Full text of Mobility of Molders and Coremakers, 1940-1952: A Study of the Work Experience, Training, and Personal Characteristics of Workers in a Skilled Occupation : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 1162

The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.

MOBILITY OF
MOLDERS AND
COREMAKERS
1940-1952

UN ITED
Jam es

STATES

DEPARTMENT

P. M itc h e ll,

OF

LABOR

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Secretary




Ewan Clagua, Commitiioner

B ulletin

No.

1162




MOBILITY of
MOLDERS and
COREMAKERS
1 9 4 0 -1 9 5 2

A Study of th e W o r k E x p e r ie n c e / T rain in g,
and P e rso n a l C h aracteristics of W o r k e r s
in a Skilled O ccu p a tion

B ulletin N o. 1162

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
James P. Mitchell, Secretary
BUREAU

or

L A B O R STATISTICS

S w a n Clasvo, Commissioner


http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
For Baleby the Superintendent of Document!, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington 25, D. C.
Price 60 cents
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Letter of Transmittal

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
Bureau of Labor Statistics ,
Washington, D . C . , June 4, 1954.

The Secretary of Labor:
I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the mobility
of molders and corem akers. This report is the third of a series
of pilot studies covering the work experience, m obility, training,
and personal characteristics of workers in occupations vital in
defense mobilization. It evaluates the findings of the study in
term s of their significance for manpower planning in a m obili­
zation period.
The Department of the A ir Force financed this study as part
of a general program of developing systematic methods of deter­
mining the manpower feasibility of m ilitary program s. The re­
search findings of this report however, are the exclusive
responsibility of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The study was conducted in the Bureau1s Division of Man­
power and Employment Statistics under the supervision of
Richard H. Lew is. The report was prepared by Abraham
Blue stone and Sol Swerdloff.
The Bureau wishes to acknowledge the generous assistance
and cooperation received in connection with this study from
officials of other government agencies, trade associations, labor
unions, and the 200 industrial firm s from whose payrolls the
workers interviewed were selected. The Bureau wishes to ex­
p ress its deep appreciation to the 1,800 molders and coremakers
who gave their time and cooperation in furnishing the essential
data from which this report was prepared.

Ewan Clague, Com m issioner

Hon. James P. M itchell,
Secretary of Labor.




CONTENTS
Introduction...............................

1

Summary

4

.............................................................................

Some manpower i m p lic a t io n s ...................................
Labor market environment
of m olders and corem akers
.......................................................
Nature of the occupation.......................................................... . .
Types of foundries.............................................................................
Economic conditions of the period
covered by the s u r v e y ...................................................................
Trade u n i o n s ......................................................................................
Findings ..........................
Personal c h a r a c te r is tic s ................ „ .................. . . . . . .
Factors related to entry into m o l d i n g ...................................
Attitudes of m olders toward the o c c u p a tio n ........................
Nature and duration of t r a in i n g ...................................................
M o b i l i t y .................................................. . ; ...................................
Movement in and out of the o c c u p a tio n ............................
Movement between e m p lo y e r s..............................................
Factors affecting movement between
em p loyers......................................................................................
Movement between geographic a r e a s ...............................
Worker motivation in changing j o b s ...................................

13

21
21
23
24
24
26
26
30
33
35
38
38
40
43
48
50

Methodology of the s u r v e y ...................................................................
Scope of s u r v e y ......................................................
The s a m p l e ..........................................................................................
W orkers interviewed ......................................................................
Data collection m e t h o d s ....................^........................................
Types of movement a n a ly z e d .......................................................
Measurement of movement and factors
related to it . . . . ......................................................................
Statistical relia b ility.
Limitations of the s t u d y ...............................................................

57
57
57
59
61
61

A p p en d ixes..................................................................................................
A . Statistical n o t e ..........................................................................
B . Job descriptions . . ...............................................................
C. Questionnaires used in the s u r v e y ...................................
Individual worker interview questionnaire ....................
Establishment information q u e s tio n n a ir e ....................
D. Machine tabulation form s used in the survey . . . .
Basic card prepared for each w o r k e r .......................
E xcess card prepared for each job c h a n g e ................
E.
T a b l e s ..........................................................................................

69
69
80
84
84
85
89
89
90
91




iii

64
66
66

T EX T TA B LES
1.

Union affiliation of foundries employing
interviewed m olders and corem akers,
January-March 1952 ...............................................................

25

2. Distribution of m olders and corem akers
by age and by city of employment,
February-M arch 1952 ...........................................................

27

3. Distribution of m olders and corem akers
by time in labor force prior to entering
foundry work, and by r a c e ...................................................

32

4. F irst foundry job of m olders and core­
m akers, by year of entry into foundry work . . . .

34

5.

Opinions of m olders and corem akers about
the occupation as a career for young men,
by race
.........................................

34

6. Distribution of m olders and coremakers
by race and method of q u alification ...............................

36

7. Rate of job changing of m olders and core­
m akers, by year of changes, 1940-52 ........................

42

8.

9.
10.

Job changes by age of m olders and core­
makers at time of survey ........................................... ...

44

Job changes of molders and corem akers
by age at time of change, 1940-52 .................... ...

46

Job changes of m olders and corem akers
by nature of change and reason for
leaving, 1940-52

52

11. Reasons given by m olders and corem akers for
taking new job s, 1940-52

55

A P P EN D IX TABLES
E -1 .

E -2

E -3 .

Calculation of estimated separation of
m olders and corem akers because of
retirement or death, 1952-62
Distribution of m olders and corem akersj
by city and race, February-M arch 1952

91

. . . .

92

Educational level of m olders and co re m ak er^b y age, February-M arch 1952. . . . . .

93




iv

Opinions of m olders and coremakers
about the occupation as a career for young
men, by educational l e v e l ...........................................

94

Method of qualification of Negro m olders
and molders of Mexican extraction by
year of q u a lific a tio n ...................................................

95

Distribution of job changes by m olders and
corem akers making specified number of
changes; 1940-52 . . . . ..............................................

95

Time as journeymen.spent in plants of
qualification, by year of qualification....................

96

Job changes of m olders and corem akers,
by homeowner ship at time of change, 1940-52

.

97

Duration of jobs of m olders and coremakers
which were terminated during period, by
seniority coverage of job, 1940-52 ........................

97

Duration of jobs of m olders and corem akers,
1 94 0-5 2, by nature of job t e r m i n a t i o n ................

98

Distribution of m olders and corem akers by
metals worked with, 1940-52 ....................................

98

Location of training of m olders and core­
m akers by city of employment, Feb ruaryMarch 1952 ........................................................................

99

Job changes of m olders and corem akers
involving changes in geographic area,
by .marital status at time of change, 1940-52 . .

100

Job changes of m olaers and coremakers
involving changes in geographic area, by
homeownership at time of change, 1940-52 . . .

100

Distribution of m olders and corem akers in
foundries surveyed, by city of employment^
February-M arch 1 9 5 2 ............ .............................. .. . .

101




CHARTS
1.

Distribution of molder employment, 1952 ........................

3

2. More than half the workers did not change jobs . . . .

4

3. Younger molder s were m ore mobile than older men .

5

4.

5.

Seniority provisions were a prominent factor in jobs
of longer duration...................................................................

6

The rate of job changing varied widely during the
12-year p e r i o d ......................................................................

7

6. A lm ost half the m olders entered the trade because
of the influence of fam ily or friends . . . . . . . .
7.

Molders and corem akers are an older group than
skilled workers as a w h o le ...............................................

8. M ore than one-third of the m olders had been
working on the same job longer than ten years
9. Geographic mobility was affected by marital status
and by home o w n e r s h ip ..............................................




. .

11

13
40

50

The Mobility of Molders and Coremakers
In tr o d u c t io n

Mobilization planning for the effective utilization of manpower
requires extensive information on the Nation‘ s resources in critical
key occupations. Manpower policies in a mobilization period should
be designed to provide for a flow of workers whose skills are in
short supply into essential activities as well as to supplement the
number of workers possessing these skills. Such policies should be
based on knowledge of the pattern of movement of workers from job
to job and of worker motivation in changing jobs. Plans for setting
up training program s can be guided by data on how the workers in
the occupation qualified for their jobs and on the lower skilled occu­
pations from which these trainees may be drawn. When related to
estim ates of manpower requirements in particular occupations under
mobilization conditions such information can aid in determining how
many workers must be trained. A thorough understanding of the
nature of our resources in key skilled occupations is also essential
in balancing the requirements of the. Arm ed F orces ag&ihst the re­
quirements for defense production and essential civilian activities
and in formulating policies governing Selective Service deferments
or reserve callups of workers in these occupations.
To provide information on these and other factors related to
the measurement and utilization of the Nationrs occupational resou rces,
the Bureau of Labor Statistics has undertaken a series of pilot studies
covering the work experience, training, personal characteristics, and
mobility of workers in occupations particularly vital in a defense
mobilization period. Funds for these studies have been provided by
the Department of the Air F orce.
This report presents the results of
the third of these studies, on the occupation of hand molder and core­
maker. The first and second studies covered tool and die m akers
and electronic technicians respectively. 1
The occupation of handmolding and coremaking was selected for
study because of its importance during a mobilization period. Hand
m olders and corem akers are among the highest skilled workers in the
—/ The Mobility of Tool and Die M akers, 1940-1951, Bulletin
No. 1120, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
November 1952; The Mobility of Electronic Technicians, 19401952, Bulletin No. 1150, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics' 1953.




(1)

-2 -

foundry process. Foundries are particularly essential to an in­
dustrial economy under mobilization conditions. They produce
metal form s, or "c a s t in g s ," by pouring molten metal into specially
designed form s made by m olders and corem akers. The process of
casting is one of the oldest of the basic metalworking techniques.
Castings are basic components of metalworking machinery, including
such important types as machine tools and forging p re sse s; they are
used extensively in tanks and other ordnance item s.
Hand m olders and coremakers make various kinds and sizes of
sand form s. Molders prepare the hollow form s (molds) into which
metal is poured and allowed to solidify, forming a casting. Core­
makers make the bodies of sand, called cores, used to form hollows
or holes in castings. Earnings of qualified workers are on a par
with those of other skilled workers in the metalworking trades.
In early 1952 it was estimated that about 40, 500 hand m olders
and 22, 000 hand corem akers were employed in some 5, 500 foundries.
About 1, 500 of these establishments were "cap tive" foundries; that
is , they were, departments of, or wholly owned subsidiaries of, other
establishments and directed m ore than half their output to the parent
company rather than to outside custom ers. The remaining 4, 000
establishments were independent foundries; they produce castings on
order from outside custom ers. Foundries may also be classified
with respect to the prim ary metal cast. The major m etals are gray
iron, steel, and malleable iron, comprising the ferrous group; and
copper, aluminum, and magnesium, comprising the nonferrous
group. In addition there are a number of minor m etals, particularly
in the nonferrous group.
Gray iron foundries are the m ost important c la ss; they employ
alm ost half of the Nationls hand m olders and corem akers. A lm ost
one-fifth of them work in steel foundries, and le s s than 5 percent
are in malleable iron shops. About three-tenths of the workers are
employed in nonferrous foundries. Every State has some foundries,
but m ost m olders2 work in the important industrial areas of the
Midwestern and Northeastern States. Ohio, Pennsylvania, and
Illinois together account for 35 percent of molder employment. Large
concentrations of these workers are also found in such metalworking
areas as Michigan, New York, Indiana, and California.
—/ The term * m older" used in this report denotes both molders
and corem akers. These workers are occasionally referred to as
" m e n ," although 19 women coremakers were included. S e e p . 60.




-3 -

The present study is based on an analysis of the work histories
of 1, 800 m olders and corem akers who were interviewed in early 1952.
Each worker furnished a complete work history for the period
January 1940 to February 1952 as well as pertinent parts of his prior
work history and training. Additional specific aspects of his personal
history were also obtained from each worker.
The workers to be interviewed were selected from the payroll
records of 195 foundries located in 8 cities which are important metal~
working centers. These plants were so chosen that the selected
workers would reflect the national distribution of m olders among
various types of foundries. These men were then interviewed by field
representatives of the Bureau of Labor Statistics using a questionnaire
form especially designed for the survey. In addition to data obtained
from the individual w orkers, another questionnaire was filled out for
each plant, providing information on hiring and training practices of
the firm and the details of the work performed by its staff of m olders.

Chart 1. Distribution of Molder Employment
1952

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAUOF LABORSTATISTICS




-4-

Sum m ary
F rom the viewpoint of m obility, the two outstanding features of
the work histories of m olders and corem akers interviewed were their
strong attachment to their employers,* to the occupation, and to the
areas in which they worked, and on the other hand, the fact that the
m olders who did change jobs were able to shift freely among the
various types of foundries. L ess than half of the 1,800 m olders and
corem akers interviewed had changed jobs between 1940 and 1952.
M oreover, those workers who had changed jobs averaged only two
such changes each. Even this limited number of job changes some­
what over states the mobility of these w orkers, ‘since a small
number of workers had accounted for a large proportion of the job
changes; 34 percent of all the job changes was made by only 6 per­
cent of the w orkers, who changed jobs five or m ore tim es.
The extent or rate of job changing, or any other aspect of the
labor market behavior of a group of workers during a particular

Chart 2. More Than Half the Workers Did Not Change Jobs
Percent of Workers Making Specified Number of Employer Changes
1 9 4 0 -1 9 5 2

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

BUREAUOf LABORSTATISTICS




-5 -

Chart 3. Younger Molders Were More Mobile Than Older Men
Job Changes Per M an-Year Worked, 1 9 4 0 -1 9 5 2

AGE GROUP

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

p e rio d is m eaningful only when coupled with know ledge of the w o r k e r s 1
p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , how they lea rn ed the tr a d e , and their in s ti­
tutional and e con om ic en viron m en t. The m e r e m e a s u r e m e n t of
m o b ility r a te s w a s, th e r e fo r e , only one o b jec tiv e of this study. The
w o rk h is to r ie s and p e rso n a l back groun ds of the m en in terview ed w e r e
an a ly zed in o rd e r to develop a b ro a d e r understanding of the p attern s
of m o b ility which the su rv ey r e v e a le d .
T h is in v estig a tio n showed that the r e la tiv e im m o b ility of
m o ld e r s could be explained in la r g e p a rt in te r m s of th eir p e rso n a l
and status c h a r a c t e r is t ic s . A g e and m o b ility w ere found to be c lo s e ly
r e la te d ; o ld er w o rk ers w ere r e la tiv e ly l e s s m o b ile than younger m en .
W hen the w o r k e r s w ere grouped b y the a g e s at which they changed
jo b s , it w as found that m o r e than tw ice a s m an y job changes p e r m a n y e a r w e re m ade when m o ld e r s w e r e under 35 y e a r s as when they
w e r e 50 y e a r s or o ld e r . A low m o b ility rate could thus be expected
am ong hand m o ld e r s and c o r e m a k e r s sin ce they w e r e c o m p a r a tiv e ly
an o ld e r group than m o s t sk illed w o r k e r s . T h eir a v e r a g e age w as
48 and th ere w ere as m any m en 60 y e a r s and ov er a s th ere w e re
under 35 y e a r s .
H o m e ow nership w as another strong fa c to r a ffectin g m o v em en t
betw een e m p lo y e r s . H o m eo w n ers w ere found to be l e s s m o b ile , even
after discounting the age fa c to r . M en who did not own th eir h om es
had changed jo b s about 50 p e rc e n t m o r e often than did h o m e o w n e rs.




- 6

Many personal characteristics such as race, nativity, and educational
level, however, had little apparent effect on the rate at which m olders
moved between employers.
Because the labor market environment significantly affects the
behavior of w orkers, the relationship between certain institutional
features of the labor market for m olders and the mobility of m olders
was examined. Seniority was one important characteristic which
apparently affected the tendency of m olders.to change jobs. Seniority
arrangements in foundries were wide sp read --alm o st 80 percent of
the molders interviewed reported their current jobs were covered
by seniority provisions. The effect of seniority program s appeared
to be to increase the average duration of<jobs held by m olders.
Furtherm ore, a sm aller proportion of jobs covered by seniority
plans were terminated by quits.
Other institutional aspects of foundry employment did not appear
to offer serious obstacles to job changes by m olders. Although
generally assumed by those fam iliar with foundries that the transfer
of workers between the various types of foundries might be lim ited,
the study showed that 4 out of 5 m olders who had changed jobs from
Chart 4. Seniority Provisions Were a Prominent Factor
in Jobs of Longer Duration
Percent
DURATION OF JOR

Less than 1 Year

1 Year - 2 Years

2.1 Years- 5 Years

5.1 Years - K) Years

More than 10 Years

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS




Jebs Covered
by Seniority

Jobs Not Covered
by Seniority

-7-

Chart 5. The Rate of Job Changing Varied Widely
During the 12-Year Period
S h ift s P s r M o n - Y s a r W o r k .d

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

I n c l u d e s f i r s t t w o m o n t h s o f 19 5 2

1940 to 1952 had worked with more than one kind of metal and that
almost half of the workers who changed jobs had worked in both
captive and independent shops.
Shifting of molders from one foundry to another may also entail
moves between plants organized by different unions or between
unionized and nonunionized plants. In this respect also, molders who
changed jobs apparently encountered no difficulties. Of those who
changed jobs, three-fifths had shifted between plants organized by
different unions, or between unionized and nonunionized plants.




-8-

The impact of changes in general economic and labor market
conditions on mobility was reflected in the wide fluctuations in the
rate of job movement during the 12 years covered by the survey.
Taken as a whole, the period was characterized by high levels of
employment and ample job opportunities. Nevertheless, there
were considerable fluctuations in foundry activity and general
economic conditions from 1940 to 1952. The rate of job changing
also varied widely; the highest annual rate of job movement in
this period was double the lowest rate. Fluctuations in the rate of
job changing and in the proportion which was voluntary closely
paralled changes in foundry activity.
The motivations which impel molders to change jobs are im­
portant to both manpower planners and to employers who are
either trying to attract new workers or to retain their current
staffs. Explanations given by these workers indicate that they
were concerned primarily with direct financial improvement.
Almost half the quits made from 1940 to 1952 were for monetary
considerations; either because the worker felt his current
earnings fell below his minimum standards or because even if
they did meet his minimum earning standards, he could make
more money elsewhere. About one-quarter of the voluntary job
terminations were due to other job-connected reasons such as
working conditions, personal relationships on the job, and plant
location.
Mobilization planning may also involve consideration of the
problems arising from varying rates of expansion among foundries
in different areas of the United States. The possibility of meeting
the needs of rapidly expanding areas by the voluntary shifting of
molders and coremakers appears to be limited. Only 10 percent
of the 1,800 workers changed their cities of employment during the
1 2 -year period and 80 percent of this small number made but one
or two such changes. This low rate of job shifting between geographic
areas appears to be related closely to family status and home owner­
ship. Unmarried molders moved 50 percent more often than
married molders, and nonhomeowngrs were three times as mobile
as homeowners. Examination of the early work histories of the
men interviewed showed that geographic immobility was not typical
of 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 5 2 only. About three-fourths of the workers had been
trained in the cities in which they were working when interviewed
and most of the men who had moved into the survey cities had made
moves covering short distances, mostly from the immediately sur­
rounding States. The likelihood of successfully directing the move­
ment of molders between geographic areas is even smaller than
indicated by the above facts. Although direct economic considerations
played a dominant role in most job shifts, personal reasons were




-9-

the most important factors in job transfers between areas. Such
changes, therefore, were less likely to be affected by any program
of job-connected incentives.
One of the important findings of the survey was that molders
are a stable occupational group. More than half of the 1, 800
workers interviewed started their working lives in foundries and
four-fifths of the workers were in foundry jobs within the first
5 years of their working lives. Once having moved into this field
of work and having become qualified molders, they seldom left the
occupation. Only about 15 percent of the workers interviewed had
worked in an occupation other than molding during the 12-year
period; of those who had, nearly all reported just one period of
employment in other fields. In all, only about 3 percent of the time
these men spent in the labor force between 1940 and 1952 was in
jobs other than molding.
The low rate of occupational movement by molders can be
explained partly by the personal backgrounds of the workers. The
survey showed that 15 percent of the men interviewed had not gone
beyond the fourth grade and about two-thirds had not gone beyond
the eighth grade. About one-third of the group was foreign born.
In addition, 7 percent were Negroes, and 4 percent were of
Mexican extraction. For these workers, molding apparently offered
a good "c a re e r" opportunity; a chance of becoming a member of a
skilled trade group. The limited occupational mobility of molders
can also be explained by the fact that there was little opportunity
for these men to change to other fields of employment at the same
skill level. Few of them had valuable secondary skills which could
be used in jobs outside molding; practically all the jobs held by
molders in other fields of work were in occupations less skilled (and
probably lower paid) than molding.
Another factor bearing on the likelihood of shifts^by molders
to other occupations is the large "investment" of time and effort
required to learn the trade. Almost three-fifths of the men inter­
viewed had learned the trade through apprenticeships, usually
lasting 4 years. Even of the men who qualified without apprentice­
ship, almost 60 percent required two or more years to learn the
trade.
Considerable variation in the duration of training was reported
by the molders and coremakers interviewed. As mentioned above,
most of the apprentice-trained molders had relatively long periods
of training, during which they learned all aspects of the trade. In
contrast, only 5 percent of the non-apprentice-trained molders had




-10-

any formal training. Most of them had simply "picked up" the
trade while working in foundries, generally as a molderls helper
and sometimes as a laborer. The non-apprenticed workers re­
ported learning the trade in relatively short periods as compared
with apprentice-trained workers. More than 40 percent of the
non-apprenticed molders reported learning periods of 2 years or
less. Inasmuch as it is generally held that a 3- to 4-year training
period is desirable and almost necessary to produce an all-round
skilled journeyman molder, the ease with which men with short
and haphazard training have become "hand m olders" suggests
strongly the existence of various skill requirements for men
working as hand molders. A review of changing foundry manpower
practices and technology supports this probability.
During the past two decades, casting output per molder has
increased tremendously. This has been accomplished largely by
simplification of the molding p rocess.3 As a consequence, many
foundries employ molders who do not perform the full range of
duties of a hand mechanic but who specialize in a limited range of
operations. Much foundry work, however, still requires the skill
of the all-round molder. These variations in skill requirements
indicate that molders and coremakers are not a homogeneous
group with respect to skill level. Upward movement along the
skill ladder in this occupation, therefore, is possible for a man
even after he has nominally qualified as a journeyman molder.
Thus, many workers are able to get jobs as molders after brief
"learning" periods and to continue to learn the trade while em­
ployed as hand molders.
The workers were asked why they entered this trade. The
reason most commonly reported was by the example or influence
of family and friends. The importance of this factor is seen from
the fact that two-fifths of the men reported that close relatives
worked in foundries. Family relationships have also been a factor
in determining how a worker qualified as a molder. Those men
whose relatives were foundry workers qualified more often through
apprenticeship than did men who had no relatives working in foundries.

U One of the principal factors in the increased output of
foundries has been the mechanization of foundries, particularly
the extensive use of molding machines. The transfer of much of
the molding work from hand molders to machine operators has
characterized this trend. It must be emphasized that machine
molders were specifically excluded from the present study. The
discussion of the wide range of skill levels found among the workers
interviewed applies to hand molders and coremakers only.




-11-

In recent years the proportion of new entrants to molding
who are Negroes or of Mexican extraction has increased sharply.
Although these two groups constituted only 11 percent of the men
interviewed, over one-third of those qualifying as molders in the
post-World War II period have been Negroes or of Mexican ex­
traction. This development may be partly attributable to the
nature of the occupation.
Although hand molders and coremakers are among the
highest paid foundry workers, with earnings on a par with those
of other metal trades workers, there are features of this occu­
pation which make it less desirable than other crafts. The job of
molding often involves heavy, dirty work. In the past, working
conditions have not been particularly favorable, but in recent
years working conditions in foundries have generally improved.
Chart 6 . Almost Half the Molders Entered the Trade
Because of the Influence of Family or Friends
P e rce n t o f W o r k e r s
M ASO N

G IV E N F O R

E N T E R IN G
In f lu e n c e

TRA D E

o f F a m ily

o r F r ie n d s

B a s t o r O n ly

Jo b

A v a ila b le

W ages

o r Im p ro v e ­

m e n t o f S ta tu s

J o b li

T r a in in g

O p p o rtu n ity

W a s O ffe re d

M is c e lla n e o u s

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS




G iv in g

S p e c ific

R e a s o n s f o r E n t e r in g

T ra d e

-1 2 -

The attitudes of molders themselves about the desirability
of the occupation is indicated by their responses when asked if
they would recommend the trade as a career for young men.
More than half said they would not recommend it and 30 percent
of those who responded affirmatively qualified their recommen­
dations in some manner such as "y e s, but it is hard and d irty,"
"y e s, if it paid better. " It is noteworthy that the proportion of
positive recommendations was especially high for workers with
few years of schooling, those who did not serve apprenticeships,
those of Mexican extraction, and among Negroes.




-13-

Some Manpower Implications
Molders and coremakers are of key importance during a
mobilization period because of their role in the strategic foundry
industry. Large volumes of castings are required for ordnance,
tanks, and other military items as well as for machine tools and
other production machinery. During World War II, shortages of
these workers were acute, and extensive recruiting campaigns
were undertaken to meet needs for workers in this occupation.
Following the outbreak of Korean hostilities, these skilled workers
were again in short supply and the occupation was included on the
Department of Labor1s List of Critical Occupations. 4 In the event
of a recurrence of full mobilization, the sharp increase in the
demand for castings for military production would again create
Chart 7.

Molders and Coremakers Are an Older Group
Than Skilled Workers as a Whole

P e rc e n t o f W o rk e rs
in E a c h A g e G r o u p

sor

MEDIAN AGE

and Under

and Qver
AGE G RO U PS

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

SOURCE". Molders and coremakers from this study.
Skilled workers include craftsmen, foremen, and kindred
workers: as reported in the U.S. Census of Population 1950,
U. S. Summary, Detailed Characteristics, Bulletin P-CI,
Washington: Bureau of the Census 1953, Table 127, P. 1-273.

1 / At the beginning of 1954, molders were no longer in short
supply.



-14-

shortages of molders and coremakers. Because of the vital role of
these workers in defense production and the probability of future
shortages, problems of training, recruitment, mobility, and obli­
gations for military service are important to industry and to the
Government agencies responsible for planning effective manpower
utilization.
What types of information are available from this study to
help meet some of these mobilization manpower problems? The
study provides data on the supply of molders and coremakers and
in conjunction with data on mobilization* requirements permits an
evaluation of the adequacy of this supply. It indicates some of the
steps which might be taken to maintain an adequate and flexible
nucleus of skilled workers and to supplement this group with lesser
skilled workers. The findings of the study also show the extent
to which molders shift from job to job, and indicate how such
m ovement can be directed to the plants which are essential
during mobilization.
The study provides some information on the requirements
for new workers in the trade. Survey data on the age distribution
of molders and coremakers were used in conjunction with specific
death and retirement rates (Table E -l) to make estimates of the
number of such workers who will leave the labor force because of
death or retirement. On the basis of these calculations it is esti­
mated that almost 9, 000 molders and coremakers will die or
retire in the next 5 years, and the estimate for the next 10 years
is about 18, 000. This very high death and retirement loss is due
to the large proportion of molders and coremakers in the older
age groups; more than one-third of the molders and coremakers
interviewed were 55 years of age or older. New workers alsb^
will be needed to replace those journeymen who leave the occu­
pation for other fields of work. The nature of this study does not
permit a precise estimate of the size of this group, but some men
unquestionably drift out of the trade, and allowance must be made
for these workers in estimating losses to the occupation.
Losses to the Armed Forces must also be considered in pro­
jecting replacement needs. If policies governing callups for
military service in a future mobilization period are similar to
those in effect during World War II, however, losses of molders
and coremakers to the Armed Forces will be small. Only 20
percent of the molders and coremakers studied were less than 35
years of age and therefore in the age groups most susceptible to
military service. Furthermore, three-fourths of the men under




-15-

3 5 y e a r s h a d d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n a n d w o u ld n o t l i k e l y b e a m o n g th e
f i r s t g r o u p s c a lle d u p a ft e r m o b iliz a tio n b e g a n .
B e c a u s e o f th e
im p o r t a n c e o f t h e ir w o r k , o c c u p a tio n a l d e fe r m e n t m ig h t a ls o b e
g iv e n to m a n y o f th e m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w h o w o u ld b e
to m ilit a r y s e r v ic e .

s u b je c t

P r o s p e c t iv e l o s s e s to th e tr a d e m u s t b e c o m p a r e d w ith th e
n u m b e r o f a n tic ip a te d n e w e n tr a n ts .
E s tim a t e s o f p r e s e n t tr a in in g
le v e ls

in th e o c c u p a tio n w e r e m a d e fr o m

d a ta o b ta in e d fr o m

th e

1 9 5 f o u n d r ie s in c lu d e d in t h is s t u d y . 5 I t w a s e s t i m a t e d th a t t h e r e
w e r e a b o u t 7 a p p r e n t i c e s to e v e r y 10 0 jo u r n e y m e n m o l d e r s a n d
c o r e m a k e r s e m p lo y e d in e a r l y 1 9 5 2 , o r a b o u t 4 ,4 0 0 a p p r e n t ic e
m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s
O n th e b a s is

in t r a in in g

o f p a s t c o m p le tio n

in th e c o u n t r y a s a w h o le .

ra te s

o f a p p r e n tic e s

t h is t r a d e , a n a v e r a g e o f a b o u t 800 w o r k e r s
in e a c h o f th e n e x t 5 y e a r s .

in t r a in in g

in

w o u ld c o m p le t e t r a in in g

A la r g e p r o p o r t io n o f th e m e n w h o h a v e q u a lifie d in th e o c c u ­
p a t io n d id n o t h a v e a p p r e n t ic e t r a in in g .
A b o u t 40 p e r c e n t o f th e
m e n in te r v ie w e d
1 9 4 7 - 52

w h o q u a lifie d a s jo u r n e y m e n d u r in g th e p e r io d

w e r e n o t a p p r e n tic e - tr a in e d .

If th is

r a tio

o f a p p r e n tic e -

t r a in e d j o u r n e y m e n to n o n - a p p r e n t i c e - t r a i n e d w o r k e r s s h o u ld c o n ­
t in u e in th e f u t u r e , a b o u t 60 0 m e n w o u ld q u a lif y in th e t r a d e e a c h
y e a r w ith o u t h a v in g s e r v e d a fo r m a l a p p r e n t ic e s h ip .
C o m b in in g
b o th m e t h o d s o f e n t r y , a b o u t 1 ,4 0 0 m e n w o u ld e n t e r th e t r a d e e a c h
y e a r o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 4 , 000 m e n in th e n e x t 10 y e a r s .
O n th is
b a s is ,

th e p r o je c t e d

cover

th e e x p e c te d

n u m b er o f new
10 -y e a r lo s s e s

T h is a n tic ip a te d d is p a r it y ,

e n tra n ts,

th e re fo re ,

w o u ld n o t

d u e to d e a th s a n d r e t ir e m e n t s .

t o g e t h e r w ith th e

s h ift o f w o r k e r s

to

o t h e r f i e l d s a n d p o s s i b l e in d u c t io n s in to th e A r m e d F o r c e s , w o u ld
r e s u l t in s u b s t a n t ia l r e d u c t io n o f th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s in th e
t r a d e , u n le s s th e flo w o f t r a in e e s i n c r e a s e s .
W h e t h e r t h is r e d u c t io n w o u ld r e s u l t in a s h o r t a g e d u r in g a
m o b iliz a tio n p e r io d d e p e n d s on p r o s p e c t iv e m a n p o w e r r e q u ir e m e n ts
fo r s k ille d m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s .
In d e te r m in in g m o b iliz a t io n
r e q u ir e m e n t s , c o n s id e r a t io n m u s t b e g iv e n to th e e f f e c t s o f c h a n g in g
fo u n d r y te c h n o lo g y a n d m a n p o w e r u tiliz a tio n o n th e d e m a n d fo r
s k ille d
m ore
have

c ra fts m e n .

e x te n s iv e
r e s u lte d

U
m a te d

in a

T h ese

In th e p a s t d e c a d e ,

u se

19 5 fo u n d r ie s




e m p lo y e d

e m p lo y e d

See p.

57.

m e c h a n iz a tio n ,

a n d c h a n g in g w o r k m e th o d s

s m a lle r n u m b e r o f s k ille d

1 8 ,0 0 0 m o l d .e r s

th e n a tio n a l to ta l.

in c r e a s in g

o f m o ld in g m a c h in e s ,

h a n d m o ld e r s b e in g

a b o u t 20 p e r c e n t o f th e e s t i ­

in 8 c i t ie s

and about 6 p e rce n t o f

-16-

r e q u ir e d fo r a g iv e n v o lu m e o f fo u n d r y p r o d u c tio n .
S h o u ld f u l l
m o b il i z a t io n o c c u r w it h in th e n e x t fe w y e a r s , h o w e v e r , t im e w o u ld
n o t b e s u f fic ie n t fo r t h e s e t r e n d s to h a v e a f u r t h e r s ig n ific a n t
e ff e c t on th e o c c u p a tio n a l r e q u ir e m e n ts o f fo u n d r ie s .
T h e p r o b a b le
m a n p o w e r n e e d s o f th e in d u s t r y in a n y f o r e s e e a b le

m o b iliz a tio n

s itu a tio n m u s t t h e r e fo r e b e c a lc u la t e d p r im a r ily w ith in th e f r a m e ­
w o r k o f th e e x is tin g te c h n o lo g y o f th e fo u n d r y in d u s tr y .
S t u d ie s o f m o b ili z a t io n m a n p o w e r r e q u i r e m e n t s in th e
fo u n d r y in d u s tr y b a s e d o n th e a s s u m p tio n th a t n o m a jo r te c h n o ­
lo g i c a l c h a n g e s w i ll o c c u r in th e n e a r fu t u r e
in c r e a s e

in th e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s

w o r k w o u ld b e

r e q u ir e d .

sh ow

d o in g m o ld in g

If th e e x p e r ie n c e

th a t a

s u b s ta n tia l

a n d c o r e m a k in g

o f W o r ld

W a r II is

r e p e a te d , th e a d d itio n a l la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts w ill b e m e t p r in c ip a lly
b y b r e a k in g d o w n th e jo b s a n d u t iliz in g l e s s - s k i l l e d w o r k e r s .
T h is
c a n b e d o n e e f f e c t iv e ly o n ly i f e n o u g h h ig h ly t r a in e d ,

a ll- r o u n d

s k ille d w o r k e r s a r e a v a i la b l e a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e b u ild u p p e r io d
to a c t a s s u p e r v is o r s .
M a n y a ll- r o u n d s k ille d w o r k e r s w ill a ls o
b e n e e d e d to p e r f o r m th e t a s k s th a t c a n n o t b e b r o k e n d o w n b e c a u s e
o f th e c o m p le x it y o r s iz e o f th e c a s t in g s p r o d u c e d o r b e c a u s e o n ly
o n e o r a fe w o f a k in d a r e to b e m a d e .
It i s im p o r t a n t a ls o th a t
a n a d e q u a te n u m b e r o f h ig h ly tr a in e d w o r k e r s b e a v a ila b le b e c a u s e
o f t h e ir g r e a t e r a b ilit y to s h ift f r o m o n e ty p e o f w o r k to a n o th e r .
S u ch fle x ib ility m a y b e
v a r y in g

ra te s

r e q u ir e d

o f e x p a n s io n

in a m o b iliz a t io n p e r io d b e c a u s e

o f th e d iffe r e n t ty p e s

r e q u ir e p a r t ia l r e d is tr ib u tio n

o f th e

o f fo u n d r ie s m a y

s k ille d w o r k fo r c e .

C o n s id e r in g th e p r e s e n t n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s in th e o c c u p a tio n ,
c u r r e n t t r a in in g l e v e l s , a n d a n t ic ip a t e d m a n p o w e r n e e d s d u r in g
m o b iliz a t io n , it a p p e a r s th a t th e r e q u is it e n u c le u s o f h ig h ly s k ille d
m e n is n o t a v a ila b le to p r o v id e a b a s e f o r e x p a n s io n o f th e o c c u ­
p a tio n a n d th e r e q u is it e f le x ib ilit y o f th e w o r k f o r c e .
T h e re fo re ,
tr a in in g p r o g r a m s m u s t b e e x p a n d e d .
B e c a u s e o f th e lo n g t r a in in g
p e r io d r e q u ir e d to p r o d u c e th e a ll- r o u n d m o ld e r , it is im p o r ta n t
th a t th e e x p a n s io n o f t r a in in g a c t iv it ie s n o t b e d e la y e d u n til fu ll
m o b iliz a t io n is im m in e n t o r in e f f e c t .
T h e im p o r ta n c e
o f m o b iliz a tio n

L/
N o.

is

o f p la n n in g t r a in in g p r o g r a m s w e ll in a d v a n c e

a ls o

sh o w n b y th e r e s p o n s e

o f fo u n d ry o f f ic ia ls

to

N a tio n a l M a n p o w e r C o u n c il I n fo r m a tio n M e m o r a n d u m

45,

p.

1,

a n d S k ille d
p a r tic ip a n ts
w o rk ers,

F eb ru ary

M an p ow er,
agreed

8,

19 54 ,

C h ic a g o ,

R e p o rt on C o n fe re n c e
I llin o is ,

t h a t in m o s t in d u s t r i e s

s u c h a s to o l a n d d ie m a k e r s

Jan u ary
th e re

or m a ste r

on T e c h n ic a l

1 9 5 4 11. . . .
is

a co re

ta ilo r s ,

th e

of
who a re

e s s e n t ia l an d w h o s e tr a in in g tim e a p p r o x im a t e s th a t o f a p r o f e s s io n a l.
C h a n g e s in s u p e r v is o r y p r a c t i c e s c a n n o t c o m p e n s a t e f o r a l a c k o f
th e se w o r k e r s .”




- 1 7 -

t h e q u e s t io n a s to h o w t h e ir p la n t s w o u ld m e e t m o ld in g r e q u i r e ­
m e n t s in th e e v e n t o f m o b iliz a t io n .
In m o r e th a n h a lf o f th e 1 9 5
p la n t s s tu d ie d , m a n a g e m e n t s t a te d th a t th e y e x p e c t e d to b e a b le
to h ir e q u a lifie d jo u r n e y m e n .
T h u s , fo u n d r y m e n a p p a r e n tly
e x p e c t a r e s e r v e o f m o ld e r s to b e o n h a n d .
th a t n o s u c h r e s e r v e w o u ld e x i s t i f t r a in in g
a b o v e 1952 le v e ls .
A s

to th e k in d o f t r a in in g w h ic h

a u th o r itie s a g r e e

th a t,

in g e n e r a l,

H o w e v e r, it a p p e a rs
a c tiv ity is n ot e x p a n d ed

s h o u ld b e

s tim u la te d ,

a p p r e n tic e s h ip

o ffe rs

tr a in in g

th e b e s t

w a y o f a c q u ir in g a ll- r o u n d s k i l l s . 7 D a ta f r o m th e s tu d y te n d to
c o n fir m th is c o n c lu s io n .
T h e f le x ib ilit y o f th e a p p r e n t ic e - tr a in e d
w o rk ers w as,

fo r

e x a m p le ,

w ith d if fe r e n t ty p e s

in d ic a te d b y th e ir g r e a t e r

o f m e ta ls .

e x p e r ie n c e

It m u s t b e c o n c lu d e d t h e r e f o r e ,

th a t e x p a n s io n o f a p p r e n t ic e t r a in in g

is

e s s e n tia l fo r

th e d e v e lo p ­

m e n t o f a ll- r o u n d w o r k e r s .
It is

a ls o

im p o r t a n t to c o n s id e r

th e l a r g e

w h o e n te r th e o c c u p a tio n w ith o u t s e r v in g

num ber of w o rk ers

a p p r e n tic e s h ip .

M ore

th a n 40 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s s tu d ie d e n te r e d th e t r a d e th r o u g h
in fo r m a l m e th o d s , m a in ly b y p ic k in g up th e tr a d e th ro u g h e x ­
p e r i e n c e in lo w e r g r a d e f o u n d r y j o b s .
I m m e d ia t e ly fo llo w in g t h e ir
n o m in a l q u a lific a t io n a s jo u r n e y m e n , t h e s e n o n - a p p r e n t ic e d
m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y s k il l e d to h a n d le th e l e s s
d if f ic u lt w o r k a s s ig n m e n t s a n d th u s c o u ld h e lp m e e t m o b iliz a t io n
m a n p o w e r r e q u ir e m e n ts b y fr e e in g th e a ll- r o u n d m e n fo r m o r e
c o m p le x t a s k s a n d fo r s u p e r v is o r y d u tie s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , g iv e n
p r o p e r s u p e r v is io n a n d t r a in in g , m a n y a c q u ir e th e s k ills o f th e
a ll- r o u n d jo u r n e y m a n .
F u tu r e tr a in in g p r o g r a m s , t h e r e fo r e ,
s h o u ld m a k e p r o v i s i o n f o r o n - t h e - jo b
o f c o m p e te n c e o f th e la r g e
tr a in e d

and a r e

F ou
w o rk ers,
o ccu rred
fo u n d ry w
te r v ie w e d

w o r k in g

th e le v e l

o n lo w e r g r a d e m o ld in g

a s s ig n m e n ts .

n d r ie s h a v e e x p e r ie n c e d d if f ic u lt ie s in r e c r u it in g n e w
e s p e c ia lly u n d e r tig h t la b o r m a r k e t c o n d itio n s , s u c h a s
d u r in g W o r ld W a r II.
T h e r e la tiv e u n a ttr a c tiv e n e s s o f
o r k i s r e f l e c t e d in th e f a c t th a t m o s t o f th e m o l d e r s in ­
s t a t e d th a t t h e y w o u ld n o t r e c o m m e n d

as a ca reer

fo r you n g m e n ,

th e fo u n d r y in d u s t r y in
In th e p a s t ,

th e o c c u p a tio n

a n d b y th e d if fic u lt ie s

r e c r u it in g w o r k e r s d u r in g

e n c o u n te re d b y
W o r ld W a r II.

fo u n d r ie s h a v e o b ta in e d m a n y o f t h e ir w o r k e r s fr o m

a m o n g im m ig r a n ts
b o rn a b ro a d ).
so u rce

tr a in in g to r a i s e

n u m b e r o f m e n w h o h a v e n o t b e e n fu lly

of new

(o n e -th ir d

H ow ever,

o f th e m o ld e r s in te r v ie w e d w e r e

im m ig r a tio n h a s b e c o m e

a n e g lig ib le

la b o r m a r k e t e n tr a n ts .

L / " O n - t h e - jo b tr a in in g t e a c h e s th e s p e c ia liz e d s k ill a c o m p a n y
m a y r e q u ir e , b u t d o e s n o t p r o v id e th e b r o a d t r a in in g w h ic h c r e a t e s
v e r s a tile

c ra fts m e n . "

N a tio n a l M a n p o w e r C o u n c il,

I n fo r m a tio n

M e m o ra n d u m N o . 4 6 , R e p o r t on C o n fe re n c e on T e c h n ic a l and
S k ille d M a n p o w e r , D e t r o it , M ic h ig a n , J a n u a r y 2 8 , 19 5 4 .



-18M e e tin g m o b iliz a t io n r e q u ir e m e n t s fo r in c r e a s e d n u m b e r s o f
m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s , th e r e fo r e , m a y r e q u ir e th a t n ew s o u r c e s
o f s u p p ly b e ta p p e d .
roo m

In a m o b iliz a tio n p e r io d ,

w o r k m ig h t b e d o n e b y w o m e n ,

N egroes,

a n d to a l e s s e r

e x te n t,

s o m e o f th e c o r e -

a s w a s d o n e in W o r ld W a r II.

w o rkers

o f M e x ic a n

e x tr a c tio n

h o w e v e r c a n b e a m o r e im p o r t a n t s o u r c e o f a d d itio n a l e n tr a n t s in to
m o ld in g a n d c o r e m a k in g
T h e ir w illin g n e s s to e n te r th e o c c u p a tio n
w a s s h o w n b y th e v e r y h ig h p r o p o r t io n w h o c o n s id e r e d m o ld in g a
d e s ir a b le

o c c u p a tio n .

T h is c o n tr a s te d w ith th e g e n e r a lly u n fa v o r ­

a b le a ttitu d e o f th e w h ite w o r k e r s .

M oreo ver,

in r e c e n t y e a r s

t h e r e h a s b e e n a g r o w in g a c c e p ta n c e b y fo u n d r y m a n a g e m e n t o f
t h e s e g r o u p s f o r m o ld in g jo b s .

A n o th e r im p o r ta n t p r o b le m
a m o b iliz a tio n p e r io d is

fa c in g

th e o p tim u m

s u p p ly o f q u a lifie d w o r k e r s .

m a n p o w e r a u t h o r it ie s in

d is tr ib u tio n

o f th e a v a ila b le

T h e a m o u n t o f m o v e m e n t n e e d e d to

d is t r ib u t e e f f e c t iv e ly th e o c c u p a tio n a l w o r k f o r c e d e p e n d s u p o n
th e w a y in w h ic h d e fe n s e p r o d u c tio n is o r g a n iz e d .
In g e n e r a l,
in d iv id u a l f o u n d r ie s h a v e n o m a jo r p r o b le m s in c o n v e r t in g f r o m
p e a c e t im e to w a r t im e p r o d u c t s .
A s id e fr o m c h a n g e d q u a lity
s t a n d a r d s , th e o n ly a d ju s t m e n t n e c e s s a r y f o r m o s t f o u n d r ie s to
b e g in m i li t a r y p r o d u c tio n is

o b ta in in g n e w p a t t e r n s fr o m

w h ic h to

m a k e th e d e s ir e d c a s t in g s .
H o w e v e r , th e r e la t iv e im p o r ta n c e o f
v a r i o u s t y p e s o f f o u n d r ie s c h a n g e s in m o b iliz a t io n .
F o r e x a m p le ,
s te e l fo u n d r ie s
fo u n d r ie s . 8

expand at a m u ch fa s te r

T h u s,

som e

ra te

th a n g r a y ir o n

r e d is tr ib u tio n o f s k ille d

w o rkers

is

re ­

q u ir e d d u r in g a m o b ili z a t io n b u ild u p .
A lth o u g h m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s ,
fo u n d to b e a
w h o c o u ld b e
m o b iliz a tio n .
n e a r fu tu re w
y e a r p e r io d c

fo r th e m o s t p a r t ,

w ere

r e la t iv e ly s ta b le
g ro u p , th e r e w a s a s iz e a b le m in o r ity
e x p e c te d to c h a n g e jo b s in a g iv e n p e r io d , e . g . , d u r in g
I f it c a n b e a s s u m e d th a t th e r a t e o f jo b c h a n g in g in th e
o u ld b e th e s a m e a s th a t w h ic h w a s fo u n d in th e 1 2 o v e r e d b y th e s tu d y , b e tw e e n fo u r a n d fiv e th o u s a n d

o f th e 6 2 , 500 h a n d m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s e s t im a t e d to b e w o r k in g
in th e U n ite d S t a t e s c o u ld b e e x p e c te d to c h a n g e jo b s in a g iv e n y e a r .
T h e d a ta in d ic a te th a t th e s e w o r k e r s w e r e ,
m o v e fr e e ly fro m

b y a n d l^ ir g e ,

o n e t y p e o f fo u n d r y to a n o t h e r .

a b le to

M o r e th a n o n e -

h a lf o f th e m e n in te r v ie w e d h a d w o r k e x p e r ie n c e in v o lv in g tw o o r
m ore

o f th e m a jo r fo u n d ry m e t a ls .

A lm o s t o n e - h a lf o f th e .m e n

w h o h a d c h a n g e d jo b s h a d w o r k e d in b o th c a p t iv e a n d in d e p e n d e n t
fo u n d r ie s .

M o ld e r s w e r e a ls o

a p p a r e n t ly a b le to m o v e f r o m

J5./ S h i p m e n t s o f s t e d l c a s t i n g s
q u a rte rs

tim e s th e

19 3 9 le v e l,

fo u n d r ie s w e n t u p o n ly




in

1944 w e r e

w h ereas

p la n t

th re e and th re e -

s h ip m e n ts o f g r a y ir o n

38 p e r c e n t o v e r th e

s a m e p e r io d .

-19-

to p la n t w it h o u t r e g a r d to w h ic h u n io n h a d o r g a n iz e d th e fo u n d r y .
T h u s , o n th e w h o le , n o s u b s ta n tia l b a r r i e r s to m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n
fo u n d r ie s a p p e a r to e x is t a n d m o ld e r s m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s a
f l e x i b l e g r o u p w h ic h m a y b e a v a ila b le f o r w o r k in a l l t y p e s o f
fo u n d r ie s .
T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f th < e se f i n d i n g s f o r m o b i l i z a t i o n
m a n p o w e r p la n n in g i s th a t p o t e n t ia l p o o ls o f e x p e r ie n c e d m o ld e r s
a r e a v a ila b le

to fo u n d r ie s lo c a te d

in th e m a jo r m e ta lw o r k in g

areas.

M a x im u m u t iliz a t io n o f m a n p o w e r r e s o u r c e s in th is o c c u ­
p a tio n c a n b e a c c o m p lis h e d , in p a r t , b y d ir e c t in g th e flo w o f w o r k e r s
f r o m jo b to jo b s o th a t in s o f a r a s p o s s ib le th e y m o v e to th e p la n t s
w ith th e m o s t u r g e n t m o b iliz a t io n p r o d u c tio n n e e d s .
T h e stu d y
sh o w e d th a t m o s t o f th e jo b c h a n g in g ,
m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n g e o g r a p h ic

o th e r th a n th a t w h ic h in v o lv e d

a r e a s , w a s m a d e in a tt e m p t s to im ­

p r o v e e it h e r e a r n in g s o r s o m e o t h e r a s p e c t o f th e jo b .
S p e c ific
in d u c e m e n ts w h ic h c a p it a liz e o n t h e s e d e s ir e s fo r im p r o v e m e n t
m a y f a c ilit a t e th e m o s t f a v o r a b le d is t r ib u t io n o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e ­
m a k e r s a m o n g fo u n d r ie s e n g a g e d in m o b iliz a t io n p r o d u c tio n .
F o r
e x a m p le , th e f e a s b ilit y o f a s y s te m o f s e le c t iv e w a g e c o n tr o ls
c o u ld b e e x p lo r e d to a s s i s t in th e d ir e c t in g o f w o r k e r s to th e p la n t s
w h e re th e y a r e m o s t n e ed e d .
H o w e v e r , th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f
g e n e r a l w a g e c o n t r o ls w o u ld n o t p r e c lu d e e f f e c t i v e d ir e c t i o n o f
m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n jo b s

in a m o b ili z a t io n p e r i o d .

D a ta o b ta in e d in

t h is s tu d y s h o w e d th a t d u r in g p e r io d s o f g e n e r a lly r is in g w a g e le v e ls
a s in th e e a r ly 19 4 0 *s a s u b s ta n tia l p r o p o r tio n o f jo b c h a n g e s W e re
m ade

to o b ta in b e t t e r

pay.

W hen w ag es w e re

tu r n e d th e ir a tte n tio n to o th e r a s p e c ts
o fte n to im p r o v e w o r k in g
b ecau se

c o n d itio n s ,

to g e t c lo s e r

o f p e r s o n a l r e la t io n s h ip s in th e s h o p .

s u g g e s t s th a t th e p o s s ib ilit y
w ill r e m a in

o f c h a n n e lin g jo b

e v e n in th e a b s e n c e

M a n y m o ld e r s w h o le ft th e ir

c o n tr o lle d ,

w o rkers

o f th e ir jo b s an d m o v e d m o r e
to h o m e ,

Such

or

b e h a v io r

s h iftin g b y m o ld e r s

o f w a g e in c e n tiv e s .
e m p lo y e r s a p p a r e n t ly d id n o t

h a v e n e w p o s it io n s lin e d u p ; th e y e n te r e d th e la b o r m a r k e t to lo o k
fo r new jo b s .
A n e f f o r t s h o u ld b e m a d e to d i r e c t th e m o v e m e n t
o f th e s e m e n a s w e ll a s th a t o f o th e r m o ld e r s w h o a r e r e tu r n in g

to

th e o c c u p a tio n fr o m o th e r f ie ld s o f w o r k o r r e - e n t e r in g th e la b o r
f o r c e ( r e t ir e d w o r k e r s , e t c .) .
T h e s e g ro u p s , a ll o f w h o m a p p e a r
in th e la b o r m a r k e t w ith o u t d e fin it e jo b d e s t in a t io n s ,

can be m ost

e f f e c t i v e l y u t i l i z e d b y in d u c in g th e m

to m a k e u s e o f th e U n ite d

S ta te s

s y s te m

E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e w h e r e a

m en t ca n p e r fo r m

o f p r e fe r e n tia l p la c e ­

t h is fu n c tio n .

S in c e t h e r e w a s a v e r y lim ite d

a m o u n t o f g e o g r a p h ic m o v e m e n t

a n d
b e c a u s e
m o s t
o f t h i s
m o v e m e n t
w a s
fo r p e rs o n a l
r e a s o n s , in d u c e m e n ts s u c h a s w a g e s a n d b e t t e r w o r k in g c o n d itio n s




-2 0 -

w o u ld n o t o p e r a t e e f f e c t i v e l y to d i r e c t m o v e m e n t o f w o r k e r s t o p a r ­
tic u la r g e o g r a p h ic lo c a tio n s .
T h is fa c t h a s s e v e r a l im p o r ta n t
im p lic a t io n s f o r m a n p o w e r p la n n in g a n d p o li c y fo r m u la t io n .

N ew

fo u n d r ie s o r fo u n d r y d e p a r tm e n ts e s ta b lis h e d in a r e a s w h e r e th e r e
a r e n o t n o r m a lly la r g e n u m b e r s o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w ill
h a v e d if f ic u lt y in r e c r u it in g th e m f r o m o th e r p a r t s o f th e c o u n tr y .
T h u s , s p e c i a l p la n n in g w i l l b e r e q u i r e d to h a n d le th e p r o b le m s
w h ic h w ill a r i s e

in s ta ffin g

o f m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s

s u c h p la n ts .
in

s p e c ific

c o n s id e r e d in th e a llo c a tio n o f d e fe n s e

In a d d itio n ,

a v a ila b ility

g e o g r a p h ic a r e a s

s h o u ld b e

c o n t r a c t s to e x is t in g p la n ts .

T h e d is c u s s io n o f m o b ilit y th u s f a r h a s b e e n c o n c e r n e d w ith
th e r o le o f m o b ilit y in s u p p ly in g w o r k e r s to th e p la n t s w h e r e t h e y
are

m ost needed.

A lth o u g h e m p h a s is h a s b e e n p la c e d

on th e

a m o u n t o f m o b ilit y a n d i t s a d e q u a c y in p e r f o r m in g t h is s u p p ly
fu n c t io n , it s h o u ld b e e m p h a s iz e d th a t to o m u c h jo b c h a n g in g w o u ld
r e s u l t in a w a s t e o f m a n p o w e r r e s o u r c e s .
E x c e s s iv e tu rn o v e r is
tim e - c o n s u m in g

an d c o s tly .

M a n p o w e r a d m in is tr a to r s

s h o u ld a l s o

d ir e c t th e ir a tte n tio n ,

t h e r e f o r e , to th e p r o b le m s in v o lv e d in a s s i s t i n g in d iv id u a l f o u n d r ie s
in m a in ta in in g s t a b le s t a f f s o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s .
The su rvey
sh o w e d th a t th e te n d e n c y o f th e s e w o r k e r s

to c h a n g e jo b s

can be re ­

d u c e d b y jo b s e c u r it y s u c h a s is p r o v id e d b y s e n io r it y p r o g r a m s
a n d b y a fo u n d r y t s r e p u ta tio n fo r s te a d y e m p lo y m e n t.
It a ls o in ­
d ic a te d

th a t u n s a t is f a c t o r y

r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n

s u p e r v is o r s

and

w o r k e r s a r e r e s p o n s ib le f o r s o m e jo b c h a n g in g .
P e r s o n n e l p o lic ie s
d e s ig n e d to e lim in a t e te n s io n a n d g r ie v a n c e s c a n r e d u c e e x c e s s iv e
jo b c h a n g in g o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s .
M a x im u m u t iliz a t io n o f th e e x is t in g w o r k f o r c e o f m o ld e r s
m u s t a ls o in c lu d e s te p s to r e t a in th o s e p r e s e n t ly e m p lo y e d in th e
c r a f t a n d to in d u c e q u a lifie d m o ld e r s w h o h a v e l e f t fo u n d r ie s to
r e t u r n to t h e ir fo r m e r t r a d e .
B a s i c a lly , th is a p p e a r s to b e a
p r o b le m o f r e la t iv e e a r n in g s a n d w o r k in g c o n d itio n s .
C o n s id e r a tio n
s h o u ld b e g iv e n to m a in t a in in g th e w a g e s o f m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s
o n a p a r w ith th o s e o f o th e r s k ille d o c c u p a tio n s so th a t in t im e o f
la b o r

s h o r t a g e s m o ld e r s w ill n o t b e in d u c e d to l e a v e f o u n d r ie s f o r

b e t t e r p a y in g jo b s
In th is

in w h ic h t h e ir m a x im u m

c o n n e c tio n a ls o ,

s k ills

in d u s t r y to im p r o v e p la n t w o r k in g c o n d itio n s
s id e r a b le

a id




are

n o t u tiliz e d .

th e c o n tin u a tio n o f e f f o r t s b y th e fo u n d r y

in r e t a in in g

its w o r k e r s .

s h o u ld b e o f c o n ­

-2 1 -

Labor Market Environment of Molders and Coremakers
N a t u r e o f th e O c c u p a tio n
H an d m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s a r e a m o n g th e h ig h e s t s k ille d
w o r k e r s in th e fo u n d r y p r o c e s s .
T h e y m a k e th e v a r io u s k in d s a n d
s i z e s o f s a n d f o r m s u s e d in c a s t in g m e t a l.
M o ld e r s p r e p a r e th e
h o llo w f o r m s ( m o ld s ) in to w h ic h m e t a l i s p o u r e d a n d a llo w e d to
s o lid ify ,
c a lle d

fo r m in g a c a s tin g .

co res,

u s e d to fo r m

C o r e m a k e r s m a k e th e b o d ie s
h o llo w s o r h o le s in c a s t in g s .

m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w o r k w ith in t r ic a t e
san d s tr u c tu r e s .
T h e y m a n ip u la te w ith c a r e
to o ls

and m e ta l o r w o o d en p a tte rn s u se d

W o r k in g c o n d itio n s fo r m o ld e r s

an d s o m e tim e s d e lic a te
an d d e x t e r it y th e h a n d -

in t h e i r w o r k .

q u a lifie d m o ld e r s a r e o n a p a r w ith th o s e
in th e m e t a lw o r k in g t r a d e s .

o f san d ,
B o th

o f o th e r

v a r y fro m

b u t g e n e r a lly a r e n o t a s g o o d a s fo r m o s t o th e r

E a r n in g s

s k ille d w o r k e r s

fo u n d r y to fo u n d r y
s k ille d

m e ta l­

w o r k in g t r a d e s .
V e r y o fte n fo u n d r ie s a r e h o t, n o is y , a n d d ir t y .
F o u n d r y in ju r y r a t e s a r e h ig h e r th a n in m o s t o th e r t y p e s o f m a n u ­
fa c tu r in g p la n ts .
I t s h o u ld b e n o te d t h a t th e f o u n d r y in d u s t r y h a s
m a d e in t e n s iv e e f f o r t s in r e c e n t y e a r s to r a i s e i t s s t a n d a r d s ,
a n d fo u n d r y w o r k in g c o n d itio n s a r e c o n tin u o u s ly im p r o v in g .
B o th h a n d m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w e r e in c lu d e d in th e
su rvey.
In m a n y r e s p e c t s m o ld in g a n d c o r e m a k in g a r e tw in
a s p e c t s o f th e s a m e o c c u p a tio n .
B o th m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s
m a k e f o r m s u s e d in th e c a s t in g p r o c e s s . E a c h m u s t d e a l w ith
c o m m o n p r o b le m s s u c h a s th e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e sa n d u s e d
( its p e r m e a b ilit y , s tr e n g th , a n d m o is t u r e c o n te n t) a n d w ith
p r o b le m s o f m e t a l flo w a n d c o o lin g r a t e s .
T h e s im ila r it y o f b o th
o p e r a t io n s i s in d ic a te d b y th e f a c t th a t in m a n y s m a ll fo u n d r ie s
th e tw o jo b s a r e n o t d if f e r e n t ia t e d .
M o ld e r s d o c o r e m a k in g w h e n
n ecessary.
In m a n y c a s e s , b o th m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s s e r v e
a p p r e n tic e s h ip s o f id e n tic a l c o n te n t.
C e r t a in im p o r ta n t d if f e r e n c e s , h o w e v e r , d is t in g u is h th e
m o ld e r fr o m th e c o r e m a k e r .
G e n e r a lly s p e a k in g , c o r e s , w h ic h
a r e u s e d to p r o d u c e in te r n a l c a v it ie s ,
a r e s im p le r in fo r m a n d
fe w e r m v a r ie t y o f s h a p e s th a n m o ld s .
A l s o , th e p r o c e d u r e in
fin is h in g m o ld s a n d c o r e s d if f e r s s u b s ta n tia lly .
A n o th e r m a jo r
d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e tw o g r o u p s i s th e
w h ic h th e y w o r k .
d e p a rtm e n t,
are

sh o p

e n v ir o n m e n t in

C o r e m a k e r s g e n e r a lly w o r k in a s e p a r a t e

k n o w n a s th e c o r e

roo m ,

in w h ic h w o r k in g

c o n s id e r a b ly b e t t e r th a n o n th e m o ld in g f lo o r .




c o n d itio n s

of

-2 2 -

T h e a im o f t h is s tu d y w a s to a n a ly z e th e m o b ilit y a n d w o r k
h is to r ie s o f jo u r n e y m e n h an d m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s .
It
s p e c if ic a lly e x c lu d e d m a c h in e m o ld e r s o r a p p r e n t ic e s o r o th e r
tr a in e e s .
In s e le c t in g w o r k e r s to b e in t e r v ie w e d s p e c i a l s a f e ­
gu ard s w e re

ta k e n to e lim in a t e f r o m

th is

s a m p le w o r k e r s b e lo w

th e jo u r n e y m a n g r a d e .9

th is

H o w e v e r , d e s p it e th e c a r e w ith w h ic h th e m e n in t e r v ie w e d in
stu d y w e r e s e le c te d an d s c r e e n e d , a n a n a ly s is o f th e ir w o r k

h is to r ie s

sh o w e d th a t th e m e n h a d w id e ly d iffe r in g

s k ill le v e ls .

In la r g e p a r t t h is d iv e r s it y c a n b e a ttr ib u te d to th e c h a n g in g n a tu r e
o f th e o c c u p a tio n a n d o f th e fo u n d r y p r o c e s s .
O n e o f th e m o r e im ­
p o r ta n t d e v e lo p m e n ts h a s b e e n th e t r a n s fe r o f m u c h o f th e ju d g ­
m e n t a n d d is c r e t io n f o r m e r ly e x e r c is e d b y th e m o ld e r to th e
s u p e r v is o r y s t a ff o f th e p la n t.
T h e m o ld e r fo r m e r ly w a s a tr u e
a r tis a n .

G iv e n a p a tte r n fr o m

w h ic h to p r o d u c e a c a s t in g ,

he ex­

e r c is e d a lm o s t c o m p le te d is c r e t io n
in th e p e r f o r m a n c e o f th e
jo b .
In m o s t c a s e s , h e m ix e d h is o w n s a n d , r e ly in g o n h is
k n o w le d g e o f th e m a t e r ia l to d e te r m in e p r o p e r m ix t u r e s

o f v a r io u s

t y p e s , w e tte d it to th e p r o p e r d e g r e e , a n d a d d e d b in d e r m a t e r ia l
s u c h a s c la y o r o r g a n ic s u b s ta n c e s a s n e c e s s a r y .
H e d e te r m in e d
s u c h im p o r ta n t p o in ts a s th e p la c e m e n t o f th e p a tt e r n

in th e f la s k ,

th e d e p th o f th e b a c k in g s a n d , a n d th e u n ifo r m it y a n d th e in t e n s it y
o f th e r a m m in g n e c e s s a r y to p a c k th e sa n d a ro u n d th e p a tte r n .
He
- p la c e d a n d c u t th e g a t e s a n d s p r u e s to f e e d th e m o lt e n m e t a l in to
th e m o ld .
T o d a y , h o w e v e r , m a n y o f th e s e o p e r a tio n s a r e n o t p e r ­
fo r m e d b y th e m o ld e r .
G a t e s a n d s p r u e s a r e o fte n b u ilt o n to th e
p a tte rn .
M a n y m o ld e r s to d a y w o r k a s p a r t o f c r e w s u n d e r th e
d ir e c t io n o f a fo r e m a n o r m a s t e r m o ld e r , w h o d ir e c t s th e m e n
a n d w h o s e ju d g m e n t i s s u b s titu te d f o r t h e ir s in m a n y o p e r a t io n s .
In s o m e c a s e s th e m e m b e r s o f th e c r e w s d o n o t p e r fo r m th e
n o r m a l lu ll r a n g e o f fu n c tio n s , b u t in s te a d a r e s p e c ia lis t s in
o p e r a tio n s a s m o ld fin is h in g o r r a m m in g .

su ch

T h e s e d e v e lo p m e n ts h a v e h a d im p o r ta n t im p lic a tio n s fo r
o c c u p a tio n .
T h e tit^ e " h a n d m o l d e r " i s g i v e n t o w o r k e r s w i t h
v a r y in g

d egrees

o f s k ill b u t n o lo n g e r c l e a r l y a n d u n e q u iv o c a lly

d is tin g u is h e s a h ig h ly tr a in e d w o r k m a n .
o f m o ld in g w o r k

s till r e q u ir e s

m any w o rkers who are
is

r e p e titiv e

c a lle d

th e

s e le c tio n .




A lth o u g h a la r g e p a r t

s k ill o f th e a ll- r o u n d m e c h a n ic ,

h a n d m o ld e r s to d a y d o a jo b .w h ic h

in n a t u r e a n d lim i t e d

2_/ S e e M e t h o d o l o g y ,
s a m p le

th e

p .5 7 ,

in s c o p e ,

a n d w h ic h c a n b e

fo r d e ta ile d d e s c r ip tio n

of

-2 3 -

le a r n e d in a r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t t im e .
T h e f a c t th a t th e o c c u p a tio n
d o e s in c lu d e a g r e a t v a r i e t y o f s k i l l l e v e l s a c c o u n t s in p a r t f o r
th e w id e v a r ia t io n in t r a in in g t im e a n d ty p e s o f tr a in in g r e p o r t e d
b y th e w o r k e r s s tu d ie d .
T ypes

o f F o u n d r ie s

T o a c o n s id e r a b le e x te n t, th e le v e l o f m e c h a n iz a tio n o f
fo u n d r ie s a n d th e d e g r e e to w h ic h th e y h a v e b e e n a b le to r e d u c e
th e

s k il l r e q u ir e m e n t s o f t h e ir m o ld in g a n d c o r e m a k in g

s ta ffs

d e p e n d u p o n th e m e th o d s o f p r o d u c t io n u s e d in th e s h o p .

In th is

r e s p e c t t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n " j o b b i n g 1' a n d " p r o d u c t i o n " m e t h o d s
i s fu n d a m e n ta l.

In p r o d u c tio n o p e r a t io n s ,

la r g e

n u m b ers of

c a s t in g s a r e m a d e fr o m e a c h p a tt e r n , a n d m a c h in e m e th o d s o r
jo b b r e a k d o w n m a y b e e m p lo y e d to a s u b s ta n tia l e x te n t.
In
jo b b in g

o p e r a tio n s v e r y lim ite d

o n ly o n e o r tw o ,

are

m ad e fro m

n u m b e rs o f c a s tin g s ,
e a c h p a tte rn ,

s o m e tim e s

an d h an d m e th o d s

p r e d o m in a te .
P r o d u c tio n fo u n d r ie s t y p ic a lly s e r v e m a s s - p r o d u c tio n
in d u s t r ie s w h ic h u s e la r g e q u a n titie s o f id e n t ic a l c a s t in g s a s
c o m p o n e n ts o f s ta n d a r d iz e d en d p r o d u c ts , s u c h a s a u to m o b ile s ,
h e a tin g e q u ip m e n t, a n d h o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s .
J o b b in g f o u n d r ie s
p r o v id e

c a s tin g s u s e d a s p a r t s fo r lim ite d

q u a n tity p r o d u c ts

s u c h a s m a c h in e t o o l s a fid s p e c i a l p u r p o s e m a c h i n e r y .
d is t in c t io n b e tw e e n jo b b in g a n d p r o d u c tio n

The

sh o p s is p a r tia lly

b lu r r e d in p r a c t i c e s in c e p r o d u c tio n fo u n d r ie s o fte n d o s o m e
jo b b in g w o r k , e s p e c i a lly in s la c k s e a s o n s .
S o m e o f th e in fo r m a t io n o b ta in e d f r o m th e fo u n d r ie s in ­
c lu d e d in th e s u r v e y h e lp s in d is t in g u is h in g f u r t h e r b e tw e e n
p r o d u c tio n a n d jo b b in g s h o p s .
T h e id e n tific a tio n o f fo u n d r ie s
a s e it h e r " c a p t iv e " o r " in d e p e n d e n t" i s o n e o f t h e s e d is t in c t io n s .
In d e p e n d e n t fo u n d r ie s p r o d u c e to o r d e r fr o m o th e r p la n t s .
A lth o u g h e v e r y sh o p s e e k s " r e p e a t " b u s in e s s a n d lo n g e c o ­
n o m ic a l p r o d u c tio n r u n s , in d e p e n d e n t s h o p s m u s t c o m p e t e fo r
b u s in e s s an d a c c e p t w h a te v e r w o r k is a v a ila b le .
F o r th e m o s t
p a r t , t h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e l i k e l y to b e jo b b in g s h o p s .
C a p tiv e
s id ia r ie s

o r " in te g r a te d " fo u n d r ie s a r e d e p a r tm e n ts o r

su b ­

o f p a r e n t c o m p a n ie s to w h ic h t h e y t r a n s f e r t h e ir

o u tp u t fo r fin a l a s s e m b ly .
w ith a l a r g e

E s p e c ia lly w h en th e y a r e

s c a le p r o d u c e r o f s ta n d a r d iz e d p r o d u c ts ,

fo u n d r ie s a r e l ik e ly to b e p r o d u c tio n




sh op s.

a s s o c ia te d
c a p tiv e

• 24-

A n o th e r w a y o f g r o u p in g fo u n d r ie s is a c c o r d in g to th e p r in c ip a l
m e t a l c a s t in th e s h o p .
T h is c la s s if ic a t io n is s ig n ific a n t b e c a u s e
th e d e m a n d fo r c a s t in g s o f v a r io u s m e t a ls fr e q u e n tly c h a n g e s a t
v a r y in g r a te s .
F o r e x a m p le , in W o r ld W a r II t h e r e w a s a n e x ­
t r e m e ly s h a r p u p tu r n in th e o u tp u t o f s t e e l a n d n o n fe r r o u s c a s t in g s ,
a m o re m o d e ra te

r is e

in g r a y

ir o n an d a v e r y

s m a ll in c r e a s e in

th e o u tp u t in m a lle a b le ir o n fo u n d r ie s .
E c o n o m ic C o n d itio n s o f th e P e r io d

C o v e r e d b y th e S u r v e y

S in c e th e m o v e m e n t o f w o r k e r s m a y b e a ffe c te d b y th e le v e l
a t w h ic h th e e c o n o m y is o p e r a tin g , th e d a ta o n m o b ility p r e s e n te d
in t h is r e p o r t s h o u ld b e i n t e r p r e t e d in l ig h t o f t h e e c o n o m ic c o n ­
d itio n s o f th e p e r io d .
T h e s e 12 y e a r s in c lu d e d tw o p e r io d s o f
r a p id e x p a n s io n o f o u tp u t a n d e m p lo y m e n t, 1 9 4 0 -4 2 a n d 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 ,
s u s ta in e d h ig h l e v e l p r o d u c tio n d u r in g th e w a r y e a r s 1 9 4 3 - 4 5 , a
p e r i o d o f r e a d ju s t m e n t in 1 9 4 6 , a n d a s lu m p in 1 9 4 9 .
A s m ig h t
be

e x p e c te d t h e s e flu c t u a t io n s in flu e n c e d th e r a t e

of m ovem ent

o f m o ld e r s
O n th e w h o le , th e p e r io d w a s m a r k e d b y h ig h e m p lo y m e n t
le v e ls .
M o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s .w e r e in s h o r t s u p p ly a t m a n y
t im e s , p a r t i c u l a r ly d u r in g th e w a r y e a r s a n d a g a in in la t e 19 5 0
and 19 51.
L a y o ffs w e r e fe w a n d th e w id e s p r e a d a v a ila b ilit y o f
jo b s o ffe r e d b o th in d u c e m e n t a n d o p p o r tu n ity to m a k e jo b c h a n g e s
a t th e in d iv id u a lIs in it ia t iv e .
T r a d e U n io n s
O n e o f th e m o s t im p o r t a n t f o r c e s im p in g in g o n a g r o u p o f
W o r k e r s in a m p d e r n in d u s t r ia l s o c i e t y i s th e t r a d e u n io n .
U n io n
a c t iv it ie s a ffe c t th e w o r k e r fr o m th e tim e h e e n te r s th e la b o r
m a r k e t u n til th e t im e h e l e a v e s it .
T h r o u g h t h e ir in flu e n c e in th e
p la n n in g a n d e x e c u t io n o f t r a in in g p r o g r a m s , o n d e t e r m in a t io n o f
c o m p e n s a tio n , o n th e im p r o v e m e n t o f w o r k in g c o n d itio n s , o n
p o lic ie s r e g a r d in g p r o m o tio n s , an d on r e tir e m e n t p la n s , tr a d e
u n io n s a f f e c t in d iv id u a l w o r k e r s d i r e c t l y a n d c o n t in u o u s ly .
s tu d y o f th e la b o r m a r k e t b e h a v io r o f a g ro u p
th e r e fo r e b e in te r p r e te d
u n io n

stru c tu re




of w o rkers

A

s h o u ld

a g a in s t a b a c k g ro u n d w h ic h in c lu d e s

o f th e in d u s t r y in w h ic h th e y w o r k .

th e

-2 5 -

F o u r o u t o f f i v e m e n in t e r v ie w e d w o r k e d in s h o p s w h ic h w e r e
o r g a n iz e d b y u n io n s 1 0 ( ta b le l) .
O f t h e 1 4 6 6 m e n in o r g a n i z e d s h o p s ,
8 8 1, o r t h r e e - f if t h s , w o r k e d in p la n ts o r g a n iz e d b y th e I n te r n a tio n a l
M o ld e r s a n d F o u n d r y W o r k e r s U n io n o f N o r th A m e r i c a , w h ic h i s
a ffilia t e d w ith th e A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t io n o f L a b o r .
F iv e h u n d red and
tw e n ty o r 35 p e r c e n t, s a id th e ir s h o p s w e r e a ffilia t e d w ith v a r io u s
C I O u n io n s , in c lu d in g th e U n ite d S t e e lw o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a , th e
U n it e d A u t o m o b ile W o r k e r s , a n d th e I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n o f E l e c t r i c a l
W ork ers.

A

p la n ts w e r e

m in o r p r o p o r tio n o f th e w o r k e r s in d ic a te d th a t t h e ir
o r g a n iz e d b y u n a ffilia te d

T a b le

1 •-— U n i o n

■ ■ p lo y in g

o r in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s .

a f f i l i a t i o n

in t e r v ie w e d

J a n u a x j-U a r e h

U n io n

a f f i l i a t i o n

o f

fo u n d r y

o f

H o ld e r s

f o u n d r i e s

e n d

c o r e a a k e r s ,

1 9 5 2

H

P e r c e n t

a b e r

1 ,8 0 0

1 0 0 * 0

A F L ..........................................................................................................................

6 8 1

i» B .9

C IO

5 2 0

2 8 * 9

A

l l

w o r k a r a

l a

.

p la n t a

.

.

.

.................................. ........

.

o r g a n is e d

.

..........................................................«

I n d e p e n d e n t

u n io n s

K o n -u n io n

•

H o t

•

r e p o r t e d

1

0!

toy s

«

•

•
•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

«

•

.

.

•

•

•

•

6 5

3 * 6

.

.

•

•

5 2 6

1 8 .1

•

•

•

8

. 5

•
•

.

•

T h is in fo r m a tio n w a s

o b ta in e d b y a s k in g th e q u e s tio n ( s e e

e m p lo y e e s c h e d u le q u e s tio n n a ir e ite m 1 6 - G , A p p e n d ix , p . 84)
" W a s t h e r e a u n io n in th e p la n t ? If s o g iv e n a m e ."
It i s p o s s ib le
th a t in

s o m e c a s e s th e a n s w e r s g iv e n in d ic a te d th e p e r s o n a l u n io n

a f f i lia t i o n o f th e w o r k e r r a t h e r th a n th e p la n t u n io n .
Spot ch ecks
h o w e v e r , in d ic a te d th a t th e n u m b e r o f s u c h a n s w e r s w a s e x t r e m e ly
lo w .

It w a s

th e re fo re a ssu m e d

in th e p la n ts ,




a n d th e d a ta w e r e

th a t th e a n s w e r s
so c o n s id e r e d

id e n tifie d th e u n io n s

in th e

stu d y .

•2 6 -

Findings
A lth o u g h th e m a jo r e m p h a s is o f t h is s tu d y i s o n th e m o b ilit y
o f m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s , a n a ly s is o f th e w o r k h is t o r ie s a n d
p e r s o n a l b a c k g r o u n d s o f th e s e w o r k e r s p r o v id e d m u c h a d d itio n a l
d a ta o f im p o r t a n c e in m a n p o w e r p la n n in g .
In a d d itio n to p e r ­
m ittin g a n a ly s e s o f th e f a c t o r s w h ic h a ffe c t th e r a t e a n d e x te n t o f
m o b ilit y a n d th e r e a s o n s w h y m o ld e r s c h a n g e jo b s , th e fin d in g s
a r e im p o r ta n t b e c a u s e th e y c o n tr ib u te t o w a r d s a w e ll- r o u n d e d
v ie w o f th e w o r k e r s in a n o c c u p a tio n w h ic h b e c o m e s c r i t i c a l in a
m o b iliz a tio n p e r io d .
F o r e x a m p le , d a ta r e la t in g to h o w m o ld e r s
a n d c o r e m a k e r s q u a lifie d fo r th e ir jo b s a n d th e o c c u p a tio n a l a n d
s o c ia l g ro u p s fr o m

w h ic h th e y m a y b e d r a w n c a n b e h e lp fu l in

s e tt in g u p t r a in in g p r o g r a m s ; a d e t a ile d k n o w le d g e o f th e a g e
d is tr ib u tio n o f th e s e w o r k e r s a n d o f th e ir d e p e n d e n c y a n d v e te r a n
s t a tu s i s im p o r t a n t in e s t im a t in g fu t u r e d e a th a n d r e t ir e m e n t
lo s s e s

a n d p r o b a b le lia b ilit y to m ilit a r y

s e r v ic e .

T h u s,

th e

fin d in g s p r e s e n t e d in th e fo llo w in g s e c t io n d e a l w ith m o ld e r s a n d
c o r e m a k e r s in a b r o a d s e n s e a n d a r e n o t c o n fin e d to a lim it e d
a n a ly s is

o f m o b ility .

P e r s o n a l C h a r a c te r is tic s
L a r g e p r o s p e c t iv e lo s s e s d u e to d e a th a n d r e t ir e m e n t a r e
in d ic a te d b y th e a g e d is tr ib u tio n o f th e m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s
in c lu d e d in th e s u r v e y .
A s m a n y w o r k e r s (2 0 p e r c e n t ) w e r e
60 y e a r s o f a g e o r o ld e r a s w e r e u n d e r 3 5 y e a r s o f a g e ( ta b le 2 . ) .
T h e m e a n a g e o f a l l th e w o r k e r s w a s 4 7 . 8 y e a r s a n d th e m e d ia n
a g e w a s 4 7 . 3.
T h is c o m p a r e s w ith a m e d ia n a g e o f 4 0 . 8 fo r
s k ille d w o r k e r s g e n e r a l l y . 11
T h e a g e d is tr ib u tio n o f th e w o r k e r s
s h o w e d c o n s id e r a b le v a r ia t io n f r o m c it y to c it y , w ith a v e r a g e
a g e s r a n g in g fr o m 4 4 . 7 in L o s A n g e le s to 50 . 7 in D e tr o it .
O f t h e 1 ,8 0 0 m e n i n t e r v i e w e d , 1 ,5 9 4 o r 8 9 p e r c e n t ,
w h ite o th e r th a n o f M e x ic a n e x tr a c tio n ; 12 7 o r 7 p e r c e n t,
N e g r o e s ; and 79 o r 4 p e r c e n t,

11 /
D e ta ile d

U.

o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t io n .1

C e n s u s o f P o p u la tio n :

C h a r a c te r is tic s ,

th e C e n s u s ,
1 2/

S.

w ere

19 53 ,

T a b le

19 50 ,

B u lle tin P - C 1 ,
12 7-, p .

w ere
w ere

U.

S.

z

S u m m ary,

W a s h in g to n ,

B u reau

of

1-2 7 3 .

S e e fo o tn o te 2 9 , p . 6 0 , f o r e x p la n a tio n o f r a c ia l d e s ig ­

n a t io n u s e d in th is




stu d y .

T a b le

2 . —
a n d

D

i s t r i b u t i o n

b y

C it y

o f

o f

M

o ld e r s

E m p lo y m e n t,

A ge
C i t y

a n d

C o re m & k e rs

F e b r u a r y

-

b y

M a rch

A g e

1 9 5 2

gro u p

o f
A v e r a g e

e m p lo y m e n t

(m e a n )
a g e

A

l l

a g e
g r o u p s

1 9 - 2 K

2 5 -2 9

3 0 -3 4

3 5 -3 9

4 0 * 4 4

4 5 -4 9

5 0 -5 4

5 5 -5 9

6 0 -6 4

6 5 - 7 9

P e r c e n t

A

l l

-

-

4 7 .8

1 0 0 .0

0 . 7

4 .6

1 4 .5

1 3 .9

1 1 .9

9 .6

1 0 . 3

1 3 . 8

1 1 .9

8 .8

-

-

-

4 8 .3

1 0 0 .0

. 6

5 .0

1 3 .3

1 7 .8

7 . 8

6 . 7

8 .3

1 8 . 9

1 3 .3

8 .3

-

-

-

4 7 .7

1 0 0 .0

. 5

4 .0

1 1 .7

1 7 . 1

1 4 .9

9 .0

9 .5

1 1 .7

1 3 .5

8 . 1

-

-

5 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

-

2 .4

8 .8

1 4 .7

1 5 .2

9 .8

6 .4

1 5 .7

1 6 . 7

1 0 .3

-

-

5 O . 7

1 0 0 .0

-

1 - 9

9 .9

9 .4

1 2 .2

1 1 . 8

9 .0

2 2 .2

1 6 . 5

7 . 1

1 3 .5

8 .6

c i t i e s

B o s t o n

-

C h ic a g o

C le v e la n d

D e t r o i t

-

L o s

A n g e le s

-

4 4 .7

1 0 0 .0

1 .2

3 .3

1 5 .9

1 7 .9

1 8 .4

1 1 .4

H ew

Y o r k

-

4 8 .9

1 0 0 .0

0 .8

5 .0

1 6 . 9

1 1 .5

5 . *

9 .6

1 3

. 1

1 2 . 3

U

. 5

1 3 * 9

P h ila d e lp h ia

-

4 6 .9

1 0 0 .0

1 .1

5 .9

2 0 .4

1 0 . 8

1 0 .8

6 . 3

1 1 .2

1 2 . 3

1 2 . 3

8 . 9

P it t s b u r g h

-

4 5 .8

1 0 0 .0

1 .0

9 .1

1 5 * 9

1 3 . 0

1 1 .0

1 2 . 0

1 0

1 1 .5

8 .2

8 . 2




—

-

. 1

^ • 9

4 .9

-2 8 -

T h e r e w e r e w id e v a r ia t io n s f r o m c i t y to c i t y in th e p r o p o r t io n o f
m o ld e r s w h o w e r e N e g r o e s o r o f M e x ic a n e x tr a c tio n .
In
L o s A n g e le s , o f 2 4 5 w o r k e r s in te r v ie w e d , 79 w e r e o f M e x ic a n
e x tr a c tio n ,

5 w ere N egro es,

and

161 o r

6 5 .7 p e r c e n t,

w ere non-

M e x ic a n w h ite w o r k e r s .
In D e tr o it , 18 p e r c e n t o f th e m o ld e r s
w e r e N e g r o e s ; in C h ic a g o , 13 p e r c e n t.
L e s s th a n 5 p e r c e n t o f
th e w o r k e r s in te r v ie w e d in N e w Y o r k , P it t s b u r g h , a n d B o s to n
w ere N egroes.
T h e m e n o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t io n an d N e g r o e s w e r e
g e n e r a ll y in th e y o u n g e r a g e g r o u p s ,
f a c t th a t o n ly in r e c e n t y e a r s
an y g re a t n u m b er.
A lm o s t o n e -th ir d
s id e th e U n ite d S t a t e s .

p r o b a b ly a tt r ib u t a b le to th e

h a v e th e y e n te re d

th e o c c u p a tio n in

o f th e m o ld e r s in t e r v ie w e d w e r e b o r n o u t­
In c o n t r a s t , o n ly o n e - te n th o f th e 19 5 0

m a l e e x p e r i e n c e d l a b o r f o r c e w a s f o r e i g n - b o r n . 13
N in e -te n th s
o f th e fo r e ig n - b o r n m o ld e r s w e r e 4 5 y e a r s o f a g e o r o ld e r
w h e r e a s o n ly a b o u t o n e - t h ir d o f th e m o ld e r s b o r n in th e U n ite d
S ta te s w e r e 4 5 y e a r s o r o ld e r .
T he p ro p o
h ig h p r o p o r t io n
D e tr o it , C le v e la
w ith 15 p e r c e n t ,
P itts b u r g h , L o s

r tio n o f fo r e ig n - b o r n w o r k e r s v a r ie d b y c it y .
A
(3 9 to 4 5 p e r c e n t ) o f t h e m o l d e r s in N e w Y o r k ,
n d , and B o sto n w e re b o rn a b ro a d .
P h ila d e lp h ia ,
h a d th e lo w e s t p r o p o r tio n o f fo r e ig n - b o r n .
In
A n g e le s , an d C h ic a g o , a b o u t o n e o u t o f fo u r

m e n w a s b o r n o u ts id e th is c o u n tr y .
It h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d th a t th e N a tio n * s r u r a l a r e a s a r e a
c o m m o n s o u r c e o f n e w e n tr a n t s in t h is o c c u p a tio n .
A lth o u g h
th e s u r v e y s h o w e d th a t 30 p e r c e n t o f th e m e n in t e r v ie w e d h a d
b e e n r a is e d o n f a r m s , th e p r o p o r tio n o f m o ld e r s w ith f a r m
b a c k g r o u n d s h a s b e e n d e c r e a s in g ; 40 p e r c e n t o f th e m e n 4 5 y e a r s
o f a g e o r o ld e r h a d b e e n r a is e d o n fa r m s a s c o m p a r e d w ith l e s s
t h a n 20 p e r c e n t
o f fo r e ig n -b o r n
s u p p ly o f n e w w
fr o m th e c it ie s

o f th o se u n d er 45 y e a r s .
B e c a u s e th e p r o p o r tio n
m o ld e r s is a ls o d e c r e a s in g , it a p p e a r s th a t th e
o r k e r s in th is o c c u p a tio n m u s t c o m e p r i n c i p a ll y
a n d to w n s o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s .

M o ld e r s g e n e r a lly h ad lit t le
m o ld e r s

in te r v ie w e d ,

s c h o o lin g ,

s c h o o lin g

w h e r e a s fo r th e m a le la b o r fo r c e

*3 / B u reau of C en su s,

18 y e a r s

S p e c ia l R e p o r t,

P e r s o n a l C h a r a c te r is tic s ," P - E ,




(ta b le E - 3 ) .

O f th e

o n ly 35 p e r c e n t h a d m o r e th a n 8 y e a r s

N um ber

1A ,

of

o r o ld e r ,

" E m p lo y m e n t an d
T a b le

5, A p r il

19 53 .

•»2 9 *

80 p e r c e n t h a d c o m p le t e d 8 y e a r s o r m o r e o f s c h o o l i n g . 14
O n ly
a l it t le m o r e th a n 1 p e r c e n t o f th e m o ld e r s w e n t to c o lle g e .
The
y o u n g e r w o r k e r s g e n e r a lly h a d m o r e s c h o o lin g th a n th e o ld e r
w o r k e r s , d ir e c t ly r e f le c t in g th e e x te n s io n o f e d u c a tio n in r e c e n t
y ea rs.
F i f t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f th e m o ld e r s u n d e r 4 5 y e a r s o f a g e
h a d m o r e th a n 8 y e a r s o f s c h o o lin g , b u t o n ly 16 p e r c e n t o f th e
m en 45 y e a rs

o ld o r o ld e r h a d g o n e b e y o n d

B ecau se

th e e ig h th g r a d e .

o f th e ir g e n e r a lly lim it e d fo r m a l s c h o o lin g ,

m o ld e r s

m a y b e h a m p e r e d in m o v in g o u t o f th e o c c u p a tio n in to o th e r
s k ille d fie ld s o f w o r k .
T h is e d u c a tio n a l fa c t o r m a y w e ll b e a n
in h ib itin g in flu e n c e a n d m u s t b e c o n s id e r e d w h e n e s tim a tin g th e
n u m b e r o f m e n w h o h a v e l e f t o r w i l l l e a v e m o ld in g f o r o th e r jo b s .
N in e t y p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s s tu d ie d w e r e m a r r i e d .
O n ly
8 p e r c e n t h a d n e v e r b e e n m a r r ie d a n d 2 p e r c e n t w e r e w id o w e d o r
d iv o r c e d .
H a lf o f th e m o ld e r s h a d 1 o r m o r e d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n .
T h r e e h u n d re d fift y - t h r e e , o r 1 o u t o f e v e r y 5 m o ld e r s w e r e
v e te ra n s ,

a n d a lm o s t a ll o f th e s e h a d

served

in th e A r m e d F o r c e s

d u r in g W o r ld W a r H .
O f th is n u m b e r , 16 7 o r 4 7 p e r c e n t w e r e
q u a lifie d jo u r n e y m e n w h e n th e y e n te r e d th e A r m e d F o r c e s .
A l m o s t 1 o u t o f 4 o f t h e 7 2 5 m e n in t h e a g e g r o u p f r o m 30 to
4 4 y e a r s h a d h a d h is w o r k in g l if e

in te r r u p te d b y m ilit a r y

s e r v ic e .

H a lf o f th e m o ld e r s w e r e h o m e o w n e r s , a b o u t th e s a m e
p r o p o r tio n a s a m o n g u rb a n s k ille d w o r k e r s g e n e r a lly .1 5 H o m e o w n e r s h ip in e a c h a g e g r o u p r o s e s t e a d i l y f r o m 30 p e r c e n t f o r t h o s e
in th e 2 5 -2 9 g r o u p to 70 p e r c e n t fo r th o s e in th e 6 0 -6 4 g r o u p . H o m e
o w n e r s h ip d if f e r e d m a r k e d ly a m o n g m o ld e r s in th e e ig h t c i t i e s .
In B o s to n , 32 p e r c e n t o f th e m o ld e r s w e r e h o m e o w n e r s ; in L o s
A n g e le s t w ic e a s h ig h a p r o p o r tio n , 65 p e r c e n t , o w n e d t h e ir h o m e s .
S m a ll p e r c e n ta g e s o f m o ld e r s in N e w Y o r k an d C h ic a g o w e r e
h o m e o w n e r s ; b u t in C le v e la n d , D e t r o it , P h ila d e lp h ia , a n d
P it t s b u r g h , w e ll o v e r h a lf o f th e m o ld e r s o w n e d t h e ir h o m e s .

i_ iJ

C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n R e p o r t s ,

S e r ie s P -5 0 ,

N um ber 49,

of W orkers:

O c to b e r

U.

S.

B u r e a u o f th e C e n s u s ,

E d u c a tio n a l A tta in m e n t a n d L it e r a c y

19 52 .

iJ L / S u r v e y o f O c c u p a t i o n a l M o b i l i t y , 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 5 1 , P a t t e r n s o f
M o b ility o f S k ille d W o r k e r s , M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s titu te o f T e c h n o lo g y ,
F eb ru ary

1952,




p.

114 .

-3 0 -

In g e n e r a l, t h e s e v a r ia t io n s c o r r e s p o n d e d to d if f e r e n c e s in h o m e
o w n e r s h ip fo u n d in t h e e i g h t a r e a s b y t h e 1 3 5 0 H o u s in g C e n s u s . 16
O n ly in B o s to n a n d L o s A n g e le s w e r e t h e r e

a n y g r e a t d iffe r e n c e s

in th e p r o p o r t io n o f h o m e o w n e r s b e t w e e n th e g e n e r a l p o p u la tio n
a n d th e m o ld e r s in te r v ie w e d .
F a c t o r s R e la t e d to E n t r y in to M o ld in g
P r a c t i c a lly a ll th e m e n in te r v ie w e d g a v e d e fin ite r e a s o n s fo r
b e c o m in g m o ld e r s .
P e r h a p s th e m o s t s t r ik in g fa c t is th a t s u c h a
s m a ll p r o p o r tio n in d ic a te d th e y h a d b e c o m e m o ld e r s b e c a u s e o f
jo b in t e r e s t ; o n ly o n e - tw e lfth s a id th e y e n te r e d th e o c c u p a tio n f o r
th is r e a s o n .
A b o u t 20 p e r c e n t e n te r e d th e o c c u p a tio n b e c a u s e it
o ffe r e d a n o p p o r tu n ity to b e t t e r t h e m s e lv e s , th a t i s , to le a r n a
s k ille d t r a d e , to im p r o v e t h e ir s o c ia l s t a tu s , o r to e a r n h ig h e r
w ages.

Such re a s o n s

a s " im p r o v e m e n t ,"

"to le a r n a t r a d e ,"

"to

m a k e m o r e m o n e y , " w e r e m o s t o fte n m e n tio n e d b y th e n o n w h ite s
a n d t h e l e a s t e d u c a t e d m e n , f o r w h o m tl ® a l t e r n a t i v e s w e r e p r e ­
s u m a b ly r a t h e r lim ite d .
T h e l a r g e s t s in g le r e a s o n r e p o r t e d a s in d u c in g th e m e n to
e n t e r th e m o ld in g t r a d e w a s th e in f lu e n c e o f f a m i l y m e m b e r s o r
fr ie n d s .
T h is r e a s o n w a s g iv e n b y 851 m e n , o r 4 7 . 3 p e r c e n t o f
th e t o ta l.
W hen t h e
m e n in te r v ie w e d w e r e g ro u p e d a c c o r d in g
to th e o c c u p a tio n s o f th e ir fa t h e r s th e im p o r ta n c e o f fa m ily b a c k ­
g r o u n d a s a n in flu e n c e w a s a p p a r e n t.
O f th e 40 4 m e n w h o s e
fa t h e r s h a d b e e n fo u n d ry w o r k e r s , a b o u t t h r e e - fo u r th s h a d
e n te r e d th e o c c u p a tio n b e c a u s e o f f a m ily in flu e n c e .
T h e h ig h e r
th e s ta tu s o f th e fa t h e r in th e fo u n d r y , th e m o r e l ik e ly w a s h is
s o n to fo llo w h is fa t h e r * s e x a m p le a n d e n te r th e t r a d e .
T h u s,
8 3 . 0 p e r c e n t o f th e m e n w h o s e f a t h e t s w e r e fo u n d r y fo r e m e n
r e p o r t e d f a m ily in flu e n c e , a s c o m p a r e d w ith 6 1. 5 p e r c e n t f o r
m e n w h o s e f a t h e r s 1 u s u a l o c c u p a tio n w a s s o m e lo w e r s k ille d
fo u n d r y w o r k o th e r th a n m o ld in g .
F o r t y - f o u r p e r c e n t o f th e m o ld e r s in te r v ie w e d r e p o r te d
th a t t h e r e w e r e o th e r m e m b e r s o f t h e ir f a m ili e s in fo u n d r y w o r k
a t th e tim e th e y t h e m s e lv e s f i r s t e n te r e d th e fo u n d r y .
h a lf o f th e c a s e s ,

** /

In o n e -

th e o th e r f a m ily m e m b e r w a s th e fa t h e r .

19 5 0 U n ite d S t a t e s C e n s u s o f H o u s in g ,

U.

O f

S. S u m m ary,

H o u s in g C e n s u s R e p o r t H - A l , T a b le 2 2 , O c c u p a n c y C h a r a c ­
t e r i s t i c s , T y p e o f S t r u c t u r e , a n d P lu m b in g F a c i l i t i e s , f o r S ta n d a r d
M e tr o p o lita n A r e a s ;




19 50 ,

p.

1-3 6 .

-31-

th e 404 f a t h e r s w ho w e r e fo u n d r y w o r k e r s , o n e -e ig h t h w e r e f o r e ­
m e n , t h r e e - f if t h s w e r e m o l d e r s , and the r e m a in d e r w o r k e d in
o t h e r fo u n d r y o c c u p a t io n s .
G e n e r a lly , e x c e p t f o r p e r i o d s o f s e v e r e e c o n o m ic s t r e s s
s u c h a s in th e 1 9 3 0 's , r e a s o n s f o r e n te r in g m o ld in g h a v e b e e n th e
s a m e o v e r th e y e a r s . B u t in the d e p r e s s io n y e a r s , th e im p o r t a n c e
o f " j o b s c a r c i t y " r o s e s h a r p ly . O f the m e n w h o e n t e r e d th e tr a d e
b e tw e e n 1 9 3 0 - 3 9 , 2 7 p e r c e n t d id s o b e c a u s e " i t w a s the o n ly jo b
o p e n " a s c o m p a r e d w ith 19 p e r c e n t o f the 1 ,4 0 0 m e n w h o e n t e r e d
the tr a d e in o th e r p e r i o d s .
M o r e than h a lf o f the m o ld e r s b e g a n t h e ir w o r k in g l i v e s in
fo u n d r ie s . H o w e v e r , 25 p e r c e n t had n ot s ta r t e d fo u n d r y w o r k
u n til th e y had b e e n in the la b o r f o r c e 5 y e a r s o r m o r e , and 169
m e n - 9 p e r c e n t o f the to ta l - had n ot e n t e r e d fo u n d r y w o r k u n til
a ft e r 10 y e a r s o r m o r e in the la b o r f o r c e (ta b le 3 ). T h e t e n d e n c y
to g o d i r e c t l y in to fo u n d r y w o r k w a s r e la t e d to the o c c u p a t io n o f
the w o r k e r 's fa th e r and to th e w o r k e r 's r a c e . M o ld e r s w h o s e
f a t h e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d in fo u n d r ie s g e n e r a lly e n t e r e d fo u n d r y
w o r k im m e d ia t e ly o r q u ic k ly a ft e r e n te r in g the la b o r f o r c e . O f
the m e n w h o s e fa t h e r s w e r e fo u n d r y w o r k e r s , a b o u t n in e -te n th s
h ad b e g u n fo u n d r y w o r k w ith in 5 y e a r s o f t h e ir e n t r y to the la b o r
m a r k e t , a s c o m p a r e d w ith 75 p e r c e n t f o r m e n w h o s e fa t h e r s
w o r k e d in n o n fo u n d r y o c c u p a t io n s .
N e g r o m o l d e r s and th o s e o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t io n e n t e r e d
fo u n d r y w o r k la t e r in th e ir w o r k in g l i v e s (ta b le 3)
W h ile 80
p e r c e n t o f th e w h ite m o l d e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d in fo u n d r ie s w ith in
5 y e a r s o f t h e ir in it ia l la b o r m a r k e t e n t r y , o n ly 62 p e r c e n t o f
the m e n o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t io n and o f the N e g r o e s had s t a r t e d
fo u n d r y w o r k a ft e r the s a m e le n g th o f t im e in the la b o r m a r k e t .
O f the 958 m e n w h o b e g a n th e ir w o rk in g l i v e s in fo u n d r ie s ,
a b o u t t w o - t h ir d s s ta r t e d im m e d ia t e ly on jo b s w h ic h le d d i r e c t l y
t o q u a lific a t io n a s m o l d e r s ; 4 5 p e r c e n t s ta r t e d a s a p p r e n t ic e
m o l d e r s and 20 p e r c e n t a s m o l d e r s ' h e lp e r s . T h e r e m a in in g
35 p e r c e n t b e g a n t h e ir w o rk in g l i v e s a s fo u n d r y l a b o r e r s o r in
o th e r fo u n d r y w o r k , and la t e r w e r e a b le to a d v a n c e to m o ld e r s *
h e lp e r s o r a p p r e n t ic e m o l d e r s and s u b s e q u e n tly q u a lify f o r the
tra d e.
It is n o te w o r th y that a p p r e n t ic e s h ip a s a fo u n d r y j o b h as
b e e n d e c lin in g in im p o r t a n c e , w h e r e a s o th e r fo u n d r y j o b s s u c h
a s m o l d e r 's h e lp e r , l a b o r e r , a n d g e n e r a l h e lp e r , a r e i n ­
c r e a s in g i n im p o r t a n c e a s e n t r y j o b s f o r m o l d e r s (ta b le 4 ).




T a b le

3 . —

b y

D

T im e

i s t r i b u t i o n
i n

L a b o r

F o u n d r y

A
Y e a r s

i n

f o r c e

p r i o r

l l

a n d

l a b o r

o f

M o ld e r s

F o r c e

W o rk ,

P r i o r

a n d

b y

l l

N e g r o e s
W h ite

H o n e

—

-

O n e

y e a r

T w o

y e a r s

T h r e e
F o u r

-----------------------------

-

—

y e a r s

y e a r s
y

a

-

p e r c e n t

N u m ber

1 ,8 0 0

1 0 0 .0

1 ,5 9 ^

9 5 8

5 3 * 2

5 5 .^

7 5

3 6 . k

6 2 .2

7

3 9 .8

6 8 .8

1 3

-

-

-

-

l l 6

5 9 .7

-

-

-

-

-

1 1 7

6 6 .2

1 0 k

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

—

-

-

—
-

-

-

r s ----------------------

T e n

o r

N o t

r e p o r t e d

m o r e

-

-

-

y e a r s
-

—

—
-

-

k 6

. 1

5 0 .0

8 k

7 0 .8

7 6

7 3 .5

8

7 8

7 5 .2

5 9

7 7 .2

1 9

5 9 .2

5 k

7 8 .2

k 8

8 0 .2

6

6 2 . 1

6 $

8 1 . 8

5k

8 3 .6

1 1

6 7 .5

5 3

8 k . 7

k 2

8 6 .3

1 1

7 2 . 8

5 3

8 7 .7

k 3

8 9 .O

1 0

7 7 * 7

3 3

9 1 . 0

7
3 6
3

k O

-

1 0 0 .0

8 8 3

-

-

p e r c e n t

N u m b er

2 0 6

-

-

p e r c e n t

8 9 .9

1 6 9

9 9 .3

1 3 3

9 9 » k

1 3

1 0 0 .0

1 0

1 0 0 .0

o r

C u m u la t iv e

1 0 0 .0

-

-

y e a r s




-

N u m ber

m en

e x t r a c t i o n ____

C u m u la tiv e

1 0 9

—

S e v e n

e

-

—

y e a r s

E ig h t
N in e

-

y e a r s
y e a r s

F iv e
S ix

-

a n d

______ M e x i c a n

t o

w o r k

g r o u p s

R a c e

R a c e

C u m u la tiv e

A

C o r e m a k e r s ,

E n t e r in g

m o ld e r s
<s o r e m a k e r s

e n t e r in g
fo u n d r y

a n d
t o

8

1 . 1

9 8 .5
1 0 0 .0
■

-33-

D e s p it e the d e c lin in g p r o p o r t io n o f m e n w h o b e g in fo u n d r y w o r k
a s a p p r e n t ic e s , the p r o p o r t io n q u a lify in g th ro u g h a p p r e n t ic e s h ip
h a s r e m a in e d c o n s ta n t. T h is in d ic a t e s that fo u n d r ie s h a v e in ­
c r e a s i n g l y s e le c t e d th e ir a p p r e n t ic e s f r o m a m o n g e m p lo y e e s
w o r k in g a s m o l d e r ' s h e lp e r o r m o ld in g d e p a r tm e n t l a b o r e r .
A ttitu d e s o f M o ld e r s T o w a r d the O cc u p a tio n
E a c h o f the w o r k e r s in t e r v ie w e d w a s a s k e d i f h e w o u ld
r e c o m m e n d m o ld in g a s a c a r e e r to a you n g m a n . 17 It w a s in ­
te n d e d that th is q u e s tio n w o u ld d e v e lo p s o m e in d ic a t io n o f the
attitu d e o f m o ld e r s and c o r e m a k e r s to w a r d th e ir w o r k ; that is,
t h e ir s a t is fa c t io n w ith t h e ir o c c u p a t io n a l s ta tu s.
L e s s than h a lf o f t h o s e in t e r v ie w e d s a id that th e y w o u ld
r e c o m m e n d to a you n g m a n that h e le a r n m o ld in g ; and o f th is
n u m b e r 3 ou t o f 10 q u a lifie d the r e c o m m e n d a t io n w ith a s ta te ­
m e n t su ch a s " y e s , bu t it*s h a r d and d i r t y , " " y e s , i f it w o u ld
p a y b e t t e r , " o r " m o ld in g is O K , b u t n o t c o r e m a k i n g ," o r the
r e v e r s e . A m o n g the 922 m e n w h o w ou ld n ot r e c o m m e n d the
o c c u p a t io n , th e m o s t fr e q u e n t r e a s o n s g iv e n in c lu d e d " it * s to o
h a r d and d i r t y , " "t h e p a y is to o l o w . " O n ly 29 m o ld e r s d id not
e x p r e s s an y o p in io n .
T h e m o s t s tr ik in g r e s u lt o f the a n a ly s is is the d iv e r g e n c e in
o p in io n b e tw e e n the w h ite s and the N e g r o e s and m e n o f M e x ic a n
e x t r a c t io n . L e s s than o n e - h a lf o f the w h ite m o l d e r s s a id th e y
w o u ld r e c o m m e n d the o c c u p a t io n , w h ile 70 p e r c e n t o f the o th e r
g r o u p f e lt it w a s a g o o d tr a d e f o r you n g m e n (ta b le 5). T h is
d i f f e r e n c e in the c o m p a r a t iv e a t t r a c t iv e n e s s o f the o c c u p a t io n
to the tw o g r o u p s is u n d ou b ted ly r e la t e d to the k in d o f jo b s and
c a r e e r s o p e n to e a c h .
E d u c a tio n a l le v e l a l s o in flu e n c e d the m o ld e r s * a ttitu d e s .
A b o u t t h r e e - f if t h s o f the 269 m e n w ith fo u r o r f e w e r y e a r s o f
s c h o o lin g r e c o m m e n d e d th e o c c u p a t io n , c o m p a r e d w ith l e s s than
h a lf o f the m e n w ith f iv e o r m o r e y e a r s o f f o r m a l e d u c a tio n
(ta b le E - 4 ) . E v e n if a llo w a n c e i s m a d e f o r the in flu e n c e o f r a c e ,
the m o r e f a v o r a b le o p in io n o f the w o r k e r s w ith l e s s s c h o o lin g
p e r s i s t s . A p p a r e n t ly t h e s e m e n f e lt h a n d ica p p e d b y t h e ir la c k
o f f o r m a l e d u c a tio n , and m o ld in g o f fe r e d an o p p o r tu n ity to a c h ie v e
a h ig h e r e c o n o m ic and s o c ia l sta tu s than th e y c o u ld e x p e c t in o th e r
f ie ld s o f w o r k .

UJ

S ee q u e s t io n n a ir e , p . 84, q u e s tio n 20 f o r e x a c t p h r a s in g .




T a b le

4 . —

F i r s t
b y

F o u n d r y

Y e a r

o f

J o b

E n t r y

o f

M o ld e r s

I n t o

F i r s t

Y e a r

o f

f i r s t

fo u n d r y

jo b
A

l l

a n d

F o u n d r y

C o r e m a k e r s ,

W ork

fo u n d r y

A p p r e n t ic e

H

m o ld e r

c o r e m

o r

c o r e m a k e r

w o r k e r s

l l

1 9 1 5

p e r i o d s

a n d

-

-

e a r l i e r
-

1 9 3 0 -3 9

...................................................................................

3 4 -

a n d

-

-

l a t e r

-

-- ------------------- ------

1 9 1 6 -2 9

19 * * 0

-

-

...........................................

-

-

T a b le

-

-

-

5 « —

-

O p in io n s
a s

i

o f

2 3 .5

5 7 5

1 0 6 .0

5 1 .3

2 2 . 1*

2 7 .3

1*79

1 0 0 .0

3 9 .5

2 1 .9

3 8 .6

k

1 0 0 .0

31*. 3

2 2 .0

1 * 3 -7

3 1 .5

2 9 -2

3 9 .3

o o

1 0 0 .0

o ld e r s

C a r e e r

A

j o b s

U 0 .6

M

a

fo u n d r y

1 0 0 .0

3 1* 6

-

O th e r

o r

a k e r 's

I ’e r c e n t

1 ,8 0 0

------------------------------------------

o l d e r 's

h e l p e r

N u m b er

A

jo b

l l

a n d

a n d
f o r

C o r e m a k e r s
Y o u n g

M en ,

A b o u t
b y

t h e

O c c u p a t io n

R a c e

R a c e

m o ld e r s

c o r e m a k e r s
W h ite

R e c o m m e n d a tio n s

N u m ber

3 5 .9

P e r c e n t

N u m ber

P e r c e n t

N e g r o e s

a n d

M

e x t r a c t i o n

e x ic a n

N u m b er

m en

P e r c e n t

1 0 0 . 0

A

l l

-

1 ,8 0 0

1 0 0 .0

1 ,5 9 » *

1 0 0 .0

2 0 6

Y

e s -------------------------------------------------------- -------------------

5 9 0

3 2 .8

1* 8 1

3 0 . 1

1 0 9

5 2 .9

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

9 2 2

5 1 . 2

861*

5 l* .2

5 8

2 8 .2

w it h

2 5 9

ll* .l*

2 2 3

l l * .0

3 6

1 7 .5

3

1 .5

N

o

Y e s

r e c o m m e n d a t io n s

U n d e c id e d




r e s e r v a t i o n
---------------------------- —

-

-

-

—
—

-

2 9

1 . 6

2 6

1 . 6

o f

-35-

T h e a p p a r e n t im p o r t a n c e o f s o c i a l and e c o n o m ic b a c k g r o u n d s
in d e t e r m in in g the o p in io n s o f m o ld e r s a b o u t the o c c u p a t io n is sh ow n
b y g r o u p in g th e m e n in t e r v ie w e d a c c o r d in g t o t h e ir f a t h e r s 1 o c c u ­
p a t io n s . T h e lo w e s t p r o p o r t io n o f p o s it iv e r e c o m m e n d a t io n s c a m e
f r o m t h o s e m e n w h o s e f a t h e r s 1 o c c u p a t io n s w e r e h ig h in th e s o c i o ­
e c o n o m ic s c a le - f o r e m e n and c r a ft s m e n ; p r o f e s s i o n a l and t e c h n ic a l
w o r k e r s ; p r o p r i e t o r s , m a n a g e r s , and o f f i c i a l s ; o r c l e r i c a l (''w h it e
c o l l a r " ) w o r k e r s . A f a v o r a b le r e c o m m e n d a t io n c a m e m o s t o fte n
f r o m m e n w h o s e fa t h e r s had b e e n f a r m e r s and s e r v i c e w o r k e r s ,
lo w e r s k ille d fo u n d r y w o r k e r s and o th e r lo w e r s k ille d f a c t o r y
w ork ers.
N o n a p p r e n tic e d w o r k e r s r e c o m m e n d e d th e t r a d e m o r e o ft e n
than d id t h e ir f o r m a l l y t r a in e d c o - w o r k e r s . T h e w o r k e r s w h o had
had n o f o r m a l tr a in in g , a p p a r e n t ly b e lie v in g th e y had d o n e q u ite
w e ll to a d v a n c e t h e m s e lv e s a s f a r a s th e y had d o n e , c o n s id e r e d
that m o ld in g o f f e r e d a p r e t t y g o o d c h a n c e to g e t a h e a d . T h a t
s u c h s u b je c t iv e e v a lu a tio n s e n t e r e d in to r e s p o n s e s to th e q u e r y is
a l s o a p p a r e n t w h en the m e n w e r e g r o u p e d a c c o r d in g to t h e ir e x ­
p la n a tio n s o f t h e ir ow n r e a s o n s f o r e n te r in g the o c c u p a t io n . O f
th e 146 m e n w h o had b e c o m e m o ld e r s b e c a u s e th e y " li k e d the
w o r k " o r g a v e s o m e o th e r in d ic a t io n o f jo b in t e r e s t , 94 o r 64. 4
p e r c e n t , r e c o m m e n d e d th e o c c u p a t io n , w h e r e a s o n ly 44 p e r c e n t
o f t h o s e w h o b e c a m e m o ld e r s b e c a u s e o f the in flu e n c e o f f a m ily
o r f r ie n d s f e lt that m o ld in g w a s a g o o d c a r e e r .
It w o u ld s e e m f r o m the f o r e g o in g a n a ly s is that the q u e s tio n
a s k e d o f t h e s e w o r k e r s o f f e r s a c o n v e n ie n t m e th o d o f a s c e r t a in in g
w o r k e r s 1 a ttitu d e s t o w a r d s t h e ir w o r k . T h e s a m e q u e s t io n w a s
a s k e d o f t o o l and d ie m a k e r s and a b o u t 70 p e r c e n t , 1 ,1 7 0 ou t o f
1 ,7 1 2 , g a v e a f fir m a t iv e r e c o m m e n d a t io n s . 8 T o o l and d ie m a k e r s
a r e g e n e r a lly c o n s id e r e d to b e the e lit e o f m e t a lw o r k in g c r a f t s ­
m e n ; m o l d e r s and c o r e m a k e r s ra n k lo w , in t e r m s o f p r e s t i g e ,
a m o n g c r a f t s m e n . T h e m u c h h ig h e r p r o p o r t io n o f t o o l and d ie
m a k e r s w h o a r e s a t is f ie d w ith t h e ir s ta tu s , c o m p a r e d w ith the
m o l d e r s , r e i h f o r c e s the h y p o t h e s is that th e r e s p o n s e g iv e n
m e a s u r e d w o r k e r s 1 s a t is fa c t io n w ith t h e ir lo t .
N a tu re and D u r a tio n o f T r a in in g
W e ll o v e r h a lf (1 ,0 2 0 ) o f the m o l d e r s in t e r v ie w e d had s e r v e d
a p p r e n t ic e s h ip s . A n apprentice^ a s d e fin e d b y th e B u r e a u o f
A p p r e n t ic e s h ip , U . S. D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , i s a w o r k e r w ho,

LU

T h e M o b ilit y o f T o o l and D ie M a k e r s , o p . c i t . , u n p u b lish e d

ta b le .




-36u n d e r a w r it t e n o r o r a l a g r e e m e n t , le a r n s a r e c o g n iz e d s k ille d tr a d e
r e q u ir in g at le a s t 2 y e a r s o f o n - t h e - j o b w ork e x p e r ie n c e and r e la t e d
t r a d e c o u r s e s , s u c h a s b lu e p r in t r e a d in g .
The a p p r e n t ic e s h ip p e r io d u s u a lly ra n 4 y e a r s ; m o r e than t w o t h ir d s o f the m o ld e r s r e p o r te d th is d u ration o f tra in in g . A p p r e n tic e ­
s h ip s o f l e s s than 4 y e a r s d u r a tio n w e r e r e p o r te d b y 17 p e r ce n t o f
th e m o ld e r s and 13 p e r c e n t r e p o r t e d a p p r e n tic e s h ip s in e x c e s s o f
4 y e a r s . P r a c t i c a l l y a ll o f th e a p p r e n t ic e - t r a in e d m e n in d ic a t e d
that th ey had s e r v e d the s c h e d u le d t e r m o f t h e ir a p p r e n t ic e s h ip s and
had b e e n a w a r d e d either a c e r t i f i c a t e f r o m an a p p r e n t ic e s h ip c o u n c il
o r in dividual e m p lo y e r , o r m o r e fr e q u e n t ly , a jo u r n e y m a n c a r d fro m
a u n ion .
T h e k in d o f jo b tr a in in g a m o ld e r r e c e iv e d w a s p a r t ly d e t e r ­
m in e d b y h is p e r s o n a l b a c k g r o u n d . M en w h o s e fa t h e r s w e r e fo u n d r y
w o r k e r s had m o r e o fte n b e e n a p p r e n t ic e d . A b o u t t w o - t h ir d s o f the
m e n w h o s e fa t h e r s w o r k e d in fo u n d r ie s had b e e n a p p r e n t ic e s , c o m ­
p a r e d w ith s o m e w h a t m o r e than h a lf o f the r e m a in in g 1, 396 m e n .
In a d d itio n , a p p r e n t ic e - t r a in e d m o ld e r s g e n e r a lly had m o r e s c h o o lin g .
F o r t y p e r c e n t o f the a p p r e n t ic e - t r a in e d m e n had g o n e b e y o n d the
eig h th g r a d e a s c o m p a r e d w ith 30 p e r c e n t o f the n o n a p p r e n tic e d
m o l d e r s ; o n ly 11 p e r c e n t o f the a p p r e n t ic e s had fin is h e d 4 y e a r s
o r l e s s o f s c h o o lin g , c o m p a r e d w ith 20 p e r c e n t o f the n on ­
a p p r e n t ic e d w o r k e r s .
The p r o p o r t io n o f N e g r o e s o r m o ld e r s o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t io n
h a v in g a p p r e n t ic e tra in in g w a s s u b s ta n tia lly lo w e r than that f o r w h ite
m o ld e r s (ta b le 6). H o w e v e r , the p r o p o r t io n o f s u c h w o r k e r s q u a lifie d
T a b le

6 . - - D
b y

i s t r i b u t i o n

r a c e

a n d

o f

m e th o d

m o ld e r s
o f

a n d

c o r a m a k e r e

q u a l i f i c a t i o n

Race

Method o f
q u a lific a tio n

A l l m olders
and coremakers
Number P ercent

A l l m olders
and c o r e ­
makers . . .
A p p r e n tic e o u ip
e e
e •
Other than
a p p r e n t ic e 8nlp • • e e




Negroes and men o f
Mexican e x t r a c t io n

White
Number

Percent

Number

P ercent

1 ,8 0 0

100*0

1 .5 9 b

1 0 0 .0

206

1 0 0 .0

1,020

5 6 .7

938

5 8 .8

82

3 9 .8

780

b3*3

656

1*1. 2

12b

6 0 .2

-37th ro u g h a p p r e n t ic e s h ip h as b e e n in c r e a s in g s t e a d ily d u rin g the w a r
and p o s t w a r p e r io d (ta b le E - 5 ) . T h is u n d o u b te d ly r e f l e c t s the
g r e a t e r a c c e p t a n c e a c c o r d e d t h e s e g r o u p s in the in d u s tr y .
F o r t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t o f the m e n in t e r v ie w e d h a d 'le a r n e d the
tr a d e w ith ou t s e r v in g a p p r e n t ic e s h ip s . O n ly 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e m e n
had s o m e m o r e o r l e s s f o r m a l o n - t h e - j o b tr a in in g b y w h ic h th e y had
p r o g r e s s i v e l y le a r n e d the t r a d e . N o n -a p p r e n t ic e d m o l d e r s t y p ic a lly
le a r n e d the t r a d e b y w o r k in g a s a m o l d e r 's h e lp e r , s o m e t im e s
fo llo w in g e x p e r ie n c e a s a l a b o r e r . F e w o f the m e n had p r e v i o u s l y
w o r k e d in o th e r fo u n d r y o p e r a t io n s su ch a s c h ip p in g , g r in d in g ,
m e lt in g e t c .
S o m e o f t h e s e m e n w e n t d i r e c t l y f r o m la b o r e r s * jo b s in to
m o ld in g . F o r e x a m p le , on e m a n s ta te d , " t h e p la n t n e e d e d a m o ld e r
s o the f o r e m a n s h o w e d m e w hat to d o f o r a b o u t s ix m o n th s , th en I
g o t th e m o n e y and d id the s a m e a s the r e s t o f th e m ( m o l d e r s ) . "
A p p a r e n t ly , the p i e c e r a t e s y s t e m m a d e e n tr y in to the o c c u p a t io n
e a s i e r f o r t h e s e r e la t iv e ly u n tr a in e d m e n . M an y o f t h e s e m e n r e ­
p o r t e d s o m e th in g s im ila r to the fo llo w in g : " w o r k e d a s a l a b o r e r
and w a tc h e d the m o l d e r s . A f t e r a w h ile , 1 f e l t I c o u ld d o the
w o r k and a s k e d the b o s s to b r e a k m e in to th e jo b . H e p u t m e o n
p i e c e w o r k and I d id O K . "
T h e d e t e r m in a tio n o f the le n g th o f " t r a in in g p e r i o d " f o r the
w o r k e r s w h o had s e r v e d n o a p p r e n t ic e s h ip p e r io d p r e s e n t e d s o m e
p r o b l e m , s in c e m a n y o f th e m c la im e d that th e y b e g a n w o r k in g a s
m o l d e r s a ft e r lit t le tr a in in g . I m m e d ia t e ly a ft e r n o m in a lly q u a li­
fy in g a s m o l d e r s , t h e s e m e n w e r e a b le to p e r f o r m o n ly r o u t in e ,
s im p le w o r k and c o u ld n ot h a v e c o m p a r e d in p r o f i c i e n c y w ith the
a p p r e n t ic e - t r a in e d w o r k e r . H o w e v e r , at the t im e o f in t e r v ie w
a ll t h e s e m e n w e r e c a r r i e d on the e m p lo y e r s * p a y r o lls a s hand
m o l d e r s and w e r e e a r n in g m o ld e r s * w a g e s . T h e r e f o r e , u n le s s the
q u e s t io n n a ir e s h o w e d o b v io u s s ig n s o f in c o n s is t e n c y , the " t r a in in g "
h is t o r y and d a te o f q u a lific a t io n g iv e n w e r e a c c e p t e d . F o r t h o s e
m e n w h o w o r k e d f i r s t a s m o ld e r s * h e lp e r s , and th en b e c a m e
m o l d e r s , o n ly the t im e w o r k e d a s a 'h e lp e r w a s c o n s id e r e d to b e
the tr a in in g p e r i o d , and p r i o r w o r k e x p e r ie n c e in the fo u n d r y in
o th e r o c c u p a t io n s , i f a n y , w a s n ot co u n te d . F o r t h o s e m e n w ho
e it h e r w en t d i r e c t l y f r o m la b o r e r s * jo b s to m o ld in g o r w h o c la im e d
th e y s ta r te d im m e d ia t e ly a s m o l d e r s , the t im e w h ic h th e y c la im e d
it t o o k th e m to r e a c h p r o f i c i e n c y w a s c o n s id e r e d to b e th e tr a in in g
p e r io d . T h e a c h ie v e m e n t o f the p r o p e r l e v e l o f p r o f i c i e n c y w a s in­
d ic a t e d b y a s ta te m e n t that jo u r n e y m e n w a g e s w e r e p a id , o r that
a jo u r n e y m a n c a r d w a s is s u e d , o r that the in d iv id u a l w a s g iv e n a
jo b a 8 a jo u r n e y m a n .
On th is b a s i s , the a v e r a g e d u r a tio n o f s u c h in fo r m a l
tr a in in g w a s c o n s id e r a b ly s h o r t e r than that fou n d f o r a p p r e n t ic e s .




-38-

M o r e than 40 p e r c e n t o f m o l d e r s w h o had no a p p r e n t ic e tr a in in g
r e p o r t e d le a r n in g p e r i o d s o f 2 y e a r s o r l e s s ; 83 p e r c e n t g o t j o b s
a s m o l d e r s a f t e r 4 y e a r s o r l e s s . T h e w id e r a n g e o f th e tr a in in g
p e r io d s r e p o r t e d a p p a r e n tly r e f l e c t s the d i v e r s i t y o f s k ill l e v e l s
in the o c c u p a t io n that h a s d e v e lo p e d f r o m c h a n g e s in fo u n d r y t e c h ­
n o lo g y and the c o n tin u in g d ilu t io n o f the s k ills r e q u ir e d o f m a n y o f
the th e m o l d e r s . M u ch o f th e w o r k d on e b y hand m o l d e r s to d a y is
r e p e t it iv e and r e la t iv e ly lim it e d in s c o p e . T h e w id e r a n g e o f s k ill
l e v e l s that e x is t in th e o c c u p a t io n to d a y p e r m i t s r e l a t i v e l y u n tra in e d
m e n t o e n te r th e o c c u p a t io n a t lo w e r l e v e l s than the a ll- r o u n d
w o r k e r . T h e e x is t e n c e o f t h e s e g r a d a t io n s o f s k ill p e r m it s a r e c o n ­
c i l i a t i o n b e t w e e n the g e n e r a lly a c c e p t e d 4 - y e a r a p p r e n t ic e s h ip and
th e s h o r t e r le a r n in g p e r i o d r e p o r t e d b y m a n y o f the n on a p p r e n t ic e d
m en.
A b o u t 1 ou t o f 8 o f th e m o ld e r s had r e c e i v e d s o m e k in d o f
c l a s s r o o m in s t r u c t io n w h ic h w a s r e la t e d to th e o c c u p a t io n . Study
c o u r s e s in c lu d e d b lu e p r in t r e a d in g , sh op m a t h e m a t ic s , fo u n d r y
p r a c t i c e , and b a s i c m e t a llu r g y . A b o u t 72 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e m e n
had ta k e n c o u r s e s w h ile e m p lo y e d in the fo u n d r y ; 21 p e r c e n t had
t h e s e c o u r s e s in s c h o o ls b e f o r e s ta r tin g fo u n d r y w o r k . T h e r e ­
m a in in g 7 p e r c e n t o f th e m e n had ta k en the c o u r s e s b o th w h ile
th e y w e r e s t ill in s c h o o l and a ft e r th e y had s ta r t e d f u l l - t i m e fo u n d r y
w o r k . B e c a u s e a p p r e n tic e tra in in g a g reem en ts o fte n s tip u la te
s o m e f o r m a l in s t r u c t io n in a d d itio n to w o r k e x p e r ie n c e , m o r e
a p p r e n t ic e - t r a in e d m o l d e r s had stu d ie d s u c h c o u r s e s th an had n o n a p p r e n t ic e d m e n . O ne ou t o f 6 a p p r e n t ic e d m e n r e p o r t e d t e c h n ic a l
s c h o o lin g c o m p a r e d w ith 1 ou t o f 14 n on a p p r e n t ic e d w o r k e r s .
T h e p r o p o r t io n o f m o l d e r s w h o h a v e ta k en c o u r s e s in a d d itio n
to o n - t h e - j o b tr a in in g h a s s te a d ily in c r e a s e d . O f the m o ld e r s
w h o q u a lifie d a s jo u r n e y m e n in 1929 o r e a r l i e r , 1 ou t o f 12 had
s o m e t e c h n ic a l c o u r s e s a s c o m p a r e d w ith 1 o u t o f 5 m o l d e r s w h o
q u a lifie d b e t w e e n 1946 and 1952. T h e a d v a n ta g e o f b r o a d tr a in in g
t o g e t h e r w ith s o m e e m p h a s is on b a c k g r o u n d in r e la t e d s u b je c t s
and t h e o r y is in d ic a t e d b y the f a c t that the p r o p o r t io n o f f o r e m e n
w h o had s o m e t e c h n ic a l s c h o o lin g w a s t w ic e a s h ig h a s f o r o th e r
m o ld e r s .
M o b ilit y
M o v e m e n t jn and O ut o f the O c c u p a tio n - O ne im p o r t a n t
a s p e c t o f the m o b ilit y o f m o l d e r s i s th e ir in t e r - o c c u p a t io n a l m o v e ­
m e n t. T h e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t o f m o ld e r s in and ou t o f the t r a d e and
the a m ou n t o f t im e th e y sp en d o u t s id e m o ld in g a r e im p o r t a n t to m a n ­
p o w e r o f f i c i a l s b e c a u s e o f the e f f e c t s on the a v a ila b le s u p p ly o f t h e s e
s k ille d w o r k e r s . A l s o , the k in d s o f w o r k m o ld e r s d o w h en w o r k in g
o u t s id e the fo u n d r y m a y in d ic a t e th e e x is t e n c e and e x te n t o f u n d e r ­
u t iliz a t io n o f m a n p o w e r r e s o u r c e s .




- 3 9 -

F r o m th e p o in t o f v ie w o f m a n p o w e r s u p p ly , o c c u p a tio n a l
m o v e m e n t1 9 w a s o f r e la t iv e ly m in o r im p o r ta n c e .
B e t w e e n 19 4 0
a n d 1 9 5 2 , 2 6 8 m e n o r 1 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e 1 ,8 0 0 m e n i n t e r v i e w e d
h a d w o r k e d o u ts id e m o ld in g ; th e t im e th e y h a d s p e n t o u ts id e th e
t r a d e r e p r e s e n t e d o n l y 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l t i m e t h e 1 ,8 0 0 m e n
s p e n t in th e la b o r f o r c e
m in o r im p o r ta n c e ,
creased

a s j o u r n e y m e n m o l d e r s . 20

A lth o u g h o f

th e tim e lo s t to th e o c c u p a tio n n o t o n ly d e ­

th e s u p p ly o f m o ld e r s to th e fo u n d r ie s b u t w a s a ls o

o v e r a ll lo s s

to th e e c o n o m y .

w o r k e r s h e ld

A n a ly s is

sh o w e d th a t m o s t o f th e m

an

o f th e " o u ts id e " jo b s th e s e
w ere

a t lo w e r

s k ill le v e ls

a n d th u s r e p r e s e n t e d u n d e r - u t iliz a t io n o f m a n p o w e r r e s o u r c e s .
O n ly a s m a ll p r o p o r t io n
n o m in a lly b e c la s s i f ie d

o f th e jo b s in n o n m o ld in g w o r k c o u ld
as

h ie r a c h y o f o c c u p a tio n s .
jo b s w e r e in

s e m is k ille d

e q u a l to o r h ig h e r th a n m o ld in g
B y f a r th e la r g e s t n u m b e r

fa c to ry w o rk .

A

fe w

to th e p r o b le m

o f n o n m o ld in g

m en ow ned or

m a n a g e d s m a ll b u s in e s s e s .
M o s t o f th e r e m a in d e r
m o ld in g jo b s w e r e in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s .
O f in t e r e s t w ith r e g a r d

even

in th e

o f th e n o n ­

o f a u g m e n tin g th e

s u p p ly o f m o ld e r s d u r in g m o b iliz a t io n i s th e f a c t th a t q u a lifie d
m o ld e r s w h o h a d b e e n w o r k in g in o th e r f i e l d s d id r e t u r n to th e
o c c u p a tio n d u r in g th e 1 2 - y e a r p e r io d s u r v e y e d .
The year by year
jo b m o v e m e n t s o f m o ld e r s in d ic a t e s th a t m o s t o f th e in flu x o c ­
c u r r e d i n t w o p e r i o d s *of e x p a n d i n g a c t i v i t y f o r f o u n d r i e s : t h e e a r l y
t4 0 t s a n d a g a in in 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 .
T h is s u g g e s t s th a t, a lth o u g h s o m e m e n
le a v e fo u n d r y w o r k in g o o d t im e s , t h e r e is a ls o a te n d e n c y fo r
o th e r s w h o h a d p r e v io u s ly le f t th e o c c u p a tio n to r e t u r n to it w h e n
jo b s a r e p le n tifu l.
A n a n a ly s is o f th e w o r k h is t o r ie s o f th e 10 8 m e n
w h o r e t u r n e d to m o ld in g in 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 i ll u s t r a t e s th e p a t t e r n w h ic h h a s
o ccu rred .
T e n p e r c e n t o f t h e s e 10 8 w o r k e r s h a d l e f t th e o c c u p a tio n
p r io r to 19 4 0 , s o n o r e c o r d i s a v a ila b le o f t h e ir r e a s o n s fo r le a v in g
th e tr a d e .

O f th e 98 w o r k e r s w h o g a v e r e a s o n s .,

56 p e r c e n t le f t

m o ld in g a f t e r b e in g la id o ff, 19 p e r c e n t h a d " w a n te d to g e t o u t o f th e
t r a d e ," a n d 2 5 p e r c e n t g a v e m is c e lla n e o u s r e a s o n s fo r le a v in g th e
o c c u p a tio n . W h e n a s k e d w h y th e y r e e n t e r e d m o ld in g , 70 p e r c e n t s a id
th e y c o u ld m a k e m o r e m o n e y in m o ld in g , 2 5 p e r c e n t s a id it w a s

L—J

A n o c c u p a tio n a l s h ift w a s d e fin e d a s a n y jo b

in v o lv e d a c h a n g e o f jo b d u tie s ,
p lo y e r .

th e

c h a n g e w h ic h

w ith o r w ith o u t a c h a n g e o f e m ­

2 0 i

—J

It s h o u ld b e r e c o g n iz e d

m e n w h o w e r e w o r k in g
m ade.

U n d o u b te d ly ,

d u r in g th e p e r io d

th a t th e s e d a ta r e f e r

in th e t r a d e a t th e t im e th e

som e m en w ho w orked

19 4 0 -5 2

H ow la r g e

to th e to ta l n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s

h o w m a n y o c c u p a tio n a l c h a n g e s th e y m a d e ,
th e n o n in c lu s io n
o f m o ld e r s a r e




P u rvey w as

a s m o ld e r s

s o m e tim e

s h ifte d to o th e r fie ld s o f w o r k a n d h a d

n o t r e t u r n e d to m o ld in g in e a r ly * 1 9 5 2 .
m ig h t b e c o m p a r e d

o n ly to th o s e

th is g ro u p
in th e o c c u p a tio n ,

and th u s,

to w h a t e x te n t

o f th is g ro u p u n d e r s ta te s th e o c c u p a tio n a l m o b ility
not know n.

-40 f i r s t jo b a v a ila b le , a n d 5 p e r c e n t g a v e m is c e lla n e o u s r e a s o n s .
A
f a i r l y d e fin ite p a tte r n th u s e m e r g e s ; m o r e th a n h a lf o f th e m e n w h o
l e f t th e o c c u p a t io n d id
t h e y w a n te d to t r y

so in v o lu n t a r ily ..

O th e rs h ad d o n e so b e c a u s e

t h e ir lu c k a t s o m e th in g

tu r n e d to th e t r a d e

s im p ly b e c a u s e

o th e r w o r k a n d r e c o g n iz e d

e ls e .

M o s t o f th e m

re ­

th e y c o u ld n o t d o a s w e ll in

th a t t h e ir b e s t o p p o r tu n itie s w e r e in

m o ld in g .
M o v e m e n t o u t o f th e o c c u p a tio n o v e r th e 1 2 - y e a r p e r io d
fo llo w e d a n a p p a r e n t p a tte r n .
O n e la r g e g ro u p o f m o ld e r s to o k jo b s
o u ts id e th e o c c u p a tio n fo llo w in g t h e ir m i li t a r y s e r v i c e b u t l a t e r r e ­
tu r n e d to m o ld in g .
T h e r e c e s s i o n in 19 4 9 c u r t a i le d fo u n d r y a c t i v i t y
a n d a p p a r e n tly im p e lle d a n o th e r g r o u p o f m o ld e r s w h o h a d b e e n la id
o ff o r w o r k in g s h o r t h o u r s to s h if t to o th e r o c c u p a t io n s .
T h ese m en
r e e n t e r e d m o ld in g in 19 5 0 a n d 1 9 5 1 w h e n fo u n d r y w o r k e x p a n d e d a n d
jo b s b e c a m e a v a ila b le .
M o v e m e n t B e tw e e n E m p lo y e r s - M o ld e r s a r e , b y an d la r g e ,
n o t a m o b ile g r o u p .
L e s s th a n h a lf th e m o ld e r s in th e s u r v e y h a d
c h a n g e d j o b s d u r in g th e 1 2 - y e a r p e r i o d , a n d t h o s e w h o d id e a c h
averaged

2. 6 s h ifts .

M oreo ver,

37 p e r c e n t (6 6 7 m e n ) h a d b e e n

Chart 8. Mora Than One-Third of the Molders Had
Been Working on Hie Same Job Longer Than Ten Years
Nrcsnt

40 r

* Year
and Less

1-1 »o
2 Years

2.1 to
5 Years

D U R A T IO N O P C U RR EN T J O B

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS




5.1 to
10 Years

More than
10 Years

-4 1

w o rk
th e y
jo b s
w o rk

in g in t h e ir c u r r e n t j o b s f o r m o r e th a n 10 y e a r s a t th e t im e
w e r e in t e r v ie w e d , 21 2 5 . 3 p e r c e n t (4 6 5 m e n ) h a d n o t c h a n g e d
f o r 1 5 y e a r s o r m o r e , a n d 1 1 . 3 p e r c e n t (2 0 3 m e n ) h a d b e e n
in g o n th e s a m e jo b fo r 25 y e a r s o r m o r e .

A c o n s id e r a b le p r o p o r tio n o f th e jo b c h a n g e s o f m o ld e r s w a s
m a d e b y a s m a ll g r o u p o f h ig h ly m o b ile m e n w h o m ig h t b e c h a r a c ­
te r iz e d a s " d r if t e r s . "
T h e 1 1 6 m e n w h o m a d e fiv e o r m o r e ch a n g e s
r e p r e s e n t e d a b o u t 6 p e r c e n t o f a ll th e w o r k e r s b u t a c c o u n te d fo r
34 p e r c e n t o f th e jo b c h a n g e s

(ta b le E - 6 ) .

O n e o f th e p r o b le m s c o n n e c te d w ith th e e s t a b lis h m e n t o f
tr a in in g p r o g r a m s is th e fe e lin g o f e m p lo y e r s th a t it d o e s n o t p a y
th e m to p a r t ic ip a t e in s u c h p r o g r a m s .
T h e o p e r a tio n o f a w e llro u n d e d p r o g r a m in v o lv e s th e u tiliz a t io n o f s u p e r v is o r s a s tr a in in g
p e r s o n n e l.
O fte n it in v o lv e s g iv in g th e t r a in e e s tim e o ff th e jo b
f o r s c h o o lin g , a n d r e q u i r e s th e p a y m e n t o f a w a g e to th e w o r k e r
w h en he is ,

fro m

th e e m p l o y e e s p o in t o f v ie w ,

in a n o n p r o d u c tiv e

sta tu s .
S o m e e m p lo y e r s m a y fe e l th a t th e y d o n o t r e c e iv e a n
a d e q u a te r e t u r n o n th is in v e s tm e n t o f tim e a n d m o n e y b e c a u s e
w o rker,

a ft e r b e c o m in g a jo u r n e y m a n ,

so o n le a v e s

th e

th e p la n t a n d

s e e k s m o r e a t t r a c t iv e o p p o r tu n itie s e ls e w h e r e .
T h e d a ta o f th e
s tu d y d o n o t s u b s ta n tia te th is b e lie f .
A b o u t 37 p e r c e n t o f th e
w o r k e r s s tu d ie d s t a y e d 6 y e a r s o r lo n g e r a s jo u r n e y m e n in th e
p la n ts w h e r e th e y h a d le a r n e d th e t r a d e .
T w e n ty -tw o p e r c e n t o f
th e to ta l r e m a in e d lo n g e r th a n 10 y e a r s a s q u a lifie d m o ld e r s w ith
th e e m p lo y e r s w h o h a d tr a in e d th e m .
M o r e o v e r , th e d a ta in d ic a te
t h a t th e t r e n d i s f o r m o l d e r s to s t a y lo n g e r in th e p la n t s w h e r e
th e y w e r e tr a in e d .
T h is r e f l e c t s th e c h a n g in g m e a n in g o f th e w o r d
" jo u r n e y m a n ."
T h e t e r m to d a y d e s ig n a te s th e w o r k e r w h o h a d
g ra d u a te d fr o m a tr a in e e s ta tu s .
O r ig in a lly , it m e a n t a n a p p r e n tic e
w h o h a d c o m p le te d h is tr a in in g a n d h a d b e g u n t r a v e lin g fr o m o n e
jo b to a n o th e r in o r d e r to le a r n s o m e o f th e fin e r p o in ts o f h is a r t .
G r a d u a lly th is p r a c t ic e h a s d is a p p e a r e d .
W h e r e a s o n e - th ir d o f th e
m e n w h o q u a lifie d b e f o r e 1 9 1 5 r e m a in e d 6 y e a r s o r m o r e in th e
p la n ts w h e r e th e y h a d q u a lifie d , h a lf o f th e m e n w h o le a r n e d th e
t r a d e b e tw e e n 19 4 0 a n d 19 4 5 r e m a in e d s ix y e a r s o r m o r e w ith th e
e m p lo y e r in w h o s e p la n t th e y le a r n e d t h e ir t r a d e ( ta b le E - 7 ) .
F u r t h e r m o r e , o f th e 3 5 7 m e n w h o q u a lifie d b e tw e e n 19 4 0 a n d 19 4 5 ,
o n ly 6 2 o r a b o u t 1 7 p e r c e n t , l e f t th e p la n t s in w h ic h t h e y h a d le a r n e d
th e tr a d e fo r v o lu n ta r y r e a s o n s
w o r k in g

c o n d itio n s .

su ch a s fo r b e tte r w a g e s o r b e tte r

T h e r e m a in d e r

th e p la n t o r h a d le f t o n ly b e c a u s e

2
th e g ro u p

e ith e r w e r e

o f la y o ff,

s t i l l e m p lo y e d a t

s la c k w o r k o r b e c a u s e

1 / E v e n th e s e fig u r e s a c t u a lly u n d e r s ta te th e im m o b ility o f
s in c e a n a d d itio n a l

18 p e r c e n t o f th e

1 ,8 0 0 m e n h a d b e e n

w ith o n e e m p lo y e r f o r t h e ir e n t ir e w o r k in g l i v e s
h a d n o t b e e n q u a lifie d w o r k e r s fo r a s m a n y a s




a s m o ld e r s b u t

10 y e a r s .

-4 2 t h e y w e r e c a l le d in to th e A r m e d F o r c e s .
T h u s , in r e c e n t y e a r s th e
p r o p o r tio n o f n e w t r a in e e s w h o h a v e , o f th e ir o w n d e s ir e , le f t th e
p la n ts w h e r e th e y w e r e t r a in e d w ith in a fe w y e a r s a f t e r q u a lify in g
h a s n ot b e e n la r g e .
O n th e b a s i s o f th e fin d in g s in t h is s tu d y it
a p p e a r s th a t e m p lo y e r s to d a y m a y p la n tr a in in g p r o g r a m s fo r
m o ld e r s w ith a f a i r l y h ig h d e g r e e o f c o n fid e n c e th a t th e n e w ly t r a in e d
w o r k e r s w ill s t a y w ith th e m f o r a r e a s o n a b le le n g th o f t im e .
T h e w id e c h a n g e s in e c o n o m ic a c t iv it y a n d fo u n d r y o u tp u t th a t
o c c u r r e d fr o m 19 4 0 to 19 5 2 a r e r e f le c t e d in th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t o f
m o ld e r s b e tw e e n e m p lo y e r s .
T h e r a t e o f jo b c h a n g in g v a r ie d , f lu c ­
tu a tin g w ith c h a n g in g e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n s ( ta b le 7 ).
S ta r tin g o ff r e la ­
t iv e l y lo w in 1 9 4 0 , th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t i n c r e a s e d in 1 9 4 1 a n d 1 9 4 2
a s fo u n d r y a c t iv it y p ic k e d u p d u r in g th e p r e p a r e d n e s s p e r io d a n d
m o ld e r s r e tu r n e d to th e fo u n d r ie s fr o m o th e r f ie ld s .
In 19 4 3 w h e n
w a r t im e p r o d u c t io n w a s a t a h ig h l e v e l , th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t f e l l to
it s lo w e s t p o in t d u r in g th e 12 y e a r s , s in c e th e m a jo r e x p a n s io n o f
e m p lo y m e n t fo r th e in d u s tr y a n d th e a d ju s tm e n t o f m a n p o w e r r e q u ir e ­
m e n ts fo r in d iv id u a l p la n ts h a d a lr e a d y ta k e n p la c e .
(G o vern m en t
m a n p o w e r r e s t r ic t i o n s m a y a ls o h a v e b e e n a f a c t o r c a u s in g th e lo w
m o b ility r a te

T a b le




o f th e se y e a r s .)

7 .- ~ R a te

o f jo b

In 19 4 5 th e r a t e

o f m o v e m e n t in c r e a s e d

c h a n g in g o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r a m a k e r s ,

b y y e a r o f ch an ges*

19 U O » 52

- 4 3 -

sh a rp ly

a s m a n y fo u n d r ie s la id

o ff w o r k e r s

in th e r e - c o n v e r s i o n

p e r io d im m e d ia te ly fo llo w in g th e w a r .
D u r in g th e f i r s t p o s t w a r
y e a r s , th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t w a s s te a d y .
It r o s e a g a in in 19 4 9 a s
m a n y m e n w e r e la id o ff, a n d m o v e d to p e a k l e v e l s in 19 5 0 a n d 1 9 5 1
w h e n fo u n d r y e m p lo y m e n t e x p a n d e d to m e e t th e n e e d s o f th e K o r e a n
d e fe n s e p r o g r a m .
T o m e e t th e n e e d s o f d e fe n s e p r o d u c tio n p la n t s f o r s k ille d
w o r k e r s , it is im p o r ta n t to h a v e s o m e id e a o f th e e x te n t a n d le v e l o f
v o lu n ta r y jo b c h a n g e s .
Q f th e 9 2 7 m e n w h o c h a n g e d jo b s , 650 o r 79
p e r c e n t, h a d m a d e o n e o r m o r e v o lu n ta r y c h a n g e s .
A c lo s e r e la tio n ­
s h ip e x is t e d b e t w e e n e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n s a n d v o lu n t a r y m o v e m e n t o f
w o rk ers

in th e la b o r m a r k e t .

m e n t w a s e x p a n d in g ,

q u e n tly .
O n th e o th e r h a n d ,
r a t e o f q u its d ro p p e d .
A n e s tim a te

D u r in g th e y e a r s w h e n fo u n d r y e m p lo y ­

m o ld e r s

ch a n g e d jo b s o f th e ir o w n a c c o r d f r e ­

w h e n fo u n d r y a c t iv it y w a s d e c lin in g ,

th e

o f th e a m o u n t o f v o lu n ta r y m o v e m e n t lik e ly to

o c c u r in th e n e a r fu t u r e c a n b e m a d e b y p r o je c t in g th e d a ta o b ta in e d
in th e s tu d y .
If th e fr e q u e n c y o f th e v o lu n ta r y m o v e m e n t o f th e e s t i­
m a t e d 6 2 ,5 0 0 m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s e m p l o y e d i n 1 9 5 2 w e r e t h e
sam e a s

th a t o f th e

1 ,8 0 0 m e n i n t h e s a m p l e d u r i n g t h e

12 y e a r s

c o v e r e d b y t h e s u r v e y , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 ,7 0 0 v o l u n t a r y s h i f t s w o u ld
b e m a d e a n n u a lly .
S in c e th e n u m b e r o f s h ifts a n d m o ld e r s is n o t
id e n tic a l h o w e v e r (a s m a ll n u m b e r o f m e n m a y c h a n g e jo b s m o r e th a n
o n c e in a g i v e n y e a r ) t h e 4 ,7 0 0 v o l u n t a r y
4 ,0 0 0

s h ift s in d ic a te th a t r o u g h ly

m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w o u ld c h a n g e j o b s in t h is c o u n t r y e a c h

year.
F a c t o r s A ffe c tin g M o v e m e n t B e tw e e n E m p lo y e r s - T h e a m o u n t
o f m o v e m e n t^1 w a s a ffe c te d b y a n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s s u c h a s a g e , e x ­
p o s u r e to th e la b o r f o r c e ,

s e n io r ity ,

h o m e o w n e r s h ip ,

an d m ilita r y

s e r v ic e .
O th e r o b s e r v a b le c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e w o r k e r s s u c h a s
m a r i t a l s t a t u s , e d u c a t io n , a n d r a c e w e r e a p p a r e n t ly n o t r e la t e d to
th e p r o p e n s it y o f m o ld e r s to c h a n g e jo b s .
T h e r e w a s a p p a r e n tly a n
in v e r s e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n a g e a n d th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t; th e h ig h e r
th e a g e , th e lo w e r th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t.
T h is r e la t io n s h ip is n o t,
h o w e v e r , b r o u g h t o u t c l e a r l y b y a n e x a m in a tio n o f th e a m o u n t o f
m o v e m e n t b a s e d o n a g r o u p in g o f w o r k e r s a c c o r d in g to t h e ir a g e s
a t th e t im e o f th e s u r v e y ( t a b le 8 ).
S u c h a n a n a ly s is r e s u lt s in a n
2 j| /

— _/ I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e r a t i o

o f v o lu n ta r y to in v o lu n ta r y m o v e ­

m e n t w a s a b o u t th e s a m e fo r a ll w o r k e r s n o m a t t e r h o w th e y w e r e
g r o u p e d , e x c e p t in a fe w s p e c if ic c a t e g o r ie s .
C o n s e q u e n tly , m o s t
o f th e ta b u la tio n s a r e p r e s e n te d
c o n c lu s io n s b a s e d

in t e r m s

o n th e s e ta b le s ,

th e d a ta w e r e fo r v o lu n ta r y m o v e m e n t.




o f to ta l m o v e m e n t.

h o w ever,

a r e th e

The

sa m e a s if

T a b le

8 .— Job

C h a n g e s b y A g e o f M o ld e r s a n d C o re m a k e r s
a t T im e o f S u r v e y

A verage

num ber o f

c h a n g e s m ade b y
A ll
m o ld e r s
and

A ge g ro u p

co re­
m ak ers

M o ld e r s an d
co rem ak ers
vho

N um ber

44-

A ll

age

gro u p s

mm

mm

-

changed

jo b s one o r
m ore t im e s

jo b
—

M o ld e r s an d
co rem a k ers

T o ta l
num ber
o f jo b
changes

A l l m o ld e r s

who ch an ged

and
co rem ak ers

jo b s one o r
m ore t im e s

P ercen t

1,8 0 0

827

1 * 5 .9

2 ,1 2 8

1 .2

2 .6

19 - 2 k y e a r s

—

mm

12

2

1 6 .7

2

.2

1 .0

25

29 y e a rs

—

-

83

30

3 6 .1

63

.8

2 .1

30 - 3^ y e a r s

—

mm

260

10 8

1 * 1 .5

291

1 .1

2 .7

35 “ 39 y e a r s

-

-

250

119

1 * 7 .6

355

1 . 1*

3 .0

1*0 - 1*1* y e a r s

—

-

2 15

125

5 8 .1

362

1 .7

2 .9

1*5 -

-

17 2

89

5 1 .7

250

1 .5

2 .8

-

186

10 7

5 7 .5

267

1 . 1*

2 .5

-

2«*9

10 1

1*0 .6

232

.9

2 .3

-

2 15

9*

1 * 3 .7

19 9

.9

1 .7

-

158

52

3 2 .9

10 7

.7

1 .0

-

820

381*

1 * 6 .8

1 .0 7 3

1 .3

2 .8

-

980

1*1*3

1 * 5 .2

1W 55

1 .1

2 .1 *

-

**9 y e a r s

50 - 5 k y e a r s

-

-

—

55 - 59 y e a r s
60 -

6k

years

65 y e a r s a n d o v e r
U n d e r 1*5 y e a r s
1*5 y e a r s




and

«•

over

mm

- 4 5 -

u n d e r s ta te m e n t o f th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t o f y o u n g e r w o r k e r s b e c a u s e
m a n y o f t h e m d id n o t e n t e r th e l a b o r f o r c e u n t il a f t e r 1 9 4 0 a n d c o n ­
s e q u e n t ly d id n o t h a v e th e f u l l 1 2 y e a r s in w h ic h to m a k e s h i f t s .
If
h o w e v e r , th e a m o u n t o f m o v e m e n t i s r e la t e d to t h e “ n u m b e r o f y e a r s
w orked

a t g iv e n a g e s ,

th e n u m b e r o f s h ifts p e r m a n - y e a r

sh ow s an

a l m o s t u n i n t e r r u p t e d d e c l i n e a s a g e i n c r e a s e s ( t a b l e 9 ) . 23
a s a w h o le c h a n g e d jo b s a b o u t h a lf a s o fte n w h e n th e y w e r e
of age

o r o v e r a s t h e y d id w h e n t h e y w e r e y o u n g e r th a n 4 5 .

T h e ra te
a ls o

M o ld e r s
45 y e a rs

a t w h ic h m o ld e r s

a ffe c te d b y th e ir

sta tu s

and c o re m a k e rs

as h om eow n ers.

c h a n g e d jo b s w a s

The

9 16 m en w ho w e re

h o m e o w n e r s a t th e tim e o f th e s u r v e y h a d m a d e a n a v e r a g e o f 1 . 1
p e r c e n t s h ift s e a c h , c o m p a r e d w ith a n a v e r a g e o f 1 . 3 s h ift s e a c h f o r
th e 8 7 6 m e n w h o d id n o t o w n h o m e s .
H o w e v e r , a n a ly s is o f h o m e o w n e r s h ip
m ade

s ta tu s a t th e t im e o f jo b

s ig n ific a n t ly m o r e jo b

s h ift

sh o w e d th a t n o n h o m e o w n e rs

c h a n g e s p e r m a n - y e a r w o r k e d th a n d id

h o m e o w n e r s (ta b le E - 8 ) .
M o b ility o f m o ld e r s w a s n o t s ig n ific a n tly a ffe c te d b y s u c h
p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s a s m a r it a l s ta tu s , e d u c a tio n , r a c e , o r
n a tiv ity .
T h e d i f f e r e n c e s in m o b ilit y t h a t d id a p p e a r c o u ld b e
a ttr ib u te d p r im a r ily to a g e .
G r o u p in g m o ld e r s b y th e n u m b e r o f m o n th s t h e y w e r e in th e
la b o r f o r c e in th e p e r io d c o v e r e d b y th e s u r v e y s h o w e d d if f e r e n c e s
2 3/

___/ A

c o m p a r is o n o f ta b le s

8 an d 9 illu s tr a te s

b e tw e e n th e tw o m e th o d s o f a n a ly s is .

T a b le

th e d iffe r e n c e

8 sh o w s th a t a to ta l o f

6 5 s h i f t s w e r e m a d e b y t h e 9 5 w o r k e r s w h o w e r e l e s s t h a n 30 y e a r s
o f a g e w h e n in te r v ie w e d , a n a v e r a g e o f 0. 7 s h ifts e a c h .
T h e ta b le
a l s o s h o w s t h a t t h e 3 7 3 m e n w h o w e r e m o r e t h a n 60 y e a r s o ld
w h e n in te r v ie w e d h a d m a d e 306 s h ift s , a n a v e r a g e o f a b o u t 0. 8
s h ifts e a c h .
T h u s , th e im p r e s s io n is g iv e n th a t th e r a t e o f m o b ilit y
w a s a lm o s t th e

s a m e fo r b o th g r o u p s .

H ow ever,

w h e n th e a n a ly s is

i s m a d e in t e r m s o f th e a g e s w h ic h t h e s e m e n h a d a tta in e d w h e n th e y
c h a n g e d jo b s , a d iffe r e n t p ic tu r e e m e r g e s .
A s ta b le 9 s h o w s , 344
s h if t s w e r e m a d e o v e r th e 1 2 - y e a r p e r io d b y w o r k e r s w h o w e r e u n d e r
30 y e a r s o f a g e w h e n t h e y s h ift e d .
D u r in g th e s a m e 12 y e a r s , t h e s e
m e n h a d w o r k e d a t o t a l o f 2 ,1 4 3 m a n - y e a r s w h ile t h e y w e r e u n d e r
30 y e a r s o f a g e .
T h u s , m o ld e r s a s a w h o le , w h e n in t h is a g e g r o u p ,
a v e r a g e d 0. 16 4 s h ifts p e r y e a r .
T h e ta b le a ls o s h o w s th a t 1 1 0 s h ift s
w e re m ade w hen w o rk e rs w ere
m a n -y e a rs w e re w orked

60 y e a r s

a t th e se a g e s .

o ld o r m o r e

a n d th a t 1 ,6 7 6

T h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f s h ifts

fo r th e u p p e r a g e b r a c k e t w a s 0 . 0 6 5 p e r y e a r .
T h u s , th is a n a ly s is
in d ic a t e s th a t m o ld e r s w e r e tw o a n d o n e - h a lf t im e s a s m o b ile in t h e ir
younger y ea rs

th a n w h e n th e y a p p r o a c h e d th e e n d o f t h e ir w o r k in g

liv e s .




-4 6 -

T a b le

9 . — J o b C h a n g e s o f H o ld e r s an d C o r e n a k e r S j
b y A g e a t T i n e o f C h a n g e , I 9 HO -5 2

N um ber o f

jo b

c h a n g e s m ade
b y aen a t

Age

s p e c ifie d

ages

N um ber o f n a n -

Job

y e a rs vo rked

n a n -y e a r nade
b y n en a t s p e c i­

d u r in g p e r io d ,
b y uen a t
s p e c ifie d

2 ,1 2 8

ch an ges p er

fie d

ages .

ages

18 ,0 0 0

0 .1 1 8

k 88

.1 2 5

A l l a g e s --------- ---- -

-

1 9 - 2k y e a r s

-

6l

-

283

1 ,6 5 5

•171

2 5 - 2 9

years

-

-

30 - 3 4 y e a r s

—

-

38 k

2 ,H 30

.1 5 8

35 - 39 y e a r s

----------

363

2 ,2 6 6

.1 6 0

HO -

kk y e a rs

-

-

-

282

2 ,1 5 6

.1 3 1

H5 -

H9 y e a r s

-

-

-

26 k

2 , k 68

.1 0 7

50 - 5k y e a r s

-

-

-

208

2 ,6 7 2

.0 7 8

55 - 59 y e a r s

-

-

-

173

2 ,1 8 9

.0 7 9

60 - 6 k y e a r s

-

-

-

82

1 , 20 k

.0 6 8

65 - 7 9 y e a r s

-

-

-

28

k J2

.0 5 9

U nder k5 y e a r s

-

-

-

1 ,3 7 3

8 ,9 9 5

.1 5 3

O ver k5 y e a rs

-

-

-

755

9 ,0 0 5

. 08 k




-47in m o b i l i t y .

Workers

qualifying a s m o l d e r s

with fewer m o n t h s
m a d e

in the l a b o r f o r c e after

proportionately m o r e

r e l a t i o n to t h e l e n g t h of t h e i r w o r k

experience.

difference,

for

however,

with fewest years
b e the y o u n g e s t .
was

S o m e

of t h e w o r k e r s

they e n t e r e d the military service.
subtracted f r o m

civilian l a b o r force,
t r a d e d u r i n g the

s i nce the w o r k e r s
a r e a l s o l ikely to b e

the n u m b e r
m o r e

Upon

were

qualified m o l d e r s

Since the t i m e

s p e n t in

their potential t i m e

in the

of y e a r s

s p e n t in t h e

12-year period w a s

these veterans m a d e
entire group.

in

o f th i s

A n o t h e r f a c t o r c o n t r i b u t i n g to this r e l a t i o n s h i p

service w a s

w o r k

b y age,

in the l a b o r f o r c e a s m o l d e r s

military service.

w h e n
the

is a c c o u n t e d

job c h a n g e s

M u c h

these m e n

relatively low.

In g e n e r a l ,

j o b shifts t h a n t h e a v e r a g e f o r t h e

r e t u r n i n g t o c i v i l i a n life,

m a n y

v e t e r a n s tried

in n o n f o u n d r y e m p l o y m e n t b e f o r e t h e y r e t u r n e d to w o r k a s

molders.

Similarly,

service,

other m e n

o n being

separated f r o m

d i d n o t g o b a c k to t h e i r o l d j o b s b u t f o u n d n e w

molders.

The

combined

the

jobs as

effect o f this " r e a d j u s t m e n t " p e r i o d a n d

of the g e n e r a l l y s h o r t e r t i m e

spent b y

v e t e r a n s in t h e civilian

l a b o r f o r c e r e s u l t e d in the h i g h e s t r a t e of m o b i l i t y b e i n g f o u n d a m o n g
m e n

whose

A r m e d

careers

as mold e r s

were

i n t e r r u p t e d b y s e r v i c e in t h e

Forces.

Molders* awareness

of s e n i o r i t y p r o v i s i o n s a p p a r e n t l y c o n ­

t r i b u t e d to s t a b i l i t y o f e m p l o y m e n t .

This w a s

evidenced % y

relationship b e t w e e n b o t h the d u r a t i o n of their j o b s a n d
g a v e for job t e r m i n a t i o n a n d w h e t h e r
provisions.
at the t i m e

O f the

1,405 w o r k e r s

of t he s u r v e y ,

y e a r period,

status of the m e n

covered by

w i t h 4 4 p e r c e n t of the m e n
These

interviewed.

data

the w o r k e r s w h o

s o m e

seniority p r o g r a m .

been covered by

relate

o n l y to t h e

apparently,
they h a d

were

4. 3 y e a r s a s c o m p a r e d w i t h 3. 5 y e a r s

seniority p r o g r a m

(table E - 9 ) .

T h e p r o p o r t i o n of j o b s u n d e r

e n d e d b y quits w a s
were

t e n d e n c y of w o r k e r s

a f f e c t e d b y d u r a t i o n of s e r v i c e .

lower

a n i n d e p e n d e n t e f fect.
j o b i n c r e a s e d it b e c a m e
were

Thus,

The

not u n d e r

seniority p r o g r a m s .

to c h a n g e j o b s v o l u n t a r i l y w a s
it a p p e a r s

to h a v e

s t u d y f o u n d that a s the d u r a t i o n of the

l e s s likely that the w o r k e r
whereas

w o u l d quit

10 y e a r s

or m o r e

6 8 p e r c e n t of j o b s lasting 2 y e a r s

t e r m i n a t e d b y m o l d e r s voluntarily.




also

A l t h o u g h l e n g t h o f j o b d u r a t i o n is

o n l y 5 9 p e r c e n t of j o b s h e l d

t e r m i n a t e d b y quits,

or less w e r e

seniority

than for t h ose jobs w h i c h ,

c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b o t h a g e a n d job seniority,

( t a b l e E -*10).

Molders,

a l s o l e s s l i k e l y to v o l u n t a r i l y l e a v e j o b s o n w h i c h

a c c o r d i n g to the r e s p o n d e n t s ,
The

12-year
o r not

12-year period had b e e n covered b y

seniority protection.

which had been

asked whether

T h e a v e r a g e d u r a t i o n o f all j o b s w h i c h h a d

seniority w a s

for jobs not u n d e r a n y

12-

I n o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e the

c h a n g e d jobs w e r e

e a c h j o b t h e y h a d left o v e r t h e

the

e m p l o y e d in

effect of s e n i o r i t y p r o v i s i o n s o n j o b d u r a t i o n fo r the entire
period,

seniority

in p l a n t s w i t h s e n i o r i t y p r o g r a m s

57 p e r c e n t h a d not c h a n g e d jobs o v e r

as q o m p a r e d

plants without seniority p r o g r a m s .
current

the job w a s

the

reasons they

-48-

It is i m p o r t a n t ,
an y barriers

data indicated n o
sequently,

in m o b i l i z a t i o n p l a n n i n g ,

to i n t e r p l a n t m o v e m e n t

to b e a w a r e

which m a y

exist.

of

The

s u b s t a n t i a l b a r r i e r s to s u c h m o v e m e n t .

Con­

s h o u l d different t y p e s of f o u n d r i e s e x p a n d at v a r y i n g

r a t e s d u r i n g a m o b i l i z a t i o n p e r i o d a n d t h u s this s i t u a t i o n r e q u i r e
som e

r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of m o l d e r s

ments

and coremakers,

w o u l d p r o b a b l y o c c u r fairly s m o o t h l y .

b e t w e e n captive a n d i n d e p e n d e n t plants,
dif f i c u l t y .

O f the 8 2 7 m e n

who

c h a n g e d jobs,

in b o t h d i r e c t i o n s .

it h a s b e e n w i d e l y a s s u m e d
or w h o s e

Molders

This

is a

375 or 45 percent

shops

that m o l d e r s

Perhaps

varied w o r k

m o r e

who

h a v e b e e n trained
shops

could not

of i n d e p e n d e n t f o u n d r i e s .

i m p o r t a n t t h a n the transferability of m o l d e r s

b e t w e e n captive a n d independent shops
foundries

with interchange

significant finding s i n c e

e x p e r i e n c e h a s b e e n l a r g e l y in c a p t i v e

a d a p t to t h e m o r e

shifted

apparently without m u c h

h a d w o r k e d in b o t h i n d e p e n d e n t a n d captive
of m o l d e r s

such readjust­

casting different m e t a l s .

is t h e i r a b i l i t y t o w o r k

in

C h a n g i n g l e v e l s of ac t i v i t y

in the f o u n d r i e s u s u a l l y affect r e q u i r e m e n t s for the v a r i o u s m e t a l s
differently.

It h a s a l r e a d y b e e n

t o shift f r o m

foundries casting one

s t a t e d that t he ability of m o l d e r s
m e t a l to t h o s e

s p e c i a l i z i n g in

o t h e r s is i m p o r t a n t i n a n o r d e r l y t r a n s f e r o f m a n p o w e r
during a mobilization period.
of m o l d e r s

is p o s s i b l e .

78 percent w o r k e d with m o r e
(table E - l l ) .

The

data s h o w e d

O f the 827 m e n

In addition,

the g r e a t n u m b e r
with two

than o n e m e t a l d u r i n g the

panded

metals.

Thus,

in a m o b i l i z a t i o n p e r i o d ,

number

or m o r e

of p r o f i c i e n t m o l d e r s

did not

reflecting

cast two or m o r e

54 percent h a d

whichever

12 y e a r s

wh o

metals,

of f o u n d r i e s w h i c h c o m m o n l y

T a k i n g the g r o u p as a w h o l e ,
or m o r e

that s u c h t r a n s f e r

h a d c h a n g e d jobs,

3 4 p e r c e n t of t h e 9 7 3 m e n

c h a n g e jobs h a d also w o r k e d with t w o
metals.

who

resources

experience

m e t a l rs o u t p u t is e x ­

there w o u l d b e a n adequate

c a p a b l e of h a n d l i n g t h e w o r k l o a d

in

that m e t a l .
I n a s m u c h as
workers
A F L

e a c h of th e m a j o r

unions wh i c h organize foundry

is g e n e r a l l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h p a r t i c u l a r t y p e s o f f o u n d r i e s - -

w i t h i n d e p e n d e n t s h o p s a n d the C I O w i t h l a r g e captive

the m o v e m e n t

of m o l d e r s

from

shops--

o n e f o u n d r y to a n o t h e r f r e q u e n t l y

e n t a i l e d s h ifts b e t w e e n p l a n t s o r g a n i z e d b y d i f f e r e n t u n i o n s o r
b e t w e e n u n i o n i z e d a n d n o n u n i o n i z e d plants.

Molders w h o

j o b s a p p a r e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d n o difficulties i n m a k i n g
O f the

827 m e n

wh o

percent had m o v e d

h a d c h a n g e d jobs d u r i n g the

changed

s u c h transfers.

12-y e a r period,

organized b y another or b e t w e e n unionized and nonunionized
M o v e m e n t

Between Geographic Areas

little g e o g r a p h i c m o v e m e n t b y t h e m o l d e r s




61

b e t w e e n p l a n t s o r g a n i z e d b y o n e u n i o n to p l a n t s

-

There was

interviewed.

shops.

relatively
Only about

-491 0 p e r c e n t of t h e

p l o y m e n t during
and these m e n
those w h o
once,

1,800 m e n
the

r e p o r t e d c h a n g i n g t h e i r c i t y 24

1 2 - y e a r p e r i o d c o v e r e d b y the w o r k

averaged

only

1. 8 m o v e s

Well

low

only one

r a t e of g e o g r a p h i c

five p e r c e n t of the g r o u p w e r e
they had

mobility w a s
still w o r k i n g

qualified a s j o u r n e y m e n .

had m o v e d

also apparent f r o m

the g r o u p w e r e
the t rade

major

( t a b l e E - 12).

there a n y

geographic

working

1,800 m e n .

Furthermore,
r e g i o n . 25

most

from

Thus,

O n l y in N e w

p e r c e n t of the 2 6 0 w o r k e r s

8 5 p e r c e n t of

Yor k and L o s
In the c a s e

Angeles was

of N e w

drew

York,

26

i n t e r v i e w e d h a d b e e n t r a i n e d o u t s i d e the

m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a a n d half of t h e s e i n - m i g r a n t s w e r e
Los Angeles

of t h e m e n

o t h e r localities

in t h e r e g i o n s w i t h i n w h i c h t h e y h a d l e a r n e d

substantial in-migration.

Europe.

Seventy-

in t h e cities in w h i c h

into th e s u r v e y cities h a d c o m e

within the s a m e

only

or t w o locational m o v e s .

e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e e n t i r e w o r k h i s t o r i e s of t h e

w h o

o v e r half of

h a d c h a n g e d t h e i r cities of e m p l o y m e n t m o v e d

a n d 4 out of 5 h a d m a d e

The

each.

of e m ­

histories a n d

a t h i r d o f its m o l d e r s

t r a i n e d in

from

areas

out­

side California.
The
from

othfer s i x s u r v e y c i t i e s h a d d r a w n

outside the m a j o r

Ideated.
from

However,

geographic

the n u m b e r

o t h e r p o i n t s in t h e s a m e

example,

of w o r k e r s

O h

moving

into e a c h city

region varied considerably.

a l m o s t all o f t h e w o r k e r s

w i t h i n t h e city.
working

relatively f e w w o r k e r s

r e g i o n s in w h i c h t h e y w e r e
For

in P i t t s b u r g h h a d b e e n t r a i n e d

the o t her h a n d ,

n e a r l y a fifth o f t h e m o l d e r s

in P h i l a d e l p h i a h a d qualified a s j o u r n e y m e n in o t h e r

localities in the M i d d l e Atlantic r e g i o n a n d h a d

subsequently m o v e d

into P h i l a d e l p h i a .
F o l l o w i n g t h e p a t t e r n f o u n d f o r all j o b c h a n g e s ,
workers

than older m e n .

T w e l v e p e r c e n t of the m o l d e r s

m a d e

transfers,

geographic

averaging

p a r e d w i t h 8 p e r c e n t of t h e m e n
changed

their a r e a s

1. 6 s u c h

changes

Geographic
During
changes
year

the

worked

mobility w a s

Pacific,




m a d e

older w h o

an average

n o t m a r r i e d at t h e t i m e

about 70 percent m o r e
than did m a r r i e d m e n
defined as

g e o g r a p h i c dividion,
etc.

of a g e a n d

also affected b y m a r i t a l

m e n

geographic

(table E - 1 3 ) .

of

status.
of j o b

changes per m a n E v e n greater

standard C e n s u s m e t r o p o l i t a n area.

M e t h o d o l o g y , f o o t n o t e 3 3 , p. 6 3 .
2 5 / " R e g i o n , " a s u s e c L i n this s t u d y ,

Census

2. 0 s h i f t s e a c h ; t h i s c o m ­

45 years

of e m p l o y m e n t a n d w h o

12-year period,

m a d e

often

under 45 years

each.

2 4 / •'City" w a s

See

younger

c h a n g e d their city of e m p l o y m e n t r e l a t i v e l y m o r e

i. e. , N e w

corresponds
England,

to s t a n d a r d

M i d d l e Atlantic,

-50-

Chart 9. Geographic Mobility Was Affected by-

Geographical Job Changes Made Per Man-Year
Worked in Specified Marital Status, 1940-1952

M a rita l S ta tu s

.OK)
.020
“ 1 --------------------- r—
-

0

.030
.............. 1

Not Married

Married

and

e ••

b y H o m e O w n e rs h ip

Geographical Job Changes Per Man-Year Worked
in Specified Home Ownership Status, 1940-1952

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

BUREAUOf LABORSTATISTICS

d i f f e r e n c e s in g e o g r a p h i c
owners

mobility rates w e r e

and nonhomeowners.

not h o m e o w n e r s
changing

w hen

interviewed had m a d e

t h e a r e a of e m p l o y m e n t a s

the h o m e o w n e r s .

W h e n

found b e t w e e n h o m e -

T h i r t e e n p e r c e n t of the m e n
job c h a n g e s

compared

the m o v e m e n t

m a d e

as did h o m e o w n e r s

three times

(table £ - 1 4 ) .

p e r c e n t o f all shifts,

as m a n y

were

w i t h 7 p e r c e n t of

of t h e s e w o r k e r s

f o r the t i m e in the l a b o r f o r c e in t h e g i v e n status,
nonhomeowners

who

involving

m o ves

Nonhomeowners

it w a s
per

was

adjusted

f o u n d that

year worked

also m a d e

70

b u t 8 3 p e r c e n t of t h e shifts b e t w e e n g e o g r a p h i c

areas.
Worker

M o t i v a t i o n in C h a n g i n g

Jobs -

A n

e s s e n t i a l p a r t of a n y

s t u d y o f l a b o r m o b i l i t y is a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f w o r k e r
making

job changes.

Economic

t h e a s s u m p t i o n that t he b e h a v i o r of w o r k e r s
a n d calculated.

M a n p o w e r

m o t i v a t i o n in

theorists a r e i n t e r e s t e d in testing
is r a t i o n a l ,

of j o b c h o i c e in o r d e r to e v a l u a t e a l t e r n a t i v e p r o g r a m s
tating the f l o w of w o r k e r s
during mobilization.




informed,

p l a n n e r s a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h the p r o c e s s

to t h e p l a n t s w h e r e

f o r faci l i ­

they are m o s t n e e d e d

-51-

This

s t u d y a t t e m p t e d to e x a m i n e w o r k e r

the m o l d e r s
plain w h y
were

wh o

had

they m a d e

c h a n g e d jobs d u r i n g the
e a c h job change.

a s k e d to e x p l a i n t w o a s p e c t s

their old jobs a n d w h y
the q u e s t i o n s w a s
m a r k e t behavior
molders
quit?

W i l l the

t h e y t o o k their n e w

o f th i s g r o u p
D o

s ame

the w o r k e r s

positions.

t h e y left

The

form

of

in s i g h t into t h e l a b o r

of w o r k e r s .

Specifically, w h y

do

they generally h a v e job offers w h e n they

inducements which persuade

a n d e n ter the l a b o r m a r k e t
where

Specifically,

o f t h e i r sh i f t i n g ; w h y

d e s i g n e d to o b t a i n s o m e

quit j o b s ?

motivation b y asking
1 2 - y e a r p e r i o d to e x ­

m e n

o p e r a t e to g u i d e w o r k e r s

to quit j o b s

to t h e j o b s

they are n e e d e d ?
The

c o n s i s t e n c y of w o r k e r

this t e c h n i q u e .
jobs for a

T h a t is,

specific

motivation w a s

s e t of r e a s o n s ,

b e a t t r a c t e d to t h e i r n e x t p l a c e s
reasons?
because

For

example,

c a n it b e

typically quit

assumed

that t h e y will

of e m p l o y m e n t for the s a m e

if a n i n d i v i d u a l s a y s

of u n d e s i r a b l e w o r k i n g

improved working

also explored b y

if it is k n o w n t h a t w o r k e r s

conditions,

t h a t h e left a p l a n t

c a n it b e

assumed

that

c o n d i t i o n s will b e the p r i n c i p a l c r i t e r i o n b y

w h i c h he judges possible n e w
entering the labor m a r k e t

jobs?

O r

does

the w o r k e r

evaluate e a c h possible n e w

upon

j o b in t e r m s

of a r a t h e r f i x e d s c a l e of v a l u e s h e h a s built u p f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f
determining

th e d e s i r a b i l i t y of p r o f f e r e d e m p l o y m e n t ?

Reasons

given b y m o l d e r s

for leaving jobs w e r e

either v o l u n t a r y o r involuntary.
those m a d e

for r e a s o n s b e y o n d

I n c l u d e d i n this g r o u p w e r e
layoff,

ill h e a l t h ,

the c o n t r o l of the individual w o r k e r .

t h o s e job t e r m i n a t i o n s

voluntary reasons w e r e

reported motivation.
explanation for

about two-thirds w e r e
classified a c c o r d i n g

"Monetary

h i g h e r p i e c e rates,

10).

voluntary.

to t h e w o r k e r * s

considerations" w e r e

3 0 p e r c e n t of t h e quits (table

this g r o u p w e r e j o b c h a n g e s m a d e
rates,

resulting f r o m

or discharge.

O f t h e 2, 1 2 8 j o b c h a n g e s ,
These

g r o u p e d as

Involuntary job c h a n g e s w e r e

given as

I n c l u d e d in

to o b t a i n h i g h e r

hourly w a g e

better w e e k l y earnings,

a n d t h o s e in

w h i c h the individual r e p o r t e d that h e " g o t a b e t t e r j o b , " " a d v a n c e d
himself," or " w a s promoted. "

A l t h o u g h it is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t r u e

t h a t " b e t t e r jobs," " p r o m o t i o n , " o r " a d v a n c e m e n t "
money,

a

sub-sampling

invariably m o l d e r s
when
to j o b

of t h e s e a n s w e r s

and coremakers

t h e y t a l k e d of a " b e t t e r d e a l . "

r e f e r r e d to h i g h e r
"Advancement"

shifts w h i c h i n v o l v e d g e t t i n g b e t t e r p i e c e

in s o m e

cases

m o t i o n to a
A n

involved m o r e

i n d i c a t e d that a l m o s t

getting j o b s w i t h o v e r t i m e

rate

earnings

often r e f e r r e d
standards

or

at p r e m i u m p a y o r p r o ­

s u p e r v i s o r y job.

additional

j o b exits w e r e




14 p e r c e n t of the e x p l a n a t i o n s for v o l u n t a r y

c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to " m o n e t a r y

considerations" but w e r e

-5 2 -

T a b l e 10.-— J o b
by

nature

changes

of moldere and

of change and

coroaakers

rea s o n f o r leaving,

All

• • • • • • • • • •

Involuntary
Reason not
Voluntary

• • • • • « • • »
reported

job

•

exits

•

• •

•

...........

W a g e s ................... ..
Advancwent

• • • • • • • •

Insufficient work
Working

•

•

conditions

• • •

•

•

.

•

Fairness

of t r e atment

•

•

•

Location

of plant

• •

•

Return to

trade

Return to former
Move

to another

Miscellaneous

•

•

•

• • • « .
•

i

• •

i

employer
area

•

of s u b s t a n d a r d total e a r n i n g s

1 ,3 7 8
278
13 6
193
151*
101*
63
57
il9

100*0
20*2
9 .9
l l *«2
1 1 .2
1 .5
1*.6
l* .l
3 .6
6 .6
1 8 .1

91
250

These were

resulting f r o m

o r " w a s n ' t getting e n o u g h h o u r s "
s o m e

a

changes

c o n s i d e r e d the s a m e

b e t w e e n the t w o g r o u p s .
short w o r k w e e k

as those m a d e

take-home pay caused by a




because

"the w o r k w a s

M a n y
slack"

a week."

f o r this r e a s o n m i g h t

for better pay,

in the s e n s e

t h e r e is a n i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e

Job chan ges m a d e

a r e to s o m e

m a d e

short w o r k w e e k .

or b e c a u s e "only three days

purposes jobschanges m a d e

t h a t b o t h r e l a t e t o t otal e a r n i n g s ,
or a

6iu 8
3i* .5
.7

r e p o r t e d that t h e y h a d quit j o b s b e c a u s e

A l t h o u g h for
be

100*0

1 ,3 7 8
731*
16

• • • • • • •

classified a s "insufficient w o r k . "
workers

Percent

2 ,1 2 8

reasons

Voluntary

jobs

Ntnfcer

Re a s o n f o r leaving job
All

191* 0 - 5 2

b e c a u s e of s l a c k w o r k

extent involuntary.

Decreases

in

short w o r k w e e k put c o n s i d e r a b l e p r e s s u r e

-53-

on a worker

to f i n d a n o t h e r j o b .

A

d e c l i n e in the w o r k w e e k m a y

l e a d to t h e f e a r o f a n i m p e n d i n g layoff,

inducing w o r k e r s w h o

also

had

p r e v i o u s l y b e e n q u i t e s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e i r j o b s to l o o k a r o u n d f o r n e w
positions.

Because

been maintained
answer

o f this i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e t h e t w o g r o u p s

separately.

Nevertheless,

t h e q u e s t i o n a s to h o w

to m o n e t a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ,
it c o u l d b e
were

m u c h

if o n e

m o v e m e n t

the t w o g r o u p s

was

directly related

could be

s a i d that 4 4 p e r c e n t of t he quits m a d e

have

s h o u l d a t t e m p t to
combined

1Z

over these

and
years

for m o n e t a r y r e a s o n s .
T w e n t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t of j o b exits w e r e

m a d e

v a r i e t y of j o b - c o n n e c t e d r e a s o n s w h i c h w e r e

because

of a

grouped under

h e a d i n g " n o n m o n e t a r y job c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . "

Included un d e r

heading w e r e

of w o r k i n g

154 job c h a n g e s m a d e

because

con­

ditions in th e p l a n t o r o b j e c t i o n a b l e o r u n d e s i r a b l e h o u r s
Another cateogry w a s
changes m a d e

F o r t y - n i n e job c h a n g e s w e r e
employers,

employers,

w o r k as molders.

In 57 c a s e s ,
These

It m a y

m e n

responsibility,

in p a y ,

better p e r s o n a l treatment,
surroundings

whether

s o t h a t t h e y m i g h t r e t u r n to
maintained

separately

the w o r k e r s

a n d the i m p o r t a n c e
area movement.

or

wished

better w o r k i n g

portance because

conditions,

s i m p l y a d e s i r e to r e t u r n t o m o r e

and w o r k

habits.

of jo b c h a n g e s

to m o v e

( 9 1) w e r e

to o t h e r g e o g r a p h i c

of i n t e r - a r e a m o v e m e n t

m a d e
areas.

of the c o m p a r a ­
f o u n d b y the s t u d y

of this r e s p o n s e a s a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f i n t e r ­

miscellaneous

voluntary changes

m a d e

this b e t t e r m e n t i n v o l v e d in­

classified s eparately b e c a u s e

tively s m a l l a m o u n t

classification c o v e r i n g

18 p e r c e n t of the

i n c l u d e d all r e a s o n s w h i c h w e r e
of the f e w t i m e s

n o t g e n e r a l l y classifiable.

such responses

that t h e s e w o r k e r s

prestige,

relatively s m a l l n u m b e r

This group w a s

were

they h a d

o u t s i d e of the o c c u ­

they thought they w e r e bettering t h e m s e l v e s

however,

A

because workers wanted

working

be generally a s s u m e d

creases

A

m a d e

two groups w e r e

It is n o t k n o w n ,

because

1 0 4 quits.

of t h e difficulty in d e t e r m i n i n g t h e m o t i v a t i o n f o r t h e

the c h a n g e b e c a u s e

familiar

or b e c a u s e

had b e e n contacted b y f o r m e r

py. t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h e y q u i t t h e i r j o b

change.

h o m e

o r h a d h e a r d of o p e n i n g s in s h o p s w h e r e

previously worked.

because

too far f r o m

P e r s o n a l difficulties w i t h s u p e r ­

g i v e n a s the e x p l a n a t i o n for

t o r e t u r n to f o r m e r

of w o r k .

" l o c a t i o n of t h e j o b , " w h i c h i n c l u d e d 6 3 j o b

b e c a u s e the plant w a s

o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n di f f i c ulties.
visors w a s

the
this

they w e r e

of m i n o r

In t h e first c l a s s w e r e

included

a s " s t r i k e at the p l a n t , "

"liked w o r k i n g with

g r a y i r o n , " a n d "just n e e d e d a c h a n g e . "

In the s e c o n d c l a s s

were

such r e asons as "wife trouble,"

son, " " g o into d e f e n s e w o r k , " a n d




i m ­

reported or w h i c h

" w a n t e d to w o r k w i t h m y

"payroll c h e c k bounced. "

-5 4 -

L a y o f f s w e r e b y far the r e a s o n m o s t
j o b e x i t s ( t a b l e 10).
changes were
the w o r k e r s
were

often g i v e n for i n v o l u n t a r y

S i x h u n d r e d a n d t e n of t h e 7 3 4 i n v o l u n t a r y

reported m a d e

f o r this r e a s o n .

report they ha d b e e n

In o n l y

discharged.

fa i l u r e of t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s o w n b u s i n e s s ,

the e m p l o y e r
service,

b a d health,

did
given

r e f u s a l of

to r e e m p l o y the individual after r e t u r n f r o m m i l i t a r y

o r c l o s i n g of the f i r m w h i l e the w o r k e r

A s

16 c a s e s

Other reasons

stated a b o v e ,

wa s

in the s e r v i c e .

t h e o b j e c t i v e s of this a n a l y s i s of r e a s o n s f o r

c h a n g i n g j o b s i n c l u d e d t h e e s t i m a t i o n of t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o f w o r k e r
r e s p o n s e a n d the d r a w i n g
and coremakers
ployers.

of s o m e

c o n c l u s i o n s a s to w h e t h e r

usually h a v e n e w

In o r d e r

jobs in h a n d w h e n

to a c c o m p l i s h t h e s e a i m s

the ' W o r k e r s for e n t e r i n g n e w j o b s w e r e

the r e a s o n s

classified,

molders

they c h a n g e

e m ­

given b y

in gener a l ,

in

g r o u p i n g s p a r a l l e l i n g t h o s e g i v e n f o r j o b exits.
O f the 2,128 jobs
half of the c a s e s

e n t e r e d d u r i n g th e period, in l e s s t h a n o n e -

did the w o r k e r s

give

t h e s e jobs.

G e n e rally speaking,

were

it a p p e a r e d t h a t t h e s a m e

given,

molders
(table

r e a s o n s for taking

r e a s o n s for taking n e w
influences w h i c h

to l e a v e their old j o b s a l s o a t t r a c t e d

11).

them

jobs

caused

to n e w

jobs

F i f t y - f o u r p e r c e n t of the jo b e n t r a n c e s for w h i c h

specific r e a s o n s w e r e
About

specific

when

given were, m a d e

20 percent w e r e

job c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . "

for w a g e s

t a k e n for r e a s o n s
( L i k e the g r o u p i n g

this g r o u p i n c l u d e d j o b c h a n g e s

m a d e

of r e a s o n s

because

d i t i o n s a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n difficulties.)

ojr a d v a n c e m e n t .

g r o u p e d as " n o n m o n e t a r y
f o r j o b quits,

of w o r k i n g c o n ­

In s o m e

respects,

however,

p a i r i n g of a g i v e n r e a s o n fo r t e r m i n a t i n g e m p l o y m e n t w i t h a
similar

r e a s o n for a c c e p t i n g a n e w position w a s

clearly not possible.

Although a considerable n u m b e r

of j o b s w e r e

p e r s o n a l difficulties,

r e p o r t e d explicitly that h e

a new

no worker

j o b b e c a u s e h e felt h e

similar

rqason.

to f o r m e r

(Some

employers,"

In m o r e

quit b e c a u s e

could get along w i t h the b o s s
m a y

entered

or for a

of the c a s e s in w h i c h the m o l d e r s
however,

"returned

i m p l y this m o t i v e . )

t h a n h a l f o f t h e 2, 1 2 8 n e w

jobs taken,

p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m i n e t h e w o r k e r s * m o t i v a t i o n .
-695 w e r e

of

it w a s

not

O f these jqbentries,

e x p l a i n e d a s b e i n g " t h e first j o b a v a i l a b l e " - o r " t h e o n l y j o b

I could find."

S u c h e x p l a n a t i o n s m i g h t indicate that the w o r k e r ,

h a v i n g left h i s o l d j o b e i t h e r o f h i s o w n a c c o r d o r i n v o l u n t a r i l y ,
s h o p p e d a r o u n d for a n e w

position.

the n e e d for c u r r e n t i n c o m e
a ssumed

After

impelled h i m

to t a k e a job.

that t h e k i n d s of j o b s a v a i l a b l e to h i m w e r e

b e i n g u n d e r p r e s s u r e to find e m p l o y m e n t ,

had

s o m e p e r i o d of s e a r c h i n g ,
It m i g h t b e

s o l i m i t e d that

h e t o o k t h e b e s t of a n u n ­

s a t i s f a c t o r y lot. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , it r n i g h t b e a s s u m e d t h a { w h e n
m o l d e r s s a i d " t o o k first j o b a v a i l a b l e , " t h e y m e a n t that t h e y h a d
located a n e w
caused them
for a job.

job w h i c h did not h a v e the objectionable features w h i c h
to l e a v e their o l d j o b s ,

For




example,

if a w o r k e r

and m e t

their m i n i m u m

standards

r e p o r t e d that h e quit a j o b

-55T a b le

R eason

g iv e n

A ll

jo b

Job

e n tr ie s

1 1 . — R e a s o n s g iv e n b y m o ld e r s an d
f o r t a k i n g n e w j o b s , 1 9 UO -5 2

fo r

ta k in g

jo b

N um ber

c h a n g e s ....................... .....

c o u ld

be

W ages

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

...............................................................

M ore w o r k ( s l a c k a t
W o r k in g c o n d i t i o n s

. . . .

jo b l e f t ) . .
. . . . . . .

L o c a t i o n o f p l a n t . ...................................
M is c e lla n e o u s . . . . . . . . . .
J o b e n t r i e s f o r w h ic h
m o t iv a t io n c o u ld b e
jo b

In fo rm e d

P ercen t

2 ,1 2 8

1 0 0 .0

906

1 * 2 .6

P ercen t

f o r w h ic h m o t iv a t io n
c la s s ifie d

A d v a n ce m e n t an d p r o m o tio n

F ir s t

co rem ak ers

a v a ila b le
of

Job b y

no
c la s s ifie d
.

.

.

.

.

.

.
.

1 0 0 .0

323

35*7

169
87

1 8 .6

78

9*6
8. 6

97
152

1 0 .7
1 6 .8

1 ,2 2 2

1 0 0 .0

5 7 .^

695

5 8 .9

3 ,3 &
10 2
6 l

2 9 .8
8 .3
5 .0

fr ie n d

o r i n so m e o t h e r w a y
. . . . .
T o r e t u r n t o fo r m e r e m p lo y e r
. .
T o r e t u r n t o m o ld in g
.............................

b e c a u s e " i t w a s to o fa r fr o m h o m e " an d a ls o s ta te d th a t h e " to o k th e
f i r s t th in g t h a t c a m e a l o n g , " i t m ig h t b e l o g i c a l l y h e ld t h a t h e m e a n t
" I to o k th e f i r s t jo b w h ic h c a m e a lo n g w h ic h w a s c l o s e to h o m e a n d
w h ic h m e t m y o th e r s ta n d a r d s fo r a j o b ."
B e c a u s e o f th e u n c e r ta in ty
o f in te r p r e ta tio n , n o a tte m p t h a s b e e n m a d e to d ra w c o n c lu s io n s c o n ­
c e r n in g w o r k e r m o t iv a t io n s f r o m t h e s e r a t h e r a m b ig u o u s d a t a .
1c
w a s ; h o w e v e r , c o n c lu d e d th a t th is c l a s s o f a n s w e r in d ic a te d th a t th e
m o v e m e n t o f th e w o r k e r s w a s n o t fr o m
fro m

jo b to jo b d ir e c t ly ,

e m p lo y m e n t th e n to th e la b o r m a r k e t f o r a p e r io d

a n d th e n c e o n c e a g a in to a jo b .




b u t ra th e r

o f jo b

s h o p p in g

-56-

In another 364 ca ses, the workers did not indicate why they
chose a particular job, but reported how they learned of it. Usually
they reported that friends or m em bers of their fam ilies had told
them of the jobs. Some men reported that foremen or managers of
plants had contacted them. A very sm all number indicated that a
public or private employment service had referred them to the em­
ployer. These responses also shed little light on worker motivation.
However, it can be assumed with certainty that the 190 men who
found their next jobs through employment services or other agenices
were job hunting before they were referred to their next employers.
In addition, it can also be assumed that some of the men who learned
of jobs through friends probably took the initiative in contacting their
friends because they were already without work and looking for jobs.
These two groups taken togetner - - those cases where the
"fir s t job available" was taken and those cases where the workers
reported how they learned of new jobs - - indicate that in a high pro­
portion of the job changes the worker had been looking for a job.
That is , the worker spent some time in the labor market in an un­
attached status, rather than moving from one job directly to another.
The fact that this pattern of movement was manifested in so large a
proportion of the job changes made by the men in this occupation has
important implications for manpower planning. It indicates that the
task of manpower administrators in attempting to redistribute the
force of m olders and coremakers through any particular program of
incentives may be easier than might be expected. That is , many
molders can apparently be counted to appear in the labdr market as
job hunters without the necessity of action on the part of manpower
officials. Thus the problem of reallocating the supply of m olders,
to the extent it may be necessary, becom es, to a substantial degree,
one of directing the movement of workers already looking for jobs,
rather than of inducing employed molders to change their places of
employment.




-57-

Methodology of the Survey
Scope of S u rvey

This report on the mobility of molders and corem akers is
based on information obtained from 1, 800 journeymen m olders and
corem akers selected from the payrolls of 195 foundry establish­
ments located in eight metropolitan areas. At the time of the
survey, January-February 1952, an estimated 30 percent of the hand
molders and coremakers in the United States worked in these eight
areas. The 1, 800 interviewed workers represented about 3 percent
of the national total for the occupation and approximately 10 percent
of the total number located in the eight metropolitan areas included
in the sample. 26
T h e S a m p le

In selecting the cities in which the study was to be made, the
major metropolitan areas of the United States were arrayed in order
of estimated molder and coremaker employment and the seven
largest; Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York,
Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh, were included in the sample. Boston,
although it had fewer of these workers than several other areas,
was added to the sample to provide a better balanced geographical
representation by including a New England city. The sample was
limited to eight metropolitan areas because of cost limitations.
Although the selection of cities was intended to generally
represent the major geographic areas in which m olders and core­
makers are employed, the sample was designed to yield a repre­
sentative industrial distribution of the m em bers of the occupation
for the eight cities. Analysis of the universe data for these eight
metropolitan areas indicated that their foundry composition was
essentially sim ilar to that nationally. For all practical purposes,
therefore, the sample drawn from the'se ares may be considered
to be representative of the national distribution of molders and
corem akers, by type of foundry; independent foundries by type of
m etal, and captive foundries by industry affiliation.
A listing of plants including about 1, 300 establishments and
believed to cover virtually all of the sand-casting foundries in the
eight cities was used as the universe listing. Previous studies of
the foundry industry and its occupations made by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics had indicated a number of factors such as size and
26 / See table E -1 5 for details of city distribution of sample.




-58-

o r g a n iz a tio n o f th e fo u n d r y w h ic h m ig h t a f f e c t th e m o b ilit y ,
an d w o rk h is to r ie s

o f m e n in th e o c c u p a tio n .

c o n s id e r e d a n d th e e s ta b lis h m e n t w e r e p la c e d
15 c e lls , s t r a t ifie d a s fo llo w s :
S tra tu m

in r a n d o m

1

In d e p e n d e n t fo u n d r ie s

A .

F e r r o u s fo u n d r ie s
1.

1 - 5 0

2.
3.
B.

tr a in in g ,

T h e se fa c to rs w e re
o r d e r in

p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s

5 1 - 2 5 0 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s
2 5 1 - a n d o v e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s

N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d r ie s
1.

1 -

2.

51 -

50 p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s
250 p r o d u c tio n p o r k e r s

~ a n d o v e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s
S tra tu m

II

C a p tiv e fo u n d r ie s
A .

S IC
1.
2.
3.
S IC

B.

34*1
1 51 251

2.
3.

1.
2.
3.

M a c h in e r y ,

1 - 5 0
51 251 -

A ll o th e r

C .

2 50 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s

- a n d o v e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s

35 -

1.

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts
50 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s

2 5 0 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s
a n d o v e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s
in d u s tr ie s

1 - 5 0 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s
5 1 - 2 50 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s
2 5 1 - a n d o v e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s

T h e n u m b e r o f m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s
w a s e s tim a te d fr o m
an d fro m
15 c e lls .
every

o th e r

d a ta a v a ila b le

so u rces.

2 p la n t s in e a c h

117

V a r y in g

F o r th e fo u n d r ie s




in e a c h p la n t

s a m p le r a t io s w e r e a p p lie d to th e

e m p lo y in g m o r e th a n 2 50 w o r k e r s ,

c e ll w a s

N ovem ber

e m p lo y e d

in th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s

s e le c te d ; fr o m

S ta n d a rd I n d u s tr ia l C la s s ific a t io n

th e B u d g e t,

e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l

p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s

19 4 5.

th o se

M a n u a l,

l

out o f

e m p lo y in g

U.

S.

B u reau of

-59b e t w e e n 51 a n d 250, 1 out of 5; a n d a m o n g p lants w h i c h e m p l o y e d l e s s
t h a n 50, t h e s a m p l i n g ratio w a s 1 out of 10.
M o ld e r s to b e in te r v ie w e d w e r e s e le c te d fr o m e a c h p la n t, u s in g
r a t io s w h ic h d e p e n d e d u p o n th e s a m p lin g r a t io u s e d in s e le c t in g th e
p la n t fr o m it s c e ll.
In th e la r g e p la n ts w h ic h h a d b e e n s e le c t e d o n th e
b a s is o f 1 o u t o f e v e r y 2 p la n t s , th e w o r k e r s w e r e s e le c te d a t ra n d o m
fro m

th e p a y r o lls o n a

1 to

5 r a tio .

T h u s,

th e o v e r a ll s a m p lin g

r a tio

fo r w o r k e r s in l a r g e p la n t s w a s 1 o u t o f 10 .
In th e m e d iu m - s iz e
p la n t s w h e r e th e s a m p lin g r a t i o h a d b e e n 1 in 5 , a r a t io o f 1 o f 2 w a s
u s e d in s e le c t in g e m p lo y e e s ' n a m e s f r o m th e r e c o r d s ; a n d in th e
s m a l l e s t p la n t s w h ic h h a d b e e n s e le c t e d o n a 1 - o u t - o f - 10 b a s i s , a l l
m o ld e r s * n a m e s w e r e ta k e n .

T h is m e th o d o f c o m b in in g

v a r y in g

s a m p lin g r a t i o s f o r p la n t s a n d w o r k e r s r e s u lt e d in g iv in g e a c h w o r k e r
a w e ig h t o f 1 .
V a r y in g th e r a t i o s in t h is m a n n e r a ls o r e d u c e d th e
n u m b e r o f s m a ll p la n ts in th e

s a m p le , lo w e r in g

p la n t v is it c o s t s

su b ­

s ta n tia lly .
P r o v is io n w a s m a d e f o r n o n r e s p o n s e o r fo r la c k o f p la n t
c o o p e r a tio n b y d r a w in g a r e s e r v e s a m p le fr o m th e o r ig in a l l i s t o f
p la n ts m in u s th e o n e s s e le c te d fo r th e f i t s t
p la n ts w e r e u s e d
in th e

su rvey.

to a llo w

fo r

as

s a m p le .

T h ese

reserve

s u b s t it u t e s f o r t h o s g w h ic h d id n o t p a r t i c i p a t e

A n a lte r n a tiv e l is t o f w o r k e r s w a s

r e fu s a ls ,

in a c c e s s ib le

ad d resses,

s im ila r ly

o r fa ilu r e

s e le c te d

to lo c a t e

w o rk ers.
W o r k e r s I n te r v ie w e d
The
w o rk ers

s a m p le w a s

s e le c te d

in

s u c h a w a y th a t o n ly q u a lifie d

in th is o c c u p a tio n w e r e in c lu d e d .

T h e n a m e s o f m o ld e r s

and

c o r e m a k e r s w e r e s e le c te d b y fie ld a g e n ts o f th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r
S t a tis tic s fr o m p a y r o ll r e c o r d s o f th e fo u n d r ie s .
T h e fie ld a g e n ts
c h e c k e d th e e m p lo y e r s ' jo b d e s c r ip t io n s fo r th e s e w o r k e r s a g a in s t a
s t a n d a r d j o b d e s c r i p t i o n . 28
E a c h in d iv id u a l in te r v ie w e d d e s c r ib e d
h is c u r r e n t jo b d u tie s .
T h is m e th o d o f s a m p le s e le c tio n an d
s c r e e n in g p e r m it t e d th e e lim in a t io n o f t r a i n e e s , m o ld in g m a c h in e
o p e r a t o r s , a n d o th e r p e r s o n s w h o w e r e n o t q u a lifie d jo u r n e y m e n , b u t
w h o s e n a m e s m ig h t h a v e b e e n in a d v e r te n t ly s e le c t e d fr o m th e e m ­
p lo y e r s ' p a y r o lls .
It in s u r e d a m o r e p r e c is e o c c u p a tio n a l c l a s s i f i ­
c a tio n th a n is p o s s ib le

in a h o u s e h o ld

th e o c c u p a tio n a l c la s s if ic a t io n

e n u m e r a tio n

su rvey,

in w h ic h

is m a d e on th e b a s is o f s ta te m e n ts

of

in d iv id u a l w o r k e r s o r m e m b e r s o f th e h o u s e h o ld w h ic h c a n b e v e r i f i e d
o n ly in d ir e c t ly .
The

s a m p le w a s d r a w n fr o m

jo u r n e y m e n m o ld e r s an d c o r e ­

m a k e r s , 2 * in c lu d in g th o s e e m p lo y e d a s fo r e m e n .

28

T

S e e A p p e n d ix , p .

c o lle c tin g th e d a ta .




8 0 ,

I t d id n o t in c lu d e

fo r d e fin itio n o f o c c u p a tio n u s e d

in

-60m a c h in e m o ld e r s o r a p p r e
m o ld e r c u r r e n t ly w o r k in g
if h is p r e v io u s e x p e r ie n c e
a t le a s t 6 m o n th s* w o r k a s
In d r a w in g

th e

s a m p le ,

n t ic e s a n d o th e r t r a i n e e s , a lth o u g h a
o n a m o ld in g m a c h in e w a s n o t e x c lu d e d
in c lu d e d a c o m p le te d a p p r e n t ic e s h ip o r
a h a n d m o ld e r a t h a n d m o ld e r s * w a g e s .

m o ld in g a n d c o r e m a k in g w e r e

c o n s id e r e d

a s o n e o c c u p a tio n .
T h a t i s , th e ty p e o f t r a in in g , s k ill le v e l,, a n d
ty p e o f w o r k w e r e a s s u m e d to b e th e s a m e fo r b o th m o ld e r s a n d
co rem ak ers.
In th e b o d y o f t h e r e p o r t th e d e s ig n a t io n '• m o ld e r s "

is u se d

fr e q u e n tly to id e n tify b o th m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s .

I n th e c o d in g

an d p r o c e s s in g

s e p a r a te ly

o f th e d a ta e a c h

o c c u p a tio n w a s c o d e d

so th a t id e n tific a tio n w a s p o s s ib le

a t a ll tim e s .

In c a s e s w h e r e

th e fin d in g s r e g a r d in g m o ld e r s w e r e d iffe r e n t fr o m th o s e o f c o r e ­
m a k e r s , s p e c if ic r e f e r e n c e h a s b e e n m a d e to th a t f a c t .
In a ll
o th e r c a s e s it c a n b e a s s u m e d th a t m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s a r e
in c lu d e d
w ere

in th e g e n e r i c

e x p r e s s io n

" m o ld e r "

a h d th a t th e fin d in g s

th e s a m e fo r b o th g r o u p s .

N o a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o s t r a t i f y t h e s a m p l e b y r a c e 29 a n d
sex.
I t w a s a s s u m e d th a t r a n d o m s a m p lin g w it h in e a c h c e l l w o u ld
in s u r e th e d r a w in g o f a r e p r e s e n t a t iv e r a c ia l d is tr ib u tio n .
Tabu­
la t io n s s h o w e d th a t o n ly 19 w o m e n , a l l e m p lo y e d a s c o r e m a k e r s ,
w e r e i n c l u d e d ift t h e 1 ,8 0 0 w o r k e r s i n t e r v i e w e d .
B e c a u s e o f th e ir
s m a ll n u m b e r , n o a tte m p t w a s m a d e to a n a ly z e th e w o r k h i s t o r i e s
o r b a c k g r o u n d s o f th e w o m e n s e p a r a t e ly fr o m th o s e o f th e m a le
w o rk ers.

2 9 / In th e a n a ly s is th e d a ta r e p o r t e d b y th e 7 9 w o r k e r s w h o
s t a te d th e y w e r e o f M e x ic a n o r ig in w e r e in m o s t c a s e s g r o u p e d
w ith th a t r e p o r t e d b y th e N e g r o e s .
( A ll 79 o f th e m e n o f M e x ic a n
o r i g i n w e r e w o r k i n g i n t h e L > os A n g e l e s a r e a s . ) I n g e n e r a l ,
M e x ic a n s in L o s A n g e l e s o c c u p y a p l a c e in th e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e
s i m i la r to th a t o f th e N e g r o in m a n y o th e r l a r g e c i t i e s .
T h e d a ta
o f th e s u r v e y a ls o in d ic a te d th e c o m p a r a b ilit y o f th e tw o g r o u p s
a s a s o c io lo g ic a l c la s s .
F o r e x a m p le , o f th e w h ite m o ld e r s ,
6 5 . 4 p e r c e n t h a d c o m p le te d

8 years

5 6 . 7 p e r c e n t; a n d o f th e M e x ic a n ,
e n try p a tte rn s
w ere

sh ow

o f s c h o o lin g ; o f th e N e g r o e s ,

55. 7 p e rc e n t.

th a t e m p lo y m e n t b a r r i e r s

T h e d a ta on

in to t h is o c c u p a tio n

r e d u c e d fo r M e x ic a n s an d N e g r o e s a t m u c h th e

th e la s t 25 y e a r s .

In v ie w

g ro u p s w e re tre a te d

o f th e ir

to g e th e r.

e th n ic ,




r a t e in

th e tw o

T h is g r o u p in g w a s a lt o g e t h e r

o f c o n v e n ie n c e a n d w a s n o t in te n d e d ,
lo g ic a l,

sam e

s im ila r b a c k g ro u n d s ,

o r r a c ia l d e s ig n a tio n .

in a n y s e n s e ,

one

to b e a b io ­

-61-

D a ta C o lle c t io n M e th o d s
E a c h m o ld e r w a s in t e r v ie w e d in h is h o m e b y a f ie ld a g e n t o f
th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , u s in g a s p e c ia lly d e s ig n e d q u e s tio n ­
n a i r e . 30 E a c h w o r k e r r e p o r t e d h i s c o m p le t e w o r k h i s t o r y f r o m
J a n u a r y 19 4 0 th ro u g h F e b r u a r y 19 5 2 .
A c o m p le te r e c o r d o f tr a in in g
w a s a ls o ^ o b ta in e d f r o m

each w o rk er,

in c lu d in g

th e m e th o d ,

d u r a tio n ,

a n d th e ty p e a n d lo c a t io n o f th e fo u n d r y in w h ic h h e w a s t r a in e d .
The

s c h e d u le a ls o

in c lu d e d

th e o c c u p a tio n a n d f a c t o r s
p a tio n .

r e la tin g
to

D a ta c o n c e r n in g p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s

in c lu d e d a g e ,
m ilita r y

q u e s tio n s

in flu e n c in g w o r k e r s

m a r ita l s ta tu s ,

s e r v ic e ,

o f th e w o r k e r

n u m b e r o f d e p e n d e n ts ,

h o m e o w n e r s h ip ,

to e n t r y in to

s e le c t th is o c c u ­
p la c e

o f b ir th ,

and ra c e .

F o r e a c h o f th e 19 5 p la n ts fr o m w h ic h a s a m p lin g o f m o ld e r s
w a s ta k e n , a s p e c ia l q u e s tio n n a ir e 3 1 w a s fille d o u t a t th e s a m e
tim e a s th e n a m e s o f in d iv id u a l w o r k e r s w e r e s e le c t e d .
In a d d itio n
to r e q u e s tin g in fo r m a tio n c o n c e r n in g ty p e o f fo u n d r y , n u m b e r o f
fo u n d r y p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , a n d n u m b e r o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e ­
m a k e r s e m p lo y e d , th e p la n t q u e s tio n n a ir e c a lle d f o r d a ta o n
p e r s o n n e l a n d t r a in in g p r a c t i c e s , b o th in 19 5 2 a n d d u r in g W o r ld
W a r II.
It a ls o s o u g h t d a ta o n th e ty p e s o f p r o d u c t m a d e b y th e
fo u n d r ie s a n d m e th o d s o f p r o d u c tio n b e c a u s e o f t h e ir p o s s ib le
e f f e c t o n th e e m p lo y m e n t a n d u t iliz a t io n o f h a n d m o ld e r s a n d c o r e ­
m ak ers.
T h e s e d a ta s u p p lie d b a c k g r o u n d in fo r m a t io n w h ic h a id e d
th e in t e r p r e t a t io n o f th e tr a in in g a n d w o r k e x p e r ie n c e o f th e
w o r k e r s ; it a ls o p e r m it t e d s o m e c h e c k o n th e a c c u r a c y o f in d i­
v id u a l w o r k e r r e s p o n s e s .
In a d d itio n , th e d a ta p r o v id e d th e m e a n s
fo r

c o n fir m in g

th e p r e lim in a r y

e s tim a te s

o f th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s

in th e o c c u p a tio n a n d t h e ir d is t r ib u t io n a m o n g th e v a r io u s ty p e s o f
fo u n d r ie s .
T y p e s o f M o v e m e n t A n a ly z e d
T h e p r i m a r y e m p h a s is in t h is s t u d y o f th e m o b il i t y o f m o l d e r s
a n d c o r e m a k e r s w a s u p o n th e s u p p ly a n d a v a ila b ilit y o f t h e s e w o r k e r s
d u r in g a m o b iliz a tio n p e r io d .
F o r th is r e a s o n , th e w o r k h is t o r ie s o f
t h e s e in d iv id u a ls p r i o r to th e t im e th e y q u a lifie d a s m o ld e r s w e r e n o t

S e e A p p e n d ix ,p .
3 1 / S e e A p p e n d ix ,p .




8 3 , fo r c o p y o f th is q u e s tio n n a ir e .
8 3 ,fo r c o p y o f th is

q u e s tio n n a ir e .

-62-

c o n s id e r e d

in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m e a s u r e s

o f th e m o v e m e n t o f

jo u r n e y m e n in th e la b o r m a r k e t . 3 *
O n e im p o r ta n t c o n s id e r a t io n in m o b ilit y a n a ly s is i s a m e a s u r e ­
m e n t o f th e f le x ib ilit y o f th e w o r k f o r c e in a s p e c if ic o c c u p a tio n .
The
w o r k h is to r ie s

o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w e r e

e x a m in e d ,

th e re fo re ,

to d e te r m in e w h e th e r th e y h a d c e r t a in ty p e s o f w o r k e x p e r ie n c e w h ic h
a r e m a n ife s ta tio n s o f th is fle x ib ilit y .
T h e a n a ly s e s c o v e r e d w o r k
e x p e r i e n c e in c a p t iv e a n d / o r in d e p e n d e n t f o u n d r ie s ; e x p e r i e n c e w it h
d if f e r e n t k in d s o f m e t a l c a s t in th e fo u n d r ie s in w h ic h th e in d iv id u a l
h a d w o r k e d ; a n d m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n p la n ts a f f ilia t e d w ith d if fe r e n t
u n io n s .
W h en a w o r k e r c h a n g e s jo b s , m o r e th a n o n e ty p e o f m o v e m e n t
is o fte n in v o lv e d , s u c h a s a c h a n g e in e m p lo y e r , o c c u p a tio n , in ­
d u s t r y o f e m p lo y m e n t, o r a r e a o f e m p lo y m e n t.
In o r d e r to a n a ly z e
s e p a r a t e ly th e v a r io u s k in d s o f m o v e m e n t in v o lv e d in s h if t s m a d e
b y m o l d e r s , to d e t e r m in e t y p ic a l c o m b in a t io n s , a n d to id e n t if y th e
c h a r a c te r is tic s

a s s o c i a t e d w it h e a c h k in d o f s h if t ,

e a c h jo b

change

w a s id e n t ifie d a s in c lu d in g o n e o r m o r e t y p e s o f m o v e m e n t:
b e tw e e n e m p lo y e r s , b e tw e e n o c c u p a tio n s , b e tw e e n fo u n d ry a n d n o n ­
fo u n d r y e m p lo y m e n t, a n d b e tw e e n g e o g r a p h ic a r e a s .
M ovem ent
b e t w e e n e m p lo y e r s w a s d e fin e d a s a jo b t r a n s f e r f r o m o n e e s t a b lis h ­
m e n t to a n o th e r .

O th e r ty p e s o f m o b ility

o u t o f th e la b o r f o r c e

su c h a s m o v e m e n t in an d

o r in a n d o u t o f th e c i v i li a n

la b o r fo r c e w e r e

n o t id e n tifie d s e p a r a te ly .
T h e y w e r e ta b u la te d o n ly to th e e x te n t
th a t th e y c o in c id e d w ith s h ift s b e tw e e n e m p lo y e r s .
F o r e x a m p le ,
i f a m a n l e f t a n e m p lo y e r to g o in to m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e th e c h a n g e
w a s c o u n te d a s a jo b s h ift o n ly i f th e w o r k e r ’ s n e x t jo b w a s w ith
a n e w e m p lo y e r .
I t w a s n o t a s h i f t i f h e ‘r e t u r n e d i m m e d i a t e l y t o
th e s a m e e m p lo y e r a ft e r s e p a r a tio n fr o m th e A r m e d F o r c e s .
S im ila r ly , m o v e m e n t to a n d fr o m u n e m p lo y m e n t, w a s c o u n te d o n ly
i f a c h a n g e o f e m p lo y e r s w a s a ls o

iLfL/ O n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

in v o lv e d .

th e m o v e m e n t o f w o r k e r s u p w a r d th ro u g h

th e h ie r a r c h y o f o c c u p a tio n s a n d th e a c c o m p a n y in g a c q u is itio n a n d
d e v e lo p m e n t o f s k ills
m o b ility .

is ,

In ves tig a tio n

a s jo u r n e y m e n w a s

h o w ever,

a n o th e r im p o r ta n t a s p e c t o f

o f th e w o r k h is t o r ie s p r io r to q u a lific a tio n

E s p e c ia lly p e r tin e n t in th is

s tu d y in v ie w

o f th e

la r g e p r o p o r tio n o f m o ld e r s w h o b e c a m e jo u r n e y m e n w ith o u t fo r m a l
tr a in in g .

F o r th e se w o r k e r s ,

th e y e a r s

o f th e ir w o r k in g liv e s p r io r

to t h e ir f i r s t jo b s a s m o ld e r s w e r e a c t u a lly th e ir tr a in in g p e r io d s .
In o r d e r to t r a c e

a n d m e a s u r e th e p r o c e s s

o f q u a lific a tio n fo r

su ch

w o r k e r s , th e m e n in te r v ie w e d w e r e r e q u e s te d to r e p o r t in fo r m a tio n
On t h e ir e a r ly w o r k in g liv e s .
D a ta w a s o b ta in e d o n s u c h im p o r ta n t
p h a s e s a s th e p e r io d s o f e n t r y in to th e la b o r m a r k e t ,
fo u n d r y w o r k , a n d th e d u r a tio n o f tr a in in g .




e n t r y in to

-63-

O c c u p a t io n a l m o v e m e n t w a s d e f in e d a s a s h if t f r o m o n e jo b
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n to a n o t h e r ; t h a t i s , f r o m m o ld in g ( o r c o r e m a k i n g ) to
s o m e o t h e r o c c u p a t io n , o r v ic e v e r s a , f e g a r d l e s s o J L w h e th e r a s h if t
o f e m p lo y e r w a s in v o lv e d .
C h a n g e s in v o lv in g m o v e m e n t b e t w e e n
h a n d m o ld in g a n d c o r e m a k in g jo b s w £ r e n o t t r e a t e d a s in v o lv in g
c h a n g e s in o c c u p a t io n .

H o w e v e r,

m o v e s fro m

h a n d m o ld in g to

m a c h in e m o ld in g w e r e c o n s id e r e d o c c u p a t io n a l s h i f t s ,
b e t w e e n tw o n o n m o ld in g o c c u p a t io n s .

a s w e re

s h if t s

A n im p o r t a n t a s p e c t o f th e s u p p ly o f s k il le d m a n p o w e r i s th e
e x t e n t to w h ic h i t i s e f f e c t iv e ly u t i liz e d .
M o v e m e n t o f m o ld e r s o u t
o f th e o c c u p a t io n m a y in v o lv e th e u t iliz a t io n o f t h e s e s k il le d w o r k e r s
in jo b s r e q u ir in g

le s s e r

s k ills .

S u c h m o v e m e n t w a s id e n t if ie d b y

c o d in g jo b c h a n g e s in v o lv in g c h a n g e s in o c c u p a t io n to s h o w m o v e ­
m e n t f r o m a m o ld in g jo b to a n o n m o ld in g jo b , b e t w e e n tw o n o n m o ld in g
jo b s ,

and fro m

w o r k o u t s id e th e t r a d e b a c k to m o ld in g .

m o ld in g jo b s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d

b y o c c u p a t io n a l s k i l l g r o u p .

The nonT h e e x te n t

to w h ic h m o l d e r s w e r e l o s t to th e f o u n d r ie s w a s g a g e d b y m e a s u r in g
th e p e r i o d s s p e n t i n jo b s o u t s id e m o ld in g a n d r e la t in g t h e m to t o t a l
a v a ila b le t im e in th e la b o r f o r c e .

T h e e x t e n t to w h ic h m a n p o w e r

r e s o u r c e s w e r e u n d e r - u t iliz e d w a s m e a s u r e d b y d e t e r m in in g w h a t
p r o p o r t io n o f t h is " lo s t t im e " w a s in

s e m is k ille d

o r u n s k ille d w o r k .

B e c a u s e o f t h e i r s t a t u s i n t h e m a r k e t , in d e p e n d e n t p l a n t s a r e
l i k e l y to b e jo b b in g

s h o p s a n d a r e l i k e l y to r e q u i r e a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e

p r o p o r t io n o f s k ille d w o r k e r s .
C a p t iv e f o u n d r ie s t y p ic a lly e m p lo y
r e l a t i v e ly la r g e r p r o p o r t io n s o f s e m is k ille d a n d u n s k ille d w o r k e r s .
T o th e e x te n t th a t th e w o r k m e th o d s a n d s k i l l r e q u ir e m e n t s o f th e
tw o t y p e s o f f o u n d r ie s d if f e r , th e a m o u n t o f m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n th e m
m e a s u r e s th e f l e x i b i l i t y o f th e g r o u p a s a w h o le a n d in d ic a t e s in
w h ic h d ir e c t io n

su ch

s h if t in g

i s m o r e r e a d ily a c c o m p lis h e d .

M o v e m e n t b e t w e e n g e o g r a p h ic a r e a s w a s d e f in e d a s a c h a n g e
o f e m p lo y m e n t f r o m o n e c it y to a n o t h e r , o r m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n
c i t i e s 33

a n d o th e r p a r t s

o f th e s a m e g e o g r a p h ic

r e g io n .

" M o v e m e n t b e t w e e n m e t a l s " w a s d e f in e d a s th e ty p e o f s h if t
in w h ic h th e W o r k e r s h if t e d b e t w e e n f o u n d r ie s c a s t in g d if f e r e n t
m e t a ls .
F o u n d r ie s u s u a lly w o r k p r e d o m in a n t ly w it h o n e m e t a l a n d
m a y t h e r e f o r e b e c la s s if ie d b y t h is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .

3

3 / " C i t i e s w e r e d e f in e d a s

T h e ty p e s of

s t a n d a r d C e n s u s m e t r o p o lit a n

a r e a s b e c a u s e i t i s b e lie v e d th a t t h e y c o r r e s p o n d r o u g h ly to th e
lo c a l la b o r m a r k e t s , th e a r e a s w it h in w h ic h it i s c u s t o m a r y f o r
w o r k e r s to c o m m u t e to p la n t s lo c a t e d in th e c e n t r a l c i t y o f it s
su b u rb s.

" R e g io n , " a s d e f in e d in t h is s t u d y ,

s t a n d a r d C e n s u s g e o g r a p h ic d i v i s i o n s
M id d le A t la n t i c .




c o r r e s p o n d s to

su ch a s N ew

E n g la n d a n d

-64-

m e t a l id e n t if ie d w e r e th e t h r e e m a jo r f e r r o u s m e t a ls

c a s t ; g r a y ir o n ,

m a lle a b le ir o n , a n d s t e e l.
In th e n o n f e r r o u s g ro u p , c o p p e r a n d
c o p p e r a l lo y s , a lu m in u m , a n d m a g n e s iu m w e r e c o d e d s e p a r a t e ly .
In a s m u c h a s th e d e m a n d fo r e a c h ty p e o f m e ta l m a y v a r y ,

tra n s­

f e r a b i l i t y o f m e n f r o m s h o p s c a s t in g o n e ty p e o f m e t a l to a n o t h e r i s
b a s i c to e f f ic ie n t u t i liz a t i o n o f t h e s e w o r k e r s w it h in a m in im u m
" b r e a k in g

in " o r r e a d ju s t m e n t p e r io d .

M e a s u r e m e n t o f M o v e m e n t a n d F a c t o r s R e la t e d to I t
M o b ilit y o f a g ro u p o f w o r k e r s m a y b e m e a s u r e d b y tw o
s t a n d a r d s - - t h e p r o p o r t io n o f th e g ro u p w h ic h i s m o b ile a n d th e r a t e
of m o v e m e n t.
T h o s e m e n w h o c h a n g e d jo b s a t a n y t im e d u r in g th e
p e rio d

s t u d ie d a f t e r q u a lif y in g i n th e t r a d e c o n s t it u t e d th e m o b ile

g ro u p .
T h e r a t e o f m o b ilit y w a s m e a s u r e d b y th e f r e q u e n c y o f
m o v e m e n t e it h e r f o r th e e n t ir e g ro u p o r fo r th e m o b ile p o r t io n .
F r e q u e n c y o f m o v e m e n t in a g iv e n p e r io d m a y b e m e a s u r e d in
t e r m s o f t o t a l n u m b e r o f jo b s h e ld , a v e r a g e d u r a t io n o f jo b , o r
a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f s h if t s .

In t h is

stu d y ,

th e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f

s h if t s h a s g e n e r a lly b e e n th e m e a s u r e u s e d .

B o th

sta n d a rd s a re

im p o r t a n t in d e s c r ib in g th e m o v e m e n t o f w o r k e r s .
T h e p r o p o r t io n
o f th e w h o le w h ic h th e m o b ile g r o u p a c c o u n t e d f o r m e a s u r e d th e
lik e lih o o d o f jo b c h a n g e s b e in g m a d e b y a n y m e m b e r o f th e g r o u p .
T o m a n p o w e r a u t h o r it ie s o r to in d iv id u a l e m p lo y e r s , it in d ic a t e d
th e p r o b a b ilit y th a t a n y in d iv id u a l m o ld e r o r p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p s o f
m o ld e r s w ill c h a n g e jo b s .
T h e r a t e o f m o b ilit y in d ic a t e d h o w
m u c h a g iv e n ty p e o f m o v e m e n t w il l o c c u r in a s p e c if ic t im e
p e r io d .
T h e a n a l y s i s o f f a c t o r s a f f e c t in g m o b ilit y o r a s s o c ia t e d w it h
it h a s g e n e r a lly b e e n c o n d u c te d in t e r m s o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
w o r k e r s a t th e t im e th e in f o r m a t io n w a s c o lle c t e d .
W h ile t h is
t e c h n iq u e m a y b e b r o a d ly s a t i s f a c t o r y , i t s u s e in a n a l y s i s c o v e r in g
a n y e x t e n d e d t i m e p e r i o d i s s u b j e c t to t h e c r i t i c i s m t h a t i t i s , i n
e f f e c t , a p r o c e s s o f im p u t a t io n .. U n d e r t h i s t e c h n iq u e , p a r t i c u l a r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in th e c u r r e n t p e r io d a r e r e la t e d to th e b e h a v io r o f
th e in d iv id u a l in th e p a s t ,

th u s im p lic it ly a s s u m in g th a t th e in d i-

v id u a l h a s r e m a in e d u n c h a n g e d th ro u g h o u t th e p e r io d .

Fo r

e x a m p le ,

o n e m a y a t t e m p t to m e a s u r e t h e e f f e c t o f m a r i t a l s t a t u s o n m o b i l i t y
b y ta b u la t in g th e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f s h if t s p e r w o r k e r b y m a r it a l
s t a t u s a t th e t im e o f th e s u r v e y .

T h e r e s u lt o f s u c h a ta b u la t io n

m ig h t in d ic a t e th a t m a r r ie d m e n m a d e m o r e m o v e s th a n s in g le
w o rk e rs.
I t w o u ld n o t, h o w e v e r , in d ic a t e w h e t h e r o r n o t th e m e n
w h o s h if t e d w e r e m a r r ie d o r s in g le a t th e t im e th e y m o v e d :
H ence
s u c h a t a b u la t io n w o u ld n o t in d ic a t e c o n c l u s i v e l y t h e e f f e c t o f
m a r r ia g e o n m o b ilit y .
I n o r d e r to a r r i v e a t a m o r e e x a c t d e t e r m in a t io n o f th e in ­
flu e n c e o f p a r t ic u la r p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s an d o f w o r k e x ­
p e r ie n c e

o n th e a m o u n t o f m o v e m e n t,




m u c h o f th e a n a ly s is in t h is

—6 5 -

r e p o r t i s in t e r m s o f th e s t a t u s o f e a c h w o r k e r a t th e t im e o f e a c h
m ove he m ad e.
W h e n a s p e c i f i c jo b c h a n g e w a s r e c o r d e d , th e s t a t u s
( m a r r ie d , h o m e o w n e r , e t c . ) o f th e w o r k e r a t th e t im e o f th e c h a n g e
w a s a ls o id e n t if ie d . 3 4 N e x t , th e y e a r s s p e n t in e a c h s t a t u s a n d th e
n u m b e r o f jo b c h a n g e s w h ic h o c c u r r e d w h e n th e w o r k e r w a s in t h a t
s t a t u s w e r e t o t a l e d ; i t w a s t h e n p o s s i b l e to c o m p u t e a r a t e o f jo b
c h a n g in g p e r y e a r in a g iv e n s t a t u s .

Fo r

e x a m p le ,

th e r a t e o f

m o v e m e n t p e r y e a r f o r th e t im e th e w o r k e r w a s s in g le c o u ld b e
c o m p a r e d w it h th e r a t e f o r th e p e r io d d u r in g w h ic h th e w o r k e r w a s
m a r r ie d .

A n illu s t r a t io n m a y m a k e t h is c le a r .

t h e t ic a l c a s e

o f 100 w o r k e r s

C o n s id e r th e h y p o ­

o v e r a 2 - y e a r p e r io d .

A ssu m e

th a t

in th e f i r s t y e a r a l l o f th e w o r k e r s w e r e s in g le a n d th a t t h e y m a d e
200 m o v e s.
O n J a n u a r y 1 o f th e s e c o n d y e a r , 50 o f th e w o r k e r s
m a r r i e d a n d d u r in g th e y e a r , e a c h o f t h e s e 50 m a r r i e d m e n c h a n g e d
jo b s o n c e , m a k in g a t o t a l o f 50 jo b c h a n g e s .
D u r in g th e s a m e y e a r ,
th e 50 s in g le m e n m a d e
p e r io d ,

1 0 0 jo b c h a n g e s .

a to ta l of 350 m o v e s w e re m a d e .

T h u s,
In

f o r th e 2 - y e a r

300 c a s e s ,

th e w o r k e r s

w e r e s in g le a t th e t im e th e y c h a n g e d jo b s ; in 50 c a s e s th e m e n w e r e
m a r r i e d w h e n t h e y s h if t e d .
D u rin g th e 2 - y e a r p e r io d , a to ta l o f
200 m a n -y e a rs w e re w o rk e d ;

1 50 w e r e w o r k e d in a n u n m a r r ie d

s ta tu s an d 50 in a m a r r ie d s t a t u s .
T h e a d ju s te d m o b ilit y r a t e fo r
m a r r i e d m e n i s 1. 0 s h if t s p e r m a n - y e a r w o r k e d (5 0 s h if t s d iv id e d
b y 50 m a n - y e a r s ) ; f o r s in g le m e n th e r a t e i s 2 . 0 s h if t s p e r m a n y e a r w o r k e d (3 0 0 m o v e s d iv id e d b y 150 m a n - y e a r s ) .
A ll o th e r
t h in g s b e in g e q u a l,
a re

th e c o n c lu s io n ,

th e re fo re ,

i s th a t s in g le m e n

m o r e m o b ile th a n m a r r ie d m e n .

It h a s b e e n s u g g e s te d th a t th e m o b ilit y o f w o r k e r s i s a ffe c te d
b y c e r t a in a s p e c t s o f t h e ir w o r k e x p e r ie n c e .
O n e h y p o t h e s is i s
t h a t s e n io r it y in h ib it s m o v e m e n t ; th a t a w o r k e r o n a jo b c o v e r e d b y
s e n i o r i t y p r o v i s i o n s i s m o r e r e lu c t a n t to c h a n g e jo b s th a n a m a n
w h o s e jo b s e c u r i t y i s n o t s o p r o t e c t e d .
T o t e s t t h is t h e o r y , e a c h
w o r k e r w a s a s k e d w h e t h e r h e k n e w i f e a c h jo b w h ic h h e h a d h e ld
h a d b e e n c o v e r e d b y a s e n io r it y p r o g r a m .
T h e d u r a t io n o f e a c h

3

4 /

— / T h e m e c h a n ic s o f t h is p r o c e d u r e m a y b e o f in t e r e s t .
An
I B M c a r d w a s p r e p a r e d f r o m th e q u e s t io n n a ir e o f e a c h w o r k e r .
T h e I B M la y o u t f o r m f o r t h is c a r d is p r e s e n t e d o n p . 8 9 .
In
a d d it io n ,

f o r e a c h jo b ,

c a rd " w a s p re p a re d .
ca rd .

o th e r th a n th a t c u r r e n t ly h e ld ,
S e e p . 90 f o r th e I B M

O n th e e x c e s s c a r d ,

la y o u t f o r m

an "e x ce ss
f o r t h is

b y m e a n s o f s p e c ia l ta b u la t in g p r o ­

c e d u r e s a n d a u x i l i a r y c o d in g ,

in f o r m a t io n r e f e r r i n g

s p e c if ic a lly

to th a t jo b a n d to s e le c t e d p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f th e w o r k e r

a t th e t im e th e jo b c h a n g e t o o k p l a c e w a s p u n c h e d .
a r e c o n t a in e d in c o lu m n s 1 6 - 3 7 a n d c o lu m n s 6 4 - 6 8 .

T h e s e d a ta
Som e

a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n w a s t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m th e p r i m a r y c a r d to
e a c h jo b c h a n g e c a r d , p e r m it t in g a n a l y s i s o f f a c t o r s w h ic h i t w a s
th o u g h t m ig h t a f f e c t m o b ilit y .
T h e s e t r a n s c r ib e d d a ta a r e
t a in e d in c o lu m n s 3 9 - 6 3 a n d c o lu m n 6 9 .



con­

-66-

jo b w a s a l s o c o d e d .
F r o m th e s e d a ta , t a b u la t io n s w e r e p r e p a r e d
s h o w in g th e a v e r a g e d u r a t io n o f c o v e r e d jo b s a s c o m p a r e d to t h o s e
w it h o u t s e n i o r i t y c o v e r a g e .

S in c e t h e s e d a ta c o u ld b e u s e d in c o n ­

ju n c t io n - w it h th e in f o r m a t io n o n th e w o r k e r s ' a g e a t th e t im e o f
e a c h jo b c h a n g e , i t w a s p o s s ib le to e lim in a t e th e e f f e c t o f a g e in
d r a w in g c o n c lu s io n s a b o u t th e e f f e c t s o f s e n io r it y o n jo b d u r a t io n
a n d h e n c e m o b ilit y .
S ta tis tic a l R e lia b ilit y
A

b a s ic p r o b le m

in v o lv e d in a n y s t u d y b a s e d o n a s a m p le

r a t h e r t h a n o n th e c o m p le t e u n iv e r s e i s th e e x te n t to w h ic h th e
s a m p le

s e le c t e d

r e f le c t s th e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s

o f th e u n iv e r s e it s e lf .

I n t h is s t u d y th e p r o b le m i s o f p a r t i c u l a r im p o r t a n c e d u e to th e
f a c t th a t th e m e th o d o f s a m p le s e le c t io n w a s r a t h e r c o m p le x .
S in c e
t h is w a s a tw o - s t a g e c lu s t e r s a m p le r a t h e r th a n a n u n r e s t r ic t e d
r a n d o m s a m p le , th e u s u a l s t a t is t ic a l t e s t s o f r e l ia b i li t y c o u ld n o t
b e a p p lie d .
T h e s p e c if ic f o r m u la s u s e d f o r d e t e r m in in g th e s a m p lin g
v a r ia n c e s o f th e fo u r ty p e s o f e s t im a t e s d e r iv e d fr o m

th e s u r v e y

d a ta a r e d is c u s s e d in a s t a t is t ic a l n o te
( p p . 6 9 - 7 9 )•
T h e r e lia b ilit y
o f s e le c t e d e s t im a t e s o f e a c h ty p e i s a ls o sh o w n in t h is n o te .
The
s a m p lin g

e r r o r fo r th e se

e x a m p le s a p p e a r e d to b e a c c e p t a b le a n d it

w a s a s s u m e d t h a t c o m p a r a b le d e g r e e s o f r e l i a b i l i t y w o u ld b e o b t a in e d
fo r o th e r e s t im a t e s of e a c h ty p e ,

w it h o u t a c t u a l l y c o m p u t in g t h e s e

m e a s u r e s o f r e lia b ilit y in e v e r y c a s e .
T h e t e s t in g o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e d if f e r e n c e s
b e tw e e n e s t im a t e s i s illu s t r a t e d in th e s t a t is t ic a l n o te b y th e u s e
o f tw o f o r m a l t e s t s .
H e r e to o , b e c a u s e o f th e w o r k in v o lv e d , t h e s e
t e s t s w e r e n o t a p p lie d to e a c h s e t o f o b s e r v a t io n s .
In s te a d , a n o th e r
f o r m o f th e C h i- s q u a r e t e s t w a s u s e d .
W h ile th e u s e o f th e t e s t in
t h is f o r m w a s n o t s t r i c t l y a p p lic a b le to a s a m p le o f t h is n a t u r e , it
i s n o t b e lie v e d t h a t th e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d v a r i e d g r e a t ly f r o m t h o s e
w h ic h w o u ld h a v e b e e n d e r iv e d f r o m th e u s e o f th e m o r e a p p r o p r ia t e
m e a s u r e s d is c u s s e d in th e s t a t is t ic a l n o te .
L im it a t io n s o f th e S tu d y
O n e p r o b le m

in

s t u d ie s b a s e d u p o n in t e r v ie w s i s th e a c c u r a c y

o f r e s p o n s e s m a d e b y in d iv id u a ls .

I n v e s t ig a t io n s o f th e r e l i a b i l i t y

o f w o r k e r r e s p o n s e s h a s sh o w n th a t w o r k h is t o r ie s o f s k ille d w o r k e r s
o b ta in e d b y p e r s o n a l in t e r v ie w

— /

See,

f o r e x a m p le ,

a r e b y an d la r g e

r e l i a b l e . 35

T h e R e lia b ilit y o f R e s p o n s e in L a b o r

M a r k e t I n q u ir ie s , b y G la d y s L . P a l m e r , T e c h n ic a l P a p e r N o .
U . S . B u r e a u o f th e B u d g e t, D iv is io n o f S t a t is t ic a l S t a n d a r d s ,

22,

J u l Y 1 9 4 2 ; a n d V a l i d i t y o f W o r k H i s t o r i e s O b t a in e d b y I n t e r v i e w s ,
b y E liz a b e t h K e a t in g a n d C . H a r o ld S to n e ,
In d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s
C e n t e r , U n iv e r s it y o f M in n e s o t a .



-6 7 -

In a d d it io n , th e q u e s t io n n a ir e u s e d in t h is s u r v e y a f f o r d e d th e o p p o r ­
t u n it y to m a k e s o m e i n t e r n a l c h e c k s o f t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h e
w o rk e rs* a n sw e rs.
F o r e x a m p le , th e y e a r o f th e f i r s t f u l l - t i m e jo b
w a s c h e c k e d a g a in s t th e y e a r o f th e f i r s t jo b in a f o u n d r y , a n d a n s w e r s
g iv e n in th e s e c t io n o n t r a in in g w e r e c o m p a r e d w it h in f o r m a t io n r e ­
p o r te d in th e w o r k h is t o r y .
O n th e o th e r h a n d ,

it i s b e lie v e d th a t th e r e l ia b i li t y a n d c o m ­

p le t e n e s s o f th e w o r k e r s * e x p la n a t io n s o f t h e i r m o t iv a t io n f o r m o v e ­
m e n t f r o m jo b to jo b a r e p r o b a b ly lo w e r t h a n f o r t h e d a t a a s a
w h o le .

It m u s t b e r e c o g n iz e d th a t th e a n s w e r s g iv e n b y th e

,

r e s p o n d e n t s to t h i s q u e s t i o n w e r e h i g h l y s u b j e c t i v e i n n a t u r e .
No
c h e c k o n th e a c e u r a c y o f th e w o r k e r ' s e x p la n a t io n o f h i s r e a s o n s
f o r le a v in g

a s p e c if ic jo b w a s p o s s ib le .

T h e e x t e n t to w h ic h th e

a n s w e r s o b t a in e d a r e in v a lid a t e d b y th e r e s p o n d e n t 's m is u n d e r ­
s t a n d in g o f th e q u e s t io n i s n o t k n o w n , a lt h o u g h , a s in d ic a t e d p r e ­
v i o u s l y , m a n y w o r k e r s d id n o t g iv e r e a s o n s f o r c h a n g in g jo b s b u t
in s t e a d in d ic a t e d h o w t h e y g o t t h e i r n e x t jo b o r t h e s o u r c e o f t h e i r
la b o r m a r k e t in f o r m a t io n .
It i s a ls o p o s s ib le th a t in m a n y c a s e s
th e w o r k e r s c o n f u s e d tw o o r m o r e jo b s , f o r g o t th e d e t a ils in ­
v o lv e d i n t h e jo b c h a n g e , o r a t t e m p t e d to r a t i o n a l i z e a c o u r s e o f
a c t io n , th e m o t iv a t io n o f w h ic h w a s n o t e n t i r e l y c l e a r to th e in d i­
v id u a l h im s e lf .
In so m e c a s e s , a ls o , a tte m p ts m a y h a v e b e e n
m a d e to a c t u a l l y c o n c e a l th e r e a l m o t iv a t io n o r c a u s a t i o n s o f jo b
ch an g es.

W it h t h e s e li m it a t io n s in m in d ,

it s h o u ld a l s o b e c o n ­

s id e r e d th a t th e d is t r ib u t io n o f th e r e a s o n s g iv e n b y t h e s e w o r k e r s
f o r c h a n g in g jo b s a p p e a r e d to b e g e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r to th e r e s u l t s
o f o th e r
A

s t u d ie s in t h is f ie ld .
m o r e g e n e r a l lim it a t io n is

im p o s e d b y th e n a t u r e o f th e

stu d y it s e lf .
T h e u s e o f th e r e t r o s p e c t iv e in t e r v ie w t e c h n iq u e ,
li m it e d to m e n w o r k in g in th e o c c u p a t io n a t th e t im e o f th e s u r v e y ,
a s s u r e s a h o m o g e n e o u s s a m p le b u t r e s t r i c t s th e s c o p e o f c o n ­
c lu s io n s .
T h e c o n c lu s io n s o f f e r e d c a n a p p ly o n ly to th e m o ld e r
a n d c o r e m a k e r w o r k f o r c e a s it w a s c o n s tit u te d a t th e t im e th e
s a m p le w a s d r a w n .
T h o s e m e n w o r k in g o u t s id e th e o c c u p a t io n
f o r a n y r e a s o n a n d t h o s e u n e m p lo y e d o r t e m p o r a r i l y o u t o f t h e
la b o r f o r c e c o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n in c lu d e d in th e s a m p le .
If th e
w o r k e x p e r ie n c e a n d p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e s e w o r k e r s
s h o u ld b e s i g n if ic a n t ly d if f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e in t e r v ie w e d in th e
s u r v e y , t h e ir e x c lu s io n m a y h a v e r e s u lt e d in a n in c o m p le t e o r
d is t o r t e d v ie w o f th e w o r k e r s in t h is o c c u p a t io n ,
T h e e x te n t to
w h ic h t h is i s t r u e a n d th e e x t e n t to w h ic h f a i l u r e to in c lu d e th e
w o r k e r s h a s b ia s e d th e s t u d y c o u ld o n ly b e d e t e r m in e d b y a
f o llo w - u p

s tu d y c o v e r in g th e s e w o r k e r s .

T h e lik e lih o o d

o f s u b s t a n t ia l n u m b e r s o f w o r k e r s t a k in g jo b s

o u t s id e t h e i r u s u a l o c c u p a t io n

d ep en d s,

a v a ila b ilit y o f jo b s in th a t f ie ld ,




to a l a r g e

e x te n t,

o n th e

th e g e n e r a l d e s ir a b ilit y o f th e

-6 8 -

o c c u p a t io n ,

a n d a b i l i t y o f w o r k e r s in t h e t r a d e to t r a n s f e r to o t h e r

f i e l d s o f w o r k w it h c o m p a r a b le

e a r n in g s .

In th e stu d y o f to o l a n d

d ie m a k e r s , 36 th e p r o b a b ilit y o f b ia s b e c a u s e o f th e e x c lu s io n o f
to o l a n d d ie m a k e r s w o r k in g in o t h e r f ie ld s w a s r e g a r d e d a s s m a l l.
T h is w a s

so b e c a u s e to o l a n d d ie m a k in g

c a r r ie s

g r e a t s o c ia l

p r e s t ig e am o n g m a n u a l w o r k e r s a n d p a y s r e la t iv e ly w e ll.
M o re ­
o v e r , to o l a n d d ie m a k in g jo b s w e r e r e a d i l y a v a il a b l e d u r in g th e
p e r io d o f th e s t u d y , a n d o t h e r jo b s w h ic h to o l a n d d ie m a k e r s c o u ld
t r a n s f e r to a t c o m p a r a b le o r h ig h e r e a r n in g s w e r e li m it e d .
In th e c a s e o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s , h o w e v e r , it a p p e a r s
s o m e w h a t m o r e l i k e l y th a t q u a lif ie d jo u r n e y m e n w e r e w o r k in g o u t­
s id e th e t r a d e a t th e t im e o f th e s u r v e y .
W h ile it i s t r u e th a t
m o l d e r s w e r e in s h o r t s u p p ly in e a r l y 1 9 5 2 , th a t q u a lif ie d w o r k e r s
c o u ld e a s i l y fin d jo b s ,

th a t w a g e s o f m o ld e r s a r e

c o m p a r a b le to

th o se o f o th e r s k ille d w o r k e r s , an d th a t it is e v e n m o r e tru e o f
m o l d e r s t h a t t h e y h a v e l i t t l e t r a n s f e r a b i l i t y to o t h e r w e l l p a y in g
o c c u p a t io n s , o t h e r f a c t o r s in d ic a t e th a t a n a n y g iv e n t im e s o m e p r o ­
p o r t io n o f q u a lif ie d w o r k e r s w o u ld b e in o t h e r f i e l d s .
m o l d e r s d o n o t r a n k h ig h o n th e p r e s t i g e
In la r g e p a r t t h is i s

d u e to l e s s

s c a le

F o r

e x a m p le ,

o f s k ille d w o r k e r s .

d e s ir a b l e w o r k in g

c o n d it io n s w h ic h

f o r m e r ly c h a r a c t e r iz e d fo u n d ry w o rk .
A lt h o u g h g r e a t im p r o v e ­
m e n t s h a v e b e e n m a d e in f o u n d r y c o n d it io n s , th e " s t a n d in g " o f th e
o c c u p a t io n h a s n o t s u b s t a n t ia lly in c r e a s e d .
A f u r t h e r in d ic a t io n
th a t s o m e q u a lif ie d w o r k e r s m a y b e o u t s id e m o ld in g

is

th e f in d in g

th a t in tw o p e r io d s o f f o u n d r y e x p a n s io n w h ic h o c c u r r e d d u r in g th e
1 2 - y e a r s t u d y n u m b e r s o f q u a lif ie d jo u r n e y m e n r e t u r n e d to th e
fie ld fr o m o th e r tr a d e s of w o rk .
T h i s p r o b a b ly c a n b e e x p la in e d
b y th e f a c t th a t t h e r e h a v e b e e n p e r i o d s w h e n m o ld in g jo b s w e r e
h a r d to g e t , s u c h a s i n 1 9 3 8 - 3 9 a n d i n 1 9 4 9 .
H o w e v e r, e a r ly 1952,
w h e n th e s t u d y w a s c o n d u c t e d , w a s a p e r io d o f h ig h f o u n d r y a c t i v i t y
a n d w o r k e r s o u t s id e th e t r a d e c o u ld e a s i ly h a v e fo u n d jo b s a s
m o ld e r s .
I t s h o u ld b e r e a l i z e d th a t w h a t e v e r b i a s m a y b e p r e s e n t in
t h e s e d a ta a s a r e s u l t o f th e n o n - in c lu s io n o f m e n n o t w o r k in g in
th e o c c u p a t io n d o e s n o t in v a lid a t e th e m a n p o w e r im p lic a t io n s o f
th e

stu d y .

1952 w e re

T h e m e n w h o w e r e n o t w o r k in g a s m o ld e r s in e a r l y
n o t r e a d ily a v a ila b le

m a n p o w e r f o r th e fo u n d ry in d u s t r y .

M a n p o w e r p la n n in g in th e f o u n d r y f ie ld m u s t ,

th e re fo re ,

as

re ­

g a r d s th e a d o p tio n o f p r o g r a m s f o r th e m o s t e f f e c t iv e u s e o f m a n ­
p o w e r in t h is

s k ille d

o c c u p a t io n ,

c o n c e rn it s e lf a lm o s t e n t ir e ly

w it h th e g ro u p o f m o ld e r s r e p r e s e n t e d b y th e s a m p le

s t u d ie d - -

th e m e n w h o te n d to s t a y in th e t r a d e a n d w h o w i l l b e m o s t r e a d i ly
a v a ila b le

in a n y f u t u r e

m o b iliz a t io n .

3._ / T h e M o b i l i t y o f T o o l a n d D i e




M a k e rs,

op.

c it . , p .

21.

A P P E N D IX E S

A p p e n d ix A

s t a t is t ic a l

n o t e

*

F o u r d if f e r e n t t y p e s o f e s t im a t e m a y b e o b ta in e d f r o m
d a ta c o lle c t e d

in t h is

m e n ts and fro m

su rv e y ,

u s in g

s c h e d u le s b o th f r o m

th e

e s t a b lis h ­

in d iv id u a l m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s .

T h e f ir s t of th e se is

th e e s t im a t e f r o m

p la n t s c h e d u le s o f a n

a g g r e g a t e o f s o m e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e p o p u la t io n :
E x a m p le s of
s u c h e s t im a t e s c o n c e r n in g p la n t s in th e s u r v e y a r e th e n u m b e r o f
h a n d m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s in th e e ig h t m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s
s u r v e y e d , th e n u m b e r o f p la n t s in t h e s e a r e a s w it h a p p r e n t ic e
t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s , a n d th e t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t in in d e p e n d e n t o r
c a p t iv e f o u n d r ie s in th e u n iv e r s e .

In t h is

r e p o r t e m p h a s is h a s n o t

b e e n p la c e d u p o n th e s e a g g r e g a te s - n e it h e r s a m p le t o t a ls s u c h a s
th e 1, 8 0 0 m o l d e r s , n o r th e im p l ie d e s t i m a t e o f 1 8 , 0 0 0 m o l d e r s in
th e u n iv e r s e .
F o r t h o s e in t e r e s t e d in s u c h f i g u r e s , h o w e v e r ,
f o r m u l a e a r e in c lu d e d b e lo w f o r e s t i m a t e s o f p o p u la t io n t o t a ls a n d
t h e ir s a m p lin g v a r i a n c e s .
A s e c o n d ty p e o f e s t im a t e I s th a t o f a n e s t im a t e o f th e to ta l
o f a s p e c if ie d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e p o p u la t io n , a s d e r iv e d f r o m
d a ta c o lle c t e d f r o m in d iv id u a l m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s .
A s fo r
th e f i r s t e s t im a t e , s a m p le a g g r e g a te s r a t h e r th a n e s t im a t e d t o ta ls
a r e sh o w n in th e r e p o r t f o r s u c h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
F o r e x a m p le ,
s a m p le a g g r e g a t e s o f t h is ty p e a r e th e n u m b e r o f s h if t s m a d e b y
a l l m o ld e r s a n d th e n u m b e r o f m a n - y e a r s in th e la b o r f o r c e .
In
e a c h c a s e , t h e r e i s a n im p lie d e s t im a t e f o r th e u n iv e r s e
10 t i m e s th e s a m p l e a g g r e g a t e .

w h ic h i s

A t h ir d ty p e o f e s t im a t e o b t a in e d f r o m d a t a f o r in d iv id u a l
m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s i s a n e s t im a t e o f th e r a t io o f tw o c h a r a c ­
t e r i s t i c s in th e p o p u la t io n , s u c h a s th e r a t io o f t o t a l n u m b e r o f
s h i f t s to t o t a l m a n - y e a r s

o f e x p o s u r e to s h i f t ,

o r th e r a t io

o f to ta l

n u m b e r o f s h i f t s to t o t a l n u m b e r o f m o l d e r s w h o s h i f t e d .
T h u s,
t h i s t y p e c a n b e u s e d c o n v e n i e n t ly to m e a s u r e q u it e a v a r i e t y o f
a v e r a g e s a s w e ll a s o th e r r a t io s .
T h e f o u r t h ty p e o f e s t im a t e o b ta in e d f r o m
and c o re m a k e rs

is

p a r t ic u la r c h a r a c t e r is t ic .
*

The

th e d a ta f o r m o ld e r s

th e p r o p o r t io n o f th e to ta l w h ic h p o s s e s s e s a
Fo r

e x a m p le ,

th e p r o p o r t io n s o f w o r k e r s

s t a t is t ic a l n o te w a s p r e p a r e d b y O f f ic e o f S t a t is t ic a l C o n s u lt a n t

o f th e B u r e a u * s D iv is io n o f M a n p o w e r a n d E m p lo y m e n t S t a t is t ic s .




-70-

w h ic h a r e c la s s i f ie d in e a c h a g e g ro u p a r e d e r iv e d f r o m th e d a ta f o r
th e w o r k e r s in t h is s t u d y , a n d th e p e r c e n t o f m o ld e r s m a k in g s h if t s .
T h is

ty p e o f e s t im a t e i s

a c t u a lly a p a r t ic u la r c a s e

o f th e T y p e I I I

e s t im a t e .
R e lia b ilit y o f E s t im a t e s fro m

th e S u r v e y

T h e d e s ig n o f th e s a m p le i s a s t r a t if ie d
s a m p lin g p r o c e s s w it h in e a c h s t r a t u m .
Each
p r im a r y

s a m p lin g u n it s

th e p a r t ic u la r

o n e w it h a t w o - s t a g e
s t r a t u m i s d i v id e d in t o

(o r c lu s t e r s ) w h ic h a r e

stra tu m .

f ir m s

T h e f i r s t s t a g e o f s a m p lin g

is

c la s s if ie d

in t o

th e s e le c t io n

o f th e p r im a r y s a m p lin g u n it s a n d th e s e c o n d s t a g e i s th e s e le c t io n
o f th e w o r k e r s w it h in th e p r i m a r y s a m p lin g u n it s .
T h e m e th o d of
e s t im a t io n a n d r e lia b ilit y o f s u c h e s t im a t e s a r e
o f t h is d e s ig n f o r th e fo u r t y p e s o f e s t im a t e .

d is c u s s e d

in t e r m s

T y p e I E s t im a t e
T h e f i r s t ty p e o f e s t im a t e i s

r
Z
i- 1

X*

m a d e a s f o llo w s :

Mi
Z

mi

a . .

j-I

X

*3

w h e re
i

is

th e n u m b e r o f th e s t r a t u m

j

is

th e n u m b e r o f th e c l u s t e r w it h in th e it h s t r a t u m

M

i s th e n u m b e r o f p la n t s

m

is

X

( c lu s t e r s ) in th e u n iv e r s e

th e n u m b e r o f p la n t s in th e s a m p le

i s th e m e a s u r e o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ( f o r e x a m p le ,
n u m b e r o f m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s )

a .,
^

is

1 if th e p la n t i s

th e

in c lu d e d in th e s a m p le a n d O i f it i s

n o t in c lu d e d .

It w ill b e o b s e r v e d th a t th e re

i s n o s u b s a m p lin g in t h is f o r m

e s tim a t e .
T h e v a r ia n c e

r
O*
X »

-

Z

i- 1




o f t h is e s t im a t e i s

M?(M

- m

)

a s f o llo w s :

of

-71-

in all cases it will be true that j » ^ — X* and hence that

" 100

Type II Estimate
This type of estimate is made as follows:
X» -

r

Z
i- 1

—
“i

2 a
J-l ij

ni j

Ni j
2
X
a
k- 1
ijk ijk

where
N is the number of m olders in the universe
n

is the number of m olders in the sample

k

is the number of the individual molder

X

is the characteristic being measured

21

ijk is the conditional probability that the ijkth worker will be
in the sample when the ijth plant is in the sample.

The variance of this estimate is as follows:

o*

X»

r
Z

- V

i- 1

ni J (MJ j - «

0^

Mi (Mi +

Mi * 1

where
x-

k- 1

ij

and
X3
X*
i
ij
Note 1. In the preceding variance formulae, the summations are
over the universe rather than the sample. In applying the form ulae,
it is assumed that average values over the sample are the same as
average values over the universe, and sample calculations are in­
flated accordingly.
Note 2. It may be observed that the Type II estimate could be used
to estimate any quantity which is estimated by the Type I estim ate,
although in general the Type II estimate will have the greater




>«•

If X is defined as the sample aggregate for this type of estim ate,

-72-

vanance. For an estimate of number of m olders, the Type II
1 for all values of ijk, yields identical re­
estim ate, with X.
ijk
sults as does the Type I estimate.
Note 3. The variance formula for Type II estim ates is made up of
two sets of term s of the form
o2 - a* + a* , where o**
. . . . . .
,
Y,
w
B
»
w 18 ^‘ie contribution to variance of
samplmg workers within the plants and0** is the contribution from
sampling plants in the cities - the "b e tw A n -p la n t" component.
Later in the report an illustration for a Type II estimate estimated total number of job shifts - is given in which the relative
sampling standard deviation is 6.„7 percent. Of this, all but 0. 1
percent is contributed byo2 . The within-plant variance is alm ost
B

negligible as compared with the between-plant variance. This
suggests that satisfactory approximations to variances of sim ilar
quantities can be obtained by assuming that within-plant variances
are zero. It also suggests that insofar as statistics sim ilar to
"num ber of sh ifts" are desired, very small within-plant samples
might be employed, with resources being allocated to cover a
larger number of plants.
Note 4.

A s in Type I estim ates, we have

* lOOcrf
X«
X
Type III Estimate
X«
The third type of estimate isR ' = —
- * where X* and Y* are
y ,
estim ates of X and Y, two characteristics of the population, and
is derived as follows:
M.
N
N
r
M
id
* ij
_,-12 a
2
X
a
rcy
„i°i
i
j
i.1k ijk
R. = i z L
r
M M.
N
N
id Y
2
21 a
id
a
m
i = l
k = l
ijk ijk
li d -i ^
^d
If the denominator is a qualitative characteristic indicating pos­
session or not of an attribute, then Y .., is equal to either one or
ijk
zero, depending upon whether the individual p o ssesses the charac­
teristic being measured. A special case of this estimate occurs
when y » N in which case R' is an estimate of the mean X“ «
(See also type IV, follow ing.).




yt

N»

-73-

The approximate variance3 7 of the Type III estimate is as
follow s :
11.(K. - m.)
1
r
Mi
'
"
i
s
*
V
.
1 1
1
—
z
a* ■
Y5
*
i“l
ijk
\
"
1
mi j“l nij
R»
\ i ~ x

a2
ij

where
a
cr
2R r
Y
Y
jl
Aijk iSc ijk ijk

+ R2 o*
= a2
cr2
ijk
X . ,,
Yijk
ijk
and
a*
ij
with o2

+ R2 a2

* a*
xi3

and cr2

2R r
X

Yij

*
ij ij

<T
X

<T
Y
ij

ij

defined as for the Type II estimate and o2

and cr2

Y±ik

Xij
Xijk
similarly defined, and with the following definitions:
N. .
X

Y
ijk ijk

N a
a
ij Xijk Yijk

and

Mi
X ..Y .,
1 3 3-3

3- 1

%

- V
M. cr_

(yu

- "V

a
Y«

1

3
7 / Calculations for the variance of the Type III estimate are
1^/ \^1X the
bU V X
V J L X W f f J L l l g approximation:
A
based upon
following
S2
R*

( 11 -

f)

Y2

J

fm.

i-1

mi

H*

- 1 i"l

«

ij

i

where Y is the sample total, and X
The quantity

.•

-

ij

1 *7

i J

and Y -. are the sample totals
J

for the ijth plant.

.

f

^ n*«

• J l is a constant equal

,°,\9 ini he^ P ^ 3 e n t design. (See e. g. , ^ampfing Techniaues.
WiHiam G. Cochran, New York; John W ilifa n d Sons, In c ., 1953,
Chapter 11; or Sample Survey Methods and Theory. M orris H.
r i f S wN WlUl^
N ’ Hurwitz» and W illiam G. Madow, New York;
John W iley and Sons, Volume I, Chapter V II.)




-74-

where

and

X

»Y =
M.
i
a.

- w—
i
"i

_
X

x^.
■

*
«

and Y
ij

Nij

X»
Observe that there is a difference betweenX* » ^jfhe average
number of shifts per molder as calculated from the sample, and

Xn “ span estimate of average number of shifts per worker which
cottltirbe obtained by dividing the estimate of total shifts, X*, by a
known total number of m olders (if such a figure were known).
The variance of x* i® le s s than the variance of xn«
Type IV Estimate
The fourth type of estimate is derived as follow s:
r

\

i-1

P'

%
Z a
3"1

N±
-= £
ni,1

N
z J Y
a
^
ijk ijk
>

N*
with N* being the estimated number of m olders and p f the estimated
proportion of individuals possessing the characteristic being
m easured. Since this is a ratio estimate of the same general form
as Type III estim ate, the formula for the variance38 of the estimate
is also of the same general form as for the Type III variance.

3 8 / Calculations for the variance of this type of estimate were
obtained by use of the following approximation:

S*
P'
where n>

n*

i» i
and

— i
- 1

W

i

- p ,( V

13

1

)

are the number in the sample for the par­

ticular sample collected for the total, the stratum, and the plants,
respectively.




-75-

Comput»tion of Reliability of Estim ates from the Survey
Calculations of sampling reliability are shown below for an
example of each type of estim ate.
Type I Estimate
The sample total of 1, 800 m olders has an absolute error for
the 95 percent confidence interval of 76. This means that in 95 out
of every 100 possible samples the number of m olders interviewed
would range from 1, 876 to 1, 724, depending upon the random choice
of establishments for the sample.
Type II Estimate
An example of the sample total for this type of estimate is
2, 128 shifts made by all m olders in the survey. The absolute error
for this sample total is 284 shifts for the 95 percent confidence in­
terval.
Type III Estimate
The reliability of estimates of this type was computed for four
different estim ates: (l) the average number of shifts made by all
m olders, (2) the average number of shifts made by m olders who
shifted, (3) the average number of shifts per m an-year, and (4) the
average age of m olders. The m easures of accuracy for the average
number of shifts were computed for these statistics for each city as
well as the total and are shown in the following table for the 95 per­
cent confidence interval:

A verage m asker o f e h ifte
A ll n o ld e rs
Average
noaber
o f e h ifte

C it y
A ll c it ie s
B o sto n • • .
C h icago • • •
C lfroX & nd
• •
D e tro it • • •
Lo s A ngeles •
Hew Y o rk • • •
P h ila d e lp h ia •
P ittsb u rg h * •




•
*
•
*
•
•
•

A b so lu te
e rro r

H o ld e rs eho s h ifte d
A verage
nueber
o f s h if t s

A b so lu te
e rro r

1 .1 8

0.1 3

2 .5 7

0.1i*

1 .9 5
0 .9 6
1 .3 1
.9 2
1 .8 8
.8 5
1 .0 $
•66

.3 8
•3k
•31

3 .0 3
2 .3 7
2.50
2 .5 7
3 .0 3
2 .1 0
2 J* 7
2*QU

.3 1
•20
.3 1
•38

J±o
•20
.3 0
.3 0

•32
.2 7
•25

-76-

The reliability of the estimates of average number of shifts
per m an-year for all molders and by number of years in the labor
force is as follows:

Average amber of sh ifts per man-year
Tsars in
labor force
A ll groups
— 4»o • • • • • •
4*1 - 8 .0 ......................
8*1 • 12+0 • ♦ ♦ ♦ •
12.1 - over . • . . .

Average amber
of sh ifts

Absolute
error

0.118

0.014

•188
•198
•164
.095

•072
•Q37
•O0B
.013

The accuracy of the estimated average age of m olders, 47
years, was also calculated and the absolute error is one year for
the 95 percent confidence interval.
Type IV Estimate
The particular estimate studied as an example of the Type IV
estimate is the proportion of m olders making shifts. The sampling
errors in such estim ates, for the 95 percent confidence lim its,
both for the total and by city are as follows:




-77-

P e rce rit o f m olders m aking s h if t s
P e rce n t o f m olders
s h if t s

C it y
A ll c it ie s
B o sto n • • •
C h ica g o • •
C le v e la n d .
D e tro it • •
Lo s A n gele s
Hear T o rk • •
P h ila d e lp h ia
P ittsb u rg h .

« . . «
• • • «
. . . .
• • • «
• • . •
• • • •
. . . .
. . . .

A b so lu te
e rro r

1*5*9

3«3

6 t*.l*

11.3
12.7
9 .1
10.7
7 .7
6 .7
8 .1
13.9

1*0*5
52*5
35.3
62*0
1*0.1*
l*2j*
3 2.2

It might be noted that for this characteristic, the variance is not
greatly different for "a ll c itie s" from what it would have been from
a random sample of 1, 800 w orkers.
Significance of Differences Between Estim ates
At a number of points in the study, the statistical significance
of the difference between or among estimates is a question of keen
interest. M ore than one formal test can be brought to bear on this
question. Two of the m ost direct and useful are illustrated for the
data on average number of shifts per m an-year for workers with
different lengths of time in the labor force.
The data show, for example, that molders with le ss than 4. 0
years in the labor force average 0.188 shifts per year (x) while
those with m ore than 12 years average 0. 095 shifts per year (y).
Is there a significant difference between these two figures?
Our design is such that x should be distributed normally (or
nearly so) about ^with variance a® ■ 0.00129 and y would be dis­
tributed normally about y with variance cx2 = 0.0000l*» Since these two
y




-78-

variables are independent of one another, the quantity d * x - y should
be distributed normally about(x - y)with variance o’2 83

+ a2 ® 0#Q0133*

Consider the hypotheses that there is no difference between the means
of the two groups, that is that x * y« Then, the quantity d should have
a mean of o, and a variance <j2 ® 0*00133* or a sampling standard
error of a * 0#0365>. The observed d divided by this <J* 0# 093/0# 0363i *s
tested. This value, which is 2. 5 ,is a highly unlikely chance result,
well beyond 95 percent confidence lim its. Consequently, the
hypothesis is untenable, and the conclusion is that there is a signifi­
cant difference between the two cla sse s.
The second test makes use of the basic Chi-squared dis­
tribution: If n independent variables Z. are normally distributed
about a common mean zero with standard deviations
then

- 1
is the Chi-squared distribution with N degrees of freedom , where
N is n reduced by the number of linear constraints placed on the Z^.
This theory may be adapted to test whether the observed
average number of shifts per m an-year for the various classes of
years of attachment to the labor force differ, collectively, in
significant degree from the a ll-c la s s estimate.
In applying the chi-square test we use the following definitions:
,x - the ith class average
i
u - the a ll-c la s s average
w, - class weight - in this example, the estimated ratio of
1 the number of m an-years in the ith class to the number
of m an -years in all classes combined
a3 - a weighted variance of all c la sse s, Ewf a*
u
x
If Z.= (x. - u) and of
i
i
1

f 1 ~ ^w-aZ the chi-squared die
u
1 Xj

tribution is appropriate for the test. There is one linear constraint
on the Z. since u is a linear function of the x .. The data show
i

i

u * .118. The necessary computations are summarized in the following
table:




-79-

z

X
i

W
i

o.

i

i

ZA

(V ° i )4

0.188

0 .0 7 0

0 *0 2

0 .0 3 5 6

1 .9 7

3 .8 8

.198

.0 8 0

.09

.0177

u .5 2

20.1*3

.161*

.ci*6

.1 7

.0127

3 .6 2

1 3 .1 0

. 0 95

- .023

.72

.0035

6 .5 7

1*3*16
% * - 80.57

So large a value of chi-squared, for three degrees of freedom ,
is extremely unlikely, from which we conclude that there are sig­
nificant differences among the classes collectively with respect to
average number of shifts per m an-year.




A p p e n d ix

-80-

B

JO B

DESCRIPTIONS

1.

Occupations included:

a.

HAND BENCH MOLDER

A worker who shapes small and medium-sized molds ( or
component sections of a mold that are assem bled into complete
units) by hand on a bench, by ramming and packing sand around
patterns placed in flasks, and whose work involves most of the
following: selecting and assembling appropriate flasks and
patterns for varying m olds; determination of appropriate sand
blends and moisture content of sand required for different types of
m olds; packing and ramming green sand, dry sand or loam around
patterns; drawing patterns and smoothing m olds; selecting and
setting cores in position; determination of the types of gating
necessary for the m olds; finishing molds by performing such
operations as facing, venting, and reinforming; assembling mold
sections to form complete molds; selecting and using such m olderts
hand tools as riddles, trowels, slick s, lifters, bellows and m allets
in packing and smoothing of molds or mold sections; and directing
the pouring of the molten m etals.
b.

FLOOR MOLDER

A worker who shapes large molds or mold sections by hand
on the foundry floor or in a pit, by ramming or packing sand around
patterns placed in flasks, and whose work involves most of the
following: selecting and assembling appropriate flasks and patterns
and positioning patterns in flasks for a variety of m olds; deter­
mination of appropriate sand blends, and moisture content of sand
required for different m olds; packing and ramming sand or loam
around patterns; drawing patterns and smoothing m olds; selecting
and setting in position appropriate cores; determination of
appropriate gating, venting, reinforcing and facing required for
particular mold; assembling mold sections to form complete molds,
using such m olderls hand tools as riddles, ram m ers, trowels,
slicks, lifters, bellows and m allets in compacting and smoothing of
m olds; directing the pouring of the molten metal into m olds; and
operation of crane in lifting and moving of molds or mold sections.
c.

HAND COREMAKER

A worker who shapes by hand (on bench or floor)varying types
of sand cores placed in molds to form hollows and holes in metal
castings, and whose work requires m ost of the following: selecting
appropriate core boxes and work sequence; cleaning core boxes with




-81-

com pressed air or hand bellow s, and dusting parting sand over in­
side of core box to facilitate removal of finished core; packing and
ramming core sand solidly into box, using shovels, hands, and
tamping tools; selecting and setting vent w ires and reinforcing
w ires into cores; determining approximate sand blends and moisture
content of sand required for a particular core; removing core box
from core and repairing damage to im pressions; baking cores to
harden them; and assembling cores of more than one section.
d.

WORKING FOREMAN

This definition includes the following
job titles: foreman, assistant fore­
man, group leader, group head,
leader, leadman, supervisor.

P erform s duties of a supervisory nature in molding or core­
making activities or in the molding and coremaking departments.
Regularly perform s work requiring manual skill or physical effort
which consumes more than 20 percent of the hours worked by this
employee in the workweek. Should include all working supervisors
in the molding and coremaking departments.
e.

NON-WORKING FOREMAN

A person who supervises workers in making, baking,finishing,
and setting molds and cores. Determines procedure of work and
assigns duties. May set up or inspect equipment preparatory to
regular operations. Must p o ssess a detailed knowledge of molding
and coremaking.
2.

Occupations not included:

a.

MACHINE MOLDER

A worker who shapes molds or mold sections on any of several
types of molding machines, such as ro ll-o v e r, jarring, and squeeze
machines, and whose work involves m ost of the following: selecting
and assembling appropriate flasks and patterns and positioning
patterns in flasks; filling flasks with sand and ramming of sand around
pattern with ramming tool or by mechanical means; determination of
appropriate sand blends and moisture content of sand required for
particular m olds; preparing molds for drawing of patterns, and re­
pairing damage to mold im pressions in sand; selecting and setting in
position appropriate cores; determination of appropriate venting,
gating, reinforcing and facing required; assembling upper and lower
sections of m olds, and guiding or assisting in the pouring of the molten
molten metal into the mold.




-82-

b.

MACHINE COREMAKER

A worker who shapes sand co res, used in molds to produce
hollows and holes in castings, using a turn-over-draw machine to
compact the sand and to facilitate the removal of the finished core
from the core boxes, and whose work involves m ost of the following:
selecting appropriate core box and setting it up on machine table;
filling core box with sand of appropriate blend and moisture content;
operating machine to com press sand in the core box, stripping box
from core; and smoothing core and repairing damages to im pressions.







(4) W h y d i d n ’t y o u c o m p l e t e y o u r

apprenticeship?
d.

(5) D i d y o u t a k e any o t h e r t r a i n i n g to q u a l i f y as a
Journeyman?
Yes □
No □
I f yes, d e s c r i b e
t his

12.

training

Other
Give

I I _________________________
d etails of this

training:

________________________________________

F i l l out i n f o r m a t i o n o n

t r a i n i n g b e low:

(a)_______________ (b)__________________________ (c)__________________________ (d)______________ (e)__________________________(f)__________________________ (g)

When did you
start and finish
your training?
To

From
Mo.

13.

14.

Yr.

Mo.

Yr.

Were you
training for:
molder, coremaker or
combination?
(state which)

What was the name of the firm in
which you qualified in the trade
(give name, city , and 8tate)

What was the
principal
metal cast in
this foundry?

For captive
foundries:
what was the
principal prod­
uct o f the
plant?

To In terview er: Give date
respondent started work for
plant listed in 12c and Job
he held there immediately
before starting training.
Date

Was there a
union in the
plant? I f not
enter "no. " I f
so, give name.

Job

a.

After you became a qualified Journeyman, how long did you work at the firm where you were trained?------------------------ ---

b.

Why did you leave?___________________________________________ _

_____— --------- -------------------------------- —----

how many months of training, if any, in molding or coremaking did you have in a vocational or trade school as a student b e f o r e being
employed as an apprentice or learning the trade in the plant?_________________ — ------------------------- ------------- - --- —
(List all courses and give aonth and year began and ended—enter none If none)

15.

Have you had any technical schooling since you began working in a foundry? Yes □
No Q
If yes, list courses and give month
and year started and ended and hours per week of schooling or total number of hours you attended. (Answer either a or b, a n d c«)
a.

Courses taken while in apprenticeship.................... .............. .....__......................... .— ------ — — —

b.

Courses taken while qualifying (for those who served no apprenticeship)________________________________________ ___________—

c.

Courses taken after becoming a Journeyman molder or coremaker ________________




-.... -- ------ -- — --------- ---

B L S No.

2 2 7 2A

Appendix C

Budget Bureau No. 44-5168. 1
Approval expiree April 80, 1952

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
O C C UPATIO N AL N O B IL IT Y

OF HOLDERS AND COREMAXERS

S c h e d u l e No. _ _ _________

1.

FOP OFFICE USE ONLY

Where were you born?---

...

... .

2. What year?______ 3.

(City or county and Stato or forlogn country)

What was the highest grade of regular school you completed? __________ 5.
No □

b.

a.

Are you married?

7.

a.

Do you own your own home?

8.

a.

How many children do you have?_____

9.

a.

In what year did you get your first full-time Job?_____ b.

c.

What did this firm do?__________________________ __________________ _ d.

Yes Cl]

If yes, give date of marriage_______ ___________________________________________
No Q
b.

b.

What are their present ages?

I f jo b

d e sc r ib e d

in q u e s t i o n 9 w a s

____

.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _

What was your Job? __________________________________________
Where was It located?______________________

in a fo u n d r y , d o n o t a n sw e r q u e s t i o n

(City and State)

10)

a.

In what year did you get your first Job in a foundry?_______

b.

What was the name of the plant? -. .
_____________________

c.

Where was it located? n—

d.

What did this firm do?_________________________ ,
_______

.....

.....________________

(City and Stats)

e. What metal was cast?____ ____ ______________
(Give principal metals)

11.

If yes, when did you buy your home? __________________________________

(Siva principal product If manufacturing firm or kind of buslnass.
If foundry, giro principal natal cast.)

(T o I n t e r v i e w e r :

No I I

How long have you lived in this area?

6.

10.

Yes □

Were you brought up on a farm? Yes Q

H o w d i d y o u l e a r n to b e
a.

Apprenticeship

a molder

or c o r e m a k e r ?

f.

What was your Job? __ ___________________________________________ _
(Job title or description of duties)

(T o i n t e r v i e w e r :

I I

(1) D i d y o u c o m p l e t e th e a p p r e n t i c e s h i p ?
Yes I I No
(If "yes" a n s w e r 2.
I f "no" p r o c e e d to (4).)
(2) D i d y o u g e t a c e r t i f i c a t e ?
Yes I I No f l

b.
I~1

(If "yes" p r o c e e d to q u e s t i o n 12.
I f "no" a n s w e r (3).)
(3) D i d y o u g e t any o t h e r p a p e r w h e n y o u f i n i s h e d y o u r
c.
apprenticeship training?
Y e s I f No I I
(If "yes" d e s c r i b e _______________________________________)




(If captive foundry give principal product)

C h eck an d a n sw e r a ,

b,

c,

o r d,

b u t o n ly o n e)

O t h e r m o r e or l e s s f o r m a l p l a n t t r a i n i n g
I 1
D e s c r i b e t h i s p r o g r a m ____________________________

I n f o r m a l o n - t h e - l o b t r a i n i n g s u c h as w o r k i h g as a m o l d e r 1 s h e l p e r I I
W h a t k i n d o f w o r k d i d y o u d o ? ______________________________________________

16.

Work h i s t o r y , 1940 to d a te .

(a)

(L is t present Job f i r s t and enter length o f time In each occupation on
more, January 1940 to d a te , in clu d in g m ilita r y s e r v ic e and period s o f

<b)

(c)

(d)

I f this
What was the name and the location of the firm In
What was your job? (Give Job title or brief firm was a
which you worked? (Give city or county and State.
foundry
description of duties. I f molder or core^
I f not at work, enter unemployed.
I f In Armed
maker, give specialization.)
what metal
1ro
Forces, enter military service.)
was cast?
Mo. Yr.

Employment
or
unemployment
Fr om
Mo. Yr.

1 7.

How many years experience do you have working as a molder or coremaker?________________■

19.

a.

I f n o t a lr e a d y an sw e re d ab o v e a s k : )

Was any member o f your Immediate fam ily working in a foundry at the time you go t your f i r s t four
What

c.

How

How did you happen to g e t in to th is t r a d e ? _________________________________________________________________

(T o i n t e r v i e w e r :
b.

18.

job

(Jobs)

did he (they) h o ld ?_______________________________________________ .

__________

What was occupation and in dustry o f your f a t h e r 's usual or lo n g e st Job? _______________________________

20.

Would you recommend to a young man that he become a molder or coremaker?

21.

Remarks:

N a m e of F i e l d Representative:

Date o f in te rvie w :




(To in te rv ie w e r:

determir

- tfiic a separate line even though the employment was In the same firm or plant.) Account for all periods of 30 days or
unemployment. If employed in January 1940, give beginning date of this job.
<e)______
For c a p tiv e fo u n d rie s
and f o r f i r m which
were not fo u n d rie s
g iv e p r in c ip a l p rod ­
u c t w a c t iv it y .

(f)______
D id p la n t
have a
s e n i o r it y
system
which cov­
ere d you?

(g) _________________________ 00______________ _______ (i)

Was there a
union in the
p la n t? I f s o
g iv e name.

DO NOT USE
(j) (k)

(1)

DEP

MS

Reasons f o r changing jo b s

Why d id you take the jo b ?

Why d id you le a v e t h is jo b ?

HO

A

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

long would it take you as a qualified molder (coremaker), to become a qualified coremaker (molder) ?

dry Job? Yes Q

No □

If yes, was it your:

father

Q

brother

□

or other relative?

I1

e why or why not.)




Labor - 0. C. (BIS 52-2705)




BLS

-85-

2272B

U N ITE D

S T A T E S

B U R E A U

O F

B u d g e t B u rea u 4 4 -6 1 5 0 . 1
A p p ro v a l e x p i r e s A p r i l 30,

DEPARTM ENT

L A B O R

WASHINGTON

OF

1052

LABOR

S T A T I S T I C S

2 5 .

D

.

C

.

OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY OF MOLDERS AND COREMAKERS
CONFIDENTIAL

ESTABLISHMENT INFORMATION

1.

Name of plant ________________________________________

2.

Plant address ________________________________________
(8treet

and

CONFI D E N T I A L

Nuiber)

City and State ._______________________________________
3.

Names and titles of officials interviewed ____________

4.

For Captive Foundries Only
a.

Give industry of plant or principal product

Principal metal cast______________________________________________ ______ _
b.
5.

Give production worker
employment in foundry department _______________________________ _

_____ _

For Independent Foundries Only
a.

Give production worker employment in plant________________________________

b.

What is the principal metal cast2_____________________________

c.

Does this plant engage in any major manufacturing activities other than the
foundry? Yes □
No Q

d.

If yes, give nature of these activities or principal products.

.

( 1 ) _________________________________________________________________________________ _
( 2 ) __________________________________________________________________________________________

e.

Give total number of product >n workers assigned to these activities ______




-8 6 6. Foundry Employment Detail (for all plants)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

Number of hand bench molders_______________
Number of floor molders ____________________
Number of hand coremakers __________________
Number of machine molders__________________
Number of machine coremakers___ ____________
Number of molding department foremen who are fully qualified hand molders:
(a) Working _______________
(b) Nonworking____________
Number of coremaking deoartment foremen who are fully qualified hand
coremakers:
(a) Working _______________
(b) Nonworking ____________

7. What are the usual sources for obtaining qualified hand molders and hand
coremakers? (Indicate order of importance)
a.

Hiring qualified men from outside the plant_________________

b.

Apprenticeship program___________ _____

c.

On-the-job training, other than apprenticeship___________ __

d.

Other_____________ explain_____________________ _________________________

8. (If 7c is a major source of obtaining hand molders and coremakers, answer this
question)
a.

How many hand molders and hand coremakers have been qualified by this method
since June 1949? _________________

b.

From what occupations were these

mefir

usual ly selected?______________________

9. Apprenticeship
a.

Is there an apprenticeship program in the plant?

b.

If yes, does the program include? (Check appropriate box or boxes)
(1)

Molders

(2)

Coremakers

(3)

Combination program for both

Yes □

No □

□
□
□

c. # Is the program registered with the Federal Coomittee on Apprenticeship or
State Apprenticeship Council? Yes □
No I I
d.

Is the program under joint union-management sponsorship? Yes □

No □

e.

How many molder and coffemaker apprentices afe now in training?_____________

10. How many molder and coremaker apprentices completed trailing in the plant from
January 1947 to date?__________________________________________________________



-87-

11.

How many of these apprentices (who finished training from January 1947 to date)
are still working in the plant?__________________

12.

In World War II when it was necessary to increase production of castings sharply,
how were production requirements met, aside from increasing hours of work?
(Indicate order of importance)
a.

Hiring experienced molders and coremakers _______ _____

b.

Increasing the number of apprentices -- - -_____________

c.

Increasing the number of helpers per journeyman molder and coremaker
employed_____________

d.

Intensive training programs other than apprenticeship _ ___________
Explain___________ ______ ___________ _______________________________ ______ >

e.

Installation of additional molding and coremaking machines _______ __________

f.

Other

g.

No World War II experience______ ______ _

__________ explain_____________________

■
_________________________

13.

If the plant had to increase its output of castings by 25 percent over its
present level in the current mobilization period, to what extent would the
methods listed in question 12 be used to meet production requirements?
(List methods in order of importance) ____________ —____________________________

14,

Were experienced molders and coremakers actively recruited from outside the
local labor market during World War II?
Yes □
No □
If yes, what
percentage of all hirings of experienced molders and coremakers were of this
group?________________________

15.

How were experienced molders and coremakers hired during World War II?
cate order of importance)
a.

General gate hiring _____________ _

b.

Public employment offices _______________

c.

Private employment offices ____________ _______

d.

Referred by employees of the firm _ __________________

e.

Union referral____________ __

f.

Direct out-of-tomn recruitment_________________

g.

Other




(Indi­

__________ explain __________________________________________ _____

Remarks:

Name of Field Representative
Date of Interview




lumber of shifts

First foundry
job
First job

Personal Data

Training

Volun­
tary

Total

Current job

Schedule
number
•HO)

&

K

®L«§
Co! M ) (

o
so
O-H
on a
3

BS

&

si

£ ia

18

uoa>

WO*. ja«S •rl COiH
g s s ©rap
“ 88

at

&

o o o a n o ( o o | o o ( o l o l o l o l o l o l o l o l o l o o | o | o o l o o l o | o o | o o l o l o l o o l o qI qI oI o o ! oI o| o |q |o

o | o lo o lo | o o l o

t<UcQ)

•H<W3

o o l o o l o l o | o l o l o l o l o l o l o | o | o o|o
1 10

UL

U L M

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 If 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 38 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 SO51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 S3 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1

11

11

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

111

1 11

11

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1' 11 1 1 1

’ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1

1 11

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333J 3333333333333333333333333333
444444444444444444444444
555555555555555555555555

444444444444444444444444
HOLDERS AND COREMAKERS CARD No, 1

"PRIMARY CARD"
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

(One prepared for each man interviewed)
.

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Q

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7o l7o 70 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

:£

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

C

a 9 9 99 9 9 99 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

£

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 38 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45-46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

(

1 12l3|4|5|6|7|8l9ll0|l1l12ll3|14|15|16|17|18|l9|20|2l|22|23|24|25|26|27|28|29|30|31|32|33|34|35|36|37|38|39|40|4l|42i43|44j45|46|47|48|49|50|5l|52|53|54|55|56|57|58|59|60!61|62|63|64|65|66|67|68l69|70|71|72|73|74|75|76|77|78|79|80
I X 2 X 3
A
8 ) ( 8 ) ( ... 7
~*)c » k
»o if n ) r ~ i s
is
~
IS )c 1g ~)C 17 K
ii~ p (
19 X 20 ) f 21 K
X
24 1C 2S X 28 X 27

)c

ic

22

REQUIREMENTS

519 END- PB1NTIN6
Is this a revision of form in use?

May we scrap old electro?

CUSTOMER NAME

CUST. PUR. ORDER NO.

□

R e p e t it iv e

prepunching

P ren u m b erin g

□

P ro ofs

INTERPRETATION

dl

45-Numerical
60-Alphabetical
80-Printingpunch

dl
prepunching

required

d]

I 519 END-PRINTING 1
||
I I IF CARD IS TO HAVE M ARK S EN SIN G , IN DICA
M ust not bo usod fo r in k m ark sons!
dl

dl

Bill f t i d »... ii...

dl

End Printing iifi d l *I6HT d ]

[~~|

Typewriterspacing

* ,

IP

d3

b t s

s

i

is

s

~ A _

*43

I

1
) DETERMINE SHORT CARD COLUMN NUMBERS BY REFERRING TO 1
) CUT OUT THE STRIP OF COLUMN NUMBERS.
5) DETERMINE MARK SENSE POSITIONS, IF ANY, BY ASSOCIATING
GUIDE AND COLUMNS PRINTED BELOW. USABLE COLUMN RANGE IS 3
) PASTE THE STRIP ON THE LAYOUT FORM IN DESIRED LOCATION
STRIP NUMBERS WITH CARD LAYOUT POSITIONS. EXAMPLE: ON 3
0
ESTABLISHED BY THE CAPACITY LOCATION ON EACH SIDE OF GUIDE.
THE SHORT CARD.
- COLUMN CARD, M. S. POSITIONS 9
-1
B ARE USABLE.
EXAMPLE) ON A 3
0-COLUMN CARD, USABLE COLUMNS ARE 2«-S5. FOR
4
) RULE ENDS OF SHORT CARD 2
l/J COLUMNS BEYOND THE STRIP
OF COLUMN NUMBERS.
| »|S7| | |SI U U U U U |3o|37|ss|33|ai I2
0I27I:|2S|23|
|37|3B| 41 |43|4S|47|4»| St I 3| I
I
SH O RT CARD COLUMN G UIDE
l4|3g|38|40l42|44|4«|48|g0|S2|S<
|Go|»3|go|B4lg2lso|»«[46|44l42|*o|33|3«|a«|3a|ao|a»|:|2
B|2
4|22|
4
CARD CAPACITY (COLUMNS) —
bb ss

~

SCALE

JL

T

A PPR O X IM A TELY

D

S IZ E ; A C TUA L CARD S IZ E 3-Vk

b

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80




3

IPOSITION | |POSITION |

If card is to be printed on both sides, check style. io o > d l

s

FOR

t«q

Stub
C o n s e c u tiv e

IIFT RIGHT P a d d in g
Indicate corners to be cut.

MAIL PROOFS TO

SHORT CARD LAYOUT
INSTRUCTIONS

m Q ho[~"|

What is present form number?________________

BRANCH OFFICE NAME

23 (

CHECK THE FOLLOWING:

IMPORTANT

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ’

’

’

”

”

”

”

’ '”

”

”

”

”

”

”

”

”

”

’

”

33333333333333333333333

3333333333333333333333

44444444444444444444444

4444444444444444444444
HOLDERS AND COROUXERS CARD No. 2

55SS555555S55555555SSS5

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

"EXCESS CARD"

i555555555S555555555555

(One prepared for each job)

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

> 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

77777777777777777777777

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
1

2

34 9

« 7 • > 10 1112 13 14151i 17 II 19202t22232429292721 29 3031 3233 3435 38 37313940 41 42434449-4947 494950 51 5253 5455 565758 599061 92939495 9997909170 71 72 7374 75 78 7779 79 90

1! 2 13 14 15 T6 17 18 19 110|11 |12|t3ll4|15tl6|l7|18|l9l20|2l|22|23|24|25|29l27129{29130131 |32l33l34l35|38|37|39l39|40|4l|42!43|44i45|49|47|48|49l50l5l|52l53|54|55!59|57|58l59t60|61l92l93|64|95|99|67|68l99)70171172I73I74I75I79I77I76I79I90
«
x 7 x • ~>r
to X
it
ta K
is
>4 )C is )C i«
H
X
at
T* )( i s
)C a« X *y 3
1~~)< a )( • 1C

17

C I~ ~)f

IMPORTANT

|POSITION | |POSITION I
1 519 END- PUNTING I

BR. OFF. NO.

Stub

What is present form number?________________
May we scrap old electro?

CUSTOMER NAME

HORT CARD LAYOUT
INSTRUCTIONS

Q

45- Numerical

Q

Q

60-Alphabetical

Q

Q

80-Printing punch

Q

P ren u m b erin g

Q

■»»

P ad d in g

Q

End Printing

Q

Typewriter spacing

C o n s e c u tiv e
R e p e t it iv e

prepunching
prepunching

*18HT
□

P roofs

i— .
|__|

If card is to be printed on both sides, chech style. roorQ

required

IF CARO IS TO HAVE M A RK SEN SIN G , IN DICA
(♦

M u st not b o used fo r in k m ark *a n *ii

LEFT Q

IICNI Q ]
Q
tosbli|

|

1
) DETERMINE SHORT CARD COLUMN NUMBERS BT REFERRING TO 2
) CUT OUT THE STRIP OF COLUMN NUMBERS.
5) DETERMINE MARK SENSE POSITIONS, IF ANY, BY ASSOCIATING0
GUIDE ANO COLUMNS PRINTED BELOW. USABLE COLUMN RANGE IS 3
1
PASTE THE STRIP ON THE LAYOUT FORM IN DESIRED LOCATION
STRIP NUMIERS WITH CARD LAYOUT POSITIONS. EXAMPLE: ON 3
ESTABLISHED BY THE CAPACITY LOCATION ON EACH SIDE OF GUIDE.
FOR THE SHORT CARD.
COLUMN CARD, M. S. POSITIONS 9
-IB ARE USABLE.
EXAMPLE: ON A 3
0-COLUMN CARD, USABLE COLUMNS ARE 2B-55. 4
) RULE ENDS OF SHORT CARD 3
l/
2
COLUMNS BEYOND THE STRIP
OF COLUMN NUMBERS.
27|a»| st |s3lss|a7|so| 4i U U U U I I 3| | 7|
| |*7| | 3| st U U U U U |so|s7|ss|ss| st |so|a7|2s|as| I
SH O RT CARD COLUMN G UIDE
Masl
a4|2G|ae|30l3a|3«l3Gl3s|*0|42|*4|4Gl*0|S0|82ls4|sG|si
|oo|»w|wl»G|»a|so|44o|4G|*4|4a|4o|ss|so|s4|sa|aolao|ao|a*|aa|
-CARD CAPACITY (COLUMNS)—
bo

bs s

o

t

s

s

i

I

I 519 END-PRINTIMfi I

!i,«v

LIFT

*i

I I

[ position! |position!

INTERPRETATION

Indicate corners to be cut.
«” «« □
(la*tr le<t <*• eeeael be et aa type
.— ■
14>tt paack aaV alaillar aiaiblaoi.)
tOWIB (___)

CUST. PUR. ORDER NO.

MAIL PROOFS TO

20

I ,.a

REQUIREMENTS

Is this a revision of form in use?

IRANCH OFFICE NAME

19

~~ CHECK THE FOLLOWING:

s

s

t

o si s

bs s

SCALE

A PPR O X IM A TELY

si

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80




D

S IZ E ; A C TUA L CARD S IZ E 3 - W

T a b le

E - l . — C a l c u l a t i o n o f e s t im a t e d s e p a r a t i o n o f m o ld e r s an d
b e c a u s e o f r e t i r e m e n t o r d e a t h , 19 5 2 -6 2

co rem a k ers

5~ y e a r p e r i o d
10 - y e a r p e r io d
________________1 9 5 2 - 5 7 ______________ ______________ 1 9 5 2 - 6 2 ____________•
E s tim a te d
Age

e m p lo y m e n t,
19 52
(1)

A ll age

19
25
30
35

g ro u p s

N um ber o f
s e p a r a tio n s
( e s tim a te d )
(1 ) x

(2)

S e p a r a tio n r a t e i/
p e r 1 ,0 0 0 i n t h e
la b o r fo r c e
(e s tim a te d )

9 ,0 3 0

2 8 8 .6

1 8 ,3 0 7

5
36

2 3 .8

10

33*0

95

5 2 .5
7 8 .9
119 -9
1 7 4 .2

474
685

1 1 .3

1 2 .6
2 0 .7
3 2 .5

187
282

7 ,4 6 5
5 ,9 7 2

4 7 .9
7 5 -6

358
451

6 ,4 5 8
8 ,6 4 6

1 0 6 .7
1 6 0 .5

689
1 ,3 8 8

7 ,4 6 5
5 ,4 8 6

3 5 4 .7
5 4 4 .3

2 ,6 4 8

2 5 0 .0
4 5 8 .3
6 7 8 .5

2 ,9 8 6

8 1 4 .1

39 y e a r s
44 y e a r s

. . . .
. . . .

45

49 y e a r s
54 y e a r s

. . . .
. . . .

55 - 59 y e a r s

. . . .
. . . .

6 0 - 6 4

years

65 y e a r s a n d o v e r

.

.

1/
B ased on s e p a r a tio n r a t e f o r
" T a b l e s o f W o r k in g L i f e , " B u r e a u




(4 )

1 4 4 .5

417

40 -

x

(*>

2 ,8 8 2
9 ,0 2 8
8 ,6 8 1

34 y e a r s

(1)

(3 )

. . . .

-

N um ber o f
s e p a r a tio n s
(e s tim a te d )

(2 )

24 y e a r s

-

50 -

Appendix

r a te i^

- 2 9 years

. . . .
. . . .

in

6 2 ,5 0 0

. . . .

S e p a r a tio n

p e r 1 ,0 0 0 i n t h e
la b o r fo r c e
( e s tim a te d )

t o t a l m a le s a d a p te d fro m a b r id g e d t a b l e
o f L abor S t a t i s t i c s , B u lle t in 10 0 1.

o f w o r k in g

(5 )

895
1 ,0 4 0

1 ,6 1 5
3 ,9 6 2
5 ,0 6 5
4 ,4 6 6

life

fo r

19 4 7

T a b le E - 2 . — D is t r ib u t io n o f m o ld e rs and c o re m a k e rs ,
b y c i t y and r a c e , F e b ru a r y - M arch 1952

R ace

C ity

o f e m p lo y m e n t

A l l m o ld e r s
and co rem ak ers

W h ite e x c e p t t h o s e
o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c ­

M o ld e r s o f M e x ic a n
e x tr a c tio n

N egroes

tio n
N um ber

P ercen t

N u m b er

P ercen t

N um ber

P ercen t

........................

1 ,8 0 0

10 0 .0

1 ,5 9 ^

8 8 .6

79

k .k

.......................

180

10 0 .0

175

9 7 .2

--

222

10 0 .0

193

8 6 .9

.......................

20 ^

10 0 .0

189

.

.

2 12

10 0 .0

. . . .

2^5

N ew Y o r k .............................
P h ila d e lp h ia

A ll

c itie s

B o sto n

.

C h ic a g o

.
.

C le v e la n d
D e tr o it

.

.

L os A n g e le s

P itts b u r g h

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . . .

.......................




N um ber

P ercen t

127

7 .0

—

5

2 .8

--

—

29

1 3 .1

9 2 .6

—

—

15

7 .^

174

8 2 .1

--

—

38

1 7 .9

10 0 .0

l 6l

6 5 .7

79

3 2 .2

5

2 .1

260

1 0 0 .0

250

9 6 .2

—

—

10

3 .8

269

1 0 0 .0

251

9 3 -3

—

—

18

6 .7

208

1 0 0 .0

20 1

9 6 .6

—

—

7

3 .^

T a b le E - 3 * — E d u c a t io n a l l e v e l o f m o ld e rs and c o re m a k e rs,
b y a g e , F e b ru a r y - M a rch , 1952

A ge gro u p

A l l m o ld e r s
and
co rem ak ers

1,8 0 0

A ll ages

H ig h e s t g r a d e

0 - k

5 - 8

9 - 1 2

268

896

60 k

c o m p le te d
O ver 12

26

N ot re p o rte d

6

P ercen t

.........................................................

10 0 .0

19 - 2 k y e a r s .............................
25 “ 29 y e a r s .............................
3 0 - 3 ^ y e a r s .............................

0 .7

—

k .6

—

T o ta l

3 5 - 3 9 y e a r s .............................
- Mi- y e a r s .............................

1 ^ .5

10 0 .0

10 0 .0

10 0 .0

0 .2
2 .6

1*7
9 .8

9 .0

2 7 .8
2k . 2
1 2 .9

2 6 .9
2 3 .1

1 6 .7
—

1 1 .5

1 6 .7
—

10 0 . 0 ^
—
3 .8

1 0 0 . 0^
~
—

1 .1
1 .5

1 0 .5

5 -2

13 -3

ll.k

7 .1

15 -k

1 3 .O
1 6 .0

3 -8
—

1 6 .7
—

1 1 .5
3 .8

5 0 .0

1 0 .3

6 .1
5 .6
2 .8
2 .0

-

k 9 y e a r s .............................

13 -9
1 1 .9
9 -6

-

5^ y e a r s
59 y e a r s

.............................
.............................
.............................

1 0 .3
1 3 .8

.............................

8 .8

8 .6
1 1 .2
2 6 .9
25*7
1 9 .8

.............................

U5 . 6

7 .8

35*6

7 6 .3

65. k

3 3 -3

O v e r lt-5 y e a r s ...................................

5k . k

9 2 .2

6k . 4

2 3 .7

3k . 6

6 6 .7

ko

1*5
50
55
60
65
U nder

6k

-

years

79 y e a rs

k$

1/




years

1 1 .9

1 3 .7

Totals do not add to 100.0 because of rounding.

—

Table E-*u — Opinions of molders and coremakers about the occupation
as a career for young men, by educational level

Highest grade completed
Recommendations

0 - 4

A ll molders
and coremakers

Number

5 - 8

Percent

Number

Percent

1,000

100.0

268

100.0

Yes • • • * • • • • •

590

3 2 .8

113

N o ................. ....

922

51-2

Yes with reservetlon . # • • • • •

259

Undecided . . • • • •

29

A ll recommendations •




9 -- 12

Over 12

Educational
le v e l not
reported
Number Percent

Percent

Number

Percent

Number

Percent

896

100.0

604

100.0

26

100.0

6

100.0

42.2

290

3 2 .4

17 8

2 9 .5

7

2 6 .9

2

33-3

104

3 8 .8

4 75

5 3 .0

326

5 4 .0

15

5 7 .7

2

33-3

14.4

46

1 7 .2

117

1 3 .1

91

1 5 .1

3

1 1 .5

2

33-3

1 .6

5

1 .8

14

1 .6

9

1 .5

1

3 .8

Number

-9 5 -

T a b le

Year

E - 5 - — M e th o d o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f N e g r o m o l d e r s a n d m o l d e r s
o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t i o n b y y e a r o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n

of

q u a lific a tio n

.

N e g r o a n d M e x ic a n
m o ld e r s
N um ber

A ll

p e r io d s

.

.

.

.

.

Q u a lify in g b y
a p p r e n tic e s h ip

206

.

P ercen t

N um ber

84

4 0 .8

23. I
3 1 .4

1 8 9 2 - 1 9 1 $ ...................................

13

3

19 16 -2 9

51
24

16
10

4 1 .7

57
6l

25
30

4 3 .9
4 9 .2

r

..................................

I 93 O -3 9 ........................................
191*0 - 4 5 ........................................
19 4 6 -5 2 ........................................

E -6.- - D is t r ib u t io n o f Job ch a n g e s b y s o ld e r s
a n d c o r e m a k e r s m a k in g s p e c i f i e d n u m b er
o f c h a n g e s , 19 4 0 -5 2

T a b le

A l l m o ld e r s
and
co rem ak ers

N um ber o f
chan ges

N um ber

A ll

ch an ges

.............................

1,8 0 0

P ercen t

2 ,1 2 8
0
266

973

5 4 .0

.

.

.

.

.

.

266

Two c h a n g e s

.

.

.

.

.

.

257

1 4 .8
1 4 .3

. . . .

.......................

N um ber

10 0 .0

O ne c h a n g e

N one

Job

514

381

chan ges

P ercen t

10 0 .0

1 2 .5
2 4 .2

T h ree ch an ges
Four changes

.......................
. . . . .

127
6l

7 .1
3.4

244

F iv e

.......................

48

2 .7

240

33

1 .8

198

12
8

0 .7
.4

64

3 -9
3.0

15

.8

13 7

6 .4

S ix

changes
ch an ges

Seven

.............................

ch an ges

.......................

E ig h t ch a n g e s
N in e

ch an ges

.

.

. .

o r m ore




.
.

84

1 7 .9
1 1 .5
11-3
9 .3

T a b le E - 7 * — Tim e a s jo u rn eym en sp e n t in p la n t s o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n ,
b y y e a r o f q u a li f i c a t io n

A l l m o ld e r s
and co re m a k e rs

Year o f
q u a lific a tio n

L ess
N um ber

P ercen t

1,8 0 0

10 0 .0

.

376

........................................

500

19 3 0 -3 4 ........................................

12 9
14 9
357
284

10 0 .0
10 0 .0
10 0 .0
10 0 .0
10 0 .0
10 0 .0

5

10 0 .0

A l l p e r io d s

.............................

19 13 an d e a r l i e r
19 16 -2 9

.

*

1 9 3 5 - 3 9 ........................................
.............................
19 4 0 -4 5 1 /
1 9 ^ 6 -5 2 1 /
.............................
Y ear o f q u a li­
fic a tio n not
re p o rte d
. .

.

.

D u r a t i o n o f e m p lo y m e n t a s j o u r n e y m e n
in p la n t o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n

.

.

th a n

M ore

th a n

1-5 y e a r s

6 -10 y e a r s

10 y e a r s

2 4 .9

3 6 .8

1 6 .1

2 2 .2

2 9 .8

3 5 -6
3 3 .0

1 2 .5

2 4 .2

1 1 .0

2 2 .1
3 1 .8

1 8 .6

2 2 .5

1 7 .1
1 3 .!*

4 1 .8
3 ^ .2

3 5 -9

13 -7

2 5 .7

2 5 .8
6 8 .3

6 .0

0 .0

2 0 .0

0 .0

2 0 .0

6 0 .0

1 year

1 9 .5
2 4 .6

3 2 .9

1/
T h e lo w p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s w h o r e m a in e d m ore th em 1 0 y e a r s i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t
m a n y m en i n t h e g r o u p q u a l i f y i n g b e t w e e n 1 9 4 0 - 4 5 ( a n d n o n e o f t h e m en w h o q u a l i f i e d i n t h e p e r i o d
1 9 4 6 - 5 2 ) h a d n o t b e e n q u a l i f i e d j o u r n e y m e n f o r 10 y e a r s a t t h e t i m e o f t h e i n t e r v i e w .




T a b le E - 8 . — Jo b ch a n g e s o f m o ld e rs and c o re m a k e rs,
b y h o m eo w n ersh ip a t tim e o f c h a n g e , 1 9 4 0 -5 2
N um ber o f J o b c h a n g e s
m a d e b y m en i n s p e c i ­
f i e d h o m e o w n e r s h ip

S o m e o w n e r s h ip
at

tim e

of

change

sta tu s

at

tim e

of

N um ber o f m a n - y e a r s
w o rk ed d u r in g p e r i ­

Job

o d b y m en i n

s p e c i f i e d h om eow n er­
s h ip s t a t u s

fie d

ch an ge
A l l jo b

changes

H o m e o w n e r s h ip

.

•

.

.

.

.

.

18 ,0 0 0

643

6 ,8 9 4

.0 9 3

.............................

1 ,4 8 5

1 1 ,1 0 6

.1 3 4

T a b le

E - 9 * — D u r a t io n o f J o b s o f m o ld e r s and c o r e m a k e r s w h ic h w e r e
te r m in a te d d u r in g p e r io d , b y s e n i o r i t y c o v e r a g e
o f jo b , 19 4 0 -5 2
C overed

o f

T o ta l

jo b

jo b s

L ess

th a n 1 y e a r
- 2 years
.

1

.............................

- 5 ysars
5 *1 - 10 y e a r s

2 .1

M ore t h a n 1 0
years
. . . .




.
.

. . .
. . .

.
.

by

W ith o u t

s e n i o r i t y a t tim e
o f te r m in a tio n
P ercen t

P ercen t

N um ber

2 ,1 2 8

1 0 0 .0

1 ,1 4 6

560

280
260
302

5 0 .0
4 8 .7

566
265

1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0

16 9

203

1 0 0 .0

135

6 6 .5

N um ber
A ll

0 ,1 1 8

..................................

N o n h a m e o w n e r s h ip

D u r a tio n

sta tu s

2 ,1 2 8

.

s p e c i­

h o m e o w n e r s h ip

c h a n g e s p e r m an-

y e a r m a d e b y m en i n

534

s e n io r ity

a t tim e o f
te r m in a tio n
N um ber

P ercen t

S e n io r ity

sta tu s

n o t re p o rte d
N um ber

P ercen t

6 .6

3 9 .6

14 0

241

4 3 .0
4 3 .1
4 0 .6

39
44

5 3 -4

230
230

6 3 .8

83

3 1 .3

13

8 .2
6 .0
4 .9

58

28 • 6

10

4. 9

53*8

842

34

7 .0

T a b le E - 1 0 .— D u ra tio n o f Jo b s o f m o ld e rs and c o re m a k e rs ,
19 ^0 - 5 2 , b y n a tu re o f Jo b te r m in a tio n

N a tu re o f
D u r a tio n

of

A il

Job

Job t e r m in a t io n

te r m in a tio n s

V o lu n ta r y

N um ber

1

P ercen t

2 ,1 2 8

10 0 .0

6 5 .5

3 ^ -5

year

560

1 - 2
years . .
2. 1 - 5 yea rs . .
5 . 1 - 10 y e a r s .

10 0 .0
10 0 .0
10 0 .0
10 0 .0
10 0 .0

6 9 .6
6 5 .7
6 5 .9
6 0 . 1*

30. h

5 3 1*

Jobs

L ess

O'

I n v o lu n ta r y

.

A ll

00

1

th a n

.

.
1

.

O ver 10 y e a r s

566
265
203

.

5 9 -1

3 ^ -3
3 ^ .1
3 9 .6
1* 0 .9

1

T a b le

E - l l . — D i s t r i b u t i o n o f m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s
b y m e t a l s w o r k e d w i t h , 19 L O -5 2

P ercen t
P r in c ip a l m e ta l c a s t
in p r e s e n t Job

■ "Number
A ll
G ray

m e t a l s ............................. .....
ir o n

...................................

S te e l
. ........................................
M a l l e a b l e i r o n .......................
A l u m i n u m ........................................
C o p p er and co p p e r
a llo y
........................................
O th e r n o n fe r r o u s . . . .



of

o th e r m e ta ls w o rked w it h

A l l m o ld e r s
and co re m a k e rs

P ercen t

No o t h e r
m e ta l

1 ,8 0 0

1 0 0 .0

1 * 6 .1

781
332

10 0 .0
10 0 .0
10 0 .0
10 0 .0

5 8 .7
5 2 .7

1*9
l i* 3

1*21*
71

10 0 .0
10 0 .0

6 3 -3
^ 3*3

2 2 .2
ll* .l

O th e r
fe rro u s

O th e r
nonfe r r o u s

1 3 .8

2 1 .5

B o th o t h e r
fe r r o u s and
o th e r nonfe rro u s

1 8 .6

l l * .2

1 5 .2

1 1 .9

1 9 .9
1 8 . 1*

7 -5

1 9 .9

1 2 .2

6 .1

1 1 .9

2 7 .3

1 7 .5

8 .0
1 6 .9

* 2 -1
2 ( 5 .8

?7-i
1*2 .2

T a b le E -1 2 . — L o c a t io n
by

c ity

of

o f

tr a in in g

e m p lo y m e n t ,

o f m o ld e r s

F ebru ary

-

and

M a rch

corem ak ers

1952

Location of training
City of
employment

All molders
and coremakers

East
West
East
West
New
North
North
South
South
Middle
South
Other
Not
Number Percent England Atlantic Central Central Atlantic Central Central Mountain Pacific countries reported

All cities •

1,800

100.0

9.8

38.0

32.6

1.6

0 .3

1-5

OA

0.3

9 .3

5.8

OA

Boston * . •
• •
Chicago • .

180

100.0

87.8

0.6

1.6

-

-

0.6

-

-

-

8.3

1 .1

222

100.0

0.5

1.8

87.7

3-1

•5

•5

-

-

0.5

k.9

.5

Cleveland

•

20lf

100.0

.5

5.^

85.3

-

-

2-9

-

-

-

5 .*

•5

...

212

100.0

•5

3-3

8lf.lf

0.5

-

5-2

-

-

-

6 .1

-

Los Angeles •

2k$ 100.0

2.0

3.3

9-8

6.9

-

2.0

2.9

1.2

67.8

3.7

a

New York • .

260

100.0

3-1

78.8

2.3

-

.8

.4

-

-

A

13.5

.7

Philadelphia.

260

100.0

•7

92.1

1.5

l.l

A

.If

-

A

-

3.0

.if

Pittsburg • •

208

100.0

•5

95.6

1.0

-

1.0

-

-

•5

-

l.if

-

Detroit




T a b le

E -1 3 — J ob

ch an ges

in

a t

M a r ita l s ta tu s
at

N um ber o f

t im e

m a r ita l

of

m ade

ch an ge

in

jo b

M a r r ie d

changes

.

.

-ooi

N o t m a r r ie d

.
.

. . . .

A ll

jo b

63

ch an ges

. . . .

H o m e o w n e r s h i p .......................
N o n h o m e o w n e r s h ip
. . .



s p e c i­

in

fie d

sta tu s

s p e c ifie d

m a r ita l

ch an ges p e r
m a r ita l

.0 1 6
.0 2 8

259

.

changes

o f m o ld e r s

g e o g r a p h ic
a t tim e

jo b

of

changes

chan ge

and

co rem ak ers

in v o lv in g

chan ges

N u m b er o f m a n - y e a r s
w o rked d u r in g p e r io d
in s p e c i f i e d hom eo w n e r s h ip

sta tu s

J o b c h a n g e s p e r m any e a r m ade i n s p e c i f i fie d

h o m e o w n e r s h ip
sta tu s

322

18 ,0 0 0

0 .0 1 8

5 1*

6 , 89 ^
1 1 ,1 0 6

• 02 k

268

m an-

a r e a , b y h o m e o w n e r s h ip
o f c h a n g e , 1 9 I+O-5 2

m ade i n s p e c i f i e d
h o m e o w n e r s h ip s t a t u s
tim e

y e a r m ade i n

1 8 ,7 2 9
2 ,2 7 1

.

.

at

Job

0 .0 1 8

.

chan ge

N um ber o f m a n - y e a r s
w o rked d u r in g p e r io d

18 ,0 0 0

.

of

ch a n ges

322

.

N um ber o f
tim e

t im e

I n v o lv in g

sta tu s

19 ^ 0-52

ch a n g e,

chan ges
at

corem ak ers

m a r ita l

sta tu s

.

H o m e o w n e r s h ip

o f

and
by

chan ge

.

E - lU .— Job

a re a ,

s p e c ifie d

.

in

at

Job

.

T a b le

m o ld e r s

tim e

sta tu s
of

A ll

o f

g e o g r a p h ic

.008

T a b le
in

£ - 1 5 .— D is tr ib u tio n
fo u n d r ie s su rv e y e d ,
F eb ru ary

N um ber o f
fo u n d r ie s

C ity

su rveyed

A ll

101

and c o r e o a k e r s
e m p lo y m e n t,

- M arch 1 9 5 2

N um ber o f p r o d u c t i o n

N um ber o f m o ld e r s

N um ber o f m o ld e r s

w o rk e rs in fo u n d r ie s
su rveyed

and co rem ak ers in
fo u n d r ie s su rv e y e d

and

co rem ak ers
s a m p le

•

19 5

2 6 ,6 2 9

3 ,7 8 8

1 ,8 0 0

.............................

21

1 ,3 5 5

326

180

.

27

3 ,4 8 7

425

222

. . . .

29

4 ,7 3 0

666

2 0 >*

19

2 ,8 3 5

339

212

32

3 ,6 2 0

491

245

27

2 ,8 9 2

h 90

260

c itie s

B o sto n

o f m o ld e r s
by c ity o f

C h ic a g o

.

•

.

C le v e la n d
D e tr o it

•

.

•

.

..........................

L os A n g e le s
New Y o r k

.

.
.

.

.
.

.
.

P h ila d e lp h ia

.

.

.

2k

2 ,8 1 8

503

269

P itts b u r g

.

.

.

16

4 ,8 9 2

548

208




.

in

-102-

P U B L IC A T IO N S

O F

TH E

BU R EA U

ON M AN PO W ER AN D

O F L A B O R

S T A T IS T IC S

O C C U P A T IO N A L O U T L O O K

S tu d ie s o f e m p lo y m e n t tr e n d s a n d o p p o r tu n itie s in th e v a r i ­
o u s o c c u p a tio n s a n d p r o f e s s io n s a r e m a d e a v a ila b le b y th e O c c u ­
p a tio n a l O u tlo o k S e r v ic e o f th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s .
T h e s e r e p o r t s a r e fo r u s e in th e v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e o f v e t ­
e r a n s in c o u n s e lin g y o u n g p e o p le in s c h o o ls , a n d in g u id in g o t h e r s
c o n s id e r in g th e c h o ic e o f a n o c c u p a tio n .
S c h o o ls c o n c e r n e d w ith
v o c a t io n a l t r a in in g a n d e m p lo y e r s a n d t r a d e u n io n s i n t e r e s t e d in
o n - t h e - jo b t r a in in g h a v e a ls o fo u n d th e r e p o r t s h e lp fu l in p la n ­
n in g p r o g r a m s

in lin e w ith p r o s p e c t iv e

e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r t u n it ie s .

U n le s s o t h e r w is e d e s ig n a te d , b u lle t in s a r e f o r s a le b y th e
S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts a t th e p r ic e s in d ic a te d .
A d d ress
y o u r o r d e r to th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , G o v e r n m e n t
P r in t in g O f f i c e , W a s h in g to n 2 5 , D . C . , w ith r e m it t a n c e b y c h e c k
o r m oney o rd er.
sta m p s a r e

C u rre n c y is

s e n t a t s e n d e r 's

r is k .

P o s ta g e

n o t a c ce p te d .

T h o s e r e p o r t s w h ic h a r e l is t e d a s f r e e m a y b e o b ta in e d
d ir e c t ly fr o m th e U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r
S ta tis tic s ,

W a s h in g to n

25,

D .

C .,

a s lo n g a s th e

s u p p ly l a s t s .

O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k B u lle t in s
O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k — E m p lo y m e n t I n fo r m a tio n o n
M a jo r O c c u p a tio n s f o r U s e in G u id a n c e .
B u lle tin N o . 998 (1 9 5 1 R e v . E d .) .
U lu s .
$3.
I n c lu d e s b r i e f r e p o r t s o n m o r e th a n 400 o c c u p a ­
tio n s o f i n t e r e s t in v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e , in c lu d in g
p r o fe s s io n s ; s k ille d tra d e s ; c le r ic a l, s a le s , an d s e r v ­
ic e

o c c u p a tio n s ; a n d th e m a jo r t y p e s o f f a r m in g .

r e p o r t d e s c r ib e s

th e e m p lo y m e n t tr e n d s

E ach

a n d o u tlo o k ,

th e tr a in in g q u a lific a tio n s r e q u ir e d , e a r n in g s , a n d
w o r k in g c o n d itio n s .
I n tr o d u c to r y s e c tio n s s u m m a r iz e
th e m a j o r t r e n d s in p o p u la t io n a n d e m p lo y m e n t a n d in
th e b r o a d in d u s t r ia l a n d o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s ,

as

a

b a c k g r o u n d f o r a n tin d e r s t a n d in g o f th e in d iv id u a l
o c c u p a tio n s .
T h e H an d b o o k is

d e s ig n e d fo r u s e in

c o u n s e lin g ,

in c l a s s e s o r u n its o n o c c u p a tio n s , in th e t r a in in g o f
c o u n s e lo r s , an d a s a g e n e r a l r e fe r e n c e .
Its 575 p a g e s
a r e illu s t r a t e d w ith 10 3 p h o to g r a p h s a n d 85 c h a r t s .




-103-

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in E l e c t r i c L ig h t a n d P o w e r O c c u p a t io n s .
19 4 8 .
49 p p .
B u lle tin N o . 9 4 4
30 c e n ts
E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in R a ilr o a d O c c u p a t io n s .
19 4 9 .
52 p p .
n iu s .
B u lle tin N o . 9 6 1

35 c e zts

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k f o r E n g in e e r s .
19 4 9 .
119 pp.
Illu s .
B u lle tin N o .

60 c e n t s

E ffe c t o f D e fe n s e P r o g r a m
E n g in e e r in g .

968

o n E m p lo y m e n t O u t lo o k in

(S u p p le m e n t to B u lle t in N o .

9 6 8 .)

19 51.

10 p p .

E f f e c t o f D e fe n s e P r o g r a m o n E m p lo y m e n t S itu a tio n
E le m e n ta r y an d S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l T e a c h in g .
(S u p p le m e n t to B u lle t in N o . 9 7 2 .)
19 51.
14 p p .
E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in P e t r o le u m
R e fin in g .
19 50 .

52 p p .

Illu s .

in
15 ce n ts

P r o d u c tio n a n d

B u lle tin N o .

994

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in M e n * s T a ilo r e d C lo t h in g
In d u s try .
19 51.
32 p p .
Illu s .
B u lle tin N o . 10 10
E m p lo y m e n t in D e p a r t m e n t S t o r e s .
19 51.
23 p p , n i u s .
B tille tin N o .

15 ce n ts

10 20

30 c e n ts

25 ce n ts

20 c e n t s

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in A c c o u n t in g .
19 52.
32 p p . I llu s .
B u lle t in N o» 10 4 8

20c e n ts

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k f o r E a r t h S c ie n t is t s .
19 51.
38 p p . I llu s .
B u lle t in N o . 10 50

30c e n t s

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in th e M e r c h a n t M a r in e .
19 52 .
38 p p . I llu s .
B u lle tin N o . 10 5 4

30c e n ts

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in E le c t r o n ic s M a n u fa c tu r in g .
1952.
30 p p . I ll u s .
B u lle tin N o . 10 7 2

25ce n ts

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in P r in t in g O c c u p a t io n s .
R e p r in t e d f r o m th e 1 9 5 1 O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k .
19 53 .

31 pp.

I llu s .

B u lle tin N o . 1 1 2 6

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in A i r

T r a n s p o r ta tio n .

R e p r in te d f r o m th e 1 9 5 1 O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k .
19 53 .
22 p p . I llu s .
B u lle tin N o . 112 8




25ce n ts

20c e n ts

-1 0 4 E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k f o r M e c h a n ic s a n d R e p a ir m e n .
R e p r in t e d f r o m th e 1 9 5 1 O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k .
19 53 .
26 p p .
U lu s .
B u lle tin N o . 1 1 2 9
20 c e n t s
E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in M e ta lw o r k in g O c c u p a t io n s .
R e p r in t e d f r o m th e 1 9 5 1 O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k .
19 53 .

39 p p .

lllu s .

B u lle tin N o .

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k f o r

T e c h n ic ia n s .

D r a fts m e n , E n g in e e r in g A id s ,
an d E le c tr o n ic T e c h n ic ia n s .
19 53.

29 p p .

lllu s .

113 0
A

30 c e n ts
R ep o rt on

L a b o r a to r y T e c h n ic ia n s ,

B u lle tin N o .

1131

25 ce n ts

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in th e A u to m o b ile I n d u s tr y .
19 53.
33 p p .
lllu s .
B u lle tin N o . 1 1 3 8

25 ce n ts

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k f o r P h y s i c i s t s .
19 53.
24 p p .
lllu s .
B u lle tin N o .

*
114 4

25 ce n ts

1151

30 c e n ts

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in th e I n d u s t r ia l
C h e m ic a ls In d u s tr y .
19 54 .
33 p p .
lllu s .

B u lle tin N o .

E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in B a n k in g O c c u p a t io n s .
1954.
42 p p .
lllu s .
B u lle tin N o . 1 1 5 6

30 c e n t s

S p e c ia l R e p o r ts
O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k I n fo r m a tio n S e r ie s f o r S t a t e s .
1940 C e n s u s
in fo r m a tio n .
S p e c ify S ta te d e s ir e d .
S u p p ly e x h a u s te d f o r
A r iz o n a , C a lifo r n ia , C o lo r a d o , C o n n e c tic u t, F lo r id a , I llin o is ,
M ic h ig a n , N e w J e r s e y , N e w Y o r k , P e n n s y lv a n ia , a n d T e x a s .
V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n P a m p h l e t 7 —2 .
1 9 4 7 . E a c h 10 c e n t s *
T a b le s o f W o r k in g L i f e .
L e n g th o f W o r k in g L if e
A u g . 1950 .
74 p p .
B u lle tin N o . 10 0 1
E m p lo y m e n t,

E d u c a tio n ,

o f S c ie n c e .
19 51.
48 p p .

an d E a r n in g s

B u lle tin N o .

fo r M e n .
40 c e n ts

o f A m e r ic a n

10 27

E m p lo y m e n t an d E c o n o m ic S ta tu s o f O ld e r M e n a n d
M a y 19 5 2 . 58 p p .
B u lle tin N o . 10 9 2
F e d e r a l W h ite - C o lla r

W orkers

S a la r ie s , Jun e 19 5 1.
( 1 9 5 2 .) 43 p p .
B u lle tin N o .




-

T h e ir O c c u p a tio n s

1117

M en
45 ce n ts
W om en.
30 c e n t s
and
15 c e n ts

-105-

N e g r o e s in th e U n ite d S t a t e s :
a n d E c o n o m i c ^ S ta tu s .
19 52.

T h e ir E m p lo y m e n t

60 p p .

B u ll.

N o.

1119

30 c e n t s

B u ll.

N o.

112 0

35 ce n ts

N o.

112 1

35 c e n ts

T h e M o b ility o f T o o l a n d D ie M a k e r s ,
19 4 0 -19 5 1.
( 1 9 5 2 .)

67 p p .

O c c u p a tio n a l M o b ility o f S c ie n t is t s .
A

stu d y o f C h e m is ts ,

B io lo g is ts ,

P h y s i c i s t s w ith P h . D .
19 53.

and

D egrees.

63 p p .

B u ll.

M anpow er R eso u rces

in C h e m i s t r y a n d

C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r in g .
19 53.

112 pp.

S c ie n tific R e s e a r c h

B u ll

N o.

113 2

50 c e n t s

B u ll

N o.

114 8

50 c e n t s

a n d D e v e lo p m e n t in

A m e r ic a n In d u s try .

A

stu d y o f m a n ­

p o w er and C o sts.
1953.

10 6 p p .

T h e M o b ility o f E le c t r o n ic

T e c h n ic ia n s ,

19 4 0 -19 5 2 .
( 1 9 5 4 .)

79 p p .

B u ll.

N o.

1150

O c c u p a tio n a l P la n n in g a n d C o lle g e .
A le a fle t a d d r e s s e d
c o ll e g e m e n o r th o s e p la n n in g to g o to c o ll e g e .
1954.
20 p p .

50 c e n t s

to c o lle g e
10 c e n t s

M is c e lla n e o u s R e p o r ts

E m p lo y m e n t O p p o r tu n itie s fo r C o u n s e lo r s in
S e c o n d a r y a n d E le m e n t a r y S c h o o ls .
M ay 19 51.
26 p p .

F ree

E m p lo y m e n t O p p o r tu n itie s fo r S tu d e n t P e r s o n n e l
W o r k e r s in C o ll e g e s a n d U n i v e r s it i e s .
M ay

19 51.

26 p p .

F ree

E le m e n ta r y an d S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l P r in c ip a ls h ip s .
M ay

19 51.

11 p p .

E m p lo y m e n t,

E d u c a tio n ,

E n g in e e r s ,

19 4 9 -19 5 0 .

N ovem ber




1952.

F ree
and In co m e of
48 p p .

F ree
☆

U.S.GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :1954 O - 30 3629