— Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fam ilies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,000 to to and $900 $ 1,000 over E a rn in g s a n d In c o m e Families in survey........................ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners. Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.............................. Other net rents.......................... Interest and dividends............. Pensions and insurance an nuities—. .......................... . Gifts from persons outside economic family___________ Other sources of income........... Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses).................................... Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities). Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities). Inheritance................................ Average number ofgainful work ers per family............................. Average amount of— Net family income.................... Earnings of individuals........ Chief earner......................... Subsidiary earners............. Males: 16 years and over. Under 16 years— Females: 16yearsand over. Under 16 years.. Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.......................... Other net rents....................... Interest and dividends_____ Pensions and insurance an nuities___________ _______ Gifts from persons outside economic family................. Other sources of income____ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses)................................ Surplus per family having sur plus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities). Deficit per family having defi cit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities ). Net change in assets and lia bilities for all families in survey._________ __________ Inheritance............................... . 419 100 11 128 25 5 64 31 28 15 8 8 3 0 1 1 0 1 0 25 42 296 1.40 2.21 1.45 1. 36 1.23 1.45 1.71 1.17 $1,437 $1,057 $1, 230 $1, 280 $1,424 $1,461 $1, 672 $1, 807 $2, 205 $1,665 $2,104 1,391 1,049 1,170 1,252 1, 370 1,431 1,606 1, 762 2,162 1,619 1,932 809 1,056 1,070 1,187 1,332 1,410 1, 556 1.777 1.247 1.692 1,218 206 183 196 99 114 372 385 182 173 240 240 1,195 840 1,024 1,055 1,089 1,341 1,504 1,498 1.777 1.247 1.692 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (8) 264 102 372 281 385 197 146 196 90 197 240 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 (8) 27 0 8 10 1 0 29 17 7 . 13 38 10 1 (8) (8) 22 4 1 14 7 43 21 1 35 0 1 25 21 59 0 15 (8) 200 3 0 -4 141 175 +50 5 -2 (8) (8) +85 0 3Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 7 4 0 118 6 -10 <*) -5 (8) 0 0 -105 128 110 130 148 170 205 390 255 163 98 134 10C 146 182 402 336 317 591 +79 +43 +74 +41 0 +43 33 0 0 4 +73 +126 -235 -340 0 80 0 0 TABULAR T able 151 SU M M ARY 2 . — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued B ALTIM O R E , M D .—NEGRO FAMILIES Economic level—Families spending per expendi ture unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $400 to $500 $300 to $400 $500 to $600 $600 and over D istr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d by F a m ily T y p e i Families in survey--------------------------------------Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker___________________________ Skilled wage earner______ ______ _________ Semiskilled wage earner__________________ Unskilled wage earner_________ _________ _ Number of families composed of— Man and wife____________________________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2__________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2___________ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2----------Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2______________________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2_________________________ Man, wi fe, and 1 adult_________ _______ - — Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults_____ _____ ___ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults___________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_______________________________ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)__________________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 per sons not including man and wife)--------Adult or adults and children (4 or more per sons not including man and wife)------------ 107 24 28 21 18 9 7 5 5 34 63 1 1 4 18 1 0 13 14 0 0 8 13 0 2 6 10 2 2 1 4 1 0 2 4 30 12 13 4 0 0 8 4 1 2 5 0 7 5 0 0 11 4 0 0 6 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 14 5 7 1 1 0 0 7 8 4 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 3 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 4 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 105 24 26 21 18 9 7 107 4.07 24 6. 48 28 4.37 21 3.02 18 2.90 9 2.83 7 2.57 12 2 14 3 2 0 3 0 5 1 6 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3. 77 1. 25 2. 52 3.45 6.19 3.36 2.83 5.50 3.99 1. 27 2.72 3.68 2. 86 0. 57 2.29 2.68 2.56 0.28 2.28 2.37 2.33 0.11 2. 22 2.22 2.28 0 2.28 2.14 0. 33 0.29 0.47 0.16 0.34 0.53 4 0.29 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker... Number of families having homemaker born in— United States____________________________ C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households--------------------------------Average number of persons in household____ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers_____________________ Boarders only........ ............................ .............. Lodgers only------------- ------------------------------Other persons____________________________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total____________________________ Under 16 years of age........... ...................... 16 years of age and over.............. ................ Expenditure units________________________ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family._____________ * “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357,1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 152 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2.— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu d ied , b y econ om ic level— Continued B AL T IM O R E , M D .—NEGRO FAM ILIES— Continued Economic level—Families spending per expendi ture unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 and over E a rn in g s an d In co m e Families in survey....... .................................... . Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners------------------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers___ Other net rents____________________ ____ Interest and dividends_______ ______ ____ Pensions and insurance annuities--------- __ Gifts from persons outside economic family. Other sources of income__________________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_________________ ____ ___ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities)_________ ___________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)-------------------------------Inheritance_______________________________ Average number of gainful workers per family—............................................................Average amount of— Net family income........................................... Earnings of individuals............................... Chief earner----------^.................................. Subsidiary earners.................................... Males: 16 years and over_____________ Under 16 years......................... . Females: 16 years and over..................... Under 16 years_________ ____ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.. Other net rents------ ------- -------- --------------Interest and dividends______ ____ _____ Pensions and insurance annuities_______ Gifts from persons outside economic family________________________________ Other sources of income_________________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_________________________ Surplus per family having surplus (net in crease in assets and/or decrease in lia bilities).____ ____________ ____ _________ Deficit per family having deficit (net de crease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities)--------------------------------- ------- --------Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey_______________________ Inheritance................ ............................ .......... 3Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635 107 24 28 21 18 9 7 53 26 4 1 1 5 2 10 5 16 10 1 1 0 2 1 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 8 3 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 3 0 2 1 0 0 78 18 23 12 14 6 5 27 1 5 0 5 1 9 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 1.60 1.50 1.71 1.48 1.50 1.89 1.71 $990 944 792 152 763 (3) 181 0 30 5 (3) 6 $856 827 760 67 744 (3) 83 0 15 5 0 0 $920 859 695 164 608 0 251 0 44 6 (3) 0 $879 869 801 68 732 0 137 0 10 0 0 0 $1,079 1,041 841 200 831 0 210 0 31 7 0 0 $1,276 1,198 896 302 896 0 302 0 67 0 0 0 $1,488 1,332 1,006 326 1,183 0 149 0 37 25 0 94 3 2 9 0 3 8 0 0 0 0 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 91 99 140 0 (3) 67 50 (3) (3) 56 40 70 55 32 51 98 95 200 +31 (3) +26 0 +40 1 +1 0 +55 0 +34 0 +43 0 153 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 . — Description o f fam ilies studied , by economic level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , A L A.—W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fami lies Item $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a rn er and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey______________ _____ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker.............................. ........ Skilled wage earner................................. Semiskilled wage earner....... ............ . Unskilled wage earner----- , ....... .......... Number of families composed of— Man and wife.......................................... Man, wife, and 1 child 2....... ................. Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children2______ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2___ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2-----------------------------Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2--------------------Man, wife, and 1 adult....... ............. . Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults_________ Man, wife, and 5 or more a d u lts.___ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)-------- ------- ---------------Adults (4 or more persons not includ ing man and wife)_____________ . . . Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife) _ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)----------------------- ---------------- 202 10 29 49 32 28 21 10 5 6 12 75 68 51 8 1 2 3 4 3 14 9 3 8 26 15 0 15 5 11 1 17 7 4 0 10 6 5 0 8 1 1 0 4 1 0 0 2 4 0 0 7 2 3 0 41 33 41 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 9 0 3 5 13 1 1 9 10 0 6 6 7 0 8 6 0 0 6 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 10 1 0 0 36 4 8 13 3 5 3 0 0 0 0 6 17 11 0 3 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 1 6 5 0 0 3 4 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 1 1 0 2 0 2 2 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 199 1 2 9 0 1 29 0 0 49 0 0 31 1 0 27 0 1 21 0 0 10 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 12 0 0 32 49 10 29 28 21 10 5 5.83 5.19 4.36 3.90 3.46 3.06 2.33 2.28 6 2.86 12 2.50 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no home maker_______________________________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States........................................... Russia. .................. .................................. Other...................................................... C o m p o s itio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households___ ____ ________ Average number of persons in household. Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers............................. Boarders only..... ..................................... Lodgers only..... ....................................... Other persons_______________________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total______ ________________ Under 16 years of age......................... 16 years of age and ov er................ Expenditure units.----------- ---------------Average number of persons in household not members of economic family_____ 202 3. 91 18 13 3 36 2 0 0 3 5 3 0 4 3 2 0 9 5 3 0 4 1 1 2 7 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 1 3. 67 1.08 2. 59 3.40 5. 57 2. 24 3.33 5.12 4.82 1. 76 3.06 4.39 4. 21 1.43 2.78 3.87 3. 59 1.06 2.53 3.35 3. 24 0.85 0.39 3.04 2. 81 0. 52 2.29 2.61 2.33 0. 23 2.10 2.22 2.04 0.13 1.91 2.01 2. 52 0.39 2.13 2.41 2.22 0.10 2.12 2.13 0.26 0. 26 0.42 0.16 0. 35 0. 23 0.27 0 0.26 0.36 0.35 1 “ Children' ’ are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 154 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2 . — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , by econom ic level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , A L A .—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,000 to and to $900 $1,000 over E a rn in g s a n d In co m e Families in survey........................ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners. Net earnings from boarders and lodgers............................. Other net rents______________ Interest and dividends_______ Pensions and insurance annui ties___________ ____ _______ Gifts from persons outside economic family___________ Other sources of income______ Deductions from income (busi ness losses and expenses)___ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabili ties) _______________________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabili ties)_______________ ______ Inheritance__________________ Average number of gainful work ers per family__________ _____ Average amount of— Net family income—........... . Earnings of individuals____ Chief earner_______ _____ Subsidiary earners. ........... Males: 16 years and over. Under 16 years___ Females: 16 years and over_________ Under 16 years.. Net earnings from boarders and lodgers______________ Other net rents____________ Interest and dividends_____ Pensions and insurance annuities________________ Gifts from persons outside economic family...... .......... Other sources of income____ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses) __________________ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)..................... .......... Deficit per family having defi cit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabili ties) _______________________ Net change in assets and lia bilities for all families in survey______________ ______ Inheritance................................. 202 10 29 49 32 28 21 10 5 6 59 4 11 16 9 7 7 1 2 0 2 36 7 9 2 1 0 8 2 1 5 0 2 8 3 0 5 0 0 5 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 14 0 1 3 1 2 3 1 i 2 0 21 26 0 3 6 6 3 6 1 2 4 1 2 3 1 1 l l 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 110 7 17 32 12 15 14 5 2 3 3 88 0 2 0 12 0 17 0 18 0 13 0 7 0 6 0 2 0 2 0 9 0 1. 39 1. 59 1.53 1.46 1.32 1.34 1.41 1.16 1.44 0.97 1.19 $1,441 1, 370 1, 241 129 1,243 2 $861 $1,081 $1, 315 $1,395 $1, 602 $1,823 $1,601 $1,614 $1,892 $1,959 789 1,025 1,264 1,326 1,552 1,687 1,512 1,491 1,777 1,891 912 1,140 1, 225 1,394 1,436 1,461 1,351 1,777 1,763 670 119 113 124 158 251 101 51 141 128 0 643 963 1,161 1,187 1, 390 1,404 1,461 1,352 1,777 1,790 2 0 7 0 0 0 0 (3 ) (3 ) (3) 125 0 146 0 62 0 96 0 139 0 160 0 283 0 51 0 139 0 0 0 101 0 26 3 2 20 9 0 26 4 1 24 0 1 50 4 0 17 0 0 12 13 14 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 6 63 0 1 15 0 1 12 1 22 9 35 106 107 0 6 19 0 43 12 12 1 13 5 9 10 1 3 85 26 28 2 2 1 1 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3 145 51 137 125 156 183 234 138 97 37 114 186 138 77 101 139 218 159 89 311 1,123 396 -2 0 +8 0 +48 0 +46 0 -2 0 0 - 3 +103 0 0 +16 0 (3) * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 12 -8 6 -356 -269 0 0 0 155 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 . — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , ALA.—N EGRO FAM ILIES Item D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d b y F a m i l y T y p e Economic level—Families spend ing per expenditure unit per year All fami lies Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over 1 Families in survey......... ................................................. ................................ .. Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker............... .......... .......... .............. . ..................... ..................... Skilled wage earner.................... ....................... .. ........ . . .......... ................ Semiskilled wage earner---------- ----------- ------------- ------------- ------------------------------Unskilled wage earner_____________________________ _________________________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife.- --------------------------------------------------------- .......................... - ................ Man, wife, and 1 child ________________ - -----------------------------------------------Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2_______ _____________ _______ __________ Man, wife, and 5 or more children2________________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2_______ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2___ Man, wife, and 1 adult ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults. .................................. ............................. Man, wife, and 5 or more adults_______________ _______________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)___ . . . Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife) Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife) ____________________ _______________________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not includ ing man and wife)--------------- ------------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------3 101 38 27 17 19 2 8 41 50 0 3 17 18 0 4 10 13 0 1 6 10 2 0 8 9 25 9 13 6 15 4 17 5 1 2 0 0 0 11 5 11 4 4 1 0 0 0 6 3 1 8 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 1 4 0 7 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker._ _ _______________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States...................... ........................ ............................................ 0 0 0 0 0 101 38 27 17 19 101 3.92 38 5.49 27 3.37 17 2.64 19 2.69 3 4 3 11 0 1 1 3 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 3 3.82 1.23 2.59 3.44 5.41 2.63 2. 78 4.77 3.33 0.60 2.73 3.03 2.49 0.45 2.04 2.34 2.54 0.02 2. 52 2.37 0.15 0.14 0.05 0.18 0.25 C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households____________ . _________ ___________ . Average number of persons in household____________ ____ ___ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers____________________________________ . Boarders only_______________________ ____________________ Lodgers only---- ------- --------------------------------------------------------Other persons______________________________ ______ _____ _ ■Average size of economic family in— Persons, total. . -------------------- ---------------- -----------------------Under 16 years of a g e ...----------------------- --------------------------16 years of age and over.................... ......................... .............. Expenditure units__________________________________ ______ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family------------------------------------ -------------------------- i “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. * Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 156 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2.— D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , AL A .—NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued Item All fami lies Economic level—Families spend ing per expenditure unit per year Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey...................................................... ...................... Number of families having—. Earnings of subsidiary earners________ ______ _________ ___ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.................................. Other net rents............... ............................ ................................... Interest and dividends--------------------------- -------- ------------------Pensions and insurance annuities............... ................................ Gifts from persons outside economic family.............................. Other sources of income___ ______ _______ ____ _____ _____ _ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)____ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities) _ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities). Inheritance............................................................ ........................ Average number of gainful workers per family............ ............... Average amount of— Net family income__________ _____________________ _______ _ Earnings of individuals_______ ____ _____________________ Chief earner___________________________________ _____ Subsidiary earners------- ---------------------------------------------Males: 16 years and over _________________ ___________ Under 16 years__________________ ______ _______ Females: 16 years and over------------------------------- ----------Under 16 years----------------------------------------------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers__________________ Other net rents_______ ______ ___________________________ Interest and dividends.................................. ......... ................. Pensions and insurance annuities............... ............................ Gifts from persons outside economic family________ _____ Other sources of income— _____________________________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)__ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)----------------------------------------Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities}............................................. _ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey----------------------- ------------------- ---------------- --------------Inheritance........................................... ....................................... . 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 101 38 27 17 19 50 9 2 0 10 9 6 5 62 35 0 1.60 16 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 24 14 0 1.55 17 1 0 0 2 0 2 1 17 7 0 1.81 5 2 0 0 3 3 1 1 9 8 0 1.29 12 4 2 0 4 3 3 3 12 6 0 1.68 $828 804 722 82 745 0 59 0 16 2 0 4 3 1 -2 $678 667 628 39 648 0 19 0 8 0 0 («) 3 0 0 $759 755 646 109 705 0 50 0 3 0 0 1 0 (3) (3) $808 787 762 25 762 0 25 0 14 0 0 12 5 (3) -1 0 $1, 235 1,161 981 180 981 0 180 0 50 10 0 8 4 6 -4 90 49 95 108 150 88 46 114 52 201 +25 0 +14 0 +30 0 +32 0 +31 0 157 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 . — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued DALLAS, T E X .—W H IT E FAM ILIES Item Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fam ilies $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 over D istr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a rn er and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey_____ _________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker________ _______ Skilled wage earner...... ................ Semiskilled wage earner............... Unskilled wage earner................. Number of families composed of— Man and wife................................ Man, wife, and 1 child 2________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2__ Man, wife, and 5 or more chil dren 2___ ____ _______________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 2__........ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons) 2___ Man, wife, and 1 adult................ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults____ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults. Adults (2 or 3 persons not in cluding man and wife)_______ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_____ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_______________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not includ ing man and wife)..................... 294 11 29 54 51 54 39 19 14 9 6 8 138 71 69 16 1 2 7 1 8 7 11 3 18 17 14 5 27 10 9 5 31 10 12 1 19 12 7 1 10 7 2 0 8 4 2 0 7 0 2 0 3 2 1 0 6 0 2 0 78 68 58 0 0 5 1 4 11 2 11 18 7 13 12 18 15 9 13 13 3 8 7 0 9 3 0 7 1 0 5 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 1 8 9 7 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 26 8 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 7 0 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 1 1 0 4 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 3 1 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 288 3 1 1 1 11 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 53 1 0 0 0 50 1 0 0 0 52 0 1 1 0 37 1 0 0 1 19 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 11 29 54 51 54 39 19 14 9 6 8 6.00 4.52 3.99 3.51 3.06 2.84 2.90 2.63 2.23 2.16 1. 98 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m aker Number of families having no homemaker____________________ Number of families having home maker born in— United States....................... ........ Germany......................................... Poland............................................. England........................ ................. Other................................................ C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households______ ____ Average number of persons in household______________ _____ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers.................... Boarders only................................. Lodgers only........... _..................... Other persons................................. Average size of economic family in— Persons, total.................................. Under 16 years of age................ 16 years of age and over............ Expenditure units......................... Average number of persons in household not members of economic family......................... 294 3.44 23 3 14 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 1 5 0 4 1 2 0 6 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3. 31 0, 96 2. 35 3.07 5. 91 3.00 2.91 5. 25 4.50 1.97 2. 53 4.14 3.84 1.38 2.46 3.51 3.41 1.02 2. 39 3.16 2.92 0. 62 2. 30 2.72 2.76 0. 53 2.23 2.60 2.62 0.34 2.28 2.44 2. 31 0.24 2.07 2.23 2.23 0.12 2.11 2.18 2.17 0.17 2.00 2.11 2.00 0 2.00 2.05 0.15 0.09 0.05 0.17 0.12 0.18 0.09 0.31 0.34 0 0 0 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 158 TW ELVE T able 2 C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH . — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s studied, b y econ om ic level— Continued DALLAS, T E X .—W H IT E FAM ILIES Item Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fam ilies $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey________ _______ 294 Number of families having— 93 Earnings of subsidiary earners.— Net earnings from boarders and 38 lodgers. ........................................ Other net rents______________ _ 7 Interest and dividends_________ 5 Pensions and insurance annui9 ties______________ ___________ Gifts from persons outside economic family.............................. 21 Other sources of income________ 7 Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_____ 13 Surplus (net increase in assets 158 and/or decrease in liabilities)__ Deficit (net decrease in assets 112 and/or increase in liabilities)... 3 Inheritance________ _________ Average number of gainful workers per family_______________ _____ 1.36 Average amount of— Net family income. ...................... Earnings of individuals______ Chief earner________________ Subsidiary earners_________ Males: 16 years and over___ Under 16 years_____ Females: 16 years and over.. Under 16 years___ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers— .................. Other net rents_____________ Interest and dividends_______ Pensions and insurance annui ties.......... ........ ............ ........ ... Gifts from persons outside economic family........... ........ Other sources of income______ Deductions from income (busi ness losses and expenses)___ Surplus per family having sur plus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liab ilities) __ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabliities)________ Net change in assets and liabili ties for all families in survey.. Inheritance..................................... D o l. 1,475 1,435 1,265 170 1,208 (3) 227 0 20 4 1 9 7 5 11 29 54 51 54 39 19 14 9 6 6 9 14 14 18 11 3 7 2 1 8 1 0 0 2 0 0 10 2 0 7 2 1 8 1 1 4 0 2 4 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 2 0 3 2 3 2 3 0 3 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 5 3 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 17 34 36 30 18 11 6 2 0 1 5 0 8 0 13 1 14 0 21 0 19 2 7 0 7 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 1.64 1.34 1.33 1.35 1.37 1.31 1.16 1.50 D o l. D o l. D o l. 853 1,032 1,259 827 1,011 1, 229 723 937 1,113 104 74 116 592 911 1,045 14 4 0 221 100 180 0 0 0 11 0 0 (8) 14 1 -6 0 155 99 174 71 +17 2 -5 0 8 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 8 D o l. D o l. D o l. 13 2 1 29 2 1 7 5 2 7 0 8 6 6 9 -1 -1 8 -1 1.22 D o l. 1,452 1,482 1, 647 1,803 1,872 1,420 1,446 1, 615 1,741 1,786 1,296 1,256 1,440 1,648 1,434 124 190 175 93 352 1, 286 1,181 1, 362 1,542 1,345 0 0 0 0 0 134 265 253 199 441 0 0 0 0 0 24 5 0 8 0 0 D o l. D o l. 29 0 0 1.17 D o l. 2.00 D o l. 1,836 1,836 1,629 207 1,600 0 236 0 1, 769 1, 691 1, 543 148 1,543 0 148 0 2,529 2,376 1,418 958 1,418 0 958 0 0 0 0 0 61 0 0 0 0 20 0 3 39 16 1 14 0 0 0 0 9 153 1 0 9 0 6 0 37 21 0 0 0 42 0 0 -1 1 0 0 -1 0 -3 4 0 93 115 169 189 237 122 182 50 0 169 170 117 132 163 135 185 137 3 58 204 441 + 8 +44 +83 +42 +44 2 0 0 0 15 + 2 +10 -188 -204 -365 0 0 0 0 0 159 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 . — D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued HOUSTON, T E X .—W H IT E FAM ILIES, OTHER T H A N M E X IC A N Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fami lies Item D istr ib u tio n by O c c u p a tio n of E a rn er and by F a m ily T y p e $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 over C h ie f 1 Families in survey_____________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker.................................... . Skilled wage earner.............................. Semiskilled wage earner.............. ......... Unskilled wage earner_______________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife_______________________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2_ ----------------Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2 -----Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2.__ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2____________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2 ........................... Man, wife, and 1 adult— .................... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults................. Man, wife, and 5 or more adults_____ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)-------- ---------------------Adults (4 or more persons not includ ing man and wife)-------------------------Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife) _ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)......... .......... ................... ................ 258 6 18 44 49 47 36 25 11 12 10 106 58 70 24 2 2 1 1 1 5 10 2 12 6 17 9 17 11 14 7 21 9 14 3 19 9 6 2 15 7 3 0 6 2 3 0 8 3 1 0 5 4 1 0 64 61 54 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 10 0 4 8 11 0 3 16 19 0 10 14 6 0 9 12 5 0 12 6 0 0 8 1 0 0 9 2 0 0 9 1 0 0 27 0 4 8 5 5 2 1 1 1 0 5 19 12 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 3 0 1 4 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 4 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 3 1 1 3 6 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 1 0 41 1 0 0 2 48 1 0 0 0 45 1 0 0 1 35 0 1 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 25 11 44 49 36 6 47 18 5.98 4.65 4.37 3.67 3.18 3.11 2. 74 2.42 12 2.42 10 2.14 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no home maker______ ____ _____ _______ _____ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States.......................................... Italy..................... ................................... . Canada (not French)------------------------Ireland....................................................... Other.................................... .................... C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households_________ _______ Average number uf persons in household. Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers________________ Boarders only_______________________ Lodgers only..... ....................................... Other persons..... ................................ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total........................................... Under 16 years of age.......................... 16 years of age and over...................... Expenditure units................................... Average number of persons in house hold not members of economic family. 258 3.49 43 1 11 78 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 3 10 0 1 15 7 0 0 11 7 0 2 15 6 1 6 12 7 0 0 8 0 0 1 3 1 0 1 4 2 0 0 6 3. 40 0.99 2.41 3.15 6.16 3. 55 2. 61 5. 41 4.53 2.11 2. 42 4.03 4. 23 1. 50 2.73 3.84 3.62 1.34 2.28 3.34 3.14 0. 65 2.49 2.95 2.97 0. 58 2. 39 2.81 2. 60 0. 26 2.34 2.53 2.36 0. 20 2.16 2.26 2.36 0. 31 2.05 2.24 2.11 0.11 2.00 2.06 0.17 0.02 0.19 0.22 0.12 0.13 0.28 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.15 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 160 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2. — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died, b y econ om ic level— Continued HOUSTON, T E X —W H IT E FAM ILIES, OTHER T H A N M E X IC A N —Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $800 $900 $1,000 to and to $900 $1,000 over $700 to $800 E a rn in g s and In c o m e Families in survey--------- ---------Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners. Net earnings from boarders and lodgers................... .......... Other net rents______________ Interest and dividends_______ Pensions and insurance annu ities_________ ______ ______ Gifts from persons outside economic family___________ Other sources of income______ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses) ____________________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabili ties) _______________________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities). Inheritance______________ . . . Average number of gainful workers per family----------------- 258 6 18 44 49 47 36 25 11 12 10 101 4 5 18 13 21 21 11 3 2 3 51 17 17 0 0 0 2 2 1 11 3 1 7 3 4 8 3 2 12 0 4 6 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 7 0 0 0 3 1 2 1 0 0 0 40 35 1 1 3 2 9 5 8 4 6 5 7 5 5 6 1 2 0 2 0 3 68 1 5 12 13 10 10 7 3 3 4 149 4 17 24 28 35 18 11 6 4 108 4 2 0 1 1 19 0 21 2 12 0 18 0 14 0 5 0 8 1 8 0 1.52 2.00 1.61 1.64 1.31 1.57 1. 72 1.48 1. 27 1.17 1.30 Average amount of— Net family income. ........... ....... $1, 567 Earnings of individuals____ 1, 525 Chief earner........ ................ 1,358 Subsidiary earners........... 167 Males: 16 years and over.. 1,344 Under 16 years----2 Females: 16 years and over.......... ....... 179 Under 16 years. _ (3) Net earnings from boarders and lodgers........................ 19 Other net rents...................... 6 Interest and dividends-------5 Pensions and insurance an nuities.................. ................ 13 Gifts from persons outside economic family_________ 8 Other sources of income........ 6 Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses)................................. -1 5 Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in as sets and/or decrease in lia bilities)..................................... 182 Deficit per family having def icit (net decrease in assets 222 and/or increase in liabilities). Net change in assets and lia bilities for all families in survey..................................... +12 Inheritance............. .................. 7 $851 $1,167 $1,355 $1,468 $1,669 $1,769 $1,746 851 1,135 1,328 1,400 1,621 1, 739 1,706 689 1,069 1,140 1,330 1,423 1,497 1,465 241 162 66 198 242 70 188 527 981 1,108 1, 261 1,495 1,524 1,493 12 2 6 3 0 0 (3) 318 0 142 0 0 0 0 26 4 1 0 0 0 1 4 3 12 2 -1 4 -1 2 (3) -1 139 0 124 0 212 0 18 9 14 4 7 21 8 1 29 0 8 32 3 9 14 17 6 (3) -8 213 0 333 0 77 0 203 0 8 0 18 13 16 23 5 20 18 23 24 22 30 0 0 0 5 5 5 9 2 6 0 2 0 4 -3 9 -1 2 -2 0 -1 3 (*) -5 10 190 174 211 185 174 169 166 127 365 52 2 114 202 147 208 258 343 398 424 -1 1 +179 0 17 +46 0 +34 +100 6 0 -1 7 0 -7 0 0 * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. -6 220 (8) $1,807 $1,735 $2,017 1, 772 1,698 1,953 1, 565 1, 621 1,750 207 203 77 1,439 1,621 1,750 0 0 0 - 6 5 -223 -266 0 0 100 161 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2.— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econom ic level— Continued HOUSTON, T E X .—M E X IC A N FAMILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 to $300 to $400 to $200 $300 $400 $500 $500 and over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d by F a m ily T y p e i Families in survey__________________________________ Number of families in which chiet earner is— Clerical worker_________ _________________________ Skilled wage earner...... ..................... ................... ........ Semiskilled wage earner____ ____ _________________ Unskilled wage earner______________ _____________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife............................ ................................... Man, wife, and 1 child________ _____ _______ _____ Man, wife,’ and 2 to 4 children..... ................................ Man, wife, and 5 or more children......... ................. . . Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more per sons)_____ _________ _____ ____ _________________ Man, wife, and 1 adult_______________________ ____ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults______________________ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults____________ _____ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife). Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_____ _________ _____ ______________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)________________________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)........................................... 100 30 34 22 6 8 8 6 30 56 2 0 10 18 4 1 13 16 2 1 2 17 0 1 2 3 0 3 3 2 13 10 17 6 13 0 1 6 4 2 1 5 6 2 9 5 4 4 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 15 11 0 1 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 3 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 4 7 0 5 3 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 5 3 2 0 0 0 4 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker__________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States____ ________ ______________ _______ _ Mexico....... ...................................... ........ ....................... Other................................................................................ 1 1 1 0 1 34 61 1 7 22 0 13 20 0 9 12 0 2 3 1 3 4. 98 100 30 7.06 34 5.13 22 3.36 6 2.90 8 2.60 5 0 7 8 0 0 2 2 2 0 3 4 3 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4. 91 2.04 2.87 4.34 7.06 3.72 3.34 6.14 4.99 2.15 2.84 4.38 3.21 0. 76 2.45 2.94 2.83 0 2.83 2.65 2.66 0.28 2.38 2.53 0.13 0.10 0.17 0.18 0.15 0 4 0 C o m p o s itio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households....................... .............................. Average number of persons in household.. _______ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers. ______________________ ____ Boarders only____ ____ __________________ ______ Lodgers only___ ____ ________ ____________________ Other persons____________ _______________________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total_________ . . . ______________ ________ Under 16 years of age______________________ ____ 16 years of age and over________ ________________ Expenditure units____________ _ _______ ____ ___ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family______________ _______ ________ _ i “ Children" are defined as persons under 16 years of age. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. “ Adults" are persons 16 years of age and over. 162 TW ELVE T able C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH 2 .— Description of fam ilies studied , by economic level— C on tinu ed HOUSTON, T E X .—M E X IC A N FAM ILIES— Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 to $300 to $400 to $200 $300 $400 $500 $500 and over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey............................................................. Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners..................................... Net earnings from boarders and lodgers_____ _____ Other net rents..... ................... .......... ................... ......... Interest and dividends............. ................................... Pensions and insurance annuities__________________ Gifts from persons outside economic family-----------Other sources of income___________________________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)---------------- ------- ----------------------- . . . . . Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities).... ..................... .......... ................... .............. Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)....................................................................... Inheritance...................................................................... Average number of gainful workers per family............ Average amount of— Net family income................................................... ....... Earnings of individuals............ .............................. . Chief earner............................................................... Subsidiary earners........ ..................................... . Males: 16 years and over................................. ....... Under 16 years........................................ . Females: 16 years and over.................................... Under 16 years___________ __________ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.................. Other net rents__________________ ______________ Interest and dividends................. .............................. Pensions and insurance annuities________________ Gifts from persons outside economic family--------Other sources of income____________________ ____ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)__________________________ ____ _____ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities).................. ....... Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)........ .......... ....... Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey..................... .............. ................................... Inheritance___ __ ______________ _______ _________ 8 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 100 39 12 3 1 0 4 6 30 34 22 6 8 16 3 0 0 0 2 1 11 5 1 0 0 2 4 8 3 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 1 2 0 0 53 17 19 11 2 4 41 0 1. 54 10 0 1.87 14 0 1.44 11 0 1.36 2 0 1.33 4 0 1.38 $924 905 780 125 800 1 104 (3) 9 4 (3) 0 6 2 $839 816 638 178 674 5 136 1 8 0 0 0 17 1 $935 921 816 105 800 0 121 (3) 7 4 0 0 2 3 $851 835 742 93 763 3 72 0 14 7 (3) 0 0 0 $1,141 1,108 1,052 56 1,108 0 0 0 15 18 0 0 0 0 $1,212 1,209 1,056 153 1,129 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 -2 -3 63 55 -2 88 -5 22 0 0 40 107 123 48 94 143 73 382 -1 7 0 +15 0 +11 0 -6 0 0 -1 1 0 -138 0 163 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 •— Description o f fam ilies studied , by economic level— C on tinu ed JACKSON, M IS S —W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Under $300 $300 to $403 $500 to $600 $400 to $500 $700 to $800 $600 to $700 $800 to $900 $900 and over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a rn er and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey---------- -----------------Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker___________________ Skilled wage earner. .......................... Semiskilled wage earner.................... Unskilled wage earner______ ______ Number of families composed of— Man and wife------ ------------------------Man, wife, and 1 child--................... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children......... Man, wife, and 5 or more children . Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)--------------------------Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)______________ Man, wife, and 1 adult...................... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults........... Man, wife, and 5 or more adults___ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife) _ _______________ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)-------- ------- --------------------------Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and w ife )-.----------- --------------------- 150 14 25 44 32 16 8 5 6 70 40 32 8 5 2 5 2 11 6 6 2 21 11 11 1 16 8 6 2 9 5 2 0 2 5 1 0 2 1 1 1 4 2 0 0 31 38 18 2 0 3 4 1 1 6 4 1 10 12 6 0 5 10 2 0 4 3 2 0 5 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 5 1 0 0 13 1 3 4 4 1 0 0 0 4 12 14 1 1 0 2 1 3 0 5 0 0 3 3 0 0 5 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 4 2 3 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 149 14 25 44 32 15 8 5 6 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r 1 Number of fami ies having no home maker— Number of families having home maker born in— United States...................................... C o m p o s itio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households-------- ------------Average number of persons in house hold............... ................ ................. Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers-----------------— Boarders only------ ------------------------Lodgers only----------------------- ---------Other persons----- -------- -----------------Average size of economic family in— Persons, total-------- -----------------------Under 16 years of age_______ ____ 16 years of age and over. - ........ . Expenditure units------------------ . Average number of persons in house hold not members of economic family..... .......................................... 150 14 25 44 32 16 8 5 6 3.99 5. 31 4.75 3.72 3.95 3.91 2.54 3.49 2.63 10 5 10 70 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 9 4 2 3 22 2 0 2 19 2 3 1 8 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 4 3.55 0.93 2.62 3.37 5.31 2.13 3.18 4.85 4.44 1.35 3.09 4.13 3.28 0.96 2. 32 3.09 3.41 0.61 2.80 3.29 2.98 0.68 2.30 2.95 2.40 0.27 2.13 2.30 2.82 0.20 2.62 2.81 2.09 0.09 2.00 2.11 0.48 0.03 0.34 0.47 0.57 0.97 0.20 0.79 0.60 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 164 TW ELVE T able C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH 2 — Description o f fam ilies studied , by economic level— C on tin u ed JACKSON, MISS.—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Under $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 and over E a r n in g s a n d In c o m e Families in survey................................. Number of families having— Earnings of sub sidiary earners. _. Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.................... .................... . Other net rents....................... ............ Interest and dividends____________ Pensions and insurances annuities.. Gifts from persons outside economic family___________________________ Other sources of income. __ _______ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_____________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)____ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_____ Inheritance _________ ____________ Average number of gainful workers per family......................................... 150 14 25 44 32 16 8 5 6 67 7 14 12 17 9 1 3 4 24 10 6 10 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 3 8 4 1 4 4 2 3 1 6 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 12 14 2 5 2 2 3 2 5 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 16 3 1 3 6 0 1 1 78 7 18 22 19 7 2 2 1 69 3 6 0 6 1 21 1 13 1 9 0 6 0 3 0 5 0 1. 59 1.79 1.92 1.30 1.69 1.69 1.13 1.80 1. 67 Average amount of— Net family income.................. .......... $1, 541 Earnings of individuals................ 1,490 Chief earners_______ __________ 1,228 Subsidiary earners........ ............ . 262 Males: 16 years and over--------1, 216 Under 16 years...... ........ (3) Females: 16 years and over....... 274 Under 16 years______ 0 Net earnings from boarders and lodgers______________ _________ 19 Other net rents. ............................ 5 Interest and dividends__________ 1 Pensions and insurance annuities. 17 Gifts from persons outside economic family--------------- ------5 Other sources of income_________ 9 Deductions from income (busi ness losses and expenses)______ -5 Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)._ ________ 162 Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)__________ _ 162 Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey_________ +9 2 Inheritance. ........................................ 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. $987 $1, 434 $1,326 $1, 783 $1,841 $1, 553 $2,182 $2,197 970 1,379 1, 280 1, 720 1,764 1,515 2,153 2,171 756 1,051 1,200 1,335 1,387 1,430 1, 540 1,741 214 385 328 80 377 85 613 430 781 1,140 1,125 1,381 1,246 1, 515 1,369 1, 741 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 155 189 235 339 784 518 0 430 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 1 2 36 15 9 (3) 23 18 7 1 11 68 1 0 5 15 0 0 0 10 4 0 36 8 19 0 0 11 17 2 4 3 1 11 19 0 3 0 24 0 17 0 0 -1 2 27 -1 -5 -4 132 186 169 0 238 -1 152 118 98 118 124 169 263 -3 7 0 +71 2 +36 2 +50 6 +9 0 -159 0 -3 8 -1 56 658 287 370 -150 -199 0 0 165 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2*— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued JACKSON, MISS.—NEGRO FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fam ilies $200 to $300 Under $200 D istr ib u tio n b y $300 to $400 $400 and over O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d b y F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey____________ ______________ _____ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker_____ __________ _________________ Skilled wage earner,................................................... Semiskilled wage earner_____ _____ ______ ______ Unskilled wage earner............... ................................. Number of families composed of— Man and wife....................... ........................................ Man, wife, and 1 child........................................... . Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children...... ............................ Man, wife, and 5 or more children_____ _________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons). Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more per sons)____________________ ____________ _____ Man, wife, and 1 adult.............. ............................... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults,................................. . Man, wife, and 6 or more adults___ ____ ________ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)______________ ______ _ ________________ Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)_________________________________ ______ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)_______________________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)___________________ 100 28 39 22 11 4 2 31 63 0 1 9 18 1 1 9 28 0 0 8 14 3 0 5 3 33 17 19 1 8 0 1 14 1 4 8 11 4 0 3 16 4 0 0 1 9 1 1 0 0 4 6 4 0 3 1 1 0 1 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker.............. Number of families having homemaker born in United States.............. ............................ .................... 0 0 0 0 0 100 28 39 22 11 100 3.76 28 5.52 39 3.48 22 2.57 11 2.65 3 1 8 16 0 0 1 2 2 1 3 7 0 0 3 5 1 0 1 3.63 1.09 2.54 3.33 5.51 2.48 3.03 4.91 3.35 0.78 2. 57 3.12 2. 36 0.23 2.13 2.21 2.40 0.40 2.00 0.14 0.04 0.13 0.21 0.29 C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households............................. ....................... Average number of persons in household______ ____ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers_________ ____ _____________ Boarders only................................ ........................... Lodgers only............................... ................................. Other persons......... ......... ................. .......................... Average size of economic family in— Persons, total........................... .................................... Under 16 years of age............................................... 16 years of age and over...................................... . Expenditure units. . . ___________ _______ _______ Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family..................................... ........ i “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 74390*— 41-------12 2 2.26 “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 166 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2.— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued JACKSON, MISS.—NEGRO FAMILIES— Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fam ilies Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over E a r n in g s an d In c o m e Families in survey..___________ ___________________ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners................. .................. Net earnings from boarders and lodgers................... Other net rents. ___________ ______ ______________ Interest and dividends__________ ________ _______ Pensions and insurance annuities________ _______ Gifts from persons outside economic family______ Other sources of income____ _________ ___________ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses)_____________________ ________ _________ Surplus (.net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)______________________ ______________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities).................................... .............................. . Inheritance____ ________________________ ______ Average number of gainful workers per family.......... Average amount ofNet family incom e._____ _____ _________________ Earnings of individuals.......................................... . Chief earner________ _____ __________________ Subsidiary earners.............................................. Males: 16 years and over_____________________ Under 16 years........................................ . Females: 16 years and over________ _________ Under 16 years....... ........................... Net earnings from boarders and lodgers________ Other net rents........................ ............ ..................... Interest and dividends........................................... Pensions and insurance annuities.. __ _____ Gifts from persons outside economic family____ Other sources of income..______. . . ____________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses) __ _________ ________ ____________ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)____________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)___ _________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey. ______________ ____________________ Inheritance___________ __________ _____ _____ ___ 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p 635. 100 28 39 22 11 50 11 2 1 13 5 3 20 1 0 0 2 2 0 20 6 2 1 5 1 2 8 3 0 0 3 1 1 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 5 0 3 0 2 69 20 25 17 7 30 0 1.66 8 0 2.07 14 0 1.67 4 0 1.36 4 0 1.18 $784 766 680 86 693 0 72 1 8 2 (3) 7 (*) $719 715 582 133 620 0 93 2 3 0 0 1 (3) 0 $750 722 620 102 627 0 95 0 8 4 (3) 13 1 2 $760 744 711 33 711 0 33 0 8 0 0 1 1 6 $1,119 1,092 1,077 15 1,077 0 15 0 16 0 0 16 1 0 0 -6 60 55 165 2 -1 72 0 69 (3) 78 31 76 74 179 +26 0 +40 0 +11 0 +29 +40 0 0 167 TABULAR SUMMARY T able . 2 — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , by econ om ic level— Continued JACKSONVILLE, FLA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level--Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Un der $300 $300 to $400 $500 to $600 $400 to $500 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,200 to to and $900 $1,200 over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a rn er and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey___________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker....................................... Skilled wage earner............ .............. ............. Semiskilled wage earner_______ ________ Unskilled wage earner______ _________ Number of families composed of— Man and w ife ... ________ _____________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2_______ _______ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 1_____ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2__ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 2__ _______________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons) 2________ _____ Man, wife, and 1 adult_____________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults________ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults . . . Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)__________ ______ . . Adults (4 or more persons not includ ing man and wife)______ ________ ___ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_______ ________________________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)...................................................... 178 22 37 39 30 17 13 9 6 5 80 50 44 4 5 4 13 0 16 12 7 2 12 12 14 1 19 6 5 0 8 6 3 0 9 4 0 0 5 3 1 0 2 2 1 1 4 1 0 0 37 47 37 2 0 1 9 1 0 8 12 1 8 14 8 0 7 13 6 0 4 7 0 0 6 2 2 0 3 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 23 3 10 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 5 7 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 174 1 2 22 0 0 36 0 0 39 0 0 28 0 2 17 0 0 13 0 0 8 1 0 6 0 0 5 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no home maker_____________________________________________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States............................ .. ........ .. England_____________ _______ ______________ O ther..................... .. ........ ............. ............ C o m p o s itio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households________________ Average number of persons in house hold________________________________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers_______________ Boarders only______________________ Lodgers on ly..________ _ __________ Other persons______________________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total______________________ Under 16 years of age______ _____ _ 16 years of age and over___________ Expenditure units__________________ Average number of persons in house hold not members of economic family. 178 22 37 39 30 17 13 9 6 5 3. 65 4. 70 4. 51 3.49 3.32 3. 24 3.21 2. 53 2.30 2.31 22 2 5 41 0 0 0 6 3 0 2 5 3 0 2 7 6 1 0 9 2 0 1 4 5 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 1 3.54 1.13 2.41 3.29 4. 76 1.89 2.87 4.34 4.47 1.84 2. 63 4.06 3.41 1.14 2. 27 3.14 3.14 0.97 2.17 2.96 3.02 0.52 2. 50 2.81 2.86 0. 48 2. 38 2.79 2. 29 0. 22 2. 07 2. 26 2.17 0 2.17 2.17 2.03 0 2.03 2.07 0.18 0.03 0.08 0.14 0.24 0.33 0.41 0.29 0. 24 0.30 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 168 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able . 2 — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued JACKSONVILLE, F L A .-W H IT E FAMILIES-Continued Economic level--Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Un der $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,200 to to and $900 $1,200 over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey........... ......................... Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners---------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers____ _______ ______ - ............ Other net rents........... ........................... Interest and dividends......................... Pensions and insurance annuities----Gifts from persons outside economic family____________________________ Other sources of income............ .......... Deductions from income (business losses and expenses).......................... Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)________ ____ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)......... .............. Inheritance-------------------------------------Average number of gainful workers per family............. ......................................... 178 22 37 39 30 17 13 9 6 5 67 10 15 15 6 5 6 4 2 4 26 7 9 7 0 0 1 2 4 3 1 0 4 1 3 2 6 0 2 0 3 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 16 8 4 2 4 2 5 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 1 110 15 22 23 21 11 8 7 2 1 64 0 7 0 14 0 15 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 2 0 4 0 4 0 1.60 1.77 1.68 1.41 1.20 1.41 1.62 1.44 1.33 1.80 $1,903 $2,050 1,852 1,876 1,616 1,472 236 404 1,706 1, 541 0 0 146 335 0 0 $1, 912 1,890 1,668 222 1, 495 0 395 0 Average amount of— Net family income........... . ................. - $1,566 Earnings of individuals.................... 1, 618 Chief earner.................................... 1,320 Subsidiary earners......................... 198 Males: 16 years and over----------- 1,302 Under 16 years__________ (3) Females: 16 years and over.......... 216 Under 16 y e a r s .......... (3) Net earnings from boarders and 20 lodgers__________ ________ _____ Other net rents......................- .......... 6 1 Interest and dividends.................... Pensions and insurance annuities.. 11 Gifts from persons outside economi c family_______ _______ ____ 7 Other sources of income__________ 4 Deductions from income (business -1 losses and expenses)____________ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de 149 crease in liabilities)__________ ____ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase 164 in liabilities)_____________________ Net change in assets and liabilities) +33 for all families in survey................... 0 Inheritance.................................. .......... * Less than $0.60. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. $997 $1,370 $1,391 $1,626 954 1,343 1,356 1,580 869 1,203 1,189 1,457 85 140 167 123 743 1,289 1,184 1,426 4 0 0 (3) 211 172 154 50 0 0 (3) 0 0 0 (3) 14 10 5 1 0 9 12 2 6 25 4 7 4 9 0 78 (8) 103 00 $2,181 $2,804 2,154 2,725 1,851 1,712 303 1,013 1,584 1, 352 0 0 570 1,373 0 0 0 43 0 0 4 65 0 0 109 11 10 1 0 0 29 2 0 34 43 0 0 2 12 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 33 0 (3) -3 -1 -4 146 155 236 0 207 165 93 80 141 153 163 294 375 +24 0 +31 0 +32 0 +73 0 +95 0 +14 0 +45 0 -4 0 410 96 326 259 -8 1 -188 0 0 169 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 , — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y .—W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 and over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ief E a rn er and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey............. ........ .......... Number of families in which chief earner is — Clerical worker.................... .............. Skilled wage earner............. ............. Semiskilled wage earner................ . Unskilled wage earner.. ................. Number of families composed of— Man and wife------ ------------------------Man, wife, and 1 child 2....... ............. Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children2___ Man, wife, and 5 or more children2. Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2........ ........ ........ . Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2____________ Man, wife, and 1 adult................... . Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults_______ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults— Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)---------------------------Adults (4 or more persons, not in cluding man and wife). ............. — Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)------------------------------------------Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)........................................... 197 8 40 44 42 27 17 7 12 48 58 60 31 1 1 3 3 4 8 16 12 8 16 16 4 14 9 14 5 6 12 5 4 6 8 2 1 3 1 3 0 6 3 1 2 43 44 34 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 12 0 3 10 13 0 12 18 4 0 10 6 2 0 5 5 0 0 3 3 1 0 9 0 0 0 25 3 10 6 3 1 2 0 0 10 11 9 0 1 0 1 0 8 2 4 0 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 15 0 0 3 2 5 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196 1 8 0 40 0 44 0 42 0 26 1 17 0 7 0 12 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no home maker— ........................... ........ ......... Number of families having home maker born in: United States_____________________ Italy............... - ..................................... C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households......................... Average number of persons in house hold_________ ____________ _______ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers............. ............ Boarders only..................................... Lodgers only........................................ Other persons-------------------------------Average size of economic family in— Persons, total_______ _____________ TTndftr 16 yfln/rs r»f avf* . 16 years of age and over__ ______ Expenditure units___ ____________ Average number of persons in house hold not members of economic family................................................... . 197 8 40 44 42 27 17 7 12 3.75 5.63 5.26 4.06 3.10 2.97 3.02 2.67 2.13 38 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 9 2 0 0 9 0 0 1 8 0 1 0 8 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3.57 1.08 2.49 3.24 5.68 2. 56 3.12 5.01 5.05 1.95 3.10 4.54 3.84 1.28 2. 56 3.45 2.93 0.81 2.12 2.66 2.64 0.42 2.22 2.47 2.82 0.38 2.44 2.67 2.71 0. 71 2.00 2.49 2.09 0.01 2.08 2.02 0.20 0 0.20 0.26 0.17 0.34 0.23 0 0.04 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table in appendix A, p. 635. 170 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2 . — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y .—W H IT E FAMILIES— Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $$800 and over E a rn in g s an d In c o m e Families in survey................... ............. Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners____ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers............................................... Other net rents____________________ Interest and dividends____________ Gifts from persons outside econom ic family________________________ Other sources of income___________ Deduction from income (business losses and expenses)...................... . Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)____ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)....... . Inheritance_______________________ Average number of gainful workers per family........................................... . . 197 8 40 44 42 27 17 7 51 3 24 11 3 3 4 0 3 39 4 12 6 0 0 0 1 10 1 2 1 8 0 3 0 10 1 0 0 7 1 2 1 4 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 13 5 1 0 3 1 2 0 3 1 3 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 10 0 2 1 2 1 2 0 128 7 26 30 33 16 8 3 5 67 3 1 0 14 0 13 1 9 2 11 0 9 0 4 0 6 0 1.31 1. 50 1. 72 1.30 1.07 1.15 1.29 1.00 1. 25 Average amount of— Net family income____________ . $1, 308 . 1,258 Earnings of individuals--------Chief earner----------------------. 1,159 99 Subsidiary earners________ Males: 16 years and over... . 1,117 Under 16 years____ • (3) 141 Females: 16 years and over. Under 16 years.. . (3) Net earnings from boarders and lodgers__________ ____ 33 2 Other net rents__________ _ Interest and dividends____ 3 Pensions and insurance annuities. 1i Gifts from persons outside eco 4 nomic family_________________ 2 Other sources of income_________ Deductions from income (busi -5 ness losses and expenses)_____ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities______________ 130 Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)_____________ 150 Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey___ . +33 Inheritance.............................. . 2 * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 12 $968 $1,185 $1,242 $1,222 $1,337 $1,621 $1,774 $1, 720 957 1,136 1,193 1,190 1,241 1,543 1,714 1,705 846 916 1,095 1,174 1,201 1, 368 1, 714 1,650 111 220 98 16 40 175 0 55 842 944 1,052 1,091 1,085 1,369 1, 714 1,564 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 191 141 99 156 174 141 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 35 3 (3) 6 46 0 3 0 26 1 0 0 60 4 2 16 25 5 1 37 0 0 60 0 0 0 3 69 2 0 4 2 1 0 5 1 15 (3) (3) 18 0 0 0 0 0 -5 7 255 308 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -8 87 124 114 130 118 104 22 71 124 118 123 212 245 355 +74 0 +56 0 +41 2 +77 9 +20 0 -6 3 0 -3 1 0 -4 9 0 171 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 . — D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y —NEGRO FAMILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fami lies Itom D istr ib u tio n by O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r F a m ily T y p e 1 and Under $200 $300 to $400 $200 to $300 $400 to $500 $500 and over by Families in survey........ ........ . . . ........ ........ ................. . Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker.......... ........................................ ........ . . Skilled wage earner___________ ___________________ Semiskilled wage earner__________________________ Unskilled wage earner____________________________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife __________________________________ Man, wife, and 1 child______ ______ ______________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children____________________ Man, wife, and 5 or more children_________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) __ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more per sons)_____________ ___________ _____ ___________ Man, wife, and 1 adult............................................. . Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults______________________ Man, wife, and 6 or more adults__________________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife) __ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_______________ _________________ ____ _____ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not in cluding man and w ife)..________ _______________ Adult or adults, and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)............................................. 74 14 22 18 15 5 0 11 17 46 0 1 2 11 0 3 5 14 0 3 5 10 0 1 4 10 0 3 1 1 22 10 12 3 4 0 0 4 2 2 0 4 6 1 1 9 3 2 0 1 10 2 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 6 6 5 0 4 4 0 1 0 0 2 3 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 14 22 18 15 5 74 3. 93 14 6.81 22 4.39 18 2.90 15 2.25 5 2.54 5 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3. 83 1.29 2.54 3.42 6.68 3.47 3. 21 5.78 4. 27 1.54 2. 73 3.77 2.78 0. 56 2. 22 2.57 2. 27 0.13 2.14 2.12 2.37 0.17 2.20 2.20 0.10 0.14 0.15 0.13 0 0.20 Number of families having no homemaker................. . Number of families having homemaker born in— United States........ ..................................................... . C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households.................................................. . Average number of persons in household____________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers...................................................... Boarders only______________ ______________________ Lodgers only______________ _______________________ Other persons..................... ......................................... Average size of economic family in— Persons, total_____ _______ _______________________ Under 16 years of age..... ........................................... 16 years of age and over_______ _________________ Expenditure units_____ ____________ ________ . . Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family___________________ _____ i “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 172 TW ELVE T able C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH 2 . — D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y .—NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 and over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey............................................................ Number of families having— E amines of subsidiary earners_____________________ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers____________ Other net rents.............................. ................................ Interest and dividends_____ ______________________ Pensions and insurance annuities---------------------- Gifts from persons outside economic family________ Other sources of income________ __________ ____ _ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses)_____ ____ _____ ____ _____ ______________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)___________________ ________ __________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)____ ________ _________________________ Inheritance_______________ _________________ ____ Average number of gainful workers per family________ Average amount of— Net family income........ .................................................. Earnings of individuals_______ __________ ______ Chief earner------------ ---------- -----------------------------Subsidiary earners_______________________________ Males: 16 years and over........... .......................... Under 16 years_________ ______________ Females- 16 years and over_________ __________ Under 16 years... -------------------- ------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers................. Other net rents________________________________ Interest and dividends------------------------- ------------Pensions and insurance annuities_______________ Gifts from persons outside economic family_______ Other sources of income_______ _____ ________ _ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses).................. ................................................... . Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)--------- ------------Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)________ ______ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey______ ____________________ _____ ________ Inheritance_______________________________________ » Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635 74 14 22 18 15 5 26 8 1 0 3 1 1 5 2 0 0 1 1 0 8 3 1 0 0 0 1 5 2 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 55 10 17 16 8 4 18 0 1.42 3 0 1.50 5 0 1. 50 2 0 1.28 7 0 1.40 1 0 1.40 $969 948 879 69 869 1 78 0 12 1 0 6 (3) 2 $938 912 852 60 861 0 51 0 22 0 0 3 1 0 $940 920 845 75 851 4 65 0 13 2 0 0 0 5 $954 927 880 47 858 0 69 0 7 0 0 20 0 0 $933 934 829 105 788 0 146 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $1,322 1,288 1, 256 32 1, 256 0 32 0 32 0 0 2 0 0 0 (3) 97 130 0 (8) 90 82 -1 82 0 126 76 55 138 42 59 22 +53 0 +81 0 +38 0 +68 0 +16 0 +96 0 173 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2. — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econom ic level— Continued M EM P H IS, T E N N —W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fami lies Item $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 and over D istr ib u tio n by O c c u p a tio n oj C h ic j E a rn e r and b y F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey_______________ ___ Number of families in which chief earn er is— Clerical worker____ ____ _____ _____ Skilled wage earner............................. Semiskilled wage earner.................. Unskilled wage earner_______ ______ Number of families composed of— Man and wife2............. ......................... Man, wife, and 1 child___________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children _____ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2___ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 2__________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons) 2......................... Man, wife, and 1 adult_____ _______ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults............... Man, wife, and 5 or more adults........ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and w ife).................. ............... Adults (4 or more persons, not includ ing man and wife) _______________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)_____ _________ _____ _______ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)............................................. 2 194 8 25 40 34 29 25 15 8 10 79 53 56 6 1 2 4 1 8 7 8 2 15 8 16 1 16 6 11 1 13 9 6 1 13 8 4 0 8 5 2 0 1 5 2 0 4 3 3 0 52 44 39 2 0 0 3 1 2 5 6 0 5 6 17 1 6 8 7 0 6 9 5 0 8 9 1 0 11 3 0 0 5 3 0 0 9 1 0 0 14 1 4 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 9 21 8 0 3 0 0 0 5 0 2 0 1 4 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 6 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 193 1 8 0 25 0 39 1 34 0 • 29 0 25 0 15 0 8 0 10 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no home maker_____ _______ ______________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States........................................ Other_______________ _____________ _ C o m p o sitio n of H o u se h o ld Number of households. _______________ Average number of persons in house hold.._____ _______ ________________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers_______________ Boarders only........ ................... ............ Lodgers only......................................... Other persons_______ _____ ________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total______________________ Under 16 years of age....................... 16 years of age and over................... Expenditure units____________ _____ Average number of persons in house hold not members of economic family................................................... 194 8 25 40 34 29 25 15 8 10 3.74 6.46 4.78 4.33 3.66 3.30 2.93 2.74 2.30 2.49 12 5 13 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 1 1 1 2 4 0 1 0 0 0 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3.53 1.11 2. 42 3.25 6.46 3. 71 2. 75 5.65 4.58 1.84 2. 74 4.14 4.16 1.80 2.36 3.75 3.50 0.88 2.62 3.25 3.04 0. 69 2. 35 2.86 2.86 0.48 2.38 2.72 2.24 0. 21 2.03 2.15 2. 31 0.31 2.00 2.22 2.09 0.09 2.00 2.08 0.21 0 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.26 0.08 0.50 0 0.40 1 i “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. * Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357,1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 174 TWELVE CITIES OE THE SOUTH T able 2 . — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued M E M P H IS, T E N N .—W H IT E FAMILIES—Continued Economic level- Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 and over E a rn in g s an d In co m e Families in survey....................... ............ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners______ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.............. .................... ................ Other net rents.^___________________ Interest and dividends ____________ Pensions and insurance annuities___ Gifts from persons outside economic family................................................. Other sources of income - ........... ........ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)______________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)____________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_____________ Inheritance... -------------------------------Average number of gainful workers per family................................................. . Average amount of— Net family income..................... ........ . Earnings of individuals................ Chief earner___________ _______ _ Subsidiary earners......................... Males: 16 years and over----------Under 16 years__________ Females: 16 years and over_____ Under 16 y e a r s ...___ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. ----------- ---------- ------------Other net rents......... ................... . Interest and dividends __________ Pensions and insurance annuities.. Gifts from persons outside economic family........... ...................... ........... Other sources of income. ......... Deductions from income (business losses and expenses) ...................... Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities______________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)......................... ................ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey................. Inheritance"............. ........ .................... 194 8 25 40 34 29 25 15 8 31 1 4 4 9 3 5 4 0 1 34 14 11 5 0 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 5 2 1 2 5 1 1 1 7 3 3 0 3 2 2 0 7 2 2 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 0 0 12 9 0 0 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 112 5 14 25 22 17 13 8 5 3 71 0 2 0 6 0 12 0 11 0 11 0 12 0 7 0 3 0 7 0 1.18 1.25 1.12 1.12 1.26 1.10 1.28 1.27 1.00 1.10 $1,459 1,394 1,319 75 1,352 (3) 42 0 $990 $1,026 $1,323 $1,474 $1, 582 $1,686 $1,773 $1,730 $1,795 985 1,275 1,410 1,506 1,630 1,648 1,669 1,668 965 937 1,200 1,330 1,449 1,524 1, 501 1,669 1,604 900 80 75 57 106 65 48 147 0 64 945 953 1,240 1,367 1,499 1,579 1,502 1,669 1,604 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 43 7 20 29 51 35 146 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 12 3 4 0 25 0 0 29 2 0 0 29 5 2 4 41 6 2 9 58 14 3 0 27 17 6 0 74 38 6 2 0 18 4 33 86 16 0 0 3 4 0 0 2 8 1 7 6 1 1 0 1 5 1 6 6 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 166 127 151 223 233 167 451 207 111 203 62 67 70 144 204 190 123 529 640 +41 0 +88 0 +55 0 +73 0 +97 0 +59 0 * Less than $0.60. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 10 - 4 +183 0 0 -6 9 -415 0 0 175 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 3 .— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued M EM P H IS, T E N N .—NEGRO FAMILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fami lies Item $100 to $200 D istr ib u tio n by O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r F a m ily T y p e 1 and $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over by Families in survey.................... ............................ .............. . Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker........................... .......................... .............. Skilled wage earner------ ----------------- -----------------------------Semiskilled wage earner--------- ------------------------------------Unskilled wage earner .......................... .......................... Number of families composed of— Man and wife------- ----------------- ----------------- --------------------Man, wife, and 1 child 2____________ __________ ____ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2................................. Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2______________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 per sons)2---------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------------------------- Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2_____i -----------------------------------------------------------Man, wife, and 1 adult— ............................................... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults........ ............ ......... ....... Man, wife, and 5 or more adults_________________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife) Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)---------------- -----------------------------------------------Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)----------------------------------Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife).................................. 94 24 30 22 18 2 3 29 60 0 1 11 12 1 1 7 21 0 1 6 15 1 0 5 12 34 12 14 2 0 11 2 5 8 2 0 15 3 1 0 14 1 0 13 3 7 2 1 5 8 6 0 0 4 1 3 0 0 1 4 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker_________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States------------------------------------------------------ 0 0 0 0 0 94 24 30 22 18 94 3.64 24 5.50 30 3.73 22 2.58 18 2.32 4 2 3 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 0 3. 51 1.02 2.49 3.25 5.42 2.46 2.96 4.83 3.42 0.89 2. 53 3.29 2.54 0.35 2.36 0.11 2.15 2.16 0.10 0.08 0.21 0.04 0.08 C o m p o s itio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households-------------------------------------------Average number of persons in household___________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers---------- ----------. . . ------------Boarders only---------------- ------------------------------------Lodgers only.------------------------------ ------------------. . . Other persons___________________________________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total--------------------- ---------- ---------- -----------Under 16 years of age__________________________ 16 years of age and over________________________ Expenditure units_______________________________ Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family..------------------------------------- 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2.19 2.28 1“ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 176 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2 . — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued M EM P H IS, T E N N .—NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued Item AD fami lies Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey—.................... . ................................. Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners------------------- ------- — Net earnings from boarders and lodgers__________ Other net rents..........................- ---------------------------Interest and dividends----------------------------------------Pensions and insurance annuities----------------- ------Gifts from persons outside economic family---------Other sources of income---------------------------------------Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses)---------------- ------------------------------------------Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)---------- ---------------------------------------------Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)------------------ --------------------------------------Inheritance_________________ _________ _____ — Average number of gainful workers per family_____ Average amount of— Net family income-------------------- - .............................. Earnings of individuals..---------------------------------Chief earner_________________________________ Subsidiary earners----------------------------------------Males: 16 ye'ars and over---------- ------- ------------Under 16 years......... ............................... Females: 16 years and over.-------- -----------------Under 16 years--------------------------- Net earnings from boarders and lodgers________ Other net rents________________________________ Interest and dividends--------------------- ------- -------Pensions and insurance annuities_______ ______ Gifts from persons outside economic family____ Other sources of income--------------- __ -------------Deductions from income (business losses and expenses). -------------- ---------------------------------Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)__________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)-------------------Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey............................................ .................... . Inheritance........................ .................. ............. ......... 8 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 94 24 30 22 18 19 7 2 1 2 6 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 0 7 4 0 0 0 3 0 4 1 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 69 12 24 19 14 23 1 1.22 11 0 1.29 5 1 1. 27 3 0 1.18 4 0 1.11 $821 804 763 41 785 0 18 1 9 3 (3) 1 4 1 $711 698 656 42 689 0 4 5 10 0 1 1 1 0 $804 785 735 50 756 0 29 0 15 0 0 0 7 0 861 848 810 38 838 0 10 0 6 0 0 1 6 0 $947 924 895 29 895 0 29 0 2 14 0 0 0 7 -1 64 0 41 -3 52 0 0 67 98 126 63 75 107 380 "f 16 2 -8 0 +29 7 +43 0 -8 0 177 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 , — D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued M OBILE, ALA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $300 to $400 $200 to $300 $500 to $600 $400 to $500 $600 to $700 $800 and over $700 to $800 D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a rn er and by F a m ily T y p e i Families in survey_______ __________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker___________________ Skilled wage earner....................... Semiskilled wage'fearner_____ _____ Unskilled wage earner______ _____ Number of families composed of— Man and wife___________________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2_________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2. _ Man, wife, and 5 or more chil dren 2_____________ _____ _____ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2____ Man, wife, and 1 adult__________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults_____ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults.. Adults (2 or 3 persons not includ ing man and wife)_____________ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife) _.......... Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man man and wife)____ __________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_______ _____ _ 146 14 30 30 20 21 12 8 11 51 42 47 6 1 2 8 3 8 8 14 0 9 7 13 1 8 5 7 0 9 9 2 1 8 2 1 1 3 4 1 0 5 5 1 0 24 21 31 0 0 7 1 1 6 1 3 10 1 4 6 4 9 2 5 3 0 2 1 0 10 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 26 3 9 10 0 1 2 1 0 8 10 3 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 9 0 3 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 144 1 1 14 0 0 29 1 0 30 0 0 19 0 1 21 0 0 12 0 0 8 0 0 11 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no home maker_____________ ____ _________ Number of families having home maker born in— United States..................................... Germany.............................................. Sweden......................................... ....... C o m p o s itio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households______________ Average number of persons in house hold-________________________ ____ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers...................... Boarders only_____________________ Lodgers only...................................... . Other persons_____________________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total______________ ______ Under 16 years of age.................... 16 years of age and over............... Expenditure units_________ ______ Average number of persons in house hold not members of economic family................................ .................. 14 30 30 20 21 12 8 11 4.16 6.18 5.05 4.78 3.53 3.16 3.13 3.39 2.16 16 1 3 29 1 1 0 2 4 0 0 5 3 0 0 8 3 0 1 3 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 4 1 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 4.03 1.28 2. 75 3.72 6.14 2. 96 3.18 5.48 4.95 1.72 3.23 4.51 4.67 1.74 2. 93 4.31 3.40 0. 75 2. 65 3.16 3.13 0.91 2.22 2.92 2.88 0.43 2.45 2.79 2. 94 0.26 2.68 2.84 2.02 0 2.02 1.96 0.18 0.05 0.15 0.17 0.27 0.04 0.26 0.50 0.22 146 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 178 TW ELVE T able C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH 2 . — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued M O BILE, A L A .—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Item All fami lies Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $600 to $700 $500 to $600 $700 to $800 $800 and over E a r n in g s a n d In c o m e Families in survey................................ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners-------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. ........................................ . Other net rents------ ------- ---------------Interest and dividends........ .......... . Pensions and insurance annuities Gifts from persons outside economic family--------------------- ---------------Other sources of income----------------Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)........................ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)____ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)------Inheritance_____ ______ _____ __ Average number of gainful workers per family............................................ 146 14 30 30 20 21 12 8 11 44 7 12 12 4 3 1 3 2 15 7 5 8 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 1 5 1 1 4 0 1 1 1 0 2 3 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 19 5 4 0 5 0 3 2 3 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 17 2 2 2 0 3 4 3 1 84 7 17 18 14 14 6 3 5 61 0 7 0 13 0 11 0 6 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 6 0 1.41 1. 52 1. 57 1. 56 1.31 1. 22 1.18 1. 47 1.13 Average amount of— Net family income............................. $1,417 Earnings of individuals.............. . 1, 384 1,242 Chief earner....... .............. ............ 142 Subsidiary earners........ .............. Males: 16 years and over........... 1,231 Under 16 years________ (3) 153 Females: 16 years and over....... Under 16 years______ 0 Net earnings from boarders and lodgers............. ......................... 11 Other net rents__________________ 4 Interest and dividends__________ 2 Pensions and insurance annui ties____________________________ 7 Gifts from persons outside eco nomic family___ ____ _________ 8 Other sources of income_________ 7 Deductions from income (busi ness losses and expenses)______ -6 Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities)....... ......... . 151 Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)______________ 143 Net change in assets and liabilities +27 for all families in survey................. Inheritance......................... ................. 0 * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 335. $790 $1,105 $1,492 $1,483 $1,646 $1,609 $1,963 $1, 715 786 1,078 1,461 1,418 1,606 1, 556 1,928 1, 716 718 927 1,272 1,311 1,469 1.444 1,582 1,670 151 68 189 107 137 112 346 46 875 1,288 1, 216 1, 513 1,432 1,638 1,676 720 0 (3) 0 0 0 0 0 (3) 66 203 173 202 93 124 290 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 14 0 0 0 1 7 0 15 0 -6 51 5 13 1 38 0 4 4 0 6 15 (3) 5 8 -3 -1 130 134 8 0 0 197 (3) 0 16 0 19 8 12 3 0 0 27 1 8 0 7 19 56 0 0 2 0 -3 9 -1 2 116 157 -4 192 -6 225 100 69 121 44 122 333 255 237 -2 4 0 +44 0 +36 0 +125 0 +87 0 -109 0 -100 0 -2 7 0 179 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 . — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued M OBILE, ALA.—N EGRO FAMILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year All families Item $200 to $300 Under $200 D istr ib u tio n by O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r F a m ily T y p e 1 and $400 and over $300 to $400 by Families in survey........................................................... Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker............. ................................................ Skilled wage earner...................................................... Semiskilled wage earner............................................. Unskilled wage earner______ _________ ________ _ Number of families composed of— Man and wife___________________________________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2.......... ................................... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2_____________ ____ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2______________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 2. Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2.................... ................................................ Man, wife, and 1 adult.............................................. Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults...................................... Man, wife, and 5 or more adults....... ................... ....... Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)__________________________________ ____ _ Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)____________ ______ _______________ ____ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)...... ........ . _ __________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife).............................. . 94 31 32 19 12 0 2 36 56 0 0 11 20 0 1 14 17 0 0 7 12 0 1 4 7 22 13 15 0 8 0 4 10 0 5 4 6 4 0 3 9 3 0 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 7 12 7 0 5 0 2 0 2 5 5 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 0 1 D istr ib u tio n o f N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker................... Number of families having homemaker born in— United States................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 94 31 32 19 12 94 3.79 31 5.01 32 3. 62 19 2.56 12 3.01 3 5 4 7 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 0 1 3 1 1 1 0 2 3.70 1.09 2. 61 3.38 5.01 2.12 2.89 4.48 3.51 0.84 2. 67 3.22 2.50 0.15 2.35 2.37 2.75 0. 59 2.16 2.57 0.13 0.06 0.17 0.09 0.29 C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households................. ........... ................... Average number of persons in household. .................... Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers................................................. Boarders o n ly ................................. ............................ Lodgers only. ............................................. ................. Other persons------ -----------------------------------------------Average size of economic family in— Persons, total........................... ................................... . Under 16 years of age__________ ______ ________ 16 years of age and over________ ____ __________ Expenditure units_______________________________ Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family.._____ __________________ 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. * Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357,1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 180 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2 ,— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued M OBILE, ALA —NEGRO FAM ILIES— Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All families Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over E a rn in g s a n d In c o m e Families in survey. _______________________________ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners. _ ________________ Net earnings from boarders and lodgars Other net rents _____ _________________________ Pensions and insurance annuities________________ Gifts from persons outside economic family______ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses) . _ ______________________________ ____ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities) _ _ . _ ____________ __________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_____________________________________ Inheritance . . . . . _______ ____________ Average number of gainful workers per family_______ Average amount of— Net family income_______________________________ Earnings of individuals________________________ Chief earner_________________________________ Subsidiary earners___________________________ Males: 16 years and over_____________________ Under 16 vears_______________________ Females: 16 years and over___________________ Under 16 years. _ _____ ____________ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers________ Other net rents________________________________ Interest and dividends. _ ______________________ Pensions and insurance annuities______________ Gifts from parsons ontsida p.nonomic family Other sources of income____ . .. ____________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)____ __ __________________ ____ ___ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities) ____________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)______________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey _ ____________________________________ rnharitanaa * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 94 31 32 19 12 53 8 0 1 3 7 7 16 1 0 1 1 4 6 20 3 0 o 1 2 1 9 2 0 o 1 0 o 8 2 0 o o 1 o o 3 0 2 1 58 20 20 13 5 34 0 1.76 10 0 1.83 12 0 1.86 6 0 1.48 6 0 1. 73 $759 746 643 103 653 (3) 93 (3) 6 0 (3) 2 1 5 $673 652 560 92 583 (3) 69 (3) 5 0 (3) (3) 2 14 $760 756 643 113 659 0 97 0 5 0 0 (3) (3) (3) $799 787 710 77 692 0 95 0 5 0 0 9 0 0 $915 897 755 142 755 0 142 0 17 0 o 0 1 0 —1 0 —1 —2 0 52 46 48 55 92 100 49 109 89 176 —4 0 +14 0 —11 0 +9 0 —50 0 181 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 . — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, L A .-W H I T E FAM ILIES Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fami lies Item Un der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 and over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a rn er and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey___________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker..................................... Skilled wage earner........................ . Semiskilled wage earner................... Unskilled wage earner________ _____ Number of families composed of— Man and wife-------------------- ------------Man, wife, and 1 child 2------------------Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2-------Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2__ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2__________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2..................... - Man, wife, and 1 adult--------------------Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults...... ........ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults___ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)___________ ______ __ Adults (4 or more persons, not includ ing man and wife)_________ ______ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_____________________________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)............................................ 318 31 66 60 70 38 19 16 12 6 126 73 84 35 4 7 13 7 20 10 23 13 19 19 14 8 34 13 19 4 17 13 6 2 9 6 4 0 8 4 4 0 11 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 48 53 49 4 0 0 8 4 0 9 14 0 2 16 7 0 10 12 14 0 6 9 4 0 8 4 2 0 8 2 0 0 8 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 43 5 13 11 9 3 1 1 0 0 18 26 22 1 9 0 2 0 7 5 2 1 2 3 7 0 0 4 5 0 0 9 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 1 6 6 9 4 1 2 1 0 12 1 4 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 308 4 1 1 1 28 1 1 0 0 64 1 0 1 0 59 1 0 0 0 68 0 0 0 0 37 0 U 0 1 19 0 0 0 0 15 1 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no home maker-------------------------- ------------------Number of families having homemaker born in— United States......................................... Italy......................................................... England................................................. Mexico_______________________ _____ Other..................................................... C o m p o s itio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households________________ Average number of persons in house hold......... ........ ................. ..................... Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers_______________ Boarders only................... .................. Lodgers only.......................... ................ Other persons................. ........ .............. Average size of economic family in— Persons, total................... ..................... Under 16 years of age............... ....... 16 years of age and over—............... Expenditure units ________________ Average number of persons in house hold not members of economic family. 318 31 66 60 70 38 19 16 12 6 3.98 6. 26 4.63 4.05 3.49 3.36 3.06 2.89 2.7C 2.26 20 13 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 6 2 0 0 6 2 0 3 4 5 2 0 0 1 l 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3.80 1.03 2. 77 3.51 6.26 2.89 3. 37 5.58 4. 54 1.46 3.08 4.09 3.90 0.92 2.98 3.63 3. 35 0. 74 2. 61 3.10 3.07 0.53 2.54 2.88 2.89 0.58 2.31 2.69 2.54 0.25 2.29 2.42 2.23 0.10 2.13 2.16 1.85 0 1.85 1.83 0.18 0 0.09 0.15 0.16 0.30 0.17 0.36 0.47 0.41 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 7 4 3 9 0 °— 41- -13 182 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2 . — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, L A —W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Un der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 and over E a rn in g s an d In c o m e Families in survey................................... Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners........... Net earnings from boarders and lodgers................................. . .............. Other net rents...................................... Interest and dividends..................... . Pensions and insurance annuities----Gifts from persons outside economic family______________ _____________ Other sources of income................. . . . Deductions from income (business losses and expenses).. -------- ---------Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)-------------------Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)........................ Inheritance........................... ................ Average number of gainful workers per family...... ..................................... ......... Average amount of— Net family income............................... Earnings of individuals_____ _____ Chief earner..................................... Subsidiary earners......................... Males: 16 years and over.............. Under 16 years.................. Females: 16 years and over.......... Under 16 years_______ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers........ ..................................... Other net rents.................................. Interest and dividends. ................... Pensions and insurance annuities.. Gifts from persons outside economic family.................... .......................... Other sources of income................... Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)------- -----------Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities)........................... Deficit per- family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)........................ . Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey............. . Inheritance............................................. 318 31 66 60 70 38 19 16 12 6 83 8 17 17 20 9 4 3 3 2 39 19 12 6 0 0 0 1 6 4 1 1 7 4 4 0 6 7 3 1 10 3 2 2 2 0 1 1 4 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 35 13 1 1 6 2 8 3 6 1 5 4 3 1 2 1 3 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 180 12 35 40 41 26 7 7 8 4 100 3 12 0 14 0 17 0 22 1 11 0 9 1 9 0 4 0 2 1 1.33 1.28 1. 32 1.48 1. 33 1.31 1.31 1.17 1.26 1.26 $1,302 1,248 1,106 142 1,067 (3) 181 0 $862 854 805 49 771 0 83 0 $992 $1,277 $1,377 $1,548 $1, 570 $1,727 $1,799 $1.791 964 1,235 1,335 1,435 1,474 1,625 1,692 1, 753 866 1,028 1,184 1,288 1,332 1,476 1,525 1,468 142 207 151 147 98 149 167 285 757 1,047 1,155 1,271 1,286 1,375 1,544 1,408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (3) 180 164 207 188 188 250 148 345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 10 1 8 0 0 0 2 13 6 1 3 9 5 3 3 3 2 0 0 79 72 (3) 110 0 17 1 (3) 126 19 15 1 3 28 23 4 18 25 0 (3) 67 65 24 (3) 0 74 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 4 15 27 3 1 9 4 33 0 10 0 -2 0 0 0 0 123 85 244 100 71 186 287 251 204 497 +30 -104 0 16 -3 5 0 (3) (3) 116 149 63 70 124 108 +15 4 +6 0 +23 0 +49 0 +34 2 * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 15 9 (3) - 1 -118 0 143 183 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 . — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu d ied , b y econ om ic level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, LA.—NEGRO FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fam ilies $300 to $400 $200 to $300 Under $200 $400 to $500 $500 and over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d b y F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey_____________________ ____________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker....... . . . ............ . . . .......... . ............ ........ Skilled wage earner...... ...................................... ......... Semiskilled wage earner........ .......................... .............. Unskilled wage earner............... ..................................... Number of families composed of— Man and wife________________ ________ ____ ______ Man, wife, and 1 child2----------------------- -----------------Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2_................................. Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2-----------------------Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2. Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more per sons)2_________________ _________ _______ _____ Man, wife, and 1 adult...... ............ ................................ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults....... ................. ................ Man, wife, ana 5 or more adults ______ _________ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife). Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)____ _______________________________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons, n t in cluding man and wife)------------------ ------------------Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)........ .................................. 83 27 22 18 9 7 4 5 35 39 3 1 14 9 0 2 9 11 0 1 7 10 1 0 5 3 C 1 C f 19 18 9 3 11 0 3 3 3 7 2 8 6 0 2 6 5 0 0 2 7 2 0 0 0 4 C ( ( ( 5 5 3 0 5 5 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 C 1 c ( ( 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 ( 2 2 0 0 0 ( ( D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker___________ Number of families having homemaker born in United States................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 83 27 22 18 9 83 3.94 27 5.85 22 3.62 18 2.87 9 2.10 2 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( 3.84 1.30 2.54 3.50 5.81 2.66 3.15 5.17 3.56 1.19 2. 37 3.23 2.76 0.46 2.30 2.65 2.10 0.15 1.95 1.98 2.01 0 2.01 1.9: 0.12 0.04 0.13 0.11 0 0.4! C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households_____________________ ________ Average number of persons in household...................... Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers______________________________ Boarders only----------- ------- ------- -----------------------------Lodgers only............................... ........... ......... .............. Other persons----------- ------- ---------------------- ---------Average size of economic family in— Persons, total________________________ ______ _____ Under 16 years of age.................... ....................... ....... 16 years of age and over......................................... Expenditure units________________________________ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family.. -------------- ------------- . . . ------- 2.55 < 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 184 TW ELVE T able 2 .— C IT IE S OF TH E SOUTH D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu d ied , b y econ om ic level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, L A —NEGRO FAMILIES— Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fam ilies Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 and over E a rn in g s a n d In c o m e Families in survey_____________ ________ _________ — Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners-------------------------------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. .......... ........ Other net rents______________ ________ ______ ____ Interest and dividends________________ __________ _ Pensions and insurance annuities_________________ Gifts from persons outside economic family________ Other sources of income-----------------------------------------Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses)------------------------------------ --------------------------Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_______________________________________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities) _______________________________________ Inheritance---------- ------- ------------------------- ---------------Average number of gainful workers per family_______ Average amount of— Net family income------------------------------------------------Earnings of individuals_______ _________________ Chief earner ___ _____________________________ Subsidiary earners.-------------- -------------------------Males: 16 years and over........................................ Under 16 years--------------- ---------------------Females: 16 years and over.................................... Under 16 years........................... ............ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers_________ Other net rents______ __________________________ Interest and dividends...____ ___________________ Pensions and insurance annuities_______________ Gifts from persons outside economic family______ Other sources of in co m e.______ ________________ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses)_______________________________________ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)______________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in as sets and/or increase in liabilities)__ _____________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey_____ ____________________________________ Inheritance------------- ---------------------------- ----------------3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 83 27 22 18 9 7 28 10 2 1 0 2 1 12 1 1 1 0 2 1 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 9 4 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 42 11 12 11 4 4 21 0 1.41 6 0 1.61 9 0 1.23 3 0 1. 54 3 0 1. 34 0 0 .94 $841 830 741 89 723 4 103 (3) 10 1 (3) 0 1 0 $770 763 628 135 590 0 173 (3) 2 2 (3) 0 3 0 $762 751 690 61 697 0 54 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 $882 876 760 116 732 11 133 0 8 (3) 0 0 0 0 $944 945 910 35 910 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $1,100 1,045 1,045 0 1,045 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 -1 77 0 0 88 73 -2 47 -1 0 128 88 47 17 47 65 86 0 +27 0 +32 0 +20 0 +18 0 +28 0 +50 0 185 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2 ,— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued NORFOLK-PORTSM OUTH, VA.— W H ITE FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Un der $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,000 to to and $900 $1,000 over D is tr ib u tio n bp O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a rn er and by F a m ily T y p e i Families in survey___________________ Number of families in which chief earn er is— Clerical worker______ ______ _______ Skilled wage earner_______________ Semiskilled wage earner____ _______ Unskilled wage earner_____________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife_______ _____ ________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2_________ __ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2 ____ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2__ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 2__________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons) 2_.................... . Man, wife, and 1 adult...... .......... ....... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults________ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults___ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)......... ................. ........ Adults (4 or more persons not includ ing man and wife)_________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife). Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)________ ________________ 162 26 22 37 26 16 8 12 5 10 46 67 36 13 4 9 7 6 4 8 6 4 10 17 7 3 7 13 6 0 7 6 3 0 4 4 0 0 6 4 2 0 2 2 1 0 2 4 4 0 36 33 38 3 0 3 10 2 1 1 10 0 2 10 11 1 1 8 7 0 8 5 0 0 3 3 0 0 9 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 2 0 0 22 3 7 7 3 2 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 12 4 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 155 2 1 1 3 25 0 0 0 1 20 0 0 1 1 36 1 0 0 0 25 1 0 0 0 15 0 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no home maker_________ ____ _________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States______ ____ ______ ___ ---------------------------Russia-----------Canada (not French)_____ _______ Ireland_____ ___________ _____ _____ Other---------------- ------------------------ ___ C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households-------- ------- --------Average number of persons in house hold________________________________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers___ ___________ Boarders only_____________ ______ Lodgers only_________ _ ____ Other persons______ _____ _______ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total______________________ Under 16 years of age______ _____ _ 16 years of age and over___________ Expenditure units-------------- ------------Average number of persons in house hold not members of economic family. 162 26 22 37 26 16 8 12 5 10 3.82 5.15 4.95 4.06 3. 57 2.74 2.67 2.68 1. 99 2.78 27 4 3 2 2 0 0 0 5 1 1 0 7 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 3.63 1.24 2. 39 3.33 5.08 2.44 2. 64 4.54 4.66 1.82 2.84 4.24 3.83 1.56 2. 27 3. 49 3. 43 1.00 2. 43 3.18 2. 61 0.42 2.19 2.40 2. 50 0.38 2.12 2.38 2.27 0.10 2.17 2. 21 2. 00 0 2.00 1.93 2. 30 0.20 2.10 2. 22 0.23 0.08 0. 36 0.23 0.16 0. 22 0. 25 0.48 0 0. 50 1“ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 186 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2 . — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level — Continued N O R FO LK -PO R TSM O U TH , VA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Un der $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,000 to to and $900 $1,000 over E a rn in g s a n d In c o m e Families in survey.................................... Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners______ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers............................ ........................... Other net rents........... .......................... Interest and dividends..._________ Pensions and insurance annuities____ Gifts from persons outside economic family___________________ ________ Other sources of income........ ............ . Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)........ ............... Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_____________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_____________ Inheritance________________ _______ Average number of gainfulworkers per family...................................................... Average amount of— Net family income.............................. Earnings of individuals................ . Chief earner_________ ______ ___ Subsidiary earners......... ............ . Males: 16 years and over............ Under 16 years__________ Females: 16 years and over.......... Under 16 years............ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.................... ........................ Other net rents......... ........................ Interest and dividends___________ Pensions and insurance annuities.. Gifts from persons outside eco nomic fa m ily ._____ _____ _____ 0 ther sources of income.. ________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)____________ Surplus per family having surplus (net *increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities)_______ ________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)____ __________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey.................. Inheritance............................................ 162 26 22 37 26 16 8 12 5 10 20 7 3 5 1 0 2 2 0 0 26 15 3 3 2 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 6 5 2 1 1 3 1 0 3 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 2 0 2 4 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 1 3 2 0 0 2 0 0 102 17 15 26 16 10 4 6 2 6 58 0 9 0 7 0 10 0 10 0 6 0 4 0 6 0 2 0 4 0 1.12 1.27 1.18 1.14 1.04 1.00 1.25 1.08 1.00 1.00 $1,614 $1,151 $1,483 $1, 567 $1, 779 $1, 503 $1, 646 $1,918 $1, 786 $2,525 1, 541 1,132 1,430 1,492 1, 750 1,471 1,592 1,905 1,724 2,023 1, 507 1,056 1,401 1,464 1,745 1,471 1,446 1,863 1, 724 2,023 29 34 76 28 5 0 146 42 0 0 1, 464 1,075 1.426 1, 344 1,618 1,471 1,372 1,893 1, 724 2,023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 77 57 148 132 0 220 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 16 1 20 1 12 -2 173 (*) (3) 0 144 46 7 0 0 23 38 2 9 10 5 2 0 20 8 0 0 48 6 0 0 9 15 0 0 0 62 0 0 65 26 0 287 1 0 0 4 0 18 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 124 0 0 -1 1 0 0 187 124 285 62 215 -1 -1 -6 142 159 215 205 67 179 193 125 350 282 187 186 537 +35 0 +71 0 +40 0 +60 0 +84 0 -1 4 0 -7 9 0 +49 0 -5 0 0 -8 6 0 * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 19 0 0 0 187 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 2. — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued NO R FO LK -PO R TSM O U TH , VA —N EG R O FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fami lies Item D istr ib u tio n by O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r F a m ily T y p e 1 and $200 to $300 Under $200 $300 to $400 $500 and over $400 to $500 by Families in survey---------- -------- ------------------------------Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker________________ ____ _____________ Skilled wage earner........ ............................................ . Semiskilled wage earner........... ............................ ........ Unskilled wage earner................................................ Number of families composed of— Man and wife... . . . ----- ---------------- ---------------------Man, wife, and 1 child------------------------------------------Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children..................... ................ Man, wife, and 5 or more children--------- -------------Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)._ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)___________________________________ ____ Man, wife, and 1 adult.__ ........... .......... ..................... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults______________________ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults----------------------------Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife). Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)-------------------- ------------------- -----------------------Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)----__ _ ---------- ------- — Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)------- -------- --------------- 109 29 30 22 17 11 2 9 42 56 1 1 12 15 0 4 10 16 0 2 10 10 1 0 6 10 0 2 4 5 30 17 17 4 12 0 2 5 2 6 6 3 9 1 3 5 7 3 1 1 9 5 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 1 13 7 3 0 4 12 0 0 0 1 1 4 1 0 1 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker___________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States........................... ............ .......................... C o m p o sitio n 0 0 0 0 0 0 109 29 30 22 17 11 109 4.19 29 6.70 30 3.82 22 3.42 17 2.58 11 2.58 10 1 5 2 5 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 4.05 1.49 2. 56 3.64 6.54 3. 33 3. 21 5.76 3.77 1.30 2. 47 3. 39 3.22 0.89 2.33 2.90 2. 53 0.35 2.18 2.39 2.20 0.09 2.11 2.09 0.45 0.19 0.06 1.63 0.06 0.38 o f H o u se h o ld Number of households______________________________ Average number of persons in household..................... Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers-------------------------------- ------------Boarders only---------------------------------------------- ---------Lodgers only.............. .......... ........................................... Other persons_________ . . . -------- ------------- ------- Average size of economic family in— Persons, total____________________ ______________ — Under 16 years of age--------- --------------------------------16 years of age and over_________________________ Expenditure units---------- --------------------------------------Average number of persons in household not members of economic family. _ _____________________________ i “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 188 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2.— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued NO R FO LK -PO R TSM O U TH , VA.—NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Under $200 $200 to $300 $400 to $500 $300 to $400 $500 and over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey---------------------------- -----------------------Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners-------------------------------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers___________ Other net rents------------------------------------ -----------------Interest and dividends................................................... Pensions and insurance annuities......................... ....... Gifts from persons outside economic family.............. Other sources of income----------------------------------------Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses)— -------- ------------- -------------------------------------Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_____________________ ______ __________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)---------------------------------------------------------Inheritance-----------------------------------------------------------Average number of gainful workers per family_____ Average amount of— Net family income............................................ .......... E arnings of individuals_____ ____________ ____ Chief earner_____ ___________ _________________ Subsidiary earners.___________ _______________ Males: 16 years and over__________ ___________ Under 16 years. ............... ........... ........... . Females: 16 years and over....... ........................... Under 16 years________________ _____ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers_________ Other net rents_________________________________ Interest and dividends........... ................................... Pensions and insurance annuities-----------------------Gifts from persons outside economic family______ Other sources of income_____ _________________ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses)----------------------------------------------------------- Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)___________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)__________ . . . Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey_______________________________________ Inheritance_____ _________________________________ 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 109 29 30 22 17 11 46 12 0 0 3 4 4 13 4 0 0 1 4 0 11 1 0 0 2 0 0 10 4 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 1 0 0 1 72 22 19 14 12 5 34 0 1.50 7 0 1. 52 8 0 1. 50 8 0 1.54 5 0 1.41 6 0 1.45 $939 921 823 98 842 (3) 79 0 10 0 0 2 1 6 $854 832 752 80 797 00 35 0 14 0 0 3 5 0 $824 821 704 117 723 0 98 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 $988 977 885 92 885 0 92 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 $1,082 1,062 977 85 992 0 70 0 12 0 0 0 0 8 $1,156 1,097 975 122 970 0 127 0 20 0 0 0 0 41 -1 -1 -2 0 0 86 92 76 70 115 70 102 54 104 90 144 137 +25 0 +57 0 +20 0 +12 0 +39 0 -4 3 0 00 189 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e 2 . — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued R IC H M ON D , VA.— W HITE FAMILIES Economic level--Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fami lies Item $200 to $300 $100 to $200 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 and over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a rn er and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey___________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker............................. ....... Skilled wage earner......................... . Semiskilled wage earner.................... Unskilled wage earner______________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife. __ ----------- ---------------Man, wife, and 1 child 2____________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children ------Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2.. . Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2__________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons) ______________ Man, wife, and 1 adult........ ................ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults........... . Man, wife, and 5 or more adults. __ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)----------- ---------------Adults (4 or more persons, not in cluding man and wife)____________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)____________ _______ ________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)......................... ................... 2 2 192 10 24 35 38 28 18 23 7 9 67 56 63 6 0 2 7 1 1 8 14 1 10 6 18 1 14 9 12 3 11 11 6 0 8 8 2 0 12 8 3 0 4 2 1 0 7 2 0 0 42 30 41 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 11 0 0 4 11 1 4 15 9 0 5 6 7 0 8 2 1 0 14 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 23 1 6 8 6 1 0 1 0 0 11 17 10 0 4 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 3 1 0 0 3 2 0 0 5 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 10 0 0 2 2 1 2 1 2 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 190 1 1 9 0 1 24 0 0 34 1 0 38 0 0 28 0 0 18 0 0 23 0 0 7 0 0 9 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no home maker---------------------- -------------------Number of families having home maker born in— United States______________________ Italy.______ ______________ ____ ____ Other____________________________ . C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households--------- --------------Average number of persons in house hold___________________________ — . Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers______ ____ ___ Boarders only_____________ ____ ___ Lodgers o n ly ....................................... Other persons------------- --------------------Average size of economic family in— Persons, total___ _________________ Under 16 years of age.................... 16 years of age and over................ . Expenditure units---------------------------Average number of persons in house hold not members of economic family------------------------------- ------------- 10 24 35 38 28 18 23 7 9 4.06 6. 77 5.05 4. 77 3.84 4.01 3.47 2.84 2.54 2.27 29 15 8 20 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 2 0 4 4 2 1 2 6 7 3 4 4 3 0 2 3 1 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3.79 1.14 2. 65 3. 55 6.73 3.14 3.59 6.05 4.99 2. 40 2.59 4.59 4.59 1.63 2.96 4.21 3.61 1.10 2. 51 3.39 3.53 0. 87 2.66 3.31 2.89 0.29 2.60 2.80 2.38 0.06 2.32 2.34 2.54 (4) 2.54 2.52 2.23 0.08 2.15 2.22 0. 33 0.24 0.11 0. 21 0.24 0. 61 0.59 0.47 0.06 0. 21 192 1“ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. Families of these types are included in the 1917-19 study, ‘ ‘ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. 4 Less than 0.005 person. 2 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 190 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2 . — D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econom ic level— Continued R IC H M O N D , VA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Economic level--Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 and over E a r n in g s and In co m e Families in survey---------- . . . ----------- Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners... __ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers_____ ____________________ Other net rents------------------ ---------Interest and dividends_____________ Pensions and insurance annuities----Gifts from persons outside economic family____________________________ Other sources of income____________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_____________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_____________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities). . . ------------Inheritance--------------- -------------------Average number of gainful workers per family.................. ........................... 192 10 24 35 38 28 18 23 7 84 3 11 12 14 13 12 9 5 5 49 14 10 4 4 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 8 0 4 0 6 1 0 0 14 5 1 1 6 4 0 2 7 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 21 15 1 0 0 2 6 2 2 5 3 1 5 1 3 1 0 1 1 2 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 114 6 13 20 25 17 12 13 3 4 75 0 4 0 11 0 15 0 12 0 11 0 6 0 8 0 4 0 5 0 1.59 1.79 1. 51 1.64 1.58 1.56 1.79 1.41 1.76 1.52 Average amount of— Net family income........... ................. . $1, 585 Earnings of individuals___________ 1, 521 1,265 Chief earner.................. ............ . Subsidiary earners......... ................ 256 Males: 16 years and over.............. 1,262 1 Under 16 years.................. Females: 16 years and over.......... 258 0 Under 16 years_______ Net earnings from boarders and 35 lodgers---------- ---------------------------10 Other net rents. ..............._........ 2 Interest and dividends___________ Pensions and insurance annuities.. 3 Gifts from persons outside eco nomic family___________________ 7 7 Other sources of income__________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)____________ (3) Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de 183 crease in liabilities)_______________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in 183 liabilities)________________________ Net change in assets and liabilities +37 for all families in survey................... 0 Inheritance............................................. 8 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 9 $921 $1,150 $1,409 $1,489 $1,853 $1,893 $1, 749 $2,079 $2,310 898 1,123 1,358 1,449 1,749 1,761 1,675 2,060 2,200 816 1,013 1,179 1,171 1,478 1,365 1,440 1,482 1,683 82 110 179 235 271 396 278 578 517 746 1,034 1,162 1,176 1,502 1,438 1,394 1,334 1,683 5 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 189 273 323 281 147 89 247 726 517 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 1 0 9 11 0 0 32 0 2 0 25 3 0 0 64 29 (3) 3 72 35 0 9 47 4 2 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 39 46 3 0 0 7 12 5 6 6 2 7 14 5 13 8 0 1 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 111 133 192 318 49 108 128 +15 0 +11 0 +22 0 -1 -3 163 214 261 262 198 60 261 412 242 315 +45 +112 0 0 +87 0 +5 0 -5 6 0 -3 4 0 (3) 191 TABULAR SUMMARY T able . 2 — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y econ om ic level— Continued R IC H M ON D , VA.—NEGRO FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fami lies Item D istr ib u tio n by O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r F a m ily T y p e 1 and $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over by Families in survey______ ___________________ _____ _ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical w o r k e r _____ ________________ ________ Skilled wage earner...................................................... Semiskilled wage earner..... ........................................ Unskilled wage earner................................................. Number of families composed of— Man and wife___________________ . ______________ Man, wife, and 1 child.................. .............................. Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children...... ............................ Man, wife, and 5 or more children__________ ____ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons). Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)..................................................................... Man, wife, and 1 adult................................................ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults............ .......................... Man, wife, and 5 or more adults................................ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife) _ Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)____ ____________________ _______ _________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)----------------------------------Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)______________ ____ 96 25 23 24 24 2 1 58 35 0 0 19 6 0 0 13 10 1 0 12 11 1 1 14 8 27 9 12 3 11 0 0 8 3 4 4 1 4 0 5 6 6 0 0 2 17 2 0 0 0 7 10 4 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 1 0 6 0 0 3 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 6 4 2 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r 0 0 0 0 0 96 25 23 24 24 96 4.03 25 6.53 23 4.13 24 2.88 24 2.44 2 3 10 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 3.85 1.28 2. 57 3.48 6.29 3.35 2.94 5.55 3.97 1.23 2.74 3.56 2.75 0.29 2.46 2.58 2.29 0.11 2.18 2.16 0.20 0.24 0.19 0.19 0.16 Number of families having no homemaker_________ Number of families having homemaker born in United States........... ............................ ........................ C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households-------------------------------------------Average number of persons in household.................... Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers................................................... Boarders only................................................................ Lodgers only................................................................. Other persons..... ............................. ............................ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total........... ..................................................... Under 16 years of age................................................ 16 years of age and over........................................... Expenditure units_______________________________ Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family...... ............................ ............ i “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. over. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and 192 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 2 . — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , by econom ic level— Continued R ICH M ON D , VA .—NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey________________ _______ ________ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners___________________ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. _____ . . . Other net rents__________________________________ Interest and dividends___________________________ Pensions and insurance annuities________________ Gifts from persons outside economic family____ _ Other sources of income______________________ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses). . . -------- ------- --------------------------------------Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)---------- ------------------------ -------------------Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_____________________________ _______ Inheritance------------------- ---------------------- ------------Average number of gainful workers per family.......... Average amount of— Net family income----------------------------------------------Earnings of individuals________________________ Chief earner___ _____ _______ _______________ Subsidiary earners. _ ________________ ______ Males: 16 years and over_____________________ Under 16 years____ ____ _____________ Females: 16 years and over____ _____________ Under 16 years_____________________ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers________ Other net rents____ ___________________________ Interest and dividends .................................... ....... Pensions and insurance annuities______________ Gifts from persons outside economic family____ Other sources of income.. _________ _____ ____ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses)____ _____________________ ____ ______ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities) . . . ___ ____ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_____________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey______________________________________ Inheritance............................................................. ....... 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 635. 96 25 23 24 24 61 15 2 0 19 10 7 16 4 0 0 4 7 1 17 4 0 0 4 2 3 13 5 0 0 5 0 1 15 2 2 0 6 1 2 2 0 0 0 2 57 12 17 13 15 38 1 1.77 13 1 1. 77 6 0 1.96 11 0 1.66 8 0 1. 69 $929 877 700 177 701 1 175 0 15 1 0 6 6 24 $856 781 657 124 610 3 168 0 14 0 0 3 17 41 $902 820 612 208 702 0 118 0 24 0 0 4 5 49 $860 827 688 139 630 0 197 0 18 0 0 14 0 1 $1,097 1,076 840 236 864 0 212 0 5 5 0 4 3 4 0 0 0 88 122 89 52 90 105 62 112 89 191 +11 (3) +26 1 +37 0 -1 3 0 -7 0 (3) (3) 193 TABULAR SU M M ARY T able 3. — E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item s , b y econom ic level BALTIM O RE . M D .—W H IT E FAMILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,000 to to and $900 $1,000 over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey_____________ Average family size: Persons______________________ Expenditure units__ _ _______ Food expenditure units______ Clothing expenditure units, __ 419 14 60 92 100 66 40 23 11 7 6 3.57 3.28 3.07 2.86 6. 21 5. 62 5.25 4. 85 5.07 4.56 4.25 3.77 3. 91 3. 58 3.34 3.16 3.35 3.05 2.86 2.66 2.80 2. 64 2.46 2. 27 2.74 2.59 2.43 2. 30 2.48 2.39 2.28 2.28 2.72 2.46 2.36 2. 25 1.71 1.98 1.85 2.16 2.33 2.24 2.20 1.95 Average annual current expendi ture for— All items..................................... $1,402 Food_____________ ________ 500 Clothing___________________ 147 Housing, _ ________________ 231 Fuel, light, and refrigeration. 103 Other household operation,_ 55 Furnishings and equipment. 60 Automobile and motorcy cle-purchase, operation, and maintenance_________ 60 54 Other transportation_______ Personal care______________ 26 47 Medical care______ ________ Recreation,_____ __________ 75 Education................. ........... 5 Vocation_________________ _ 3 Community welfare_______ 17 Gifts and contributions to persons outside the eco 18 nomic family....................... 1 Other items________________ Percentage of total annual cur rent expenditure for— All items____________________ 100.0 35.6 Food___________________ Clothing___________ ____ 10.5 Housing,____________ _ ___ 16.4 Fuel, light, and refrigeration. 7.3 3.9 Other household operation, _ 4.3 Furnishings and equipment. Automobile and motorcy cle—purchase, operation, 4.3 and maintenance_________ Other transportation_______ 3.9 1.9 Personal care______________ Medical care_______________ 3.4 Recreation_________________ 5.3 .4 Education____ ____________ Vocation__________________ .2 Community welfare......... 1.2 Gifts and contributions to persons outside the eco nomic family_____ ______ 1.3 .1 Other items_____ _____ ____ $970 $1,160 $1, 246 $1, 360 $1,434 $1, 668 $1, 759 $2,102 $1,870 $2, 563 422 494 483 496 541 491 509 550 436 762 93 141 137 141 181 110 212 207 181 303 177 206 228 252 269 201 266 265 303 301 83 112 105 97 108 96 109 143 78 110 32 23 39 55 75 57 81 139 75 181 8 28 45 46 83 68 284 98 154 110 4 50 20 18 49 4 4 13 17 38 22 37 54 5 2 17 24 49 25 35 66 4 2 13 35 63 26 48 73 4 2 16 68 49 27 40 80 4 2 16 105 61 29 69 97 15 5 17 1 1 8 1 10 0 18 1 25 3 20 4 267 73 35 84 109 0 11 25 245 63 37 43 113 0 3 16 221 54 34 247 107 0 8 39 44 42 1 31 0 37 3 0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 43.5 41.6 39.7 36.5 34.3 32.5 28.9 26.2 23.3 29.8 9.4 11.0 10.4 9.6 9.8 10.9 11.8 10.1 9.7 11.8 18.2 17.3 16.6 16.8 17.6 16.1 15.1 14.3 14.1 11.8 6.2 4.2 7.9 4.3 8.5 7.8 6.7 6.7 6.8 9.0 3.1 2.4 2.8 4.5 4.6 4.0 6.6 4.0 7.1 4.0 2.4 4.1 5.2 15.1 3.6 3.4 5.8 5.6 .8 6.0 .4 5.2 2.1 1.9 5.1 .4 .4 1.3 1.5 3.3 1.9 3.2 4.7 .4 .2 1.5 1.9 3.9 2.0 2.8 5.3 .3 .2 1.0 2.6 4.6 1.9 3.5 5.4 .3 .1 1.2 4.7 3.4 1.9 2.8 5.6 .3 .1 1.1 6.3 3.7 1.7 4.1 5.8 .9 .3 1.0 8.6 3.7 1.6 3.0 5.5 .8 .3 1.8 12.7 3.5 1.7 4.0 5.2 0 .5 1.2 13.1 3.4 2.0 2.3 6.0 0 .2 .9 8.6 2.1 1.3 9.7 4.2 0 .3 1.5 .1 .1 .7 .1 .8 0 1.3 .1 1.7 .2 1.2 .2 2.5 (J) 2.0 (2) 1.7 0 1.4 .1 1 Less than $0.50. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 152 65 28 53 96 14 5 32 194 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 3.— E x p en d itu res f o r grou p s o f item s , b y econom ic level— Continued B AL T IM O R E , M D .—NEGRO FAM ILIES Economic level-—Families spending per expendi iture unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey....... ....................................... Average family size: Persons___________________ ______________ Expenditure units-------- ------- -------- -----------Food expenditure units..................... ........... Clothing expenditure units...... ............ ......... Average annual current expenditure for— All item s...-------------- ------------------------------Food........ ........ .................... ............ ........ . Clothing................................... ................ Housing----------------------------- ------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration................... . Other household operation._____ _______ Furnishings and equipment.. -------------Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, operation, and maintenance........ .......... Other transportation................................... Personal care________________ _______ Medical care..................... —.......... ........... . Recreation................... ................................. Education________ _______ _____________ Vocation__________ ______ ___ _________ Community welfare____________________ Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family_____________ Other items_______ ____________________ Percentage of total annual current expendi ture for— All item s............... .......... .......... ................ Food........ ................... ............................... . Clothing. ...................... .................... .......... Housing------------------------------------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration...................... Other household operation_____________ Furnishings and equipment____________ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, operation, and maintenance__________ Other transportation________ ____ _____ Personal care......... .............. .................... . Medical care__________________ _______ _ Recreation_________ _____ _____________ Education______ ______ _______________ Vocation_________ _____ _________ ______ Community welfare____________________ Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family______________ Other items______________ _____________ 1 Less than $0.50. * Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 107 24 28 21 18 9 7 3.77 3.45 3.17 3.00 6.19 5.50 5.05 4.34 3.99 3.68 3.37 3.32 2.86 2.68 2.50 2.43 2.56 2.37 2.14 2.28 2.33 2.22 2.09 2.05 2.28 2.14 1. 92 1.91 $973 339 84 242 91 31 31 $850 324 67 247 79 15 20 $901 340 78 237 82 33 8 $894 323 80 210 95 32 33 $1,014 333 79 240 93 28 26 $1,225 358 129 238 109 48 77 $1,470 419 138 349 127 59 111 8 48 18 19 43 1 1 10 3 29 14 15 26 2 1 8 0 34 18 17 40 1 0 9 10 36 15 16 34 16 68 23 24 59 3 11 23 79 24 23 67 1 2 12 13 107 24 30 62 0 (*) 21 4 0 11 0 35 0 0) 7 4 0) 0 6 0) 10 0) 0) 0) 0) 100.0 34.9 8.6 24.9 9.4 3.2 3.2 100.0 38.1 7.9 29.0 9.3 1.8 2.4 100.0 37.7 8.7 26.3 9.1 3.7 .9 100.0 36.2 8.9 23.5 10.6 3.6 3.7 100.0 32.8 7.8 23.6 9.1 2.8 2.6 100.0 29.2 10.5 19.4 8.8 3.9 6.3 100.0 28.5 9.4 23.8 8.6 4.0 7.6 .8 4.9 1.8 2.0 4.4 .1 .1 1.0 .4 3.4 1.6 1.8 3.1 .2 .1 .9 0 3.8 2.0 1.9 4.4 .1 0 1.0 1.1 4.0 1.7 1.8 3.8 (2) 0 .7 1.6 6.7 2.3 2.4 5.8 (2) .3 1.1 1.9 6.4 2.0 1.9 5.5 .1 .2 1.0 .9 7.3 1.6 2.0 4.2 0 (2) 1.4 .4 .4 0 1.1 0 2.9 0 (2) .7 (2) (2) (2) (2) .7 195 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 3. — E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s , b y econom ic level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , ALA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f I tem s Families in survey.................................... Average family size: Persons.................. ................................... Expenditure units...... ........................... Food expenditure units...... ................... Clothing expenditure units................... 202 10 29 49 32 28 21 10 5 6 12 3.67 3.40 3.25 2.90 5. 57 5.12 4.87 4.34 4.82 4.39 4.20 3.54 4.21 3.87 3.68 3.26 3. 59 3.35 3.17 2.76 3.24 3.04 2.89 2.66 2.81 2.61 2.61 2. 46 2. 33 2.22 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.97 1.92 2.52 2.41 2. 34 1.92 2.22 2.13 2.01 2.03 Average annual current expenditure for— All items........................ ....................... . $1,462 $865 $1,047 $1,281 $1,441 $1,621 $1,715 $1,622 $1,728 $2,277 $2, 277 Food......................... ........................... 682 447 357 384 452 450 469 461 444 395 488 Clothing....... ........................................ 176 166 102 114 157 145 198 205 189 184 254 Housing-------------- --------------------------183 389 100 125 141 201 208 206 177 322 262 Fuel, light, and refrigeration.......... . 97 94 89 74 122 68 89 99 100 109 106 Other household operation_________ 203 97 29 52 66 102 124 139 115 154 142 Furnishings and equipment_______ 79 92 139 65 52 33 119 5 60 83 134 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte 79 101 143 170 125 nance...................... ............................ 105 26 74 96 20 441 Other transportation....................... 32 31 25 66 29 27 26 29 30 20 21 34 42 32 44 41 43 Personal care....................................... 35 37 28 28 44 92 Medical care— ............................ . 72 108 73 68 166 156 77 34 41 46 Recreation.............................. ........ .... 75 88 106 105 84 83 54 62 68 108 155 Education________ _________ ______ 5 9 4 4 8 13 1 7 7 8 11 Vocation__________________________ 12 7 3 7 3 23 1 6 6 0 10 Community welfare_______________ 21 23 25 37 45 19 6 16 20 54 10 Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family______ 54 21 12 25 20 67 31 91 28 7 8 12 3 11 9 26 1 6 10 21 Other items-----------------------------------16 17 Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items...... ............................. .............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30.5 41.3 36.6 35.2 31.2 F o o d ...................... ............................. Clothing._________ ________________ 11.4 11.8 10.8 12.3 10.1 Housing__________________ _____ _ 12.5 11.6 11.9 11.0 13.9 Fuel, light, and refrigeration............. 6.6 7.9 8.5 7.7 6.9 Other household operation-------------6.6 3.4 5.0 5.2 7.1 Furnishings and equipment-----------4.4 .6 5.0 2.6 4.2 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte 7.2 2.3 2.5 5.8 5.5 nance............... ................................... Other transportation....................... . 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.4 3.2 2.7 2.5 2.4 Personal care........ ..................... .......... 5.3 3.9 3.9 5.6 7.5 Medical care________ _____ ________ Recreation____ _____ ______________ 5.7 6.2 5.9 5.3 5.2 Education_________ _______________ 1.3 .3 .6 .7 1.0 Vocation__________________ ______ _ .2 .5 .1 .6 '.5 Community welfare_______________ .7 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.6 Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family......... 1.9 .8 .8 .9 1.7 .2 .8 1.8 1.6 .9 Other items_______________________ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 100.0 29.0 12.2 12.9 6.7 7.6 5.1 100.0 26.8 12.0 12.0 5.5 8.1 4.6 100.0 27.3 11.6 10.9 5.5 7.1 5.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 22.9 29.9 21.4 10.6 7.7 11.2 18.6 17.1 11.5 4.3 5.4 4.7 6.2 8.9 8.9 5.2 5.9 8.0 6.2 2.0 2.6 5.7 5.4 .6 .7 1.5 8.3 10.5 1.8 1.5 2.2 2.7 4.3 4.2 6.2 6.5 .2 .1 .4 .2 2.2 2.8 5.6 1.2 2.4 9.6 4.9 .4 .0 1.1 5.5 2.9 1.9 6.9 4.7 .2 1.0 .9 19.4 .9 1.9 2.0 6.8 .4 .4 2.4 1.2 .6 3.9 1.5 1.2 .3 1.4 .4 4.0 .9 3.3 .1 196 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 3. — E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s, b y econom ic level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , ALA.—N EGRO FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All families Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey................................... ...................... Average family size: Persons_________ _________ __________ ___________ Expenditure units_______________________________ Food expenditure units___ ____ _____ ___________ Clothing expenditure units---------------------------------Average annual current expenditure for— All items_________________________________ _____ Food______________________________________ Clothing—_____ _______________________________ Housing______________ ______________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration..................... ............ Other household operation_____________________ Furnishings and equipment___________________ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion, and maintenance_______________________ Other transportation__________________________ Personal care.............................................. ........ ....... Medical care_________________ _______________ Recreation____________________ ______________ Education___________________________ _____ ___ Vocation______ ___________________ __________ Community welfare________ __ _ __________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family............... ..................... ................ Other items................................................................ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items______________________ _____________ Food.......... ................................. .......................... . . Clothing_____________________ _____ __________ Housing_______________________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration___________________ Other household operation_____________________ Furnishings and equipment________ _________ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion, and maintenance. _ _______________ . . . Other transportation__________________________ Personal care____________ _______ ____ ______ Medical care—_____ ___________________________ Recreation...__________ _______________________ Education___ ______________ __________________ Vocation__________________ ______________ _ Community welfare___________ _____ _________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family____ _______ _____ __________ Other items____________________________ _ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 101 38 27 17 19 3.82 3.44 3.21 3.03 5.41 4.77 4. 44 3.86 3.33 3.03 2.82 2.91 2.49 2.34 2.26 2.16 2.54 2. 35 2.14 2.37 $806 270 109 96 58 31 38 $671 259 99 80 45 22 32 $738 265 105 81 60 24 22 $769 242 96 93 62 37 37 $1, 212 324 146 153 79 54 74 29 23 19 36 51 6 4 13 10 18 15 31 36 4 4 9 14 26 19 33 45 2 8 11 33 16 18 41 57 2 2 15 86 38 26 47 83 20 1 21 18 5 3 4 15 8 10 8 58 2 100.0 33.6 13.5 11.9 7.2 3.8 4. 7 100.0 38.6 14.8 11.9 6.7 3.3 4.8 100.0 35.9 14.2 10.9 8.1 3.3 3.0 100.0 31.4 12. f 12.1 8.1 4.8 4.8 100.0 26.8 12.0 12.6 6.5 4.5 6.1 3.6 2.9 2.4 4.5 6.3 .7 .5 1.6 1.5 2.7 2.2 4.6 5.4 .6 .6 1.3 1.9 3.5 2.6 4.5 6.1 .3 1.1 1.5 4.3 2.1 2.3 5.3 7.4 .3 .3 2.0 7.1 3.1 2.1 3.9 6.8 1.7 .1 1.7 2.2 .6 .4 .6 2.0 1.1 1.3 1.0 4.8 .2 197 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 3. — E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s, b y econom ic level— Continued DALLAS, T E X .—W H IT E FAM ILIES Item Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fam ilies $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 to to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 $1,100 over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey........................~ Average family size: Persons___________________ ____ Expenditure units______________ Food expenditure units------------Clothing expenditure units-------- 294 11 29 54 51 54 39 19 14 9 6 8 3.31 3.07 2. 83 2.72 5. 91 5. 25 4. 99 4. 28 4. 50 4.14 3. 68 3.30 3.84 3. 51 3. 27 2.96 3. 41 3.16 2. 92 2.77 2.92 2. 72 2.46 2.53 2. 76 2.60 2.43 2.38 2. 62 2.44 2.25 2.18 2.31 2.23 2.07 2.23 2. 23 2.18 2.10 2.18 2.17 2.11 1.99 2.07 2.00 2.05 1.90 2.58 D o t. D o t. D o t. D o t. D o l. D o t. D o t. D o l. Average annual current expenditure for— D o l. All items.---------------------------------- 1,458 443 Food-------------------------------------172 Clothing. ____ _ . . . . . . . . . 212 Housing__________ __________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration__ 85 Other household operation___ 73 Furnishings and equipment.. . 76 Automobile and motorcyclepurchase, operation, and maintenance........ ................... 148 Other transportation........... . 25 32 Personal care........................ . Medical care_________________ 58 Recreation___________________ 71 Education------------- ------------- 10 Vocation_____________________ 3 Community welfare__________ 22 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic family--------------------------------23 0 ther items.............. .............. 5 Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items......... ............... ........... . Food........... ................................. Clothing_____________________ Housing_____________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration Other household operation-----Furnishings and equipment. _. Automobile and motorcycle— purchase, operation, and maintenance_______________ Other transportation-------------Personal care__________ ____ _ Medical care........ ..................... . Recreation____________ _______ Education-----------------------------Vocation_____________________ Community welfare__________ Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic family........................................ Other item s............................... 32 22 21 39 43 16 3 9 65 25 24 49 48 7 4 18 120 24 28 60 64 12 4 23 122 30 34 51 70 11 4 22 184 27 41 69 80 16 3 21 216 17 40 95 87 4 7 24 192 22 52 64 123 1 1 23 418 29 43 85 no 2 1 10 8 14 10 26 9 21 2 25 1 23 1 44 1 100.0 100.0 30.6 29.0 12.4 11.9 14.8 14.5 6.0 5.2 5. 5 5.5 5.2 5.3 100.0 25.7 11.9 16.8 5.2 5.6 6.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30.4 46.2 35.1 35.1 31.9 9.9 10.5 10.8 11.6 11.8 14.5 15.7 15.8 15.2 14.0 7.7 7.7 7.1 6.4 5.8 3.6 3.9 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.2 4.7 7.2 5.1 4.1 10.2 1.7 2.2 4.0 4.9 .7 .2 1.5 1.1 2.2 1.8 2.3 2.6 .9 .1 .9 1.6 .3 .2! .1. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. D o l. 10 19 16 20 23 8 1 8 2Less than 0.05 percent. 7 4 3 9 0 °— 41-------14 D o l. D o l. 873 1,032 1, 214 1, 371 1,442 1. 633 1,797 1,842 2,021 2,182 2,736 499 403 363 427 438 442 474 460 511 490 540 261 86 108 132 159 179 195 214 240 206 404 295 205 137 164 185 192 214 237 302 267 281 86 86 85 93 95 80 88 91 63 67 88 79 31 58 89 100 113 99 40 90 67 105 62 74 75 86 114 100 80 159 94 41 57 3.1 2.1 2.0 3.8 4.2 1.6 .3 .9' 5.4 8.7 2.1 1.8 2.0 2.0I 4.0 4. 4: 4.0i 4.7’ .6. .9i .3i .3i 1.5i 1.7’ 8.4 2.1 2.4 3.5 4.9' .8; .3 1.5i 11.2 1.7 2.5 4.2 4.9 i.oi .2: 1.3; l.C1 1.2! 1.91 1.5i .81 .81 .7r .1 1.5i .1 2 35 471 26 44 64 156 1 7 58 707 28 54 102 178 17 4 66 37 0 38 8 92 1 i 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 27.7 24.3 22.9 19.8 13.0 10.2 12.0 14.8 14.5 14.6 9.4 10.3 4.4 2.3 4.8 4.5 4.1 4.9 3.8 6.1 3.4 5.4 7.3 4.0 12.0 10.4 20.7 1.4 .9 1.2 2.2 2.8 2.1 4.2 5.3 3.5 5.4 4.8. 6.7 .1 .2! .1 .4 .1 .1 1.3; 1.2l 1.7 1.3i .1 2.4 .1 1.81 0 21.6 1.2 2.0 2.9 7.1 (2) .3 2.7 25.9 1.0 2.0 3.7 6.5 .6 .1 2.4 1.7 .4 3.4 (2) 198 TWELVE CITIES 0'F THE SOUTH T able 3.— E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s , b y econom ic level— Continued HOUSTON, T E X .—W H IT E FAMILIES, OTHER T H A N M E X IC A N Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fam ilies $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 to to to to to to to to to and $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey................................. . Average family size: Persons-------------------------- ---------- .......... Expenditure units...... .......... ................. Food expenditure units...... ................... Clothing expenditure units--............. 258 6 18 44 49 47 36 25 11 12 10 3.40 3.15 2.88 2.81 6.16 5.41 4.92 4.50 4.53 4.03 3. 73 3.32 4.23 3.84 3.50 3.18 3.62 3.24 3.05 2.88 3.14 2.95 2.68 2.72 2.97 2.81 2.56 2.72 2.60 2.53 2.39 2. 47 2.36 2.26 2.07 2.26 2.36 2.24 2.03 2.09 2.11 2.06 1.99 2.04 D o t. D o t. D o t. D o t. D o t. D o t. D o t. D o t. Average annual current expenditure D o t. for— All items.......... ............................ - .......... 1, 572 443 Food ............................. ..................... 167 Clothing------------------------- --------------227 Housing-------------- --------------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration----------78 80 Other household operation_________ Furnishings and equipment-----------95 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and maintenance174 28 other transportation----------------------38 Personal care---------------- --------------79 Medical care.................. - ..................... 90 Recreation............................................. 7 Education-------- ------- - ------- ------6 Vocation__________________________ 19 Community welfare-----------------------Gifts and contributions to persons 30 outside the economic family--------11 Other items--------- --------------------------- D o t. 58 36 19 25 20 6 0 12 47 27 29 28 53 7 3 13 101 32 33 64 58 8 6 18 158 24 35 84 80 6 6 18 166 25 40 77 97 10 5 20 225 24 42 78 127 7 3 24 205 34 52 91 104 4 11 24 246 41 37 90 111 15 9 14 313 33 46 160 147 2 6 15 411 16 50 117 97 7 29 15 2 5 10 14 17 20 19 5 33 11 33 4 49 5 26 11 63 14 81 31 100.0 27.5 11.2 15.7 5.1 5.5 4.4 100.0 26.6 11.7 13.6 4.8 5.6 6.2 100.0 25.9 12.0 14.9 4.1 5.5 6.5 Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All item s--............................. ............. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Food ..................................................... 28.2 40.5 39.5 32.6 30.4 10.6 6.2 11.1 9.8 9.6 Clothing................................................. 14.5 19.9 12.5 14.0 15.1 Housing................. ................................ 5.0 Fuel, light, and refrigeration............. 5.4 6.9 6.2 5.0 Other household operation-------------5.1 2.9 4.2 4.7 3.9 Furnishings and equipment________ 6.0 3.3 3.2 5.8 5.7 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and maintenance- 11.1 6.9 4.6 7.6 11.0 1.8 Other transportation_______________ 4.3 2.6 2.4 1.7 2.4 Personal care ...................................... 2.3 2.8 2.5 2.4 5.0 Medical care_............................... ........ 3.0 2.7 4.8 5.9 Recreation----------------- ----------------5.7 2.4 5.2 4.4 5.6 .4 .4 Education_______ _________________ .7 .7 .6 .4 0 Vocation.............. .................................. .4 .3 .5 1.2 Community welfare. ............. ........... 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family--------1.9 .2 1.0 1.3 1.3 .7 .3 Other items................ ................... ... .6 1.4 1.5 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. D o t. 839 1,023 1,327 1,434 1, 578 1,795 1,856 1,895 2,071 2,301 340 404 433 435 433 477 479 456 471 453 52 113 130 138 176 209 222 218 174 238 167 128 186 216 248 244 276 316 247 273 72 82 81 45 71 86 75 77 82 84 24 56 . 87 101 103 113 43 62 117 145 82 69 111 120 117 28 77 33 181 254 100.0 100.0 100.0 24.0 22.8 19.7 11.5 8.4 10.3 16.6 11.9 11.9 4.0 4.0 3.7 6.0 5.6 6.3 6.2 8.7 11.0 10.5 12.6 11.0 12.9 1.6 1.3 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.8 2.0 4.9 4.3 4.9 4.7 6.1 7.1 5.6 5.9 .6 .4 .2 .8 .3 .2 .6 .5 1.3 1.3 1.3 .7 2.1 .7 1.8 .2 2.6 .3 1.4 .6 15.2 1.6 2.2 7.7 7.1 .1 .3 .7 17.8 .7 -2.2 5.1 4.2 .3 1.3 .7 3.0 .7 3.5 1.3 199 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 3. — E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item sy by econom ic level— Continued HOUSTON, T E X .—M E X IC A N FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All families $100 to $200 to $300 to $400 to $500 and $200 $300 $400 $500 over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey.............................................................. Average family size: Persons............... ........................................................... Expenditure units........ ................................................. Food expenditure units....................... ........... ......... . Clothing expenditure units...... ................... ................. Average annual current expenditure for— All item s.................................. ........ ....................... . F ood.............................„................................... .......... Clothing........... ............................................. .............. Housing_________________ ________ _____________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration............ ........................ Other household operation........................ ................ Furnishings and equipment____ ________________ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, operation, and maintenance___ ____________ _____________ Other transportation________ _________ _________ Personal care....................................... ........................ Medical care........................... .................. ............... Recreation.............................................. ........ ............ Education. ............. ........ ........................................... Vocation_______________ ______ ______ _____ ____ Community welfare_______ ____ _________ ____ __ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family______________________________ Other items.____ ______________ ______ _________ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items....................................................................... Food............................................................................... Clothing........................................................................ Housing................................... ..................................... Fuel, light, and refrigeration.......................... .......... Other household operation....................................... Furnishings and equipment........... .......................... Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, operation, and maintenance...................... .................... ......... Other transportation.................................................. Personal care................ ............................................... Medical care...... ......................................................... Recreation...................................... ........................... Education. ................................................................ Vocation............................... ........................................ Community welfare________ ____ _____ _________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family............................................. .......... Other items................................................................. . Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 8 100 30 34 22 4.91 4. 34 4. 04 3.71 7.06 6.14 5. 74 5.18 4.99 4.38 4. 07 3.63 3. 21 3.94 2. 74 2. 61 2.83 2.65 2.40 2.48 2. 66 2. 53 2. 37 2.45 $954 361 127 123 46 29 54 $833 346 115 115 42 26 44 $943 378 123 114 49 24 53 $928 334 $1,161 381 150 187 41 44 95 $1,374 398 186 144 64 41 73 76 13 24 24 46 39 65 10 23 25 45 7 81 13 25 30 51 2 2 7 1 6 8 1 5 63 36 21 7 59 25 0 21 258 15 33 26 88 1 6 7 13 3 5 13 4 16 2 28 3 27 7 100.0 37.9 13.3 12.9 4.8 3.0 5.7 100.0 41.6 13.8 13.8 5.1 3.1 5.3 100.0 100.0 36.0 13.2 13.1 4.6 3.4 5.4 100.0 32.8 12.9 16.1 3.5 3.8 8.2 100.0 28.9 13.5 10.5 4.7 3.0 5.3 8.0 1.4 2.5 2.5 4.8 .6 .2 .7 4.7 1.4 2.9 . 2.4 3.6 .7 .1 .7 6.9 1.1 2.4 2.7 4.8 .7 .2 .8 8.8 1.4 2. 7 3.2 5. 5 .2 . 1 .5 1.4 1.7 .2 6 1.4 .3 12 24 20 30 6 2 .6 .2 40.1 13.1 12.1 5.2 2.5 5.6 .4 122 121 43 32 50 2 5.4 3.1 1.8 .6 5.1 2.2 1.8 18.8 1.1 2.4 1.9 6.4 .1 .4 .5 2. 4 .3 2.0 .5 0 200 TW ELVE C IT IE S O'F TH E SO U TH T able 3.— Expenditures for groups of items , by economic level— C on tinu ed JACKSON, MISS.—W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Under $300 to $400 to $500 to $600 to $700 to $800 to $900 and $300 $400 $500 $900 $600 $700 $800 over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey__________________ Average family size: Persons........................... ........ ............ Expenditure units------------------------Food expenditure units___________ Clothing expenditure units_______ 150 14 25 44 32 16 8 5 6 3.55 3.37 3.25 3.04 5.31 4.85 4.48 4. 21 4.44 4.13 3.98 3. 64 3.28 3. 09 2.96 2. 74 3.41 3. 29 3.20 3.00 2.98 2.95 2.98 2. 81 2.40 2.30 2.20 2.15 2.82 2. 81 2.86 2.77 2.09 2.11 2.14 2.31 Average annual current expenditure for— All items.................. ................. .......... $1, 537 424 Food____________________________ Clothing____ _____________ _____ 210 Housing________________________ 227 Fuel, light, and refrigeration......... 71 106 Other household operation______ 60 Furnishings and equipment_____ Automobile and motorcycle— purchase, operation, and main 145 tenance_______ _______________ Other transportation_____ ____ 21 37 Personal care................................... Medical care_________ ________ 77 Recreation__________ ____ ______ 87 Education. ...................... ................ 8 Vocation..________ ____ _______ _ 4 Community welfare_____________ 19 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam 28 ily........ .......................................... 13 Other items............... ........... ......... Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items___________________ ______ Food—.......................................... . Clothing____ ____ _____ ________ Housing------------------------------ ------Fuel, light, and refrigeration_____ Other household operation______ Furnishings and equipment __ _. Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte nance___________ ____________ Other transportation____________ Personal care—______ _________ _ Medical care__________ ____ _ Recreation_______________ ____ Education. ............................... ....... Vocation________________________ Community welfare_____ _______ Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily................. ............................ . Other items.................... ................. 73 16 29 64 55 11 0 11 77 27 36 61 74 6 1 13 97 19 32 55 73 8 4 16 149 28 42 99 98 12 5 28 153 25 41 103 98 6 4 26 5 35 13 15 26 9 25 11 47 9 100.0 27.6 13.7 14.8 4.6 6.9 3.9 100.0 31.3 12.2 13.7 5.6 4.6 3.4 100.0 33.0 14.7 14.0 4.9 6.6 3.1 100.0 28.9 13.5 16.3 5.2 6.3 3.5 100.0 27.7 13.8 13.5 4.8 8.1 3.7 100.0 25.1 13.3 15.9 3.9 8.3 5.7 100.0 24.9 14.2 15.5 3.6 5.0 3.3 9.4 1.4 2.4 5.0 5.7 .5 .3 1.2 7.1 1.6 2.8 6.2 5.4 1.1 0 1.1 5.6 2.0 2.6 4.5 5.4 .4 .1 1.0 7.5 1.5 2.5 4.3 5.7 .6 .3 1.2 8.5 1.6 2.4 5.7 5.6 .7 .3 1.6 8.3 1.4 2.2 5.6 5.3 .3 .2 1.4 17.7 .5 2.1 3.5 8.0 .1 .5 .5 19.4 .5 1.8 3.9 4.6 .1 .2 1.6 17.4 .3 1.9 6.8 6.8 0 .2 1.0 1.8 .8 .5 3.4 1.0 1.1 2.0 .7 1.4 .6 2.6 .5 .6 6.2 1.2 2.4 .1 1 Less than $0.50. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. $1,027 $1,366 $1,290 $1, 750 $1,835 $1, 722 $2,328 $2, 370 322 374 451 453 460 486 465 430 202 126 242 174 262 243 246 347 141 210 236 292 345 191 267 319 57 67 67 84 62 81 72 75 47 90 81 141 152 87 157 164 42 45 35 106 64 104 56 130 305 8 36 60 138 1 8 8 450 11 43 91 107 3 5 38 414 8 44 161 161 0 4 24 10 145 27 56 2 (0 (?) 100.0 100.0 20.0 19.1 11.3 14.6 13.7 14.6 3.4 3.2 6.9 6.7 5.6 4.5 TABULAR T able 201 SUM M ARY 3 . — E x p en d itu res f o r grou p s o f item s, b y econom ic level— Continued JACKSON, MISS.—NEGRO FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All families $200 to $300 Under $200 $300 to $400 $400 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey...................................... ... ............ . Average family size: Persons________ ____________ ______ _____________ Expenditure units_______________________________ Food expenditure units ______ _______ ____ ____ Clothing expenditure units______________________ Average annual current expenditure for— All items............ ....................................... ..................... Food_______ _____________ _______ ____________ Clothing_____ _____ ________ ____ ______ ______ Housing.----------------------------------- ---------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration______ ______ _____ Other household operation.............................. ....... Furnishings and equipment___________________ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, operation, and maintenance.-----------------------------------------Other transportation_______________ __________ Personal care................................................... .......... Medical care....................... ................... ............... Recreation............................................. ..................... Education................................................................... Vocation.............. .................... ............. ................. Community welfare___________________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family................. ................................... Other items........................................ ....................... Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items____ ______________ ____________________ Food_____ ________ _____ _____________________ Clothing----------- -----------------------------------------------Housing_______________________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration.................................. Other household operation.----------- ------------------Furnishings and equipment____________________ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion, and maintenance.______ _______________ Other transportation----------------------------------------Personal care---------------------- -----------------------------Medical care----------------- -----------------------------------Recreation_________ ___________ . . ----------------Education.__________________ ________________ Vocation_________________________________ ____ Community welfare__________________ ______ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family--------------------------------------------Other items.................. .................................. .......... i Less than $0.60. 8 Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 100 28 39 22 11 3.63 3.3 3.08 2.98 5.51 4.91 4. 55 4.18 3. 35 3.12 2.87 2.88 2. 36 2.21 2.06 2.10 2.40 2.26 2.09 2.00 $761 244 94 111 63 24 32 $678 255 87 98 56 23 24 $748 238 92 112 63 22 38 $737 229 96 117 67 23 25 $1,076 270 .120 132 72 36 47 47 7 20 20 6 20 28 37 8 42 6 19 52 7 21 30 34 1 1 15 124 17 23 110 55 8 5 22 44 41 5 1 13 0) 9 44 43 3 1 12 9 6 1 6 4 9 17 2 34 1 100.0 32.0 12.3 14.6 8.3 3.2 4.2 100.0 37.7 12.8 14.5 8.3 3.4 3.5 100.0 31.9 12.4 15.0 8.4 2.9 5.1 100.0 31.1 13.1 15.9 9.1 3.1 3.4 100.0 25.1 11.2 12.3 6.7 3.3 4.4 6.2 .9 2.6 5.8 5.4 .7 .1 1.7 2.9 .9 2.9 4.1 5.5 1.2 1.3 5.6 .8 2.5 5.9 5.7 .4 .1 1.6 7.1 .9 2.8 4.1 4.6 .1 .1 2.0 11.5 1.6 2.1 10.2 5.1 .7 .5 2.0 .1 .9 .5 1.2 2.3 .3 3.2 .1 1.2 .8 (2) 202 TWELVE OIEBS OF THE SOUTH T able 3 .— E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s, by econ om ic level— Continued JACKSONVILLE, FLA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Un der $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,200 to to and $900 $1,200 over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey..................... ............. Average family size: Persons.................. ........ ........................ Expenditure units. ........... .................. Food expenditure units..----------------Clothing expenditure units...... .......... 178 22 37 39 30 17 13 9 6 5 3.54 3.29 3.08 2.89 4. 76 4.34 4.06 3.70 4.47 4.06 3. 74 3.34 3. 41 3.14 2.90 2.77 3.14 2.96 2.84 2.59 3.02 2.81 2.59 2.60 2.86 2.79 2.67 2.62 2.29 2.26 2.21 2.20 2.17 2.17 2.19 2.18 2.03 2.07 2.17 2.38 Average annual current expenditure for— All items................................... .............. $1, 554 469 Food................. .................................. Clothing.............................................. 166 202 Housing..----------------------------- ------Fuel, light, and refrigeration--------92 Otheir household operation— ----107 Furnishings and equipment---------68 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte 147 nance--------------------------- ------------Other transportation............ ............ 30 Personal care......... ........................... 36 64 Medical care....................................... Recreation____________ ____ _____ 100 Education........................................... 8 Vocation--------------------------------------3 Community welfare---------------------20 Gifts and contributions to persons 30 outside the economic family____ 12 Other items---------------------------------Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items______________________ ____ 100.0 30.2 F ood............... ...................... ............ 10.7 Clothing_________________________ 13.0 Housing------------ ------------ ------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration______ 5.9 Other household operation ............. 6.9 Furnishings and equipment______ 4.4 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte 9.5 nance__________________________ Other transportation......................... 1.9 2.3 Personal care_____________________ 4.1 Medical care_____________________ Recreation........................................... 6.4 .5 Education________ _______________ .2 Vocation.......... ................................... Community welfare---------------------1.3 Gifts and contributions to persons 1.9 outside the economic family........ .8 Other items........................................ 1 Less than $0.50. 8 Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. $977 $1,365 $1, 378 $1, 590 $1,802 $2,060 $1,915 $2,309 $3,006 487 454 474 381 491 533 471 530 571 171 91 133 243 136 237 219 220 358 238 169 169 245 236 227 176 236 250 82 99 110 60 119 114 85 115 132 82 135 118 59 144 83 123 176 298 56 60 54 29 57 105 85 175 243 33 17 23 36 52 11 2 7 101 34 36 47 85 7 4 16 115 24 33 67 97 3 4 20 118 26 38 71 87 10 2 18 162 38 40 108 121 10 6 29 205 61 45 77 151 18 2 29 196 41 44 77 171 6 3 20 554 27 39 37 57 0 14 65 618 16 72 57 250 12 0) 13 3 4 11 16 29 6 24 10 31 13 85 34 49 28 59 5 111 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.1 34.5 32.9 30.7 26.4 25.8 25.7 22.9 19.0 9.3 10 0 9.7 10.8 13.5 11.5 11.4 9.5 11.9 17.3 12.9 12.2 15.0 13.6 11.4 11.9 10.2 8.3 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.0 4.4 6.0 6.0 8.5 6.5 6.0 6.1 7.5 7.6 9.9 4.4 3.0 3.5 3.0 5.1 4.2 4.4 7.6 8.1 3.4 1.7 2.4 3.7 5.3 1.1 .2 .7 7.4 2.5 2.6 3.4 6.2 .5 .3 1.2 8.3 1.7 2.4 4.9 7.0 .2 .3 1.5 7.4 1.6 2.4 4.5 5.5 .6 .1 1.1 9.0 2.1 2.2 6.0 6.7 .6 .3 1.6 10.0 3.0 2.2 3.7 7.3 .9 .1 1.4 10.2 2.1 2.3 4.0 8.9 .3 .2 1.0 24.0 1.2 1.7 1.6 2.5 0 .6 2.8 20.6 .5 2.4 1.9 8.3 .4 (’) .4 .3 .4 .8 1.2 2.1 .4 1.5 .6 1.7 .7 4.1 1.7 2.6 1.5 2.6 .2 3.7 .2 203 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 3 . — Expenditures for groups of items, by economic level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y .—W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey.............................. Average family size: Persons______________ ___________ _ Expenditure units_______________ _ Food expenditure units.................... Clothing expenditure units________ 197 8 40 44 42 27 17 7 12 3. 57 3.24 3.02 2.79 5.68 5.01 4.66 4.18 5.05 4.54 4.26 3.82 3. 84 3. 45 3.20 2.92 2.93 2. 66 2.42 2.39 2. 64 2. 47 2.34 2.08 2.82 2.67 2.48 2.41 2. 71 2.49 2.30 2.08 2.09 2.02 1.93 1.84 Average annual current expenditure for— All items.................................... .......... $1, 289 465 Food................................... ......... . 129 Clothing........... ............................... 181 Housing________________________ 94 Fuel, light, and refrigeration____ Other household operation______ 50 Furnishings and equipment_____ 66 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and main tenance____________ _____ ____ 65 Other transportation............... ....... 35 Personal care....... ............................ 26 Medical care............................... . 56 62 Recreation...................................... . Education......................................... 5 4 Vocation_______________ _______ _ Community welfare..................... 18 Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family___ 28 5 Other items........................ ........... Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items............................................... Food............................................ . Clothing..____ ________ ________ Housing________________ _______ Fuel, light, and refrigeration____ Other household operation..___ Furnishings and equipment_____ Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte nance_________________________ Other transportation____________ Personal care_________ _________ Medical care_________ ____ _____ Recreation______________________ Education__________ ___________ Vocation________________________ Community welfare______ ______ Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily-------- ---------------------------------Other items................................... 22 36 22 40 51 7 2 15 43 35 27 47 53 6 3 21 3 11 0 0) 14 7 30 24 21 26 31 3 2 7 47 36 28 44 57 5 4 14 56 34 24 84 59 5 4 28 116 44 30 94 98 1 4 22 240 30 34 68 120 6 6 17 224 31 30 76 85 0 9 18 17 20 1 100 32 37 0 99 0 0) 100.0 36.1 10.0 14.1 7.3 3.9 5.1 100.0 47.8 9.1 11.1 9.2 3.4 3.3 100.0 43.1 9.8 12.3 8.4 2.9 5.4 100.0 39.4 10.3 13.1 7.8 3.9 4.3 100.0 35.4 10.4 16.0 7.0 3.8 5.8 100.0 33.4 10.2 15.3 7.4 3.7 6.0 100.0 27.9 10.0 12.9 6.3 4.5 6.5 5.0 2.7 2.0 4.3 4.8 .4 .3 1.4 3.3 2.6 2.3 2.9 3.4 .3 .2 .8 1.9 3.2 1.9 3.5 4.5 .6 .2 1.3 3.6 2.9 2.2 3.9 4.4 .5 .2 1.7 4.0 3.1 2.4 3.8 4.9 .4 .3 1.2 4.3 2.6 1.8 6.4 4.5 .4 .3 2.1 6.8 2.6 1.8 5.5 5.8 .1 .2 1.3 13.3 1.7 1.9 3.8 6.7 .3 .3 •9 12.5 1.7 1.7 4.2 4.7 0 .5 1.0 2.2 .4 .3 0 1.0 (2) 1.2 .6 1.5 (2) 1.5 .1 5.9 1.9 2.1 0 5.5 0 1 Less than $0.50. * Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. $906 $1,135 $1, 211 $1,172 $1,317 $1, 701 $1,802 $1,799 433 489 477 441 416 476 559 517 82 125 122 134 111 170 183 155 100 140 159 188 220 201 243 296 83 95 95 82 98 107 105 102 31 33 44 47 49 77 85 92 52 30 110 61 68 79 69 65 100.0 100.0 31.0 28.7 10.2 8.6 13.5 16.5 5.8 5.7 5.1 4.7 3.6 3.8 204 T TWELVE CITIES OP THE SOUTH able 3.— E x p en d itu res f o r grou p s o f item s , b y econ om ic level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y .—NEGRO FAMILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Under $200 $200 to $300 to $400 to $300 $400 $500 $500 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey............................................................. Average family size: Persons................... ........................ ................................. Expenditure units______________________ ___ _____ Food expenditure units_______________ __________ _ Clothing expenditure units________ ________ ______ Average annual current expenditure for— All items....... ....................... ............................................ Food............. .......................................................... ....... Clothing-------------- ---------------------- ------------- ---------Housing......... ....................................... .................. . Fuel, light, and refrigeration....... ........................ . Other household operation________________ _____ Furnishings and equipment— ____ __________ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, operation, and maintenance______________________________ Other transportation____________________________ Personal care___________________________________ Medical care___ ____ ___________________________ Recreation______ _____ _________________________ Education________________________________ ____ _ Vocation___________ ______ _________ ___________ Community welfare___ _____ _________ _______ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family____________________ _________ Other items ______ _______ ______ ____ _________ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items____ ____ ________________________ _______ Food....................... .................. ................ ................. Clothing________________________ _ ____________ _________ Housing..____ ___ ____________ _____ Fuel, light, and refrigeration________ __________ Other household operation_______ ____ _________ Furnishings and equipment— ________________ _ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, operation, and maintenance______________________________ Other transportation__________________ ________ . Personal care______ ____ __________ ____ ______ _ Medical care______________________ ________ ___ Recreation________ ____ ____________ ___________ Education...................................... ........... ................. Vocation_______________ ______ _________________ Community welfare___________________ _________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the eco nomic family___ ______ _______________________ Other items.________ _____ _____________________ 1 Less than $0.50. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 74 14 22 18 15 5 3.83 3.42 3.19 2.86 6.68 5.78 5.41 4.50 4.27 3.77 3. 52 3.20 2.78 2.57 2.40 2.20 2. 27 2.12 1.98 1.92 2.37 2.20 1.98 2.03 $920 347 86 135 92 33 33 $872 366 73 120 88 32 22 $903 367 107 123 87 31 37 $895 331 74 146 96 32 33 $923 316 76 127 95 37 39 $1,197 352 93 207 89 60 28 34 29 19 36 39 2 1 16 8 33 16 36 32 6 0 15 8 27 22 21 36 2 0 19 61 29 18 21 32 2 13 38 31 22 56 56 0 2 13 104 15 17 100 55 0 0 21 18 25 0 16 6 1 15 0' 56 0 100.0 29.4 7.8 17.2 7.4 5.0 2.3 0) 0) 0) 100.0 37.7 9.3 14.7 10.0 3.6 3.6 100.0 41.9 8.4 13.8 10.1 3.7 2.5 100.0 40.7 11.9 13.6 9.6 3.4 4.1 100.0 37.0 8.3 16.3 10.7 3.6 3.7 100.0 34.2 8.2! 13.8 10.3 4.0» 4.2i 3.7 3.2 2.1 3.9 4.2 .2 .1 1.7 .9 3.8 1.8 4.1 3.7 .7 0 1.7 .9 3.0 2.4 2.3 4.0 .2 0 2.1 6.8 3.2 2.0 2.3 3.6 (2) .2 1.5 4.1 3.4 2.4 6.1 6.1 0 .2 1.4 8.7 1.3 1.4 8.4 4.6 0 0 1.8 2.9 1.8 0 . (2) .7 .1 1.6 0 4.7 0 2.0 (2) TABULAR SUMMARY T able 205 3 . — Expenditures for groups of item s , by economic level— Continued M EM P H IS, T E N N .—W H IT E FAMILIES Economic level—Families spending per expendi ture unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey—............................. . Average family size: Persons..................................... ............. Expenditure units__________________ Food expenditure units.—........... ....... Clothing expenditure units................ 194 8 25 40 34 29 25 15 8 10 3.63 3.25 3.07 2.74 6.46 5. 65 5.30 4. 30 4.58 4.14 3. 88 3.42 4.16 3.75 3. 51 3.03 3. 50 3.25 3.10 2.77 3.04 2.86 2. 66 2.45 2. 86 2.72 2. 62 2.48 2.24 2.15 1.99 2.03 2.31 2.22 2.15 1.81 2.09 2.08 2.11 1.85 $915 378 92 128 89 32 23 $974 $1,267 $1,391 $1,528 $1,710 $1,601 $1,844 $2, 242 346 430 416 416 416 410 468 401 134 163 157 119 177 154 190 196 140 176 206 246 294 220 229 298 114 114 93 111 120 140 76 115 40 85 71 106 96 109 147 109 64 110 35 59 146 89 168 115 Average annual current expenditure for— All items_______ ___________________ $1, 434 F o o d ...-------- ---------------------- -------409 Clothing_________________________ 153 Housing----------- ---------------------------205 Fuel, light, and refrigeration______ 111 Other household operation_______ 85 Furnishings and equipment.. . . . 85 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte nance. _ ______ ______________ 119 Other transportation_____________ 22 Personal care__________________ 32 Medical care_____________________ 83 Recreation_______________ _______ 68 Education____ ___ _____ _________ 6 Vocation. ________ ________ _____ 8 22 Community welfare.______ . . . Gifts and contributions to persons 22 outside the economic family____ Other items______________________ 4 Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items-----------------------------------------Food----------------------- --------------------Clothing. _______________________ Housing_____________ __________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration--------Other household operation_______ Furnishings and equipment______ Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte ________ . . . nance_______ _ Other transportation_____________ Personal care____ ______________ Medical care_________________ . . . Recreation_______________________ Education_______ _____ __________ Vocation------------- ---------- --------------Community welfare______________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family------Other items_____________________ 100.0 28.6 10.7 14.3 7.8 5.9 5.9 34 23 24 37 42 4 3 16 67 23 30 63 59 10 9 13 106 28 32 58 61 5 6 19 140 21 28 94 66 8 10 21 130 29 46 108 102 6 7 35 157 14 34 75 81 0 7 44 219 17 38 145 97 0 18 21 415 19 41 251 104 0 13 24 5 14 9 9 18 3 21 4 19 2 20 0 38 0 73 0 44 6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 41.4 35.6 32.8 30.9 27.2 24.3 25.6 25.3 17.9 10.1 12.2 10.6 11.3 10.7 11.1 11.1 8.4 8.7 14.0 14.4 13.8 14.8 14.4 14.4 14.3 15.9 13.3 7.5 9.5 8.8 8.2 4.1 9.7 8.7 5.1 7.0 6.4 3.5 4.1 5.6 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.6 5.9 4.2 7.2 7.5 5.6 6.2 2.5 3.6 5.1 8.5 8.3 1.5 2.2 5.8 4.7 .4 .6 1.5 3.8 .7 2.2 5.9 3.2 .5 0 .5 3.5 2.4 2.5 3.8 4.3 .4 .3 1.6 5.3 1.8 2.4 5.0 4.7 .8 .7 1.0 7.6 2.0 2.3 4.2 4.4 .4 .4 1.4 9.1 1.4 1.8 6.2 4.3 .5 .7 1.4 7.6 1.7 2.7 6.3 6.0 .4 .4 2.0 9.8 .9 2.1 4.7 5.1 0 .4 2.7 11.9 .9 2.1 7.9 5.3 0 1.0 1.1 18.5 .8 1.8 11.2 4.6 0 .6 1.1 1.5 .3 .5 1.5 .9 .9 1.4 .2 1.5 .3 1.2 .1 1.2 0 2.4 0 4.0 0 2.0 .3 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 35 6 20 54 29 5 0 5 206 T TWELVE CITIES OE THE SOUTH able 3 .— E x p en d itu res f o r gro u p s o f item s , by econ om ic level—Continued M EM P H IS, T E N N .—NEGRO FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fam ilies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey............................................................ Average family size: Persons_______________________ _______ —..............Expenditure units....................................................... Food expenditure units................. .......... .............. . Clothing expenditure units---------------- ---------------- Average annual current expenditure for— All items ........................................ ............ ................. Food.......... ................................................................. Clothing......... .......................................................... . Housing_________________ _________ __________ _ Fuel, light, and refrigeration. ................................. Other household operation-------------------------------Furnishings and equipment-----------------------------Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion. and maintenance........... .............................. Other transportation_________ ______ _____ ___ Personal care__________________________________ Medical care_____________________ _______ _____ Recreation------------ ------- ---------------------- ---------Education.................................... ............. ............. Vocation--------- ---------------- ----------------- --------------Community welfare---------- ------------------------ ------Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family__________ _______ __________ Other items_______________________ ___________ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— Ail items------- ---------- ------- -----------------------------------F o o d .......................... ............................................... Clothing...----------------------------------------- ------------Housing____________________ ________ _________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration. ........... ................... Other household operation....................... ............. Furnishings and equipment___________________ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion, and maintenance_______________________ Other transportation________ _______ __________ Personal care___________ _______ _______ _______ Medical care------ ---------- --------------------------- --------Recreation.................. ............. ............. ................... Education................................................... ............. Vocation_______________________ _________ ____ Community welfare___________________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family____ ___________ ____________ Other iems................... ................................ ............ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 94 24 30 22 18 3.51 3.25 ao6 2.76 5.42 4.83 4. 55 3.88 3.42 3.29 3.09 2.85 2.54 2. 36 2.23 2.03 2.26 2.16 2.04 2.02 $807 289 88 122 78 26 34 $730 291 75 119 70 24 26 $778 293 93 115 76 23 25 $797 295 72 128 80 24 33 $977 273 117 129 87 38 62 13 30 20 35 37 3 1 12 2 28 20 26 33 4 1 10 15 25 17 32 36 5 1 12 6 35 19 38 34 2 1 13 34 34 26 50 50 2 1 16 13 6 1 0 9 1 8 9 40 18 100.0 35.9 10.9 15.1 9.7 3.2 4.2 100.0 39.9 10.3 16.3 9.6 3.3 3.6 100.0 37.7 12.0 14.8 9.8 3.0 3.2 100.0 37.0 9.0 16.1 10.0 3.0 4.1 100.0 28.0 12.0 13.2 8.9 3.9 6.3 1.6 3.7 2.5 4.3 4.6 .4 .1 1.5 .3 3.8 2.7 3.6 4.5 .5 .1 1.4 1.9 3.2 2.2 4.1 4.6 .6 .1 1.5 .8 4.4 2.4 4.8 4.3 .3 .1 1.6 3.5 3.5 2.7 5.1 5.1 .2 .1 1.6 1.6 .7 .1 0 1.2 .1 1.0 1.1 4.1 1.8 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 207 3 . — Expenditures for groups of items , by economic level— Continued M OBILE, ALA.—W H IT E FAMILIES Item All fami lies Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year $100 to $200 $300 to $400 $200 to $300 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey__________________ Average family size: Persons............. ................................... Expenditure units.............................. Food expenditure units................. Clothing expenditure units............... 146 14 30 30 20 21 12 8 11 4.03 3.72 3.51 3.19 6.14 5.48 5.14 4.44 4.95 4.51 4.30 3.82 4.67 4.31 4.06 3.65 3.40 3.16 2.97 2.71 3.13 2.92 2.70 2. 53 2.88 2.79 2.66 2.48 2.94 2.84 2.72 2.62 2.02 1.96 1.82 1.92 Average annual current expenditure for— All items..-.......................................... $1, 403 Food................................................. 430 Clothing...................... .................... 16S Housing-.......................................... 183 Fuel, light, and refrigeration........ 101 Other household operation______ 86 Furnishings and equipment_____ 66 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte nance___ _____________________ 108 Other transportation____________ 26 Personal care___.................... .......... 32 Medical care___............................. 62 Recreation. ...................................... 80 Education......................................... 9 Vocation.. ............. ........................ 4 Community welfare_____________ 21 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily................................................... 18 9 Other items..................................... Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items.............................................. F o o d -................................ ............. Clothing........................ ................. Housing____________ ___________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration____ Other household operation______ Furnishings and equipment.. Automobile and motorcycle— purchase, operation, and main tenance____ __________________ Other transportation-.................... Personal care.............. ..................... Medical care............... ..................... Recreation. _____________________ Education............ ............................ Vocation.................... ....................... Community welfare________ ____ Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily............... ..................... .............. Other items .................................... $831 $1, 076 $1,455 $1,361 $1, 575 $1, 755 $2,072 $1, 749 342 454 425 450 431 417 528 407 124 167 184 212 93 191 274 165 184 99 131 163 206 275 261 286 63 97 102 103 108 119 122 104 81 31 55 76 107 169 150 104 28 81 68 20 48 106 133 137 35 23 20 24 40 10 3 9 56 19 22 46 55 10 2 16 112 37 33 64 85 14 4 21 95 22 31 61 73 7 3 20 148 18 43 80 84 6 8 27 98 44 43 80 99 11 11 29 194 23 48 134 122 0 6 51 231 19 32 41 134 0 1 14 11 3 3 7 11 15 6 34 24 23 5 21 5 72 2 100.0 30.7 12.0 13.0 7.2 6.1 4.7 100.0 41.1 11.2 11.9 7.6 3.7 3.4 100.0 38.7 11.5 12.2 9.0 5.1 1.9 100.0 31.2 13.1 11.2 7.0 5.2 5.6 100.0 31.2 12.2 13.5 7.6 6.0 5.0 100.0 28.6 11.7 13.1 6.9 6.8 3.0 100.0 24.5 12.1 15.7 6.8 9.6 6.0 7.7 1.9 2.3 4.4 5.7 .6 .3 1.5 4.2 2.8 2.4 2.9 4.8 1.2 .4 1.1 5.2 1.8 2.0 4.3 5.1 .9 .2 1.5 7.7 2.5 2.3 4.4 5.8 1.0 .3 1.4 7.0 1.6 2.3 4.5 5.4 .5 .2 1.5 9.4 1.1 2.7 5.1 5.3 .4 .5 1.7 5.6 2.5 2.5 4.6 5.6 .6 .6 1.7 1.3 .6 (*) 1.3 .3 .3 .5 .8 1.1 .4 2.2 1.5 1.3 .3 0) 100.0 100.0 25.5 23.3 13.2 9.4 12.6 16.4 5.9 5.9 7.2 5.9 6.4 7.8 1 1 Less than $0.50. *Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 9.4 1.1 2.3 6.5 5.9 0 .3 2.5 13.3 1.1 1.8 2.3 7.7 0 .1 .8 1.0 .2 4.1 .1 208 T TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH able 3.— Expenditures for groups of items , by economic level— Continued M O BILE, A L A.—NEGRO FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fam ilies Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f I tem s Families in survey--------------------------------------------------Average family size: Persons---------------------------------------------------------------Expenditure u n i t s -----------------------------------------Food expenditure units---------------------------------------Clothing expenditure units______________________ Average annual current expenditure for— Allitem s------------------- ------------------------------- --------Food------------------------- ----------- --------------------------Clothing______________________________________ H ousing--------- ------- ---------------------- ---------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration___________________ Other household operation_________ __________ Furnishings and equipment_______ ______ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion, and maintenance_______________________ Other transportation_________ _ __________ Personal care._ --------------------------------------------Medical care________________________ __________ Recreation ______ _________________ ____ _____ _ Education____ ________________________________ Vocation.___ _ _ ___________________ ______ Community welfare............................ ..................... Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family___________ _____ _______ _ Other items_______________________________ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items_______________________________ ____ Food_________________ ______ ___________ _____ Clothing------ -------- ___ ----------------------------Housing... ------------------------ ---------------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration___________________ Other household operation__________ ____ _ Furnishings and equipment______________ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion, and maintenance_______ _____ ______ __ Other transportation— ____ ___________________ Personal care.. _______________________________ Medical care-----------------------------------------------------Recreation____________________________________ Education______ ___________ ______ _________ Vocation __ _ _______ _______________ _______ Community welfare_____ __ ___ _ _____ _ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the __________ _ economic family____ ________ Other items.___________ _____ ____ ____________ i Less than $0.50. * Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A , p. 636. 94 31 32 19 12 3. 70 3.38 3.16 2.97 5. 01 4.48 4. 20 3.76 3. 51 3.22 2.96 2.89 2. 50 2. 37 2.23 2.24 2.75 2.57 2.44 2.32 $772 276 86 95 57 26 29 $666 265 84 87 54 22 25 $780 283 91 94 58 27 32 $791 265 69 114 55 28 36 $982 302 105 87 64 29 19 33 16 18 43 44 4 1 13 3 13 16 28 36 6 1 10 27 21 20 40 42 3 12 24 16 19 56 59 1 0 11 135 12 17 66 47 8 2 22 18 13 6 10 27 3 30 8 10 57 100.0 35.7 11.1 12.3 7.4 3.4 3.8 100.0 39.7 12.6 13.0 8.1 3.3 3.8 100.0 36.2 11.7 12.0 7.4 3.5 4.1 100.0 33.5 8.7 14.4 7.0 3.5 4.6 100.0 30.8 10. 7 8.9 6.5 3.0 1.9 4.3 2.1 2.3 5.6 5.7 .5 .1 1.7 .5 2.0 2.4 4.2 5.4 .9 .2 1.5 3.5 2.7 2.6 5.1 5.4 .4 1.5 3.0 2.0 2.4 7.1 7.5 .1 0 1.4 13.8 1.2 1.7 6.7 4.8 .8 .2 2.2 2.3 1.7 .9 1.5 3.5 .4 3.8 1.0 1.0 5.8 0) (2) 209 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 3.— E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item s , by econom ic level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, LA.—W H IT E FAMILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Un der $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 and over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey_____________ _____ Average family size: Persons_________ ______ ___________ Expenditure units............. ................. Food expenditure units.................. . Clothing expenditure units_________ 318 31 66 60 70 38 19 16 12 6 3.80 3. 51 3.32 3. 01 6.26 5. 58 5.36 4.34 4. 54 4.09 3.88 3. 40 3.90 3.63 3. 44 3. 22 3.35 3.10 2. 92 2.69 3. 07 2.88 2. 72 2.63 2.89 2.69 2.48 2.41 2.54 2. 42 2.31 2.20 2.23 2.16 2.02 2.12 1. 85 1.83 1.74 1.90 $861 413 72 165 57 34 8 $980 $1, 225 $1,350 $1,524 $1, 702 $1, 758 $1,801 $2,077 458 501 452 527 626 421 516 518 241 139 203 92 138 177 173 197 185 298 231 226 222 267 299 169 112 90 98 86 91 86 107 70 74 142 64 47 78 31 115 89 110 30 47 127 67 47 59 16 Average annual current expenditure for— All items_______ ___________________ $1, 294 Food___ _______ _________________ 462 Clothing_________________________ 137 Housing----------------------------- ------207 Fuel, light, and refrigeration______ 83 Other household operation________ 58 Furnishings and equipment______ 42 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte nance --------------------------------------60 Other transportation_____________ 39 Personal care___________________ 31 Medical care_____________________ 55 Recreation_______ _____ _________ 73 Education_________ _____________ 4 Vocation. ______________________ 3 Community welfare______________ 15 Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family. __ _ 19 Other items______________________ 6 Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items-------------------- --------------------- 100.0 Food----- ---------- ---------------------------35.7 Clothing_________________________ 10.6 Housing____________ ____ ______ 16.0 Fuel, light, and refrigeration_____ 6.4 Other household operation________ 4.5 Furnishings and equipment______ 3.2 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte nance______________________ . . . 4.6 Other transportation........................ 3.0 Personal care______ ______ _______ 2.4 Medical care....................................... 4.3 Recreation_______________________ 5.6 Education........................... ............. . .3 Vocation........................ ..................... .2 Community welfare______________ 1. 2 Gifts and contributions to persons 1.5 outside the economic family____ .5 Other items-------------- ------------------1 Less than $0.50. * Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 6 21 20 20 32 4 2 6 1 0 17 33 25 40 43 2 3 12 49 35 30 45 79 7 4 16 60 42 31 65 83 4 3 17 104 46 32 52 90 3 4 16 96 55 48 131 81 5 7 15 6 12 3 21 6 35 27 23 10 0) 142 35 42 68 110 12 2 18 126 45 42 83 125 2 7 20 189 102 54 79 117 0 0) 28 51 48 3 34 1 0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 48.0 43.0 37.4 33.5 32.9 30.3 29.9 28.8 30.2 9.6 11.7 9.4 11.4 10.2 11.6 11.6 11.5 8.4 19.2 17.2 15.2 17.2 14.8 13.0 15.2 16.6 14.4 6.2 7.0 6.4 5.3 4.7 7.1 5.9 6.1 6.7 6.9 3.8 3.2 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.6 6. 5 3.9 3.2 6.1 2.4 3.1 3.4 3.5 7.5 1.6 .9 .7 2.4 2.3 2.3 3.7 .5 .2 .7 1.7 3.4 2.6 4.1 4.4 .2 .3 1.2 4.0 2.9 2.4 3.7 6.4 .6 .3 1.3 4.4 3.1 2.3 4.8 6.1 .3 .2 1.3 6.8 3.0 2.1 3.4 5.9 .2 .3 1.0 5.6 3.2 2.8 7.7 4.8 .3 .4 .9 8.1 2.0 2.4 3.9 6.3 .7 .1 1.0 7.0 2.5 2.3 4.6 6.9 .1 .4 1.1 9.1 4.9 2.6 3.8 5.6 0 (2) 1.3 .1 0 .6 (2) 1.0 .2 1.6 .4 2.3 1.8 1.4 .6 2.9 (2) 2.7 .2 1.6 (2) 210 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 3.— E x p en d itu res f o r grou p s o f item s , b y econom ic level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, LA.—NEGRO FAMILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Under $200 $200 to $300 to $400 to $300 $400 $500 $500 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey............................................ - ................ Average family size: Persons................. ............................................................ Expenditure units.............................. ............ ................ Food expenditure units........ ............ .......................... Clothing expenditure units.......................................... Average annual expenditure for— All items..................................................... - ................... Food— ......................... .............................. - ................ Clothing....................................................................— Housing......................................................................... Fuel, light, and refrigeration...................................... Other household operation...... .................................. Furnishings and equipment-------------------------------Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion, and maintenance................. ................. ....... Other transportation........................................... ...... Personal care......................................................... ....... Medical care................................................... - .......... . Recreation................................................... ................. Education— ...................................................... ....... Vocation----------------- ------- ----------- -------------- --------Community welfare----------------------------------- --------Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family................ ..................... ................. Other items-------------------------------------------------------Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items................ ....................................... ................. Food................................- ..................................... ....... Clothing...................................................................... . Housing............................. ................................ .......... Fuel, light, and refrigeration................. .................. Other household operation........................................ Furnishings and equipment________ ____ _____ __ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, operation, and maintenance -------------- - -------------------------Other transportation.................. .................. ......... . Personal care_________________________ ___ _____ Medical care_________________ ________ _________ Recreation__________________ _______ ___________ Education------------------------- ------------------- ------------Vocation............ ...................................... ........ .......... Community welfare_______________ ____________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family..... ................. ............................... Other items.............................. .................................. i Less than $0.50. * Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 83 27 22 18 9 7 3.84 3.50 3.31 2.93 5.81 5.17 4.89 4.23 3.56 3.23 3.01 2.72 2.76 2.65 2. 57 2.37 2.10 1.98 1.89 1.66 2.06 1.92 1.85 1.54 $815 311 80 156 62 23 26 $740 308 80 160 53 20 15 $757 278 75 135 61 23 36 $869 333 83 155 59 21 21 $898 311 66 156 72 25 52 $1,060 371 111 207 101 40 10 12 26 18 34 40 2 2 9 2 27 17 20 24 3 1 8 9 19 15 38 38 2 8 19 25 20 44 50 2 2 12 30 21 18 45 68 0 7 9 16 56 24 37 49 8 0 12 2 19 1 19 4 12 6 18 0 100.0 38.2 9.8 19.2 7.6 2.8 3.2 100.0 41.7 10.8 21.6 7.2 2.7 2.0 100.0 36.7 9.9 17.8 8.1 3.0 4.8 100.0 38.3 9.5 17.8 6.8 2.4 2.4 100.0 34.7 7.3 17.4 8.0 2.8 5.8 100.0 35.0 10.5 19.5 9.5 3.8 .9 1.5 3.2 2.2 4.2 4.9 .2 .2 1.1 .3 3.6 2.3 2.7 3.2 .4 .1 1.1 1.2 2.5 2.0 5.0 5.0 (2) .3 1.1 2.2 2.9 2.3 5.1 5.8 .2 .2 1.4 3.3 2.3 2.0 5.0 7.6 0 .8 1.0 1.5 5.3 2.3 3.5 4.6 .8 0 1.1 .3 2.5 .1 2.2 .5 1.3 .7 1.7 0 12 2 1.5 .2 (0 (2) 0) 211 TABULAR SUMM ARY T able 3*— E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s , b y econ om ic level— Continued NOR FO LK -PO R TSM O U TH , VA .—W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Under $300 to $300 $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 $900 $1,000 to to and $900 $1,000 over E x p e n d i t u r e s fo r G r o u p s o f I t e m s Families in survey.................................... Average family size: Persons....... .......... .................................. Expenditure units__________________ Food expenditure units— ................... Clothing expenditure units................. 162 26 22 37 26 16 8 12 5 10 3.63 3.33 3.11 2.78 5.08 4. 54 4.27 3.74 4. 66 4.24 3.97 3.47 3.83 3.49 3.18 2.92 3.43 3.18 2. 95 2.64 2.61 2.40 2.24 2.10 2.50 2.38 2.22 2.13 2.27 2.21 2.17 1.98 2.00 1.93 1. 81 1.82 2.30 2.22 2.24 1.68 Average annual current expenditure for— All items...... .......................................... $1, 569 $1,074 $1,471 $1,509 $1, 696 $1,494 $1,728 $1,840 $1,812 $2, 537 511 436 558 516 503 495 487 543 558 Food________________________ ____ 591 146 115 Clothing................................. ............ 167 125 128 157 140 138 143 223 234 157 212 289 215 284 247 Housing______ ____________ ____ 220 320 315 124 107 115 129 107 152 Fuel, light, and refrigeration............ 137 125 72 182 81 38 142 Other household operation..... ........ 58 66 90 73 114 61 207 88 29 61 51 111 205 Furnishings and equipment---------67 101 123 201 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte 94 12 54 88 120 159 nance...------ -----------------------------68 130 162 295 32 25 25 23 38 47 56 19 Other transportation_____________ 24 50 29 32 20 28 29 34 31 Personal care.............................. ....... 25 41 26 64 30 52 64 88 61 48 70 112 Medical care................... ................ 108 90 67 75 77 96 103 91 Recreation..................... .................... 80 89 200 9 5 4 11 8 20 6 13 0) Education........................................... 4 4 2 2 Vocation_____________ _______ ___ 1 1 7 7 8 5 14 30 22 24 36 29 29 40 27 Community welfare.................... . 25 44 Gifts and contributions to persons 24 32 8 19 19 7 27 40 outside the economic family........ 93 61 9 2 22 1 39 3 15 0 0 Other items______________________ 1 Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items..........- .................................. . F o o d ......................... ........................ Clothing.................................... ........ Housing_________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration............ Other household operation________ Furnishings and equipment______ Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte nance__________________________ Other transportation...................... Personal care_____ ______ ________ Medical care..................... ................. Recreation________ ____ _________ Education........................................... Vocation......... ................................... Community welfare................ ....... Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family____ Other items________ _______ _____ 100.0 32.6 9.3 14.9 7.9 5.2 5.6 6.0 2.0 1.8 4.1 5-7 .6 .3 1.9 1.1 2.3 1.9 2.8 6.2 .5 .1 2.0 3.7 1.6 1.8 3.5 5.1 .7 .1 2.7 4.5 2. 5 2.1 4.2 5.1 .5 .1 1.6 7.1 1.5 1.9 5.2 5.7 1.2 .4 2.1 5.9 3.1 1.9 4.1 6.9 .3 .1 1.9 9.2 3.2 1.7 2.8 4.6 .3 .4 1.6 7.1 1.0 1.8 3.8 4.9 .7 .4 1.6 8.9 1.3 1.4 6.2 4.9 (2) .3 1.4 11.6 2.0 .6 4.3 7.9 .2 .6 1.7 1.5 .6 .7 .2 .5 1.5 1.3 .2 1.9 .1 1.8 2.6 2.3 .9 1.0 0 5.1 0 2.4 (2) 1 Less than $0.60. * Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.7 37.9 34.2 29.6 33.1 28.2 29.6 30.7 23.3 8.4 10.7 8.7 10.4 9.8 8.1 7.5 7.9 8.8 14.6 14.4 14.6 17.0 14.4 16.5 13.4 17.7 12.4 7.2 10.0 9.3 7.6 7.6 7.2 8.3 4.0 7.2 3.5 3.9 4.4 5.3 4.9 3.4 6.6 7.7 8.1 3.6 3.4 6.4 11.2 2.7 4.6 6.7 6.8 7.9 212 T TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH able 3 . — E x p en d itu res f o r grou p s o f item s , b y econom ic level— Continued NO R FO LK -PO R TSM O U TH , VA.—NEGRO FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Under $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 and over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey_________________ _____ __________ Average family size: Persons-------- --------------------------------------------------------Expenditure units------- ---------- ------------------------------Food expenditure units_______ ______ ____________ Clothing expenditure units__________________ ____ Average annual current expenditure for— All items. ____ __________________ ______________ Food..._________ _______________________________ Clothing________________________________________ Housing______________ ______ ____________ ____ Fuel, light, and refrigeration____________________ Other household operation_____ __ _____________ Furnishings and equipment_________ ____ . . . Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion, and maintenance________ _______________ Other transportation____________________________ Personal care___________ _____________ _______ Medical care____________________________________ Recreation______________________________________ Education______________________________________ Vocation________________________________________ Community welfare.„ ______ ______________ . . . Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family_______ . . ___________________ Other items____________________ _____ __________ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items_______ ______________ _____________ ____ Food____________________________ ______________ Clothing________________ ______________________ Housing________________ ._ ______________ ____ Fuel, light, and refrigeration_______ ________ ___ Other household operation________ ________ ____ Furnishings and equipment_______ ________ ____ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion, and maintenance__________________ ___ Other transportation_____ ____ _____ _____ . . . _ Personal care________________________ ______ __ Medical care____________________ _________ Recreation______________________________________ ____________ Education____________ ____ _____ Vocation______________________ _______________ Community welfare_________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family______________________________ Other items_________________ ____ ______________ i 3 Less than $0.50. Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638 109 29 30 22 17 11 4.05 3.64 3. 41 3.10 6.54 5. 76 5. 47 4.63 3. 77 3.39 3.12 2. 92 3. 22 2. 90 2. 66 2.63 2.53 2. 39 2.26 2.15 2.20 2.09 2.03 1.94 $918 353 94 133 88 30 49 $801 371 74 118 77 26 20 $807 323 79 125 78 24 38 $978 359 113 156 96 28 35 $1, 039 331 105 136 107 38 78 $1, 210 412 133 139 96 48 138 13 28 18 29 44 4 2 16 11 18 16 17 25 8 12 19 15 26 44 3 12 36 21 31 59 2 3 16 10 47 23 51 53 2 6 22 25 34 22 33 51 0 0 22 14 3 0) 12 0) 13 8 0) 0) 11 0 30 0 29 28 100.0 38.5 10.2 14.5 9.6 3.3 5.3 100.0 46.4 9.2 14.8 9.6 3.2 2.5 100. 0 40.0 9.8 15.4 9.6 3.0 4.7 100.0 36.7 11.6 16.0 9.8 2.9 3.6 100.0 31.8 10.1 13.1 10.3 3.7 7.5 100.0 34.1 11.0 11.5 7.9 4.0 11.4 1.4 3.1 2.0 3.2 4.8 .4 .2 1.7 1.4 2.2 2.0 2.1 3.1 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.4 1.9 3.2 5.5 .4 (2) 1.6 1.2 3.7 2.1 3.2 6.0 .2 .3 1.6 1.0 4.5 2.2 4.9 5.1 .2 .6 2.1 2.1 2.8 1.8 2.7 4.2 0 0 1.8 1.0 (2) 1.0 C2) 1.1 0 2.9 0 2.4 2.3 1.5 .3 8 (?) 213 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 3. — E x p en d itu res f o r grou p s o f item s , b y econom ic level— Continued R IC H M ON D , V A —W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 to $800 $800 to $900 $900 and over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey----------------------------Average family size: Persons____________________________ Expenditure units---------------------------Food expenditure units....................... Clothing expenditure units_________ 192 10 24 35 38 28 18 23 7 9 3.79 3. 55 3.33 3.16 6. 73 6.05 5.58 5.12 4.99 4.59 4.38 3.82 4.59 4.21 3. 97 3.55 3. 61 3.39 3.10 3.00 3.53 3.31 3.09 3.00 2.89 2.80 2.69 2.56 2.38 2.34 2. 25 2.38 2.54 2.52 2.35 2.72 2.23 2.22 2.13 2.42 Average annual current expenditure for— All items......................................... ....... $1, 556 Food........ .................... ...................... 456 Clothing___________ ______ ______ 175 Housing---------------------------------------255 Fuel, light, and refrigeration_____ 118 Other household operation________ 79 Furnishings and equipment........ . 62 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte 101 nance___________ ____ _________ Other transportation_____________ 34 32 Personal care...... .......... ................ Medical care_____________________ 83 Recreation________ _____ ________ 78 Education________________________ 10 Vocation___ _____ _______________ 2 Community welfare._______ ____ 27 Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family........ 30 14 Other items_________ ______ _____ Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items....................................... ........ 100.0 Food. _______________ ____ 29.4 Clothing........ .................................... 11.2 Housing___________ ____________ 16.4 Fuel, light, and refrigeration______ 7.6 Other household operation________ 5.1 Furnishings and e q u ip m e n t -. _ 4.0 Automobile and motorcycle—pur chase, operation, and mainte nance________ _________________ 6.5 Other transportation........................ 2.2 Personal care______________ ____ 2.1 Medical care....................... .............. 5.3 Recreation______ ______ ________ 5.0 Education......................................... .6 Vocation_____ ___________________ .1 Community welfare______________ 1.7 Gifts and contributions to persons 1.9 outside the economic family........ .9 Other items_______________ ____ 1 Less than $0.50. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 7 4 3 9 0 °— 41-------15 $936 $1,151 $1, 397 $1,452 $1, 757 $1,797 $1, 739 $2,122 $2, 355 421 496 441 437 451 507 443 390 467 119 158 189 175 159 228 279 282 83 207 214 260 306 296 406 166 225 419 96 116 132 110 144 139 119 91 107 40 51 62 102 118 100 135 22 165 51 80 56 68 98 28 47 177 8 16 9 14 44 36 10 1 4 43 24 26 54 39 5 1 13 44 45 31 70 59 5 1 25 132 29 32 62 75 7 1 16 86 39 38 114 81 7 2 46 141 32 35 115 117 11 6 36 112 35 33 108 98 31 1 39 210 57 47 114 115 8 3 45 302 42 43 94 132 3 8 31 26 4 1 20 7 23 19 36 13 47 33 42 30 30 0 95 4 0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 41.6 39.2 35.5 28.9 28.9 24.6 25.2 20.9 19.9 8.9 10.4 11.4 10.8 13.0 10.5 10.1 13.1 12.0 17.7 18.0 15.3 15.5 14.8 17.1 17.0 19.2 17.8 8.2 6.2 3.9 11.4 8.3 8.5 7.6 7.7 6.7 6. 4 7.0 2.4 3.5 3.7 5.7 5.7 6.8 4.3 2.4 3.2 2.6 4.6 7.5 3.7 5. 5 3.9 .9 1.7 1.0 1.5 4. 7 3.8 1.1 .1 .4 3.7 2.1 2.3 4.7 3.4 .4 .1 1.1 3.1 3.2 2.2 5.0 4.2 .4 .1 1.8 9.1 2.0 2.2 4.3 5.2 .5 .1 1.1 4.9 2.2 2.2 6.5 4.6 .4 .1 2.6 7.9 1.8 1.9 6.4 6.5 .6 .3 2.0 6.4 2.0 1.9 6.2 5.6 1.8 .1 2.2 9.9 2.7 2.2 5.4 5.4 .4 .1 2.1 12.8 1.8 1.8 4.0 5.6 .1 .3 1. 3 2.8 (2) .3 .1 1.4 .5 1.6 1.3 2.0 .7 2.6 1.8 2.4 1.7 1.4 0 4.0 .2 214 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 3.— E x p en d itu res f o r grou p s o f item s , b y econom ic level— Continued R ICH M ON D , V A —NEGRO FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies $100 to $200 to $300 to $400 to $500 and $200 $300 $400 $500 over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey.......................................... .................. Average family size: Persons................. ................... - .............................. ........ Expenditure units________________ ______________ Food expenditure units___________________________ Clothing expenditure units________________________ Average annual current expenditure for— All items----------------------------------- ------------------- --------Food___________________________________________ Clothing______________ _________________________ Housing--------------------------------- ---------- -----------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration... ................................. Other household operation_________ ____ _______ Furnishings and equipment_____________________ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion, and maintenance________________________ Other transportation_________ ____ __________ Personal care-----------------------------------------------------Medical care.--____________ ______ _____________ Recreation_____________ ____ ___________________ Education.......... .................. .................... ................. Vocation.......................... .......... ............................ . Community welfare____________________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family______________________________ Other items_____________________________________ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items__________________________ . . . __________ Food___________________________________________ Clothing.............................. .......... ..................... ........ Housing____________________ ___________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration____________________ Other household operation______________________ Furnishings and equipment______________ ____ Automobile and motorcycle—purchase, opera tion, and maintenance________________________ Other transportation____ _______ _______________ Personal care______________________ ____________ Medical care............. ............................ ............ .......... Recreation________ ___________ _________________ Education__________ _____ _______ _____________ Vocation_____________ _________ ________ ____ Community welfare_______ _____________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family______________ _____________ _ Other items__________ ________ ________ _______ _ 1 Less than $0.50. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 96 25 23 24 12 12 3.85 3.48 3.18 3.03 6.29 5. 55 5.14 4.48 3.97 3.56 3. 22 3.03 2. 75 2. 58 2. 39 2.41 2.44 2.30 2.06 2.23 2.14 2.01 1.69 2.06 $919 291 101 118 104 36 40 $842 334 92 127 103 28 24 $861 298 93 121 101 35 39 $877 269 100 122 95 37 43 $1,006 256 129 104 108 39 53 $1,195 268 112 102 123 48 58 17 28 23 59 52 4 7 13 21 41 35 4 0 9 8 25 22 38 46 7 0 13 2 39 21 67 43 2 0 12 30 26 26 77 68 2 1 16 73 48 30 106 97 3 1 22 0) 13 24 9 15 0) 0) 24 1 50 21 53 51 100.0 31.7 11.0 12.9 11.3 3.9 4.4 100.0 39.6 10.9 15.1 12.2 3.3 2.9 100.0 34.7 10.8 14.1 11.7 4.1 4.5 100.0 30.7 11.4 14.0 10.9 4.2 4.9 100.0 25.4 12.8 10.3 10.7 3.9 5.3 100.0 22.4 9.4 8.5 10.3 4.0 4.9 1.8 3.0 2.5 6.4 5.7 .4 (2) 1.4 .8 1.5 2.5 4.9 4.2 .5 0 1.1 .9 2.9 2.6 4.4 5.3 .8 0 1.5 .2 4.4 2.4 7.6 4.9 .2 0 1.4 3.0 2.6 2.6 7.6 6.8 .2 .1 1.6 6.1 4.0 2.5 8.9 8.1 .3 .1 1.8 .5 1.7 (2) 2.7 .1 5.0 2.1 4.4 4.3 2.6 1.0 4 (2) 215 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 4. —Disposition of expenditure, and funds money received during schedule year not used fo r current made available for fam ily use from sources other than fam ily income in schedule yeary by economic level B AL T IM O R E , M D .—W H IT E FAM ILIES Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Under $300 $400 to $500 $300 to $400 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over D i s p o s i t i o n o f M o n e y R e c e i v e d D u r i n g th e S c h e d u l e Y e a r N o t U sed fo r C u rren t F a m ily E x p en d itu r e Families in survey____ _______________ ___________ Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: On hand. __________________________________ In checking account_________________________ In savings account________________________ Investment in: Improvements in own home. _______________ Other real estate (including real estate mortgages) _______________________________ Building and loan shares_________________ _ Stocks and bonds___________________________ Other property______________________________ Payment of premiums for insurance policies: Life insurance_____ - _______________________ Annuities _____ _ _________________________ Increase in outstanding loans to others_________ Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home___ _______ __________ Payment on principal of other mortgages______ Payment of debts to— Banks______________________________________ Insurance companies_____________________ Small-loan companies_______________________ Firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles______________________________ Other goods_______________________________ Individuals_________________________________ Other_______________________________________ 419 74 92 100 66 40 47 11 2 39 1 0 2 0 0 4 4 1 11 3 1 7 2 0 5 1 0 10 21 3 4 2 3 5 4 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 399 50 1 70 5 0 89 7 0 97 16 0 64 10 0 37 3 0 42 9 1 64 0 14 0 9 0 14 0 12 0 7 0 g 0 1 1 9 0 0 3 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 o 1 o o 2 3 47 1 6 1 5 0 0 0 11 1 1 0 13 0 1 2 7 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 3 Average amount of funds disposed in: Increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities. ._ $162. 74 $136. 67 $128. 44 $149. 52 $161. 37 $180.93 $285. 70 Increase in assets________________________________ 119. 68 104. 42 92. 51 115. 44 115.12 145. 39 190. 61 Increase in cash: 0 2. 29 On hand _______________________________ 3.03 3.48 6.25 2.02 1.08 In checking account_________________________ 0 .25 . 56 0 0 3.18 0 In savings account__________________________ 9.19 8. 74 9. 71 18.16 21.45 40.10 15.26 Investment in: Improvements in own h o m e ._________ _____ 7.74 10. 29 11.80 15.21 7.74 6. 35 1.47 Other real estate (including real estate mort 0 .67 0 0 0 3. 92 gages)___ _________________________________ 1.36 0 0 0 0 0 Building and loan shares_________ ___ . 12 1.11 0 Stocks and bonds___________________________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other property_____________________________ 0 0 0 0 0 3.10 27. 66 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 83.66 85. 41 77.29 87.29 70.85 99.49 90.19 Life insurance___________________ __________ 6.04 2. 39 3.65 7.42 Annuties__________________ _______ _________ 9.16 2.48 12.19 Tnnrp.asft in o u t s t a n d in g lo a n s t o o th e r s . __ .24 0 0 0 0 0 2.13 Decrease in liabilities______________ ________ ____ 43.06 32.25 35.93 34.08 46.25 35. 54 95.09 Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home.. _______ ___________ 27.68 25.67 15.03 23.09 31. 23 32.46 56. 33 Payment on principal of other mortgages______ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Payment of debts to— 1.43 0 6. 52 0 0 0 Banks_____ _________________________________ 0 0 0 0 Insurance companies________ __________ ____ . 12 0 .54 0 Small-loan companies_______________________ 1. 54 1.20 5.53 2.03 1.24 0 .08 Firms selling on installment plan: .50 0 0 0 0 .90 2.17 Automobiles______________________________ 8.04 9.81 3.00 26.81 Other goods______________ ________________ 3.65 9.68 11.41 0 .22 .05 0 0 0 0 Individuals_________________________________ Other 4.34 1.44 6.42 1.93 0 .1 1 1° Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 636. 216 T TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 4 . — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current exp en d itu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use fr o m sources other than f a m i ly in com e in schedule ye a r } b y econom ic level— Continued able B AL T IM O R E , M D .—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Item All fami lies Under $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $500 $500 to $600 $600 to $700 $700 and over F u n d s M a d e A v a ila b le fo r F a m i l y U se F r o m S o u r c e s O th er T h a n F a m i l y I n c o m e in S c h e d u le Y e a r Families in survey______________ . . . ...... ........ ....... Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: On hand__________________________ _________ In checking account________________ ________ In savings account_______________________ Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages)— Building and loan shares____________________ Stocks and bonds ______ _________________ Goods and chattels_____ ____________________ Other property________ _____________________ Insurance policies: Surrender___________________________________ Settlement---------------------- --------------- ------------Receipts from outstanding loans to others_____ Increase in liabilities: Increase in mortgages on own home....... .............. Increase in other mortgages___ _____ __________ Increase in debts: Payable to banks__________________________ _ Payable to insurance companies_____________ Payable to small-loan companies _ ----------Payable to firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles_____________________________ Other goods______ ______________________ Payable to individuals______________________ Other debts____ ____________________________ Inheritance________________________________ ____ 419 74 92 100 66 40 47 20 1 50 3 0 9 3 0 8 6 1 11 3 0 7 2 0 5 3 0 10 2 2 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 15 11 1 8 0 0 3 1 0 2 3 0 1 3 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 4 18 0 0 4 1 1 2 0 1 7 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 1 14 142 21 35 6 2 17 5 12 0 2 27 3 11 0 1 31 4 3 3 4 28 3 3 0 2 16 1 2 2 3 13 5 4 1 Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities___ $112. 56 $57. 25 $85.71 $75. 42 $120.08 $138.33 $298.69 Decrease in assets-_______ ______________________ 48.60 25.22 21.08 30. 73 43.95 66. 72 16.36 Reduction in cash: 6.58 3.44 4.34 On hand------------------------------- ---------- ------------5.75 2.58 8.75 21.45 In checking account_______ _________________ 1.18 0 0 4. 95 0 0 0 In savings account__________________________ 23. 22 10.24 9. 73 16.99 18. 77 26. 25 87.01 Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages) _ 1. 45 6.82 0 1.56 0 0 0 Building and loan shares____ ________ _____ _ .80 0 0 0 2.06 0 4.26 Stocks and bonds.—-------- -----------------------------5.16 0 0 0 0 0 45.96 Goods and chattels---------------------------------------.18 .14 0 0 0 1.62 0 Other property..................... ................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insurance policies: 2.85 4. 72 Surrender__________ ________ ______ ________ 4.02 1.37 2.04 0 4. 36 7.08 Settlement__________________________________ 2. 99 0 1.67 16.80 29.10 5. 32 Receipts from outstanding loans to others_____ .10 0 0 0 0 1.00 0 Increase in liabilities---------- ------------------- ------------63.96 32.03 64.63 44.69 76.13 71.61 130. 33 Increase in mortgages on own home..................... 5. 37 0 0 9. 77 6.29 0 15.37 Increase in other mortgages.................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Increase in debts: .35 Payable to banks.................................................. 1.08 0 0 4.83 0 2.13 Payable to insurance companies...... ................. .67 0 1.00 .82 .09 2.50 0 Payable to small-loan companies____________ 3.40 3.50 .69 6.78 3.86 2.25 1.68 Payable to firms selling on installment plan: 6.02 Automobiles_________ ___ ____ ____ ____ 3.30 .77 2.16 7.87 14. 39 17.93 Other goods_______________________________ 33. 35 15.00 35.23 22.60 50.65 44.17 47.90 Payable to individuals. _______ ___________ 6.92 3.44 3.84 1.88 2.42 2.50 38.94 7.15 Other debts.......... .......... ................. ............. ....... 9. 32 13.73 .88 6.41 5.80 6.38 5.25 0 Inheritance....... .................................. .................... . 3.95 0 0 33.12 10. 21 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 217 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e 4 . — D is p o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current expen ditu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i l y u se fr o m sources other than f a m i l y in co m e in schedule y e a r, b y econom ic level— Continued Item Baltimore, M d.—Negro families Economic level— Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami $100 $200 $400 lies to to and $200 $400 over Birmingham, Ala.—White families Econom ic le v e l— Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami lies $600 Under $400 to and $400 $600 over D i s p o s i t i o n o f M o n e y R e c e i v e d D u r i n g th e S ch ed u le Y e a r N o t U se d f o r C u r r e n t F a m i l y E x p en d itu r e Families in survey________________________ Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: On hand________________ ___________ In checking account......... ................... . In savings account...... .......................... Investment in— Improvements in own home________ Other real estate (including real estate mortgages)_________________ Building and loan shares____________ Stocks and bonds___________ ____ Other property____ _________ ____ Payment of premiums for insurance policies: Life insurance_______________________ Annuities___________________________ Increase in outstanding loans to others. Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home_____ Payment on principal of other mort gages........................... .............................. Payment of debts to— Banks______________________________ Insurance companies________________ Small-loan companies___ ___________ Firms selling on installment plan Automobiles______________________ Other goods________ ____ _________ Individuals___ ______ ______________ Other_______________________________ 107 24 49 34 202 88 60 54 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 19 1 0 4 2 1 8 1 0 7 2 0 0 2 9 6 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 4 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 99 6 0 21 1 0 47 0 0 31 5 0 176 7 2 75 1 0 53 3 1 48 3 1 10 0 4 6 26 9 11 6 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 3 1 0 1 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 9 1 4 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 4 1 2 10 58 8 32 2 23 5 20 6 17 2 10 2 18 1 2 * Average amount of funds disposed in— Increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities________________________ ___ $78.13 $50.17 $59.02 $125. 39 $177. 89 $136.15 $172. 92 $251. 43 55.57 42.88 43.89 81. 36 118. 08 86.24 95. 58 194. 94 Increase in assets________________________ Increase in cash: .57 .32 1. 07 On hand...... ........................................... 0 0 0 0 .43 .0.2 In checking account_________________ 0 .07 0 0 0 0 0 .12 In savings account__________________ .54 0 20. 37 3.88 8.98 59.88 0 Investment in— 6.62 Improvements in own home_________ 20.84 9.06 17.92 .48 0 0 4.14 Other real estate (including real estate mortgages)_________________ 0 0 0 0 3.25 4.87 3.49 .36 Building and loan shares___________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .12 .54 Stocks and bonds___________________ 0 0 2.10 0 0 7.86 Other property________________ _ 0 0 1.32 0 6.13 0 0 20.76 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 45.96 39. 61 43.89 53. 42 74. 33 57.25 78.30 97.74 Life insurance........................................ Annuities__________________ ________ 2.75 2.19 1.06 0 7.10 1.17 .68 2.09 Increase in outstanding loans to others. 1.08 0 2.13 0 0 0 0 1.68 Decrease in liabilities ____ ____________ 22. 56 7.29 15.13 44.03 59.81 49.91 77.34 56.49 Payment on principal of mortgages and 11.64 22.64 down payment on own home________ 12.52 0 16.94 12.59 17. 69 23.20 Payment on principal of other mort .49 1.06 .04 0 0 0 . 14 0 gages................ ......................................... Payment of debts to— 0 0 .43 1.16 Banks................. .................................... 0 0 .20 0 0 .65 Insurance companies............................ 0 0 0 .20 0 .02 2.13 .24 6. 35 1. 34 Small-loan companies____ __________ 0 .77 3.40 0 Firms selling on installment plan 0 0 0 8. 42 2.84 20. 10 Automobiles______________________ 0 4.54 2.19 9. 45 5. 01 18.29 15.07 20. 97 20. 57 Other goods------ ---------------------------4.46 .93 0 0 2.94 4.13 1. 97 Individuals_________________________ 5. 35 6.28 2.83 0 2. 65 10.02 16. 47 Other________ ____ ____ _ ________ 1.48 7.88 1.88 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 2 18 T TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 4 . — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current expen ditu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use fr o m sources other than f a m i ly in com e in schedule ye a r , b y econom ic level— Continued able Item Birmingham, Ala.—White fa milies—Continued Econom ic le v e l— Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami lies $600 Under $400 to and $400 $600 over Baltimore, M d -N e g ro families—Continued Economic level— Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami $400 $100 $200 lies to to and $200 $400 over F u n d s M a d e A v a ila b le fo r F a m i l y U s e F r o m S o u r c e s O th er T h a n F a m i l y I n c o m e in S c h ed u le Y e a r Families in survey------------------------------------Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: On hand_______ _________ ______ In checking account-____ ___________ In savings account........ ........................ Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages)________________________ Building and loan shares_____ ______ Stocks and bonds_______ _____ ____ Goods and chattels......... ....................... Other property-----------------------------Insurance policies: Surrender___________________ ______ _ Settlement---------------------------------------Receipts from outstanding loans to others_______________________________ Increase in liabilities: Increase in mortgages on own home___ Increase in other mortgages __________ Increase in debts: Payable to banks----- -------------------Payable to insurance companies____ Payable to small-loan companies____ Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: Automobiles---------------------------------Other goods__________ ____ _______ Payable to individuals _____ ______ Other debts_________ ____ _________ Inheritance--------------------------------------------- 107 24 49 34 202 88 60 54 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 8 5 26 4 1 6 3 1 8 1 3 12 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 16 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 1 3 0 4 2 1 1 2 0 1 1 8 1 5 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 4 16 15 2 3 6 1 7 4 1 6 5 0 37 0 13 1 0 8 0 3 0 0 15 0 8 1 0 14 0 2 0 15 74 10 115 0 3 28 7 57 0 3 29 2 30 0 9 17 1 28 0 Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities____ _____________ _______ ____ $46. 70 $24. 48 $35. 55 $78. 43 $180.14 $93.50 $185.07 $315.82 Decrease in assets___ ____________ ____ _ 8.44 2.50 57.14 27.39 35.56 129.60 6.24 15. 79 Reduction in cash: On hand_____________ ____ _________ 0 0 2.22 3.81 .75 2.35 .91 1.08 In checking account_______ _________ 0 0 0 0 5. 32 9.26 2.10 2. 47 In savings account____________________ 2.73 0 19.16 .08 8. 47 4.36 16.87 45.84 Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages)________________________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Building and loan shares____________ 0 0 0 0 12.80 0 0 47.88 Stocks and bonds.......... ................... . .09 0 .20 0 0 1.83 2. 40 4.19 Goods and chattels__________________ 0 0 0 0 5. 61 3.47 9.91 4. 31 Other property..._____ _____________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insurance policies: Surrender___ _____ ______ _____ ___ 3.29 2.08 5.96 .29 4.01 6.49 0 4. 42 Settlement______________ _______ 1.58 .42 0 4. 61 4.68 0 0 17.25 Receipts from outstanding loans to others_______________________ _______ 0 0 0 0 1.58 0 3. 37 2.16 Increase in liabilities______ _____________ 38.26 21.98 29. 31 62.64 123.00 66.11 149. 51 186. 22 Increase in mortgages on own home___ 0 0 0 0 16. 37 10.17 17. 39 25. 35 Increase in other mortgages___________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Increase in debts: Payable to banks___________________ 0 0 0 0 1.84 1.85 2.91 .65 Payable to insurance companies_____ .46 0 .12 12. 26 1.26 2.54 14.94 25.11 Payable to small-loan companies____ 3.97 0 7.96 7. 57 2.42 12.06 10.97 1.03 Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: Automobiles______________________ 0 0 0 0 15.86 2. 30 11.41 42.91 Other goods........... .............................. 29.78 14.59 18.88 56.20 26.83 14.46 33.94 39.06 Payable to individuals______________ 0 0 0 0 3.56 3.90 5. 30 1.08 Other debts____________ ____________ 4.05 7.39 2. 37 4.15 38. 71 28.47 51.56 41.09 Inheritance____ ________________________ .23 0 .51 0 0 0 0 0 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 219 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 4.— D is p o s itio n o f m o n e y received d u rin g schedule yea r not u sed f o r current exp en d itu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use fr o m sources other than f a m i ly in co m e in schedule y e a r , by econom ic level— Continued Birmingham, Ala - -Negro families Item All fam ilies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $200 to $200 $400 $400 and over Dallas, Tex.—White families All fam ilies Econom ic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over D i s p o s i t i o n o f M o n e y R e c e i v e d D u r i n g th e S ch ed u le Y e a r N o t U s e d f o r C u r r e n t F a m ily E x p e n d itu r e 44 294 19 94 105 101 38 96 Families in survey_____ __________________ Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: 1 1 2 2 2 1 0 6 On hand__________ _________________ 0 1 0 10 5 4 In checking account_________________ 0 0 1 21 9 8 In savings account__________________ 10 1 9 3 Investment in— 1 1 3 12 Improvements in own home........... 3 0 2 8 Other real estate (including real 0 1 1 3 1 0 1 estate mortgages)--------------------------5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Building and loan shares____________ 0 0 1 1 1 0 Stocks and bonds___________________ 1 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 3 Other property--------------------------------1 0 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 33 72 Life insurance------------ ---------- -----------84 29 22 219 82 65 8 1 3 4 1 3 2 6 Annuities___________________________ 1 Increase in outstanding loans to others. 3 0 1 2 2 1 0 Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home________ 24 11 1 4 4 9 51 16 Payment on principal of other mort 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 gages_______________________________ Payment of debts to— 1 0 1 0 Banks_________ ____________ _______ 0 0 0 0 1 Insurance companies________________ 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 Small-loan c o m p a n i e s __________ 1 1 1 2 2 0 4 3 Firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles______________________ 1 1 11 1 9 1 2 0 14 Other goods.......................................... 16 5 11 32 32 7 11 2 Individuals________ ________ _______ 4 1 1 2 3 1 0 Other______________________ ______ 6 3 12 4 2 7 2 2 Average amount of funds disposed in— Increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities.-________ ___________________ $77.96 $46. 84 $76.45 $143. 67 $141.15 $88. 34 $171. 05 $160.35 Increase in assets--------------------- -------------42.93 29. 38 43.97 67. 57 92. 79 46.19 100. 80 130.05 Increase in cash: .26 On hand___________ ________ ______ _ 2.74 .03 1.66 11.14 .60 1.60 0 In checking account_________________ 0 0 0 0 6. 52 .80 12.39 5.68 In savings account__________________ 6. 73 1.13 12.34 .28 14.70 .81 17. 30 18. 26 Investment in— Improvements in own home________ 1.32 1.84 12. 94 0 2.77 1.81 11.81 25.19 Other real estate (including real estate mortgages)___ ____________ 0 2.25 1.05 17.39 6.84 .98 0 2.66 Building and loan shares____ ____ _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stocks and bonds___________________ .54 .33 0 .76 0 .74 0 1.68 Other property_______ ________ ____ .02 0 .05 2.47 1.39 0 0 1.58 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: Life insurance-.................................... 27.92 27.34 22.88 40.81 49.62 37. 73 50.95 59. 93 Annuities_____________________ _____ 2.41 1.17 . 10 9.88 1.36 .46 .34 3.08 Increase in outstanding loans to others. .48 0 .29 1.84 .44 .95 0 .32 Decrease in liabilities___________________ 35.03 17.46 32. 48 76.10 48.36 42.15 70. 25 30.30 Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home___ 14. 78 3.45 12.51 42.69 28. 72 27.10 39.10 18.84 Payment on principal of other mort gages— 1.07 0 0 5.68 0 0 0 0 Payment of debts to— Banks______ _______________________ 0 0 0 0 .30 .11 0 0 Insurance companies____ ____ ______ 0 0 0 0 .05 .33 .32 .66 Small-loan companies_______________ .34 0 .61 .39 .74 .64 .48 1.13 Firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles________ _____________ 1.64 0 2. 30 6. 26 3.4b 3.19 13.46 1.33 Other goods_________ _____________ 13.37 12.16 13.03 16.56 8. 77 8.41 12.11 5.44 .84 Individuals_______ _________________ .57 .59 1.99 .57 0 .68 1. 01 Other______ ________________________ 2.99 1.28 3.44 5.39 2.86 2.49 4. 07 1.89 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 220 T TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 4.— D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received d uring schedule yea r not used f o r current exp en d itu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly u se fr o m sources other than f a m i ly in co m e in schedule ye a r , b y econom ic level— Continued able Birmingham, A la —Negro families—Continued Item Dallas, Tex.—White families— Continued Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fam ilies Under $200 $200 to $400 Econom ic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fam ilies $400 and over Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over F u n d s M a d e A v a ila b le fo r F a m i l y U s e F r o m S o u r c e s O th e r T h a n F a m i l y I n c o m e i n S c h ed u le Y e a r Families in survey----------- ---------------------Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: On hand----- ---------------------------------In checking account-------------------------In savings account__________________ Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages)________________________ Building and loan shares------ -----------Stocks and bonds_____________ _____ Goods and chattels---------------------------Other property______________________ Insurance policies: Surrender____________________ _____ _ Settlement-------------- ------------------------Receipts from outstanding loans to others------ ---------------------------------- --Increase in liabilities: Increase in mortgages on own home----Increase in other mortgages---------------Increase in debts: Payable to banks . . _ ------------Payable to insurance companies-------Payable to small-loan companies____ Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: ____ Automobiles____ ________ Other goods------ ------------- --------------Payable to individuals.-------------------------------Other debts___ _ Inheritance __ ________ ------------- 101 38 44 19 294 94 105 95 2 0 4 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 6 17 25 1 2 6 0 7 6 5 8 13 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 3 6 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 9 5 9 1 0 2 3 3 3 5 2 4 4 48 4 34 0 0 20 1 15 0 1 18 1 14 0 3 10 2 5 0 42 75 4 36 3 5 21 2 13 1 14 25 0 13 0 23 29 2 10 2 Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities------ --- -------------------------- $53. 23 $33.09 $45.06 $112.63 $123.98 $61. 35 $109. 55 $201. 96 36.06 16.67 22.62 70.11 8.72 2.13 5.10 30.44 Decrease in assets.. ------------------------------Reduction in cash: 2.41 2.45 0 2.39 1.81 1.99 0 5.10 On hand------------------------------------------10.64 3. 72 In checking account-------------------------6.69 21.86 0 0 0 0 .37 15. 61 15. 77 In savings account________ _____ _ . 3.09 7. 55 8.52 31.93 0 Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate 2. 21 0 0 0 6.19 0 0 0 mortgages)________________________ Building and loan shares____________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.05 .41 0 0 0 0 5.89 Stocks and bonds___ _ __________ _ 0 .44 2.10 .14 .76 9.15 .24 1.48 Goods and chattels__________________ 3.88 Other property---------------------------------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insurance policies: .69 0 0 3.69 .76 .26 Surrender............................. ................... 1.45 .57 .53 1.23 0 0 0 0 Settlement_________ ______________ 0 0 Receipts from outstanding loans to .74 2.31 0 .29 1.99 .50 0 0 others________________ ____ _______ 44.51 30.96 39.96 82.19 87.92 44.68 86.93 131.85 ncrease in liabilities----- -------- ---------5. 25 8.74 Increase in mortgages on own home___ 3.23 23.74 0 6.60 5.87 0 2.99 Increase in other mortgages ---------------0 9.26 0 0 0 0 0 Increase in debts: 2.24 4.19 2.13 8.39 0 0 0 0 Payable to banks __________________ .09 .66 6.49 0 16.37 1.98 .16 0 Payable to insurance companies____ 1.08 2.37 1.10 0 2.20 3.05 Payable to small-loan companies. __ .48 0 Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: 2.13 19.91 27. 78 3.91 24.94 54. 56 4.67 0 Automobiles. ________i ................... . 26.11 18.64 23.79 36.05 15.82 14.72 14.99 19.97 Other goods--------- ------------------------2. 21 .14 9.02 1.34 1.97 0 2.16 1.08 Payable to individuals______________ 11.57 16.95 7.80 10. 43 15.35 15.07 .18. 37 8.89 Other debts_________________________ 0 6.00 2.28 1.06 0 0 0 0 Inheritance _____ ___________________ Notes od this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 221 TABULAR SUMMARY T 4 . — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received durinp schedule yea r not used f o r current exp en d itu re, and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use fr o m sources other than fa m i ly in co m e in schedule ye a r , by econom ic level— Continued able Houston, Tex.—White families, other than Mexican Item Houston, Tex.—Mexican families Economic level— Families spending per expenditure All unit per year— fami lies Un $400 $600 ana der to $400 $600 over All fami lies Economic level—Fami lies spending per ex penditure unit per year— $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over D i s p o s i t i o n o f M o n e y R e c e i v e d D u r i n g th e S c h ed u le Y e a r N o t U s e d f o r C u r r e n t F a m i l y E x p en d itu r e 258 Families in survey______ __________________ Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: 10 On hand ---------------------------------------5 In checking account________________ 34 In savings "account_________________ Investment in— 22 Improvements in own home______ . Other real estate (including real es 8 tate mortgages)___________________ 1 Building and loan shares........ ___ . . . 7 Stocks and bonds____________ _____ 11 Other property. . . . ______________ Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 230 Life insurance______________________ 12 Annuities ____________ _______ Increase in outstanding loans to others __ 7 Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and 52 down payment on own home ________ Payment on principal of other mortgages. 9 Payment of debts to— 5 Banks_______________________________ 3 Insurance companies____________ ____ 5 Small-loan companies _________ _____ Firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles_________ _____ __ ._ 26 77 Other goods________________ ______ _ Individuals—_____ ____________ . . . ._ 10 46 Other ---------------------------------- . . . . . . Average amount of funds disposed in— D o t. Increase in assets and/or decrease in liabili ties _____________________________________ 238. 73 Increase in assets____________ ______ _____ 131.13 Increase in cash: 2. 46 On hand . _____________ _ __ In checking account_______ ____ ___ 3. 43 18. 01 In savings account ________________ Investment in— 5. 95 Improvements in own home________ Other real estate (including real es tate mortgages)----------------------------- 10. 07 .23 Building and loan shares............... . 3. 41 Stocks and bonds__________________ 24. 25 Other property. _______ ____________ Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 57. 30 Life insurance___ ______ ___________ 1.10 Annuities___________ ____________ Increase in outstanding loans to others _ 4. 92 Decrease in liabilities______ . . . . . . _ 107. 60 Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home— ______ 38. 70 5. 05 Payment on principal of other mortgages. Payment of debts to— 1.41 Banks___ ___ ___________ ____ _____ .89 Insurance companies_________________ .88 Small-loan companies________________ Firms selling on installment plan: 23.15 Automobiles______________________ Other goods________________________ 23. 72 3. 66 Individuals_____. . . ______ __________ Other. ____ _ _______ __________ 10.14 Notes on ttiis table are in appendix A, p. 637. 68 96 94 100 30 34 22 14 2 0 6 3 4 15 5 1 13 3 0 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 9 9 4 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 4 0 0 1 3 0 7 8 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 59 2 1 87 4 3 84 6 3 85 11 3 23 3 1 31 2 0 22 5 0 9 1 2 16 3 19 4 17 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 2 1 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 24 3 15 10 28 4 19 12 25 3 12 2 7 1 5 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 D o l. D o l. D o l. 190. 40 205. 06 308. 06 96.02 99.63 188. 71 D o l. 1.18 1.98 3.88 .53 8. 70 0 15. 66 22. 77 14.84 2.18 0 2.64 1.74 3.53 11.47 5.23 11. 76 .88 0 .97 5. 23 13. 78 0 0 9. 36 0 .03 65. 84 2. 86 0 0 .22 56. 05 54. 55 61.01 .43 1. 31 1.37 7.35 1.53 6.63 94. 38 105. 43 119.35 35.15 31. 85 48. 27 4.10 8. 40 2.32 0 2.28 .71 1. 04 .78 1. 51 2.81 0 .35 10. 75 21.97 33.32 25. 57 26. 37 19. 68 5. 47 3.28 2. 72 10. 35 10. 23 9. 88 D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 54.70 44.46 77. 45 34. 70 52. 85 44. 58 36.23 65.60 26.16 40.48 2.93 0 1.00 .88 0 5.29 0 0 0 .50 14. 71 0 0 0 0 0 8.43 0 0 .44 0 0 0 .23 7.14 0 3.86 .57 0 0 0 18 28.77 30.90 35.34 23, 43 16.64 .70 .31 .97 .51 2.50 1.71 .20 0 0 11. 78 10.12 8.23 11. 86 8.54 12.37 1. 73 1.03 0 0 0 3.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 62 2. 82 . 10 2. 82 4.49 3.08 .33 .33 .79 1.06 0 6.99 0 7.00 0 1. 54 0 0 0 0 12.37 0 222 T TWELVE OTOES OF THE SOUTH 4 . — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not u sed f o r current exp en d itu re , and f u n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use f r o m sources other than f a m i ly in co m e in schedule y e a r , b y econom ic level— Continued able Houston, Tex.—White families, other than Mexican—Continued Item Economic level— Families spending per expenditure All fami unit per year— lies Un $400 $600 to der and $400 $600 over Houston, Tex.—Mexican families—Continued All fami lies Economic level—Fami lies spending per ex penditure unit per year— $100 to $200 $200 to $300 $300 to $400 $400 and over F u n d s M a d e A v a ila b le fo r F a m i l y U s e F r o m S o u r c e s O th er T h a n F a m i l y I n c o m e in S c h ed u le Y e a r Families in survey_____________ ___________ 258 94 30 96 100 68 Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: On hand_________________ ___________ 4 5 0 10 3 2 In checking account_____ ____________ 1 8 1 7 0 0 In savings account___________________ 2 43 14 18 0 11 Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mort2 gages)---------------------------------------------1 1 0 0 0 Building and loan shares_____________ 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 Stocks and bonds_______ ____________ 4 0 0 0 0 8 3 Goods and chattels___________________ 8 0 20 4 Other property.......................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insurance policies: Surrender____ __________ ____________ 2 6 4 0 0 0 2 Settlement. _________________________ 1 3 1 0 1 Receipts from outstanding loans to others. 13 6 1 4 0 3 Increase in liabilities: 4 Increase in mortgages on own home____ 1 1 3 0 0 4 2 Increase in other mortgages_____________ 1 0 0 1 Increase in debts: 5 1 4 Payable to banks___ _________________ 0 0 0 14 Payable to insurance companies______ 9 3 0 0 2 Payable to small-loan companies____ 14 5 6 4 1 3 Payable to firms selling on installment plan: 41 21 Automobiles _ _ __________________ 14 11 2 6 113 44 Other goods.. _____________________ 48 14 40 29 25 2 1 Payable to individuals. ........ .......... . 8 11 6 162 Other debts__________________________ 64 34 9 66 32 Inheritance____ _ _______________________ 4 2 1 0 0 1 Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in liabili D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. ties_____ ________________ _____________ 226. 58 114. 42 138. 63 397. 59 71.51 29. 35 Decrease in assets _ _____________________ 87.91 30. 30 41.62 .176. 90 15.71 .92 Reduction in cash: On hand ____________________________ 2. 69 1.91 1.81 4.15 6.00 0 In checking account_________________ 2.74 0 .24 7.28 6.15 0 In savings account___________________ 32.18 22.04 20.20 51.76 1.62 0 Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mort gages)— 4.31 0 1.17 10.64 0 0 Building and loan shares...................... 2.04 0 5. 61 0 0 0 Stocks and bonds____________________ 18. 22 0 0 50.00 0 0 4.02 1.29 3.16 6.87 Goods and chattels.......................... ........ .36 0 Other property..................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insurance policies: Surrender___ _____ __________________ 1.70 0 2.24 2. 39 0 0 Settlement___________________________ .30 .53 .98 .92 .41 0 Receipts from outstanding loans to others. 19. 71 4.65 12.80 37. 67 .60 0 Increase in liabilities____________ _______ 138. 67 84.12 97.01 220. 69 55.80 28.43 Increase in mortgages on own home......... 3.68 0 5.56 4.43 .66 0 Increase in other mortgages....................... 7.13 10.88 2.08 9.58 0 0 Increase in debts: Payable to banks_____________________ 1.36 0 .52 3.20 0 0 Payable to insurance companies______ 5.30 1.03 .97 12.80 0 0 Payable to small-loan companies_____ 2.47 1.95 1.42 3.92 1.74 2.04 Payable to firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles ......................................... 37.49 12.39 24.13 69.30 17.98 6.17 Other goods. ....................................... 39.59 25.39 34.28 55.28 26. 73 13. 92 Payable to individuals_________ ____ _ 13. 93 5. 72 8.82 25.10 .27 .50 Other debts___ ____ _________________ 27. 72 26.76 19. 23 37.08 8.42 5.80 Inheritance____ __________ ________ _ 6. 93 4.41 2.99 12.77 0 0 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 34 22 14 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 18 0 12 0 3 8 1 7 0 3 8 0 6 0 D o l. D o l. D o l. 66.84 95.12 136. 21 19. 94 35.05 6.78 13.68 1.82 27.96 0 3.88 1.36 0 0 0 1.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.32 1.18 0 2. 73 0 0 46. 90 60.07 129.43 1.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.07 0 0 3.25 5.12 19.10 72.78 32.84 29.81 34.54 0 .54 0 6.99 7.55 18.86 0 0 0 223 TABULAR SUMMARY T 4 . — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current exp en d itu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use f r o m sources other than f a m i ly in com e in schedule y e a r , by econom ic level— Continued able Jackson, Miss.—White families Item All fami lies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over Jackson, Miss.—Negro families All fami lies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over D i s p o s i t i o n o f M o n e y R e c e i v e d D u r i n g th e S c h e d u le Y e a r N o t X Jused f o r C u r r e n t F a m ily E x p e n d itu r e 39 35 100 61 Families in survey________________________ 76 28 11 150 Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: 0 1 1 2 On hand___________ ____ ___________ 2 3 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 In checking account_________________ 1 2 4 9 7 5 1 In savings account___________ . . . __ 15 Investment in— 2 0 4 2 3 7 Improvements in own home_____ ___ 5 1 Other real estate (including real es1 2 1 0 1 tate mortgages) __________________ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Building and loan shares...... ............... 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Stocks and bonds______ ____ _______ 1 0 0 Other property________ ____________ 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 32 134 24 33 69 91 57 10 Life insurance...______ _______ ____ _ 4 2 2 2 3 0 0 9 Annuities- _________________________ 0 0 0 3 0 0 Increase in outstanding loans to others.. 3 0 Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and 4 15 3 down payment on own home________ 21 11 6 5 7 Payment on principal of other mort 0 3 0 1 1 3 0 0 gages--------------------- ------- ------------------Payment of debts to— 3 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 Banks______________________________ 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 Insurance companies________________ 5 2 1 0 2 0 Small-loan companies.. ____________ 3 1 5 Firms selling on installment plan: 4 0 1 3 6 1 8 1 Automobiles-_ ___________________ 2 8 14 9 13 6 6 Other g o o d s .____ _______________ 30 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Individuals_____ ______ ____________ 2 9 5 8 6 10 1 Other. _____________________________ 23 Average amount of funds disposed in— Increase in assets and/or decrease in lia bilities. _ ________________ ___________ $167. 41 $125.87 $172. 44 $202.82 $77. 62 $69.81 $55.41 $220. 59 49.88 45.87 35. 26 141.14 Increase in assets_______________________ 90.21 77. 27 87. 57 110. 35 Increase in cash: 0 .21 1. 45 0 .66 .71 .29 On hand________ ____ _______ ______ .50 0 0 0 0 0 1.43 0 In checking account________ ____ ___ .33 2. 73 6. 35 1. 65 2. 24 1.18 In savings account.. _______________ 13.13 5. 26 20. 29 Investment in— 8. 76 2. 37 1. 49 2. 24 1. 78 0 Improvements in own home_____ _. 1. 36 .87 Other real estate (including real es 9.40 0 • 2. 30 72.73 0 .79 0 tate mortgages)___________ ____ _ .40 0 0 0 0 0 0 Building and loan shares____________ 0 0 2.73 0 . 14 .30 0 .03 0 0 Stocks and bonds___ _______________ 0 0 0 0 0 .86 7.10 25. 64 Other property--------------- ------- ---------Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 34.40 41.85 30.08 39.38 Life insurance_____________________ _ 60. 49 44. 56 55. 55 88.95 13.36 1.47 0 0 .93 12. 77 .94 3.70 Annuities- _________ _____ _________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. 25 Increase in outstanding loans to others.. 3.17 27.74 23.94 20.15 79.45 Decrease in liabilities___________________ 77. 20 48. 60 84.87 92. 47 Payment on principal of mortgages and 13.79 15.76 4. 53 60.13 23. 31 15.94 17. 24 44.72 down payment on own home________ Payment on principal of other mort 0 .16 .10 0 0 11.89 0 6.02 gages......... ................................................ Payment of debts to— 0 0 0 0 0 1.91 1. 33 3.08 Banks....................................................... 2. 42 0 0 3. 87 0 0 2. 55 .10 Insurance companies ............. ............. .60 .66 0 .71 3. 36 8.18 2. 44 0 Small-loan companies........................... Firms selling on installment plan: 6.77 0 4.99 3.07 2.81 28.02 9.26 17.09 Automobiles______________________ 4.39 14. 73 5.43 4.04 9. 51 18. 74 12. 62 13.19 Other goods...................................... 0 1.43 0 0 0 0 .33 Individuals................................. ........... 4.59 2.83 .36J 3.64 8. 821 15.90 7 05 10. 01 Other.. . ___________________________ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 0 224 T TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 4. — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current expen ditu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r fa m i ly use fr o m sources other than f a m i ly in co m e in schedule yea r, by econom ic level— Continued able Jackson, Miss.—White families— Continued Item All fami lies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over Jackson, Miss.—Negro families—Continued All fami lies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over F u n d s M a d e A v a i l a b l e fo r F a m i l y U s e F r o m S o u r c e s O t h e r T h a n F a m i l y I n c o m e in S ch ed u le Y e a r ____ _________ 150 39 76 35 Families in survey______ Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: 1 1 On hand___ ________________________ 0 0 1 In checking account_______________ _ 0 0 1 In savings account__________________ 26 4 9 13 Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate 1 1 mortgages)___________ ___________ 0 0 Building and loan shares___________ 3 0 1 2 Stocks and bonds___________________ 3 0 3 0 Goods and chattels__________________ 14 2 10 2 Other property_____________________ 0 0 0 0 Insurance policies: Surrender______________ ____________ 4 0 3 1 Settlement________ _____ ___________ 1 3 1 1 Receipts from outstanding loans to others_______ __________ ________ 4 1 0 3 Increase in liabilities: 2 Increase in mortgages on own home___ 6 1 3 0 Increase in other mortgages- _____ _ 0 0 0 Increase in debts: 5 Payable to banks __________________ 2 0 3 Payable to insurance companies_____ 9 2 4 3 Payable to small-loan companies____ 15 5 3 7 Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: 16 2 9 Automobiles_____ ___________ ___ 5 52 26 15 Other goods____________ _______ 11 Payable to individuals______________ 14 1 11 2 Other debts________ ______ ________ 15 60 17 28 1 3 2 Inheritance ___________ ______________ 0 Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities. . ____________________________ $158. 04 $93. 29 $130. 30 $290. 46 Decrease in asset,s._ ____________________ 60.61 41. 05 57.06 90.08 Reduction in cash: On hand. _ _ _ _ _ _________________ .30 0 0 1.15 In checking account_________________ 0 2.86 .67 0 In savings account__________________ 25.88 4. 36 13. 36 77.05 Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages). _______ __________ .17 .64 0 0 Building and loan shares___________ .71 .97 .94 0 Stocks and bonds_________ ________ 7. 36 14.52 0 0 Goods and chattels_____ __ ________ 5.16 .28 6.86 6.88 Other property______________________ 0 0 0 0 Insurance policies: Surrender...... ....................................... 1.64 2.97 .57 0 Settlement_________ _____________ 14.42 34.62 10.53 .37 Receipts from outstanding loans to others. ______________ ___ ________ 4. 30 0 7.83 1.43 Increase in liabilities. ___ _____________ 97.43 52.24 73.24 200.38 Increase in mortgages on own home___ 7.74 10.00 3. 51 14.41 Increase in other mortgages __ ______ 0 0 0 0 Increase in debts: Payable to b a n k s_____ _ __ ____ 1.37 1. 24 3.19 0 Payable to insurance companies_____ 5.19 5.29 7.26 4.20 Payable to small-loan companies. __ 6.89 3.72 5.76 12.86 Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: Automobiles____ _______________ 26.19 4.56 14. 55 75. 58 Other goods...... ............................. 23.30 9.27 20.94 44.06 Payable to individuals______________ 8.24 . 15 5.79 22. 59 Other debts____ ____ _ __ ____ 18. 51 19.25 17.25 20.43 Inheritance ______ _ _______ _ _ __ __ 2. 33 3. 95 1.28 0 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 100 28 61 11 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 13 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 10 34 6 42 0 2 10 2 12 0 5 18 4 26 0 3 6 0 4 0 $51. 65 $29. 55 $38.50 $180. 67 7. 97 .41 4. 37 47.09 0 0 7. 34 0 0 0 0 0 3.77 0 0 45. 77 0 0 0 .18 .12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .24 0 0 0 0 .23 1.09 .10 .11 0 .41 .16 0 0 0 . 12 43. 68 1.16 4.00 0 29.14 0 0 0 0 5.40 0 0 10. 05 0 0 3.29 0 0 5. 27 7. 24 13. 47 1.29 11.12 O .96 6. 96 1.78 9. 39 0 6.11 11.24 1. 30 10.29 0 29.45 42. 41 0 20.09 0 .20 0 34.13 133. 58 1.90 0 0 36. 36 225 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 4.— D isp o sitio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current exp en d itu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use f r o m sources other than f a m i ly in com e in schedule y e a r , by econom ic level— Continued Item Jacksonville, Fla.—White families Economic level— Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami lies Under $400 $600 to and $400 $600 over Louisville, Ky.—White fam ilies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami lies $600 Under $400 to and $400 $600 over D i s p o s i t i o n o f M o n e y R e c e i v e d D u r i n g th e S c h ed u le Y e a r N o t U se d fo r C u r r e n t F a m ily E x p e n d itu r e Families in survey____ ___________________ Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: On hand___________ ________ _______ In checking account____ ____ _____ . In savings account_________ ______ Investment in— Improvements in own home_________ Other real estate (including real es tate mortgages)___ _ ____________ Building and loan shares,.................... Stocks and bonds___________________ Other property_____________________ Payment of premiums for insurance policies: Life insurance___ _____ _______ _____ A nnu ities..______ _____ _________ . Increase in outstanding loans to others. Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own hom e___ . . . Payment on principal of other mort gages— Payment of debts to— Banks_________ ____________________ Insurance companies________ ______ Small-loan companies___ ___________ Firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles____ _________________ Other goods_______________________ Individuals____________________ _______ Other_______________________________ 178 59 69 50 197 92 69 36 1 0 23 0 0 3 1 0 11 0 0 9 2 3 22 1 1 8 0 1 10 1 1 4 10 2 5 3 8 3 1 4 4 0 2 10 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 2 4 0 1 2 2 2 2 4 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 3 0 0 1 0 161 15 5 54 6 3 61 3 1 46 6 1 187 9 5 90 0 2 65 4 2 32 5 1 19 7 6 6 31 16 10 5 5 0 1 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 1 3 4 3 3 0 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 12 33 3 24 0 12 0 9 8 11 2 10 4 10 1 5 4 32 4 38 2 16 0 18 1 10 4 11 1 6 0 9 Average amount of funds disposed in— Increase in assets and/or decrease in liabil ities_______________________ __ __ _______ $206.19 $178. 68 $202. 33 $243. 96 $157.04 $134.18 $148.16 $232. 51 Increase in assets____________ . . . _____ 146.15 143. 63 131.99 168. 64 106. 70 97.30 100. 74 142.11 Increase in cash: .15 .28 0 .72 0 .16 0 .42 On hand_________ _______________________ .51 .49 .36 0 In checking account______________________ 0 0 0 .83 14.24 11. 37 15.87 18. 46 28.83 25. 61 19. 44 45. 58 In savings account________________________ Investment in— 2.03 39. 36 8. 70 .68 41. 04 18. 05 7. 54 2.06 Improvements in own home... _______ Other real estate (including real es 2. 03 0 5.80 0 9.78 0 0 34.80 tate mortgages)_____ _________________ 0 0 2.10 1.13 4.49 0 0 0 Building and loan shares. ___________ 2. 71 1. 30 .13 0 .14 .42 1. 26 0 Stocks and bonds______ ___________ . . . 5.08 2. 72 10.87 0 Other property________________________ 10.00 25.11 .12 5.80 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 70. 67 79.12 59. 77 69.94 64. 51 57.87 69. 46 65. 52 Life insurance..._____ ________________ 2. 39 2.18 2. 57 0 8. 92 5. 77 8. 72 6. 70 Annuities.___ . . . _ _ ______________ .70 .25 .58 2.08 .32 1.40 Increase in outstanding loans to others___ 7. 67 21.58 50. 34 36.88 47.42 90.40 Decrease in liabilities__________ _______ 60.04 35.05 70. 34 75. 32 Payment on principal of mortgages and 21. 32 12. 58 19.08 47.94 19.60 17. 03 22.84 18.16 down payment on own home— ______ Payment on principal of other mort.04 .13 .14 11.60 0 0 3. 31 0 gages___........................... ................... ................ .. Payment of debts to— 1. 55 3. 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks ___ __________ _________________ ___ 1.84 0 2.20 5.86 0 0 0 0 Insurance companies____________________ 2. 09 .09 1.86 7. 67 4.10 3.63 6.20 1. 76 Small-loan companies______ _____ ______ Firms selling on installment plan: 2. 92 .64 2.06 5. 26 12. 90 0 20. 42 17. 76 Automobiles________________________ 9.88 10.84 8.06 10.89 12. 30 6.80 14.19 16.16 Other goods_________________________ 1. 96 0 5. 61 0 1.20 0 1. 80 1.80 Individuals_________________________ 4. 75 8. 74 5. 22 17.40 7.59 8. 08 7.99 Other_______________________________ 6. 63 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 226 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 4.— D isp o s itio n o f m o n ey received during schedule yea r not used f o r current expenditure , and fu n d s m ade available fo r f a m i ly use fr o m sources other than f a m i ly in com e in schedule ye a r , by econom ic level— Continued rtem Jacksonville, Fla.—White families—Continued Economic level— Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami lies $600 Under $400 to and $400 $600 over Louisville, Ky.—White fam ilies—Continued Economic level— Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami lies $600 Under $400 to and $400 $600 over F u n d s M a d e A v a ila b le fo r F a m ily U s e F r o m S o u r c e s O th e r T h a n F a m i l y I n c o m e i n S c h ed u le Y e a r Families in survey... ______________ ____ Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: On hand___ _____ __________________ In checking account_________________ In savings account. . . _____________ Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages) _______________________ Building and loan shares.__________ Stocks and bonds___ _______________ Goods and chattels... ______________ Other property________ ____ _______ Insurance policies: Surrender -------- --------------------------- . Settlement___________________ . . . Reductions in outstanding loans to others._ ____________________________ Increase in liabilities: Increase in mortgages on own home----Increase in other mortgages___________ Increase in debts: Payable to banks_________ _________ Payable to insurance companies_____ Payable to small-loan companies____ Payable to firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles____ _________________ Other goods______________ ____ ___ Payable to individuals.................. ....... Other debts______ ________ ____ ___ Inheritance--------------------------------------------- 178 59 69 50 197 92 69 36 3 0 31 0 0 6 3 0 11 0 0 14 10 5 19 4 3 5 3 2 6 3 0 8 1 0 2 14 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 5 1 4 1 1 0 0 13 6 8 3 1 3 4 0 5 0 2 3 1 1 0 0 3 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 6 4 16 2 0 6 3 4 2 1 0 8 5 5 9 1 4 4 3 0 2 1 1 3 22 63 8 53 0 7 22 4 16 0 7 27 2 25 0 8 14 2 12 0 9 61 10 68 3 4 27 6 37 1 2 21 1 20 2 3 13 3 11 0 Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities.. ________ . . . -------------------- $173.33 $150. 79 $152. 66 $228. 44 $123. 94 $83. 77 $93. 60 $284. 79 49.47 21.26 31.62 155. 81 Decrease in assets ____ . . . ___________ 67.96 85. 01 36. 99 90.61 Reduction in cash: 2. 61 1.01 0 0 On hand. __________________________ 5.16 1.71 4.13 15.97 In checking account_____________ . . . 0 0 0 0 1.70 1.79 2.46 0 In savings account_________ _______ 42. 48 44.18 25.07 64. 50 27. 71 3.77 12. 83 117.40 Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate .22 0 .58 0 mortgages) -------------- ------------------2. 54 0 0 13.89 0 0 Building and loan shares___________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.11 0 Stocks and bonds __________________ 0 14. 64 0 0 0 0 2. 86 Goods and chattels____ ___________ 3. 51 .96 1.88 3.11 .65 1.52 .69 Other property------------------ --------------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insurance policies: .76 Surrender___________________ ____ _ .59 1.45 0 5.41 7.43 1.45 7.86 1.16 Settlement________ _________ ____ _ 13.16 38.36 0 5.96 5.85 9.23 0 Receipts from outstanding loans to others_______________________________ 3. 36 0 2.61 8. 36 .03 .06 0 0 105. 37 65.78 115.67 137. 83 Increase in liabilities._______ _____ _____ 74.47 62. 51 61.98 128.98 18. 58 Increase in mortgages on own home___ 5.20 43.48 0 0 7.88 0 43.12 Increase in other mortgages___________ 2.81 0 0 10.00 0 0 0 0 Increase in debts: Payable to banks_________________ _ 3.12 2.08 5. 60 .92 2.40 .18 5.16 2.78 Payable to insurance companies_____ 1.38 0 0 3.55 4. 57 9.24 0 1.39 Payable to small-loan companies____ 9.86 10.98 .86 26.24 4.26 2.02 6.01 6.61 Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: Automobiles..................................... . 24.80 16.22 15.23 48.15 6.98 3.98 3.96 20.45 Other goods_________ ____ ________ 23. 29 21.47 20. 55 29. 21 27. 55 25.64 27.21 33.09 1.46 Payable to individuals______________ 4.36 2. 39 10. 50 2. 86 2. 92 3.04 2. 36 Other debts___________________ _____ 16. 05 9.49 24.01 12. 81 17.97 18. 53 16.60 19.18 Inheritance... ____ __________________ 0 0 0 0 2. 32 1.09 5.19 0 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. TABULAR SUMMARY T 227 4.— D isp o s itio n o f m o n ey received during schedule yea r not used f o r current expen ditu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use f r o m sources other than f a m i ly in com e in schedule ye a r , by econom ic level— Continued able Louisville, Ky.—Negro families Item All fami lies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $200 D isp o sitio n S c h ed u le $200 to $400 $400 and over Memphis, Tenn.—White families All fami lies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over o f M o n e y R e c e i v e d D u r i n g th e Year N ot U sed fo r C u rren t F a m ily E x p e n d itu r e 74 14 40 20 194 73 Families in survey_______________________ 63 58 Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: 3 0 2 1 On hand. __________________________ 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 In checking account_______ _________ 2 1 0 0 1 1 15 In savings account.. _______ _______ 6 8 Investiment in— 1 1 Improvements in own home______ 0 0 20 9 9 2 Other real estate (including real es0 0 0 0 2 5 0 tate mortgages) _________ _______ 3 1 0 1 Building and loan shares----------------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 Stocks and bonds___________________ 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 1 Other property--------- -----------------------0 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 12 70 39 19 52 157 54 Life insurance---------------------------- ___ 51 0 0 0 0 9 0 5 Annuities.. ________ ______ _______ 4 1 0 1 0 Increase in outstanding loans to others. 0 0 0 0 Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and 2 16 10 4 29 11 9 down payment on own home--------- _ 9 Payment on principal of other mort 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 gages— 1 Payment of debts to— 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 Banks_____________ ________________ 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 Insurance companies. _ -------------------2 0 3 0 3 1 0 7 5 Small-loan companies.. _______ ____ 1 Firms selling on installment plan— 0 0 0 1 0 8 3 Automobiles.. _________ ________ 4 2 9 4 3 8 Other goods. ________ ___________ 18 6 4 1 0 1 1 0 4 6 1 Individuals-. . _______ __________ 1 10 3 5 4 6 0 Other... __________________________ 1 Average amount of funds disposed in— Increase in assets and/or decrease in lia bilities. . _________ ________ _ -------- $96 41 $115. 37 $95.80 $84. 33 $178.10 $119. 63 $209.14 $218. 20 57.97 69.84 61. 26 43.09 126. 73 78.64 146. 29 165.99 Increase in assets----------------------------------Increase in cash: .62 0 .65 1.00 2.74 1. 62 On hand. . ________________________ 1. 56 0 0 0 3. 50 0 0 0 1. 59 In checking account_________________ 9. 97 .70 0 0 2. 60 17.84 1. 37 23.81 32.07 In savings account________________ . Investment in— .24 1.29 Improvements in own home_________ 0 0 9.98 8.12 18. 94 2.59 Other real estate (including real es 0 0 0 3. 30 3.15 0 tate mortgages) ------------------0 7.07 . 14 0 .25 0 0 Building and loan shares __ ______ 0 0 0 0 0 0 .84 .74 0 0 Stocks and bonds ______________ _ 2.02 0 0 0 .72 1.10 .95 0 Other property------ --------------------------0 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 56. 00 68. 55 59. 86 39.49 83.93 62.16 94.42 99. 95 Life insurance_______________________ 0 0 4. 22 12. 32 0 0 5.06 0 Annuities- -------------- -----------------------.27 0 .50 0 0 0 Increase in outstanding loans to others. 0 0 38. 44 45. 53 34. 54 41.24 51. 37 40.99 62.85 52. 21 Decrease in liabilities___________________ Payment on principal of mortgages 22.18 32.14 20. 23 19.10 31. 75 26. 36 37.29 32. 52 and down payment on own home___ Payment on principal of other mort 0 0 0 .98 0 .79 2.41 0 gages-----------------------------------------------Payment of debts to— .49 .82 0 0 0 0 0 .59 Banks------------------------ ---------------------0 0 0 0 .35 .26 .78 0 Insurance companies. ______________ 1. 32 2. 43 0 2.06 4.10 1. 35 .52 0 Small-loan companies._____ ________ Firms selling on installment plan: 0 0 0 0 6. 46 3.70 6.16 10.26 Automobiles______________________ 5. 66 4. 27 7. 61 11.05 12. 37 9.01 14. 20 5. 31 Other goods_______________________ 4. 80 .34 1.30 0 0 3.11 8.87 .34 Individuals__________ ___________ 2. 59 1. 02 2. 87 3. 14 .51 1 1.14 0 .26 Other. __________ ________________ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 228 T TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 4 . — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current ex pen d itu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r fa m i ly use f r o m sources other than f a m i ly in co m e in schedule yea r, b y econom ic level— Continued able Memphis, Tenn.—White families— Continued Louisville, Ky.—Negro families—C ontinued Item All fami lies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year $200 $400 Under to and $200 $400 over All fami lies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year $600 $400 Under and to $400 $600 over F u n d s M a d e A v a i l a b l e fo r F a m i l y U s e F r o m S o u r c e s O th er T h a n F a m i l y I n c o m e in S c h ed u le Y e a r Families in survey________________________ Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: On hand.. . . ___________________ In checking account______ __________ In savings a c c o u n t ._____ _________ Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages) ------ ----- -------------Building and loan shares____ _____ _ Stocks and bonds_____________ _. . Goods and chattels__________________ Other property________________ ____ Insurance policies: Surrender. _________________________ Settlement______________________ . . . Reductions in outstanding loans to others_____________________ _______ Increase in liabilities: Increase in mortgages on own home___ Increase in other mortgages_________ _ Increase in debts: Payable to banks___________ _____ _ Payable to insurance companies_____ Payable to small-loan companies.. Payable to firms selling on install ment plan. Automobiles______________ _______ Other goods. ______________ ____ _ Payable to individuals___________ _ Other debts________________________ Inheritance___________________________ . Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities_________ ____________________ Decrease in assets_______________________ Reduction in cash: On hand __________ _______ ________ In checking account_______________ . In savings account_______________ ._ Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate m ortgages)...___ _________ _ . . . Building and loan shares____ ______ Stocks and bonds___________________ Goods and chattels...____ _______ _ Other property_____________________ Insurance policies: Surrender________________________ __ Settlement____________ ____________ Receipts from outstanding loans to others... __________ ____ _________ _ Increase in liabilities____ _____________ Increase in mortgages on own home___ Increase in other mortgages................. . Increase in debts: Payable to banks __________________ Payable to insurance companies_____ Payable to small-loan companies. . . . Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: Automobiles....................................... Other goods----------------------------------Payable to individuals---------------------Other debts_________________________ Inheritance _. ______ _________________ 14 40 20 194 73 63 58 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 6 16 1 1 2 0 2 7 3 3 7 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 9 1 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 4 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 9 2 3 2 4 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 10 8 13 2 2 6 3 3 5 5 3 2 2 19 6 20 0 0 2 1 3 0 1 10 2 8 0 1 7 3 9 0 17 63 2 38 0 2 22 2 11 0 6 22 0 12 0 9 19 0 15 0 $43.17 $34. 30 $43. 91 $47.95 $137. 00 $50. 96 $129.43 $253. 50 4. 25 35. 48 16.14 29. 89 65. 86 10.00 12. 43 12. 03 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 74 0 0 1.86 0 0 0 0 0 3. 45 0 0 0 3. 02 6.19 15. 25 1.51 .34 1.58 0 9. 52 12. 75 8.19 9.91 35.20 0 0 0 1.49 0 0 0 0 4.29 0 0 0 0 .62 0 0 0 0 1.25 0 .52 .46 .21 3. 44 .13 0 0 0 2. 05 0 1.59 1. 43 .63 1.41 .40 0 0 0 7. 39 0 5. 55 .81 8.14 0 7.42 0 0 3.00 5.19 .92 7. 81 2.44 2.16 0 5.17 0 .29 33.17 0 0 0 21.87 0 0 .54 31.88 0 0 0 43.70 0 0 .15 101. 52 1.05 0 .41 34. 82 0 0 0 .68 3. 61 0 0 4.29 0 1. 25 5.19 4.69 8.92 7. 81 1. 96 1.85 5.48 2. 02 13.02 9. 38 11.03 13. 36 9.05 2.50 13. 49 3. 30 9. 59 0 0 5.59 3. 57 8. 42 0 3. 22 12. 47 1. 79 7.96 0 22.79 31.93 1.37 22. 96 0 1.85 13. 30 3. 63 6. 75 0 31.02 30.38 0 12.16 0 40. 21 57.06 0 55.10 0 0 0 0 2. 81 21. 07 6.15 13.67 0 0 0 99. 54 187. 64 1. 56 1.83 0 0 TABULAR T 229 SUM M ARY 4.— D isp o s itio n o f m o n ey received during schedule yea r not used f o r current expenditure , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly u se f r o m sources other than f a m i ly in co m e in schedule ye a r , b y econom ic level— Continued able Item Memphis, Tenn.—Negro families Economic le v e l— Families spending All per expenditure fami unit per year lies $100 $200 $400 to to and $200 $400 over Mobile, Ala.—White families Economic level— Families spending All per expenditure fami unit per year lies $600 Under $400 to and $400 $600 over D i s p o s i t i o n o f M o n e y R e c e i v e d D u r i n g th e S c h ed u le Y e a r N o t U s e d fo r C u r r e n t F a m i l y E x p en d itu r e Families in survey________________________ Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: On hand___________ ______ _________ In checking account_________________ In savings account__________________ Investment in— Improvements in own home________ Other real estate (including real estate mortgages) _ _______________ Building and loan shares_____ _ _ _ Stocks and bonds____________ Other property_____________________ Payment of premiums for insurance policies: Life insurance_______________________ Annuities. . . . ____ . . . ________ . . . Increase in outstanding loans to others. Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home_______ Payment on principal of other mort gages------------ -------------- -----------------Payment of debts to— Banks. ________ ________________ Insurance companies ______________ Small-loan companies... __ ________ Firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles_______________ ______ Other goods_________________ _ Individuals_____________________ . . . Other. _____________________________ 94 24 52 18 146 74 41 31 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 4 16 0 0 3 1 2 10 0 2 3 5 1 1 3 7 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 90 1 0 22 0 0 51 0 0 17 1 0 133 15 1 68 5 1 38 4 0 27 6 0 7 2 2 3 16 7 7 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 8 4 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 4 0 0 2 0 0 4 26 4 45 1 6 1 23 2 9 1 15 1 11 2 7 Average amount of funds disposed in— Increase in assets and/or decrease in lia bilities________________________________ $76. 36 $78.17 $60. 44 $120.04 $185.06 $123.18 $308. 59 $169.36 97.24 72.26 137. 34 103.83 Increase in assets______ _______ _________ 53. 21 63.93 38. 79 80. 64 Increase in cash: .21 .75 On hand. _ _ ______________________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 In checking account________________ 2.11 0 2.29 6.90 0 0 0 0 11.13 1.56 25.89 14. 45 In savings account__________________ 1. 59 2. 40 1.39 0 Investment in— Improvements in own home. _____ 10.09 27.08 .49 15.17 5. 69 2.13 16. 41 0 Other real estate (including real .84 0 3.00 0 estate mortgages). _ _________ ____ 0 0 0 0 Building and loan shares______ __ . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.14 4. 06 Stocks and bonds . . . ________ _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 .41 Other property. _______ ___ ___ 0 0 0 0 .67 1.65 0 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 40.85 36.85 35.90 60. 50 69. 32 61. 91 80. 93 71.64 Life insurance_________ _______ _____ Annuities.. ____ _ _ _ __________ 4. 45 2.93 2. 36 10. 84 .68 0 0 3. 58 Increase in outstanding loans to others. 1.68 3. 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 Decrease in liabilities. _. . . . ____ ____ 87.82 50. 92 171. 25 65. 53 23.15 14. 24 21.65 39. 40 Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home_______ 5. 50 3. 07 23. 51 36.80 15.42 95. 58 10. 07 7. 60 Payment on principal of other mort gages----------------------- ---------- --------------.96 0 1.73 1.13 0 0 5. 33 0 Payment of debts to— 2. 55 0 0 Banks..................... ................................ . .51 0 2. 38 13. 33 0 Insurance companies. ........................ . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 34 .83 Small-loan companies____ __ ______ 0 1.50 1.91 0 4.23 0 Firms selling on installment plan: .85 1. 54 5.94 4. 44 Automobiles_____________ _______ 0 0 7.31 4.59 6. 26 16. 75 21.63 4.75 4.29 5. 72 2. 56 12. 47 Other goods____ _ ______ _ _ . . . Individuals.. . . . _____ _ ________ 2.96 5.36 1.78 o 0 1.26 1.50 3. 42 Other_____________ . . . ____________ ! 1. 141 4.45 0 0 28. 36 20. 67 51.33 16. 35 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 74390°— 41------- 16 230 T TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 4 . — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current expenditure , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use fr o m sources other than f a m i ly in co m e in schedule ye a r , by econom ic level— Continued able Item Memphis, Tenn— Negro families—Continued Economic le v e l— Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami $400 lies Under $200 to and $200 over $400 Mobile, Ala.—White families—Continued Economic level— Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami lies $400 $600 Under to and $400 $600 over F u n d s M a d e A ia ila b le fo r F a m ily U s e F r o m S o u r c e s O t h e r T h a n F a m i l y I n c o m e in S c h ed u le Y e a r Families in survey________________________ Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: On hand.........._ ... .................................. In checking account........... ................. In savings account________ _______ __ Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages)----------- - ------------------Building and loan shares __............. . Stocks and bonds. _ ---------------------Goods and chattels__________________ Other property........................... .......... Insurance policies: Surrender........... .......... ........................ Settlement------------------------------------Reductions in outstanding loans to others______________________________ Increase in liabilities: Increase in mortgages on own home----Increase in other mortgages..................... Increase in debts: Payable to banks______________ ____ Payable to insurance companies-------Payable to small-loan companies____ Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: Automobiles______________ ____ Other goods. . . ---------------------Payable to individuals______________ Other debts----------------------------------— Inheritance _ ....................... ....................... Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities___ . . . i ---------------------------------Decrease in assets.. ------------------------------Reduction in cash: On hand____________________________ In checking account-------------------------In savings account................................ Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages).. ----------- --------------------Building and loan shares____________ Stocks and bonds-----------------------------Goods and chattels--------------------------Other property............ ........................ Insurance policies: Surrender........... ................................... . Settlement---------------------------------------Receipts from outstanding loans to others____________ ____ ____ ______ ______ Increase in liabilities______ _ Increase in mortgages on own home___ Increase in other mortgages___________ Increase in debts: Payable to banks___________________ Payable to insurance companies_____ Payable to small-loan companies____ Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: Automobiles_______________ ______ Other goods-------------- ------- - .............. Payable to individuals. ........................ Other debts_____________ __________ _ Inheritance----- ------------------------------------- 24 52 18 146 74 41 31 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 4 17 2 0 8 0 1 4 0 3 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 12 5 1 0 0 8 1 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 3 2 9 0 3 2 3 0 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 13 1 5 0 5 0 3 1 0 2 5 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 5 3 8 2 2 7 1 1 0 2 0 1 1 24 3 7 0 6 2 1 0 1 12 1 5 1 0 6 0 1 0 10 61 17 59 0 3 32 9 28 0 4 10 4 18 0 3 19 4 13 0 1 $60. 61 $86.45 $25.31 $128.17 $157. 72 $95. 30 $202.90 $246.85 21. 76 7. 33 52. 34 21. 91 101.00 60. 55 8.83 78. 33 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 94 2.13 0 .53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .78 0 0 0 0 3.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 .95 17.37 0 4.29 1.71 7.12 0 38.85 16. 34 0 0 79.12 53.38 0 0 .69 4.12 1.33 12,68 1.95 1.74 2.13 1. 01 2.13 26.85 1.99 0 11.28 0 1. 50 58. 02 0 8.05 22.78 .70 0 8.87 4.82 1.42 1.39 0 0 4. 27 .02 0 0 23. 54 2. 74 .28 0 0 10. 63 8.88 6. 25 0 64.44 1.77 3.81 1.74 1.20 3.17 8.39 0 3.96 0 16. 48 2. 52 0 0 49.84 6.91 0 .96 105. 38 23.9S 2.67 0 2.08 1.75 0 .29 1.35 0 0 15.28 1.85 2. 33 2.80 .63 1.62 4.48 1.50 5.37 0 5.19 0 2.50 0 14. 03 7.46 .42 0 2.40 7.16 .08 2.68 3.85 0 26.82 0 .83 0 10.02 30.36 6.04 25.39 0 7.82 23.08 4.09 19.47 0 12.71 14.28 10.22 24.94 0 11.72 69.00 5.16 40.08 0 11.11 0 2.78 0 0 0 0 0 .02 3. 36 0 73. 39 101. 90 186.30 12.20 32.88 40.07 0 0 12.58 231 TABULAR SUMMARY T 4 . — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current expen ditu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use f r o m sources other than f a m i ly in com e in schedule ye a r} by econom ic level— Continued able Mobile, A la —Negro families Economic level— Families spend ing per expendi All ture unit per fami year lies Un $200 $400 to der and $200 $400 over Item D isp o sitio n of M on ey R ec eiv e d D u r in g New Orleans, La.—White families All fami lies Economic level— Fami lies spending per ex penditure unit per year Un der $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over th e S c h ed u le Y e a r N o t U se d f o r C u r r e n t F a m i l y E x p e n d itu r e Families in survey .. Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: On hand__________________ __________ In checking account__________________ In savings account—. ......... .......... .......... Investment in— Improvements in own home____ _____ Other real estate (including real estate mortgages)_____________ _____ _____ Building and loan shares........ ................ Stocks and bonds......... ........................... Other property._ ____________________ Payment of premiums for insurance policies: Life insurance________________________ Annuities_______ ______ _____________ Increase in outstanding loans to others... Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home_________ Payment on principal of other mort gages— Payment of debts to— Banks_________ _________ _____ _____ Insurance companies.......... ............ ........ Small-loan companies_________________ Firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles_________________ _____ Other goods________________________ Individuals.. ............. .......................... . Other_________ ____ ________ ________ Average amount of funds disposed in— Increase in assets and/or decrease in lia bilities_________________________________ Increase in assets...................................... ....... Increase in cash: On hand________________ _____ ______ In checking account__________________ In savings account___________ _______ Investment in— Improvements in own home__________ Other real estate including real estate mortgages.. _______ ____________ Building and loan shares..................... Stocks and b o n d s . _________________ Other property_______________________ Payment of premiums for insurance policies: Life insurance______________ _________ Annuities____________________________ Increase in outstanding loans to others.__ Decrease in liabilities. ____ ___________ Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home.________ Payment on principal of other mortgages.. Payment of debts to— Banks......... ........ ....................... ........... Insurance companies_________________ Small-loan companies................ ........... Firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles_______________________ Other goods. ........................................ Individuals....... ................................. ....... Other________________________________ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 94 31 51 12 318 97 60 108 53 1 0 6 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 2 18 9 15 3 0 1 5 2 4 8 4 5 2 3 5 2 0 1 1 12 1 2 7 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 79 3 2 26 0 0 44 2 1 9 1 1 219 10 4 58 0 0 43 2 1 80 6 2 38 2 1 4 7 3 3 1 26 3 8 11 0 0 0 0 7 0 2 4 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 1 2 19 1 9 0 8 0 2 0 8 1 5 2 3 0 2 3 19 2 16 1 4 0 3 1 3 1 5 1 8 1 4 0 4 0 4 D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 60. 62 63. 54 62.14 71. 76 40. 63 34. 29 44. 60 40. 22 .60 0 2. 01 0 0 .11 1.11 0 2. 72 .20 0 .11 .78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.44 0 0 0 D o l. 0 0 3. 94 4.40 3.04 7. 37 1.12 3.98 0 0 0 0 .75 0 .02 0 36.12 34.18 38.10 32. 71 .72 0 .79 2. 26 .33 .20 0 . 19 19.89 19. 25 17. 54 31.54 D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 95. 30 49.11 112.08 120.86 108.80 74.07 40.12 81. 71 94.09 86.75 .67 0 .76 .35 0 0 0 0 8.41 6.80 6.09 7.30 .77 3.43 3.58 8.20 19.23 1.50 8. 55 4.13 0 0 0 0 2.05 0 .07 0 .31 0 0 0 48. 38 38. 34 56.27 48.98 56.58 2. 02 0 1. 90 3.85 2.09 4.11 0 .74 11.66 .06 21.23 8. 99 30.37 26. 77 22.05 6.10 0 6.23 0 6.27 0 5.06 0 8. 25 1.62 2.72 14.11 0 2.20 9. 73 3.35 8.73 .41 0 0 1. 44 0 0 2.19 0 0 1. 33 0 0 0 0 0 2.91 0 0 .08 0 0 4.05 0 0 5.79 0 0 .93 2.04 5.83 .24 4.24 0 7.87 0 2. 96 0 16.01 4.41 6. 59 .44 0 5. 09 3.88 1.69 3. 55 .44 2. 77 2.79 1.44 0 1.96 1.74 4.94 1. 62 1. 71 1.50 4.50 .41 1.49 0 3.91 0 8.07 232 T TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 4 . — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current ex pen d itu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r fa m i ly use f r o m sources other than f a m i ly in co m e in schedule ye a r } by econom ic level— Continued able Mobile, Ala.—Negro families—Continued Economic level— Families spend ing per expendi All ture unit per fami year lies Un $200 $400 der to and $200 $400 over New Orleans, La.—White families— Continued All fami lies Economic level—-Families spending per expenditure unit per year Un der $300 $300 to $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over F u n d s M a d e A v a i l a b l e f o r F a m i l y XJse F r o m S ou rces O th er Than F a m ily In co m e in S ch ed u le Y e a r Families in survey_____________ _________ Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: On hand__________________ ____ _____ In checking account________________ In savings account____________ ___ Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages)---------------------------------------------Building and loan shares_____________ Stocks and bonds__________________ _ Goods and chattels_____________ _____ Other property____ _____ ____________ Insurance policies: Surrender__________________________ . Settlement_____ ______ ______________ Reductions in outstanding loans to others__________________ __________ Increase in liabilities: Increase in mortgages on own home_____ Increase in other mortgages_____________ Increase in debts: Payable to banks_____ ______ _______ Payable to insurance companies. . . __ Payable to small-loan companies._ Payable to firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles_______________________ Other goods.. _____________________ Payable to individuals........ ................ Other debts_____________ ____ _______ Inheritance____________________________ _ Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities___ _ ___ ____ _______________ Decrease in assets_______________________ Reduction in cash: On hand ________ __________ _______ In checking account________ _____ __ In savings account________________ _ . Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mort gages) — Building and loan shares.____ _______ Stocks and bonds____________________ Goods and chattels__________ _______ Other property_____________________ Insurance policies: Surrender____________________________ Settlement_____________ ____________ Receipts from outstanding loans to others________________________________ Increase in liabilities____________ ____ _ Increase in mortgages on own home_____ Increase in other mortgages_____________ Increase in debts: Payable to banks_____________ _______ Payable to insurance companies.____ Payable to small-loan companies_____ Payable to firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles. ....................................... Other goods____________ _________ Payable to individuals_________ _____ Other debts____________ _____________ Inheritance______________________________ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 94 31 51 12 318 97 60 108 53 2 1 5 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 2 12 4 18 4 0 0 3 0 1 2 2 9 3 2 8 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 3 0 2 0 2 19 5 4 2 4 2 7 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 4 4 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 5 6 30 0 2 5 0 1 6 4 2 11 1 1 8 4 32 5 37 0 0 10 3 17 0 2 21 1 16 0 2 1 1 4 0 8 65 19 68 3 0 10 8 21 0 1 15 2 13 0 2 25 7 20 1 5 15 2 14 2 D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 64. 26 39. 69 65. 80 121.32 21.14 6.67 20.11 62.96 2.10 1.20 3.29 0 0 0 3.88 2. 22 5.03 0 0 4. 37 2. 40 0 .96 0 .02 0 0 0 0 0 4. 43 0 1. 77 0 .04 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. 67 0 0 2.74 58. 59 0 11.17 0 0 0 0 43.12 33.02 45. 69 58. 36 8. 69 8. 67 10. 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 .12 1.64 0 0 1. 51 0 .23 2.10 0 0 0 7. 50 0 3. 35 44.54 13.25 7.80 19.58 .44 .94 1.22 .66 1. 41 10.98 13.82 9.02 11.97 0 0 0 0 D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. D o l. 79. 86 31.28 63.26 88. 32 170.46 29.28 7.02 28.04 25. 34 79. 51 2.91 1. 75 14.18 2.26 0 0 2.05 .63 9. 71 0 3.70 2.98 8. 09 14.74 45.89 .15 .42 .12 .42 0 0 0 0 1.30 0 .80 0 0 0 0 0 0 .34 .08 0 0 2. 53 0 0 0 6. 52 1. 52 2. 46 14.89 .56 2. 21 5.85 0 5.83 5.62 1.29 .44 0 0 6. 95 50.58 24. 26 35. 22 62.98 90.95 1.84 0 5. 41 0 0 .02 .07 0 0 0 .75 1.97 7. 33 0 0 .53 .80 1.35 11.96 1.54 1.39 2. 57 4. 50 7.83 12.05 6. 43 0 .59 5. 72 26. 27 11. 68 2.54 11. 42 15.28 21.39 4.49 4. 62 .59 5.14 7. 35 16.07 14.88 10.13 19. 49 18.00 4. 21 0 0 1.59 22.02 233 TABULAR SUMMARY T , 4 — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received d uring schedule yea r not used f o r current expenditure, and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i l y use f r o m sources other than f a m i ly in com e in schedule yea r, by econom ic level— Continued able New Orleans, La.—Negro families Item All families Economic le v e l — Families spending per expenditure unit per year Un der $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over Norfolk-Portsmouth, Va.— White families All families Economic l e v e l — Families spending per exp end iture unit per year Un der $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over D i s p o s i t i o n o f M o n e y R e c e i v e d D u r i n g th e S ch ed u le Y e a r N o t U s e d f o r C u r r e n t F a m i l y E x p e n d itu r e 83 40 16 ________ _ 27 162 48 63 Families in survey___ __ __ 51 Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: 2 2 2 3 6 4 1 On hand_______ ____________________ 0 0 4 In checking account_________ _______ 0 0 8 0 0 4 1 2 In savings account________ ________ 3 0 33 3 16 14 Investment in— 1 Improvements in own home.............. 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 Other real estate (including real es2 tate mortgages)____ ___________ __ 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 Building and loan shares____________ 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 Stocks and bonds______________ _ _ 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 Other property_____ ___ ________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 58 49 14 25 10 145 43 Life insurance___ ____ ______ __ _ __ 44 3 0 6 13 Annuities___________________________ 3 29 0 10 Increase in outstanding loans to others. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and 5 2 2 8 10 down payment on own home___ 1 26 8 Payment on principal of other mort 2 1 1 0 gages— 0 0 0 0 Payment of debts to: 1 0 1 Banks _____________________________ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Insurance companies_______ _____ 0 1 2 1 1 4 4 3 Small-loan companies___________ . . . 0 Firms selling on installment plan: 1 3 3 0 Automobiles_______ ____ _________ 1 0 0 0 8 3 2 16 4 8 3 4 Other goods___________________ . . . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Individuals_________________________ 0 2 Other.. _____ ________________ _ .. 2 1 1 7 3 0 2 Average amount of funds disposed in— Increase in assets and/or decrease in lia bilities.. _____ ____________ _________ $47. 67 $40. 29 $45. 81 $64. 78 $196. 49 $133. 95 $235. 40 $207. 34 Increase in assets.__ ___________________ 32.85 24.68 34. 81 41.72 141. 65 87. 93 156. 61 173. 75 Increase in cash: 8.23 3. 64 5. 70 17.04 1. 67 On hand___ ______________ _______ 4.72 .15 0 0 7.85 0 13. 34 8.47 In checking account________________ 0 0 0 In savings account________ _________ .83 .12 24. 27 3. 54 34.03 31. 74 1. 65 0 Investment in— 1. 59 24. 53 0 0 8. 34 0 Improvements in own home_________ 0 0 Other real estate (including real es 4.14 0 .71 12. 25 tate mortgages)______________ . . . 0 0 0 0 .46 0 0 Building and loan shares. ______________ 0 0 1. 47 0 0 0 2. 06 Stocks and bonds. . . __________ ____ 0 0 .65 0 0 0 Other property______________ ______ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 79.97 61.23 92. 23 82.47 25. 57 24.41 24. 93 29.13 Life insurance_____________________ _ Annuities___ __ . . . ____ __ ____ ______ 1.73 0 0 8.95 10.12 5.60 13.04 10. 76 .52 0 0 Increase in outstanding loans to others. 0 0 0 0 .15 14.82 15. 61 11.00 23.06 54.84 46.02 78.79 33. 59 Decrease in liabilities___________ __________ . i Payment on principal of mortgages and ’ 3. 32 5. 67 4. 53 41.01 25.83 63. 21 27.88 down payment on own home_____ _ 6. 52 Payment on principal of other mort 1.80 2.86 0 4. 53 0 0 0 0 gages-------------------------------------Payment of debts to— 0 .35 0 .90 0 0 0 0 Banks_______________ ______________ .64 1. 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insurance companies______________ .33 1. 59 1. 75 0 1.27 1.82 1. 51 1.15 Small-loan companies... ______ . . . Firms selling on installment plan: .07 .14 3.08 10. 41 0 0 0 0 Automobiles. __________ ___________ 6.80 3. 62 6. 67 12. 49 6.34 5.02 9.08 4,21 Other goods....... .............. ......... _ i _ 1. 57 0 .61 0 0 0 0 Individuals... _________________ . . . o .92!| 2.28 .37 0 1 2.30i| 3.17 2.28 1.50 Other.. _ __________________ _______ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637 234 T TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 4 .— D isp o sitio n o f m o n ey received during schedule yea r not used f o r current expenditure, and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly u se f r o m sources other than f a m i ly in com e in schedule yea r, b y econom ic level — Continued able Item Norfolk-Portsmouth, Va.— White families—Continued Economic l e v e l — Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami Un lies $400 $600 der to and $400 $600 over New Orleans, La.—Negro families—Continued Economic le v e l — Families spending per expenditure All unit per year fami $400 Un $200 lies and der to $400 over $200 F u n d s M a d e A v a ila b le fo r F a m i l y U se F r o m S o u r c e s O th er T h a n F a m i l y I n c o m e in S ch ed u le Y e a r Families in survey________________________ Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: On hand.. __ ______________________ In checking account____ ____________ In savings account__________________ Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages)________________________ Building and loan shares..................... Stocks and bonds_________ ______ Goods and chattels____ _____ _______ Other property.................................. Insurance policies: Surrender. ............................................. Settlement______ _________________ Reductions in outstanding loans to others______ _______________________ Increase in liabilities: Increase in mortgages on own home___ Increase in other mortgages................. Increase in debts: Payable to banks_______ ___________ Payable to insurance companies_____ Payable to small-loan companies____ Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: Automobiles__________ ____ ______ Other goods.._ _ _______________ Payable to individuals........ ................. Other debts_____________ ___________ Inheritance___________ _______ _________ Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities______ _________________________ Decrease in assets______________ ____ ___ Reduction in cash: On hand____________________________ In checking account_________ _______ In savings account__________________ Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages)________________________ Building and loan shares..................... Stocks and bonds................................... Goods and chattels_____________ ____ Other property....................................... Insurance policies: Surrender................................................. Settlement____ ______ _____________ Receipts from outstanding loans to others_______ , ______________________ Increase in liabilities___ _____ __________ Increase in mortgages on own home___ Increase in other mortgages.................... Increase in debts: Payable to banks.,.......................... . Payable to insurance comapnies......... Payable to small-loan companies____ Payable to firms selling on install ment plan: Automobiles. ........................ ............. Other goods_________ _____________ Payable to individuals______________ Other debts_________________________ Inheritance_______ _______________ ____ _ 27 40 16 162 48 63 51 1 0 5 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 3 12 1 0 1 0 2 5 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 4 0 1 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 10 5 14 2 0 5 5 5 4 3 0 5 0 19 2 7 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 12 1 4 0 0 4 0 1 0 18 58 11 62 0 1 15 4 20 0 8 27 4 27 0 9 16 3 15 0 $20.72 2.49 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 83 $8.42 $26.62 $26. 77 $161.03 $77. 22 $165. 50 $234.43 3.67 3.42 38.15 13. 75 36.13 63.63 .23 .79 0 1.37 0 0 .23 1.65 0 1.33 0 0 3. 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .33 0 0 0 .69 0 1. 85 15.74 7. 73 6.25 0 1.04 0 0 0 0 0 3. 36 0 0 .09 .37 0 0 0 0 1. 25 0 0 0 0 0 10. 69 0 0 .29 0 0 0 .72 8.23 0 5. 21 1.84 0 0 21.25 0 24.60 9.69 0 19. 61 11.59 0 18.23 0 .79 0 8.19 0 0 0 22.95 0 1.65 0 23. 35 0 0 .06 122.88 14.45 0 0 0 3.11 0 0 3.05 0 0 4.17 0 0 .55 10.61 4.23 6.61 2.08 0 4.79 8.39 10.89 2.81 21.37 0 13.01 0 10.56 1.69 2.08 0 0 2.83 .10 2.21 0 0 11.48 3.43 2.22 0 0 21.29 0 1.51 0 17.96 40. 77 5. 71 22.54 0 1.15 26. 71 2.10 24. 73 0 14.28 43.00 11.03 26.96 0 38.33 51.26 2.55 15.00 0 0 0 .20 63.47 129. 37 170.80 1.91 12.01 29.28 0 0 0 235 TABULAR SUM M ARY T 4. — D isp o s itio n o f m o n ey received during schedule yea r not used f o r current expenditure , and fu n d s m ade available f o r fa m i ly use f r o m sources other than f a m i ly in com e in schedule y e a r , b y econom ic level— Continued able Norfolk-Portsmouth, Va.— Negro families Item All fami lies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over Richmond, Va.—White families AH fami lies Econom ic le v e l— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over D i s p o s i t i o n o f M o n e y R e c e i v e d D u r i n g th e S c h ed u le Y e a r N o t U se d f o r C u r r e n t F a m i l y E x p e n d itu r e 29 52 28 192 109 69 Families in survey_______ ________________ 66 57 Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: 0 0 0 8 0 0 4 On hand___________________ _____ 4 1 0 0 1 4 1 In checking account___ ____ ________ 1 2 1 1 3 15 1 5 In savings account__________________ 6 8 Investment in— 0 0 0 8 2 2 Improvements in own home_________ 0 4 Other real estate (including real es1 0 0 0 1 0 tate mortgages)_____________ _____ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Building and loan shares____________ 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Stocks and bonds___________________ 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 Other property_____________________ 0 1 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 185 99 26 47 26 67 62 Life insurance.______ _______________ 56 4 9 8 5 17 3 3 Annuities__________ _______________ 3 4 0 1 1 Increase in outstanding loans to others. _ 0 0 2 0 Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and 4 19 6 3 13 5 9 down payment on own home_________ 5 Payment on principal of other mort 4 0 0 2 0 1 0 gages— 1 Payment of debts to— 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 4 Banks_________________ __________ _ 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 Insurance companies...... ...................... 0 1 4 0 5 4 1 3 Small-loan companies_______ _______ 0 Firms selling on installment plan: 1 8 1 4 1 0 0 Automobiles........ ............. ................. 3 4 5 33 14 14 16 7 5 Other goods_______ ______ ________ 2 2 1 1 9 4 0 3 Individuals_______ ____ ________ ___ 2 21 5 3 0 7 9 Other________________________ ______ 5 Average amount of funds disposed in— Increase in assets and/or decrease in lia $91.88 $95. 73 $78.17 $113. 28 $196. 61 $137. 25 $201.98 $262.28 bilities_____ _____ __________________ 72. 92 70. 74 61.25 96.83 129. 61 99.70 110.11 188.42 Increase in assets.._____ ______ ____ _ Increase in cash: 1. 59 2.19 0 0 0 0 2.83 On hand__________________ _____ ___ 0 1.29 .16 1.23 2. 74 7.14 In checking account......................... . 1.83 0 0 .21 22.64 15.30 1.98 14. 73 32.09 In savings account__________________ 8.91 11.24 Investment in— 8.79 3.10 5.28 19.73 Improvements in own hom e________ 0 0 0 0 Other real estate (including real0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 52 estate mortgages)_____ ________ _ .73 0 0 0 0 0 0 Building and loan shares____________ 0 0 5.59 0 0 18.83 0 0 0 Stocks and bonds_______ _______ ___ 0 2.31 1.63 0 5.80 Other property______________________ 0 0 0 0 Payment of premiums for insurance policies: 92.69 90.26 85.33 104.17 Life insurance_______________________ 56.18 55.10 55.18 59.14 1.12 .92 1.61 .77 5. 27 4.40 4. 34 7.91 Annuities_______________ _________ .93 .96 .43 Increase in outstanding loans to others __ 0 0 0 0 1.46 67.00 37.55 91.87 73.86 18.96 24.99 16.92 16.45 Decrease in liabilities___________________ Payment on principal of mortgages and 7. 21 down payment on own home________ 20.41 8.01 32.43 21.51 10.60 20.04 7.16 Payment on principal of other mort .96 2.40 2.99 3.48 0 0 0 gages----------------------- ---------------- --------0 Payment of debts to— 0 6.35 14.04 0 0 6.35 0 0 Banks___________________ ________ .34 .50 .47 0 Insurance companies........................... 0 0 0 0 .74 .56 0 1. 57 .50 4.06 0 Small-loan companies_______________ 1.78 Firms selling on installment plan: 1.44 13.43 7.74 .83 0 0 3.21 7.43 Automobiles_____ _______ ________ 5.81 2.00 8.15 5. 39 18.07 17.17 21.28 15.43 Other goods___ _____ ______ ____ _ 2.82 .44 0 .58 .64 3.92 .87 3.72 Individuals.......... ............. ............. ....... 0 7.61 1 5.05 9.99 7.94 .54 1.17 .47 Other_______________________________ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 236 T able TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH . 4 — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current expen ditu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use fr o m sources other than f a m i ly in com e in schedule ye a r , b y econom ic level— Continued Norfolk-Portsmouth, Va.— Negro families—Continued | Item All fami lies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over Richmond, Va.—White families—Continued All fami lies E conom ic le v e l— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over F u n d s M a d e A v a ila b le fo r F a m ily U s e F r o m S o u r c e s O th er T h a n F a m i l y I n c o m e in S c h ed u le Y e a r Families in survey________________________ 29 52 109 192 28 69 66 57 Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: On hand........................................... ....... 1 0 1 0 3 1 1 1 In checking account_________ _______ 1 1 2 0 4 1 2 1 In savings account............. .................. 0 1 0 1 27 8 6 13 Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate 0 mortgages) ----------------------------------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Building and loan shares........... .......... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stocks and bonds.................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Goods and chattels___________ ____ _ 0 0 0 11 0 1 5 5 Other property..................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insurance policies: Surrender___________________________ 1 0 0 1 14 8 3 3 2 0 0 2 5 Settlement........................................... 1 1 3 Reductions in outstanding loans to others.. ____________________________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Increase in liabilities: 1 Increase in mortgages on own home___ 2 1 0 4 3 0 1 Increase in other mortgages___________ 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Increase in debts: 1 0 1 Payable to banks......................... ........ 0 10 3 3 4 0 Payable to insurance companies_____ 0 0 0 10 1 6 3 Payable to small-loan companies_____ 3 9 3 3 6 2 3 1 Payable to firms selling on installment plan: 1 Automobiles............................... ....... 0 1 0 12 3 4 5 7 21 Other goods........... .......... .................. 12 56 40 16 26 14 2 7 Payable to individuals_____ ________ 9 0 9 6 2 1 25 Other debts______ ____ _____ _______ 15 95 8 48 43 28 24 0 0 0 Inheritances____________________________ 0 0 0 0 0 Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities.......................................................... $67.04 $39.24 $61. 29 $106.49 $159.06 $117.20 $128. 65 $245.00 Decrease in assets_______________________ .97 1.16 21.93 6.44 52.62 27.15 28.40 111. 52 Reduction in cash: On hand___________________ ________ 0 .58 0 .59 1.05 .28 .50 .12 .97 0 In checking account_________ ______ _ .53 .58 3.44 1.00 .30 10.03 0 In savings account__________________ 0 .17 .68 25.88 6.09 10.76 67.35 Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages)_________________ ____ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Building and loan shares...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stocks and bonds___________________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Goods and chattels__________________ 0 0 0 0 2.10 1.92 2.01 2.44 Other property__ _____ _____________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insurance policies: 1.65 Surrender___________________________ 0 0 6.43 5.72 10.39 3.80 2.30 0 14.82 0 14.89 Settlement___________________ . . 3.81 6.70 11.03 29.28 Receipts from outstanding loans to 0 0 0 0 0 others.. ...... ................... ....................... 0 0 0 Increase in liabilities. __________ __ . . . 60.60 38.27 60.13 84. 56 106.44 90.05 100.25 133.48 5.15 0 4. 72 Increase in mortgages on own home___ 1.46 .20 7.16 0 7. 24 Increase in other mortgages................... 0 0 0 0 2. 75 0 0 9.28 Increase in debts: 0 0 2.32 .60 8. 21 2.17 5. 52 18.63 Payable to banks_____ _____________ 0 0 0 Payable to insurance companies ___ 0 6. 25 .34 11.14 7.7.5 2.65 13.82 Payable to small-loan companies____ 5.66 3.16 2.89 2.02 4.44 2.14 Payable to firms selling on install ment plan; 1.62 0 3.39 0 15. 32 7.27 14. 62 25.88 Automobiles______________________ 29.40 9.34 23.05 61.94 22. 36 14. 52 31.11 21.72 Other goods___________ ___________ 2. 57 .83 4.93 0 4. 67 4.24 5.99 Payable to individuals______ _______ 3. 65 6.48 39. 27 52. 33 27. 43 37.19 19.29 19.79 25.91 Other debts_________________________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Inheritance_______________ ____________ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 237 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 4 . — D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule ye a r not used f o r current ex p en d itu re , and fu n d s m ade available f o r f a m i ly use fr o m sources other than fa m i ly in com e in schedule y e a r , b y econ om ic level— Continued R IC H M ON D , VA .—NEGRO FAM ILIES Item All fami lies Economic level— F a m ilies spending per expenditure unit per year $100 to $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over D i s p o s i t i o n o f M o n e y R e c e iv e d D u r i n g th e S c h e d u le Y e a r N o t U s e d fo r C u rren t F a m ily E x p en d itu r e Families in survey______ _____________________________ ______ Number of families disposing of funds in— Increase in assets: Increase in cash: In checking account____________ ____ ____ __________ In savings accounts ____________ ___ ____ _ _ _ __ Investment in— Improvemens in own home______ __________ ________ Other real estate (including real estate mortgages) _____ Building and loan shares____________________ _________ Stocks and bonds____________________________________ Other property______________________ _________________ Payment of premiums for insurance policies: Life insurance_____ ____________________________________ Annuities_________________ _______ ___________________ Increase in outstanding loans to others___________________ Decrease in liabilities: Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home_____ ___________ __ ________________ Payment on principal of other mortgages_________________ Payment of debts to— Banks _______________________________________ Insurance companies_____________ ____________________ Small-loan companies. __ __________________________ Firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles________ ;________________________________ Other goods__________________________________________ Individuals____________________________________________ Other ____________________________________________ Average amount of funds disposed in— Increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities. ____________ Increase in assets___________ _______________________________ Increase in cash: On hand _ _________________________________________ In checking account____________________________________ In savings account_____________________________________ Investment in— Improvements in own h o m e . . . . ____________________ Other real estate (including real estate mortgages)______ Building and loan shares_____ __________ ___ _____ Stocks and bonds . . . __ ________ ______ __ ________ _ Other property______ _____________ . . . _____________ Payment of premiums for insurance policies: Life insurance____ _______ _______ _____________________ Annuities. ____ _____ ______ _ ___________________ Increase in outstanding loans to others___________________ Decrease in liabilities. _____________ _________ ___________ _ Payment on principal of mortgages and down payment on own home ______ ______ ____________ _____________ Payment on principal of other mortgages_________________ Payment of debts to— Banks _ __ ______________________________________ Insurance companies___________________________________ Small-loan companies__________________________________ Firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles _ _________ ______ _________________ Other goods______ ___________ _______________________ Individuals _ ____________________________________ Other ___________________________ ________________ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 96 25 47 24 1 1 9 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 1 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 92 9 1 24 1 1 46 2 0 22 6 0 7 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 25 1 3 0 5 0 1 1 14 0 1 1 6 1 $96.17 62.19 $85. 58 39. 66 $82. 83 58. 21 $133.35 93.47 1.01 .66 10. 77 0 0 .20 2.06 0 3.86 0 2.64 35.31 0 0 0 0 0 0 .90 0 0 0 1.13 0 0 0 0 .28 .44 0 0 0 46. 52 2.48 .03 33.98 38.94 .39 .13 45.92 50. 74 .65 0 24.62 46.14 8.25 0 39. 88 17.68 0 40.18 0 7.46 0 14. 27 0 0 0 .44 1.15 11.14 . 13 3.44 0 0 0 0 5. 35 0 .39 0 0 .90 1.54 14.33 0 .39 0 0 0 1. 58 10.93 .50 12.60 238 TWELVE CUTES OF THE SOUTH T able 4.— D isp o s itio n o f m o n e y received during schedule yea r not used f o r current exp en d itu re , and f u n d s m ade available f o r f a m i l y use fr o m sources other than f a m i l y in com e in schedule yea r, b y econom ic level— Continued R IC H M ON D , VA.—NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued Item All fami lies Economic level— F a m ilies spending per expenditure unit per year $100 to $200 $200 to $400 $400 and over F u n d s M a d e A v a i l a b l e fo r F a m i l y U s e F r o m S o u r c e s O t h e r T h a n F a m i l y I n c o m e in S c h ed u le Y e a r Families in survey___________________________________________ Number of families receiving funds from— Decrease in assets: Reduction in cash: On hand................. .................................................................... In checking account................................................................ In savings account................................................................... Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages)____________ Building and loan shares................. ............ ........ ................ Stocks and bonds..................................................................... Goods and chattels...... ........ .................. ......... ......... .......... Other property........................................................... ....... Insurance policies: Surrender____________________ __________ ______________ Settlement______________________________ ______ _______ Reductions in outstanding loans to others......................... Increase in liabilities: Increase in mortgages on own home----------------------------------Increase in other mortgages............. ........................... .............. Increase in debts: Payable to banks------ ------------------------------------ ------------Payable to insurance companies. ______ ______ _______ Payable to small-loan companies ------------------------- --------Payable to firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles------- ------- ---------------------- ------- -----------------Other goods.......................................................................... Payable to individuals--------------------------------------------------Other debts-------- ---------- ------------- ---------------------------------Inheritance....................................................................................... Average amount of funds received from— Decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities________ ____ _ Decrease in assets------------------------- ------------------------- ------------Reduction in cash: On hand................. .................................................................... In checking account................................................................. In savings account..................................... ............................. Sale of property: Real estate (including real estate mortgages)...................... Building and loan shares----------------------------------------Stocks and bonds....... ............................ ..................... ............ Goods and chattels................................................... ............... Other property.______ _________________________________ Insurance policies: Surrender............................................................................ ... Settlement... .................... ........ ........................... ............... Receipts from outstanding loans to others. ............. ......... . Increase in liabilities............ ........ ......... ........................... .......... Increase in mortgages on own home_______________ ______ Increase in other mortgages.................................................. . Increase in debts: Payable to banks.................................................................... Payable to insurance companies........................... ......... . Payable to small-loan companies................... ....................... Payable to firms selling on installment plan: Automobiles.............. ............................................................ Other goods............................................................................ Payable to individuals............................ ............................. Other debts................................................................................ Inheritance........................................................................................ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 637. 96 25 47 24 3 1 7 1 0 1 1 0 5 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 6 5 0 1 2 1 4 2 1 1 1 0 40 7 44 1 0 10 2 11 1 0 20 2 19 0 0 10 3 14 0 $85.45 27.96 $59.02 8.95 $71. 25 21.97 $140. 77 59.47 5.58 .76 6.41 8.47 0 .48 5.92 0 12.45 1.92 3.03 .74 7. 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.24 0 0 0 0 0 7.65 0 57.49 2.17 0 0 0 0 50.07 5.44 0 0 3.60 0 49.28 1.54 0 0 23.54 0 81.30 0 0 3.03 .26 3.81 0 .15 2.46 1.61 .24 4.46 8.96 .42 3.94 0 24.54 2.18 21.50 .32 0 24.15 1.67 16.20 1.21 0 29.69 .69 11.05 0 0 14.88 5.64 47.46 0 239 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu d ied , b y in com e level B AL T IM O R E , M D .-W H I T E FAMILIES Income level-—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $600 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to to and $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2, 700 over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o j C h ie f E a r n e r and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey__________________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker................................................ . Skilled wage earner.......................................... Semiskilled wage earner............. .................. . Unskilled wage earner..................................... Number of families composed of— ____ _______ Man and wife___________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2___________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2___________ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2........ . Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2_________________________ ____ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2......... .................................. Man, wife, and 1 adult.................................... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults_____ _____ ___ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults__________ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)____________________ ______ . . . Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)_____________ _______ ____ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_____ ______ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)____ 419 49 95 120 67 51 17 9 11 123 119 134 43 10 6 23 10 23 18 39 15 34 29 46 11 18 28 18 3 24 24 1 2 7 4 4 2 3 4 2 0 4 6 1 0 87 80 70 5 12 6 4 0 27 20 20 1 26 30 22 2 11 15 13 2 10 7 8 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 52 2 6 10 10 11 4 6 3 13 26 27 0 0 1 3 0 1 4 4 0 1 10 6 0 5 3 4 0 4 1 6 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 5 1 0 31 14 5 7 2 1 2 0 0 6 0 3 1 0 0 2 0 0 12 6 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 1 2 2 3 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 374 5 8 10 5 3 2 9 45 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 83 3 3 1 1 0 1 3 109 1 1 3 1 1 0 4 63 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 • 41 1 0 4 2 1 0 0 14 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 419 3. 79 49 3.00 95 3. 43 120 3.63 67 4. 22 51 4. 33 17 4. 57 9 4.54 11 4.80 68 0 11 6 8 0 1 0 14 0 2 1 25 0 4 2 8 0 2 1 7 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 3. 57 1.01 2. 56 3.28 2.81 0. 55 2. 26 2. 59 3.24 0.90 2. 34 2.94 3. 36 0.99 2.37 3.10 4. 01 1.48 2. 53 3.61 4.14 1.14 3.00 3.83 4. 53 1. 06 3. 47 4.26 4. 45 0.78 3. 67 4.28 4.46 0.82 3.64 4.30 0.23 0.19 0.20 0.28 0.22 0.22 0.06 0.11 0.36 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity oj H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker.. . Number of families having homemaker born in— United States............... .......... ............ ............ Italy.................. ............................ ..................... Germany.............................................. .............. Poland......... ........................................... .......... Russia.----------------------------------------------------England----- ---------- ----------- -----------------------Ireland________________________ ____ _____ Other------------------ ---------------- --------------------C o m p o s itio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households______________________ Average number of persons in household____ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers------------ -------------------Boarders only_________________ _____ _____ Lodgers only------------------------------------------Other persons---------- _ ............. ................... Average size of economic f amily in— Persons, total............... ............ ........................ Under 16 years of age.................................. 16 years of age and over............................... Expenditure units________________________ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family.......................... 1 “ Children” a^e defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 240 TWELVE OITEES OF THE SOUTH T able 5. — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued BALTIM O RE , M D .—W H IT E F A M I LIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $600 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey_______ _______ . . . Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners_____ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers_________________________ Other net rents-----------------------------Interest and dividends. . ____ _____ Fensions and insurance annuities.. Gifts from persons outside economic family__________________________ Other sources of income___________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses).................. . Surplus (net increase in assets and/ or decrease in liabilities)_________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/ or increase in liabilities)_________ Inheritance------------------- ------- --------Average number of gainful workers per family------------------------ -----------Average amount of— Net family income........................... . Earnings of individuals................. Chief earner___________________ Subsidiary earners........ ............ . Males: 16 years and over.......... Under 16 years...... ........ Females: 16 years and over....... Under 16 years______ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers _. ____________ ______ Other net rents_________________ Interest and dividends____ _____ Pensions and insurance annuities. Gifts from persons outside econoomic family. _________________ Other sources of income_______ _ Deductions from income (busi ness losses and expenses)______ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities)_____ _•___ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)__________ . . . Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey.............. . Inheritance------- ------------------- --------3 419 49 95 120 67 51 17 9 11 128 7 19 32 17 22 16 8 7 64 31 28 10 8 2 5 0 14 3 3 3 23 13 5 3 8 8 7 0 7 3 4 2 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 20 7 2 1 4 2 4 1 5 0 4 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 25 2 6 6 7 2 0 0 2 296 34 64 76 49 40 15 7 11 118 6 15 2 30 0 42 1 17 2 10 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 1.40 1.16 1.24 1.31 1.39 1. 63 2.24 2.33 1.91 $1,437 1,391 1, 218 173 1,195 (8) 196 (*) 27 10 1 6 17 5 1 0 3 3 1 2 -4 141 -3 44 9 35 14 1 (3) 15 12 1 0 21 14 2 2 17 (3) 1 0 28 0 0 40 61 15 6 109 2 1 1 2 2 0 18 0 1 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 256 212 30 4 (3) -1 83 -5 116 -1 2 164 -2 221 -8 349 175 150 140 183 161 299 105 274 0 +50 5 -1 5 7 +11 0 +10 4 +79 8 +115 0 +214 47 +104 0 +349 0 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. $765 $1,057 $1,349 $1, 625 $1,933 $2, 252 $2,483 $3,070 742 1,012 1,301 1,607 1,878 2,189 2,415 2,887 723 952 1,189 1,472 1,580 1,387 1,706 2,133 60 112 135 298 802 19 754 709 448 879 1,152 1,457 1,699 1, 723 1,759 2,487 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 133 147 294 149 179 465 656 400 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 241 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5. — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in com e level— Continued B AL T IM O R E , M D .—NEGRO FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 to $900 to $600 $900 $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d b y F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey------------------------------------- --------------Number of families in which chief earner is Clerical worker-----------------------------------------Skilled wage earner------------- ---------------------------------Semiskilled wage earner-------------- --------------------------Unskilled wage earner_____________________ ______ Number of families composed of— Man and wife-------------------------------------- - .......... ........ Man, wife, and 1 child 2-------------------------- ------------Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2---------------- ---------Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2_____ - __ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2— Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more per sons)2______________________ ____ _______________ Man, wife, and 1 a d u lt---------- ---------------- ------- -----Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults-------------------------- ___ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults----------------------------Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife). Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)____________________________________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not in cluding man and wife.. ---------------- ------------------Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_____ ______________ 107 8 36 42 15 6 5 5 34 63 0 0 5 3 0 0 14 22 4 2 9 27 0 2 5 8 1 1 1 3 • 30 12 13 4 14 2 0 2 0 0 11 4 6 1 4 13 5 5 2 6 3 2 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 1 7 8 4 0 7 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 0 2 3 3 2 0 1 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 3 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker------ ------Number of families having homemaker born in— United States----------------------- ------- ----- ------------- 2 0 1 1 0 0 105 8 35 41 15 6 107 4.07 8 2.89 36 3. 69 42 4. 38 15 4. 75 6 4. 32 12 2 14 3 1 0 0 0 2 1 4 2 5 1 8 1 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3.77 1. 25 2. 52 3.45 2.76 0. 75 2.01 2.44 3. 51 1.20 2.31 3.23 3.90 1.36 2. 54 3.60 4.37 1.33 3.04 4. 01 4.33 1. 33 3.00 3. 69 0.33 0.13 0.18 0.52 0. 41 0.03 C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households------- --------------------------------------Average number of persons in household____________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers—_ -------------------------------------- Boarders only. __ _ ----------------------- _ ----------------Lodgers only----- ------------------------------------------------Other persons----- --------- ----------- --------------------------Average size of economic family in— Persons, total.. ------------------- —........ ........................ Under 16 years of age---- ------------- -----------------------16 years of age and over_________________________ Expenditure units------- ---------- ------------------ ---------Average number of persons in household not members of economic family— ------------------------------------------ 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357,1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 242 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 5. — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued BA L T IM O R E , M D .—NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over E a rn in g s a n d In co m e Families in survey. . __________ ______ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners-------------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. Other net rents_________ _ _________ Interest and dividends______ _____ ___ Pensions and insurance annuities.......... Gifts from persons outside economic family______________ _________ _____ Other sources of income. _. ___________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_________________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)___ ____ ______ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)_________________ Inheritance_________________ ________ Average number of gainful workers per family__________________ _____ _______ Average amount of— Net family income.............................. ....... Earnings of individuals___ ____ _____ Chief earner________ _____ _______ _ Subsidiary earners_________________ Males: 16 years and o v e r................ . U nder 16 years. . . _________ Females: 16 years and over_________ Under 16 years........ ........... Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. . ___________________ ____ Other net rents_____________ _____ Interest and dividends______________ Pensions and insurance annuities____ Gifts from persons outside economic family___________ _______ _ _____ Other sources of income___ . . . ______ Deductions from income (business more losses and expenses)_________ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_____________ _____ _______ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)____________ _____________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey____________ ____ Inheritance------------------------------ ------- --3 8 36 42 15 6 53 26 4 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 12 6 0 1 0 20 14 3 0 0 12 5 1 0 1 5 1 0 0 0 5 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 . 3 1 0 0 1 1 78 7 23 33 12 3 27 1 1 0 12 1 9 0 3 0 2 0 1.50 1.36 1. 62 1.87 2.33 $990 944 792 152 763 (3) 181 0 $539 539 487 52 215 0 324 0 $758 743 679 64 617 0 126 0 $1,028 968 838 130 829 0 139 0 $1,338 1,204 943 261 971 (3) 233 0 $1,890 1,884 1,187 697 1,394 0 490 0 30 5 13 0 0 0 47 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 51 8 0 44 6 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 15 16 0 0 0 0 37 65 1.60 (3) (3) (3) 67 21 (3) (3) (3) 134 162 70 18 42 94 63 161 +31 (3) +16 0 +10 1 +31 0 +95 0 +27 0 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 107 243 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.— D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s studied, by in com e level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , ALA.—W H IT E FAMILIES Income level—families with annual net income of— Item D istr ib u tio n All fami lies $500 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 over b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey___________ ____________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker_________ ____ _______ ___ Skilled wage earner____________ ____ ____ Semiskilled wage earner...................... ........ Unskilled wage earner________ ____ _____ Number of families composed of— Man and wife._________________ ____ ___ Man, wife, and 1 child2__________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2__________ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2______ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2______________________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons) 2______________ ______ _ Man, wife, and 1 adult....................... .......... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults........ ............ . Man, wife, and 5 or more adults...... .......... Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_____ ____ _____ ______ ____ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_________________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 per sons not including man and wife)______ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife).. 202 24 39 50 41 36 7 5 75 68 51 8 2 6 9 7 6 17 16 0 17 21 11 1 20 12 9 0 21 9 6 0 5 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 41 33 41 1 3 6 3 0 8 3 6 0 8 10 16 0 10 5 10 0 10 7 6 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 4 8 8 8 6 0 2 6 17 11 0 1 2 0 0 2 7 3 0 1 1 3 0 1 3 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 9 4 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 199 1 2 23 0 1 39 0 0 49 1 0 40 0 1 36 0 0 7 0 0 5 0 0 202 3. 91 24 3.96 39 3. 91 50 4.09 41 3.86 36 3.56 7 3.37 5 5.64 18 13 3 36 3 2 0 3 3 4 1 7 6 3 1 8 2 2 0 8 2 0 1 8 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 3. 67 1.08 2. 59 3.40 3.58 1.06 2. 52 3.33 3.68 1.08 2.60 3.39 3. 78 1.27 2. 51 3.47 3. 73 0. 97 2.76 3.49 3.39 1.06 2.33 3. 20 2.98 0. 32 2. 66 2.84 5.41 1.45 3.96 4.73 0.26 0.42 0.26 0.31 0.17 0.19 0.42 0.28 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker. _ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States.___________ _______________ Russia......... .................. ........ ............. .......... Other............................... ............ ................. C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households_____ _____________ _ Average number of persons in household___ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers.......... .................. . . . Boarders only______________ _________ _ Lodgers only______________ _____________ Other persons______________________ ____ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total. _. ________________________ Under 16 years of age........ ...................... . 16 years of age and over________________ Expenditure units______ _______________ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family_____________ 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L.S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 244 TWELVE CITTES OF THE SOUTH T able 5.— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s studied, b y in com e level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , A L A.—W H IT E FAM ILIES— Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 to $2,400 $2,400 and over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey...... ........................... Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners____ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers_________________________ Other net rents___________________ Interest and dividends___________ Pensions and insurance annuities.. Gifts from persons outside economic family___________ ______________ Other sources of income____ ______ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)___ ________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)____ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)____ Inheritance_______________________ Average number of gainful workers per f a m i l y . ........................... ....... Average amount of— 202 24 39 50 41 36 7 5 59 7 11 12 13 8 3 5 36 7 9 14 6 0 1 0 9 1 0 2 11 2 1 3 4 2 2 4 3 1 3 4 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 21 26 1 5 4 5 3 4 7 6 6 4 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 110 12 18 26 25 21 4 4 88 0 10 0 20 0 23 0 16 0 15 0 3 0 1 0 1. 39 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.43 1. 29 1.69 2.98 Net family income_______________ $1,441 Earnings of individuals_________ 1,370 1,241 Chief earner. __ _____________ Subsidiary earners______ ____ 129 Males: 16 years and over....... . 1,243 Under 16 years________ 2 Females: 16 years and over___ 125 Under 16 years--------0 Net earnings from boarders and lodgers_______________________ 26 Other net rents_________________ 3 2 Interest and dividends__________ Pensions and insurance annuities. 15 Gifts from persons outside eco nomic family_________________ 6 Other sources of income_________ 19 Deductions from income (busi ness losses and expenses)______ (3) Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities)________ ____ 145 Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities) _ ___ _______ 186 Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey................ -2 Inheritance 0 $748 683 631 52 541 0 142 0 $1,044 989 929 60 942 2 45 0 $1,320 1,255 1,193 62 1,194 2 59 0 $1, 639 1,579 1,446 133 1,474 1 104 0 $1,892 1,822 1,670 152 1,675 2 145 0 $2, 211 2,099 1,697 402 1,957 0 142 0 $3,131 2,804 1,634 1,170 1,446 22 1,336 0 38 0 1 0 24 (3) 0 16 32 2 1 10 16 3 1 17 16 3 8 32 69 40 3 0 26 0 0 9 1 25 5 10 11 9 7 16 6 5 0 6 0 292 0 0 0 0 0 44 64 106 180 216 80 111 139 328 265 286 35 -1 1 0 -2 7 0 -9 0 -1 8 0 +16 0 +45 0 +243 0 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638, -6 294 0 313 245 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in com e level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , ALA.—NEGRO FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— All families Item $500 to $600 D istr ib u tio n by O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r F a m ily T y p e 1 and $900 to $1,200 $600 to $900 $1,200 and over by Families in survey__________________________ ____ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical w o r k e r ._____________________ ______ Skilled wage earner. ___________________________ Semiskilled wage earner____________ _____________ Unskilled wage earner_______ ______ ____________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife_______ _______________________ . . . Man, wife, and 1 child 2__ ______________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2__________________ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2.__ __________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 per sons) 2________________________________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2 ____ . . . _________________________ . Man, wife, and 1 adult. ................ ................... ........ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults__________ ______ ___ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults_________________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and ________________ wife)_______________________ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)__________________________________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_______________________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)____________ _____ 101 22 52 16 11 2 8 41 50 0 3 4 15 0 2 24 26 0 3 8 5 2 0 5 4 25 9 13 6 7 1 3 1 10 6 9 5 6 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 15 4 8 3 0 4 17 5 1 1 1 0 0 2 7 1 1 2 2 0 0 5 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 3 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker_________ Number of families having homemaker born in United States___________________________________ 0 0 0 0 0 101 22 52 16 11 101 3. 92 22 52 4. 43 16 3. 60 3. 33 11 3. 01 3 2 6 1 0 0 1 3.09 0.10 2. 99 2. 92 0. 09 C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households_________________ __________ _ Average number of persons in household.................. . Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers________________________ _ . Boarders only_________ _____ _______ ___________ Lodgers only____________________________________ Other persons___________________________________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total. _____ _____________________________ Under 16 years of age__________________ _______ 16 years of age and over______________ ____ _ Expenditure units__ . . . ____________________ _ Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family. _______ ___________ _____ 3 1 2 11 0 0 0 1 3. 82 1. 23 2. 59 3.44 3. 60 1.16 2. 44 3.19 4. 28 1.72 3. 85 3.12 0. 52 2. 60 2.83 0.15 0.01 0.19 0. 25 4 3 2. 56 3 0 1 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 74390°— 41------ 17 246 TWELVE OFTTES OF THE SOUTH T able 5«— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , ALA.—NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over E a r n in g s and In c o m e Families in survey____ _________ ________ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners_________ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. Other net rents___________ ______ _____ Interest and dividends_________________ Pensions and insurance annuities______ Gifts from persons outside economic family_______________________________ Other sources of income________________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)________________________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)...................... ....... Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)........ .......... .......... Average number of gainful workers per family____ ______ _____________________ Average amount of— Net family income_____________________ Earnings of individuals.......................... Chief earner_______________ _______ Subsidiary earners.............................. Males: 16 years and over..... .............. Under 16 years....................... Females: 16 years and over________ Under 16 years___________ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers................................................... Other net rents........ ................................ Interest and dividends_______________ Pensions and insurance annuities____ Gifts from persons outside economic family_____________ ___________ ___ Other sources of income______________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)________________ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities) __ _____ ___________________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)___________________________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey...................... ......... * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 628 101 22 52 16 11 50 9 2 0 10 11 0 0 0 1 23 5 0 0 5 11 3 1 0 3 5 1 1 0 1 9 6 1 1 4 2 4 2 0 1 5 0 2 2 1 62 14 31 8 9 35 6 21 7 1 1.60 1.59 1.54 1.88 1.55 $828 804 722 82 745 0 59 0 $548 547 501 46 509 0 38 0 $752 734 698 36 713 0 21 0 $995 915 723 192 755 0 160 0 $1,492 1,482 1,273 209 1,352 0 130 0 16 2 0 4 0 0 0 1 12 0 0 6 56 9 0 6 4 5 0 1 3 6 7 3 1 -2 90 (3) (3) (3) 0 35 -3 59 88 70 61 +25 +3 +11 -4 118 149 -6 0 (3) (*) 254 325 +178 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5. — 247 D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in com e level— Continued DALLAS, T E X .—W H IT E FAMILIES Income level— Families with annual net income of— All fami lies Item D istr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f and by F a m ily T y p e 1 $500 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to to and $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 over E a rn er Families in survey__________________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker______ ____ _______________ Skilled wage earner.......................................... Semiskilled wage earner................................... Unskilled wage earner..____ ______________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife........... ........................................ Man, wife, and 1 child 2......... ........................ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2..................... Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2_______ Man, wife, apd children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2__________ _____________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2.......... ................................. Man, wife, and 1 adult____ _______________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults..... ................... . Man, wife, and 5 or more adults.................. Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_______________________________ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and w ife )...____ __________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)____________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)____ 294 30 57 71 57 57 8 8 6 138 71 69 16 4 3 18 5 22 11 19 5 32 18 18 3 28 21 6 2 37 11 8 1 5 3 0 0 5 3 0 0 5 1 0 0 78 68 58 0 6 7 7 0 18 12 10 0 19 15 17 0 14 14 15 0 14 16 9 0 3 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 27 1 5 6 7 5 1 2 0 4 26 8 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 2 0 2 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 8 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 1 10 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 3 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 288 3 1 1 1 30 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 1 0 69 2 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 1 56 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 294 3.44 30 3.34 57 3.42 71 3. 39 57 3.46 57 3.44 8 2.97 8 3.97 6 4.15 23 3 14 0 4 2 2 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 5 0 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3. 31 0.96 2.35 3.07 3.15 1.13 2.02 2.86 3.27 0.92 2.35 3.05 3.34 1.04 2. 30 3.10 3.34 1.10 2.24 3.07 3.35 0.94 2.41 3.07 2.75 0.50 2.25 2.60 3.87 0.25 3.62 3.76 3.84 0.17 3.67 3.80 0.15 0.22 0.16 0.08 0.14 0.14 0.25 0.30 0.33 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker. __ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States.............................................. . Germany_____ ___________________________ Poland.......... ..................................................... England.......................................... ................... Other........................................ : ......................... C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households______________________ Average number of persons in household____ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers............................... ........ Boarders only............. ........ ................. ............ Lodgers only.......................... ......................... Other persons________ ^____________ ______ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total_________________ _________ Under 16 years of age.............. .................... 16 years of age and over................................ Expenditure units________________________ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family.......... ................ 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357,1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638 248 t w e l v e T able crrrE S o f t h e s o u t h 5. — D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued DALLAS, T E X .—W H IT E FAM ILIES— Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 over E a rn in g s and In c o m e Families in s u r v e y ...... ............... Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners — Net earnings from boarders and lodgers__________________________ Other net rents _______ ______ Interest and dividends____________ Pension^ and insurance annuities.. Gifts from persons outside economic family . . . ____________ _ Other sources of income_______ . . . Deductions from income (business losses and expenses) _ . _ . Surplus (net increase in assets and/ or decrease in liabilities) _______ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/ or increase in liabilities) ______ __ Inheritance___ _________ . . . ____ Average number of gainful workers per fam ily__________ _______ _____ 294 30 57 71 57 57 8 8 6 93 7 17 23 11 18 5 7 5 38 7 5 9 8 0 0 2 8 0 1 0 5 2 0 3 6 2 0 1 6 2 2 2 1 0 2 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 21 7 4 1 6 2 4 2 1 1 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 13 1 3 2 3 3 0 0 1 158 15 29 38 34 28 6 4 4 112 3 9 0 20 1 28 0 20 2 27 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 1.36 1.23 1.33 1. 34 1.19 1.37 1. 62 2.50 2.17 Average amount of— Net family income_____ _____ ____ $1,475 Earnings of individuals............... 1,435 Chief earner _____ ___________ 1,265 Subsidiary earners____________ 170 Males: 16 years and over--------- 1,208 Under 16 years________ (3) Females: 16 years and over____ 227 Under 16 years______ 0 Net earnings from boarders and lodgers......... ..................... ............ 20 Other net rents ____ _________ 4 Interest and dividends----- --._ 1 Pensions and insurance annui 9 ties _____ _______ ____ Gifts from persons outside eco nomic family _. ___________ _ 7 5 Other sources of income____ ____ Deductions from income (busi ness losses and expenses)______ -6 Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities)_______ _____ 155 Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)______________ 174 Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey_________ +17 2 Inheritance........................................... * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 688. $759 $1,040 $1, 331 $1,618 $1,915 $2,223 $2, 507 $2,926 697 1,014 1,310 1, 589 1,880 2,156 2,397 2,704 666 928 1,196 1,481 1, 666 1,636 1,561 1,547 31 86 114 108 214 520 836 1,157 499 839 1,142 1,465 1, 686 1,440 1,722 1,046 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 (3) 124 198 190 173 168 716 675 1, 658 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 18 0 1 11 3 0 15 8 0 22 0 6 2 3 11 (3) 3 5 5 6 I 4 14 5 -1 6 259 (3) 49 -1 94 -1 0 118 -1 165 21 6 2 51 23 0 52 0 0 0 0 204 15 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 -3 4 270 212 298 43 0 9 197 120 156 162 210 330 263 146 -3 5 0 +6 2 +2 0 +42 10 +28 0 +120 0 -2 6 0 +150 0 TABULAR 249 SU M M AR Y T able 5. — Description of fam ilies studied , by income level— C on tinu ed HOUSTON, T E X —W H IT E FAMILIES, OTHER T H A N M E X IC A N Income level—-Families with annual net income of— Item 4 11 All fami lies $600 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey_________________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker__________________________ Skilled wage earner______ _____ _________ Semiskilled wage earner_________________ Unskilled wage earner___________________ Number of families composed of— Man and w ife_____________ ____________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2______ ___________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children2 _______ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2_____ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 2 __ _______ ______ _______ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons) 2________________________ Man, wife, and 1 adult— . . . _______ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults.__________ _ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults_________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife) _____ _______ _______ . . . Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_________ ________ ____ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 per sons not including man and wife__ _ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)___ 258 12 46 67 58 53 10 12 106 58 70 24 1 1 7 3 15 7 17 7 21 14 23 9 24 16 16 2 33 14 4 2 4 4 2 0 8 2 1 1 64 61 54 0 4 1 2 0 10 16 9 0 19 13 16 0 17 16 12 0 12 14 11 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 1 0 27 0 2 10 5 5 3 2 5 19 12 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 1 0 2 5 1 0 0 4 3 0 2 5 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 6 1 2 1 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 3 1 1 3 11 0 0 1 0 46 0 0 0 0 63 2 0 0 2 57 1 0 0 0 51 0 1 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 258 3. 49 12 3. 29 46 3. 48 67 3. 57 58 3.23 53 3. 40 10 4.18 12 4. 65 43 1 11 78 4 0 0 3 8 0 2 14 12 0 0 13 7 1 3 23 7 0 5 20 4 0 1 4 1 0 0 1 3. 40 0. 99 2. 41 3.15 3.04 0. 77 2. 27 2.80 3.63 1.25 2. 38 3.05 3.36 1.05 2.31 3.08 3.14 0. 74 2. 40 3.03 3. 31 1.00 2.31 3.09 4. 08 1.30 2. 78 3. 76 4.81 0. 86 3. 95 4. 61 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.26 0.17 0.20 0.30 0.04 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker._ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States----------------------- ------------- -----Italy------------------------------ ---------------------Canada (not French)___________________ Ireland________________________________ _ Other___ ___________ ____________________ C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households. ____ __ ____ ____ Average number of persons in household___ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers____________________ Boarders only___________________________ Lodgers only____________________________ Other persons____ ______________________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total______ _____________ _____ Under 16 years of age_______ ______ 16 years of age and over.. -------------------Expenditure units___ ______ __ _______ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family_____________ 1 “ Children’' are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L S. Bull. No 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, page 638. TWELVE CITIES OP THE SOUTH 250 T able 5. — Description of fam ilies studied , by income level— C on tinu ed HOUSTON, T E X .—W H IT E FAM ILIES, OTHER T H A N M E X IC A N —Continued Income level--Families with annual net income of— Item fami lies $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 to $2,400 $2,400 and over E a rn in g s an d In c o m e Families in survey______ ___________ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners____ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers................ .............................. Other net rents...... ............ . .......... Interest and dividends------------------Pensions and insurance annuities __ Gifts from persons outside economic family__________ ________ Other sources of income--------- ------Deductions from income (business losses and expenses).------ -----------Surplus (net increase in assets and/ or decrease in liabilities)________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/ or increase in liabilities).............. Inheritance........ ........ .................... . Average number of gainful workers per family----------------------- ------------- 258 12 46 67 58 53 10 12 101 6 13 21 22 23 6 10 51 17 17 7 4 0 0 0 9 1 2 0 11 3 1 2 10 6 6 0 12 6 3 2 4 0 4 1 1 1 1 2 40 35 3 2 5 1 17 9 4 9 8 10 2 1 1 ? 68 2 7 20 18 10 6 5 149 6 24 35 37 29 8 10 108 4 5 1 22 1 32 1 21 1 24 0 2 0 2 0 1.52 1.75 1.35 1.34 1.47 1.53 1.80 2.83 $738 721 632 89 485 (3) 236 0 $1,068 1,046 984 62 868 6 172 0 $1,357 1,315 1,241 74 1,244 (3) 71 0 $1,642 1,613 1,520 93 1,523 a 90 0 $1,929 1,876 1, 717 159 1,687 5 184 (3) $2,243 2,058 1,622 436 1,768 0 290 0 $2,979 2,930 1,583 1,347 1,842 0 1,088 0 12 0 0 0 19 1 1 0 20 1 4 8 16 8 1 0 18 12 8 17 47 0 56 103 8 20 1 68 1 4 2 1 15 5 9 6 6 7 15 2 6 44 -1 1 -1 1 -1 5 -3 8 —98 146 192 216 232 396 Average amount of— Net family income............................. $1, 567 Earnings of individuals............... . 1,525 Chief earner................................. 1,358 Subsidiary earners...... ............ . 167 Males: 16 years and over______ 1,344 Under 16 years.............. 2 Females: 16 years and over____ 179 Under 16 years______ (3) Net earnings from boarders and lodgers-----------------------------------19 Other net rents____________ ____ 6 Interest and dividends............ . 5 Pensions and insurance annuities. 13 Gifts from persons outside eco nomic family_________________ 8 Other sources of income_________ 6 Deductions *rom income (busi ness losses and expenses)______ -1 5 Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities) __________ 182 Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities) ..................... 222 Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey. ............. +12 Inheritance........................ ................. 7 1 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. (3) 71 -2 98 48 191 218 220 284 369 161 +16 25 -4 0 5 -2 8 18 +43 1 -1 0 0 +112 0 +303 0 251 TABULAR SU M M AR Y T able 5.— Description of fam ilies studied , by income level— C on tinu ed HOUSTON, T E X —M E X IC A N FAM ILIES Income level— Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey____________________ ____________ . Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker------------------ ---------- ------------------------Skilled wage earner..................................................... . . Semiskilled wage earner............................................ Unskilled wage earner............................................... .. Number of families composed of— Man and wife-------------------------------------------------------Man, wife, and 1 child------------------------------------------Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children--------------- ------- --------Man, wife, and 5 or more children............................. Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons). . Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more per sons)----------------------------- ------- ------------------- ------Man, wife, and 1 adult............... ................. ................. Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults. ....................................... Man, wife, and 5 or more adults__________________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife) .. Adults (4 or more persons not including man and 100 12 38 32 12 6 8 6 30 66 0 0 4 8 5 0 8 25 3 2 9 18 0 2 5 5 0 2 4 0 13 10 17 6 13 2 3 3 1 0 6 6 6 2 3 4 2 5 2 6 1 0 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 15 4 7 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 2 0 2 8 2 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 3 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 5 0 3 1 0 1 Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not in cluding man and wife)----- ---------- -----------------------Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)................................. ......... D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker. ................. Number of families having homemaker born in— United States.......................................... ........ .......... — Mexico........... ................. ............................... ................. Other........................... ............ ...................... ................. 4 0 3 0 1 0 34 61 1 3 9 0 13 21 1 12 20 0 5 6 0 1 5 0 100 4.98 12 3.46 38 4.51 32 5.70 12 5.38 6 6.40 5 0 7 8 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 4 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4.91 2.04 2.87 4.34 3. 51 1. 51 2.00 3.02 4.34 1. 66 2.68 3.85 5.62 2. 62 3.00 4.93 5.33 2.41 2.92 4.72 6.67 1.67 5.00 6.18 0- 13 0 0. 21 0.14 0.10 0 C o m p o s itio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households..................... .................................. Average number of persons in household____________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers.................... ................................. Boarders only____________________ ______ _________ Lodgers only........................................ ......... ................. Other persons----------- ------- ------- ---------—................... Average size of economic family i n Persons, total_________________________ _____ _____ Under 16 years of age......... ....................................... 16 years of age and over........... .......................... Expenditure units.............. ........................................ . Average number of persons in household not me mbers of economic family------------ ------- -----------------------------i “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 252 TWELVE OITtES OF THE SOUTH T able 5.— Description of fam ilies studied, by income level— C on tinu ed HOUSTON, T E X .—M E X IC A N FAM ILIES— Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over E a rn in g s an d In c o m e Families in survey___________ __________ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners------------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. Other net rents_______________________ Interest and dividends________________ Pensions and insurance annuities . . . Gifts from persons outside economic family______________________________ Other sources of i n c o m e . ------------- _ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)----- --------------------Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_______________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)---------------------------Inheritance . . ----------------- ------------Average number of gainful workers per family------------------------------------------------Average amount of— Net family income____________________ Earnings of individuals------------------Chief earner ............... — .......... . Subsidiary earners........................... . Males: 16 years and over---------------Under 16 years ___________ Females: 16 years and o v e r............ Under 16 years---------------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers._ _ _______________________ Other net rents_____________________ Interest and dividends______________ Pensions and insurance annuities____ Gifts from persons outside economic family_________________ _________ _ Other sources of income-------------------Deductions from income (business losses and expenses). . _________ __ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)... ______________________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_____ _ _____________ . . . Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey___ ____ ______ Inheritance. _____ ___________________ 3 12 38 32 12 6 39 12 3 1 0 1 4 0 0 0 12 4 1 1 0 13 3 1 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 4 6 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 3 0 1 5 0 2 1 0 2 53 7 19 16 7 4 41 0 4 0 16 0 14 0 5 0 2 0 1.54 1.08 1.39 1. 69 1.67 2.33 $924 905 780 125 800 1 104 $547 514 496 18 380 0 134 0 $735 712 646 66 642 (3) 70 0 $1,010 999 866 133 862 (3) 136 1 $1,304 1,296 1,064 232 1,190 (3) 106 0 $1,618 1, 608 1,159 449 1,510 4 93 1 6 4 0 9 4 0 0 15 0 0 1 (*) 9 4 r3) Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 100 0 33 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 _2 0 63 21 (3) -2 36 0 0 0 0 18 G 0 0 8 0 4 0 -1 2 94 106 69 -3 (3) 123 23 134 90 151 394 -1 7 0 +5 0 -3 8 0 +8 0 -2 0 -8 5 0 253 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , by in com e level— Continued JACKSON, M IS S —W H IT E FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— All fam ilies Item D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f and by F a m ily T y p e C h ief E a rn e r 1 Families in survey._______ ______________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker___________________________ Skilled wage earner_______________________ Semiskilled wage earner______ __________ __ Unskilled wage earner______________ _____ Number of families composed of— Man and wife. _ _ _ _ ____________________ Man, wife, and 1 child.. ________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children _______ . . . Man, wife, and 5 or more children..._____ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)________________________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)_ . . . ____________________ Man, wife, and 1 adult___________ ____ ___ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults______________ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults _________ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife) ----------------- ---------------------. . . Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and wife) ____________ ____ _______ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 per sons, not including man and wife)_______ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)____ Distribution b y $600 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to to and $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 over 150 17 30 32 24 20 15 5 7 70 40 32 8 4 4 6 3 17 4 8 1 18 8 5 1 7 11 3 3 13 4 3 0 4 5 6 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 1 0 31 38 18 2 6 4 2 1 8 12 4 0 11 10 4 0 1 7 2 1 3 3 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 13 0 2 1 2 2 5 1 0 4 12 14 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 4 4 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 10 2 0 2 2 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker. _ _ Number of families having homemaker born in United States__________ ________ 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 149 17 30 32 24 20 14 5 7 Number of households____________ _________ 150 Average number of persons in household____ 3. 99 Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers. . ----------------------------------- _ _ 10 Boarders only___________________________ 5 10 Lodgers only--------------------------------------------------------------------Other persons___________ _______________ 70 Average size of economic family— 3. 55 Persons, total............. .......... ..................... ._ . Under 16 years of age____________________ 0. 93 16 years of age and over_________________ 2. 62 Expenditure units. _ _____________ ______ 3.37 Average number of persons in household not members of economic family _____ _______ 0.48 17 3. 32 30 3. 53 32 3.41 24 4.03 20 4.68 15 5. 32 5 5.16 7 4.70 1 0 1 3 2 2 1 14 1 1 4 18 2 0 2 5 3 1 2 14 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 7 3.15 0.94 2. 21 2.87 3. 27 1.01 2.26 3. 03 2.86 0. 70 2.16 2.76 3. 73 1.03 2. 70 3.48 3. 71 0. 78 2. 93 3.60 4.97 1.66 3. 31 4.67 4.98 0.60 4. 38 4.86 3. 73 0.43 3. 30 3.83 0.20 0. 30 0. 57 0.32 1. 02 0. 41 0.20 1.02 0 C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld 1 Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 254 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s studied, b y in com e level— Continued JACKSON, MISS.—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fam ilies $600 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2 400 $2,700 over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey.--____ __________ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners......... Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.. _________ _________ — Other net rents______________ ____ Interest and dividends...................... Pensions and insurance annuities.. Gifts from persons outside economic family_________________ _____ _ Other sources of income...... .............. Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_____________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)____ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_____ Inheritance..-------------------------------Average number of gainful workers per family________________________ 150 17 30 32 24 20 15 5 7 67 5 8 11 10 13 9 5 6 24 10 6 10 2 1 0 0 5 1 0 1 5 3 3 1 4 2 1 2 6 2 1 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 12 14 1 2 3 6 5 2 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 0 16 3 2 1 4 1 3 1 1 78 10 12 16 15 8 7 3 7 69 3 6 1 17 2 16 0 9 0 11 0 8 0 2 0 0 0 1.59 1.29 1.30 1.34 1.46 1. 95 1. 87 2.80 2.71 Average amount of— Net family income________________ $1, 541 Earnings of individuals_________ 1,490 Chief earner__________________ 1,228 Subsidiary earners...................... 262 Males: 16 years and over........... 1,216 Under 16 years________ (3) Females: 16 years and over....... 274 Under 16 years______ 0 Net earnings from boarders and lodgers..---------------------------------19 Other net rents--------------------------5 Interest and dividends__________ 1 Pensions and insurance annuities _ 17 Gifts from persons outside eco nomic family___________ ____ __ 5 Other sources of income_________ 9 Deductions from income (busi ness losses and expenses)........ . -5 Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de 162 crease in liabilities)____________ _ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)______________ 162 Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey......... ....... +9 2 Inheritance-----------------------------------3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. $761 $1,043 $1,327 $1, 636 $1,929 $2,208 $2,492 $2,983 754 1,018 1,269 1,566 1,865 2,119 2,474 2,925 714 958 1,141 1,417 1,405 1,703 1,440 1,701 40 60 149 416 1,034 1, 224 460 128 923 1,051 1,373 1,500 1,809 1,778 1, 684 608 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 189 365 146 310 95 218 696 1,241 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 10 (3) 0 6 19 13 1 10 30 1 (3) 42 44 13 3 0 11 0 0 46 0 4 (3) 15 2 0 0 37 7 3 3 8 9 6 0 0 2 2 3 54 0 0 21 0 -1 2 36 -2 47 (3) -3 116 175 (3) 241 -2 5 -1 -2 278 235 373 117 114 153 282 198 81 376 0 -2 0 6 -4 6 8 -1 9 0 +4 0 -1 3 0 +87 0 -9 0 +373 0 255 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in com e level— Continued JACKSON, M IS S —NEGRO FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— All families Item $500 to $600 D istr ib u tio n by O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r F a m ily T y p e and $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over by 1 Families in survey______________________ _________ _ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker---------------------------------------------------Skilled wage e a r n e r .----------------- -----------------------Semiskilled wage earner_________________________ Unskilled wage earner-----------------------------------------Number of families composed of— Man and wife___________________________________ Man, wife, and 1 child........... ................... ................. Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children___ _____ _________ Man, wife, and 5 or more children-----------------------Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons). Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons).............. ....................................... .............. Man, wife, and 1 adult.............. .............................. . Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults...... ............................... Man, wife, and 5 or more adults_________________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife) _ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_________________________________ ____ ___ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)----------------------------------Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)................................... 100 20 54 20 6 4 2 31 63 0 0 4 16 2 0 15 37 0 2 8 10 2 0 4 0 33 17 19 1 8 7 2 6 0 1 21 12 8 0 3 3 3 4 1 4 2 0 1 0 0 4 6 4 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 2 3 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a ti v i t y o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker_________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States......... ............ ............ ............ .................. 0 0 0 0 0 100 20 54 20 6 100 3.76 20 3.78 54 3.18 20 4.85 6 5.25 3 1 8 16 0 1 2 2 2 0 5 10 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 2 3.63 1.09 2.64 3. 33 3. 73 1. 34 2. 39 3. 33 3.02 0.72 2.30 2.80 4.79 1.79 3.00 4.35 4.98 1.31 3. 67 4.65 0.14 0.11 o. 16 0. 07 0. 31 C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households____________________ ____ ___ Average number of persons in household.................... Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers. ........................ ........................ Boarders only___________________________________ Lodgers only--------------------------------------------- ---------Other persons_______________________________ ___ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total_____________________________ _____ _ Under 16 years of age____ _____________________ 16 years of age and over______________________ Expenditure units_______________________________ Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family____ _____________________ 1“ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 year<* of age and over. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 256 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 5. — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu d ied , by in co m e level— Continued JACKSON, MISS.—NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over E a r n in g s a n d In co m e Families in survey............................... .......... Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners............. . . Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. Other net rents............. .............................. Interest and dividends_________________ Pensions and insurance annuities______ Gifts from persons outside economic family______________ ____ ___________ Other sources of income______________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)________________ _______ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)___________ . . . Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)________________ Inheritance. __________________________ Average number of gainful workers per family____ _____ ___________ _________ _ Average amount of— Net family income................................... Earnings of individuals.............. ........ Chief earner...................... ................... Subsidiary earners............................ Males'. 16 years and over.................... Under 16 years. ...................... Females: 16 years and over.......... . Under 16 years__________ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. __ _ ______________________ Other net rents______________________ Interest and dividends_____ ________ Pensions and insurance annuities.. . . Gifts from persons outside economic family___ _____ ___________________ Other sources of income_____________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_____________ __ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)__________________________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)______________ ____________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey.............................. Inheritance___________ ____ ___________ 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 100 20 54 20 6 50 11 2 1 13 15 3 0 0 1 19 6 2 1 9 13 1 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 2 5 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 0 5 2 2 0 1 69 14 36 14 5 30 0 5 0 18 0 6 0 1 0 1. 66 1.90 1.41 2.00 1.83 $784 766 680 86 693 0 72 1 $541 534 444 90 431 0 103 0 $710 698 664 34 657 0 40 1 $983 956 749 207 823 0 133 0 $1, 593 1,511 1,372 139 1,454 0 57 0 8 2 6 0 0 6 3 9 0 0 11 26 0 0 64 7 0 0 (3) 7 2 -1 72 (3) (3) 1 (3) 2 1 1 -1 (3) 55 53 (3) 0 -8 74 245 78 30 86 93 61 +26 0 +31 0 +7 0 +24 0 +194 0 257 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.- —D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in com e level— Continued JACKSONVILLE, FLA.—W H IT E FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 $900 $1, 200 $1, 500 $1, 800 $2,100 $2,400 $2, 700 to to to to to to to and $900 $1, 200 $1, 500 $1,800 $2,100 $2, 400 $2, 700 over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d by F a m ily T y p e * 178 20 33 33 32 34 13 5 8 80 50 44 4 6 4 9 1 12 7 14 0 16 9 7 1 17 8 6 1 16 14 4 0 5 5 2 1 2 1 2 0 6 2 0 0 37 47 37 2 3 5 4 0 9 12 8 0 6 12 7 10 9 0 5 4 8 1 3 4 3 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 23 0 3 4 3 9 1 2 1 3 5 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 12 3 0 2 2 3 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 174 1 2 20 0 0 32 0 1 32 0 0 30 1 1 34 0 0 13 0 0 5 0 0 8 0 0 178 Number of households______________ _______ Average number of persons in household____ 3. 65 Number of households with— 22 Boarders and lodgers----------------- ------- --------2 Boarders only-------------------------------------------5 Lodgers only---------------------------------------------Other persons_______ _________ __________ 40 Average size of economic family in— Persons, total_____ . . . ___________________ 3. 54 1.13 Under 16 years of age___________________ 16 years of age and over_________________ 2. 41 Expenditure units_______ . . . . 3. 29 Average number of persons in household not 0.18 members of economic family_______ ______ 20 3.18 33 3. 22 33 3. 72 32 3. 47 34 4.23 13 3.96 5 4. 07 8 4. 06 0 0 0 4 0 1 7 2 0 0 6 6 0 1 11 4 1 1 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 4 1 1 6 3.17 0.92 2. 25 2. 91 3.15 1. 05 2.10 2.89 3. 61 1.19 2. 42 3. 31 3. 48 1.20 2. 28 3.22 4.04 1.52 2. 52 3. 76 3. 55 0. 92 2. 63 3.41 3. 87 0.80 3. 07 3.76 3. 57 0. 24 0. 02 0.11 0.17 0.10 0.24 0. 45 0. 25 0. 58 Families in survey _______ . . . _____ _ _ _ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker_____________ ____________ Skilled wage earner. ............................... ........ Semiskilled wage earner. ............................... Unskilled wage earner__________ ____ _____ Number of families composed of— Man and wife_______ ______ _____________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2. . . ____________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2. . . _ _ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2. ______ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2_____ _ ________ _____ _ . . Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2__________________________ Man, wife, and 1 adult____ _______________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults_________ _____ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults___________ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)_______________________________ Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)__________________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)............... ........ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)___ _ 5 1 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker____ Number of families having homemaker born in— United S t a t e s ._________ ________________ England__________________________ _______ Other. ___________________________________ C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld 3 3. 33 3. 52 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are pprsons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357,1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638 258 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 5. — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued JACKSONVILLE, F L A —W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami nes $500 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 over E a rn in g s a n d In c o m e Families in survey........ ........................ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners_____ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers............. ................................. Other net rents__________________ _ Interest and dividends............... ....... Pensions and insurance annuities... Gifts from persons outside economic family ............................................... Other sources of income___________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_____________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/ or decrease in liabilities)_________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/ or increase in liabilities).............. Inheritance_______________________ Average number of gainful workers per family.......................................... Average amount of— Net family income________________ Earnings of individuals................. Chief earner........... ........ ............ Subsidiary earners...................... Males: 16 years and over............ Under 16 years..... ........... Females: 16 years and over____ Under 16 years______ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers........... .............................. . Other net rents__________________ Interest and dividends______ __ Pensions and insurance annuities Gifts from persons outside eco nomic family__________________ Other sources of income_____ Deductions from income (busi ness losses and expenses)_______ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities)______________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)......................... Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey............. . Inheritance._______ ____ _________ 3 178 20 33 33 32 34 13 5 8 67 6 13 8 11 11 5 5 8 26 7 9 7 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 2 4 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 7 2 2 1 6 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 16 8 4 3 4 1 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 2 2 0 1 1 2 0 0 110 6 23 23 21 21 10 3 3 64 0 12 0 9 0 10 0 11 0 12 0 3 0 2 0 5 0 1.50 1.45 1.42 1.30 1.41 1.47 1.69 2.20 2.50 $1,566 1,518 1,320 198 1,302 (3) 216 (3) 20 6 1 11 0 0 0 0 7 4 13 5 -1 0 149 68 164 76 +33 0 -2 5 0 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 138. $751 $1,056 $1,345 $1,626 $1,924 $2,233 $2,528 $3,189 733 1,030 1, 287 1,577 1,896 2,120 2,457 3,049 676 944 1,24° 1,400 1,742 1,830 1,591 1,657 57 86 177 154 38 290 866 1,392 869 1,218 1,401 1,762 515 ,949 1,873 1,639 4 0 0 0 0 (3) (3) (3) 134 218 157 69 176 171 584 1,410 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (3) 10 0 (3) 9 8 (3) -1 67 142 +8 0 18 2 1 16 12 18 2 8 13 4 2 2 96 17 1 0 57 35 0 0 30 0 0 110 16 7 1 8 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 -2 -2 1 0 314 259 187 -2 119 175 +30 0 0 167 151 +58 (3) 175 184 +43 0 340 +163 0 302 +35 0 0 213 -6 3 0 259 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in com e level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y .—W H IT E F AM ILIES Income level— Families with annual net income of— All fami lies Item D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n and by F a m ily T y p e ! of $600 to $900 to $900 $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 and over C h ie f E a rn e r Families in survey_________________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical w o r k e r ._____ ____________ ____ _ Skilled wage earner_______________________ Semiskilled wage earner___ ____ _________ Unskilled wage earner----------------------- ------Number of families composed of— Man and wife___ _____ _______ _____ Man, wife, and 1 child 2 . _. ____________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2 ................ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2_______ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2______________________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2__________________________ Man, wife, and 1 adult__________ ______ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults ____________ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults____ ___ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_______________ _ . . . . ______ Adults f4 or more persons not including man and w ife)___________________ ___ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife) __________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)____ 197 33 59 51 29 17 8 48 58 60 31 5 3 15 10 16 16 16 11 9 18 19 5 8 12 7 2 9 4 2 2 1 5 1 1 43 44 34 0 10 5 5 0 18 16 8 0 5 13 12 0 6 7 4 0 3 2 4 0 1 1 1 0 "5 5 4 8 3 1 4 10 11 9 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 3 0 3 2 3 0 2 3 2 0 5 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 15 2 8 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196 1 33 0 59 0 50 1 29 0 17 0 8 0 197 3. 75 33 3. 21 59 3.28 51 4.10 29 3. 65 17 5.35 8 4.37 38 3 1 2 5 0 0 0 12 2 0 0 10 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 5 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 3. 57 1.08 2.49 3. 24 3.09 0.82 2.27 2.81 3.07 0. 76 2.31 2.78 3.87 1.33 2. 54 3.51 3.54 1.01 2.53 3.22 5.06 2.04 3.02 4.60 4.12 1.00 3.12 3.88 0.20 0.12 0.23 0.22 0.13 0.30 0.30 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker.__ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States.............................. .................. Italy................................................................... C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households______ _______ _____ Average number of persons in household____ Number o households with— Boarders and lodgers...... ..................... .......... Boarders o n ly ....................... ....................... Lodgers only...... ................................... ......... Other persons -------------------- ----------------Average size of economic family in— Persons, total. ......................................... Under 16 years of age_______ ______ ____ 16 years of age and over--------------- ---------Expenditure units_____ ________ ______ Average number of persons in household not members of economic fam ily______ ______ 1 “ Children" are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults" are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States," B. L. S. Bull No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 260 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 5 . — D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y .-W H I T E FAM ILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— item All fami lies $600 to $900 to $900 $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 and over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey_________________________ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners_______ ____ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers___ Other net rents._ _ __________ . . . ____ __ Interest and dividends-----------------------Pensions and insurance annuities.. ______ Gifts from persons outside economic family. Other sources of income_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_______ . . . ._ __________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities)_____________________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities). . . ______ _____ _ Inheritance.________ _____________________ Average number of gainful workers per family_____ _ ____________________ . . . . 197 33 59 51 29 17 b 51 39 4 12 6 13 5 6 5 0 0 1 3 0 12 15 2 3 1 4 2 16 9 1 3 1 3 0 8 3 0 4 2 0 2 6 5 1 0 0 1 0 3 2 0 2 l 2 1 10 0 5 2 2 1 0 128 20 38 34 18 12 6 67 3 13 0 21 1 17 2 10 0 4 0 2 0 1.31 1.18 1.20 1.35 1.34 1.65 1.50 $781 763 743 20 631 0 132 0 13 0 0 2 $1,057 1,012 969 43 838 1 173 (3) 31 3 1 4 $1, 340 1, 292 1,160 132 1,143 0 149 0 36 2 (3) 6 $1, 650 1, 624 1,518 106 1, 547 0 77 0 19 0 5 25 $1, 944 1,865 1, 611 254 1,682 0 183 0 71 7 0 0 $2, 545 2, 263 2, 005 258 2, 245 0 18 0 84 0 54 104 3 0 8 2 4 0 0 1 1 0 4 36 Average amount of— Net family income........................................... $1, 308 Earnings of individuals_____ ___________ 1,258 Chief earner________________ _____ ___ 1, 159 Subsidiary earners____________________ 99 Males: 16 years and over_____________ 1,117 Under 16 years___________ ___ (3) Females: 16 years and over___________ 141 Under 16 years____________ (3) Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.. 33 Other net rents.__ . . . _ ______ ____ _ 2 Interest and dividends____. . . . . . _____ 3 Pensions and insurance annuities. ... 11 Gifts from persons outside economic _____________ family____ __ ____ _ 4 Other sources of income ___ _______ __ 2 Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_______________ . _ ._ -5 Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in lia bilities) _ _ _____ __ . . . __ 130 Deficit per family having deficit (net de crease in assets and/or increase in liabili ties). ._ _ . . . . _____________ _____ 150 Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey______________________ +33 Inheritance______ ______ ____________ ____ 2 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 0 -4 (3) -2 4 (3) 0 58 84 97 166 145 131 222 327 -3 0 -5 3 +38 6 +72 0 +86 0 +176 0 130 189 196 343 261 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.— D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , by in co m e level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y — NEGRO FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d b y F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey-------------------------------------------------Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker__________________________________ Skilled wage earner______________________________ Semiskilled wage earner_________________________ Unskilled wage earner___________________________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife___________________________________ Man, wife, and 1 child___________________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children___________________ Man, wife, and 5 or more children_______________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) _ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)_______________________________________ Man, wife, and 1 adult__________________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults_____________________ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults--------------------------Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)----------------------------------------------------------------Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)__________________________________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_______________________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)___________________ 74 37 24 8 5 0 11 17 46 0 2 8 27 0 2 7 15 0 2 2 4 0 5 0 0 22 10 12 3 4 15 4 7 0 3 7 4 5 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 6 5 0 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r 0 0 0 0 0 74 37 24 8 5 74 3. 93 37 3. 60 24 3.45 8 6. 37 5 4. 77 5 0 3 1 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3. 83 1. 29 2. 54 3.42 3. 47 1.15 2. 32 3. 09 3.46 1.04 2.42 3.10 6.13 2. 37 3. 76 5.46 4. 57 1. 77 2. 80 4.07 0.10 0.13 0. 01 0. 25 0.20 Number of families having no homemaker_________ Number of families having homemaker born in United States___________________________________________ C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households_____________________________ Average number of persons in household___________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers____________________________ Boarders only_____________________ _____________ Lodgers only____________________________________ Other persons______________________ ____ _______ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total____________________________________ Under 16 years of age---------------- -----------------------16 years of age and over________________________ Expenditure units_______________________________ Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family----------- ------------- --------------- i “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 7 4 3 9 0 °— 41-------18 “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 262 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 5.— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y .—NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued All families Income level—Families with annual net income of— $500 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over E a r n in g s a n d In co m e Families in survey...................................... . Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners............. Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. Other net rents........................................... Interest and dividends.............................. Pensions and insurance annuities______ Gifts from persons outside economic family......................................................... Other sources of income..______ _______ D eductions from income (business losses and expenses)------ -----------------------------Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)-----------------------Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities) ................................. Inheritance_____ ______________________ Average number of gainful workers per family_____ __________________ ____ — Average amount of— Net family income-------------------------------Earnings of individuals______________ Chief earner_______________________ Subsidiary earners............................... Males: 16 years and over.................... Under 16 years....................... Females: 16 years and over............... Under 16 years___________ Net earnings from boarders and lodg e rs........................ ............................... Other net rents______________________ Interest and dividends................. ........ Pensions and insurance annuities____ Gifts from persons outside economic family................................... ................ Other sources of income........................ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)-----------------------Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)___________________________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)___________________________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey ______ ______ Inheritance...................... ............................ * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 0 74 37 24 8 5 26 8 1 0 3 11 5 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 5 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 55 28 18 4 5 18 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 1.42 1.30 1. 42 2.13 1.20 $969 948 879 69 869 1 78 0 $762 750 712 38 701 0 49 0 $1,016 1,014 913 101 887 0 127 0 $1,329 1,280 1,134 146 1,167 12 101 0 $1,666 1,560 1,546 14 1,544 0 16 0 12 1 0 6 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 44 5 0 0 32 0 0 74 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 171 164 2 0 -1 (3) 97 76 0 94 76 63 67 116 0 +53 0 +44 0 +54 0 +27 P +164 0 263 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5 . — Description of fam ilies studied , by income level— C on tinu ed M EM P H IS, T E N N .— W H ITE FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 and over D istr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey_________________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker...................................... .......... Skilled wage earner. ....................................... Semiskilled wage earner___________ ____ . . Unskilled wage earner ................................... Number of families composed of— Man anf wife____ _______________________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2........ ............ ........... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2.................... Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2_______ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons)2-------------------------------------------Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2............................................. Man, wife, and 1 adult___________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults............. ............ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults_______ _. Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)____ _______ _____ ____________ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_______________________ . . Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife.____ _______ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)........ 194 25 35 44 37 40 13 79 53 56 6 6 3 12 4 9 12 12 2 23 6 15 0 15 12 10 0 20 14 6 0 6 6 1 0 52 44 39 2 11 8 5 0 9 8 5 1 9 11 10 0 12 4 10 0 7 11 8 1 4 2 1 0 14 0 3 4 4 1 2 9 21 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 3 0 4 5 1 0 1 4 0 0 1 7 3 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 193 1 25 0 35 0 43 1 37 0 40 0 13 0 194 3. 74 25 3.05 35 3.66 44 3.95 37 3.61 40 3.87 13 4.24 12 5 13 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 1 3 0 2 2 2 1 4 0 4 0 1 1 2 0 3.53 1.11 2.42 3.25 2.97 0.92 2.05 2.69 3.58 1.03 2. 55 3.27 3.71 1.32 2.39 3.42 3.45 1.24 2.21 3.18 3.60 1.08 2.52 2.35 3.76 0.76 3.00 3.62 0.21 0.08 0.08 0.24 0.15 0. 27 0.49 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker... Number of families having homemaker born in— United States................................................... Other.................................................................. C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households........... ............................ Average number of persons in household____ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers............ .......................... Boarders only____________________________ Lodgers only.......... .................... .................... Other persons.................................................. Average size of economic family in— Persons, total____________________________ Under 16 years of age........ ........................ . 16 years of age and over.................... .......... Expenditure units-------- ---------------------------Average number of persons in household not members of economic family_________ _____ i “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults are persons 16 years of age and over. » Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 264 TWELVE OriTBS OF TH E SOOTH T able 5.— D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in com e level— Continued M EM P H IS, T E N N .—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 and over E a r n in g s a n d In co m e Families in survey___________________ _____ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners------------------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers----Other net rents-------- ------------- ---------- - ........ Interest and dividends - — ...................... Pensions and insurance annuities-------------Gifts from persons outside economic family....................... ............ ................................ Other sources of income.._----------------Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_______________ _____ ____ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities)-------------------------------Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities).................- ................— Inheritance--------- — ---------------------------Average number of gainful workers per fam ily— - ............................................................ 194 25 35 44 37 40 13 31 34 14 11 5 1 1 1 0 0 4 4 2 0 1 10 9 2 2 0 2 7 5 5 0 7 8 2 3 2 7 5 2 1 2 12 9 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 112 10 16 22 25 29 10 71 0 10 0 16 0 20 0 12 0 10 0 3 0 1.18 1.04 1.14 1.20 1.11 1.12 1.77 $749 734 731 3 730 0 4 0 5 1 0 0 $1, 072 1,027 991 36 1, 010 0 17 0 25 11 0 4 $1,345 1,269 1, 205 64 1,230 2 37 0 65 2 1 0 $1, 628 1, 570 1,549 21 1,549 0 21 0 24 24 6 0 $1,915 1,844 1,759 85 1,791 0 53 0 36 10 6 8 $2,381 2,207 1, 723 484 1,976 0 231 0 107 40 3 22 3 6 1 4 3 5 4 0 6 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 62 83 143 211 55 195 231 232 258 246 +3 0 -5 1 0 -3 4 0 +67 0 +114 0 +319 0 Average amount of— $1, 459 Net family income— ............................... . 1,394 Earnings of individuals......... ..................... 1,3 9 Chief earner---------------------------------------75 Subsidiary earners-----------------------------Males: 16 years and over--------------------- 1, 352 Under 16 years............. ............. (3) 42 Females: 16 years and over................... 0 Under 16 years--------------------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.. 39 12 ------------------------------Other net rents. 3 Interest and dividends---------------- ------Pensions and insurance annuities—. . _ 4 Gifts from persons outside .economic family......... ........................................... 3 Other sources of income------------------------4 Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)__________ ____ ________ (3) Surplus per family having surplus (net in crease in assets and/or decrease in liabili 203 ties). -------------- . -------------- -----------------Deficit per family having deficit (net de crease in assets and/or increase in liabili 203 ties) ------------------------------------------- ---------Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey______________________ +41 0 Inheritance......... ................. ............................ 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. (3) 246 0 488 265 TABULAR SU M M ARY T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued M EM PH IS, T E N N .—NEGRO FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over D istr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r an d by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey_______________ ________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker..................... ........ ............ ................. Skilled wage earner................................................ _ Semiskilled wage earner...................................... ....... Unskilled wage earner........... .................................. Number of families composed of— Man and wife______________________ ____ _______ Man, wife, and 1 child 2......... ..................... ................ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2----- ---------------------Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2 ___________ _ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 per sons) 2_____________________________ _______ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2________________ ________ ____________ Man, wife, and 1 adult....... ..................... .................. Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults___ _____ ___________ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults_____ ____ ______ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)------------ --------------------------- ---------------------Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)----------------------------------------------------------------Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons, not including man and w ife)_________________ ____ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)...... ..................... ....... 94 15 53 19 7 2 3 29 60 0 0 8 7 1 3 15 34 0 0 2 17 1 0 4 2 34 12 14 2 5 1 6 0 23 8 5 2 5 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 13 1 8 2 2 5 8 6 0 0 1 1 0 1 4 2 0 4 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker. _ ______ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States......... ....................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 94 15 53 19 7 94 3. 64 15 3.60 53 3. 35 19 4. 36 7 4.04 4 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 3.51 1.02 2.49 3.25 3. 60 1.20 2.40 3.29 3.26 0.93 2.33 2. 96 4.26 1.21 3.05 3.91 3.90 0.90 3.00 3.57 0.10 0 0.14 0.10 0.14 C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households____________________ ______ Average number of persons in household___________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers____________________________ Boarders only___________________________________ Lodgers only............................................ .......... .......... Other persons................. ................... ........................ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total__________ ________ ____ _____ _____ Under 16 years of age___________ ____ _________ 16 years of age and over-------- ------- --------------------Expenditure units_______ ______ ________________ Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family___________ __________ ____ 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 266 TWELVE CITIES OF TH E SOUTH T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in com e level— Continued M EM PH IS, T E N N .—NEGRO FAMILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $600 to $900 $500 to $600 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over E a rn in g s and In co m e Families in survey_______________________ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners-------------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. Other net rents............... ................... ........ Interest and dividends_________________ Pensions and insurance annuities______ Gifts from persons outside economic family_______________ _____ _________ Other sources of income________ ______ _ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)-----------------------------------Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)____ _____ _____ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities).............................. Inheritance.......... ...................................... Average number of gainful workers per family----------------------------------- -------------Average amount of— Net family income............. ..................... . Earnings of individuals......................... Chief earner___ . . . ____ ____ _____ Subsidiary earners........... ................. . Males: 16 years and over................. Under 16 years_______ _____ Females: 16 years and over________ Under 16 years.................. Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.................. ................................. Other net rents______________________ Interest and dividends_______________ Pensions and insurance annuities____ Gifts from persons outside economic family_____________________________ Other sources of income____ _________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)________________ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)______________________ _ _ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)___________________________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey............................... Inheritance.................................................. 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 94 15 53 19 7 19 7 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 11 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 6 1 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 69 9 41 12 7 23 1 5 0 11 1 7 0 0 0 1.22 1.13 1.17 1.37 1.43 $821 804 763 41 785 0 18 1 $553 549 549 0 543 0 6 0 $741 725 701 24 710 0 12 3 $1,018 999 911 88 962 0 37 0 $1,468 1,431 1, 297 134 1,395 0 36 0 9 3 1 0 0 0 2 9 5 0 13 0 1 0 20 0 0 0 4 1 2 0 3 0 8 0 0 17 (3) -1 64 0 (3) -1 -3 0 28 40 84 126 45 154 140 0 +16 2 +2 0 -1 4 +1 0 +211 0 211 267 TABULAR SU M M ARY T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilies stu died , by in com e level— Continued M OBILE, ALA.—W H IT E FAMILIES Income level—-Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $600 $600 to $900 146 5 2- 21 35 24 26 11 51 42 47 6 0 2 2 1 7 5 11 1 6 4 8 3 8 13 13 1 10 7 7 0 16 7 3 0 4 4 3 0 24 21 31 3 1 0 4 0 4 2 5 1 3 4 4 0 7 6 6 1 4 7 5 1 5 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 4 4 7 4 G 1 8 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 ! 1 1 0 2 4 1 0 9 0 3 3 1 1 0 1 9 0 2 0 1 1 3 2 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey____________ _______ ____ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker____________ ____ ________ Skilled wage e a r n e r .________ _________ Semiskilled wage earner ________ ________ Unskilled wage earner___ _______________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife____ _______ _______ ______ _ Man, wife, and 1 child 8___________ _____ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 8__________ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 8 _____ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 8____ ______ ______________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)8.......... ..................... ............ Man, wife, and 1 adult_________________ _ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults............... ........ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults.......... . . . Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)___________ _____ ________ ___ Adults (4 or more persons, not including man and wife)_________________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 per sons, not including man and wife)_____ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons, not including man and wife). . . 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 144 1 1 5 0 0 24 0 0 21 0 0 33 1 1 24 0 0 26 0 0 11 0 0 146 4.16 5 4.17 24 3.94 21 3.80 35 4.21 24 3.97 26 4.24 11 5.35 16 1 3 29 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 4 2 0 0 6 4 0 1 7 4 0 1 4 3 0 0 4 2 0 1 4 4.03 1.28 2. 75 3.72 4.17 2. 21 1. 96 3.52 3.89 1.44 2. 45 3.55 3.64 0.90 2.74 3.40 4.07 1.42 2. 65 3. 70 3.84 1. 35 2.49 3.58 4.12 1.24 2.88 3.84 5.13 0. 73 4.40 4.90 0.18 0 0.06 0.26 0.22 0.17 0.15 0. 31 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker.. Number of families having homemaker born in— United States............................................. . Germany...................................................... . Sweden__________________________________ C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households_____________________ Average number of persons in household___ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers......................... ............ Boarders only___________ _____ _________ Lodgers only.............. ................... ......... ....... Other persons___________________________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total................................................. Under 16 years of age................................ 16 years of age and over...... ....................... Expenditure units____ __________________ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family_________ 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 8 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 268 TWELVE CITIES OF TH E SOUTH T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , by in com e level— Continued M OBILE, A L A .—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Income level--Families with annual net income of— All fami lies Item E a rn in g s a n d $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 and over 146 5 24 21 35 24 26 44 0 6 6 13 5 5 9 15 7 5 8 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 3 3 1 5 4 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 3 1 0 2 19 5 0 0 5 0 6 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 0 3 11 17 1 5 0 2 2 4 84 1 8 11 21 19 17 7 61 0 4 0 16 0 9 0 14 0 5 0 9 0 4 0 1.41 .98 1.24 1.39 1. 45 1. 23 1. 34 2.39 $531 534 534 0 534 0 0 0 $738 736 712 24 577 (3) 159 0 $1,056 997 914 83 852 0 145 0 $1,320 1,279 1,160 119 1,193 (3) 86 0 $1, 652 1,629 1,530 99 1,472 0 157 0 $1, 938 1,894 1,796 98 1,817 (3) 77 0 $2, 575 2, 535 1,680 855 1,918 0 617 0 0 0 0 0 2 16 0 0 25 0 2 0 12 5 3 14 15 2 4 0 4 0 4 3 16 3 0 33 0 0 6 0 26 6 5 4 5 10 26 1 0 -2 2 0 -2 -3 -3 50 78 110 156 282 Average amount of— Net family income________________ $1,417 1,384 Earnings of individuals_________ 1,242 Chief earner__________________ 142 Subsidiary earners____________ 1,231 Males: 16 years and over______ Under 16 years.. ____ (3) 153 Females: 16 years and over____ 0 Under 16 years____ __ Net earnings from boarders and 11 lodgers_______________________ 4 Other net rents____ _________ 2 Interest and dividends__________ 7 Pensions and insurance annuities. Gifts from persons outside eco 8 nomic family________________ 7 Other sources of income_____ . . . Deductions from income (busi -6 ness losses and expenses)______ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or 151 decrease in liabilities). . ___ . . . Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or 143 increase in liabilities). . . ______ Net change in assets and liabilities +27 for all families in survey________ 0 Inheritance______ _______________ Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. $600 to $900 In com e Families in survey___________ _____ _ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners____ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers________________________ _ Other net rents_________ ________ _ Interest and dividends___ _______ Pensions and insurance annuities.. Gifts from persons outside economic family___________________ Other sources of income___________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)____________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)____ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)___ Inheritance-------------------------- --------Average number of gainful workers per family........ ............................ . 3 $500 to $600 -3 43 (3) -1 3 191 32 100 67 168 185 234 24S -1 7 0 -5 0 0 +12 0 -1 0 +85 0 +103 0 +31 0 269 TABULAR SU M M ARY T able 5. — D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued M OBILE, ALA.—NEGRO FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— All fami lies Item $500 to $600 D istr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d b y F a m i l y T y p e $600 to $900 $900 and over 1 Families in survey________________________ ________ ____ ____ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker........... .......... ............. ..................................... . Skilled wage earner________________________________________ Semiskilled wage earner_____ ______ _______________________ Unskilled wage earner______________________________________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife-------------------- ------- -----------------------------------------Man, wife, and 1 child 2-------- ------- --------------------------------------Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2............................................... . Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2______________ ________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 2____ __ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons) 2___ Man, wife, and 1 adult____________ _________ ______ _______ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults-------- ---------------------------------------Man, wife, and 5 or more adults. __________________________ Adults (2 or 3 persons, not including man and wife)________ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)____ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)--------------- -------------- ----------------- . . . . . . Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not includ ing man and wife)_______________________________________ 94 28 48 18 0 2 36 56 0 0 12 16 0 1 19 28 0 1 5 12 22 13 15 0 8 7 12 7 0 3 1 7 6 6 0 2 1 2 1 0 1 0 12 7 6 0 5 2 7 5 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 1 4 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 2 2 2 0 94 0 28 0 48 0 18 94 3.79 28 3.33 48 3.64 18 4.90 3 5 4 7 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 3.70 1.09 2. 61 3.38 3.37 1.06 2. 31 3.09 3.50 0.91 2. 59 3.24 4. 76 1.60 3.16 4.39 0.13 0.01 0.17 0.22 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker___ ______ _____ . . . Number of families having homemaker born in United States.. C o m p o s itio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households--------------------------------- ------- ------- ------- Average number of persons in household................ ................... . Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers-------- ------------------------------------------- ------Boarders only---------- -----------------------------------------------------------Lodgers only. _ __________________ _______________ ____ ___ Other persons----- ----------------------------- ---------- --------------------Average size of economic family in— Persons, total---------- ---------------------------------------------------------Under 16 years of age---------------------------- ---------------------------16 years of age and over— ................................. ......................... Expenditure units__________________________________________ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family____________________________________________ 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 270 TWELVE COTES OF TH E SOUTH T able 5.— D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued M O BILE, ALA.—NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 and over E a r n in g s an d In c o m e Families in survey...................... ......................................... Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners—..................................... Net earnings from boarders and lodgers_____________ Other net rents........... ....................................................... Interest and dividends..............- .............. ....................... Pensions and insurance annuities— ______ _________ Gifts from persons outside economic family................. Other sources of income______________ ____________ _ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_____ _________________ _______ —........ ........ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_____________________ ____ ____ 1-----------Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in lia bilities) ____________________ ____ ________________ Inheritance......................................... - ..................... ........ Average number of gainful workers per family.... .......... Average amount of— Net family income__________________ _______ ______ Earnings of individuals........—..................................... Chief earner__________________ ________________ _ Subsidiary earners......... ............................................ Males: 16 years and over...... ................................... Under 16 years.____________ ______ ____ Females: 16 years and over..................................... Under 16 years........ .................................. Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.................... Other net rents___________________________________ Interest and dividends................... ............................. Pensions and insurance annuities_________________ Gifts from persons outside economic family............. Other sources of income______ __________________ Deductions from income (business losses and ex penses)________________________________________ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)____ __________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_______________ Net change in assets and liabilities or all families in survey................ ............................................................. Inheritance.......................................................................... 8 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638 94 28 48 18 53 8 0 1 3 7 7 15 0 0 0 1 0 1 24 6 0 1 2 4 6 14 2 0 0 Q 3 0 3 0 2 1 58 16 32 10 34 0 1.76 12 0 1.60 15 0 1.62 7 0 2.40 $759 746 643 103 653 (*) 93 (*) 6 0 (*) 2 1 5 $556 556 515 41 505 (*) 51 (*) 0 0 0 (*) 0 0) $733 714 645 69 625 0 89 0 7 0 (*) 4 1 9 $1,139 1,124 836 288 955 0 169 0 14 0 0 0 1 0 -1 0 -2 (») 52 32 55 78 100 54 72 237 -4 0 -5 0 +14 0 -4 9 0 TABULAR 271 SUM M ARY T a b l e 5 . — D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , by in com e level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, LA.—W H IT E FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $600 $600 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 to to to to to to and $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 over Distribution By Occupation of Chief Earner and by Family T ype1 Families in survey............_.................................. Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker___________________ _______ Skilled wage earner....... .................................. Semiskilled wgae earner................................... Unskilled wage earner..................................... Number of families composed of— Man and wife_____________________________ Man, wife, and 1 child 3____ ________ _____ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 8..................... Man, wife, and 5 or more children 8............. Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 8.......... - ________ _______________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)8........................... .................. Man, wife, and 1 adult................................... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults.......................... Man, wife, and 5 or more adults................ . Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)............................... ........................ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)..................................................... Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_____________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)........ 318 14 60 71 60 72 25 7 9 126 73 84 35 1 2 7 4 13 12 26 9 26 14 16 15 27 13 17 3 34 23 13 2 14 6 3 2 6 0 1 0 5 3 1 0 48 53 49 4 0 0 2 0 8 12 12 0 10 17 10 4 9 11 8 0 14 12 15 0 5 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 1 4 9 10 8 9 1 1 18 26 22 1 1 3 1 0 3 4 0 0 1 2 3 0 5 7 4 0 4 7 7 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 0 2 1 2 0 30 5 10 11 2 2 0 0 0 12 0 2 3 1 3 1 0 2 5 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 7 0 4 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 308 4 1 1 1 12 1 0 0 0 57 0 1 1 0 71 0 0 0 0 57 2 0 0 0 71 0 0 0 1 25 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 318 3.98 14 3.42 60 3.63 71 3.90 60 3.96 72 25 4.60 7 4.87 9 4.90 20 13 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 6 2 1 0 4 4 0 2 5 6 3 1 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 3.80 1.03 2.77 3.51 3.42 0.70 2.72 3.23 3.59 1.11 2.48 2.24 3.73 1.19 2.54 3.40 3.78 1.02 2.76 3.50 3.77 1.01 2.76 3.46 4. 39 0.96 3.43 4.12 4.41 0.49 3.92 4.23 4.86 0.72 4.14 4.65 0.18 0 0.04 0.17 0.17 0.27 0.26 0.47 0.04 Distribution by Nativity of Homemaker Number of families having no homemaker___ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States..................................................... Italy............. ...................................................... England.......... .................................................. Mexico____________________ ______________ Other................................................................... Composition of Household Number of households......................................... Average number of persons in household____ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers............. .......................... Boarders only..................................................... Lodgers only...................................................... Other persons.................................................... Average size of economic family in— Persons, total-................................................... Under 16 years of age.................................... 16 years of age and over..............—............. Expenditure units......................................... Average number of persons in household not members of economic family.......... ............... 4 .0 4 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 8Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. 8. Bull. No. 367,1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 272 TWELVE COTES OF TH E SOUTH T able 5.— D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in com e level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, LA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 over 318 14 60 71 60 72 25 7 9 83 5 8 10 19 14 11 7 9 39 19 12 6 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 1 10 4 3 1 6 5 3 3 13 5 3 0 4 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 35 13 0 0 4 1 9 7 8 2 9 2 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 E a rn in g s and In c o m e Families in survey................................. Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners_____ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.................. ................... ........ Other net rents___________________ Interest and dividends____________ Pensions and insurance annuities... Gifts from persons outside economic family_____________________ ____ Other sources of income___________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)-------------- __ Surplus (net increase in assets and/ or decrease in liabilities)_________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/ or increase in liabilities)............. . Inheritance_____ ___________ _ ._ Average number of gainful workers per family...................................... . . . Average amount of— Net family income________ ______ _ Earnings of individuals_________ Chief earner________________ Subsidiary earners______ ____ Males: 16 years and over.......... Under 16 years._______ Females: 16 years and over....... Under 16 years______ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers------------------------------------Other net rents__________________ Interest and dividends___ ____ _ Pensions and insurance annuities . Gifts from persons outside eco nomic family____________ _____ Other sources of income_____ . . . Deductions from income (busi ness losses and expenses)___ . Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in crease in liabilities)___________ . . Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey_________ Inheritance.......................................... 3 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 180 5 29 44 33 45 16 3 5 100 3 6 0 19 0 16 0 23 0 23 1 7 2 3 0 3 0 1.33 1.32 1.14 1.13 1.37 1.29 1.73 2. 36 2. 43 $1, 302 1,248 1,106 142 1, 067 (3) 181 0 $532 532 474 58 350 0 182 0 $778 $1, 038 $1,332 $1, 671 $1, 885 $2,094 $2, 656 764 997 1,259 1,601 1,822 1, 823 2,638 958 1,128 1,487 1, 505 1,026 1,470 737 131 317 797 1,168 27 39 114 588 867 1,115 1,511 1,543 1,153 1, 679 0 0 0 0 0 0 (3) 130 144 90 279 670 176 959 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 10 1 8 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 3 20 10 (3) (3) 23 18 (3) 16 31 14 3 0 44 16 1 0 34 0 8 183 8 0 1 0 9 5 0 0 4 1 8 3 7 9 15 8 2 0 44 4 9 0 0 0 0 12 43 88 110 (3) 110 -1 (3) -2 139 172 150 0 309 149 94 85 73 160 209 277 156 222 +15 4 -3 6 0 -6 0 +39 0 -1 0 +20 4 +33 41 -3 0 +98 0 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638 (3) 273 TABULAR SU M M ARY T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilies stu died , by in com e level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, LA .—N EGR O FAM ILIES Income level— Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over D istr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d by F a m ily T y p e i Families in survey________________________ ____ ___ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker__________________________________ Skilled wage earner____ ___________ _____________ Semiskilled wage earner_________________________ Unskilled wage earner_______ ___________________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife____________ ____ _____________ Man wife, and 1 child 2__________________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2.__............................ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2______________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 per sons)2___________ _____________ _____ _____ . . . Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)2______________________________________ Man, wife, and 1 adult__________________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults.......................... ............ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults_________________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_________ ____ ____________ _ ________ . Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_____________________________ ___ ___ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_______ . . . _____ ____ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_________ _______ 83 15 36 25 7 4 5 35 39 0 1 7 7 1 2 18 15 3 1 5 16 0 1 19 18 9 3 3 7 0 0 8 7 5 2 6 3 4 1 2 1 C c 11 2 4 4 1 5 5 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 2 2 1 0 1 1 c c c 5 1 5 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 c 2 0 2 0 c D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker_________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States._ ----- ------------- ------------------------------ 0 0 0 0 c 83 15 36 25 7 83 3.94 15 3.42 36 3.85 25 4.23 7 4 .4c 2 0 8 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 C ( 3.84 1.30 2. 54 3. 50 3. 22 0. 97 2. 25 2. 98 3. 79 1.44 2. 35 3. 46 4.24 1.44 2.80 3.82 3.96 0. 71 3. 21 3.66 0.12 0. 20 0.06 0.04 0.47 C o m p o s i t i o n o f h o u seh o ld Number of households_____________________________ Average number of persons in household___________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers--------- ---------------------------------Boarders only_________________________ _________ Lodgers only------ ------------------------------- ------- ---------Other persons_____________ __________ ______ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total_______________________ ____ _______ Under 16 years of age__________________________ 16 years of age and over_________ ________ _____ Expenditure units_______________________________ Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family__________________________ C 1 “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 274 TWELVE CITIES OF TH E SOUTH T able 5.— D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, L A —NEGRO FAM ILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over E a r n in g s a n d In c o m e Families in survey.......................................... Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners____ ____ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. Other net rents----------------- ------- ----------Interest and dividends-------------------------Pensions and insurance annuities______ Gifts from persons outside economic family................. ......... .................. ........ Other sources of income________________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)-------------------------Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities).................... ......... Deficit (net increase in assets and/or increase in liabilities)------- ---------------Inheritance______________ _____ _____ Average number of gainful workers per family.......................................................... Average amount of— Net family income...................................... Earnings of individuals.......................... Chief earner.......... ................................ Subsidiary earners......................... . Males: 16 years and over.................... Under 16 years_____ ______ Females: 16 years and over............... Under 16 years.................... Net earnings from boarders and lodgers................................................ . Other net rents______________________ Interest and dividends----------------------Pensions and insurance annuities___ Gifts from persons outside economic family................................................. . Other sources of income____________ . Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)............. ............. Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_______ __________ ____ ___ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)-----------------------------------------Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey............................. . Inheritance............. ................................... . s Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 83 15 36 25 7 28 10 2 1 0 4 3 0 0 0 9 3 1 1 0 12 2 1 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 42 5 14 17 6 21 0 6 0 12 0 2 0 1 0 1.41 1.37 1.25 1.64 1.48 $841 830 741 89 723 4 103 (3) $552 540 500 40 442 0 98 (*) $720 711 668 43 638 6 67 0 $1,044 1,043 880 163 877 0 166 0 $1,346 1,292 1,123 169 1,205 0 87 0 10 1 3 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 31 90 (3) -1 77 5 2 (») (3) -2 73 0 0 94 47 36 49 54 72 +27 0 -4 0 +19 0 +45 0 +70 0 275 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.— D esc rip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level—Continued N O R FO L K -PO R TSM O U T H , VA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— All fami lies Item $600 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 to to to to to to and $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 over Distribution by Occupation of Chief Earner and by Family Type 1 Families in survey__________________ ______________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker............... .......... ......... ........................ Skilled wage earner...... .............................................. Semiskilled wage earner.............................................. Unskilled wape earner............. ................................... Number of families composed of— Man and wife8. . . ........... .............................................. Man, wife, and 1 child8............................................... Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children*................................ Man, wife, and 5 or more children8______________ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 8_ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more per sons) 8____________________________________ ____ Man, wife, and 1 adult................................................ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults....................................... Man, wife, and 5 or more adults__________ ______ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife). Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife).______ _____ __________ ____ ___ ____ ____ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)......................................... Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife).................................. 162 10 23 40 32 28 20 9 46 67 36 13 3 0 3 4 4 7 8 4 8 20 9 3 16 12 3 1 11 8 8 1 4 14 2 0 0 6 3 0 36 33 38 3 22 2 3 4 0 0 3 6 4 0 2 8 11 11 2 3 11 7 6 0 3 5 4 7 1 6 5 1 6 0 5 2 1 0 0 3 3 12 4 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 . Distribution by Nativity of Homemaker Number of families having no homemaker_________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States............................................ ........ .......... Russia......................... ................... ................................ Canada (not French)____ _____________ _________ Ireland................... ............. .................... .................... Other............................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 155 2 1 1 3 10 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 36 0 1 1 2 29 2 0 0 1 28 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 162 3.82 10 3.48 23 3.67 40 3.97 32 3. 30 28 4.17 20 4.30 9 3.88 27 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 8 1 1 0 4 1 0 1 4 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 3.63 1.24 2. 39 3.33 3.38 1.28 2.10 3.02 3. 56 1.15 2.41 3. 27 3. 77 1. 62 2.15 3. 38 3.10 0. 72 2. 38 2.89 4.02 1.47 2. 55 3. 69 3.87 1.25 2. 62 3. 62 3.56 0.78 2. 78 3.38 Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family............... ................................ 0.23 0.10 0.13 0. 24 0. 22 0.19 0. 46 0.41 Composition of Household Number of households____________________ _____ _ Average number of persons in household___________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers..... ..................... ........................ Boarders only................................ ............................ . Lodgers only....................... .......................................... Other persons............................................................ . Average size of economic family in— Persons, total................ ................................. ........... . Under 16 years of age............................................... 16 years of age and over.......................................... Expenditure units __ * Children are defined as persons under 16 years of age. Adults are persons 16 years of age and over. 8 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 276 T able 5•— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died, b y in com e level— Continued NOR FOLK -POR TSM OUTH , VA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Income level--Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 to $2,400 $2,400 and over E a rn in g s an d In co m e Families in survey_________ ________ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners........ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers------------------------------ -------Other net rents___________________ Interest and dividends-----------------Pensions and insurance annuities.. Gifts from persons outside economic family________________________ Other sources of income___________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_____________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/ or decrease in liabilities)____ . . . Deficit (net decrease in assets and/ or increase in liabilities)_________ Inheritance.. . . . _ - ___ ________ Average number of gainful workers per family________________________ 162 10 23 40 32 28 20 20 0 7 1 3 5 3 1 26 15 3 3 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 8 4 0 0 3 4 2 0 3 2 0 0 5 3 0 0 4 1 0 2 4 4 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 8 1 0 2 3 1 1 0 102 9 10 23 22 17 13 8 58 0 1 0 13 0 16 0 9 0 11 0 7 0 1 0 1.12 1.00 1.35 1.05 1.06 1.14 1.15 1.11 $785 763 763 0 763 0 0 0 $1,057 1,028 951 77 892 0 136 0 $1,344 1,294 1,280 14 1,208 0 86 0 $1,620 1, 584 1,558 26 1,543 0 41 0 $1,917 1,873 1,832 41 1,724 0 149 0 $2,199 2,130 2,088 42 2,114 0 16 0 $2,876 2,320 2,280 40 2,320 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 9 2 3 15 35 18 0 0 6 34 2 0 19 7 0 0 36 25 0 0 92 7 0 319 0 0 0 0 1 17 0 8 0 138 Average amount of— Net family income___________ ____ $1,614 Earnings of individuals........... . 1, 541 Chief earner...____ __________ 1, 507 Subsidiary earners-------- ---------34 1,464 Males: 16 years and over______ Under 16 years________ 0 Females: 16 years and over___ 77 Under 16 years______ 0 Net earnings from boarders and lodgers... __ ________________ 25 16 Other net rents__________ ______ 1 Interest and dividends__________ Pensions and insurance annuities. 20 Gifts from persons outside eco 1 nomic family____ __________ _ Other sources of income_____ . . 12 Deductions from income (busi -2 ness losses and expenses)______ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities). . . _____ . . . 173 Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or in 205 crease in liabilities)________ ____ Net change in assets and liabilities +35 for all families in survey______ _ 0 Inheritance_________ _____ _______ * Less than $0.60. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 9 5 0 -2 33 (3) (3) 0 110 -3 -6 122 153 (3) 239 (3) 220 0 393 361 120 213 192 285 213 216 -6 0 -2 0 0 -1 5 0 +51 0 +33 0 +68 0 +325 0 277 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in com e level— Continued NO R FO LK -PO R TSM O U TH . VA .—NEQRO FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to •$1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey__________________________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker___________________________________ Skilled wage earner________________ _____________ Semiskilled wage earner_______ __________________ Unskilled wage earner.. ________ ________________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife____________________________________ Man, wife, and 1 child__________________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children________________ . . . Man, wife, and 5 or more children________ _______ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) _. Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)___________________ _____ ______________ Man, wife, and 1 adult __ _______________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults... __________________ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults__________________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife).. Adults (4 or more persons not including man and w ife)__________________________________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)________________ _______ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)________________________ 109 11 47 31 15 5 2 9 42 56 0 0 4 7 0 3 16 28 0 4 13 14 1 2 6 6 1 0 3 1 30 17 17 4 12 6 1 1 0 1 13 6 8 2 5 8 6 6 0 4 3 3 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 13 7 3 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 3 3 2 2 0 0 4 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r 0 0 0 0 0 0 109 11 47 31 15 5 109 4.19 11 3.64 47 4.01 31 3.89 15 5.19 5 5.89 10 1 5 2 4 0 2 0 3 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4.05 1. 49 2. 56 3.64 3.13 0. 90 2. 23 2.73 3.95 1.50 2. 45 3. 53 3.80 1. 25 2. 55 3. 51 5.06 2.06 3.00 4. 51 5. 45 2.40 3.05 4.80 0. 45 1 0.54 0. 75 0. 09 0.13 0.44 Number of families having no homemaker ________ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States__________________ _______________ C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households____ _____________________ . . . Average number of persons in household____________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers____ _____ ____________ ______ Boarders only____________________________________ Lodgers only---------------------------------------------------------Other persons . ______ . . . _ _________________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total--------------------------------------------------------Under 16 years of age-----------------------------------------16 years of age and over--------------------------------------Expenditure units. _ . . . ________ ____ _____ . . . Average number of persons in household not members of economic families___ . . . _____ _____ _________ . * “ Children" are defined as persons under 16 years of age. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 74 a 9 0 ° — 41- -19 “ Adults" are persons 16 years of age and over. 278 TWELVE CITIES OE THE SOUTH T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in com e level— Continued N O R FO LK -PO R TSM O U TH , V A —NEGRO FAMILIES-Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over E a rn in g s a n d In co m e Families in survey.............. ........................ Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners........... . Net earnings from boarders and lodgers. Other net rents............................. ............ Interest and dividends________________ Pensions and insurance annuities______ Gifts from persons outside economic family--------------- ------- -----------------------Other sources of income_______________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_______ _________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)_______________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)_______________ Inheritance- ___________ ____ _______ Average number of gainful workers per family. ............. ......................................... Average amount of— Net family income........ ......................... Earnings of individuals...... ............... Chief earner........... .............................. Subsidiary earners.......... ................... Males: 16 years and over................... Under 16 y e a rs.................... Females: 16 years and over............... Under 16 years__________ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers................................................... Other net rents________ ____________ Interest and dividends............... .......... Pensions and insurance annuities____ Gifts from persons outside economic family________________ _____ _____ Other sources of income...... .......... ....... Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)_______________ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)__________ ____ ___________ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)___________________________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey............................. Inheritance.................................................. 11 47 31 15 5 46 12 0 0 3 4 3 0 0 1 18 5 0 0 2 15 2 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 3 2 0 0 1 0 72 7 31 22 10 2 34 0 4 0 13 0 9 0 5 0 3 0 1.50 1.45 1.42 1.55 1.73 1.20 $939 921 823 98 842 (*) 79 0 $540 526 495 31 495 0 31 0 $760 744 667 77 668 0 76 0 $1,019 1,003 893 110 903 (3) 100 0 $1,327 1, 311 1,098 213 1,205 0 106 0 $1,836 1, 764 1,754 10 1,764 0 0 0 10 0 0 2 13 0 0 2 9 0 0 3 8 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 1 6 3 0 1 3 1 7 5 0 0 51 0 0 -1 51 69 116 * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638 109 -1 86 -4 67 0 726 102 67 117 64 153 117 +25 0 +18 0 +1 0 +30 0 +27 0 +220 0 279 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued R ICH M ON D , V A .—W H IT E FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item D istr ib u tio n All fami lies $500 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to to and $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 over b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r and by F a m ily T y p e 1 Families in survey___ ______________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker___________________________ Skilled wage earner.......................................... Semiskilled wage earner................ ........... . Unskilled wage earner____________________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife________________ ____________ Man, wife, and 1 child 2......... ........................ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children 2___________ Man, wife, and 5 or more children 2_______ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons) 2___ _____ _____________________ Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons) 2__________________________ Man, wife, and 1 adult____ ______ ________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults— ____ _______ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults__________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)______________________ ____ ___ Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)____ _____________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)____________ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)____ 192 27 29 42 37 24 12 12 9 67 56 63 6 3 3 21 0 4 9 13 3 12 11 17 2 16 15 6 0 16 4 4 0 6 5 1 0 4 6 1 1 6 3 0 0 42 30 41 1 5 8 6 0 3 8 7 0 14 9 8 0 10 2 9 0 5 1 6 1 2 1 1 0 2 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 23 3 3 4 6 4 2 1 0 11 17 10 0 1 1 0 0 2 3 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 5 3 0 0 3 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 2 2 2 0 10 1 2 4 0 ! 1 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 190 1 1 27 0 0 28 0 1 42 0 0 36 1 0 24 0 0 12 0 0 12 0 0 9 0 0 192 4.06 27 3.74 29 3. 77 42 3.62 37 4.24 24 4.32 12 4.27 12 4.66 9 5.34 29 15 8 20 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 4 7 2 1 5 6 2 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 3 0 2 1 2 0 2 3.79 1.14 2.65 3.55 3.68 1.39 2.29 3.33 3.61 1.08 2.53 3.34 3.40 1.10 2.30 3.18 3.93 1.22 2. 71 3.72 3.87 1.04 2.83 3.66 3.87 1.08 2.79 3.63 4.40 1.34 3.06 4.21 4.84 .62 4. 22 4.65 0.33 0.15 0.20 0.29 0.32 0.45 0.49 0.51 0.53 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker___ Number of families having homemaker born in— United States............................................. ....... Italy...................................................... ............. Other.......... ...................................................... C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households____________ _____ ___ Average number of persons in household........ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers______________________ Boarders only____________________________ Lodgers only.......................................... ......... Other persons________________ ____________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total____ _____ ___ ____ _________ Under 16 years of age....... ........................... 16 years of age and over_________________ Expenditure units________________ _______ Average number of persons in household not members of economic family....................... * “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 2 Families of these types were included in the 1917-19 study, “ Cost of Living in the United States,” B. L. S. Bull. No. 357, 1924. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 280 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 5•— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilies stu died , b y in com e level— Continued R ICH M ON D , VA.—W H IT E FAM ILIES—Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $900 2,190 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $ $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 ovei E a r n in g s a n d In c o m e Families in survey-------- ------------------Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners-----Net earnings from boarders and lodgers__________________________ Other net rents------- ------------- --------Interest and dividends------------------Pensions and insurance annuities _ _ Gifts from persons outside economic family___________________ . . Other sources of income.-------- --- . Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)-------------------Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)------Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)------Inheritance---------------------------- ------Average number of gainful workers per family_________________________ 192 27 29 42 37 24 12 12 9 84 4 11 16 14 13 8 9 9 49 14 10 4 6 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 12 3 1 1 10 4 3 0 8 3 1 0 3 1 1 0 3 2 2 2 3 1 0 1 21 15 1 3 4 1 4 3 4 1 6 3 0 2 1 1 1 1 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 114 14 12 20 27 16 9 10 6 75 0 13 0 17 0 19 0 10 0 8 0 3 0 2 0 3 0 1. 59 1.16 1. 52 1. 55 1.40 1.67 1.69 2.28 2.99 Average amount of— Net family income________________ $1, 585 Earnings of individuals................. 1, 521 _______ 1, 265 Chief earner________ 256 Subsidiary earners____________ Males: 16 years and over---------- 1,262 1 Under 16 years________ Females: 16 years and over____ 258 Under 16 years______ 0 Net earnings from boarders and 35 lodgers------- -------------------------Other net rents____________ ____ 10 2 Interest and dividends----- ------Pensions and insurance annuities. 3 Gifts from persons outside eco nomic family... ---------------------7 Other sources of income. _. . . . . 7 Deductions from income (busi ness losses and expenses)______ (3) Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or de crease in liabilities)____________ 183 Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)____________ 183 Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey_________ +37 Inheritance____ ____ _____________ 0 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A , p. . 638. $750 $1, 111 $1, 347 $1, 658 $1, 977 $2, 214 $2,540 $3, 270 722 1,078 1,284 1,581 1,922 2,078 2,475 3,117 944 1,170 1,445 1,631 1, 670 1,632 1, 657 710 134 12 136 114 291 843 1,460 408 918 1,154 1,395 1, 646 1, 621 1,786 1,908 659 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 63 158 124 186 276 689 1,209 457 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 1 0 25 0 (3) 0 52 13 2 0 31 10 5 0 50 52 17 0 40 5 1 9 66 12 0 54 7 4 0 17 2 8 11 12 0 0 240 346 7 9 (3) 6 11 9 1 0 (3) 0 0 118 165 45 8 34 9 1 2 69 -2 262 -2 446 162 188 86 413 191 100 88 176 -5 5 0 -8 1 0 +17 0 +9 0 +99 0 +156 0 +275 0 +239 0 281 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 5.— D escrip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued RICH M ON D , VA .—NEGRO FAM ILIES Item All families Income level— Families with annual net income of— $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1200 $1200 and over D is tr ib u tio n b y O c c u p a tio n o f C h ie f E a r n e r a n d b y F a m ily T y p e * Families in survey_____________ _________________ Number of families in which chief earner is— Clerical worker__________ _______ _______________ Skilled wage earner_______ ________ _____________ Semiskilled wage earner_______ _________________ Unskilled wage earner... ____ ________________ Number of families composed of— Man and wife_______ ____________ _____ ______ Man, wife, and 1 child__________________________ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 children___ _______________ Man, wife, and 5 or more children_______ ______ Man, wife, and children and adults (4 to 6 persons). Man, wife, and children and adults (7 or more persons)____________________ ____________ _____ Man, wife, and 1 adult....................................... ........ Man, wife, and 2 to 4 adults. ...................... ............ Man, wife, and 5 or more adults. _ ______________ Adults (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife). Adults (4 or more persons not including man and wife)_________________ ________________________ Adult or adults and children (2 or 3 persons not including man and wife)_______ ______ _______ Adult or adults and children (4 or more persons not including man and wife)___________________ 96 11 41 33 11 2 1 58 35 0 0 10 1 1 0 29 11 0 1 14 18 1 0 5 5 27 9 12 3 11 6 0 1 0 0 11 4 6 1 5 9 4 2 2 5 1 1 3 0 1 7 10 4 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 1 0 4 2 5 2 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 6 2 2 2 0 D istr ib u tio n b y N a tiv ity o f H o m e m a k e r Number of families having no homemaker_________ Number of families having homemaker born in United States________ ____ _______ ______________ 0 0 0 0 0 96 11 41 33 11 96 4.03 11 2.87 41 4.06 33 4.09 11 4.90 0 0 1 1 C o m p o sitio n o f H o u se h o ld Number of households_____________________________ Average number of persons in household___________ Number of households with— Boarders and lodgers____________________________ Boarders only------------------ _ ___ . . . _. . . . _ _ Lodgers only--------------------- _ _ ______________ _ Other persons___________________________________ Average size of economic family in— Persons, total.. ____________________ ____ _______ Under 16 years of a g e ..______ _________________ 16 years of age and over________ ____________ . Expenditure units. __________________________ _. Average number of persons in household not mem bers of economic family........... .......... ........................ 2 3 10 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 4 0 j 1 5 0 3.85 1.28 2. 57 3.48 2.75 0.88 1.87 2. 54 3. 93 1.32 2.61 3. 54 3.80 1.19 2. 61 3.44 4.79 1.78 3.01 4.34 0.20 0.12 0.14 0.32 0.11 i “ Children” are defined as persons under 16 years of age. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. “ Adults” are persons 16 years of age and over. 282 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 5.— D e sc r ip tio n o f fa m ilie s stu died , b y in co m e level— Continued R IC H M ON D , VA .—NEGRO FAM ILIES— Continued Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1200 $1200 and over E a r n in g s a n d In co m e Families in survey........... .............................. Number of families having— Earnings of subsidiary earners_________ Net earnings from boarders and lodgers.Other net rents........................................... Interest and dividends............................... Pensions and insurance annuities........... Gifts from persons outside economic family__________________ ____________ Other sources of income------------ ------- Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)___ ____________________ Surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)________________ Deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities).............................. Inheritance_________ _______ ___ _____ _ Average number of gainful workers per family___________________________ _____ Average amount of— Net family income.................................... . Earnings of individuals............. ............ Chief earner_______________________ Subsidiary earners............................... Males: 16 years and over.................. . Under 16 years........................ Females: 16 years and over. ......... . Under 16 years----------------Net earnings from boarders and lodgers Other net rents_______ ____ _______ _ Interest and dividends.. __ _________ Pensions and insurance annuities____ Gifts from persons outside economic family_________________ _____ _____ Other sources of income______________ Deductions from income (business losses and expenses)____ ___________ Surplus per family having surplus (net increase in assets and/or decrease in liabilities)____________________ ______ Deficit per family having deficit (net decrease in assets and/or increase in liabilities)______________ ___________ Net change in assets and liabilities for all families in survey_________________ Inheritance................................................... 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638 96 11 41 33 11 61 15 2 0 19 6 1 0 0 0 25 5 0 0 10 23 8 2 0 6 7 1 0 0 3 10 7 4 0 4 1 2 3 0 3 0 2 0 0 2 57 9 18 23 7 38 1 2 0 22 1 10 0 4 0 1.77 1.54 1.74 1.80 2.04 $929 877 700 177 701 1 175 0 15 1 0 6 $553 522 484 38 319 0 203 0 19 0 0 0 $766 743 614 129 582 (3) 161 0 9 0 0 6 $1,034 975 799 176 824 2 149 0 26 5 0 7 $1,596 1,421 936 485 1,149 0 272 0 4 0 0 12 6 24 12 0 7 1 6 15 0 159 0 0 46 47 (3) 88 0 (3) 66 316 105 41 117 95 92 +11 (3) +30 0 -4 2 1 +17 0 +168 0 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 283 6. — E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item s , b y in com e level B A L T IM O R E , M D .-W H I T E FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fam ilies $600 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey............................... Average family size: Persons___________________________ Expenditure units________________ Food expenditure units_________ Clothing expenditure units............... 419 49 95 120 67 51 17 9 11 3.57 3.28 3. 07 2.86 2.81 2. 59 2.41 2.20 3.24 2.94 2. 72 2.54 3. 36 3.10 2.89 2.67 4. 01 3. 61 3. 35 3.09 4.14 3.83 3.59 3.41 4. 53 4.26 4.09 3.90 4. 45 4.28 4.09 4. 21 4.46 4.30 4. 36 3.85 Average annual current expenditure for— All items........................................... $1, 402 Food............................................. . 500 Clothing______________ _____ ___ 147 Housing.____ ____________ ______ 231 Fuel, light, and refrigeration____ 103 Other household operation........... 55 Furnishings and equipment_____ 60 Transportation- ....................... ....... 114 Personal care........................... ........ 26 Medical care........................ .......... 47 Recreation____ _________________ 75 Education______ ____ _____ ____ 5 Vocation__________ _________ _ 3 Community welfare...................... 17 Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family___ 18 Other items.. . ........................... 1 Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items........................ .......... .......... 100.0 F ood..._____ ________ ____ _____ 35.6 Clothing_____ __________ ____ _ 10.5 Housing_____________ ____ _____ 16.4 Fuel, light, and refrigeration____ 7.3 Other household operation______ 3.9 Furnishings and equipment_____ 4.3 Transportation__________________ 8.2 Personal care____________________ 1.9 Medical care____________ ______ 3.4 Recreation______________________ 5.3 Education..-------------------------------.4 Vocation________________________ .2 Community welfare_____ _______ 1.2 Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family___ 1.3 .1 Other items.______ _____________ i Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A , p. 638. $799 $1,053 $1, 352 $1, 568 $1,841 $2,092 $2, 399 $2, 743 307 475 558 400 618 833 725 967 53 98 129 184 271 362 209 269 195 203 236 237 280 273 228 291 98 71 83 115 136 134 150 173 33 46 32 58 75 114 139 186 15 72 83 117 40 78 69 61 35 122 65 109 322 189 191 249 15 24 31 20 35 40 40 55 20 33 47 53 66 72 69 118 76 37 56 78 96 135 102 163 2 1 2 8 18 2 10 30 4 2 1 1 4 3 0 21 14 10 11 34 23 19 27 44 6 0 8 1 19 1 16 4 28 0 49 4 43 1 33 1 100.0 38.5 6.6 24.4 8.9 4.1 1.9 4.4 1.9 2.5 4.6 .1 .1 1.2 100.0 38.0 9.3 19.3 7.9 3.0 3.8 6.2 1.9 3.1 5.3 .2 .1 1.0 100.0 35.2 9.5 17.5 7.2 3.4 5.3 8.1 1.8 3.5 5.6 .1 .3 1.0 100.0 35.6 11.7 15.1 7.3 3.7 5.3 7.8 2.0 3.4 5.0 .5 .1 1.2 100.0 33.5 11.4 15.2 7.4 4.1 3.7 10.3 1.9 3.6 5.2 .5 .2 1.5 100.0 34.7 13.0 10.9 6.4 5.5 2.9 9.1 1.9 3.4 6.5 1.4 .2 1.6 100.0 34.7 11.2 11.3 6.3 5.8 4.9 13.4 1.7 2.9 4.3 .7 0 1.0 100.0 35.3 13.2 10.6 6.3 6.8 2.8 9.1 2.0 4.3 5.9 .1 .8 1.6 .8 0 .8 .1 1.4 .1 1.0 .3 1.5 0 2.3 .2 1.8 0) 1.2 0) 284 TWELVE CITIES OE THE SOUTH T able 6. — E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s , b y in com e level— Continued B ALTIM O R E , M D .—NEGRO FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of Item All fam ilies $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey_______ ______ _______ Average family size: Persons............. .............................. ............ Expenditure units____________________ Food expenditure units................ .......... Clothing expenditure units____________ Average annual current expenditure for— All items_________________________ . . . Food_____ ____ _____ _______________ Clothing____________________________ Housing_______ ____________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration________ Other household operation__________ Furnishings and equipment_________ Transportation_____ _______________ Persona] care____ ______ _____ ______ Medical care_______ ____ ___________ Recreation_____________________ ____ Education____ _____ _______________ Vocation___________________________ Community welfare_________ _______ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family_______ Other items_________________________ Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items— _______ ___________________ Food............................... ............. .......... Clothing___ ____ ___________________ Housing_________ _________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration________ Other household operation.. _______ Furnishings and equipment_______ _ Transportation_______ _____________ Personal care_______________________ Medical care...... ................................ Recreation............... ..................... .......... Education.____ _______ ____________ Vocation___________________________ Community welfare_________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family_______ Other items________________ _____ _ 107 8 36 42 15 6 3. 77 3.45 3.17 3.00 2.76 2.44 2. 20 2.38 3. 51 3.23 2. 97 2. 70 3. 90 3.60 3. 32 3.12 4.37 4. 01 3. 72 3.49 4.33 3. 69 3.14 3. 57 $973 339 84 242 91 31 31 56 18 19 43 1 1 10 $523 224 30 148 58 11 5 14 9 12 6 (2) 0 5 $765 274 53 212 72 22 19 41 14 14 32 1 0 8 $1,011 355 88 263 95 30 31 50 19 22 39 1 1 9 $1, 243 427 124 261 124 46 41 85 26 19 61 2 2 15 $1,863 546 217 352 146 80 113 163 32 33 133 1 2 17 7 1 0 (2) 100.0 34.9 8.6 24.9 9.4 3.2 3.2 5.7 1.8 2.0 4.4 .1 .1 1.0 100.0 42.8 5.7 28.3 11.1 2.1 1.0 2.7 1.7 2.3 1.1 0) 0 1.0 .7 .2 0 0) 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 3 8 (2) (2) 10 0 28 0 100.0 35.9 6.9 27.7 9.4 2.9 2.5 5.4 1.8 1.8 4.2 .1 0 1.0 100.0 35.1 8.7 26.0 9.4 3.0 3.1 4.9 1.9 2.2 3.8 .1 .1 .9 100.0 34.3 10.0 21.0 10.0 3.7 3.3 6.8 2.1 1.5 4.9 .2 .2 1.2 100.0 29.3 11.6 18.9 7.8 4.3 6.1 8.8 1.7 1.8 7.1 .1 .1 .9 .8 .8 0 1.5 0 .4 (0 0) 285 TABULAR SUM M ARY T a b l e 6 . — E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item s, b y in com e level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , A L A —W H IT E FAM ILIES Income level--Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $900 to $1, 200 $500 to $900 $1,200 to $1, 500 $1, 500 to $1, 800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 to $2,400 $2, 400 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey—........................... Average family size: Persons..------------------------------------Expenditure units.—........... ......... Food expenditure units__________ Clothing expenditure units---------- 202 24 39 50 41 36 7 5 3.67 3.40 3. 25 2.90 3.58 3.33 3. 34 2.88 3. 68 3.39 3.23 2. 84 3.78 3.47 3.28 2.84 3. 73 3.49 3.61 3.00 3.39 3.20 2. 76 2. 70 2.98 2.84 2.30 2.64 5.41 4.73 4. 77 4.98 $769 276 78 120 69 35 12 51 23 38 38 6 3 5 $1,080 364 130 120 81 56 65 70 29 63 56 11 4 10 $1,350 430 141 193 96 87 66 103 30 72 82 5 5 21 $1, 676 512 191 211 110 114 68 166 41 74 96 6 6 27 $1,910 541 196 213 110 149 93 198 41 130 110 10 12 38 $2,179 559 302 243 123 167 76 364 43 52 126 7 14 27 $2,856 732 499 353 139 186 40 302 90 110 152 27 16 74 9 6 11 10 14 5 43 11 52 17 70 6 26 110 100.0 30.5 11.4 12.5 6.6 6.6 4.4 9.2 2.4 5.3 5.7 .6 .5 1.6 100.0 35.8 10.1 15.6 9.0 4.6 1.6 6.6 3.0 4.9 4.9 .8 .4 .7 100.0 33.8 12.0 11.1 7.5 5.2 6.0 6.5 2.7 5.8 5.2 1.0 .4 9 100.0 31.9 10.4 14.3 7.1 6.4 4.9 7.6 2.2 5.3 6.1 .4 .4 1.6 100.0 30.5 11.4 12.5 6.6 6.8 4.1 9.9 2.4 4.4 5.7 .4 .4 1.6 100.0 28.3 10.3 11.1 5.8 7.8 4.9 10.4 2.1 6.8 5.8 .5 .6 2.0 100.0 25.6 13.9 11.2 5.6 7.7 3.5 16.7 2.0 2.4 5.8 .3 .6 1.2 100.0 25.6 17.4 12.3 4.9 6.5 1.4 10.6 3.2 3.9 5.3 .9 .6 2.6 1.9 .8 1.2 .8 1.0 .9 1.0 .4 2.6 .7 2.7 .9 3.2 .3 .9 3.9 Average annual current expenditure for— All item s.._______ ___________ _ $1,462 447 Food------------------------------------- . 166 Clothing____ — ----------------Housing-----------------------------------183 97 Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ 97 Other household operation----Furnishings and equipment-----65 134 Transportation________________ 35 Personal care---------------------- — 77 Medical care________ _______ _ 83 Recreation..................... ................ 8 Education-------------------------------7 Vocation____________________ . 23 Community welfare __________ Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic family----- -----------------------------28 12 Other items.................................... Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items________________________ Food..... ............................... ........ . Clothing____________ _______ Housing----------------------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ Other household operation_____ Furnishings and equipment____ Transportation________________ Personal care. _ _______________ Medical care___________________ Recreation_____________________ Education_________________ _ Vocation_____ _______________ Community welfare_____ _____ Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic family_______________________ Other items.................................. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638 286 TW ELVE T able 6.— C IT I E S OF T H E SO UTH E x p en d itu res f o r grou p s o f item s , by in com e level— Continued B IR M IN G H A M , A L A —NEGRO FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 jE x p e n d i t u r e s $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey__________ ____________ Average family size: Persons----------------- ----------------------------- Expenditure units. ____________________ Food expenditure units________________ Clothing expenditure units............... ....... Average annual current expenditure for— All items. _________ _________________ Food___ _______ _______ ____________ Clothing__________ ____ ___ _________ Housing_____________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration-------------Other household operation----------------Furnishings and equipment........ ........ Transportation.____ _____ __________ Personal care.......... ................................. Medical care______ __________________ Recreation_______ _________ _________ Education............. ................. ................. Vocation______ _____________________ Community welfare_________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family............. Other items_____ ______ ____ ________ Percent of total annual current expendi ture for— All items__________ ____ ______________ Food............................................ ............ Clothing----------------------------- --------------Housing-------- -----------------------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration............ Household operation-------- ---------------Furnishings and equipment_________ Transportation...................... ......... ....... Personal care.......................................... Medical care— ______ _______________ Recreation_________________________ _ Education______ ___________ ____ ___ Vocation__________________ _______ . Community welfare ________ _______ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family. ........... Other items___________ _______ _____ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 101 22 52 16 11 3.82 3.44 3.21 3.03 3.60 3.19 2.96 2.84 4.28 3.85 3.61 3.22 3.12 2.83 2.53 2.91 3.09 2.92 2.77 2. 73 $806 270 109 96 58 31 38 52 19 36 51 6 4 13 $547 228 56 81 44 18 21 14 11 31 28 1 2 6 $749 270 106 85 55 28 35 34 18 34 45 3 4 12 $1,000 247 151 115 70 43 56 117 23 47 70 2 1 15 $1,312 387 171 151 84 50 59 121 30 41 94 35 15 27 18 5 5 1 12 8 38 5 42 5 100.0 33.6 13.5 11.9 7.2 3.8 4.7 6.5 2.4 4.5 6.3 .7 .5 1.6 100.0 41.7 10.2 14.8 8.0 3.3 3.8 2.6 2.0 5.7 5.1 .2 .4 1.1 100.0 36.1 14.2 11.4 7.3 3.7 4.7 4.5 2.4 4.5 6.0 .4 .5 1.6 100.0 24.7 15.1 11.5 7.0 4.3 5.6 11.7 2.3 4.7 7.0 .2 .1 1.5 100.0 29.5 13.0 11.5 6.4 3.8 4.5 9.2 2.3 3.1 7.2 2.7 1.1 2.1 2.2 .6 .9 .2 1.6 1.1 3.8 .5 3.2 .4 287 TABULAR SUMMARY T able . 6— E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item s , b y in com e level— Continued DALLAS, T E X —W H IT E FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— A ll Item fami lies ?500 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey............................... Average family size: Persons................. ................... .......... Expenditure units....... ..................... Food expenditure units. .............. Clothing expenditure units______ 294 30 57 71 57 57 8 8 6 3.31 3.07 2.83 2.72 3.15 2.86 2. 66 2. 40 3. 27 3.05 2. 76 2. 61 3.34 3.10 2.89 2.73 3.34 3.07 2.80 2. 68 3.35 3.07 2.84 2. 75 2. 75 2.60 2. 51 2. 52 3.87 3. 76 3.56 3. 74 3.84 3.80 3.48 4. 22 $797 $1,044 $1,338 $1,590 $1,871 $2,081 $2, 571 299 355 471 532 597 611 423 65 189 232 294 389 108 140 259 224 234 171 176 216 207 74 99 92 87 56 84 101 117 155 30 43 67 81 96 25 91 92 90 84 128 53 259 292 82 452 70 136 203 35 44 47 15 27 58 23 74 129 97 22 35 59 64 50 59 68 108 108 128 29 19 19 21 14 1 4 8 5 2 2 4 1 3 (?) 26 43 12 110 6 14 28 $2,780 712 514 274 128 181 75 370 91 110 195 1 31 38 Average annual current expenditure for— All items......................................... $1, 458 443 F o o d .............................. ................ Clothing_____________________ . 172 Housing_______________________ 212 Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ 85 Other household operation___ 73 Furnishings and <quipm nt____ 76 Transportation..____ __________ 173 32 Personal care___________________ Medical care___________________ 58 71 Recreation_________ ____ ______ Education................. .......... ........ . 10 Vocation_____ _______ _______ 3 Community welfare.. ________ 22 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily------------------- ---------------- . . 23 5 Other items____________________ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items_________________________ Food___________________________ Clothing______________ ______ Housing_______________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ Other household operation_____ Furnishings and equipment___ Transportation .................. .......... Personal care__________________ Medical care___________________ Recreation____ ________________ Education....... .................... .......... Vocation_______________________ Community welfare____________ Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily........ ............ ................. .......... Other items.................................... 5 1 24 5 15 3 26 10 27 6 31 1 86 0) 54 6 100.0 30.4 11.8 14.5 5.8 5.0 5.2 11.9 2.2 4.0 4.9 .7 .2 1.5 100.0 37.5 8.2 21.4 7.0 3.8 3.1 8.8 1.9 2.8 3.6 .1 .3 .8 100.0 34.0 10.3 16.8 7.1 4.1 5.1 7.9 2.2 3.4 4.8 .4 0) 1.1 100.0 31.7 10.5 16.1 6.3 50 6.3 10.2 2.0 4.4 4.4 .6 .2 1.0 100.0 29.6 11.9 13.0 6.2 5.1 5.7 12.8 2.2 4. 4.3 .9 .3 1.8 10\0 28.5 12.4 13. 4.9 5.1 4.9 13.8 2.4 4.0 5.8 1.0 .3 1.4 100.0 28.7 14.1 10.8 4.2 5.6 4.3 14.0 2.3 6.2 5.2 .9 .1 2.1 100.0 23.8 15.1 9.1 3.9 6.0 5.0 17.6 2.3 3.8 5.0 .8 0) 4.3 100.0 25.6 18.5 9.9 4.6 6.5 2.7 13.3 3.3 4.0 7.0 0) 1.1 1.4 1.6 .3 .6 .1 2.3 .5 1.1 .2 1.6 .6 1.4 .3 1.5 0) 3.3 0) 1.9 .2 1 Less than 0.05 percent. Less than $0.50. 2 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 288 TW ELVE T able . 6— C IT IE S OF T H E SO U TH E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s , b y in com e level— Continued HOUSTON, T E X .—W H IT E FAM ILIES, OTHER T H A N M E X IC A N Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $600 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $3,000 to to to to and to to $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $3,000 over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey_________________ Average family size: Persons.. ............. ............................ Expenditure units....... .......... .......... Food expenditure units.................. Clothing expenditure units______ 258 12 46 67 58 53 10 7 5 3. 40 3.15 2. 88 2.81 3.04 2.80 2. 60 2. 35 3. 63 3. 05 2. 78 2.73 3. 36 3.08 2.81 2. 65 3.14 3. 03 2.80 2.74 3. 31 3.09 2.79 2.78 4.08 3. 76 3. 53 3.23 4.18 4.07 3.58 4. 26 5. 68 5. 37 5.30 5.08 $743 $1,122 $1,405 $1,620 $1,954 $2,135 $2, 333 364 400 438 652 517 595 261 108 138 171 198 230 358 63 184 202 246 269 144 316 277 63 72 82 88 96 101 57 42 64 32 88 99 131 180 65 95 93 144 90 75 8 124 182 280 229 235 52 215 28 44 35 38 41 87 25 36 103 82 77 77 32 187 66 83 144 79 109 192 44 3 4 12 6 20 1 (2) 5 4 7 7 13 3 7 11 15 19 26 27 37 5 $3,168 844 579 263 130 243 97 328 86 215 187 37 30 45 Average annual current expenditure for— All item s_______ ________________ $1, 572 Food___________________________ 443 Clothing_______________________ 167 Housing___ ___ _______ __ . . . 227 Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ 78 Other household operation_____ 80 Furnishings and equipment____ 95 Transportation_________________ 202 Personal care___________________ 38 Medical care----------------------------79 Recreation___ ____ ____________ 90 Education.................... ................. 7 Vocation_______________________ 6 Community welfare____________ 19 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily................. ................... ............ 30 11 Other items____ ______ ________ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items_________________________ 100.0 Food______ ____ ______________ 28.2 Clothing________________ ______ 10.6 Housing______ . . . _____ . . . 14.5 Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ 5.0 Other household operation.. _ . 5.1 Furnishings and equipment __ _ 6.0 Transportation________________ 12.9 Personal care___________________ 2.4 Medical care___________________ 5.0 Recreation..-------- --------------------5.7 Education............ .......... ........ ....... .4 Vocation______________ ____ ___ .4 Community welfare____________ 1.2 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam 1.9 ily.......... ................... ................... Other items._____ _____________ .7 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 9 3 13 10 30 8 25 12 51 13 51 7 24 2 23 61 100.0 35.1 8.5 19.4 7.7 4.3 1.1 7.0 3.4 4.3 5.9 .1 .9 .7 100.0 32.4 9.6 16.4 5.6 3.7 5.8 11.1 2.5 3.2 5.9 .3 .4 1.0 100.0 28.4 9.8 14.4 5.1 4.6 6.8 12.9 2.5 5.5 5.6 .3 .3 1.1 100.0 27.1 10.6 15.2 5.1 5.4 5.7 14.2 2.3 4.8 5.1 .7 .4 1.2 100.0 26.4 10.1 13.7 4.5 5.1 7.4 14.3 2.3 5.3 5.6 .3 .4 1.3 100.0 30.6 10.8 14.9 4.5 6.1 4.2 11.0 1.9 3.8 6.7 .9 .6 1.3 100.0 25.6 15.4 11.9 4.3 7.7 3.2 9.2 3.7 8.0 8.2 (0 .1 1.6 100.0 26.6 18.3 8.3 4.1 7.7 3.1 10.4 2.7 6.8 5.9 1.2 .9 1.4 1.2 .4 1.2 .9 2.1 .6 1.5 .7 2.6 .7 2.4 .3 1.0 .1 .7 1.9 289 TABULAR SU M M ARY T able 6 .— E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s, b y in com e level— Continued HOUSTON, T E X .—M E X IC A N FAM ILIES Income level— Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey____ ____ ____________ Average family size: Persons.._____ ___________ __________ Expenditure units____________________ Food expenditure units. ___ _________ Clothing expenditure units___________ Average annual current expenditure for— All items.._____ _____ ________________ Food______________ ______ _______ Clothing____________________________ Housing------------------------------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration________ Other household operation_____ ____ Furnishings and equipment_________ Transportation_____________________ Personal care_______________ ______ Medical care________________________ Recreation__________ _________ ____ Education__________________________ Vocation______ _ _______ __________ Community welfare_________ ______ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family_____ _ Other items_________ ____ __________ Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items_____________________________ Food......... ........ ..................................... . Clothing_____________________ _____ _ Housing.___________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration________ Other household operation.. _______ Furnishings and equipment_________ Transportation_____________________ Personal care___________ __________ Medical care_________ _____________ Recreation___________ __________ Education____ _ _________________ Vocation ________ ____________ . . . Community welfare_________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family_______ Other item s_________________ ______ 12 38 32 12 6 3. 51 3.02 2. 76 2.58 4.34 3.85 3.60 3.24 5. 62 4.93 4.58 4.20 5 33 4.72 4.40 3.90 6.67 6.18 5.86 5.89 $954 361 127 123 46 29 54 89 24 24 46 6 2 7 $548 225 62 96 38 23 24 19 15 15 25 1 (2) 3 $790 304 99 112 36 23 49 57 22 24 37 3 1 7 $1,019 389 140 136 52 26 44 95 24 25 52 10 4 9 $1, 337 456 193 129 60 42 92 164 40 27 78 4 1 9 $1.711 653 236 155 69 66 117 254 30 22 51 27 0 10 2 14 2 9 4 36 6 13 8 100.0 41.1 11.3 17.5 6.9 4.2 100.0 38.4 12.5 14.2 4.6 2.9 6.2 7.2 2.8 3.0 4.7 100.0 38.1 13.7 13.3 5.1 2.6 4.3 9.3 2.4 2.5 5.1 1.0 .9 100.0 34.2 14.4 9.6 4.5 3.1 6. 9 12.3 3.0 2.0 5.8 .3 .1 .7 100.0 38.1 13.7 9.1 4.0 3.9 6.8 14.8 1.8 1.3 3.0 1.6 0 .6 .9 2.7 .8 .5 13 3 100.0 37.9 13.3 12.9 4.8 3.0 5.7 9.4 2.5 2.5 4.8 .6 .2 .7 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 Less than $0.50 average per family. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 100 4. 90 4.34 4.04 3.71 1.4 .3 (2) 4.4 3.5 2.7 2.7 4.6 .2 0) .5 .4 0) .4 .1 .9 1.8 .3 .4 .4 .4 290 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH T able 6 . — Expenditures for groups of items , by income level— C on tinu ed JACKSON, MISS.—W H IT E FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $600 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey............................. Average family size: Persons__________________ ____ _ Expenditure units.._____ ________ Food expenditure units__________ Clothing expenditure units______ 150 17 30 32 24 20 15 5 7 3.55 3.37 3. 25 3.04 3.15 2.87 2.67 2.51 3. 27 3.03 2.84 2.69 2.86 2.76 2.70 2.50 3.73 3.48 3.31 3.06 3. 71 3.60 3.58 3.34 4. 97 4.67 4.56 4. 01 4. 98 4.86 4.64 4,92 3. 73 3.83 3.94 4.05 $790 $1,110 $1, 354 $1, 631 $1,930 $2,130 $2,443 336 482 621 249 374 440 628 165 265 98 137 230 280 434 199 294 161 205 257 220 245 46 52 91 63 84 92 86 33 59 169 105 153 100 124 49 23 45 49 83 104 35 98 152 249 188 189 40 480 26 31 38 42 18 59 63 31 55 76 65 113 120 135 54 122 61 78 84 118 123 4 5 13 19 3 6 12 1 0 2 2 4 17 6 29 23 8 10 18 26 28 $2,610 672 460 339 82 213 156 200 66 90 151 9 3 28 Average annual current expenditure for— All item s................ ........................ . $1, 537 424 Food..... .......................... ............. . Clothing_______ ________ ______ 210 Housing__________________ ____ 227 71 Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ Other household operation_____ 106 60 Furnishings and equipment-----166 Transportation________________ 37 Personal care..______ __________ 77 Medical care.................. ................ Recreation____ ________ ____ _ 87 Education_____________ ____ _ 8 4 Vocation____ _________ _____ _ Community welfare____________ 19 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic 28 family______________ ________ 13 Other items................................ . Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items......................... ................. Food_______ ____ ______________ Clothing_______________________ Housing_______________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ Other household operation_____ Furnishings and equipment____ Transportation______________ . Personal care__________________ Medical care____________ ______ Recreation________________ . . . Education________________ _ Vocation____________ ____ ___ _ Community welfare____________ Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic family____________ __________ Other items____ _______ _______ 3 22 12 12 20 5 31 10 26 20 67 7 36 8 112 29 100.0 27.6 13.7 14.8 4.6 6.9 3.9 10.8 2.4 5.0 5.7 .5 .3 1.2 100.0 31.5 12.4 20.4 5.8 4.2 2.9 5.1 2.3 3.9 6.8 .4 .1 1.0 100.0 30.3 12.3 17.9 4.7 5.3 4.4 8.8 2.3 5.0 5.5 .4 0 .9 100.0 27.6 12.2 16.2 4.7 7.4 3.3 11.2 2.3 5.6 5.8 .4 .1 1.3 100.0 26.9 14.1 12.6 5.2 6.4 3.0 15.3 2.3 4.0 5.2 .8 .1 1.6 100.0 25.0 13.7 15.3 4.7 8.8 4.3 9.7 2.2 5.9 6.1 .3 .2 1.5 100.0 29.2 13.1 12.1 4.3 7.2 4.9 8.9 2.8 5.6 5.7 .9 .8 1.1 100. C 25.8 17.8 10.0 3.5 5.1 1.4 19.7 2.6 5.5 5.0 .5 .2 1.1 100.0 25.8 17.6 13.0 3.1 8.2 6.0 7.7 2.5 3.4 5.8 .3 .1 1.1 1.8 .8 .4 2.8 1.1 1.1 1.5 .4 1.9 .6 1.3 1.0 3.1 .3 1.5 .3 4.3 1.1 Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 291 TABULAR SU M M ARY T able 6 . — Expenditures for groups of items , by income level— C on tinu ed JACKSON, MISS.—NEGRO FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey......................................... Average family size: Persons_____________________ _________ _ Expenditure units...... ............ ........... ....... Food expenditure units..................... ....... Clothing expenditure units_____ ______ Average annual current expenditure for— All items............ ............ .......... ........... ....... Food................................... ....................... Clothing-.................. .......... ............ ........ Housing........ ........ ..................... .............. Fuel, light, and refrigeration................ Other household operation___________ Furnishings and equipment__________ Transportation____ _________ _______ Personal care................... ......... .............. Medical care...................... ....................... Recreation___________________________ Education____ _________________ ____ Vocation___________ ____ ___________ Community welfare._____ __________ Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family___________ Other items......... ................................ . Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items................................................ ....... Food..... ........................ ............. .............. Clothing.................................................... Housing_____ ________ ______________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration.......... ....... Other household operation___________ Furnishings and equipment--------------Transportation........................ ................ Personal care_____ __________________ Medical care_________________________ Recreation____ ______________________ Education________ _________ ____ ___ Vocation------------ ------------------------------Community welfare_______ _________ Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family............. ....... Other items............................................... Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 100 20 54 20 6 3.63 3.33 3.08 2.98 3.73 3.33 3.02 3.09 3.02 2.80 2.62 2.51 4.79 4.35 4.05 3.84 4.98 4. 65 4. 39 3.90 $761 244 94 111 63 24 32 54 20 44 41 5 1 13 $510 187 53 99 43 18 21 18 13 15 27 3 0 8 $711 223 91 110 64 22 26 49 20 40 37 3 1 12 $962 314 124 133 70 29 49 70 24 43 58 8 3 18 $1,381 391 161 97 91 45 67 163 38 176 62 17 2 20 9 6 2 3 8 5 9 10 47 4 100.0 32.0 12.3 14.6 8.3 3.2 4.2 7.1 2.6 5.8 5.4 .7 .1 1.7 100.0 36.7 10.4 19.4 8.4 3.5 4.1 3.5 2.6 2.9 5.3 .6 .0 1.6 100.0 31.4 12.8 15.5 9.0 3.1 3.7 6.9 2.8 5.6 5.2 .4 .1 1.7 100.0 32.7 12.9 13.8 7.3 3.0 5.1 7.3 2.5 4.5 6.0 .8 .3 1.9 100.0 28.3 11.7 7.0 6.6 3.3 4.9 11.8 2.8 12.7 4.5 1.2 .1 1.4 1.2 .8 .4 .6 1.1 .7 .9 1.0 3.4 .3 292 TWELVE 'CITIES OF TH E SOTJTH T able 6. — Expenditures for groups of items, by income level— C on tinu ed JACKSONVILLE, FLA.—W H IT E FAMILIES Income level—Families with animal net income of— Item All fami lies $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 $500 to $900 to $1,200 to to to to to and $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f I te m s Families in s u r v e y .................. ........ Average family size: Persons-------- ------------------- -----------Expenditure units____•----------------Food expenditure units---------------Clothing expenditure unit_______ 178 20 33 33 32 34 13 5 8 3. 54 3.29 3.08 2. 89 3.17 2.91 2. 67 2. 67 3.15 2.89 2. 66 2. 55 3. 61 3.31 3.07 2. 76 3.48 3.22 2.94 2.86 4. 04 3.76 3. 57 3.22 3. 55 3.41 3. 39 2.83 3. 87 3.76 3.68 3. 62 3. 57 3. 52 3. 52 3.65 $793 $1,062 $1,334 $1,592 $1,905 $2,116 $2, 524 301 364 584 604 35 470 594 72 126 172 216 210 97 294 156 162 190 220 210 238 275 111 136 68 89 93 48 107 64 89 17 47 118 174 115 30 90 101 53 43 63 255 44 91 249 128 200 203 454 20 31 36 45 25 47 63 62 55 18 91 45 41 95 44 66 104 104 151 85 208 2 2 9 9 13 7 7 1 1 4 3 3 8 1 22 19 30 3 8 27 25 $3, 266 679 469 310 153 276 83 575 84 134 262 21 8 67 Average annual current expenditure for— All items..---------------------------------- $1, 554 469 Food__________________________ Clothing________________ ____ 166 _______ 202 Housing_____________ 92 Fuel, light, and refrigeration------Other household operation______ 107 Furnishings and equipment-----68 Transportation________________ 177 36 Personal care__________________ 64 Medical care___________________ Recreation. .................... .............. 100 Education------- -------- ---------------8 3 Vocation. -------------------------------Community welfare___________ 20 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam 30 ily----------------------------------------12 Other item s-------- -------------------Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items......... ................... ............... 100.0 30.2 F ood.................. ......... ................ Clothing_______________ _______ 10.7 Housing-----------------------------13.0 Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ 5.9 Other household operation_____ 6.9 Furnishings and equipment____ 4.4 11.4 Transportation....... .................. 2.3 Personal care__________________ 4.1 Medical care___________________ Recreation-------------------------------6.4 Education--------------------------------.5 Vocation. ______ _______________ .2 Community welfare___________ 1.3 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily— 1.9 Other item s_____ _____________ .8 4 3 9 5 11 14 32 5 58 22 39 26 26 0 114 31 100.0 37.9 9.1 19.7 6.1 5.9 3.8 5.5 2.5 2.3 5.5 .3 .1 .4 100.0 34.2 9.1 15.3 6.4 6.0 5.0 8.6 2.4 4.2 6.2 .2 .3 .8 100.0 32.7 9.4 14.2 6.7 6.7 3.2 9.6 2.3 4.6 6.4 .7 .2 1.4 100.0 29.5 10.8 13.2 5.8 7.2 4.0 12.5 2.3 3.5 6.5 .6 .1 1.7 100.0 30.6 11.3 11.5 5.8 6.2 4.7 10.7 2.4 5.0 5.5 .7 .2 1.2 100.0 28.6 9.9 11.3 6.4 8.5 4.8 11.8 2.2 4.3 7.1 .3 .4 1.4 100.0 23.6 11.7 10.9 4.2 6.9 10.1 18.0 2.5 1.6 8.2 .3 C1) 1.0 100.0 20.8 14.4 9.5 4.7 8.5 2.5 17.6 2.6 4.1 8.0 .6 .2 2.1 .5 .4 .8 .5 .8 1.0 2.0 .3 3.0 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.0 .0 3.5 .9 1Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. TABULAR T able 6.— 293 SUM M ARY E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item s} by in com e level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y .— W H ITE FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $600 to $900 to $1,200 $900 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 and over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s of Item s Families in survey. ........................................... Average family size: Persons__________________ ________ ______ Expenditure units_________________ ______ Food expenditure units........................... ....... Clothing expenditure u n its______________ 197 33 59 51 29 17 8 3.57 3.24 3. 02 2.79 3.09 2. 81 2.61 2.42 3.07 2. 78 2. 56 2.43 3.87 3.51 3. 30 3.01 3.54 3. 22 3. 01 2.64 5.06 4. 60 4. 27 4.01 4.12 3.88 3. 73 3. 44 $793 318 63 114 73 27 52 56 16 21 34 2 3 8 $1,071 384 93 162 88 46 47 73 23 52 48 3 2 18 $1,324 505 149 174 98 48 60 93 28 52 64 8 3 20 $1,582 513 147 233 100 68 95 147 30 78 66 1 4 28 $1,863 670 206 251 120 60 97 167 37 86 109 7 6 23 $2,426 805 302 311 120 94 137 219 47 104 141 25 18 18 6 0 17 15 22 (2) 71 1 24 0 85 0 100.0 36.1 10.0 14.1 7.3 3.9 5. 1 7.7 2.0 4.3 4.8 .4 .3 1.4 100.0 40.1 7.9 14.3 9.2 3.4 6.6 7. 1 2.0 2.6 4.3 .3 .4 1.0 100.0 35.8 8.7 15.1 8.2 4.3 4.4 6.8 2.1 4.9 4.5 .3 .2 1.7 100.0 38.2 11.3 13.2 7 .4 3.6 4.5 7.0 2.1 3.9 4.8 .6 .2 1.5 100.0 32.4 9.3 14.7 6.3 4.3 6.0 9.3 1.9 4.9 4.1 .1 .3 1.8 100.0 35.9 11.1 13.5 6.4 3.2 5. 2 9.0 2.0 4,6 5.9 .1 .3 1. 2 100.0 33. 2 12. 5 12.9 5.0 3.9 5.6 9.0 1.9 4.3 5.8 1.0 .7 .7 2.2 .4 .8 0 1.6 1.4 1.7 0) 4.5 1 1.3 0 3.5 0 Average annual current expenditure for— All items_______ ________ ____ ___________ $1, 289 Food___ _____ _____________ _________ 465 Clothing__________________________ ____ 129 Housing____ _______ ___________. . . ____ 181 94 Fuel, light, and refrigerate o n ___________ 50 Other household operation_____________ 66 Furnishings and equipment____________ Transportation___________ ____ _______ 100 Personal care____ _____ ________________ 26 Medical care............................... ........... . 56 Recreation________ ____________ _____ 62 Education....... ....................................... 5 Vocation____________ ________ _________ 4 Community welfare. . . ________________ 18 Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family___________ __ 28 5 Other items_____________ ____ _________ Percentage of total annual current expendi ture for— All items_______ _____ ________ __________ Food _____ __________________________ Clothing__________ _____________ ______ Housing------------ ------------------------- --------Fuel, light, and refrigeration____________ Other household operation_________ ___ Furnishings and equipment________ . . . Transportation_________________________ Personal care___________________________ Medical care______ _____________ _____ _ Recreation. __________________ _______ _ Education_____________________________ Vocation_____ ______ ______ ___________ Community welfare______ __ __ ______ Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family_____________ Other items_____ _______ _____ ________ 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 74390' -41--------20 294 TW ELVE T able 6. — C IT IE S OF THE SO U TH E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item s, by in com e level— Continued LOUISVILLE, K Y .—NEGRO FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net in come of— Item All families $500 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey----------------------------------Average family size: Persons-------------------------- ---------------- ----Expenditure units_____________________ Food exDenditure units------------------------Clothing expenditure units______ - --Average annual current expenditure for— All items _____________________________ Food-----------------------------------------------Clothing______________________ _____ Housing_______________________ _____ Fuel, light, and refrigeration_________ Other household operation----------------Furnishings and equipment--------------Transportation______________________ Personal care________________________ Medical care_________________________ Recreation------------ ------------- --------------Education................................................ Vocation____________________________ Community welfare_____ ______ ____ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family____ Other items__________________ ____ Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items---------- ------- ---------------- -----------Food___________________________ ____ Clothing____ ______ _________________ Housing................ ........... ........ ............. Fuel, light, and refrigeration------------Other household operation.__________ Furnishings and equipment__________ Transportation______________________ Personal care________________________ Medical care_________________________ Recreation__________________________ Education........... .......... ............ .............. Vocation_________________ _________ Community welfare_________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family..... ........ Other items_________________ _______ 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 3 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 74 37 24 8 5 3.83 3.42 3.19 2. 86 3.47 3.09 2.88 2.64 3.46 3.10 2. 88 2. 53 6.13 5.46 5.22 4. 57 4.57 4.07 3.74 3.38 $920 347 86 135 92 33 33 63 19 36 39 2 1 16 $723 293 58 121 77 22 20 39 15 29 28 1 1 10 $962 353 80 125 99 37 43 74 21 42 50 1 1 15 $1,316 492 168 169 125 48 53 44 30 42 51 10 0 34 $1, 535 481 183 222 126 72 49 207 24 58 56 4 0 32 9 20 1 50 0 21 0 100.0 40.6 8.0 16.7 10.7 3.0 2.8 5.4 2.1 4.0 3.9 .1 .1 1.4 100.0 36.6 8.3 13.0 10.3 3.8 4.5 7.7 2.2 4.4 5.2 .1 .1 1.6 100.0 37.4 12.8 12.8 9.5 3.6 4.0 3.3 2.3 3.2 3.9 .8 0 2.6 100.0 31.3 11.9 14.4 8.2 4.7 3.2 13.5 1.6 3.8 3.6 .3 0 2.1 1.2 2.1 .1 3.8 0 1.4 0 18 (2) (2) 100.0 37.9 9.3 14.7 10.0 3.6 3.6 6.9 2.1 3.9 4.2 .2 .1 1.7 2.0 0) 0) 295 TABULAR SU M M ARY T able 6.— E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item s , b y in com e level— Continued M EM PHIS, T E N N .— W HITE FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey_________________________ Average family size: Persons__________ _____ ____________ ____ Expenditure units--------------- ------------- ------Food expenditure units___________________ Clothing expenditure units_______________ 194 25 35 44 37 40 13 3. 63 3.25 3. 07 2. 74 2.97 2.69 2.48 2.31 3.58 3.27 3.06 2.76 3. 71 3.42 3. 25 2.90 3.45 3.18 2.98 2.63 3.60 3.35 3.17 2.78 3. 76 3.62 3.57 3.19 $756 262 69 136 64 28 35 45 20 36 41 1 1 8 $1,139 340 122 177 97 49 62 116 25 69 41 2 1 18 $1, 403 404 145 193 119 88 87 106 32 106 67 7 8 20 $1, 573 451 169 221 120 99 103 158 33 76 73 4 12 20 $1,809 482 204 254 122 110 108 234 38 85 92 7 8 28 $2,062 547 223 259 153 159 110 177 57 145 112 20 23 48 4 6 16 4 20 1 32 2 30 7 29 0 100.0 28.6 10.7 14.3 7.8 5.9 5.9 9.8 2.2 5.8 4.7 .4 .6 1.5 100.0 34.7 9.1 18.0 8.5 3.7 4.6 6.0 2.6 4.8 5.4 .1 .1 1.1 100.0 29.8 10.7 15.5 8.5 4.3 5.4 10.2 2.2 6.1 3.6 .2 .1 1.6 100.0 28.7 10.3 13.7 8.5 6.3 6.2 7.6 2.3 7.6 4.8 .5 .6 1.4 100.0 28.7 10.8 14.1 7.6 6.3 6.5 10.0 2.1 4.8 4.6 .3 .8 1.3 100.0 26.7 11.3 14.0 6.7 6.1 6.0 12.9 2.1 4.7 5.1 .4 .4 1.5 100.0 26.6 10.8 12.6 7.4 7.7 5.3 8.6 2.8 7.0 5.4 1.0 1.1 2.3 1.5 .3 .5 .8 1.4 .4 1.4 .1 2.0 .1 1.7 .4 1.4 0 Average annual current expenditure for— All i t e m s ______ _________________ ______ $1,434 409 Food_______________ ___________________ 153 Clothing_______________________________ 205 Housing--------- --------------------------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration___________ 111 85 Other household operation_____________ 85 Furnishings and equipment____________ 141 Transportation. _____ __________________ 32 Personal care----------------------------------------83 Medical care___ ____ ___________________ 68 Recreation__ ________ __________________ 6 Education_____________________________ 8 Vocation_______________________________ 22 Community welfare. _______ _________ Gifts and contributions to persons out 22 side the economic family--------------------4 Other items____________________________ Percentage of total annual current expendi ture for— All items.......................................................... Food____ ______ _________ _____________ Clothing_____ ____ ____ ______ _______ Housing___________ ____________ ______ Fuel, light, and refrigeration_________ _ Other household operation..____ _______ Furnishings and equipment____________ Transportation_________________________ Personal care...____ ___________________ Medical care_____________ ______ ____ Recreation_________ __________________ Education--------- ------- ---------------------------Vocation_________________________ ____ _ Community welfare____________________ Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family______________ Other items____________________________ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638 296 TW ELVE T able 6. — COTES OF THE SO U TH E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s, b y in com e level— Continued M EM P H IS, T E N N .—NEGRO FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f I te m s Families in survey___ _________ _________ Average family size: Persons________________ ---------------Expenditure units_______ _____ _____ Food expenditure units. -------- -----------Clothing expenditure units____________ Average annual current expenditure for— All items_________ _________ ______ _ .. Food________________________________ Clothing...---------------------------------------Housing_______________ ____ ________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration_________ Other household operation.-------------Furnishings and equipment................. Transportation........ ............................. . Personal care............... ........................... Medical care.............. ............. .......... . . Recreation................................................ Education...... ........ .......................... ....... Vocation--------------------- ---------------------Community welfare................... ............ Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family___________ Other items________________ ______ _ Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items____ _________________________ Food_______ ________________________ Clothing-------------------------------------------Housing_____________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration______ . Other household operation____ ______ Furnishings and equipment............. . Transportation.................... ......... ....... Personal care______________________ _ Medical care_______ ____ ___ ______ Recreation________________ _________ Education___________________________ Vocation_________________________ _ Community welfare_______ ________ Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family___________ Other items______________ __________ Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 94 15 53 19 7 3. 51 3. 25 3.06 2. 76 3. 60 3. 29 3.10 2. 81 3. 26 2.96 2. 78 2.49 4. 26 3.91 3.69 3. 37 3.04 3. 57 3. 36 2.99 $807 289 88 122 78 26 34 43 20 35 37 3 1 12 $565 238 58 97 50 11 14 25 14 22 23 2 1 8 $748 269 78 113 76 20 30 40 18 31 33 2 1 11 $1, 022 350 118 154 91 39 55 55 27 48 56 5 2 14 $1, 231 391 152 156 115 73 50 75 26 58 55 13 3 30 13 6 1 1 16 10 7 1 34 0 100.0 35.9 10.9 15.1 9.7 3.2 4.2 5.3 2.5 4.3 4.6 100.0 42.1 10.2 17.1 8.8 2.0 2.5 100.0 34.2 11.5 15.1 8.9 3.8 5.4 5.4 2.6 4.7 5.5 .5 .2 1.4 100.0 31.7 12.4 12.7 9.3 5.9 4.1 6.1 2.1 4.7 4.5 1.1 .2 2.4 .7 .1 2.8 0 * .4 .4 .1 1.5 .2 1.4 100.0 36.0 10.4 15. 2 10.2 2.7 4.0 5.3 2.4 4.1 4.4 .3 .1 1.5 1.6 .7 .2 .2 2.1 1.3 4.4 2.5 3.9 4.1 TABULAR T able 297 SU M M ARY 6 .— E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item s , b y in com e level— Continued M OBILE, A L A —W H IT E FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item E x p e n d itu r e s fo r All fam ilies $500 to $600 to $900 to $600 $900 $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 and over G ro u p s o f Item s Families in survey_________________ Average family size: Persons.................................. ............ Expenditure units. ...................... Food expenditure units__________ Clothing expenditure units______ 146 5 24 21 35 24 26 11 4.03 3.72 3.51 3.19 4.17 3. 52 3. 21 2,59 3.89 3. 55 3.35 2. 97 3. 64 3.40 3.19 3.11 4.07 3. 70 3.50 3.11 3.84 3.58 3.43 3.04 4.12 3.84 3. 62 3.23 5.13 4.90 4. 58 4.48 $564 248 46 96 40 21 16 36 9 9 32 2 4 3 $806 318 78 94 75 39 24 52 20 39 42 5 2 12 $1,058 343 121 145 88 64 34 88 28 47 61 7 2 18 $1, 341 411 160 164 103 81 90 111 29 63 74 6 2 18 $1, 566 475 206 204 98 96 70 138 37 71 101 8 5 23 $1,850 520 209 264 129 120 71 222 40 75 95 19 9 26 $2, 532 669 355 314 144 180 145 300 59 106 156 9 9 53 2 2 4 9 3 13 16 27 7 39 12 20 13 100.0 43.9 8.2 17.0 7.1 3.7 2.8 6.4 1.6 1.6 5.7 .4 .7 .5 100.0 39.5 9.7 11.7 9.3 4.8 3.0 6.5 2. 5 4.8 5.2 .6 .2 1.5 100.0 32.5 11.4 13.7 8.3 6.0 3.2 8.3 2.6 4.4 5.8 .7 .2 1.7 100.0 30.7 11.9 12.3 7.7 6.0 6.7 8.3 2.2 4.7 5. 5 .4 .1 1.3 100.0 30.4 13.2 13.0 6.3 6.1 4.5 8.8 2.4 4.5 6.4 .5 .3 1.5 100.0 28.1 11.3 14.3 7.0 6.5 3.8 12.0 2.2 4.1 5.1 1.0 .5 1.4 100.0 26.4 14.0 12.4 5.7 7.1 5.7 11.8 2.3 4.2 6.2 .4 .4 2.1 .2 .5 .9 .3 1.0 1.2 1.7 .4 2.1 .6 .8 .5 Average annual current expendi ture for— All items____________ ______ ____ $1,403 Food .......... ............................ ....... 430 Clothing____ __________________ 198 Housing_____ _______________ 183 Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ 101 Other household operation_____ 86 Furnishings and equipment____ 66 134 Transportation. ................. ......... Personal care............................. 32 62 Medical care.________ _________ Recreation_____________________ 80 Education-------------------------------9 Vocation__________ ______ _____ 4 Community welfare............ ....... 21 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic family.................................... ... 18 9 Other items____________ ______ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items______________ ________ Food........................................ . . . Clothing-------------------------- ----Housing____________ . ____ _ Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ Other household operation_____ Furnishings and equipment....... Transportation________________ Personal care_____________ _ ._ Medical care_____ ______ ______ Recreation--------------------------- Education___________ ____ ____ Vocation----------------------------------Community welfare.................... Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic family__________ _____ ______ Other items____________________ 100.0 30.7 12.0 13.0 7.2 6.1 4.7 9.6 2.3 4.4 5.7 .6 .3 1.5 1.3 .6 1Less than 0.05 percent. * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. (2) (0 .4 TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 298 T able 6 .— E x p en d itu res f o r grou p s o f item s , b y in com e level— Continued M OBILE, ALA.—NEGRO FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 and over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey______________________ ____________ Average family size: Persons. __________________________________ ______ Expenditure units___________ _____________________ Food expenditure units....... ....................................... Clothing expenditure units_________________________ Average annual current expenditure for— All items_________________ _______________ ________ F o o d ...__________ _______________________________ Clothing_________________________________________ Housing_________________________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration______________________ Other household operation_______________ ______ Furnishings and equipment______________________ Transportation.__ . . . _______ __________________ Personal c a r e .._____ ____ _______ _______________ Medical c a re .________ __________________________ Recreation_______________________________________ Education_______________________________________ Vocation_________________________________________ Community welfare_________________________ ____ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the eco nomic family______________ ______ _____________ Other items____________ ___________________ _____ Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items________ ____ _____________________________ Food_____ ___________ ___________________________ Clothing________________ ______________________ Housing_____ _____ _____ ____________ _____ Fuel, light, and refrigeration_________ _ ________ Other household operation______________ ________ Furnishings and equipment______________________ Transportation________________ ______ ______ ____ Personal care.______ __________ _______ __________ Medical care----- ------------------------- ------------------------Recreation____________________ __ ______________ Education____________________________ __________ Vocation________ _______________________________ Community welfare _________ _____________ _ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the eco nomic family___________________________________ Other items_______ _________ _____ _______________ 1Less than 0.05 percent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 94 28 48 18 3.70 3.38 3.16 2.97 3.37 3,09 2.86 2.62 3.50 3.24 2.96 2.94 4.76 4.39 4.14 3.77 $772 276 86 95 57 26 29 49 18 43 44 4 1 13 $570 227 47 87 52 17 12 10 14 35 28 2 1 8 $722 254 88 92 51 22 34 43 18 40 42 3 0) 11 $1,209 411 142 115 81 48 41 122 27 61 73 10 (l) 24 18 13 15 15 17 7 26 26 100.0 35.7 11.1 12.3 7.4 3.4 3.8 6.4 2.3 5.6 5.7 .5 .1 1.7 100.0 39.8 8.2 15.3 9.1 3.0 2.1 1.8 2.5 6.1 4.9 .4 .2 1.4 100.0 35.2 12.2 12.7 7.1 3.0 4.7 6.0 2.5 5.5 5.8 .4 0) 1.5 100.0 34.0 11.8 9.5 6.7 4.0 3.4 10.1 2.2 5.1 6.0 .8 2.3 1.7 2.6 2.6 2.4 1.0 0) 2.0 2.2 2.2 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 299 6 .— E x p en d itu res f o r grou p s o f item s, b y in com e level— Continued N E W ORLEANS, LA.—W H IT E FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 over E x p e n d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Ite m s Families in survey._ .......................... Average family size: Persons______________ _____ _____ Expenditure units.______________ Food expenditure units---------------Clothing expenditure units----------Average annual expenditure for— All items..----------------------------------Food------ ------------- --------------------Clothing -------------------------------Housing--------------- --------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ Other household operation. ___ Furnishings and equipment-----Transportation-------------------------Personal care.--------------------------Medical care----- ------- ---------------Recreation_____________________ Education.......... ......................... Vocation_________ _____ ______ Community welfare-----------------Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily— Other items.................................... Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items_____________ ___________ Food...-------------- ---------------------Clothing----------------------------------Housing------------- ---------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration----Other household operation_____ Furn ishings and equipment____ Transportation_________________ Personal care----------------------------Medical care.............................. Recreation...................... .............. Education------------- ------------------Vocation______________________ Community welfare____________ Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam ily................................................. Other items...... ................. ............ 318 14 60 71 60 72 25 7 9 3.80 3.51 3.32 3. 01 3.42 3.23 3.09 3. 82 3.59 3.24 3.07 2.71 3.73 3.40 3.20 2.81 3.78 3.50 3.31 3. 04 3.77 3.46 3. 26 2.95 4.39 4.12 3.96 3. 65 4.41 4.23 4. 02 4. 26 4.86 4.65 4.45 4. 56 1,294 462 137 207 83 58 42 99 31 55 73 4 3 15 579 262 38 131 29 20 10 30 14 18 22 2 (2) 792 328 72 169 53 23 10 38 18 33 34 1 1 7 1,007 393 92 182 74 39 24 60 24 29 58 3 2 12 1,337 480 143 216 92 61 47 85 34 50 82 6 6 12 1, 661 528 176 247 101 85 64 168 37 84 104 3 6 21 1,888 657 226 224 106 101 94 162 41 91 94 18 5 21 2,135 731 276 277 125 113 61 133 59 149 125 4 1 34 2,516 805 375 302 128 106 70 263 84 86 142 9 1 32 15 18 5 27 10 33 15 47 0 54 59 19 6 100.0 35.7 10.6 16.0 6.4 4.5 3.2 7.6 2.4 4.3 5.6 .3 .2 1.2 1.5 .5 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 3 0 5 0 100.0 45.3 6.6 32.6 5.0 3.5 1.7 5.2 2.4 3.1 3.8 .3 0) .5 100.0 41.4 9.1 21.3 6.7 2.9 1.3 4.8 2.3 4.2 4.3 .1 .1 .9 100.0 39.0 9.1 18.0 7.3 3.9 2.4 6.0 2.4 2.9 5.8 .3 .2 1.2 100.0 36.0 10.7 16.2 6.9 4.6 3.5 6.4 2.5 3.7 6.1 .4 .4 .9 100.0 31.7 10.6 14.8 6.1 5.1 3.9 10.1 2.2 5.1 6.3 .2 .4 1.3 100.0 34.8 11.9 11.8 5.6 5.4 5.0 8.6 2.2 4.8 5.0 1.0 .3 1.1 100.0 34.2 12.9 12.9 5.9 5.3 2.9 6.2 2.8 7.0 5.9 .2 (2) 1.6 100.0 32.1 14.9 12.0 5.1 4.2 2.8 10.5 3.3 3.4 5.6 .4 (2) 1.3 .6 0 1.5 0) 1.3 .4 1.6 .6 1.7 .8 2.2 0 2.1 2.3 (2) 0) 0 (2) TWELVE CITIES OF THE SOUTH 300 T able 6 . — E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s, b y in com e level— Continued NEW' ORLEANS, LA.—NEGRO FAM ILIES Income level—Familes with annual net income of— Item All families $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey____________ ________ Average family size: Persons---------------------------------------------Expenditure units________ ____ _______ Food expenditure units________________ Clothing expenditure units____ _______ Average annual current expenditure for— All items--------- ----------------------------------Food___________ ___________________ Clothing_____________________________ Housing_____________________________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration_________ Other household operation___________ Furnishings and equipment__________ Transportation_________ ____ _______ Personal care________________ _____ Medical care.................... ........................ Recreation............. .......... ................. ....... Education_________ _________ _____ _ Vocation___________________ ________ Community welfare. _ ______________ Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family___________ Other items__________________________ Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items...................................................... Food ............................................. ....... Clothing...................... ............................. Housing.. _________________ ________ Fuel, light, and refrigeration................. Other household operation___________ Furnishings and equipment__________ Transportation______________________ Personal care____ ___________________ Medical care_________________________ Recreation______ ______ _____________ Education............................................. . Vocation________________ _________ . Community welfare_________________ Gifts and contributions to persons out side the economic family___ ______ Other items_______ . ______________ 1 Less than 0.05 percent. * Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 83 15 36 25 7 3.84 3. 50 3.31 2.93 3.22 2. 98 2. 80 2.57 3. 79 3.46 3. 30 2. 82 4. 24 3. 82 3. 58 3.25 3.96 3. 66 3.45 3.09 $815 311 80 156 62 23 26 38 18 34 40 2 2 9 $561 206 45 129 49 15 15 20 13 28 21 (2) 1 5 $713 289 66 141 56 20 26 15 15 29 33 2 2 8 $991 372 108 179 75 28 23 55 22 42 56 2 2 10 $1, 272 431 133 207 80 42 55 135 29 45 60 8 3 21 14 10 1 12 5 23 0 100.0 36.7 8.0 23.0 8.7 2.7 2.7 3.6 2.3 5.0 3.7 0) .2 .9 100.0 40.5 9.3 19.8 7. 9 2.8 3.6 2.1 2.1 4.1 4.6 .3 .3 1.1 100.0 37.6 10.9 18. 1 7.6 2.8 2.3 5.5 2.2 4.2 5.7 .2 .2 1.0 100.0 33.9 10.5 16.3 6.3 3.3 4.3 10.6 2.3 3.5 4.7 .6 .2 1.7 2.5 1.4 .1 1.2 1.8 0 12 2 100.0 38.2 9.8 19.2 7.6 2.8 3.2 4.7 2.2 4.2 4.9 .2 .2 1.1 1.5 .2 (2) 0) .5 TABULAR SUMMARY 301 T a b l e 6 . — E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item sf b y in com e level— Continued NORFOLK—PORTSMOUTH, V A .— W H ITE FAMILIES Income level--Families with annual net income of— Item E x p e n d itu r e s fo r All fami lies $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 to $1,800 $1,800 to $2,100 $2,100 to $2,400 $2,400 and over G ro u p s o f Item s Families in survey________________ Average family size: Persons_________ _______ ________ Expenditure units_______________ Food expenditure units___ _ __ _ Clothing expenditure units______ 162 10 23 40 32 28 20 9 3.63 3.33 3.11 2. 78 3.38 3. 02 2. 76 2. 53 3. 56 3. 27 3.02 2. 85 3.77 3.38 3.15 2. 72 3.10 2.89 2. 71 2. 51 4.02 3.69 3.42 3.10 3.87 3.62 3.43 3. 02 3.56 3.38 3.34 2.58 $797 308 62 146 82 26 18 32 15 21 52 2 (2) 12 $1,073 388 91 165 97 46 40 62 24 37 74 2 0 15 $1,363 501 131 214 124 50 85 73 22 46 71 6 3 21 $1, 570 495 146 267 120 82 90 139 26 46 82 10 4 31 $1,866 579 190 256 130 105 106 161 35 109 93 8 4 41 $2,114 621 206 300 152 126 150 209 42 71 137 10 15 37 $2,490 695 176 259 178 199 110 291 47 178 168 49 3 75 5 16 19 13 13 3 22 10 32 17 38 (2) 61 1 100.0 32.6 9.3 14.9 7.9 5.2 5.6 8.0 1.8 4.1 5.7 .6 .3 1.9 100.0 38.6 7.8 18.3 10.3 3.3 2.3 4.0 1.9 2.6 6.5 .3 0) 1.5 100.0 36.2 8.5 15.4 9.0 4.3 3.7 5.8 2.2 3.4 6.9 .2 0 1.4 100.0 36.8 9.6 15.7 9.1 3.7 6.2 5.4 1.6 3.4 5.2 .4 .2 1.5 100.0 31.6 9.3 17.0 7.6 5.2 5.7 8.9 1.7 2.9 5.2 .6 .3 2.0 100.0 31.1 10.2 13.7 7.0 5.6 5.7 8.6 1.9 5.8 5.0 .4 .2 2.2 100.0 29.3 9.7 14.1 7.2 6.0 7.1 9.9 2.0 3.4 6.5 .5 .7 1.8 100.0 28.0 7.1 10.4 7.1 8.0 4.4 11.7 1.9 7.1 6.8 2.0 .1 3.0 1.5 .6 .6 2.0 1.8 1.2 1.0 .2 1.4 .6 1.7 .9 1.8 0) Average annual expenditure for— All items______ ,_________________ $1, 569 511 F ood.......................... ................... Clothing__________ ____________ 146 Housing______________ _______ 234 Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ 124 Other household operation_____ 81 Furnishings and equipment____ 88 Transportation______________ . 126 Personal care__________________ 29 64 Medical care_____ _____ _______ Recreation____________ _____ _ 90 Education_____________ ____ _ 9 Vocation______________________ 4 Community welfare___________ 30 Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic 24 family____________________ . Other items___________________ 9 Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items______________ _______ Food__________________________ Clothing_______________________ Housing_______________ ____ _ Fuel, light, and refrigeration___ Other household operation_____ Furnishings and equipment___ Transportation________________ Personal care..____ ___ _______ Medical care________ __________ Recreation_____ _______________ Education_______________ _ __ Vocation______________ _______ Community welfare___________ Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic family.______________________ Other items.._____ ____ _______ i Less than 0.05 percent, aLess than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 2.4 0) 302 TWELVE COTES OF THE SOUTH T able 6 .— E x p en d itu res f o r grou p s o f item s, b y in com e level— Continued NOR FOLK —PORTSM OUTH, VA — NEGRO FAM ILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 to $1,500 $1,500 and over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey.............................. .......... Average family size: Persons................. ..................................... Expenditure units..................... - ........ . Food expenditure units................. .......... Clothing expenditure units.......... .......... Average annual current expenditure for— All items........................- ------- ---------------Food........... ............................ ................. Clothing............................. - ............ ....... Housing....... ................. ................... ....... Fuel, light, and refrigeration................ Other household operation................... Furnishings and equipment--------------Transportation.............................. ......... Personal care...................................... . Medical care........................................ Recreation............. ............................... . Education........ ....................................... Vocation............... ................................... Community welfare----------- --------------Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family......... Other items....................... .......... .......... Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All item s............................ ....................... Food........................................................ Clothing.................................................Housing------- -----------------------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration— .......... Other household operation-------- ------Furnishings and equipment—..........— Transportation-........... - --------------------Personal care.................. ............ ............ Medical care.....................—------- --------Recreation__________________________ Education__________________________ Vocation----------- ------- -----------------------Community welfare.............................. Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family............. Other items............................................ 11 47 31 15 5 3.13 2.73 2.52 2. 21 3.95 3.53 3.30. 2.98 3.80 3.51 3.32 3.14 5.06 4. 51 4.17 3.83 5.45 4.80 4.65 3.72 $918 353 94 133 88 30 49 41 18 29 44 4 2 16 $523 228 37 87 70 15 14 16 10 12 24 1 0 7 $762 312 64 136 71 22 34 26 15 26 32 2 $995 372 108 142 99 28 54 49 19 28 53 6 4 17 $1, 299 459 152 135 116 51 93 83 30 42 69 5 0 25 $1,607 582 240 135 132 86 100 55 29 63 71 2 9 37 14 3 2 39 14 52 100.0 35.4 11.7 10.4 8.9 3.9 7.2 6.4 2.3 3.2 5.3 .4 0 1.9 100.0 36.3 14.9 8.4 8.2 5.4 6 2 3.4 1.8 3.9 4.4 .1 .6 2.3 3.0 .9 3.2 100.0 38.5 10.2 14.5 9.6 3.3 5.3 4.5 2.0 3.2 4.8 .4 .2 1.7 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 109 4.05 3.64 3.41 3.10 1.5 .3 Q) 12 10 14 2 (2) <2) 100.0 43.5 7.1 16.6 13.4 2.9 2.7 3.1 1.9 2.3 4.6 .2 0 1.3 100.0 40.9 8.4 17.8 9.3 2.9 3.5 3.4 2.0 3.4 4.2 .3 0) 1.6 100.0 37.4 10.9 14.3 10.0 2.8 5.4 4.9 1.9 2.8 5.3 .6 .4 1.7 1.3 1.4 .2 .4 0) (0 (2) 0) 303 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e 6 .— E x p en d itu res f o r grou ps o f item s , b y in com e level— Continued RICH M ON D , VA.—W H IT E FAMILIES Income level—Families with annual net income of— Item All fami lies $500 to $900 $900 $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 to to to to to to and $1,200 $1,500 $1,800 $2,100 $2,400 $2,700 over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey............................... Average family size: Persons............................................... Expenditure units. ........................ Food expenditure units ................. . Clothing expenditure units............ 192 27 29 42 37 24 12 12 9 3.79 3.55 3.33 3.16 3.68 3.33 3. 01 2.83 3.61 3.34 3.12 2.91 3.40 3.18 2.97 2.79 3.93 3.72 3.56 3.26 3.87 3.66 3. 51 3.24 3.87 3.63 3.43 3.33 4.40 4. 21 4.04 4.12 4.84 4.65 4.45 4.54 $817 $1,200 $1, 331 $1, 669 $1,880 $2,048 $2,274 294 372 406 467 532 621 592 62 125 120 219 186 243 336 159 222 230 292 343 264 298 114 78 99 125 136 123 152 31 52 62 75 129 107 102 21 70 54 65 58 115 59 69 68 159 229 97 241 178 21 14 27 36 40 45 55 33 77 101 72 79 76 108 39 49 60 82 94 107 161 5 13 4 6 16 10 18 1 1 4 1 3 2 (2) 5 17 22 32 35 45 46 $2,990 798 446 408 183 235 121 188 67 195 148 3 8 64 Average annual current expenditur for— All items.................................. ......... $1, 556 456 Food-------- --------------------------------175 Clothing........................ ................. H ousin g....................— ---------255 Fuel, light, and refrigeration....... 118 Other household operation.......... 79 Furnishings and equipment____ 62 135 Transportation......... ........... ........ Personal care................................ . 32 83 Medical care.................................. 78 Recreation-------------------------------10 Education— ................................. ? Vocation............- ........................ . 27 Community welfare.. .................. Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam 30 il y ---............................................ 14 Other items.................................... Percentage of total annual current expenditure for— All items............................ ........ ....... 100.0 29.4 Food............................. ................. 11.2 Clothing...................... ................... 16.4 Housing-----------------------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration-----7.6 5.1 Other household operation_____ Furnishings and equipment____ 4.0 8.7 Transportation.............................. 2.1 Personal care..................... ............ Medical care-------- --------------------5.3 Recreation..----------------------------5.0 .6 Education--------------------------------Vocation_______________________ .1 1.7 Community welfare------------------Gifts and contributions to per sons outside the economic fam 1.9 ily................................. ........ -.9 Other items._______ ___________ 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 5 2 12 7 25 1 33 26 27 52 39 1 70 6 120 6 100.0 36.0 7.6 19.5 9.6 3.8 2.6 8.3 1.7 4.0 4.8 .6 .1 .6 100.0 31.0 10.0 18.5 8.2 4.3 5.8 5.8 1.8 6.4 4.1 1.1 0) 1.4 100.0 30.5 9.3 17.2 8.5 4.7 4.1 7.3 2.0 7.6 4.5 .5 .1 1.7 100.0 27.9 11.1 17.5 7.5 4.5 3.9 9.5 2.2 4.3 4.9 1.0 .2 1.9 100.0 28.4 11.6 14.0 7.2 5.7 3.1 12.2 2.1 4.2 5.0 .2 .2 1.9 100.0 29 0 11.9 16.8 6.0 6.3 5.6 8.7 2.2 3.7 5.2 .5 0) 2.2 100.0 27.3 14.7 13.1 6.7 4.5 2.6 10.6 2.4 4.7 7.1 .8 .1 2.0 100.0 26.7 15.0 13.7 6.1 7.9 4.0 6.3 2.2 6.5 4.9 .1 .3 2.1 .6 .2 1.0 .6 1.9 .1 2.0 1.6 1.4 2.8 1.9 0) 3.1 .3 4.0 .2 304 TWELVE CITIES OE THE SOUTH T able 6 . — E x p en d itu res f o r groups o f item s , by in com e level— Continued R ICH M ON D , V A —NEGRO FAMILIES Item All families Income level—Families with aiyiual net income of— $500 to $600 $600 to $900 $900 to $1,200 $1,200 and over E x p en d itu r e s fo r G r o u p s o f Item s Families in survey................ .................... . Average family size: Persons____________ _____ _________ ___ Expenditure units----- --------------------------Food expenditure units________________ Clothing expenditure units____________ Average annual current expenditure for— All items, ........................... ......... .............. Food, ............................................. ....... Clothing—. ................. ................... ........ Housing. -------- ---------------- ------- --------Fuel, light, and refrigeration_________ Other household operation----------------Furnishings and equipment--------------Transportation. _____________________ Personal care__ _______ _____________ Medical care________ ________________ Recreation__________________________ Education..................................... .......... Vocation___________ ________ _______ Community welfare________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family-----------Other items________ ____ __________ Percentage of total annual current ex penditure for— All items_________________________ ____ Food ...................................... ................. Clothing____ ____ ______ ____________ Housing--------------------------------------------Fuel, light, and refrigeration_________ Other household operation----------------Furnishings and equipment--------------Transportation____________ ____ ____ Personal care____ ______ ____________ Medical care____ _________ __________ Recreation______ _____ _______ ______ Education__________ _____ _____ ____ Vocation. ............................................... Community welfare_________________ Gifts and contributions to persons outside the economic family-----------Other items............................................. 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 Less than $0.50. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. 96 11 41 33 11 3.85 3.48 3.18 3.03 2.75 2.54 2.44 2.08 3.93 3.54 3. 20 3.09 3.80 3.44 3.13 3.08 4. 79 4.34 3.96 3.62 $919 291 101 118 104 36 40 45 23 59 52 4 (2) 13 $517 189 55 83 74 20 13 9 14 24 19 1 0 7 $818 268 82 121 100 30 32 32 21 57 39 2 0 11 $1,014 325 116 124 111 42 43 58 25 69 55 6 0 15 $1, 414 373 173 126 121 58 91 94 35 76 121 8 2 23 9 21 2 16 9 69 44 100.0 36.6 10.6 16.1 14.3 3.9 2.5 1.7 2.7 4.6 3.7 .2 0 1.4 100.0 32.8 10.0 14.8 12.2 3.7 3.9 3.9 2.6 7.0 4.8 .2 0 1.3 100.0 32.1 11.4 12.2 11.0 4.1 4.2 5.7 2.5 6.8 5.4 .6 0 1.5 100.0 26.4 12.2 8.9 8.6 4.1 6.4 6.6 2.5 5.4 8.6 .6 .1 1.6 1.7 2.6 .2 1.6 .9 4.9 3.1 24 9 100.0 31.7 11.0 12.8 11.3 3.9 4.4 4.9 2.5 6.4 5.7 .4 0) 1.4 2.6 1.0 (2) 0) 305 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 7.— Food used at home and purchased for consumption at home during 1 week in spring quarter, by economic level BALTIM O RE , M D .—W H IT E FAM ILIES All famiilies Item Economic level—Families spending per expenditure unit per year Under $400 Number of families surveyed in spring quarter..... ............ Average number of equivalent full-time persons per family in 1 week___________ ____ _____________________ Average number of food expenditure units per family in 1 week__________________ ________________________ Item $400 to $600 $600 and over 314 123 128 63 3.73 4.67 3.32 2.73 3.19 3.95 2.87 2. 36 Number of families using in 1 week Average quantity pur chased per person in 1 week Economic level—Families spending per expendi All ture unit per famyear ilies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year All fam ilies Un- $400 $600 der to and $400 $600 over Un der $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over Lb. Lb. Lb. Average expenditure per person in 1 week Economic level—Families spending per expenditure All fam unit per year ilies Un $400 $600 der to and $400 $600 over F o o d U s e d at H o m e a n d P u r c h a s e d f o r C o n s u m p t i o n at H o m e in 1 W eek N o. N o. N o. Total___________________ ________ Grain products, total__________ Bread and other baked goods, total_____________________ 303 117 124 Bread: White_____________ G raham , whole 4 wheat____________ 5 1 44 16 17 Rye.__-------- ----------Crackers____ ____ _________ 76 28 34 30 Plain rolls_________________ 7 13 Sweet rolls.------ ----------------45 21 19 Cookies___________________ 27 7 10 Cakes_____________________ 87 35 26 Pies_______________________ 40 18 13 Other_____________________ Ready-to-eat cereals_________ 116 43 55 Flour and other cereals, total.. Flour: White______________ 139 55 56 Graham____________ 0 0 0 Other______________ 5 13 5 Corn meal_____ ___________ 2 2 7 Hominy___________________ 15 5 6 Cornstarch________________ 15 7 6 72 31 29 Rice__________ _____ ______ 84 36 27 Rolled oats____ ___________ Wheat cereal______________ 40 15 19 2 5 Tapioca___________________ 2 Sago--------- ------- ----------------1 1 0 M a c a ro n i, sp a g h e tti, 131 58 46 noodles__________________ 0 Other grain products______ 0 0 292 114 116 Eggs----------------------------------------Milk, cheese, ice cream, total... 285 106 116 Milk: Fresh, whole—bottled1 0 loose___ 1 0 0 0 Skimmed______ Buttermilk and 4 4 other. ............ 10 1 0 1 Skimmed,dried----------Evaporated and con 167 81 59 densed.................... 131 49 59 Cheese: American.................... 9 5 19 Cottage............... ........ 51 17 20 Other______________ 51 11 20 Ice cream___________________ .1 i Less than 0.05 cent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638. N o. Lb. 62 C t. C t. C t. 260.0 203.4 283.9 379. 2 41. 4 38.4 41.6 51.0 3. 044 3.025 2.966 3.302 2.418 2.443 2.401 2. 377 32.0 30.7 31.5 38.3 23.0 22.9 22.9 23.5 0 11 14 10 5 10 26 9 0 .010 .016 .006 .145 .149 .104 .236 .064 .045 .083 .078 .055 .053 .032 .116 .081 .089 .076 .067 .023 .015 .019 .063 . 108 .081 .097 .225 .100 .105 .087 .118 .040 .029 .061 .022 18 .095 .074 .116 .110 1.159 .985 1. 230 1. 569 28 .717 .579 .821 .921 0 0 0 0 0 3 .016 .008 .014 .046 .012 .005 .009 .041 3 4 .022 .015 .022 .047 2 .013 .015 .011 .012 12 .078 .074 .081 .084 21 .111 .109 .093 .162 6 .038 .032 .040 .051 .003 .003 .004 .003 1 0 0 .001 .003 0 27 0 62 a . 4.298 4.084 4. 312 4.981 .142 0 .638 3.454 2.894 0 0 .135 0 .775 4. 770 4.150 .018 0 .202 0 1.032 5.929 5.154 0 0 .2 .1 1.4 1.4 .6 .9 .7 .7 1.5 1.6 .2 .4 2.4 1.7 1.0 1.0 .4 .6 1.7 1.4 7.7 6.3 3.5 2.8 0 0 .2 .1 .1 0) .1 .2 .1 .1 .5 .6 .8 .8 .4 .6 (0 0) 0) 0) 0 0) 1.1 2.1 1.2 1.3 .5 1.3 1.3 1.3 .4 1.4 2.1 5.4 .9 1.6 .4 1.1 2.1 1.9 8.0 10.8 4.0 4.6 0 0 .1 .5 .4 0) .1 .3 .1 .1 .6 .6 .7 1.2 .7 .8 .1 0) 0 0 1.6 1.5 1.6 2.3 0 0 0 0 13.8 11.5 14.6 19.6 28.9 22.7 32.0 41.2 20.6 16.0 23.3 29.0 .1 0 0 0) 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 .148 0 .746 4.293 3. 681 .006 0 2 0 .041 .001 .036 .054 .025 .002 0 0 .4 0) .3 0) .6 0 .1 0 27 23 5 14 20 .398 .070 .014 .023 .059 .409 .055 .014 .017 .027 .437 .092 .020 .058 .143 3.5 1.9 .2 .9 1.4 3.6 1.5 .2 .6 .5 3.2 2.2 .1 .9 1.6 3.6 2.3 .4 2.0 3.8 .369 .082 .011 .018 .068 306 T able TW ELVE C IT I E S OF T H E SO U TH 7. — Food used at home and purchased for consumption at home during 1 week in spring quarter, by economic level— C on tinu ed B AL T IM O R E , M D .—W H IT E F AM ILIES—Continued Number of families using in 1 week Economic level—Fami lies spending per expendi All ture unit per fam year ilies Un $400 $600 der to and $400 $600 over Item F o o d U se d at H o m e a n d P u rc h a sed f o r C o n s u m p ti o n a t H o m e in 1 W e e k — Continued Fats, total_______________________ * Butter........................... ................. Cream_________________________ Other table fats........... ................. Lard................................................ Vegetable shortening................... Table or cooking oils_________ . Mayonnaise and other salad dressing_____________________ Bacon, smoked..______ ________ Salt side of pork_______________ Meat, poultry, fish and other sea food, total___________________ Beef: Fresh: Steak, porterhouse, sir loin.................. top round______ other............. ....... Roast, rib................... . chuck.......... ........ other___________ Boiling, chuck.............. plate................. other................. Canned....................... ........ ....... Corned........ ........................ . _ Dried........................................... Other_____ _______ _______ _ Veal: Fresh, steak, chops______ roast_______ ____ _ stew______________ Lamb: Fresh, chops.................. roast____________ stew____________ Pork: Fresh, chops____ _______ loin roast..... ........ . other____________ Smoked ham, slices_____ h a l f or whole___ picnic........ Pork sausage......... ............ Other pork_______ ______ Miscellaneous meats, total.......... Other fresh meat_____________ Bologna, frankfurters............... Cooked: Ham........................... Tongue....................... Liver........................ ................... Other meat products................ Poultry: Chicken, broiling......... roast.............. stew............... Turkey.......................... Other................... .......... Fish and other sea food, total.. . Fish: Fresh............................... Canned............................. Cured...................... ......... Oysters______________ _______ Other sea food_______________ 1 N o. N o. N o. 57 7 0 30 13 4 103 155 12 27 32 2 36 54 7 40 69 3 All fam ilies Lb. Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Un der $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over Lb. Lb. Lb. 0.923 0.803 0.987 1.181 .328 .263 .375 .426 .012 .006 .015 .027 .046 .059 .048 0 .256 .248 .266 .260 .050 .029 .053 .114 .028 .031 .026 .023 .066 .121 .016 .045 .100 .022 .064 .134 .006 Average expenditure per person in 1 week Economic level—Families spending per expenditure All fam unit per year ilies Un $400 $600 der to and $400 $600 over C t. C t. C t. C t. 26.2 20.2 27.7 34.0 12.0 9.3 13.9 16.8 1.7 .2 .6 1.0 .8 .9 .8 0 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.8 1.0 .5 1.0 2.2 .7 .8 .8 .4 .138 .170 .023 2,745 2,179 2,970 4,086 1.7 4.2 .3 1.2 3.2 .5 1.8 4.8 .1 3.4 5.8 .6 68.8 49.9 77.6 107.8 110 92 33 59 55 10 41 10 8 11 7 24 0 81 18 6 43 19 4 132 28 13 21 32 38 16 15 27 5 20 2 4 7 2 5 0 27 8 4 9 1 4 52 9 6 8 51 38 8 30 19 4 19 6 2 3 2 11 0 33 7 1 23 11 0 57 13 5 5 .167 .106 .205 .276 27 .128 .113 .144 .139 16 .053 .053 .024 .128 9 .204 .121 .275 .308 14 .188 .210 . 154 .198 9 .032 .030 .040 .014 1 2 .074 .070 .101 .020 2 .017 .009 .030 .014 2 .013 .017 .005 .017 1 .009 .013 .004 .006 .007 .002 .012 .010 3 8 .008 .002 .010 .026 0 0 0 0 0 21 .098 .072 .110 .157 .067 .055 .080 .073 3 .008 .011 0 1 .017 .049 .023 .076 .070 11 .065 .007 .100 .175 7 .008 .016 0 0 0 23 .158 .131 .191 .169 .083 .053 .105 .128 6 2 .037 .052 .022 .026 .032 .032 .010 .085 8 5.1 3.6 1.1 5.3 3.7 .7 1.5 .3 .2 .1 .2 .4 0 2.8 1.4 .1 1.6 1.7 .1 4.7 2.2 .9 1.0 28 18 77 12 10 9 25 5 10 7 36 3 8 2 16 4 6 171 133 13 44 15 26 21 13 0 4 0 71 50 1 20 4 3 3 2 0 0 0 66 53 9 13 4 15 11 4 0 2 0 34 30 3 11 7 8 7 7 0 2 161 32 5 21 20 70 10 3 5 6 61 15 1 9 6 30 7 1 7 8 3.1 2.4 3.2 5.2 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.0 2.4 1.7 3.2 2.4 .6 .5 .5 1.2 9. 2 7 9 9.1 13.2 0 0 0 0 3.7 3.6 3.7 4.4 3.8 3.2 4.0 5.1 .3 0) .4 .7 1.0 .9 .8 1.6 .4 .2 .2 1.4 2.2 .4 3.7 4.4 2.2 .6 3.4 4.3 1.3 .4 1.0 5.0 0 0 0 0 .4 0 .7 .7 7.3 5.9 6.8 12.6 5.2 4.7 5.0 7.4 .6 .3 .7 1.1 .1 .1 (0 .1 .8 .4 . 7 2.2 .6 .4 .4 1.8 Less than 0:05 cent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. 638- N o. 268 102 109 20 3 10 31 19 12 208 92 86 43 14 16 14 6 4 Average quantity pur chased per person in 1 week .120 .091 .128 .201 .065 .067 .067 .055 .088 .068 .116 .086 .023 .021 .016 .046 .270 .250 .255 .370 0 0 0 0 .139 .139 .133 .154 .068 .057 .072 .096 .007 (*) .012 .016 .043 .045 .030 .069 .013 .009 .008 .035 .078 .020 .124 .159 .070 .021 .108 .141 .044 .014 .035 .166 0 0 0 0 .013 0 .026 .023 .469 .429 .397 .783 .356 .358 .317 .445 .027 .016 .035 .046 .007 .010 .002 .009 .051 .022 .027 .210 .028 .023 .016 .073 * Less than 0.0005 pound. 3.0 3.0 1.1 3.0 4.2 .6 1.3 .1 .2 .2 .1 .1 0 2.0 1.1 .2 .8 .2 .2 3.7 1.5 1.3 .9 6.3 4.3 .6 7.2 2.8 .9 2.1 .6 .1 .1 .2 .6 0 3.0 1.5 0 2.4 2.6 0 5.7 2.6 .5 .4 8.9 4.1 2.7 8.4 4.0 .4 .4 .2 .4 .1 .5 1.2 0 5.0 1.8 .3 2.5 4.4 0 5.4 3.6 .6 2.9 307 TABULAR SUMMARY T able 7.— Food used at home and purchased for consumption at home during 1 week in spring quarter, by economic level— C ontinued BALTIM O RE , M D .— W H ITE FAM ILIES—Continued Item F o o d U sed at H o m e an d P u rch a sed fo r C o n s u m p tio n at H o m e in 1 W e e k —Continued Vegetables and fruits, total______ Potatoes_________ _____________ Sweetpotatoes, yams___________ Dried legumes and nuts, total __ Dried corn__________________ Beans: Dry_________________ Canned, dried________ Baked, hot canned___ Peas: Black-eyed____ _______ Other................................ Nuts: Shelled................ .......... In shell_______________ Peanut butter-----------------------Other dried legumes and nuts Tomatoes: Fresh_____________ _ Canned....................... Juice........................... Sauce, paste............ . Green and leafy vegetables, total. Brussels sprouts........ ............. . Cabbage_____________________ Sauerkraut_____________ ___ Collards...................................... Kale.. ......................................... Lettuce_______ _______ _____ _ Spinach: Fresh.......... .............. . Canned ................. . Other leafy vegetables........... Asparagus: F resh.................... Canned........... ....... Lima beans: Fresh.............. Canned_________ Beans, snap (string): Fresh__ Canned. Broccoli...____ ______________ Peas: Fresh______ ___________ Canned_______________ Peppers________ ____________ Okra________________________ Yellow vegetables, total______ Carrots___ _________ _______ Winter squash and pumpkin. Other vegetables, total_______ _ Beets: Fresh_________________ Canned_______ ____ _ Cauliflower................................. Celery___ ____ _______ ______ Com: On ear_____ __________ Canned_______________ Cucumber________ __________ Eggplant..................................... Onions: Mature............. ......... Spring.......................... Parsnips.................................... . Summer squash......................... White turnips........................... Yellow turnips, rutabaga........ Other vegetables........................ Pickles and olives____________ Citrus fruits, total_______ _____ Lemons..................................... Oranges____________ ____ ___ Grapefruit: Fresh..................... Canned__________ Number of families using in 1 week Average quantity pur chased per person in 1 week Economic level—Fami lies spending All per expendi fam ture unit per year ilies Un $400 $600 der to and $400 $600 over All fam ilies N o. N o. N o. Lb. Un der $400 $400 to $600 $600 and over Lb. Lb. Lb. 292 119 118 8 19 40 55 13 0 65 26 2 5 5 1 2 20 0 34 12 2 4 3 0 0 12 0 26 12 0 1 1 0 1 7 0 5 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 122 153 23 22 36 70 5 13 51 58 9 4 35 25 9 5 13 129 53 0 20 194 122 12 1 65 18 19 15 90 26 4 55 119 14 1 3 58 29 0 8 66 43 4 1 20 5 10 6 30 6 0 13 51 4 0 7 50 17 0 10 80 54 7 0 32 9 3 7 40 12 2 29 49 3 1 3 21 7 0 2 48 25 1 0 13 4 6 2 20 8 2 13 19 7 0 142 0 46 0 63 0 33 33 15 16 142 1 119 30 8 217 18 3 0 9 5 19 15 6 4 36 0 46 9 2 87 5 2 0 5 3 6 10 7 6 66 1 45 12 3 83 10 0 0 4 1 10 8 2 6 40 0 28 9 3 47 3 1 0 0 1 3 9. 850 2.975 .123 . 142 0 .076 .031 .002 .004 .005 (2) .002 .021 . 001 .222 .327 .055 .019 1.677 .032 .482 . 109 0 .025 . 182 .150 .015 (2) .075 .018 .022 .017 .171 .050 .006 .122 .190 .009 .002 . 185 .185 0 1.029 .043 .019 .015 .145 .005 .176 .046 .016 .475 .027 .007 0 .021 .019 .015 65 235 78 6 20 84 16 0 26 97 38 3 19 54 24 3 1.110 .713 1.275 .085 .062 .092 .787 .550 .865 .231 .101 .308 .010 .007 0 1 Less than 0.05 cent. Notes on this table are in appendix A, p. — N o. Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Average expenditure per person in 1 week All fam ilies Economic level— Families spending per expenditure unit per year Un $400 $600 der to and $400 $600 over C t. 8. 240 10.622 13.319 2.836 3.110 3. ]08 .047 .148 .316 . 157 . 141 .090 0 0 0 .092 .075 .023 .029 .039 .017 .005 0 0 .007 .001 0 .007 .002 .006 0 .003 0 .003 .006 0 .017 .019 .035 0 .002 0 . 146 .258 .390 .346 .281 .375 .021 .052 .174 .025 .012 .015 1.455 1.810 2.101 .021 .045 .041 .492 .477 .463 .115 .089 .138 0 0 0 .030 .025 .009 .142 .196 .281 .104 .184 .223 .012 .025 .003 .001 0 0 .052 .086 .128 .007 .028 .028 .026 .004 .056 .018 .017 .014 .142 .183 .240 .032 .045 .123 .009 .016 0 .076 .166 .161 . 179 .219 .152 .006 .007 .025 .005 0 0 . 122 .233 .276 .122 .233 .276 0 0 0 .811 1.094 1.582 .041 .030 .082 .020 .020 .014 .007 .016 .041 .075 .176 .297 .014 0 0 .146 .192 .236 .032 .042 .098 .008 .011 .055 .401 .494 .675 .012 .047 .026 .008 0 .017 0 0 0 .025 .025 0 .027 .003 .029 .009 .024 .012 C t. 54.4 40.7 7.8 7.3 .4 .2 1.1 1.4 0 0 .6 .7 .2 .2 (0 0) .1 0) .1 C1) 0 (l) 0 C1) .3 .3 (l) 0 2.3 1.2 2.3 2.4 .2 .5 .3 .2 12. 8 9. 9 .1 .2 1.6 1.6 .7 .6 0 0 .2 .2 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.0 1 1 C1) C1) .8 1.3 .1 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 1.2 1.0 .4 .2 .1 0 .4 .8 1.9 1.7 .1 .1 0 0) .6 1.1 .6 1.1 0 0 7.3 4.9 .2 .3 .2 .2 .1 .3 1.4 .6 .1 0 1.7 1.4 .2 .4 .1 .1 1.8 1.4 .1 .1 0) 0) 0 0 .i .1 .i .1 .i .1 .6 .3 2.032 7.7 4.6 .144 .4 .7 1.390 5.7 3.7 .477 1.2 .5 .021 .1 0 2 Less than 0.0005 pound. C t. C t. 61. 5 8.3 .5 1.2 0 .6 .3 .0 0) 0) 0 0) .3 (i) 2.8 2.1 .5 .2 14.8 .2 1.5 .5 0 .3 2.3 1.9 .2 0 1.7 .5 .1 .2 1. 4 .4 .1 1.2 2.2 .1 0) 1.4 1.4 0 8.2 .2 .2 .3 1.7 .1 1.9 .4 .1 2.0 .3 0 0 .1 0) .2 .7 9.
@FedFRASER