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MOBILITY OF MOLDERS AND COREMAKERS 1940-1952 UN ITED Jam es STATES DEPARTMENT P. M itc h e ll, OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Secretary Ewan Clagua, Commitiioner B ulletin No. 1162 MOBILITY of MOLDERS and COREMAKERS 1 9 4 0 -1 9 5 2 A Study of th e W o r k E x p e r ie n c e / T rain in g, and P e rso n a l C h aracteristics of W o r k e r s in a Skilled O ccu p a tion B ulletin N o. 1162 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary BUREAU or L A B O R STATISTICS S w a n Clasvo, Commissioner http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ For Baleby the Superintendent of Document!, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 60 cents Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Letter of Transmittal UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Bureau of Labor Statistics , Washington, D . C . , June 4, 1954. The Secretary of Labor: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the mobility of molders and corem akers. This report is the third of a series of pilot studies covering the work experience, m obility, training, and personal characteristics of workers in occupations vital in defense mobilization. It evaluates the findings of the study in term s of their significance for manpower planning in a m obili zation period. The Department of the A ir Force financed this study as part of a general program of developing systematic methods of deter mining the manpower feasibility of m ilitary program s. The re search findings of this report however, are the exclusive responsibility of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The study was conducted in the Bureau1s Division of Man power and Employment Statistics under the supervision of Richard H. Lew is. The report was prepared by Abraham Blue stone and Sol Swerdloff. The Bureau wishes to acknowledge the generous assistance and cooperation received in connection with this study from officials of other government agencies, trade associations, labor unions, and the 200 industrial firm s from whose payrolls the workers interviewed were selected. The Bureau wishes to ex p ress its deep appreciation to the 1,800 molders and coremakers who gave their time and cooperation in furnishing the essential data from which this report was prepared. Ewan Clague, Com m issioner Hon. James P. M itchell, Secretary of Labor. CONTENTS Introduction............................... 1 Summary 4 ............................................................................. Some manpower i m p lic a t io n s ................................... Labor market environment of m olders and corem akers ....................................................... Nature of the occupation.......................................................... . . Types of foundries............................................................................. Economic conditions of the period covered by the s u r v e y ................................................................... Trade u n i o n s ...................................................................................... Findings .......................... Personal c h a r a c te r is tic s ................ „ .................. . . . . . . Factors related to entry into m o l d i n g ................................... Attitudes of m olders toward the o c c u p a tio n ........................ Nature and duration of t r a in i n g ................................................... M o b i l i t y .................................................. . ; ................................... Movement in and out of the o c c u p a tio n ............................ Movement between e m p lo y e r s.............................................. Factors affecting movement between em p loyers...................................................................................... Movement between geographic a r e a s ............................... Worker motivation in changing j o b s ................................... 13 21 21 23 24 24 26 26 30 33 35 38 38 40 43 48 50 Methodology of the s u r v e y ................................................................... Scope of s u r v e y ...................................................... The s a m p l e .......................................................................................... W orkers interviewed ...................................................................... Data collection m e t h o d s ....................^........................................ Types of movement a n a ly z e d ....................................................... Measurement of movement and factors related to it . . . . ...................................................................... Statistical relia b ility. Limitations of the s t u d y ............................................................... 57 57 57 59 61 61 A p p en d ixes.................................................................................................. A . Statistical n o t e .......................................................................... B . Job descriptions . . ............................................................... C. Questionnaires used in the s u r v e y ................................... Individual worker interview questionnaire .................... Establishment information q u e s tio n n a ir e .................... D. Machine tabulation form s used in the survey . . . . Basic card prepared for each w o r k e r ....................... E xcess card prepared for each job c h a n g e ................ E. T a b l e s .......................................................................................... 69 69 80 84 84 85 89 89 90 91 iii 64 66 66 T EX T TA B LES 1. Union affiliation of foundries employing interviewed m olders and corem akers, January-March 1952 ............................................................... 25 2. Distribution of m olders and corem akers by age and by city of employment, February-M arch 1952 ........................................................... 27 3. Distribution of m olders and corem akers by time in labor force prior to entering foundry work, and by r a c e ................................................... 32 4. F irst foundry job of m olders and core m akers, by year of entry into foundry work . . . . 34 5. Opinions of m olders and corem akers about the occupation as a career for young men, by race ......................................... 34 6. Distribution of m olders and coremakers by race and method of q u alification ............................... 36 7. Rate of job changing of m olders and core m akers, by year of changes, 1940-52 ........................ 42 8. 9. 10. Job changes by age of m olders and core makers at time of survey ........................................... ... 44 Job changes of molders and corem akers by age at time of change, 1940-52 .................... ... 46 Job changes of m olders and corem akers by nature of change and reason for leaving, 1940-52 52 11. Reasons given by m olders and corem akers for taking new job s, 1940-52 55 A P P EN D IX TABLES E -1 . E -2 E -3 . Calculation of estimated separation of m olders and corem akers because of retirement or death, 1952-62 Distribution of m olders and corem akersj by city and race, February-M arch 1952 91 . . . . 92 Educational level of m olders and co re m ak er^b y age, February-M arch 1952. . . . . . 93 iv Opinions of m olders and coremakers about the occupation as a career for young men, by educational l e v e l ........................................... 94 Method of qualification of Negro m olders and molders of Mexican extraction by year of q u a lific a tio n ................................................... 95 Distribution of job changes by m olders and corem akers making specified number of changes; 1940-52 . . . . .............................................. 95 Time as journeymen.spent in plants of qualification, by year of qualification.................... 96 Job changes of m olders and corem akers, by homeowner ship at time of change, 1940-52 . 97 Duration of jobs of m olders and coremakers which were terminated during period, by seniority coverage of job, 1940-52 ........................ 97 Duration of jobs of m olders and corem akers, 1 94 0-5 2, by nature of job t e r m i n a t i o n ................ 98 Distribution of m olders and corem akers by metals worked with, 1940-52 .................................... 98 Location of training of m olders and core m akers by city of employment, Feb ruaryMarch 1952 ........................................................................ 99 Job changes of m olders and corem akers involving changes in geographic area, by .marital status at time of change, 1940-52 . . 100 Job changes of m olaers and coremakers involving changes in geographic area, by homeownership at time of change, 1940-52 . . . 100 Distribution of m olders and corem akers in foundries surveyed, by city of employment^ February-M arch 1 9 5 2 ............ .............................. .. . . 101 CHARTS 1. Distribution of molder employment, 1952 ........................ 3 2. More than half the workers did not change jobs . . . . 4 3. Younger molder s were m ore mobile than older men . 5 4. 5. Seniority provisions were a prominent factor in jobs of longer duration................................................................... 6 The rate of job changing varied widely during the 12-year p e r i o d ...................................................................... 7 6. A lm ost half the m olders entered the trade because of the influence of fam ily or friends . . . . . . . . 7. Molders and corem akers are an older group than skilled workers as a w h o le ............................................... 8. M ore than one-third of the m olders had been working on the same job longer than ten years 9. Geographic mobility was affected by marital status and by home o w n e r s h ip .............................................. . . 11 13 40 50 The Mobility of Molders and Coremakers In tr o d u c t io n Mobilization planning for the effective utilization of manpower requires extensive information on the Nation‘ s resources in critical key occupations. Manpower policies in a mobilization period should be designed to provide for a flow of workers whose skills are in short supply into essential activities as well as to supplement the number of workers possessing these skills. Such policies should be based on knowledge of the pattern of movement of workers from job to job and of worker motivation in changing jobs. Plans for setting up training program s can be guided by data on how the workers in the occupation qualified for their jobs and on the lower skilled occu pations from which these trainees may be drawn. When related to estim ates of manpower requirements in particular occupations under mobilization conditions such information can aid in determining how many workers must be trained. A thorough understanding of the nature of our resources in key skilled occupations is also essential in balancing the requirements of the. Arm ed F orces ag&ihst the re quirements for defense production and essential civilian activities and in formulating policies governing Selective Service deferments or reserve callups of workers in these occupations. To provide information on these and other factors related to the measurement and utilization of the Nationrs occupational resou rces, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has undertaken a series of pilot studies covering the work experience, training, personal characteristics, and mobility of workers in occupations particularly vital in a defense mobilization period. Funds for these studies have been provided by the Department of the Air F orce. This report presents the results of the third of these studies, on the occupation of hand molder and core maker. The first and second studies covered tool and die m akers and electronic technicians respectively. 1 The occupation of handmolding and coremaking was selected for study because of its importance during a mobilization period. Hand m olders and corem akers are among the highest skilled workers in the —/ The Mobility of Tool and Die M akers, 1940-1951, Bulletin No. 1120, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 1952; The Mobility of Electronic Technicians, 19401952, Bulletin No. 1150, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics' 1953. (1) -2 - foundry process. Foundries are particularly essential to an in dustrial economy under mobilization conditions. They produce metal form s, or "c a s t in g s ," by pouring molten metal into specially designed form s made by m olders and corem akers. The process of casting is one of the oldest of the basic metalworking techniques. Castings are basic components of metalworking machinery, including such important types as machine tools and forging p re sse s; they are used extensively in tanks and other ordnance item s. Hand m olders and coremakers make various kinds and sizes of sand form s. Molders prepare the hollow form s (molds) into which metal is poured and allowed to solidify, forming a casting. Core makers make the bodies of sand, called cores, used to form hollows or holes in castings. Earnings of qualified workers are on a par with those of other skilled workers in the metalworking trades. In early 1952 it was estimated that about 40, 500 hand m olders and 22, 000 hand corem akers were employed in some 5, 500 foundries. About 1, 500 of these establishments were "cap tive" foundries; that is , they were, departments of, or wholly owned subsidiaries of, other establishments and directed m ore than half their output to the parent company rather than to outside custom ers. The remaining 4, 000 establishments were independent foundries; they produce castings on order from outside custom ers. Foundries may also be classified with respect to the prim ary metal cast. The major m etals are gray iron, steel, and malleable iron, comprising the ferrous group; and copper, aluminum, and magnesium, comprising the nonferrous group. In addition there are a number of minor m etals, particularly in the nonferrous group. Gray iron foundries are the m ost important c la ss; they employ alm ost half of the Nationls hand m olders and corem akers. A lm ost one-fifth of them work in steel foundries, and le s s than 5 percent are in malleable iron shops. About three-tenths of the workers are employed in nonferrous foundries. Every State has some foundries, but m ost m olders2 work in the important industrial areas of the Midwestern and Northeastern States. Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Illinois together account for 35 percent of molder employment. Large concentrations of these workers are also found in such metalworking areas as Michigan, New York, Indiana, and California. —/ The term * m older" used in this report denotes both molders and corem akers. These workers are occasionally referred to as " m e n ," although 19 women coremakers were included. S e e p . 60. -3 - The present study is based on an analysis of the work histories of 1, 800 m olders and corem akers who were interviewed in early 1952. Each worker furnished a complete work history for the period January 1940 to February 1952 as well as pertinent parts of his prior work history and training. Additional specific aspects of his personal history were also obtained from each worker. The workers to be interviewed were selected from the payroll records of 195 foundries located in 8 cities which are important metal~ working centers. These plants were so chosen that the selected workers would reflect the national distribution of m olders among various types of foundries. These men were then interviewed by field representatives of the Bureau of Labor Statistics using a questionnaire form especially designed for the survey. In addition to data obtained from the individual w orkers, another questionnaire was filled out for each plant, providing information on hiring and training practices of the firm and the details of the work performed by its staff of m olders. Chart 1. Distribution of Molder Employment 1952 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAUOF LABORSTATISTICS -4- Sum m ary F rom the viewpoint of m obility, the two outstanding features of the work histories of m olders and corem akers interviewed were their strong attachment to their employers,* to the occupation, and to the areas in which they worked, and on the other hand, the fact that the m olders who did change jobs were able to shift freely among the various types of foundries. L ess than half of the 1,800 m olders and corem akers interviewed had changed jobs between 1940 and 1952. M oreover, those workers who had changed jobs averaged only two such changes each. Even this limited number of job changes some what over states the mobility of these w orkers, ‘since a small number of workers had accounted for a large proportion of the job changes; 34 percent of all the job changes was made by only 6 per cent of the w orkers, who changed jobs five or m ore tim es. The extent or rate of job changing, or any other aspect of the labor market behavior of a group of workers during a particular Chart 2. More Than Half the Workers Did Not Change Jobs Percent of Workers Making Specified Number of Employer Changes 1 9 4 0 -1 9 5 2 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAUOf LABORSTATISTICS -5 - Chart 3. Younger Molders Were More Mobile Than Older Men Job Changes Per M an-Year Worked, 1 9 4 0 -1 9 5 2 AGE GROUP UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS p e rio d is m eaningful only when coupled with know ledge of the w o r k e r s 1 p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , how they lea rn ed the tr a d e , and their in s ti tutional and e con om ic en viron m en t. The m e r e m e a s u r e m e n t of m o b ility r a te s w a s, th e r e fo r e , only one o b jec tiv e of this study. The w o rk h is to r ie s and p e rso n a l back groun ds of the m en in terview ed w e r e an a ly zed in o rd e r to develop a b ro a d e r understanding of the p attern s of m o b ility which the su rv ey r e v e a le d . T h is in v estig a tio n showed that the r e la tiv e im m o b ility of m o ld e r s could be explained in la r g e p a rt in te r m s of th eir p e rso n a l and status c h a r a c t e r is t ic s . A g e and m o b ility w ere found to be c lo s e ly r e la te d ; o ld er w o rk ers w ere r e la tiv e ly l e s s m o b ile than younger m en . W hen the w o r k e r s w ere grouped b y the a g e s at which they changed jo b s , it w as found that m o r e than tw ice a s m an y job changes p e r m a n y e a r w e re m ade when m o ld e r s w e r e under 35 y e a r s as when they w e r e 50 y e a r s or o ld e r . A low m o b ility rate could thus be expected am ong hand m o ld e r s and c o r e m a k e r s sin ce they w e r e c o m p a r a tiv e ly an o ld e r group than m o s t sk illed w o r k e r s . T h eir a v e r a g e age w as 48 and th ere w ere as m any m en 60 y e a r s and ov er a s th ere w e re under 35 y e a r s . H o m e ow nership w as another strong fa c to r a ffectin g m o v em en t betw een e m p lo y e r s . H o m eo w n ers w ere found to be l e s s m o b ile , even after discounting the age fa c to r . M en who did not own th eir h om es had changed jo b s about 50 p e rc e n t m o r e often than did h o m e o w n e rs. - 6 Many personal characteristics such as race, nativity, and educational level, however, had little apparent effect on the rate at which m olders moved between employers. Because the labor market environment significantly affects the behavior of w orkers, the relationship between certain institutional features of the labor market for m olders and the mobility of m olders was examined. Seniority was one important characteristic which apparently affected the tendency of m olders.to change jobs. Seniority arrangements in foundries were wide sp read --alm o st 80 percent of the molders interviewed reported their current jobs were covered by seniority provisions. The effect of seniority program s appeared to be to increase the average duration of<jobs held by m olders. Furtherm ore, a sm aller proportion of jobs covered by seniority plans were terminated by quits. Other institutional aspects of foundry employment did not appear to offer serious obstacles to job changes by m olders. Although generally assumed by those fam iliar with foundries that the transfer of workers between the various types of foundries might be lim ited, the study showed that 4 out of 5 m olders who had changed jobs from Chart 4. Seniority Provisions Were a Prominent Factor in Jobs of Longer Duration Percent DURATION OF JOR Less than 1 Year 1 Year - 2 Years 2.1 Years- 5 Years 5.1 Years - K) Years More than 10 Years UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Jebs Covered by Seniority Jobs Not Covered by Seniority -7- Chart 5. The Rate of Job Changing Varied Widely During the 12-Year Period S h ift s P s r M o n - Y s a r W o r k .d UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR I n c l u d e s f i r s t t w o m o n t h s o f 19 5 2 1940 to 1952 had worked with more than one kind of metal and that almost half of the workers who changed jobs had worked in both captive and independent shops. Shifting of molders from one foundry to another may also entail moves between plants organized by different unions or between unionized and nonunionized plants. In this respect also, molders who changed jobs apparently encountered no difficulties. Of those who changed jobs, three-fifths had shifted between plants organized by different unions, or between unionized and nonunionized plants. -8- The impact of changes in general economic and labor market conditions on mobility was reflected in the wide fluctuations in the rate of job movement during the 12 years covered by the survey. Taken as a whole, the period was characterized by high levels of employment and ample job opportunities. Nevertheless, there were considerable fluctuations in foundry activity and general economic conditions from 1940 to 1952. The rate of job changing also varied widely; the highest annual rate of job movement in this period was double the lowest rate. Fluctuations in the rate of job changing and in the proportion which was voluntary closely paralled changes in foundry activity. The motivations which impel molders to change jobs are im portant to both manpower planners and to employers who are either trying to attract new workers or to retain their current staffs. Explanations given by these workers indicate that they were concerned primarily with direct financial improvement. Almost half the quits made from 1940 to 1952 were for monetary considerations; either because the worker felt his current earnings fell below his minimum standards or because even if they did meet his minimum earning standards, he could make more money elsewhere. About one-quarter of the voluntary job terminations were due to other job-connected reasons such as working conditions, personal relationships on the job, and plant location. Mobilization planning may also involve consideration of the problems arising from varying rates of expansion among foundries in different areas of the United States. The possibility of meeting the needs of rapidly expanding areas by the voluntary shifting of molders and coremakers appears to be limited. Only 10 percent of the 1,800 workers changed their cities of employment during the 1 2 -year period and 80 percent of this small number made but one or two such changes. This low rate of job shifting between geographic areas appears to be related closely to family status and home owner ship. Unmarried molders moved 50 percent more often than married molders, and nonhomeowngrs were three times as mobile as homeowners. Examination of the early work histories of the men interviewed showed that geographic immobility was not typical of 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 5 2 only. About three-fourths of the workers had been trained in the cities in which they were working when interviewed and most of the men who had moved into the survey cities had made moves covering short distances, mostly from the immediately sur rounding States. The likelihood of successfully directing the move ment of molders between geographic areas is even smaller than indicated by the above facts. Although direct economic considerations played a dominant role in most job shifts, personal reasons were -9- the most important factors in job transfers between areas. Such changes, therefore, were less likely to be affected by any program of job-connected incentives. One of the important findings of the survey was that molders are a stable occupational group. More than half of the 1, 800 workers interviewed started their working lives in foundries and four-fifths of the workers were in foundry jobs within the first 5 years of their working lives. Once having moved into this field of work and having become qualified molders, they seldom left the occupation. Only about 15 percent of the workers interviewed had worked in an occupation other than molding during the 12-year period; of those who had, nearly all reported just one period of employment in other fields. In all, only about 3 percent of the time these men spent in the labor force between 1940 and 1952 was in jobs other than molding. The low rate of occupational movement by molders can be explained partly by the personal backgrounds of the workers. The survey showed that 15 percent of the men interviewed had not gone beyond the fourth grade and about two-thirds had not gone beyond the eighth grade. About one-third of the group was foreign born. In addition, 7 percent were Negroes, and 4 percent were of Mexican extraction. For these workers, molding apparently offered a good "c a re e r" opportunity; a chance of becoming a member of a skilled trade group. The limited occupational mobility of molders can also be explained by the fact that there was little opportunity for these men to change to other fields of employment at the same skill level. Few of them had valuable secondary skills which could be used in jobs outside molding; practically all the jobs held by molders in other fields of work were in occupations less skilled (and probably lower paid) than molding. Another factor bearing on the likelihood of shifts^by molders to other occupations is the large "investment" of time and effort required to learn the trade. Almost three-fifths of the men inter viewed had learned the trade through apprenticeships, usually lasting 4 years. Even of the men who qualified without apprentice ship, almost 60 percent required two or more years to learn the trade. Considerable variation in the duration of training was reported by the molders and coremakers interviewed. As mentioned above, most of the apprentice-trained molders had relatively long periods of training, during which they learned all aspects of the trade. In contrast, only 5 percent of the non-apprentice-trained molders had -10- any formal training. Most of them had simply "picked up" the trade while working in foundries, generally as a molderls helper and sometimes as a laborer. The non-apprenticed workers re ported learning the trade in relatively short periods as compared with apprentice-trained workers. More than 40 percent of the non-apprenticed molders reported learning periods of 2 years or less. Inasmuch as it is generally held that a 3- to 4-year training period is desirable and almost necessary to produce an all-round skilled journeyman molder, the ease with which men with short and haphazard training have become "hand m olders" suggests strongly the existence of various skill requirements for men working as hand molders. A review of changing foundry manpower practices and technology supports this probability. During the past two decades, casting output per molder has increased tremendously. This has been accomplished largely by simplification of the molding p rocess.3 As a consequence, many foundries employ molders who do not perform the full range of duties of a hand mechanic but who specialize in a limited range of operations. Much foundry work, however, still requires the skill of the all-round molder. These variations in skill requirements indicate that molders and coremakers are not a homogeneous group with respect to skill level. Upward movement along the skill ladder in this occupation, therefore, is possible for a man even after he has nominally qualified as a journeyman molder. Thus, many workers are able to get jobs as molders after brief "learning" periods and to continue to learn the trade while em ployed as hand molders. The workers were asked why they entered this trade. The reason most commonly reported was by the example or influence of family and friends. The importance of this factor is seen from the fact that two-fifths of the men reported that close relatives worked in foundries. Family relationships have also been a factor in determining how a worker qualified as a molder. Those men whose relatives were foundry workers qualified more often through apprenticeship than did men who had no relatives working in foundries. U One of the principal factors in the increased output of foundries has been the mechanization of foundries, particularly the extensive use of molding machines. The transfer of much of the molding work from hand molders to machine operators has characterized this trend. It must be emphasized that machine molders were specifically excluded from the present study. The discussion of the wide range of skill levels found among the workers interviewed applies to hand molders and coremakers only. -11- In recent years the proportion of new entrants to molding who are Negroes or of Mexican extraction has increased sharply. Although these two groups constituted only 11 percent of the men interviewed, over one-third of those qualifying as molders in the post-World War II period have been Negroes or of Mexican ex traction. This development may be partly attributable to the nature of the occupation. Although hand molders and coremakers are among the highest paid foundry workers, with earnings on a par with those of other metal trades workers, there are features of this occu pation which make it less desirable than other crafts. The job of molding often involves heavy, dirty work. In the past, working conditions have not been particularly favorable, but in recent years working conditions in foundries have generally improved. Chart 6 . Almost Half the Molders Entered the Trade Because of the Influence of Family or Friends P e rce n t o f W o r k e r s M ASO N G IV E N F O R E N T E R IN G In f lu e n c e TRA D E o f F a m ily o r F r ie n d s B a s t o r O n ly Jo b A v a ila b le W ages o r Im p ro v e m e n t o f S ta tu s J o b li T r a in in g O p p o rtu n ity W a s O ffe re d M is c e lla n e o u s UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS G iv in g S p e c ific R e a s o n s f o r E n t e r in g T ra d e -1 2 - The attitudes of molders themselves about the desirability of the occupation is indicated by their responses when asked if they would recommend the trade as a career for young men. More than half said they would not recommend it and 30 percent of those who responded affirmatively qualified their recommen dations in some manner such as "y e s, but it is hard and d irty," "y e s, if it paid better. " It is noteworthy that the proportion of positive recommendations was especially high for workers with few years of schooling, those who did not serve apprenticeships, those of Mexican extraction, and among Negroes. -13- Some Manpower Implications Molders and coremakers are of key importance during a mobilization period because of their role in the strategic foundry industry. Large volumes of castings are required for ordnance, tanks, and other military items as well as for machine tools and other production machinery. During World War II, shortages of these workers were acute, and extensive recruiting campaigns were undertaken to meet needs for workers in this occupation. Following the outbreak of Korean hostilities, these skilled workers were again in short supply and the occupation was included on the Department of Labor1s List of Critical Occupations. 4 In the event of a recurrence of full mobilization, the sharp increase in the demand for castings for military production would again create Chart 7. Molders and Coremakers Are an Older Group Than Skilled Workers as a Whole P e rc e n t o f W o rk e rs in E a c h A g e G r o u p sor MEDIAN AGE and Under and Qver AGE G RO U PS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS SOURCE". Molders and coremakers from this study. Skilled workers include craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers: as reported in the U.S. Census of Population 1950, U. S. Summary, Detailed Characteristics, Bulletin P-CI, Washington: Bureau of the Census 1953, Table 127, P. 1-273. 1 / At the beginning of 1954, molders were no longer in short supply. -14- shortages of molders and coremakers. Because of the vital role of these workers in defense production and the probability of future shortages, problems of training, recruitment, mobility, and obli gations for military service are important to industry and to the Government agencies responsible for planning effective manpower utilization. What types of information are available from this study to help meet some of these mobilization manpower problems? The study provides data on the supply of molders and coremakers and in conjunction with data on mobilization* requirements permits an evaluation of the adequacy of this supply. It indicates some of the steps which might be taken to maintain an adequate and flexible nucleus of skilled workers and to supplement this group with lesser skilled workers. The findings of the study also show the extent to which molders shift from job to job, and indicate how such m ovement can be directed to the plants which are essential during mobilization. The study provides some information on the requirements for new workers in the trade. Survey data on the age distribution of molders and coremakers were used in conjunction with specific death and retirement rates (Table E -l) to make estimates of the number of such workers who will leave the labor force because of death or retirement. On the basis of these calculations it is esti mated that almost 9, 000 molders and coremakers will die or retire in the next 5 years, and the estimate for the next 10 years is about 18, 000. This very high death and retirement loss is due to the large proportion of molders and coremakers in the older age groups; more than one-third of the molders and coremakers interviewed were 55 years of age or older. New workers alsb^ will be needed to replace those journeymen who leave the occu pation for other fields of work. The nature of this study does not permit a precise estimate of the size of this group, but some men unquestionably drift out of the trade, and allowance must be made for these workers in estimating losses to the occupation. Losses to the Armed Forces must also be considered in pro jecting replacement needs. If policies governing callups for military service in a future mobilization period are similar to those in effect during World War II, however, losses of molders and coremakers to the Armed Forces will be small. Only 20 percent of the molders and coremakers studied were less than 35 years of age and therefore in the age groups most susceptible to military service. Furthermore, three-fourths of the men under -15- 3 5 y e a r s h a d d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n a n d w o u ld n o t l i k e l y b e a m o n g th e f i r s t g r o u p s c a lle d u p a ft e r m o b iliz a tio n b e g a n . B e c a u s e o f th e im p o r t a n c e o f t h e ir w o r k , o c c u p a tio n a l d e fe r m e n t m ig h t a ls o b e g iv e n to m a n y o f th e m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w h o w o u ld b e to m ilit a r y s e r v ic e . s u b je c t P r o s p e c t iv e l o s s e s to th e tr a d e m u s t b e c o m p a r e d w ith th e n u m b e r o f a n tic ip a te d n e w e n tr a n ts . E s tim a t e s o f p r e s e n t tr a in in g le v e ls in th e o c c u p a tio n w e r e m a d e fr o m d a ta o b ta in e d fr o m th e 1 9 5 f o u n d r ie s in c lu d e d in t h is s t u d y . 5 I t w a s e s t i m a t e d th a t t h e r e w e r e a b o u t 7 a p p r e n t i c e s to e v e r y 10 0 jo u r n e y m e n m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s e m p lo y e d in e a r l y 1 9 5 2 , o r a b o u t 4 ,4 0 0 a p p r e n t ic e m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s O n th e b a s is in t r a in in g o f p a s t c o m p le tio n in th e c o u n t r y a s a w h o le . ra te s o f a p p r e n tic e s t h is t r a d e , a n a v e r a g e o f a b o u t 800 w o r k e r s in e a c h o f th e n e x t 5 y e a r s . in t r a in in g in w o u ld c o m p le t e t r a in in g A la r g e p r o p o r t io n o f th e m e n w h o h a v e q u a lifie d in th e o c c u p a t io n d id n o t h a v e a p p r e n t ic e t r a in in g . A b o u t 40 p e r c e n t o f th e m e n in te r v ie w e d 1 9 4 7 - 52 w h o q u a lifie d a s jo u r n e y m e n d u r in g th e p e r io d w e r e n o t a p p r e n tic e - tr a in e d . If th is r a tio o f a p p r e n tic e - t r a in e d j o u r n e y m e n to n o n - a p p r e n t i c e - t r a i n e d w o r k e r s s h o u ld c o n t in u e in th e f u t u r e , a b o u t 60 0 m e n w o u ld q u a lif y in th e t r a d e e a c h y e a r w ith o u t h a v in g s e r v e d a fo r m a l a p p r e n t ic e s h ip . C o m b in in g b o th m e t h o d s o f e n t r y , a b o u t 1 ,4 0 0 m e n w o u ld e n t e r th e t r a d e e a c h y e a r o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 4 , 000 m e n in th e n e x t 10 y e a r s . O n th is b a s is , th e p r o je c t e d cover th e e x p e c te d n u m b er o f new 10 -y e a r lo s s e s T h is a n tic ip a te d d is p a r it y , e n tra n ts, th e re fo re , w o u ld n o t d u e to d e a th s a n d r e t ir e m e n t s . t o g e t h e r w ith th e s h ift o f w o r k e r s to o t h e r f i e l d s a n d p o s s i b l e in d u c t io n s in to th e A r m e d F o r c e s , w o u ld r e s u l t in s u b s t a n t ia l r e d u c t io n o f th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s in th e t r a d e , u n le s s th e flo w o f t r a in e e s i n c r e a s e s . W h e t h e r t h is r e d u c t io n w o u ld r e s u l t in a s h o r t a g e d u r in g a m o b iliz a tio n p e r io d d e p e n d s on p r o s p e c t iv e m a n p o w e r r e q u ir e m e n ts fo r s k ille d m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s . In d e te r m in in g m o b iliz a t io n r e q u ir e m e n t s , c o n s id e r a t io n m u s t b e g iv e n to th e e f f e c t s o f c h a n g in g fo u n d r y te c h n o lo g y a n d m a n p o w e r u tiliz a tio n o n th e d e m a n d fo r s k ille d m ore have c ra fts m e n . e x te n s iv e r e s u lte d U m a te d in a T h ese In th e p a s t d e c a d e , u se 19 5 fo u n d r ie s e m p lo y e d e m p lo y e d See p. 57. m e c h a n iz a tio n , a n d c h a n g in g w o r k m e th o d s s m a lle r n u m b e r o f s k ille d 1 8 ,0 0 0 m o l d .e r s th e n a tio n a l to ta l. in c r e a s in g o f m o ld in g m a c h in e s , h a n d m o ld e r s b e in g a b o u t 20 p e r c e n t o f th e e s t i in 8 c i t ie s and about 6 p e rce n t o f -16- r e q u ir e d fo r a g iv e n v o lu m e o f fo u n d r y p r o d u c tio n . S h o u ld f u l l m o b il i z a t io n o c c u r w it h in th e n e x t fe w y e a r s , h o w e v e r , t im e w o u ld n o t b e s u f fic ie n t fo r t h e s e t r e n d s to h a v e a f u r t h e r s ig n ific a n t e ff e c t on th e o c c u p a tio n a l r e q u ir e m e n ts o f fo u n d r ie s . T h e p r o b a b le m a n p o w e r n e e d s o f th e in d u s t r y in a n y f o r e s e e a b le m o b iliz a tio n s itu a tio n m u s t t h e r e fo r e b e c a lc u la t e d p r im a r ily w ith in th e f r a m e w o r k o f th e e x is tin g te c h n o lo g y o f th e fo u n d r y in d u s tr y . S t u d ie s o f m o b ili z a t io n m a n p o w e r r e q u i r e m e n t s in th e fo u n d r y in d u s tr y b a s e d o n th e a s s u m p tio n th a t n o m a jo r te c h n o lo g i c a l c h a n g e s w i ll o c c u r in th e n e a r fu t u r e in c r e a s e in th e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s w o r k w o u ld b e r e q u ir e d . sh ow d o in g m o ld in g If th e e x p e r ie n c e th a t a s u b s ta n tia l a n d c o r e m a k in g o f W o r ld W a r II is r e p e a te d , th e a d d itio n a l la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts w ill b e m e t p r in c ip a lly b y b r e a k in g d o w n th e jo b s a n d u t iliz in g l e s s - s k i l l e d w o r k e r s . T h is c a n b e d o n e e f f e c t iv e ly o n ly i f e n o u g h h ig h ly t r a in e d , a ll- r o u n d s k ille d w o r k e r s a r e a v a i la b l e a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e b u ild u p p e r io d to a c t a s s u p e r v is o r s . M a n y a ll- r o u n d s k ille d w o r k e r s w ill a ls o b e n e e d e d to p e r f o r m th e t a s k s th a t c a n n o t b e b r o k e n d o w n b e c a u s e o f th e c o m p le x it y o r s iz e o f th e c a s t in g s p r o d u c e d o r b e c a u s e o n ly o n e o r a fe w o f a k in d a r e to b e m a d e . It i s im p o r t a n t a ls o th a t a n a d e q u a te n u m b e r o f h ig h ly tr a in e d w o r k e r s b e a v a ila b le b e c a u s e o f t h e ir g r e a t e r a b ilit y to s h ift f r o m o n e ty p e o f w o r k to a n o th e r . S u ch fle x ib ility m a y b e v a r y in g ra te s r e q u ir e d o f e x p a n s io n in a m o b iliz a t io n p e r io d b e c a u s e o f th e d iffe r e n t ty p e s r e q u ir e p a r t ia l r e d is tr ib u tio n o f th e o f fo u n d r ie s m a y s k ille d w o r k fo r c e . C o n s id e r in g th e p r e s e n t n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s in th e o c c u p a tio n , c u r r e n t t r a in in g l e v e l s , a n d a n t ic ip a t e d m a n p o w e r n e e d s d u r in g m o b iliz a t io n , it a p p e a r s th a t th e r e q u is it e n u c le u s o f h ig h ly s k ille d m e n is n o t a v a ila b le to p r o v id e a b a s e f o r e x p a n s io n o f th e o c c u p a tio n a n d th e r e q u is it e f le x ib ilit y o f th e w o r k f o r c e . T h e re fo re , tr a in in g p r o g r a m s m u s t b e e x p a n d e d . B e c a u s e o f th e lo n g t r a in in g p e r io d r e q u ir e d to p r o d u c e th e a ll- r o u n d m o ld e r , it is im p o r ta n t th a t th e e x p a n s io n o f t r a in in g a c t iv it ie s n o t b e d e la y e d u n til fu ll m o b iliz a t io n is im m in e n t o r in e f f e c t . T h e im p o r ta n c e o f m o b iliz a tio n L/ N o. is o f p la n n in g t r a in in g p r o g r a m s w e ll in a d v a n c e a ls o sh o w n b y th e r e s p o n s e o f fo u n d ry o f f ic ia ls to N a tio n a l M a n p o w e r C o u n c il I n fo r m a tio n M e m o r a n d u m 45, p. 1, a n d S k ille d p a r tic ip a n ts w o rk ers, F eb ru ary M an p ow er, agreed 8, 19 54 , C h ic a g o , R e p o rt on C o n fe re n c e I llin o is , t h a t in m o s t in d u s t r i e s s u c h a s to o l a n d d ie m a k e r s Jan u ary th e re or m a ste r on T e c h n ic a l 1 9 5 4 11. . . . is a co re ta ilo r s , th e of who a re e s s e n t ia l an d w h o s e tr a in in g tim e a p p r o x im a t e s th a t o f a p r o f e s s io n a l. C h a n g e s in s u p e r v is o r y p r a c t i c e s c a n n o t c o m p e n s a t e f o r a l a c k o f th e se w o r k e r s .” - 1 7 - t h e q u e s t io n a s to h o w t h e ir p la n t s w o u ld m e e t m o ld in g r e q u i r e m e n t s in th e e v e n t o f m o b iliz a t io n . In m o r e th a n h a lf o f th e 1 9 5 p la n t s s tu d ie d , m a n a g e m e n t s t a te d th a t th e y e x p e c t e d to b e a b le to h ir e q u a lifie d jo u r n e y m e n . T h u s , fo u n d r y m e n a p p a r e n tly e x p e c t a r e s e r v e o f m o ld e r s to b e o n h a n d . th a t n o s u c h r e s e r v e w o u ld e x i s t i f t r a in in g a b o v e 1952 le v e ls . A s to th e k in d o f t r a in in g w h ic h a u th o r itie s a g r e e th a t, in g e n e r a l, H o w e v e r, it a p p e a rs a c tiv ity is n ot e x p a n d ed s h o u ld b e s tim u la te d , a p p r e n tic e s h ip o ffe rs tr a in in g th e b e s t w a y o f a c q u ir in g a ll- r o u n d s k i l l s . 7 D a ta f r o m th e s tu d y te n d to c o n fir m th is c o n c lu s io n . T h e f le x ib ilit y o f th e a p p r e n t ic e - tr a in e d w o rk ers w as, fo r e x a m p le , w ith d if fe r e n t ty p e s in d ic a te d b y th e ir g r e a t e r o f m e ta ls . e x p e r ie n c e It m u s t b e c o n c lu d e d t h e r e f o r e , th a t e x p a n s io n o f a p p r e n t ic e t r a in in g is e s s e n tia l fo r th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a ll- r o u n d w o r k e r s . It is a ls o im p o r t a n t to c o n s id e r th e l a r g e w h o e n te r th e o c c u p a tio n w ith o u t s e r v in g num ber of w o rk ers a p p r e n tic e s h ip . M ore th a n 40 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s s tu d ie d e n te r e d th e t r a d e th r o u g h in fo r m a l m e th o d s , m a in ly b y p ic k in g up th e tr a d e th ro u g h e x p e r i e n c e in lo w e r g r a d e f o u n d r y j o b s . I m m e d ia t e ly fo llo w in g t h e ir n o m in a l q u a lific a t io n a s jo u r n e y m e n , t h e s e n o n - a p p r e n t ic e d m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y s k il l e d to h a n d le th e l e s s d if f ic u lt w o r k a s s ig n m e n t s a n d th u s c o u ld h e lp m e e t m o b iliz a t io n m a n p o w e r r e q u ir e m e n ts b y fr e e in g th e a ll- r o u n d m e n fo r m o r e c o m p le x t a s k s a n d fo r s u p e r v is o r y d u tie s . F u r t h e r m o r e , g iv e n p r o p e r s u p e r v is io n a n d t r a in in g , m a n y a c q u ir e th e s k ills o f th e a ll- r o u n d jo u r n e y m a n . F u tu r e tr a in in g p r o g r a m s , t h e r e fo r e , s h o u ld m a k e p r o v i s i o n f o r o n - t h e - jo b o f c o m p e te n c e o f th e la r g e tr a in e d and a r e F ou w o rk ers, o ccu rred fo u n d ry w te r v ie w e d w o r k in g th e le v e l o n lo w e r g r a d e m o ld in g a s s ig n m e n ts . n d r ie s h a v e e x p e r ie n c e d d if f ic u lt ie s in r e c r u it in g n e w e s p e c ia lly u n d e r tig h t la b o r m a r k e t c o n d itio n s , s u c h a s d u r in g W o r ld W a r II. T h e r e la tiv e u n a ttr a c tiv e n e s s o f o r k i s r e f l e c t e d in th e f a c t th a t m o s t o f th e m o l d e r s in s t a t e d th a t t h e y w o u ld n o t r e c o m m e n d as a ca reer fo r you n g m e n , th e fo u n d r y in d u s t r y in In th e p a s t , th e o c c u p a tio n a n d b y th e d if fic u lt ie s r e c r u it in g w o r k e r s d u r in g e n c o u n te re d b y W o r ld W a r II. fo u n d r ie s h a v e o b ta in e d m a n y o f t h e ir w o r k e r s fr o m a m o n g im m ig r a n ts b o rn a b ro a d ). so u rce tr a in in g to r a i s e n u m b e r o f m e n w h o h a v e n o t b e e n fu lly of new (o n e -th ir d H ow ever, o f th e m o ld e r s in te r v ie w e d w e r e im m ig r a tio n h a s b e c o m e a n e g lig ib le la b o r m a r k e t e n tr a n ts . L / " O n - t h e - jo b tr a in in g t e a c h e s th e s p e c ia liz e d s k ill a c o m p a n y m a y r e q u ir e , b u t d o e s n o t p r o v id e th e b r o a d t r a in in g w h ic h c r e a t e s v e r s a tile c ra fts m e n . " N a tio n a l M a n p o w e r C o u n c il, I n fo r m a tio n M e m o ra n d u m N o . 4 6 , R e p o r t on C o n fe re n c e on T e c h n ic a l and S k ille d M a n p o w e r , D e t r o it , M ic h ig a n , J a n u a r y 2 8 , 19 5 4 . -18M e e tin g m o b iliz a t io n r e q u ir e m e n t s fo r in c r e a s e d n u m b e r s o f m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s , th e r e fo r e , m a y r e q u ir e th a t n ew s o u r c e s o f s u p p ly b e ta p p e d . roo m In a m o b iliz a tio n p e r io d , w o r k m ig h t b e d o n e b y w o m e n , N egroes, a n d to a l e s s e r e x te n t, s o m e o f th e c o r e - a s w a s d o n e in W o r ld W a r II. w o rkers o f M e x ic a n e x tr a c tio n h o w e v e r c a n b e a m o r e im p o r t a n t s o u r c e o f a d d itio n a l e n tr a n t s in to m o ld in g a n d c o r e m a k in g T h e ir w illin g n e s s to e n te r th e o c c u p a tio n w a s s h o w n b y th e v e r y h ig h p r o p o r t io n w h o c o n s id e r e d m o ld in g a d e s ir a b le o c c u p a tio n . T h is c o n tr a s te d w ith th e g e n e r a lly u n fa v o r a b le a ttitu d e o f th e w h ite w o r k e r s . M oreo ver, in r e c e n t y e a r s t h e r e h a s b e e n a g r o w in g a c c e p ta n c e b y fo u n d r y m a n a g e m e n t o f t h e s e g r o u p s f o r m o ld in g jo b s . A n o th e r im p o r ta n t p r o b le m a m o b iliz a tio n p e r io d is fa c in g th e o p tim u m s u p p ly o f q u a lifie d w o r k e r s . m a n p o w e r a u t h o r it ie s in d is tr ib u tio n o f th e a v a ila b le T h e a m o u n t o f m o v e m e n t n e e d e d to d is t r ib u t e e f f e c t iv e ly th e o c c u p a tio n a l w o r k f o r c e d e p e n d s u p o n th e w a y in w h ic h d e fe n s e p r o d u c tio n is o r g a n iz e d . In g e n e r a l, in d iv id u a l f o u n d r ie s h a v e n o m a jo r p r o b le m s in c o n v e r t in g f r o m p e a c e t im e to w a r t im e p r o d u c t s . A s id e fr o m c h a n g e d q u a lity s t a n d a r d s , th e o n ly a d ju s t m e n t n e c e s s a r y f o r m o s t f o u n d r ie s to b e g in m i li t a r y p r o d u c tio n is o b ta in in g n e w p a t t e r n s fr o m w h ic h to m a k e th e d e s ir e d c a s t in g s . H o w e v e r , th e r e la t iv e im p o r ta n c e o f v a r i o u s t y p e s o f f o u n d r ie s c h a n g e s in m o b iliz a t io n . F o r e x a m p le , s te e l fo u n d r ie s fo u n d r ie s . 8 expand at a m u ch fa s te r T h u s, som e ra te th a n g r a y ir o n r e d is tr ib u tio n o f s k ille d w o rkers is re q u ir e d d u r in g a m o b ili z a t io n b u ild u p . A lth o u g h m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s , fo u n d to b e a w h o c o u ld b e m o b iliz a tio n . n e a r fu tu re w y e a r p e r io d c fo r th e m o s t p a r t , w ere r e la t iv e ly s ta b le g ro u p , th e r e w a s a s iz e a b le m in o r ity e x p e c te d to c h a n g e jo b s in a g iv e n p e r io d , e . g . , d u r in g I f it c a n b e a s s u m e d th a t th e r a t e o f jo b c h a n g in g in th e o u ld b e th e s a m e a s th a t w h ic h w a s fo u n d in th e 1 2 o v e r e d b y th e s tu d y , b e tw e e n fo u r a n d fiv e th o u s a n d o f th e 6 2 , 500 h a n d m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s e s t im a t e d to b e w o r k in g in th e U n ite d S t a t e s c o u ld b e e x p e c te d to c h a n g e jo b s in a g iv e n y e a r . T h e d a ta in d ic a te th a t th e s e w o r k e r s w e r e , m o v e fr e e ly fro m b y a n d l^ ir g e , o n e t y p e o f fo u n d r y to a n o t h e r . a b le to M o r e th a n o n e - h a lf o f th e m e n in te r v ie w e d h a d w o r k e x p e r ie n c e in v o lv in g tw o o r m ore o f th e m a jo r fo u n d ry m e t a ls . A lm o s t o n e - h a lf o f th e .m e n w h o h a d c h a n g e d jo b s h a d w o r k e d in b o th c a p t iv e a n d in d e p e n d e n t fo u n d r ie s . M o ld e r s w e r e a ls o a p p a r e n t ly a b le to m o v e f r o m J5./ S h i p m e n t s o f s t e d l c a s t i n g s q u a rte rs tim e s th e 19 3 9 le v e l, fo u n d r ie s w e n t u p o n ly in 1944 w e r e w h ereas p la n t th re e and th re e - s h ip m e n ts o f g r a y ir o n 38 p e r c e n t o v e r th e s a m e p e r io d . -19- to p la n t w it h o u t r e g a r d to w h ic h u n io n h a d o r g a n iz e d th e fo u n d r y . T h u s , o n th e w h o le , n o s u b s ta n tia l b a r r i e r s to m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n fo u n d r ie s a p p e a r to e x is t a n d m o ld e r s m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s a f l e x i b l e g r o u p w h ic h m a y b e a v a ila b le f o r w o r k in a l l t y p e s o f fo u n d r ie s . T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f th < e se f i n d i n g s f o r m o b i l i z a t i o n m a n p o w e r p la n n in g i s th a t p o t e n t ia l p o o ls o f e x p e r ie n c e d m o ld e r s a r e a v a ila b le to fo u n d r ie s lo c a te d in th e m a jo r m e ta lw o r k in g areas. M a x im u m u t iliz a t io n o f m a n p o w e r r e s o u r c e s in th is o c c u p a tio n c a n b e a c c o m p lis h e d , in p a r t , b y d ir e c t in g th e flo w o f w o r k e r s f r o m jo b to jo b s o th a t in s o f a r a s p o s s ib le th e y m o v e to th e p la n t s w ith th e m o s t u r g e n t m o b iliz a t io n p r o d u c tio n n e e d s . T h e stu d y sh o w e d th a t m o s t o f th e jo b c h a n g in g , m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n g e o g r a p h ic o th e r th a n th a t w h ic h in v o lv e d a r e a s , w a s m a d e in a tt e m p t s to im p r o v e e it h e r e a r n in g s o r s o m e o t h e r a s p e c t o f th e jo b . S p e c ific in d u c e m e n ts w h ic h c a p it a liz e o n t h e s e d e s ir e s fo r im p r o v e m e n t m a y f a c ilit a t e th e m o s t f a v o r a b le d is t r ib u t io n o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s a m o n g fo u n d r ie s e n g a g e d in m o b iliz a t io n p r o d u c tio n . F o r e x a m p le , th e f e a s b ilit y o f a s y s te m o f s e le c t iv e w a g e c o n tr o ls c o u ld b e e x p lo r e d to a s s i s t in th e d ir e c t in g o f w o r k e r s to th e p la n t s w h e re th e y a r e m o s t n e ed e d . H o w e v e r , th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f g e n e r a l w a g e c o n t r o ls w o u ld n o t p r e c lu d e e f f e c t i v e d ir e c t i o n o f m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n jo b s in a m o b ili z a t io n p e r i o d . D a ta o b ta in e d in t h is s tu d y s h o w e d th a t d u r in g p e r io d s o f g e n e r a lly r is in g w a g e le v e ls a s in th e e a r ly 19 4 0 *s a s u b s ta n tia l p r o p o r tio n o f jo b c h a n g e s W e re m ade to o b ta in b e t t e r pay. W hen w ag es w e re tu r n e d th e ir a tte n tio n to o th e r a s p e c ts o fte n to im p r o v e w o r k in g b ecau se c o n d itio n s , to g e t c lo s e r o f p e r s o n a l r e la t io n s h ip s in th e s h o p . s u g g e s t s th a t th e p o s s ib ilit y w ill r e m a in o f c h a n n e lin g jo b e v e n in th e a b s e n c e M a n y m o ld e r s w h o le ft th e ir c o n tr o lle d , w o rkers o f th e ir jo b s an d m o v e d m o r e to h o m e , Such or b e h a v io r s h iftin g b y m o ld e r s o f w a g e in c e n tiv e s . e m p lo y e r s a p p a r e n t ly d id n o t h a v e n e w p o s it io n s lin e d u p ; th e y e n te r e d th e la b o r m a r k e t to lo o k fo r new jo b s . A n e f f o r t s h o u ld b e m a d e to d i r e c t th e m o v e m e n t o f th e s e m e n a s w e ll a s th a t o f o th e r m o ld e r s w h o a r e r e tu r n in g to th e o c c u p a tio n fr o m o th e r f ie ld s o f w o r k o r r e - e n t e r in g th e la b o r f o r c e ( r e t ir e d w o r k e r s , e t c .) . T h e s e g ro u p s , a ll o f w h o m a p p e a r in th e la b o r m a r k e t w ith o u t d e fin it e jo b d e s t in a t io n s , can be m ost e f f e c t i v e l y u t i l i z e d b y in d u c in g th e m to m a k e u s e o f th e U n ite d S ta te s s y s te m E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e w h e r e a m en t ca n p e r fo r m o f p r e fe r e n tia l p la c e t h is fu n c tio n . S in c e t h e r e w a s a v e r y lim ite d a m o u n t o f g e o g r a p h ic m o v e m e n t a n d b e c a u s e m o s t o f t h i s m o v e m e n t w a s fo r p e rs o n a l r e a s o n s , in d u c e m e n ts s u c h a s w a g e s a n d b e t t e r w o r k in g c o n d itio n s -2 0 - w o u ld n o t o p e r a t e e f f e c t i v e l y to d i r e c t m o v e m e n t o f w o r k e r s t o p a r tic u la r g e o g r a p h ic lo c a tio n s . T h is fa c t h a s s e v e r a l im p o r ta n t im p lic a t io n s f o r m a n p o w e r p la n n in g a n d p o li c y fo r m u la t io n . N ew fo u n d r ie s o r fo u n d r y d e p a r tm e n ts e s ta b lis h e d in a r e a s w h e r e th e r e a r e n o t n o r m a lly la r g e n u m b e r s o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w ill h a v e d if f ic u lt y in r e c r u it in g th e m f r o m o th e r p a r t s o f th e c o u n tr y . T h u s , s p e c i a l p la n n in g w i l l b e r e q u i r e d to h a n d le th e p r o b le m s w h ic h w ill a r i s e in s ta ffin g o f m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s s u c h p la n ts . in s p e c ific c o n s id e r e d in th e a llo c a tio n o f d e fe n s e In a d d itio n , a v a ila b ility g e o g r a p h ic a r e a s s h o u ld b e c o n t r a c t s to e x is t in g p la n ts . T h e d is c u s s io n o f m o b ilit y th u s f a r h a s b e e n c o n c e r n e d w ith th e r o le o f m o b ilit y in s u p p ly in g w o r k e r s to th e p la n t s w h e r e t h e y are m ost needed. A lth o u g h e m p h a s is h a s b e e n p la c e d on th e a m o u n t o f m o b ilit y a n d i t s a d e q u a c y in p e r f o r m in g t h is s u p p ly fu n c t io n , it s h o u ld b e e m p h a s iz e d th a t to o m u c h jo b c h a n g in g w o u ld r e s u l t in a w a s t e o f m a n p o w e r r e s o u r c e s . E x c e s s iv e tu rn o v e r is tim e - c o n s u m in g an d c o s tly . M a n p o w e r a d m in is tr a to r s s h o u ld a l s o d ir e c t th e ir a tte n tio n , t h e r e f o r e , to th e p r o b le m s in v o lv e d in a s s i s t i n g in d iv id u a l f o u n d r ie s in m a in ta in in g s t a b le s t a f f s o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s . The su rvey sh o w e d th a t th e te n d e n c y o f th e s e w o r k e r s to c h a n g e jo b s can be re d u c e d b y jo b s e c u r it y s u c h a s is p r o v id e d b y s e n io r it y p r o g r a m s a n d b y a fo u n d r y t s r e p u ta tio n fo r s te a d y e m p lo y m e n t. It a ls o in d ic a te d th a t u n s a t is f a c t o r y r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n s u p e r v is o r s and w o r k e r s a r e r e s p o n s ib le f o r s o m e jo b c h a n g in g . P e r s o n n e l p o lic ie s d e s ig n e d to e lim in a t e te n s io n a n d g r ie v a n c e s c a n r e d u c e e x c e s s iv e jo b c h a n g in g o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s . M a x im u m u t iliz a t io n o f th e e x is t in g w o r k f o r c e o f m o ld e r s m u s t a ls o in c lu d e s te p s to r e t a in th o s e p r e s e n t ly e m p lo y e d in th e c r a f t a n d to in d u c e q u a lifie d m o ld e r s w h o h a v e l e f t fo u n d r ie s to r e t u r n to t h e ir fo r m e r t r a d e . B a s i c a lly , th is a p p e a r s to b e a p r o b le m o f r e la t iv e e a r n in g s a n d w o r k in g c o n d itio n s . C o n s id e r a tio n s h o u ld b e g iv e n to m a in t a in in g th e w a g e s o f m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s o n a p a r w ith th o s e o f o th e r s k ille d o c c u p a tio n s so th a t in t im e o f la b o r s h o r t a g e s m o ld e r s w ill n o t b e in d u c e d to l e a v e f o u n d r ie s f o r b e t t e r p a y in g jo b s In th is in w h ic h t h e ir m a x im u m c o n n e c tio n a ls o , s k ills in d u s t r y to im p r o v e p la n t w o r k in g c o n d itio n s s id e r a b le a id are n o t u tiliz e d . th e c o n tin u a tio n o f e f f o r t s b y th e fo u n d r y in r e t a in in g its w o r k e r s . s h o u ld b e o f c o n -2 1 - Labor Market Environment of Molders and Coremakers N a t u r e o f th e O c c u p a tio n H an d m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s a r e a m o n g th e h ig h e s t s k ille d w o r k e r s in th e fo u n d r y p r o c e s s . T h e y m a k e th e v a r io u s k in d s a n d s i z e s o f s a n d f o r m s u s e d in c a s t in g m e t a l. M o ld e r s p r e p a r e th e h o llo w f o r m s ( m o ld s ) in to w h ic h m e t a l i s p o u r e d a n d a llo w e d to s o lid ify , c a lle d fo r m in g a c a s tin g . co res, u s e d to fo r m C o r e m a k e r s m a k e th e b o d ie s h o llo w s o r h o le s in c a s t in g s . m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w o r k w ith in t r ic a t e san d s tr u c tu r e s . T h e y m a n ip u la te w ith c a r e to o ls and m e ta l o r w o o d en p a tte rn s u se d W o r k in g c o n d itio n s fo r m o ld e r s an d s o m e tim e s d e lic a te an d d e x t e r it y th e h a n d - in t h e i r w o r k . q u a lifie d m o ld e r s a r e o n a p a r w ith th o s e in th e m e t a lw o r k in g t r a d e s . o f san d , B o th o f o th e r v a r y fro m b u t g e n e r a lly a r e n o t a s g o o d a s fo r m o s t o th e r E a r n in g s s k ille d w o r k e r s fo u n d r y to fo u n d r y s k ille d m e ta l w o r k in g t r a d e s . V e r y o fte n fo u n d r ie s a r e h o t, n o is y , a n d d ir t y . F o u n d r y in ju r y r a t e s a r e h ig h e r th a n in m o s t o th e r t y p e s o f m a n u fa c tu r in g p la n ts . I t s h o u ld b e n o te d t h a t th e f o u n d r y in d u s t r y h a s m a d e in t e n s iv e e f f o r t s in r e c e n t y e a r s to r a i s e i t s s t a n d a r d s , a n d fo u n d r y w o r k in g c o n d itio n s a r e c o n tin u o u s ly im p r o v in g . B o th h a n d m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w e r e in c lu d e d in th e su rvey. In m a n y r e s p e c t s m o ld in g a n d c o r e m a k in g a r e tw in a s p e c t s o f th e s a m e o c c u p a tio n . B o th m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s m a k e f o r m s u s e d in th e c a s t in g p r o c e s s . E a c h m u s t d e a l w ith c o m m o n p r o b le m s s u c h a s th e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e sa n d u s e d ( its p e r m e a b ilit y , s tr e n g th , a n d m o is t u r e c o n te n t) a n d w ith p r o b le m s o f m e t a l flo w a n d c o o lin g r a t e s . T h e s im ila r it y o f b o th o p e r a t io n s i s in d ic a te d b y th e f a c t th a t in m a n y s m a ll fo u n d r ie s th e tw o jo b s a r e n o t d if f e r e n t ia t e d . M o ld e r s d o c o r e m a k in g w h e n n ecessary. In m a n y c a s e s , b o th m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s s e r v e a p p r e n tic e s h ip s o f id e n tic a l c o n te n t. C e r t a in im p o r ta n t d if f e r e n c e s , h o w e v e r , d is t in g u is h th e m o ld e r fr o m th e c o r e m a k e r . G e n e r a lly s p e a k in g , c o r e s , w h ic h a r e u s e d to p r o d u c e in te r n a l c a v it ie s , a r e s im p le r in fo r m a n d fe w e r m v a r ie t y o f s h a p e s th a n m o ld s . A l s o , th e p r o c e d u r e in fin is h in g m o ld s a n d c o r e s d if f e r s s u b s ta n tia lly . A n o th e r m a jo r d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e tw o g r o u p s i s th e w h ic h th e y w o r k . d e p a rtm e n t, are sh o p e n v ir o n m e n t in C o r e m a k e r s g e n e r a lly w o r k in a s e p a r a t e k n o w n a s th e c o r e roo m , in w h ic h w o r k in g c o n s id e r a b ly b e t t e r th a n o n th e m o ld in g f lo o r . c o n d itio n s of -2 2 - T h e a im o f t h is s tu d y w a s to a n a ly z e th e m o b ilit y a n d w o r k h is to r ie s o f jo u r n e y m e n h an d m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s . It s p e c if ic a lly e x c lu d e d m a c h in e m o ld e r s o r a p p r e n t ic e s o r o th e r tr a in e e s . In s e le c t in g w o r k e r s to b e in t e r v ie w e d s p e c i a l s a f e gu ard s w e re ta k e n to e lim in a t e f r o m th is s a m p le w o r k e r s b e lo w th e jo u r n e y m a n g r a d e .9 th is H o w e v e r , d e s p it e th e c a r e w ith w h ic h th e m e n in t e r v ie w e d in stu d y w e r e s e le c te d an d s c r e e n e d , a n a n a ly s is o f th e ir w o r k h is to r ie s sh o w e d th a t th e m e n h a d w id e ly d iffe r in g s k ill le v e ls . In la r g e p a r t t h is d iv e r s it y c a n b e a ttr ib u te d to th e c h a n g in g n a tu r e o f th e o c c u p a tio n a n d o f th e fo u n d r y p r o c e s s . O n e o f th e m o r e im p o r ta n t d e v e lo p m e n ts h a s b e e n th e t r a n s fe r o f m u c h o f th e ju d g m e n t a n d d is c r e t io n f o r m e r ly e x e r c is e d b y th e m o ld e r to th e s u p e r v is o r y s t a ff o f th e p la n t. T h e m o ld e r fo r m e r ly w a s a tr u e a r tis a n . G iv e n a p a tte r n fr o m w h ic h to p r o d u c e a c a s t in g , he ex e r c is e d a lm o s t c o m p le te d is c r e t io n in th e p e r f o r m a n c e o f th e jo b . In m o s t c a s e s , h e m ix e d h is o w n s a n d , r e ly in g o n h is k n o w le d g e o f th e m a t e r ia l to d e te r m in e p r o p e r m ix t u r e s o f v a r io u s t y p e s , w e tte d it to th e p r o p e r d e g r e e , a n d a d d e d b in d e r m a t e r ia l s u c h a s c la y o r o r g a n ic s u b s ta n c e s a s n e c e s s a r y . H e d e te r m in e d s u c h im p o r ta n t p o in ts a s th e p la c e m e n t o f th e p a tt e r n in th e f la s k , th e d e p th o f th e b a c k in g s a n d , a n d th e u n ifo r m it y a n d th e in t e n s it y o f th e r a m m in g n e c e s s a r y to p a c k th e sa n d a ro u n d th e p a tte r n . He - p la c e d a n d c u t th e g a t e s a n d s p r u e s to f e e d th e m o lt e n m e t a l in to th e m o ld . T o d a y , h o w e v e r , m a n y o f th e s e o p e r a tio n s a r e n o t p e r fo r m e d b y th e m o ld e r . G a t e s a n d s p r u e s a r e o fte n b u ilt o n to th e p a tte rn . M a n y m o ld e r s to d a y w o r k a s p a r t o f c r e w s u n d e r th e d ir e c t io n o f a fo r e m a n o r m a s t e r m o ld e r , w h o d ir e c t s th e m e n a n d w h o s e ju d g m e n t i s s u b s titu te d f o r t h e ir s in m a n y o p e r a t io n s . In s o m e c a s e s th e m e m b e r s o f th e c r e w s d o n o t p e r fo r m th e n o r m a l lu ll r a n g e o f fu n c tio n s , b u t in s te a d a r e s p e c ia lis t s in o p e r a tio n s a s m o ld fin is h in g o r r a m m in g . su ch T h e s e d e v e lo p m e n ts h a v e h a d im p o r ta n t im p lic a tio n s fo r o c c u p a tio n . T h e tit^ e " h a n d m o l d e r " i s g i v e n t o w o r k e r s w i t h v a r y in g d egrees o f s k ill b u t n o lo n g e r c l e a r l y a n d u n e q u iv o c a lly d is tin g u is h e s a h ig h ly tr a in e d w o r k m a n . o f m o ld in g w o r k s till r e q u ir e s m any w o rkers who are is r e p e titiv e c a lle d th e s e le c tio n . A lth o u g h a la r g e p a r t s k ill o f th e a ll- r o u n d m e c h a n ic , h a n d m o ld e r s to d a y d o a jo b .w h ic h in n a t u r e a n d lim i t e d 2_/ S e e M e t h o d o l o g y , s a m p le th e p .5 7 , in s c o p e , a n d w h ic h c a n b e fo r d e ta ile d d e s c r ip tio n of -2 3 - le a r n e d in a r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t t im e . T h e f a c t th a t th e o c c u p a tio n d o e s in c lu d e a g r e a t v a r i e t y o f s k i l l l e v e l s a c c o u n t s in p a r t f o r th e w id e v a r ia t io n in t r a in in g t im e a n d ty p e s o f tr a in in g r e p o r t e d b y th e w o r k e r s s tu d ie d . T ypes o f F o u n d r ie s T o a c o n s id e r a b le e x te n t, th e le v e l o f m e c h a n iz a tio n o f fo u n d r ie s a n d th e d e g r e e to w h ic h th e y h a v e b e e n a b le to r e d u c e th e s k il l r e q u ir e m e n t s o f t h e ir m o ld in g a n d c o r e m a k in g s ta ffs d e p e n d u p o n th e m e th o d s o f p r o d u c t io n u s e d in th e s h o p . In th is r e s p e c t t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n " j o b b i n g 1' a n d " p r o d u c t i o n " m e t h o d s i s fu n d a m e n ta l. In p r o d u c tio n o p e r a t io n s , la r g e n u m b ers of c a s t in g s a r e m a d e fr o m e a c h p a tt e r n , a n d m a c h in e m e th o d s o r jo b b r e a k d o w n m a y b e e m p lo y e d to a s u b s ta n tia l e x te n t. In jo b b in g o p e r a tio n s v e r y lim ite d o n ly o n e o r tw o , are m ad e fro m n u m b e rs o f c a s tin g s , e a c h p a tte rn , s o m e tim e s an d h an d m e th o d s p r e d o m in a te . P r o d u c tio n fo u n d r ie s t y p ic a lly s e r v e m a s s - p r o d u c tio n in d u s t r ie s w h ic h u s e la r g e q u a n titie s o f id e n t ic a l c a s t in g s a s c o m p o n e n ts o f s ta n d a r d iz e d en d p r o d u c ts , s u c h a s a u to m o b ile s , h e a tin g e q u ip m e n t, a n d h o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s . J o b b in g f o u n d r ie s p r o v id e c a s tin g s u s e d a s p a r t s fo r lim ite d q u a n tity p r o d u c ts s u c h a s m a c h in e t o o l s a fid s p e c i a l p u r p o s e m a c h i n e r y . d is t in c t io n b e tw e e n jo b b in g a n d p r o d u c tio n The sh o p s is p a r tia lly b lu r r e d in p r a c t i c e s in c e p r o d u c tio n fo u n d r ie s o fte n d o s o m e jo b b in g w o r k , e s p e c i a lly in s la c k s e a s o n s . S o m e o f th e in fo r m a t io n o b ta in e d f r o m th e fo u n d r ie s in c lu d e d in th e s u r v e y h e lp s in d is t in g u is h in g f u r t h e r b e tw e e n p r o d u c tio n a n d jo b b in g s h o p s . T h e id e n tific a tio n o f fo u n d r ie s a s e it h e r " c a p t iv e " o r " in d e p e n d e n t" i s o n e o f t h e s e d is t in c t io n s . In d e p e n d e n t fo u n d r ie s p r o d u c e to o r d e r fr o m o th e r p la n t s . A lth o u g h e v e r y sh o p s e e k s " r e p e a t " b u s in e s s a n d lo n g e c o n o m ic a l p r o d u c tio n r u n s , in d e p e n d e n t s h o p s m u s t c o m p e t e fo r b u s in e s s an d a c c e p t w h a te v e r w o r k is a v a ila b le . F o r th e m o s t p a r t , t h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e l i k e l y to b e jo b b in g s h o p s . C a p tiv e s id ia r ie s o r " in te g r a te d " fo u n d r ie s a r e d e p a r tm e n ts o r su b o f p a r e n t c o m p a n ie s to w h ic h t h e y t r a n s f e r t h e ir o u tp u t fo r fin a l a s s e m b ly . w ith a l a r g e E s p e c ia lly w h en th e y a r e s c a le p r o d u c e r o f s ta n d a r d iz e d p r o d u c ts , fo u n d r ie s a r e l ik e ly to b e p r o d u c tio n sh op s. a s s o c ia te d c a p tiv e • 24- A n o th e r w a y o f g r o u p in g fo u n d r ie s is a c c o r d in g to th e p r in c ip a l m e t a l c a s t in th e s h o p . T h is c la s s if ic a t io n is s ig n ific a n t b e c a u s e th e d e m a n d fo r c a s t in g s o f v a r io u s m e t a ls fr e q u e n tly c h a n g e s a t v a r y in g r a te s . F o r e x a m p le , in W o r ld W a r II t h e r e w a s a n e x t r e m e ly s h a r p u p tu r n in th e o u tp u t o f s t e e l a n d n o n fe r r o u s c a s t in g s , a m o re m o d e ra te r is e in g r a y ir o n an d a v e r y s m a ll in c r e a s e in th e o u tp u t in m a lle a b le ir o n fo u n d r ie s . E c o n o m ic C o n d itio n s o f th e P e r io d C o v e r e d b y th e S u r v e y S in c e th e m o v e m e n t o f w o r k e r s m a y b e a ffe c te d b y th e le v e l a t w h ic h th e e c o n o m y is o p e r a tin g , th e d a ta o n m o b ility p r e s e n te d in t h is r e p o r t s h o u ld b e i n t e r p r e t e d in l ig h t o f t h e e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n s o f th e p e r io d . T h e s e 12 y e a r s in c lu d e d tw o p e r io d s o f r a p id e x p a n s io n o f o u tp u t a n d e m p lo y m e n t, 1 9 4 0 -4 2 a n d 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 , s u s ta in e d h ig h l e v e l p r o d u c tio n d u r in g th e w a r y e a r s 1 9 4 3 - 4 5 , a p e r i o d o f r e a d ju s t m e n t in 1 9 4 6 , a n d a s lu m p in 1 9 4 9 . A s m ig h t be e x p e c te d t h e s e flu c t u a t io n s in flu e n c e d th e r a t e of m ovem ent o f m o ld e r s O n th e w h o le , th e p e r io d w a s m a r k e d b y h ig h e m p lo y m e n t le v e ls . M o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s .w e r e in s h o r t s u p p ly a t m a n y t im e s , p a r t i c u l a r ly d u r in g th e w a r y e a r s a n d a g a in in la t e 19 5 0 and 19 51. L a y o ffs w e r e fe w a n d th e w id e s p r e a d a v a ila b ilit y o f jo b s o ffe r e d b o th in d u c e m e n t a n d o p p o r tu n ity to m a k e jo b c h a n g e s a t th e in d iv id u a lIs in it ia t iv e . T r a d e U n io n s O n e o f th e m o s t im p o r t a n t f o r c e s im p in g in g o n a g r o u p o f W o r k e r s in a m p d e r n in d u s t r ia l s o c i e t y i s th e t r a d e u n io n . U n io n a c t iv it ie s a ffe c t th e w o r k e r fr o m th e tim e h e e n te r s th e la b o r m a r k e t u n til th e t im e h e l e a v e s it . T h r o u g h t h e ir in flu e n c e in th e p la n n in g a n d e x e c u t io n o f t r a in in g p r o g r a m s , o n d e t e r m in a t io n o f c o m p e n s a tio n , o n th e im p r o v e m e n t o f w o r k in g c o n d itio n s , o n p o lic ie s r e g a r d in g p r o m o tio n s , an d on r e tir e m e n t p la n s , tr a d e u n io n s a f f e c t in d iv id u a l w o r k e r s d i r e c t l y a n d c o n t in u o u s ly . s tu d y o f th e la b o r m a r k e t b e h a v io r o f a g ro u p th e r e fo r e b e in te r p r e te d u n io n stru c tu re of w o rkers A s h o u ld a g a in s t a b a c k g ro u n d w h ic h in c lu d e s o f th e in d u s t r y in w h ic h th e y w o r k . th e -2 5 - F o u r o u t o f f i v e m e n in t e r v ie w e d w o r k e d in s h o p s w h ic h w e r e o r g a n iz e d b y u n io n s 1 0 ( ta b le l) . O f t h e 1 4 6 6 m e n in o r g a n i z e d s h o p s , 8 8 1, o r t h r e e - f if t h s , w o r k e d in p la n ts o r g a n iz e d b y th e I n te r n a tio n a l M o ld e r s a n d F o u n d r y W o r k e r s U n io n o f N o r th A m e r i c a , w h ic h i s a ffilia t e d w ith th e A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t io n o f L a b o r . F iv e h u n d red and tw e n ty o r 35 p e r c e n t, s a id th e ir s h o p s w e r e a ffilia t e d w ith v a r io u s C I O u n io n s , in c lu d in g th e U n ite d S t e e lw o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a , th e U n it e d A u t o m o b ile W o r k e r s , a n d th e I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n o f E l e c t r i c a l W ork ers. A p la n ts w e r e m in o r p r o p o r tio n o f th e w o r k e r s in d ic a te d th a t t h e ir o r g a n iz e d b y u n a ffilia te d T a b le 1 •-— U n i o n ■ ■ p lo y in g o r in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s . a f f i l i a t i o n in t e r v ie w e d J a n u a x j-U a r e h U n io n a f f i l i a t i o n o f fo u n d r y o f H o ld e r s f o u n d r i e s e n d c o r e a a k e r s , 1 9 5 2 H P e r c e n t a b e r 1 ,8 0 0 1 0 0 * 0 A F L .......................................................................................................................... 6 8 1 i» B .9 C IO 5 2 0 2 8 * 9 A l l w o r k a r a l a . p la n t a . . . .................................. ........ . o r g a n is e d . ..........................................................« I n d e p e n d e n t u n io n s K o n -u n io n • H o t • r e p o r t e d 1 0! toy s « • • • • • • • • • • • • • « • . . • • • • 6 5 3 * 6 . . • • 5 2 6 1 8 .1 • • • 8 . 5 • • . • T h is in fo r m a tio n w a s o b ta in e d b y a s k in g th e q u e s tio n ( s e e e m p lo y e e s c h e d u le q u e s tio n n a ir e ite m 1 6 - G , A p p e n d ix , p . 84) " W a s t h e r e a u n io n in th e p la n t ? If s o g iv e n a m e ." It i s p o s s ib le th a t in s o m e c a s e s th e a n s w e r s g iv e n in d ic a te d th e p e r s o n a l u n io n a f f i lia t i o n o f th e w o r k e r r a t h e r th a n th e p la n t u n io n . Spot ch ecks h o w e v e r , in d ic a te d th a t th e n u m b e r o f s u c h a n s w e r s w a s e x t r e m e ly lo w . It w a s th e re fo re a ssu m e d in th e p la n ts , a n d th e d a ta w e r e th a t th e a n s w e r s so c o n s id e r e d id e n tifie d th e u n io n s in th e stu d y . •2 6 - Findings A lth o u g h th e m a jo r e m p h a s is o f t h is s tu d y i s o n th e m o b ilit y o f m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s , a n a ly s is o f th e w o r k h is t o r ie s a n d p e r s o n a l b a c k g r o u n d s o f th e s e w o r k e r s p r o v id e d m u c h a d d itio n a l d a ta o f im p o r t a n c e in m a n p o w e r p la n n in g . In a d d itio n to p e r m ittin g a n a ly s e s o f th e f a c t o r s w h ic h a ffe c t th e r a t e a n d e x te n t o f m o b ilit y a n d th e r e a s o n s w h y m o ld e r s c h a n g e jo b s , th e fin d in g s a r e im p o r ta n t b e c a u s e th e y c o n tr ib u te t o w a r d s a w e ll- r o u n d e d v ie w o f th e w o r k e r s in a n o c c u p a tio n w h ic h b e c o m e s c r i t i c a l in a m o b iliz a tio n p e r io d . F o r e x a m p le , d a ta r e la t in g to h o w m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s q u a lifie d fo r th e ir jo b s a n d th e o c c u p a tio n a l a n d s o c ia l g ro u p s fr o m w h ic h th e y m a y b e d r a w n c a n b e h e lp fu l in s e tt in g u p t r a in in g p r o g r a m s ; a d e t a ile d k n o w le d g e o f th e a g e d is tr ib u tio n o f th e s e w o r k e r s a n d o f th e ir d e p e n d e n c y a n d v e te r a n s t a tu s i s im p o r t a n t in e s t im a t in g fu t u r e d e a th a n d r e t ir e m e n t lo s s e s a n d p r o b a b le lia b ilit y to m ilit a r y s e r v ic e . T h u s, th e fin d in g s p r e s e n t e d in th e fo llo w in g s e c t io n d e a l w ith m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s in a b r o a d s e n s e a n d a r e n o t c o n fin e d to a lim it e d a n a ly s is o f m o b ility . P e r s o n a l C h a r a c te r is tic s L a r g e p r o s p e c t iv e lo s s e s d u e to d e a th a n d r e t ir e m e n t a r e in d ic a te d b y th e a g e d is tr ib u tio n o f th e m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s in c lu d e d in th e s u r v e y . A s m a n y w o r k e r s (2 0 p e r c e n t ) w e r e 60 y e a r s o f a g e o r o ld e r a s w e r e u n d e r 3 5 y e a r s o f a g e ( ta b le 2 . ) . T h e m e a n a g e o f a l l th e w o r k e r s w a s 4 7 . 8 y e a r s a n d th e m e d ia n a g e w a s 4 7 . 3. T h is c o m p a r e s w ith a m e d ia n a g e o f 4 0 . 8 fo r s k ille d w o r k e r s g e n e r a l l y . 11 T h e a g e d is tr ib u tio n o f th e w o r k e r s s h o w e d c o n s id e r a b le v a r ia t io n f r o m c it y to c it y , w ith a v e r a g e a g e s r a n g in g fr o m 4 4 . 7 in L o s A n g e le s to 50 . 7 in D e tr o it . O f t h e 1 ,8 0 0 m e n i n t e r v i e w e d , 1 ,5 9 4 o r 8 9 p e r c e n t , w h ite o th e r th a n o f M e x ic a n e x tr a c tio n ; 12 7 o r 7 p e r c e n t, N e g r o e s ; and 79 o r 4 p e r c e n t, 11 / D e ta ile d U. o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t io n .1 C e n s u s o f P o p u la tio n : C h a r a c te r is tic s , th e C e n s u s , 1 2/ S. w ere 19 53 , T a b le 19 50 , B u lle tin P - C 1 , 12 7-, p . w ere w ere U. S. z S u m m ary, W a s h in g to n , B u reau of 1-2 7 3 . S e e fo o tn o te 2 9 , p . 6 0 , f o r e x p la n a tio n o f r a c ia l d e s ig n a t io n u s e d in th is stu d y . T a b le 2 . — a n d D i s t r i b u t i o n b y C it y o f o f M o ld e r s E m p lo y m e n t, A ge C i t y a n d C o re m & k e rs F e b r u a r y - b y M a rch A g e 1 9 5 2 gro u p o f A v e r a g e e m p lo y m e n t (m e a n ) a g e A l l a g e g r o u p s 1 9 - 2 K 2 5 -2 9 3 0 -3 4 3 5 -3 9 4 0 * 4 4 4 5 -4 9 5 0 -5 4 5 5 -5 9 6 0 -6 4 6 5 - 7 9 P e r c e n t A l l - - 4 7 .8 1 0 0 .0 0 . 7 4 .6 1 4 .5 1 3 .9 1 1 .9 9 .6 1 0 . 3 1 3 . 8 1 1 .9 8 .8 - - - 4 8 .3 1 0 0 .0 . 6 5 .0 1 3 .3 1 7 .8 7 . 8 6 . 7 8 .3 1 8 . 9 1 3 .3 8 .3 - - - 4 7 .7 1 0 0 .0 . 5 4 .0 1 1 .7 1 7 . 1 1 4 .9 9 .0 9 .5 1 1 .7 1 3 .5 8 . 1 - - 5 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 - 2 .4 8 .8 1 4 .7 1 5 .2 9 .8 6 .4 1 5 .7 1 6 . 7 1 0 .3 - - 5 O . 7 1 0 0 .0 - 1 - 9 9 .9 9 .4 1 2 .2 1 1 . 8 9 .0 2 2 .2 1 6 . 5 7 . 1 1 3 .5 8 .6 c i t i e s B o s t o n - C h ic a g o C le v e la n d D e t r o i t - L o s A n g e le s - 4 4 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 .2 3 .3 1 5 .9 1 7 .9 1 8 .4 1 1 .4 H ew Y o r k - 4 8 .9 1 0 0 .0 0 .8 5 .0 1 6 . 9 1 1 .5 5 . * 9 .6 1 3 . 1 1 2 . 3 U . 5 1 3 * 9 P h ila d e lp h ia - 4 6 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 .1 5 .9 2 0 .4 1 0 . 8 1 0 .8 6 . 3 1 1 .2 1 2 . 3 1 2 . 3 8 . 9 P it t s b u r g h - 4 5 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 .0 9 .1 1 5 * 9 1 3 . 0 1 1 .0 1 2 . 0 1 0 1 1 .5 8 .2 8 . 2 — - . 1 ^ • 9 4 .9 -2 8 - T h e r e w e r e w id e v a r ia t io n s f r o m c i t y to c i t y in th e p r o p o r t io n o f m o ld e r s w h o w e r e N e g r o e s o r o f M e x ic a n e x tr a c tio n . In L o s A n g e le s , o f 2 4 5 w o r k e r s in te r v ie w e d , 79 w e r e o f M e x ic a n e x tr a c tio n , 5 w ere N egro es, and 161 o r 6 5 .7 p e r c e n t, w ere non- M e x ic a n w h ite w o r k e r s . In D e tr o it , 18 p e r c e n t o f th e m o ld e r s w e r e N e g r o e s ; in C h ic a g o , 13 p e r c e n t. L e s s th a n 5 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s in te r v ie w e d in N e w Y o r k , P it t s b u r g h , a n d B o s to n w ere N egroes. T h e m e n o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t io n an d N e g r o e s w e r e g e n e r a ll y in th e y o u n g e r a g e g r o u p s , f a c t th a t o n ly in r e c e n t y e a r s an y g re a t n u m b er. A lm o s t o n e -th ir d s id e th e U n ite d S t a t e s . p r o b a b ly a tt r ib u t a b le to th e h a v e th e y e n te re d th e o c c u p a tio n in o f th e m o ld e r s in t e r v ie w e d w e r e b o r n o u t In c o n t r a s t , o n ly o n e - te n th o f th e 19 5 0 m a l e e x p e r i e n c e d l a b o r f o r c e w a s f o r e i g n - b o r n . 13 N in e -te n th s o f th e fo r e ig n - b o r n m o ld e r s w e r e 4 5 y e a r s o f a g e o r o ld e r w h e r e a s o n ly a b o u t o n e - t h ir d o f th e m o ld e r s b o r n in th e U n ite d S ta te s w e r e 4 5 y e a r s o r o ld e r . T he p ro p o h ig h p r o p o r t io n D e tr o it , C le v e la w ith 15 p e r c e n t , P itts b u r g h , L o s r tio n o f fo r e ig n - b o r n w o r k e r s v a r ie d b y c it y . A (3 9 to 4 5 p e r c e n t ) o f t h e m o l d e r s in N e w Y o r k , n d , and B o sto n w e re b o rn a b ro a d . P h ila d e lp h ia , h a d th e lo w e s t p r o p o r tio n o f fo r e ig n - b o r n . In A n g e le s , an d C h ic a g o , a b o u t o n e o u t o f fo u r m e n w a s b o r n o u ts id e th is c o u n tr y . It h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d th a t th e N a tio n * s r u r a l a r e a s a r e a c o m m o n s o u r c e o f n e w e n tr a n t s in t h is o c c u p a tio n . A lth o u g h th e s u r v e y s h o w e d th a t 30 p e r c e n t o f th e m e n in t e r v ie w e d h a d b e e n r a is e d o n f a r m s , th e p r o p o r tio n o f m o ld e r s w ith f a r m b a c k g r o u n d s h a s b e e n d e c r e a s in g ; 40 p e r c e n t o f th e m e n 4 5 y e a r s o f a g e o r o ld e r h a d b e e n r a is e d o n fa r m s a s c o m p a r e d w ith l e s s t h a n 20 p e r c e n t o f fo r e ig n -b o r n s u p p ly o f n e w w fr o m th e c it ie s o f th o se u n d er 45 y e a r s . B e c a u s e th e p r o p o r tio n m o ld e r s is a ls o d e c r e a s in g , it a p p e a r s th a t th e o r k e r s in th is o c c u p a tio n m u s t c o m e p r i n c i p a ll y a n d to w n s o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s . M o ld e r s g e n e r a lly h ad lit t le m o ld e r s in te r v ie w e d , s c h o o lin g , s c h o o lin g w h e r e a s fo r th e m a le la b o r fo r c e *3 / B u reau of C en su s, 18 y e a r s S p e c ia l R e p o r t, P e r s o n a l C h a r a c te r is tic s ," P - E , (ta b le E - 3 ) . O f th e o n ly 35 p e r c e n t h a d m o r e th a n 8 y e a r s N um ber 1A , of o r o ld e r , " E m p lo y m e n t an d T a b le 5, A p r il 19 53 . •»2 9 * 80 p e r c e n t h a d c o m p le t e d 8 y e a r s o r m o r e o f s c h o o l i n g . 14 O n ly a l it t le m o r e th a n 1 p e r c e n t o f th e m o ld e r s w e n t to c o lle g e . The y o u n g e r w o r k e r s g e n e r a lly h a d m o r e s c h o o lin g th a n th e o ld e r w o r k e r s , d ir e c t ly r e f le c t in g th e e x te n s io n o f e d u c a tio n in r e c e n t y ea rs. F i f t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f th e m o ld e r s u n d e r 4 5 y e a r s o f a g e h a d m o r e th a n 8 y e a r s o f s c h o o lin g , b u t o n ly 16 p e r c e n t o f th e m en 45 y e a rs o ld o r o ld e r h a d g o n e b e y o n d B ecau se th e e ig h th g r a d e . o f th e ir g e n e r a lly lim it e d fo r m a l s c h o o lin g , m o ld e r s m a y b e h a m p e r e d in m o v in g o u t o f th e o c c u p a tio n in to o th e r s k ille d fie ld s o f w o r k . T h is e d u c a tio n a l fa c t o r m a y w e ll b e a n in h ib itin g in flu e n c e a n d m u s t b e c o n s id e r e d w h e n e s tim a tin g th e n u m b e r o f m e n w h o h a v e l e f t o r w i l l l e a v e m o ld in g f o r o th e r jo b s . N in e t y p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s s tu d ie d w e r e m a r r i e d . O n ly 8 p e r c e n t h a d n e v e r b e e n m a r r ie d a n d 2 p e r c e n t w e r e w id o w e d o r d iv o r c e d . H a lf o f th e m o ld e r s h a d 1 o r m o r e d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n . T h r e e h u n d re d fift y - t h r e e , o r 1 o u t o f e v e r y 5 m o ld e r s w e r e v e te ra n s , a n d a lm o s t a ll o f th e s e h a d served in th e A r m e d F o r c e s d u r in g W o r ld W a r H . O f th is n u m b e r , 16 7 o r 4 7 p e r c e n t w e r e q u a lifie d jo u r n e y m e n w h e n th e y e n te r e d th e A r m e d F o r c e s . A l m o s t 1 o u t o f 4 o f t h e 7 2 5 m e n in t h e a g e g r o u p f r o m 30 to 4 4 y e a r s h a d h a d h is w o r k in g l if e in te r r u p te d b y m ilit a r y s e r v ic e . H a lf o f th e m o ld e r s w e r e h o m e o w n e r s , a b o u t th e s a m e p r o p o r tio n a s a m o n g u rb a n s k ille d w o r k e r s g e n e r a lly .1 5 H o m e o w n e r s h ip in e a c h a g e g r o u p r o s e s t e a d i l y f r o m 30 p e r c e n t f o r t h o s e in th e 2 5 -2 9 g r o u p to 70 p e r c e n t fo r th o s e in th e 6 0 -6 4 g r o u p . H o m e o w n e r s h ip d if f e r e d m a r k e d ly a m o n g m o ld e r s in th e e ig h t c i t i e s . In B o s to n , 32 p e r c e n t o f th e m o ld e r s w e r e h o m e o w n e r s ; in L o s A n g e le s t w ic e a s h ig h a p r o p o r tio n , 65 p e r c e n t , o w n e d t h e ir h o m e s . S m a ll p e r c e n ta g e s o f m o ld e r s in N e w Y o r k an d C h ic a g o w e r e h o m e o w n e r s ; b u t in C le v e la n d , D e t r o it , P h ila d e lp h ia , a n d P it t s b u r g h , w e ll o v e r h a lf o f th e m o ld e r s o w n e d t h e ir h o m e s . i_ iJ C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n R e p o r t s , S e r ie s P -5 0 , N um ber 49, of W orkers: O c to b e r U. S. B u r e a u o f th e C e n s u s , E d u c a tio n a l A tta in m e n t a n d L it e r a c y 19 52 . iJ L / S u r v e y o f O c c u p a t i o n a l M o b i l i t y , 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 5 1 , P a t t e r n s o f M o b ility o f S k ille d W o r k e r s , M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s titu te o f T e c h n o lo g y , F eb ru ary 1952, p. 114 . -3 0 - In g e n e r a l, t h e s e v a r ia t io n s c o r r e s p o n d e d to d if f e r e n c e s in h o m e o w n e r s h ip fo u n d in t h e e i g h t a r e a s b y t h e 1 3 5 0 H o u s in g C e n s u s . 16 O n ly in B o s to n a n d L o s A n g e le s w e r e t h e r e a n y g r e a t d iffe r e n c e s in th e p r o p o r t io n o f h o m e o w n e r s b e t w e e n th e g e n e r a l p o p u la tio n a n d th e m o ld e r s in te r v ie w e d . F a c t o r s R e la t e d to E n t r y in to M o ld in g P r a c t i c a lly a ll th e m e n in te r v ie w e d g a v e d e fin ite r e a s o n s fo r b e c o m in g m o ld e r s . P e r h a p s th e m o s t s t r ik in g fa c t is th a t s u c h a s m a ll p r o p o r tio n in d ic a te d th e y h a d b e c o m e m o ld e r s b e c a u s e o f jo b in t e r e s t ; o n ly o n e - tw e lfth s a id th e y e n te r e d th e o c c u p a tio n f o r th is r e a s o n . A b o u t 20 p e r c e n t e n te r e d th e o c c u p a tio n b e c a u s e it o ffe r e d a n o p p o r tu n ity to b e t t e r t h e m s e lv e s , th a t i s , to le a r n a s k ille d t r a d e , to im p r o v e t h e ir s o c ia l s t a tu s , o r to e a r n h ig h e r w ages. Such re a s o n s a s " im p r o v e m e n t ," "to le a r n a t r a d e ," "to m a k e m o r e m o n e y , " w e r e m o s t o fte n m e n tio n e d b y th e n o n w h ite s a n d t h e l e a s t e d u c a t e d m e n , f o r w h o m tl ® a l t e r n a t i v e s w e r e p r e s u m a b ly r a t h e r lim ite d . T h e l a r g e s t s in g le r e a s o n r e p o r t e d a s in d u c in g th e m e n to e n t e r th e m o ld in g t r a d e w a s th e in f lu e n c e o f f a m i l y m e m b e r s o r fr ie n d s . T h is r e a s o n w a s g iv e n b y 851 m e n , o r 4 7 . 3 p e r c e n t o f th e t o ta l. W hen t h e m e n in te r v ie w e d w e r e g ro u p e d a c c o r d in g to th e o c c u p a tio n s o f th e ir fa t h e r s th e im p o r ta n c e o f fa m ily b a c k g r o u n d a s a n in flu e n c e w a s a p p a r e n t. O f th e 40 4 m e n w h o s e fa t h e r s h a d b e e n fo u n d ry w o r k e r s , a b o u t t h r e e - fo u r th s h a d e n te r e d th e o c c u p a tio n b e c a u s e o f f a m ily in flu e n c e . T h e h ig h e r th e s ta tu s o f th e fa t h e r in th e fo u n d r y , th e m o r e l ik e ly w a s h is s o n to fo llo w h is fa t h e r * s e x a m p le a n d e n te r th e t r a d e . T h u s, 8 3 . 0 p e r c e n t o f th e m e n w h o s e f a t h e t s w e r e fo u n d r y fo r e m e n r e p o r t e d f a m ily in flu e n c e , a s c o m p a r e d w ith 6 1. 5 p e r c e n t f o r m e n w h o s e f a t h e r s 1 u s u a l o c c u p a tio n w a s s o m e lo w e r s k ille d fo u n d r y w o r k o th e r th a n m o ld in g . F o r t y - f o u r p e r c e n t o f th e m o ld e r s in te r v ie w e d r e p o r te d th a t t h e r e w e r e o th e r m e m b e r s o f t h e ir f a m ili e s in fo u n d r y w o r k a t th e tim e th e y t h e m s e lv e s f i r s t e n te r e d th e fo u n d r y . h a lf o f th e c a s e s , ** / In o n e - th e o th e r f a m ily m e m b e r w a s th e fa t h e r . 19 5 0 U n ite d S t a t e s C e n s u s o f H o u s in g , U. O f S. S u m m ary, H o u s in g C e n s u s R e p o r t H - A l , T a b le 2 2 , O c c u p a n c y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , T y p e o f S t r u c t u r e , a n d P lu m b in g F a c i l i t i e s , f o r S ta n d a r d M e tr o p o lita n A r e a s ; 19 50 , p. 1-3 6 . -31- th e 404 f a t h e r s w ho w e r e fo u n d r y w o r k e r s , o n e -e ig h t h w e r e f o r e m e n , t h r e e - f if t h s w e r e m o l d e r s , and the r e m a in d e r w o r k e d in o t h e r fo u n d r y o c c u p a t io n s . G e n e r a lly , e x c e p t f o r p e r i o d s o f s e v e r e e c o n o m ic s t r e s s s u c h a s in th e 1 9 3 0 's , r e a s o n s f o r e n te r in g m o ld in g h a v e b e e n th e s a m e o v e r th e y e a r s . B u t in the d e p r e s s io n y e a r s , th e im p o r t a n c e o f " j o b s c a r c i t y " r o s e s h a r p ly . O f the m e n w h o e n t e r e d th e tr a d e b e tw e e n 1 9 3 0 - 3 9 , 2 7 p e r c e n t d id s o b e c a u s e " i t w a s the o n ly jo b o p e n " a s c o m p a r e d w ith 19 p e r c e n t o f the 1 ,4 0 0 m e n w h o e n t e r e d the tr a d e in o th e r p e r i o d s . M o r e than h a lf o f the m o ld e r s b e g a n t h e ir w o r k in g l i v e s in fo u n d r ie s . H o w e v e r , 25 p e r c e n t had n ot s ta r t e d fo u n d r y w o r k u n til th e y had b e e n in the la b o r f o r c e 5 y e a r s o r m o r e , and 169 m e n - 9 p e r c e n t o f the to ta l - had n ot e n t e r e d fo u n d r y w o r k u n til a ft e r 10 y e a r s o r m o r e in the la b o r f o r c e (ta b le 3 ). T h e t e n d e n c y to g o d i r e c t l y in to fo u n d r y w o r k w a s r e la t e d to the o c c u p a t io n o f the w o r k e r 's fa th e r and to th e w o r k e r 's r a c e . M o ld e r s w h o s e f a t h e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d in fo u n d r ie s g e n e r a lly e n t e r e d fo u n d r y w o r k im m e d ia t e ly o r q u ic k ly a ft e r e n te r in g the la b o r f o r c e . O f the m e n w h o s e fa t h e r s w e r e fo u n d r y w o r k e r s , a b o u t n in e -te n th s h ad b e g u n fo u n d r y w o r k w ith in 5 y e a r s o f t h e ir e n t r y to the la b o r m a r k e t , a s c o m p a r e d w ith 75 p e r c e n t f o r m e n w h o s e fa t h e r s w o r k e d in n o n fo u n d r y o c c u p a t io n s . N e g r o m o l d e r s and th o s e o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t io n e n t e r e d fo u n d r y w o r k la t e r in th e ir w o r k in g l i v e s (ta b le 3) W h ile 80 p e r c e n t o f th e w h ite m o l d e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d in fo u n d r ie s w ith in 5 y e a r s o f t h e ir in it ia l la b o r m a r k e t e n t r y , o n ly 62 p e r c e n t o f the m e n o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t io n and o f the N e g r o e s had s t a r t e d fo u n d r y w o r k a ft e r the s a m e le n g th o f t im e in the la b o r m a r k e t . O f the 958 m e n w h o b e g a n th e ir w o rk in g l i v e s in fo u n d r ie s , a b o u t t w o - t h ir d s s ta r t e d im m e d ia t e ly on jo b s w h ic h le d d i r e c t l y t o q u a lific a t io n a s m o l d e r s ; 4 5 p e r c e n t s ta r t e d a s a p p r e n t ic e m o l d e r s and 20 p e r c e n t a s m o l d e r s ' h e lp e r s . T h e r e m a in in g 35 p e r c e n t b e g a n t h e ir w o rk in g l i v e s a s fo u n d r y l a b o r e r s o r in o th e r fo u n d r y w o r k , and la t e r w e r e a b le to a d v a n c e to m o ld e r s * h e lp e r s o r a p p r e n t ic e m o l d e r s and s u b s e q u e n tly q u a lify f o r the tra d e. It is n o te w o r th y that a p p r e n t ic e s h ip a s a fo u n d r y j o b h as b e e n d e c lin in g in im p o r t a n c e , w h e r e a s o th e r fo u n d r y j o b s s u c h a s m o l d e r 's h e lp e r , l a b o r e r , a n d g e n e r a l h e lp e r , a r e i n c r e a s in g i n im p o r t a n c e a s e n t r y j o b s f o r m o l d e r s (ta b le 4 ). T a b le 3 . — b y D T im e i s t r i b u t i o n i n L a b o r F o u n d r y A Y e a r s i n f o r c e p r i o r l l a n d l a b o r o f M o ld e r s F o r c e W o rk , P r i o r a n d b y l l N e g r o e s W h ite H o n e — - O n e y e a r T w o y e a r s T h r e e F o u r ----------------------------- - — y e a r s y e a r s y a - p e r c e n t N u m ber 1 ,8 0 0 1 0 0 .0 1 ,5 9 ^ 9 5 8 5 3 * 2 5 5 .^ 7 5 3 6 . k 6 2 .2 7 3 9 .8 6 8 .8 1 3 - - - - l l 6 5 9 .7 - - - - - 1 1 7 6 6 .2 1 0 k - - - - - - - — - - — - - - r s ---------------------- T e n o r N o t r e p o r t e d m o r e - - - y e a r s - — — - - k 6 . 1 5 0 .0 8 k 7 0 .8 7 6 7 3 .5 8 7 8 7 5 .2 5 9 7 7 .2 1 9 5 9 .2 5 k 7 8 .2 k 8 8 0 .2 6 6 2 . 1 6 $ 8 1 . 8 5k 8 3 .6 1 1 6 7 .5 5 3 8 k . 7 k 2 8 6 .3 1 1 7 2 . 8 5 3 8 7 .7 k 3 8 9 .O 1 0 7 7 * 7 3 3 9 1 . 0 7 3 6 3 k O - 1 0 0 .0 8 8 3 - - p e r c e n t N u m b er 2 0 6 - - p e r c e n t 8 9 .9 1 6 9 9 9 .3 1 3 3 9 9 » k 1 3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 0 0 .0 o r C u m u la t iv e 1 0 0 .0 - - y e a r s - N u m ber m en e x t r a c t i o n ____ C u m u la tiv e 1 0 9 — S e v e n e - — y e a r s E ig h t N in e - y e a r s y e a r s F iv e S ix - a n d ______ M e x i c a n t o w o r k g r o u p s R a c e R a c e C u m u la tiv e A C o r e m a k e r s , E n t e r in g m o ld e r s <s o r e m a k e r s e n t e r in g fo u n d r y a n d t o 8 1 . 1 9 8 .5 1 0 0 .0 ■ -33- D e s p it e the d e c lin in g p r o p o r t io n o f m e n w h o b e g in fo u n d r y w o r k a s a p p r e n t ic e s , the p r o p o r t io n q u a lify in g th ro u g h a p p r e n t ic e s h ip h a s r e m a in e d c o n s ta n t. T h is in d ic a t e s that fo u n d r ie s h a v e in c r e a s i n g l y s e le c t e d th e ir a p p r e n t ic e s f r o m a m o n g e m p lo y e e s w o r k in g a s m o l d e r ' s h e lp e r o r m o ld in g d e p a r tm e n t l a b o r e r . A ttitu d e s o f M o ld e r s T o w a r d the O cc u p a tio n E a c h o f the w o r k e r s in t e r v ie w e d w a s a s k e d i f h e w o u ld r e c o m m e n d m o ld in g a s a c a r e e r to a you n g m a n . 17 It w a s in te n d e d that th is q u e s tio n w o u ld d e v e lo p s o m e in d ic a t io n o f the attitu d e o f m o ld e r s and c o r e m a k e r s to w a r d th e ir w o r k ; that is, t h e ir s a t is fa c t io n w ith t h e ir o c c u p a t io n a l s ta tu s. L e s s than h a lf o f t h o s e in t e r v ie w e d s a id that th e y w o u ld r e c o m m e n d to a you n g m a n that h e le a r n m o ld in g ; and o f th is n u m b e r 3 ou t o f 10 q u a lifie d the r e c o m m e n d a t io n w ith a s ta te m e n t su ch a s " y e s , bu t it*s h a r d and d i r t y , " " y e s , i f it w o u ld p a y b e t t e r , " o r " m o ld in g is O K , b u t n o t c o r e m a k i n g ," o r the r e v e r s e . A m o n g the 922 m e n w h o w ou ld n ot r e c o m m e n d the o c c u p a t io n , th e m o s t fr e q u e n t r e a s o n s g iv e n in c lu d e d " it * s to o h a r d and d i r t y , " "t h e p a y is to o l o w . " O n ly 29 m o ld e r s d id not e x p r e s s an y o p in io n . T h e m o s t s tr ik in g r e s u lt o f the a n a ly s is is the d iv e r g e n c e in o p in io n b e tw e e n the w h ite s and the N e g r o e s and m e n o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t io n . L e s s than o n e - h a lf o f the w h ite m o l d e r s s a id th e y w o u ld r e c o m m e n d the o c c u p a t io n , w h ile 70 p e r c e n t o f the o th e r g r o u p f e lt it w a s a g o o d tr a d e f o r you n g m e n (ta b le 5). T h is d i f f e r e n c e in the c o m p a r a t iv e a t t r a c t iv e n e s s o f the o c c u p a t io n to the tw o g r o u p s is u n d ou b ted ly r e la t e d to the k in d o f jo b s and c a r e e r s o p e n to e a c h . E d u c a tio n a l le v e l a l s o in flu e n c e d the m o ld e r s * a ttitu d e s . A b o u t t h r e e - f if t h s o f the 269 m e n w ith fo u r o r f e w e r y e a r s o f s c h o o lin g r e c o m m e n d e d th e o c c u p a t io n , c o m p a r e d w ith l e s s than h a lf o f the m e n w ith f iv e o r m o r e y e a r s o f f o r m a l e d u c a tio n (ta b le E - 4 ) . E v e n if a llo w a n c e i s m a d e f o r the in flu e n c e o f r a c e , the m o r e f a v o r a b le o p in io n o f the w o r k e r s w ith l e s s s c h o o lin g p e r s i s t s . A p p a r e n t ly t h e s e m e n f e lt h a n d ica p p e d b y t h e ir la c k o f f o r m a l e d u c a tio n , and m o ld in g o f fe r e d an o p p o r tu n ity to a c h ie v e a h ig h e r e c o n o m ic and s o c ia l sta tu s than th e y c o u ld e x p e c t in o th e r f ie ld s o f w o r k . UJ S ee q u e s t io n n a ir e , p . 84, q u e s tio n 20 f o r e x a c t p h r a s in g . T a b le 4 . — F i r s t b y F o u n d r y Y e a r o f J o b E n t r y o f M o ld e r s I n t o F i r s t Y e a r o f f i r s t fo u n d r y jo b A l l a n d F o u n d r y C o r e m a k e r s , W ork fo u n d r y A p p r e n t ic e H m o ld e r c o r e m o r c o r e m a k e r w o r k e r s l l 1 9 1 5 p e r i o d s a n d - - e a r l i e r - 1 9 3 0 -3 9 ................................................................................... 3 4 - a n d - - l a t e r - -- ------------------- ------ 1 9 1 6 -2 9 19 * * 0 - - ........................................... - - T a b le - - - 5 « — - O p in io n s a s i o f 2 3 .5 5 7 5 1 0 6 .0 5 1 .3 2 2 . 1* 2 7 .3 1*79 1 0 0 .0 3 9 .5 2 1 .9 3 8 .6 k 1 0 0 .0 31*. 3 2 2 .0 1 * 3 -7 3 1 .5 2 9 -2 3 9 .3 o o 1 0 0 .0 o ld e r s C a r e e r A j o b s U 0 .6 M a fo u n d r y 1 0 0 .0 3 1* 6 - O th e r o r a k e r 's I ’e r c e n t 1 ,8 0 0 ------------------------------------------ o l d e r 's h e l p e r N u m b er A jo b l l a n d a n d f o r C o r e m a k e r s Y o u n g M en , A b o u t b y t h e O c c u p a t io n R a c e R a c e m o ld e r s c o r e m a k e r s W h ite R e c o m m e n d a tio n s N u m ber 3 5 .9 P e r c e n t N u m ber P e r c e n t N e g r o e s a n d M e x t r a c t i o n e x ic a n N u m b er m en P e r c e n t 1 0 0 . 0 A l l - 1 ,8 0 0 1 0 0 .0 1 ,5 9 » * 1 0 0 .0 2 0 6 Y e s -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- 5 9 0 3 2 .8 1* 8 1 3 0 . 1 1 0 9 5 2 .9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2 2 5 1 . 2 861* 5 l* .2 5 8 2 8 .2 w it h 2 5 9 ll* .l* 2 2 3 l l * .0 3 6 1 7 .5 3 1 .5 N o Y e s r e c o m m e n d a t io n s U n d e c id e d r e s e r v a t i o n ---------------------------- — - - - — — - 2 9 1 . 6 2 6 1 . 6 o f -35- T h e a p p a r e n t im p o r t a n c e o f s o c i a l and e c o n o m ic b a c k g r o u n d s in d e t e r m in in g the o p in io n s o f m o ld e r s a b o u t the o c c u p a t io n is sh ow n b y g r o u p in g th e m e n in t e r v ie w e d a c c o r d in g t o t h e ir f a t h e r s 1 o c c u p a t io n s . T h e lo w e s t p r o p o r t io n o f p o s it iv e r e c o m m e n d a t io n s c a m e f r o m t h o s e m e n w h o s e f a t h e r s 1 o c c u p a t io n s w e r e h ig h in th e s o c i o e c o n o m ic s c a le - f o r e m e n and c r a ft s m e n ; p r o f e s s i o n a l and t e c h n ic a l w o r k e r s ; p r o p r i e t o r s , m a n a g e r s , and o f f i c i a l s ; o r c l e r i c a l (''w h it e c o l l a r " ) w o r k e r s . A f a v o r a b le r e c o m m e n d a t io n c a m e m o s t o fte n f r o m m e n w h o s e fa t h e r s had b e e n f a r m e r s and s e r v i c e w o r k e r s , lo w e r s k ille d fo u n d r y w o r k e r s and o th e r lo w e r s k ille d f a c t o r y w ork ers. N o n a p p r e n tic e d w o r k e r s r e c o m m e n d e d th e t r a d e m o r e o ft e n than d id t h e ir f o r m a l l y t r a in e d c o - w o r k e r s . T h e w o r k e r s w h o had had n o f o r m a l tr a in in g , a p p a r e n t ly b e lie v in g th e y had d o n e q u ite w e ll to a d v a n c e t h e m s e lv e s a s f a r a s th e y had d o n e , c o n s id e r e d that m o ld in g o f f e r e d a p r e t t y g o o d c h a n c e to g e t a h e a d . T h a t s u c h s u b je c t iv e e v a lu a tio n s e n t e r e d in to r e s p o n s e s to th e q u e r y is a l s o a p p a r e n t w h en the m e n w e r e g r o u p e d a c c o r d in g to t h e ir e x p la n a tio n s o f t h e ir ow n r e a s o n s f o r e n te r in g the o c c u p a t io n . O f th e 146 m e n w h o had b e c o m e m o ld e r s b e c a u s e th e y " li k e d the w o r k " o r g a v e s o m e o th e r in d ic a t io n o f jo b in t e r e s t , 94 o r 64. 4 p e r c e n t , r e c o m m e n d e d th e o c c u p a t io n , w h e r e a s o n ly 44 p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o b e c a m e m o ld e r s b e c a u s e o f the in flu e n c e o f f a m ily o r f r ie n d s f e lt that m o ld in g w a s a g o o d c a r e e r . It w o u ld s e e m f r o m the f o r e g o in g a n a ly s is that the q u e s tio n a s k e d o f t h e s e w o r k e r s o f f e r s a c o n v e n ie n t m e th o d o f a s c e r t a in in g w o r k e r s 1 a ttitu d e s t o w a r d s t h e ir w o r k . T h e s a m e q u e s t io n w a s a s k e d o f t o o l and d ie m a k e r s and a b o u t 70 p e r c e n t , 1 ,1 7 0 ou t o f 1 ,7 1 2 , g a v e a f fir m a t iv e r e c o m m e n d a t io n s . 8 T o o l and d ie m a k e r s a r e g e n e r a lly c o n s id e r e d to b e the e lit e o f m e t a lw o r k in g c r a f t s m e n ; m o l d e r s and c o r e m a k e r s ra n k lo w , in t e r m s o f p r e s t i g e , a m o n g c r a f t s m e n . T h e m u c h h ig h e r p r o p o r t io n o f t o o l and d ie m a k e r s w h o a r e s a t is f ie d w ith t h e ir s ta tu s , c o m p a r e d w ith the m o l d e r s , r e i h f o r c e s the h y p o t h e s is that th e r e s p o n s e g iv e n m e a s u r e d w o r k e r s 1 s a t is fa c t io n w ith t h e ir lo t . N a tu re and D u r a tio n o f T r a in in g W e ll o v e r h a lf (1 ,0 2 0 ) o f the m o l d e r s in t e r v ie w e d had s e r v e d a p p r e n t ic e s h ip s . A n apprentice^ a s d e fin e d b y th e B u r e a u o f A p p r e n t ic e s h ip , U . S. D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , i s a w o r k e r w ho, LU T h e M o b ilit y o f T o o l and D ie M a k e r s , o p . c i t . , u n p u b lish e d ta b le . -36u n d e r a w r it t e n o r o r a l a g r e e m e n t , le a r n s a r e c o g n iz e d s k ille d tr a d e r e q u ir in g at le a s t 2 y e a r s o f o n - t h e - j o b w ork e x p e r ie n c e and r e la t e d t r a d e c o u r s e s , s u c h a s b lu e p r in t r e a d in g . The a p p r e n t ic e s h ip p e r io d u s u a lly ra n 4 y e a r s ; m o r e than t w o t h ir d s o f the m o ld e r s r e p o r te d th is d u ration o f tra in in g . A p p r e n tic e s h ip s o f l e s s than 4 y e a r s d u r a tio n w e r e r e p o r te d b y 17 p e r ce n t o f th e m o ld e r s and 13 p e r c e n t r e p o r t e d a p p r e n tic e s h ip s in e x c e s s o f 4 y e a r s . P r a c t i c a l l y a ll o f th e a p p r e n t ic e - t r a in e d m e n in d ic a t e d that th ey had s e r v e d the s c h e d u le d t e r m o f t h e ir a p p r e n t ic e s h ip s and had b e e n a w a r d e d either a c e r t i f i c a t e f r o m an a p p r e n t ic e s h ip c o u n c il o r in dividual e m p lo y e r , o r m o r e fr e q u e n t ly , a jo u r n e y m a n c a r d fro m a u n ion . T h e k in d o f jo b tr a in in g a m o ld e r r e c e iv e d w a s p a r t ly d e t e r m in e d b y h is p e r s o n a l b a c k g r o u n d . M en w h o s e fa t h e r s w e r e fo u n d r y w o r k e r s had m o r e o fte n b e e n a p p r e n t ic e d . A b o u t t w o - t h ir d s o f the m e n w h o s e fa t h e r s w o r k e d in fo u n d r ie s had b e e n a p p r e n t ic e s , c o m p a r e d w ith s o m e w h a t m o r e than h a lf o f the r e m a in in g 1, 396 m e n . In a d d itio n , a p p r e n t ic e - t r a in e d m o ld e r s g e n e r a lly had m o r e s c h o o lin g . F o r t y p e r c e n t o f the a p p r e n t ic e - t r a in e d m e n had g o n e b e y o n d the eig h th g r a d e a s c o m p a r e d w ith 30 p e r c e n t o f the n o n a p p r e n tic e d m o l d e r s ; o n ly 11 p e r c e n t o f the a p p r e n t ic e s had fin is h e d 4 y e a r s o r l e s s o f s c h o o lin g , c o m p a r e d w ith 20 p e r c e n t o f the n on a p p r e n t ic e d w o r k e r s . The p r o p o r t io n o f N e g r o e s o r m o ld e r s o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t io n h a v in g a p p r e n t ic e tra in in g w a s s u b s ta n tia lly lo w e r than that f o r w h ite m o ld e r s (ta b le 6). H o w e v e r , the p r o p o r t io n o f s u c h w o r k e r s q u a lifie d T a b le 6 . - - D b y i s t r i b u t i o n r a c e a n d o f m e th o d m o ld e r s o f a n d c o r a m a k e r e q u a l i f i c a t i o n Race Method o f q u a lific a tio n A l l m olders and coremakers Number P ercent A l l m olders and c o r e makers . . . A p p r e n tic e o u ip e e e • Other than a p p r e n t ic e 8nlp • • e e Negroes and men o f Mexican e x t r a c t io n White Number Percent Number P ercent 1 ,8 0 0 100*0 1 .5 9 b 1 0 0 .0 206 1 0 0 .0 1,020 5 6 .7 938 5 8 .8 82 3 9 .8 780 b3*3 656 1*1. 2 12b 6 0 .2 -37th ro u g h a p p r e n t ic e s h ip h as b e e n in c r e a s in g s t e a d ily d u rin g the w a r and p o s t w a r p e r io d (ta b le E - 5 ) . T h is u n d o u b te d ly r e f l e c t s the g r e a t e r a c c e p t a n c e a c c o r d e d t h e s e g r o u p s in the in d u s tr y . F o r t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t o f the m e n in t e r v ie w e d h a d 'le a r n e d the tr a d e w ith ou t s e r v in g a p p r e n t ic e s h ip s . O n ly 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e m e n had s o m e m o r e o r l e s s f o r m a l o n - t h e - j o b tr a in in g b y w h ic h th e y had p r o g r e s s i v e l y le a r n e d the t r a d e . N o n -a p p r e n t ic e d m o l d e r s t y p ic a lly le a r n e d the t r a d e b y w o r k in g a s a m o l d e r 's h e lp e r , s o m e t im e s fo llo w in g e x p e r ie n c e a s a l a b o r e r . F e w o f the m e n had p r e v i o u s l y w o r k e d in o th e r fo u n d r y o p e r a t io n s su ch a s c h ip p in g , g r in d in g , m e lt in g e t c . S o m e o f t h e s e m e n w e n t d i r e c t l y f r o m la b o r e r s * jo b s in to m o ld in g . F o r e x a m p le , on e m a n s ta te d , " t h e p la n t n e e d e d a m o ld e r s o the f o r e m a n s h o w e d m e w hat to d o f o r a b o u t s ix m o n th s , th en I g o t th e m o n e y and d id the s a m e a s the r e s t o f th e m ( m o l d e r s ) . " A p p a r e n t ly , the p i e c e r a t e s y s t e m m a d e e n tr y in to the o c c u p a t io n e a s i e r f o r t h e s e r e la t iv e ly u n tr a in e d m e n . M an y o f t h e s e m e n r e p o r t e d s o m e th in g s im ila r to the fo llo w in g : " w o r k e d a s a l a b o r e r and w a tc h e d the m o l d e r s . A f t e r a w h ile , 1 f e l t I c o u ld d o the w o r k and a s k e d the b o s s to b r e a k m e in to th e jo b . H e p u t m e o n p i e c e w o r k and I d id O K . " T h e d e t e r m in a tio n o f the le n g th o f " t r a in in g p e r i o d " f o r the w o r k e r s w h o had s e r v e d n o a p p r e n t ic e s h ip p e r io d p r e s e n t e d s o m e p r o b l e m , s in c e m a n y o f th e m c la im e d that th e y b e g a n w o r k in g a s m o l d e r s a ft e r lit t le tr a in in g . I m m e d ia t e ly a ft e r n o m in a lly q u a li fy in g a s m o l d e r s , t h e s e m e n w e r e a b le to p e r f o r m o n ly r o u t in e , s im p le w o r k and c o u ld n ot h a v e c o m p a r e d in p r o f i c i e n c y w ith the a p p r e n t ic e - t r a in e d w o r k e r . H o w e v e r , at the t im e o f in t e r v ie w a ll t h e s e m e n w e r e c a r r i e d on the e m p lo y e r s * p a y r o lls a s hand m o l d e r s and w e r e e a r n in g m o ld e r s * w a g e s . T h e r e f o r e , u n le s s the q u e s t io n n a ir e s h o w e d o b v io u s s ig n s o f in c o n s is t e n c y , the " t r a in in g " h is t o r y and d a te o f q u a lific a t io n g iv e n w e r e a c c e p t e d . F o r t h o s e m e n w h o w o r k e d f i r s t a s m o ld e r s * h e lp e r s , and th en b e c a m e m o l d e r s , o n ly the t im e w o r k e d a s a 'h e lp e r w a s c o n s id e r e d to b e the tr a in in g p e r i o d , and p r i o r w o r k e x p e r ie n c e in the fo u n d r y in o th e r o c c u p a t io n s , i f a n y , w a s n ot co u n te d . F o r t h o s e m e n w ho e it h e r w en t d i r e c t l y f r o m la b o r e r s * jo b s to m o ld in g o r w h o c la im e d th e y s ta r te d im m e d ia t e ly a s m o l d e r s , the t im e w h ic h th e y c la im e d it t o o k th e m to r e a c h p r o f i c i e n c y w a s c o n s id e r e d to b e th e tr a in in g p e r io d . T h e a c h ie v e m e n t o f the p r o p e r l e v e l o f p r o f i c i e n c y w a s in d ic a t e d b y a s ta te m e n t that jo u r n e y m e n w a g e s w e r e p a id , o r that a jo u r n e y m a n c a r d w a s is s u e d , o r that the in d iv id u a l w a s g iv e n a jo b a 8 a jo u r n e y m a n . On th is b a s i s , the a v e r a g e d u r a tio n o f s u c h in fo r m a l tr a in in g w a s c o n s id e r a b ly s h o r t e r than that fou n d f o r a p p r e n t ic e s . -38- M o r e than 40 p e r c e n t o f m o l d e r s w h o had no a p p r e n t ic e tr a in in g r e p o r t e d le a r n in g p e r i o d s o f 2 y e a r s o r l e s s ; 83 p e r c e n t g o t j o b s a s m o l d e r s a f t e r 4 y e a r s o r l e s s . T h e w id e r a n g e o f th e tr a in in g p e r io d s r e p o r t e d a p p a r e n tly r e f l e c t s the d i v e r s i t y o f s k ill l e v e l s in the o c c u p a t io n that h a s d e v e lo p e d f r o m c h a n g e s in fo u n d r y t e c h n o lo g y and the c o n tin u in g d ilu t io n o f the s k ills r e q u ir e d o f m a n y o f the th e m o l d e r s . M u ch o f th e w o r k d on e b y hand m o l d e r s to d a y is r e p e t it iv e and r e la t iv e ly lim it e d in s c o p e . T h e w id e r a n g e o f s k ill l e v e l s that e x is t in th e o c c u p a t io n to d a y p e r m i t s r e l a t i v e l y u n tra in e d m e n t o e n te r th e o c c u p a t io n a t lo w e r l e v e l s than the a ll- r o u n d w o r k e r . T h e e x is t e n c e o f t h e s e g r a d a t io n s o f s k ill p e r m it s a r e c o n c i l i a t i o n b e t w e e n the g e n e r a lly a c c e p t e d 4 - y e a r a p p r e n t ic e s h ip and th e s h o r t e r le a r n in g p e r i o d r e p o r t e d b y m a n y o f the n on a p p r e n t ic e d m en. A b o u t 1 ou t o f 8 o f th e m o ld e r s had r e c e i v e d s o m e k in d o f c l a s s r o o m in s t r u c t io n w h ic h w a s r e la t e d to th e o c c u p a t io n . Study c o u r s e s in c lu d e d b lu e p r in t r e a d in g , sh op m a t h e m a t ic s , fo u n d r y p r a c t i c e , and b a s i c m e t a llu r g y . A b o u t 72 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e m e n had ta k e n c o u r s e s w h ile e m p lo y e d in the fo u n d r y ; 21 p e r c e n t had t h e s e c o u r s e s in s c h o o ls b e f o r e s ta r tin g fo u n d r y w o r k . T h e r e m a in in g 7 p e r c e n t o f th e m e n had ta k en the c o u r s e s b o th w h ile th e y w e r e s t ill in s c h o o l and a ft e r th e y had s ta r t e d f u l l - t i m e fo u n d r y w o r k . B e c a u s e a p p r e n tic e tra in in g a g reem en ts o fte n s tip u la te s o m e f o r m a l in s t r u c t io n in a d d itio n to w o r k e x p e r ie n c e , m o r e a p p r e n t ic e - t r a in e d m o l d e r s had stu d ie d s u c h c o u r s e s th an had n o n a p p r e n t ic e d m e n . O ne ou t o f 6 a p p r e n t ic e d m e n r e p o r t e d t e c h n ic a l s c h o o lin g c o m p a r e d w ith 1 ou t o f 14 n on a p p r e n t ic e d w o r k e r s . T h e p r o p o r t io n o f m o l d e r s w h o h a v e ta k en c o u r s e s in a d d itio n to o n - t h e - j o b tr a in in g h a s s te a d ily in c r e a s e d . O f the m o ld e r s w h o q u a lifie d a s jo u r n e y m e n in 1929 o r e a r l i e r , 1 ou t o f 12 had s o m e t e c h n ic a l c o u r s e s a s c o m p a r e d w ith 1 o u t o f 5 m o l d e r s w h o q u a lifie d b e t w e e n 1946 and 1952. T h e a d v a n ta g e o f b r o a d tr a in in g t o g e t h e r w ith s o m e e m p h a s is on b a c k g r o u n d in r e la t e d s u b je c t s and t h e o r y is in d ic a t e d b y the f a c t that the p r o p o r t io n o f f o r e m e n w h o had s o m e t e c h n ic a l s c h o o lin g w a s t w ic e a s h ig h a s f o r o th e r m o ld e r s . M o b ilit y M o v e m e n t jn and O ut o f the O c c u p a tio n - O ne im p o r t a n t a s p e c t o f the m o b ilit y o f m o l d e r s i s th e ir in t e r - o c c u p a t io n a l m o v e m e n t. T h e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t o f m o ld e r s in and ou t o f the t r a d e and the a m ou n t o f t im e th e y sp en d o u t s id e m o ld in g a r e im p o r t a n t to m a n p o w e r o f f i c i a l s b e c a u s e o f the e f f e c t s on the a v a ila b le s u p p ly o f t h e s e s k ille d w o r k e r s . A l s o , the k in d s o f w o r k m o ld e r s d o w h en w o r k in g o u t s id e the fo u n d r y m a y in d ic a t e th e e x is t e n c e and e x te n t o f u n d e r u t iliz a t io n o f m a n p o w e r r e s o u r c e s . - 3 9 - F r o m th e p o in t o f v ie w o f m a n p o w e r s u p p ly , o c c u p a tio n a l m o v e m e n t1 9 w a s o f r e la t iv e ly m in o r im p o r ta n c e . B e t w e e n 19 4 0 a n d 1 9 5 2 , 2 6 8 m e n o r 1 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e 1 ,8 0 0 m e n i n t e r v i e w e d h a d w o r k e d o u ts id e m o ld in g ; th e t im e th e y h a d s p e n t o u ts id e th e t r a d e r e p r e s e n t e d o n l y 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l t i m e t h e 1 ,8 0 0 m e n s p e n t in th e la b o r f o r c e m in o r im p o r ta n c e , creased a s j o u r n e y m e n m o l d e r s . 20 A lth o u g h o f th e tim e lo s t to th e o c c u p a tio n n o t o n ly d e th e s u p p ly o f m o ld e r s to th e fo u n d r ie s b u t w a s a ls o o v e r a ll lo s s to th e e c o n o m y . w o r k e r s h e ld A n a ly s is sh o w e d th a t m o s t o f th e m an o f th e " o u ts id e " jo b s th e s e w ere a t lo w e r s k ill le v e ls a n d th u s r e p r e s e n t e d u n d e r - u t iliz a t io n o f m a n p o w e r r e s o u r c e s . O n ly a s m a ll p r o p o r t io n n o m in a lly b e c la s s i f ie d o f th e jo b s in n o n m o ld in g w o r k c o u ld as h ie r a c h y o f o c c u p a tio n s . jo b s w e r e in s e m is k ille d e q u a l to o r h ig h e r th a n m o ld in g B y f a r th e la r g e s t n u m b e r fa c to ry w o rk . A fe w to th e p r o b le m o f n o n m o ld in g m en ow ned or m a n a g e d s m a ll b u s in e s s e s . M o s t o f th e r e m a in d e r m o ld in g jo b s w e r e in th e b u ild in g t r a d e s . O f in t e r e s t w ith r e g a r d even in th e o f th e n o n o f a u g m e n tin g th e s u p p ly o f m o ld e r s d u r in g m o b iliz a t io n i s th e f a c t th a t q u a lifie d m o ld e r s w h o h a d b e e n w o r k in g in o th e r f i e l d s d id r e t u r n to th e o c c u p a tio n d u r in g th e 1 2 - y e a r p e r io d s u r v e y e d . The year by year jo b m o v e m e n t s o f m o ld e r s in d ic a t e s th a t m o s t o f th e in flu x o c c u r r e d i n t w o p e r i o d s *of e x p a n d i n g a c t i v i t y f o r f o u n d r i e s : t h e e a r l y t4 0 t s a n d a g a in in 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 . T h is s u g g e s t s th a t, a lth o u g h s o m e m e n le a v e fo u n d r y w o r k in g o o d t im e s , t h e r e is a ls o a te n d e n c y fo r o th e r s w h o h a d p r e v io u s ly le f t th e o c c u p a tio n to r e t u r n to it w h e n jo b s a r e p le n tifu l. A n a n a ly s is o f th e w o r k h is t o r ie s o f th e 10 8 m e n w h o r e t u r n e d to m o ld in g in 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 i ll u s t r a t e s th e p a t t e r n w h ic h h a s o ccu rred . T e n p e r c e n t o f t h e s e 10 8 w o r k e r s h a d l e f t th e o c c u p a tio n p r io r to 19 4 0 , s o n o r e c o r d i s a v a ila b le o f t h e ir r e a s o n s fo r le a v in g th e tr a d e . O f th e 98 w o r k e r s w h o g a v e r e a s o n s ., 56 p e r c e n t le f t m o ld in g a f t e r b e in g la id o ff, 19 p e r c e n t h a d " w a n te d to g e t o u t o f th e t r a d e ," a n d 2 5 p e r c e n t g a v e m is c e lla n e o u s r e a s o n s fo r le a v in g th e o c c u p a tio n . W h e n a s k e d w h y th e y r e e n t e r e d m o ld in g , 70 p e r c e n t s a id th e y c o u ld m a k e m o r e m o n e y in m o ld in g , 2 5 p e r c e n t s a id it w a s L—J A n o c c u p a tio n a l s h ift w a s d e fin e d a s a n y jo b in v o lv e d a c h a n g e o f jo b d u tie s , p lo y e r . th e c h a n g e w h ic h w ith o r w ith o u t a c h a n g e o f e m 2 0 i —J It s h o u ld b e r e c o g n iz e d m e n w h o w e r e w o r k in g m ade. U n d o u b te d ly , d u r in g th e p e r io d th a t th e s e d a ta r e f e r in th e t r a d e a t th e t im e th e som e m en w ho w orked 19 4 0 -5 2 H ow la r g e to th e to ta l n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s h o w m a n y o c c u p a tio n a l c h a n g e s th e y m a d e , th e n o n in c lu s io n o f m o ld e r s a r e P u rvey w as a s m o ld e r s s o m e tim e s h ifte d to o th e r fie ld s o f w o r k a n d h a d n o t r e t u r n e d to m o ld in g in e a r ly * 1 9 5 2 . m ig h t b e c o m p a r e d o n ly to th o s e th is g ro u p in th e o c c u p a tio n , and th u s, to w h a t e x te n t o f th is g ro u p u n d e r s ta te s th e o c c u p a tio n a l m o b ility not know n. -40 f i r s t jo b a v a ila b le , a n d 5 p e r c e n t g a v e m is c e lla n e o u s r e a s o n s . A f a i r l y d e fin ite p a tte r n th u s e m e r g e s ; m o r e th a n h a lf o f th e m e n w h o l e f t th e o c c u p a t io n d id t h e y w a n te d to t r y so in v o lu n t a r ily .. O th e rs h ad d o n e so b e c a u s e t h e ir lu c k a t s o m e th in g tu r n e d to th e t r a d e s im p ly b e c a u s e o th e r w o r k a n d r e c o g n iz e d e ls e . M o s t o f th e m re th e y c o u ld n o t d o a s w e ll in th a t t h e ir b e s t o p p o r tu n itie s w e r e in m o ld in g . M o v e m e n t o u t o f th e o c c u p a tio n o v e r th e 1 2 - y e a r p e r io d fo llo w e d a n a p p a r e n t p a tte r n . O n e la r g e g ro u p o f m o ld e r s to o k jo b s o u ts id e th e o c c u p a tio n fo llo w in g t h e ir m i li t a r y s e r v i c e b u t l a t e r r e tu r n e d to m o ld in g . T h e r e c e s s i o n in 19 4 9 c u r t a i le d fo u n d r y a c t i v i t y a n d a p p a r e n tly im p e lle d a n o th e r g r o u p o f m o ld e r s w h o h a d b e e n la id o ff o r w o r k in g s h o r t h o u r s to s h if t to o th e r o c c u p a t io n s . T h ese m en r e e n t e r e d m o ld in g in 19 5 0 a n d 1 9 5 1 w h e n fo u n d r y w o r k e x p a n d e d a n d jo b s b e c a m e a v a ila b le . M o v e m e n t B e tw e e n E m p lo y e r s - M o ld e r s a r e , b y an d la r g e , n o t a m o b ile g r o u p . L e s s th a n h a lf th e m o ld e r s in th e s u r v e y h a d c h a n g e d j o b s d u r in g th e 1 2 - y e a r p e r i o d , a n d t h o s e w h o d id e a c h averaged 2. 6 s h ifts . M oreo ver, 37 p e r c e n t (6 6 7 m e n ) h a d b e e n Chart 8. Mora Than One-Third of the Molders Had Been Working on Hie Same Job Longer Than Ten Years Nrcsnt 40 r * Year and Less 1-1 »o 2 Years 2.1 to 5 Years D U R A T IO N O P C U RR EN T J O B UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 5.1 to 10 Years More than 10 Years -4 1 w o rk th e y jo b s w o rk in g in t h e ir c u r r e n t j o b s f o r m o r e th a n 10 y e a r s a t th e t im e w e r e in t e r v ie w e d , 21 2 5 . 3 p e r c e n t (4 6 5 m e n ) h a d n o t c h a n g e d f o r 1 5 y e a r s o r m o r e , a n d 1 1 . 3 p e r c e n t (2 0 3 m e n ) h a d b e e n in g o n th e s a m e jo b fo r 25 y e a r s o r m o r e . A c o n s id e r a b le p r o p o r tio n o f th e jo b c h a n g e s o f m o ld e r s w a s m a d e b y a s m a ll g r o u p o f h ig h ly m o b ile m e n w h o m ig h t b e c h a r a c te r iz e d a s " d r if t e r s . " T h e 1 1 6 m e n w h o m a d e fiv e o r m o r e ch a n g e s r e p r e s e n t e d a b o u t 6 p e r c e n t o f a ll th e w o r k e r s b u t a c c o u n te d fo r 34 p e r c e n t o f th e jo b c h a n g e s (ta b le E - 6 ) . O n e o f th e p r o b le m s c o n n e c te d w ith th e e s t a b lis h m e n t o f tr a in in g p r o g r a m s is th e fe e lin g o f e m p lo y e r s th a t it d o e s n o t p a y th e m to p a r t ic ip a t e in s u c h p r o g r a m s . T h e o p e r a tio n o f a w e llro u n d e d p r o g r a m in v o lv e s th e u tiliz a t io n o f s u p e r v is o r s a s tr a in in g p e r s o n n e l. O fte n it in v o lv e s g iv in g th e t r a in e e s tim e o ff th e jo b f o r s c h o o lin g , a n d r e q u i r e s th e p a y m e n t o f a w a g e to th e w o r k e r w h en he is , fro m th e e m p l o y e e s p o in t o f v ie w , in a n o n p r o d u c tiv e sta tu s . S o m e e m p lo y e r s m a y fe e l th a t th e y d o n o t r e c e iv e a n a d e q u a te r e t u r n o n th is in v e s tm e n t o f tim e a n d m o n e y b e c a u s e w o rker, a ft e r b e c o m in g a jo u r n e y m a n , so o n le a v e s th e th e p la n t a n d s e e k s m o r e a t t r a c t iv e o p p o r tu n itie s e ls e w h e r e . T h e d a ta o f th e s tu d y d o n o t s u b s ta n tia te th is b e lie f . A b o u t 37 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s s tu d ie d s t a y e d 6 y e a r s o r lo n g e r a s jo u r n e y m e n in th e p la n ts w h e r e th e y h a d le a r n e d th e t r a d e . T w e n ty -tw o p e r c e n t o f th e to ta l r e m a in e d lo n g e r th a n 10 y e a r s a s q u a lifie d m o ld e r s w ith th e e m p lo y e r s w h o h a d tr a in e d th e m . M o r e o v e r , th e d a ta in d ic a te t h a t th e t r e n d i s f o r m o l d e r s to s t a y lo n g e r in th e p la n t s w h e r e th e y w e r e tr a in e d . T h is r e f l e c t s th e c h a n g in g m e a n in g o f th e w o r d " jo u r n e y m a n ." T h e t e r m to d a y d e s ig n a te s th e w o r k e r w h o h a d g ra d u a te d fr o m a tr a in e e s ta tu s . O r ig in a lly , it m e a n t a n a p p r e n tic e w h o h a d c o m p le te d h is tr a in in g a n d h a d b e g u n t r a v e lin g fr o m o n e jo b to a n o th e r in o r d e r to le a r n s o m e o f th e fin e r p o in ts o f h is a r t . G r a d u a lly th is p r a c t ic e h a s d is a p p e a r e d . W h e r e a s o n e - th ir d o f th e m e n w h o q u a lifie d b e f o r e 1 9 1 5 r e m a in e d 6 y e a r s o r m o r e in th e p la n ts w h e r e th e y h a d q u a lifie d , h a lf o f th e m e n w h o le a r n e d th e t r a d e b e tw e e n 19 4 0 a n d 19 4 5 r e m a in e d s ix y e a r s o r m o r e w ith th e e m p lo y e r in w h o s e p la n t th e y le a r n e d t h e ir t r a d e ( ta b le E - 7 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , o f th e 3 5 7 m e n w h o q u a lifie d b e tw e e n 19 4 0 a n d 19 4 5 , o n ly 6 2 o r a b o u t 1 7 p e r c e n t , l e f t th e p la n t s in w h ic h t h e y h a d le a r n e d th e tr a d e fo r v o lu n ta r y r e a s o n s w o r k in g c o n d itio n s . su ch a s fo r b e tte r w a g e s o r b e tte r T h e r e m a in d e r th e p la n t o r h a d le f t o n ly b e c a u s e 2 th e g ro u p e ith e r w e r e o f la y o ff, s t i l l e m p lo y e d a t s la c k w o r k o r b e c a u s e 1 / E v e n th e s e fig u r e s a c t u a lly u n d e r s ta te th e im m o b ility o f s in c e a n a d d itio n a l 18 p e r c e n t o f th e 1 ,8 0 0 m e n h a d b e e n w ith o n e e m p lo y e r f o r t h e ir e n t ir e w o r k in g l i v e s h a d n o t b e e n q u a lifie d w o r k e r s fo r a s m a n y a s a s m o ld e r s b u t 10 y e a r s . -4 2 t h e y w e r e c a l le d in to th e A r m e d F o r c e s . T h u s , in r e c e n t y e a r s th e p r o p o r tio n o f n e w t r a in e e s w h o h a v e , o f th e ir o w n d e s ir e , le f t th e p la n ts w h e r e th e y w e r e t r a in e d w ith in a fe w y e a r s a f t e r q u a lify in g h a s n ot b e e n la r g e . O n th e b a s i s o f th e fin d in g s in t h is s tu d y it a p p e a r s th a t e m p lo y e r s to d a y m a y p la n tr a in in g p r o g r a m s fo r m o ld e r s w ith a f a i r l y h ig h d e g r e e o f c o n fid e n c e th a t th e n e w ly t r a in e d w o r k e r s w ill s t a y w ith th e m f o r a r e a s o n a b le le n g th o f t im e . T h e w id e c h a n g e s in e c o n o m ic a c t iv it y a n d fo u n d r y o u tp u t th a t o c c u r r e d fr o m 19 4 0 to 19 5 2 a r e r e f le c t e d in th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t o f m o ld e r s b e tw e e n e m p lo y e r s . T h e r a t e o f jo b c h a n g in g v a r ie d , f lu c tu a tin g w ith c h a n g in g e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n s ( ta b le 7 ). S ta r tin g o ff r e la t iv e l y lo w in 1 9 4 0 , th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t i n c r e a s e d in 1 9 4 1 a n d 1 9 4 2 a s fo u n d r y a c t iv it y p ic k e d u p d u r in g th e p r e p a r e d n e s s p e r io d a n d m o ld e r s r e tu r n e d to th e fo u n d r ie s fr o m o th e r f ie ld s . In 19 4 3 w h e n w a r t im e p r o d u c t io n w a s a t a h ig h l e v e l , th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t f e l l to it s lo w e s t p o in t d u r in g th e 12 y e a r s , s in c e th e m a jo r e x p a n s io n o f e m p lo y m e n t fo r th e in d u s tr y a n d th e a d ju s tm e n t o f m a n p o w e r r e q u ir e m e n ts fo r in d iv id u a l p la n ts h a d a lr e a d y ta k e n p la c e . (G o vern m en t m a n p o w e r r e s t r ic t i o n s m a y a ls o h a v e b e e n a f a c t o r c a u s in g th e lo w m o b ility r a te T a b le o f th e se y e a r s .) 7 .- ~ R a te o f jo b In 19 4 5 th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t in c r e a s e d c h a n g in g o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r a m a k e r s , b y y e a r o f ch an ges* 19 U O » 52 - 4 3 - sh a rp ly a s m a n y fo u n d r ie s la id o ff w o r k e r s in th e r e - c o n v e r s i o n p e r io d im m e d ia te ly fo llo w in g th e w a r . D u r in g th e f i r s t p o s t w a r y e a r s , th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t w a s s te a d y . It r o s e a g a in in 19 4 9 a s m a n y m e n w e r e la id o ff, a n d m o v e d to p e a k l e v e l s in 19 5 0 a n d 1 9 5 1 w h e n fo u n d r y e m p lo y m e n t e x p a n d e d to m e e t th e n e e d s o f th e K o r e a n d e fe n s e p r o g r a m . T o m e e t th e n e e d s o f d e fe n s e p r o d u c tio n p la n t s f o r s k ille d w o r k e r s , it is im p o r ta n t to h a v e s o m e id e a o f th e e x te n t a n d le v e l o f v o lu n ta r y jo b c h a n g e s . Q f th e 9 2 7 m e n w h o c h a n g e d jo b s , 650 o r 79 p e r c e n t, h a d m a d e o n e o r m o r e v o lu n ta r y c h a n g e s . A c lo s e r e la tio n s h ip e x is t e d b e t w e e n e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n s a n d v o lu n t a r y m o v e m e n t o f w o rk ers in th e la b o r m a r k e t . m e n t w a s e x p a n d in g , q u e n tly . O n th e o th e r h a n d , r a t e o f q u its d ro p p e d . A n e s tim a te D u r in g th e y e a r s w h e n fo u n d r y e m p lo y m o ld e r s ch a n g e d jo b s o f th e ir o w n a c c o r d f r e w h e n fo u n d r y a c t iv it y w a s d e c lin in g , th e o f th e a m o u n t o f v o lu n ta r y m o v e m e n t lik e ly to o c c u r in th e n e a r fu t u r e c a n b e m a d e b y p r o je c t in g th e d a ta o b ta in e d in th e s tu d y . If th e fr e q u e n c y o f th e v o lu n ta r y m o v e m e n t o f th e e s t i m a t e d 6 2 ,5 0 0 m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s e m p l o y e d i n 1 9 5 2 w e r e t h e sam e a s th a t o f th e 1 ,8 0 0 m e n i n t h e s a m p l e d u r i n g t h e 12 y e a r s c o v e r e d b y t h e s u r v e y , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 ,7 0 0 v o l u n t a r y s h i f t s w o u ld b e m a d e a n n u a lly . S in c e th e n u m b e r o f s h ifts a n d m o ld e r s is n o t id e n tic a l h o w e v e r (a s m a ll n u m b e r o f m e n m a y c h a n g e jo b s m o r e th a n o n c e in a g i v e n y e a r ) t h e 4 ,7 0 0 v o l u n t a r y 4 ,0 0 0 s h ift s in d ic a te th a t r o u g h ly m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w o u ld c h a n g e j o b s in t h is c o u n t r y e a c h year. F a c t o r s A ffe c tin g M o v e m e n t B e tw e e n E m p lo y e r s - T h e a m o u n t o f m o v e m e n t^1 w a s a ffe c te d b y a n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s s u c h a s a g e , e x p o s u r e to th e la b o r f o r c e , s e n io r ity , h o m e o w n e r s h ip , an d m ilita r y s e r v ic e . O th e r o b s e r v a b le c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e w o r k e r s s u c h a s m a r i t a l s t a t u s , e d u c a t io n , a n d r a c e w e r e a p p a r e n t ly n o t r e la t e d to th e p r o p e n s it y o f m o ld e r s to c h a n g e jo b s . T h e r e w a s a p p a r e n tly a n in v e r s e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n a g e a n d th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t; th e h ig h e r th e a g e , th e lo w e r th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t. T h is r e la t io n s h ip is n o t, h o w e v e r , b r o u g h t o u t c l e a r l y b y a n e x a m in a tio n o f th e a m o u n t o f m o v e m e n t b a s e d o n a g r o u p in g o f w o r k e r s a c c o r d in g to t h e ir a g e s a t th e t im e o f th e s u r v e y ( t a b le 8 ). S u c h a n a n a ly s is r e s u lt s in a n 2 j| / — _/ I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e r a t i o o f v o lu n ta r y to in v o lu n ta r y m o v e m e n t w a s a b o u t th e s a m e fo r a ll w o r k e r s n o m a t t e r h o w th e y w e r e g r o u p e d , e x c e p t in a fe w s p e c if ic c a t e g o r ie s . C o n s e q u e n tly , m o s t o f th e ta b u la tio n s a r e p r e s e n te d c o n c lu s io n s b a s e d in t e r m s o n th e s e ta b le s , th e d a ta w e r e fo r v o lu n ta r y m o v e m e n t. o f to ta l m o v e m e n t. h o w ever, a r e th e The sa m e a s if T a b le 8 .— Job C h a n g e s b y A g e o f M o ld e r s a n d C o re m a k e r s a t T im e o f S u r v e y A verage num ber o f c h a n g e s m ade b y A ll m o ld e r s and A ge g ro u p co re m ak ers M o ld e r s an d co rem ak ers vho N um ber 44- A ll age gro u p s mm mm - changed jo b s one o r m ore t im e s jo b — M o ld e r s an d co rem a k ers T o ta l num ber o f jo b changes A l l m o ld e r s who ch an ged and co rem ak ers jo b s one o r m ore t im e s P ercen t 1,8 0 0 827 1 * 5 .9 2 ,1 2 8 1 .2 2 .6 19 - 2 k y e a r s — mm 12 2 1 6 .7 2 .2 1 .0 25 29 y e a rs — - 83 30 3 6 .1 63 .8 2 .1 30 - 3^ y e a r s — mm 260 10 8 1 * 1 .5 291 1 .1 2 .7 35 “ 39 y e a r s - - 250 119 1 * 7 .6 355 1 . 1* 3 .0 1*0 - 1*1* y e a r s — - 2 15 125 5 8 .1 362 1 .7 2 .9 1*5 - - 17 2 89 5 1 .7 250 1 .5 2 .8 - 186 10 7 5 7 .5 267 1 . 1* 2 .5 - 2«*9 10 1 1*0 .6 232 .9 2 .3 - 2 15 9* 1 * 3 .7 19 9 .9 1 .7 - 158 52 3 2 .9 10 7 .7 1 .0 - 820 381* 1 * 6 .8 1 .0 7 3 1 .3 2 .8 - 980 1*1*3 1 * 5 .2 1W 55 1 .1 2 .1 * - **9 y e a r s 50 - 5 k y e a r s - - — 55 - 59 y e a r s 60 - 6k years 65 y e a r s a n d o v e r U n d e r 1*5 y e a r s 1*5 y e a r s and «• over mm - 4 5 - u n d e r s ta te m e n t o f th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t o f y o u n g e r w o r k e r s b e c a u s e m a n y o f t h e m d id n o t e n t e r th e l a b o r f o r c e u n t il a f t e r 1 9 4 0 a n d c o n s e q u e n t ly d id n o t h a v e th e f u l l 1 2 y e a r s in w h ic h to m a k e s h i f t s . If h o w e v e r , th e a m o u n t o f m o v e m e n t i s r e la t e d to t h e “ n u m b e r o f y e a r s w orked a t g iv e n a g e s , th e n u m b e r o f s h ifts p e r m a n - y e a r sh ow s an a l m o s t u n i n t e r r u p t e d d e c l i n e a s a g e i n c r e a s e s ( t a b l e 9 ) . 23 a s a w h o le c h a n g e d jo b s a b o u t h a lf a s o fte n w h e n th e y w e r e of age o r o v e r a s t h e y d id w h e n t h e y w e r e y o u n g e r th a n 4 5 . T h e ra te a ls o M o ld e r s 45 y e a rs a t w h ic h m o ld e r s a ffe c te d b y th e ir sta tu s and c o re m a k e rs as h om eow n ers. c h a n g e d jo b s w a s The 9 16 m en w ho w e re h o m e o w n e r s a t th e tim e o f th e s u r v e y h a d m a d e a n a v e r a g e o f 1 . 1 p e r c e n t s h ift s e a c h , c o m p a r e d w ith a n a v e r a g e o f 1 . 3 s h ift s e a c h f o r th e 8 7 6 m e n w h o d id n o t o w n h o m e s . H o w e v e r , a n a ly s is o f h o m e o w n e r s h ip m ade s ta tu s a t th e t im e o f jo b s ig n ific a n t ly m o r e jo b s h ift sh o w e d th a t n o n h o m e o w n e rs c h a n g e s p e r m a n - y e a r w o r k e d th a n d id h o m e o w n e r s (ta b le E - 8 ) . M o b ility o f m o ld e r s w a s n o t s ig n ific a n tly a ffe c te d b y s u c h p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s a s m a r it a l s ta tu s , e d u c a tio n , r a c e , o r n a tiv ity . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s in m o b ilit y t h a t d id a p p e a r c o u ld b e a ttr ib u te d p r im a r ily to a g e . G r o u p in g m o ld e r s b y th e n u m b e r o f m o n th s t h e y w e r e in th e la b o r f o r c e in th e p e r io d c o v e r e d b y th e s u r v e y s h o w e d d if f e r e n c e s 2 3/ ___/ A c o m p a r is o n o f ta b le s 8 an d 9 illu s tr a te s b e tw e e n th e tw o m e th o d s o f a n a ly s is . T a b le th e d iffe r e n c e 8 sh o w s th a t a to ta l o f 6 5 s h i f t s w e r e m a d e b y t h e 9 5 w o r k e r s w h o w e r e l e s s t h a n 30 y e a r s o f a g e w h e n in te r v ie w e d , a n a v e r a g e o f 0. 7 s h ifts e a c h . T h e ta b le a l s o s h o w s t h a t t h e 3 7 3 m e n w h o w e r e m o r e t h a n 60 y e a r s o ld w h e n in te r v ie w e d h a d m a d e 306 s h ift s , a n a v e r a g e o f a b o u t 0. 8 s h ifts e a c h . T h u s , th e im p r e s s io n is g iv e n th a t th e r a t e o f m o b ilit y w a s a lm o s t th e s a m e fo r b o th g r o u p s . H ow ever, w h e n th e a n a ly s is i s m a d e in t e r m s o f th e a g e s w h ic h t h e s e m e n h a d a tta in e d w h e n th e y c h a n g e d jo b s , a d iffe r e n t p ic tu r e e m e r g e s . A s ta b le 9 s h o w s , 344 s h if t s w e r e m a d e o v e r th e 1 2 - y e a r p e r io d b y w o r k e r s w h o w e r e u n d e r 30 y e a r s o f a g e w h e n t h e y s h ift e d . D u r in g th e s a m e 12 y e a r s , t h e s e m e n h a d w o r k e d a t o t a l o f 2 ,1 4 3 m a n - y e a r s w h ile t h e y w e r e u n d e r 30 y e a r s o f a g e . T h u s , m o ld e r s a s a w h o le , w h e n in t h is a g e g r o u p , a v e r a g e d 0. 16 4 s h ifts p e r y e a r . T h e ta b le a ls o s h o w s th a t 1 1 0 s h ift s w e re m ade w hen w o rk e rs w ere m a n -y e a rs w e re w orked 60 y e a r s a t th e se a g e s . o ld o r m o r e a n d th a t 1 ,6 7 6 T h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f s h ifts fo r th e u p p e r a g e b r a c k e t w a s 0 . 0 6 5 p e r y e a r . T h u s , th is a n a ly s is in d ic a t e s th a t m o ld e r s w e r e tw o a n d o n e - h a lf t im e s a s m o b ile in t h e ir younger y ea rs th a n w h e n th e y a p p r o a c h e d th e e n d o f t h e ir w o r k in g liv e s . -4 6 - T a b le 9 . — J o b C h a n g e s o f H o ld e r s an d C o r e n a k e r S j b y A g e a t T i n e o f C h a n g e , I 9 HO -5 2 N um ber o f jo b c h a n g e s m ade b y aen a t Age s p e c ifie d ages N um ber o f n a n - Job y e a rs vo rked n a n -y e a r nade b y n en a t s p e c i d u r in g p e r io d , b y uen a t s p e c ifie d 2 ,1 2 8 ch an ges p er fie d ages . ages 18 ,0 0 0 0 .1 1 8 k 88 .1 2 5 A l l a g e s --------- ---- - - 1 9 - 2k y e a r s - 6l - 283 1 ,6 5 5 •171 2 5 - 2 9 years - - 30 - 3 4 y e a r s — - 38 k 2 ,H 30 .1 5 8 35 - 39 y e a r s ---------- 363 2 ,2 6 6 .1 6 0 HO - kk y e a rs - - - 282 2 ,1 5 6 .1 3 1 H5 - H9 y e a r s - - - 26 k 2 , k 68 .1 0 7 50 - 5k y e a r s - - - 208 2 ,6 7 2 .0 7 8 55 - 59 y e a r s - - - 173 2 ,1 8 9 .0 7 9 60 - 6 k y e a r s - - - 82 1 , 20 k .0 6 8 65 - 7 9 y e a r s - - - 28 k J2 .0 5 9 U nder k5 y e a r s - - - 1 ,3 7 3 8 ,9 9 5 .1 5 3 O ver k5 y e a rs - - - 755 9 ,0 0 5 . 08 k -47in m o b i l i t y . Workers qualifying a s m o l d e r s with fewer m o n t h s m a d e in the l a b o r f o r c e after proportionately m o r e r e l a t i o n to t h e l e n g t h of t h e i r w o r k experience. difference, for however, with fewest years b e the y o u n g e s t . was S o m e of t h e w o r k e r s they e n t e r e d the military service. subtracted f r o m civilian l a b o r force, t r a d e d u r i n g the s i nce the w o r k e r s a r e a l s o l ikely to b e the n u m b e r m o r e Upon were qualified m o l d e r s Since the t i m e s p e n t in their potential t i m e in the of y e a r s s p e n t in t h e 12-year period w a s these veterans m a d e entire group. in o f th i s A n o t h e r f a c t o r c o n t r i b u t i n g to this r e l a t i o n s h i p service w a s w o r k b y age, in the l a b o r f o r c e a s m o l d e r s military service. w h e n the is a c c o u n t e d job c h a n g e s M u c h these m e n relatively low. In g e n e r a l , j o b shifts t h a n t h e a v e r a g e f o r t h e r e t u r n i n g t o c i v i l i a n life, m a n y v e t e r a n s tried in n o n f o u n d r y e m p l o y m e n t b e f o r e t h e y r e t u r n e d to w o r k a s molders. Similarly, service, other m e n o n being separated f r o m d i d n o t g o b a c k to t h e i r o l d j o b s b u t f o u n d n e w molders. The combined the jobs as effect o f this " r e a d j u s t m e n t " p e r i o d a n d of the g e n e r a l l y s h o r t e r t i m e spent b y v e t e r a n s in t h e civilian l a b o r f o r c e r e s u l t e d in the h i g h e s t r a t e of m o b i l i t y b e i n g f o u n d a m o n g m e n whose A r m e d careers as mold e r s were i n t e r r u p t e d b y s e r v i c e in t h e Forces. Molders* awareness of s e n i o r i t y p r o v i s i o n s a p p a r e n t l y c o n t r i b u t e d to s t a b i l i t y o f e m p l o y m e n t . This w a s evidenced % y relationship b e t w e e n b o t h the d u r a t i o n of their j o b s a n d g a v e for job t e r m i n a t i o n a n d w h e t h e r provisions. at the t i m e O f the 1,405 w o r k e r s of t he s u r v e y , y e a r period, status of the m e n covered by w i t h 4 4 p e r c e n t of the m e n These interviewed. data the w o r k e r s w h o s o m e seniority p r o g r a m . been covered by relate o n l y to t h e apparently, they h a d were 4. 3 y e a r s a s c o m p a r e d w i t h 3. 5 y e a r s seniority p r o g r a m (table E - 9 ) . T h e p r o p o r t i o n of j o b s u n d e r e n d e d b y quits w a s were t e n d e n c y of w o r k e r s a f f e c t e d b y d u r a t i o n of s e r v i c e . lower a n i n d e p e n d e n t e f fect. j o b i n c r e a s e d it b e c a m e were Thus, The not u n d e r seniority p r o g r a m s . to c h a n g e j o b s v o l u n t a r i l y w a s it a p p e a r s to h a v e s t u d y f o u n d that a s the d u r a t i o n of the l e s s likely that the w o r k e r whereas w o u l d quit 10 y e a r s or m o r e 6 8 p e r c e n t of j o b s lasting 2 y e a r s t e r m i n a t e d b y m o l d e r s voluntarily. also A l t h o u g h l e n g t h o f j o b d u r a t i o n is o n l y 5 9 p e r c e n t of j o b s h e l d t e r m i n a t e d b y quits, or less w e r e seniority than for t h ose jobs w h i c h , c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b o t h a g e a n d job seniority, ( t a b l e E -*10). Molders, a l s o l e s s l i k e l y to v o l u n t a r i l y l e a v e j o b s o n w h i c h a c c o r d i n g to the r e s p o n d e n t s , The 12-year o r not 12-year period had b e e n covered b y seniority protection. which had been asked whether T h e a v e r a g e d u r a t i o n o f all j o b s w h i c h h a d seniority w a s for jobs not u n d e r a n y 12- I n o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e the c h a n g e d jobs w e r e e a c h j o b t h e y h a d left o v e r t h e the e m p l o y e d in effect of s e n i o r i t y p r o v i s i o n s o n j o b d u r a t i o n fo r the entire period, seniority in p l a n t s w i t h s e n i o r i t y p r o g r a m s 57 p e r c e n t h a d not c h a n g e d jobs o v e r as q o m p a r e d plants without seniority p r o g r a m s . current the job w a s the reasons they -48- It is i m p o r t a n t , an y barriers data indicated n o sequently, in m o b i l i z a t i o n p l a n n i n g , to i n t e r p l a n t m o v e m e n t to b e a w a r e which m a y exist. of The s u b s t a n t i a l b a r r i e r s to s u c h m o v e m e n t . Con s h o u l d different t y p e s of f o u n d r i e s e x p a n d at v a r y i n g r a t e s d u r i n g a m o b i l i z a t i o n p e r i o d a n d t h u s this s i t u a t i o n r e q u i r e som e r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of m o l d e r s ments and coremakers, w o u l d p r o b a b l y o c c u r fairly s m o o t h l y . b e t w e e n captive a n d i n d e p e n d e n t plants, dif f i c u l t y . O f the 8 2 7 m e n who c h a n g e d jobs, in b o t h d i r e c t i o n s . it h a s b e e n w i d e l y a s s u m e d or w h o s e Molders This is a 375 or 45 percent shops that m o l d e r s Perhaps varied w o r k m o r e who h a v e b e e n trained shops could not of i n d e p e n d e n t f o u n d r i e s . i m p o r t a n t t h a n the transferability of m o l d e r s b e t w e e n captive a n d independent shops foundries with interchange significant finding s i n c e e x p e r i e n c e h a s b e e n l a r g e l y in c a p t i v e a d a p t to t h e m o r e shifted apparently without m u c h h a d w o r k e d in b o t h i n d e p e n d e n t a n d captive of m o l d e r s such readjust casting different m e t a l s . is t h e i r a b i l i t y t o w o r k in C h a n g i n g l e v e l s of ac t i v i t y in the f o u n d r i e s u s u a l l y affect r e q u i r e m e n t s for the v a r i o u s m e t a l s differently. It h a s a l r e a d y b e e n t o shift f r o m foundries casting one s t a t e d that t he ability of m o l d e r s m e t a l to t h o s e s p e c i a l i z i n g in o t h e r s is i m p o r t a n t i n a n o r d e r l y t r a n s f e r o f m a n p o w e r during a mobilization period. of m o l d e r s is p o s s i b l e . 78 percent w o r k e d with m o r e (table E - l l ) . The data s h o w e d O f the 827 m e n In addition, the g r e a t n u m b e r with two than o n e m e t a l d u r i n g the panded metals. Thus, in a m o b i l i z a t i o n p e r i o d , number or m o r e of p r o f i c i e n t m o l d e r s did not reflecting cast two or m o r e 54 percent h a d whichever 12 y e a r s wh o metals, of f o u n d r i e s w h i c h c o m m o n l y T a k i n g the g r o u p as a w h o l e , or m o r e that s u c h t r a n s f e r h a d c h a n g e d jobs, 3 4 p e r c e n t of t h e 9 7 3 m e n c h a n g e jobs h a d also w o r k e d with t w o metals. who resources experience m e t a l rs o u t p u t is e x there w o u l d b e a n adequate c a p a b l e of h a n d l i n g t h e w o r k l o a d in that m e t a l . I n a s m u c h as workers A F L e a c h of th e m a j o r unions wh i c h organize foundry is g e n e r a l l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h p a r t i c u l a r t y p e s o f f o u n d r i e s - - w i t h i n d e p e n d e n t s h o p s a n d the C I O w i t h l a r g e captive the m o v e m e n t of m o l d e r s from shops-- o n e f o u n d r y to a n o t h e r f r e q u e n t l y e n t a i l e d s h ifts b e t w e e n p l a n t s o r g a n i z e d b y d i f f e r e n t u n i o n s o r b e t w e e n u n i o n i z e d a n d n o n u n i o n i z e d plants. Molders w h o j o b s a p p a r e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d n o difficulties i n m a k i n g O f the 827 m e n wh o percent had m o v e d h a d c h a n g e d jobs d u r i n g the changed s u c h transfers. 12-y e a r period, organized b y another or b e t w e e n unionized and nonunionized M o v e m e n t Between Geographic Areas little g e o g r a p h i c m o v e m e n t b y t h e m o l d e r s 61 b e t w e e n p l a n t s o r g a n i z e d b y o n e u n i o n to p l a n t s - There was interviewed. shops. relatively Only about -491 0 p e r c e n t of t h e p l o y m e n t during and these m e n those w h o once, 1,800 m e n the r e p o r t e d c h a n g i n g t h e i r c i t y 24 1 2 - y e a r p e r i o d c o v e r e d b y the w o r k averaged only 1. 8 m o v e s Well low only one r a t e of g e o g r a p h i c five p e r c e n t of the g r o u p w e r e they had mobility w a s still w o r k i n g qualified a s j o u r n e y m e n . had m o v e d also apparent f r o m the g r o u p w e r e the t rade major ( t a b l e E - 12). there a n y geographic working 1,800 m e n . Furthermore, r e g i o n . 25 most from Thus, O n l y in N e w p e r c e n t of the 2 6 0 w o r k e r s 8 5 p e r c e n t of Yor k and L o s In the c a s e Angeles was of N e w drew York, 26 i n t e r v i e w e d h a d b e e n t r a i n e d o u t s i d e the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a a n d half of t h e s e i n - m i g r a n t s w e r e Los Angeles of t h e m e n o t h e r localities in t h e r e g i o n s w i t h i n w h i c h t h e y h a d l e a r n e d substantial in-migration. Europe. Seventy- in t h e cities in w h i c h into th e s u r v e y cities h a d c o m e within the s a m e only or t w o locational m o v e s . e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e e n t i r e w o r k h i s t o r i e s of t h e w h o o v e r half of h a d c h a n g e d t h e i r cities of e m p l o y m e n t m o v e d a n d 4 out of 5 h a d m a d e The each. of e m histories a n d a t h i r d o f its m o l d e r s t r a i n e d in from areas out side California. The from othfer s i x s u r v e y c i t i e s h a d d r a w n outside the m a j o r Ideated. from However, geographic the n u m b e r o t h e r p o i n t s in t h e s a m e example, of w o r k e r s O h moving into e a c h city region varied considerably. a l m o s t all o f t h e w o r k e r s w i t h i n t h e city. working relatively f e w w o r k e r s r e g i o n s in w h i c h t h e y w e r e For in P i t t s b u r g h h a d b e e n t r a i n e d the o t her h a n d , n e a r l y a fifth o f t h e m o l d e r s in P h i l a d e l p h i a h a d qualified a s j o u r n e y m e n in o t h e r localities in the M i d d l e Atlantic r e g i o n a n d h a d subsequently m o v e d into P h i l a d e l p h i a . F o l l o w i n g t h e p a t t e r n f o u n d f o r all j o b c h a n g e s , workers than older m e n . T w e l v e p e r c e n t of the m o l d e r s m a d e transfers, geographic averaging p a r e d w i t h 8 p e r c e n t of t h e m e n changed their a r e a s 1. 6 s u c h changes Geographic During changes year the worked mobility w a s Pacific, m a d e older w h o an average n o t m a r r i e d at t h e t i m e about 70 percent m o r e than did m a r r i e d m e n defined as g e o g r a p h i c dividion, etc. of a g e a n d also affected b y m a r i t a l m e n geographic (table E - 1 3 ) . of status. of j o b changes per m a n E v e n greater standard C e n s u s m e t r o p o l i t a n area. M e t h o d o l o g y , f o o t n o t e 3 3 , p. 6 3 . 2 5 / " R e g i o n , " a s u s e c L i n this s t u d y , Census 2. 0 s h i f t s e a c h ; t h i s c o m 45 years of e m p l o y m e n t a n d w h o 12-year period, m a d e often under 45 years each. 2 4 / •'City" w a s See younger c h a n g e d their city of e m p l o y m e n t r e l a t i v e l y m o r e i. e. , N e w corresponds England, to s t a n d a r d M i d d l e Atlantic, -50- Chart 9. Geographic Mobility Was Affected by- Geographical Job Changes Made Per Man-Year Worked in Specified Marital Status, 1940-1952 M a rita l S ta tu s .OK) .020 “ 1 --------------------- r— - 0 .030 .............. 1 Not Married Married and e •• b y H o m e O w n e rs h ip Geographical Job Changes Per Man-Year Worked in Specified Home Ownership Status, 1940-1952 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAUOf LABORSTATISTICS d i f f e r e n c e s in g e o g r a p h i c owners mobility rates w e r e and nonhomeowners. not h o m e o w n e r s changing w hen interviewed had m a d e t h e a r e a of e m p l o y m e n t a s the h o m e o w n e r s . W h e n found b e t w e e n h o m e - T h i r t e e n p e r c e n t of the m e n job c h a n g e s compared the m o v e m e n t m a d e as did h o m e o w n e r s three times (table £ - 1 4 ) . p e r c e n t o f all shifts, as m a n y were w i t h 7 p e r c e n t of of t h e s e w o r k e r s f o r the t i m e in the l a b o r f o r c e in t h e g i v e n status, nonhomeowners who involving m o ves Nonhomeowners it w a s per was adjusted f o u n d that year worked also m a d e 70 b u t 8 3 p e r c e n t of t h e shifts b e t w e e n g e o g r a p h i c areas. Worker M o t i v a t i o n in C h a n g i n g Jobs - A n e s s e n t i a l p a r t of a n y s t u d y o f l a b o r m o b i l i t y is a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f w o r k e r making job changes. Economic t h e a s s u m p t i o n that t he b e h a v i o r of w o r k e r s a n d calculated. M a n p o w e r m o t i v a t i o n in theorists a r e i n t e r e s t e d in testing is r a t i o n a l , of j o b c h o i c e in o r d e r to e v a l u a t e a l t e r n a t i v e p r o g r a m s tating the f l o w of w o r k e r s during mobilization. informed, p l a n n e r s a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h the p r o c e s s to t h e p l a n t s w h e r e f o r faci l i they are m o s t n e e d e d -51- This s t u d y a t t e m p t e d to e x a m i n e w o r k e r the m o l d e r s plain w h y were wh o had they m a d e c h a n g e d jobs d u r i n g the e a c h job change. a s k e d to e x p l a i n t w o a s p e c t s their old jobs a n d w h y the q u e s t i o n s w a s m a r k e t behavior molders quit? W i l l the t h e y t o o k their n e w o f th i s g r o u p D o s ame the w o r k e r s positions. t h e y left The form of in s i g h t into t h e l a b o r of w o r k e r s . Specifically, w h y do they generally h a v e job offers w h e n they inducements which persuade a n d e n ter the l a b o r m a r k e t where Specifically, o f t h e i r sh i f t i n g ; w h y d e s i g n e d to o b t a i n s o m e quit j o b s ? motivation b y asking 1 2 - y e a r p e r i o d to e x m e n o p e r a t e to g u i d e w o r k e r s to quit j o b s to t h e j o b s they are n e e d e d ? The c o n s i s t e n c y of w o r k e r this t e c h n i q u e . jobs for a T h a t is, specific motivation w a s s e t of r e a s o n s , b e a t t r a c t e d to t h e i r n e x t p l a c e s reasons? because For example, c a n it b e typically quit assumed that t h e y will of e m p l o y m e n t for the s a m e if a n i n d i v i d u a l s a y s of u n d e s i r a b l e w o r k i n g improved working also explored b y if it is k n o w n t h a t w o r k e r s conditions, t h a t h e left a p l a n t c a n it b e assumed that c o n d i t i o n s will b e the p r i n c i p a l c r i t e r i o n b y w h i c h he judges possible n e w entering the labor m a r k e t jobs? O r does the w o r k e r evaluate e a c h possible n e w upon j o b in t e r m s of a r a t h e r f i x e d s c a l e of v a l u e s h e h a s built u p f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f determining th e d e s i r a b i l i t y of p r o f f e r e d e m p l o y m e n t ? Reasons given b y m o l d e r s for leaving jobs w e r e either v o l u n t a r y o r involuntary. those m a d e for r e a s o n s b e y o n d I n c l u d e d i n this g r o u p w e r e layoff, ill h e a l t h , the c o n t r o l of the individual w o r k e r . t h o s e job t e r m i n a t i o n s voluntary reasons w e r e reported motivation. explanation for about two-thirds w e r e classified a c c o r d i n g "Monetary h i g h e r p i e c e rates, 10). voluntary. to t h e w o r k e r * s considerations" w e r e 3 0 p e r c e n t of t h e quits (table this g r o u p w e r e j o b c h a n g e s m a d e rates, resulting f r o m or discharge. O f t h e 2, 1 2 8 j o b c h a n g e s , These g r o u p e d as Involuntary job c h a n g e s w e r e given as I n c l u d e d in to o b t a i n h i g h e r hourly w a g e better w e e k l y earnings, a n d t h o s e in w h i c h the individual r e p o r t e d that h e " g o t a b e t t e r j o b , " " a d v a n c e d himself," or " w a s promoted. " A l t h o u g h it is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t r u e t h a t " b e t t e r jobs," " p r o m o t i o n , " o r " a d v a n c e m e n t " money, a sub-sampling invariably m o l d e r s when to j o b of t h e s e a n s w e r s and coremakers t h e y t a l k e d of a " b e t t e r d e a l . " r e f e r r e d to h i g h e r "Advancement" shifts w h i c h i n v o l v e d g e t t i n g b e t t e r p i e c e in s o m e cases m o t i o n to a A n involved m o r e i n d i c a t e d that a l m o s t getting j o b s w i t h o v e r t i m e rate earnings often r e f e r r e d standards or at p r e m i u m p a y o r p r o s u p e r v i s o r y job. additional j o b exits w e r e 14 p e r c e n t of the e x p l a n a t i o n s for v o l u n t a r y c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to " m o n e t a r y considerations" but w e r e -5 2 - T a b l e 10.-— J o b by nature changes of moldere and of change and coroaakers rea s o n f o r leaving, All • • • • • • • • • • Involuntary Reason not Voluntary • • • • • « • • » reported job • exits • • • • ........... W a g e s ................... .. Advancwent • • • • • • • • Insufficient work Working • • conditions • • • • • . • Fairness of t r e atment • • • Location of plant • • • Return to trade Return to former Move to another Miscellaneous • • • • • • « . • i • • i employer area • of s u b s t a n d a r d total e a r n i n g s 1 ,3 7 8 278 13 6 193 151* 101* 63 57 il9 100*0 20*2 9 .9 l l *«2 1 1 .2 1 .5 1*.6 l* .l 3 .6 6 .6 1 8 .1 91 250 These were resulting f r o m o r " w a s n ' t getting e n o u g h h o u r s " s o m e a changes c o n s i d e r e d the s a m e b e t w e e n the t w o g r o u p s . short w o r k w e e k as those m a d e take-home pay caused by a because "the w o r k w a s M a n y slack" a week." f o r this r e a s o n m i g h t for better pay, in the s e n s e t h e r e is a n i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e Job chan ges m a d e a r e to s o m e m a d e short w o r k w e e k . or b e c a u s e "only three days purposes jobschanges m a d e t h a t b o t h r e l a t e t o t otal e a r n i n g s , or a 6iu 8 3i* .5 .7 r e p o r t e d that t h e y h a d quit j o b s b e c a u s e A l t h o u g h for be 100*0 1 ,3 7 8 731* 16 • • • • • • • classified a s "insufficient w o r k . " workers Percent 2 ,1 2 8 reasons Voluntary jobs Ntnfcer Re a s o n f o r leaving job All 191* 0 - 5 2 b e c a u s e of s l a c k w o r k extent involuntary. Decreases in short w o r k w e e k put c o n s i d e r a b l e p r e s s u r e -53- on a worker to f i n d a n o t h e r j o b . A d e c l i n e in the w o r k w e e k m a y l e a d to t h e f e a r o f a n i m p e n d i n g layoff, inducing w o r k e r s w h o also had p r e v i o u s l y b e e n q u i t e s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e i r j o b s to l o o k a r o u n d f o r n e w positions. Because been maintained answer o f this i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e t h e t w o g r o u p s separately. Nevertheless, t h e q u e s t i o n a s to h o w to m o n e t a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , it c o u l d b e were m u c h if o n e m o v e m e n t the t w o g r o u p s was directly related could be s a i d that 4 4 p e r c e n t of t he quits m a d e have s h o u l d a t t e m p t to combined 1Z over these and years for m o n e t a r y r e a s o n s . T w e n t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t of j o b exits w e r e m a d e v a r i e t y of j o b - c o n n e c t e d r e a s o n s w h i c h w e r e because of a grouped under h e a d i n g " n o n m o n e t a r y job c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . " Included un d e r heading w e r e of w o r k i n g 154 job c h a n g e s m a d e because con ditions in th e p l a n t o r o b j e c t i o n a b l e o r u n d e s i r a b l e h o u r s Another cateogry w a s changes m a d e F o r t y - n i n e job c h a n g e s w e r e employers, employers, w o r k as molders. In 57 c a s e s , These It m a y m e n responsibility, in p a y , better p e r s o n a l treatment, surroundings whether s o t h a t t h e y m i g h t r e t u r n to maintained separately the w o r k e r s a n d the i m p o r t a n c e area movement. or wished better w o r k i n g portance because conditions, s i m p l y a d e s i r e to r e t u r n t o m o r e and w o r k habits. of jo b c h a n g e s to m o v e ( 9 1) w e r e to o t h e r g e o g r a p h i c of i n t e r - a r e a m o v e m e n t m a d e areas. of the c o m p a r a f o u n d b y the s t u d y of this r e s p o n s e a s a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f i n t e r miscellaneous voluntary changes m a d e this b e t t e r m e n t i n v o l v e d in classified s eparately b e c a u s e tively s m a l l a m o u n t classification c o v e r i n g 18 p e r c e n t of the i n c l u d e d all r e a s o n s w h i c h w e r e of the f e w t i m e s n o t g e n e r a l l y classifiable. such responses that t h e s e w o r k e r s prestige, relatively s m a l l n u m b e r This group w a s were they h a d o u t s i d e of the o c c u they thought they w e r e bettering t h e m s e l v e s however, A because workers wanted working be generally a s s u m e d creases A m a d e two groups w e r e It is n o t k n o w n , because 1 0 4 quits. of t h e difficulty in d e t e r m i n i n g t h e m o t i v a t i o n f o r t h e the c h a n g e b e c a u s e familiar or b e c a u s e had b e e n contacted b y f o r m e r py. t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h e y q u i t t h e i r j o b change. h o m e o r h a d h e a r d of o p e n i n g s in s h o p s w h e r e previously worked. because too far f r o m P e r s o n a l difficulties w i t h s u p e r g i v e n a s the e x p l a n a t i o n for t o r e t u r n to f o r m e r of w o r k . " l o c a t i o n of t h e j o b , " w h i c h i n c l u d e d 6 3 j o b b e c a u s e the plant w a s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n di f f i c ulties. visors w a s the this they w e r e of m i n o r In t h e first c l a s s w e r e included a s " s t r i k e at the p l a n t , " "liked w o r k i n g with g r a y i r o n , " a n d "just n e e d e d a c h a n g e . " In the s e c o n d c l a s s were such r e asons as "wife trouble," son, " " g o into d e f e n s e w o r k , " a n d i m reported or w h i c h " w a n t e d to w o r k w i t h m y "payroll c h e c k bounced. " -5 4 - L a y o f f s w e r e b y far the r e a s o n m o s t j o b e x i t s ( t a b l e 10). changes were the w o r k e r s were often g i v e n for i n v o l u n t a r y S i x h u n d r e d a n d t e n of t h e 7 3 4 i n v o l u n t a r y reported m a d e f o r this r e a s o n . report they ha d b e e n In o n l y discharged. fa i l u r e of t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s o w n b u s i n e s s , the e m p l o y e r service, b a d health, did given r e f u s a l of to r e e m p l o y the individual after r e t u r n f r o m m i l i t a r y o r c l o s i n g of the f i r m w h i l e the w o r k e r A s 16 c a s e s Other reasons stated a b o v e , wa s in the s e r v i c e . t h e o b j e c t i v e s of this a n a l y s i s of r e a s o n s f o r c h a n g i n g j o b s i n c l u d e d t h e e s t i m a t i o n of t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o f w o r k e r r e s p o n s e a n d the d r a w i n g and coremakers ployers. of s o m e c o n c l u s i o n s a s to w h e t h e r usually h a v e n e w In o r d e r jobs in h a n d w h e n to a c c o m p l i s h t h e s e a i m s the ' W o r k e r s for e n t e r i n g n e w j o b s w e r e the r e a s o n s classified, molders they c h a n g e e m given b y in gener a l , in g r o u p i n g s p a r a l l e l i n g t h o s e g i v e n f o r j o b exits. O f the 2,128 jobs half of the c a s e s e n t e r e d d u r i n g th e period, in l e s s t h a n o n e - did the w o r k e r s give t h e s e jobs. G e n e rally speaking, were it a p p e a r e d t h a t t h e s a m e given, molders (table r e a s o n s for taking r e a s o n s for taking n e w influences w h i c h to l e a v e their old j o b s a l s o a t t r a c t e d 11). them jobs caused to n e w jobs F i f t y - f o u r p e r c e n t of the jo b e n t r a n c e s for w h i c h specific r e a s o n s w e r e About specific when given were, m a d e 20 percent w e r e job c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . " for w a g e s t a k e n for r e a s o n s ( L i k e the g r o u p i n g this g r o u p i n c l u d e d j o b c h a n g e s m a d e of r e a s o n s because d i t i o n s a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n difficulties.) ojr a d v a n c e m e n t . g r o u p e d as " n o n m o n e t a r y f o r j o b quits, of w o r k i n g c o n In s o m e respects, however, p a i r i n g of a g i v e n r e a s o n fo r t e r m i n a t i n g e m p l o y m e n t w i t h a similar r e a s o n for a c c e p t i n g a n e w position w a s clearly not possible. Although a considerable n u m b e r of j o b s w e r e p e r s o n a l difficulties, r e p o r t e d explicitly that h e a new no worker j o b b e c a u s e h e felt h e similar rqason. to f o r m e r (Some employers," In m o r e quit b e c a u s e could get along w i t h the b o s s m a y entered or for a of the c a s e s in w h i c h the m o l d e r s however, "returned i m p l y this m o t i v e . ) t h a n h a l f o f t h e 2, 1 2 8 n e w jobs taken, p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m i n e t h e w o r k e r s * m o t i v a t i o n . -695 w e r e of it w a s not O f these jqbentries, e x p l a i n e d a s b e i n g " t h e first j o b a v a i l a b l e " - o r " t h e o n l y j o b I could find." S u c h e x p l a n a t i o n s m i g h t indicate that the w o r k e r , h a v i n g left h i s o l d j o b e i t h e r o f h i s o w n a c c o r d o r i n v o l u n t a r i l y , s h o p p e d a r o u n d for a n e w position. the n e e d for c u r r e n t i n c o m e a ssumed After impelled h i m to t a k e a job. that t h e k i n d s of j o b s a v a i l a b l e to h i m w e r e b e i n g u n d e r p r e s s u r e to find e m p l o y m e n t , had s o m e p e r i o d of s e a r c h i n g , It m i g h t b e s o l i m i t e d that h e t o o k t h e b e s t of a n u n s a t i s f a c t o r y lot. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , it r n i g h t b e a s s u m e d t h a { w h e n m o l d e r s s a i d " t o o k first j o b a v a i l a b l e , " t h e y m e a n t that t h e y h a d located a n e w caused them for a job. job w h i c h did not h a v e the objectionable features w h i c h to l e a v e their o l d j o b s , For example, if a w o r k e r and m e t their m i n i m u m standards r e p o r t e d that h e quit a j o b -55T a b le R eason g iv e n A ll jo b Job e n tr ie s 1 1 . — R e a s o n s g iv e n b y m o ld e r s an d f o r t a k i n g n e w j o b s , 1 9 UO -5 2 fo r ta k in g jo b N um ber c h a n g e s ....................... ..... c o u ld be W ages . . . . . . . . . ............................................................... M ore w o r k ( s l a c k a t W o r k in g c o n d i t i o n s . . . . jo b l e f t ) . . . . . . . . . L o c a t i o n o f p l a n t . ................................... M is c e lla n e o u s . . . . . . . . . . J o b e n t r i e s f o r w h ic h m o t iv a t io n c o u ld b e jo b In fo rm e d P ercen t 2 ,1 2 8 1 0 0 .0 906 1 * 2 .6 P ercen t f o r w h ic h m o t iv a t io n c la s s ifie d A d v a n ce m e n t an d p r o m o tio n F ir s t co rem ak ers a v a ila b le of Job b y no c la s s ifie d . . . . . . . . 1 0 0 .0 323 35*7 169 87 1 8 .6 78 9*6 8. 6 97 152 1 0 .7 1 6 .8 1 ,2 2 2 1 0 0 .0 5 7 .^ 695 5 8 .9 3 ,3 & 10 2 6 l 2 9 .8 8 .3 5 .0 fr ie n d o r i n so m e o t h e r w a y . . . . . T o r e t u r n t o fo r m e r e m p lo y e r . . T o r e t u r n t o m o ld in g ............................. b e c a u s e " i t w a s to o fa r fr o m h o m e " an d a ls o s ta te d th a t h e " to o k th e f i r s t th in g t h a t c a m e a l o n g , " i t m ig h t b e l o g i c a l l y h e ld t h a t h e m e a n t " I to o k th e f i r s t jo b w h ic h c a m e a lo n g w h ic h w a s c l o s e to h o m e a n d w h ic h m e t m y o th e r s ta n d a r d s fo r a j o b ." B e c a u s e o f th e u n c e r ta in ty o f in te r p r e ta tio n , n o a tte m p t h a s b e e n m a d e to d ra w c o n c lu s io n s c o n c e r n in g w o r k e r m o t iv a t io n s f r o m t h e s e r a t h e r a m b ig u o u s d a t a . 1c w a s ; h o w e v e r , c o n c lu d e d th a t th is c l a s s o f a n s w e r in d ic a te d th a t th e m o v e m e n t o f th e w o r k e r s w a s n o t fr o m fro m jo b to jo b d ir e c t ly , e m p lo y m e n t th e n to th e la b o r m a r k e t f o r a p e r io d a n d th e n c e o n c e a g a in to a jo b . b u t ra th e r o f jo b s h o p p in g -56- In another 364 ca ses, the workers did not indicate why they chose a particular job, but reported how they learned of it. Usually they reported that friends or m em bers of their fam ilies had told them of the jobs. Some men reported that foremen or managers of plants had contacted them. A very sm all number indicated that a public or private employment service had referred them to the em ployer. These responses also shed little light on worker motivation. However, it can be assumed with certainty that the 190 men who found their next jobs through employment services or other agenices were job hunting before they were referred to their next employers. In addition, it can also be assumed that some of the men who learned of jobs through friends probably took the initiative in contacting their friends because they were already without work and looking for jobs. These two groups taken togetner - - those cases where the "fir s t job available" was taken and those cases where the workers reported how they learned of new jobs - - indicate that in a high pro portion of the job changes the worker had been looking for a job. That is , the worker spent some time in the labor market in an un attached status, rather than moving from one job directly to another. The fact that this pattern of movement was manifested in so large a proportion of the job changes made by the men in this occupation has important implications for manpower planning. It indicates that the task of manpower administrators in attempting to redistribute the force of m olders and coremakers through any particular program of incentives may be easier than might be expected. That is , many molders can apparently be counted to appear in the labdr market as job hunters without the necessity of action on the part of manpower officials. Thus the problem of reallocating the supply of m olders, to the extent it may be necessary, becom es, to a substantial degree, one of directing the movement of workers already looking for jobs, rather than of inducing employed molders to change their places of employment. -57- Methodology of the Survey Scope of S u rvey This report on the mobility of molders and corem akers is based on information obtained from 1, 800 journeymen m olders and corem akers selected from the payrolls of 195 foundry establish ments located in eight metropolitan areas. At the time of the survey, January-February 1952, an estimated 30 percent of the hand molders and coremakers in the United States worked in these eight areas. The 1, 800 interviewed workers represented about 3 percent of the national total for the occupation and approximately 10 percent of the total number located in the eight metropolitan areas included in the sample. 26 T h e S a m p le In selecting the cities in which the study was to be made, the major metropolitan areas of the United States were arrayed in order of estimated molder and coremaker employment and the seven largest; Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh, were included in the sample. Boston, although it had fewer of these workers than several other areas, was added to the sample to provide a better balanced geographical representation by including a New England city. The sample was limited to eight metropolitan areas because of cost limitations. Although the selection of cities was intended to generally represent the major geographic areas in which m olders and core makers are employed, the sample was designed to yield a repre sentative industrial distribution of the m em bers of the occupation for the eight cities. Analysis of the universe data for these eight metropolitan areas indicated that their foundry composition was essentially sim ilar to that nationally. For all practical purposes, therefore, the sample drawn from the'se ares may be considered to be representative of the national distribution of molders and corem akers, by type of foundry; independent foundries by type of m etal, and captive foundries by industry affiliation. A listing of plants including about 1, 300 establishments and believed to cover virtually all of the sand-casting foundries in the eight cities was used as the universe listing. Previous studies of the foundry industry and its occupations made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics had indicated a number of factors such as size and 26 / See table E -1 5 for details of city distribution of sample. -58- o r g a n iz a tio n o f th e fo u n d r y w h ic h m ig h t a f f e c t th e m o b ilit y , an d w o rk h is to r ie s o f m e n in th e o c c u p a tio n . c o n s id e r e d a n d th e e s ta b lis h m e n t w e r e p la c e d 15 c e lls , s t r a t ifie d a s fo llo w s : S tra tu m in r a n d o m 1 In d e p e n d e n t fo u n d r ie s A . F e r r o u s fo u n d r ie s 1. 1 - 5 0 2. 3. B. tr a in in g , T h e se fa c to rs w e re o r d e r in p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s 5 1 - 2 5 0 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s 2 5 1 - a n d o v e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d r ie s 1. 1 - 2. 51 - 50 p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s 250 p r o d u c tio n p o r k e r s ~ a n d o v e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s S tra tu m II C a p tiv e fo u n d r ie s A . S IC 1. 2. 3. S IC B. 34*1 1 51 251 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. M a c h in e r y , 1 - 5 0 51 251 - A ll o th e r C . 2 50 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s - a n d o v e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s 35 - 1. F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts 50 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s 2 5 0 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s a n d o v e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in d u s tr ie s 1 - 5 0 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s 5 1 - 2 50 p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s 2 5 1 - a n d o v e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s T h e n u m b e r o f m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s w a s e s tim a te d fr o m an d fro m 15 c e lls . every o th e r d a ta a v a ila b le so u rces. 2 p la n t s in e a c h 117 V a r y in g F o r th e fo u n d r ie s in e a c h p la n t s a m p le r a t io s w e r e a p p lie d to th e e m p lo y in g m o r e th a n 2 50 w o r k e r s , c e ll w a s N ovem ber e m p lo y e d in th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s s e le c te d ; fr o m S ta n d a rd I n d u s tr ia l C la s s ific a t io n th e B u d g e t, e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s 19 4 5. th o se M a n u a l, l out o f e m p lo y in g U. S. B u reau of -59b e t w e e n 51 a n d 250, 1 out of 5; a n d a m o n g p lants w h i c h e m p l o y e d l e s s t h a n 50, t h e s a m p l i n g ratio w a s 1 out of 10. M o ld e r s to b e in te r v ie w e d w e r e s e le c te d fr o m e a c h p la n t, u s in g r a t io s w h ic h d e p e n d e d u p o n th e s a m p lin g r a t io u s e d in s e le c t in g th e p la n t fr o m it s c e ll. In th e la r g e p la n ts w h ic h h a d b e e n s e le c t e d o n th e b a s is o f 1 o u t o f e v e r y 2 p la n t s , th e w o r k e r s w e r e s e le c te d a t ra n d o m fro m th e p a y r o lls o n a 1 to 5 r a tio . T h u s, th e o v e r a ll s a m p lin g r a tio fo r w o r k e r s in l a r g e p la n t s w a s 1 o u t o f 10 . In th e m e d iu m - s iz e p la n t s w h e r e th e s a m p lin g r a t i o h a d b e e n 1 in 5 , a r a t io o f 1 o f 2 w a s u s e d in s e le c t in g e m p lo y e e s ' n a m e s f r o m th e r e c o r d s ; a n d in th e s m a l l e s t p la n t s w h ic h h a d b e e n s e le c t e d o n a 1 - o u t - o f - 10 b a s i s , a l l m o ld e r s * n a m e s w e r e ta k e n . T h is m e th o d o f c o m b in in g v a r y in g s a m p lin g r a t i o s f o r p la n t s a n d w o r k e r s r e s u lt e d in g iv in g e a c h w o r k e r a w e ig h t o f 1 . V a r y in g th e r a t i o s in t h is m a n n e r a ls o r e d u c e d th e n u m b e r o f s m a ll p la n ts in th e s a m p le , lo w e r in g p la n t v is it c o s t s su b s ta n tia lly . P r o v is io n w a s m a d e f o r n o n r e s p o n s e o r fo r la c k o f p la n t c o o p e r a tio n b y d r a w in g a r e s e r v e s a m p le fr o m th e o r ig in a l l i s t o f p la n ts m in u s th e o n e s s e le c te d fo r th e f i t s t p la n ts w e r e u s e d in th e su rvey. to a llo w fo r as s a m p le . T h ese reserve s u b s t it u t e s f o r t h o s g w h ic h d id n o t p a r t i c i p a t e A n a lte r n a tiv e l is t o f w o r k e r s w a s r e fu s a ls , in a c c e s s ib le ad d resses, s im ila r ly o r fa ilu r e s e le c te d to lo c a t e w o rk ers. W o r k e r s I n te r v ie w e d The w o rk ers s a m p le w a s s e le c te d in s u c h a w a y th a t o n ly q u a lifie d in th is o c c u p a tio n w e r e in c lu d e d . T h e n a m e s o f m o ld e r s and c o r e m a k e r s w e r e s e le c te d b y fie ld a g e n ts o f th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a tis tic s fr o m p a y r o ll r e c o r d s o f th e fo u n d r ie s . T h e fie ld a g e n ts c h e c k e d th e e m p lo y e r s ' jo b d e s c r ip t io n s fo r th e s e w o r k e r s a g a in s t a s t a n d a r d j o b d e s c r i p t i o n . 28 E a c h in d iv id u a l in te r v ie w e d d e s c r ib e d h is c u r r e n t jo b d u tie s . T h is m e th o d o f s a m p le s e le c tio n an d s c r e e n in g p e r m it t e d th e e lim in a t io n o f t r a i n e e s , m o ld in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , a n d o th e r p e r s o n s w h o w e r e n o t q u a lifie d jo u r n e y m e n , b u t w h o s e n a m e s m ig h t h a v e b e e n in a d v e r te n t ly s e le c t e d fr o m th e e m p lo y e r s ' p a y r o lls . It in s u r e d a m o r e p r e c is e o c c u p a tio n a l c l a s s i f i c a tio n th a n is p o s s ib le in a h o u s e h o ld th e o c c u p a tio n a l c la s s if ic a t io n e n u m e r a tio n su rvey, in w h ic h is m a d e on th e b a s is o f s ta te m e n ts of in d iv id u a l w o r k e r s o r m e m b e r s o f th e h o u s e h o ld w h ic h c a n b e v e r i f i e d o n ly in d ir e c t ly . The s a m p le w a s d r a w n fr o m jo u r n e y m e n m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s , 2 * in c lu d in g th o s e e m p lo y e d a s fo r e m e n . 28 T S e e A p p e n d ix , p . c o lle c tin g th e d a ta . 8 0 , I t d id n o t in c lu d e fo r d e fin itio n o f o c c u p a tio n u s e d in -60m a c h in e m o ld e r s o r a p p r e m o ld e r c u r r e n t ly w o r k in g if h is p r e v io u s e x p e r ie n c e a t le a s t 6 m o n th s* w o r k a s In d r a w in g th e s a m p le , n t ic e s a n d o th e r t r a i n e e s , a lth o u g h a o n a m o ld in g m a c h in e w a s n o t e x c lu d e d in c lu d e d a c o m p le te d a p p r e n t ic e s h ip o r a h a n d m o ld e r a t h a n d m o ld e r s * w a g e s . m o ld in g a n d c o r e m a k in g w e r e c o n s id e r e d a s o n e o c c u p a tio n . T h a t i s , th e ty p e o f t r a in in g , s k ill le v e l,, a n d ty p e o f w o r k w e r e a s s u m e d to b e th e s a m e fo r b o th m o ld e r s a n d co rem ak ers. In th e b o d y o f t h e r e p o r t th e d e s ig n a t io n '• m o ld e r s " is u se d fr e q u e n tly to id e n tify b o th m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s . I n th e c o d in g an d p r o c e s s in g s e p a r a te ly o f th e d a ta e a c h o c c u p a tio n w a s c o d e d so th a t id e n tific a tio n w a s p o s s ib le a t a ll tim e s . In c a s e s w h e r e th e fin d in g s r e g a r d in g m o ld e r s w e r e d iffe r e n t fr o m th o s e o f c o r e m a k e r s , s p e c if ic r e f e r e n c e h a s b e e n m a d e to th a t f a c t . In a ll o th e r c a s e s it c a n b e a s s u m e d th a t m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s a r e in c lu d e d w ere in th e g e n e r i c e x p r e s s io n " m o ld e r " a h d th a t th e fin d in g s th e s a m e fo r b o th g r o u p s . N o a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o s t r a t i f y t h e s a m p l e b y r a c e 29 a n d sex. I t w a s a s s u m e d th a t r a n d o m s a m p lin g w it h in e a c h c e l l w o u ld in s u r e th e d r a w in g o f a r e p r e s e n t a t iv e r a c ia l d is tr ib u tio n . Tabu la t io n s s h o w e d th a t o n ly 19 w o m e n , a l l e m p lo y e d a s c o r e m a k e r s , w e r e i n c l u d e d ift t h e 1 ,8 0 0 w o r k e r s i n t e r v i e w e d . B e c a u s e o f th e ir s m a ll n u m b e r , n o a tte m p t w a s m a d e to a n a ly z e th e w o r k h i s t o r i e s o r b a c k g r o u n d s o f th e w o m e n s e p a r a t e ly fr o m th o s e o f th e m a le w o rk ers. 2 9 / In th e a n a ly s is th e d a ta r e p o r t e d b y th e 7 9 w o r k e r s w h o s t a te d th e y w e r e o f M e x ic a n o r ig in w e r e in m o s t c a s e s g r o u p e d w ith th a t r e p o r t e d b y th e N e g r o e s . ( A ll 79 o f th e m e n o f M e x ic a n o r i g i n w e r e w o r k i n g i n t h e L > os A n g e l e s a r e a s . ) I n g e n e r a l , M e x ic a n s in L o s A n g e l e s o c c u p y a p l a c e in th e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e s i m i la r to th a t o f th e N e g r o in m a n y o th e r l a r g e c i t i e s . T h e d a ta o f th e s u r v e y a ls o in d ic a te d th e c o m p a r a b ilit y o f th e tw o g r o u p s a s a s o c io lo g ic a l c la s s . F o r e x a m p le , o f th e w h ite m o ld e r s , 6 5 . 4 p e r c e n t h a d c o m p le te d 8 years 5 6 . 7 p e r c e n t; a n d o f th e M e x ic a n , e n try p a tte rn s w ere sh ow o f s c h o o lin g ; o f th e N e g r o e s , 55. 7 p e rc e n t. th a t e m p lo y m e n t b a r r i e r s T h e d a ta on in to t h is o c c u p a tio n r e d u c e d fo r M e x ic a n s an d N e g r o e s a t m u c h th e th e la s t 25 y e a r s . In v ie w g ro u p s w e re tre a te d o f th e ir to g e th e r. e th n ic , r a t e in th e tw o T h is g r o u p in g w a s a lt o g e t h e r o f c o n v e n ie n c e a n d w a s n o t in te n d e d , lo g ic a l, sam e s im ila r b a c k g ro u n d s , o r r a c ia l d e s ig n a tio n . in a n y s e n s e , one to b e a b io -61- D a ta C o lle c t io n M e th o d s E a c h m o ld e r w a s in t e r v ie w e d in h is h o m e b y a f ie ld a g e n t o f th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , u s in g a s p e c ia lly d e s ig n e d q u e s tio n n a i r e . 30 E a c h w o r k e r r e p o r t e d h i s c o m p le t e w o r k h i s t o r y f r o m J a n u a r y 19 4 0 th ro u g h F e b r u a r y 19 5 2 . A c o m p le te r e c o r d o f tr a in in g w a s a ls o ^ o b ta in e d f r o m each w o rk er, in c lu d in g th e m e th o d , d u r a tio n , a n d th e ty p e a n d lo c a t io n o f th e fo u n d r y in w h ic h h e w a s t r a in e d . The s c h e d u le a ls o in c lu d e d th e o c c u p a tio n a n d f a c t o r s p a tio n . r e la tin g to D a ta c o n c e r n in g p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s in c lu d e d a g e , m ilita r y q u e s tio n s in flu e n c in g w o r k e r s m a r ita l s ta tu s , s e r v ic e , o f th e w o r k e r n u m b e r o f d e p e n d e n ts , h o m e o w n e r s h ip , to e n t r y in to s e le c t th is o c c u p la c e o f b ir th , and ra c e . F o r e a c h o f th e 19 5 p la n ts fr o m w h ic h a s a m p lin g o f m o ld e r s w a s ta k e n , a s p e c ia l q u e s tio n n a ir e 3 1 w a s fille d o u t a t th e s a m e tim e a s th e n a m e s o f in d iv id u a l w o r k e r s w e r e s e le c t e d . In a d d itio n to r e q u e s tin g in fo r m a tio n c o n c e r n in g ty p e o f fo u n d r y , n u m b e r o f fo u n d r y p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , a n d n u m b e r o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s e m p lo y e d , th e p la n t q u e s tio n n a ir e c a lle d f o r d a ta o n p e r s o n n e l a n d t r a in in g p r a c t i c e s , b o th in 19 5 2 a n d d u r in g W o r ld W a r II. It a ls o s o u g h t d a ta o n th e ty p e s o f p r o d u c t m a d e b y th e fo u n d r ie s a n d m e th o d s o f p r o d u c tio n b e c a u s e o f t h e ir p o s s ib le e f f e c t o n th e e m p lo y m e n t a n d u t iliz a t io n o f h a n d m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m ak ers. T h e s e d a ta s u p p lie d b a c k g r o u n d in fo r m a t io n w h ic h a id e d th e in t e r p r e t a t io n o f th e tr a in in g a n d w o r k e x p e r ie n c e o f th e w o r k e r s ; it a ls o p e r m it t e d s o m e c h e c k o n th e a c c u r a c y o f in d i v id u a l w o r k e r r e s p o n s e s . In a d d itio n , th e d a ta p r o v id e d th e m e a n s fo r c o n fir m in g th e p r e lim in a r y e s tim a te s o f th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s in th e o c c u p a tio n a n d t h e ir d is t r ib u t io n a m o n g th e v a r io u s ty p e s o f fo u n d r ie s . T y p e s o f M o v e m e n t A n a ly z e d T h e p r i m a r y e m p h a s is in t h is s t u d y o f th e m o b il i t y o f m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w a s u p o n th e s u p p ly a n d a v a ila b ilit y o f t h e s e w o r k e r s d u r in g a m o b iliz a tio n p e r io d . F o r th is r e a s o n , th e w o r k h is t o r ie s o f t h e s e in d iv id u a ls p r i o r to th e t im e th e y q u a lifie d a s m o ld e r s w e r e n o t S e e A p p e n d ix ,p . 3 1 / S e e A p p e n d ix ,p . 8 3 , fo r c o p y o f th is q u e s tio n n a ir e . 8 3 ,fo r c o p y o f th is q u e s tio n n a ir e . -62- c o n s id e r e d in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m e a s u r e s o f th e m o v e m e n t o f jo u r n e y m e n in th e la b o r m a r k e t . 3 * O n e im p o r ta n t c o n s id e r a t io n in m o b ilit y a n a ly s is i s a m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e f le x ib ilit y o f th e w o r k f o r c e in a s p e c if ic o c c u p a tio n . The w o r k h is to r ie s o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s w e r e e x a m in e d , th e re fo re , to d e te r m in e w h e th e r th e y h a d c e r t a in ty p e s o f w o r k e x p e r ie n c e w h ic h a r e m a n ife s ta tio n s o f th is fle x ib ilit y . T h e a n a ly s e s c o v e r e d w o r k e x p e r i e n c e in c a p t iv e a n d / o r in d e p e n d e n t f o u n d r ie s ; e x p e r i e n c e w it h d if f e r e n t k in d s o f m e t a l c a s t in th e fo u n d r ie s in w h ic h th e in d iv id u a l h a d w o r k e d ; a n d m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n p la n ts a f f ilia t e d w ith d if fe r e n t u n io n s . W h en a w o r k e r c h a n g e s jo b s , m o r e th a n o n e ty p e o f m o v e m e n t is o fte n in v o lv e d , s u c h a s a c h a n g e in e m p lo y e r , o c c u p a tio n , in d u s t r y o f e m p lo y m e n t, o r a r e a o f e m p lo y m e n t. In o r d e r to a n a ly z e s e p a r a t e ly th e v a r io u s k in d s o f m o v e m e n t in v o lv e d in s h if t s m a d e b y m o l d e r s , to d e t e r m in e t y p ic a l c o m b in a t io n s , a n d to id e n t if y th e c h a r a c te r is tic s a s s o c i a t e d w it h e a c h k in d o f s h if t , e a c h jo b change w a s id e n t ifie d a s in c lu d in g o n e o r m o r e t y p e s o f m o v e m e n t: b e tw e e n e m p lo y e r s , b e tw e e n o c c u p a tio n s , b e tw e e n fo u n d ry a n d n o n fo u n d r y e m p lo y m e n t, a n d b e tw e e n g e o g r a p h ic a r e a s . M ovem ent b e t w e e n e m p lo y e r s w a s d e fin e d a s a jo b t r a n s f e r f r o m o n e e s t a b lis h m e n t to a n o th e r . O th e r ty p e s o f m o b ility o u t o f th e la b o r f o r c e su c h a s m o v e m e n t in an d o r in a n d o u t o f th e c i v i li a n la b o r fo r c e w e r e n o t id e n tifie d s e p a r a te ly . T h e y w e r e ta b u la te d o n ly to th e e x te n t th a t th e y c o in c id e d w ith s h ift s b e tw e e n e m p lo y e r s . F o r e x a m p le , i f a m a n l e f t a n e m p lo y e r to g o in to m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e th e c h a n g e w a s c o u n te d a s a jo b s h ift o n ly i f th e w o r k e r ’ s n e x t jo b w a s w ith a n e w e m p lo y e r . I t w a s n o t a s h i f t i f h e ‘r e t u r n e d i m m e d i a t e l y t o th e s a m e e m p lo y e r a ft e r s e p a r a tio n fr o m th e A r m e d F o r c e s . S im ila r ly , m o v e m e n t to a n d fr o m u n e m p lo y m e n t, w a s c o u n te d o n ly i f a c h a n g e o f e m p lo y e r s w a s a ls o iLfL/ O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , in v o lv e d . th e m o v e m e n t o f w o r k e r s u p w a r d th ro u g h th e h ie r a r c h y o f o c c u p a tio n s a n d th e a c c o m p a n y in g a c q u is itio n a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f s k ills m o b ility . is , In ves tig a tio n a s jo u r n e y m e n w a s h o w ever, a n o th e r im p o r ta n t a s p e c t o f o f th e w o r k h is t o r ie s p r io r to q u a lific a tio n E s p e c ia lly p e r tin e n t in th is s tu d y in v ie w o f th e la r g e p r o p o r tio n o f m o ld e r s w h o b e c a m e jo u r n e y m e n w ith o u t fo r m a l tr a in in g . F o r th e se w o r k e r s , th e y e a r s o f th e ir w o r k in g liv e s p r io r to t h e ir f i r s t jo b s a s m o ld e r s w e r e a c t u a lly th e ir tr a in in g p e r io d s . In o r d e r to t r a c e a n d m e a s u r e th e p r o c e s s o f q u a lific a tio n fo r su ch w o r k e r s , th e m e n in te r v ie w e d w e r e r e q u e s te d to r e p o r t in fo r m a tio n On t h e ir e a r ly w o r k in g liv e s . D a ta w a s o b ta in e d o n s u c h im p o r ta n t p h a s e s a s th e p e r io d s o f e n t r y in to th e la b o r m a r k e t , fo u n d r y w o r k , a n d th e d u r a tio n o f tr a in in g . e n t r y in to -63- O c c u p a t io n a l m o v e m e n t w a s d e f in e d a s a s h if t f r o m o n e jo b c l a s s i f i c a t i o n to a n o t h e r ; t h a t i s , f r o m m o ld in g ( o r c o r e m a k i n g ) to s o m e o t h e r o c c u p a t io n , o r v ic e v e r s a , f e g a r d l e s s o J L w h e th e r a s h if t o f e m p lo y e r w a s in v o lv e d . C h a n g e s in v o lv in g m o v e m e n t b e t w e e n h a n d m o ld in g a n d c o r e m a k in g jo b s w £ r e n o t t r e a t e d a s in v o lv in g c h a n g e s in o c c u p a t io n . H o w e v e r, m o v e s fro m h a n d m o ld in g to m a c h in e m o ld in g w e r e c o n s id e r e d o c c u p a t io n a l s h i f t s , b e t w e e n tw o n o n m o ld in g o c c u p a t io n s . a s w e re s h if t s A n im p o r t a n t a s p e c t o f th e s u p p ly o f s k il le d m a n p o w e r i s th e e x t e n t to w h ic h i t i s e f f e c t iv e ly u t i liz e d . M o v e m e n t o f m o ld e r s o u t o f th e o c c u p a t io n m a y in v o lv e th e u t iliz a t io n o f t h e s e s k il le d w o r k e r s in jo b s r e q u ir in g le s s e r s k ills . S u c h m o v e m e n t w a s id e n t if ie d b y c o d in g jo b c h a n g e s in v o lv in g c h a n g e s in o c c u p a t io n to s h o w m o v e m e n t f r o m a m o ld in g jo b to a n o n m o ld in g jo b , b e t w e e n tw o n o n m o ld in g jo b s , and fro m w o r k o u t s id e th e t r a d e b a c k to m o ld in g . m o ld in g jo b s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d b y o c c u p a t io n a l s k i l l g r o u p . The nonT h e e x te n t to w h ic h m o l d e r s w e r e l o s t to th e f o u n d r ie s w a s g a g e d b y m e a s u r in g th e p e r i o d s s p e n t i n jo b s o u t s id e m o ld in g a n d r e la t in g t h e m to t o t a l a v a ila b le t im e in th e la b o r f o r c e . T h e e x t e n t to w h ic h m a n p o w e r r e s o u r c e s w e r e u n d e r - u t iliz e d w a s m e a s u r e d b y d e t e r m in in g w h a t p r o p o r t io n o f t h is " lo s t t im e " w a s in s e m is k ille d o r u n s k ille d w o r k . B e c a u s e o f t h e i r s t a t u s i n t h e m a r k e t , in d e p e n d e n t p l a n t s a r e l i k e l y to b e jo b b in g s h o p s a n d a r e l i k e l y to r e q u i r e a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e p r o p o r t io n o f s k ille d w o r k e r s . C a p t iv e f o u n d r ie s t y p ic a lly e m p lo y r e l a t i v e ly la r g e r p r o p o r t io n s o f s e m is k ille d a n d u n s k ille d w o r k e r s . T o th e e x te n t th a t th e w o r k m e th o d s a n d s k i l l r e q u ir e m e n t s o f th e tw o t y p e s o f f o u n d r ie s d if f e r , th e a m o u n t o f m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n th e m m e a s u r e s th e f l e x i b i l i t y o f th e g r o u p a s a w h o le a n d in d ic a t e s in w h ic h d ir e c t io n su ch s h if t in g i s m o r e r e a d ily a c c o m p lis h e d . M o v e m e n t b e t w e e n g e o g r a p h ic a r e a s w a s d e f in e d a s a c h a n g e o f e m p lo y m e n t f r o m o n e c it y to a n o t h e r , o r m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n c i t i e s 33 a n d o th e r p a r t s o f th e s a m e g e o g r a p h ic r e g io n . " M o v e m e n t b e t w e e n m e t a l s " w a s d e f in e d a s th e ty p e o f s h if t in w h ic h th e W o r k e r s h if t e d b e t w e e n f o u n d r ie s c a s t in g d if f e r e n t m e t a ls . F o u n d r ie s u s u a lly w o r k p r e d o m in a n t ly w it h o n e m e t a l a n d m a y t h e r e f o r e b e c la s s if ie d b y t h is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . 3 3 / " C i t i e s w e r e d e f in e d a s T h e ty p e s of s t a n d a r d C e n s u s m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s b e c a u s e i t i s b e lie v e d th a t t h e y c o r r e s p o n d r o u g h ly to th e lo c a l la b o r m a r k e t s , th e a r e a s w it h in w h ic h it i s c u s t o m a r y f o r w o r k e r s to c o m m u t e to p la n t s lo c a t e d in th e c e n t r a l c i t y o f it s su b u rb s. " R e g io n , " a s d e f in e d in t h is s t u d y , s t a n d a r d C e n s u s g e o g r a p h ic d i v i s i o n s M id d le A t la n t i c . c o r r e s p o n d s to su ch a s N ew E n g la n d a n d -64- m e t a l id e n t if ie d w e r e th e t h r e e m a jo r f e r r o u s m e t a ls c a s t ; g r a y ir o n , m a lle a b le ir o n , a n d s t e e l. In th e n o n f e r r o u s g ro u p , c o p p e r a n d c o p p e r a l lo y s , a lu m in u m , a n d m a g n e s iu m w e r e c o d e d s e p a r a t e ly . In a s m u c h a s th e d e m a n d fo r e a c h ty p e o f m e ta l m a y v a r y , tra n s f e r a b i l i t y o f m e n f r o m s h o p s c a s t in g o n e ty p e o f m e t a l to a n o t h e r i s b a s i c to e f f ic ie n t u t i liz a t i o n o f t h e s e w o r k e r s w it h in a m in im u m " b r e a k in g in " o r r e a d ju s t m e n t p e r io d . M e a s u r e m e n t o f M o v e m e n t a n d F a c t o r s R e la t e d to I t M o b ilit y o f a g ro u p o f w o r k e r s m a y b e m e a s u r e d b y tw o s t a n d a r d s - - t h e p r o p o r t io n o f th e g ro u p w h ic h i s m o b ile a n d th e r a t e of m o v e m e n t. T h o s e m e n w h o c h a n g e d jo b s a t a n y t im e d u r in g th e p e rio d s t u d ie d a f t e r q u a lif y in g i n th e t r a d e c o n s t it u t e d th e m o b ile g ro u p . T h e r a t e o f m o b ilit y w a s m e a s u r e d b y th e f r e q u e n c y o f m o v e m e n t e it h e r f o r th e e n t ir e g ro u p o r fo r th e m o b ile p o r t io n . F r e q u e n c y o f m o v e m e n t in a g iv e n p e r io d m a y b e m e a s u r e d in t e r m s o f t o t a l n u m b e r o f jo b s h e ld , a v e r a g e d u r a t io n o f jo b , o r a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f s h if t s . In t h is stu d y , th e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f s h if t s h a s g e n e r a lly b e e n th e m e a s u r e u s e d . B o th sta n d a rd s a re im p o r t a n t in d e s c r ib in g th e m o v e m e n t o f w o r k e r s . T h e p r o p o r t io n o f th e w h o le w h ic h th e m o b ile g r o u p a c c o u n t e d f o r m e a s u r e d th e lik e lih o o d o f jo b c h a n g e s b e in g m a d e b y a n y m e m b e r o f th e g r o u p . T o m a n p o w e r a u t h o r it ie s o r to in d iv id u a l e m p lo y e r s , it in d ic a t e d th e p r o b a b ilit y th a t a n y in d iv id u a l m o ld e r o r p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p s o f m o ld e r s w ill c h a n g e jo b s . T h e r a t e o f m o b ilit y in d ic a t e d h o w m u c h a g iv e n ty p e o f m o v e m e n t w il l o c c u r in a s p e c if ic t im e p e r io d . T h e a n a l y s i s o f f a c t o r s a f f e c t in g m o b ilit y o r a s s o c ia t e d w it h it h a s g e n e r a lly b e e n c o n d u c te d in t e r m s o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f w o r k e r s a t th e t im e th e in f o r m a t io n w a s c o lle c t e d . W h ile t h is t e c h n iq u e m a y b e b r o a d ly s a t i s f a c t o r y , i t s u s e in a n a l y s i s c o v e r in g a n y e x t e n d e d t i m e p e r i o d i s s u b j e c t to t h e c r i t i c i s m t h a t i t i s , i n e f f e c t , a p r o c e s s o f im p u t a t io n .. U n d e r t h i s t e c h n iq u e , p a r t i c u l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in th e c u r r e n t p e r io d a r e r e la t e d to th e b e h a v io r o f th e in d iv id u a l in th e p a s t , th u s im p lic it ly a s s u m in g th a t th e in d i- v id u a l h a s r e m a in e d u n c h a n g e d th ro u g h o u t th e p e r io d . Fo r e x a m p le , o n e m a y a t t e m p t to m e a s u r e t h e e f f e c t o f m a r i t a l s t a t u s o n m o b i l i t y b y ta b u la t in g th e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f s h if t s p e r w o r k e r b y m a r it a l s t a t u s a t th e t im e o f th e s u r v e y . T h e r e s u lt o f s u c h a ta b u la t io n m ig h t in d ic a t e th a t m a r r ie d m e n m a d e m o r e m o v e s th a n s in g le w o rk e rs. I t w o u ld n o t, h o w e v e r , in d ic a t e w h e t h e r o r n o t th e m e n w h o s h if t e d w e r e m a r r ie d o r s in g le a t th e t im e th e y m o v e d : H ence s u c h a t a b u la t io n w o u ld n o t in d ic a t e c o n c l u s i v e l y t h e e f f e c t o f m a r r ia g e o n m o b ilit y . I n o r d e r to a r r i v e a t a m o r e e x a c t d e t e r m in a t io n o f th e in flu e n c e o f p a r t ic u la r p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s an d o f w o r k e x p e r ie n c e o n th e a m o u n t o f m o v e m e n t, m u c h o f th e a n a ly s is in t h is —6 5 - r e p o r t i s in t e r m s o f th e s t a t u s o f e a c h w o r k e r a t th e t im e o f e a c h m ove he m ad e. W h e n a s p e c i f i c jo b c h a n g e w a s r e c o r d e d , th e s t a t u s ( m a r r ie d , h o m e o w n e r , e t c . ) o f th e w o r k e r a t th e t im e o f th e c h a n g e w a s a ls o id e n t if ie d . 3 4 N e x t , th e y e a r s s p e n t in e a c h s t a t u s a n d th e n u m b e r o f jo b c h a n g e s w h ic h o c c u r r e d w h e n th e w o r k e r w a s in t h a t s t a t u s w e r e t o t a l e d ; i t w a s t h e n p o s s i b l e to c o m p u t e a r a t e o f jo b c h a n g in g p e r y e a r in a g iv e n s t a t u s . Fo r e x a m p le , th e r a t e o f m o v e m e n t p e r y e a r f o r th e t im e th e w o r k e r w a s s in g le c o u ld b e c o m p a r e d w it h th e r a t e f o r th e p e r io d d u r in g w h ic h th e w o r k e r w a s m a r r ie d . A n illu s t r a t io n m a y m a k e t h is c le a r . t h e t ic a l c a s e o f 100 w o r k e r s C o n s id e r th e h y p o o v e r a 2 - y e a r p e r io d . A ssu m e th a t in th e f i r s t y e a r a l l o f th e w o r k e r s w e r e s in g le a n d th a t t h e y m a d e 200 m o v e s. O n J a n u a r y 1 o f th e s e c o n d y e a r , 50 o f th e w o r k e r s m a r r i e d a n d d u r in g th e y e a r , e a c h o f t h e s e 50 m a r r i e d m e n c h a n g e d jo b s o n c e , m a k in g a t o t a l o f 50 jo b c h a n g e s . D u r in g th e s a m e y e a r , th e 50 s in g le m e n m a d e p e r io d , 1 0 0 jo b c h a n g e s . a to ta l of 350 m o v e s w e re m a d e . T h u s, In f o r th e 2 - y e a r 300 c a s e s , th e w o r k e r s w e r e s in g le a t th e t im e th e y c h a n g e d jo b s ; in 50 c a s e s th e m e n w e r e m a r r i e d w h e n t h e y s h if t e d . D u rin g th e 2 - y e a r p e r io d , a to ta l o f 200 m a n -y e a rs w e re w o rk e d ; 1 50 w e r e w o r k e d in a n u n m a r r ie d s ta tu s an d 50 in a m a r r ie d s t a t u s . T h e a d ju s te d m o b ilit y r a t e fo r m a r r i e d m e n i s 1. 0 s h if t s p e r m a n - y e a r w o r k e d (5 0 s h if t s d iv id e d b y 50 m a n - y e a r s ) ; f o r s in g le m e n th e r a t e i s 2 . 0 s h if t s p e r m a n y e a r w o r k e d (3 0 0 m o v e s d iv id e d b y 150 m a n - y e a r s ) . A ll o th e r t h in g s b e in g e q u a l, a re th e c o n c lu s io n , th e re fo re , i s th a t s in g le m e n m o r e m o b ile th a n m a r r ie d m e n . It h a s b e e n s u g g e s te d th a t th e m o b ilit y o f w o r k e r s i s a ffe c te d b y c e r t a in a s p e c t s o f t h e ir w o r k e x p e r ie n c e . O n e h y p o t h e s is i s t h a t s e n io r it y in h ib it s m o v e m e n t ; th a t a w o r k e r o n a jo b c o v e r e d b y s e n i o r i t y p r o v i s i o n s i s m o r e r e lu c t a n t to c h a n g e jo b s th a n a m a n w h o s e jo b s e c u r i t y i s n o t s o p r o t e c t e d . T o t e s t t h is t h e o r y , e a c h w o r k e r w a s a s k e d w h e t h e r h e k n e w i f e a c h jo b w h ic h h e h a d h e ld h a d b e e n c o v e r e d b y a s e n io r it y p r o g r a m . T h e d u r a t io n o f e a c h 3 4 / — / T h e m e c h a n ic s o f t h is p r o c e d u r e m a y b e o f in t e r e s t . An I B M c a r d w a s p r e p a r e d f r o m th e q u e s t io n n a ir e o f e a c h w o r k e r . T h e I B M la y o u t f o r m f o r t h is c a r d is p r e s e n t e d o n p . 8 9 . In a d d it io n , f o r e a c h jo b , c a rd " w a s p re p a re d . ca rd . o th e r th a n th a t c u r r e n t ly h e ld , S e e p . 90 f o r th e I B M O n th e e x c e s s c a r d , la y o u t f o r m an "e x ce ss f o r t h is b y m e a n s o f s p e c ia l ta b u la t in g p r o c e d u r e s a n d a u x i l i a r y c o d in g , in f o r m a t io n r e f e r r i n g s p e c if ic a lly to th a t jo b a n d to s e le c t e d p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e w o r k e r a t th e t im e th e jo b c h a n g e t o o k p l a c e w a s p u n c h e d . a r e c o n t a in e d in c o lu m n s 1 6 - 3 7 a n d c o lu m n s 6 4 - 6 8 . T h e s e d a ta Som e a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n w a s t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m th e p r i m a r y c a r d to e a c h jo b c h a n g e c a r d , p e r m it t in g a n a l y s i s o f f a c t o r s w h ic h i t w a s th o u g h t m ig h t a f f e c t m o b ilit y . T h e s e t r a n s c r ib e d d a ta a r e t a in e d in c o lu m n s 3 9 - 6 3 a n d c o lu m n 6 9 . con -66- jo b w a s a l s o c o d e d . F r o m th e s e d a ta , t a b u la t io n s w e r e p r e p a r e d s h o w in g th e a v e r a g e d u r a t io n o f c o v e r e d jo b s a s c o m p a r e d to t h o s e w it h o u t s e n i o r i t y c o v e r a g e . S in c e t h e s e d a ta c o u ld b e u s e d in c o n ju n c t io n - w it h th e in f o r m a t io n o n th e w o r k e r s ' a g e a t th e t im e o f e a c h jo b c h a n g e , i t w a s p o s s ib le to e lim in a t e th e e f f e c t o f a g e in d r a w in g c o n c lu s io n s a b o u t th e e f f e c t s o f s e n io r it y o n jo b d u r a t io n a n d h e n c e m o b ilit y . S ta tis tic a l R e lia b ilit y A b a s ic p r o b le m in v o lv e d in a n y s t u d y b a s e d o n a s a m p le r a t h e r t h a n o n th e c o m p le t e u n iv e r s e i s th e e x te n t to w h ic h th e s a m p le s e le c t e d r e f le c t s th e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e u n iv e r s e it s e lf . I n t h is s t u d y th e p r o b le m i s o f p a r t i c u l a r im p o r t a n c e d u e to th e f a c t th a t th e m e th o d o f s a m p le s e le c t io n w a s r a t h e r c o m p le x . S in c e t h is w a s a tw o - s t a g e c lu s t e r s a m p le r a t h e r th a n a n u n r e s t r ic t e d r a n d o m s a m p le , th e u s u a l s t a t is t ic a l t e s t s o f r e l ia b i li t y c o u ld n o t b e a p p lie d . T h e s p e c if ic f o r m u la s u s e d f o r d e t e r m in in g th e s a m p lin g v a r ia n c e s o f th e fo u r ty p e s o f e s t im a t e s d e r iv e d fr o m th e s u r v e y d a ta a r e d is c u s s e d in a s t a t is t ic a l n o te ( p p . 6 9 - 7 9 )• T h e r e lia b ilit y o f s e le c t e d e s t im a t e s o f e a c h ty p e i s a ls o sh o w n in t h is n o te . The s a m p lin g e r r o r fo r th e se e x a m p le s a p p e a r e d to b e a c c e p t a b le a n d it w a s a s s u m e d t h a t c o m p a r a b le d e g r e e s o f r e l i a b i l i t y w o u ld b e o b t a in e d fo r o th e r e s t im a t e s of e a c h ty p e , w it h o u t a c t u a l l y c o m p u t in g t h e s e m e a s u r e s o f r e lia b ilit y in e v e r y c a s e . T h e t e s t in g o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e d if f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n e s t im a t e s i s illu s t r a t e d in th e s t a t is t ic a l n o te b y th e u s e o f tw o f o r m a l t e s t s . H e r e to o , b e c a u s e o f th e w o r k in v o lv e d , t h e s e t e s t s w e r e n o t a p p lie d to e a c h s e t o f o b s e r v a t io n s . In s te a d , a n o th e r f o r m o f th e C h i- s q u a r e t e s t w a s u s e d . W h ile th e u s e o f th e t e s t in t h is f o r m w a s n o t s t r i c t l y a p p lic a b le to a s a m p le o f t h is n a t u r e , it i s n o t b e lie v e d t h a t th e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d v a r i e d g r e a t ly f r o m t h o s e w h ic h w o u ld h a v e b e e n d e r iv e d f r o m th e u s e o f th e m o r e a p p r o p r ia t e m e a s u r e s d is c u s s e d in th e s t a t is t ic a l n o te . L im it a t io n s o f th e S tu d y O n e p r o b le m in s t u d ie s b a s e d u p o n in t e r v ie w s i s th e a c c u r a c y o f r e s p o n s e s m a d e b y in d iv id u a ls . I n v e s t ig a t io n s o f th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f w o r k e r r e s p o n s e s h a s sh o w n th a t w o r k h is t o r ie s o f s k ille d w o r k e r s o b ta in e d b y p e r s o n a l in t e r v ie w — / See, f o r e x a m p le , a r e b y an d la r g e r e l i a b l e . 35 T h e R e lia b ilit y o f R e s p o n s e in L a b o r M a r k e t I n q u ir ie s , b y G la d y s L . P a l m e r , T e c h n ic a l P a p e r N o . U . S . B u r e a u o f th e B u d g e t, D iv is io n o f S t a t is t ic a l S t a n d a r d s , 22, J u l Y 1 9 4 2 ; a n d V a l i d i t y o f W o r k H i s t o r i e s O b t a in e d b y I n t e r v i e w s , b y E liz a b e t h K e a t in g a n d C . H a r o ld S to n e , In d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s C e n t e r , U n iv e r s it y o f M in n e s o t a . -6 7 - In a d d it io n , th e q u e s t io n n a ir e u s e d in t h is s u r v e y a f f o r d e d th e o p p o r t u n it y to m a k e s o m e i n t e r n a l c h e c k s o f t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h e w o rk e rs* a n sw e rs. F o r e x a m p le , th e y e a r o f th e f i r s t f u l l - t i m e jo b w a s c h e c k e d a g a in s t th e y e a r o f th e f i r s t jo b in a f o u n d r y , a n d a n s w e r s g iv e n in th e s e c t io n o n t r a in in g w e r e c o m p a r e d w it h in f o r m a t io n r e p o r te d in th e w o r k h is t o r y . O n th e o th e r h a n d , it i s b e lie v e d th a t th e r e l ia b i li t y a n d c o m p le t e n e s s o f th e w o r k e r s * e x p la n a t io n s o f t h e i r m o t iv a t io n f o r m o v e m e n t f r o m jo b to jo b a r e p r o b a b ly lo w e r t h a n f o r t h e d a t a a s a w h o le . It m u s t b e r e c o g n iz e d th a t th e a n s w e r s g iv e n b y th e , r e s p o n d e n t s to t h i s q u e s t i o n w e r e h i g h l y s u b j e c t i v e i n n a t u r e . No c h e c k o n th e a c e u r a c y o f th e w o r k e r ' s e x p la n a t io n o f h i s r e a s o n s f o r le a v in g a s p e c if ic jo b w a s p o s s ib le . T h e e x t e n t to w h ic h th e a n s w e r s o b t a in e d a r e in v a lid a t e d b y th e r e s p o n d e n t 's m is u n d e r s t a n d in g o f th e q u e s t io n i s n o t k n o w n , a lt h o u g h , a s in d ic a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , m a n y w o r k e r s d id n o t g iv e r e a s o n s f o r c h a n g in g jo b s b u t in s t e a d in d ic a t e d h o w t h e y g o t t h e i r n e x t jo b o r t h e s o u r c e o f t h e i r la b o r m a r k e t in f o r m a t io n . It i s a ls o p o s s ib le th a t in m a n y c a s e s th e w o r k e r s c o n f u s e d tw o o r m o r e jo b s , f o r g o t th e d e t a ils in v o lv e d i n t h e jo b c h a n g e , o r a t t e m p t e d to r a t i o n a l i z e a c o u r s e o f a c t io n , th e m o t iv a t io n o f w h ic h w a s n o t e n t i r e l y c l e a r to th e in d i v id u a l h im s e lf . In so m e c a s e s , a ls o , a tte m p ts m a y h a v e b e e n m a d e to a c t u a l l y c o n c e a l th e r e a l m o t iv a t io n o r c a u s a t i o n s o f jo b ch an g es. W it h t h e s e li m it a t io n s in m in d , it s h o u ld a l s o b e c o n s id e r e d th a t th e d is t r ib u t io n o f th e r e a s o n s g iv e n b y t h e s e w o r k e r s f o r c h a n g in g jo b s a p p e a r e d to b e g e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r to th e r e s u l t s o f o th e r A s t u d ie s in t h is f ie ld . m o r e g e n e r a l lim it a t io n is im p o s e d b y th e n a t u r e o f th e stu d y it s e lf . T h e u s e o f th e r e t r o s p e c t iv e in t e r v ie w t e c h n iq u e , li m it e d to m e n w o r k in g in th e o c c u p a t io n a t th e t im e o f th e s u r v e y , a s s u r e s a h o m o g e n e o u s s a m p le b u t r e s t r i c t s th e s c o p e o f c o n c lu s io n s . T h e c o n c lu s io n s o f f e r e d c a n a p p ly o n ly to th e m o ld e r a n d c o r e m a k e r w o r k f o r c e a s it w a s c o n s tit u te d a t th e t im e th e s a m p le w a s d r a w n . T h o s e m e n w o r k in g o u t s id e th e o c c u p a t io n f o r a n y r e a s o n a n d t h o s e u n e m p lo y e d o r t e m p o r a r i l y o u t o f t h e la b o r f o r c e c o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n in c lu d e d in th e s a m p le . If th e w o r k e x p e r ie n c e a n d p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e s e w o r k e r s s h o u ld b e s i g n if ic a n t ly d if f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e in t e r v ie w e d in th e s u r v e y , t h e ir e x c lu s io n m a y h a v e r e s u lt e d in a n in c o m p le t e o r d is t o r t e d v ie w o f th e w o r k e r s in t h is o c c u p a t io n , T h e e x te n t to w h ic h t h is i s t r u e a n d th e e x t e n t to w h ic h f a i l u r e to in c lu d e th e w o r k e r s h a s b ia s e d th e s t u d y c o u ld o n ly b e d e t e r m in e d b y a f o llo w - u p s tu d y c o v e r in g th e s e w o r k e r s . T h e lik e lih o o d o f s u b s t a n t ia l n u m b e r s o f w o r k e r s t a k in g jo b s o u t s id e t h e i r u s u a l o c c u p a t io n d ep en d s, a v a ila b ilit y o f jo b s in th a t f ie ld , to a l a r g e e x te n t, o n th e th e g e n e r a l d e s ir a b ilit y o f th e -6 8 - o c c u p a t io n , a n d a b i l i t y o f w o r k e r s in t h e t r a d e to t r a n s f e r to o t h e r f i e l d s o f w o r k w it h c o m p a r a b le e a r n in g s . In th e stu d y o f to o l a n d d ie m a k e r s , 36 th e p r o b a b ilit y o f b ia s b e c a u s e o f th e e x c lu s io n o f to o l a n d d ie m a k e r s w o r k in g in o t h e r f ie ld s w a s r e g a r d e d a s s m a l l. T h is w a s so b e c a u s e to o l a n d d ie m a k in g c a r r ie s g r e a t s o c ia l p r e s t ig e am o n g m a n u a l w o r k e r s a n d p a y s r e la t iv e ly w e ll. M o re o v e r , to o l a n d d ie m a k in g jo b s w e r e r e a d i l y a v a il a b l e d u r in g th e p e r io d o f th e s t u d y , a n d o t h e r jo b s w h ic h to o l a n d d ie m a k e r s c o u ld t r a n s f e r to a t c o m p a r a b le o r h ig h e r e a r n in g s w e r e li m it e d . In th e c a s e o f m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s , h o w e v e r , it a p p e a r s s o m e w h a t m o r e l i k e l y th a t q u a lif ie d jo u r n e y m e n w e r e w o r k in g o u t s id e th e t r a d e a t th e t im e o f th e s u r v e y . W h ile it i s t r u e th a t m o l d e r s w e r e in s h o r t s u p p ly in e a r l y 1 9 5 2 , th a t q u a lif ie d w o r k e r s c o u ld e a s i l y fin d jo b s , th a t w a g e s o f m o ld e r s a r e c o m p a r a b le to th o se o f o th e r s k ille d w o r k e r s , an d th a t it is e v e n m o r e tru e o f m o l d e r s t h a t t h e y h a v e l i t t l e t r a n s f e r a b i l i t y to o t h e r w e l l p a y in g o c c u p a t io n s , o t h e r f a c t o r s in d ic a t e th a t a n a n y g iv e n t im e s o m e p r o p o r t io n o f q u a lif ie d w o r k e r s w o u ld b e in o t h e r f i e l d s . m o l d e r s d o n o t r a n k h ig h o n th e p r e s t i g e In la r g e p a r t t h is i s d u e to l e s s s c a le F o r e x a m p le , o f s k ille d w o r k e r s . d e s ir a b l e w o r k in g c o n d it io n s w h ic h f o r m e r ly c h a r a c t e r iz e d fo u n d ry w o rk . A lt h o u g h g r e a t im p r o v e m e n t s h a v e b e e n m a d e in f o u n d r y c o n d it io n s , th e " s t a n d in g " o f th e o c c u p a t io n h a s n o t s u b s t a n t ia lly in c r e a s e d . A f u r t h e r in d ic a t io n th a t s o m e q u a lif ie d w o r k e r s m a y b e o u t s id e m o ld in g is th e f in d in g th a t in tw o p e r io d s o f f o u n d r y e x p a n s io n w h ic h o c c u r r e d d u r in g th e 1 2 - y e a r s t u d y n u m b e r s o f q u a lif ie d jo u r n e y m e n r e t u r n e d to th e fie ld fr o m o th e r tr a d e s of w o rk . T h i s p r o b a b ly c a n b e e x p la in e d b y th e f a c t th a t t h e r e h a v e b e e n p e r i o d s w h e n m o ld in g jo b s w e r e h a r d to g e t , s u c h a s i n 1 9 3 8 - 3 9 a n d i n 1 9 4 9 . H o w e v e r, e a r ly 1952, w h e n th e s t u d y w a s c o n d u c t e d , w a s a p e r io d o f h ig h f o u n d r y a c t i v i t y a n d w o r k e r s o u t s id e th e t r a d e c o u ld e a s i ly h a v e fo u n d jo b s a s m o ld e r s . I t s h o u ld b e r e a l i z e d th a t w h a t e v e r b i a s m a y b e p r e s e n t in t h e s e d a ta a s a r e s u l t o f th e n o n - in c lu s io n o f m e n n o t w o r k in g in th e o c c u p a t io n d o e s n o t in v a lid a t e th e m a n p o w e r im p lic a t io n s o f th e stu d y . 1952 w e re T h e m e n w h o w e r e n o t w o r k in g a s m o ld e r s in e a r l y n o t r e a d ily a v a ila b le m a n p o w e r f o r th e fo u n d ry in d u s t r y . M a n p o w e r p la n n in g in th e f o u n d r y f ie ld m u s t , th e re fo re , as re g a r d s th e a d o p tio n o f p r o g r a m s f o r th e m o s t e f f e c t iv e u s e o f m a n p o w e r in t h is s k ille d o c c u p a t io n , c o n c e rn it s e lf a lm o s t e n t ir e ly w it h th e g ro u p o f m o ld e r s r e p r e s e n t e d b y th e s a m p le s t u d ie d - - th e m e n w h o te n d to s t a y in th e t r a d e a n d w h o w i l l b e m o s t r e a d i ly a v a ila b le in a n y f u t u r e m o b iliz a t io n . 3._ / T h e M o b i l i t y o f T o o l a n d D i e M a k e rs, op. c it . , p . 21. A P P E N D IX E S A p p e n d ix A s t a t is t ic a l n o t e * F o u r d if f e r e n t t y p e s o f e s t im a t e m a y b e o b ta in e d f r o m d a ta c o lle c t e d in t h is m e n ts and fro m su rv e y , u s in g s c h e d u le s b o th f r o m th e e s t a b lis h in d iv id u a l m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s . T h e f ir s t of th e se is th e e s t im a t e f r o m p la n t s c h e d u le s o f a n a g g r e g a t e o f s o m e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e p o p u la t io n : E x a m p le s of s u c h e s t im a t e s c o n c e r n in g p la n t s in th e s u r v e y a r e th e n u m b e r o f h a n d m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s in th e e ig h t m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s s u r v e y e d , th e n u m b e r o f p la n t s in t h e s e a r e a s w it h a p p r e n t ic e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s , a n d th e t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t in in d e p e n d e n t o r c a p t iv e f o u n d r ie s in th e u n iv e r s e . In t h is r e p o r t e m p h a s is h a s n o t b e e n p la c e d u p o n th e s e a g g r e g a te s - n e it h e r s a m p le t o t a ls s u c h a s th e 1, 8 0 0 m o l d e r s , n o r th e im p l ie d e s t i m a t e o f 1 8 , 0 0 0 m o l d e r s in th e u n iv e r s e . F o r t h o s e in t e r e s t e d in s u c h f i g u r e s , h o w e v e r , f o r m u l a e a r e in c lu d e d b e lo w f o r e s t i m a t e s o f p o p u la t io n t o t a ls a n d t h e ir s a m p lin g v a r i a n c e s . A s e c o n d ty p e o f e s t im a t e I s th a t o f a n e s t im a t e o f th e to ta l o f a s p e c if ie d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e p o p u la t io n , a s d e r iv e d f r o m d a ta c o lle c t e d f r o m in d iv id u a l m o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s . A s fo r th e f i r s t e s t im a t e , s a m p le a g g r e g a te s r a t h e r th a n e s t im a t e d t o ta ls a r e sh o w n in th e r e p o r t f o r s u c h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . F o r e x a m p le , s a m p le a g g r e g a t e s o f t h is ty p e a r e th e n u m b e r o f s h if t s m a d e b y a l l m o ld e r s a n d th e n u m b e r o f m a n - y e a r s in th e la b o r f o r c e . In e a c h c a s e , t h e r e i s a n im p lie d e s t im a t e f o r th e u n iv e r s e 10 t i m e s th e s a m p l e a g g r e g a t e . w h ic h i s A t h ir d ty p e o f e s t im a t e o b t a in e d f r o m d a t a f o r in d iv id u a l m o l d e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s i s a n e s t im a t e o f th e r a t io o f tw o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in th e p o p u la t io n , s u c h a s th e r a t io o f t o t a l n u m b e r o f s h i f t s to t o t a l m a n - y e a r s o f e x p o s u r e to s h i f t , o r th e r a t io o f to ta l n u m b e r o f s h i f t s to t o t a l n u m b e r o f m o l d e r s w h o s h i f t e d . T h u s, t h i s t y p e c a n b e u s e d c o n v e n i e n t ly to m e a s u r e q u it e a v a r i e t y o f a v e r a g e s a s w e ll a s o th e r r a t io s . T h e f o u r t h ty p e o f e s t im a t e o b ta in e d f r o m and c o re m a k e rs is p a r t ic u la r c h a r a c t e r is t ic . * The th e d a ta f o r m o ld e r s th e p r o p o r t io n o f th e to ta l w h ic h p o s s e s s e s a Fo r e x a m p le , th e p r o p o r t io n s o f w o r k e r s s t a t is t ic a l n o te w a s p r e p a r e d b y O f f ic e o f S t a t is t ic a l C o n s u lt a n t o f th e B u r e a u * s D iv is io n o f M a n p o w e r a n d E m p lo y m e n t S t a t is t ic s . -70- w h ic h a r e c la s s i f ie d in e a c h a g e g ro u p a r e d e r iv e d f r o m th e d a ta f o r th e w o r k e r s in t h is s t u d y , a n d th e p e r c e n t o f m o ld e r s m a k in g s h if t s . T h is ty p e o f e s t im a t e i s a c t u a lly a p a r t ic u la r c a s e o f th e T y p e I I I e s t im a t e . R e lia b ilit y o f E s t im a t e s fro m th e S u r v e y T h e d e s ig n o f th e s a m p le i s a s t r a t if ie d s a m p lin g p r o c e s s w it h in e a c h s t r a t u m . Each p r im a r y s a m p lin g u n it s th e p a r t ic u la r o n e w it h a t w o - s t a g e s t r a t u m i s d i v id e d in t o (o r c lu s t e r s ) w h ic h a r e stra tu m . f ir m s T h e f i r s t s t a g e o f s a m p lin g is c la s s if ie d in t o th e s e le c t io n o f th e p r im a r y s a m p lin g u n it s a n d th e s e c o n d s t a g e i s th e s e le c t io n o f th e w o r k e r s w it h in th e p r i m a r y s a m p lin g u n it s . T h e m e th o d of e s t im a t io n a n d r e lia b ilit y o f s u c h e s t im a t e s a r e o f t h is d e s ig n f o r th e fo u r t y p e s o f e s t im a t e . d is c u s s e d in t e r m s T y p e I E s t im a t e T h e f i r s t ty p e o f e s t im a t e i s r Z i- 1 X* m a d e a s f o llo w s : Mi Z mi a . . j-I X *3 w h e re i is th e n u m b e r o f th e s t r a t u m j is th e n u m b e r o f th e c l u s t e r w it h in th e it h s t r a t u m M i s th e n u m b e r o f p la n t s m is X ( c lu s t e r s ) in th e u n iv e r s e th e n u m b e r o f p la n t s in th e s a m p le i s th e m e a s u r e o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ( f o r e x a m p le , n u m b e r o f m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s ) a ., ^ is 1 if th e p la n t i s th e in c lu d e d in th e s a m p le a n d O i f it i s n o t in c lu d e d . It w ill b e o b s e r v e d th a t th e re i s n o s u b s a m p lin g in t h is f o r m e s tim a t e . T h e v a r ia n c e r O* X » - Z i- 1 o f t h is e s t im a t e i s M?(M - m ) a s f o llo w s : of -71- in all cases it will be true that j » ^ — X* and hence that " 100 Type II Estimate This type of estimate is made as follows: X» - r Z i- 1 — “i 2 a J-l ij ni j Ni j 2 X a k- 1 ijk ijk where N is the number of m olders in the universe n is the number of m olders in the sample k is the number of the individual molder X is the characteristic being measured 21 ijk is the conditional probability that the ijkth worker will be in the sample when the ijth plant is in the sample. The variance of this estimate is as follows: o* X» r Z - V i- 1 ni J (MJ j - « 0^ Mi (Mi + Mi * 1 where x- k- 1 ij and X3 X* i ij Note 1. In the preceding variance formulae, the summations are over the universe rather than the sample. In applying the form ulae, it is assumed that average values over the sample are the same as average values over the universe, and sample calculations are in flated accordingly. Note 2. It may be observed that the Type II estimate could be used to estimate any quantity which is estimated by the Type I estim ate, although in general the Type II estimate will have the greater >«• If X is defined as the sample aggregate for this type of estim ate, -72- vanance. For an estimate of number of m olders, the Type II 1 for all values of ijk, yields identical re estim ate, with X. ijk sults as does the Type I estimate. Note 3. The variance formula for Type II estim ates is made up of two sets of term s of the form o2 - a* + a* , where o** . . . . . . , Y, w B » w 18 ^‘ie contribution to variance of samplmg workers within the plants and0** is the contribution from sampling plants in the cities - the "b e tw A n -p la n t" component. Later in the report an illustration for a Type II estimate estimated total number of job shifts - is given in which the relative sampling standard deviation is 6.„7 percent. Of this, all but 0. 1 percent is contributed byo2 . The within-plant variance is alm ost B negligible as compared with the between-plant variance. This suggests that satisfactory approximations to variances of sim ilar quantities can be obtained by assuming that within-plant variances are zero. It also suggests that insofar as statistics sim ilar to "num ber of sh ifts" are desired, very small within-plant samples might be employed, with resources being allocated to cover a larger number of plants. Note 4. A s in Type I estim ates, we have * lOOcrf X« X Type III Estimate X« The third type of estimate isR ' = — - * where X* and Y* are y , estim ates of X and Y, two characteristics of the population, and is derived as follows: M. N N r M id * ij _,-12 a 2 X a rcy „i°i i j i.1k ijk R. = i z L r M M. N N id Y 2 21 a id a m i = l k = l ijk ijk li d -i ^ ^d If the denominator is a qualitative characteristic indicating pos session or not of an attribute, then Y .., is equal to either one or ijk zero, depending upon whether the individual p o ssesses the charac teristic being measured. A special case of this estimate occurs when y » N in which case R' is an estimate of the mean X“ « (See also type IV, follow ing.). yt N» -73- The approximate variance3 7 of the Type III estimate is as follow s : 11.(K. - m.) 1 r Mi ' " i s * V . 1 1 1 — z a* ■ Y5 * i“l ijk \ " 1 mi j“l nij R» \ i ~ x a2 ij where a cr 2R r Y Y jl Aijk iSc ijk ijk + R2 o* = a2 cr2 ijk X . ,, Yijk ijk and a* ij with o2 + R2 a2 * a* xi3 and cr2 2R r X Yij * ij ij <T X <T Y ij ij defined as for the Type II estimate and o2 and cr2 Y±ik Xij Xijk similarly defined, and with the following definitions: N. . X Y ijk ijk N a a ij Xijk Yijk and Mi X ..Y ., 1 3 3-3 3- 1 % - V M. cr_ (yu - "V a Y« 1 3 7 / Calculations for the variance of the Type III estimate are 1^/ \^1X the bU V X V J L X W f f J L l l g approximation: A based upon following S2 R* ( 11 - f) Y2 J fm. i-1 mi H* - 1 i"l « ij i where Y is the sample total, and X The quantity .• - ij 1 *7 i J and Y -. are the sample totals J for the ijth plant. . f ^ n*« • J l is a constant equal ,°,\9 ini he^ P ^ 3 e n t design. (See e. g. , ^ampfing Techniaues. WiHiam G. Cochran, New York; John W ilifa n d Sons, In c ., 1953, Chapter 11; or Sample Survey Methods and Theory. M orris H. r i f S wN WlUl^ N ’ Hurwitz» and W illiam G. Madow, New York; John W iley and Sons, Volume I, Chapter V II.) -74- where and X »Y = M. i a. - w— i "i _ X x^. ■ * « and Y ij Nij X» Observe that there is a difference betweenX* » ^jfhe average number of shifts per molder as calculated from the sample, and Xn “ span estimate of average number of shifts per worker which cottltirbe obtained by dividing the estimate of total shifts, X*, by a known total number of m olders (if such a figure were known). The variance of x* i® le s s than the variance of xn« Type IV Estimate The fourth type of estimate is derived as follow s: r \ i-1 P' % Z a 3"1 N± -= £ ni,1 N z J Y a ^ ijk ijk > N* with N* being the estimated number of m olders and p f the estimated proportion of individuals possessing the characteristic being m easured. Since this is a ratio estimate of the same general form as Type III estim ate, the formula for the variance38 of the estimate is also of the same general form as for the Type III variance. 3 8 / Calculations for the variance of this type of estimate were obtained by use of the following approximation: S* P' where n> n* i» i and — i - 1 W i - p ,( V 13 1 ) are the number in the sample for the par ticular sample collected for the total, the stratum, and the plants, respectively. -75- Comput»tion of Reliability of Estim ates from the Survey Calculations of sampling reliability are shown below for an example of each type of estim ate. Type I Estimate The sample total of 1, 800 m olders has an absolute error for the 95 percent confidence interval of 76. This means that in 95 out of every 100 possible samples the number of m olders interviewed would range from 1, 876 to 1, 724, depending upon the random choice of establishments for the sample. Type II Estimate An example of the sample total for this type of estimate is 2, 128 shifts made by all m olders in the survey. The absolute error for this sample total is 284 shifts for the 95 percent confidence in terval. Type III Estimate The reliability of estimates of this type was computed for four different estim ates: (l) the average number of shifts made by all m olders, (2) the average number of shifts made by m olders who shifted, (3) the average number of shifts per m an-year, and (4) the average age of m olders. The m easures of accuracy for the average number of shifts were computed for these statistics for each city as well as the total and are shown in the following table for the 95 per cent confidence interval: A verage m asker o f e h ifte A ll n o ld e rs Average noaber o f e h ifte C it y A ll c it ie s B o sto n • • . C h icago • • • C lfroX & nd • • D e tro it • • • Lo s A ngeles • Hew Y o rk • • • P h ila d e lp h ia • P ittsb u rg h * • • * • * • • • A b so lu te e rro r H o ld e rs eho s h ifte d A verage nueber o f s h if t s A b so lu te e rro r 1 .1 8 0.1 3 2 .5 7 0.1i* 1 .9 5 0 .9 6 1 .3 1 .9 2 1 .8 8 .8 5 1 .0 $ •66 .3 8 •3k •31 3 .0 3 2 .3 7 2.50 2 .5 7 3 .0 3 2 .1 0 2 J* 7 2*QU .3 1 •20 .3 1 •38 J±o •20 .3 0 .3 0 •32 .2 7 •25 -76- The reliability of the estimates of average number of shifts per m an-year for all molders and by number of years in the labor force is as follows: Average amber of sh ifts per man-year Tsars in labor force A ll groups — 4»o • • • • • • 4*1 - 8 .0 ...................... 8*1 • 12+0 • ♦ ♦ ♦ • 12.1 - over . • . . . Average amber of sh ifts Absolute error 0.118 0.014 •188 •198 •164 .095 •072 •Q37 •O0B .013 The accuracy of the estimated average age of m olders, 47 years, was also calculated and the absolute error is one year for the 95 percent confidence interval. Type IV Estimate The particular estimate studied as an example of the Type IV estimate is the proportion of m olders making shifts. The sampling errors in such estim ates, for the 95 percent confidence lim its, both for the total and by city are as follows: -77- P e rce rit o f m olders m aking s h if t s P e rce n t o f m olders s h if t s C it y A ll c it ie s B o sto n • • • C h ica g o • • C le v e la n d . D e tro it • • Lo s A n gele s Hear T o rk • • P h ila d e lp h ia P ittsb u rg h . « . . « • • • « . . . . • • • « • • . • • • • • . . . . . . . . A b so lu te e rro r 1*5*9 3«3 6 t*.l* 11.3 12.7 9 .1 10.7 7 .7 6 .7 8 .1 13.9 1*0*5 52*5 35.3 62*0 1*0.1* l*2j* 3 2.2 It might be noted that for this characteristic, the variance is not greatly different for "a ll c itie s" from what it would have been from a random sample of 1, 800 w orkers. Significance of Differences Between Estim ates At a number of points in the study, the statistical significance of the difference between or among estimates is a question of keen interest. M ore than one formal test can be brought to bear on this question. Two of the m ost direct and useful are illustrated for the data on average number of shifts per m an-year for workers with different lengths of time in the labor force. The data show, for example, that molders with le ss than 4. 0 years in the labor force average 0.188 shifts per year (x) while those with m ore than 12 years average 0. 095 shifts per year (y). Is there a significant difference between these two figures? Our design is such that x should be distributed normally (or nearly so) about ^with variance a® ■ 0.00129 and y would be dis tributed normally about y with variance cx2 = 0.0000l*» Since these two y -78- variables are independent of one another, the quantity d * x - y should be distributed normally about(x - y)with variance o’2 83 + a2 ® 0#Q0133* Consider the hypotheses that there is no difference between the means of the two groups, that is that x * y« Then, the quantity d should have a mean of o, and a variance <j2 ® 0*00133* or a sampling standard error of a * 0#0365>. The observed d divided by this <J* 0# 093/0# 0363i *s tested. This value, which is 2. 5 ,is a highly unlikely chance result, well beyond 95 percent confidence lim its. Consequently, the hypothesis is untenable, and the conclusion is that there is a signifi cant difference between the two cla sse s. The second test makes use of the basic Chi-squared dis tribution: If n independent variables Z. are normally distributed about a common mean zero with standard deviations then - 1 is the Chi-squared distribution with N degrees of freedom , where N is n reduced by the number of linear constraints placed on the Z^. This theory may be adapted to test whether the observed average number of shifts per m an-year for the various classes of years of attachment to the labor force differ, collectively, in significant degree from the a ll-c la s s estimate. In applying the chi-square test we use the following definitions: ,x - the ith class average i u - the a ll-c la s s average w, - class weight - in this example, the estimated ratio of 1 the number of m an-years in the ith class to the number of m an -years in all classes combined a3 - a weighted variance of all c la sse s, Ewf a* u x If Z.= (x. - u) and of i i 1 f 1 ~ ^w-aZ the chi-squared die u 1 Xj tribution is appropriate for the test. There is one linear constraint on the Z. since u is a linear function of the x .. The data show i i u * .118. The necessary computations are summarized in the following table: -79- z X i W i o. i i ZA (V ° i )4 0.188 0 .0 7 0 0 *0 2 0 .0 3 5 6 1 .9 7 3 .8 8 .198 .0 8 0 .09 .0177 u .5 2 20.1*3 .161* .ci*6 .1 7 .0127 3 .6 2 1 3 .1 0 . 0 95 - .023 .72 .0035 6 .5 7 1*3*16 % * - 80.57 So large a value of chi-squared, for three degrees of freedom , is extremely unlikely, from which we conclude that there are sig nificant differences among the classes collectively with respect to average number of shifts per m an-year. A p p e n d ix -80- B JO B DESCRIPTIONS 1. Occupations included: a. HAND BENCH MOLDER A worker who shapes small and medium-sized molds ( or component sections of a mold that are assem bled into complete units) by hand on a bench, by ramming and packing sand around patterns placed in flasks, and whose work involves most of the following: selecting and assembling appropriate flasks and patterns for varying m olds; determination of appropriate sand blends and moisture content of sand required for different types of m olds; packing and ramming green sand, dry sand or loam around patterns; drawing patterns and smoothing m olds; selecting and setting cores in position; determination of the types of gating necessary for the m olds; finishing molds by performing such operations as facing, venting, and reinforming; assembling mold sections to form complete molds; selecting and using such m olderts hand tools as riddles, trowels, slick s, lifters, bellows and m allets in packing and smoothing of molds or mold sections; and directing the pouring of the molten m etals. b. FLOOR MOLDER A worker who shapes large molds or mold sections by hand on the foundry floor or in a pit, by ramming or packing sand around patterns placed in flasks, and whose work involves most of the following: selecting and assembling appropriate flasks and patterns and positioning patterns in flasks for a variety of m olds; deter mination of appropriate sand blends, and moisture content of sand required for different m olds; packing and ramming sand or loam around patterns; drawing patterns and smoothing m olds; selecting and setting in position appropriate cores; determination of appropriate gating, venting, reinforcing and facing required for particular mold; assembling mold sections to form complete molds, using such m olderls hand tools as riddles, ram m ers, trowels, slicks, lifters, bellows and m allets in compacting and smoothing of m olds; directing the pouring of the molten metal into m olds; and operation of crane in lifting and moving of molds or mold sections. c. HAND COREMAKER A worker who shapes by hand (on bench or floor)varying types of sand cores placed in molds to form hollows and holes in metal castings, and whose work requires m ost of the following: selecting appropriate core boxes and work sequence; cleaning core boxes with -81- com pressed air or hand bellow s, and dusting parting sand over in side of core box to facilitate removal of finished core; packing and ramming core sand solidly into box, using shovels, hands, and tamping tools; selecting and setting vent w ires and reinforcing w ires into cores; determining approximate sand blends and moisture content of sand required for a particular core; removing core box from core and repairing damage to im pressions; baking cores to harden them; and assembling cores of more than one section. d. WORKING FOREMAN This definition includes the following job titles: foreman, assistant fore man, group leader, group head, leader, leadman, supervisor. P erform s duties of a supervisory nature in molding or core making activities or in the molding and coremaking departments. Regularly perform s work requiring manual skill or physical effort which consumes more than 20 percent of the hours worked by this employee in the workweek. Should include all working supervisors in the molding and coremaking departments. e. NON-WORKING FOREMAN A person who supervises workers in making, baking,finishing, and setting molds and cores. Determines procedure of work and assigns duties. May set up or inspect equipment preparatory to regular operations. Must p o ssess a detailed knowledge of molding and coremaking. 2. Occupations not included: a. MACHINE MOLDER A worker who shapes molds or mold sections on any of several types of molding machines, such as ro ll-o v e r, jarring, and squeeze machines, and whose work involves m ost of the following: selecting and assembling appropriate flasks and patterns and positioning patterns in flasks; filling flasks with sand and ramming of sand around pattern with ramming tool or by mechanical means; determination of appropriate sand blends and moisture content of sand required for particular m olds; preparing molds for drawing of patterns, and re pairing damage to mold im pressions in sand; selecting and setting in position appropriate cores; determination of appropriate venting, gating, reinforcing and facing required; assembling upper and lower sections of m olds, and guiding or assisting in the pouring of the molten molten metal into the mold. -82- b. MACHINE COREMAKER A worker who shapes sand co res, used in molds to produce hollows and holes in castings, using a turn-over-draw machine to compact the sand and to facilitate the removal of the finished core from the core boxes, and whose work involves m ost of the following: selecting appropriate core box and setting it up on machine table; filling core box with sand of appropriate blend and moisture content; operating machine to com press sand in the core box, stripping box from core; and smoothing core and repairing damages to im pressions. (4) W h y d i d n ’t y o u c o m p l e t e y o u r apprenticeship? d. (5) D i d y o u t a k e any o t h e r t r a i n i n g to q u a l i f y as a Journeyman? Yes □ No □ I f yes, d e s c r i b e t his 12. training Other Give I I _________________________ d etails of this training: ________________________________________ F i l l out i n f o r m a t i o n o n t r a i n i n g b e low: (a)_______________ (b)__________________________ (c)__________________________ (d)______________ (e)__________________________(f)__________________________ (g) When did you start and finish your training? To From Mo. 13. 14. Yr. Mo. Yr. Were you training for: molder, coremaker or combination? (state which) What was the name of the firm in which you qualified in the trade (give name, city , and 8tate) What was the principal metal cast in this foundry? For captive foundries: what was the principal prod uct o f the plant? To In terview er: Give date respondent started work for plant listed in 12c and Job he held there immediately before starting training. Date Was there a union in the plant? I f not enter "no. " I f so, give name. Job a. After you became a qualified Journeyman, how long did you work at the firm where you were trained?------------------------ --- b. Why did you leave?___________________________________________ _ _____— --------- -------------------------------- —---- how many months of training, if any, in molding or coremaking did you have in a vocational or trade school as a student b e f o r e being employed as an apprentice or learning the trade in the plant?_________________ — ------------------------- ------------- - --- — (List all courses and give aonth and year began and ended—enter none If none) 15. Have you had any technical schooling since you began working in a foundry? Yes □ No Q If yes, list courses and give month and year started and ended and hours per week of schooling or total number of hours you attended. (Answer either a or b, a n d c«) a. Courses taken while in apprenticeship.................... .............. .....__......................... .— ------ — — — b. Courses taken while qualifying (for those who served no apprenticeship)________________________________________ ___________— c. Courses taken after becoming a Journeyman molder or coremaker ________________ -.... -- ------ -- — --------- --- B L S No. 2 2 7 2A Appendix C Budget Bureau No. 44-5168. 1 Approval expiree April 80, 1952 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS WASHINGTON 25, D. C. CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL O C C UPATIO N AL N O B IL IT Y OF HOLDERS AND COREMAXERS S c h e d u l e No. _ _ _________ 1. FOP OFFICE USE ONLY Where were you born?--- ... ... . 2. What year?______ 3. (City or county and Stato or forlogn country) What was the highest grade of regular school you completed? __________ 5. No □ b. a. Are you married? 7. a. Do you own your own home? 8. a. How many children do you have?_____ 9. a. In what year did you get your first full-time Job?_____ b. c. What did this firm do?__________________________ __________________ _ d. Yes Cl] If yes, give date of marriage_______ ___________________________________________ No Q b. b. What are their present ages? I f jo b d e sc r ib e d in q u e s t i o n 9 w a s ____ . ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _ What was your Job? __________________________________________ Where was It located?______________________ in a fo u n d r y , d o n o t a n sw e r q u e s t i o n (City and State) 10) a. In what year did you get your first Job in a foundry?_______ b. What was the name of the plant? -. . _____________________ c. Where was it located? n— d. What did this firm do?_________________________ , _______ ..... .....________________ (City and Stats) e. What metal was cast?____ ____ ______________ (Give principal metals) 11. If yes, when did you buy your home? __________________________________ (Siva principal product If manufacturing firm or kind of buslnass. If foundry, giro principal natal cast.) (T o I n t e r v i e w e r : No I I How long have you lived in this area? 6. 10. Yes □ Were you brought up on a farm? Yes Q H o w d i d y o u l e a r n to b e a. Apprenticeship a molder or c o r e m a k e r ? f. What was your Job? __ ___________________________________________ _ (Job title or description of duties) (T o i n t e r v i e w e r : I I (1) D i d y o u c o m p l e t e th e a p p r e n t i c e s h i p ? Yes I I No (If "yes" a n s w e r 2. I f "no" p r o c e e d to (4).) (2) D i d y o u g e t a c e r t i f i c a t e ? Yes I I No f l b. I~1 (If "yes" p r o c e e d to q u e s t i o n 12. I f "no" a n s w e r (3).) (3) D i d y o u g e t any o t h e r p a p e r w h e n y o u f i n i s h e d y o u r c. apprenticeship training? Y e s I f No I I (If "yes" d e s c r i b e _______________________________________) (If captive foundry give principal product) C h eck an d a n sw e r a , b, c, o r d, b u t o n ly o n e) O t h e r m o r e or l e s s f o r m a l p l a n t t r a i n i n g I 1 D e s c r i b e t h i s p r o g r a m ____________________________ I n f o r m a l o n - t h e - l o b t r a i n i n g s u c h as w o r k i h g as a m o l d e r 1 s h e l p e r I I W h a t k i n d o f w o r k d i d y o u d o ? ______________________________________________ 16. Work h i s t o r y , 1940 to d a te . (a) (L is t present Job f i r s t and enter length o f time In each occupation on more, January 1940 to d a te , in clu d in g m ilita r y s e r v ic e and period s o f <b) (c) (d) I f this What was the name and the location of the firm In What was your job? (Give Job title or brief firm was a which you worked? (Give city or county and State. foundry description of duties. I f molder or core^ I f not at work, enter unemployed. I f In Armed maker, give specialization.) what metal 1ro Forces, enter military service.) was cast? Mo. Yr. Employment or unemployment Fr om Mo. Yr. 1 7. How many years experience do you have working as a molder or coremaker?________________■ 19. a. I f n o t a lr e a d y an sw e re d ab o v e a s k : ) Was any member o f your Immediate fam ily working in a foundry at the time you go t your f i r s t four What c. How How did you happen to g e t in to th is t r a d e ? _________________________________________________________________ (T o i n t e r v i e w e r : b. 18. job (Jobs) did he (they) h o ld ?_______________________________________________ . __________ What was occupation and in dustry o f your f a t h e r 's usual or lo n g e st Job? _______________________________ 20. Would you recommend to a young man that he become a molder or coremaker? 21. Remarks: N a m e of F i e l d Representative: Date o f in te rvie w : (To in te rv ie w e r: determir - tfiic a separate line even though the employment was In the same firm or plant.) Account for all periods of 30 days or unemployment. If employed in January 1940, give beginning date of this job. <e)______ For c a p tiv e fo u n d rie s and f o r f i r m which were not fo u n d rie s g iv e p r in c ip a l p rod u c t w a c t iv it y . (f)______ D id p la n t have a s e n i o r it y system which cov ere d you? (g) _________________________ 00______________ _______ (i) Was there a union in the p la n t? I f s o g iv e name. DO NOT USE (j) (k) (1) DEP MS Reasons f o r changing jo b s Why d id you take the jo b ? Why d id you le a v e t h is jo b ? HO A / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / long would it take you as a qualified molder (coremaker), to become a qualified coremaker (molder) ? dry Job? Yes Q No □ If yes, was it your: father Q brother □ or other relative? I1 e why or why not.) Labor - 0. C. (BIS 52-2705) BLS -85- 2272B U N ITE D S T A T E S B U R E A U O F B u d g e t B u rea u 4 4 -6 1 5 0 . 1 A p p ro v a l e x p i r e s A p r i l 30, DEPARTM ENT L A B O R WASHINGTON OF 1052 LABOR S T A T I S T I C S 2 5 . D . C . OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY OF MOLDERS AND COREMAKERS CONFIDENTIAL ESTABLISHMENT INFORMATION 1. Name of plant ________________________________________ 2. Plant address ________________________________________ (8treet and CONFI D E N T I A L Nuiber) City and State ._______________________________________ 3. Names and titles of officials interviewed ____________ 4. For Captive Foundries Only a. Give industry of plant or principal product Principal metal cast______________________________________________ ______ _ b. 5. Give production worker employment in foundry department _______________________________ _ _____ _ For Independent Foundries Only a. Give production worker employment in plant________________________________ b. What is the principal metal cast2_____________________________ c. Does this plant engage in any major manufacturing activities other than the foundry? Yes □ No Q d. If yes, give nature of these activities or principal products. . ( 1 ) _________________________________________________________________________________ _ ( 2 ) __________________________________________________________________________________________ e. Give total number of product >n workers assigned to these activities ______ -8 6 6. Foundry Employment Detail (for all plants) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Number of hand bench molders_______________ Number of floor molders ____________________ Number of hand coremakers __________________ Number of machine molders__________________ Number of machine coremakers___ ____________ Number of molding department foremen who are fully qualified hand molders: (a) Working _______________ (b) Nonworking____________ Number of coremaking deoartment foremen who are fully qualified hand coremakers: (a) Working _______________ (b) Nonworking ____________ 7. What are the usual sources for obtaining qualified hand molders and hand coremakers? (Indicate order of importance) a. Hiring qualified men from outside the plant_________________ b. Apprenticeship program___________ _____ c. On-the-job training, other than apprenticeship___________ __ d. Other_____________ explain_____________________ _________________________ 8. (If 7c is a major source of obtaining hand molders and coremakers, answer this question) a. How many hand molders and hand coremakers have been qualified by this method since June 1949? _________________ b. From what occupations were these mefir usual ly selected?______________________ 9. Apprenticeship a. Is there an apprenticeship program in the plant? b. If yes, does the program include? (Check appropriate box or boxes) (1) Molders (2) Coremakers (3) Combination program for both Yes □ No □ □ □ □ c. # Is the program registered with the Federal Coomittee on Apprenticeship or State Apprenticeship Council? Yes □ No I I d. Is the program under joint union-management sponsorship? Yes □ No □ e. How many molder and coffemaker apprentices afe now in training?_____________ 10. How many molder and coremaker apprentices completed trailing in the plant from January 1947 to date?__________________________________________________________ -87- 11. How many of these apprentices (who finished training from January 1947 to date) are still working in the plant?__________________ 12. In World War II when it was necessary to increase production of castings sharply, how were production requirements met, aside from increasing hours of work? (Indicate order of importance) a. Hiring experienced molders and coremakers _______ _____ b. Increasing the number of apprentices -- - -_____________ c. Increasing the number of helpers per journeyman molder and coremaker employed_____________ d. Intensive training programs other than apprenticeship _ ___________ Explain___________ ______ ___________ _______________________________ ______ > e. Installation of additional molding and coremaking machines _______ __________ f. Other g. No World War II experience______ ______ _ __________ explain_____________________ ■ _________________________ 13. If the plant had to increase its output of castings by 25 percent over its present level in the current mobilization period, to what extent would the methods listed in question 12 be used to meet production requirements? (List methods in order of importance) ____________ —____________________________ 14, Were experienced molders and coremakers actively recruited from outside the local labor market during World War II? Yes □ No □ If yes, what percentage of all hirings of experienced molders and coremakers were of this group?________________________ 15. How were experienced molders and coremakers hired during World War II? cate order of importance) a. General gate hiring _____________ _ b. Public employment offices _______________ c. Private employment offices ____________ _______ d. Referred by employees of the firm _ __________________ e. Union referral____________ __ f. Direct out-of-tomn recruitment_________________ g. Other (Indi __________ explain __________________________________________ _____ Remarks: Name of Field Representative Date of Interview lumber of shifts First foundry job First job Personal Data Training Volun tary Total Current job Schedule number •HO) & K ®L«§ Co! M ) ( o so O-H on a 3 BS & si £ ia 18 uoa> WO*. ja«S •rl COiH g s s ©rap “ 88 at & o o o a n o ( o o | o o ( o l o l o l o l o l o l o l o l o l o o | o | o o l o o l o | o o | o o l o l o l o o l o qI qI oI o o ! oI o| o |q |o o | o lo o lo | o o l o t<UcQ) •H<W3 o o l o o l o l o | o l o l o l o l o l o l o | o | o o|o 1 10 UL U L M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 If 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 38 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 SO51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 S3 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1' 11 1 1 1 ’ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 11 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333J 3333333333333333333333333333 444444444444444444444444 555555555555555555555555 444444444444444444444444 HOLDERS AND COREMAKERS CARD No, 1 "PRIMARY CARD" 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 (One prepared for each man interviewed) . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Q 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7o l7o 70 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 :£ 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 C a 9 9 99 9 9 99 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 £ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 38 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45-46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 ( 1 12l3|4|5|6|7|8l9ll0|l1l12ll3|14|15|16|17|18|l9|20|2l|22|23|24|25|26|27|28|29|30|31|32|33|34|35|36|37|38|39|40|4l|42i43|44j45|46|47|48|49|50|5l|52|53|54|55|56|57|58|59|60!61|62|63|64|65|66|67|68l69|70|71|72|73|74|75|76|77|78|79|80 I X 2 X 3 A 8 ) ( 8 ) ( ... 7 ~*)c » k »o if n ) r ~ i s is ~ IS )c 1g ~)C 17 K ii~ p ( 19 X 20 ) f 21 K X 24 1C 2S X 28 X 27 )c ic 22 REQUIREMENTS 519 END- PB1NTIN6 Is this a revision of form in use? May we scrap old electro? CUSTOMER NAME CUST. PUR. ORDER NO. □ R e p e t it iv e prepunching P ren u m b erin g □ P ro ofs INTERPRETATION dl 45-Numerical 60-Alphabetical 80-Printingpunch dl prepunching required d] I 519 END-PRINTING 1 || I I IF CARD IS TO HAVE M ARK S EN SIN G , IN DICA M ust not bo usod fo r in k m ark sons! dl dl Bill f t i d »... ii... dl End Printing iifi d l *I6HT d ] [~~| Typewriterspacing * , IP d3 b t s s i is s ~ A _ *43 I 1 ) DETERMINE SHORT CARD COLUMN NUMBERS BY REFERRING TO 1 ) CUT OUT THE STRIP OF COLUMN NUMBERS. 5) DETERMINE MARK SENSE POSITIONS, IF ANY, BY ASSOCIATING GUIDE AND COLUMNS PRINTED BELOW. USABLE COLUMN RANGE IS 3 ) PASTE THE STRIP ON THE LAYOUT FORM IN DESIRED LOCATION STRIP NUMBERS WITH CARD LAYOUT POSITIONS. EXAMPLE: ON 3 0 ESTABLISHED BY THE CAPACITY LOCATION ON EACH SIDE OF GUIDE. THE SHORT CARD. - COLUMN CARD, M. S. POSITIONS 9 -1 B ARE USABLE. EXAMPLE) ON A 3 0-COLUMN CARD, USABLE COLUMNS ARE 2«-S5. FOR 4 ) RULE ENDS OF SHORT CARD 2 l/J COLUMNS BEYOND THE STRIP OF COLUMN NUMBERS. | »|S7| | |SI U U U U U |3o|37|ss|33|ai I2 0I27I:|2S|23| |37|3B| 41 |43|4S|47|4»| St I 3| I I SH O RT CARD COLUMN G UIDE l4|3g|38|40l42|44|4«|48|g0|S2|S< |Go|»3|go|B4lg2lso|»«[46|44l42|*o|33|3«|a«|3a|ao|a»|:|2 B|2 4|22| 4 CARD CAPACITY (COLUMNS) — bb ss ~ SCALE JL T A PPR O X IM A TELY D S IZ E ; A C TUA L CARD S IZ E 3-Vk b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 3 IPOSITION | |POSITION | If card is to be printed on both sides, check style. io o > d l s FOR t«q Stub C o n s e c u tiv e IIFT RIGHT P a d d in g Indicate corners to be cut. MAIL PROOFS TO SHORT CARD LAYOUT INSTRUCTIONS m Q ho[~"| What is present form number?________________ BRANCH OFFICE NAME 23 ( CHECK THE FOLLOWING: IMPORTANT 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ’ ’ ’ ” ” ” ” ’ '” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ’ ” 33333333333333333333333 3333333333333333333333 44444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444 HOLDERS AND COROUXERS CARD No. 2 55SS555555S55555555SSS5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 "EXCESS CARD" i555555555S555555555555 (One prepared for each job) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 > 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 77777777777777777777777 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 1 2 34 9 « 7 • > 10 1112 13 14151i 17 II 19202t22232429292721 29 3031 3233 3435 38 37313940 41 42434449-4947 494950 51 5253 5455 565758 599061 92939495 9997909170 71 72 7374 75 78 7779 79 90 1! 2 13 14 15 T6 17 18 19 110|11 |12|t3ll4|15tl6|l7|18|l9l20|2l|22|23|24|25|29l27129{29130131 |32l33l34l35|38|37|39l39|40|4l|42!43|44i45|49|47|48|49l50l5l|52l53|54|55!59|57|58l59t60|61l92l93|64|95|99|67|68l99)70171172I73I74I75I79I77I76I79I90 « x 7 x • ~>r to X it ta K is >4 )C is )C i« H X at T* )( i s )C a« X *y 3 1~~)< a )( • 1C 17 C I~ ~)f IMPORTANT |POSITION | |POSITION I 1 519 END- PUNTING I BR. OFF. NO. Stub What is present form number?________________ May we scrap old electro? CUSTOMER NAME HORT CARD LAYOUT INSTRUCTIONS Q 45- Numerical Q Q 60-Alphabetical Q Q 80-Printing punch Q P ren u m b erin g Q ■»» P ad d in g Q End Printing Q Typewriter spacing C o n s e c u tiv e R e p e t it iv e prepunching prepunching *18HT □ P roofs i— . |__| If card is to be printed on both sides, chech style. roorQ required IF CARO IS TO HAVE M A RK SEN SIN G , IN DICA (♦ M u st not b o used fo r in k m ark *a n *ii LEFT Q IICNI Q ] Q tosbli| | 1 ) DETERMINE SHORT CARD COLUMN NUMBERS BT REFERRING TO 2 ) CUT OUT THE STRIP OF COLUMN NUMBERS. 5) DETERMINE MARK SENSE POSITIONS, IF ANY, BY ASSOCIATING0 GUIDE ANO COLUMNS PRINTED BELOW. USABLE COLUMN RANGE IS 3 1 PASTE THE STRIP ON THE LAYOUT FORM IN DESIRED LOCATION STRIP NUMIERS WITH CARD LAYOUT POSITIONS. EXAMPLE: ON 3 ESTABLISHED BY THE CAPACITY LOCATION ON EACH SIDE OF GUIDE. FOR THE SHORT CARD. COLUMN CARD, M. S. POSITIONS 9 -IB ARE USABLE. EXAMPLE: ON A 3 0-COLUMN CARD, USABLE COLUMNS ARE 2B-55. 4 ) RULE ENDS OF SHORT CARD 3 l/ 2 COLUMNS BEYOND THE STRIP OF COLUMN NUMBERS. 27|a»| st |s3lss|a7|so| 4i U U U U I I 3| | 7| | |*7| | 3| st U U U U U |so|s7|ss|ss| st |so|a7|2s|as| I SH O RT CARD COLUMN G UIDE Masl a4|2G|ae|30l3a|3«l3Gl3s|*0|42|*4|4Gl*0|S0|82ls4|sG|si |oo|»w|wl»G|»a|so|44o|4G|*4|4a|4o|ss|so|s4|sa|aolao|ao|a*|aa| -CARD CAPACITY (COLUMNS)— bo bs s o t s s i I I 519 END-PRINTIMfi I !i,«v LIFT *i I I [ position! |position! INTERPRETATION Indicate corners to be cut. «” «« □ (la*tr le<t <*• eeeael be et aa type .— ■ 14>tt paack aaV alaillar aiaiblaoi.) tOWIB (___) CUST. PUR. ORDER NO. MAIL PROOFS TO 20 I ,.a REQUIREMENTS Is this a revision of form in use? IRANCH OFFICE NAME 19 ~~ CHECK THE FOLLOWING: s s t o si s bs s SCALE A PPR O X IM A TELY si 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 D S IZ E ; A C TUA L CARD S IZ E 3 - W T a b le E - l . — C a l c u l a t i o n o f e s t im a t e d s e p a r a t i o n o f m o ld e r s an d b e c a u s e o f r e t i r e m e n t o r d e a t h , 19 5 2 -6 2 co rem a k ers 5~ y e a r p e r i o d 10 - y e a r p e r io d ________________1 9 5 2 - 5 7 ______________ ______________ 1 9 5 2 - 6 2 ____________• E s tim a te d Age e m p lo y m e n t, 19 52 (1) A ll age 19 25 30 35 g ro u p s N um ber o f s e p a r a tio n s ( e s tim a te d ) (1 ) x (2) S e p a r a tio n r a t e i/ p e r 1 ,0 0 0 i n t h e la b o r fo r c e (e s tim a te d ) 9 ,0 3 0 2 8 8 .6 1 8 ,3 0 7 5 36 2 3 .8 10 33*0 95 5 2 .5 7 8 .9 119 -9 1 7 4 .2 474 685 1 1 .3 1 2 .6 2 0 .7 3 2 .5 187 282 7 ,4 6 5 5 ,9 7 2 4 7 .9 7 5 -6 358 451 6 ,4 5 8 8 ,6 4 6 1 0 6 .7 1 6 0 .5 689 1 ,3 8 8 7 ,4 6 5 5 ,4 8 6 3 5 4 .7 5 4 4 .3 2 ,6 4 8 2 5 0 .0 4 5 8 .3 6 7 8 .5 2 ,9 8 6 8 1 4 .1 39 y e a r s 44 y e a r s . . . . . . . . 45 49 y e a r s 54 y e a r s . . . . . . . . 55 - 59 y e a r s . . . . . . . . 6 0 - 6 4 years 65 y e a r s a n d o v e r . . 1/ B ased on s e p a r a tio n r a t e f o r " T a b l e s o f W o r k in g L i f e , " B u r e a u (4 ) 1 4 4 .5 417 40 - x (*> 2 ,8 8 2 9 ,0 2 8 8 ,6 8 1 34 y e a r s (1) (3 ) . . . . - N um ber o f s e p a r a tio n s (e s tim a te d ) (2 ) 24 y e a r s - 50 - Appendix r a te i^ - 2 9 years . . . . . . . . in 6 2 ,5 0 0 . . . . S e p a r a tio n p e r 1 ,0 0 0 i n t h e la b o r fo r c e ( e s tim a te d ) t o t a l m a le s a d a p te d fro m a b r id g e d t a b l e o f L abor S t a t i s t i c s , B u lle t in 10 0 1. o f w o r k in g (5 ) 895 1 ,0 4 0 1 ,6 1 5 3 ,9 6 2 5 ,0 6 5 4 ,4 6 6 life fo r 19 4 7 T a b le E - 2 . — D is t r ib u t io n o f m o ld e rs and c o re m a k e rs , b y c i t y and r a c e , F e b ru a r y - M arch 1952 R ace C ity o f e m p lo y m e n t A l l m o ld e r s and co rem ak ers W h ite e x c e p t t h o s e o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c M o ld e r s o f M e x ic a n e x tr a c tio n N egroes tio n N um ber P ercen t N u m b er P ercen t N um ber P ercen t ........................ 1 ,8 0 0 10 0 .0 1 ,5 9 ^ 8 8 .6 79 k .k ....................... 180 10 0 .0 175 9 7 .2 -- 222 10 0 .0 193 8 6 .9 ....................... 20 ^ 10 0 .0 189 . . 2 12 10 0 .0 . . . . 2^5 N ew Y o r k ............................. P h ila d e lp h ia A ll c itie s B o sto n . C h ic a g o . . C le v e la n d D e tr o it . . L os A n g e le s P itts b u r g h . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... N um ber P ercen t 127 7 .0 — 5 2 .8 -- — 29 1 3 .1 9 2 .6 — — 15 7 .^ 174 8 2 .1 -- — 38 1 7 .9 10 0 .0 l 6l 6 5 .7 79 3 2 .2 5 2 .1 260 1 0 0 .0 250 9 6 .2 — — 10 3 .8 269 1 0 0 .0 251 9 3 -3 — — 18 6 .7 208 1 0 0 .0 20 1 9 6 .6 — — 7 3 .^ T a b le E - 3 * — E d u c a t io n a l l e v e l o f m o ld e rs and c o re m a k e rs, b y a g e , F e b ru a r y - M a rch , 1952 A ge gro u p A l l m o ld e r s and co rem ak ers 1,8 0 0 A ll ages H ig h e s t g r a d e 0 - k 5 - 8 9 - 1 2 268 896 60 k c o m p le te d O ver 12 26 N ot re p o rte d 6 P ercen t ......................................................... 10 0 .0 19 - 2 k y e a r s ............................. 25 “ 29 y e a r s ............................. 3 0 - 3 ^ y e a r s ............................. 0 .7 — k .6 — T o ta l 3 5 - 3 9 y e a r s ............................. - Mi- y e a r s ............................. 1 ^ .5 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 0 .2 2 .6 1*7 9 .8 9 .0 2 7 .8 2k . 2 1 2 .9 2 6 .9 2 3 .1 1 6 .7 — 1 1 .5 1 6 .7 — 10 0 . 0 ^ — 3 .8 1 0 0 . 0^ ~ — 1 .1 1 .5 1 0 .5 5 -2 13 -3 ll.k 7 .1 15 -k 1 3 .O 1 6 .0 3 -8 — 1 6 .7 — 1 1 .5 3 .8 5 0 .0 1 0 .3 6 .1 5 .6 2 .8 2 .0 - k 9 y e a r s ............................. 13 -9 1 1 .9 9 -6 - 5^ y e a r s 59 y e a r s ............................. ............................. ............................. 1 0 .3 1 3 .8 ............................. 8 .8 8 .6 1 1 .2 2 6 .9 25*7 1 9 .8 ............................. U5 . 6 7 .8 35*6 7 6 .3 65. k 3 3 -3 O v e r lt-5 y e a r s ................................... 5k . k 9 2 .2 6k . 4 2 3 .7 3k . 6 6 6 .7 ko 1*5 50 55 60 65 U nder 6k - years 79 y e a rs k$ 1/ years 1 1 .9 1 3 .7 Totals do not add to 100.0 because of rounding. — Table E-*u — Opinions of molders and coremakers about the occupation as a career for young men, by educational level Highest grade completed Recommendations 0 - 4 A ll molders and coremakers Number 5 - 8 Percent Number Percent 1,000 100.0 268 100.0 Yes • • • * • • • • • 590 3 2 .8 113 N o ................. .... 922 51-2 Yes with reservetlon . # • • • • • 259 Undecided . . • • • • 29 A ll recommendations • 9 -- 12 Over 12 Educational le v e l not reported Number Percent Percent Number Percent Number Percent 896 100.0 604 100.0 26 100.0 6 100.0 42.2 290 3 2 .4 17 8 2 9 .5 7 2 6 .9 2 33-3 104 3 8 .8 4 75 5 3 .0 326 5 4 .0 15 5 7 .7 2 33-3 14.4 46 1 7 .2 117 1 3 .1 91 1 5 .1 3 1 1 .5 2 33-3 1 .6 5 1 .8 14 1 .6 9 1 .5 1 3 .8 Number -9 5 - T a b le Year E - 5 - — M e th o d o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f N e g r o m o l d e r s a n d m o l d e r s o f M e x ic a n e x t r a c t i o n b y y e a r o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n of q u a lific a tio n . N e g r o a n d M e x ic a n m o ld e r s N um ber A ll p e r io d s . . . . . Q u a lify in g b y a p p r e n tic e s h ip 206 . P ercen t N um ber 84 4 0 .8 23. I 3 1 .4 1 8 9 2 - 1 9 1 $ ................................... 13 3 19 16 -2 9 51 24 16 10 4 1 .7 57 6l 25 30 4 3 .9 4 9 .2 r .................................. I 93 O -3 9 ........................................ 191*0 - 4 5 ........................................ 19 4 6 -5 2 ........................................ E -6.- - D is t r ib u t io n o f Job ch a n g e s b y s o ld e r s a n d c o r e m a k e r s m a k in g s p e c i f i e d n u m b er o f c h a n g e s , 19 4 0 -5 2 T a b le A l l m o ld e r s and co rem ak ers N um ber o f chan ges N um ber A ll ch an ges ............................. 1,8 0 0 P ercen t 2 ,1 2 8 0 266 973 5 4 .0 . . . . . . 266 Two c h a n g e s . . . . . . 257 1 4 .8 1 4 .3 . . . . ....................... N um ber 10 0 .0 O ne c h a n g e N one Job 514 381 chan ges P ercen t 10 0 .0 1 2 .5 2 4 .2 T h ree ch an ges Four changes ....................... . . . . . 127 6l 7 .1 3.4 244 F iv e ....................... 48 2 .7 240 33 1 .8 198 12 8 0 .7 .4 64 3 -9 3.0 15 .8 13 7 6 .4 S ix changes ch an ges Seven ............................. ch an ges ....................... E ig h t ch a n g e s N in e ch an ges . . . . o r m ore . . 84 1 7 .9 1 1 .5 11-3 9 .3 T a b le E - 7 * — Tim e a s jo u rn eym en sp e n t in p la n t s o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n , b y y e a r o f q u a li f i c a t io n A l l m o ld e r s and co re m a k e rs Year o f q u a lific a tio n L ess N um ber P ercen t 1,8 0 0 10 0 .0 . 376 ........................................ 500 19 3 0 -3 4 ........................................ 12 9 14 9 357 284 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 5 10 0 .0 A l l p e r io d s ............................. 19 13 an d e a r l i e r 19 16 -2 9 . * 1 9 3 5 - 3 9 ........................................ ............................. 19 4 0 -4 5 1 / 1 9 ^ 6 -5 2 1 / ............................. Y ear o f q u a li fic a tio n not re p o rte d . . . . D u r a t i o n o f e m p lo y m e n t a s j o u r n e y m e n in p la n t o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n . . th a n M ore th a n 1-5 y e a r s 6 -10 y e a r s 10 y e a r s 2 4 .9 3 6 .8 1 6 .1 2 2 .2 2 9 .8 3 5 -6 3 3 .0 1 2 .5 2 4 .2 1 1 .0 2 2 .1 3 1 .8 1 8 .6 2 2 .5 1 7 .1 1 3 .!* 4 1 .8 3 ^ .2 3 5 -9 13 -7 2 5 .7 2 5 .8 6 8 .3 6 .0 0 .0 2 0 .0 0 .0 2 0 .0 6 0 .0 1 year 1 9 .5 2 4 .6 3 2 .9 1/ T h e lo w p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s w h o r e m a in e d m ore th em 1 0 y e a r s i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t m a n y m en i n t h e g r o u p q u a l i f y i n g b e t w e e n 1 9 4 0 - 4 5 ( a n d n o n e o f t h e m en w h o q u a l i f i e d i n t h e p e r i o d 1 9 4 6 - 5 2 ) h a d n o t b e e n q u a l i f i e d j o u r n e y m e n f o r 10 y e a r s a t t h e t i m e o f t h e i n t e r v i e w . T a b le E - 8 . — Jo b ch a n g e s o f m o ld e rs and c o re m a k e rs, b y h o m eo w n ersh ip a t tim e o f c h a n g e , 1 9 4 0 -5 2 N um ber o f J o b c h a n g e s m a d e b y m en i n s p e c i f i e d h o m e o w n e r s h ip S o m e o w n e r s h ip at tim e of change sta tu s at tim e of N um ber o f m a n - y e a r s w o rk ed d u r in g p e r i Job o d b y m en i n s p e c i f i e d h om eow n er s h ip s t a t u s fie d ch an ge A l l jo b changes H o m e o w n e r s h ip . • . . . . . 18 ,0 0 0 643 6 ,8 9 4 .0 9 3 ............................. 1 ,4 8 5 1 1 ,1 0 6 .1 3 4 T a b le E - 9 * — D u r a t io n o f J o b s o f m o ld e r s and c o r e m a k e r s w h ic h w e r e te r m in a te d d u r in g p e r io d , b y s e n i o r i t y c o v e r a g e o f jo b , 19 4 0 -5 2 C overed o f T o ta l jo b jo b s L ess th a n 1 y e a r - 2 years . 1 ............................. - 5 ysars 5 *1 - 10 y e a r s 2 .1 M ore t h a n 1 0 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by W ith o u t s e n i o r i t y a t tim e o f te r m in a tio n P ercen t P ercen t N um ber 2 ,1 2 8 1 0 0 .0 1 ,1 4 6 560 280 260 302 5 0 .0 4 8 .7 566 265 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 16 9 203 1 0 0 .0 135 6 6 .5 N um ber A ll 0 ,1 1 8 .................................. N o n h a m e o w n e r s h ip D u r a tio n sta tu s 2 ,1 2 8 . s p e c i h o m e o w n e r s h ip c h a n g e s p e r m an- y e a r m a d e b y m en i n 534 s e n io r ity a t tim e o f te r m in a tio n N um ber P ercen t S e n io r ity sta tu s n o t re p o rte d N um ber P ercen t 6 .6 3 9 .6 14 0 241 4 3 .0 4 3 .1 4 0 .6 39 44 5 3 -4 230 230 6 3 .8 83 3 1 .3 13 8 .2 6 .0 4 .9 58 28 • 6 10 4. 9 53*8 842 34 7 .0 T a b le E - 1 0 .— D u ra tio n o f Jo b s o f m o ld e rs and c o re m a k e rs , 19 ^0 - 5 2 , b y n a tu re o f Jo b te r m in a tio n N a tu re o f D u r a tio n of A il Job Job t e r m in a t io n te r m in a tio n s V o lu n ta r y N um ber 1 P ercen t 2 ,1 2 8 10 0 .0 6 5 .5 3 ^ -5 year 560 1 - 2 years . . 2. 1 - 5 yea rs . . 5 . 1 - 10 y e a r s . 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 6 9 .6 6 5 .7 6 5 .9 6 0 . 1* 30. h 5 3 1* Jobs L ess O' I n v o lu n ta r y . A ll 00 1 th a n . . 1 . O ver 10 y e a r s 566 265 203 . 5 9 -1 3 ^ -3 3 ^ .1 3 9 .6 1* 0 .9 1 T a b le E - l l . — D i s t r i b u t i o n o f m o ld e r s an d c o r e m a k e r s b y m e t a l s w o r k e d w i t h , 19 L O -5 2 P ercen t P r in c ip a l m e ta l c a s t in p r e s e n t Job ■ "Number A ll G ray m e t a l s ............................. ..... ir o n ................................... S te e l . ........................................ M a l l e a b l e i r o n ....................... A l u m i n u m ........................................ C o p p er and co p p e r a llo y ........................................ O th e r n o n fe r r o u s . . . . of o th e r m e ta ls w o rked w it h A l l m o ld e r s and co re m a k e rs P ercen t No o t h e r m e ta l 1 ,8 0 0 1 0 0 .0 1 * 6 .1 781 332 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 5 8 .7 5 2 .7 1*9 l i* 3 1*21* 71 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 6 3 -3 ^ 3*3 2 2 .2 ll* .l O th e r fe rro u s O th e r nonfe r r o u s 1 3 .8 2 1 .5 B o th o t h e r fe r r o u s and o th e r nonfe rro u s 1 8 .6 l l * .2 1 5 .2 1 1 .9 1 9 .9 1 8 . 1* 7 -5 1 9 .9 1 2 .2 6 .1 1 1 .9 2 7 .3 1 7 .5 8 .0 1 6 .9 * 2 -1 2 ( 5 .8 ?7-i 1*2 .2 T a b le E -1 2 . — L o c a t io n by c ity of o f tr a in in g e m p lo y m e n t , o f m o ld e r s F ebru ary - and M a rch corem ak ers 1952 Location of training City of employment All molders and coremakers East West East West New North North South South Middle South Other Not Number Percent England Atlantic Central Central Atlantic Central Central Mountain Pacific countries reported All cities • 1,800 100.0 9.8 38.0 32.6 1.6 0 .3 1-5 OA 0.3 9 .3 5.8 OA Boston * . • • • Chicago • . 180 100.0 87.8 0.6 1.6 - - 0.6 - - - 8.3 1 .1 222 100.0 0.5 1.8 87.7 3-1 •5 •5 - - 0.5 k.9 .5 Cleveland • 20lf 100.0 .5 5.^ 85.3 - - 2-9 - - - 5 .* •5 ... 212 100.0 •5 3-3 8lf.lf 0.5 - 5-2 - - - 6 .1 - Los Angeles • 2k$ 100.0 2.0 3.3 9-8 6.9 - 2.0 2.9 1.2 67.8 3.7 a New York • . 260 100.0 3-1 78.8 2.3 - .8 .4 - - A 13.5 .7 Philadelphia. 260 100.0 •7 92.1 1.5 l.l A .If - A - 3.0 .if Pittsburg • • 208 100.0 •5 95.6 1.0 - 1.0 - - •5 - l.if - Detroit T a b le E -1 3 — J ob ch an ges in a t M a r ita l s ta tu s at N um ber o f t im e m a r ita l of m ade ch an ge in jo b M a r r ie d changes . . -ooi N o t m a r r ie d . . . . . . A ll jo b 63 ch an ges . . . . H o m e o w n e r s h i p ....................... N o n h o m e o w n e r s h ip . . . s p e c i in fie d sta tu s s p e c ifie d m a r ita l ch an ges p e r m a r ita l .0 1 6 .0 2 8 259 . changes o f m o ld e r s g e o g r a p h ic a t tim e jo b of changes chan ge and co rem ak ers in v o lv in g chan ges N u m b er o f m a n - y e a r s w o rked d u r in g p e r io d in s p e c i f i e d hom eo w n e r s h ip sta tu s J o b c h a n g e s p e r m any e a r m ade i n s p e c i f i fie d h o m e o w n e r s h ip sta tu s 322 18 ,0 0 0 0 .0 1 8 5 1* 6 , 89 ^ 1 1 ,1 0 6 • 02 k 268 m an- a r e a , b y h o m e o w n e r s h ip o f c h a n g e , 1 9 I+O-5 2 m ade i n s p e c i f i e d h o m e o w n e r s h ip s t a t u s tim e y e a r m ade i n 1 8 ,7 2 9 2 ,2 7 1 . . at Job 0 .0 1 8 . chan ge N um ber o f m a n - y e a r s w o rked d u r in g p e r io d 18 ,0 0 0 . of ch a n ges 322 . N um ber o f tim e t im e I n v o lv in g sta tu s 19 ^ 0-52 ch a n g e, chan ges at corem ak ers m a r ita l sta tu s . H o m e o w n e r s h ip o f and by chan ge . E - lU .— Job a re a , s p e c ifie d . in at Job . T a b le m o ld e r s tim e sta tu s of A ll o f g e o g r a p h ic .008 T a b le in £ - 1 5 .— D is tr ib u tio n fo u n d r ie s su rv e y e d , F eb ru ary N um ber o f fo u n d r ie s C ity su rveyed A ll 101 and c o r e o a k e r s e m p lo y m e n t, - M arch 1 9 5 2 N um ber o f p r o d u c t i o n N um ber o f m o ld e r s N um ber o f m o ld e r s w o rk e rs in fo u n d r ie s su rveyed and co rem ak ers in fo u n d r ie s su rv e y e d and co rem ak ers s a m p le • 19 5 2 6 ,6 2 9 3 ,7 8 8 1 ,8 0 0 ............................. 21 1 ,3 5 5 326 180 . 27 3 ,4 8 7 425 222 . . . . 29 4 ,7 3 0 666 2 0 >* 19 2 ,8 3 5 339 212 32 3 ,6 2 0 491 245 27 2 ,8 9 2 h 90 260 c itie s B o sto n o f m o ld e r s by c ity o f C h ic a g o . • . C le v e la n d D e tr o it • . • . .......................... L os A n g e le s New Y o r k . . . . . . . . P h ila d e lp h ia . . . 2k 2 ,8 1 8 503 269 P itts b u r g . . . 16 4 ,8 9 2 548 208 . in -102- P U B L IC A T IO N S O F TH E BU R EA U ON M AN PO W ER AN D O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S O C C U P A T IO N A L O U T L O O K S tu d ie s o f e m p lo y m e n t tr e n d s a n d o p p o r tu n itie s in th e v a r i o u s o c c u p a tio n s a n d p r o f e s s io n s a r e m a d e a v a ila b le b y th e O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k S e r v ic e o f th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s . T h e s e r e p o r t s a r e fo r u s e in th e v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e o f v e t e r a n s in c o u n s e lin g y o u n g p e o p le in s c h o o ls , a n d in g u id in g o t h e r s c o n s id e r in g th e c h o ic e o f a n o c c u p a tio n . S c h o o ls c o n c e r n e d w ith v o c a t io n a l t r a in in g a n d e m p lo y e r s a n d t r a d e u n io n s i n t e r e s t e d in o n - t h e - jo b t r a in in g h a v e a ls o fo u n d th e r e p o r t s h e lp fu l in p la n n in g p r o g r a m s in lin e w ith p r o s p e c t iv e e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r t u n it ie s . U n le s s o t h e r w is e d e s ig n a te d , b u lle t in s a r e f o r s a le b y th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts a t th e p r ic e s in d ic a te d . A d d ress y o u r o r d e r to th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f i c e , W a s h in g to n 2 5 , D . C . , w ith r e m it t a n c e b y c h e c k o r m oney o rd er. sta m p s a r e C u rre n c y is s e n t a t s e n d e r 's r is k . P o s ta g e n o t a c ce p te d . T h o s e r e p o r t s w h ic h a r e l is t e d a s f r e e m a y b e o b ta in e d d ir e c t ly fr o m th e U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s , W a s h in g to n 25, D . C ., a s lo n g a s th e s u p p ly l a s t s . O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k B u lle t in s O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k — E m p lo y m e n t I n fo r m a tio n o n M a jo r O c c u p a tio n s f o r U s e in G u id a n c e . B u lle tin N o . 998 (1 9 5 1 R e v . E d .) . U lu s . $3. I n c lu d e s b r i e f r e p o r t s o n m o r e th a n 400 o c c u p a tio n s o f i n t e r e s t in v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e , in c lu d in g p r o fe s s io n s ; s k ille d tra d e s ; c le r ic a l, s a le s , an d s e r v ic e o c c u p a tio n s ; a n d th e m a jo r t y p e s o f f a r m in g . r e p o r t d e s c r ib e s th e e m p lo y m e n t tr e n d s E ach a n d o u tlo o k , th e tr a in in g q u a lific a tio n s r e q u ir e d , e a r n in g s , a n d w o r k in g c o n d itio n s . I n tr o d u c to r y s e c tio n s s u m m a r iz e th e m a j o r t r e n d s in p o p u la t io n a n d e m p lo y m e n t a n d in th e b r o a d in d u s t r ia l a n d o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s , as a b a c k g r o u n d f o r a n tin d e r s t a n d in g o f th e in d iv id u a l o c c u p a tio n s . T h e H an d b o o k is d e s ig n e d fo r u s e in c o u n s e lin g , in c l a s s e s o r u n its o n o c c u p a tio n s , in th e t r a in in g o f c o u n s e lo r s , an d a s a g e n e r a l r e fe r e n c e . Its 575 p a g e s a r e illu s t r a t e d w ith 10 3 p h o to g r a p h s a n d 85 c h a r t s . -103- E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in E l e c t r i c L ig h t a n d P o w e r O c c u p a t io n s . 19 4 8 . 49 p p . B u lle tin N o . 9 4 4 30 c e n ts E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in R a ilr o a d O c c u p a t io n s . 19 4 9 . 52 p p . n iu s . B u lle tin N o . 9 6 1 35 c e zts E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k f o r E n g in e e r s . 19 4 9 . 119 pp. Illu s . B u lle tin N o . 60 c e n t s E ffe c t o f D e fe n s e P r o g r a m E n g in e e r in g . 968 o n E m p lo y m e n t O u t lo o k in (S u p p le m e n t to B u lle t in N o . 9 6 8 .) 19 51. 10 p p . E f f e c t o f D e fe n s e P r o g r a m o n E m p lo y m e n t S itu a tio n E le m e n ta r y an d S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l T e a c h in g . (S u p p le m e n t to B u lle t in N o . 9 7 2 .) 19 51. 14 p p . E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in P e t r o le u m R e fin in g . 19 50 . 52 p p . Illu s . in 15 ce n ts P r o d u c tio n a n d B u lle tin N o . 994 E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in M e n * s T a ilo r e d C lo t h in g In d u s try . 19 51. 32 p p . Illu s . B u lle tin N o . 10 10 E m p lo y m e n t in D e p a r t m e n t S t o r e s . 19 51. 23 p p , n i u s . B tille tin N o . 15 ce n ts 10 20 30 c e n ts 25 ce n ts 20 c e n t s E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in A c c o u n t in g . 19 52. 32 p p . I llu s . B u lle t in N o» 10 4 8 20c e n ts E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k f o r E a r t h S c ie n t is t s . 19 51. 38 p p . I llu s . B u lle t in N o . 10 50 30c e n t s E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in th e M e r c h a n t M a r in e . 19 52 . 38 p p . I llu s . B u lle tin N o . 10 5 4 30c e n ts E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in E le c t r o n ic s M a n u fa c tu r in g . 1952. 30 p p . I ll u s . B u lle tin N o . 10 7 2 25ce n ts E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in P r in t in g O c c u p a t io n s . R e p r in t e d f r o m th e 1 9 5 1 O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k . 19 53 . 31 pp. I llu s . B u lle tin N o . 1 1 2 6 E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in A i r T r a n s p o r ta tio n . R e p r in te d f r o m th e 1 9 5 1 O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k . 19 53 . 22 p p . I llu s . B u lle tin N o . 112 8 25ce n ts 20c e n ts -1 0 4 E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k f o r M e c h a n ic s a n d R e p a ir m e n . R e p r in t e d f r o m th e 1 9 5 1 O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k . 19 53 . 26 p p . U lu s . B u lle tin N o . 1 1 2 9 20 c e n t s E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in M e ta lw o r k in g O c c u p a t io n s . R e p r in t e d f r o m th e 1 9 5 1 O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k . 19 53 . 39 p p . lllu s . B u lle tin N o . E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k f o r T e c h n ic ia n s . D r a fts m e n , E n g in e e r in g A id s , an d E le c tr o n ic T e c h n ic ia n s . 19 53. 29 p p . lllu s . 113 0 A 30 c e n ts R ep o rt on L a b o r a to r y T e c h n ic ia n s , B u lle tin N o . 1131 25 ce n ts E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in th e A u to m o b ile I n d u s tr y . 19 53. 33 p p . lllu s . B u lle tin N o . 1 1 3 8 25 ce n ts E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k f o r P h y s i c i s t s . 19 53. 24 p p . lllu s . B u lle tin N o . * 114 4 25 ce n ts 1151 30 c e n ts E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in th e I n d u s t r ia l C h e m ic a ls In d u s tr y . 19 54 . 33 p p . lllu s . B u lle tin N o . E m p lo y m e n t O u tlo o k in B a n k in g O c c u p a t io n s . 1954. 42 p p . lllu s . B u lle tin N o . 1 1 5 6 30 c e n t s S p e c ia l R e p o r ts O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k I n fo r m a tio n S e r ie s f o r S t a t e s . 1940 C e n s u s in fo r m a tio n . S p e c ify S ta te d e s ir e d . S u p p ly e x h a u s te d f o r A r iz o n a , C a lifo r n ia , C o lo r a d o , C o n n e c tic u t, F lo r id a , I llin o is , M ic h ig a n , N e w J e r s e y , N e w Y o r k , P e n n s y lv a n ia , a n d T e x a s . V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n P a m p h l e t 7 —2 . 1 9 4 7 . E a c h 10 c e n t s * T a b le s o f W o r k in g L i f e . L e n g th o f W o r k in g L if e A u g . 1950 . 74 p p . 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