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MID-SESSION REVIEW
BUDGET OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT

F I S C A L

Y E A R

2 0 0 8

office of management and budget

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20503
The Director

July 11, 2007
The Honorable Nancy Pelosi
Speaker of the House
of Representatives
Washington, DC 20515
Dear Madam Speaker:
Section 1106 of Title 31, United States Code, calls for the President to transmit to the Congress
a supplemental update of the Budget that was transmitted to the Congress earlier in the year. This
supplemental update of the Budget, commonly known as the Mid-Session Review, contains revised
estimates of the budget deficit, receipts, outlays, and budget authority for fiscal years 2007 through
2012.
Sincerely,

Rob Portman

Enclosure

Identical Letter Sent to The President of the Senate

Table of Contents
Page
Transmittal Letter
List of Charts and Tables ................................................................................................

iii

Summary...........................................................................................................................

1

Economic Assumptions.....................................................................................................

9

Receipts.............................................................................................................................

13

Spending............................................................................................................................

15

Summary Tables...............................................................................................................

17

Glossary.............................................................................................................................

41

i

List of Charts
Chart 1.

Balancing the Budget.................................................................................

1

Chart 2.

Solid Economy = Growing Receipts...........................................................

2

Chart 3.

Receipts as a Percent of GDP.....................................................................

3

Chart 4.

Federal Outlays in 2007.............................................................................

4

Chart 5.

Declining Federal Debt...............................................................................

5

Chart 6.

Unsustainable Growth in Entitlements....................................................

6

List of Tables
Table 1. 	

Changes from the February Budget.........................................................

7

Table 2.

Economic assumptions.............................................................................

10

Table 3.

Comparison of Economic Assumptions....................................................

11

Table 4.

Change in Receipts...................................................................................

13

Table 5.

Change in Outlays....................................................................................

16

Table S–1.

Budget Totals............................................................................................

19

Table S–2.

Discretionary Funding by Category.........................................................

20

Table S–3.

Discretionary Funding by Major Agency.................................................

21

Table S–4.

Homeland Security Funding by Agency..................................................

22

Table S–5.

Mandatory Proposals................................................................................

23

Table S–6.

Receipts Proposals....................................................................................

28

Table S–7.

Budget Summary by Category.................................................................

32

Table S–8.

Receipts by Source....................................................................................

33

Table S–9.

Outlays by Agency....................................................................................

34

Table S–10.

Outlays by Function.................................................................................

35

Table S–11.

Baseline Category Totals..........................................................................

36

Table S–12.

Outlays for Mandatory Programs Under Current Law..........................

37

Table S–13.

Federal Government Financing and Debt...............................................

38

iii

Summary
The Mid-Session Review is an annual update of estimates for Federal receipts and
outlays that reflects economic, legislative, and
other changes that have occurred since the
President’s Budget was released in February.
The Federal budget deficit is now estimated to
fall to $205 billion in 2007, a reduction of $43
billion or 18 percent from last year. This projected deficit is 1.5 percent of gross domestic
product (GDP), well below the 40-year average
of 2.4 percent. This estimate is also $39 billion
lower than the estimate in the February Budget, primarily due to higher-than-expected tax
receipts. The revised projections continue to
show the budget achieving balance in 2012.
MAINTAINING A STRONG ECONOMY
The President is committed to maintaining
the strength of the economy and increasing
prosperity for all Americans. He has successfully pursued pro-growth policies, including
the implementation of significant tax relief
beginning in 2001.

The President’s pro-growth policies have
worked. Over the past five and one-half years,
the Nation’s economy has had sustained
growth, with real, inflation-adjusted, GDP
growing at an average annual rate of 2.9 percent since 2001. In calendar year 2006, GDP
was more than $13 trillion, 3.3 percent greater than 2005 on an inflation-adjusted basis.
Real GDP growth early in 2007 has been more
moderate than in recent years, but stronger
growth is expected to resume for the remainder of the year and to continue throughout the
budget horizon.
This sustained economic growth has led to
the creation of 8.2 million new jobs since August 2003, with more than two million new
jobs over the past year alone. Jobs have grown
for 46 consecutive months, and the unemployment rate continues to be historically low. At
4.5 percent, the Nation’s unemployment rate
is below the averages for each of the decades
of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.

Chart 1. Balancing the Budget
Chart
1. Balancing the Budget
Deficit as a percent of GDP
4.0%
Actuals

3.6%

Projections

3.0%
2.6%

2.0%
1.9%

1.8%
1.5%

1.4%

40-Year
Average 2.4%

1.0%
0.8%
0.5%

0.0%

-0.2%

-1.0%
2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

1

2

MID–SESSION REVIEW

The continuing strength of the Nation’s
economy is also evident in labor productivity
improvements, reflecting increases in the efficiency of the labor force. Despite some recent
slower productivity gains, the current decade
has witnessed the highest sustained growth
in labor productivity since the 1960s. Notably, non-farm productivity growth has averaged 2.8 percent annually since the beginning of 2001. Productivity growth ultimately
serves as the basis for continued gains in the
Nation’s standard of living.
The President’s policies have led to sustained real growth, more jobs, and higher incomes for Americans. Since the President took
office, real after-tax income has increased by
9.9 percent or approximately $3,000 per person.
Promoting Economic Growth
through Tax Relief
The President has consistently sought to
promote economic growth in a way that rewards hard work and entrepreneurship.
Working with the Congress, the President has
put tax policies in place that reduced marginal tax rates, the marriage penalty, capital gains and dividend tax rates; doubled the
child tax credit; encouraged retirement and
education savings; eliminated the death tax;

and increased incentives for small business
investment.
The four major pieces of tax legislation that
the President has signed into law continue
to provide tax relief to millions of Americans.
This year alone five million individuals and
families will see their income tax liabilities
completely eliminated, and 113 million taxpayers will see their taxes cut by an average
of $2,216. Fifteen million seniors will see
their tax bills decline by an average of $2,934,
and 27 million small business owners will see
reductions averaging $4,712. Also, 45 million
families with children will receive an average
tax cut of $2,864.
Tax relief has been good for American taxpayers and the American economy, and the
stronger economy has been good for the Nation’s treasury. Even with tax relief fully implemented, tax receipts grew at double-digit
rates in 2005 and 2006­. This is the highest
two-year receipt growth since 1981, when receipt growth was instead driven by high inflation. 2007 is on track to be another year of
solid growth in tax receipts.
The Nation’s economic growth, and the resulting benefits of more jobs, higher wages,
and increased Federal revenues, will be in
jeopardy if Congress allows the tax relief to

Chart 2. Solid Economy = Growing Receipts
Chart 2. Solid Economy = Growing Receipts
Percent change in receipts
20
Projections

15
10
5
0
-5
-10

1982

1986

1990

Note: Shaded areas indicate recessions.

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

3

SUMMARY
expire in 2010. For this reason, the President
has proposed a permanent extension of his
entire tax relief program.
The President has proposed additional initiatives that would foster sustained growth,
including programs to fund basic research and
development, innovation and accountability
in education, and the opening of new global
markets for American farmers, workers, and
service providers. In addition, the President
supports efforts to reduce burdensome Government paperwork and regulations, and frivolous litigation.
MAINTAINING FISCAL DISCIPLINE
The overall improvement in the fiscal outlook, with a surplus projected for 2012, reflects the President’s approach of pro-growth
economic policies coupled with fiscal restraint.
In February, the President submitted his proposed Budget to the Congress that would permanently extend tax relief and balance the
budget by 2012. It would restrain spending by
holding growth in non-security discretionary
spending to a reasonable and responsible level
for each year of the five-year budget horizon,
while adequately addressing key national priorities, including education, health care, and
energy. In addition, the President proposed
to reduce or eliminate 141 programs, which
would save $12 billion in 2008. The President
also proposed sensible changes to important

entitlement programs, such as Medicare and
Medicaid, which would save $92 billion over
five years and $301 billion over ten years.
More importantly, the President’s mandatory
spending proposals would begin to address
the long-term problem of entitlements by reducing Medicare’s unfunded obligation by 25
percent.
The emergency war supplemental legislation enacted in May 2007, P.L. 110–28, provided much-needed funding for the Nation’s
troops fighting on the frontlines of the Global
War on Terror in Iraq and Afghanistan, and
appropriated such funds without the restrictions of the original legislation sent to the
president. However, Congress also included
unnecessary and unrequested spending that
impedes deficit reduction efforts.
The Congressional Budget Resolution adopted earlier this year would increase both
spending and taxes, while failing to address
the greatest fiscal challenge facing the Nation—the unsustainable growth in entitlement spending. The budget resolution allows
most of the President’s tax relief to expire in
2010 and contains procedures that would result in the largest tax increase in American
history, nearly $400 billion over five years. It
contains 32 reserve funds that allow at least
$88.5 billion more in mandatory spending
over five years that would likely be offset with
even more tax increases.

Chart
3. Receipts
Percent
of GDP
Chart
3. Receipts asasa a
Percent
of GDP
Percent of GDP
25

MSR Forecast

20

40-Year Historical Average 18.3%

15

10

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

2004

2008

2012

4

MID–SESSION REVIEW

Chart 4. Federal
4. Federal Outlays
2007
Chart
Outlaysinin
2007
Other
Medicare/Medicaid
20.4%

Interest
8.5%

11.7%

Social Security
20.9%

The Congressional Budget Resolution proposes to increase discretionary spending by
9.3 percent in 2008, more than three times
the rate of inflation, including a 7.1 percent
increase for non-defense, domestic spending.
It adds $22 billion to the President’s request
for discretionary spending in 2008, and adds
$205 billion over the five-year budget horizon.
To maintain fiscal discipline, the Administration has already indicated that the President
will veto appropriations bills if the Congress
does not demonstrate a commitment to keeping discretionary spending within the overall
levels provided in the President’s Budget. Finally, the budget resolution does nothing to
address the trillions in unfunded obligations
in Medicare, Medicaid, or Social Security.
MID–SESSION UPDATE
Rising tax receipts
Tax receipts for the first eight months of
2007 have been strong, up by 8.0 percent,
compared with tax receipts for the first eight
months of last fiscal year. For the full fiscal
year, overall receipts are projected to grow
by 6.9 percent, which is faster than the rate
of growth in GDP, and are expected to total
$2.574 trillion, $34 billion higher than estimated in February. Individual income taxes
are on track to grow at a double-digit rate for
the year, and corporate income taxes are also
estimated to show significant gains. Overall receipt growth is expected to be reduced

Defense
Discretionary
20.1%
Nondefense
Discretionary
18.5%

slightly this year by the refunds of Federal excise taxes on long-distance telephone service.
While revenue for 2007 is expected to be
higher than projected in February, tax receipts
for the five-year budget horizon are similar to
the February projections. Overall growth in
receipts is expected to average approximately
5 percent per year, roughly the same as the
projected growth in GDP. At approximately
18.5 percent of GDP over the next five years,
receipts are projected to remain above the 40year historical average of 18.3 percent.
Changes in Outlays
Spending in 2008 and beyond is a growing
problem that must be addressed in order to
keep deficit reduction on track and achieve a
balanced budget in 2012. In the short term,
outlays for 2007 are projected to be $2.779
trillion, $6 billion less than projected in February. This relatively small decrease in outlays
results primarily from slower-than-expected
defense spending, which is offset partially by
additional domestic spending in the 2007 war
supplemental legislation and higher Medicaid
outlays.1
1

The Mid-Session Review reflects, as did the February
Budget, the enactment of two of the annual appropriations bills for 2007. In addition, the Mid-Session Review updates the estimates for the enacted full-year
continuing resolution incorporating the remaining appropriations bills for 2007. The Mid-Session also reflects the effects of the war supplemental legislation,
including the additional $17 billion for unrequested
and non-emergency spending.

5

SUMMARY

Chart
Declining
Federal
Chart5.
5. Declining
Federal
DebtDebt
Debt held by the public as a percent of GDP
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

1940

1950

1960

1970

Outlays are projected to be $16 billion higher
for 2008 than projected in February, for a total
of $2.918 trillion, and $20 to $30 billion higher than previously projected for each of the
remaining years in the budget horizon. The
higher projections for spending result primarily from increases in Medicare and Medicaid
and from unrequested spending added to the
2007 war supplemental. The revised Medicare projections reflect, among other things,
higher hospital utilization rates and changes
in the Medicare cost indexes.
In the February Budget, the Administration
proposed the Federal Aid Highways obligation limitation assumed in P.L. 109–59, but
did not include an increase for the 2008 Revenue Aligned Budget Authority (RABA).2 The
Mid-Session Review estimates that Highway
Trust Fund finances have deteriorated since
February, with spending exceeding income in
2007 and 2008 and the Highway Account going insolvent by approximately $4 billion in
2009.
Declining Deficits
The deficit outlook remains on a trajectory
to achieve the President’s goal of a balanced
2

The Department of the Treasury has reallocated 2006
revenues between the Highway Trust Fund and the
Airport and Airways Trust Fund. The revised RABA
adjustment for 2008 would be $703 million, up from
$631 million in February.

1980

1990

2000

2010

budget by 2012, with a $33 billion surplus
projected for the final year of the budget horizon. In 2007, the deficit is estimated to be
$205 billion, 16 percent lower than the $244
billion projected in February and 18 percent
lower than the 2006 deficit of $248 billion.
The improvement in the 2007 deficit outlook
results primarily from higher-than-expected
receipts.
The size of the deficit relative to the overall
economy—expressed as a percent of GDP—
is the most meaningful indicator of the economic significance of the deficit. In the 2005
Budget, the President set a goal of cutting the
deficit in half by 2009 from its projected 2004
peak of 4.5 percent, or $521 billion. That goal
was achieved in 2006, three years ahead of
schedule, when the deficit fell to 1.9 percent
of GDP, or $248 billion. As shown in Chart 1,
the 2007 deficit is projected to be 1.5 percent
of GDP, lower than the 1.8 percent projected
in February. For 2008, the deficit is projected
to increase slightly to 1.8 percent of GDP, still
well below its 40-year average of 2.4 percent
of GDP. Beginning in 2009, the deficit is projected to resume a steady path of reduction
until it is eliminated in 2012.
As the deficit as a percent of GDP has
fallen, so too has debt held by the public as
a percent of GDP. At a projected 37 percent
of GDP for the end of 2007, the Nation’s debt
is significantly lower than the average of the

6

MID–SESSION REVIEW

other G–7 countries, which represent the seven largest industrial market economies. U.S.
debt is projected to fall to 33 percent of GDP
by the end of 2012, below the 40-year historical average of 35.5 percent.
ADDRESSING FUTURE
FISCAL CHALLENGES
The President’s pro-growth economic policies and continued spending restraint together reduce the deficit and lead to a projected
balanced budget in the next five years. This
is positive short-term news, but in the longer
term, unsustainable entitlement spending
clouds the Nation’s budget outlook.
Next year, the first of the baby boomers will
turn 62 and become eligible for early retirement benefits under Social Security. Between
now and 2050, the percentage of the population age 65 and over is projected to increase
from 12.4 percent to 20.8 percent. The aging
of the baby boomers and increasing longevity
pose a serious fiscal challenge for the Federal
Government. Future retirees can expect to
spend a greater portion of their lives in retirement than prior generations, but at a significant cost to future generations if current policies remain unchanged.

Under current policies, the increase in the
senior population coupled with rising health
care costs will put an unsustainable burden
on Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security
in the coming decades. Currently, spending
for Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security
is approximately 8 percent of GDP. By 2050,
spending on these three programs is projected
to be 16 percent of GDP, more than twice as
large as spending on all other Government
programs. Without reforms in the near-term,
the dramatic increases in spending for these
programs will ultimately require substantial
tax increases, major benefit reductions, or
massive and unsustainable amounts of borrowing.
The President’s Budget proposes reforms
that, if enacted, would make a substantial
down payment on the Government’s longterm fiscal imbalance. Specifically, proposed
changes to Medicare will reduce the average annual rate of growth in Medicare by 0.6
percentage points over the next 10 years and
reduce the program’s unfunded obligation by
$8 trillion over the next 75 years. This proposal shows that even relatively small nearterm savings can yield substantial fiscal improvements over time. The deficit for 2050 is
projected to be 8.6 percent of GDP, but if the
President’s mandatory savings proposals are

Chart 6. Unsustainable Growth in
Chart 6. Unsustainable
Growth in Entitlements
Entitlements
Percent of GDP

40

Entitlements
Net Interest

Discretionary Spending
Total Revenues

30

20

10

0

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

2060

2070

2080

7

SUMMARY

Table 1.   CHANGES FROM THE FEBRUARY BUDGET
(Dollar amounts in billions)

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2008–
2012

2008 February Budget deficit ��������������������������������
Percent of GDP �������������������������������������������������

–244
–1.8%

–239
–1.6%

–187
–1.2%

–94
–0.6%

–54
–0.3%

61
0.3%

–514

Economic and technical reestimates:
Receipts ������������������������������������������������������
Medicare �����������������������������������������������������
Medicaid �����������������������������������������������������
Discretionary ����������������������������������������������
Other 1 ���������������������������������������������������������
Subtotal, economic and technical reestimates 

34
–2
–5
12
5
44

–3
–6
–6
8
–2
–9

5
–9
–5
–9
–3
–21

*
–9
–5
–10
–2
–26

–8
–11
–6
–4
–4
–33

–12
–5
–6
–3
–6
–32

–18
–40
–27
–17
–18
–120

Policy changes:
Enacted 2007 supplemental ����������������������
Other legislation and policy changes 2 ������
Subtotal, policy changes �����������������������������������

–5
1
–4

–7
–3
–10

–4
*
–5

–3
*
–3

–2
–1
–3

4
–1
3

–11
–6
–17

Total, changes ��������������������������������������������������������

39

–19

–25

–29

–36

–28

–137

Mid-Session Review deficit �����������������������������������
Percent of GDP ������������������������������������������������

–205
–1.5%

–258
–1.8%

–213
–1.4%

–123
–0.8%

–89
–0.5%

33
0.2%

–651

* $500 million or less.
1

Includes debt service on all reestimates.

2

Includes debt service on all policy changes.

adopted, the deficit for 2050 is projected to be
significantly lower, at 5.7 percent.
As noted earlier, the Administration is
disappointed that this year’s Congressional
Budget Resolution does not address the unsustainable growth of entitlement programs.
Nevertheless, the President urges Congress to

consider the reforms he proposed in his 2008
Budget in February, which make a modest but
meaningful step toward fiscal sustainability.
In addition, the Administration looks forward
to working with Congress on developing additional reforms to solve the Nation’s long-term
fiscal problem.

Economic Assumptions
At mid-year 2007, the U.S. economy is in
its sixth year of economic expansion.1 Unemployment is low, payroll jobs are increasing,
real wages are rising, and homeownership is
at a high level. Consumer spending continues to increase robustly. The economy has
weathered a decline in housing investment
and continues to advance, and a return to
stronger growth is expected. This healthy
economic performance is a testament to
the resilience of the U.S. economy, Federal
Reserve monetary policy actions, and the
Administration’s successful pro-growth
policies—including tax relief and ongoing
efforts to promote investment in innovative
technologies and to pursue liberalized international trade.
The Administration like most private forecasters expects the expansion to continue
for the foreseeable future—with sustained
non-inflationary real growth providing a
firm foundation for the Federal budget outlook. In recent years, the strong economy
has helped generate dramatic increases in
Federal receipts, and incoming data show
large receipts gains again in 2007, although
not as strong as the double-digit rates of increase in 2005 and 2006. These gains have
helped lower the Federal budget deficit, but
keeping the budget deficit under control
and on a sustainable path toward balance
will require continued fiscal discipline. In
addition, the long-run budget outlook continues to present challenges from expected
demographic changes and rising health care
costs.
Economic Projections
The Administration’s economic projections are based on information available as
of early June 2007. They are summarized
in Table 2. The projections are close to those
of the Blue Chip Consensus (an average of
about 50 private-sector forecasts). A comparison with Blue Chip is shown in Table 3.
1

Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the
Unemployment Rate: Because of somewhat
slower growth over the last four quarters, real
GDP is expected to increase 2.1 percent this
year, but it is projected to resume a stronger
3.0 percent growth rate by 2008. Real GDP
growth moderates gradually, reaching a 2.9
percent rate by 2012 as labor force growth
slows with the aging of the work force. The
unemployment rate is projected to rise slightly from 4.5 percent in 2007 to 4.8 percent by
2009.
Inflation: With growth at or near potential and unemployment near the sustainable
long-run average, inflation is expected to be
moderate as well. Inflation increased in 2006
in large part because of surging energy prices,
and further increases in these prices pushed
up inflation in the first half of 2007. With an
expected stabilizing of energy prices, inflation
is projected to be lower in coming years. On
a year-over-year basis, the consumer price index (CPI) is projected to increase 2.6 percent
this year and decline gradually to 2.3 percent
by 2010. Growth in the GDP price index is
projected to be 2.7 percent in 2007, and then
decline to 2.0 percent by 2010. This projection is consistent with recent CPI core inflation—excluding food and energy items—of 2.2
percent over the 12 months through May, as
well as ongoing modest inflation expectations,
intense global competition, and the Federal
Reserve’s policy actions.
Interest Rates: The 3-month Treasury bill
rate is expected to average 4.8 percent in 2007
and then to decline gradually to 4.1 percent by
2011. The decline in short-term rates is consistent with an expected decline in the rate of
inflation. The yield on the 10-year Treasury
note is projected to average 4.8 percent in
2007 and then to rise to 5.3 percent by 2011,
restoring the typical positive spread between
long rates and short rates. At that point, projected real interest rates would be close to
their historical averages given the projected
rate of inflation.

Economic performance is discussed in terms of calendar years. Budget figures are in terms of fiscal years.
9

10

Mid–Session Review

Table 2.  ECONOMIC ASSUMPTIONS 1
(Calendar years; dollar amounts in billions)
2006
Actual

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

13,898
11,656
119.3

14,644
12,007
122.0

15,416
12,378
124.6

16,202
12,751
127.1

17,015
13,127
129.6

17,861
13,509
132.2

5.2
2.3
2.8

5.4
3.1
2.2

5.2
3.1
2.1

5.1
3.0
2.0

5.0
2.9
2.0

5.0
2.9
2.0

4.9
2.1
2.7

5.4
3.0
2.3

5.3
3.1
2.1

5.1
3.0
2.0

5.0
3.0
2.0

5.0
2.9
2.0

1,811
6,031
2,749

1,803
6,391
2,942

1,862
6,738
3,157

1,935
7,120
3,308

1,941
7,509
3,475

1,943
7,921
3,642

1,947
8,338
3,814

201.6

206.8

211.8

217.0

222.0

227.1

232.4

1.9
3.2

3.2
2.6

2.5
2.4

2.4
2.4

2.3
2.3

2.3
2.3

2.3
2.3

4.5
4.6

4.6
4.5

4.8
4.7

4.8
4.8

4.8
4.8

4.8
4.8

4.8
4.8

3.1
3.1

2.7
2.2

3.0
3.0

NA
NA

NA
NA

NA
NA

NA
NA

4.7
4.8

4.8
4.8

4.6
5.0

4.4
5.1

4.2
5.2

4.1
5.3

4.1
5.3

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
Levels, dollar amounts in billions:
Current dollars�������������������������������������������������������� 13,247
Real, chained (2000) dollars������������������������������������ 11,415
Chained price index (2000 = 100), annual average 116.1
Percent change, fourth quarter over fourth quarter:
Current dollars��������������������������������������������������������
5.7
Real, chained (2000) dollars������������������������������������
3.1
Chained price index (2000 = 100)���������������������������
2.5
Percent change, year over year:
Current dollars��������������������������������������������������������
6.3
Real, chained (2000) dollars������������������������������������
3.3
Chained price index (2000 = 100)���������������������������
2.9
Incomes, billions of current dollars:
Corporate profits before tax������������������������������������
Wages and salaries��������������������������������������������������
Other taxable income 2��������������������������������������������
Consumer Price Index (all urban): 3
Level (1982–84 = 100), annual average������������������
Percent change, fourth quarter over fourth
quarter�����������������������������������������������������������������
Percent change, year over year�������������������������������
Unemployment rate, civilian, percent:
Fourth quarter level������������������������������������������������
Annual average�������������������������������������������������������
Federal pay raises, January, percent:
Military 4������������������������������������������������������������������
Civilian 5�������������������������������������������������������������������
Interest rates, percent:
91-day Treasury bills 6���������������������������������������������
10-year Treasury notes�������������������������������������������

Projections

NA = Not Available.
1
2
3
4
5

6

Based on information available as of early June 2007.
Rent, interest, dividend, and proprietors’ income components of personal income.
Seasonally adjusted CPI for all urban consumers.
Percentages apply to basic pay only; percentages to be proposed for years after 2008 have not yet been determined.
Overall average increase, including locality pay adjustments. Percentages to be proposed for years after 2008 have
not yet been determined.
Average rate, secondary market (bank discount basis).

Incomes and Income Shares: Labor compensation—consisting of wages and salaries and
benefits such as employer-provided insurance
and pensions—is projected to rise relative to
the size of the economy, while the share of
corporate profits declines. Profits have been

unusually high in recent years, and the share
of compensation has been below its long-run
average. During the projection period, labor
compensation is expected to catch up with
the rising productivity trend and return to its
historical average relative to GDP. The wage

11

Economic Assumptions

share in GDP is also expected to rise from its
recent low level, but less than for total compensation because the benefit share in total
compensation is expected to increase further,
holding down the expected rise in wages and
salaries.

forecast generally assumes that the President’s Budget proposals will be enacted as
proposed, private forecasters use their own
assumptions about fiscal policy. Despite these
differences, the Administration and Blue Chip
economic projections are very close.

Forecast Comparisons

The Administration economic forecast for the
MSR is generally similar to the forecast in the
2008 Budget published in February. The most
significant difference is that real GDP growth
for 2007 is now expected to be 2.1 percent on a
year-over-year basis compared to 2.7 percent in

Table 3 compares the Mid-Session Review
(MSR) economic assumptions with those from
the 2008 Budget and from the recent Blue
Chip Consensus. While the Administration

Table 3. COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC ASSUMPTIONS
(Calendar Years)

Projections
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Nominal GDP:
MSR �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2008 Budget �������������������������������������������������������������������������
Blue Chip Consensus �����������������������������������������������������������

13,898
13,946
13,894

14,644
14,711
14,613

15,416
15,507
15,368

16,202
16,316
16,152

17,015
17,148
16,979

17,861
18,003
17,856

Real GDP: 1
MSR ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2008 Budget �������������������������������������������������������������������������
Blue Chip Consensus�����������������������������������������������������������

2.1
2.7
2.1

3.0
3.0
2.9

3.1
3.1
3.0

3.0
3.0
2.9

3.0
3.0
3.0

2.9
2.9
3.0

Consumer Price Index: 1
MSR �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2008 Budget �������������������������������������������������������������������������
Blue Chip Consensus�����������������������������������������������������������

2.6
2.1
2.7

2.4
2.6
2.5

2.4
2.5
2.3

2.3
2.4
2.3

2.3
2.3
2.3

2.3
2.3
2.3

Unemployment Rate: 2
MSR …����������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2008 Budget��������������������������������������������������������������������������
Blue Chip Consensus�����������������������������������������������������������

4.5
4.6
4.6

4.7
4.8
4.7

4.8
4.8
4.8

4.8
4.8
4.8

4.8
4.8
4.8

4.8
4.8
4.8

Interest Rates: 2
91-Day Treasury Bills:
MSR ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2008 Budget ����������������������������������������������������������������������
Blue Chip Consensus��������������������������������������������������������

4.8
4.7
4.9

4.6
4.6
4.9

4.4
4.4
4.7

4.2
4.2
4.6

4.1
4.1
4.6

4.1
4.1
4.7

10-Year Treasury Notes:
MSR�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������
2008 Budget ����������������������������������������������������������������������
Blue Chip Consensus��������������������������������������������������������

4.8
5.0
4.9

5.0
5.1
5.2

5.1
5.2
5.2

5.2
5.3
5.1

5.3
5.3
5.2

5.3
5.3
5.2

MSR = Mid-Session Review.
Sources: Chapter 12, “Economic Assumptions” of Analytical Perspectives, 2008 Budget; July 2007 Blue Chip Economic
Indicators, Aspen Publishers, Inc. for 2007 and 2008; March 2007 Blue Chip Economic Indicators for 2009–2012.
1

Year-over-year percent change.

2

Annual averages, percent.

12
the Budget. In 2008 and beyond, the projected
real growth rates are similar to those of the Budget. Inflation is expected to be higher for 2007,
but the long-run projections are the same. The
unemployment rate in 2007 and 2008 is lower
by 0.1 percentage point in the current projections compared with the Budget. The interest
rate projections are similar to those in the Budget with only slight changes in 2007–2010.
SUMMARY
The economic news since the Budget was
issued has been mixed. Economic growth

Mid–Session Review

slowed early in the year largely because of the
decline in housing, but payroll jobs have continued to expand and the unemployment rate
has held steady. Even though inflation has
been boosted by higher energy prices, the longrun inflation outlook remains favorable. The
Mid-Session Review economic forecast projects a resumption of trend economic growth,
a return of low and stable inflation, continued
moderate interest rates, and healthy job creation and wage growth—in short, a favorable
and reasonable economic outlook that serves
as the basis for the Administration’s Federal
budget projections.

Receipts
The current estimate of receipts for 2007
exceeds the February Budget estimate by $34
billion. The current estimate for 2008 is below the February Budget estimate by $3 billion, the current estimate for 2009 is above
the February Budget estimate, and the current estimates for 2010 through 2012 are below the February Budget estimates, resulting
in receipts that are $15 billion lower than the
February Budget estimates over the five-year
period, 2008 through 2012. These changes
are the net effect of revised economic assumptions, technical reestimates, enacted legislation, and revisions in the Administration’s
proposals.
Revised economic assumptions and technical reestimates account for most of the revi-

sions in receipts since February, increasing
receipts by $25 billion in 2007 and $9 billion
in 2008, but reducing receipts by $7 billion
over the five-year period, 2008 through 2012.
Higher-than-expected collections of corporation income taxes and excise taxes account
for most of the increase in receipts for 2007.
These increases are in large part attributable
to higher-than-expected corporation income
tax liability in tax years 2006 and 2007, as
reflected in collection experience since February, and lower-than-expected refunds of
the Federal telephone tax. The revisions in
subsequent years primarily reflect increases
in corporation income taxes and reductions
in individual income taxes and payroll taxes.
The increases in corporation income taxes are
attributable in large part to upward revisions

Table 4. CHANGE IN RECEIPTS
(In billions of dollars)

February estimate ������������������������������������������������
Changes due to:
Economic assumptions and technical
reestimates:
Individual income taxes �������������������������������
Corporation income taxes �����������������������������
Social Security and Medicare payroll taxes 
Excise taxes ���������������������������������������������������
Other sources of receipts ������������������������������
Subtotal, economic assumptions and
technical reestimates ��������������������������
Enacted legislation ���������������������������������������������
Revisions in proposals:
Portion of proposals enacted or partly
enacted ������������������������������������������������������
Economic assumptions and technical
reestimates ������������������������������������������������
Subtotal, revisions in proposals ��������������

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2008–2012

2,540.1

2,662.5

2,798.3

2,954.7

3,103.6

3,307.3

–9.1
29.9
–2.3
7.4
–1.1

–7.9
28.3
–7.6
–2.1
–1.5

–14.2
24.6
–7.8
–2.1
–0.7

–11.4
19.3
–6.6
–1.7
–0.7

–11.6
16.0
–5.5
–1.8
–2.2

–15.3
14.6
–5.4
–2.0
–2.2

–60.3
102.8
–32.9
–9.7
–7.3

24.8

9.1

–0.2

–1.1

–5.2

–10.1

–7.4

–0.4

–0.5

–0.6

–3.8

–1.4

6.1

–0.2

............

0.4

0.4

3.4

0.8

–1.7

3.3

9.4

–12.1

5.1

1.2

–3.2

–1.6

–10.6

9.4

–11.8

5.5

4.6

–2.3

–3.3

–7.3

Total change ���������������������������������������

33.8

–3.1

4.7

–0.2

–8.9

–7.4

–14.9

Mid-Session estimate ������������������������������������������

2,573.9

2,659.4

2,803.0

2,954.5

3,094.7

3,299.9

13

14
in taxable profits and new tax and collections
data used in the estimating models that were
not available at the time the budget estimates
were made. The reductions in individual income taxes and payroll taxes primarily reflect
downward revisions in wages and salaries,
which are partially offset by revisions in estimating models to reflect current collection
experience.
Legislated tax changes since February decrease receipts by a small amount over the
five-year period, 2008 through 2012. These
changes reflect enactment of the emergency
war supplemental spending act, which the

Mid–Session Review

President signed on May 25, 2007. The small
business tax relief provided in this act was in
large part offset by other tax changes. Revisions in the estimates of the Administration’s
proposals since February increase receipts by
$9 billion in 2007, reduce receipts by $12 billion in 2008, and reduce receipts by $7 billion
over the five-year period, 2008 through 2012.
The changes in 2007 and 2008 are in large
part attributable to delay in enactment of
the Administration’s proposal to prevent the
number of Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)
taxpayers for tax year 2007 from increasing,
which reduces the receipt loss in 2007 and increases the loss in 2008.

Spending
Total outlays for 2007 are now estimated
to be $2,779 billion, down $6 billion from the
February estimate. A small increase due to
enacted legislation is more than offset by decreases due to estimating changes. For 2008,
the estimate of total outlays has increased
by $16 billion relative to February, to $2,918
billion. This increase is largely the result of
additional funding for the emergency war
supplemental spending bill enacted in May,
as well as the delayed enactment of final 2007
appropriations.
Enacted Legislation
In total, policy changes increase outlays by
$3.8 billion in 2007 and $10.1 billion in 2008.
Over the five-year period 2008 through 2012,
policy changes increase outlays by $20.3 billion. Since the transmittal of the Budget, the
Congress has enacted P. L. 110–5, the Revised
Continuing Appropriations Act for 2007, and
P. L. 110–28, the emergency war supplemental spending bill. The Revised Continuing Appropriations Act provided a slightly different
full-year, continuing resolution calculation
than what was assumed in the February Budget.
Estimating changes
Changes in estimates arise from non-policy
related factors including changes in economic
assumptions, discussed earlier in this Review,
and changes in technical factors. For 2007
and 2008, estimated outlays are $9.5 billion
lower and $5.8 billion higher, respectively,
than in February for non-policy related reasons. Over the period 2008 through 2012, outlays are $101.9 billion higher than in February for non-policy related reasons.
Discretionary appropriations.—Outlays for
discretionary appropriations decrease by
$11.8 billion in 2007 and $8.4 billion in 2008
relative to the February Budget as a result
of estimating changes. These changes reflect
slower spending of discretionary funds, largely for defense programs.

Medicare.—Estimates of Medicare outlays
are $2.0 billion and $6.3 billion higher for
2007 and 2008, respectively, than estimated
in February. Over the period 2008 through
2012, outlays are above the February projections by $39.8 billion. The increases in 2007
and 2008 are largely driven by increased projections of fee-for-service spending and revised
assumptions about projected hospital spending. Increases in later years largely reflect
increases due to these factors, partially offset
by lower estimates for the prescription drug
benefit resulting from updated assumptions
about participation in the low-income subsidy
and Medicare Advantage/Prescription Drug
plans.
Medicaid.—As a result of estimating changes, Medicaid outlays are projected to increase
by $5.0 billion in 2007, $5.9 billion in 2008,
and $27.1 billion over the period 2008 through
2012. The increase in 2007 largely results
from higher year-to-date outlays than previously expected. The increases in 2008 and
beyond largely result from higher actuarial
estimates for Medical Assistance Payments
based on recent expenditure trends.
Earned income and child tax credits.—
During the 2007 filing season, claims for the
earned income and child tax credits were
higher than previously anticipated. As a result, the Mid-Session Review has $12.8 billion higher outlays for these refundable tax
credits over five years than estimated in February.
Social Security.—Estimating changes reduce outlays for Social Security by $1.0 billion in 2007, but increase outlays over 2008
through 2012 by $12.2 billion. The decrease
in 2007 is largely due to lower disability benefits resulting from recent program experience.
Increases over the five-year period largely reflect higher old age and survivors benefits resulting from higher cost-of-living adjustments
and revised beneficiary projections, partially
offset by lower disability benefits.

15

16

Mid–Session Review

Veterans’ compensation and pensions.—As
a result of estimating changes, veterans’ compensation and pension outlays are projected to
increase by $3.9 billion over the five-year period. This increase largely results from higher
cost-of-living adjustments as well as revised
technical assumptions including the Hartness
court decision.
Student loans.—Outlays for student loan
programs are projected to decrease by $3.3 billion over the five-year period. This decrease is
largely driven by reduced subsidy costs resulting from lower “death, disability, and bankruptcy” and default claims, and lower estimated costs associated with students postponing
their student loan repayment as allowed by
statute. This decrease is also driven by revised
earlier estimates of when borrowers graduate
from school and begin repaying their student
loans.
Postal Service.—Estimating changes increase Postal Service outlays by $3.1 billion

per year in 2007 and 2008. These increases
largely reflect capital outlays, which were inadvertently excluded from the February Budget when the Postal Service converted its estimates from an accrual to a cash accounting
basis. The increases also reflect higher-thanexpected net operating costs.
Unemployment insurance.—Outlays for unemployment benefits are estimated to decrease
by $3.0 billion over five years. This decrease
largely results from lower-than-expected rates
of unemployment and wage growth as well
as revised estimates of average wages, average weekly benefit amounts, and the ratio of
weeks paid to weeks claimed.
Net interest.—Excluding the debt service associated with policy changes, outlays for net interest are projected to decrease by $7.0 billion
over five years. This reduction largely reflects
lower debt service costs related to estimating
changes in receipts and outlays.

Table 5. CHANGE IN OUTLAYS
(In billions of dollars)

2008–
2012

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

February estimate ������������������������������������������������
Changes due to enacted legislation:
Supplemental ������������������������������������������������
Continuing Resolution ����������������������������������
Related debt service ��������������������������������������
Subtotal, policy ���������������������������������������������������
Changes due to reestimates:
Discretionary appropriations �����������������������
Medicare ��������������������������������������������������������
Medicaid ��������������������������������������������������������
EITC and child credit �����������������������������������
Social Security ����������������������������������������������
Veterans’ compensation and pensions ���������
Student loans ������������������������������������������������
Postal Service ������������������������������������������������
Unemployment Insurance ����������������������������
Other programs ���������������������������������������������
Net interest ���������������������������������������������������
Subtotal, reestimates �����������������������������������������

2,784.3

2,901.9

2,985.5

3,049.1

3,157.3

3,246.3

4.5
–0.7
0.1

6.7
2.9
0.4

4.0
–0.3
0.8

2.3
–0.7
0.9

1.1
*
1.0

–*
0.1
1.0

14.1
2.1
4.1

3.8

10.1

4.4

2.5

2.2

1.1

20.3

–11.8
2.0
5.0
2.9
–1.0
–0.7
0.9
3.1
–*
–6.0
–3.9

–8.4
6.3
5.9
2.8
1.7
0.2
–0.6
3.1
–0.9
1.5
–5.7

9.1
8.8
4.8
3.0
2.3
0.9
–0.6
............
–0.6
1.4
–3.3

10.0
8.6
4.9
2.9
2.5
0.7
–0.6
............
–0.8
–0.3
–2.0

3.7
11.3
5.5
2.1
3.0
0.8
–0.7
............
–0.3
–1.5
0.8

3.1
4.8
6.1
2.0
2.7
1.2
–0.8
............
–0.3
–2.6
3.6

17.4
39.8
27.1
12.8
12.2
3.9
–3.3
3.1
–3.0
–1.5
–6.6

–9.5

5.8

25.8

25.9

24.6

19.8

101.9

Total, changes �������������������������������������������������������

–5.6

15.9

30.2

28.4

26.8

20.9

122.2

Mid-Session estimate ������������������������������������������

2,778.6

2,917.7

3,015.7

3,077.5

3,184.1

3,267.3

* $50 million or less.

Summary Tables

17

19

Summary Tables

Table S–1. BUDGET TOTALS
(Dollar amounts in billions)
2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Budget Totals:
Receipts ���������������������������������������������������������������������
Outlays ����������������������������������������������������������������������
Deficit(–)/Surplus ���������������������������������������������

2,407
2,655
–248

2,574
2,779
–205

2,659
2,918
–258

2,803
3,016
–213

2,954
3,078
–123

3,095
3,184
–89

3,300
3,267
33

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ��������������������������������������

13,065

13,722

14,453

15,222

16,004

16,809

17,646

Budget Totals as a Percent of GDP:
Receipts ���������������������������������������������������������������������
Outlays ����������������������������������������������������������������������
Deficit(–)/Surplus ���������������������������������������������

18.4%
20.3%
–1.9%

18.8%
20.2%
–1.5%

18.4%
20.2%
–1.8%

18.4%
19.8%
–1.4%

18.5%
19.2%
–0.8%

18.4%
18.9%
–0.5%

18.7%
18.5%
0.2%

20

Mid–Session Review

Table S–2. DISCRETIONARY FUNDING BY CATEGORY
(Net budget authority; dollar amounts in billions)

2006
Actual

2007
Enacted1

2008
Request

Change
Amount

Percent

Base Discretionary:
Security Funding 2 ������������������������������������������������������������
Non-Security Funding �����������������������������������������������������

474.2
369.2

498.1
375.1

553.9
376.0

+55.8
+0.9

+11.2%
+0.2%

Total, Discretionary ������������������������������������������������������������

843.4

873.2

929.9

+56.7

+6.5%

Enacted Supplemental and Emergency Funding:
Global War on Terror ��������������������������������������������������������
Hurricane Response ���������������������������������������������������������
Pandemic Flu Preparedness ��������������������������������������������
Border Security ����������������������������������������������������������������
Other Emergency Funding ����������������������������������������������

120.4
24.7
6.1
1.9
0.3

173.6
7.7
0.2
1.8
9.1

Total, Enacted ����������������������������������������������������������������������

153.3

192.3

Requested Emergency Funding for 2008:
Global War on Terror ���������������������������������������������������

145.2

DISCRETIONARY OUTYEARS
(Net budget authority in billions of dollars)
2009

2010

2011

2012

Base Discretionary:
Security Funding 3 ����������������������������������������������
Non-Security Funding 4 ��������������������������������������

585.0
379.8

597.0
383.5

604.6
387.4

615.0
391.3

Total, Discretionary ��������������������������������������������

964.9

980.5

991.9

1,006.3

Emergency Funding:
Global War on Terror ������������������������������������

50.0

1

Funding levels are equal to the amounts enacted in the Department of Defense and Homeland Security Appropriations Acts and full-year funding levels enacted in P.L. 110–5, the 2007 Continuing Appropriations Act. This level is
adjusted to include savings enacted in the Continuing Appropriations Act from changes to mandatory programs.

2

This category is composed of funding for the Department of Defense, homeland security activities Government-wide
(see Table S–4), and funding for International Affairs (Function 150).

3

Department of Defense levels are consistent with the Future Years Defense Plan, and the homeland security levels
are consistent with the Future Years Homeland Security Plan.

4

These amounts exclude the budgetary effects of the Administration’s reauthorization proposal of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). That proposal would transform the current tax-financing system for FAA to a cost-based
user-fee system. For more information, see the Transportation chapter and other related sections in the Budget,
Appendix, and Analytical Perspectives volumes of the 2008 Budget. If this proposal were enacted, the Administration
would adjust its discretionary cap proposal downward in these years to reflect the offsetting collections that would
result from this user-b‌ased fee system.				

21

Summary Tables

Table S–3. DISCRETIONARY FUNDING BY MAJOR AGENCY
(Net budget authority; dollar amounts in billions)

Agency

2006
Actual

2007
Enacted1

2008
Request

Change: 2007–2008
Dollar

Percent

Agriculture��������������������������������������������������������������
Commerce ���������������������������������������������������������������
Defense ��������������������������������������������������������������������
Education ����������������������������������������������������������������
Energy ���������������������������������������������������������������������
Health and Human Services ����������������������������������
Homeland Security �������������������������������������������������
Housing and Urban Development �������������������������
Interior ��������������������������������������������������������������������
Justice ���������������������������������������������������������������������
Labor �����������������������������������������������������������������������
State and Other International Programs ��������������
Transportation ��������������������������������������������������������
Treasury ������������������������������������������������������������������
Veterans Affairs ������������������������������������������������������
Corps of Engineers �������������������������������������������������
Environmental Protection Agency �������������������������
Executive Office of the President ���������������������������
Judicial Branch �������������������������������������������������������
Legislative Branch ��������������������������������������������������
National Aeronautics and Space Administration ������
National Science Foundation ���������������������������������
Small Business Administration �����������������������������
Social Security Administration ������������������������������
Other Agencies ��������������������������������������������������������

21.1
6.4
410.7
56.5
23.6
69.1
30.7
34.1
10.8
21.1
11.3
30.2
14.6
11.4
32.9
5.3
7.6
0.3
5.3
3.8
16.3
5.6
0.5
7.4
6.7

20.4
6.4
432.0
57.5
23.6
70.6
32.0
36.0
10.9
20.9
11.7
31.4
11.3
11.6
36.5
5.3
7.7
0.3
5.6
3.9
16.3
5.9
0.6
7.7
7.1

20.2
6.6
481.4
56.0
24.3
69.3
34.3
35.3
10.6
20.2
10.6
35.0
12.1
12.1
39.4
4.9
7.2
0.3
6.1
4.4
17.3
6.4
0.5
7.9
7.5

–0.2
+0.1
+49.4
–1.5
+0.7
–1.3
+2.3
–0.7
–0.3
–0.8
–1.1
+3.6
+0.8
+0.5
+2.9
–0.5
–0.5
+*
+0.5
+0.6
+1.0
+0.5
–0.1
+0.2
+0.4

–0.9%
+1.9%
+11.4%
–2.6%
+2.8%
–1.8%
+7.2%
–2.0%
–2.5%
–3.7%
–9.5%
+11.4%
+7.2%
+4.4%
+8.1%
–8.8%
–6.8%
+1.5%
+9.1%
+14.7%
+6.4%
+8.7%
–19.2%
+3.0%
+5.9%

Total, Discretionary Funding ���������������������������

843.4

873.2

929.9

+56.7

+6.5%

* $500,000 or less.
Note: Supplementals and emergencies, enacted and requested, are excluded.
1

Funding levels are equal to the amounts enacted in the Department of Defense and Homeland Security Appropriations Acts and P. L. 110–5, the 2007 Continuing Appropriations Act. These levels include savings from changes to
mandatory programs.

22

Mid–Session Review

Table S–4. HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Budget authority in millions of dollars)
2006
Agency 1

Agriculture ������������������������������������������
Commerce �������������������������������������������
Defense (DOD) ������������������������������������
Energy �������������������������������������������������
Health and Human Services ��������������
Homeland Security �����������������������������
Justice �������������������������������������������������
State ����������������������������������������������������
Treasury ����������������������������������������������
Transportation ������������������������������������
Veterans Affairs ����������������������������������
Environmental Protection Agency �����
General Services Administration �������
Intelligence Community
Management Account ���������������������
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration �������������������������������
National Science Foundation �������������
Nuclear Regulatory Commission �������
Smithsonian Institution ���������������������
Social Security Administration ����������
Other Agencies ������������������������������������

Actual

Supplemental/
Emergency

Enacted 2

2008

Supplemental/
Emergency 3

Request

Supplemental/
Emergency 3

598
181
16,477
1,701
4,352
25,156
2,996
1,107
114
182
299
129
99

............
............
1,031
............
............
1,416
30
............
1
............
............
............
............

537
1,204
16,538
1,683
4,379
26,920
3,308
1,239
128
186
254
168
71

............
............
............
............
............
2,506
196
............
............
............
............
............
............

710
219
17,465
1,833
4,424
29,668
3,331
1,406
117
200
270
153
42

............
............
............
............
............
223
85
............
............
............
............
............
............

56

............

56

............

58

............

213
344
79
83
176
296

............
............
............
............
............
............

199
386
72
80
194
270

............
............
............
............
............
............

194
375
69
93
217
256

............
............
............
............
............
............

2,478
–1,031

57,872
–16,538

2,702
............

61,100
–17,465

308
............

............

–3,512

............

–2,290

............

............

–4,367

............

–4,986

............

1,447

33,455

2,702

36,359

308

Total, Homeland Security
Funding ����������������������������������������� 54,638
Less, Defense-Military (DOD) ����� –16,477
Less, Mandatory Homeland
Security Funding 4 �������������������� –2,257
Less, Discretionary Fee-Funded
Activities ����������������������������������� –3,514
Net Non-DOD Discretionary
Homeland Security ��������������������

2007

32,390

1

For more detail on Homeland Security funding, consult the Homeland Security Funding Analysis Chapter in the
Analytical Perspectives volume of the 2008 Budget. Dollar amounts in this table are rounded to the nearest million
at the account level, which may account for any discrepancies with the Analytical Perspectives chapter that are not
due to enactment of P. L. 110–5, the 2007 Continuing Appropriations Act.

2

Funding levels are equal to the amounts enacted in the Department of Defense and Homeland Security Appropriations Acts with other levels equal to the estimated full-year funding levels provided by P. L. 110–5, the 2007 Continuing Appropriations Act.

3

Includes $1.6 billion in funding enacted in the 2007 Homeland Security and Defense Appropriations Acts and $1.1
billion enacted in P. L. 110–28, the 2007 Emergency Supplemental Act. 2008 also includes an additional $0.3 billion
in the Administration’s pending supplemental request for the Global War on Terror.

4

Mandatory homeland security programs include $1 billion from anticipated spectrum auction receipts appropriated
in the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 for the Department of Commerce to make grants to public safety agencies for
communications interoperability purposes.

23

Summary Tables

Table S–5. MANDATORY PROPOSALS
(In millions of dollars)

2007 2008

2009

2010

2011

2008–
2012

2012

2008–
2017

Mandatory Proposals, including Savings
and Augmentations:
Agriculture:
Reauthorize Farm Bill �������������������������
Food Safety and Inspection Service
User Fees ������������������������������������������
Grain Inspection, Packers and
Stockyards Administration
User Fees ������������������������������������������
Crop Insurance User Fee ���������������������
Animal Welfare Fee �����������������������������
Total, Agriculture ���������������������������
Defense:
Increase National Defense Strategic
Materials Stockpile Sales ����������������
Education:
Reform the Federal Student Aid
Programs:
Increase the Pell Grant Maximum
Award to $5400 over Five Years 
Increase Academic Competitveness
Grant awards by 50% �����������������
Increase Aggregate Loan Limits and
Annual Limits for Undergraduate
Third-Year and Beyond Students 
Reduce Lender Subsidy Payments
by 50 basis points �����������������������
Increase Lender Risk Sharing and
Improve Program Efficiency �����
Increase Lender Consolidation Fee ��
Recall Federal Perkins Loan
Revolving Funds �������������������������
Adjust Guaranty Agency Default
Retention Rates ��������������������������
Adopt Unit Cost Basis for
Guaranty Agency Fees ���������������
Other Student Loan Reforms ��������
Net impact ���������������������������������
Energy:
Repeal Oil and Gas Research and
Development Program ���������������������
Health and Human Services (HHS):
Adopt Medicare Reforms ���������������������
Medicaid/State Children’s Health
Insurance Program (SCHIP):
Adopt Medicaid Reforms ����������������
Augment Medicaid �������������������������
Reauthorize SCHIP ������������������������
Net impact ���������������������������������
Reduce Social Services Block Grant ���

......

233

–180

488

601

652

1,794

2,464

......

–96

–98

–100

–102

–104

–500

–1,053

......
......
......
......

–22
......
–9
106

–22
–15
–13
–328

–23
–15
–13
337

–23
–15
–14
447

–24
–15
–14
495

–115
–60
–63
1,056

–242
–135
–142
892

......

–69

–145

–198

–145

–25

–582

–583

......

532

2,375

3,256

4,133

5,039

15,335

43,058

......

72

308

373

317

8

1,078

1,078

......

68

151

187

205

259

870

2,550

......

–688

–2,165

–2,558

–2,792

–2,986 –11,189

–29,494

......
......

–776
–56

–160
–159

–175
–186

–189
–210

–202
–234

–1,502
–845

–2,715
–2,309

......

–419

–498

–713

–814

–779

–3,223

–6,358

...... –1,370

–173

–188

–205

–217

–2,153

–3,454

...... –1,018
......
2
...... –3,653

–37
3
–355

–53
–12
–68

–58
–22
364

–56
–64
768

–1,222
–93
–2,944

–1,572
–913
–128

–40

–50

–50

–50

–210

–460

...... –3,778

–8,167 –12,245 –16,643 –20,693 –61,526

–240,965

...... –1,970
35
885
......
710
35 –375
......
......

–2,215
205
1,095
–915
–425

......

–20

–2,435
......
620
–1,815
–495

–2,730
......
890
–1,840
–500

–2,890 –12,240
......
1,090
845
4,160
–2,045 –6,990
–500 –1,920

–29,455
1,090
9,680
–18,685
–4,420

24

Mid–Session Review

Table S–5. MANDATORY PROPOSALS
(In millions of dollars)

2007 2008
Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families (TANF) ������������������������������
Title V Abstinence Education Program �
Food and Drug Administration ReInspection and Export Certification
Fees ���������������������������������������������������
Foster Care District of Columbia
Federal Medical Assistance
Percentage (FMAP) Rate �����������������
Foster Care Child Welfare Program
Option �����������������������������������������������
Child Support Enforcement ����������������
Total, HHS ��������������������������������������
Housing and Urban Development (HUD):
Ginnie Mae Premium Increase �����������
Government-Sponsored Enterprises
Oversight Fee �����������������������������������
Total, HUD ��������������������������������������
Interior:
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Lease
Bonuses:
State of Alaska’s Share:
Receipts �������������������������������������
Expenditures �����������������������������
Federal Share:
Receipts �������������������������������������
Net Impact ���������������������������
Match National Park Centennial
Challenge Fund Gift Receipts ���������
Return to Net Receipts Sharing ����������
Amend Bureau of Land Management
(BLM) Federal Land Sale Authority 
Repeal Energy Policy Act Fee Prohibition
and Mandatory Permit Funds �����������
Recover Pick-Sloan Project Cost ���������
Implement Friant Settlement �������������
Eliminate BLM Range Improvement
Fund �������������������������������������������������
Require Upfront Payment of Coal
Bonus Bids ���������������������������������������
Total, Interior ���������������������������������
Labor:
Reform Pension Benefit Guaranty
Corporation Premiums ��������������������
Unemployment Insurance Integrity
Proposal 1�������������������������������������������
Reform Federal Employees’
Compensation Act ����������������������������
Reauthorize Trade Adjustment
Assistance ����������������������������������������
Total, Labor �������������������������������������

2009

2010

2011

2008–
2012

2012

2008–
2017

......
5

......
25

240
44

296
49

309
50

326
50

1,171
218

2,768
468

......

–27

–28

–28

–29

–30

–142

–302

......

5

5

6

5

6

27

62

5
–4
44
–47
6
8
6
1
–1
19
–9,233 –14,230 –18,603 –22,934 –69,137

–1
4
–261,071

......
8
......
5
40 –4,137
......

–46

–46

–46

–46

–46

–230

–460

......
......

–6
–52

–6
–52

–6
–52

–6
–52

–6
–52

–30
–260

–60
–520

......
......

......
......

–3,502
3,502

–2
2

–503
503

–3
3

–4,010
4,010

–4,025
4,025

......
......

......
......

–3,502
–3,502

–2
–2

–503
–503

–3
–3

–4,010
–4,010

–4,025
–4,025

......
......

20
–44

55
–51

80
–51

100
–49

100
–54

355
–249

855
–494

......

–5

–28

–40

–70

–44

–186

–334

......
......
......

–36
–23
14

–37
–23
17

–38
–23
17

–36
–23
17

–37
–23
17

–184
–115
82

–309
–230
167

......

–7

–10

–10

–10

–10

–47

–97

......
......

–2
–83

–121
–3,700

–115
–182

–54
–628

–134
–188

–426
–4,780

4
–4,463

......

......

–1,390

–1,387

–1,400

–1,295

–5,472

–10,569

......

......

–484

–494

–351

–355

–1,684

–3,619

......

–9

–23

–29

–33

–43

–137

–493

......
......

......
–9

6
–1,891

18
–1,892

24
–1,760

25
–1,668

73
–7,220

123
–14,558

25

Summary Tables

Table S–5. MANDATORY PROPOSALS
(In millions of dollars)

2007 2008
Treasury:
Payment Transaction Integrity ����������� ......
Extend the Rum Carryover for Puerto
Rico ��������������������������������������������������� .........
Debt Collection: Eliminate the 10-year
Statute of Limitations on Non-tax
Debt owed to Federal Agencies ������� .........
Total, Treasury ������������������������������� .........

2009

2010

2011

2012

2008–
2012

2008–
2017

–273

–281

–290

–298

–306

–1,448

–3,105

76

26

.........

.........

.........

102

102

–11
–208

–6
–261

–6
–296

–6
–304

–6
–312

–35
–1,381

–65
–3,068

.........

–311

–304

–306

–307

–342

–1,570

–3,352

.........

.........

–138

–134

–129

–125

–526

–1,094

.........
.........

–44
–355

–44
–486

–44
–484

–43
–479

–43
–510

–218
–2,314

–421
–4,867

Army Corps of Engineers:
Additional Recreation User Fees,
Lease Receipts, and Contributions:
Receipts ������������������������������������� .........
Spending ������������������������������������ .........
Net effect ������������������������������ .........

–7
.........
–7

–10
7
–3

–13
10
–3

–16
13
–3

–19
16
–3

–65
46
–19

–192
164
–28

Commodity Futures Trading Commission:
User Fees ���������������������������������������������� .........

–86

–89

–92

–95

–99

–461

–1,009

Environmental Protection Agency:
Pesticide and Pre-Manufacturing
Notification fees ������������������������������� .........

–70

–65

–68

–74

–65

–342

–682

.........

–50

–150

–300

–300

–400

–1,200

–3,628

.........
.........
–30

–150
.........
–252

–150
.........
–105

–150
.........
–100

–150
.........
–100

–150
–200
–75

–750
–200
–632

–1,500
–1,200
–690

.........
–30

–5
–457

–6
–411

–7
–557

–7
–557

–7
–832

–32
–2,814

–67
–7,085

.........

–38

–139

–238

–315

–377

–1,107

–3,531

.........

3

8

11

14

17

53

162

.........
.........

–1
–36

–1
–132

–1
–228

1
–300

4
–356

2
–1,052

109
–3,260

Social Security Administration:
Temporarily Extend Length of TimeLimited Supplemental Security
Income Eligibility for Refugees ������� .........

56

55

55

.........

.........

166

166

Veterans Affairs:
Pharmacy Co-Payments ����������������������
Income-Based Medical Care
Enrollment Fee ��������������������������������
Third-Party Insurance Co-Payment
Offset ������������������������������������������������
Total, Veterans Affairs ��������������������

Federal Communications Commission
(FCC):
Spectrum License Fee Authority ���������
Auction Prospective Ancillary
Terrestrial Component Spectrum ��
Extend Spectrum Auction Authority ��
Auction Domestic Satellite Spectrum �
Eliminate Telecommunications
Development Fund ��������������������������
Total, FCC ���������������������������������������
Office of Personnel Management (OPM):
Federal Employees Health Benefits
Program Proposals ����������������������������
Improve Equity and Administration of
the Federal Retirement System ������
Replace Non-Foreign Cost of Living
Adjustment with Locality Pay ���������
Total, OPM ��������������������������������������

26

Mid–Session Review

Table S–5. MANDATORY PROPOSALS
(In millions of dollars)

2007 2008
Total, Mandatory Proposals,
including Savings and
Augmentations ������������������������������

2010

2011

2012

2008–
2012

10 –9,079 –17,136 –18,009 –22,240 –25,830 –92,294

Social Security Personal Accounts (offbudget) �������������������������������������������������������� .........

2008–
2017

–300,724

.........

.........

.........

.........

29,348

29,348

637,441

3

9

11

13

14

50

129

–55

–59

–75

–71

–72

–332

–785

.........

–375

–388

–400

–417

–1,580

–3,773

–127

–137

–174

–165

–169

–772

–1,824

–224

38

22

20

18

–126

–87

.........
–403

199
–325

3,950
3,346

3,449
2,846

2,828
2,202

10,426
7,666

12,165
5,825

.........

.........

.........

947

.........

.........

947

11,501

.........

–17

–124

–360

–586

–634

–1,721

–4,536

.........

–14

–385

–856

–1,061

–355

–2,671

–3,352

.........

.........

.........

.........

–142

–311

–453

–2,531

.........

–11

–87

–157

–163

–169

–587

–1,551

.........

–4

–32

–77

–139

–218

–470

–1,085

.........

27

88

145

192

225

677

2,098

.........

.........

–58

–122

–126

–130

–436

–1,184

.........

20

55

80

100

100

355

855

.........

43

54

47

43

40

227

386

.........
.........

–2
–10

–8
–10

–15
–10

–23
–10

–31
–10

–79
–50

–361
–100

Outlay Effects of Tax Proposals: 1
Improve the Health Coverage Tax Credit � .........
Child tax credit:
Clarify uniform definition of a child ��� .........
Reduce computational complexity of
refundable child tax credit �������������� .........
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC):
Clarify uniform definition of a child ��� .........
Simplify EITC eligibility requirement
regarding filing status, presence
of children, and work and
immigration status �������������������������� .........
Provide a flat $15,000 deduction
for family coverage ($7,500 for
individual coverage) for those with
and who purchase health insurance  .........
Total, Outlay Effects of Tax Proposals�� .........
Other Mandatory Proposals and
Indirect Effects:
Transfer of Royalty Oil to the Strategic
Petroleum Reserve ���������������������������������
Disability Insurance Impact of Increased
Program Integrity Efforts ����������������������
Supplemental Security Income Impact of
Increased Program Integrity Efforts �����
Enforce Windfall Elimination Provision/
Government Pension Offset (off-budget) �
Require Full-time Attendance for Child’s
Social Security Benefits at Age 16 (offbudget)����������������������������������������������������
Replace Disability Insurance/Worker’s
Comp Offset with Uniform Offset (offbudget) ����������������������������������������������������
Amend Federal Employee Health
Benefits Program Statute ����������������������
Unemployment Insurance Integrity
Proposal 1 �������������������������������������������������
National Park Centennial Challenge
Fund (spending of gift receipts) 1 �����������
Food Stamp Impact of Commodity
Supplemental Food Program
Elimination ���������������������������������������������
Impact of Replacing Non-Foreign Cost
of Living Adjustment with Locality
Pay on Civil Service Retirement and
Disability Fund ��������������������������������������
Cash Investment Practices Modernization ���

2009

27

Summary Tables

Table S–5. MANDATORY PROPOSALS
(In millions of dollars)

2007 2008
Federal Housing Administration General
and Special Risk Insurance Funds
Impact of Mark-to-Market Extension ���
Morris K. Udall Scholarship Fund ������������
Forest County Safety Net Payments ���������
Correct Trust Accounting Deficiencies in
Individual Indian Money Investments �
TANF Impact of Social Services Block
Grant Reduction �������������������������������������
Black Lung Disability Trust Fund
Refinancing: 1
Black Lung Disability Trust Fund ������
Interest Payments on Repayable
Advances ������������������������������������������
Net Impact ��������������������������������������
Foreign Labor Certification Fee:
Receipts ������������������������������������������������

2009

2010

2011

2008–
2012

2008–
2017

–9
2
.........

–13
2
–467

–16
2
135

–16
2
118

–15
2
57

–7
2
143

–67
10
–14

–76
20
.........

6

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

43

50

8

–43

–50

8

.........

.........

2,156

–439

–433

–424

–421

439

–3,184

......... –2,156
......... .........

439
.........

433
.........

424
.........

421
.........

–439
.........

3,184
.........

.........

–65

–65

–65

–65

–65

–325

–650

Spending ����������������������������������������������� .........
Net effect ����������������������������������������� .........
Total, Other Mandatory Proposals ������
–1

65
.........
–403

65
.........
–336

65
.........
–266

65
.........
–1,914

65
.........
–1,405

325
.........
–4,324

650
.........
84

4,318 –59,598

342,635

Grand Total ����������������������������������������������������
9 –9,886 –17,799 –14,928 –21,303
Memorandum:
Outlay Effects of Tax Extensions
Assumed in Baseline: 1
Child Tax Credit Extension ����������������� ......... .........
.........
.........
48
Earned Income Tax Credit: Marriage
Penalty Relief ����������������������������������� ......... .........
.........
.........
–383
Total ������������������������������������������������ ........ .........
.........
.........
–335
1

2012

12,910

12,958

77,488

1,839
14,749

1,456
14,414

10,534
88,022

Affects both receipts and outlays. Only the outlay effect is shown here. For receipt effects, see Table S–6.

28

Mid–Session Review

Table S–6.  RECEIPTS PROPOSALS
(In millions of dollars)

2007
Make Permanent Certain Tax
Relief Enacted in 2001 and 2003
(assumed in the baseline):
Dividends tax rate structure ��������
Capital gains tax rate structure ��
Expensing for small business �������
Marginal individual income tax
rate reductions ��������������������������
Child tax credit 1 ����������������������������
Marriage penalty relief 1 ���������������
Education incentives ��������������������
Repeal of estate and generationskipping transfer taxes, and
modification of gift taxes ����������
Other incentives for families and
children ��������������������������������������
Total, make permanent certain
tax relief enacted in 2001 and
2003 �������������������������������������������
Tax Incentives:
Simplify and encourage saving:
Expand tax-free savings
opportunities ������������������������
Consolidate employer-based
savings accounts ������������������
Total, simplify and
encourage saving ������������
Encourage entrepreneurship
and investment:
Increase expensing for small
business ��������������������������������������������
Invest in health care:
Provide a flat $15,000 deduction
for family coverage ($7,500 for
individual coverage) for those
with and who purchase health
insurance 1 ���������������������������������
Expand and make health savings
accounts (HSAs) more flexible ����
Improve the Health Coverage Tax
Credit 1 ���������������������������������������
Allow the orphan drug tax credit
for certain pre-designation
expenses ������������������������������������
Total, invest in health care �����
Provide incentives for
charitable giving:
Extend permanently tax-free
withdrawals from IRAs for
charitable contributions �����������

2008

2009

2010

2011

2008–
2012

2008–
2017

1,645
–7,487
–5,119

–17,368
–29,830
–8,901

–96,888
–82,997
–21,573

.......
.......
.......

741
.......
.......

755
.......
.......

–4,182
–3,675
.......

.......
.......
.......
.......

.......
.......
.......
.......

.......
.......
.......
.......

.......
.......
.......
.......

–72,565 –116,507
–5,156 –20,741
–5,147
–7,731
–738
–1,335

–189,072
–25,897
–12,878
–2,073

–842,013
–135,530
–42,048
–9,668

.......

–1,871

–2,540

–3,307

–26,160 –56,912

–90,790

–433,734

.......

.......

.......

6

–1,050

–5,413

.......

–1,130

.......

1,527

3,545

3,023

1,075

–1,314

7,856

–592

.......

–80

–120

–132

–141

–150

–623

–1,484

.......

1,447

3,425

2,891

934

–1,464

7,233

–2,076

.......

–1,105

–1,507

–1,088

–1,261

–1,235

–6,196

–9,947

–30,439 –18,974

–112,536

29,759

.......

–16,327
–18,668
–3,782

2012

–182

–874

–1,785 –11,158 –148,725 –215,061

....... –26,030 –37,093

–377,859 –1,669,864

.......

–318

–593

–784

–937

–1,037

–3,669

–10,366

.......

.......

–2

–3

–4

–4

–13

–39

.......
.......
–31,380 –20,015

.......
–116,218

.......
19,354

–928

–1,867

.......
.......

.......
.......
.......
–318 –26,625 –37,880

.......

–120

–255

–235

–171

–147

29

Summary Tables

Table S–6.  RECEIPTS PROPOSALS
(In millions of dollars)

2007
Extend permanently the
enhanced charitable deduction
for contributions of food
inventory �����������������������������������
Extend permanently the
deduction for corporate
donations of computer
technology ���������������������������������
Permanently increase limits
on contributions of property
interests made for conservation
purposes ������������������������������������
Extend permanently basis adjustment to stock of S corporations
contributing appreciated
property ������������������������������������
Reform excise tax based on
investment income of private
foundations ��������������������������������
Repeal the $150 million
limitation on qualified 501(c)(3)
bonds �����������������������������������������
Repeal certain restrictions on the
use of qualified 501(c)(3) bonds
for residential rental property �
Total, provide incentives for
charitable giving ������������������
Strengthen education:
Extend permanently the abovethe-line deduction for qualified
out-of-pocket classroom
expenses ������������������������������������
Allow the saver’s credit for
contributions to qualified
tuition programs �����������������������
Total, strengthen education ����
Protect the environment:
Extend permanently expensing of
brownfields remediation costs �����
Eliminate the volume cap for
private activity bonds for water
infrastructure ����������������������������
Total, protect the environment ����
Restructure assistance to New
York City for continued
recovery from the attacks of
September 11th:
Provide tax incentives for
transportation infrastructure �����
Total, tax incentives ����������������
Simplify the Tax Laws for Families:
Clarify uniform definition of a child 1 ���

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2008–
2012

2008–
2017

.......

–44

–96

–106

–116

–127

–489

–1,345

.......

–50

–118

–147

–154

–162

–631

–1,570

.......

–48

–35

–22

–18

–21

–144

–265

.......

–3

–15

–21

–25

–28

–92

–301

.......

–61

–91

–97

–103

–110

–462

–1,163

.......

–2

–3

–9

–13

–14

–41

–104

.......

–2

–5

–10

–17

–24

–58

–286

.......

–330

–618

–647

–617

–633

–2,845

–6,901

.......

–18

–180

–183

–185

–188

–754

–1,739

.......
.......

–63
–81

–163
–343

–176
–359

–189
–374

–200
–388

–791
–1,545

–1,966
–3,705

.......

–283

–401

–357

–344

–328

–1,713

–2,874

.......
.......

–1
–284

–3
–404

–5
–362

–9
–353

–13
–341

–31
–1,744

–184
–3,058

.......
.......

–200
–200
–200
–871 –26,272 –37,645

–200
–200
–33,251 –24,276

–1,000
–122,315

–2,000
–8,333

198

350

.......

64

48

31

40

15

30

Mid–Session Review

Table S–6.  RECEIPTS PROPOSALS
(In millions of dollars)

2007
Simplify EITC eligibility
requirement regarding filing
status, presence of children, and
work and immigration status1 �������
Reduce computational complexity of
refundable child tax credit 1 �����������
Total, simplify the tax laws for
families ��������������������������������������
Improve Tax Compliance:
Expand information reporting �����������
Improve compliance by businesses ����
Strengthen tax administration ����������
Total, improve tax compliance �����

2008

2009

2010

2011

2008–
2012

2012

2008–
2017

.......

33

–27

–24

–24

–22

–64

–172

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

97

21

7

16

–7

134

178

.......
.......
.......
.......

232
3
.......
235

1,075
5
.......
1,080

1,848
5
1
1,854

2,488
5
1
2,494

2,903
6
1
2,910

8,546
24
3
8,573

28,849
57
17
28,923

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

2

14

28

28

23

95

126

.......

93

160

168

177

185

783

1,858

.......

–279

–251

–174

–121

–87

–912

–1,299

.......

.......

–6,362

–6,677

–6,989

–7,329

–27,357

–69,786

.......

100

100

100

100

100

500

1,000

.......

1

2

3

4

5

15

50

.......

–83

–6,337

–6,552

–6,801

–7,103

–26,876

–68,051

.......

.......

29

27

–167

–121

–232

–2,079

.......

1,065

1,558

1,596

1,635

1,549

7,403

1,409

.......

1,065

1,587

1,623

1,468

1,428

7,171

–670

.......

49

82

99

110

99

439

842

2

Improve Tax Administration and
Other Miscellaneous Proposals:
Implement IRS administrative
reforms and extend IRS authority
to fund undercover operations 3 �����
Eliminate the special exclusion from
unrelated business taxable income
for gain or loss on the sale or
exchange of certain brownfields ����
Limit related party interest
deductions ���������������������������������������
Repeal excise tax on local telephone
service 4 �������������������������������������������
Modify financing of the Airport and
Airway trust fund 4 �������������������������
Anticipated receipt of donations to
the National Park Service through
the National Park Centennial
Challenge Fund ������������������������������
Transition from the non-foreign
COLA to locality pay for
employees in non-foreign areas �����
Total, improve tax administration
and other miscellaneous
proposals 4 ����������������������������������
Improve Unemployment Insurance:
Strengthen the financial integrity
of the unemployment insurance
system by reducing improper
benefit payments and tax
avoidance 4 ���������������������������������������
Extend unemployment insurance
surtax 4 �������������������������������������������
Total, improve unemployment
insurance 4 ���������������������������������
Modify Energy Provisions:
Repeal reduced recovery period for
natural gas distribution lines ��������

31

Summary Tables

Table S–6.  RECEIPTS PROPOSALS
(In millions of dollars)

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2008–
2012

2012

2008–
2017

Modify amortization for certain
geological and geophysical
expenditures �����������������������������������

.......

15

55

81

67

56

274

582

Indirect effect of energy proposals ���
Total, modify energy provisions ���

.......
.......

–55
9

–89
48

–182
–2

–93
84

–85
70

–504
209

–934
490

Promote Trade:
Implement free trade agreements and
modify other trade-related provisions 4

.......

–236

–694

–1,045

–1,254

–1,429

–4,658

–14,043

.......

–59,688

11,161

.......

.......

.......

–48,527

–48,527

.......
.......

–3,221
–1

–7,071
–19

.......

–3

–8

–13

–18

–20

–62

–162

.......

–111

–52

–65

–39

5

–262

–22

.......
.......

.......
.......

.......
.......

.......
.......

.......
.......

.......
.......

.......
.......

.......
1,074

–*
.......

–*
–63,024

–*
4,011

–*
–9,223

–*
–*
–10,658 –11,814

–*
–90,708

–*
–164,966

Total budget proposals, including
proposals assumed in the baseline  4 �����

.......

–63,938 –28,341 –62,141 –196,627 –255,282

–606,329 –1,896,336

Total budget proposals, excluding
proposals assumed in the baseline4 ����

.......

–62,808 –26,556 –50,983

–228,470

5

Extend Expiring Provisions:
AMT relief for individuals �����������������
Research & Experimentation (R&E)
tax credit �����������������������������������������
First-time homebuyer credit for DC ��
Authority to issue Qualified Zone
Academy Bonds ������������������������������
Deferral of gains from sales of
electric transmission property �������
Disclosure of tax return information
related to terrorist activity 3 ����������
Excise tax on coal4 ������������������������������
Exception for retirement plan
distributions provided individuals
called to active duty for at least
179 days ������������������������������������������
Total, extend expiring provisions 4 

–9,145 –10,601 –11,799
.......
.......
.......

–47,902 –40,221

–41,837 –117,309
–20
–20

* $500,000 or less.
1

Affects both receipts and outlays. Only the receipt effect is shown here. For the outlay effect, see Table S–5.

2

“Tax gap”-related proposals.

3

No net budgetary impact.

4

Net of income offsets.

5

Indirect effect on receipts of proposed alternative fuels and fuel efficiency standards.

–226,472

32

Mid–Session Review

Table S–7. BUDGET SUMMARY BY CATEGORY
(In billions of dollars)

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Outlays:
Discretionary:
Security:
DOD military ����������������������
Homeland security �������������
International affairs �����������
Non-Security ����������������������������
Total, Discretionary ������������

499
31
36
451
1,017

537
35
40
460
1,072

575
37
39
464
1,115

582
41
39
450
1,111

548
39
37
443
1,068

536
40
37
436
1,050

527
41
37
437
1,042

Mandatory:
Social Security:
Current program ����������������
Personal accounts ���������������
Medicare �����������������������������������
Medicaid and SCHIP ���������������
Other ����������������������������������������
Total, Mandatory ����������������
Net Interest �����������������������������������
Total Outlays ���������������������������������������
Receipts ������������������������������������������������
Deficit(–)/surplus ���������������������������
On-budget deficit ���������������������������
Off-budget surplus ������������������������

544
..........
325
186
357
1,412
227
2,655
2,407
–248
–434
186

581
..........
369
203
318
1,471
235
2,779
2,574
–205
–385
180

609
..........
393
215
330
1,547
256
2,918
2,659
–258
–460
202

642
..........
418
228
345
1,633
272
3,016
2,803
–213
–429
217

680
..........
443
244
363
1,730
280
3,078
2,954
–123
–358
235

720
..........
487
263
380
1,849
286
3,184
3,095
–89
–344
254

763
29
486
283
374
1,936
290
3,267
3,300
33
–207
239

33

Summary Tables

Table S–8. RECEIPTS BY SOURCE
(In billions of dollars)

2006
Actual
February estimates:
Individual income taxes���������������
Corporation income taxes�������������
Social insurance and retirement
receipts����������������������������������
Excise taxes�����������������������������������
Estate and gift taxes���������������������
Customs duties�����������������������������
Miscellaneous receipts������������������
Total����������������������������������������
Mid-Session estimates:
Individual income taxes������������…
Corporation income taxes�������������
Social insurance and retirement
receipts����������������������������������
Excise taxes�����������������������������������
Estate and gift taxes���������������������
Customs duties�����������������������������
Miscellaneous receipts������������������
Total����������������������������������������
Difference:
Individual income taxes���������������
Corporation income taxes�������������
Social insurance and retirement
receipts����������������������������������
Excise taxes�����������������������������������
Estate and gift taxes���������������������
Customs duties�����������������������������
Miscellaneous receipts������������������
Total����������������������������������������

Estimate
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

1,043.9
353.9

1,168.8
342.1

1,246.6
314.9

1,331.1
319.8

1,428.3
325.5

1,517.3
340.6

1,636.6
366.6

837.8
74.0
27.9
24.8
45.0

873.4
57.1
25.3
26.8
46.7

927.2
68.1
25.7
29.2
50.7

974.2
63.1
27.4
30.7
52.0

1,029.3
63.6
21.7
32.7
53.6

1,085.7
68.6
1.7
34.3
55.5

1,138.8
71.3
0.5
35.7
57.8

2,407.3

2,540.1

2,662.5

2,798.3

2,954.7

3,103.6

3,307.3

1,043.9
353.9

1,168.3
371.7

1,226.6
343.0

1,329.5
344.3

1,427.7
344.7

1,508.6
356.0

1,620.7
385.5

837.8
74.0
27.9
24.8
45.0

869.7
65.2
25.8
26.5
46.8

918.5
66.2
26.4
29.1
49.6

959.1
60.9
28.2
30.1
50.9

1,012.9
61.8
22.3
32.1
52.9

1,073.0
66.7
1.6
33.8
54.9

1,131.2
69.4
0.4
35.5
57.2

2,407.3

2,573.9

2,659.4

2,803.0

2,954.5

3,094.7

3,299.9

.........
.........

–0.5
29.6

–20.0
28.1

–1.6
24.5

–0.6
19.2

–8.7
15.5

–15.9
18.9

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........

–3.7
8.2
0.5
–0.3
0.1

–8.7
–1.9
0.7
–0.2
–1.1

–15.1
–2.2
0.8
–0.5
–1.1

–16.4
–1.8
0.6
–0.5
–0.7

–12.7
–1.9
–0.1
–0.4
–0.5

–7.6
–2.0
–0.1
–0.2
–0.6

.........

33.8

–3.1

4.7

–0.2

–8.9

–7.4

34

Mid–Session Review

Table S–9. OUTLAYS BY AGENCY
(In billions of dollars)

2006
Actual
Legislative Branch �������������������������������������
Judicial Branch ������������������������������������������
Agriculture �������������������������������������������������
Commerce ��������������������������������������������������
Defense—Military �������������������������������������
Education ��������������������������������������������������
Energy ��������������������������������������������������������
Health and Human Services ��������������������
Homeland Security ������������������������������������
Housing and Urban Development �����������
Interior ������������������������������������������������������
Justice ��������������������������������������������������������
Labor ���������������������������������������������������������
State �����������������������������������������������������������
Transportation ������������������������������������������
Treasury ����������������������������������������������������
Veterans Affairs �����������������������������������������
Corps of Engineers ������������������������������������
Other Defense Civil Programs �����������������
Environmental Protection Agency �����������
Executive Office of the President �������������
General Services Administration ��������������
International Assistance Programs ���������
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration ��������������������������������������
National Science Foundation ��������������������
Office of Personnel Management ��������������
Small Business Administration ����������������
Social Security Administration ����������������
Other Independent Agencies ���������������������
Allowances ������������������������������������������������
Undistributed Offsetting Receipts �����������
Total ������������������������������������������������
* $50 million or less.

February estimates
2007

2008

Mid–Session estimates
2007

2008

4.1
5.8
93.5
6.4
499.4
93.4
19.6
614.3
69.1
42.4
9.1
23.3
43.1
13.0
60.1
464.7
69.8
6.9
44.4
8.3
5.4
*
13.9

4.3
5.8
88.8
6.2
548.9
68.0
22.0
671.3
50.4
42.8
10.9
23.0
47.4
16.3
63.8
490.5
72.3
7.6
47.6
8.0
2.7
0.5
17.1

4.7
6.7
89.0
7.1
583.3
58.6
21.9
699.2
43.2
44.4
10.5
24.0
52.3
16.8
67.0
525.0
83.3
6.5
49.1
7.8
1.4
0.8
18.0

4.4
6.1
88.9
6.6
538.8
67.9
21.5
679.2
46.3
45.6
10.5
24.2
47.5
16.7
64.1
488.6
74.8
6.7
47.7
7.9
2.9
0.3
16.8

4.8
6.7
91.9
7.3
577.1
60.2
22.2
712.5
39.8
45.3
10.1
24.7
50.6
17.3
68.7
518.2
84.8
7.7
49.3
7.8
1.3
0.8
18.5

15.1
5.5
62.4
0.9
585.7
12.9
...........
–237.5
2,655.4

16.1
5.9
58.8
0.7
622.9
18.7
8.0
–263.1
2,784.3

17.2
6.0
64.2
0.7
654.5
15.1
2.3
–278.7
2,901.9

16.2
5.9
59.4
1.3
621.8
20.1
...........
–260.0
2,778.6

17.3
6.1
64.7
0.8
656.1
19.0
–0.3
–273.7
2,917.7

35

Summary Tables

Table S–10. OUTLAYS BY FUNCTION
(In billions of dollars)

February estimates

2006
Actual

2007

Mid–Session estimates

2008

2007

2008

National defense �����������������������������������������

521.8

571.9

606.5

561.6

600.7

International affairs �����������������������������������

29.5

35.1

36.1

34.4

36.4

General science, space, and technology �����

23.6

24.9

26.6

25.1

26.9

Energy ��������������������������������������������������������

0.8

1.8

1.4

0.8

1.8

Natural resources and environment

33.1

35.2

32.9

34.6

33.7

Agriculture ��������������������������������������������������

26.0

20.1

19.9

21.3

22.3

Commerce and housing credit ������������������

6.2

0.2

–2.0

2.5

2.0

Transportation �������������������������������������������

70.2

74.6

79.3

75.2

81.0

Community and regional development ����
Education, training, employment, and
social services �������������������������������������

54.5

32.6

24.7

32.8

22.2

118.6

94.0

82.7

93.8

84.4

Health ���������������������������������������������������������

252.8

268.5

280.6

275.2

287.6

Medicare ������������������������������������������������������

329.9

372.3

391.6

374.4

397.9

Income security ������������������������������������������

352.5

365.4

380.8

367.4

382.5

Social Security ��������������������������������������������

548.5

586.5

612.5

585.6

614.2

Veterans benefits and services ������������������

69.8

72.4

83.4

74.9

84.8

Administration of justice ����������������������������

41.0

45.3

47.0

46.2

47.3

General government ����������������������������������

18.2

18.8

20.7

19.3

21.5
256.1

Net interest �������������������������������������������������

226.6

239.2

261.3

235.3

Allowances ��������������������������������������������������

...........

7.4

2.1

...........

–0.3

Undistributed offsetting receipts ���������������
Total ������������������������������������������������

–68.2
2,655.4

–81.8
2,784.3

–86.3
2,901.9

–82.0
2,778.6

–85.3
2,917.7

36

Mid–Session Review

Table S–11. BASELINE CATEGORY TOTALS
(In billions of dollars)

2006
Outlays:
Discretionary:
Security:
DOD military ���������������������������
Homeland security ������������������
International affairs ����������������
Non-Security ���������������������������������
Total, Discretionary �����������������
Mandatory:
Social Security ������������������������������
Medicare ����������������������������������������
Medicaid and SCHIP ��������������������
Other ���������������������������������������������
Total, Mandatory ���������������������
Net Interest �����������������������������������������
Total Outlays ��������������������������������������������
Receipts �����������������������������������������������������
Deficit(–)/surplus ���������������������������������
On-budget deficit ���������������������������������
Off-budget surplus ������������������������������

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

499
31
36
451
1,017

537
35
40
460
1,072

485
35
38
469
1,028

471
38
37
475
1,020

477
37
36
478
1,028

482
38
36
483
1,039

491
39
37
491
1,057

544
325
186
357
1,412
227
2,655
2,407
–248
–434
186

581
369
203
318
1,471
235
2,779
2,574
–205
–385
180

609
396
216
335
1,556
253
2,837
2,722
–115
–316
202

642
426
229
353
1,651
262
2,934
2,830
–104
–322
218

681
455
246
364
1,745
266
3,039
3,005
–34
–270
236

721
503
264
382
1,871
269
3,179
3,143
–36
–291
255

765
507
285
376
1,932
271
3,259
3,340
81
–188
268

37

Summary Tables

Table S–12. OUTLAYS FOR MANDATORY PROGRAMS
UNDER CURRENT LAW 1
(In billions of dollars)

2006
Actual

Estimate
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Human resources programs:
Education, training, employment and social
services ������������������������������������������������������
Health ������������������������������������������������������������
Medicare ��������������������������������������������������������
Income security ���������������������������������������������
Social security �����������������������������������������������
Veterans’ benefits and services ���������������������

38
201
325
298
544
37

13
221
369
312
581
38

9
234
396
327
609
45

10
249
426
337
642
49

11
267
455
347
681
52

11
287
503
362
721
59

10
309
507
362
765
55

Subtotal, human resources programs ����

1,444

1,534

1,621

1,713

1,812

1,943

2,007

Other mandatory programs:
National defense ��������������������������������������������
International affairs ��������������������������������������
Energy ������������������������������������������������������������
Agriculture ����������������������������������������������������
Commerce and housing credit ����������������������
Transportation ����������������������������������������������
Community and regional development ��������
Justice ������������������������������������������������������������
General government �������������������������������������
Undistributed offsetting receipts �����������������
Other functions ���������������������������������������������

2
–7
–2
20
4
1
16
1
2
–68
–1

3
–6
–3
14
*
2
3
2
3
–82
1

4
–3
–2
15
–1
2
*
2
3
–85
1

3
–3
–2
14
–2
3
–*
1
3
–80
1

3
–3
–3
14
–3
2
–*
*
3
–83
1

3
–3
–2
14
–3
2
–*
–*
3
–88
1

3
–3
–2
15
–2
3
–*
–*
4
–92
1

–31

–62

–64

–62

–67

–72

–75

1,412

1,471

1,556

1,651

1,745

1,871

1,932

Subtotal, other mandatory programs ����
Total, outlays for mandatory
programs under current law ���������

* $500 million or less.
1
This table meets the requirements of Section 221(b) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970.

38

Mid–Session Review

Table S–13. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FINANCING AND DEBT
(Dollar amounts in billions)

2006
Actual

Estimate
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Financing:
Unified budget deficit (–)/surplus (+) ���������������������
Financing other than borrowing from the public:
Net purchases of non-Federal securities
by the National Railroad Retirement
Investment Trust (–) ����������������������������������
Changes in: 1
Treasury operating cash balance (–) �����������
Checks outstanding, etc. 2 �����������������������������
Seigniorage on coins ������������������������������������������
Credit net financing disbursements (–):
Direct loan financing accounts ���������������������
Guaranteed loan financing accounts �����������
Total, financing other than borrowing
from the public ������������������������������������
Total, requirement to borrow from the
public ���������������������������������������������������
Change in debt held by the public ��������������������������
Changes in Debt Subject to Statutory
Limitation:
Change in debt held by the public ��������������������
Change in debt held by Government
accounts ������������������������������������������������������
Less: change in debt not subject to limit
and other adjustments �������������������������������
Total, change in debt subject to
statutory limitation ������������������������������
Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation, End
of Year:
Debt issued by Treasury ������������������������������������������
Adjustment for discount, premium, and
coverage 3 �����������������������������������������������������������
Total, debt subject to statutory
limitation 4 ��������������������������������������������������
Debt Outstanding, End of Year:
Gross Federal debt: 5
Debt issued by Treasury �����������������������������������
Debt issued by other agencies ��������������������������
Total, gross Federal debt �����������������������������
Held by:
Debt held by Government accounts ������������������
Debt held by the public �������������������������������������
As a percent of GDP �������������������������������������
* $500 million or less.

–248

–205

–258

–213

–123

–89

33

–2

–3

–*

*

*

1

*

–16
13
1

–8
.......
1

15
.......
1

.......
.......
1

.......
.......
1

.......
.......
1

.......
.......
1

–5
21

–9
–4

–15
–7

–13
–7

–16
–6

–18
–5

–19
–4

11

–24

–6

–19

–21

–21

–22

–237

–228

–264

–231

–144

–111

11

237

228

264

231

144

111

–11

237

228

264

231

144

111

–11

309

284

300

327

351

371

385

3

*

1

3

2

3

2

549

513

565

561

498

484

377

8,426

8,938

9,504 10,062 10,558

11,041

11,416

–5

–5

–2

*

2

8,420

8,933

9,498 10,059 10,557

11,041

11,418

8,426
26
8,451

8,938
26
8,964

9,504 10,062 10,558
25
24
24
9,529 10,087 10,582

11,041
23
11,064

11,416
22
11,438

3,622
4,829
37.0%

3,907
5,057
36.9%

4,207
5,322
36.8%

5,256
5,808
34.5%

5,641
5,797
32.9%

–5

–3

4,534
5,553
36.5%

4,885
5,697
35.6%

39

Summary Tables

Table S–13. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FINANCING AND DEBT
(Dollar amounts in billions)

1

A decrease in the Treasury operating cash balance (which is an asset) is a means of financing a deficit and therefore
has a positive sign. An increase in checks outstanding (which is a liability) is also a means of financing a deficit and
therefore also has a positive sign.

2

Besides checks outstanding, includes accrued interest payable on Treasury debt, uninvested deposit fund balances,
allocations of special drawing rights, and other liability accounts; and, as an offset, cash and monetary assets (other
than the Treasury operating cash balance), other asset accounts, and profit on sale of gold.

3

Consists mainly of Federal Financing Bank debt (which is not subject to limit), the unamortized discount (less premium) on public issues of Treasury notes and bonds (other than zero-coupon bonds), and the unrealized discount on
Government account series securities.

4

The statutory debt limit is $8,965 billion, enacted on March 20, 2006.

5

Treasury securities held by the public and zero-coupon bonds held by Government accounts are almost all measured
at sales price plus amortized discount or less amortized premium. Agency debt securities are almost all measured at
face value. Treasury securities in the Government account series are otherwise measured at face value less unrealized discount (if any).

Glossary
Appropriation.—An appropriation provides
legal authority for Federal agencies to incur
obligations and to make payments out of the
Treasury for specified purposes. Appropriations
bills, such as the Department of Homeland Security or the Departments of Labor, Health and
Human Services, and Education bills, are considered every year by the Congress and supplemental appropriations bills are considered from
time to time.
Authorization.—An authorization is an act
of the Congress that establishes or continues a
Federal program or agency and sets forth the
guidelines to which it must adhere.
Budget Authority.—Budget authority is the
authority provided by law to incur financial obligations that will result in outlays.
Budget Resolution.—The budget resolution
is the Congress’ annual framework that sets
targets for total budget authority, total outlays,
total revenues, and the deficit (on-budget), as
well as discretionary and mandatory allocations within the spending targets. These targets
guide the committees’ deliberations. A budget
resolution does not become law and is not binding on the Executive Branch.
Cap.—A ‘‘cap’’ is a legal limit on annual discretionary spending.
Deficit.—A deficit is the amount by which outlays exceed receipts in a fiscal year.
Discretionary
Spending.—Discretionary
spending is spending that the President and
the Congress control through annual appropriations bills. Examples include spending for such
activities as the FBI, the Coast Guard, education, space exploration, highway construction,
defense, and foreign aid.
Entitlement.—An entitlement program is one
in which the Federal Government is legally obligated to make payments or provide aid to any
person who meets the legal criteria for eligibility. Examples include Social Security, Medicare,
Medicaid, and Food Stamps.
Fiscal Year.—The fiscal year is the Federal
Government’s accounting period. It begins on

October 1st and ends on September 30th. For
example, fiscal year 2008 begins on October 1,
2007, and ends on September 30, 2008.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP).—GDP is a
measure of the market value of goods and services produced within the United States. It is the
standard measure of the size of the economy.
Mandatory Spending.—Mandatory spending is controlled by permanent law rather than
annual appropriations. Examples are Social
Security and the Student Loan Program. The
President and the Congress can change the
law with respect to the eligibility criteria or the
payment formula, and thus change the level of
spending on mandatory programs, but annual
action is not necessary to ensure the continuation of spending. In addition, budget authority
provided in annual appropriations acts for certain programs is treated as mandatory because
the authorizing legislation entitles beneficiaries
to receive payment or otherwise obligates the
Government to make payment.
Obligations.—Obligations are binding agreements that result in outlays, immediately or in
the future.
Outlays.—Outlays are the primary measure of
Government spending. Outlays are payments to
liquidate obligations, largely measured on a cash
basis. Total Federal outlays are a net figure, consisting of gross payments minus the amount of
business-like collections and intragovernmental
transactions, in a given fiscal year.
Receipts.—Governmental receipts (sometimes
called receipts or revenues) are the collections
of money that primarily result from taxes and
similar Government powers to compel payment.
Examples of governmental receipts include income taxes, payroll taxes, excise taxes, and
customs duties. They do not include offsetting
receipts or collections from the Federal Government’s business-like activities, such as the entrance fees at national parks, or collections by
one Government account from another.
Surplus.—A surplus is the amount by which
receipts exceed outlays in a fiscal year.

41

Executive Office of the President
Office of Management and Budget

Washington, D. C. 20503