Full text of The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review : March 1855, Vol. XXXII, No. III

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HUNT’S

MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE.
E sta b lish ed J u l y ,1839,

BY FREEMAN HUNT, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR.

VOLU M E X X X II.

M ARCH,

C O N T E N T S OF N O .

1855.

Ill,

N U M B E R III.

VOL. X X X I I .

ARTICLES.
Art.

pack.

I . T R A D E AN D COMMERCE OF N E W Y O R K FO R 1855............................................................ 275
I I. PROGRESS OF PO PU LA TIO N IN TH E UNITED ST A T E S. Pauperism and Crim e—
The Products o f Agriculture—Value o f the Annual Products o f the U nited States. By
the Hon. G eorge T ucker, late Professor o f M oral Philosophy and Political Economyin the University o f Virginia, and form erly Representative in Congress from the same
State, e t c ..........................................................................................
305
III. A ST A TIS TIC A L V IE W O F TH E STATE OF ILLIN O IS. C h a p te r i i i — Populationistics,etc. By J ohn L e w is P eyton , Esq., o f Chicago, Illinois............................................... 320

J O U R N A L OF M E R C A N T I L E L A W .
The K nickerbocker Bank and the K nickerbocker Savings Institution.................................................
A ction on a Bill o f E xch ange—the Present State o f the Usury Law s in E n gland..........................
Ship Brokers’ Claim for C om m ission...............................................................................................................
Ship’ s L og—Captain’ s E v id e n c e ......................................................................................................................
Principal and Agent—Constructive Fraud—Consignm ent.........................................................................

332
334
335
336
33 7

C OMM E R C I A L CHRONI CL E AND R E V I E W :
EMBRACING A FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC., ILLUSTRA­
TED WITH TABLES, ETC., AS FOLLOWS I
State o f the M oney Market—A ccum ulation o f Specie— Bank Expansion—Statement o f the
Banks in New York, Boston, Massachusetts, and W isconsin—Plans for the Issue and Transfer
o f Capital Stock— Resum ption o f Messrs. Page and Bacon— Receipts o f G old from California
— Deposits at New Y ork Assay Office, and Deposits and Coinage at Philadelphia and New
Orleans Mints— Falling off in Imports in to the United States—Cash R ev en u e at New Y ork ,
Boston, and Philadelphia—Im ports at New Y ork for January— Im ports o f Dry G oods—E x­
ports from New York to Foreign Ports for January—Cash Duties R eceived at New Y o rk in
January—Exports o f Dom estic Produce— Demand for Am erican Provision s in E u rop e. ..337-344
N ew Y o rk Cotton M a rk et................................................................................................................................ ..
V O L . X X X II.— N O . I I I .




18

344

274

CO N TEN TS O F N O . I I I ., V O L . X X X I I .

J O U R N A L OF B A N K I N G ,

CURRENCY,

AND F I N A N C E .
PAGE.

The G old Productions o f the M ines in California...................... .
Stocks in the New Y ork Market in the Y ear 1854 ....................
O f the Circulation o f Small N otes in the District o f Colum bia,
Photographic C ou n terfe itin g............................................................
Condition o f the Banks o f O hio in 1855........................................
Condition o f the Banks in the U nited States...............................
Cost o f California G o ld ......................................................................
Laws o f several States in relation to Interest on M oney..........
The Banks o f South Carolina in 1854.................. ...........................

COMMERCIAL

...............................
................................
................................
.................................
................................
................................
..........................
................................
.................................

346
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356

REGULATIONS.

Canadian Tariff o f Duties for 1855.......................................................................... .......................................... 356
Tares on M erchandise........................................................................................................................................... 361

J O U R N A L OF I N S U R A N C E .
Insurance and L oss b y Fires in Boston and B a ltim o re .............................................................................
Insurance C ase........................................................................................................................................................
Frauds in Fire In s u r a n c e ....................................................................................................................................
Trial o f a L ife Insurance Case.— Illinois Insurance L a w ...........................................................................

COMMERCIAL

STATISTICS.

N avigation at the Port o f San Francisco in 1853 and 1854 .......................................................................
Trade betw een the U pper and L ow er British Provinces...........................................................................
Trade and Com m erce o f the New Y ork C a n als...........................................................................................
C om m erce o f Belfast, Ire la n d —The T ob acco Trade in L iv e rp o o l........................................................
A lban y L um ber Trade.— British Exports to Russia and Turkey c o m p a r e d ......................................
Im ports o f H em p and Flax into England.— Flax and Linen Trade o f H o lla n d ................................

NAUTICAL

363
364
365
366

367
368
368
369
370
371

INTELLIGENCE.

Sailing D irections to and from the Port o f N ew Y o r k ............................................................................... 372
Kattegat—Light on the K obber G r o u n d ....................................................................................................... 374
Baltic—K iel F iord—R e d Light at D usternbrook.— Beacon on Lu sn ac S h o a l ................................... 374

S T A T I S T I C S O F A G R I C U L T U R E , &c .
P o t a t o e s .................................................................................................................................................................... 375
T he Production o f W heat in C a lifo rn ia ......................................................................................................... 376
Resou rces oi California in Cattle.— Canadian H em p ................................................................................... 378

R AI L RO AD , CANAL, AND S T E A M B O A T S T A T I S T I C S .
Notes in regard to Safety on Steamers at S e a ..............................................................................................
H ow to prevent Accidents on R a ilr o a d s ............................................................. .......................................
Tunnel o f the Pennsylvania Railroad.— Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad......................................
Illinois Central Railroad Lands.— M ichigan Southern and Northern Indiana R a ilr o a d ................
The Largest Steam boat in the W o r ld ...............................................................................................................

379
380
381
382
382

J O U R N A L OF M I N I N G A N D M A N U F A C T U R E S .
T he Iron R esources o f Ireland...........................................................................................................................
The Perils o f Mining in England.—The Sugar Manufacture o f F r a n c e .................................................
Salt M ines in the Mountains o f Virginia.—The Sperm aceti W orks o f the last Century..................
Printing on Cloth by D aguerreotype— Quartz M ining in Calaveras.......................................................

MERCANTILE

383
384
385
388

MISCELLANIES.

T h e Character o f the W estern Business M en.—T he Loss and Gain o f Drum m ing for C u sto m .. . .
The Com m ercial Delusion o f the Tulip M a n ia .............................................................................................
The Man o f Business and the Business Man.— Liberality in Business..-...............................................
How to Prosper in Business...............................................................................................................................
C od Fishing on the Banks o f N e w fo u n d la n d ...............................................................................................
Brief Biography oi a G ood Merchant—The late James M cBride.............................................................
Herring Fishery in the Carolinas.— Fuel from the refuse Coal Dust o f the M in e s .............................

389
390
391
392
393
393
394

T I I E B OO K T R A D E .
N otices o f new B ook s o r n e w E ditions




395 400

HUNT’S

MERCHANTS’ MAGAZ INE
AND

COMMERCIAL REVIEW.
M A R C H , 1855.

Art. I.— TRADE AND COMMERCE OF NEW YORK FOR 1855.
»

I n former volumes of this Magazine, under the heading of “ C ommercial
C ities and T owns of the U nited States,” we have given a complete
history of the City of New York, with full tabular statements showing the
rise and progress o f her Trade and Commerce, from the earliest settlement
on Manhattan Island to the date the articles were written. W e do not
propose now to recapitulate the facts then published, but simpily to give
the leading features o f the trade and commerce o f the city for the p>ast
year, in comparison with the same items for a few previous years, and
thus to bring down our tabular statements to the opening o f the current
year.
The year 1854 has been in many aspects remarkable for commercial
distress and embarrassments. It opened amid general doubt and uncer­
tainty. A dark cloud hung over Europe, although there were many who
did not believe in a general war. The speculations which had been carried
on during the previous year were suspended, and thus, even while the
surface of commercial affairs was unruffled, an under current of anxiety
created a marked indisposition to engage in any new undertakings. The
Railroad fever had passed its crisis, and a chill was felt in the manage­
ment of all unfinished improvements. Still this species o f property had
not largely depreciated, and the prevailing tone of the market was neg­
ative rather than positive. The Panama Company issued $1,418,000 of
7 per cent bonds, about the opening o f the year, which were taken at
$92 96, but soon after rose to par, while the demand from Europe for
first class stocks and bonds, although more discriminating in its selections,
was steady and apparently increasing. In February the spring trade opened
at very irregular prices; goods were crowded upon the market, both from




276

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y o rk f o r 1854.

private hands and through the auction room, and the depression became
general. The banks made an attempt to meet the increased demand for
money, but found that each slight expansion resulted in a loss o f specie.
Nevertheless they continued their efforts down to the first week in March.
Money was readily taken at 9 a 12 per cent outside o f the banks, and
borrowers looked grave, and showed signs of restlessness. From this point
the banks continued their contraction, and new loans were effected with
difficulty. The New York and Erie Railroad, however, succeeded in
placing $2,700,000 o f their third mortgage bonds at 90 per cent, this sum
having been divided among American, English, and German capitalists.
In April the money pressure in the city became more severe. The interior
cities were asking for money at 2 a 3 per cent a month, and in New York
10 a 12 per cent was readily paid in the street upon prime securities.
Still the New York and Harlem Railroad Company awarded, on the 10th
o f May, $1,700,000 of 7 per cent first mortgage bonds at an average of
$93 75, the accepted bids ranging from $92 33 to $95 66. Produce
came forward to the seaboard very slowly, and the cloud in Europe grew
darker and more threatening. Early in June an enormous fraud was dis­
covered in the management of the Parker Vein Coal Company, the market
having been flooded with an over-issue of stock to an amount exceeding
many times the supposed limit of the capital. This was followed about
the first of July by the discovery of the Schuyler fraud, which gave a tre­
mendous shock to public confidence, from which it has not yet recovered.
Robert Schuyler, President and Transfer Agent of the New York and New
Haven Railroad Company, had issued certificates of the stock of that cor­
poration, for 50,000 shares, or $5,000,000, while the legal capital of the
company was 30,000 shares, or $3,000,000, thus making an over-issue of
$2,000,000 ! A t the same time it was discovered that Alexander Kyle,
Secretary of the Harlem Railroad Company, had made an unauthorized
issue of the stock of that company to the amount of $300,000. Mr. Schuy­
ler’s course was the consequence o f difficulties in which he had involved
himself, in connection with the building of other railroads, and especially
of the Vermont Valley, and the Washington and Saratoga, in which large
sums had been sunk by the original subscribers. Kyle’s fraud was the
result of stock speculations and extravagance in living. From the moment
o f this discovery a wide-spread panic prevailed throughout the country,
and contraction became the order of the day. Capitalists became shy of
railroad securities, while large amounts, which had been loosely held as
security for floating debts, w^ere shifted from hand to hand, and finally
hung as a dead weight upon the market, no one taking them who could
avoid the responsibility. This was followed by a few failures, generally of
little note, but sufficient to add to the alarm, wffiile the severe drouth,
which greatly injured the crop o f Indian corn, gave serious uneasiness to
many in regard to the future. In September this was partially alleviated
by the large amount of specie in the banks, and the news o f a good har­
vest throughout Europte. The Banks in the West, which had been greatly
extended, however, were run upon, and many o f them suspended, and the
certainty of war in Europe increased the general gloom. Several banks
suspended in this city, but they were new institutions, originated without
much solid capital, and badly managed. Money became worth 12 a 18
per cent per annum, and throughout the closing months o f the year, it
was difficult to sell the best indorsed paper, outside of the banks below 15
per cent per annum. W e annex a copy of the wTeekly averages of the




Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854.

2*7T

New York city banks, throughout the year, which will be found highly
instructive:—
W EE K L Y AVERAGES OF N E W Y O RK CITY BANKS FOR 1 8 5 4 .

Weekending
Jan. 7 ...........
Jan. 14.........
Jan. 2 1 .........
Jan. 2 8 .........
Feb. 4 .........
Feb. 1 1 ........
Feb. 1 8 ____
Feb. 2 5 ____
March 4........
March 1 1 . . .
March 1 8 . . .
March 2 5 . . .
A p ril 1 ____
A p ril 8 ____
A pril 15 . . .
A p ril 22 . . .
A pril 29 . . .
M ay 6..........
May 13 . . . .
May 2 0 ____
May 27 . . . .
June 3. . . .
June 1 0 . . . .
June 1 7 . . . .
June 2 4 . . . .
July 1 . . . .
July 8 . . . .
July 1 5 . . . .
July 2 2 ____
July 2 9 ____
August 5 . .
August 1 2 . .
August 1 9 . .
August 2 6 . .
Sept. 2 .........
Sept. 9 .........
Sept. 1 6 . . . .
Sept. 2 3 ____
Sept. 3 0 ____
Oct. 7 .........
Oct. 1 4 .........
Oct. 2 1 .........
Oct. 2 8 .........
jS o v .
4........
Nov. 11........
Nov. 18........
Nov. 25.........
Dec. 2.........
Dec. 9........
Dec. 1 6 ........
Dec. 23........
Dec. 30........

Capital.
$47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47,454,400
47.657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47.657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657,400
47,657.400
47,657,400
48,163,400
48,163,400
48,163,400
48,163,400
48,163,400
48,163,400
48,163,400
48,163,400

Average amount
of Loans
and Discounts.
90,133,887
90,010,012
90,068,738
89,759,465
90,549,577
91,434,022
92,698,085
93,529,716
94,558,421
94,279,994
93,418,929
92,972,711
92,825,024
92,551,808
91,636,274
90,376,340
90,243,049
90,739,720
90,245,927
90,886,728
90,981,974
91,916,710
91,015,171
90,063,573
88,751,952
88,608,491
88,347,281
90,437,004
92,011,870
92,588,579
93,723,141
93,435,057
92,880,103
91,447,075
91,391,188
91,528,244
91,639,782
92,095,911
92,102,013
91,380,525
88,618,936
87,092,810
84,709,236
83,369,101
82,717,052
82,191,994
81,699,705
81,734,113
80,593,637
80,946,664
80,860,591
81,653,637

Average
amount of
Specie.
11,606,124
11,894,453
11,445,156
11,117,958
11,634,653
11,872,126
11,742,384
11,212,693
10,560,400
9,832,483
10,018,456
10,132,246
10,264,009
10,188,141
11,044,044
10,526,976
10,951,153
11,437,039
12,382,068
12,118,043
10,981,531
10,281,969
9,617,180
10,013,157
9,628,375
11,130,800
12,267,318
15,074,093
15,720,309
15,386,864
14,468,981
13,522,023
14,253,972
14,395,072
14,714,618
14,446,317
14,484,259
12,932,386
12,042,244
10,630,517
11,130,377
10,320,163
9,826,763
10,004,686
10,472,538
10,801,532
10,200,983
10,517,993
10,483,501
11,471,841
11,486,880
12,076,147

Average
amount of
Circulation.
9,075,926
8,668,344
8,605,235
8,642,677
8,996.657
8,994,083
8,954,464
8,929,314
9,209,030
9,137,555
9,255,781
9,209,406
9,395,820
9,713,215
9,533,998
9,353,854
9,377,687
9,823,007
9,507,796
9,480,018
9,284,807
9,381,714
9,307,889
9,144,284
9,009,726
9,068,253
9,195,757
8,837,681
8,768,289
8,756,777
9,124,648
8,917,179
8,855,523
8,811,369
8,934,632
8,968,707
8,820,609
8,802,623
8,712,136
8,918,492
8,534,188
8,497,556
8,131,933
8,238,126
8,197,444
7,877,604
7,718,158
7,852,226
7,480,833
7,261,111
6,924,667
7,075,880

Average
amount of
Deposits.
60,835,362
58,396,956
59,071,252
58,239,577
61,208,466
61,024,817
61,826,669
61,293,645
61,975,675
60,226,583
61,098,605
59,168,178
59,478,149
60,286,839
60,325,191
59,225,905
59,719,381
63,855,509
64,208,671
63,382,661
61,623,670
*71,702,290
72,495,859
71,959,195
69,598,724
71,457,984
72,718,443
75,227,333
75,959,082
74,790,656
76,378.487
74,626,389
73,834,568
73,731,179
72,856,727
73,831,235
74,467,701
72,938,453
71,795,423
70,285,610
69,141,597
65,627,886
62,792,637
62,229,011
61,662,387
62,181,007
60,334,199
63,010,695
60,278,866
61,367,098
58,958,028
62,828,020

Defalcations to a considerable amount were discovered in several o f the
banks, from the dishonesty or recklessness of clerks, but a large portion
After this the bank balances were included by order o f the Bank Superintendent.




278

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y o rk fo r 1854.

o f the money was recovered, and the banks have been taught a lesson of
caution, which they will do well to remember. Since the close of the
year, the specie in the New York banks has rapidly increased, but we
complete our statement with the last week of the year.
The imports into New York from foreign ports for the year 1854, were
$12,726,180 less than for the year 1853, although larger than for any
other previous year since the first settlement of the city. The following
brief comparison will give the comparative totals for the last five years :—
FOREIGN IMPORTS AT NEW TORE.

I860

E n te r e d fo r
C o n s u m p tio n .
9 5 ,8 3 4 ,0 1 2

E n te re d fo r
W a r e h o u s in g .
$ 1 5 ,0 9 9 ,7 5 0

1851

1 0 5 ,6 8 9 , 1 1 2

1 3 ,9 0 3 ,1 5 2

9 ,7 1 9 ,7 7 1

2 ,0 4 9 ,5 4 3

1 3 1 ,3 6 1 ,5 7 8

1862

1 0 6 ,6 7 0 ,4 1 1

S ,6 6 5 ,6 4 1

1 2 ,1 0 5 ,3 4 2

2 ,4 0 8 ,2 2 5

1 2 9 ,8 4 9 , 6 1 9

1853

1 5 4 ,3 1 5 , 0 9 1

2 5 ,1 9 7 ,0 9 1

1 2 ,1 5 6 ,3 8 7

2 ,4 2 9 ,0 8 3

1 9 4 ,0 9 7 ,6 5 2

1854

1 3 1 ,5 7 8 ,7 2 9

3 1 ,9 1 6 ,2 5 5

1 5 ,7 6 8 ,9 1 6

2 ,1 0 7 ,5 7 2

1 8 1 ,3 7 1 ,4 7 2

F ree G oods.
$ 8 ,6 4 5 ,2 4 0

T ota l.
$ 1 3 5 ,7 0 6 ,9 4 2

S p e c ie .
$ 1 6 ,1 2 7 ,9 3 9

The large amount o f specie included in the year 1850 was mostly Cali­
fornia gold, but was entered under the head of foreign imports because it
cleared from Chagres, as from a foreign port. The arrangement ceased
towards the close o f that year, and all classed under that head since, has
been received altogether from foreign ports. W e now present a statement
carefully prepared from official entries, showing the monthly imports at
New York, in each of the last five years.
M O N TH LY STATEM EN T

OF F O R E IG N

IM PO RTS

AT N EW

YORK.

DUTIABLE. ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION.

1850.
January_____
F e b r u a r y .. . ,
M a r ch ...........
A p r i l ...........
M a y ..............
Ju ne.............
J u ly ...............
A u g u s t ........
S ep tem ber..,
O c to b e r __ __
N ovem ber . .
Decem ber . . ,

$ 1 0 ,5 4 3 ,5 3 1

Total . . ,

1851.

1851.

1852.

1854.
$ 1 5 ,6 5 1 ,4 1 5

$ 1 2 ,7 0 8 ,6 1 8

$ 8 ,5 8 4 ,3 1 1

$ 1 1 ,5 6 3 ,4 0 5

6 ,8 6 7 ,8 0 4

9 .4 4 2 ,0 0 7

7 ,0 2 4 ,9 5 2

1 4 .5 7 8 ,0 1 8

9 ,4 2 6 ,2 0 6

7 ,5 8 8 ,1 6 8

1 0 ,6 5 1 ,1 4 2

9 ,3 0 2 ,0 2 4

1 5 ,0 9 9 ,2 4 9

1 2 ,9 1 1 ,7 4 4

8 ,7 2 5 ,4 0 1

8 ,5 4 6 ,1 8 4

8 ,4 1 0 ,4 4 8

1 1 ,7 4 6 ,9 0 4

1 1 ,9 7 8 , 2 8 1

7 ,4 9 2 ,9 5 8

8 ,9 4 2 ,7 1 1

6 ,0 9 6 ,9 9 6

1 0 ,2 5 5 ,0 7 1

1 2 ,0 0 4 ,3 3 8

5 ,4 4 5 ,1 8 0

8 ,0 9 7 ,6 3 1

7 ,6 2 6 ,1 8 1

1 3 ,5 9 0 ,5 1 7

8 ,4 7 5 ,3 3 0

1 6 ,5 9 1 ,4 4 6

1 2 ,3 7 4 , 7 0 1

1 1 ,4 5 3 , 1 1 7

1 6 ,7 2 5 , 6 4 3

1 4 ,2 5 3 ,7 9 7

9 ,0 3 4 ,2 8 4

1 1 ,2 7 9 ,0 0 4

1 3 ,7 1 1 , 4 2 1

1 6 ,7 8 8 ,3 5 2

17 4 7 9 ,9 9 2

8 .1 9 2 ,7 6 2

8 ,3 8 4 ,1 7 2

1 1 ,0 9 5 ,8 2 7

1 4 ,7 9 1 ,0 3 0

1 0 ,5 8 2 , 7 3 1

6 ,7 4 8 ,9 6 5

5 ,7 9 0 ,7 9 5

7 ,7 7 5 ,6 1 4

9 ,6 3 7 ,6 0 1

7 ,6 4 5 ,0 7 1

5 ,3 7 5 ,6 5 1

4 ,3 9 9 ,0 8 5

7 ,1 6 7 ,8 5 1

5 ,7 4 6 ,5 3 8

3 ,2 2 7 ,8 6 3

5 ,0 7 3 ,1 6 2

8 ,4 2 1 ,6 6 9

9 ,2 3 2 ,0 0 7
1 0 ,3 0 7 ,2 9 4

$ 9 5 ,8 3 4 ,0 1 3

1 0 5 ,6 8 9 , 1 1 2

1 0 6 ,6 7 0 ,4 1 1

1 5 4 ,3 1 5 ,0 9 1

1 3 1 ,5 7 8 ,7 2 9

5 ,4 2 3 ,2 8 6

DUTIABLE, ENTERED FOR WAREHOUSING.

1850.
January.........
F ebruary. . . ,
M a rch ............
A p r i l ........... .
M a y ..............
June.. . . . . . .
J u l y .............
A u g u s t..........
S ep tem ber..
O c to b e r ____
N ov em b er. . .
D ecem ber . . .
T o ta l. .




$ 9 5 0 ,7 5 3

1851.

1852.

$ 1 ,6 1 1 ,8 4 7

$ 1 ,2 8 1 ,5 9 4

1851.
$ 6 4 2 ,2 7 9

1854.
$ 2 ,2 7 1 ,9 7 6

7 1 7 ,6 6 2

1 ,2 4 0 ,3 2 9

1 ,0 0 3 ,3 8 3

1 ,0 1 2 ,5 6 4

9 2 3 ,4 8 0

1 ,0 1 3 ,4 8 5

1 ,1 8 1 ,9 2 5

9 1 6 ,5 1 9

2 ,0 1 5 ,0 1 1

1 ,8 5 6 ,6 8 8
2 ,5 1 6 ,9 9 6

1 ,4 9 8 ,2 9 3

1 ,2 3 8 ,3 1 3

7 3 2 ,4 2 2

2 ,2 3 6 ,4 2 3

2 ,3 4 4 ,7 8 0

1 ,1 4 8 ,4 2 8

4 5 3 ,1 0 9

2 ,5 9 0 ,0 0 0

3 ,1 5 1 ,9 6 4

1 ,2 3 6 ,1 4 0

1 ,0 4 3 ,3 4 5

6 4 0 ,7 2 2

3 ,0 1 0 ,4 0 4

3 ,0 0 5 ,6 4 6

2 ,1 5 5 ,3 2 0

1 ,0 2 2 ,7 2 5

4 2 3 ,9 1 9

2 ,0 8 0 .9 0 8

3 ,9 6 3 ,5 7 3

1 ,7 4 3 ,2 1 1

1 ,3 5 8 ,0 8 9

4 6 4 ,9 6 2

2 ,2 2 6 ,2 9 9
1 ,5 7 7 ,3 5 8

4 ,1 2 3 ,7 8 7
2 ,7 5 5 ,6 0 3

9 2 8 ,1 2 5

8 6 4 ,9 1 6

6 2 3 ,2 6 0

9 5 3 ,6 8 0

1 ,2 0 4 ,9 9 4

5 9 4 ,4 2 6

1 ,8 6 6 ,8 6 6

2 ,2 1 0 ,6 4 6

7 9 8 ,1 4 7

9 3 8 ,0 5 6

5 9 6 ,0 6 8

2 ,8 6 4 ,3 5 0

2 ,1 8 3 .3 6 6

7 6 0 ,1 5 4

1 ,0 5 0 ,1 8 5

9 3 5 ,2 5 7

3 ,0 7 4 ,6 2 9

2 ,9 5 2 ,5 3 0

$ 1 5 ,0 9 9 ,7 5 0

$ 1 3 ,9 0 3 ,1 5 2

$ 8 ,6 6 5 ,6 4 1

$ 2 5 ,1 9 7 ,0 9 1

$ 3 1 ,9 1 6 ,2 5 5

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork f o r 1854.

219

FREE GOODS.

662,993
1,364,182
1,674,330

499,512
246,249
1,273,878
362,866
416,191

T o t a l.........

GO

1850.
January..............
F ebruary...........
M a rch ................
A p r i l ..................
M a y ....................
Ju n e....................
J u l y ....................
A ugust................
S ep tem ber. . . . .
O c to b e r ..............
.November.........
D e c e m b e r .........

$937,650
1,208,036
982,530
555,386
785,326
668,716
1,027,481
638,334
366,153
1,558,720
415,838
575,601

1851
$1,041,456
1,110,949
1,843,938
1,496,449
798,046
1,062,947
915,154
1,075,388
834,343
215,143
981,382
829,147

1851
$1,202,238
1,767,908
2,051,846
1,342,467
1,487,248
744,909
1,072,502
667,408
628,290
422,156
334,228
435,187

1851
$1,395,063
466,506
1,344,627
2,018,091
1,858,954
2,148,043
1,812,917
1,304,662
769,195
1,086,467
662,817
901,574

$9,719,771 $12,105,342 $12,156,387 $15,768,916
SPECIE.

1850.
January..............
F ebruary...........
March..................
A p r i l ..................
M a y .....................
J line....................
J u ly ...................
A u g u s t ____f. . .
S ep tem ber........
O c to b e r .............
Novem ber..........
D e c e m b e r .........

1,095,598
1,234,682
1,927,708
3,457,684
1,527,866
17,974

T o t a l .........

1851

1851
$104,736
110,293
525,421
327,400
380,584
429,747
150,067
56,917
66.789
62,690
80,766
112,815

$33,048
123,430
247,722
172,917
207,924
115,021
199,454
511,715
296,026
256,302
154,342
111,182

$289,365
279,388
444,015
70,520
165,925
158,814'
198,063
175,692
159,359
8S,854
39,121
38,456

$2,049,543

$2,488,225

$2,429,083

$2,107,572
'

TOTAL.

1850.
January.............
February_____.
M arch.................
A p r i l ..................
M a y ....................
Ju ne....................
J u ly ....................
A u gu st...............
Septem ber . . . . ,
O c to b e r .............
N o v e m b e r ........
D e c e m b e r .........
T o t a l ......... . .

1854.

1851.
$210,455
164,031
270,505
521,665
111,443
. 121,234
81,143
186,503
115,550
23,165
218,473
25,376

1851.

1851

1851

1854.

$12,365,436 $15,468,470 $11,012,097 $13,440,970 $19,607,819
12,054,403
9,249,577 17,481,920 11,095,580
13,086,102 12,587,902 19,413,828 16,557,074
12,993,622 10,861,548 10,966,719 15,498,711 16,583,888
10,987,908
7,719,735 14,540,243 17.181,181
8,430,853
9,930,926
9,759,597 17,460,851 13,787,833
14,506,050 12,942,257 20,078,507 20,228,350
14,481,428 13,461,930 15,308,688 20,193,774 23,084,133
12,441,110
9,730,791 12,620,219 17,292,704 14,266,888
8,647,873 12,182,925 11,031,038
9,593,377
8,577,674
6,603,570
5,971,452
8,736,067 12,584,927
8,631,842
4,390,693
6,724,324 10,298,888 13,928,292
9,315,846
$135,706,942 131,351,578 129,849,619 194,097,652 181,371,472

W e also present the total withdrawn from warehouse during the same
period. The goods embraced in this total have already been included in the
statement of imports above given, when they were entered for warehous­
ing ; but they are not thrown upon the market until they are withdrawn:




280

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork f o r 1854.
■WITHDRAWN FROM WAREHOUSE.

•=>

GO

January..............
February...........
M a r c h ................
A p r i l ..................
M ay....................
June....................
J u ly ....................
A u g u s t ..............
Septem ber . . . .
O cto b e r..............
N ovem ber.........
D e cem b er__ __

1851.

$902,965
856,157
561,653
586,260
742,914
184,025
944,127
1,716,055
1,117,262
1,115,072
905,006
691,450

T o t a l.........

1852.

$1,024,246
899,438
1,068,437
1,144,068
858,519
717,633
1,167,644
1,252,245
1,669,304
1,602,436
1,377,100
1,117,456

$1,584,652
1,788,997
1,605,849
1,255,429
1,380,311
911,479
1,095,800
1,329,991
1,254,358
1,256,570
1,047,912
903,841

1853.

1854.

$1,536,365
830,522
697,113
1,229,708
1,049,550
1,181,396
1,702,448
1,745,864
1,709,052
1,188,983
1,333,068
1,488,986

$2,889,516
1,954,010
1,701,203
1,151,991
1,588,652
1,422,672
636,832
3,038,056
3,181,316
2,070,544
1,481,775
901,828

$13,898,526 $15,415,309 $15,693,055 $21,968,395

Nearly half of the total imports at the port consisted o f dry goods, and
we have prepared a monthly statement showing the total value of each
class of fabrics landed at the port. Those tables are in three parts. The
first part exhibits the value o f the manufactures of wool, cotton, silk, flax,
and miscellaneous dry goods, entered directly for consumption. The
second part includes the value o f the manufactures of wool, cotton, silk,
flax, and miscellaneous dry goods, withdrawn from warehouse, and the
totals of this part are added to the footings of the first part, to show the
total thrown upon the market. The third part includes the total entered
for warehousing, and the totals of the first part added to the footings of
this part, show the total Value o f the dry goods entered at the port. W ith
this explanation we annex the tables without further introduction:—

IM P O R T S

OF D R Y

GOODS

AT N EW

YORK.

ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION.
M ANUFACTURES

1850.

OF W O O L.

1851.

1851.

1851.

1854.

January.................................... 11,585,186 $1,600,098 $1,806,322 $1,614,312 $1,671,251
February................................
1,266,968
1,273,619
990,291 2,867,171 1,491,198
March......................................
802,202
1,134,479 1,132,921 2,065,217 1,743,565
A p r i l ...................................... 1,321,310
918,5S0
"762,030 1,421,906 1,696,666
M ay..........................................
168,810
586,350
397,305 1,026,451 1,023,867
596,119
1,068,752
688,785 2,320,855 1,122,306
June........................................
July.........................................
3,552,120
2,354,643 2,187,187 4,097,250 3,154,898
A u g u st................................... 2,254,069
1,736.232 2,528,842 3,605,759 3,354,380
S ep tem ber............................
1,380,248
1,293,205 2,085,397 3,200,641 1,372,654
O c to b e r .................................
576,580
416,738 1,077,608 1,270,014
578,508
379,399
285,308
633,451 1,012,335
320,267
.November..............................
D e c e m b e r .............................
225,717
690,489 1,023,500 1,181,083
.332,947
Entered for consum ption... 14,708,779 13,358,493 14,813,639 25,183,054 11,862,507
From warehouse..................
1,856,237 1,893,535 1,637,376 2,174,496 4,123,879
Total passed to consumpt’n 16,565,016 15,252,028 16,451,015 27,357,550 21,986,386




Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y o rk f o r 1854,

281

MANUFACTURES OF COTTON.

p

1850.

1852.

1851.

1851

1854.

January................................. 81,714,838 $1,843,441 $1,308,452 $1,743,168 $2,626,816
February................................
1,106,145 1,452,882
938,177 1,977,027 1,390,078
M arch.....................................
946,597 1,123,009 1,002,385 1,696,977 2,093,792
A p r i l ...................................... 1,148,239
768,902
921,310 1,098,746
698,757
M ay.........................................
738,932
556,829
380,308
237,394
277,351
June........................................
540,761
389,551
903,011
428,923
330,785
July.........................................
1,607,775 1,193,817 1,089,736 1,847,216 1,751,517
A u g u st...................................
943,925
870,116 1,240,071 1,548,745 1,508,019
Septem ber.............................
546,523
553,577
600.073
950,820 1,199,298
O c to b e r .................................
256,956
314,028
229,166
387,454
505,323
N ovem ber..............................
204,445
267,516
264,439
654,878
370,677
D e c e m b e r .............................
305,236
306,972
676,453 1,357,605 1,163,892
Entered for consum ption...
From warehouse..................

9,908,938
1,229,457

9,618,425 10,022,415 14,541,153 13,068,875
1,409,519 1,416,341 1,128,742 2,542,868

Total passed to consumpt’n 11,138,395 11,027,935 11,438,756 15,669,895 15,611,643
MANUFACTURES OF SILK.

1850.

1851.

1852.

1851.

1851.

January................................. 12,061,815 $4,032,002 $2,970,1)33 $3,383,165 $2,972,981
February................................
1,861,499 2,423,859 1,980,154 2,871,017 3,278,285
March......................................
1,191,433 1,640,577 1,688,099 3,536,156 2,667,715
A p r i l ......................................
879,996 1,281,669
999,303 2,104,615 2,204,071
M ay.........................................
1,030,895
918,399
518,368 1,500,358 1,026,381
J une........................................
835,351 1,512,986 1,011,909 2,459,230 1,390,827
July......................................... 4,572,161 3,933,092 3,074,265 4,824,913 3,625,613
A u g u st................................... 2,803,145 2,532,029 2,706,702 2,981,048 3,505,467
S eptem ber............................
1,874,495 1,553,943 2,070,823 3,864,625 2,095,460
October...................................
762,231
687,355 1,317,305 1,397,424
631,959
Novem ber..............................
673,438
347,862
590,757
969,417 1,178,326
D e c e m b e r .............................
938,506 1,519,669 1,700,943
566,334
582,307
Entered for consum ption... 19,128,766 21,802,279 20,826,647 31,801,820 24,655,850
From warehouse.................. 1,152,268 1,684,177 1,918,056 1,513,296 2,943,523
Total passed to consumpt’n 20,281,034 23,486,456 22,744,703 33,315,116 27,499,373
MANUFACTURES OF FLAX.

1850.

1851.

1852.

1858.

1854.

January................................. $1,055,755
February................................
685,157
M arch .....................................
754,261
A p r i l ...................................... 1,348,491
M ay.........................................
367,677
June........................................
215,398
741,095
Ju ly.........................................
A u g u st...................................
619,777
S ep tem ber............................
483,040
October...................................
451,455
Novem ber..............................
323,704
D e c e m b e r .............................
216,914

$692,138
887,394
873,251
569,399
268,986
244,949
611,250
536,816
477,742
278,065
321,715
365,301

$569,161
504,550
701,572
604,499
263,607
292,015
488,586
614,686
742,596
413,464
459,882
650,087

$870,460
909,457
1,052,245
609,780
357,649
399,969
719,307
712,342
767,925
436,059
512,680
716,307

$972,844
610,903
826,485
666,177
360,087
276,511
590,664
755,333
520,167
342,655
234,050
212,995

Entered for consum ption..
From warehouse..................

7,262,724
468,963

6,122,006
627,812

6,304,705
799,132

8,064,180
382,028

6,368,871
889,156

Total passed to consumpt’n

7,731,687

6,749,818

7,103,837

8,446,208

7,268,027




282

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y o rk fo r 1854,
MISCELLANEOUS DRY GOODS.

1850.

1851.

A u g u st...................................
S eptem ber............................
O c to b e r .................................
November..............................
D e ce m b e r.............................

$270,898
270,504
174,563
165,117
52,528
72,100
380,698
383,46S
342,998
202,295
240,445
123,195

$540,204
419,240
399,988
259,456
124,013
176,673
453,476
382,831
331,601
195,475
138,685
201,299

$451,243
349,486
519,964
291,033
246,796
103,338
530,595
536,684
446,681
168,379
203,849
412,660

$478,461
597 320
699,879
522,563
241,651
246,876
569,761
516,007
585,535
292,485
217,279
371,679

$631,872
656,785
653,556
467,340
129,218
260,198
637,207
648,620
601,476
245,993
253,712
193,060

Entered for consumption. .
From warehouse..................

2,678,809
203,628

3,622,938
487,225

4,260,708
393,277

5,339,496
402,517

5,379,037
427,152

Total passed to consumpt’n

2,882,437

4,110,163

4,653,985

5,742,013

5,806,189

January.................................
February................................
M arch......................................
A p r i l ......................................
May.........................................
J u n e .......................................

July-..........................

1851

185,1

1854.

TOTAL ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION.

1850.

1851.

1852.

1851.

1854.

January................................. $6,748,492 $8,707,883 $6,605,811 $8,089,626 $8,875,764
February................................
5,190,273 6,456,994 4,762,658 8,721,992 7,427,249
March.....................................
3,869,056 5,171,304 5,044,941 9,050,474 7,985,113
A p r i l ...................................... 4,863,153 3,727,861 3,425,767 5,580,174 6,133,000
M ay.........................................
2,776,739 2,135.097 1,703,427 3,506,417 3,278,485
J u n e .......................................
2,108,570 3,432,280 2,426,832 6,329,941 3,590,603
Ju ly......................................... 10,853,849 8,546,278 7,370,369 12,058,447 9,759,899
A u g u st................................... 7,004,384 6,058,024 7,626,985 9,363,901 9,771,819
Septem ber............................. 4,627,304 4,256,564 6,296,317 9,618,024 5,143,334
October................................... 2,306,589 1,801,799 3,364,210 3,901,305 2,056,071
N ovem ber..............................
1,884,502 1,358,009 2,637,276 3,575,498 1,603,231
D e c e m b e r ............................. 1,455,105 2,872,048 4,963,521 5,133,904 1,610,571
Entered for consumption.. . 53,688,016 54,524,141 56,228,114 84,929,703 67,235,140
From warehouse.................. 4,910,553 6,102,259 6,164,182 5,601,079 10,926,578
Total passed to consumpt’n 58,598,569 60,626,400 62,392,296 90530,782 78,161,718

VALUE OF FOREIGN DRY GOODS WITHDRAWN FROM WAREHOUSE AT NEW YORK.
MANUFACTURES OF WOOL.

January .................. ............
F e b ru a ry ................. ...........
...........
M arch........... ..
A p r i l ...................... ............
M a y ........................ ...........
Ju ne..........................
J u ly .......................... .........
A ugu st.................... ............
Septem ber............... ...........
O c to b e r ..............................
N o v e m b e r .............. ...........
D ecem ber............... ............
T o ta l....................




1850.

1851.

1852.

1851

1854.

$94,513
114,056
57,061
63,112
28,095

$105,827
90,176
84,552
117,031
76,800
103,444
318,717
297,124
494,484
78,782
52,948
73,650

$214,102
201,935
143,427
149,562
70,584
62,094
237,434
221,498
166,667
49,936
43,836
76,301

$117,711
107,751
93,278
96,484
83,567
134,613
531,250
345,553
287,924
114,578
116,951
144,836

$281,406
281,252
280,999
157,963
153,521
118,471
631,958
788,165
848,882
336,435
167,102
77,725

1,893,535

1,637,376

2,174,496

4,123,879

314,619
453,417
361,100
151,313
54,997
111,360

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854.

283

MANUFACTURES OF COTTON.

1850.

1854.

1852.

1855.

104,880
201,480
117,801
48,803
49,675
58,168

$254,224
202,950
171,836
140,401
52,646
29,446
157,371
121,312
107,154
48,188
34,911
89,071

$2S0,601
311,647
229,213
144,867
37,902
24,586
96,970
95,769
69,448
28,798
13,960
82,580

$165,387
145,055
115,078
100,071
29,007
48,637
98,255
86,119
94,480
49,881
54,887
141,885

$443,056
461,957
344,386
167,010
87,123
40,539
237,989
322,066
285,060
62,319
52,618
38,745

1,229,457

1,409,510

1,416,341

1,128,742

2,542,868

January............................. .
February ..........................
M arch.................................
A p r i l .................................
M a y ...................................
June....................................
J u l y ...................................
A u g u st...............................
Septem ber ......................
O ctober..............................
N o v e m b e r........................
Decem ber..........................

$190,243
199.016
74,146
103,583

T o t a l ............................. .

1851.

MANUFACTURES OF SILK .

1851.

1852.

OS
us
GO

1850.
J a n u a r y ...............

$ 1 0 6 ,3 7 0

$ 2 9 1 ,8 8 6

$ 3 3 6 ,5 8 2

1854.
$ 5 0 6 ,4 8 3

F e b r u a r y .......................................

1 2 9 ,5 7 9

1 4 0 ,7 2 4

3 8 4 ,1 9 8

9 6 ,7 5 5

3 3 1 ,1 1 8

M a r c h ...............................................

5 6 ,0 7 5

1 1 9 ,4 8 3

1 9 3 ,6 0 0

5 8 ,4 7 1

2 2 2 ,4 7 2

1 0 4 ,7 3 5

1 5 5 ,2 4 9

1 0 0 ,6 7 1

1 4 8 ,4 1 2

4 6 ,7 2 0

4 9 ,3 4 3

7 9 ,1 7 7

1 0 0 ,1 8 2

7 2 .5 6 2

1 3 8 ,7 1 7
8 8 ,1 3 2

1 0 3 ,6 5 0

1 3 7 ,3 7 1

J u l y ........................ .........................
A u g u s t .............................................

1 2 4 ,5 7 4

2 6 5 ,7 0 9

1 4 9 ,3 9 4

2 3 3 ,0 6 6

3 5 2 ,6 2 3

1 4 6 ,7 3 7

1 2 1 ,6 8 9

1 4 0 ,1 4 3

1 0 1 ,2 7 1

3 9 4 ,4 9 3

S e p t e m b e r . . . . ..........................

1 2 6 ,3 1 6

2 4 5 ,1 0 0

9 7 ,1 4 8

5 3 ,9 6 8

4 2 0 ,8 3 0

A p r i l .....................
M a y ........................ ........................
J u n e .....................

O c t o b e r ..........................................

6 5 ,9 3 2

1 4 4 ,6 4 6

1 4 1 ,2 6 6

5 3 ,8 2 4

1 6 6 ,0 1 9

N o v e m b e r . . . . ..........................

5 7 , OSS

1 8 4 ,5 6 0

6 4 ,4 9 7

1 2 3 ,4 7 1

1 0 2 ,2 5 4

D e c e m b e r ........... .........................

6 7 ,1 8 4

1 2 9 ,2 5 6

7 3 ,8 2 6

1 7 2 ,3 9 0

6 1 ,2 6 6

1 ,6 8 4 ,1 7 7

1 ,9 1 8 ,0 5 6

1 ,5 1 3 ,2 9 6

2 ,9 4 3 ,5 2 3

T o t a l ...............

MANUFACTURES OF FLAX.

1851.

$ 4 0 ,8 8 9

$ 1 0 9 ,9 3 5

5 4 ,2 9 8

M a r c h .................. ..........................
A p r i l ..................... .........................

3 5 ,2 1 4
3 4 ,1 1 6

M a y ..................................................
J u n e ........................ ..........................

3 7 ,5 0 6

J u l y ..................... ...........................
A u g u st............. ...........................

1854.

$ 1 2 1 ,6 3 5

$ 2 9 ,9 6 5

6 9 ,0 6 5

1 8 8 ,7 8 8

3 7 ,3 8 6

1 9 0 ,5 2 3

5 6 ,2 0 4

1 4 0 ,0 4 2

2 4 ,2 6 1

1 0 1 ,8 4 7

6 8 ,1 3 8

7 5 ,3 2 9

1 6 ,2 2 8

5 8 ,7 3 8

2 8 ,9 8 0

4 0 ,3 5 5

9 ,3 9 0

2 8 ,7 2 4

2 7 ,2 4 5

1 7 ,3 1 0

1 3 ,4 5 4

2 6 ,0 0 0

2 4 ,6 9 5

3 7 ,7 8 2

3 2 ,0 6 4

1 8 ,9 5 7

3 9 ,0 0 0

4 6 ,8 3 8

6 5 ,3 5 0
4 4 ,7 7 8

4 2 ,1 2 9

1 4 ,6 7 2

7 3 ,5 3 6

5 6 ,9 5 5

3 1 ,4 4 0

$ 1 2 1 ,6 1 3

4 3 ,8 4 4

86,012

3 0 ,5 1 9

2 2 ,5 9 7

4 5 ,4 8 3

3 2 ,3 9 6

6 3 ,6 6 7
2 5 ,1 6 0

2 0 ,1 7 9

5 8 ,8 9 2

6 8 ,1 6 6

4 1 ,9 4 9

4 1 ,5 0 8

3 3 ,8 2 7

9 2 ,3 8 2

4 9 ,5 1 4

4 6 8 ,9 6 3

6 2 7 ,8 1 2

7 9 9 ,1 3 2

3 8 2 ,0 2 8

8 8 9 ,1 5 6

Septem ber -------

6 5 ,7 1 5

O c t o b e r ............ ...........................
November . . . , ..........................

2 3 ,9 0 7

D e ce m b e r. . . .

.......................

T o t a l .............. ..........................




1852.

OS
US
GO

1850.
J a n u a r y ............... .........................
F e b r u a r y . . . . ...........................

284

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork f o r 1854,
MISCELLANEOUS DRY GOODS.

January .................... .........
February .................. .........
M arch.........................
A p r i l .....................................
M a y ...........................
J u n e ..........................
J u ly ...........................
A ugu st.......................
S eptem ber................
O cto b e r....................
N o v e m b e r................
D e c e m b e r ................

1850.

1851.

1851.

1854.

$26,031
19,041

$53,950
42,685
45,165
50,252
128,615
19,045
21,109
19,161
31,059
68,538
56,083
50,951

$22,320
63,011
50,614
66,554
26,105
1,525
12,416
21,686
35,001
32,556
24,391
39,118

$15,096
29,016
39,025
49,024
9,591
12,989
32,196
10,699
23,491
11,964
51,842
44,918

$34,616
64,181
55,765
32,943
12,511
19,105
52,100
83,155
36.526
18,863
28,831
41,896

481,225

393,211

402,511

421,152

14,536

Total......................

1852.

TOTAL WITHDRAWN EROM WAREHOUSE.

1850.
January ........................ ...............
February ................
M a r c h ...................... ..............
A p r i l ...................... ..
M a y .........................
J u n e ......................... . . . . . . .
J u l y ........................ ...............
A u gu st ........................... ...............
S eptem ber..............
O c to b e r ..................
N o v e m b e r .............. ...............
Decem ber ...........

1851.

1852.

1853.

1854.

$ 5 0 0 ,1 0 5

$ 6 3 0 ,3 0 6

$ 9 3 0 ,5 4 4

$ 1 2 4 ,7 4 1

$ 1 ,3 8 1 ,2 3 4

5 4 5 ,6 0 0

1 ,1 4 9 ,6 3 9

4 1 5 ,9 6 3

1 ,3 1 9 ,6 3 1

2 3 2 ,6 1 4

4 1 7 ,2 4 0

7 5 6 ,9 5 6

3 3 0 ,1 1 3

1 ,0 0 5 ,4 6 9

4 8 0 ,5 5 7

5 8 1 ,5 6 1

3 6 2 ,4 7 8

5 6 5 ,0 6 6

2 3 6 ,3 8 4

3 1 4 ,2 6 3

2 1 0 ,7 8 8

3 8 2 ,0 6 1

1 8 6 ,1 9 7

2 5 1 ,7 4 2

1 9 9 ,6 4 1

3 1 3 ,3 4 3

3 4 1 ,4 8 6

5 1 9 ,7 5 2

8 0 0 ,6 8 8

5 2 8 ,2 7 8

9 1 4 ,3 2 4

1 ,3 1 3 ,6 1 0

8 5 1 ,3 8 4

6 2 5 ,2 4 2

5 2 1 ,2 2 5

2 1 2 ,3 3 2

T o t a l .................. ..

5 5 8 ,3 1 4

1 ,6 1 1 ,4 1 5

9 2 2 ,6 1 5

4 2 5 ,8 1 9

5 0 3 ,7 0 7

1 ,6 7 7 ,3 1 0

3 9 3 ,8 2 1

2 8 3 ,0 7 5

2 5 8 ,8 4 4

6 2 9 ,1 1 9

3 5 3 ,6 6 2

1 6 6 ,8 6 3

4 1 2 ,0 4 3

4 1 8 ,9 1 1

3 8 4 ,4 4 2

8 0 6 ,3 1 2

5 9 6 ,4 7 1

2 7 6 ,1 4 6

6 ,1 0 2 ,2 5 9

6 ,1 6 4 ,1 8 2

5 ,6 0 1 ,0 1 9

1 0 ,9 2 6 ,5 1 8

VALUE OF FOREIGN DRY GOODS ENTERED FOR WAREHOUSING AT NEW YORK.
MANUFACTURES OF WOOL.

1850.
January.............................
F ebruary............................
M a r ch ............................... .
A p ril...................................
M a y .....................................
J u n e ...................................
Ju ly ......................................
A u g u s t ..............................
S e p te m b e r ...................... .
O ctober............................. .
N ovem ber..........................
D e ce m b e r..........................
Total for warehousing. . . .
A d d ent’d for consumpt’n . .

194,628
243,543
239,268

232,183
79,641
39,719

1851.

1851

1851

1854.

$139,656
12,846
126,591
142,121
101,244
234,917
341,315
495,957
277,963
128,408
87,820
214,273

$184,111
103,492
164,179
121,917
109,736
105,125
126,623
86,890
96,804
86,195
58,778
118,152

$72,951
89,981
211,410
213,942
178,918
613,264
273,785
210,368
277,410
208,609
341,764
278,690

$239,510
122,322
304,050
394,431
542,867
492,621
1,085,553
815,636
409,040
193,851
68,292
158,972

2,119,699 2,369,710 1,362,602 3,031,092 4,821,151
14,708,779 13,358,493 14,813,639 25,183,054 17,862,501

Total entered at the port.. 16,828,418 18,128,208 16,116,241 28,214,146 22,689,658




Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854.

285

MANUFACTURES OF COTTON.

1850.

1851.

1852.

1851

1854.

January ...............................
February...............................
M arch...................................
A p ril.....................................
M a y .......................................
June.......................................
J u l y ......................................
A u g u st.................................
Septem ber............................
O ctober.................................
N ovem ber............................
D ecem ber.............................

$295,557
46,823
96,299
186,796
199,548
137,356
393,933
181,452
116,729
94,745
101,690
103,186

$222,412
173,326
170,125
105,873
92,118
144,811
129,572
143,970
159,998
90,130
81,037
349,086

$208,856
52,631
154,083
80,984
39,519
32,565
72,226
45,018
59,597
57,130
58,056
240,265

$103,491
126,606
191,024
120,166
68,967
131,817
119,021
132,527
166,575
244,155
376,111
481,860

$571,470
160,182
217,413
235,331
194,201
165,768
334,278
300,869
174,036
70,586
135,308
264,069

Total for w arehousing.. . .
A d d entered for consum’n.

1,954,114
9,908,938

1,862,458 1,100,930 2,262,320 2,823,511
9,618,425 10,022,415 14,541,153 13,068,875

Total entered at the p o r t .. 11,863,052 11,480,883 11,123,345 16,803,473 15,892,386
MANUFACTURES OF SILK.

January ...............................
February .............................
M a r c h ...................................
A p ril......................................
M a y .......................................
J une.......................................
J u l y .....................................
A u g u st.................................
Septem ber............................
O ctober.................................
N ov em b er............................
D e ce m b e r............................

1850.

1851.

1851

1851

1854.

$116,006
61,112
112,051
157,772
49,568
76,091
222,142
181,543
232,520
63,977
57,224
54,053

8206,005
196,362
211,348
135,904
111,418
109,085
268,318
371,652
184,289
494,462
172,607
145,876

$837,357
150,177
132,333
203,334
111,309
86,984
130,624
72,579
88,150
19,718
76,603
218,074

$233,759
86,220
254,792
144,313
107,694
143,979
144,791
99,273
120,857
278,991
316,871
396,218

$382,693
265,427
194,159
365,506
311,391
335,560
483,477
479,160
429,549
111,091
196,909
417,304

Total for w arehousing.. . .
1,883,859 2,607,327 2,127,242 2,327,758 3,972,256
A dd entered for consump’n. 19,128,766 21,802,279 20,826,647 31,801,820 24,555,850
Total entered at the port.. 20,512,625 24,409,605 22,953,889 34,129,578 28,528,106
MANUFACTURES OF FLAX.

1851.

1851

1851

1854.

January ...............................
F e b r u a r y .............................
M arch....................................
A pril......................................
M a y .......................................
J u n e ......................................
J u ly .......................................
A ugust...................................
Septem ber............................
O ctober.................................
N o v e m b e r ...........................
D ecem ber.............................

$56,145
30,419
71,685
107,286
56,004
80,590
71,207
70,028
56,833
63,647
49,068
30,185

$54,355
32,402
116,799
59,923
59,082
23,100
45,003
92,295
137,148
98,658
101,206
143,176

$66,839
8,662
37,520
48,171
26,580
19,708
16,299
19,873
56,732
27.984
9,373
45,481

$11,516
5,528
38,190
56,320
48,740
20,963
9,488
47,881
60,053
155,144
146,025
126,107

$154,123
60,254
65,792
85,597
82,347
52,687
85,703
175,742
144,549
179,175
59,069
129,043

Total for w arehousing.. .
A dd enter’d for consump’n.

743,097
7,262,724

963,147
6,122,006

383,222
6,304,705

725,955
8,064,180

1,264,701
6,368,871

Total entered at the port.

8,005,821

7,085,153

6,687,927

8,790,135

7,633,572

1850.




286

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y o rk f o r 1854.
MISCELLANEOUS DRY GOODS.

1851.

1852.
$24,402
45,685
52,762
45,301
19,817
13,022
21,556
28,536
61,718
53,776
41,123
44,336

$53,475
24,375
39,421
60,929
26,459
37,132

A u g u s t...............................
S ep tem ber...........................
O ctober.................................
N ovem b er............................
Decem ber.............................

$42,253
70,171
43,392
24,487
9,777
12,345
27,465
38,693
90,092
73,0S1
66,542
21,661

12,436
39,185
22,624
27,448
62,778

$8,820
29,555
32,634
35,951
46,222
51,188
79,701
45,862
102,266
98,088
157,203
32,687

Total for warehousing. . . .
A d d ent’d for consumpt’n .

217,590
2,678,809

519,949
3,622,938

452,034
4,260,708

427,383
5,339,496

720,177
5,379,037

Total entered at the p o rt.

2,896,399

4,142,887

4,712,742

5,766,879

6,099,214

1851.

1854.

J u ly .........................

QC

1850.
$8,012
12,559
1,594
23,438
4,926
4,521
12,313
7,526
25,521
20,912
45,597
50,671

January ...............................
February .............................
M arch ....................................
A p r il.....................................
M a y .......................................
June.......................................

21,121

1854.

TOTAL ENTERED FOR WAREHOUSING.

1850.
January ...............................
February .............................
M a rch ...................................
A p ril.....................................
M a y .......................................
J u n e ......................................
J u ly .......... ............................
August...................................
Septem ber............................
O ctober.................................
N ovem ber.............................
December ............................

$555,550
175,816
326,110
669,920
553,389
537,826
1,185,934
798,747
664,386
339,647
333,220
277,814

1851.

1852.

$664,681 $1,321,565
545,107
360,647
668,255
540,877
468,908
499,707
379,639
306,961
257,404
524,257
811,673
367,328
252,896
1,142,567
849,490
363,001
884,739
244,803
509,212
248,933
874,062
666,908

$475,192 $1,356,706
332,710
627,740
814,048
734,887
595,670 1,116,816
430,778
1,177,028
947,155
1,097,830
568,206 2,068,712
1,817,269
562,485
664,080
1,259,470
909,523
653,321
616,781
1,208,219
1,345,653
1,002,075

Total for warehousing___
6,418,359 8,322,590 6,426,030 8,774,508
A d d ent’d for consumpt'n. 53,6S8,016 54,524,141 56,228,114 84,929,703

13,607,796
67,235,140

Total entered at the port. 60,106,375 62,846,731 61,654,144 93,704,211

80,842,936

From the above it will be seen that the total imports of foreign dry goods
entered at the port o f New York, during the year 1854, is $12,861,275
less than for 1853, but $19,188,792 greater than, for 1852, $17,996,205
greater than for the year 1851, and $20,736,561 greater than for 1850.
W e annex a brief recapitulation of the total receipts, in each of the last
five years:—

1850.

1851.

1851

1858.

1854.

M anuf’s. o f w o o l __ $16,828,478 $15,72S,203 $16,176,241 $28,214,146 $22,689,658
“
c o t t o n .. 11,863,052 11,480,883 11,123,345 16,803,473 15,892,386
“
s ilk .......
20,512,625 24,409,605 22,953,889 34,129,578 28,528,106
“
flax....
8,005,821
7,085,153
8,790,135
6,687,927
7,633,572
Miscl. dry g oods__
2,896,399
4,142,887
5,712,742
6,099,214
5,766,879
Total

$60,106,375 $62,846,^31 $61,654,144 $93,704,211 $S0,842,936

A brief review o f the course of this trade during the year, will not be
devoid of interest. The month of January showed an increase, in the re­




Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork f o r 18 54.

287

ceipts o f foreign dry goods, of $1,667,652, as compared with the same
month of 1853. The month of February, however, showed a comparative
decline of $999,713, and this was the more noticeable from the fact that it
was the first month since July, 1852, during which there had not been re­
corded an increase, as compared with the same month o f the preceding
year. This'increase, which had continued for eighteen months, was then
partially stopped. The receipts of dry goods in March showed a further
decline of $986,150; in April they increased $1,073,972; in May there
was a further increase amounting to $518,318, which was wholly in goods
warehoused. In June occurred a very important decline, the total being
$2,588,663 less than for June of the previous year. July showed a further
decline of $798,042. August showed an increase of $1,662,702 ; but from
that time to the close of the year, there was a steady decline amounting
to $3,879,300 in September, $2,101,436 in October, $2;563,705 in Novem­
ber, and $3,866,910 in December, the decline in the last two months being
as great as the receipts.
The dry goods, as already stated, comprise about half the imports ; the
remainder embraces a great variety o f general merchandise, most of the
particulars of which we have carefully compiled in the following table.
The quantity is a little indefinite, being given in packages when not other­
wise specified, but this corresponds with the official record. During the
last year many items of drugs, and occasionally other imports, have been
entered among the non-specified, but the list is still very long, and em­
braces all the more important particulars:—
IMPORTS (EXCLUSIVE OF DRY GOODS AND SPECIE) AT NEW YORK FROM FOREIGN PORTS DU­
RING THE YEARS 1853 AND 1854.
[The quantity is given in packages w hen not otherwise specified.]

1851.
Quantity.
Value.
“
ornaments............................
Anatom ical models . . . ......................
“
preparations....................

C o w s ...................................................
Donkeys, jennetts, and g azelles...

H orses................................................
R am s...................................................
Sheep .................................................
Stock for breed in g...............................
Apothecaries’ apparatus....................
Artists’ m aterials.................................
Bags and mats.......................................
Barley......................................................
Barometers.............................................
Baskets....................................................
Bay w ater...............................................
Beads .....................................................
Beans .....................................................
B e e f........................................................
Beeswax..................................................
Blacking........................................... ..




752

$5,337

i
91

120
4,000

i

200

3
2
16

1,099
1,000
2^390

76
....
3
7
100
473
6
1,241
283
419

1,350
. . ..

694
3,417
1,125
224
295
110,454
12,824
30,473
. . . .

50

319
. . . .

36

655

,---------- 18 §I
Quantity.
Value.
#939.
123
322
3,203
2
953
5
559
2
i
45

500
100
2,731

2
10
66
156
....
5
•. . •

500
400
3,300
13,728

2,400
98
79
24
25
29

144,268
3,369
8,317
219
250
423

. . . .

1,811
29,153

. . . .

288

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork f o r 1854.
,--------1!
Quantity.

B o n e s ....................................................
Books .....................................................
B o t t le s ...................................................
Bricks......................................................
Bristles....................................................
British lu s te r ........................................
Bronzes...................................................
Burr-stones............................................
Burr blocks............................................
Brushes.......................................... .
B uttons...................................................
Bunting...................................................
B u tte r.....................................................
Camphor trunks....................................
C andles...................................................
C anes......................................................
Canvas....................................................
Carriages................................................
Casings....................................................
Cement....................................................
Chairs......................................................
Chalk.......................................................
Charts....................... ............ * ..............
Cheese.....................................................
Chemical apparatus.............................
“
preparations.........................
Chimney cans........................................
China c l a y ............................................
C h in aw are............................................
C h o co la te..............................................
Chronometers........................................
Church ornam ents...............................
Cigars......................................................
C lay.........................................................
Clay, calcined................................. ..
Clocks......................................................
C oal............................................ tons )
Coal ............................... chaldrons )
Cocoa b u tte r.........................................
C o d illa ...................................................
C o ffe e .....................................................
Cologne water,......................................
C om bs.....................................................
C orks.......................................................
C o lo r s .....................................................
Cordage...................................................
Cornelian rings......................................
Coir rope and yarn...............................
“ m atting..........................................
“ junk.................................................
Confectionary.........................................
Corn.........................................................
Cotton......................................................
“
y a rn ............................................
Crayons...................................................
Crucibles..................................................
Daguerrian apparatu s.........................
“
fram es...............................
“
plates ...............................
“
chemicals ......................
Dem ijohns................................... . . . .




351________

Value.

3,278
66,591
588,000
1,187
453
182
82,629
6,544
1,063
2,538
3
5,353
....
1,008
55
32
4
96
810
59
2,118
2
5,184
27
19
500
4,582
11,397

§689,372
107,899
9,808
264,565
3,527
39,324
38,482
5,521
265,580
639,688
157
63,440
....
8,954
7,695
3,710
2,928
1,312
1,512
646
2,150
622
68,416
1,544
2,344
561
12,907
556,921

7
1
12,487

5,102
602
2,015,966

648
447

3,221
69,402

87,837

244,818

1,041
459,363
216
12
7,829

12,091
4,466,467
7,945
3,577
157,826

220
41
2,844
....
....
37
....
2,868
323
1
91
1
1
325
32
19,984

2,606
11,750
30,223
....
....
3,620
...
28,257
3,004
416
1,058
705
491
87,446
8,403
4,104

,-------- 1! 354.-------->
Value.
Quantity.
§470
15,000
562,951
3,282
62,886
....
10,150
....
243,867
1.131
3,230
410
65,309
1,993
21,051
14,728
6,877
4,962
170,167
653
575,299
2,883
827
4
150
6
324
24
256
2
4,937
....
5,542
22
1,425
5
....
....
820
441
....
10,478
10,398
....
76,204
4,212
....
....
....
....
....
26,244
2,052
714,118
14,805
219
4
686
6
4,596
100
2,048,044
....
16,985
4,243
1,858
975
46,854
382
128,860

465,970

1
55
460,732
....
23
8,197
1,208
93
....
3,236
....
1,854
8
767
145
....
....
25
....
....
177
9
....

100
725
4,907,835
....
4,375
149,627
43,360
4,544
....
8,156
....
340
1,274
1,338
6,589
....
253
....
41,295
1,548
....

289

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854,
,----------

Drugs not specified.............
Aconite...........................................
A cetate o f lim e............................
A cetic acid.....................................
A cids not s p e c ifie d ....................
A lkali.............................................
Alkanet root.................................
A loes..............................................
A m m o n ia .....................................
Anise seed................................ .
Annato ............................. ..................
Antimony ........................................ .. . .
A rchil ............................................................
A r g o ls .........................................................
A r r a c .............................................................
A rrow root ............................................... ..
A rsenic.......................................... ..
Assafmdita.....................................
Asphaltum....................................
Balsam not specified...................
“
Capavi ......................................
“
Peru.................................
“
T o lu ................................
Bark not specified.......................
B a rilla . ..........................................
B a ry tes..........................................
Bicarb soda...................................
“
p ota sh...............................
B ism u th ........................................
Bitters ...........................................................
Black l e a d .............................. , ................
Bleaching p o w d e r s .................... ..
Blue g a ll ......................................................
“ g u im e t ............................................ ..
“ v itrio l .............................................. ..
B o r a x ............................................ ..
Brimstone ....................................................
Bronze pow ders ......................................
Buchu leaves................................ ..
Burgundy pitch.............................. . .
Calamus........................................... i_»
C a lo m e l........................................
C am ph or.......................................
C antharides................................. ..
Capers............................................
Capsules o f balsam.....................
Carbonate o f am m on ia.............
C ardam ons...................................
Carmine........................................................
Cassia b u d s ..............................................
Castor o i l ............................................... .....
Chamomile flo w e r s ........................... ..
C h a p a p o te ...............................................
Chemicals ......................................................
C h ico ry ........................................................
“
flour..............................................
Chinqua bark..............................................
Chlorite o f potash ................................
Citric a cid ....................................................
Cobalt............................................. .
C o ch in e a l.......................................

VOL. XXXII.--- NO. III.




i8 « . —

Quantity .
1,014

7
226

1

703
31

1,686
1,479
68
422
2,465
458
102

20
50
1,767
9,503

42,316
67
35

570
4,445
217
16,408
588
661
5,780
6,172
2,453
10,663
1.402
131,135
723
11,995
4,947
2,372
3,823
39,983
2,430
6,789
1,384
40,710
14,971
284,S36
28,271
3,295
167
11,274
122,699
9 tO
15,501
13,469
88,343
89,073
21,046
369

. . . .

. . . .

...

... .

2,243
45,298
11,959

1
579

2,579

78
24,014
3,269
1,476
6,425
11,913
3,303
195
552
28,723
. .. .

1,618
132
43
1,414

19

,

Value.
$27,714

82,264
6,353
16,727
389
322,827

----------

1854.----- s

Quantity.
3

Value.
$205,823
147

65

1,737

. .. .

. .. .

20

440
. . . .

10
527

198
15,938

1,127
220

10,409
5,204

246
4
1,140
1,156
43
281
129
853

29,434
242
9,093
4,393
3,469
3,024
2,126
15,095

46
1,149
17,276
1,415
34,646

2,235
36,923
12,900
5,662
177,659

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

2

. . . .

920
...

374
12,421
. . . .

5,331
182,466
. .. .
. .. .

19
1,201
51,442
1

1,912
79,295
87,306
265

25
5
21
891
74
1,919

118
86
857
15,213
18,749
4,027

. . . .

57
. . . .

2,534
. . . .

11

1,025

500
184
75
504
23
2,475
114
1,455

6 ,1 9 4

:o

24
60
1,228

6,385
2,287
2,729
1,810
20,5$0
985
69,134
240
6,316
396
210,315

290

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y o rk f o r 1854.

Drugs continued.
Coculus indicus.................................
Colcotha..............................................
C olocyn th ..........................................
Col umbo root.....................................
Corvie G u m ......................................
C opperas............................................
Cream o f tartar...............................
Crude .................................................
Croton oil...........................................
C u b e b s..............................................
C u d b e a r............................................
C u t c h ................................................
Divi d iv i............................................
Dragons’ blood ...............................
Epsom s a lt s .....................................
Ergot o f r y e ......................................
Essences not specified................
Essence o f bergam ot.................
“
lem on.........................
orange........................
Essential oils not specified........
Ether..............................................
Extracts not specified.................
Do. o f sa fflow er...........................
Flour o f su lp h u r.............................
G a lls ..................................................
Gam bier.............................................
G a rra cin e..........................................
G am boge............................................
G e la tin e .............................................
Gentian root......................................
G lu e ...................................................
Granilla..............................................
Gum not sp e cifie d ..........................
Do. A lm a zig a ...................................
Do. A rabic.........................................
D o. B e n zo in ......................................
Do. C o p a l..........................................
Do. D a m a r........................................
Do. Jedda..........................................
Do. M yrrh..........................................
Do. Sandiac........................................
D o. S e u e g a l......................................
Do. S u b stitu te .................................
Do. Tragacanth.................................
Harlem o i l ........................................
H yd. o f p ota sh .................................
Insect p ow der...................................
Ip e ca c.................................................
Iodide o f potash...............................
Iodine ..............................................
Irish m oss..........................................
Isin gla ss............................................
J a la p ...................................................
Juniper berries.................................
K reosote............................................
Lac d y e .............................................
L a k e ...................................................
Lemon p eel........................................
L iq u o rice ...........................................
Do. r o o t..............................................




,--------18 § 3 . -------- »
Value.
Quantity.
26
$100
30
200 '
25
371
306
1,620
100
2,286
107
5
318
190
1,616
1,351
15
1,176
22
275
159
298
66
566
1
49

220
377,672
2,254
499
3,297
6,400
8,995
8,102
783
4,468
856
22,520
10,169
16,203
2,153
38,155
920
5,881

210
91
3,843
5
131
39
30
391
1,124
124
....
3,227
39
6,369
258
194
48
118
661
24
180
309
236
....
131
21
18
5
22
236
120
8
718

2,221
5.779
24,960
2,199
3,160
3,600
176
12,415
1,876
3,627
185,836
2,047
97,346
6,438
3,257
2,849
4,481
19,475
2,165
14,513
1,160
65,440
....
16,991
7,741
6,938
237
1,516
17,031
267
687
22,466
.. ..

9
13,631
7,406

445
413,440
21,076

,--------181 U . --------,
Quantity. Value.
....
....
....
$172
10
1,426
113
2,243
15
848
90
209,936
769
1,484
80
311
3
393
20
7,630
220
1,068
400
345
143
243
3
1,263
204
948
11
8,462
365
....
....
584
10
....
100
11,740
12,061
299
2,074
10
1,142
8
....
46
2,37 i
64,610
5,154
48
48
....
217
17
104
362
2,465

544
3,803
8,110
152
271
4,208
74,086

32,276

78,618

5
25
191
....
39
14
30
20
137
2
40
....
....
47
«...
....
15
26
40
9,873
5,102

300
793
6,844
1,548
688
9,370
619
20,515
618
7,719
....
4,235
....
867
699
5.226
299,277
17,166

Trade and Commerce o f New Y orJcfor
Drugs continued.
Liquorice ju i c e .................................
L ith a r g e ............................................
M a d d e r ..............................................
M agnesia...........................................
M an n a ...............................................
Medical preparation........................
D o root..............................................
Mineral blu e.....................................
M orphine............................................
Muriate o f potash.............................
M y r r h ................................................
N ew Grenada b a r k ........................
Nitrate o f lead.................................
Do. p o ta sh ........................................
Do. s o d a ............................................
N utgalls.............................................
Nux v o m ic a .....................................
Ochre..................................................
Oil o f a lm o n d s.................................
Do. anniseed......................................
Do. b erg a m ot...................................
Do. c a ja p u t .......................................
Do. c a ra w a y .....................................
Do. cassia...........................................
Do. citron ella ...................................
Do. cocoa n u t.....................................
Do. c o c o s ...........................................
Do. c lo v e s ..........................................
Do. C ognac........................................
Do. g era n iu m ...................................
Do. lav en d er.....................................
Do. le m o n ..........................................
Do. m a c e ...........................................
Do. M arbara.....................................
Do. orange .......................................
Do. p o p p y ..........................................
Do. rh od iu m .....................................
Do. rose..............................................
Do. ro se m a ry ...................................
Do. sassafras......................................
Do. v itrio l..........................................
Ointm ents..........................................
O p iu m ................................................
O r c h il.................................................
Orris root............................................
Ottar o f rose......................................
Oxalic a c i d ........................................
Oxide o f zin c.....................................
Paris w h ite........................................
Peruvian b a r k ..................................
Persian berries.................................
Phosphorus........................................
P i l l ........................ ............................
Piaintain b a r k .................................
P lu m b a g o...................... ...................
P o ta sh ................................................
Prussian b l u e ...................................
Prus. o f pota sh .................................
P um ice-stone....................................
Q uicksilver........... ............................
Q uinas................................. ..............




Quantity.
Value.
5
$149
....
....
6,916
966,714
968
17,615
491
48,525
1,691
85,534
33
1,690
3
165
....
100

272
2,191
....
2,824

100
1,205
33
19
50
33
226
120
23
4
141
3
40

746
8,565
2,907
101
202
1,646
20,079
10,904
766
193
19,977
232
1,504

14
....
....

800
....
....
582
6,938
94

7
97
3
....

7
1
1
23

7
7
5
410
....
3
6
199
912
1,174
192
187
....
19,067
....
55
20
250
....
22
277

....
717
90
528
569
525
109
801
170,299
....
192
2,416
13,666
14,129
....
123,453
11,705
10,592
....
292,914
....
6,170
911
31,936
. . ..

793
1,187

291

1854.

tsst
"\
Quantity.
Value.
....
....
420
$3,671
834,006
5,995
1,253
20,873
281
11,161
1,491
60,907
75
2
....
64

294
401
....
2,555

8
....
3,700
148

705
....
22,257
9,946

697
so
14
5
....
....
114
....
....
16
5
1
1
8
10

4,331
1,798
800
1,320
....
....
11,532

1
5
21
1
....
1
....
... '
300
21
9
....
115
40
2,647
6,848
35
240
22
13,900
948
124
....
53
164
3,665
....

907
288
306
274
452
423
68
217
1,137
663
. „. . '
137

121,623
454
435
3,107
11,898
4,778
9,774
133,143
2.135
13,507
2,884
230,716
6,689
43,401
4,096
610
35,656
....

292

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork f o r 1854.

Drugs continued.
Quinas b a r k ......................
Quinine...............................
Ratsbane.............................
Red Jake.............................
Do. lead ...............................
Reina algarabo..................
Reg. o f antimony..............
R h u b a r b .............................
Rose leaves........................
S afflow er.......................... .
Saffron.................................
Sal acetosella....................
Sal ammoniac....................
Sal s o d a ............................
Sarsaparilla......................
S ca m m o n y ........................
Senna .................................
Sesame o il..........................
Shellac ...............................
S o d a ...................................
Soda ash.............................
Squills.................................
S uccory...............................
Sugar o f lead .....................
Sugar o f m ilk ....................
Sulphate o f ammonia . . . .
Do. c o p p e r ........................
Do. lim e...............................
Do. m orphin e....................
Do. z in c ...............................
S ulphu r...............................
Sum ac...................................
Tartaric acid ......................
Terra alba..........................
Do. ja p o n ica ......................
Tonqua beans....................
Ultra m a r in e .....................
V a le r ia n .............................
Vanilla beans.....................
Venetian r e d ......................
V erm illion..........................
Verdigris..............................
W hitin g...............................
Y ellow b a r k .................... .
Do. b e r r ie s..........................

,- - - - - - - 18
Quantity.

__ f

Dye-woods:—
Brazil w o o d ...................... .
C a m w o o d ............................
Corkwood..............................
F u s t ic ...................................
L im a......................................
L o g w o o d .............................
Sapan .................................
Earthenware............................ . .p ig s .
E m e r y ......................................
Do. c lo t h .................................
Do. sto n e ......... .......................
E ngravings..............................
Fancy articles..........................
F a n s ..........................................
F a rin a .......................................




,- - - - - - - 1854.
Value.

1,051
3,220
32
100
4
622
172
7
4
15
16
256
8,792
2,419
7
150
10
1,446
8,443
16,838

$251,827
1,468
642
2,767
460
42,184
24,396
692
300
1,718
1,881
13,098
17,922
39,018
437
3,691
445
2,414
44,129
384,914

658
514
29
425
30
70
2
265
1,443
32,526
143
50
125
95
180
25
11

11,564
30,901
1,498
10,751
2,821
341
356
768
29,962
128,290
20,364
411
665
7,888
9,893
1,130
2,029

370
186

29,521
35,212

. . . .

115
388

8,063
22,781

3,543
61

8,995
3,270
23,814

18,530
2,767
41,348
4,010
5
S3
784
92
8,374

117,013
6,358
1,253,532
86,227
481
1,754
188,890
14,060
135,139

Quantity.

Value.

71
627

$1,037
113,211

284

265
5,283

147
442

9,189
26,836

285
8,885
795
....
20

13,774
57,463
20,160

1,957
10,780
17,175
137
1,067
486
....
75
59
86
....
124
1,351
37,319
98
25
....
290
377
13
10
500
603
47
5,911

33,441
36,262
314,614
400
12,796
28,615

8,686
21,136
145,843
22,176
194
....
33,888
15,869
543
4,654
1,411
37,506
12,586
10,701

50

1,635

3,081
1,070
3,398
1,386
10,691
450
42,851
3,937

2,562
5,062
11,838
28,995
2,288
220,056
1,459
1,471,614
37,065

. . . .

626
2,324
2,783
10

499

2,407
5,729
1,274

. . . .

230,438
398,781
77,159
179

293

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854,

,------ 1853.- - - - - - - *
F eath ers............................. ..................
F e lt .....................................
F irecrackers......................
Fireworks.......................... ..................
Fish not specified.............
A lew ives........................
A n ch ovies...................... ....................
C od .................................
H a d d o c k ........................
Herring ...........................
M a ck e re l...................... .
P ic k le d .......................... ..................
S a lm on .......................... ..................
S a rd in es........................ ..................
S h a d ............................... ..................
Fishing tackle....................
F la x .....................................
F lin ts ................................. ...................
Flower roots......................
Fruit not specified...........
A lm onds........................ ...................
Bananas........................
Brandied cherries.........
Brazil n u t s .................... .............
Candied fru its.............
Chesnuts.......................... ..................
C itr o n .............................
C ocoa-n uts....................
Currants........................ ..................
Cocoa .............................
H a te s..............................
Figs..................................
Filberts............................ ..................
G rap es............................ ..................
L em on............................ ..................
N uts not specified . . . .
Olives..............................
Oranges..........................
Peanuts..........................
Pineapples.....................
Plums..............................
Preserved fruits........... ..................
Prunes............................
R a isin s...........................
T am arinds....................
Walnuts.......................... .............
Fullers’ earth..................... ..................
Furniture............................
F u r s ...................................
Gas fixtures........................
Gas m eters........................
Glass not specified........... ..................
C olored..........................
Cut.................................. ..................
Cylinder.........................
E y e ................................
Looking g lass...............
P la te d ............................
Polished......................... ..................
W atch ............................
W are...............................




Quantity.
2,926

i

50

68
2,465
5,257
138

57

13,664

Value.
$51,256
141,578
601
5,029
152
96,808
768
53,993
43,261
772
16,989
81,038
658
3,054
46,870
1,896
413
103
145,126
8,008
12,075

71

461

8,673
3,560
78,614

5,047

240

250,065
894

388
36,297
106,070
5,102
165
48,127
27,322
8,416
115,037
14,286
161,012
4,450
59,102
54,574
55,271
42,816
576,872
540
979
188,154
1,546,190
16,094
464,024
3,049
21,788
....

357

67,192
35,438
7,876
123,229

,------ 1854,

Value;
Quantity .
$11,855
251
22,602
363
133,151
110,657

13,118
1,794

211,270
651
470
21,057
....
17,302
4,868

3,112

....
35,506

2
3,121

480
90,650

2,715
180
47
8,696

....
6,154

93
1,960

61,610
6,161
1,831
1,067
940
70
56,363
32,129
44,418
8,259
3,856
10,184
17,611
3.324
122,479
99,878
1,159
133,228
....
51,028
28,294
21,777
36,778
1,052,784
1,427
15,182

552
3,735
1,712
70
206,539

69,485
1,420,174
55,994
2,079
663,612

820
11
1,981
7,019

1,209
2,022
214,035
598,322

3,493

127,702

650
203
15
10
899

810
374
9,463
2,610
616
<••
505
....
294,090
6,984
7,145
2,804

294

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Yor/c fo r 1854,

,------ 1853.------- ,
Quantity.

Grindstones..........................................
G u a n o ............................................tons
Gunny bags........ ..................................
G u n p o w d e r..........................................
Gutta percha.........................................
Gypsum..................................................
H a i r .......................................................
Hair, manufactures o f.........................
H a m s .....................................................
Hats not specified................................
Hatters’ goods.......................................
H em p......................................................
“
yarn.............................................
“
ju te ..............................................
H on ey.....................................................
H o p s.......................................................
Horns and h o o f s .................................
Human hair...........................................
India rubber..........................................
“
manufactures o f ............
In d ig o .....................................................
Ink...........................................................
Instruments not specified...................
Nautical.............................................
Mathematical....................................
Musical...............................................
O p tic a l..............................................
Philosophical.......... ..........................
Surgical..............................................
Iv o ry .......................................................
“ n u ts..............................................
“ manufactures o f . . ......................
Japanned w a r e ...................................
J e l l y .......................................................
Jew elry...................................................
L am pblack............................................
Leather not sp e cifie d ........................
Boots and shoes...............................
Dressed skins...................................
Undressed skins...............................
Patent le a th e r.................................
L eeches...................................................
Lemon juice...........................................
Lime ju ice..............................................
Lithographic stone...............................
Liquors, ale, (fee.............................................
A rrack................................................
B e e r ........................................... . . .
B r a n d y ..............................................
Cordials..............................................
G i n .....................................................
R u m ...................................................
P orter.................................................
W h is k y ............................................
L u m b e r .........................feet and tons
Knees..................................................
L a t h ...................... ............................
Ship tim b er......................................
M a ch in ery............................................
M accaroni..............................................
M a r b le ...................................................




2,655
28,940
16
4,662
....
2,780
369
338
565
1,064
56,606
3,134
3,824
4,983
709

Value.

$11,270
53,587
81,447
1,146
15,422
238,487
192,241
1,246
147,046
710,407
967,925
58,097
29,931
99,478
13,962

....
32
4,679
48
....
41
85
2,524
169
....
32
429
388
....
....
20

1,029
....
833
229
4,355
309
294
91
1,582
23,371
....
....
42,023
1,270
5,389
1,858
638

723,382
2,922
686,040
895
11,590
28,894
880.835
67,809
....
10,715
34,940
3,976

,------ 1854. —
Quantity.

4,497
94,066
2,762
....
....
300
2,133
363
823
227
606
27,796
134
1,020
3,560
1,566
37,000
18
...
3,598
265
69
81
2,800
193
10
93
395

180,629
54,383
1,185,500
3,212,937
131,202
23,234
13,624
15,382
206,617

1,700
330
420
677
6,416

708
40.382
1,187
167,761

10

....
943
32
504
127
5,242
290
268
....
52
13
19,939
20

....
1,820,751
9,499
280,190
63,800
....
58,533
1,726
7,763

$9,355
188,056
18,633
....
34,930
270
1,022,446
206,746
2,518
69.940
451,366
389,432
4,418
6,668
74,729
62,660
1,345
9,162
1,469,261
....
403,950
48,760
21,510
30,410
439,903
272,158
741
22,744
20,115
....
54,894
1,266
....
626,470
357
134,105
29,000
1,313,594
5,885,434
115,256
12,096
....
88
704
163,548
84
7,186
1,013,581
10,650
312,152
67,270
57,826
39,180
1,450
1,046

435
....
420
643,469

Value.

728
14,856
746
5,432
1,128
5,802
298

2 ,1 0 2

....
500
5,855
4,446

81,991
9,586
109,521

295

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854.

1853.----- ,
Marble, manufactures o f . . . .
“
t i l e s .............................
Mares g r e a s e ..........................
M a tch e s...................................
M a ts ..........................................
M etals.......................................
Antimony o r e .....................
A n vils...................................
Brass rods.............................
“
cannons......................
Copper .................................
“
coins........................
“
o re ...........................
“
fe lt..........................
“
percussion caps . .
“
ro lle rs....................
“
sheathing................
N ickel...................................
I r o n ........................................
“ bars...............................
“ hoop .............................
“ K en tled ge....................
“ p>g..................................
“ railroad........................
“ scrap.............................
“ bundles........................
“ rods...............................
“ sheet..............................
“ tu b e s.............................
Boiler p la t e s ......................
Car w heels...........................
Iron w h e e ls ........................
Chain cables and anchors .
Cutlery..................................
Guns and pistols..................
H ardw are.............................
N ails.......................................
Needles.................................
S ad dlery ..............................
W ir e ......................................
L e a d ......................................
Plated ware..........................
P la tin a .................................
Old m etal.............................
S p e lte r .................................
S ilverw are..........................
S t e e l .....................................
Steel fram es........................
T in ........................................
Tin plates.............................
T in w a re ................................
Tin f o i l .................................
Y ellow m etal......................
Z i n c .....................................
Do. sheathing......................
P in s........................................
Mill stones ...........................
Mineral w a te r ........................
M olasses...................................
M ushroom s............................
Oatm eal...................................




Quantity.
26
...
1,321
65
18,309
13
...
646
3,420
....
740
64
689
8
7,655
81
79,811
....
106,540
...
82,131
773,900
3,057
....
....
199,406
10,541
707
52
....
5,343
3,551
2,932
20,616
28,582
527
836
14,889
380,903
923
36
...
136,487

Value.
$1,284
1,798
38,582
3,350
41,132
...
1,083
....
123,528
....
269,276
....
12,109
1,520
136,063
1,617
1,040.058
38,961
3,993,854
197,135
....
1,280,415
6,745,835
60,583
....
853,969
45,500
5,102
734
...
281,205
1,523,285
413,000
2,181,916
130,587
178,945
172,203
201,204
1,599,863
290,134
45,048
246,258
204,435

77,842

1,372,597

550,121

4,821,167

64
484
....
16,353
559
13
32
470
58,767
....
120

4,317
19,568
356,511
25,594
387
240
1,319
949,643
. . i.
257

,----- 1854.

214,448
78
92,449
22
373,812
26,026
....
177
3,118
13,405
....
....
7,554

Value.
$8,025
....
19,028
737
45,514
201,428
600
2,257
124,605
30,000
338,371
19,411
65,346
....
87,468
....
1,025,646
121,965
3,280,354
422,379
138,430
1,374
793,276
3,196,439
76,631
40,467
2,698
487,955
71,302
7,763
....
5,834
328,757
1,477,330
672,127
1,900,954
94,120
176,401
183,472
153,395
2,439,759
204,376
4,252
337,293
355,463
28,923
1,613,909
3,597
3,100,885
191,058
....
19,357
40,394
401,320
....
• •••
15,551

35,751
20
108

644,658
686
419

Quantity.
....
445
17
7,650
1,043
....
24
701
51
10,805
2,000
617,763
471
12,359
72
75,925
285,386
63,985
146
63,908
234,368
3,131
17,596
646
117,744
13,120
1,629
130
4,275
9,243
5,220
15,848
21,588
576
749
10,923
489,652
612
10

....

296

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y o rk fo r 1854.

■1851.-------- ,
Quantity.
O a ts...................................
Oils not specified...........
C o d ................................
Linseed ........................
Cocoanut.......................
O live...............................
P a lm .............................
R a p e s e e d .................... .
S e a l ...............................
S p e rm ..........................
W h a le ..........................
O n ion s...............................
Ostriches.............................
P a in ts.................................
P aintings...........................
Palm l e a f ...........................
P a p e r .................................
Paper ha ngings................
Paper sh avings................
Papier-macbie..................
Parchment........................
P e a r ls .................................
Pearl sago..........................
P e a s ...................................
Perfum ery..........................
P ia n o s................................
P ick le s.......................... ,.
Pink sau cers....................
Pipes ...................................
P ip e c la y .............................
P i t c h ...................................
...
Plants .................................
Plaster................................
Polishing stones................
P orcelain .......................... .
Porcupine q u ills .............
P o rk .....................................
P ortm onnaies....................
P o ta to e s............................. ......... bush.
Precious stones..................
P u tty ...................................
R a g s ...................................
R a tta n s...............................
R i c e .....................................
R o p e ...................................
Sage flour..........................
Sail-cloth.............................
S alt........................ bushels, sacks, <fcc.
Saltpeter.............................
S a u ce s.................................
Seeds not sp ecified .........
Canary.............................
Cardam on......................
Carraway........................
Clover.............................
Do. g a r d e n ....................
Do. hem p.................... ....
Do. lin se e d ....................
Do. m ustard..................
Do. Russia......................
S h e lls ...................................




....
555
15,458
no
14,634
327
1,406
91
180
4,922
10
28,644
662
2,137
4,482
1,529

Value.
$8,501
12,088
1,020,623
4,042
169,057
20,541
92,762
4,846
36,546
248,461

100
1

432
329,151
52,234
2,022
340,824
144,718
....
19,058
356

9,949
13,652
1,508

11,949
8,127
146,576

2,672

9,808

122,975
856
75

69,261
2,650
353

29,180
....
11

28,709

280
806
15,480
41
39
35,596
112,061
5,204
4,893
1,376

3,624
283,865
24,257
26,193
138
593,778
65,828
6,172
74,883
4,139

8,828
350
401
11,881
....
128
445
137
21,109
150
5,093
968
3

307,136
81,143
14,956
6,067
37,131
•. » .
1,764
6,510
3,214
63,416
948
20,172
55,419
918

1,323

,-------- 1854,
Quantity.

Value.

2,797
106
11,383
20
60,412
2,498
145

$17,850
2,209
696,962
1,022
265,307
47,446
12,373

368
4,839

103,732
376,374

33,472
606
150
3,418
1,115
380
1
36
16
....

441,429
71,762
1S5
251,557
168,803
921
165
263
594
....

1,193
3
583
1
19,085
1,097

11 0,200
483
2,705
112
76,954
3,163

547
19,176
....
....
1

18,193
21,537
....

325
63,686

123,960
12,816

41,066
32,185

661,365
46,592
...
2,652

255
....
52

203

9,772
2,672
3,607
875
9
57

888
400,209
84,136
35,894
122,453
5,335
1,189
1,609

159
316
23,980
1,091

1,069
860
83,294
8,846

1,896

35,206

297

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854,

■1853____ ,
Quantity.

Sisal grass............................
Skins for g old-beaters.. . .
St. Dqmingo do....................
S la te s.............................
S m a lts...................................
S n u ff...................................
S o a p .............................
Spices not specified...........
C assia.............................
Cloves ...............................
G in g e r...............................
M a c e .................................
Mustard.............................
N utm egs..........................
P epper...............................
P im en to............................
S ponge...................................
Starch ...................................
S tation ery............................. ...............
Statuary ...............................
Stereotype plates................ ................
S to n e .....................................
Building, d o ..........................
S ugar.....................................
T allow ...................................
Tapioca...................................
T ar.....................................
T e a .........................................
T eazles..................................
T iles........................................
T o b a c c o .................................
Tom atoes...............................
T o o l s ......................................
T o y s ........................................
Truffles...................................
T w in e .....................................
Umbrellas..............................
Um brella s t ic k s ..................
Varnish.................................. ................
Vermicelli.............................. ................
V in e g a r................................. ................
Walrus teeth........................
W atches.................................
Watchmakers’ tools............. ................
W a x .......................................
"W ax-matches......................
W h a le b o n e ..........................
Whetstones............................
W hite e n a m el......................
W ines Dot sp e cifie d ...........
Cham pagne......................
Claret.................................
H o c k .................................
Madeira..............................
M alaga...............................
N a rsa la .............................
P o r t ...................................
R ed....................................
S herry................................
W h i t e ...............................
W illow w are........................




,------ 1854.-

V alue.

Quantity.

Value.

$51,698

2,428
27
141
20
100
37,022
30,479
355,542

$100,978
1,534
487
....
250
1,073
124,540
159,373
773,460

3,755
29
3,781
427
7,790
13,453
1,078

13,841
3.352
16,605
57,476
46,854
86.929
59,912

4,346
158
98,970

2,204
3

171,163
5,666
30,991
8,444
33,479
86,159
362,919
92,803
35,972
2,012
343,514
6,620
333
5,329
1,178
9,335,340
8,532
1,249
7,057,956
4,495
584,865
761
469,246
1,280
13,583

37
600
445

2,514
571
2,458

54

3,141,746
16,038
7,460
46,420

165,722

1,167,439
829,455
30,238
205
24,043
19,717
1,276
86,775
7,070
122,369
2,953
\

.

3,153
16
27

517,114
5,236
1,937

280,929
59
280
9
526,931
111
70
31,445
1,193
3
9,509

6,601,498
1,774
6,174
233
6,548,801
6.753
1,700
516,062
536
712
412,815

555
61
8

18,293
10,221
1,907

64
9
3,997

461
1,277
3,239,119

71
4
48,932
32
19
140,904
122,128
2,018

4,822
1,016
341,470
1,026
6,207
1,102,172
768,779
4,513
....
3,873
1,640

146
240

1,137

6,895
....
21,698

720

822

276

298

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854.

1853.----- x
Quantity.

W ooden ware.........................................
W oods not specified.............................
Brazil..................................................
Box.......................................................
C a m w o o d ..........................................
Cedar..................................................
E b o n y ................................................
Lignum vitse............................ pieces
“
.............................. tons
M ah ogan y..........................................
Rose w o o d ..........................................
Salmon w o o d ...................................
S a t in ..................................................
W illow s..............................................
Zebra w o o d ........................................
W o o l .......................................................
Flocks ................................................
W a s t e ................................................
Goods entered Crystal Palace............
Importations not included in the fore­
going list.............................................

Value.

,----- 1854.- - - - - - \
Quantity.

8

Value.

$750
2,291
5,335
990
3,166
3,799
349
1,753
928
352,888
147,142
540
1,960
39,602
1,172
910,164
64,269
171,295
43,059

••A
1,008

$8,761

245

141

3,338
1,588
124

19,903
4,220
663

50,926
10,202

257,669
115,022

185
35,148
579
23,743
314
9.830
3,042

2,158
30,846
4,534
1,170,776
8,805
172,211
889,390

2,191

193,060

267,528

$96,574,072

$91,178,398

•

789
15

73

42

Total value.....................................

7,305
14,322
3,654
4,471
402

The receipts for cash duties at the port of New York for the year 1854>
as might be supposed from the falling off in the imports, show a decline
of $4,991,337 75 as compared with 1853, but are larger than for any
other previous year, as will be seen from the following statement:—
DASH DUTIES RECEIVED AT NEW YORK.

1851.
January...........
February..........
M a r c h .............
A p ril.................
M ay...................
J u n e .................
J u l y .................
A u g u s t ...........
S e p te m b e r __
O ctober............
N ovem ber.......
D ecem ber........
Total . . . .

$3,511,610
2,658,835
3,124,811
2,547,582
2,544,640
2,305,185
3,558,490
3,234,764
2,609,832
1,958,516
1,488,740
1,578,343

1852.
04
87
39
52
16
62

12
21
97
17
09
92

31,081,263 08

$2,600,562
2,286,955
2,730,369
2,447,634
1,952,110
2,232,680
3,240,787
3,884,295
3,156,107
2,892,109
2,051,476
2,357,648

1851.
64
47
61
07
86
23
18
56
29
57
35
98

31,332,737 81

$3,311,137
3,878,395
3,935,967
3,348,252
2,852,853
3,840,723
4,640,107
4,746,657
4,226,340
2,705,694
2,642,985
2,959,110

1854.
37
47
63
14
56
33
15
81
18
33
92
94

43,088,225 83

$4,379,285
2,867,294
3,627,119
3,168,490
3,243,164
2,452,606
4,045,745
5,214,629
3,439,492
2,402,115
1,751,023
1,505,920

32
50
49

21

41
88
78
78
49
10
45
72

38,096,888 08

The exports from New York to foreign ports, for the year 1854, are
larger than ever before shipped in a single year, the total, $101,377,087,
or $7,487,089 more than for 1853. O f this amount, however, $37,169,406
consisted of specie. The exports o f merchandise alone, (exclusive of specie,)
are only $2,928,961 less than for 1853, and $17,780,327 greater than for
1852, and $20,297,041 greater than for 1851, as will appear from the
following quarterly comparison:—




299

Trade and Commerce o f Nexo Y ork fo r 1854.

EXPORTS FROM NEW YORK TO FOREIGN PORTS, EXCLUSIVE OF SPECIE.

1851.

1851

1852.

1854.

First quarter................
Second quarter...........
Third quarter..............
Fourth quarter.............

111,344,412
13,772,203
9,655,796
11,884,943

$11,892,650
16,268,097
16,810,526
22,165,369

$17,840,161
16,774,773
13,826.852
16,065,895

T o t a l....................

46,427,354

67,136,642

64,207,681

W e now annex a complete monthly statement, showing all the shipraents of domestic produce, foreign free, foreign dutiable, and specie:—

EXPORTS FROM NEW YORK TO FOREIGN PORTS.

DOMESTIC PRODUCE.

1852.

1853.

1854.

January..................
February................
M a r c h ....................
A p r i l......................
M a y ........................
J u n e ........................
J u ly .........................
August....................
S e p te m b e r ...........
October...................
N ovem ber..............
Decem ber...............

$2,715,320
2,607,584
2,865,634
3,146,151
3,610,977
3,971,207
3,574,260
4,937,393
4,844,574
4,561,742
3,677,657
3,444,513

$3,152,744
2,585,786
3,976,198
4,561,770
4,402.052
3,778,289
3,188,027
3,259,594
2,593,986
2,702,382
2,451,611
2,512,436

$2,419,296
3,852,943
4,313,245
4,244,044
4,249,924
3,566,369
2,965,542
2,340,820
3,289,479
3,497,874
3,529,447
2,947,848

$2,990,624
3,325,005
4,705,007
6,178,471
4,165,954
5,057,229
4,882,957
4,540,383
5,579,088
5,459,401
7,489,937
7,166,832

$5,304,203
5,400,924
5,562,810
4,578,693
5,824,427
4,526,388
3,768,661
4,487,619
3,772,124
4,672,017
4,660,007
4,904,554

Total domest. prod.

43,957,012

39,164,775

40,716,781

60,540,888

57,462,422

1850.

1851.

FOREIGN DUTIABLE GOODS.

1850.

1851.

1852.

1853.

1854.

January ...............
February................
M a r ch ....................
A p r i l......................
M a y ........................
J u n e .......................
J u l y .......................
A u g u s t ......... ..
S e p te m b e r...........
October...................
N ovem ber.............
D ecem ber..............

$382,141
302,258
246,939
313,845
310,231
442,493
413,671
658,787
707,834
483,038
676,696
703,075

$422,395
295,567
316,494
320,981
361,015
265,290
284,397
334,549
316,047
358,292
397,597
351,428

$358,244
322,272
357,230
353,262
545,973
482,594
325,732
220,978
317,888
484,801
541,296
518,352

$265,730
171,125
299,656
422,796
487,630
394,043
447,201
377,720
526,658
719,534
739,872
439,164

$469,068
500,739
376,268
239,511
342,437
556,656
252,030
515,270
447,664
316,012
323,389
792,570

Total d u tia b le .....

5,641,008

4,024,052

4,828,622

5,291,119

5,031,611




300

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854.
FOREIGN FREE GOODS.

1850.

1851.

1852.

1853.

1854.

January .................
February................
M a r c h ....................
A p r il......................
M a y ........................
J u n e ........................
J u l y ........................
A u g u s t ..................
S e p te m b e r ...........
O ctob er..................
N ovem b er..............
D e ce m b e r.............

$74,710
54,474
23,371
186,126
36,401
51,887
17,563
18,766
16,551
15,464
37,723
5,243

$51,584
60,930
29,121
59,904
113,371
- 56,435
2,311
22,794
134,271
106,626
62,368
21,918

$26,693
93,932
100.557
67,719
106,818
125,500
20,759
46,464
128,184
82,886
27,634
54,805

$42,574
63,197
29,732
208,708
243,598
109,668
313,192
79,857
63,470
63,687
48,088
38,864

$71,554
156,434
98,191
125,717
132,449
148,500
231,788
253,857
97,839
128,780
116,884
151,682

Total f r e e .........

538,280

721,813

881,951

1,304,635

1,713,645

January..................
February.................
M arch......................
A p r i l......................
M a y ........................
Ju ne.........................
J u l y .........................
A u gu st....................
Septem ber.............
October...................
N o v em b er.............
December...............

$90,361
278,708
172,807
290,407
741,735
880,434
1,518,080
1,441,736
1,033,918
1,421,328
905,394
1,208,760

Total specie. . . .

9,982,948

GO
fcJ<
tse

SPECIE.

1850.

1853.

1854.

$1,266,281
1,007,689
2,368,861
3,482,182
4,506,135
6,462,367
6,004,170
2,673,444
3,490,142
1,779,707
5,033,996
5,668,235

$2,868,958
3,551,543
611,994
200,266
1,834,893
3,556,355
2,971,499
2,935,883
2,122,495
2,452,301
809,813
1,180,305

$747,679
1,121,020
692,479
767,955
2,162,467
3,264,282
3,924,612
1,183,973
1,244,191
4,757,972
3,855,775
3,131,851

$1,845,682
579,724
1,466,127
3,474,525
3,651,626
5,168,183
2,922,452
4,548,320
6,547,104
3,359,398
3,538,001
68,264

43,743,209

25,096,255

26,753,356

37,169,406

1851.

TOTAL EXPORTS.

1850.

1851.

1852.

1853.

1854.

January..................
February................
M a r c h ....................
A p ril.......................
M ay.........................
J u n e ........................
J u ly .........................
A u g u s t ..................
S e p te m b e r ...........
O cto b e r..................
N ovem ber..............
D e ce m b e r.............

$3,262,532
3,243,025
3,308,031
3,936,529
4,699,344
5,346,021
5,523,574
7,056,682
6,602,877
6,481,572
5,297,470
5,361,591

$4,893,004
3,949,972
6,690,674
8,424,837
9,382.573
10,562,381
9,47S,905
6,290,561
6,534,446
4,947,007
7,945,472
8,554,017

$5,673,191
7,320,690
5,383,026
4,865,291
6,737,608
7,730,818
6,283,532
5,544,095
5,857,996
6,517,862
4,908,190
4,701,310

$4,046,607
4,680,347
5.626,874
6,577,030
7,059,649
8,825.222
9,567,962
6,181,933
7,413,407
11,009,594
12,133,672
10,776,701

$7,690,477
6,537,821
7,503,396
8,418,446
9,950,939
10,399,722
7,174,981
9,805,066
10,864,731
8,476,207
8,638,281
5,917,070

Total exports . . . .

$60,119,248

87,653,849

71,523,609

93,889,998 101,377,087

It will be seen from the foregoing that the specie exports fell off to­
wards the close of the year, and the total for the month of December is
smaller than for any previous month for many years. The exports of do­
mestic produce would have been much larger, but for the small amount of
breadstuffs at the seaboard. The falling off in shipments in wheat and
flour is very large; but the exports of provisions, and especially o f pork,
beef, cut meats, and lard, have largely increased. There has been a falling
off in shipments o f sperm oil, owing to the scarcity of stock, and the ship­




Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854.

301

ments of whalebone have also greatly decreased. Indian corn has been
taken very freely for export, the total shipments having increased 400 per
cent. W e annex a comparative table, showing the exports o f the most
prominent articles of produce:—
*
EXPORTS OF CERTAIN ARTICLES OF DOMESTIC PRODUCE FROM NEW YORK TO FOREIGN
PORTS, IN THE YEAR----

m.

1851.
A

s h e s —P o t s ..................................................... bbls.

P ea rls......................................................................
B e e s w a x .............................................................. lbs.
B r e a d s t u f f s — W heat flou r......................... bbls.
.Rye f lo u r ................................................................
Corn m eal..............................................................
W heat............................................................. bush.

R y e ...................................................................
Oats...................................................................
Barley................................................................
C orn..................................................................
Candles—Mo u ld ...................................... boxes
Sperm................................................................
Co a l ...............................................................tons
C o t t o n ........................................................ bales
H a y .......................................................................
H o p s .....................................................................
Naval Stores .............................................. bbls.
Oils — Whale............................................... galls.
Sperm ...............................................................
L a r d ..................................................................
L inseed ............................................................
P rovisions—Po r k ....................................... bbls.
Beef...................................................................
Cut meats..................................................... lbs.
Butter................................................................
C heese...............................................................
Lard....................................................................
R ic e ........... ..............................................tierces
T a l l o w ...........................................................lbs.
T obacco—Crude......................................... pkgs.
Manufactured.......................
lbs.
W halebone .........................................................

24,028
1,037

m

16,790
1.088
412,732
1,365,597
8,303
45,897
3,124 226
236.400
10,830
307
758,438
59.802
3.937
37,161
330.079
7,520
740
530,051
62,822
795,051
28.011
12,427
39.025
4n,875
1,528,894
G92,249
1,249,021
4,545,041
26,113
451,386
25,638
4.670,409
1,033,980

1,204,322
8,244
38,388
1,408,405
13,162
5,282
1,605.074
37,932
4,173
11,298
289.045
5,775
418
307 240
1,122,818
543.555
210,492
7.972
47,482
40,147
3.427,111
2,130,538
7,487.139
5,086,857
29,100
2,221,258
19.195
3.798,334
1,802,526

11,077
796
224,268
2,150,012
5,302
46,516
7,244,319
28,981
63,732
100
1,102,397
47,503
5,335
33,875
375,733
4,775
328
470,521
259,173
956.256
52,709
20,355
71,641
52,243
8,534.509
1,967,375
7,184,890
6,915,393
25,342
3,494,556
24.150
5,017,302
3,167,0»7

1854.
9,652
1,876
218,177
888,735
10.354
67.858
1,671,013
320.901
63,999
72
4,673.371
51,247
10,450
22,332
308,683
3.886
13.289
656.473
361,315
680,537
33,194
11,610
116,869
95,513
17,333.742
2,045,432
3,817,407
15,785,303
22.947
6,004,197
35,735
3,700,444
735,799

W e annex a complete summary o f the shipments of domestic cottons to
foreign ports for the year 1S54, compared with the total for former years,
to show where the deficiency is chargeable
EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC COTTONS FROM PORT OF NEW YORK TO FOREIGN PORTS.
W here to.
M e x ic o ............................................ packages
Dutch West Indies........................................
Swedish W est Indies.....................................
Danish West I n d ie s ......................................
British West Indies........................................
Spanish West Indies......................................
St. Dom ingo......................................................
British North A m e r ic a ................................
New Grenada....................................................
B r a z il................................................................
V e n e z u e la ........................................................
Argentine R e p u b lic ......................................
B o liv ia ..............................................................
Central A m erica..............................................
W est Coast o f South A m erica....................
H onduras..........................................................
A fr ic a ................................................................
East In d ia........................................................
Australia............................................................
A ll other ports..................................................
Total p a ck a g es ........................................
Total from Boston....................................

1850.

1851.

1852.

1853.

1854.

2,863
289
10
56
131
129
1,208
47
200
1,478
990
249

820
352
24
201
131
132
1,895
195
153
3.178
865
8G

1.479
321
21
70
131
. 77
736
108
643
3.281
865
1,475

8,765
292
3
82
89
13
282
56
396
1,194
462
250

1,713
306
3
147
903
69
208
54
112
2,682
988
1,445

384
3,649
10 L
538
20,091

1,218
1,395
150
1.772
27,902

653
2,743
246
3,405
38,413
25

7i3
1,642
179
1,239
18,880
200
82

43
809
276
1,007
12,436
529
550

54,692
59,395

34,828
54,729

24,280
35,438

i30
32.155
34,307

31
40,560
40,589

'

The falling off is greatest to the East Indies, the disturbances in China
having greatly interrupted that trade.




302

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854.

W e also annex a comparison of the wholesale prices at the port of New
York, on the opening of the New Year, of many leading articles o f prod­
uce and merchandise, which will be found highly useful for all engaged in
trade and commerce with that p ort:—
COMPARATIVE PRIOES AT NEW YORK ON JANUARY 3 d .

1853. 1854.
A

Pots, 100 l b s . .
P ea rls..........................

shes—

$4 56* $5 50
4 75
5 75

1855.
L iqu or s—

9
12
7
4
2
2
2
2
2
1

M o l a s s e s — N. Orleans.
Na v al St o r e s —

B readstuffs—

W heat fl., State,bbls.
D o. best extra G e n ..
R j e flou r....................
Corn meal, J e r s e y ...
W heat— Wh. Gen., b.
W hite M ichigan ...
W hite O h io............
W hite S ou th ern ...
Reil W estern..........
R ye, N orth ern ..........

5
6
4
3
1
1
1
1
1

Corn, old W es tern ..
Corn, new Southern.
C o t t o n —Mid Upld. lb.
Mid. N. O rlean s...
F i s h — Dry cod, q n t l...
5
2
F r u it — Bch. raisii.s.bx.
Currants, l b ............
1
H ay —Shipping, 100 lbs.
H emp—Rough Am. ton 142
I ron —Scotch pig, ton.
English b a r s ..........
L a t h s - Per M ..............
L e a d —Spanish, t o n . . .
G a le n a ....................
L

eather

31
65
2
5
6

56*
50
50
81*
34
30
29
27
25
92
52
75
69
9*

8
8
5
3
2
1
1
1
1
1

75
50
37*
75
05
95
90
90
78
24
50
82
79

25
00
25
31*
62*
40
35
30
10
37i

1 02
1 02

7*

i

10*
8*
9
3 00
3 12*
75
30
2 75
2 65
10
18
23
00
1 00
87*
00 185 00 170 00
25
36
00
27 50
37 00
00
56 00
70 00
37£
2 00
1 50
6 12*
75
5 25
00
6 75
6 25

—

Hem lock, sole, It., lb.
O a k ..............................
L i m e — Com . R ok ld. bl.

1853.

$6 50
7 50

Brandy, new Ot’d. gal.
Dom estic w h isk y___
Crude turpentine, bl.
Spirits
41
gal.
Com . rosin, N. C., bl.
O i l s —Crude whale, gal.
Crude s p e r m .. .
L in seed ..............

23
27
1 12*

17
26
85

4 25
63
1 40
63
1 20
67

$3 65
$4 50
27*
37
28
27

4 75

4 00
44
1 85
65
1 70
81

60
1 75
70
1 30
63

Provisions—

Pork, old mess, b b l . .
Beet, city m ess..........
Beet, repkVl Chicago
Beel hams, e x tr a .. . .
Hams, pickled, lb ___
Shoulders, p ic k le d .. .
L a r d ............................
Butter, O h i o ..............
Butter, S la te ..............
Butter, Orange c o . ..
R i c e — G ood, 100 l b s . . .
Sa l t —

Liverpool ground, sk.
Do. fine, Ashton’ s . . .
S e e d s — Clover, l b ........

S ugar —C uba, g o o d . ..
17
23
1 12*

$2 60
25*
30

1854. 1855.

T a l l o w — Per lb ............
W HALEBONE— Polar . . .
W ool—Com . fle e ce ,lb .

19
16
12
13
15

00
13 50
00
11 25
75
13 50
50
13 50
50
15 00
10*
9
8
8*
12*
10
18
12
22
18
ii7
21
10
8*
4 12*
4 37*

I 18
2 00
10
5
101
47
40

1 17
1 80

101
51
10*
45
40

12
12
14
15
16

50
25
00
12*
00
9

61

10f
17
22
26
10*
4 25

1 05
1 60
11
5
12*
41
27

The prices of breadstuff's show the most important variation. A t this
time last year, best extra Genessee flour, such as is used in good families,
was selling at $8 50, and the year before at $6 50; now it is worth .§12.
Cotton and iron are 25 per cent lower than last year. Pork is low er;
good beef and butter are higher.
S H IP -B U IL D IN G

IN

N EW YORK.

A much larger number of ships have been finished in the ship-yards
of New York during the year 1854 than in any former year, the total
tonnage launched amounting to 80,130 tons, including 88 vessels o f all
descriptions, of which 26 were full-rigged ships, and 4 steamships. The
following will show the comparative tonnage launched and on the stocks,
at the close of the year, with the number o f large ships and steamers
finished in each year :—
SHIP-BUILDING AT NEW YORK.

Years.
1849.................................... .....................
1850.................................... ..................
1851.................................... ..................
1852........................................................
1853.................................... ....................
1854.................................... ....................

Large
ships.
17
18
22
10
18
26

Steamships.
3
14
11
11
10
4

Tons.
launched.
38,085
52,225
65,521
53.048
46,479
80,130

On stocks.
23,890
27,516
15,240
22,576
58,749
17,423

Total
launched.
61,965
79,741
80,761
75,624
105,228
97,553

The trade has been, however, far from prosperous, and closes very much
depressed in all its branches.




Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork fo r 1854.

303

TOBACCO.

The following will show the inspections of domestic tobacco at New
York for the last ten years, and the stock on hand at the close of the
year
INSPECTIONS.

*

Virginia
and North
Carolina. O hio. Maryland. Total.
Hhds.
Hhds.
Hhds.
Hhds.
186
7 660
48
45
1,785
102
7,669
81
3,893
90
4
12,204
975
55
9
11,022
2,254
29
100
13.136
1,437
28
122
13,794
655
6
100
13,046
36 L
1
3
20,472
o
167
4
11,457
295
21
9,611

K entucky.
Hhds.
7,387
5,701
8.217
9.983
10,753
12.207
12.285
20,107
11,284
9,295

Years.
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855

Stock,
J a n .1.
Hhds.
4,121
3,355
2.901
5,200
5,531
6,064
6,374
5,096
9,640
7,648
3,588

The following will show the iuqiortations and stock of foreign tobacco
at New Y o rk :—
IMPORTS.
Years.
1852........................................
1853. .................................... ............................
1854........................................

Cuba.
Bales.

Havana.
Bales.
9,546
11,512
13,467

18.666

Y ara.
Bales.
2,069

A ll other.
Bales.
3,860
",’,955
4,243

Total.
Bales.
41,885
38,133
39,824

STOCKS.
1853...................................... .............................
1854...................................... ............................

5,111
3,998

3,017
2,604

1,788

9,916
7,575

973

The following will show the quantity of pot and pearl ashes inspected
in New York in each of the last two years :—
Pots.

1853.

Pearls.

1854.

1853.

1854,

Total.

1853.

1854.

First sorts..........................................................
S e c o n d ..............................................................
T h ird ..................................................................
C ondem ned.......................................................

13,227
2,356
502
....

11,532
1,903
530
125

6,709
1,838
332
11

4,308
1,753
244
9

19,936
41,194
834
174

15.840
3,656
774
134

Total barrels.............................................

16,248

14,090

8,890

6,314

25,138

20,404

The following will show the stock on hand in New York Inspection
Warehouse, on the 31st December in each of the last five years:—
/---------------------------- P O T S . ---------------------------------- 4

Years.
1850 ........................
1851 ........................
1852 ........................
1853 ........................
1854 ........................

1st
sorts.
1,360
1,330
1,264
652
133

2d
sorts,
1,059
96
471
223
58

3d
Consorts, dem ned.
236
164
90
37
119
85
43
17
63
20

Total
pots.
2,828
1,553
1,939
935
274

/------------------------ P E A R L S . -------------------------»

1st
sorts,
1,708
351
1,084
435
68

2d
3d Con- Total
sorts, sorts, dem ’ d. pearls.
237
69
22
2,046
49
27
..
427
353
58
8
1,503
294
82
1
812
14
15
..
9T

From the above it will be seen that tlie stock on band is very trifling,
and much smaller than for any previous year named in the comparison.
t
IM M IG R A T IO N .

The number of aliens which arrived at the port shows an increase, but
not as great a difference as in some former years, as will appear by the
following comparison:—




304

Trade and Commerce o f N ew Y ork f o r 1854.

January........................
February .....................
M a rch ..........................
A p ril.............................
M ay...............................
June...............................
J u l y ....................................

A u g u s t ........................
S e p te m b e r..................
October........................
^November...................
D ecem ber............. .....
T ota l....................
W e a ls o a n n e x

1810.

1851.

1852.

1851.

1854.

13,154
3,206
5,569
14,627'
42,846
11,762
34,446
18,092
21,054
23,260
17,947
6,833

14,709
8,170
16,055
27,779
33,847
34,402
27,612
30,251
33,586
21,497
29,565
12,117

11,592
5.342
21,726
28,193
33,372
49,225
29,403
34.513
36/777
17,765
16,573
16,511

4.901
11,958
9,685
23,283
30,212
45,578
22,898
33,632
30.288
23,201
31,485
17,824

15,614
4,446
3,758
31,148
54,078
25,807
35,247
29,416
25,759
38,378
20,276
23,812

300,992

284,945

307,639

212,796
;a s u m m a r y t o

289,255

s h o vv t h e

c c im p a r a tiv c

im m ig r a tio n

of

I r i s h a n d G e r m a n s i n e a c h o f t h e l a s t e i g h t y e a r s :—
TABLE OF GERMAN AND IRISH EMIGRATION.
Years.

German.

Irish.

1 8 4 7 ......................
1848 ......................
1849 ...............
1850 ......................

53,180
51,913
55,705
45,535

52.946
98,061
112,691
117,038

Years.
| 1851........

| 1852........
1 1853........
| 1854........

German.

Irish.

60,883
118.011
110,644
168,723

163,256
118,131
113,161
80,200

The total for eight years shows 853,484 Irish against 084,654 Germans,
but the latter are now on the increase.
W e have already occupied so much space with our tables that we have
no room for extended comments. The foregoing statistics tell their own
story of the Trade and Commerce of the city, and are sufficiently intellible, we trust, to need no further elucidation. The New Year dawns more
brightly upon us, and in many respects will be more favorable to our
commercial interests than the twelvemonths which are included in our
Review. Confidence, which can be dissipated in a night, is ever o f elow
growth, but it is gradually returning. The banks having a more enlarged
specie basis, are again extending their accommodations; business, although
not yet very active, is reviving in nearly all branches, and the money
pressure is no longer burdensome. The American people .have more re­
cuperative energy than all the rest of the world combined. No disaster
seems to leave upon us any permanent record o f its visit, and a very little
sunshine in our horizon does away with every memento of the storm.
The most painful record for the past year, although not peculiar to the
history of New York, is the loss o f life and property at sea. Something
must be done to check this frightful calamity, or our insurance companies
will themselves need insuring. W e do not believe that these losses are a
direct infliction from an Almighty hand, beyond the control of natural
causes. Our ships have multiplied faster than experienced officers and
seamen, and the whole system of naval discipline needs to be remodeled.
There is no longer any method of enforcing obedience upon our merchant
ships. The crew, shipping for short voyages, draw their wages in advance,
and do not care for confinement; so that corporeal punishment has been
abolished, with no substitute which is at all dreaded. The Apprentice
system, -if sanctioned by judicious legislation, will end in the supply of
well-taught sailors, but a practical method of enforcing obedience outside
o f the lash, has not yet been devised. This subject is one of great impor­
tance to our Commerce, and amid the conflicting opinions entertained in
regard to it, is one not easily settled.




305

P rogress o f P opu lation in the United States.

Art. II.— PROGRESS OF POPULATION IN TIIE UNITED STATES.
,

CH A PTER X II.

P A U P E R IS M

AND

C R IM E .

In the most fortunate and best regulated community a portion will be
found who are unable to earn a subsistence by their own efforts, and an­
other portion who violate the rights of others; in other words, no country
is exempt from poverty and crime. In considering these drawbacks from
the benefits of civilization, our notice will at once show their amount and
the means adopted by the laws for their correction.
The relief afforded to the destitute by individual contribution is too
minute and irregular to be estimated by statistics. Our attention will,
therefore, be confined to those who are relieved by public charities.
According to the returns of the seventh census, the number of paupers
in file United States on the 1st of June, 1850, was 50,353, which is equal
to about 1 for every 40,000 o f the free population. Somewhat more than
a fourth of them are foreigners, and they are thus distributed among the
several States:—
States.

M aine......................
N ew Ham pshire. .
Verm ont.................
Massachusetts........
R hode Island . . . .
Connecticut............
N ew Y o r k .............
N ew Jersey...........
Pennsylvania. . . .
D elaw are................
M aryland................
Virginia...................
North Carolina .
South Carolina . .
G e o r g ia ..................

Natives.

3,209
1,998
1,565
4,059
492
1,463
5,155
1,339
2,654
240
1,681
4,356
1,567
1,113
825

Foreign. Total. 1

326 3,515
186 2,184
314 1,879
1,490 6,549
204
696
281 1,744
7,078 12,833
239 1,578
1,157 3,811
33
273
320 2,001
102 4,458
13 1,580
180 1,293
29
854

States.

F lo r id a .. . .
A la b a m a ...
Mississippi.
L ouisian a..
T ex as.........
Arkansas...
Tennessee..
Missouri. . .
K en tu ck y..
Ohio............
Indiana . . .
Illinois........
Michigan . .
Wisconsin .
Io w a ...........

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........

Natives. Foreign. Total
4
62
315
306
9
12
245
257
106
30
.
.
.
4
4
.
.
.
67
67
14
591
677
254
505
690
87
777
419 1,673
446
137
583
155
434
181
429
248
166
238
44
17

T otal.........

13,437 50,353

The annual cost o f supporting these paupers is $2,954,806, equivalent
to $58 to each paujier.
Besides these public charities, in all the cities many o f the poor are re­
lieved by permanent charitable societies.
The information as yet derived from the seventh census respecting crim­
inals is of a very limited character. The following table exhibits the num­
ber of convictions within the year preceding, the number imprisoned on
June 1, 1850, distinguishing the foreigners from the natives:—
States.

Maine............................
N ew Hampshire . . . .
V e r m o n t ....................
Massachusetts.............
E,hode Island..............
C onnecticut................
N ew Y ork ...................
N ew Jersey................
Pennsylvania..............
D elaw a re....................
V O L . X X X I I .-----N O . I I I .




N o. o f convictions within
the year.
Foreign.
Total.

N atives.

284
66
34
3,866
309
545
3,962
346
564
22

460
24
45
3,884
287
305
6,317
257
293
....

20

744
90
79
7,250
596
850
10,279
603
857
22

No. in prison, June 1,
1850.
Foreign. Total.

Natives.

66
28
64
653
58
244
649
198
296
14

34
5
41
583
45
66
639
92
115
. ••

100
33
105
1,236
103
310
1,288
290
411
14

306

P rogress o f P opu lation in the United States.
N o. o t convictions w ithin
the year.
Foreign.
Total.

States.

Natives.

M aryland...............................
District o f Columbia..........
V irginia.................................
North Carolina......................
South Carolina..................... .
G e o r g ia .................................
F lo rid a ...................................
A la b a m a ...............................
Mississippi............................
L ouisiana...............................
Texas.......................................
Arkansas................................
Tennessee...............................
Missouri..................................
K entucky...............................
Ohio.........................................
Indiana............. .. ..................
Illinois.....................................
M ich igan ...............................
■Wisconsin.............................
I o w a ........................................
California...............................
Minnesota...............................
N ew M exico..........................
O re g o n ...................................
U ta h .......................................

325

72

291
647
21
36
9
69
45
240
5
35
276
55
41
102
41
164
139
26
5
35

22
43
15
7
2
1
1
183
10
27
10
125
11
31
18
88
102
35

37
5
6

•. .

3

207
132
107
647
46
80
39
122
51
297
19
25
81
908
160
843
175
316
659
267
3
1
2
108
5
9

3

397
46
313
690
36
43
11
70
46
423
15
62
288
180
52
133
59
252
241
61
5
62
1
38
5
9

18,691

26,679

4,925

2,457

7,428

24
9
13
14
8
6
5
2
100
4
1
8
666
34
154
25
189
386
162
1

634

15

1
4

. ..

Total...............................

N o. in prison, June 1,
1850.
Foreign. Toial.

Native.

...
27
1
1

...

The following table of persons in jails and penitentiaries, was made up
at the Census Office from the population returns; and though not agree­
ing with the preceding,* it is here inserted, partly because it is more
likely to be accurate, and partly because it distinguishes the sexes, and
the white from the colored population :—
r~ —

...........
...........
.............

110
25
128

North Carolina.........................
South Carolina........................ ..............
Georgia ................................. ...........
Florida.......................................

31
88

..

5
2
2
i
i
i

..

34
10
11
13
4

...

..

3
21
1
9
1
21
10
4

,,
..

42
3
30
251
49
103
5
120
28
69
2

..

..

G. total..

322

SO

125
14
29
545
37
123

79
91
69 ..
389 42
35
3
146 27
1,380 230
123 48
328 94
1
4
115 99
27 18
130 65
12
2
32
89
12 . .

1.— N
Total . . .

...........

10
70
6
6

...........

17
14

Fem ales.

35

..
..
..

62
77
39
264
21
117
835
86
205
1
81
17
119
12
19
85
12

Males . . .

2

T otal . . .

89
69

F o re ig n .

..............
..............

Native . .

M a in e ........................................
N ew H a m p sh ire....................
V erm on t...................................
M assachusetts........................
Rhode Island..........................
C onn ecticut.............................
N ew Y o r k ...............................
New Jersey..............................
Pennsylvania...........................
D elaw are.................................
M aryland.................................
District o f Columbia..............

Fem ales.

Males . . .

States.

r— C(.ilore

-W h ite s.-------

79
91
69
431
38
176
1,631
172
431
6
235
55
199
14
32
89
12

* Som e o f the discrepancy arises from the fact that the last table includes slaves, w hich w ere not
com prehended in the first. Notwithstanding this, the proportion o f crim e is m uch less in the slave­
holding States, even in the native population. A ccording to Mr. Bow ’s statement (see com pendium ,
age 16,) the num ber o f crim inals in those States is less than one-third o f the w hole, o r 988 out o f
,259.

S




307

P rogress o f P opu lation in the United States.
Whites.
2!
s
ES
■<
<5

States.

CO

A labam a...................................................
M ississippi...............................................
Louisiana..................................................
T e x a s .......................................................
A rk a n s a s................................................
Tennessee.................................................
M issouri...................................................
Kentucky..................................................
Ohio...........................................................
Indiana.....................................................
Illin o is .....................................................
M ich ig a n .................................................
W iscon sin ................................................

116
86
191
5
37
188
165
147
359
131
127
Ill
27

Iowa........................................................

2

1
4

1

3

21
80
89
2
37
180
107
126
291
106
85
73
8
2

3
-1
<t>

h'

CO

f
97
5
106
3
9
58
21
71
25
42
38
19
. . .

—
Cc lored
2

117
85
195
5
37
189
165
147
362
131
127
111
27
2

2
1
54
1
1
6
1
15
41
15
8
16
3

T o ta l................................................. 4,643 115 3,259 1,499 4,758 801

CH APTER

TH E PR O D U C TS

OP

B

H
p

O

2
1
71
1
1
7
1
15
44
15
9
16
3

119
86
266
6
38
196
166
162
406
146
136
127
30
2

12

1

3
1

..
..

b

E

S'

87 888 5,646

X III.

A G R IC U L T U R E .

O f all the pursuits of human industry, that of agriculture, which so
multiplies the fruits o f the earth, is the most important in the eyes o f the
statesman and philosopher. It affords all the materials to manufactures;
contributes largely to those o f commerce, and, more than all, it furnishes
food to man. It thus determines the numbers, wealth, and strength of all
large communities, and constitutes the only solid and permanent basis for
their prosperity.
Under the most improved system of husbandry, its products are greatly
affected by the seasons, and a diminution o f the crop produces, in much
greater proportion, an enhancement o f price. This evil is greatly miti­
gated in modern times by the extension and improvement of the commerce
between nations, hut it is not remedied; and though it very rarely hap­
pens that an individual in a civilized community dies o f actual starvation,
yet in seasons o f scarcity members slowly perish from an insufficiency of
wholesome food.
From this dire calamity the United States are now entirely exempt, and
in future times, when their population becomes dense, they have a defense
against it which few countries possess. They cultivate two kinds o f grain
— wheat and Indian corn—-which are equally palatable and wholesome,
and which, ripening at different times o f the year, and requiring a differ­
ence of seasons, it rarely happens that they both fail in the same yea r; and
thus the deficiency in some places is compensated by the abundance in
others.
These products having been distributed under nearly the same heads by
the census of 1850 as by that o f 1840, they can be readily compared, and
the progress of the country in most o f the items can be seen. The num­
ber of live stock and the quantity of the principal agricultural products in
1850, may be seen in the following table:—




308

P rogress o f P opu lation in the United States.

States.
M aine.........................................
N ew H am pshire......................
V erm on t............................
M assachusetts..........................
B hode Island..............................
Connecticut................................
N ew Y o r k ...............................
N ew Jersey..............................
Pennsylvania............................
D e la w a re ..................................
Maryland...................................
District o f Colum bia..............
V ir g in ia ....................................
North Carolina.........................
South Carolina........................
G eorgia......................................
Florida.......................................
A la b a m a ...................................
Mississippi.................................
Louisiana..................................
T e x a s ........................................
A rk a n s a s..................................
Tennessee..................................
M issou ri....................................
Kentucky,.......................... . . .
O h io............................................
Indiana.......................................
Hlinois........................................
Michigan.....................................
W isconsin..................................
I o w a ..........................................
C a lifo rn ia ................................
Minnesota..................................
N ew M exico.............................
O r e g o n ......................................
U t a h ..........................................
T o ta l.............................
States.

M aine..........................
N ew Hampshire . . .
V erm ont....................
M assachusetts..........
B hode Is la n d ...........
C onnecticut...............
N ew Y ork..................
N ew J e r s e y ...........
P en n sylva n ia...........
D e la w a re ..................
M aryland....................
District o f Columbia
V irg in ia ....................
North C arolin a.........
South C a ro lin a .........
G e o r g ia ......................
Florida.........................
A labam a....................
Mississippi..................
Louisiana....................
T e x a s ..........................
A rk a n s a s....................
Tennessee...................




Horses.
41/721
34,233
61,057
42,216
6,168
26,879
447,014
63,955
350,398
13,852
75,684
824
272,403
148,693
97,171
151,331
10,848
128,001
115,460
89,514
76,760
60,197
270,636
225,319
315,682
463,397
314,299
267,653
58,606
30,179
38,536
21,719
860
5,079
8,046
2,429
4,336,719

A s s e s and
m u les.

M ilc h c o w s .

W o r k in g
oxen.

55

1 3 3 ,5 5 6

8 3 ,8 9 3

19

9 4 ,2 7 7

5 9 ,0 2 7

218

1 4 6 ,1 2 8

1

4 8 .5 7 7

1 8 ,6 9 8

8 ,1 8 9

49

8 5 ,4 6 1

4 6 ,9 8 8
1 7 3 ,9 0 9

963

9 3 1 ,3 2 4

4 ,0 8 9

1 1 8 ,7 3 6

1 2 ,0 7 0

2 ,2 5 9

5 3 0 ,2 2 4

6 1 ,5 2 7

791

1 9 ,2 4 8

9 ,7 9 7

5 ,6 4 4

8 6 ,8 5 6

3 4 ,1 3 5

57

813

104

2 1 ,4 8 3

3 1 7 ,6 1 9

8 9 ,5 1 3

2 5 ,2 5 9

2 2 1 ,7 9 9

3 7 ,3 0 9

3 7 ,4 8 3

1 9 3 ,2 4 4

5 7 ,3 7 9

3 3 4 ,2 2 3

2 0 ,6 0 7
7 3 ,2 8 6

5 ,0 0 2

7 2 ,8 7 6

5 ,7 9 4

5 9 ,8 9 5

2 2 7 ,7 9 1

6 6 ,9 6 1

5 4 ,5 4 7

2 1 4 ,2 3 1

8 3 ,4 8 5

4 4 ,8 4 9

1 0 5 ,5 7 6

5 4 ,9 6 8
5 1 ,2 8 5

1 2 ,4 6 3

2 1 7 ,8 1 1

1 1 ,5 5 9

9 3 ,1 5 1

3 4 ,2 3 9

7 5 ,3 0 3

2 5 0 ,4 5 6

8 6 ,2 5 5

4 1 ,6 6 7
6 5 ,6 0 9

2 3 0 ,1 6 9

1 1 2 ,1 6 8

2 4 7 ,4 7 5

6 2 ,2 7 4

3 ,4 2 3

5 4 4 ,4 9 9

6 5 ,3 8 1

6 ,5 9 9

2 8 4 ,5 5 4

4 9 ,2 2 1

1 0 ,6 7 3

2 9 4 ,6 7 1

7 6 ,1 5 6

70

9 9 ,6 7 6

5 5 ,3 5 0

156

6 4 ,3 3 9

4 2 ,8 0 1

754

4 5 ,7 0 4

2 1 ,8 9 2

1 ,6 6 6

4 ,2 8 0

4 ,7 9 0

14

607

655

8 ,6 5 4

1 0 ,6 3 5

1 2 ,2 5 7

420

9 ,4 2 7

8 ,1 1 4

325

4 ,8 6 1

5 ,2 6 6

5 5 9 ,3 3 1

6 ,3 8 5 ,0 9 4

1 ,7 0 0 ,7 4 4

O th e r ca ttle.

S h eep .

S w in e .

1 2 5 ,8 9 0

4 5 1 ,5 7 7

1 1 4 ,6 0 6

3 8 4 ,7 5 6

6 3 ,4 8 7

1 5 4 ,1 4 3

1 ,0 1 4 ,1 2 2

6 6 ,2 9 6

5 4 ,5 9 8

9 ,3 7 5

4 4 ,2 9 6

1 9 ,5 0 9

8 0 ,2 2 6

1 7 4 ,1 8 1

7 6 ,4 7 2

7 6 7 ,4 0 6

3 ,4 5 3 ,2 4 1

1 ,0 1 8 ,2 5 2

8 0 ,4 5 5

1 6 0 ,4 8 8

2 5 0 ,3 7 0

5 0 2 ,1 9 6

1 ,8 2 2 ,3 5 7

1 ,0 4 0 ,3 6 6

2 4 ,1 6 6

2 7 ,5 0 3

5 6 ,2 6 1

9 8 ,5 9 5

1 7 7 ,9 0 2

3 5 2 ,9 1 1

123

150

1 ,6 3 5

6 6 9 ,1 3 7

1 ,3 1 0 ,0 0 4

1 ,8 2 9 ,8 4 3

4 3 4 ,4 0 2

5 9 5 ,2 4 9

1 ,8 1 2 ,8 1 3

5 6 3 ,9 3 5

2 8 5 ,5 5 1

1 ,0 6 5 ,5 0 3

6 9 0 ,0 1 9

5 6 0 ,4 3 5

2 ,1 6 8 ,6 1 7

1 8 2 ,4 1 5

2 3 ,3 1 1

2 0 9 ,4 5 3

4 3 3 ,2 6 3

3 7 1 ,8 8 0

1 ,9 0 4 ,5 4 0

4 3 6 ,2 5 4

3 0 4 ,9 2 9

1 ,5 8 2 ,7 3 4

4 1 4 ,7 9 8

1 1 0 ,3 3 3

5 9 7 ,3 0 1

6 1 ,0 1 8

1 0 0 ,5 3 0

6 9 2 ,0 2 2

1 6 5 ,3 2 9

9 1 ,2 5 6

8 3 6 ,7 2 7

4 1 4 ,0 5 1

8 1 1 ,5 9 1

3 ,1 0 4 ,8 0 0

P rogress o f P opu lation in the United States.
States.
M issouri............................
Kentucky ...................... .
O h io .................................
I n d ia n a ............................
Illin o is ..............................
Michigan .........................
W is co n s in ...................... .
Iow a ...............................
California ...................... .
M in n e so ta ......................
N ew M e x ic o ....................
Oregon .............................
U tah ............................... .

Other cattle.
449,173
442,763
749,067
389,891
541,209
119,471
76,293
69,025
253,699
740
10,085
24,188
2,489

T o ta l......................

9,693,069

States.
M aine.................................
N ew Hampshire...............
V e r m o n t ...........................
M assachusetts..................
Khode Isla n d ...................
Connecticut........................
N ew Y ork..........................
N ew Jersey......................
Pennsylvania....................
D elaw are...........................
M aryland...........................
District o f Columbia___
V irginia.............................
North Carolina.................
South Carolina.................
Georgia..............................
F lorida..............................
A labam a............................
Mississippi........................
Louisiana...........................
T e x a s .................................
A rk a n sa s...........................
Tennessee...........................
K entucky...........................
Missouri..............................
Illinois.................................
Indiana..............................
O h io ....................................
Michigan............................
W isco n sin .........................
I o w a ...................................
.
M in n esota........................
New M e x ic o ....................
O regon...............................
U t a h .................................
T o t a l .................... .
States.

Rhode Island.....................




Sheep.
762,511
1,102,091
3,942,929
1,122,493
894,043
746,435
124,896
149,966
17,574
80
377,271
15,382
3,262

Swine.
1,702,625
2,891,163
1,964,770
2,263,776
1,915,907
205,847
159,276
323,247
2,776
734
7,314
30,235
914

21,723,220

30,354,213

Value of
Value of
Bushels of
live stock, slaughtered animals.
wheat.
§9,105,726
§1,646,773
226,259
1,522,873
185,658
8,871,901
12,643,228
1,861,336
635,955
9,647,710
2,500,924
31,211
667,486
49
1,532,637
2,202,266
41,762
1,467,490
13,121,498
73,570,409
13,573,883
10,679,291
2,638,552
1,601,190
8,219,848
15,367,691
41,500,053
1,849,281
373,665
482,511
7,997,634
1,954,809
4,494,689
9,638
17,370
71,643
33,656,659
7,502,986
11,212,616
5,767,866
2,130,102
17,717,647
15,060,015
3,502,637
1,066,277
25,728,416
6,339,762
1,088,534
2,880,058
514,685
1,027
21,690,112
4,823,485
294,044
19,403,662
3,636,582
137,990
11,152,275
1,458,990
417
1,116,137
41,729
10,412,927
6,647,960
1,163,313
169,639
29,978,016
6,401,765
1,619,386
29,661,436
6,462,598
2,142,822
19,887,580
3,367,106
2,981,652
24,209,258
4,972,286
9,414,575
22,478,555
6,567,935
6,214,458
44,121,741
7,439,243
14,487,351
5,808,734
4,925,889
1,328,327
4,897,385
920,178
4,286,831
3,689,275
821,164
1,630,581
3,351,058
17,328
107,173
92,859
1,401
2,840
196,516
1,491,629
82,125
1,876,189
164,530
211,913
546,968
67,985
107,702
§544,180,516 §111,703,142

309

Bushelso
rye.
102,916
183,117
176,233
481,021
26,409
600,893
4,148,182
1,255,578
4,816,169
8,066
226,014
5,509
458,930
239,563
43,790
53,750
1,152
17,261
9,606
475
3,108
8,047
89,137
415,073
44,268
83,364
78,792
425,918
105,871
81,253
19,916
125
106
210

100,485,944

14,188,813

Bushels o f
Indian corn.

Bushels o f
oats.

L b s. o f

1,750,056
1,573,670
2^032^396
2,345,490
539,201

2,181,637
973^381
2,307,734
1,165,146
215^232

rice.

910

P rogress o f P opu lation in the United States.
Bushels o f
Indian corn.

Bushels o f
oats.

1,935,043
17,868,400
8,759,704
19,835,214
3,145,542
10,749,858
65,230
35,254,319
27,941,051
16,271,454
30,080,099
1,996,809
28,754,048
22,446,552
10,266,373
6,028,876
8,893,939
52,276,223
58,672,591
36,214,537
57,646,984
52,964,363
59,078,695
6,641,420
1,988,979
8,656,799
12,236
16,725
365,411
2,918
9,899

1,258,738
26,552,844
3,378,663
21,538,156
664,518
1,242,151
8,134
10,179,144
4.052.078
2,322,155
3,820,044
66,586
2,965,696
1,503,288
89,637
199,017
656,183
7,703,086
8,201,311
5.278.079
10,087,241
5,655,014
13,472,742
2,866,056
3,414,672
1,524,345

692,071,104

146,584,179

States.
Connecticut................ .
N ew Y o r k ...................
N ew J e r s e y ...............
P enn sylvania...........
D e la w a r e ..................
M a ry la n d ..................
District o f Columbia.
Virginia.......................
North Carolina.......... .
South Carolina..........
G eorgia........................
Florida ....................
A labam a.................... .
M ississip p i................
L o u isia n a ..................
T e x a s ..........................
Arkansas....................
T ennessee..................
K entucky...................
M issouri......................
Illinois.........................
Indiana........................
O h io.............................
M ichigan....................
Wisconsin....................
I o w a ...........................
C a lifo rn ia ..................
M innesota..................
N ew M exico...............
O regon.........................
U t a h ...........................
Total
Pounds
tobacco.

M aine................................ ..
New Hampshire.................
Verm ont...............................
Massachusetts.....................
Rhode Island.......................
Connecticut.........................
New Y o r k ...........................
New Jersey.........................
Pennsylvania........................
Delaware.............................
Maryland.............................
District of Columbia...........
Virginia ..............................
North Carolina....................
South Carolina....................
G eorgia................................
Florida..................................
A lab a m a ..............................
Mississippi...........................
Louisiana..............................
Texas ....................................
Arkansas..............................
Tennessee............................
K entucky........................... ..
Missouri................................
Illin ois..................................
Indiana.................................




17,164
5,465,868
159,930,613
38,950,691
1,075,090
2,312,252
2,719,856
4,425,349
88,203
63,179
258,854
5,688
700

30,582
5
61,214
10,900

Bales cotton
o f 400 lbs. each.

50
138,246
1,267,624
83,189
310
912,651
21,407,497
7,820
56,803,227
11,984,786
74,285
423,924
998,614
164,990
49,960
26,878
66,897
218,936
20,148,932
65,501,196
17,113,784
841,394
1,044,620

L b s. o f
rice.

3,947
73,845
300,901
499,091
45,131
564,429
484,292
178,737
58,072
65,344
194,532
758

14

Pounds
w ool.

1,864,034
1,108,476
3,400,717
585,136
129,692
497,454
10,071,301
375,396
4,481,570
57,768
477,438
525
2,860,765
970,738
487,233
990,019
23,247
657,118
559,619
109,897
131,917
182,595
1,364,378
2,297,433
1,627,164
2,150,113
2,610,287

215,313,497
Bushels
peas A beans,

205,541
70,856
104,649
43,709
6,846
19,090
741,546
14,174
55,231
4,129
12,816
7,754
521,579
1,584,252
1,026,900
1,142,011
135,359
892,701
1,072,757
161,732
179,350
285,738
369,321
202,574
46,017
82,814
35,773

Progress o f Population in the United States.
O h i o .....................................
M ich igan ............................. ....
W isconsin............................ ....
I o w a ....................................
C alifornia............................
Minnesota.............................
N ew M exico........................
O regon..................................
U tah.....................................

Pounds
tobacco.
10 454 449
1^245
1,268
6 041
1,000

Bales cotton
of 400 lbs. each.

8,467
825
70

T o t a l ...............................

2,409,093
Irish
potatoes.

M a in e .................................
N ew H am p shire..............
V e r m o n t ...........................
Massachusetts................... .
Rhode Island ..................
C onnecticut...................... .
N ew Y o r k ........................
N ew Jersey......................
Pennsylvania....................
D e la w a re ..........................
M aryland...........................
District o f C olu m bia.. . .
V irginia..............................
North C arolina.................
South Carolina..................
G e o r g ia .............................
F lorida................................
A laba m a...........................
M ississippi........................

4,951,014
3,585,384

2,207,236
5,980,732

28,292

...
Texas .................................
A rk a n sa s..........................
T enn essee..........................
K entucky...........................
M issouri...................... .....
I llin o is ...............................
Indiana...............................
O h io ...................................
M ich ig a n ..........................
W isconsin..........................
I o w a ....................................

95,632
94,645
1,067,844

9,292
M innesota..........................
N ew M exico.....................___

60

T o ta l...................................

38,268,148
Value orchard
produce.

M a in e .................................
New H am pshire..............
V erm on t.............................
M assachusetts..................
Rhode Island....................
Connecticut...................... .........
N ew Y o r k ........................ ____
N ew Jersey ......................

80
5,629
508,015
52,172
65,443
208,993
3,497
1,813,634
5,095,709
4,337,460
6,986,428
757 226
5,475,204
4,741,795
1,428,453
1,332,158
788,149
2,777,716
998,179
336,505
167,433
201,711
187,991
1,177
879
6,243
1,000
200

3
91,326

U tah...................................




Sweet
potatoes.

175,148
1,761,950

Gallons
wine.
724
344
659
4,688
1,013
4,269
9,172
1,811

311

Bushels
Pounds
wool.
peas &• beans.
60,168
10,196,371
74,254
2,013,283
253,963
20,657
4 ’775
373,898
2’292
5,320
10^002
85
15,688
32,901
6,566
29,686
289
9^222
52,516,959
Bushels
buckwheat.
104,523
65,265
209,819
105^895
1,245
229,297
3,183,955
878,934
2,193,692
8,615
103,671
378
214,898
16,704
283
250
55
348
1 ,1 2 1

3
59
175
19,427
16,097
23,041
184,504
149,749
638,069
472,917
79,876
62,516
515
100

9,219,901
Bushels
barley.
151,731
7 0,256
42,150
112,385
18,875
19,090
3,585,059
6,492
165,584
56
745
75
25,437
2,733
4,583
11,501
3,958
22S
4,776
177
2,737
95,343
9,631
110,795
45,483
354,358
76,249
209,692
25,093
9,712
1,216
5

332

1,799

8,956,912

6,167,015

Value produce
of garden.
$122,387
66,810
18,853
600,020
98,298
196,874
912,047
475,242

Pounds
butter.
9,243,811
6,977,056
12,137,980
8,071,370
995,870
6,498,119
79,766,094
9,487,218

312

Progress o f Population in the United States.

Pennsylvania..........................
D e la w a re .................................
M aryland..................................
District o f Colum bia.............
V irginia....................................
North C arolin a.......................
South C a ro lin a .......................
G e o rg ia ....................................
F lorida.................. ...................
A la b a m a .................................
M ississippi...............................
L ouisian a.................................
T e x a s .......................................
A rk a n s a s.................................
Tennessee.................................
K e n tu ck y .................................
Missouri....................................
I llin o is .....................................
Indiana......................................
O h io ..........................................
M ichigan...................................
W isconsin.................................
Io w a ..........................................
California...................................
M innesota................................
N ew M e x ic o ............................

Value orchard
produce.
$723,389
46,574
164,051
14,843
177,137
34,348
35,108
92,776
1,280
15,408
50,405
22,359
12,505
40,141
52,894
106,230
514,711
446,049
324,940
695,921
132,650
4,823
8,434
17,709

Gallons
wine.
25,580
145
1,431
863
5,408
11,058
5,880
796
10
220
407
15
19
35
92
8,093
10,563
2,997
14,055
48,247
1,654
113
420
58,055

8,231
1,271

2,363

$7,723,186

221,249

IJtah..........................................
T otal......................................

Pounds
cheese.

M ain e........................................
N ew H a m p sh ire....................
V erm ont................................... .
M assachusetts........................ .
Rhode Island............................
Connecticut ......... t ..............
N ew York. ..............................
N ew J e r s e y ...............................
P enn sylvania............................
D e la w a re .................................
M aryland....................................
District o f C olum bia...............
V irginia......................................
North Carolina.........................
South Carolina.........................
G eorgia.......................................
F lo rid a .......................................
A la b a m a ...................................
M ississippi.................................
L ou isian a.................................
T exas.........................................
A rk an sas...................................
Tennessee...................................
K en tu ck y ...................................
Missouri.......................................
I llin o is ................ ....................
Indiana........................................
O h io ............................................
Michigan.....................................
W isconsin....................................




2,484,454
3,196,563
8,720,834
7,088,142
316,508
5,363,277
49,741,413
366,756
2,505,034
3,187
3,975
1,500
436,292
95,921
4,976
46,976
18,015
31.412
21,191
1,957
95,299
30,088
177,681
213,954
203,572
1,278,225
634,564
20,819,542
1,011,492
409,283

Tons
hay.

755,889
598,864
866,153
651,807
74,818
516,131
3,728,797
435,970
1,842,970
30,159
157,956
2,279
369,098
145,653
20,925
23,449
2,510
32^685
12,504
25,572
8,354
3 976
74,091
113,747
116,925
601,952
403,230
1,443,142
404,934
275,662

Value produce
of garden.
$688,714
12,714
200,869
67,222
183,047
39,462
47,286
76,500
8,721
84,821
46,250
148,329
12,354
17,150
97,183
303,120
99,454
127,494
72,864
214,004
14,738
32,142
8,848
*7§,27 5
150
6,679
90,241
23,868
$5,280,030

Pounds
butter.
39,878,418
1,055,308
3,806,160
14,872
11,089,359
4,146,290
2,981,850
4,640,559
371,498
4,008,811
4,346,234
683,069
2,344,900
1,854,239
8,139,585
9,947,523
7,834,359
12,526,543
12,881,535
34,449,379
8,066,878
3,633,750
2,171.148
705
1 ,1 0 0
111

211,464
83,309
313,345,306

Bushels
clo v e r.

Bush, other
grasses.

9,647
829
760
1,002
1,328
13,841
88,223
28,280
125,050
2,525
15,217
3
29,727
676
376
132

9,214
8,072
14,936
5,083
3,708
16,628
96,493
63,051
53,913
1,403
2,561

138
84
2

23,428
1,275
30
428
2
647
523
97

10

90
5,096
3,230
619
3,427
18,320
103,197
16,989
483

436
9,118
21,481
4,346
14,380
11,951
37,310
9*285
5,093

P rogress o f P opulation in the U nited States.
Pounds
cheese.

Bushels
Bushels
clover, other grasses

Tons
hay.

Iow a...................

313

89,053
2,083
2,019

342

2,096

Oregon ..............
U t a h ..................

373
4,805

4
2

22

T ota l..............

13,838,642

468,978

416,831

......................

150

......................

5,848

Pounds
hops.

M a in e ................
New Hampshire ......................
V e r m o n t...........
M assachusetts..
R hode Island . .
C onnecticut.. . .
N ew Y o r k .........
N ew J e r s e y .. . .
Pennsylvania . .
Delaw are...........
M a ry la n d ...........
District o f C olu m bia................
V irg in ia ...........
North C arolina.
South Carolina.
G e o rg ia ..............
F lo r id a ..............
A la b a m a ............
Mississippi.........
Louisiana........... ........................
T exas..................
A rkansas...........
Tennessee.........
K e n tu ck y .........
M issou ri..............
Illinois................
In d ia n a ..............
Ohio....................
M ich igan............
W iscon sin.........
I o w a ..................

257,m

15

4
....
44
....
63
....
139
39
....

7

15
595
17,787
16,028
150
....
....

Bushels
flaxseed,

17,081
7,652
20,852
1,162
85
17,928
940,577
182,965
530,397
11,174
35,686

580
189
939
72

252
191
258

763
57,963
16,525
41,728
904
2,446

328
1,774
23
285

1,000,450
593,796
333
5,387
50
3,921
665

52,318
38,196
55
622

1,048
12,291
368,131
2,100,116
527,160
160,063
684,469
446,932
7,152
68,393
62,660

26
321
18,904
75,801
13,696
10,787
36,888
188,880
519
1,191
1,959

640
550

...
5

7,709,676

662,312

....
34,868
Pounds
maple
sugar.

28

Hogsheads
cane
sugar.

•...
.. . .
....
... .
. •. •

2,197
....

Pounds
silk
cocoon .

Pounds
flax.

69
26

125

T ota l................




....

....

M innesota.........
N ew Mexico . . .
Oregon ..............
U t a h ..................

Maine....................
N ew Hampshire
V e r m o n t.............
M assachusetts..
Khode Island . . . ....................
C onnecticut.........
N ew Y o r k ...........
N ew Jersey . . . . ....................
Pennsylvania . .

Tons
hem p.

Gallons
molasses.

3,167
9,811
5,997
4,693
4
665
66,539
954
50,652

Pounds
beesw ax
& h o n e y.

189,618
117,140
249,422
59,508
6,347
93,304
1,755,830
156,694
839,609

7

39
...
517
229
123
813
6
167
2
29
22
38
1,923
1,281
185
47
387
1,552
108
246

...
...
10,843
Value
dom estic
manuf.

$513,599
393,455
267.710
205,333
26,495
192,262
1,280,333
112,781
749,132

314

P rogress o f P opulation in the United States.
•

D e la w a re ..............................
M ary la n d ..............................
District o f C o lu m b ia .........
V irginia.................................
North Carolina....................
South Carolina....................
G e o rg ia .................................
F lo r id a .................................
A la b a m a ..............................
M ississippi...........................
L ou isian a..............................
T exas......................................
Arkansas...............................
Tennessee..............................
K e n tu c k y .............................
Missouri...............................
Illin o is................................
In d ia n a .............................
O hio...................................
M ich igan..............................
W iscon sin ............................
I o w a ...................................
California...............................
M innesota...........................
N ew M e x ic o .........................
O re g o n .................................
U t a h ...................................
T o t a l ...............................

Pounds
maple
sugar.

Hogsheads
cane
sugar.

671
1,642
2,750
8,242
S88
226,001
7,351
248
284

....

Gallons
molasses.
50
1,430

40,322
704
15,964
216,150
352,893
83,428
18,318
10,931,177
441,918
18
7,223
30,079
5,636
8,354
180,325
197,308
19,823
9,874
3,162

Pounds
beeswax
& honey.
41,248
74,802
550
880,767
512,289
216,281
732,514
18,971
897,021
397,460
96,701
380,825
192,338
1,036,572
1,158,019
1,328,972
869,444
935,329
804,275
359,232
131,005
321,711

Value
domestic
manufac.
38,121
111,828
2,075
2,156,312
2,086,522
909,525
1,838,968
75,582
1,934,120
1,164,020
139,232
266,984
638,217
3,137,790
2.459,128
1,674,705
1,155,902
1,631,039
1,712.196
340,947
43,624
221,292
7,000

80
....
....

2
10

4,236
24
58

247,577 12,700,896

6,033
1,392

11,853,644 27,493,644

The proportion o f the principal articles of food mentioned in the pre­
ceding tables which is consumed by a family of five persons, is nearly the
same as it was in 1840, (see ante, i 98,) though the year preceding 1850
was an unfavorable one for wheat.
THE QUANTITIES CONSUMED IN 1 8 4 0

AND 1 8 5 0

W E R E AS FOLLOWS I—

Indian corn............................................................bushels
O ats......................................................................................
W heat, rye, <fcc.................................................................
P o ta to e s .............................................................................

1S40.

1850.

85

100

28

29

25

24

26

20

THE PROPORTION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS TO EACH FAM ILY W AS—

Horses and mules
C a t t le ....................
Sheep ..................
H o g s......................

1840.

1850.

1 .1 6

1 .0 5

4 .0 0

3 .0 9

5 .2 5

4 .0 7

7 .0 0

6 .0 5

From which it would appear that the proportion of vegetable food was
greater in 1840 than in 1850, and that of animal food less, but in a smaller
proportion.




315

P rogress o f P opu lation in the United States.

CH APTER

X IV .

V A L U E O F TH E A N N U A L PR O D U CTS O F TH E U N ITE D STATE S.

W e have not, as yet, as ample materials for estimating the annual in­
come of the nation as were afforded by the census of 1840 ; but by taking
the estimate for 1840 as a guide, with such aid as the late census affords,
we may arrive at a result not remote from the truth.
W e will estimate the products of industry for 1850 under the same six
heads as those of 1840, in the following order :— 1. Agriculture. 2. Min­
ing. 3. Manufactures. 4. Commerce. 5. Fisheries. 6. The forest.
1.
A g r ic u l t u r e .
Of this source of the national wealth, which ex­
ceeds all the rest united, we have full details of the quantities, and the
only room for uncertainty is in the valuation.
In that which is here
made, we shall aim to give the value o f each product at the place where
it is produced. This is always below, and sometimes far below, the mar­
ket price, which, in so extensive a country as the United States, is often
greatly enhanced by the cost of transportation.
The value of this class of products will be found to exceed that of 1840
far more than the increase of the population, not so much from the in­
crease in quantity, which in several important items has actually decreased,
but from a general enhancement on the prices of 1840. The products of
1850 are thus valued :—
Indian corn......... .....................
L ive stock, Jth o f the value (1544,180,510)
W h e a t. ...................................
C otton........................................
H a y ............................................
O a t s ...........................................
B utter.........................................
Irish potatoes..........................
S w eet p o ta to e s ......................
W o o l..........................................
T o b a cco .....................................
Cane sugar..............................
R y e .............................................
Cheese........................................
Orchard products— value o f by the census
Market gardens— value o f . .
B uckwheat...............................
H e m p ....................................... .
B a rley ................................... ....
Peas and beans ......................
R ic e ............................................
M olasses...................................
Maple sugar............................ .
Clover and other grass seeds
Beeswax and h o n e y ..............
Hops, flax and flaxseed, wine , and silk cocoons, as estimated at the census office.
T ota l.............................




Production.
592,071,104

Price.
$0 50

100,485,949
2,469,093
13,838,642
146,584,179
313,345,893
65,797,896
38,268,148
52,516,959
199,752,655
247,577,000
14,168,813
165,535,893

0
32
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

8,956,912
34,871
5,167,015
9,919,901
215,313,497
12,700,991
34,253,346
925,589
14,853,790

90
00
00
35
18
40
50
30
06
04
70
05

0
120
0
0
0
0
0

60
00
75
75
02
20
05

3

00

0 15

Value.
$296 085,552
136,045,128
90,437,350
79,010,976
138,386,420
51,304,462
56,402,154
26,319,158
19,134,074
15,755,087
11,985,159
9,913,080
9,918,169
8,216,794
7,723,186
5^280,360
5,741,804
4,184,520
3,875,250
7,439,175
4,306,270
2,540,179
1,712,674
2,776,767
2,228,061
3,293,314
$1,000,005,116

316

P rogress o f P opu lation in the United S tates.

T o the preceding m ay be added—
Milk and eggs, allowing tw o cents a day, or $7 30 a
year for the average consumption o f a fam ily.........
Fodder afforded by the blades o f the Indian corn, at
the moderate allowance o f ten pounds o f fodder to
the bushel o f corn, is 5,920,711,040 pounds, which
at 50 cents per 100 p o u n d s ..........................................
W ood sold, in proportion to that o f 1840, 6,785,188
cords at $2£........................................................................
Annual addition to the live stock, 3 per cen t................
Home-made goods, deducting one-half fCr raw material
Poultry, in the proportion o f that o f 1840....................
Feathers, allowing a bed for every three persons o f the
annual addition to the population, 300,000, at $10..

$33,860,000

29,603,555
16,962,965
16,325,415
13,746,122
12,458,876
3,000,000
125,956,927

T ota l.......................................................................................................

$1,125,962,043

The preceding valuation o f the products of agriculture shows an in­
crease of 70 per cent on that o f the products of 1840, which is about
double of that of the population, and no one is likely to think it too high.
It had, indeed, been easy to have swelled this estimate, on plausible grounds,
from 10 to 20 per cent higher, but, besides that the writer wished to
guard against that natural bias which, in estimates o f national resources,
so generally and sometimes so egregiously overrates them, the latter part
of this little work would not have been congruous with the former, nor
have shown the^real progress of the country, unless the estimate o f 1850
had been made with the same caution and moderation as had character­
ized that of 1840.
2. M in in g . The materials which the seventh census have as yet furn­
ished to the public, for estimating the products o f mining and manufac­
tures are— 1. The number o f males employed in mining and manufactur­
ing. 2. The joint product o f mining, manufactures, and the mechanic
arts. 3. The number employed in manufacturing establishments in the
years 1820, 1840, and 1850.
In the statement o f the industrious classes the number o f miners is
77,416. In the account of the joint product of mining, manufactures,
and the mechanic arts, the whole number of hands employed is 948,991,
and the whole annual product is $1,013,336,463. Supposing the product
of-mining to be in proportion to the number of hands employed, it would
be about $80,000,000 annually. This is nearly double o f that estimated
for 1840, which was $42,358,000, and is probably very short o f the truth,
considering how the mining o f coal, iron, and lead have increased since
1840. The mining of California will make a vast alteration to this item.
3. M anufactures . These, which have fallen off in some of the States,
as has been mentioned, have continued to increase in others, and the whole
number employed in manufacturing establishments has risen from 791,247
in 1840 to 944,991— showing an advance of less than 20 per cent in ten
years. But the value produced would seem to be in a far larger propor­
tion, since the product o f mining, manufactures, and the mechanic arts
are together more than $1,000,000,000 ; and if this amount be apportioned
among the three, according to the number o f operatives they severally
employ, more than three-fourths seem to be occupied in manufactures; but
the precise proportion cannot be ascertained, as, on this subject, one part
of the census is not in accordance with another. There is, however,




317

P rogress o f P opu lation in the United States.

abundant evidence to show a great proportional increase, as may be seen
in the following comparison between some of the principal manufactures
o f 1840 and those of 1850 :—
I.

MANUFACTURES OF COTTON.

1850.

1840.
Capital invested..
Persons employed.
V alu e p ro d u ce d ..
I I.

$74,500,931
82,286
$61,869,184

$15,765,124
21,342
$20,696,999

$28,118,650
39,252'
$43,207,545

MANUFACTURES OF WOOL.

Capital invested..
Persons employed.
V alu e p ro d u c e d ..
III.

$51,102,359
72,119
$46,350,453

MANUFACTURES OF P IG -IR O N , IRON CASTINGS, AND BAR-IRON.

Capital invested......................................................................
Persons e m p lo y e d ........................................ ..........................
Tons o f pig-iron prod u ced ....................................................

$20,432,131
$51,796,055
30,497*
60,285
286,903
563,755

There are no sufficient materials for comparing the separate products of
iron castings and bar-iron. The whole sum produced from the three de­
scriptions of iron manufacture in 1850 were as follows:—
Pig-iron.......................................................................................
Iron castings.............................................................................
Wrouglit-iron.............................................................................

$12,748,727
25,108,155
22,629,271
$60,476,163

From which must b e deducted for the cost o f the raw materials as
fo llo w s:—
Pig-iron.........
Iron castings.
Wrought-iron.

$7,005,298
10,346,265
13,542,727
-----------------

Total produce o f iron manufactures.....................................................

30,876,340
$29,600,813

For the want o f details of other manufactures, we must be content to
take the statement made at the census office o f the united product of
manufactures, mining, and the mechanic arts—
W hich was.........................................................................................................
From which we w ill deduct for raw materials one-thirdf as the cost

$1,013,336,453
337,778,817

Product o f mining, manufactures, and the mechanic arts for 18 50.
The product o f mining and manufactures in 1840 w as....................

$657,557,636
282,000,000

4.
C ommerce. The materials for ascertaining the profits, or even ex­
tent of the Commerce of the United States, afforded by the last census,
are yet more imperfect than those branches o f industry that have been
* This includes m en em ployed in raining.
+ In the details o f principal manufactures, given in Mr. De B ow ’s Com pendium — 180-182—the
value o f the raw materials is stated to be m ore than half that o f the finished product. A s this is at
variance with the rule generally adopted both in England and this country, w hich allows only onethird, 1 have considered the larger allow ance to be a mistake, occasion ed probably by the census
takers having included the raw materials o n h a n d with those w o r k e d u p in the manufactured articles,
and have accordingly adopted the usual course o f allow ing one-third for the raw materials. It is
true that in the progressive im provem ent o f manufactures, the increased substitution o f m achinery,
tends to lesson the proportion o f hum an labor on manufactures, but their increased fineness and
d elicacy tends also to lessen the proportion o f the raw material.




318

P rogress o f P opu lation in the United States.

considered— (see De Bow’s Compendium, page 183.) But we have indi­
rect evidence that the increase from 1840 to 1850 has been greater than
that of 1840.
In the first place, the whole domestic tonnage has increased in that
time from 2,094,379 tons in 1840 to 3,535,454 tons in 1850-—showing an
increase of 75 per cent. The foreign tonnage entered in 1840 was 712,363
tons; in 1850 it was 1,775,623. The same tonnage cleared was 706,486
tons in 1840, and 1,758,214 tons in 1850. In the next place there has
been a great increase o f the steam tonnage, both in the foreign and coast­
ing trade, in the same period; and generally speaking steam vessels make
two voyages to one made by sail vessels. The great increase of railroads
is a further evidence o f the same increase of commerce; fourthly and
lastly, the amount of imports retained for home consumption had risen
from $88,951,297 in 1840, to $163,186,207 in 1850. From these facts,
we seem warranted in putting down the profits of commerce to double
the estimated amount in 1840, that is to $159,442,000.
Even this sum may seem quite too little for the profits o f more than
100,000 merchants, returned by the census, besides those o f other occu­
pations who belong to this class. It must, however, be recollected that
merchants obey that well-known law in political philosophy, that wherever
the profits of any branch o f business are irregular and sometimes very
great, the illusive influence of hope will tempt an over-proportion of per­
sons to engage in it, by which its profits will he reduced below the aver­
age ; and, in some cases, so far below that the whole loss from blanks will
exceed the whole gain from prizes. The adventurers to California, both
in mining and commerce, probably afford a striking illustration o f the
truth and force of this principle.
The average profits o f commerce are,
therefore, inferior to those o f less tempting occupations.
5. T he F isheries . These are stated in the returns of the seventh cen­
sus at $10,000,000, which is nearly $2,000,000 less than the same source
of wealth was estimated in 1840.
6. T he P roducts of the F orest.
The unwonted increase o f the
cities, railroads, and shipping, justify us in doubling this source of wealth
since 1840. It would then be $33,670,000. The result of the preceding
estimate would be as follows :—
Products o f agriculture..................................................................................
“
manufactures, mining, and the mechanic arts....................
“
C om m erce...................................................................................
“
the fisheries.................................................................................
“
the forest.....................................................................................
T o ta l.....................................................................................................

$1,125,162,000
657,557,000
159,442,000
10,000,000
33,670,000
$1,985,831,000

This is 74 per cent on the whole annual product in 1840. It is equal
to $87 to each individual of the whole population, and to $100 to each
one o f the free population.
The following table is taken from Mr. De Bow’s Compendium o f the
seventh census. The valuation of the real and personal estate is compiled
from the returns o f the census takers, to which he has added another val­
uation, exhibiting a juster estimate. The revenue, expenditures, and debts
of the several States for 1852 are derived from other sources.— (See Com­
pendium, page 190.)




P rogress o f P opu lation in the United States .

319

TABLE OF THE BEA L AND PERSONAL ESTATE OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES IN 1 8 5 0 , AND
OF THE REVENUES, EXPENDITURES, AND DEBTS OF THE STATES IN 1 8 6 2 .
States a n d T erritories.

R e a l estate.
$ 6 4 ,3 3 6 ,1 1 9

M a in e ......................
N ew H am pshire. . .
V erm ont...................
Massachusetts........
Khode Island...........
Connecticut.............
N ew Y o r k ..............
New J e r s e y ............
Pennsylvania...........
D e la w a re ................
M a ry la n d ................
Dist. o f Columbia .
V ir g in ia ..................
North Carolina__ _
South Carolina . . .
Georgia.....................
F lo r id a ....................
A labam a..................
M ississippi..............
L ou isia n a ................
Texas........................
A rkansas.................
Tennessee................
M isso u ri..................
K e n tu ck y ................
O h io .........................
Indiana....................
I llin o is ....................
M ichigan.................
"YVisconsin................
Iow a..........................
C alifornia................
Minnesota.................
N ew M exico.............
Oregon......................
U t a h ........................
T o t a l....................

T ota l.
$ 9 6 ,7 9 9 ,5 5 3

T r u e valuation*
$ 1 2 2 ,7 7 7 ,5 7 1

6 7 ,8 3 9 ,1 0 8

2 7 ,4 1 2 ,4 8 8

9 5 ,2 5 1 ,5 9 6

1 0 3 ,6 5 2 ,8 2 5

6 7 ,3 2 0 ,3 6 9

1 5 ,6 6 0 ,1 1 4

7 2 ,9 8 0 ,4 8 3

3 4 9 ,1 2 9 ,9 3 2

2 0 1 ,9 7 6 , 8 9 2

5 5 1 ,1 0 6 ,8 2 4

9 2 ,2 0 5 ,0 4 9
5 7 3 ,3 4 2 ,2 8 6

5 4 ,3 5 8 ,2 3 1

2 3 ,4 0 0 ,7 4 3

7 7 ,7 5 8 ,9 7 4

8 0 ,5 0 8 ,7 9 4

9 6 ,4 1 2 ,9 4 7

2 2 ,6 7 5 ,7 2 5

1 1 9 ,0 8 8 , 6 7 2

1 5 5 ,7 0 7 ,9 8 0

5 6 4 ,6 4 9 ,6 4 9

1 5 0 ,7 1 9 , 3 7 9

7 1 5 ,3 6 9 ,0 2 8

1 ,0 8 0 ,3 0 2 ,2 1 6

1 5 3 ,1 5 1 ,6 1 9
4 2 7 ,8 6 5 ,6 6 0

1 5 3 ,1 5 1 ,6 1 9

1 5 3 ,1 5 1 , 6 1 9
7 2 9 ,1 4 4 ,9 9 8

7 2 ,4 1 0 ,1 9 1

5 0 0 ,2 7 5 ,8 5 1

1 4 ,4 8 6 ,5 9 5

1 ,4 1 0 ,2 7 5

1 5 ,8 9 6 ,8 7 0

1 8 ,8 5 5 ,8 0 3

1 3 9 ,0 2 6 , 6 0 1

6 9 ,5 3 6 ,9 5 6

2 0 8 ,5 6 3 ,5 6 6

2 1 9 ,2 1 7 ,3 6 4

1 4 ,4 0 9 ,4 1 3

1 ,7 7 4 ,3 4 2

1 6 ,1 8 3 , 7 6 5

1 6 ,7 2 3 ,6 1 9

2 5 2 ,1 0 5 , 8 2 4

1 3 0 ,1 9 8 ,4 2 9

3 8 2 ,3 0 4 , 2 5 3

3 9 1 ,6 4 6 ,4 3 8

7 1 ,7 0 2 ,7 4 0

1 4 0 ,3 6 8 , 6 7 3

2 1 2 ,0 7 1 , 4 1 3

2 2 6 ,8 0 0 ,4 7 2

1 0 5 ,7 3 7 ,4 9 2

2 8 3 ,8 6 7 ,7 0 9

2 8 8 ,2 5 7 ,6 9 4

1 2 1 ,6 1 9 ,7 3 9

1 7 8 ,1 3 0 ,2 1 7
2 1 3 ,4 9 0 ,4 8 6

3 3 5 ,1 1 0 , 2 2 5

3 3 6 ,4 2 5 ,7 1 4

7 ,9 2 4 ,6 8 8

1 5 ,2 7 4 , 1 4 6

2 3 ,1 9 8 ,7 3 4

2 3 ,1 9 8 ,7 3 4

7 8 ,8 7 0 ,7 1 8

1 6 2 ,4 6 3 ,7 0 5

2 4 1 ,3 3 4 ,4 2 3

2 2 8 ,2 0 4 ,3 8 2

6 5 ,1 7 1 ,4 3 8

1 4 3 ,2 5 0 ,7 2 9
4 9 ,8 3 2 ,4 6 4

2 0 8 ,4 2 2 ,1 6 7
2 2 6 ,4 5 6 , 1 1 8

2 2 8 ,9 5 1 ,1 3 0

1 7 6 ,6 2 3 ,6 5 4
2 8 ,1 4 9 ,6 7 1

2 5 ,4 1 4 ,0 0 0

5 3 ,5 6 3 ,6 7 1

5 5 ,3 6 2 ,3 4 0

1 7 ,3 7 2 ,5 2 4

1 9 ,0 5 6 , 1 5 1

3 6 ,4 2 8 ,6 7 5

3 9 ,8 4 1 ,0 2 5

1 0 7 ,9 8 1 ,7 9 3

8 7 ,2 9 9 ,5 6 5

1 9 5 ,2 8 1 , 3 5 8

2 0 7 ,4 5 4 , 7 0 4

2 3 3 ,9 9 8 ,7 6 4

6 6 ,8 0 2 ,2 2 3

3 1 ,7 9 3 ,2 4 0

9 8 ,5 9 5 ,4 6 3

1 3 7 ,2 4 7 , 7 0 7

1 7 7 ,0 1 3 ,4 0 7

1 1 4 ,3 7 4 ,1 4 7

2 9 1 ,3 8 7 ,5 5 4

3 0 1 ,6 2 8 ,4 5 6

3 3 7 ,5 2 1 ,0 7 5

9 6 ,3 6 1 ,5 5 7

4 3 3 ,8 7 2 ,6 3 2

5 0 4 ,7 2 6 ,1 2 0

1 1 2 ,9 4 7 ,7 4 0

3 9 ,9 2 2 ,6 5 9

1 5 2 ,8 7 0 ,3 9 9

2 0 2 ,6 5 0 ,2 6 4

8 1 ,6 2 4 ,8 3 5

3 3 ,2 5 7 ,8 1 0

1 1 4 ,7 8 2 ,6 4 5

1 5 6 ,2 6 5 ,0 0 6

2 5 ,5 8 0 ,3 7 4

5 ,2 9 6 ,8 5 2

3 0 ,8 7 7 ,2 2 3

5 9 ,7 8 7 ,2 5 5

2 2 ,4 5 8 ,4 4 2

4 ,2 5 7 ,0 8 3

2 6 ,7 1 5 ,5 2 5

4 2 ,0 5 6 ,5 9 5

1 5 ,6 7 2 ,3 3 2

6 ,0 1 8 ,3 1 0

2 1 ,6 9 0 ,6 4 2

2 3 ,7 1 4 ,6 3 8

1 6 ,3 4 7 ,4 4 2

5 ,5 7 5 ,7 3 1

2 1 ,9 2 3 ,1 7 3

2 2 ,1 6 1 ,8 7 2

9 7 ,3 6 3

1 6 4 ,7 2 5

2 6 2 ,0 8 8

2 6 2 ,0 8 8

2 ,6 7 9 ,4 8 6

2 ,4 9 4 ,9 8 5

5 ,1 7 4 ,4 7 1

3 ,9 9 7 ,3 3 2

1 ,0 6 6 ,1 4 2

5 ,0 6 3 ,4 7 4

6 ,2 7 4 ,8 6 7
5 ,0 6 3 ,4 7 4

3 3 7 ,8 6 6

6 4 8 ,2 1 7

9 8 6 ,0 8 3

9 8 6 ,0 8 3

$ 3 ,8 9 9 ,2 2 6 ,3 4 7

$ 2 ,1 2 5 ,4 4 0 ,5 6 2

$ 6 ,0 2 4 ,6 6 6 ,9 0 9

$ 7 ,0 6 6 ,5 6 2 ,9 6 6

S tates a n d T e r r ito r ie s .

M aine..........................
N ew H am p shire.. . .

P e r s o n a l estate.
$ 3 2 ,4 6 3 ,4 3 4

R evenue.
$ 7 4 4 ,8 7 9

E x p e n d itu re s.
$ 6 2 4 ,1 0 1

D eb ts.
$ 4 7 1 ,5 0 0

1 4 1 ,6 8 6

1 4 9 ,8 9 0

V e r m o n t ............................

1 8 5 ,8 3 0

1 8 3 ,0 5 8

4 8 ,4 3 6

Massachusetts...........

5 9 8 ,1 7 0

6 7 4 ,6 2 2

6 ,2 5 9 ,9 3 0

1 2 4 ,9 4 4

1 1 5 ,8 3 5

Connecticut...............
N ew Y ork ..................
N ew J e r s e y ..............
P en n sylva n ia...........

1 5 0 ,1 8 9

1 3 7 ,3 2 7
2 ,5 2 0 ,9 3 2

2 ,6 9 8 ,3 1 0

7 4 ,3 9 9

8,000
2 2 ,6 2 3 ,8 3 8

1 3 9 ,1 6 6

1 8 0 ,6 1 4

7 1 ,3 4 6

7 ,7 1 6 ,5 5 2

6 ,8 7 6 ,4 8 0

4 1 ,5 2 4 ,8 7 5

1 ,2 7 9 ,9 5 3

1 ,3 6 0 ,4 5 8

1 5 ,2 6 0 ,6 6 7

1 ,2 6 6 ,7 4 4

1 ,2 7 2 ,3 8 2

1 3 ,5 7 3 ,3 5 5

2 1 9 ,0 0 0

2 2 8 ,1 7 3

9 7 7 ,0 0 0

6 3 2 ,1 5 2

4 6 3 ,0 2 1

3 ,1 4 4 ,9 3 1

1 ,1 4 2 ,4 0 5

5 9 7 ,8 8 2

2 ,8 0 1 ,9 7 2

6 0 ,6 1 9

5 5 ,2 3 4

2 ,8 0 0

6 5 8 ,9 7 6

5 1 3 ,5 5 9

3 ,9 8 3 ,6 1 6

221,200
1 ,1 4 6 ,5 6 8

2 2 3 ,6 3 7
1 ,9 8 0 ,9 1 1

7 ,2 7 1 ,7 0 7
1 1 ,4 9 2 ,5 6 6

1 4 0 ,6 8 8

1 5 6 ,6 2 2

5 ,7 2 5 ,6 7 1

30 000

Marvlaud....................
District o f Columbia.
Virginia......................
N o r t h Carolina.........
S o u t h Carolina.........
G eorgia......................
F lo r id a ......................
A labam a....................
M ississippi................
L ou isian a..................
T e x a s ........................




A S tatistical View o f the S tate o f Illin ois.

320

States and Territories.

Revenue.

Arkansas..............................
Tennessee............................
Missouri.............................
K entucky...........................
Ohio.....................................
Indiana.................................
Illinois.................................
Michigan..............................
Wisconsin............................
I o w a ....................................
California...........................
Minnesota. ,
New Mexico
Oregon . . . .

Expenditures.

Debts.

$74,076
623,625
207,656
674,697
2,736,060
1,061,605
192,940
431,918
136,096
131,631
925,625

$1,506,562
3,776,856
857,000
5,726,307
15,520,768
6,712,880
17,500,000
2,307,850
12,892
81,795
2,159,403

$24,628,666

$191,508,922

Utab..........
T o ta l..............................................

$27,068,925

To the preceding table, which may be considered only an approxima­
tion to the truth, it may be added that the debt of the general government
together with the debts o f the several States were, in June, 1850, about
$150,000,000, equal to something more than $10 to each individual of the
whole population, or less than $12 to each one o f the free population;
and that the whole annual expenditure of the Federal and State treasuries,
is less than $3 to each citizen o f the Republic.
To conclude: we have seen in the preceding brief and imperfect sketch
o f the United States, as exhibited by the census o f 1850, that they have
increased in ten years from 1*7,000,000 to 23,000,000, and that their ad­
vancement in agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, in the means of
education and religious instruction, and those of commercial and social
intercourse, has been in a far greater ratio. The seventh census will en­
able us to see hereafter whether to the rapid development of our numbers,
wealth, and power, we shall add the rarer praise of lessening our share
of pauperism, crime, and the cost o f civil government.

Art. III.— A STATISTICAL VIEW OF TIIE STATE OF ILLINOIS*
C H A PTER III.

P O P O X A T IO N IS T IC S ,f ET C .

T he population of the State of Illinois is composed o f persons from al­
most every State and country, and has had no time to fuse and become
homogeneous. This must necessarily be the work o f ages. In 1850, the
aggregate population was 851,4*76 souls, and was made up of 333,*753
natives of the State, 402,396 persons born out of the State, but in the
United States, 111,892 persons of foreign birth, and 3,947 persons o f un­
known nativity. The Anglo-Saxon element largely preponderates over all
others combined. The population originated as follows:—
* The present num ber closes Mr. Peyton’s interesting series o f papers on the State o f Illinois. W e
should be glad if som e equally com petent resident writer w ould furnish a similar v ie w o f other
States in the Confederacy.— E d . M e r . M a g .
f This w ord , conveying the idea o f statistics o f population, was “ coin ed ” b y M. Bernouilli, a
French w riter.




321

A S tatistical View o f the S tate o f Illin ois.
From the State o f Maine.........................
ii
N ew H a m p sh ire.. .
V e r m o n t..................
((
Massachusetts.........
it
R hode Is la n d .........
ll
Connecticut..............
«(
Pennsylvania...........
“
M aryland.................
From the District o f Colum bia..............
From the State o f V irginia....................
<(
North Carolina. . . .
it
South Carolina........
«
Georgia.....................
it
K e n tu c k y ................
li
Tennessee................
it
O h io...........................
(<
N ew Y o r k ................
ii
N ew Jersey.. . . . . .
“
F lorida......................
it
A labam a...................
ti
Mississippi................
ll
Louisiana.................
((
T exas.........................
ll
Arkansas..................
ti
Michigan....................
ti
In d ia n a ....................
««
D elaw a re.................
it
Missouri....................
“
I o w a .........................
a
W iscon sin ................
((
California..................
((
Territories................

3,697
4,288
1,381
9,230
1,051
6,899
37,979
6,898
226
24,697
13,851
4,169
1,841
49,308
32,363
64,219
67,180
6,848
23
1,335
490
480
63
727
2,158
30,953
1,897
7.288
1,511
1,095
3
16

Settled b y the English.

it
U
it
ii
it
ti
ti
it
it
ll
ti
ii

ll
ll
ti
it
ti
ti
ii
ii
it
ii
ii
ti

Settled b y the Virginians.

ll
ii

ii
it

Settled b y the Dutch.
Settled by the Dutch and Danes.
Settled b y the French.
((
((

it
ll

ii
ll

Settled b y the Spanish.
Settled by the French.
ii
li
ll
it
Settled b y the Swedes & Finns.
Settled by the French.
Settled b y the N ew Englanders.

ii

ll

Settled b y the Spanish.

The foreign population was derived as follows:—
From E nglan d............................
S co tla n d ...........................
Germ any...........................
S p ain..................................
B e lg iu m ...........................
I t a l y ..................................
S w itze rla n d ....................
Denm ark...........................
Sweden..............................
G reece...............................
A s ia ....................................
British North A m erica .
S outh A m erica................
Sandwich Islands............

18,628
4,661
38,168

From I r e la n d .............................
W ales.................................
F ra n ce...............................
'to
Portugal............................
H olland.............................
33
43
Austria...............................
1,635
Russia...............................
93
N orw ay.............................
1,123
P ru ssia .............................
4
C hina.................................
2
A frica.................................
M e x ic o ..............................
10,699
12
W est Indies......................
9
Other countries................

27,186
572
3,896
42
220
65
27
2,415
286
1
11
30
75
495

The decennial progress of the population from the year 1810, is exhibi­
ted in the following table:—
Years.

1810
1820
1830
1840
1850

W h ite .

........................................
........................................
.............................................
............................................
.............................................

11,501
53,788
155,661
472,254
846,104

C olored.

Total.

781
1,423
2,384
3,929
5,366

12,282
53,211
157,445
476,183
851,476

D ecennial increase.
N um erical
Per cent
increase,
o f increase.

...............................
42,929
3 4 9 .5
102,234
18 0.2
318,738
2 0 2 .4
375,237
7 8 .8

The population is distributed among the different counties of the State
as follow s:—
21
v o n . X X X I I .— N O . I I I .




322

A S tatistical View o f the State o f Illin ois.

Counties.
A d a m s ..............
A lexander.........
Bond...................
B o o n e ................
Brown.................
B u re a u ..............
Calhoun.............
C a r r o ll..............
Cass....................
Champaign........
C hristian. . . . . .
C lark .................
C l a y ..................
Clinton...............
C oles..................
C o o k ..................
Crawford...........
Cumberland. . .
De K alb.............
De W itt.............
D u P a g e...........
E d g a r ................
Edwards............
Effingham .........
F a y e tte .............
Franklin.............
Fulton................
G a lla tin ...........
Green.................
G rundy..............
Hamilton...........
H ancock............
H ardin ...............
Henderson.........
Henry.................
Iroqu ois.............
Jackson........... ..
Jasper................
Jefferson.............
Jersey.................
Joe D a v ie s... . .

M ales.

— W HITES.—
F em a les.

T ota l.

M ales.

1 3 ,6 1 9

1 2 ,6 9 0

2 6 ,3 6 9

55

84

139

2 6 ,5 0 8

1 ,3 3 0

1 ,1 3 4

2 ,4 6 4

9

11

20

2 ,4 8 4

3 ,2 1 5

2 ,9 2 1

6 ,1 3 6

5

3

8

6 ,1 4 4

4 ,0 0 2

3 ,6 1 6

7 ,6 1 8

3

3

6

7 ,6 2 4

COLORED.
F em a les. T o ta l.

A g g re g a te .

3 ,8 0 2

3 ,3 8 0

7 ,1 8 2

5

11

16

7 ,1 9 8

4 ,6 6 3

4 ,1 6 8

8 ,8 3 1

4

6

10

8 ,8 4 0

1 ,8 3 4

1 ,3 9 6

3 ,2 3 0

1

2 ,4 9 6

2 ,0 8 7

4 ,5 8 3

,,

3 ,8 6 5

3 ,3 8 3

7 ,2 4 8

5

1 ,3 9 6

1 ,2 5 1

2

1

3 ,2 3 1

3

3

4 ,5 8 6

5

7 ,2 5 3

2

2 ,6 4 9

..

3 ,2 0 3

1 ,6 6 9

1 ,5 3 4

2 ,6 4 7
3 ,2 0 3

..

..
..

4 ,8 7 3

4 ,6 2 1

9 ,4 9 4

19

19

38

9 ,5 3 2

2 ,2 6 5

2 ,0 0 3

4 ,2 6 8

11

10

21

4 ,2 8 9

2 ,7 0 3

2 ,2 9 9

5 ,0 0 2

75

62

4 ,5 4 7

9 ,2 9 9

19

17

137
36

5 ,1 3 9

4 ,7 5 2
2 3 ,4 8 5

1 9 ,5 2 2

4 3 ,0 0 7

209

169

378

4 3 ,3 8 5

3 .6 6 0

3 ,4 5 8

7 ,1 1 8

10

7

17

7 ,1 3 5

1 ,8 9 9

1 ,8 1 9

3 ,7 1 8

,.

.,

,.

3 ,7 1 8

3 ,9 5 8

3 ,5 8 1

7 ,5 3 9

1

1

7 ,5 4 0

2 ,5 5 4

2 ,4 4 7

5 ,0 0 1

4 ,9 4 0

4 ,3 4 7

9 ,2 8 7

5 ,5 0 4

5 ,1 3 6

1 0 ,6 4 0

3

9 ,3 3 5

1

1

..

3

9 ,2 9 0
1 0 ,6 9 2

6 ,0 0 2

30

22

52

1 ,8 4 2

1 ,6 4 8

3 ,4 9 0

16

18

34

3 ,5 2 4

1 ,9 7 8

1 ,8 1 4

3 ,7 9 2

3

4

7

3 ,7 9 9

4 ,1 0 9

3 .9 1 8

25

48

8 ,0 7 5

2 ,7 4 0

8 ,0 2 7
5 ,6 4 6

23

2 ,9 0 6

16

19

35

5 ,6 8 1

1 1 ,5 9 2

1 0 ,9 0 0

2 2 ,4 9 2

9

7

16

2 2 ,5 0 8

2 ,6 1 8

2 ,4 7 7

5 ,0 9 3

153

200

353

5 ,4 4 8

6 ,4 9 2

5 ,8 7 7

1 2 ,3 6 9

34

26

60

1 2 ,4 2 9

1 ,6 4 5

1 ,3 7 6

3 ,0 2 1

2

..

2

3 ,0 2 3

3 ,2 7 1

3 ,0 3 9

6 ,3 1 0

32

20

52

6 ,3 6 2

7 ,7 2 3

6 ,9 1 0

1 4 ,6 3 3

11

8

19

1 4 ,6 5 2

1 ,4 4 1

1 ,3 6 7

2 ,8 0 8

37

42

79

2 ,8 8 7

2 ,4 5 3

2 ,1 5 8

4 ,6 1 0

2

2

4 ,6 1 2

1 ,9 3 4

1 ,8 7 3

3 ,8 0 7

..

.,
.,

..

3 ,8 0 7

2 ,1 5 2

1 ,9 1 8

4 ,0 7 0

41

38

79

4 ,1 4 9

3 ,0 3 7

2 ,7 9 2

5 ,8 2 9

17

16

33

5 ,8 6 2
3 ,2 2 0
8 ,1 0 9

1 ,7 2 5

1 ,4 8 1

3 ,2 0 6

7

7

14

4 ,1 5 1

3 ,9 3 2

8 ,0 8 3

11

15

26

3 ,9 4 1

3 ,3 5 9

7 ,3 0 0

29

25

54

7 ,3 5 4

9 ,9 0 5

8 ,4 8 1

1 8 ,3 8 6

121

97
8
2

218

1 8 ,6 0 4

J o h n s o n ...................

2 ,1 0 7

1 ,9 9 0

4 ,0 9 7

9

K a n e..................
Kendal...............

8 ,6 5 8

8 ,0 3 9

1 6 ,6 9 7

4

4 ,1 1 6

3 ,6 0 8

7 ,7 2 4

4

2

6

7 ,7 3 0

K n o x ........................

6 ,8 7 4

6 ,3 2 3

1 3 ,1 9 7

35

47

82

1 3 ,2 7 9

Lake...................
Lasalle...............
Lawrence..........
L ee......................
L ivingston........
Logan.................
M cD o n o u g h ... .
M cHenry............
M cL ean..............
M acon ................
M acou p in .........
M a d ison ............
M arion...............
Marshall.............
Mason.................
M a s s a c ..............

7 ,5 3 3

6 ,6 5 4

1 4 ,1 8 7

20

19

39

1 4 ,2 2 6

9 ,5 1 2

8 ,2 8 7

1 7 ,7 9 9

10

6

16

1 7 ,8 1 5

3 ,0 0 5

2 ,8 3 8

5 ,8 4 3

144

134

278

6 ,1 2 1

2 ,8 0 4

2 ,4 8 4

5 ,2 8 8

2

2

4

5 ,2 9 2

..
..

1 ,5 5 2

5

7 ,6 1 6




17

4 ,1 1 4

6

1 6 ,7 0 3

827

725

1 ,5 5 2

2 ,7 0 9

2 ,4 1 9

5 ,1 2 8

..
..

4 ,0 4 7

3 ,5 6 4

7 ,6 1 1

2

7 ,9 2 7
5 ,2 5 2

• 7 ,0 4 8

1 4 ,9 7 5

..

3

3

1 4 ,9 7 8

4 ,8 6 9

1 0 ,1 2 1

24

18

42

1 0 ,1 6 3

3

5 ,1 2 8

2 ,0 8 9

1 ,8 9 6

3 ,9 8 5

2

1

3

3 ,9 8 8

6 ,4 3 3

5 ,8 3 9

1 2 ,2 7 2

46

37

83

1 2 ,3 5 5

1 0 ,9 4 7

9 ,0 4 5

1 9 ,9 9 2

219

238

449

2 0 ,4 4 1

3 ,4 6 7

8 ,2 4 9

6 ,7 1 6

2

2

4

6 ,7 2 0
5 ,1 8 0

2 ,7 1 7

2 ,4 6 1

5 ,1 7 8

1

1

2

3 ,1 6 1

2 ,7 3 7

5 ,8 9 8

6

17

23

5 ,9 2 1

2 ,1 1 3

1 ,9 5 7

4 ,0 7 0

16

6

22

4 ,0 9 2

323

A S tatistical View o f the State o f Illinois'.

C ou n ties.
M e n a r d ....................

Mercer................
Monroe...............
M ontgomery . . .
Morgan...............
M o u ltrie ............
Ogle....................
P eoria.................
P erry ..................
P ia t t ..................
P ike....................
P o p e ........................

P u la sk i..............
Putnam..............
R a n d o lp h .........
Richland............
R ock Island . . .
Saint C la ir____
Saline.................
Sangam on____
Schuyler............
S cott..................
S h e lb y ..............
S ta rk .................
Steph enson .. . .
T azew ell............
U n io n ................
Vermillion . . . .
VVabash.............
W arren..............
Washington . . .
W a y n e ..............
W h ite ................
W hitesides____
W ill....................
W illiam son .. . .
W innebago. . . .
W oodford.........
T o ta l.........

M ales.

3,'2 97
2,796
4,166
3,180
8,337
1,680
5,360
9,360
2,813
863
9,670
2,049
1,181
2,063
5,709
2,095
3,706
10,480
2,811
9,911
5,614
4,044
4,025
1,940
6,267
6,381
3,852
5,904
2,338
4,339
3,611
3,473
4,578
2,861
8,850
3,668
6,329
2,287
445,544

----- W H I T E .F em a les.

s

--- \
T o ta l.

3,031
2,448
3,467
3,078
7,602
1,545
4,630
8,101
2,454
743
9,106
1,822
1,076
1,857
4,987
1,907
3,229
9,119
2,684
9,064
5,033
3,858
3,737
1,770
5,391
5,635
3,718
5,577
2,302
3,823
3,318
3,349
4,238
2,498
7,820
3,481
5,432
2,128

6,328
5,244
7,633
6,258
15,939
3,225
9,990
17,461
5.267
1,606
18,776
3,871
2,257
3,920
10,696
4,002
6,935
19,599
5,495
18,975
10,547
7,902
7,762
2,710
11,658
12,016
7,570
11,481
4,640
8,162
6,929
6,822
8,816
5,359
16,670
7,149
11,761
4,415

400,490

846,034

M ales.

COLORED.F e m a le s . T ota l.

13
1
25
10
67
7
19
49
6

8
1
21
9
58
2
11
37
5

21
2
46
19
125
9
30
86
11

22
53
4
2
192
6
1
306
50
112
12
4
26

21
51
4
2
191
4
1
275
43
141
14
8
19

43
104
8

4
13
21
5
24
7
12
2
58
2
21
36
9

4
23
24
6
26
7
12
1
51
..
12
31
3

••
2,777

2,659

A g g re g a te -

••

6,349
5,246
7,679
6,277
16,064
3,234
10,020
17,547
5,278
1,606
18,819
3,975
2,265
3,924
11,079
4,012
6,937
20,180
5,588
19,228
10,573
7,914
7,807
3,710
11,666
12,052
7,615
11,492
4,690
8,176
6,933
6,825
8,925
5,361
16,703
7,216
11,773
4,415

5,436

851,470

4

383
10
2
581
93
263
26
12
45
,.
8
36
45
11
50
14
24
3
109
2
33
67
12

O f tlie white population there were 13,546 males and 12,995 females
under one year, 58,383 males and 56,436 females one year of age and
under five, 66,302 males and 63,513 females five and under ten years of
age, 58,559 males and 54,301 females ten and under fifteen years of age,
46,959 males and 45,739 females fifteen and under twenty years of age,
79,465 males and 70,579 females twenty and under thirty years of age,
57,178 males and 45,248 females thirty and under forty years o f age,
34,389 males and 27,683 females forty and under fifty years of age,
19,119 males and 14,769 females fifty and under sixty years o f age,
and 7,969 males and 6,969 females sixty and under seventy years o f age,
2,527 males and 2,050 females seventy and under eighty years o f age,
504 males and 434 females eighty and under ninety years o f age, 55
males and 54 females ninety and under a hundred years o f age, 10 males
and 5 females one hundred and upwards, and 489 males and 303 females
whose ages were unknown.
Of the colored population there were 75 males and 65 females under




324

A S tatistical View o f the State o f Illin ois.

one year o f age, 331 males and 329 females one and under five, 376 males
and 371 females five and under ten, 312 males and 343 females ten and
under fifteen, 285 males and 292 females fifteen and under twenty, 551
males and 533 females twenty and under thirty, 353 males and 277 fe­
males thirty and under forty, 216 males and 198 females forty and under
fifty, 171 males and 124 females fifty and under sixty, 64 males and 74 fe­
males sixty and under seventy, 27 males and 34 females seventy and under
eighty, 9 males and 11 females eighty and under ninety, 5 males and 4 fe­
males ninety and under one hundred, 1 male and 2 females one hundred
and upwards, and 1 male and 2 females whose ages are unknown.
The proportion o f females to males was— of those under five years of
age as 96.52 to 100; of those five and under ten as 95.66; of those ten
and under fifteen as 94.44; of those fifteen and under twenty as 97.40;
o f those twenty and under thirty as 88.82; of those thirty and under
forty as 79.13 ; of those forty and under fifty as 80.50 ; of those fifty and
under sixty as 76.93 ; o f those sixty and under seventy as 80.82 ; o f those
seventy and under eighty as 81.12; of those eighty and under ninety as
86.11; of those ninety and under one hundred as 98.18; of those one
hundred and upwards as 50 to 100.
The ratio of the whole population o f the State to the total population
of the United States was—
. In the year 1810 a s ....................
“
1820 a s .....................
“
1830 a s .....................

0 .1 7
0 .5 7
1 .2 2

In the year 1840 as......................
“
1850 as......................

2 .7 9
3 .6 7

The colored population bore this ratio to the whole population of the
States, that is to say—
In the year 1810 a s ....................
“
1820 a s ....................
“
1830 a s ....................

6.3 6
2 .5 8
1.5 1

In the year 1840 as......................
“
1850 as......................

0 .8 2
0 .6 4

There were, in the year 1850, 9,183 marriages— one marriage for every
94^- persons. The proportion of marriages to the population in our State
is not widely different. The following are the proportions in the principal
European countries as ascertained by M. Froenzl in a period of twenty-five
years:—
Great Britain.................................
Russia and P ru ssia....................
S w eden..........................................
D e n m a r k ......................................
A u stria..........................................

1.9 5
1 .1 1 0
1.115
1.118
1 .1 2 2

N orway.........................................
France............................................
Belgium ........................................
The T w o Sicilies.........................
Spain and P o rtu g a l..................

1 . 1 30
1.133
1 .1 3 4
1.1 38
1.141

There wore, in 1850, 11,619 deaths, or one for every 731 persons. A
comparison of the deaths in our States and European countries will estab­
lish very conclusively that there is nothing in our climate fatal to human
life. According to M. Schnabel, the following is the proportion o f mor­
tality in the different countries enumerated:—
Sweden...........r ..............................
B elgium ........................................
Great Britain and France . . . .
P ortu ga l.......................................
Russia and D en m a rk ................
Prussia and Spain......................
T w o Sicilies and Wurtemburg
S axony..........................................
A u stria .........................................




1 death for every
1
“
“
1
“
“
1
“
“
1
“
“
1
“
“
1
“
“
1
“
“
1
“
“

43 inhabitants.
41
40
39
38
36
33
32
31

A

325

S tatistical View o f the S tate o f Illin ois.

In the year 1850, 26,681 children who survived were horn, or 73 every
day, and 3 every hour. This is one birth for every 32 inhabitants. The
States in which there were a larger number o f births are—

New York,

where in 1 8 5 0 .

..............

Pennsylvania, where in 1850....................
Virginia, where in 1850.............................
Tennessee, where in 1850..........................
Kentucky, where in 1850 ........................
Indiana, where in 1850..............................
Ohio, where in 1 8 5 0 ...................................

T6,387 children who survived were born.
64,331
“
“
“
36,308
“
“
*
30,150
“
“
“
30,073
“
“
“
32,296
“
“
“
56,884
“
“
“

The following is the proportion o f births to the population, as ascer­
tained on a calculation for fifteen years, by M. Schnabel, in the principal
countries of Europe:—
Russia and Prussia......................................................
Great Britain, (with Ireland,) Austria, Germany,
Spain and Portugal, and the Netherlands.........
B e lg iu m .........................................................................
S w e d e n ..........................................................................
Denm ark.............................. ,<........................................
France ...........................................................................

1 birth for every 24 inhabitants.
1

“

1

“

1

“

1

“

1

“

<(
«(
It

M
(C

27
28
29
30
32

«
It
tt

((
U

O f the white population o f the State, 441 were deaf and dumb; o f the
colored, 2 ; of the whites, 259 were blind; of the colored population, 5 ;
of the whites, 236, and of the colored, 2 were insane ; and there were 361
white and 2 colored persons who were idiotic. This gives the following
proportion:—
One
One
One
One

deaf and dumb mute to every....................................................
blind person to e v e ry ....................................................................
idiot to e v e r y ........................................................................
insane person to e v e ry ..................................................................

1,920 inhabitants.
3,225
“
2,345
“
3,583
“

O f these unfortunates, 320 were born in the State, 680 out o f the State,
but in the United States, 110 in foreign countries, and 111 were of un­
known nativity. One twenty-first part o f the native population, and one
twenty-second part of the foreign population, or together 41,283 adult
persons, could neither read nor write. The States having a larger number
o f adult citizens who could neither read nor write were first the two Em­
pire States—
N ew Y ork, having......................
V irginia........................................
North Carolina............................
T e n n essee....................................
Pennsylvania................................

98,722
88,520
80,423
78,619
76,272

Indiana, h a v in g .........................
K e n tu ck y ....................................
Ohio...............................................
M arylan d ....................................
G eorgia........................................

72,710
69,706
66,020
41,877
41,667

In the colleges and academies there were 31 professors and 191 teach­
ers. In the public schools, 4,252 teachers and 181,292 pupils; 172,403
belonging to the native population, and 8,889 to the foreign population,
that is to say, over one-fourth o f the native population, and above onethirteenth of the foreign population, were in attendance upon the schools.
The great disparity in the proportion of the two classes attending the
schools is readily accounted for by the fact that much the larger part of
the foreign emigrant population is adult.
The annual income of the colleges was $13,300, that o f the public
schools, 1349,350, that o f the academies and other schools, $40,488. In
the public libraries there were 35,982 volumes, and in the school libraries,
5,873 volumes. In the Sunday school libraries, 12,829, in the college li­




326

A S tatistical View o f the S tate o f Illin ois.

braries, 7,800, and 5,102,276 number of copies of newspapers were pub­
lished annually.
The permanent fund applicable to the support of common schools in
the State amounted, in 1850, to §790,120; and the university fund to
$90,889 ; and the seminary fund to $50,788. The whole of this sum was
borrowed by the State at 6 per cent. The total amount of public moneys
paid out for teachers’ wages in 1850 was $148,871; amount other than
public moneys, $81,841—-total cost of teaching, exclusive of buildings,
repairs, etc., $230,712. The principal colleges in the State are— Illinois
College, at Jacksonville, founded in 1829, and in 1850 it had 7 professors,
93 alumni, 34 students, and 3,000 volumes in its library; Shurtleff Col­
lege, a Baptist institution, at Upper Alton, founded in 1835, and in 1850
it had 6 professors, 3 alumni, and 13 students; M’Kendree College, under
Methodist patronage, at Lebanon, founded in 1835, and in 1850 it had 4
professors, 33 alumni, and 57 students; Knox College, at Gatesburg,
founded in 1837, and in 1850 had 5 professors, 16 alumni, 58 students,
and a library of 3,000 volumes; Kush Medical College, at Chicago,
founded in 1842, and in 1850 had 6 professors and 70 students. One uni­
versity, St. Mary’s of the Lake, at Chicago, and under auspices of the
Catholics.
The principal benevolent institutions are an institution for the deaf and
dumb and blind, and a lunatic asylum, all located at Indianapolis, in the
county of Morgan.
TEE CENSUS OF

1850

GIVES TEE PROFESSIONS, OCCUPATIONS, AND TRADES OF TEE MALE
POPULATION AS FOLLOWS :—

A cto rs............................................
A g e n t s ..........................................
Agricult’ral implement makers.
A p oth eca ries...............................
A rch ite cts....................................
A r t is t s ..........................................
A u ctio n e e rs.................................
B ak ers...........................................
B a n k e rs........................................
Bank o ffice r s...............................
B arbers..........................................
Bar k e e p e rs .................................
Basket-makers..............................
B ell and brass fo u n d e rs............
Bell-hangers.................................
Black and white sm ith s...........
Block and pum p m akers...........
Boarding-house k e e p e rs ...........
Boat-builders................................
B oatm en .......................................
B oiler-m akers..............................
Stationers......................................
Brass w o r k e r s .............................
B r e w e r s ........................................
Brick-makers................................
Bridge-makers..............................
B rokers..........................................
Brush-makers...............................
B u ild ers........................................
B u tch ers.......................................
C abinet-m akers...........................




2
79
4
167
12
26
2
216
3
4
118
126
59
5
22
3,918
14
85
14
1,011
11
20
21
4
117
548
7
31
108
4
11
452
1,099

Carpenters.......................
Carpet-m akers................
C arriers.............................
Carters...............................
Cattle d e a le rs..................
C aulkers...........................
Chandlers..........................
Chemists...........................
City, county, and town officers.
Civil engineers................
C lergym en ......................
C le rk s...............................
Clock-makers . . . . . . . . .
Clothiers..........................
Cloth manufacturers . . .
Coach-m akers..................
C ollectors.........................
Colliers.............................
Comb-m akers..................
Confectioners..................
Contractors ....................
C o o p e rs.............................
Coppersmiths..................
C orders.............................
Cordwainers....................
C u tlers.............................
Daguerreotypists............
D e a le rs.............................
D en tists..........................
D istillers.........................
Drivers,.............................

6,592
3
16
123
14
22
69
8
532
21
1,023
2,459
13
77
10
328
12
94
7
46
19
4
2,855
4
8
2,023
9
30
8
68
56
230
329

A S tatistical View o f the S tate o f Illin ois.
D ro v e rs.........................................
D yers and bleachers..................
E ditors...........................................
E ngineers......................................
Engravers......................................
F arm ers........................................
F arriers.........................................
F isherm en....................................
F oun drym en................................
F ru iterers.....................................
Furriers.........................................
G ard eners....................................
Gas fitte rs ....................................
Gas m a k e r s .................................
G ate-keepers...............................
G ild e rs..........................................
Glass m anufacturers..................
G lovers..........................................
G old b ea ters................................
G old and silver smiths..............
G rocers.........................................
G unsm ith s....................................
Hair workers................................
Hardware manufacturers..........
H at and cap manufacturers . . .
H em p d ressers............................
Horse dealers...............................
Hunters..........................................
In n -k eep ers.................................
Ironm ongers..................................
Iron w o rk e rs...............................
J e w e le rs.......................................
J o in e r s ..........................................
L aborers........................................
L a w y e r s ..................................
Lim e bu rn ers.......................... ...
L ivery stable keepers................
L u m berm en .................................
Machinists ..................................
Manufacturers not sp e cifie d ....
M ariners.....................................
Market m e n .................................
Masons and plasterers................
Matcli m akers..............................
Mechanics not sp e cifie d ............
M erchants......................................
M ilkm en .......................................
M ille rs...........................................
M illwrights...................................
M in e rs...........................................
M o ld e r s.........................................
M old-m ak ers...............................
Musicians, music sellers, e tc ....
N urserym en.................................
Occulists........................................
O s tle r s ..........................................
O verseers......................................
P a c k e rs .........................................
P ain ters........................................
Paper m anufacturers.................
Pattern m akers...........................
P e d le r s .........................................
P hysicians....................................
Piano-forte m a k e r s....................




49
10
39
312
19
140,894
10
47
291
12
4
134
6
3
10
6
3
12
3
44
723
156
5
4
89
3
7
25
574
8
9
30
422
27,910
817
32
98
260
121
56
562
12
1,332
4
292
2,558
23
2,591
207
1,174
74
4
48
46
2
56
17
267
449
13
12
194
1,402
3

P i l o t s ............................................
P low -m akers...............................
P lu m bers......................................
P o tte rs..........................................
Printers.........................................
Produce dealers...........................
Professors......................................
P u blish ers....................................
Q uarrym en..................................
Railroad-men .............................
Refectory keepers......................
R e fin e rs........................................
R o o fe r s.........................
R op e-m akers...............................
Saddle and harness m akers... .
Sail-m akers..................................
S alt-m akers..................................
Sash-makers.................................
Saw yers.........................................
Scale-m akers...............................
S c u lp to r s......................................
S erva n ts........................................
Sextons.......................................
Shingle-makers............................
Ship carpenters...........................
Shot manufacturers....................
Spinners........................................
S tock-m akers...............................
Stonecutters.................................
Store-keepers...............................
Stove-m akers...............................
S tu d ents........................................
S u rgeon s.......................................
Surveyors......................................
T a ilo r s ...........................................
T ann ers.........................................
T each ers........................................
T eam sters.....................................
Telegraph op era tors..................
Tinsm iths......................................
Tobacconists..................................
Tool-m akers..................................
Traders..........................................
Trim m ers.......................................
Turners..........................................
T y pe-cu tters................................
U ndertakers.................................
U . States and State officers.. .
U p h o l s t e r e r s ...........................
V eterinarians..............................
W atchm en....................................
W e a v e rs..................................
W h eelw righ ts.............................
W hip-m akers...............................
W hitew ashers.............................
W holesale liquor dealers.........
W ood corders, cutters, &dealers
W ood ware manufacturers.........
W ool c a r d e r s.........................
W ool d ea lers...............................
W oolen m anufacturers..............
Other occupations........................

Total

327
24
29
2
73
213
34
6
12
9
22
84
3
4
33
860
16
2
16
125
5
2
376
7
Ill
68
12
5
5
204
15
2
703
3
55
948
408
843
567
21
238
90
2
142
9
37
.2
3
146
19
4
19
66
998
3
7
2
236
3
66
2
152
146
215,359

328

A S tatistical View o f the S tate o f Illin ois.

W e have thought it advisable to give the entire list o f professions, oc­
cupations, and trades, with the number of persons engaged in each, as it
will form some basis, and it is the only one o f tolerable accuracy, for an
estimate of the number of inhabitants residing in the cities and the num­
ber in the country. It is to be regretted that no provision was made by
the law providing for the taking of the census, for keeping separate the
city (urbaine) and rural population.
There were 149,153 families in the State, and 146,544 dwellings, or for
every 5J inhabitants a dwelling.
The entire militia force consisted in
1851 o f 30 general officers, 1,24V field officers, 99 general staff officers,
3,192 company officers, and 165,741 non-commissioned officers, musi­
cians, and privates ; that is, in the aggregate 170,359 men of all arms— of
which 4,618 are commissioned officers. For every five inhabitants there
is one militia-man between 18 and 45 years of age. In point of popula­
tion, Illinois was at the date of the last census the eleventh State in the
Union. The following were the States having a larger population:—
N ew Y o r k .................................
P enn sylvania...........................
O h io ............................................
V irgiuia......................................
T enn essee.................................

3,097,358
2,311,786
1,980,427
1,421,600
1,002,625

994,514
988,416
982,404
906,101
868,903

Massachusetts . .
In d ia n a ................
K e n tu ck y ............
Georgia..................
North C arolina..

Illinois has a population of 15 to the square mile.
greater population to the square mile are—
A rea square
miles.

M a in e ........................................
Massachusetts...........................
V erm on t.....................................
N ew Y o r k .................................
Pennsylvania ..........................
M arylan d .................................
South Carolina........................
G e o r g ia ......................................
K e n tu ck y .................................
In d ian a......................................
Rhode Is la n d ..........................
C onnecticut..............................
N ew J e r s e y .............................
D e la w a re .................................
V ir g in ia .....................................
North C arolina.........................
T en n e sse e .................................
Ohio............................................
District o f C o lu m b ia ..............

32,854
7,800
10,212
47,000
46,000
9,356
29,000
58,000
37,680
38,809
1,306
4,674
8,320
2,120
61,352
50,000
45,600
39,968
60

The States having a
Total
Population
population. to sq. mile.

583,169
994,514
314,120
3,097,358
2,311,786
5S3,034
668,507
906,101
982,405
988,416
147,545
370,807
489,553
91,532
1,421,600
868,903
1,002,625
1,981,427
51,686

19
126
30
65
60
62
23
16
26
29
108
79
60
44
23
17
22
50
861

In other words, while the eighth State in extent and the eleventh in
population, Illinois is but the twentieth State in the density o f her popu­
lation or in population to the square mile. She has more room, then,
for future incr«ase than two-thirds o f the States.
In 1820 Illinois had but one representative in Congress; in 1830,
three; in 1840, seven; and in 1850, nine. The States having a larger
representation are—
N ew Y o r k ...............................................
Pennsylvania..........................................
M assachusetts........................................
T en n essee...............................................




S3
25
11
10

I
O h io ..............
|
V ir g in ia ........
Indian a.............................
|
Kentucky.......

21
13
11
10

A S tatistical View o f the S tate o f Illin ois.
The whole amount o f real and personal estate subject to taxation
in 1850, w a s ..................................... .....................................................
The estimated value, according to the c e n s u s ...................................
The public debt consisted on 1st January, 1851, (called the State
debt proper) o f ............................... .......................................................
The Canal d e b t ...........................................................................................
Making together the sum o f....................................................................
The receipts in the public treasury for the tw o years ending 30th
November, 1850, w e r e ........................................................................
The expenditures for the same period amounted t o ..........................
O f which, was for the ordinary expenses o f the g ov ern m en t.........
The receipts for a single year w e re.......................................................
A nd the ordinary expenses o f the government for a single y e a r ..

329

§114,'782,645 00
156,595,006 00
8,184,481 48
7,843,028 43
16,627,509 91
402,179 27
326,126 27
137,196 16
201,089 63
68,598 08

The expenses o f the government are much greater during the years
when the General Assembly is in session than at other times.
THE FOLLOWING W IL L EX PL AIN THE STATE D E B T :—

Principal debt funded under act o f 1847
Interest on the same to d a t e .......................................................................
Arrears o f interest fu n d e d ............................................................................
Unfunded internal improvement bonds........................
$180,000 00
Other kinds o f indebtedness............................................
144,680 00
Interest on two last am oun ts.........................................
173,261 40
Principal and interest o f W iggins’ l o a n .......................
142,000 00
Liquidation bonds..............................................................
150,000 00

$5,599,565 36
1,020,278 18
1,945,485 27

189,941 40
$9,346,270 21
From which deduct interest paid from mill-and-a-half tax, bonds sur­
rendered, and sale o f land, &c......................................................

561,788 73
$8,184,481 48

The present condition of the State debt may be stated as follows, show­
in g the amount paid during the past two years, and the amount due
January 1st, 1855:—
Internal improvement debt, p rin cip a l......................................................
Interest to January 1, 1855.........................................................................
Arrears o f interest when debt was funded..............................................
Unfunded internal improvement scrip and b o n d s .. .
$397,480 00
Interest to January 1, 1855............................................
333,883 20
W iggins’ loan, principal and in te re st...........................
184,000 00
Liquidation b o n d s .............................................................
253,358 79
Interest two years to January 1, 1855.........................
30,403 05

$5,171,959 74
2,579,561 87
2,023,629 12

1,199,125 04
$11,574,275 18
Deduct amount o f State indebtedness purchased to
January 1, 1853, and interest on same to Janu­
ary 1, 1853 ....................................................................
Amount paid on principal and interest to January
1, 1853, and interest on principal taken up to
January 1, 1855 ............................................................

252,827 68

1,223,000 00
--------------------

1,475,827 68
$10,099,448 10

Principal canal d e b t ......................
Interest on same January 1, 1855




4,886,522 83
2,959,681 96
-------------------

7,346,204 79
$17,944,652 89

330

A S tatistical View o f the State o f Illin ois.

! Less amount o f the tw o mill tax State debt fund. . .
Less amount interest fund received into the treasury
from 1st Dec., 1852, to 1st Dec.., 1 8 5 4 ....................
Less amount from ordinary revenue to p ay interest
on liquidation bonds.....................................................
Less amount surplus revenue to purchase State in­
debtedness ......................................................................
Less amount o f the fund received from sale o f State
land to purchase State indebtedness......................
Less amount paid by board o f trustees o f the Illi­
nois and Michigan Canal, to fully liquidate the
$1,600,000 loan.............................................................
Less amount that will be saved in purchasing State
indebtedness at the market value, with surplus
and land fund received to January 1, 1855...........
Less amount received for tolls on canal for the past
tw o years, and for land and lots sold, as w ell as
amount received for land previously sold and not
paid for until within the past tw o years..................

702,152 26
500,645 56
20,648 71
187,053 82
230,894 06

526,008 79

215,510 82

*
1,477,123 94
3,950,037 96

I

$13,994,614 93

By the foregoing, it will he seen that besides paying enough to pay the
entire interest upon the State debt each year for the past two years, there
has been paid and applied upon the arrearages of interest and the princi­
pal of the debt the sum o f $2,750,037 96, being the sum o f $1,375,018 98
each year over and above the accruing interest— making in all, paid on
principal and interest during the past two years, the sum of $3,950,037 96.
CANAL DEBT.

Principal debt, exclusive o f $1,600,000 loan
Balance due on canal loan o f $1,600,000 . . .

$7,079,117 08
1,033,000 00
$8,112,117 08

From which deduct interest paid from mill-and-a-half
tax ....................................................................................
Bonds and scrip redeemed and interest.........................

$255,818 51
18,270 14
--------------------

269,088 65

Total canal d e b t......................................................................................

$7,843,028 43

Aggregate debt, $16,627,509 91, as stated; that is, $19 o f public debt
for each inhabitant.
The ordinary expenses of the government are about 8 cents for each
inhabitant. If to this be added the interest upon the public debt, it gives
to each inhabitant about $1 16 ; or the entire expense of the State gov­
ernment to each inhabitant is about $1 25 per annum.
Upon those persons residing in cities there are additional taxes, and so
in particular counties for specific purposes there are other taxes and as­
sessments ; but our estimate is simply as to the cost of the State govern­
ment to each citizen.
At the date of the last census, there were 1,223 churches in the State,
having accommodation for 486,576 persons, and property of the value of
$1,482,185. The following table exhibits the state of religious denomina­
tions in Illinois, with church accommodation, &c., somewhat different
from the census returns, but it is thought to be generally correct:—




331

A S tatistical View o f the S tate o f Illin ois.
Num ber o f
churches.

Denominations.

1.
2.
3.
4.
6.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

M ethodist ........................................
Baptist......................................
C hristian...................................
P resbyterian............................
Roman Catholic......................
Congregationalist....................
L u th e ra n .................................
U n io n ........................................
E p isco p a l.................................
Friends......................................
Unitarian.................................. ...................
Tunker ..............................................
U niversalist............................. ...................
Dutch R e fo rm .............................. ...................
F r e e ................................................... ................
German R e fo r m ...........................
S w ed enborgian ........................... ................
M o ra v ia n .................................

6
4
2
2
0

1
2

Church
Value o f church
property.
accom m odation.

$327,290
204,095
42,950
895,130
220,400
89,250
40,120
32,050
78,350
2,340
9,000
2,250
11,500
2,700
6,400
310
800
850

176,474
91,620
30,754
81,529
29,000
15,576
16,440
8,875
14,000
1,550
1,500
1,225
1,300
875
750
ISO
140
400

There -were in June, 1850, '797 paupers, who had received support
during the past year ; of whom 376 were native, and 411 foreign born—
that is to say, there was 1 pauper for every 1,069 inhabitants. There is
no record of the state of crime for 1850, nor for any subsequent year.
The following are the statistics of the foreign Commerce of the State
fo r th e y e a rs m e n t io n e d
Exports.

1847..............................................
1848..............................................
18 49..............................................
18 50............................... ............

$52,100
41,835
88,417
17,669

Imports.

-

18 47______
1848...........
1849...........
1850...........

9,766

In 1850, 13 vessels were built, with a tonnage of 1,691. Though the
Commerce of the State has greatly increased since 1850, it is yet in its
infancy. That a correct idea may be formed of her future Lake trade, the
following tabular statement is inserted, showing the great interest, <&c., of
these inland seas:—
Mean
length.
Miles.

ames.

S u p e rio r....................
Michigan....................
H uron......................... ...........
Green B a y ................ ...........
E rie.............................
O n tario......................
St. C la ir ....................

240
100

Mean
breadth.
Miles.

80
70
80
20
40
35
14

Area.
Square
miles.

Mean Elevation
depth. above sea.
Feet.
Feet.

32,000
22,400
20,400
2,000
9,600
6,300
360

900
1,000
1,000
1,000
84
500
20

596
578
578
578
565
232
570

There are no interesting or reliable statistics relating to the internal and
coasting trade of the State.
The condition of the banks, arising from an increase in their numbers
and the enlargement o f their capital, is so different from what it was in
I860, that it is thought advisable to omit any lengthy account of them at
that date. In 1850 the assets of all the banks were :—■
Debts d u e ............................
R eal estate at co st...........
Illinois State b o n d s .........
In te r e st...............................
Illinois State s c r ip ...........
Coupons...............................

$706,890
747,575
17,501
20,340
14,555
4,750

57 |Sundry stocks....................
05 Due b y other banks and
54
b a n k e rs...........................
48 I Broken bank-notes.............
20 |S p ecie..................................
36

T o ta l.....................................................
A nd liabilities to the amount of,




$9,674 99
18,358 93
12,801 00
36,666 85
$1,675,554 94
445,190 90

332

Journal o f M ercantile Law .

The public improvements consist principally o f railroads and a canal
uniting the Chicago River with the Illinois. About a thousand miles of
railroad are finished and in working condition. The principal of these
are the Illinois Central Railroad, the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad,
the Galena Air Line, the St. Charles Air Line, the Illinois and Wisconsin,
and the Chicago and Aurora Road, the Chicago and Rock Island Road,
the Chicago and Mississippi Road, and the two Great Eastern roads termi­
nating at Chicago, the Michigan Central, and the Michigan Southern rail­
roads.
Many and great changes have occurred since the date of the figures
which we have taken as the basis of our calculations. There has'been a
steady and rapid advance in all the industrial pursuits— in the price o f
property— a development of many new sources o f wealth, and from emi­
gration a large augmentation o f the population.
Capital has sought in­
vestment among us, manufactures have sprung up, and everywhere is
heard the “ according music of a well mixed State.” But we have pre­
ferred to give the actual condition of the State at the period of the last
census, and her relative position among the States, rather than indulge in
any speculations as to the changes which have occurred since then.
Considered, then, in every point o f view, Illinois is one o f the most
favored and prosperous o f States. Possessing every advantage of geo­
graphical position, a genial climate, fertile soil, and vast agricultural and
mineral resources— a hardy, virtuous, enterprising, and industrious popu­
lation, she has already outstripped a majority of the States, and is destined
to rank still higher in the Confederacy.
J . n. p .

JOURNAL OF MERCANTILE LAW.

THE KNICKERBOCKER BANK AND THE KNICKERBOCKER SAVINGS INSTITUTION.

Ill the Supreme Court, (New York,) before Judge Roosevelt. J. Hopper Mott
ts. the Receiver of the Knickerbocker Savings Institution. The decision of
Judge Roosevelt, which we publish below, is a most righteous one; the plaintiff
has hot certainly derived his “ notions of fair dealing” from the pages of the

Merchants' Magazine.
Ju dge R . T h is is a con trov ersy arising ou t o f the in con g ru ou s alliance, and
su bsequ ent very natural bankruptcy, o f the K n ick e rb ock er Bank and the so called K n ick erbock er Savings Institution.
It illustrates in a m anner calculated
to strike and even to sh ock, all n otion s o f fair dealing, the tendency o f the on e
to prey upon the vitals o f the other, and then u p on its ow n . T h e plaintiff, it
appears, in h is character o f a m em ber o f the banking association , on the 21st o f
M arch, 1854, obtained from the fu nd s o f the S avings Institution— and it will b e
borne in m ind that the c h ie f m anagers o f the form er, as the published lists sh ow ,
w ere trustees o f the latter, and carried o n their operations in the sam e vicinity—
-a loan, so called, o f $ 1 0 ,2 0 0 , payable with interest on dem and, substituting in
the place o f the m oney so w ithdrawn from the Savings Institution, his prom is­
sory note and certificate o f 450 shares o f the so-called stock o f the K n icker­
b o ck e r Bank. T h is loan he n o w says his friends in the S avings Institution had
no legal right to make, and therefore, h ow ever much he was accom m odated at
the tim e, there is n o legal o b lig ation to repay i t ; and he a ccord in g ly files this




Journal o f M ercantile Law .

333

b ill in equ ity. T h e conjunction can hardly fail to p ro v ok e a sm ile— very m odest­
ly praying that the Suprem e C ourt, sitting in its character o f Chancellor, and as
such the guardian o f charities, w ill order the R eceiver, w ithout paym ent, o r any
offer o f paym ent, to d eliver up the note and certificate on the pretended faith o f
w h ich w ith the concurrence o f the friendly m anagers o f the charity,— un law fu lly
as he contends,— he had abstracted o f the savings o f the p o o r th e large am ount
$ 1 0 ,0 0 0 and upwards. T h e charter o f the Savings Institution* as am ended in
1853, p rovid es that its funds shall b e invested in, or loan ed on p u blic stock s or
private m o r tg a g e s ; and that w hen loan ed on, o r invested in, such stock s or m ort­
g ag es, a sufficient b o n d or other satisfactory p ersonal security, in addition, shall
b e required o f the borrow er. A stock -n ote, therefore, like the one in question ,
bein g a personal security, its e lf w as perfectly la w fu l; and had the stock accom ­
p anyin g it b e e n that o f a “ tow n , city , coun try, o r S tate,” n o question co u ld
have been raised as to either. W h a t then is the p rop osition advanced b y the
p lain tiff? T h at if, as required b y law , he had given g o o d collateral security, his
p ersonal prom ise to pay, thus fortified, w o u ld have been b in d in g ; bu t having
palm ed off, as collateral security, a stock which w as com paratively w orth less, he
can n ot ju s tly b e called u p o n to pay anything, and is equ itably entitled to be
shielded from all p ossible prospective annoyance. A n d this, to o , it is said, is the
legitim ate and even necessary construction o f a le g a l p rov ision m ade, as the A c t
expresses it, “ fo r the interest and advantage o f the d epositors” — the p o o r and
helpless con fid in g d epositors— o f an institution organized b y the legislature to
en cou ra ge, in the hum bler w alks o f life, the virtues o f sobriety, industry, econ ­
o m y , and integrity, and to provid e fo r them a resou rce in seasons o f w ant and
distress. T h e bare statem ent o f the proposition carries with it to m y m ind, its
o w n refutation. It assum es as the law o f a Christian p eople, a principle w hich
w o u ld hardly b e tolerated in a com m u n ity o f swindlers. T h e trustees o f the
Savings Institution— and M ott, the plaintiff, knew it— had undertaken an office
o f ch a rity ; they w ere n o t to receive, d irectly or indirectly, any pay o r em olum ent
fo r their services, n or directly nor indirectly to b o r r o w its funds o r deposits
(s. 8 and 6 ; ) and, like a board o f guardians fo r m inors, they w ere to invest these
d eposits w ith a single eye to the interest and perfect security o f the depositors.
T h e loan in question, therefore, under any interpretation o f the charter, w as a
breach o f trust, and M o tt kn ew it, and corroborated in it, and m ay fairly b e said
to have instigated its perpetration. H e t o o k the fund, as a necessary c on se­
qu en ce, charged with the t r u s t ; and so far from p rotectin g him in his unlaw ful
depredation, it is the du ty o f the C ourt, o n the contrary, to com p el him to dis­
g o rg e , and to accoun t fo r w h atev er gains he m ay or m ight have m ade, b y the
unlaw ful m ixin g o f the trust funds w ith his ow n , and em p loy in g them in his
private business. T h is is a fam iliar rule o f equity ju rispruden ce, and it is an
equally familiar rule that he w h o asks equity m ust d o equity. B e fore, therefore,
calling fo r any interposition in his favor, the p laintiff m ust at least bring into
c o u r t the principal and interest o f the m on ey s w hich he adm its he to o k from the
vault o f the S avings Institution— took, I say, because, although the faithless trus­
tees m ay have b e e n the w illin g instrum ents, it was he that handled them , and
m ade them su bservient to his p u rp o s e ; and it is he that w o u ld n ow , in m ore
than on e sense, take the ben efit o f the act. W h at-1 have thus far argued assum es,
that the trustees w ere forbidden by their charter from m aking even a tem porary
d isposition o f the funds, e x cep t on the security o f p ublic stock s or real estate—
an assum ption, how ever, w hich it seem s to me, the language used, w hen taken in
con n ection w ith other provisions, d o e s n o t call for. “ T o m eet current paym ents,”
the trustees w ere authorized “ to k eep o n deposit, on interest, or otherw ise, in
such available form as they m igh t direct, an available fund o f n o t ex ceed in g one
hundred thousand d ollars, & c . N o w a deposit, payable with interest, is neither
m ore n or less than a lo a n ; and a certificate o f such deposit, stipulating to return
the am ount with interest, it has been repeatedly and correctly held, is neither
m ore nor less than a p rom issory note, en g a gin g t o refund such loan. A n d i f the
n ote be payable on dem and, and the m aker be both able and honest, the deposit
w hich it represents is o b v iou sly in the “ available fo rm ,” (to draw interest, and




334

Journal o f M ercantile Law .

y e t to b e ready to m eet current paym ents,) which the charter contem plated.
K e p t in the form o f g o ld and silver, or bank-n otes, in their o w n vault, it cou ld
certainly y ield no interest, and deposited on interest w ith a banking association,
it w o u ld have n o security other than the stock o f the bank. In the present case
there is both the stock o f a banking association and the n ote o f a sin gle indi­
vidual. A bank, even i f th e charter confin ed the trustees to m aking their avail­
able deposits in banks— a bank, I say, under our law s, m ay b e organized b y a
sin gle individual. “ A n individual banker,” as he is denom inated in the general
banking law, m ay m ake him self president, cashier, clerks, and d irectors, and
carry his “ office o f discou n t and d e p o s it ” ab ou t w ith his person. H e may, in
effect, as the la w -b o o k s express it, con solid ate h im self a “ corporation sole.”
A nd even a “ banking association ,” it is provided, m ay b e form ed o f “ any num ­
ber o f p ersons,” as fe w even as tw o . It is sufficient, how ever, fo r the p urpose
o f the argum ent, to k n o w that the charter, as to the fund referred to, im poses no
express con d ition on the deposit, except that w h ile it may b e in a “ form ” to
draw interest, it shall b e in a form that is “ available,” and n o im plied condition,
except such as results from the v ery nature o f the trust. W ith these ob jects at­
tained, and reasonable caution and g o o d faith observed, it m ay b e deposited with
an individual, or with an individual banker, o r with a banking association, or
with a b o d y corp orate, “ as the trustees m ay direct.” In either “ form ,” it is
their duty to see to the sufficiency o f the security, and the careless, intentional,
or inadequate taking o f security w o u ld b e contrary to their duty, and, as a co n ­
sequence, contrary to their charter. B ut to say, that fo r that reason the security
taken— insufficient as it m ay b e — is to be w h o lly given up and canceled, and the
m oney left, and even protected in the hands o f the w ron g -d oer, and that b y the
active aid o f a cou rt o f equity— is a prop osition at variance, it seem s to m e, with
every n otion o f co m m o n sense and com m on honesty. A s w ell m ight it b e said,
that i f the trustees m ade loan s to them selves— w hich, as w e have seen , th ey
w e re prohibited from d o in g — the cou rt, b y w ay o f redressing the injury, m ust
release them from all obligation to pay. Or, taking the case o f ordinary private
trustees b y deed o r w ill— was it ever heard that a person, b orrow in g o f them on
n ote, or other m ere personal security, w as entitled to turn around im m ediately,
and, w ithout paym ent, ask a return o f the securities? A n d y e t all trustees, un­
less specially authorized, in the w ill or deed, to the contrary, are prohibited from
m aking such loans. T h e w ron g , in such cases, is a w ron g d on e, n ot to the p u b ­
lic, to b e punished b y m aking the act void, but to the particular cestuy que trusts,
and to b e redressed, as far as m ay b e , b y adding to the im perfect security, im ­
p rop erly taken, the individual liability o f the trustees them selves, and b y fo llo w ­
ing, w herever it can b e d on e, the very fund o r su bject o f the trust in the hands
o f the k n o w in g participator.
W h e n this cause c o m e s to a final hearing, therefore— it has n o w b een d iscu ssed
on ly on an inform al m otion — the plaintiff, instead o f bein g entitled to the decree
he asks for, w ill b e adjudged by w ay o f counterclaim to pay to the R eceiv er o f
the S avings Institution the w h ole §10,200, w ith interest and costs. If, b y his
ow n sh ow in g, then, he is n o t entitled, o n a final decree, to the re lie f h e asks in
his com plaint, the rule is positive that he can have no claim to a prelim inary in­
ju n ctio n at the com m en cem en t o f his action. T h e o n e is m erely auxiliary to
and fa lls with the other. M otion to continue injunction denied, with costs.
ACTION ON A BILL OF EXCHANGE— THE PRESENT ST ATE OF THE U SU RY L A W S
IN ENGLAND.

L oa n s o f m on ey o n b ills o f exchange, and prom issory n otes payable n ot m ore
than three m onths after date, or n ot having m ore than three m onths to run, al­
th ou g h collaterally secured b y a charge u p on land, are la w fu l at any rate o f
interest.
T h e defendant, C lack, pleaded that the plaintiff, S ainsbury, had con tracted fo r
and taken usurious interest.
T h e plaintiff relied o n the 3d and 4th W ill. I V .,
c. 98, s. 7.
T h e defendant contended that this act w as im pliedly repealed b y the 2d and




Journal o f M ercantile Law .

335

3d V ic., c. 37.
T h e C ou rt o f C om m on P leas decided that the 3d and 4th
W ill. IV ., c. 98, s. 7, w as n ot im plied ly repealed, and that the p roviso in the 2d
and 3d V ic., e. 37, affecting security on land, did n o t apply to cases p rotected b y
the 3d and 4th W ill. I V ., c.. 98, s. 7.
T h ere have been m any d ecision s on this statute.
T h o s e that chiefly affect
bankers are the fo l l o w i n g :—
A n agreem ent that L o n d o n bankers should accept and p ay bills o f exchan ge
drawn in the cou n try fo r a com m ission o f 5s. per cent, bein g furnished w ith
funds to pay the bills b efore they becam e due, is n ot usurious, n o loan bein g
contem plated.
A n d where a custom er applied to his bankers to lend him
£ 4 ,0 0 0 at £ 5 per cent, which the bankers agreed to, he then asked the bankers
what balance he w as expected to keep with them . T h ey answ ered he co u ld not
keep less than £ 1 ,0 0 0 , u p on w hich the custom er said— “ V e r y w ell, they m igh t
leave it to him,” and the custom er paid into and d rew ou t from the ba n k in ghou se in on e year various sum s, am ounting to £ 1 0 8 ,0 0 0 .
It w as held, that
under the circum stances the loan w as n o t usurious. (C h itty on C ontracts, 702.)
W h e th e r a com m ission on a banking accou n t b e usurious or n ot, is a question
fo r a ju ry , d epending upon w hether it m ay b e ascribed to a reasonable rem u­
neration fo r trou ble and expense, or whether it b e a c o lo r fo r the paym ent o f
interest ab ove 5 per cent upon a loan o f m oney. (C arstairs vs. S tein, 4 M aule
and S elw y n , 192.)

From the foregoing authorities, the follow ing seems a brief summary o f the
existing law o f usu ry:—
1. N o person can legally take m ore than £ 5 per cen t per annum interest on
loan s under £ 1 0 , e x cep t paw nbrokers, and e x cep t on bills o f ex ch a n ge and
prom issory n otes at less than three m onths’ date, or having less than three
m onths to run.
2. A n y rate o f interest m ay be taken on bills o f exchan ge and p rom issory
notes, although under £ 1 0 , at three m onths’ d a te ,o r n ot having m ore than three
m onths to r u n ; and there m ay also b e collateral security on land fo r the pay­
m ent o f such bills or notes.
3. A n y rate o f interest m ay b e taken fo r sum s ab ove £ 1 0 on bills o f ex­
change and prom issory n otes o f m ore than three and less than tw elve m on th s’
date or time to run, and also on all other contracts o f similar date, provided there
be no landed security.
4. In all other instances the old usury law s are still in force.
s h ip b r o k e r s ’ c l a im f o r

c o m m is s io n .

N isi P rius C ourt, L o n d o n , 1854, b e fo re M r. Justice C row der, P earce

vs. R oo se n .

T h is w as an action brou g h t by the plaintiffs, M essrs. S. & W . P earce, shipbrokers o f this tow n, to recover from the defendant, the ow n er o f the celebrated
ship “ S overeign o f the S eas,” the sum o f £ 2 7 8 , the am ount o f com m ission fo r
“ layin g on that v essel.”
M r. K n o w le s, Q . C ., with M r. B row n , w ere fo r the p lain tiffs; and M r. H u g h
H ill fo r the defense.
F ro m the statem ent o f the learned cou n sel w h o opened the case (th e A tto r ­
n ey-G eneral) it appeared that in the cou rse o f last year, the “ S ov ereig n o f the
Seas,” the p ioneer o f that fleet o f clipper-ships w hich have spread far and w ide
alike the fam e o f our trans-A tlantic cou sin s as ship builders, and o f the m er­
chants o f L iverp ool fo r enterprise, in d evelop in g the vast and d aily expanding
trade o f their port, arrived in L iv e rp o o l. She w as b u ilt in the U nited States fo r
the A ustralian trade, and w as so ld either previou s to her sailing from N ew Y ork ,
or during her passage, to the defendant, Mr. H erm an R o o s e n , a m erchant o f
H am burg. O n her arrival in this cou n try, M r. R o o s e n cam e to L iv erp ool to se­
cure fo r her a charter, or to m ake other arrangem ents for her v o y a g e to A u stra ­
l ia; and, bein g a stranger, he obtain ed from M essrs. L in d sey & C o ., o f L on d on ,
a letter o f introdu ction to their corresp ond ents in L iv erp ool, the M essrs. S. &
W . P earce. T h e letter was as f o l l o w s :—




336

Journal o f M ercantile Law .
July 13th, 1853.

M essrs. S . & W . P

earce

:—

D ear S irs :— W e have m u ch pleasure in in trodu cin g to y o u our respected
friend, H erm an R o o s e n , E sq ., ow n e r o f the celebrated ship “ S ov ereig n o f the
S eas.” S h ou ld he fail in p rocu rin g the em ploym en t he desires fo r Australia or
India, his w ish w ill b e to send her back to the States, and in such case I k n o w
y o u can obtain fo r h er the high er rates (w h ich she w ell deserves) w hich y ou r
m arket affords.
F aithfu lly yours,
LINDSEY" & CO.

O n the presentation o f this letter, the plaintiffs introdu ced M r. R o o s e n to
M essrs. M iiler & T h o m p so n , and the result o f the interview w as, that those
gentlem en agreed “ to lay the ship o n ” fo r the plaintiff, securing him £ 1 1 ,5 0 0
fo r the v o y a g e , and layin g d o w n im m ediately £ 4 ,0 0 0 . I t w as also agreed that
i f freig h t ab ove that am oun t w a s obtain ed, the n ext £ 5 0 0 sh ould b e lo n g to
M essrs. M iller & T h om p son , and that any ex ce ss ab ove £ 1 2 ,0 0 0 sh ould b e di­
vided betw een them , the defendant and the plaintiffs. O n this bein g arranged,
the p laintiff p roceed ed to the M essrs. P earce’ s office to arrange ab ou t their c o m ­
m ission ; and in an interview w ith M r. B o y d , their m anager, it w as agreed, in
con seq u en ce o f the great am ount involved, it b e in g a larger transaction than had
ever b e fo re been k n ow n in the case o f a sin gle ship, he should o n ly pay 2| per
cent, bein g h a lf the am ount usually charged. T h is b e in g arranged, th e d efen d ­
ant said that he sh ould g o and tell M r. Jam es Baines, o f the firm o f B aines &
C o ., with w h om it seem ed he had previou sly been negociating, that he cou ld not
have the ship.
In the m eantim e, how ever, the M essrs. B aines &. C o. offered
£ 5 0 m ore than the sum offered b y M essrs. M iller & T h om p son , and this induced
the defendant to break his agreem en t with those gentlem en, and to repudiate
the claim fo r com m ission b y the plaintiffs. T h e plaintiffs im m ediately w rote to
the defendant that they did n o t understand such co n d u ct as he had been gu ilty
o f ; and it was to vindicate the ju stice o f their claim that they b rou g h t the pres­
en t action.
M r. G e o rg e P . M ille r d e p o se d to the arrangem ent into w hich the defendant
had in the first instance entered w ith them, and to his leaving the office to ar­
range the com m ission w ith the M essrs. P earce. H e also stated that in “ laying
on ” ships, verbal agreem ents w ere the rule.
M r. B o y d , m anager to the plaintiffs, d eposed to the agreem ent in reference to
the paym ent o f the 2-J p er cent, and to the fact that parole agreem ents w ere
those w hich w ere generally entered into in the case o f “ laying on ” ships, inas­
m uch as the undertaking to “ lay on ” a ship was n o t binding in the nature o f a
charter, b u t an un dertaking to freig h t the ship to the best p ossible advantage.
In this instance the M essrs. M iller & T h o m p so n had no hesitation, from the
character o f the “ S ov ereig n o f the S eas,” to guaranty the freight, even though
it w ere the large sum o f £ 1 1 ,5 0 0 .
M r. H ill, Q. C ., u rg ed fo r the defense, that it w as im possible to su pp ose that
i f such a freig h t had been secured the defendant w o u ld have been satisfied w ith
a parole agreem ent. It w as m ore reasonable to su pp ose that no such freight
had been s e c u r e d ; and n o arrangem ent having been effected with the M essrs.
M iller & T h o m p so n , the plaintiffs cou ld n o t b e consid ered as entitled to their
com m ission .
N o eviden ce w as adduced fo r the defense.
T h e ju ry im m ediately returned a verdict fo r the plaintiffs fo r the fu ll am ount
claim ed— £ 2 7 8 w ith costs.
s h ip ’s

l o g — c a p t a in ’s

e v id e n c e .

A ship’ s lo g , w ritten b y the m ate, b u t read b y the captain ab ou t a w eek after
it w as w ritten, m ay b e u sed o n a trial b y the captain to refresh his m em ory,
w h ere the m ate is abroad, and it is sh ow n that the m atters to w hich the lo g re­
ferred w ere,-on its bein g seen b y the captain, fresh in his m ind, and he at that
tim e th ou gh t the narrative contained in it w as correct.
A n d erson vs. W h alley .
— 19 Law Times R e p ., 365.




337

Commercial Chronicle and Review.
PRINCIPAL AND AGENT— CONSTRUCTIVE FRAU D— CONSIGNMENT.

W h e re A and C o . had induced B to make advances fo r the p u rpose o f w o rk ­
in g som e m ines abroad, belo n gin g to C, the produce o f w hich was to b e remitted
to A and C o. as con sign ees, w h o were to accoun t to B fo r the proceeds, it was
held by the L o rd C hancellor (L o rd T ru r o ) that A and B cou ld n ot set up an
antecedent title to the p roceed s o f the consignm ent. Z u lu eta vs. V in cen t.— 19
Law Times R e p ., 330.

COMMERCIAL CHRONICLE AND REVIEW .
STA TE

OP

TH E

TH E

M O N EY

B A N K S IN

TRAN SFER
FR O M

OF

N EW

M A R K E T — A C C U M U L A T IO N

C A P IT A L

S T O C K — R E S U M P T IO N

C A L IF O R N IA — D E P O S IT S

P H IL A D E L P H IA
— C A SH

AND N EW

REVEN U E

OF S P E C IE — B A N K

AT

AT

N EW

O RLEAN S

N EW

OF M E S S R S . P A G E AND

YO RK

A SSAY

M IN T S — F A L L IN G

Y O R K , BO STO N

AND

O F F IC E , AND
O F F IN

FR O M N EW Y O R K

— CA SH

AT

JA N U A R Y — E X P O R T S

D U T IE S

T he

R E C E IV E D

A M E R IC A N

N EW

YO RK

P R O V IS IO N S IN

IN

TO

IN T O

F O R E IG N
OF

TH E

AND

THE
AT

OF GO LD

C O IN A G E

U N IT E D
N EW

OP

IS S U E AND

BACO N — R E C E IP T S

P H IL A D E L P H IA — IM P O R T S

G O O D S— E X P O R T S

FO R

D E P O S IT S

IM P O R T S

JA N U A R Y — IM P O R T S O F D R Y

M AND FO R

E X P A N S IO N — S T A T E M E N T

Y O R K , B O S T O N , M A S S A C H U S E T T S A N D W IS C O N S IN — P L A N S

AT

STATES

YO RK

FO R

P O R T S F O R JA N U A R Y

D O M E S T IC

TRO D U CE— D E ­

EU RO PE.

m oney m arket continued to sh ow a gradual relaxation

d ow n to the

m iddle o f F ebruary, rates o f interest having declin ed in all section s o f the
co u n try , and capital bein g m ore freely offered.

T h e banks continued their e x ­

pansion, and m uch o f the uneasiness which prevailed at the op en in g o f the year
had passed away.

S ince the m iddle o f F ebruary there has been less b u oy a n cy

in the m oney m arket, the exports o f specie having been resum ed, althou gh to a
lim ited extent, and the demand for m on ey having turned the rates o f interest, in
contracts on lo n g time, in favor o f the lender.

T h is reaction is regarded as tem ­

p orary, as the im ports have fallen o ff so materially that the indebtedness o f the
cou n try to E u rop e m ust have been largely dim inished, w hile the ex ports have
n ot fallen o ff b y any m eans in the same ratio.

I f our c o tto n and breadstuffs are

still w anted in E urop e, as there is every reason to e x p ect they w ill be, we see
no cause fo r any shipm ents o f specie during the current year, b ey on d the am ount
w hich it is our interest to spare.

It can hardly b e ex p ected that w e sh ould re­

tain all o f our receipts o f C alifornia g o ld , nor do w e con sid er such an accum u­
lation at all desirable.

T h e addition to our m etallic currency o f on e-h a lf or pne-

third o f the $ 5 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 per annum w hich C alifornia furnishes w ill be all that
can b e safely left w ith us, w ithout exciting reckless speculations, and other follies.
T h e bank expansion has been m ost m arked in N ew Y ork , where the loans
and d iscou nts as w ell as the specie rapidly au gm en ted.

T h e fo llo w in g w ill sh ow

the change from the lo w e st point, which was the 9th o f D e c e m b e r :—
Date,.

Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.

Capital.

9, 1854 148,163,400
6 ......... 48,163,400
23 .......... 48,163,400
80 .........
48,163,400
1855 48,000,000
13 ____
48,000,000
20.____
48,000,000
48,000,000
27.____
3.
10 ____
48,000,000
17.____
48,000,000

V O L . X X X I I .-----N O . I I I.




Loans and
Discounts.

Specie.

Circulation.

Deposits.

$80,593,637
80,946,664
80,860,591
81,653,637
82,244,706
83,976,081
85,447,998
86,654,657
88,145,697
89,862,170
90,850,031

$10,483,501
11,471,841
11,486,880
12,076,147
13,596,963
15,488,525
16,372,127
16,697,260
17,439,196
17,124,391
17,339,085

$7,480,833
7,261,111
6,924,667
7,075,880
7,049,982
6,686,461
6,681.355
6,739,823
7,000,766
6,969,111
6,941,606

$60,278,866
61,367,098
58,958,028
62,828,020
64,982,158
67,303,398
69,647,0 IS
20,136,618
72,923,317
73,794,342
75,193,636

22

338

Com m ercial Chronicle and R eview .

T h is sh ow s a change in loan s and discou nts o f nearly $1 0,00 0,00 0 in eight
Weeks, an average expansion o f over on e m illion per w eek.

W e also annex a

com parative statem ent o f the w e e k ly average o f the B oston banks

Capital.............................
Loans and discou nts.. .
S p ecie..............................
Due from other banks..
Duo to other banks . . .
Deposits..........................
Circulation......................

January 22.
$32,240,330
49,989,362
3,384,422
7,927,535
5,983,843
12,842,131
7,246,159

January 29.
$32,244,625
50,342,060
3,364,861
7,504,725
6,022,046
12,830,032
7,143,586

February 5.
$32,246,125
50,961,378
3,380,798
7,470,701
6,118,041
13,207,450
7,086,221

February 12.
$32,247,125
51,417,824
3,385,605
7,206,645
6,336,609
13,119,752
7,045,871

T h is also sh ow s a steady expansion from the op en in g o f the year.
T h e fo llo w in g is a statem ent o f the condition o f the banks o f M assachusetts
on the 3d F e b r u a r y :—

LIABILITIES.
37 City.
C a p ita l.................................
Net circulation......................
Deposits..................................
Profits on demand................................
T o ta l............................... .............

3,808,906

131 Country.
$25,283,903
10,639,831
5,384,367
2,198,503

Total.
$57,530,028
16,373,392
18,591,817
6,007,409

$54,996,042

$43,506,604

$98,502,646

RESOURCES.
37 City.
$50,961,378

Notes, bills o f exchange, <fec.................
S p e cie .....................................
Real estate............................. .............
Total................................ ...............

131 Country.

Total.

653.866

$41,961,443
1,012,517
582,644

$92,922,821
4,393,315
1,185,510

$54,996,042

$43,506,604

$98,502,646

A s com pared with the statem ent fo r the 4th o f D ec. last, this sh ow s a fa llin g
o f f in “ n otes, & c.,” o f $ 5 4 0 ,8 1 8 , and an increase o f specie o f $ 1,197,060.
T h e fo llo w in g is a summ ary o f the liabilities and assets o f the W is co n sin
banks o n the 1st January, 1855.

N um ber o f banks organ ized in W is c o n ­

sin, 2 2 : —
RESOURCES.

15

Total loans and discounts, except to directorsand brokers..................
Due from d ire cto rs..........................
Due from brokers..........................................................................................
O v e rd ra fts.............
Stocks deposited at par v a l u e ..................................................................
Stocks not deposited with the State T re a su re r...................................
Promissory notes other than for loans and discou nts.. , ....................

11,6(73,629
74,087
41,357
1,389
998,485
45,530
70,580

S p e c i e ..................................................................................................................................................

3 2 0 ,9 1 4

61

Cash it e m s .....................................................................................................
R eal estate.....................................................................................................
Loss and expense account..........................................................................
Bills o f solvent banks on hand...................................................................
Bills o f suspended banks on h a n d ...........................................................
Due from banks............................................................................................

116,658
24,820
25,656
341,174
8,791
306,982

40
57
27
25
25
50

Total resources,




68
04
16
19
04
14

$4,079,557 74

339

Commercial Chronicle and Review.
LIABILITIES.

C apital...........................................................................................................
Registered notes in circu la tion ................................................................
Due to the State Treasurer......................................................................
Due depositors oil demand........................................................................
Due to others................................................................................................

$1,400,000
740,764
187
1,481,866
455,737

Total liabilities

00
00
50
74
50

$4,079,557 74

V ariou s plans have been su ggested fo r the issue and transfer o f the capital
stock o f corp orate com panies, in order to prevent fraud, bu t no schem e seem s to
have been devised w hich m eets w ith general approval.

T h e N ew Y o rk Central

R ailroad C om p an y have brou gh t forw ard a plan, p rovid in g fo r a separate regis­
ter and transfer office, b u t it is cu m brou s, and i f adopted, m ust effectually pre­
ven t any considerable activity in the sto ck at the B oard o f B rokers.

It has been

su ggested that every com pan y issu ing stock should provide a separate certificate
fo r each share, w hich should b e registered in a State office like a bank note, and
pass from hand to hand w ithout indorsem ent, possession bein g eviden ce o f pro­
prietorship.

T h is plan has many things in its favor, bu t it is liable to one or

tw o objection s.

In the first p lace, the docu m en ts fo r 500 or 1,000 shares o f

sto ck w ou ld be very volum inou s, and bein g u sefu l w ith ou t indorsem en t w ou ld
b e liable to b e stolen.

In the n ext place, this plan w ou ld put it o u t o f the

p o w e r o f the officers o f the com p an y to k n o w their stock hold ers, as the stock
w o u ld b e constan tly chan ging hands w ith ou t any notice to the com p an y; and
it w ou ld render it im possible fo r the

officers to n o tify them in case o f neces­

sity, e x cep t b y general advertisem ent. It appears to u s that a better plan w ou ld be
to establish a general transfer office in each large city in which transfers are to be
m ade, w here the business fo r all the railroad and other corporate com pan ies c ou ld
be transacted.

T h is w o u ld diminish the expen se to each com pan y, w hile there

w o u ld b e all the security to each that su ch general watchfulness w o u ld insure.
W e noticed in ou r last the su spen sion o f M essrs. P age & B acon o f St. L ou is,
a banking hou se w hich has en joyed a credit alm ost un bou nded.

W e are n ow

happy to be ab le to add that this h o u se again resum ed paym ent on the 19th,
p ay in g interest and co sts o f p rotest o n all suspended claim s, and g o in g on with
their regular business to the satisfaction o f a large circle o f friends.
T h e receipts o f g o ld from C alifornia con tin u e large, and com e forw ard with
con sid erable regularity.

T h e fo llo w in g w ill sh o w the deposits at the N ew

Y o r k A ssa y Office fo r the m onth en d in g January 31, 1 8 5 5 :—
DEPOSITS OF BULLION, ETC., AT THE ASSAY OFFICE, NEW YORK.

Foreign c o in s ..............
Foreign bu llion...........
United States bullion

Deposits of gold,
$81,000 00
24,000 00
4,243,929 86
$4,348,729 86

Total deposits for January.................................................
O f the above, there were paid for in bars...........................
“
“
“
coins................................
Amount sent over to Philadelphia mint for coinage . . . .




Deposits o f silver.

$ 1,122 00
695 73
30,011 97
$31,829 70
4,348,729 86
$4,380,559
551,021
3,829,538
4,018,400

56
21
35
24

340

Commercial Chronicle and Review.

Of the above deposits, $220,000 were in San Francisco mint bars.
The following will show the business at the Philadelphia and New Orleans
mints for the same time. The deposits at the Philadelphia mint include the
$4,018,400 24 sent over from the Assay Office, New York ; so that the actual
deposits were very small:—
DEPOSITS AND COINAGE AT PHILADELPHIA AND NEW ORLEANS MINTS.
DEPOSITS FOR JANUARY.
G o ld fro m C a lifo rn ia .

Philadelphia Mint........ _____
N ew Orleans Mint____
Total d e p o sits.........

T ota l G o ld .

$ 4 ,2 6 0 ,8 0 0

S ilv e r .

T o t a l.

$ 4 ,2 6 9 ,4 0 0

$ 1 7 0 ,0 0 0

$ 4 ,4 3 9 ,4 0 0

6 5 ,4 1 9

7 1 ,8 2 6

1 0 5 ,6 3 8

1 7 7 ,4 6 4

$ 4 ,3 2 6 ,2 1 9

$ 4 ,3 4 1 ,2 2 6

$ 2 7 5 ,6 3 8

$ 4 ,6 1 6 ,8 6 4

GOLD COINAGE.
N e w Orlean s.
P ie c e s .

P h il a d e l p h ia .

V a lu e .

Double e a g le s ..............

P ie c e s .
1 9 8 ,3 0 9
4 7 ,7 1 0

Q u a r t e r e a g l e s ..................

Total

...................

3 0 ,0 0 0

$ 3 0 ,0 0 0

g o l d c o i n a g e . . ..................

3 0 ,0 0 0

$ 3 0 ,0 0 0

V a lu e .
$ 3 ,9 6 6 ,1 8 0
477 100

1 6 ,5 9 6

82 980

4 7 ,5 9 4

1 1 8 ,9 8 5

3 1 0 ,2 0 9

$ 4 ,6 4 5 ,2 4 5

$12,000
36.000
142,000
39.000

SILVER COINAGE.

110,000

$55,000

15,000

24,000
144.000
1,420,000
780.000

Total silver coinage............ . .

410,000

$70,000

2,368,000

$229,000

Total c o i n a g e ................... . . .

440,000

$100,000

2,678,209

$4,874,245

H a lf d o lla r s..........................
Quarter d o lla r s.....................
H a lf dim es..............................

T h e im ports into the U nited States d uring the last six m onths sh o w a very
consid erable declin e, as com p ared w ith the corresp ond ing total fo r the previou s
year.

T h is declin e m ay b e seen in the fo llo w in g statem ent o f the duties re­

ceived at the six principal ports fo r th e last six m onths in each o f the last tw o
y e a r s :—
CASH REVENUE RECEIVED AT
,-----------BOSTON.----------- ,

,------------ NEW YORK.------------ ,

,------PHILADELPHIA.------,

1853.

1854.

1853.

1854.

1853.

1854.

July . . .
A u g u s t.
S ep t. . .
Oct........
N o v .. . .
D ec. . . .

$632,165
855,471
845,089
531,338
638,549
500,787

$765,698
921,542
684,016
670,773
498,448
387,599

$4,648,922
4,653.898
4,237,890
2,716,183
2,650,959
2,964,860

$4,061,071
5,221,711
3,448,021
2,411,900
1,756,640
1,576,84S

$530,091
541,236
522,240
303,420
312,653
476,158

$4^0,274
609,196
428,616
152,184
219,340
103,168

T o ta l.

4,003,399

3,825,056

21,872,712

18,476,239

3,355,798

2,102,772




341

Commercial Chronicle and Review.
,-------BALTIMORE.-------,

,------CHARLESTON.------,

,----- NEW ORLEANS.-------,

1853.

1854.

1853.

1854.

1853.

1854.

J u ly .....................
A ugust................
Septem ber.........
O c to b e r ..............
N o v e m b e r.........
D e c e m b e r .........

$47,157
121,559
93,957
64,114
47,277
73,668

$80,548
143,730
116,441
70,137
69,658
59,67 1

$21,401
82,405
64,472
36,318
40,485
32,314

$22,566
15,015
41,822
35,709
43,812
50,316

$141,560
85,333
238,219
241,240
287,784
245,362

$57,801
95,007
212,759
192,182
333,369
224,733

T o t a l ..............

467,736

460,184

217,399

209,240

1,289,498

1,116,251

The total at the above six ports for the last six months is $26,189,742,
against $30,506,528 for the corresponding period o f 1853—showing a decline of
$4,316,786 in cash revenue, which would make the falling off in the imports
equal about $17,247,000. This decline was chiefly towards the close o f the
year, and has continued in January in a much greater ratio.
The receipts for duties at the custom-house, in Philadelphia, for the month
of January, show a falling off of $200,000, as compared with the corresponding
month last year, and an increase of $70,000, as compared with the same month
in 1853. Annexed are the figures:—
January, 1855 ...........................................................................................
“
1 8 5 4 .....................................................................................................
“
18 53.....................................................................................................

$337,437 40
539,292 76
267,010 25

Revenue collected in Boston for the month ending January 3 1 ,1 8 5 5 ..
Collected for the month ending January 8 1 ,1 8 5 4 ...................................

678,185 23
832,580 62

Decrease in Boston....................................................................................

$154,395 39

The total imports at New York for January are $6,661,972 less than for
January, 1854; $495,143 less than for the same month of 1853; and only
$1,933,730 more than for the same month of 1852, as will appear from the an­
nexed statement:—
FOREIGN IMPORTS AT NEW YORK IN JANUARY.

1854.

1855.

Entered for consum ption.........
Entered for warehousing.........
Free g o o d s ..................................
Specie and bu llion.....................

$8,584,311
1,281,594
1,041,456
104,736

1852.

$11,563,405
642,279
1,202,2*8
33,048

1851.

$15,651,415
2,271,956
1,395,063
289,365

$8,370,259
3,254,654
1,230,630
90,284

Total entered at the p o r t.........
W ithdrawn from warehouse. .

$11,012,097
1,584,652

$13,440,970
1,536,365

$19,607,799 $12,945,827
2,889.516
2,057,931

The total amount thrown upon the market at New York in January, shows a
still greater decline than the total entered at the port, the entries for ware­
housing having largely increased, while the withdrawals materially declined.
The greatest portion of the falling off in imports has been in dry goods, as will
appear from the following comparative summary:—
FOREIGN MERCHANDISE, EXCLUSIVE OF SPECIE, ENTERED AT NEW YORK IN THE MONTH
OF JANUARY.

Dry g o o d s .................................
General m erchandise..............
Total im ports........................ '




1852.

1853.

1854.

1855.

$7,927,376
2,979,985

$8,564,818
4,843,104

$10,232,470
9,085,964

$5,630,393
7,225,150

$10,907,361

$13,407,922

$19,318,434

$12,855,543

342

Commercial Chronicle and Review.

W e have given above the classification of the entire imports; y e now annex
a statement showing the classification o f the dry goods :—
IMPORTS OF FOREIGN DRY GOODS AT NEW YORK IN JANUARY.
ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION.

Manufactures o f w o o l .........................
Manufactures o f c o tt o n ......................
Manufactures o f s i l k ...........................
Manufactures o f f l a x ..........................
Miscellaneous dry g o o d s....................
T o ta l..............................................

is a .

1843.

1841.

1854.

$ 1 ,3 0 6 ,3 2 2

$ 1 ,6 1 4 ,3 7 2

$ 1 ,6 7 1 ,2 5 1

$ 9 8 9 ,9 2 2

1 ,3 0 8 , 4 5 2

1 ,7 4 3 , 1 6 8

2 .6 2 6 , 8 1 6

9 8 3 ,0 8 1

2 ,9 7 0 , 6 3 3

3 ,8 8 3 , 1 6 5

2 ,9 7 2 , 9 8 1

1 ,0 1 2 , 6 2 1

5 6 9 ,1 6 1

8 7 0 .4 6 0

9 7 2 ,8 4 4

5 8 4 ,4 9 1

4 5 1 ,2 4 3

4 7 8 .4 6 1

6 8 1 ,8 7 2

4 7 2 ,7 7 5

$ 6 ,6 0 5 ,8 1 1

$ 8 ,0 8 9 ,6 2 6

$ 8 ,8 7 5 ,7 6 4

$ 4 ,0 4 2 ,8 9 0

W IT H D R A W N FROM WAREHOUSE.
1852.

Manufactures o f w o o l .........................
Manufactures o f c o t t o n ....................
Manufactures o f s i l k .........................
Manufactures o f f l a x ......................
Miscellaneous dry g o o d s ..................

1843.

1844.

1844.

$ 2 1 4 ,1 0 2

$ 1 1 7 ,7 1 1

$ 2 8 1 ,4 0 6

$ 1 1 8 ,3 2 3

2 8 0 ,6 0 1

1 6 5 ,3 8 7

4 4 3 ,0 5 6

2 6 5 ,5 3 0

2 9 1 ,8 8 6

3 3 6 ,5 8 2

5 0 6 ,4 8 3

2 6 9 ,4 3 7

1 2 1 ,6 3 5

2 9 ,9 6 5

1 2 1 ,6 1 3

9 5 ,9 1 8

2 2 ,3 2 0

7 5 ,0 9 6

3 4 ,6 7 6

8 1 ,5 1 9

T o t a l..............................................
A d d entered for consum ption...........

$ 9 3 0 ,5 4 4

$ 7 2 4 ,7 4 1

$ 1 ,3 8 7 ,2 3 4

$ 9 0 0 ,7 2 7

6 ,6 0 5 ,8 1 1

8 ,0 8 9 , 6 2 6

8 ,8 7 5 , 7 6 4

4 ,0 4 2 ,8 9 0

Total thrown on the m a rk e t.. .

$ 7 ,5 3 6 ,3 5 5

$ 8 ,8 1 4 ,3 6 7 $ 1 0 ,2 6 2 ,9 9 8

$ 4 ,9 4 3 ,6 1 7

ENTERED FOR WAREHOUSING.
1843.

1844.

1844.

$ 7 2 ,9 5 1

$ 2 3 9 ,5 1 0

$ 3 0 7 ,3 1 6

2 0 8 ,8 5 6

1 0 3 ,4 9 1

5 7 1 ,4 7 0

5 4 7 ,9 3 5

8 3 7 ,3 7 5

2 3 3 ,7 5 9

3 8 2 ,6 9 3

3 4 8 ,8 4 2

6 6 ,8 3 9

1 1 ,5 1 6

1 5 4 ,2 1 3

2 2 7 ,8 7 1

2 4 ,4 0 2

5 3 ,4 7 5

8 ,8 2 0

1 5 5 ,5 3 9

$ 1 ,3 2 1 ,5 6 5

$ 4 7 5 ,1 9 2

$ 1 ,3 5 6 ,7 0 6

$ 1 ,5 8 7 ,5 0 3

6 ,6 0 5 ,8 1 1

8 ,0 8 9 , 6 2 6

8 ,8 7 5 , 7 6 4

4 ,0 4 2 , 8 9 0

$ 8 ,5 6 4 ,8 1 8 $ 1 0 ,2 3 2 ,4 7 0

$ 5 ,6 3 0 ,3 9 3

1842.

Manufactures o f w o o l ........................
Manufactures o f c o t t o n ......................
Manufactures o f s i l k ............................
Manufactures o f flax............................
Miscellaneous dry g o o d s ....................

$ 1 8 4 ,1 1 1

T o ta l..............................................
A d d entered for consum ption...........
Total entered at the p o r t .........

$ 7 ,9 2 7 ,3 7 6

T h e ab ove sh ow s that th« total receipts o f d ry g o o d s in the m onth o f Janu­
ary w ere $ 4 ,6 0 2 ,0 7 7 less than fo r the sam e m onth o f last y e a r ; $2 ,9 3 4 ,4 2 5
less than fo r January, 1853, and $ 2 ,2 9 6 ,9 8 3 less than fo r the same m onth o f
1852. T h is d ecline is greatest in silks, w hich have fallen o ff 60 per cen t as c o m ­
pared with last y e a r; co tto n s have declined o v er 50, and w oolen s and linens
also sh ow a material redu ction.

W e annex a con d en sed sum m ary w h ich w ill

sh ow at a glance the com parative receipts o f each class o f g o o d s :—
IMPORTS OF FOREIGN DRY GOODS AT NEW YORK FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY.
1851.

Manufactures of wool .
Manufactures of cotton..
Manufactures of silk....
Manufactures of flax...
Miscellanous dry goods.
T o ta l.........................




$1,687,323
1,846,659
3,616,924
881,976
531,936
$8,564,818

1844.
$1,910,761
3,198,286
3,355,674
1,127,057 .
640,692
$10,232,470

1855.
$1,297,238
1,531,016
1,361,463
812,362
628,314
$5,630,393

343

Commercial Chronicle and Review.

W h ile the im ports have thus fallen off, the exports con tin u e un expectedly
large, corn and m eat p rovision s having been largely shipped.
T h e exports o f specie have declined, bu t the ex p orts o f m erchandise have
blight v increased, the total, exclusive o f specie, bein g $ 5 0 ,7 2 2 in ex cess o f the
large shipm ents for the same m onth o f last y e a r ; $2 ,5 9 6 ,5 8 9 greater than for
the same m onth o f 1853, and $3 ,091 ,284 greater than for the same time in 1852.
T h e fo llo w in g com parison em braces each o f the item s n a m e d :—

EXPORTS FROM NEW YORK TO FOREIGN PORTS FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY.

1852.

1853.

1851.

1855.

Dom estic produce............................
Foreign merchandise (fre e )...........
Foreign merchandise (d u tia b le )...
S p e c ie .................................................

$2,419,296
26,693
358,244
2,868,958

$2,990,624
42,574
265,730
717,679

$5,304,203
71,524
469,068
1,845,682

$4,996,787
458,091
440,639
156,398

Total e x p o r t s ...............................
Total, exclusive o f s p e c ie .........

$5,673,191
2,804,233

$4,046,607
3,298,928

$7,690,477
5,844,795

$6,051,915
5,895,517

T h e cash revenue has o f co u rse declin ed, and the total is sm aller than fo r any
January since 1849, as w ill be seen from the annexed co m p a riso n :—
*
CASH DUTIES RECEIVED AT NEW YORK IN JANUARY.

Years.
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850

Duties.
..................
.
.................. .............
.................. ..............
.................. ..............

1 422 554
2,282,638
I,898j024
2,948,925

67
52
12
25

Years.
1851.................. ...........
1852..................
1853..................
1854.................. ...........
1855.................... ...........

Duties.
$3,511,610 04
64
37
4,379,285 32
2,560,038 32

W e also annex a com parative summ ary sh ow in g the shipm ents o f certain
leading articles o f d om estic produce from N ew Y o rk to foreign ports from Jan­
uary 1st to F ebruary 2 8 th :—

1854.
A shes— p o ts......... bbl3
p e a r ls ...........
B ee sw a x .................. lbs
Breadstuff's—
W heat flour . .bb ls.
R ye fl o u r ................
Corn m eal................
W h e a t ........... bush.
E y e ..........................
Oats .........................
B a r l e y ....................
C o r u .........................
Candles— mold...boxes
sperm .........
C o a l............. K . ..tons
C otton ..................bales
H a y ...............................
H o p s .............................




670

1855.
1 ,1 6 4

175

158

3 9 ,8 0 6

2 5 ,6 0 0

1 5 ,9 5 8
5 5 ,4 6 8
2 ,5 6 2

317

304

2 6 ,1 6 0

9 ,1 7 9

3 0 ,4 4 1

5 ,1 3 9

1 0 ,2 4 3

1 5 ,3 4 4

7 ,6 0 5

3 ,0 8 8
6 1 0 ,8 2 5
9 ,7 1 2
665
3 ,4 9 S
3 9 ,3 2 8
1 ,1 5 3
103

7 4 ,6 1 4

2 ,5 1 5

2 ,0 9 1

1 6 2 ,6 5 6

4855.

5 9 ,7 7 8
1 2 ,9 4 9

8 3 ,2 3 3

1 4 ,4 0 5

1854.
8 7 ,0 3 3

2 7 7 ,2 8 2

6 7 6 ,7 4 5

N aval stores*. ..bbls
Oils— w h a le .. .
sperm .
lard . . .
linBeed .

8 ,6 0 5

Provisions—

P o rk .............. ..b b ls
B e e f...............
4 ,1 9 6
Cut m e a ts .. . .lbs.
B u t t e r .........
C heese.........
5 7 5 ,2 3 3
L a r d ..............
6 ,7 0 3
1 ,2 8 5 R i c e ..................
1 ,6 8 6 T allow .............
2 6 ,6 9 7 Tobacco, cru de. ..pkgs
1,592 Do., manufactured.lbs.
2,471 W halebone.......

1 ,4 2 3 , 8 0 9 4 ,2 9 4 . 4 4 4
2 5 6 ,1 9 0

9 6 ,2 6 8

4 7 8 ,5 9 1

6 6 3 ,4 7 9

6 ,2 4 4

2 ,4 0 8

2 2 3 ,9 7 7

4 0 7 ,4 8 9

5 ,7 9 2

5 ,8 9 4

2 1 4 ,5 6 5

3 7 0 ,4 3 0

1 2 8 ,2 0 6

2 9 ,1 0 5

344

Commercial Chronicle and Review.

The above shows a very important change in many particulars. The ship­
ments o f flour have largely declined, ow ing to its scarcity at the sea-board.
The exports o f wheat have declined in a still greater proportion, the supply at
New York not having been large enough for the home consumption. The shipments o f Indian corn have been nearly as large. In provisions, however, the in­
crease has been very great, and fully sufficient to balance the decline in cereals.
This demand for our b eef and pork in Europe will not be confined to the con­
tinuance o f the present war.

Hitherto there has been much prejudice to over­

com e, and our packers have not always understood the best method o f hitting
the foreign taste. There must eventually be a large consumption abroad o f this
description o f American produce.

NEW YORK COTTON MARKET FOR MONTH ENDING FEBRUARY 23,
PREPARED

FO R

T H E M E R C H A N T S ’ M A G A Z IN E B Y U H L H O R N &

F R E D K R IC K S O N , B R O K E R S , N E W Y O R K .

Since the close o f our last monthly report, (January 19th,) an advance o f nearly
half a cent per pound on m iddling and grades beyond has been obtained, the market
at this advance being quite steady with but little variation for some three weeks.
Towards the end o f the month, however, under less favorable foreign advices, the
market

became easier, and a portion, to the ?xtent o f a quarter o f a cent o f the

above im provement, was lost.

The sales from store during the month have been un­

usually small, and there has been, and continues to be, much difficulty in purchasing
for spinners’ requirements, and in executing continental orders.

Our stock, although

somewhat larger than last month, consists o f a large portion o f grades below middling,
and is likewise very deficient in N ew Orleans and Mobile qualities.

Such is the diffi­

culty in procuring the necessary grades required for the above demands, that many
orders, which have generally been filled here, have gone South.

The

transitu trade,

during the month, has fallen off in importance, and one o f its evils is observable in our
present meager assortment o f cottons on hand and for sale.

That a correct and hon­

orable course o f trade may be carried on under what is termed

“transitu"

there is no

doubt, but it must be surrounded b y other and more comprehensive guaranties than it
at present enjoys, before it obtains that confidence with the public which its magnitude
demands.
Under favorable foreign advices, induced by the prospect o f peace negotiations
being resumed, an advance o f from one-fourth to three-eighths per pound was obtained
for the w eek ending January 26th.

The sales were estimated at four thousand bales,

the market closing quietly at the following quotations:—
PRICES ADOPTED JANUARY 2 6 T H FOR THE FOLLOWING QUALITIES:----

Ordinary.. . .
M iddling . . .
Middling
F a i r ..............

U p la n d .

F lo r id a .

M o b ile .

If

7§

7f

8

9

9 f

8 f

10

Si
10J-

10i

N . O. & T exas.

11

W ith less on sale, and advices o f -Jd. advance in Liverpool, our market was |c. a J c .
up at the close o f the w eek ending February 2d.

The sales, however, did not exceed

8,BOO bales, and holders not pressing, owing to small arrivals, the demand was prin­
cipally confined to our own trade, at the annexed rates:—




345

Commercial Chronicle and Review.
P RICES ADOPTED FEBRUARY 2 d FOR THE FOLLO W IN G QUALITIES :----

U pland.

O rdin ary...............................................
M idd lin g..............................................
M iddling fa ir.......................................
F a ir .......................................................

7£
8J
9£
10£

F lorid a.

7J
9
10

104

M o b ile .

N. O. & T exas.

8
9£
10£
lO f

8£
94

104
11

For the week ending February 9th there was more offering, but with less inclination
to buy, prices declined 4c. per pound, with the exception o f Mobile and N ew Orleans
qualities, which the demand from our own spinners sustained, owing to their scarcity.
The sales amounted to five thousand bales, one half to the trade, the balance for export
and on speculation.

Market closed quiet at the following :—

PRICES ADOPTED FEBRUARY 9 t H FOR THE FOLLOW ING QUALITIES I—

O rd in a ry .............................................
M iddling .............................................
Middling f a i r ......................................
F a i r ......................................................

U pland.

F lorid a.

7£
8£
9f
10£

7£
8|
9£
10|

M obile.

N . O. & T exa s.

8
9i
10i
lO f

Si9i
104
11

The Asia’s advices with the breaking up o f the British ministry, together with a
reduction in limits on foreign orders, #and heavy failures, gave much irregularity to
prices, and a decline o f fully ic . per pound, on all grades, was observable, for the
week ending February 16th.

There was likewise an almost total suspension o f for­

warding to the Eastward, on account o f ice and snow, and, in consequence, our market
felt the absence o f the spinning demand— which the large business reported in

tu failed

to relieve.

transi­

The sales for the w eek we estimate at 3,500 bales, closing quiet

at the following rates:—
PRICES ADOPTED FEBRUARY 1 6 T H

FOE THE FOLLOWING QUALITIES 1----

U p la n d .

O rdinary...............................................
M idd lin g ..............................................
Middling f a i r ......................................
F a i r ......................................................

74
84
9£
9|

F lo rid a .

74
8f
9£
104

M o b ile . N. O. & T exa s.

71
9
10
104

For the w eek ending February 23d the sales foot up six thousand bales.

8
9£
104
10£
A n active

demand for the home trade and some little inquiry for export, caused a better feeling
in the fore part o f the w e e k ; but at the close the market exhibited less firmness,
without aDy quotable decline.

The Baltic’s advices, which came to hand on the 21st>

seem to infer that a vigorous continuation o f the war was decided upon, at least the
prospects o f an early peace are very much diminished under the ministry o f Viscount
Palmerston.

The accounts otherwise tend to a material change in the price o f the

great staple.

The decrease in receipts as compared with the last two years, and the

probable ultimate yield, may, however, sustain prices until a more peaceful time. Our
market closes quiet at the following rates:—
PRICES ADOPTED FEBRUARY 2 3 d FOR THE FOLLOW ING QUALITIES I----

Ordinary..............................................
M iddling..............................................
Middling f a i r .....................................
F air.......................................................




Upland.

Florida,

74
84
94
9|

74
8f9£
104

M obile. N. O. Sc T exas,

7J
9
10
104

8
94
104
10£

Journal o f Banking , Currency, and Finance.

346

JOURNAL OF BANKING, CURRENCY, AND FINANCE.
THE HOLD PRODUCTIONS OF THE MINES IN CALIFORNIA.
H IN D R A N C E S T O M I N I N G I N

1853—

G O LD M A N IF E S T E D

BY

STEA M ER S

IN

1853

AND

1854—

G O L D A T B R A N C H M IN T IN S A N F R A N C IS C O S IN C E I T W E N T IN T O O P E R A T IO N — D E P O S IT S
T H E M I N T — T O T A L P R O D U C T O F T H E M I N E S O F C A L I F O R N I A — Q U A R T Z M I N IN G I N

1854—

D E P O S IT S

OF

OF GO LD A T

IN V E S T M E N T S

IN W O R K S F O R A R T I F I C I A L C O N V E Y A N C E O F W A T E R , E T C .

The mining interests o f California appear to have suffered much during the year
1854 from the scarcity o f water.

According to a carefully prepared statement pub­

Placer Times, from

which we derive the facts and figures below , it seems

lished in the

that at an early season the river diggings were abandoned, because o f the sudden rise
o f the streams, and the appearance o f the rainy season having commenced with the
prospect o f continuance.

The work was not only suspended, but the works removed

or disarranged to such an extent as to preclude a return to the rivers the present w in­
ter.

But the rains were o f short continuance, and the succeeding drought was greater

than ever before known in the mines.

So far did the rivers recede, that even much of

the ditch property was found to be for the time useless.

This state o f things curtailed

the amount o f gold usually realized, and materially lessened the exports.
From the following comparative statement t t w ill be seen that notwithstanding
these adverse circumstances, the mines have yielded well the present year, there b e­
ing but a deficiency, when we consider the amount deposited at the mint for coinage,
o f about $53,000 less than the product o f 1853.

For the last two months o f the year

1854, the mint has been nearly inactive, owing to a deficiency o f acids for refining,
and this fact has not only lessened the amount which would otherwise have been de­
posited, but should be taken into consideration in an estimate o f the amount o f gold
in the country.

During those two months, the amount deposited for parted and un­

parted bars, and not included in the amount deposited for coinage, was about 65,262
ounces, equal in value to $1,208,357.

B y adding this amount, therefore, to the gross

amount manifested by steamers, and the amount deposited for coinage, w e have a total
o f treasure produced during the year equal to $57,715,992, or an excess over last year
o f $1,155,423.
GOLD MANIFESTED AT SAN FRANCISCO BY STEAMERS FOR THE YEARS 1853 AND 1854.

January
February
“
March
U
A p ril
“
May
<(
June
(C
July

m
1854.
. . . $1,144,399 $1,729,532 August
1.
...
2,430,000 1,755,488
“
16.
...
2,890,558 2,081,729 September 1.
...
2,066,338 1,540,847
“
16.
...
2,419,400 1,816,724 October
1.
...
2,234,308 2,206,789
“
16.
...
2,596,560 2,312,424 November 1.
...
2,130,738 2,149,681
“
16.
...
2,511,986 2,347,444 Decem ber 1.
...
2,604,583 2,685,615
“
16.
. . . 2,223,870 2,245,213 January
1.
1 . ...
2,004,149 2,067,876
16. . . .
2,128,052 1,966,953
T ota l. . . .
16.
1.
16.
1.
16.
1.
16.
1.
16.
1.
16.

1854.
1851.
. . . $2,462,488 $2,159,318
...
2,243,094 2,155,898
...
2,416,709 2,383,551
...
2,193,864 1,951,456
...
2,559,636 2,301,138
...
2,553,515 1,868,381
...
2,755,064 2,469,408
...
2,603,394 2,548,598
...
2,423,789 2,707,128
...
2,371.373 2,031,001
...
1,992,702 1,800,000
—

51,282,595

The decrease according to the preceding statement amounts to $5,277,974.

The

amount for December, 1854, is partly estimated.
T o effect this deficiency w e have the amount deposited at the Branch Mint at San
Francisco for coinage, since that establishment went into operation (as before stated in
the

Merchants' Magazine)




in April, 1854.

Journal o f Banking, Currency, and Finance.

3 4

1

GOLD DEPOSITED FOR COINAGE AT MINT IN SAN FRANCI8CCX
Gross weight.

A p r il........ oz.
M a y ...............
J u n e ..............
J u l y ..............
A ugust..........
T o ta l.

36,393.09
48,388.22
23,853.76
25,104.72
56,580.62

Value.

G ross weight.

Value.

$667,991
776,822
437,629
457,775
1,042,511

25
60
02
10
95

September.oz.
O ctober.........
N o v e m b e r...
D e cem b er. . .

$1,124,938
456,087
159,479
102,305

53,049.25
25,829.36
8,876.98
5,530.00

42
53
51
(10

$5,225,040 38

oz. 278,605.99

A d d to this amount for bars, during Novem ber and December, 1854, 65,262.54
ounces, valued at $1,208,357 00, and we have a total o f 343,368.53 ounces, valued at
$6,433,397 38.
*

RECAPITULATION.

Gold manifested b y steamers...........................................................................
Deposited for c o in a g e ........................................................................................
Deposited November and December for bars, and y et unrefined............

$51,282,595
5,225,040
1,208,357

Total...........................................................................................................
G old manifested in 1853....................................................................................

$57,715,992
56,560,569

Balance in favor o f 1854 ....................................................................

$1,155,423

The operations o f the Mint from the 3d A p ril to the 30th November, were as fol­
lows :—
DEPOSITS.

V alue deposited for unparted b a r s ............................................................
V alue deposited for parted b a r s ................................................................
Total deposits.............................................................................................. oz.
V alue o f sam e................................................................................................

$5,263,623 29
5,863 16
564,784.38
$10,334,101 33

COINAGE.

Double e a g le s .......................
$2,616,360
E agles......................................
1,238,260
H a lf e a g le s ...........................
1,340
Total......................................................

Quarter e a g le s ....................
One dollar p ie c e s ................

$615
14,632
$3,871,207

Within a few days o f the close o f December, 1854, the Mint resumed refining, and
as ample supplies at that time were on their w ay to the Mint, it w ill be able to p ro­
gress without interruption.
GOLD PRODUCT OF THE MINES OF CALIFORNIA SINCE THEIR DISCOVERT.

Previous to 1851, assumed from statistics o f the Philadelphia M in t.. .
Manifested by steamers, 1851...........................................................................
“
'
“
1852.............................................................................
“
“
1853............................................................................
“
“
1854, to Decem ber 23d............................................
“
“
probably since............................................................
Deposited for coinage at Branch Mint at San Francisco previous to No­
vem ber 30th, 1854..........................................................................................
Deposited for coinage for month o f December, 1854, about....................
Deposited for bars, November and D e c e m b e r ............................................
A d d probable amount in hands o f passengers for 4 years at $10,000,000
per annum..........................................................................................................

$63,915,376
34,492,624
45,559,177
56,560,569
50,032,865
1,249,730

Total amount, p r o b a b ly .......................................................................

$298,243,538

5,122,535
102,305
1,208,357
40,000,000

In the foregoing estimate no account is taken o f the amount o f uncoined gold in
the hands o f miners, or lying on general deposit with the various express agents and
bankers.

It is the opinion o f those who have made inquiries on the subject, that the

amount thus retained in the country is fully up to three millions o f dollars.

Nor is

the amount shipped by sailing vessels included, an omission caused by our inability to




'

348

Journal o f Banking, Currency, and Finance.

ascertain the proportion which dust bears to coin in such shipments.

The shipments

o f treasure to China, Manilla, Calcutta, Valparaiso, and Honolulu, the present year,
foot up about 1853,000.
According to the authority above quoted, the quartz mining during 1854 has been
more successfully prosecuted than at any previous period.
o f the

W e quote from the review

Placer Times as fo llo w s:—

“ From Shasta, Nevada, E l Dorado, and Amador, we have reliable data respecting
the operations o f fourteen mines— one in Shasta, five in Nevada, and four each in E l
Dorado and Amador.

They present the following aggregates o f investments, receipts,

and expenditures:—
In v estm en ts...........................................................................................................
R eceipts over and above expenditures..............................................................
E xpen ditures...............................................................

$193,000
1,483,001
501,509

“ In addition to these there are thirty-one mines which have continued in active ope' ration for the year ending December 1st, 1854, in the counties o f Nevada, El Dorado,
Amador, Calaveras, Plumas, Sierra, Shasta, Siskiyou, and Klamath, which from the
known investments o f the year preceding, give an additional investment o f $334,000.
There is good reason for the supposition that these mines have been doing a fair busi­
ness, and we think it would not be unsafe to assume that their gross receipts have
been fully 50 per cent on the capital invested, a calculation much below what would
be warranted by the figures reported above.

Hut assuming the per eentage named,

we would have, for the whole number o f mines, (including those definitely heard
from )—
Investments.

G ross receipts.

Total capital and product.

$1,121,000

$2,151,510

$3,284,510

“ In still further addition, there had been in different parts o f the State, up to D e­
cember 1st, 1854, fifteen other quartz mines commenced and in active operation, with
an aggregate capital o f $558,000, and o f this number four had been in operation about
six months.

From some o f these we have returns which present very flattering pros­

pects, but as one full year is necessary to establish the character o f a mine for per­
manency, we have omitted giving the figures in this place.
“ In regard to the foregoing figures w e w ould state that they rather represent the
minimum than the maximum o f investments and receipts, as it is an object with us to
avoid those extravagant estimates that have heretofore been indulged in by others, in
relation to this subject.
“ One o f the great avenues to wealth presented to the enterprising in California is
afforded by investments in works designed for the artificial conveyance o f water, for
mining and other purposes.

The following will give an idea of the extent and im ­

portance o f some o f those works.

Our figures m ay be considered as close approxi­

mates, having been derived from the books o f the companies, and representing, as
they do, actual cash values.

W e confine ourselves to seven o f the principal counties.
No. o f

companies.

Counties.

A m a d o r ..............................................
Calaveras...........................................
El Dorado...........................................
N evada................................................

....................

.............................
T u o lu m n e.......................................... .............................
T o t a l ......................................




u
14
20

N o. o f
m iles.

Valuation.

129
165
ITS
210
160
137
185

$298 000
397,000
380,000
412,000
367.000
180.000
446,000

1,159

.

$2,480,000

S T O C K S UV T H E

NEW

VORK

M A R K E T IN

THE

YEAR

1854,

TABLE SHOWING THE MARKET VALUE OF PROMINENT SHARES AT THE STOCK BOARD ABOUT THE FIRST OF EACH MONTH.
March 3.

121#
99
77*
109
101
115
56*
67*
71*
30
118
83*
91*
105
94
88*
99*
103*
103*
31*
9
25*
26*
105
52
6
99*
21

122
111
81*
110*
106
115
58*
70*
81*
34
131*
86*
93*
101*
97*
90*
111
107
. . .

81*
9*
28#
28*
105
56*
8*
103
38

April 1.
122
111*
75*
108
108
118
55*
66
77
31
120
85*
94*
101*
95*
87
no*
104
111*
SO*
9
26#
26#
103
54
7*
99
34

May 5.

June 2.

July 7.

A u g. 4.

Sept. 1.

123
105
70*
104*
104*
112*
54
64*
74*
27
124
77
89
98
97*
85
105
103*
110*
27*
8
24*
26
102*
49*
5f
90*
40

123*
109
68*
104*
102*
117*
55
65*
79
27*
118
77*
86*
100
96*
83
109*
106*
115
36*
7*
25*
27
104
50
34
93*
30

120*
100
56
97*
89*
95*
54
55
72*
23
111
73
85*
99
97
79*
95
104
109
32
5*
21*
25*
103

118
94
49
93*
88
94
48*
50*
64*
22
100
70
85
97
88
70
94
100
112
32*
6
224
19*
96*

116*
85
32*
86
82*
90
43
34
67*
22*
98
64
85*
93
70
58
87
93
110
37*
SI18
21*
90
30

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . .

. . . .

....

3

Oct. 6.
117
88
44*
91
88
90
45
45
75*
28
99
68*
86*
90
84*
70
86
100
117
30*
5*
20*
22*
102
32

N o v . 3.

D ec. 1. Dec. 22

118*
86
43*
85
84
89
40
36*
72*
28*
99*
69*
84*
95
91*
75
88
96*
112*
29
4*
20*
21#
101
30

119*
75
34*
83*
82
80
33
30*
76*
22
91
66*
82
93
86*
67*
764
95*
111*
26*
4
18
18
98
27*

120
72*
35
79*
83*
79
34
33*
67*
23*
90
63*
80*
93
93
68
79
92
106
26*
4
18#
16*
94
26*

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

340

1*

,




F eb . I.

1854.

Journal o f Banking Currency, and Finance.

Names of Stocks or Bonds.
Jan. 9.
United States Six per Cents, 1867-8 . . . .
121
Panama Railroad shares...............................
97
N ew Y ork and Erie Railroad shares.........
79*
N ew Y ork Central Railroad shares...........
114
Michigan Central Railroad s c a r e s ..............
99*
Michigan Southern Railroad shares...........
1184
Norwich and "Worcester Railroad C o ... . .
58*
Hudson River Railroad shares....................
67*
Reading Railroad sh a re s..............................
79*
Long Island Railroad s h a r e s ......................
30
Illinois Central Railroad shares..................
93*
Illinois Central B onds...................................
79
N ew Y ork Central Railroad Bonds...........
93*
Erie Railroad Sevens, 1859 ......................... 106
Erie Income Bonds, 1859 .............................
97
Erie Convertibles, 1 8 7 1 ...............................
92*
Panama Railroad B onds...............................
92*
Pennsylvania Coal C o ...................................
110
Delaware and Hudson Canal C o ................ 104*
Cumberland Coal C o ......................................
36*
N ew Jersey Zinc Co.......................................
9*
26*
Canton Co..........................................................
Nicaragua T ra n sit..........................................
27f
Hudson R iv e f Railroad, 1st m o rtg a g e .. . .
108
N ew Y ork and H a rle m ................................
55*
Parker Vein Coal Co......................................
n
N ew Y ork and N ew Haven R a ilro a d .. . .
101*
35
Crystal P alace.................................................

350

Journal o f Banking , Currency , and Finance.

OF THE CIRCULATION OF SMALL NOTES IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
W e publish below the several sections o f “ A n act to suppress the circulation o f
small notes as a currency in the District o f Columbia.”

This act, which was passed

early in December, 1854, and approved b y the President o f the United States on the
27th o f that month, does not take effect until the 1st day o f November, 1855:—

Be it enacted by the Senate aud House o f Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That if any person or persons, body politic or cor­
porate, within the District o f Columbia, shall make, emit, issue, utter, sign, draw, or
indorse any bank note, promissory note, or any instrument o f writing, for the payment
or delivery o f money, or other valuable thing, or o f anything purporting to be a val­
uable thing, o f a less amount than five dollars, to be used as a paper currency, or as
a circulating medium, either as money, or in lieu o f m oney or o f any other currency,
every such person, and every member, officer, or agent o f such body politic or corpo­
rate concerned in or assenting to such making, emitting, issuing, uttering, signing,
drawing, or indorsing as aforesaid, for any o f the purposes aforesaid, shall forfeit and
pay the sum o f ten dollars for each and every such bank note, promissory note, or
instrument o f writing so made, issued, emitted, uttered, signed, drawn, or indorsed—
one-half to the use o f any person who shall sue therefor, and the other half to the
county o f Washington, District o f Columbia.
And on the trial o f any such cause, if
the promissory note, bank note, or other instrument in question, be in part or in the
whole printed or engraven, it shall be deemed sufficient evidence o f an intention to
put the same in circulation in violation of this act, unless the contrary be shown.
S e c . 2. That it shall be unlawful for any person or persons, body politic or corpo­
rate, to pass, or offer to pass, within the District o f Columbia, any bank note, prom­
issory note, or any instrument in writing o f a less denomination or amount than five
dollars, either as money, or in lieu o f money or o f any other currency, and any other
person or persons, and every member, officer, or agent o f such body politic or corpo­
rate, violating the provisions o f this section, shall forfeit and pay a sum o f not less
than five, nor more than ten dollars for every such offense— one-half to the use o f the
person who shall sue therefor, and the other half to the use o f the county o f Washing­
ton, District o f Columbia.
S e c . 3 . That any person or persons, body politic or corporate, holding any such
bank note, promissory note, or instrument in writing, may present the same for pay­
ment to the person or persons, body politic or corporate, that made, emitted, issued,
uttered, signed, drew, or indorsed the same, and if upon such presentment the person
or persons, body politic or corporate, that made, emitted, issued, uttered, signed,
drew, or indorsed the same, neglect or refuse to redeem the same in gold or silver,
such party so neglecting or refusing shall forfeit and pay the sum o f twenty dollars
for each and every such bank note, promissory note, or instrument in writing so pre­
sented, and payment thereof neglected or refused as aforesaid, to the use o f the
person or persons, body politic or corporate holding and presenting the same as afore­
said.
S e c . 4 . That each and every forfeiture under the foregoing provisions o f this a c t
shall be recovered in an action o f debt before any justice o f the peace in the District
o f Columbia, in the name o f any person who shall sue therefor; and jurisdiction i9
hereby expressly given to each and every justice o f the peace in the District o f Colum­
bia to try and adjudicate each and every such case.
S e c . 5. That all contracts, whether written or verbal, hereafter made, to pay or
deliver m oney or any valuable thing, or thing purporting to be a valuable thing, the
consideration w hereof may be either wholly or in part any paper currency or circu­
lating medium under five dollars, or other paper or currency prohibited by this act,
shall be deemed and held to be illegal and void ; and the person or persons suing on
such contract shall have no remedy in any court o f law or equity, and in any suit
brought on such contract, it shall be competent for the defendant, under the general
issue, or any appropriate special plea, to offer evidence o f the nature or o f the consid­
eration o f the contract so sued on, and on the defendant’s making oath that he or she
has not evidence sufficient to prove the nature or consideration o f such contract, it
shall be the duty o f the court before which such suit may be brought to require the
plaintiff or plaintiffs, or either or any o f them, to be sworn to testify the truth in re­
gard to the transaction; and if the plahitiff or plaintiffs shall not be present at the
trial, to com pel the attendance o f such plaintiff or plaintiffs as a witness or witnesses,




Journal o f Banking , Currency , and Finance.

351

and to postpone or continue the cause until such attendance can be procured; and if
after the whole evidence shall have been heard, it shall appear that the consideration,
either in whole or in part, o f the contract was such paper currency or circulating m e­
dium prohibited by this act, judgm ent shall be rendered for the defendant or defend­
ants, and for costs against the plaintiff or plaintiffs.
S e c . 6. That if any merchant, hotelkeeper, shopkeeper, grocer, commission mer­
chant, or insurance agent, any owner or driver o f a hackney carriage, omnibus, cart,
•wagon, or dray, any huckster, butcher, auctioneer, livery-stable keeper, any owner or
keeper o f a billiard-table or ten-pin alley, any pawnbroker, any manager or agent o f
theatrical or other amusements, any hawker or pedler transacting business under a
license granted by the corporation o f the city o f Washington or o f Georgetown, in the
District o f Columbia, or any other person or persons transacting business under such
license, shall either receive or pay out any paper under the denomination o f five dol­
lars, or any other paper not payable in specie on demand, so prohibited as aforesa'd,
it shall be the duty o f the attorney o f the United States for the District o f Columbia
to sue out process in the nature o f a scire facias , or to institute other suitable pro­
ceedings in the circuit court o f the District o f Columbia against such offender or
offenders, returnable to the said court immediately, if said court be tiien sitting, or to
the next term o f said court, if there be then a vacation o f the terms o f said court, re­
quiring such offenders to show cause why his, her, or their license aforesaid shall not
be forfeited; and on proof exhibited to said court o f such receiving or paying out o f
such prohibited paper as aforesaid, said court shall forfeit, annul, and vacate such li­
cense, and no other license for any purpose shall be granted to such offender or offend­
ers until one year thereafter shall have passed and expired.
S e c . 7. That it shall be the duty o f the marshal o f the District o f Columbia, and o f
every constable o f said District, to give information to some justice o f the peace in
said District, o f every violation o f this law which may come to his knowledge.
S

ec.

8 . T h a t o n t h e t r ia l o f a n y c a u s e o t h e r th a n

a c r im in a l p r o s e c u t io n u n d e r t h e

p r o v i s i o n s o f t h is a c t , i t s h a l l b e l a w f u l f o r t h e c o u r t b e f o r e w h o m

s u c h c a u s e is p e n d ­

in g t o c a u s e t o b e b r o u g h t b e f o r e s a id c o u r t a n d e x a m in e d a s a w it n e s s , a n y d e f e n d a n t
t o a n y s u c h s u it, h is a g e n t o r

e m p lo y e r , to u c h in g th e

m a tters

and

th in g s

in

co n tro ­

v e r s y , a n d t o e m p l o y s u c h p r o c e s s t o e f f e c t t h e o b j e c t a f o r e s a i d a s i s u s u a l in o t h e r c a s e s .
S

ec.

9.

T h a t t h i s a c t s h a l l b e in f o r c e f r o m a n d

a fte r

th e

fir s t

day o f N ovem ber

n e x t, a n d th a t s o m u ch an d s u ch p a r ts o f a ll fo r m e r a cts a s m a y b e re p u g n a n t t o

t h is

a c t b e , a n d th e s a m e a re h e r e b y r e p e a le d .

PHOTOGRAPHIC COUNTERFEITING,
Mr. Finlayne, o f Cincinnati, a daguerreotypist, has recently made several photo­
graphic copies o f bank-notes, which far surpass, in the perfection o f their details, any­
thing which has ever been done in the old w ay o f counterfeiting; and when carefully
taken on proper bank-note paper, we are informed they defy detection, either b y the
unaided eye or by microscopic inspection.

A correspondent o f the

Tribune, writing

from Cincinnati, sa y s:—
One o f these photographs, from a $10 bill, was deposited by Mr. S., with other bills,
in the Life and Trust Company, and was received without suspicion. H e then in­
formed them that there was a bad bill among them ; the money was reinspected, and
he was positively assured that it was all good, and requested to point out the defective
b ill; he did so, and after a general examination by the officers present the bill was
again pronounced good. Another trial was made by presenting a photographic cop y
of a bill at the principal banking houses. A t the banks o f Smead, Collard & Hughes,
Gregory & Ingulsbee, and some others, the photograph was received, and, after care­
ful inspection, pronounced a good bill. A still more rigid test was made by presentirg photographs and genuine bills to Mr. Booth aud other bank-note engravers. A fter
the most careful inspection they were unable to detect the photographic counterfeit,
for, as I have observed, the minutest details are perfect under m icroscopic scrutiny.
It is not only our currency that is assailed by this art, but everything depending on
the human pen is liable to counterfeiting. One’s autograph m ay be at any time
affixed to a check, promissory note, will, deed, letter o f credit, or recommendation, or
any number o f autographs may be affixed to any document the operator may please—
the autographs being so perfect, that the writer him self could not detect an error.




352

Journal o f Banking, Currency , and Finance.

It is needless for engravers to increase their skill, as every step they take in ad­
vance is followed with mathematical accuracy by photography, which copies the red
or brown backs o f the notes as easily as their faces. Possibly there may be some art
o f printing in colors in great variety, on rare paper, which photography w ill not be
able to rival. I think banks should offer a premium for the discovery o f some peculiar
species o f paper, the manufacture to be kept secret, and to be devoted exclusively to
the issue o f bank-notes.
Under present circumstances an immense amount o f fraudulent m oney may be
issued before the public are duly on their guard. Science and A rt must give us new
safeguards. There are but two methods o f detection o f which I have any knowledge
at present; they are furnished b y chemistry and by psychometry, neither o f which
w ould probably be brought to bear against bills so apparently perfect in all their de­
tails.
The chemical test is based on the fact that the black color o f the photographic pic­
ture being derived from a preparation o f silver, its ground is necessarily different from
the inks used by the engraver and the w riter; various tests may be devised by good
chemists. I would merely mention one ; the photographic picture is immediately
destroyed or turned white by washing it with a solution o f corrosive sublimate.

CONDITION OF THE BASKS OF OHIO IS 1855.
SVe condense from the last official statement o f the auditor o f the condition o f the
banks o f that State near the 1st o f January, 1855 :—
LIABILITIES.

Capital s t o c k .__
Circulation............
Safety fund..........
Due to banks__ _
Due to depositors
Surplus fu n d .. . .
Bills p ay able. . . .
Discount, e t c . . . .
Dividends...............
Other liabilities..,
T ota l..............

In d e p e n d e n t
B a n ks— 9.
§ 7 0 6 ,8 4 0

B ran ch es State
Bank— 37.
8 4 ,1 0 4 ,5 0 0

O ld
B a nks— 1.
$ 5 1 1 ,0 0 0

Free
Banks—10.
$ 7 1 5 ,6 4 0

8 7 0 ,0 2 5

6 ,6 1 9 ,9 2 2

1 5 7 ,9 2 4

3 8 ,4 6 7

9 2 ,2 1 7

3 5 0 ,7 5 5

4 5 9 ,8 6 8

4 6 ,8 6 7

8 2 6 ,8 8 2

2 ,6 2 1 ,1 4 4

9 9 6 ,4 9 8

8 4 5 ,2 8 6

8 8 ,9 6 0

6 2 0 ,3 3 0

2 5 ,5 0 8

8 0 ,3 5 5

740

3 3 1 ,5 3 8

3 ,6 3 0

5 8 0 ,5 5 5
3 8 2 ,2 1 8

2 0 ,2 4 7
3 0 ,6 3 3

8 9 ,4 9 2

2 ,2 9 4

1 5 .3 8 9

1 2 6 ,4 1 6

9 2 ,0 5 1

1 3 5 ,5 3 9

4 6 ,8 8 9

$ 3 ,5 1 5 ,8 0 2

8 1 4 ,6 7 6 ,7 2 6

$ 2 ,0 1 8 ,7 3 5

$ 2 ,6 2 3 ,3 5 4

1 8 ,4 4 8

RESOURCES.

Bills discounted....... ...
Specie............................
Notes o f other banks
Due by other banks..
Eastern deposits.........
Cash item s..................
State bonds.................
Safety fund.................
B eal estate.................
Other resources......... .

8 1 ,5 9 8 ,4 0 0

$ 9 ,3 8 8 ,3 8 5

$ 1 ,2 9 8 ,6 4 5

1 4 5 ,0 9 9

1 ,3 9 5 ,9 3 1

2 7 ,7 5 7

$ 1 ,2 9 2 ,9 0 7
1 2 0 ,7 1 8

1 2 9 ,8 S 4

4 3 5 ,2 1 5

1 8 1 ,7 5 3

1 5 9 ,2 0 3

1 0 9 ,5 7 6

6 9 0 ,1 4 9

1 0 3 ,2 3 5

2 2 6 ,8 6 2

1 ,2 8 4 ,8 5 9

7 9 ,6 7 4

6 2 ,4 9 8

Total.....................

1 2 2 ,9 9 8
5 1 3 ,6 3 7

1 5 ,6 0 8

8 8 2 ,7 9 0

9 ,5 3 1
6 5 8 ,3 4 7

8 2 2 ,1 0 0
5 4 ,8 8 0

1 9 2 ,6 7 1

2 3 ,0 0 2

2 7 ,6 7 9

1 9 4 ,5 3 6

4 2 4 ,9 0 8

3 6 8 ,7 3 4

1 8 ,3 4 8

8 3 ,5 1 5 ,8 0 2

$ 1 4 ,6 9 6 ,7 2 7

$ 2 ,0 1 8 ,7 3 5

$ 2 ,6 2 3 ,3 5 9

The Canal Bank o f Cleveland has stopped payment as w ell on its notes as on its
deposits, and has been placed in the hands o f a receiver. The City Bank o f Columbus
has suspended paym ent on its deposits, but is redeeming its notes on presentation.
The Savings Bank o f Cincinnati, after retiring the principal portion o f its circulation,
has gone into insolvency, leaving in the hands o f the State Auditor, a sufficient deposit
o f Ohio stocks to secure the redemption o f the balance o f its outstanding notes. O f
the Miami V a lle y Bank at Dayton, nothing is officially known beyond the fact that
the amount o f Ohio State Stocks on deposit to its credit, is equal to the entire amount
o f its circulation.




C O N D IT IO N

OF T H E

BANKS

IN

THE

U N IT E D S T A T E S .

THE FIGURES INDICATE THE CONDITION OF THE BANKS ON THE FIRST DAY OF JANUARY LAST, OR AT A PERIOD JUST PRIOR THERETO.
VOL.

-LIABILITIES.—




$14,328,651
7,120,400
6,458,584
95,603,793
29,799,823
34,716,899
223,982,546
12,969,156
53,584,581
3,335,932
22,802,010
31,677,453
12,424,624
32,364,177
26,228,012
7,559,073
418,490
35,S36,309
581,763
27,520,319
14,953,013
19,039,538
7,856,158
4,820,990
3,414,658
3,251,958
4,802,195

exchange, &c.
$13,190,758
6,891,622
6,157,237
90,689,771
29,017,166
33,125,159
205,638,795
11,895,819
46,972,445
2,978,283
19,331,136
27,199,860
10,430,422
30,322,834
16,474,267
6,367,798
402,851
27,098,313
569,283
22,507,878
12,452,243
17,051,211
7,377,904
4,224,680
2,911,988
3,002,587
3,563,885

1,122 $326,123,287 $146,056,394 $207,045,736 $39,491,186

$737,721,105

$657,846,196

Capital.

$7,301,262
3,626,000
3,323,856
67,314,603
19,945,897
15,641,397
83,871,559
5,147,741
19,765,864
1,343,185
10,678,804
12,796,466
4,818,565
13,383,196
12,957,600
2,100,000
240,165
18,559,262
332,000
10,869,665
6,599,872
6,037,970
3,404,445
2,513,790
1,084,718
1,250,000
1,215,405

D eposits.

$2,914,601
775,411
841,877
16,608,631
3,749,267
6,742,935
92,741,307
3,151,556
21,653,879
• 860,947
7,312,965
6,518,522
1,859,600
6,601,840
3,613,162
1,671,448
33,393
10,326,898
08,230
3,202,966
2,648,347
6,579,178
1,035,236
946,680
1,514,094
1,746,240
1,326,536

Total.

Specie.

$1,025,208
176,435
196,669
3,727,512
429,699
1,203,940
13,170,171
805,533
5,874,293
133,367
3,149,872
3,721,042
1,857,048
1,621,973
1,576,813
1,125,954
5,669
6,783,832
7,183
4,596,249
1,983,790
1,690,105
442,957
565,152
357.672
240,910
1,139,820

Real estate.
Total.
$112,695 $14,328,651
54,343
7,120,400
104,678
6,458*584
1,186,610
95,603,793
352,958
29,799,823
384,800
34,716,899
5,173,580 223,982.546
12,969,156
267,804
1,007,843
53,854,581
124,862
3,335,932
321,007
22,802,010
756,551
31.677,453
137,154
12,424,624
419,370
32,364,177
8,176,932
26,228,012
65,321
7,559,073
9,970
418,490
1,954,164
35,836,309
581,763
5,297
416,192
27,520,319
516,980
14,953,013
298,222
19,039,538
35,297
7,856,158
31,158
4,820.990
3,414,658
144,998
8,461
3,251,958
98,490
4,802,195

$57,611,868 $22,065,737 $737,721,105

353

Grand t o ta l...

Circulation.
$3,562,963
2,322,241
972,173
16,319,568
5,108,952
11,207,996
33,653,965
4,428,910
10,256,843
864,42S
3,513,393
10,752,438
4,947,846
11,109,380
7,653,851
3,361,241
137,386
• 5,982,724
148,657
11,438,478
4,908,299
5,355,851
3,079,025
1,813,608
497,419
233,990
1,924,769

Profits.
$549,825
396,748
1,820,678
5,367,991
995,707
1,123,571
13,715,715
240,949
2,167,995
267,372
1,296,358
1,610,027
79S.613
1,269,761
2,003,399
426,384
7,546
967,425
32,876
2,009,210
796,495
1,066,639
337,452
46,912
318,427
21,728
335,485

71
35
40
168
87
53
812
8S
63
6
25
16
9
18
11
3
1
7
1
9
9
65
27
29
6
12
1

"\

N otes,
bills o f

, Currency, and Finance.

Maine....................
N ew Hampshire.
V e r m o n t............
Massachusetts . .
Rhode Island___
Connecticut . . . .
N ew Y o r k .........
N ew Jersey........
Pennsylvania.. . .
D e la w a re ...........
M ary la n d ...........
V ir g in ia ..............
North C arolina..
>South C arolina..
G eorgia................
A la b a m a .............
M ississippi.........
L ou isian a...........
T e x a s ..................
Kentucky.............
Tennessee ...........
O h io ....................
In d ia n a ................
Illin o is .................
Michigan..............
W isconsin............
M isso u ri.............

--------------- RESOURCES.--------------

a

Journal o f Banking

No. o f
banks,
including
branches

354

Journal o f Banking, Currency , and Finance.
COST OF CALIFORNIA GOLD.

F or the information o f those persons w ho believe that the United States thus far
have been benefited by the discovery o f gold in California, w e propose to submit a
few remarks and calculations.
A fter the close o f the Mexican war and the cession b y treaty to us o f U pper Cali­
fornia, the world was astonished by the announcement, towards the close o f 1848, or
the beginning o f 1849, that immense deposits o f gold had been discovered in that
country. A s soon as the truth o f this report was established, vast numbers o f per­
sons, young and old, flocked to that country. There was a perfect stampede o f people
from every State in the Union. Property was sacrificed to raise money with which to
reach this Eldorado, where fortunes for all were supposed to be awaiting the mere
effort to gather them. The first injurious effect upon the country was the sudden
withdrawal o f so much labor from the channels o f production; it was mainly, too, that
description needed here— that is, agricultural labor.
W e are not in possession o f the statistics requisite to determine with exactness the
number o f persons who have been taken from the old States and have gone to Cali­
fornia. The population o f that State now exceeds two hundred thousand. But as
there is a constant stream o f people always in transitu, either going to or leaving that
country, the number o f people withdrawn from the business o f productive labor
largely exceeds the population o f that State. It is not our purpose to over-estimate
the amount o f labor that has been withdrawn from the old States, but we feel satisfied
that it will be under rather than over the mark, to say that from 1849 to 1854, each
year inclusive, there has been an average o f 150,000 persons who have been during
that time either in California or on their w ay going or returning. The time is six
years for 150,000 persons, or one year for 900,000 persons.
How, if we estimate the average value o f this labor at $25 per month each, or $300
per year, we have (270,000,000) two hundred and seventy millions o f dollars as the
value o f the labor taken from the eastern side o f the R ocky Mountains and placed on
its western side. In addition to this, it cost, on an average, $200 per head as the ex­
penses o f the removal from one country to the other. This makes (180.000,000) one
hundred and eighty millions o f dollars as the cost o f removal. The sums together
make the total sum o f (450,000,000) four hundred and fifty millions o f dollars drained
from the eastern side o f the United States. To ascertain the amount o f gold o b ­
tained from that country, we propose to take the gold coinage o f the mint. This
coinage was in—
1849
1850
1851

1852
.........................
1853
.........................
1854, estimated................

$56,846,187
46,998,495
42,000,000

Total coinage............................................................................................

$249,349,123

...........................
...........................
...........................

$9,007,761
31,981,738
62,614,492

A s these figures make the sum total o f all the gold coined at the mint, and a por­
tion o f it is known to have been obtained from other sources than California, the
credit will rather be in excess than too sm a ll; but still we propose to add to this
amount twenty millions more as an allowance for unminted gold sold to workers in
jew elry and plate, and which has been consumed in the arts. The statement w ill
then stand thus:—
CALIFORNIA DR.

T o labor and outfits........... ..........................................................................
Credit by product o f gold coin and nature............................................

$450,000,000
269,349,223

Dr. balance..............................................................................................

$180,650,777

This shows that there is a balance due us in lost labor and capital o f over one hun­
dred and eighty millions o f dollars.
So far as California is concerned, it is probable that this deficiency is replaced there
by the value o f property, real or personal, which the labor taken from this region of
country has produced there.
The injurious effect o f this vast emigration has been felt in the undue stimulus it
has given to the prices o f produce, induced by diminished production and increased
demand.




Journal o f Banking , Currency , and Finance.

355

Another bad effect o f this gold crop has been the influence it has exerted in stimu­
lating excessive importations o f foreign goods. In the last six years the im ports will
exceed the exports three hundred and three millions o f dollars. Commencing in 1849
with an import trade o f only seven millions o f nominal balance against this country, it
rapidly increased, until in each o f the past two years, it has exceeded sixty millions o f
dollars .—Louisville Journal.

LAWS OF SEVERAL STATES IN RELATION TO INTEREST ON MONEY,
The following summary o f the laws o f the several States in relation to the legal
interest on money, taken from the

Bankers’ Magazine for

January, 1855, m ay be con­

sidered as reliable. It differs materially from the statements heretofore published
and now in circulation:—
Legal rate o f interest, per cent.

Maine.............................
N ew H am pshire.........
Verm ont........................
M assachusetts..............
Rhode Island................
C onnecticut..................
N ew Y ork .....................
New Jersey...................
P ennsylvania.. . . . . .
Delaware........................
Maryland........................
Virginia..........................
North C a ro lin a ...........
South C arolin a...........
G e o r g ia ........................
A la b a m a ......................
Arkansas.......................
F lorida...........................
Illin o is..........................
In d ia n a .........................
I o w a ..............................
K en tu cky.....................
Louisiana......................
Michigan........................
M ississip p i..................
Missouri........................
O hio...............................
Tennessee......................
Texas.............................
Wisconsin......................
California......................

6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
7
6
6
6
6
8
7
10

Penalty for violation
o f usury laws.

Excess not recoverable.
Forfeit three times the interest.
Excess m ay be recovered back.
Forfeit three times the whole interest.
Excess m ay be recovered by payers.
Forfeiture o f all the interest.
Forfeiture o f contract.
Forfeiture o f contract.
Forfeiture o f contract.
Forfeiture o f contract.
Excess recoverable b y payer.
Contract void.
Contract void.
Forfeiture o f all the interest.
Forfeiture o f all the interest.
Forfeiture o f all the interest.
Contracts void.
Forfeit o f all the interest.
Defendant recovers his cost.
Fine o f five times the whole interest.
Forfeit o f excess o f interest.
Contract for interest void.
Forfeit o f all the interest.
N o penalty.
Forfeiture excess o f interest.
Forfeiture excess o f interest.
Forfeiture excess o f interest.
Liable to indictment for misdemeanor.
Forfeit all the interest.
Special contracts, 12 per cent.
N o penalty.

There are various States that perm it a higher rate o f interest on special contracts,
v iz,:— In Vermont, 7 per cent may be charged upon railway bonds; in N ew Jersey,
7 per cent may be charged in Jersey City and the township o f H ob ok en ; in M ary­
land, the penalty is a matter o f some doubt, in consequence o f a late decision o f
Judge Taney, which does not, however, meet the assent o f the Bar o f Baltimore ; in
Arkansas, 10 per cent m ay be charged on special contracts; in Illinois the banks may
charge 7 per cent, and 10 per cent m ay be charged between individuals on special
contracts; in Iowa, 10 per cent is allowed on special contracts; in Louisiana, 8 per
cent m ay be so charged ; in Michigan, contracts in writing are legal to charge 10 per
c e n t ; the same in Mississippi and O h io; in Texas, 12 per cent m ay be charged on
special contracts.




358

Commercial Regulations.
THE BANKS OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN 1854,

The following table gives the condition o f the leading departments o f the banks o f
the State o f South Carolina, at eacli o f their monthly statements :—
Loans.

Februarv........ .. .
March...............
A p ril................
M ay..................
June.................
Ju ly ..................
A ugust.............
Septem ber.. . .
O ctober...........
N ovem b er.... .
D e ce m b e r.. . . ,
The

§12,952,442 88
26
09
12,397,216 52
58
12,729,679 73
13,045,897 66
13,091,785 50
12,820,686 67
12.911,923 56
12,292,641 25

Charleston Standard correctly

Specie.

§1,655,853
1,649,115
1,565,390
1,669,696
1,439,080
1,361,593
1,232,284
1,255,974
1,192.008
1,197,652
1,013,381

Circulation.

95
57
10
81
SO

63
19
34
65
14
72

811,110,473
10,809,661
8,818,060
7,853,026
7,343,587
6,907,648
6,583,411
6,727,810
6,794,592
7,317,937
6,862,414

Personal deposits.

62
04
13
12
46
12
88
83
12
04
12

83,429,707
3,323,819
3,153,104
3,196,550
2,969,925
3,114,375
2,645,292
2,482,245
2,507,851
2,522,194
2,732,787

99
72
61
03
44
48
78
50
70
73
87

rem arks:—

The above table contains much matter for consideration on the part o f the observ­
ing business man. The gradual rising and falling which is thus shown in each o f
these departments, will easily inform th$ reader o f the difficulties under which our
banks have had to la b o r; whilst their specie list has been gradually becoming smaller
and their circulation more and more contracted, they have continued their loans at a
point from which they have but slightly varied. For the last few months they have
been reducing their exchange operations, without materially changing the amount o f
their loans. B y this means they have greatly benefited our business men, and helped
them much during the moneyed pressure which has existed for the last few months. In
this matter they have shown a commendable spirit for the interest o f those doing
business near them.

COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS.
CANADIAN TARIFF OF DUTIES FOE 18S5.
The following is the tariff o f duties on imports into Canada, under the act o f V ic ­
toria, cap. 1, and the acts amending same o f A pril, 1853, and Decem ber 1854.

This

tariff takes effect on the 5th A pril, 1855
Animals, specially im ported for the improvement o f s t o c k ......................
Anatom ical preparations......................................................................................
Ashes, pot, pearl, and soda..................................................................................
A cids, nitric and oxalic........................................................................ per cent.
Do. strong fluid— alum ........................................................................................
B iscuit......................................................................................................................
Books, p r in te d ......................... ...................... .................................................
Books, reprints o f British copyright w orks.....................................................
Books, b la n k ..........................................................................................................
Books and drawings o f an immoral or indecent character...........................
Boots and shoes.....................................................................................................
Brandy................................................................................................... per gallon
Brooms— b ru s h e s.................................................................................. per cent
Bulbs, roots, and trees......................................................................... ..............
Burr-stones, w rought............................................................................................
Busts and casts o f marble, bronze, alabaster, or plaster o f Paris.............
Bleaching p o w d e r .................................................................................................
Blue, ultra-marine, and p a ste.............................................................................
Borax— brick, f i r e .................................................................................................
B rim stone...............................................................................................................
Cabinets o f coins, medals, or gems, and other collections o f an tiquity. . .
C a n d le s....................................................................................................................
Cassia, cinnamon, c lo v e s ..........................................................................per lb.




Free.
Free.
Free.
2*
2*
12*
Free.
12*
12* . .
Prohibited.
12*
3s.

12 *
Free.

12 *

Free.

2*

2*
2*
2*
Free.
12 *

3d.

35?

Commercial Regulations.
Castings *........................................................
Cider— clock s..................................................
Coffee, green....................................................
Coffee, other than g reen ...............................
Coin, base or counterfeit..............................
Cordials.......................................................... .
Cotton manufactures......................................
Cochineal— copperas......................................
Cotton batting..................................................................................................
Cotton warp and w ick ....................................................................................
Earthenware..................... ............................................... ................................
D ru gs................................................................................................................
Engravings, etchings, and drawings..............................................................
Feathers.............................................................................................................
Fruits, dried................................. ....................................................................
Furs—furniture................................................................................................
Felts, all kinds..................................................................................................
Fisheries, the following articles for the use of—seines, fishing nets and
hooks, twines and lines, boat sails and hawsers, fishermen’s boots,
tarred rope and rigging...............................................................................
Gin .................................................................................................... per gallon
Ginger.................................................................................................... per lb.
Glass, and manufactures o f.............................................................. per cent
G lu e...................................................................................................................
Hair, and manufactures o f .............................................................................
Harness— hardware—h a ts.............................................................................
Honey.................................................................................................................
Indian corn .......................................................................................................
India-rubber and manufactures .........................................................................
I n k ............................................................................................................................
Iron, when im ported to be used in the manufacture o f locomotive engines
Bar and rod— sheet..........................................................................................
Hoop, not over tw o inches broad..................................................................
H oop or tire for driving wheels, bent and w eld ed ....................................
Connecting rods, in p ie c e s ..................................................................... . . .
Frames and pedestals, rough from the f o r g e ............................................
Brass or copper tubes.......................................................................................
Boiler plates.......................................................................................................
Railroad bars— s c r a p ............................................................................ . . . .
Rolled plate from 4 to inch thick.— Round and square, 4 inches and
u p w a rd s..........................................................................................................
Iron cranks, wrought, 6 cwt. and u p w a rd s.....................................................
Iron manufactures..................................................................................................
Jew elry....................................................................................................................
Lead manufactures— la m p s ...............................................................................
Leather and manufactures o f..............................................................................
Lemon sir u p .................................................................................. ........................
Linen and manufactures o f ................................................ ................................

4

Liqueurs..............................................................................................per gall.
Maccaroni.............................................................................................. per lb.
M a ce..................................................................................................................
Machinery, all k in ds.........................................................................per cent
Mahogany.........................................................................................................
Manures, all kinds—M aps..............................................................................
Marble— Medicines ..........................................................................................
Models of machinery, and other inventions and improvements in the arts
Molasses............................................................................................. per gall.
Musical instruments........................................................................... per cent
N ails..................................................................................................... ............
Nutm egs................................................................................................ per lb.
N ite r....................................................................................................per cent




124
24

12*

id .
3d.
Free.
Prohibited.
4 s.
Free.
12i
2i
12i
2i
12i
12|
Free.
12i
Id.
12i
2i

2i

2s. 6d.
3d.
124

124

12i
124

124

Free.
124
124
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
124

124

124

124
124

124
4 s .'
Id.
? id .

124
124

Free.

124

Free.

2d.
124
124
74d.

24

358

Commercial Regulations.

Oil— Oysters............................................................. . ............................p e rc e n t 12 J
Packages containing free goods, or goods rated under 12£ per c e n t .. . .
12JPackages, other, charged the same as the ad valorem rate on their con­
tents.
P a in ts ....................................................................................................................... 12J
Paintings.................................................................................................................. Free.
Paper and paper m anu factures........................................................................
121Perfum ery ............................................................................................................... 12£
Philosophical instruments and apparatu s.......................................................
Free.
Pickles and sauces...................................................... .......................................... 12}
Pimento, pepper, and allspice................................................................per lb. Id.
Pipes, smoking— Pork, m ess................................................................per cent 12}
£12 10s.
Preserved fruits............................................................................................ ..
Phosphorus........................................................................... ..................................
2}
Potash, prussiate o f ...............................................................................................
2J
Q u ills .......................................................................................................................
12^
Q u in ces....................................................................................................................
30
R a isin s.........................................................................................................per lb. Id.
R i c e ........................................................................................................... per cent 1 2 }
Rope, o l d .................................................................................................................
2}
Rum, at proof b y Sykes’ h y d ro m e te r.............................................. per gall. Is. 8d.
Sail-cloth..................................................................... ........................... per cent
2^
S alaratu s.................................................................................................................
12|
Salt— S e e d s ............................................................................................................ Free.
S e g a r s ..........................................................................................................per lb. 2s.
S n u ff......................................................................................................................... 4d.
S o a p .........................................................................................................per cent 12J
Specimens o f natural history, m ineralogy, and b o ta n y ................................
Free.
Spices unenumerated................................................................................per lb. 3d.
S p ik e s.......................................................................................................p ercen t
12}
Spirits, except rum and whisky, atp r o o f..........................................per gall. 2s. Gd.
Spirits or cordials, sweetened bo that the strength cannot be found by
the hyd rom eter..................................................................................per gall.
4s.
Spirits o f turpentine............................................................................. per cent
12^S te e l..........................................................................................................................
2}
Steel m anufactures...............
12£
Sugar, refined, in loaves, crushed, or candy, or other sugars rendered
equal thereto by any process........................................................per cwt.
12s.
"White and brown, clayed or yellow bastard sugars, or other sugars ren­
dered by any process equal in quality thereto.......................................... 8s. 6d.
Sugar, raw, and other kinds not being equal to white or brown clayed
or yellow bastard su ga rs............................................................. .p er cwt. 6s. 6d.
S ir u p s ...................................................................................................... per cent
12^
. Do. su g a r ...................................................................................2d. per gall, and 12£
Sal ammoniac— Seed, m ustard.......................................................... per cent
2}
Shellac— S la t e .............................................................................................
2£
Straps for walking b e a m s ..................................................................................
2f
Sulphur, ro ll............................................................................................................
21Sulphur flo u r .......................................................................................................... 12|
T e a ............................................................................................................... per lb. 2d.
T in .............................................................................................................per cent
2£
Tobacco, manufactured or unmanufactured, other than segars or snuff, lb. 2d.
T o y s ......................................................................................................... per cent
12}
Telegraph w i r e ......................................................................................................
2}
Varnish....................................................................................................................
12^
V e rm ice lli..................................................................................................per lb. Id.
V in e g a r .................................................................................................... per gall. 3d
V it r io l..................................................................................................... p ercen t
2}
W atches, wax,w h a le b o n e ...................................................................................
124W h e a t....................................................................................................................... Free.
W hisky at p roof.................................................................................... per gall.
5d.
W ine o f all kinds, in w ood or other vessels not being bottles, not ex­
ceeding in value £15 the p ipe o f 126 g a llon s............................................
Is.
A n d if exceeding £15 the pipe in valu e............................................................ Is. 6d.




359

Commercial Regulations .
W ine o f all kinds, in bottles per dozen q u a rts ..............................................
W ine o f all kinds, in bottles per dozen pints.................................................
W oolen yarn............................................................................................ per cent
W ool manufactures...............................................................................................
A ll goods, wares, and merchandise not en u m erated ....................................

fa. 6d.
3s. 9d.
12 \
12^
12^

FREE GOODS.

The following articles, in addition to those marked “ free,” above, are now free, sub­
je c t to the exception o f the Governor o f this province, shall at any time declare the
suspension o f the treaty between her Majesty and the United States o f Am erica,
signed on the 5th day o f June, 1854, then while such suspension shall continue, the
several articles mentioned in the schedule to the act last aforesaid, being the growth
and produce o f the said United States, shall be subject to the duties to which they
are now subject, and no such article shall then be admitted free of duty unless it was
so admitted immediately before the passing o f the said a c t :—
Animals o f all kinds, (except mess pork.) butter, cheese, flour, barley, buckwheat,
bear and bigg, oats, rye, beans and peas, m eal o f the above grain and wheat not bolt­
ed, bran in shorts, and hops.
Anchors, chain cables, veneers, hay, pig-iron, green fruits, bark, berries, nuts, v ege­
tables, wToods and drugs used solely in dyeing, and indigo, bristles, burr-stones un­
wrought, coal and coke, grease and scraps, hemp, flax, and tow undressed, hides,
junk, and oakum, lard, lead, pig or sheet, marble in blocks unpolished, oil, cocoanut,
pine and palm only, ores o f all kinds o f metals, pipeclay, resin and rosii>, saw logs,
water casks in use, teazles, broom corn, w ood used in making carpenters’ or joiners’
tools, tallow, tar, and pitch, type metal in block or pigs, wool, caoutchouc, cordage of
all kinds, sail cloth, copper in bars, rods, or in sheets, yellow metal in bars or in
sheets, bright or black varnish, marine cement, treenails, bunting, felt sheeting, print­
ing presses, printing types, printers’ ink, printing implements o f all kinds, bookbinders’
tools, presses, and implements o f all kinds, old nets and ropes, cotton and flax waste,
rags, fire clay, and Russian hemp yarn.
O rders in C ouncil. The following articles are admitted at the rates set after
them by orders in council, v iz .:—
Ships’ sails, prepared rigging, tin, zinc, hoop iron, candle wick, and spelter, at 24
per cent. Order o f the 4th June, 1852.
Brass in pigs or sheets, magnetic telegraph insulators, relay magnets, registers, and
batteries, at 2£ per cent. Order o f the 4th November, 1835.
Locom otive, passenger, baggage, and freight cars, running upon any line o f railroad
crossing the frontier between Canada and the United States, free.
Order o f 13th
January, 1854.
Iron wheels and axles imported expressly for railroad purposes, 2£ per cent. Order
o f 13th November, 1854.
Printing paper, draining tiles, and oil cake, 2£ per cent.
Order o f 6th D ecem ­
ber, ] 854.
EXEMPTIONS.

Arms, clothing, cattle, provisions, and stores o f every description, which any com ­
missary or commissaries, contractor or contractors, shall import or bring, or which
may be imported or brought by the principal or any other officer or officers o f her
M ajesty’s ordnance into the province for the use o f her Majesty’s army or navy, or for
the use o f the Indian Nations in this p rovin ce; provided the duty otherwise payable
thereon would be defrayed or borne by the Treasurer o f the United Kingdom o f this
province.

Horses and carriages of travelers; and horses, cattle, and carriages, and other ve­
hicles when employed in carrying merchandise, together with the necessary harness
and tackle, so long as the same shall be b o n a f i d e in use for that purpose, except the
horses, cattle, carriages, vehicles, and harness of persons hawkiDg goods, wares, and
merchandise through the province, for the purposes of retailing the same, and the
horses, cattle, carriages, and harness of any circus or equestrian troop for exhibition ;
the horses, cattle, carriages, and harness of any menagerie to be free.
Donations o f clothing especially imported for the use o f or to be distributed gratui­
tously by any charitable society in this province.
Seeds o f all kinds, farming utensils and implements o f husbandry, when specially




Commercial Regulations.
imported in good faith by any society incorporated or established for the encourage­
ment o f agriculture.
Salt for the use o f the fisheries, m ilitary clothing, and wine for the use o f regi­
mental messes.
The following articles, in the occupation or employment o f persons coming into the
province for the purpose o f actually settling therein, v iz .: W earing apparel in actual
use, and other personal effects not m erchandise; horses and cattle ; implements and
tools o f trade o f handicraftsmen.
The personal household effects, not merchandise, o f inhabitants o f this province, b e­
ing subjects o f her Majesty, and dying abroad.
A nd the following articles, when imported directly from the United Kingdom , the
British North American Provinces, the islands o f Prince Edward and Newfoundland,
and being the growth, produce, or manufacture o f the said United Kingdom, or o f
such province respectively, v iz .:—
Animals, beef, pork, biscuit bread, butter, cocoa paste, corn or grain o f all kinds,
flour, fish, fresh or salted, dried, or pickled, fish oil, furs or skins the produce o f fish or
creatures living in the sea, gypsum, horns, mess poultry, plants, shrubs, and trees,
potatoes and vegetables o f all kinds. Seeds o f all kinds, pelts, skins, furs, or tails,
undressed. W oods, viz.: Boards, planks, staves, timber, and firewood.
And the following articles, when imported direct from the provinces o f N ova Scotia,
N ew Brunswick, and Prince Edward’s Island, and being the growth, produce, or m anu­
facture o f said provinces respectively, v iz.:—
Grain and breadstuff’s o f all kinds, vegetables, fruits, seeds, hay and straw, hops,
animals, salted and fresh meats, butter, cheese, chocolate, and other preparations o f
cocoa, lard, tallow, hides, horns, wool, undressed skins, and furs o f all kinds, ores of
all kinds, iron in pigs and blooms, copper, lead in pigs, grind stones and stones o f all
kinds, earth, coals, lime, ochres, gypsum, ground or unground, rock-salt, wood, bark,
timber and lumber o f all kinds, firewood, ashes, fish, fish oil, viz.: train oil, sperm a­
ceti oil, head matter and blubber, fins and skins, the produce o f fish or creatures living
iu the sea.
R emarks. Goods to be entered at the fair market value in the principal markets
o f the country from whence they are imported directly into this province; but the
Governor, by a departmental order, m ay permit goods bona fide im ported from one
couutry through another, into the province, to be valued for duty as if imported
direct.
Goods, bona fide exported to this province from any country, but passing in transitu
through another country, and under bonds, shall be, until it shall be otherwise or­
dered, valued for duty as i f such goods were im ported directly from such first-men­
tioned country into this province.
Importers o f goods in every case allowed to deduct either the discount actually
allowed for cash, or that which according to the custom o f trade is allow ed for cash,
charging all the duty on the market cash value.
.The following packages are chargeable with duty, v iz .:—
A ll packages containing spirits, wines, cordials, or liquids o f any kind in w ood, b ot­
tles, flasks, and all packages o f glassware or earthenware, sugar, molasses, syrups,
treacle, coffee, rice, tobacco, flour, provisions, and no deduction to be allowed for the
weight or value o f the paper or string covering sugar, <fec.
A ll packages containing
t-oap, candles, pipes, nails, chains, paints, spices, nuts, vermicelli, maccaroni, glass, tin,
Canada plates, tins, trunks, and jars containing merchandise, and all other packages
in which the goods are usually exposed for sale, or which necessarily or generally ac­
company the goods when sold.
A nd the following packages are exem pt from payment o f duty, v iz .: Bales, trusses,
cases, covering casks o f wines or brandy in w ood, cases or casks containing dry goods,
hardware, or cutlery, crates and casks containing glassware or earthenware, cases con­
taining bottled wine or bottled spirits, and all other packages in which the goods are
not usually exposed for sale, or which do not necessarily or generally accompany the
goods when sold.
Spirits, and strong waters having the flavor o f any kind o f spirits, or strong waters
subject to a higher duty than that imposed on whisky, liable to the duty imposed on
the kinds o f spirits or strong waters o f which they have the flavor as aforesaid, from
whatever substance they may be distilled or prepared.




361

Commercial Regulations .
TARES ON MERCHANDISE.
A LIST OF TARES ALLOWED BY L A W AND CUSTOM.

Dy law.

Almonds

..............cases
........... casks
double bales
.............bales
..............frails
, . . . . ceroons
..............bags

Alum
“
casks
A nvils...................................................................................
Bristles..................................................................................
Butter, weighing 80 to 100 lb s................................kegs
Black plate................................................................ boxes

Candles............................................................................
Candy,sugar........................................................................
Cheese................................................................... hampers
“
baskets
“
boxes
“
...........................................................casks cr tubs
Cassia...........................................................................boxes

8
10
10
10
20

per
per
per
per
per

cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
15 per cent,
actual.
f 9 per cent,
•j or 1\ lbs. for
( 4 mats.

.mats
Chocolate
C o ffe e ...
u
u

. .boxes
. . .bags
,. bales
. casks
.ceroons
. .boxes

10
2
3
12

per
per
per
per

cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
6 per cent
15 per cent
actual.
6 per cent

Cinnamon...............................
C ocoa.......................................
M
M
C loves......................................
Cotton......................................
u
Composition spikes or nails
C op per...................................
Copperas................................
Corks........................................

Cordage, twine

Currants

. . bales
. . . bags
, . . casks
ceroons
baskets
. . casks
. . bags
. ..bales
.ceroons
. .casks

, .sm all bales
,. large bales
double bales
........... boxes
........... casks
............bales
............ casks
........... boxes

F ig s ----. .mats
,. frails
drums
. .casks

«
((
Fish, dry . .
u
F la x ...........
Gunpowder
<(




...............boxes
......... bobbins
..............casks
___ half-casks
.quarter-casks

B y cu s to m .

8 per cent.
15 per cent.
8 lbs. each.
4 lbs. each.
10 per cent.
10 per cent.
4 per cent.
5 lbs. each.
10 per cent.
90 lbs. each.
10 per cent.
18 lbs. each.
8 lbs. each.

1 per cent.
10 per cent.

2
6
8
8

per
per
per
per

8
2
12
4

per
lbs.
lbs.
lbs,

cent
each
each
each

10
5
8
16
15

per
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
per

cent
eacl
each
each
cent

12 per
10 per
10 per
4 per
4 per
8 per
12 per
12 per
12 per
3 to 3*
23 lbs.
9 lbs.
5 lbs.

cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
lbs.
each
each
each

cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.

12 per cent.
3 per cent.

Commercial Regulations.

362

B y la w .

G lu e.......................................................
“ from Can t o u .............................. .
Hem p, Manila......................................
“
Hamburg, Leghorn, Trieste.
I n d ig o .. ................................................

Iron, sheet......................
“ hoop .......................
“ Prussian s h e e t.. . .
Ja lap ...............................
Lead, pigs, bars, sheets
“
white, in o i l . . . . ,
“
white, in o i l . . . .
“
white, d ry ...........
“
red, d ry ................
“
red, in o i l ...........
“
shot.......................
Is ails.................................

.............cases
. . . . barrels
other casks
. . . ceroons
............. bags
.......... mats
......... boxes

12
15
10
3
3

per
per
per
per
per

cent
cent
cent
each
each
cent

cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
8
8
14
12
3
8
100
6
6
10
3

............ packs
yellow mats
. . . . . . casks
.............kegs
. .hogsheads
........... casks

per cent.
per cent
to 28 lb
lbs. each
per cent
per cent
lbs. ea.*
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent

8 per cent.
3
10
12
10

. bags
casks

Ochre, d r y ..
“
in oil,
Paris white
P e p p e r .. . .

...........bales
.............bags
.double bags
..........casks
............bags
............boxes
............ casks

Pimento
P lu m s ..
P ru n e s..

. bales

Raisins

. . .jars
.boxes
. casks
. .frails
drums
.casks

»

R ice ..................
Salts, Glauber
“
E psom .
S egars..............

per
per
per
per

cent
cent
cent
cent

12 per cent.
5 per cent.
2 per cent.
4 lbs. each
16 per cent.
3 per cent.
8 per cent.
12 per cent.
8 per cent,
j 5, 6, 7, and 8
| lbs. each.
18 lbs. each.
15 per cent.
12 per cent.
4 per cent.
10 per cent.
10 per cent.

........... boxes

P aper.

8 per cent.
11 per cent
boxes
. casks

Shot.

18 per cent.
18 per cent.
3 per cent.

Snuff

12 per cent
15 per cent

.boxes
Soap...........................
Spanish brown, dry.
“
in oil.
S p ik es.......................

10 per cent.
casks

. . .bags
. . casks
. . cases
.bundles

Steel

from Trieste, in large size boxes.
in second size boxes.




B y c u s to m .

15 per
20 per
11 per
6 lbs.
7£ lbs.
15 per

.boxes
casks
.boxes
,.bales

E x tr a a llo w a n c e fo r h o g s h e a d s .

12
12
8
3
8
8
3
11
lO f

per
per
per
per
per
per
per
lbs.
lbs.

cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
each
each

363

Journal o f Insurance.
By law.

JOURNAL

OF

By custom .

15 per cent.

Sheet iron.................................................................. casks
Sugar, candy............................................................. boxes
“
tubs
S ugar............................................................................bags
“
boxes
“
casks
“
mats
“
ceroons
“
canisters
Starch, from Bremen, weighing 62 lbs. each. ..boxes
T a llo w .........................................................................bales
“
casks
“
ceroons
“
tubs
Tea, B ohea............................................................... chests
“ green, 70 lbs. and o v er.................................boxes
“ other, between 50 and 70 l b s .............................
“ other, o f 80 lbs........................................................
“ other, over 80 lbs....................................................
Tobacco, le a f..............................................................bales
“
leaf, with extra cov er......................................
“
le a f............................................................. boxes
T w in e.......................................................................... casks
‘‘
boxes
.......................................................................... bales
W hitin g...................................................................... casks
W i r e ....................................................................................
W o o l............................................................................bales

10 per cent.
15 per cent.
6
15
12
5

per
per
per
per

cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
8
40
13
8
12
8
15
22

20
18
20
22

lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.

per
lbs.
lbs.
per
per
per
per
lbs.

cent.
each.
each.
cent.
cent.
cent.
cent.
each.

each.
each.
each.
each.
8 lbs. each
10 lbs. each
15 per cent

12 per cent.
15 per cent
3 per cent.
10 per cent
8 per cent
3 per cent

INSURANCE.

INSURANCE AND LOSS BY FIRES IN BOSTON AND BALTIMORE.
The

Evening Gazette

American

o f Boston, and the

o f Baltimore, have obtained

official statements o f the fires in the tw o cities.

The former for fifteen years, and the

latter for each month during the year 1854.

From a document prepared for the

Gazette, we

compile the following figures and facts, showing the number o f fires

alarms, whether false, caused by incendiary or otherwise, loss, insurance, die., for the
past fifteen years, ending on the 30th u ltim o:—
A larm s origiW h o le N o .
o f alarm s.
1 8 4 0 ..................

F a lse S u p p o s e d n a t in g o u t
a larm s. in ce n d ia ry . o f the c it y .
8
15
43

1 8 4 1 .................. ..............
1 8 4 2 .................. .................

137

15

6

211

23

1 8 4 3 .................. ...............
1 8 4 4 ..................

266

51
19

Estimated
am ount o f
loss.
$ 1 0 8 ,1 2 8

38

3 8 ,7 1 5

21

67

1 2 3 ,9 4 8

25

100

1 4 4 ,9 7 6

37

52

2 3 3 ,1 1 4
2 1 9 ,7 7 6

1 8 4 5 .................. ..

24

51

49

1 8 4 6 ....................

38

23

52

1 8 7 ,6 5 6

49

24

64

1 5 5 ,5 4 1
3 6 3 ,7 5 8

1 8 4 7 ...................................

273

1 8 4 8 .................. ...............

325

64

40

76

1 8 4 9 ...................................

288

44

34

51

1 7 2 ,4 9 2

55

30

43

2 9 9 ,2 6 0

40

29
, .

24

2 6 2 ,8 2 2

8

7 2 7 ,7 8 3

1 8 5 0 ....................
1 8 5 1 ....................
1 8 5 2 ...................................

168

7
4

7

2 6 8 ,6 2 1

202

4

37

8

2 1 9 ,0 0 0

445

871

682

$ 3 ,5 2 5 ,4 9 0

1 8 5 3 ..................
1 8 5 4 ..................................

T o ta l........




Estimated
amount o f
insurance.

$43,629
25,109
63,179
88,151
148.232
152.232
114,816
84,308
252,767
129,282
128,194
163,050
322,465
204,173
148,000

Journal o f Insurance.

364

From the statement in the

American, we

compile the following table o f the num-

her o f fires, amount of damage, and amount of insurance on the same in each month
o f the calendar year of 1 8 5 4 :—
F ir e s .
17

January.................................................
February ...............................................
M arch....................................................
A p r i l ............................................................................

M a y .......................................................
June......................................................
July........................................................
Au&ust..................................................
Septem ber............................................
O ctober.................................................
November.............................
Decem ber.............................................
Total...............................................

F a lse a larm s.
12

In su ra n ce.
$ 1 3 ,3 6 5

D am age.
$ 1 5 ,9 6 0

18

9

30

29

2 7 ,5 2 0

1 8 ,1 8 0

19

20

7 3 ,1 8 0

4 3 ,7 7 0

12

9

4 4 ,6 9 0

2 6 ,8 3 0

13

13

2 4 ,7 4 5

1 4 ,9 2 0

14

12

6 ,7 4 5

5 ,3 5 0

14

14

5 5 ,1 4 0

4 4 ,6 5 0

13

11

2 0 ,8 8 0

9 ,7 6 3

11

10

1 1 8 .4 2 3

7 3 ,5 4 0

2 0 ,4 7 5 -

1 6 ,1 6 6

18

10

4 6 ,1 5 5

2 8 ,3 9 5

17

17

5 0 ,4 0 0

2 9 ,5 8 0

196

156

$ 5 3 4 ,3 7 3

$ 3 3 4 ,5 1 8

This return shows a larger aggregate damage by fire than has occured in the city
during the same period o f time for many years past.

During the year just passed

there w ere one hundred and ninety-six, by which property to the amount o f $534,373
was destroyed.

Against this there was insurance to the amount o f $334,518, being a

total loss o f $199,856.

During the same time there were one hundred and fifty-six

false alarms, so that the fire department were called out three hundred and fifty-two
times.
During the year 1853 there were two hundred and fifty-eight fires, b y which prop­
erty to the amount o f $227,691 was destroyed, showing that while there were fifty
fires more than in 1854, the destruction o f property was less by $306,782.

The in-

rrease in the amount o f property destroyed was caused by the several large fires
\' hich occurred during the past year.
INSURANCE CASE.
W e learn from the Cincinnati

Commercial that

a case involving the construction of

a p olicy o f insurance has been decided in that city by Judge Cholson.
the parties to the suit were Duffield and Barclay
Insurance Company and others.
wrecked and abandoned.

vs. the Merchants

The names o f

<& Manufacturers’

The property insured was a steamboat, which was

The amount insured was $15,000 in four companies, leaving

$6,000 uninsured; and, as the law stands, (independent o f the policy,) in an adjust o f
partial losses, which are without abandonment, the insured would be entitled to claim
one-fourth o f what was saved from the wreck.

Several principles governing contracts

o f insurance were collaterally referred to by the court, but the main question at issue
was whether a clause in the policy, requiring that in all cases o f abandonment the in­
sured should assign and transfer all interest in the steamboat free o f all claims and
charges, extended the effect o f the abandonment, so as to embrace not only the inter­
est covered by the policy, but also any other interest the insured m ay have owned at
the time o f taking out the policy.
The ju d ge decided in a lengthened opinion, in the course o f which several authori­
ties were cited, that the clause in question referred more to the form o f abandonment
than to its effect, and was intended rather to secure an effectual evidence o f transfer,
than to extend the effect o f abandonment.

A verdict was accordingly directed to be

entered for the plaintiff for the amount o f one-fourth o f the $5,000— the recovery b e­
ing confined to an interest in the boat.
up on error to the court above.




It was intimated that the case would be taken

Journal o f Insurance.

* 365

FRAUDS IJV FIRE INSURANCE,
W e find the following indispensable precautionary measures in regard to fire insu­
rance in a late number o f the

New York Insurance Reporter:—

There appears to us something radically wrong in the blind and indiscriminate and
unquestioning manner in which many insurance companies take fire risks. It is true
that a man is em ployed to examine the building and its surroundings and make a re­
port, and upon this report the amount o f premium is fixed. This examination fails to
accomplish an essential condition o f insurance. It is the heart and character o f the
man, as w ell as the house he occupies, that needs examination. There are very lew
fires which occur, that are not the work o f carelessness or design— and in this the
character o f the insured is directly involved. L et us say to the presidents o f insu­
rance companies, when you insure a man for ten thousand dollars, you in effect intrust
him with that amount o f money. I f his building burns down, you lose your money,
and probably involve many other companies in a like loss. Is it not o f the utmost im­
portance, that you know the character o f the man, in whose hands you intrust such
immense interests ? Y o u are acting not alone for yourself, but for other insurances
and, for the whole community. That term “ hazardous” which is sometimes applied
to buildings, and for which three or four per cent premium is charged, should also ap­
ply to the character. The rates o f insurance depend upon the average annual loss,
and those from whom the greatest losses are suffered, should pay the largest pre­
mium. Is it right to class all men alike, the honest and dishonest, the careful and the
heedless, and to consider only the nature o f the building ? A ccording to the most cor­
rect published statistics, there is paid in the United States annually about twenty
millions o f dollars for fire insurances. Seventeen millions, or thereabouts, o f this is
paid back to cover losses by fire. N ow it is our deliberate opinion that at least
twelve millions, (out o f seventeen) is paid on fires caused by criminal carelessness or
premeditated design.
I f this is so, is it not time that the character o f the applicants for insurance, should
becom e a subject o f investigation ? The twenty millions must be paid— should it be
paid equally by the man who is honest and careful, and in whose premises a fire
almost never occurs with one whose character is the very reverse ? L et this subject
be brought up for discussion by the Insurance Companies. W hen a man asks credit
for a bill o f goods, or if he wishes to hire a house, the first inquiry is, “ what is the
character; is he honest: w ill he p a y ?” These are pertinent, questions, and apply as
much to insurance as to any other business transactions. There are some insurance
companies, so anxious for business, that they take risk almost at random, and with
very little precautionary inquiry. Eventually they are involved in losses, and per­
haps ruin; and at the same time seriously cripple other companies who have taken
risks on adjoining premises. The result is, that these heavy losses, compel the com ­
panies to raise the rates o f insurance.
B y a rigid inquiry into the character o f every applicant for insurance, and by gra­
duating the amount o f premium accordingly, the burden w ould be mainly borne by
those who ought to bear it. Just in proportion as the tax is increased upon the
doubtful class, can it be diminished upon those against whom no doubts exist. No
one, surely, can question the justice o f such a course. W hen a man applies for
insurance whose character is not known, let reference be required, just as we would if
he wished to hire a house, or get credit for five thousand dollars. I f his character is
in any respects doubtful, his application should be rejected altogether, or he should be
put down as a “ hazardous risk,” and charged accordingly. N o honest man w ould
take offence at such investigation and inquiry— but on the contrary, it would increase
his confidence in the safety o f the company. I f the man is dishonest, the company
should know it.
N ow, is not the plan indicated practicable ? Such a step could not perhaps be
taken by one company alon e; but let all unite, and the end is easily accomplished.
W e hear that the Lorillard and a few other good companies have adopted the plan
here suggested; but we fear it is done with so much timidity and hesitation as to re­
sult in very little benefit. The fact cannot be denied, that every man gets insured,
whatever his character. There must be fault somewhere. W e believe that a combi­
nation of all the companies might be effected, and until that is done, the efforts o f one
individual will effect but little good. There is another subject upon which we would
say a few words. Y e ry few people realize the fact, though it is none the less true,
that every fire that occurs, takes something from the pocket o f every individual in
the community. The I
to an individual may not be felt, but in the long run it is




033

Journal o f Insurance .

366

large. E very article o f food or clothing we purchase, has added to its price the cost
o f insurance on the premises where we purchase. The price we pay for weekly board,
is necessarily increased by the cost o f insurance on the building. So that every indi­
vidual either directly or indirectly pays the losses by fire. These facts should be
blazoned before the community by the press, until they are felt.
TRIAL OF A LIFE INSURANCE CASE.
A very interesting case o f life insurance was recently tried in one o f the Cincinnati
courts.

A gentleman, as we gather from the

Gazette, being

on the point o f leaving

that city for St Louie, made arrangements for taking out a policy on his life for the
benefit o f his wife, in the sum o f $2,500.

Having been duly examined by the phys­

ician o f the company, he left for St. Louis.

For some cause the health certificate ob­

tained by the applicant did not prove satisfactory to the company ; another examina­
tion, therefore, took place in St. Louis, the result o f which having been transmitted to
the company, the officers notified the agent o f the applicant that they w ould take the
risk, and handed him a form o f application to be signed by his wife, the plaintiff.
The signature o f the plaintiff was obtained on the 18th September, and the applica­
tion returned to the office on the same day.

Thereupon the policy was duly made

out for the plaintiff, dated September 20, and taken to the agent, who, however, be­
fore the delivery o f the policy, was requested to sign a guaranty, dated September 20,
o f the purport that the plaintiff’s husband was then in as good health as he was at
the time o f his examination at St. Louis, which guaranty was signed by the agent
without the know ledge or consent o f the plaintiff.

On Sept. 17th the husband was

taken sick at St. Louis, and was under treatment until the 21st, when he died.
The court having charged the ju ry “ that the guaranty did not bind Mrs. Strang, un­
less made by her a g e n t; also, that the representation in Mrs. Strang’s application

Col. Strang is now in good health, was

that

a warranty, but that it was a question for the

ju ry , whether the parties, in making and receiving that warranty, did not refer to the
time when they had the latest intelligence from St. Louis,” a verdict for the plaintiff
was found for $2,925.
ILLINOIS INSURANCE LAW.
S ection 22. A n agent o f foreign insurance companies shall, upon the acceptance
o f such agencies, signify the same in writing, to the clerk o f the county commissioners’
court o f their respective counties, which notice shall be filed with the clerk in his
office, which shall entitle the agent to grant policies o f insurance, according to the laws
governing the company o f such agency.
S e . 23. The said agent or agents shall be required to pay over to the clerk of
the county commissioners’ court three percent on the amount o f premiums charged by
him on all policies by him issued ; and the said clerk shall give to the agent duplicate
receipts, one o f which the clerk shall retain ; and the said clerk shall enter the amount
so received in a book kept by him for that purpose, designating the time when and
from what agent the same was received ; and the said clerk shall on the first day o f
January and the first day o f July annually, (if he has in his hands any funds so re­
ceived,) make out an abstract o f the same, and shall forward said abstract, together
with the m oney on hand, to the treasurer o f the State o f Illinois, who shall receive the
same, and enter the amount so received in a book kept by him for that purpose, with
the time when and from what clerk and county the same was received ; and the
moneys so received shall be considered as revenue to the State, and by the treasurer
paid in as such.
S ec. 24. A n y agent failing to pay over to the clerk o f the county commissioners’
court, the per cent as directed in this chapter, shall subject him self to be fined double
the amount o f the premium upon which he failed to pay over the per cent, as directed
in this chapter; one half to the informer, and the other half to be paid over to the
clerk o f the county commissioners’ court, and paid over by him to the State treasurer,
in like manner as the per cent in this chapter is directed to be paid.




307

Commercial Statistics.

COMMERCIAL STATISTICS.
NAVIGATION AT THE PORT OF SAN FRANCISCO IN 1853 AND 1854,
The statements below o f the arrival o f vessels at the port o f San Francisco, Cali­
fornia, in 1S53 and 1854, presents a slight falling off in the whole number arriving
during the last-mentioned year, but an increase during the same period o f coast ves­
sels, illustrating that as the supplies from foreign ports decline, those derived nearer
home increase:—

1853. 1854.

Arrivals from

Domestic Atlantic ports.
375
Horthern and home coast
p o r t s ..............................
1,032
Ports in F ra n ce................
31
British p o r t s .....................
93
German ports . ......... ..
20
East India p o r t s .............
73
T o t a l .............................

172
1,460
11
41
14
63

Arrivals from

1851. 1851.

Ports in Chili....................
Sandwich and Society Isl­
and ports........................
South American p orts....
Australian p o r t s ..............
Mexican p o r t s ..................

130

27

71
15
7
55

55
10
16
24

1,902

1,893

It'w ill thus be perceived from what sources S in Fiancisco received her heaviest
and most costly supplies.

The falling off in 1854 is large— from Atlantic and British

ports more than one-half; from France nearly two-thirds; from Germany one-fourth:
from Chili nearly four-fifths ; and from the East Indies about one-seventh.

It should

be remarked, however, that a large proportion o f the latter were immigrant vessels,
which brought little more than live stcc’r.

Australian arrivals have doubled those o f

last year, owing to the inability o f vessels to find a market for certain articles of
American merchandise in that quarter.
In the meantime, our exports to Australia and other foreign ports, principally in
the Pacific, have been considerable, including o f breadstuffs and domestic produce,
31,012 barrels and whole sacks o f flour;
25,543 sacks potatoes.

4,717 sacks w heat;

9,041 sacks b a rley ; and

The value o f quicksilver exported during the year amounts

to about $755,000.
W e also give the statistics o f the vessels entered at San Francisco from American
and foreign ports for the last six years, as fo llo w s;—
FROM AMERICAN TORTS.
T o n s.
N o.

FROM FOREIGN PORTS.
N o.
T on s.

TOTAL.
N o.

T on s.

1854-. ..............................
1 8 5 3 :......................
18 52.........................
18 51.........................
1850 ......................
18 49.........................

266
349
161
241
695
254

216,785
260,110
122,611
115,725
204,749
75,316

361
513
582
736
826
396

192,245
153,765
172,341
193,449
195,427
85,578

627
862
743
977
1,521
650

409,030
413,875
294,952
309,174
400,176
160,894

T o ta l..................

1,966

995,296

3,414

992,805

5,380

1,988,101

The following table shows the number o f vessels and tons cleared during the years
1853 and 1 8 5 4 :—
,

F or China................ ..
F or C a l l a o ................
U nited States ports on A tlantic
Other p o rts.............
T o ta l..................

4




................

----- 1854.---------- ,

,--------N o.

1851.- - - - - ,

N o.

T o n s.

114
119
14
916

91,684
79,84.3
8,630
311,188

95
269
25
1,364

58,207
169,022
30,580
382,263

T on s.

1,163

491,345

1,653

640,072

Commercial Statistics.

363

TRADE BETWEEN THE UPPER AND LOWER BRITISH PROVINCES,
The Quebec

Chronicle furnishes

the following figures in relation to the course o f

trade between the U pper and Low er British Provinces.

The clearances at the port

o f Quebec for N ova Scotia, N ew Brunswick, Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince E d­
ward’s Island, and Labrador, from 1849 to 1854, inclusive, has been as fo llo w s:—

Number o f vessels.
T o n s..........................

1819.

1850.

1851.

1851

1851.

1854.

153
8,728

165
10.119

169
12,863

156
10,490

196
12,797

148
9,832

These vessels w ere em ployed in the transport o f flour and provisions to the above
P rovinces; and in return brought back coal, fish, and W est India produce.
The number o f vessels that have cleared at this port

the above Prov-

fo r e a ch o f

inces in the years 1853 and 1854. were as follow s:—

1854,

1851.
N ew Brunswick.............................................
Nova S c o tia ...................................................
N ew fou nd land ..............................................
Cape Breton....................................................
Labrador..........................................................
Prince Edward’s Island...............................

104
46
34
5
7
4

5,617
2,778
3.575
304
244
176

76
27
' 24
- 10
9

Tons.
4,179
1,989
2.386
683
535

2

110

Total....................................................

188

12,694

148

9,832

V essels.

T on s.

V e sse ls.

It will be seen by the above, that there has been a very considerable falling off in
{he exports to these Provinces in 1854.
T w o causes have operated to produce it.
The first is that tire high price o f flour has no doubt had the effect {jf- curtailing its
consumption.

A nd the second is that the exports from Montreal to these Provinces

very much increased in 1854.
The trade o f Montreal with the Low er Provinces has been b y the w ay o f Portland,
on the line o f the Grand Trunk Railway.

The harbors o f Portland, Maine, and St-

Johns, N ew Brunswick, being open at all seasons o f the year, it is believed that the
flour and other western produce, consumed in N ew Brunswick, and a very large por­
tion o f that taken by the other Lower Provinces will hereafter take the route from
Montreal, rather than follow down the St. Lawrence to Quebec.

TRADE AND COMMERCE OF THE NEW YORK CANALS.
W e give below a summary statement o f the quantity and value o f various products
and merchandise left at tide-water on the Erie and Champlain canals in the years
1853 and 18 54:—
,-------- QUANTITIES.---------,

1851.
Pur and p e l t r y ....................... lbs.
The forest................................. tons
Products o f animals......................
V egetable fo o d ...............................
A ll other agricultural products..
Total a g ricu ltu re...........................
M anufactures..................................
M erchandise....................................
Other articles..................................

183,206
1,340,261
69,187
869,110
3,942

T o t a l ............................................

1854.

,----------------VALUES.--------------- ,

185,1.

IS54.

52,S17
12,933
167,897

67,340
1,132,921
53,968
790,168
5,813
723,540
48,129
15,774
274,782

$229,006
13,615,634
9,850,888
36,992,139
1,296,240
4S,13S 767
3,281,508
5,127,590
3,522,545

$88,337
11,513,509
7,620,628
35,947,854
1,828,093
44,626',405
4,031,003
5,316,528
6,2S8,820

2,505,797

2,465,886

73,688,044

73,797,064

lial transportation strikingly illustrate the extent
o f the internal trade and Commerce o f the coun'ry.




Commercial Statistics.

369

COMMERCE OF BELFAST, IRELAND.
The following tables o f the tonnage registered, and entered the port o f Belfast, Ire­
land, in each year from 1837 to 1853 inclusive, exhibit the increasing importance o f
that port'in a favorable lig h t:—
TONNAGE REGISTERED AT THE PORT, FROM

1 8 3 7 ... .
1 8 3 8 ... .

V e sse ls.
295
298

T o n s.
3 1 ,4 7 5

Itier’ s
T on s.
_____

3 2 ,2 2 8

573

THE YEAR

1837

D e e r ’ s.
T on s.

. . o.

1 8 4 6 _____
1 8 4 7 _____

....

1 8 5 3 , BOTH

to

INCLUSIVE.

T on s.
6 2 ,0 9 4

In cr’s
T o n s.
7 ,3 2 3

464

6 8 ,6 5 9

6 ,5 6 5

V essels.
426

1 8 3 9 ... .
1 8 4 0 ... .

335

4 1 ,3 3 6

9 ,1 0 8

1 8 4 8 _____

475

7 1 ,5 5 6

2 ,8 9 7

355

4 5 ,6 8 2

4 ,2 9 6

1 8 4 9 _____

467

7 5 ,4 4 1

3 ,8 8 5

1 8 4 1 ... .

375

4 9 ,6 2 6

3 ,9 9 4

1 8 5 0 _____

463

7 4 ,7 7 0

_____

1 8 4 2 ... .

375

5 1 ,2 7 8

1 ,6 5 2

1 8 5 1 _____

461

7 6 ,9 4 0

2 ,1 7 0

1 8 4 3 ... .

359

4 9 ,4 0 2

_____

1 8 5 2 _____

464

7 8 ,3 7 3

1 ,4 3 3

1 8 4 4 ... .

365

5 0 ,3 9 1

989

1 8 6 3 _____

493

8 3 ,1 2 8

4 ,7 5 5

1 8 4 5 ...

394

5 4 ,7 7 1

4 ,3 8 0

1876

D eer’s
T ons

...
.....

671

...

....

—

TONNAGE W HICH ENTERED THE PORT, FROM THE YEAR 1 8 3 7
1 8 3 7 ....

V essels.
2 ,7 2 4

T o n s.
2 8 8 ,1 4 3

1 8 3 8 ....

2 ,9 5 5

2 9 8 ,2 7 8

TO 1 8 5 3 , BOTH INCLUSIVE.
V essels.
4 ,1 6 8

1 8 4 6 ...........

T o n s.
5 4 3 ,8 6 2
5 3 8 ,5 2 8

3 ,3 5 0

3 5 4 ,5 4 2

1 8 4 7 ...........
1 8 4 8 ...........

4 ,2 1 3

1 8 3 9 ....

3 ,9 0 5

1 8 4 0 ....

3 ,3 2 3

3 6 1 ,4 7 3

1 8 4 9 ...........

4 ,0 8 0

5 0 6 ,9 5 3
5 5 5 ,0 2 1

..

3 ,3 7 8

3 5 7 ,9 0 2

1 8 5 0 ...........

4 ,4 9 0

6 2 4 ,1 1 3

1 8 4 2 .. . .

3 ,5 4 9

3 3 7 ,5 0 5

1 8 5 1 ...........

5 ,0 1 6

6 5 0 ,9 3 8

1841.

.

3 ,3 7 0

3 6 3 ,0 3 8

1 8 5 2 ............

1 8 4 4 ....

3 ,6 5 5

4 4 5 ,5 3 7

1 8 5 3 ............

..

3 ,8 8 8

4 9 2 ,5 6 0

1 8 4 3 ____
1 8 4 5 ..

It appears by the preceding statements
in 1 8 4 3 amounted t o ..................

.

5 ,2 2 1

6 8 4 ,1 5 6

5 ‘711

768^505

;hat the tonnage registered in
4 9 ,4 0 2

A g a i n s t in 1 8 5 3 . .

8 3 ,1 2 8

Or equal to an increase o f 68 per c e n t!
A nd that the tonnage which entered the port in 1843 w a s. . .
Against n 1 8 5 3 .
Or equal to an increase o f nearly l l '2 p e r c e n t i n t e n y e a rs!

3 6 3 ,0 3 8
7 6 8 ,1 2 8

THE TOBACCO TRADE IN LIVERPOOL.
In Liverpool the trade is in the hands o f half-a-dozen importers, and just the same
number o f brokers.

There are 22 manufacturers, and 160 tobacconists, or retailers.

The deliveries last year were equivalent to 8,380 tons gross in weight, and, at an ave­
rage o f 4d. per lb., or £25 per hogshead, ex duty, £365,000 in value.
7,912 tons, value £344,000.

The stock,

I f we analyse the distribution o f the deliveries, we find

them last year thus:— Hom e use, 5,243 hogsheads; Ireland, 3,591 ; coastwise, 3,138 ;
exported, 2,602: total, 14,574 hogsheads.

Those recorded for home use comprise the

deliveries to the trade in Liverpool, and all sent into the country, as to Leeds, H ali­
fax, Y ork, Manchester, Birmingham, B ew dley,

&c.

In addition to these hogsheads of

American tobacco, we received the following imports into Liverpool, namely 2,800
boxes and kegs, manufactured; 2,129 bales, 139 chests, leaf tobacco, and 178 cases
cigars; the weight o f which amounted to nearly 400 tons, and the value £40,000.
The 22 manufacturers o f tobacco in L iverpool cut the leaf into what is term ed shag,
bird-eye, roll, cavendish, negro, and pigtail, to the extent o f about 1,200 hogsheads,
equivalent to 660 tons nett per annum, which manufacture is afterwards distributed
in the town and ceuntry in smaller casks o f 2 to 5 cwt., to all parts o f Great Britain.
V ery few cigars are imported into Liverpool, only 178 cases, the principal portion
being sent to London.
VOL.

xxxn. —

There are about half-a-dozen persons who manufacture cigars

NO. I I I .




24

370

Commercial Statistics.

in the town o f Liverpool, to the extent altogether o f nearly 100 tons a year, who, with
the manufacturers o f cut tobacco, afford em ploym ent to upwards o f 400 indi­
viduals. These cigars are smoked in the town, or forwarded into the country
for sale in small boxes, inclosed in chests o f 1 to 2 cw t. This trade has much in­
creased o f late y e a rs; but the manufacture o f snuff is still very inconsiderable.

T o­

bacco pipes are made in L iverpool b y 9 makers, working 15 kilns, and em ploying
nearly 150 individuals, one m oiety being females, w ho pack the pipes in boxes con­
taining 3 to 12 gross, weighing f to 1 cw t. each, for exportation to A frica, the Last
Indies, and China.

The quantity so exported last year from L iverpool amounted to

700 tons in weight, and £15,000 in value.

A bout 600 tons pipeclay, brought coast­

wise from Teignmouth, in Devonshire, is consumed annually in the manufacture.
Thus w e find the entire trade o f tobacco, Ac., in this port amounts to 9,480 tons in
weight, and £420,000 in value, ex duty per annum.

ALBAIVY LUMBER TRADE.
W e condense from the

Evening Journal the

subjoined review o f the lumber market

o f Albany, for the year 1854, with figures for the four preceding y ea rs:—
The lumber business for the year 1854 has presented some peculiar features. The
receipts show a decrease on those o f the previous season, amounting to 82,154,922
feet o f boards and scantling. Another max-ked feature is, that prices, notwithstanding
the m oney pressure and consequent stagnation in business, have ruled higher than
1853— commencing at an advance o f full 5 per cent, and closing at about the same
figures as that year.
The receipts at A lbany for the last five years, as reported by the Canal Department,
are as follows :—

1850
1851
18 52
1853
1854

..............
..............
..............
..............
..............

B o a rd s a n d
S ca n tlin g .

S h in g les.

T im b e r .

S ta v e s.

216,791390
260,298,003
317,135,620
393,726,073
311,571,151

34326
34,186
31,636
27,586
24,003

28,832
110,200
291,714
19,916
28,909

150,515,289
115,087,290
107,961,289
118,666,750
135,805,091

The estimated value o f the receipts o f 1854 is $6,200,000.
The quantity left in market to be wintered is large, though not w ell assorted. It is
estimated at 50,000,000 feet, consisting principally o f tally boards and plank, but
with a small proportion o f box, pine, spruce, or hard woods, and scarcely any clear
pine or hemlock. O f staves the quantity now in market is much greater than usual.
A lbany is finding a spirited rival springing up in Chicago, whose papers claim a supe­
riority.
BRITISH EXPORTS TO RUSSIA AND TURKEY COMPARED.
The following quinquennial averages show that, while the British exports to Turkey
have much more than doubled in the course o f twenty years, those to Russia have re­
mained nearly stationary:—
E x p o r tB t o
T u rk ey.

1831-35 ..........................................................
1836-40 ..........................................................
1841-45 ..........................................................
1846-50 ..........................................................
1850 ..................................................................
1851 ...............................................................

£1,072,639
1,541,085
2,301,838
2,872,967
3,762,580
2,581,230

E x p o r t s to
R u ssia .

£1,488,978
1,765,887
1,934,213
1,703,173
1,464,771
1,289,704

In 1831 Turkey took about 2 4 f millions yards cotton manufactures, entered by the
yard ; and I f millions pounds cotton twist and yarn.
In 1850, 141 millions yards cotton manufactures, entered by the y a r d ; and 6|
millions pounds cotton twist and y a




.

Commercial Statistics.

371

IMPORTS OF HEMP AND FLAX INTO ENGLAND,
The following table derived from recent Parliamentary returns, gives the imports o f
f la x a n d h e m p in t o t h e U n it e d K in g d o m d u r in g t h e t e n y e a r s , f r o m

1 8 4 4 t o 1 8 5 3 in -

e l u s i v e :—
IMPORTS OF FLAX AND HEMP INTO ENGLAND.
Russia.
1 8 4 4 ...................
1 8 4 5 ..................... ...................
1 8 4 6 ..................... ...................
1 8 4 7 .....................
1 8 4 8 .....................
1 8 4 9 .....................
1 8 5 0 .....................
1 8 5 1 ....................
1 8 5 2 .....................
1 8 5 3 .....................
A v e ra g e ....

8 5 9 ,6 2 7
7 4 0 ,3 9 6

Prussia.
2 4 9 ,4 0 4
1 8 5 ,0 1 9
8 6 ,8 5 8
1 4 1 ,8 4 5
1 1 9 ,7 7 7
1 8 0 ,7 4 7
2 6 0 ,2 7 1
1 3 5 ,8 2 5
1 6 5 ,3 0 0
2 2 9 ,4 0 7
1 7 6 ,7 4 5

H olland.
1 0 6 ,6 5 8
1 0 7 ,5 9 2
1 2 2 ,6 0 4
7 3 ,6 0 3
1 0 1 ,9 5 9
1 1 3 ,7 8 6
1 3 3 ,2 4 0
8 3 ,1 2 1
1 0 5 ,4 6 5
1 2 3 ,6 9 1
1 0 7 ,3 7 1

Belgium .
4 4 ,9 6 7
8 0 ,1 6 8
6 0 ,6 7 9
3 9 ,9 6 0
5 4 ,1 4 9
7 5 ,7 6 9
1 0 7 ,3 3 6
7 9 ,9 7 3
1 0 6 ,9 7 2
9 9 ,5 5 8
7 5 ,0 5 3

Egypt.
3 0 ,2 6 6
1 2 4 ,1 4 4
7 4 ,9 0 7
5 7 ,3 5 5
6 2 ,0 9 4
5 0 ,4 9 2
4 6 ,5 0 5
4 8 ,0 3 8
5 3 ,0 6 3
8 5 ,1 0 5
6 3 ,1 9 6

IMPOSTS OF HEMP----FROM 1 8 4 4 TO 1 8 5 3 INCLUSIVE.
Russia.
1 8 4 4 ...................
1 8 4 5 ...................
1 8 4 6 ...................
1 8 4 7 ...................
1 8 4 8 .....................
1 8 4 9 ...................
1 8 5 0 ................... .
1 8 5 1 ...................
1 8 5 2 ...................
1 8 5 3 ................... .
A v e r a g e .. . .

India.
2 1 1 ,3 9 2
2 7 3 ,9 6 4
1 9 0 ,6 6 9
1 8 5 ,7 8 8
2 5 8 ,2 3 8
3 6 0 ,1 6 3
3 9 9 ,3 4 5
5 9 0 ,6 2 3
4 6 5 ,5 5 0
3 2 0 ,6 7 2
3 2 6 ,6 4 0

Austria.
1 5 ,4 3 1
1 5 ,5 1 7
1 9 ,6 3 5
2 4 ,3 8 7
6 ,4 7 5
2 0 ,7 5 3
1 4 ,5 7 1
9 ,0 0 9
2 0 ,9 0 5
2 0 ,2 8 6
1 7 ,6 9 6

Philippine
Islands.
1 4 ,1 2 2
3 ,8 5 6
1 3 ,6 0 6
1 7 ,5 3 2
3 3 ,5 6 4
3 5 ,6 1 1

United
States.
7 ,5 9 2
3 1 ,0 7 0
3 0 ,8 9 4
2 6 ,1 7 6
6 ,4 1 8

1 5 ,6 3 7
2 2 ,8 3 5
2 5 ,2 0 7
1 9 ,5 5 0
2 0 ,1 5 2

7 ,6 2 3
1 ,3 0 9
63
5 ,9 6 6
1 1 ,6 5 1

4

FLAX AND LINEN TRADE OF HOLLAND,
According to a late linen trade circular, next to Belgium, H olland is o f the greatest
importance to us, among continental States, as respects our su pp ly to the finer quali­
ties o f flax.

The cultivation o f the plant spread from Flanders into Holland, and

fixed itself in all the provinces o f that kingdom.

The m ost important flax growing

districts are now South Holland, Friezland, Zealand, N orth Brabant, Guelderland,
Utrecht, Oberyssel, and Drenthe.

The cultivation is different from that in Belgium,

in so far that the flax is steeped green, and that the fields are much more extensive.
A s much as 400 acres has been sown b y one cultivator.

The quality seldom ap­

proaches the finer Belgian sorts, but is equal to the medium and low er, and the fiber
generally gives an excellent yield on the hackle, and is much esteemed for threads.
B y far the greater portion o f Dutch flax is exported.
than a twentieth part is consumed at home.
at Boxtel and Am elo.
houses.

It is estimated that not more

The only manufacture o f fine linens is

Sackings are made in the houses o f correction and the poor-

The Dutch canvas is o f excellent qu a lity ; but, in spite o f all the efforts

made by the Dutch Government, towards the end o f the 17th century, when a great
number o f Flemings were induced to settle in Holland, their linen manufacture has
not reached any great extension or excellence.
In a part o f South Holland, W est Brabant, and Guelderland, the best blue flax is
grown.

Zealand, Brielle, and Dutch Flanders furnish white flax o f less value. Friez­

land yields a yellowish fiber o f a still low er quality.

A lm ost the whole fla x trade o f

Holland is centered at Rotterdam, from whence the article is exported.




N autical Intelligence.

372

H aving obtained the trade statistics, published b y the Department o f Finance, a
the Hague, we shall publish the exports and imports o f four years (1849 to 1852) in
the articles o f flax, yarn, and linen fabrics, and in our present number w e give the
imports and exports o f fla x :—
IMPORTS OF F L A X IN T O HOLLAND IN THE YEARS

1849

TO

1852,

INCLUSIVE.

1849. 1850.
fF ro m Zollverein................ tons
H anover..........................
Scutched and t o w .. . Russia..............................
A ll other places.............
B elgiu m ..........................
G. Britain & Ireland . .
H a c k l e d ....................
A ll other places...........
T o ta l.........................

58
34
17
27
3
12
10*

349
28
48
22

318

1819.
5 ,0 6 9
1 ,735
-311
27
106
83
13

Total........................

1852.

229

145
24
94
22

28
13
85

2*

3*

3*

2f

s*

2*

450*

EXPORTS OF F L A X FROM HOLLAND IN THE YEARS 184-9 TO 1 8 5 2 ,

f T o Great Britain & Ireland.
Belgium..............................
Z o llv e re in .........................
Scutched and t o w . . . France................................
Hnited States...................
A ll other places...............
B elgium ...................... ......
France................................
H a ck led ...................... Great Britain &, Ireland .
A ll other places...............

1851.

362

291

in c l u s iv e .

1850. 1851.
5 ,9 9 3
2 ,2 8 3
403
27
78
19
28

2
2

1

10

32

7 ,3 5 9

8 ,8 6 4

1852.

3 ,7 2 9
2 ,9 8 5
374
317
100
26*

5,25-4
5 ,0 4 4
384
358
149
15*

*

*

11*
7 ,5 4 3

2
1 1 ,2 0 9

NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE.
SAILING DIRECTIONS TO AND FROM THE PORT OF NEW YORK.
Elw

ood

W

alter,

Secretary to the Board o f Underwriters, gives notice that the at­

tention o f the underwriters has recently been called to a most valuable “ General
Chart o f the Coast from G ay H ead to Cape Henlopen, from a survey under the direc­
tion o f E. B. Hassler and A . D. Bache, Superintendents o f the Survey o f the Coasts o f
the U nited States,” which was published in 1852.

Mr. W alter, under date Decem ber

9th, 1854, says:—
“ It is the judgm ent o f the board that this chart should be in the possession o f every
shipmaster trading to and from the port o f N ew York, a n d it is confidently believed
that i f its directions are carefully observed, and the lead and line properly used by
competent hands, no vessel would be stranded on the shores o f Long Island or N ew
Jersey, unless driven b y a hurricane.
“ It is earnestly hoped that every navigator who regards, not m erely the safety o f
property, but his own reputation and the interests o f humanity, w ill avail him self o f
the means by which shipwreck and disaster on our coast m ay be avoided, except in
those very rare cases in which human skill and vigilance are overruled by the
elements.
“ The board deem it proper to publish herewith, the following extracts from the
sailing directions which accompany the chart above referred to.”
general

s a il in g

d ir e c t io n s

for

vessels

from

sea.

The G ulf Stream, b y its high temperature, gives the first warning o f an ap­
proach to the coast. In latitude 38 * deg., it is nearly 360 nautical miles from the




N autical Intelligence .

S lS

land, measuring on a parallel o f latitude. A fter passing through it, the temperature
begins to fall. There is also a fall o f temperature on striking soundings, which shows
the time to use the deep sea lead.
The color o f the water changes with the depth. From 150 to 580 fathoms, it
changes from dark blue to light blue, and from 50 to 30 fathoms and less, from a light
blue to light green.
Sdven curve lines are drawn on the map, showing the depths o f 10, 15, 20, 30. 40,
80, and 100 fathoms. U p to the 20 fathoms curve, they follow the general form o f
the shore; and between the 30 and 100 fathoms curve, the water suddenly deepens.
The 20 fathoms curve is 31 miles from Cape May in an E. by S. direction, but less
than 7 miles from Montauk Point. A depth o f 20 fathoms o ff the East end o f Long
Island is therefore too near the land unless with a commanding wind, while 20 fathoms
o ff Cape May is at a safe distance from the shore.
The latitude o f a ship’s place is usually better known than the longitude, but the
latter is most important on approaching this coast, and can be determined approxi­
m ately from the latitude in connection with the distance between the curves o f depth.
To show the slope o f the bottom and the sudden change in the depth on approach­
ing poundings, sections of the bottom along five lines, which are drawn on the map,
are added. The rise o f the outer bank slope is so steep, that if uncertain o f position,
from want o f observations, the careful use o f the lead w ill preserve from danger.
B o t t o m .— In 100 fathoms, East o f the entrance of Delaware Bay, the bottom is
m ostly dark grey sand, mixed with broken shells. T o the North o f this parallel, it is
mostly green and blue mud, mixed with sand.
In less than one hundred fathoms, East o f Delaware Bay, the bottom betw een 100
and 40 fathoms, is most frequently sand and broken shells— inside o f 40 fathoms, grey
or yellow sand, with black specks. North o f this parallel the bottom is as often mud
as sand, the mud being more frequent going north-east, until off Block Island, where
the bottom, from 100 to 20 fathoms, is mostly green mud or ooze, known as the Block
Island soundings. Green mud or ooze cannot be found within fifteen miles o f Block
Island, and seldom to the west o f the meridian o f Montauk Point, in less than 30
fathoms water.
Between 40 and 10 fathoms off the coast o f L ong Island and N ew Jersey, the char­
acter o f the bottom changes so often between these depths, that constant reference
must be made to the descriptions on the chart.
VESSELS BOUND TO NEW YORK.

— From the eastward, striking soundings in more than 3 5 fathoms, green
mud, steer direct for Sandy Hook, making Nevesink or the Light Boat. Striking
soundings in less than 30 fathoms, green mud, steer to the northward o f W est, shoal­
ing the water very gradually on that course. I f beating against a westerly wind in
the night or thick weather, do not stand into less than 18 fathoms on the northwardly
tack till nearly up with Fire Island Inlet. The chart shows that after passing inside
o f 25* fathoms the soundings decrease very slowly, going west, and v ery rapidly
going north, or on Long Island shore. This distinction should be carefully borne in
mind.
C

ourses.

N o t e .— I f vessels from the east, bound to N ew Y ork, fall in sight o f Sankaty Light,
they are too near to Davis’s South Shoal, and w ill keep to the southward till they
pass it.
From the southward and eastward, shape the course from the Nevesink Lights, ob­
serving the precautions with the lead given in the general directions.
From the Southward, bound to N ew Y ork from the southward, nothing is gained
b y running into less than 15 fathoms water. To the north o f Barnegat less than 15
fathoms is unsafe, 10 or 12 fathoms being found within a mile and a quarter o f the
beach. I f in 15 fathoms in the night or thick weather, the lead should be kept in hand
and the bottom examined. Gravelly bottom indicates too near an approach to land.
The run from New Y ork Harbor from the Light Boat, when up with the Light
Boat, if without pilot, steer N. W. by W . 4 W., and after shoaling the water to eight
fathoms take up the range for the channel to be entered according to the directions on
th'e chart o f N ew Y ork B ay and Harbor.
B o t t o m N e a r t h e C o a s t .— From Sandy H ook towards the south, the bottom
chapges from fine sand to coarse grey sand. On approaching Barnegat it becom es
g ra v e lly ; and off the mouth o f that inlet, it is gravel pebbles, and in some places
shells. The soundings also change from 10 to 7 fathoms at the same distance from




874

N au tical Intelligence.

the shore. A fter passing Barnegat, the bottom changes from gravel to yellow and
gray sand, with yellow specks, found off Old Inlet, Little E gg Harbor. Off Great E gg
Harbor, the bottom ,in from 8 to 10 fathoms, is fine gray sand; to the south o f this
yellow , and is again met and is carried up to Hereford Inlet. South o f this Inlet and
abreast o f Cape May, the bottom is white or gray sand.
D angers .— On the L ee shore, to the westward o f Fire Island Inlet, the shoal ground,
forming the bare o f the Inlet, extends from | to 1J miles from the shore.
On the Jersey shore, there are shoals off Barnegat and the inlets to the south o f it,
extending from 1 to 1^ miles from the shore. They are to be avoided by using the
lead.

KATTEGAT—LIGHT OAT THE KOBBER GROUND,
Official information has been received at this office, that the Danish government has
given notice that the temporary light ship stationed on the K obber Ground, at the
distance o f 11 miles S. by E . from the easternmost part o f the Lreso Island, has been
removed, and a three-masted vessel, carrying a fixed light on each mast, has been
moored in her place. Each o f the three masts is surmounted b y a ball.
The new vessel is painted red, with a white cross on her side, marked “ Kobber
Grunden.”
<
The light on her mainmast is 4 r feet, and the tw o others 29 feet above the surface
o f the sea.
The position o f the vessel is 3£ cables lengths S. E. b y S. from the South Beacon
(N y Y a g er) o f the K o b b e r ‘Ground, in four fathoms, and in 5 1 ° 8' 30 " north, and
11 ° 20' 3 0 " east.
The upper light is visible at the distance o f 8 miles; but masters o f vessels are re­
m inded that the three lights will not be opened out clear o f each other, unless seen
above a point-and-a-half on either side o f her fore and aft line.
This notice affects the following Adm iralty charts :— Baltic, No. 2,262 ; Kattegat,
N o. 2,114 ; also Danish Pilot, p. 115, and K attegat Lighthouse List, No. 89.
B y order o f the Lighthouse Board,
THORNTON A . JE N K IN S, Secretary.
Treasury Department, Office Lighthouse
Board, January 6,1855.

BALTIC—KIEL FIORD—RED LIGHT AT DUSTERJVBR00K,
Official information has been received at this office, that notice has been given by
the Danish government, that in the course o f the present month a red light w ill be
established at Dusternbrook, in K iel Fiord.
The light will be exhibited on a small iron tower at the bathing establishment in
Dusternbrook, and w ill be visible on the starboard hand to ships approaching Kiel, at
the distance o f six miles.
This notice affects the following Adm iralty charts:— Baltic, No. 2,292 ; K iel B ay
2,117 ; also the Danish Pilot, p. 342, and Kattegat Lighthouse List, No. 105 a.
B y order o f the Lighthouse Board,
THORNTON A . JE N K IN S, Secretary.
Treasury Department, Office Lighthouse
B oad, January 6,1855.

BEACON ON LUSNAC SHOAL,
NOTICE TO MARINERS.

H ydrographic Office, A dmiralty , >
L ondon, January 8th, 1855.
J

H er M ajesty’s government has been officially informed that on the m iddle o f the
Lusnac Shoal, which lies between the rock o f that name and the Island o f Badia, in
the eastern entrance o f the channel between the islands o f Curzola and Sabioncello, a
floating beacon has been placed in five feet water. It is o f a four-sided pyramidal
form, the upper part o f which is painted red, and the lower part white ; and, to avoid
this shoal, vessels must keep twenty fathoms distant from the beacon.
A dm iralty Charts affected by this notice will be :— No. 2,158, Mediterranean S ea ;
No. 1,440, A driatic S e a ; No. 204, A driatic Sea, sheet 5 ; and No. 1,616, Curzola
Channel.




*

Statistics o f A griculture , etc.

Z15

STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE, &c.
POTATOES.
The common or Irish potato, so extensively cultivated throughout most o f the tem ­
perate countries o f the civilized globe, contributing, as it does, to the necessities o f a
large portion o f the human race, as w ell as to the nourishment and fattening,of stock,
is regarded as o f little less importance in our national econom y than wheat, rice, or
maize.

It has been found in an indigenous state in Chili, on the mountains near V a l­

paraiso and M endoza; also near Monte V ideo, Lima, Quito, as w ell as in Santa Fe
de Bogota, and more recently in Mexico, on the banks o f the Orizaba; but some of
these, if cultivated, doubtless would prove to belong to other species than that o f the
common potato, o f the numerous genus to which it belongs.
The history o f this plant, in connection with that o f the sweet potato, is involved
in obscurity, as the accounts o f their introduction into Europe are somewhat conflict­
ing, and often they appear to be confounded with one another.

The common kind

was doubtless introduced into Spain in the early part o f the sixteenth century, from
the neighborhood o f Quito, where, as w ell as in all Spanish countries, the tubers are
known as papas. The first published
del Peru, by Pedro de Ciega, printed
illustrated by an engraving.

account o f it we find on record is in

La Cronica

at Seville in 1553, in which it is described and

From Spain it appears to have found its w ay into Italy,

where it assumed the same name as the truffle.

It was received by Clusius, at Vienna,

in 1598, in whose time it spread rapidly in the South o f Europe, and even into Ger­
many.

T o England it is said to have found its w ay by a different route, having been

brought from Virginia by Raleigh’s colonists, in 1586, which would seem im probable,
as it was unknown in North America at that time, either wild or cultivated ; and, be­
sides, Gough, in his edition o f Camden’s Britannia, says it was first planted by Sir
W alter Raleigh on his estate at Youghall, near Cork, and that it was cultivated in
Ireland before its value was known in England.

Gerard, in his Herbal, published in

Batata Virginiana, to distin­
Batata Edulis, and recommends the roots to be eaten

1597, gives a figure o f this plant, under the name o f
guish it from the sweet potato,

as a “ delicate dish,” but not as common food.

“ The sweet potato,” says Sir Joseph

Banks, “ was used in England as a delicacy long before the introduction o f our pota­
toes ; it was imported in considerable quantities from Spain and the Canaries, and
was supposed to possess the pow er o f restoring decayed vigor.”

It is related that

the c. mrnon potato was accidentally introduced into England from Ireland at a period
somewhat earlier than that noticed by Gerard, in consequence o f the wrecking o f a
vessel on the coast o f Lancashire, which had a quantity on board.

In 1663, the R oyal

Society o f England took measures for encouraging the cultivation o f this vegetable,
with the view o f preventing famine.

Notwithstanding its utility as a food became

better known, no high character wa9 attached to i t ; and the writers on gardening,
towards the end o f the seventeenth century, a hundred years or more after its intro­
duction, treated it rather indifferently.

“ They are much used in Ireland and America

as bread,” says one author, “ and m ay be propagated with advantage to poor people.”
The famous nurserymen, London and Wise, did not consider it worthy o f notice in
their Complete Gardener, published in 1719.
cellencies became better understood.

But its use gradually spread as its ex­

It was near the middle o f the last century be­

fore it was generally known either in Britain or North Am erica, since which it has
been most extensively cultivated.
The period o f the introduction o f the common potato into the British North A m er-

/



376

Statistics o f A griculture, etc.

ican Colonies is not precisely known.

It is mentioned among the products o f Caro­

lina and Virginia in 1749, and among those growing in N ew Y ork and N ew England
the same year.

They were much cultivated in the latter in 1750, where they pro­

duced w ell and were o f good use.
“ red-coats,” and the “ flat-whites.”

The varieties at that time were the “ rough-coats,”
The red-coats were considered the best.

In 1770,

are mentioned the “ reddish,” the “ blueish,” the “ white,” and the “ French ” potatoes”
the latter o f which -were flattened in their shape, and o f a good flavor.
The famous “ Mercer ” or “ Meshanock ” potato o f the present day originated on
Mesbanock Creek, by Joseph Gilkey, o f Mercer County, Pa., in about the year 1812.
The sweet potato

[Batatas Bdulis) is indigenous

to the East Indies and inter-trop­

ical America, and was the “ potato ” o f the old English writers in the early part of
the fourteenth century.

It was, doubtless, introduced into Carolina, Georgia, and V ir­

ginia, soon after their settlements b y Europeans, being mentioned as one o f the culti­
vated products o f those colonies as early as the year 1048.
A m ong numerous other products ordered to be imported b y the “ Governor and
Company o f Massachusetts Bay in N ew England,” in 1029, was the potato.

Sweet

or Spanish potatoes were introduced into N ew England in 1764, and proved to be
m ore prolific than the common sort, and were brought into general use.
The amount o f potatoes exported from South Carolinain 1747-48 was 700 bushels ;
from Philadelphia in 1796, 9,004 bushels.
The quantity and valuation o f potsrtoes exported from the United States within the
last thirty-three years are indicated in the following ta b le :—
Y ears.
1 8 2 0 -2 1

............

1 8 2 1 -2 2

............

..

B u sh els.
9 0 ,8 8 9
1 2 9 ,8 1 4

4 5 .7 5 S

1 8 3 8 -3 9

...............

B u sh els.
1 1 8 ,6 2 7

V a lu e .
$ 5 6 ,8 9 8

...............

9 6 ,5 6 9

6 7 ,5 3 6

3 7 , 2 4 1 ' 1 8 3 9 - 4 0 ................

5 4 ,5 2 4

1 3 1 ,1 9 4

4 4 ,0 4 2

1 8 4 0 -4 1

6 4 .4 0 2

1 0 6 ,9 5 4

1 8 2 2 - 2 3 ...............
1 8 2 3 - 2 4 ...............
1 8 2 4 - 2 5 ................

V a lu e . !|
Y ears.
$ 3 0 ,5 0 0 1 8 3 7 - 3 8

............

3 7 ,6 8 8

1 8 4 1 - 4 2 ................ . .

1 9 4 ,9 4 6

1 8 2 5 - 2 6 ...............

8 7 ,7 3 4

4 1 ,5 8 3 :

1 8 4 2 - 4 3 ................

144^991

41,151

1826

9 5 ,7 4 8

3 9 ,1 7 4

1 8 4 3 - 4 4 ................

1 8 2 ,2 3 8

7 4 ,1 0 8

1 8 2 7 - 2 8 ...............

9 4 ,8 9 8

1 2 2 ,9 2 6

P '7 7 ,2 2 6

3 5 , 3 7 1 1 1 8 4 4 - 4 5 ...............
3 0 ,0 7 9
1 8 4 5 - 4 6 ................

2 7 4 ,2 1 6

1 8 2 8 - 2 9 ...............

1 2 5 ,1 5 0

6 9 ,9 3 4

1 8 2 9 - 3 0 ...............

1 0 5 ,6 2 0

3 9 ,0 5 7 1

1 6 4 ,3 6 5

1 0 9 ,0 6 2

1 8 3 0 - 3 1 ................
1 8 3 1 - 8 2 ................

1 1 2 ,8 7 6

4 1 ,1 4 7

1 8 4 7 - 4 8 ...............

8 6 ,2 7 7

1 0 6 ,5 1 7

4 2 ,0 7 7

1 8 4 8 - 4 9 ................

8 3 ,3 1 3

2 7 ................

1 8 4 6 - 4 7 ...............

8 5 ,8 4 4

99^333

1 8 3 2 - 3 3 ...............

1 3 6 ,1 2 7

5 2 ,0 5 2

1 8 4 9 - 5 0 ...............

1 8 3 3 - 3 4 ...............

9 7 ,4 2 7

3 8 ,5 6 7

1 8 5 0 - 5 1 ...............

1 0 6 ,3 4 2

7 9 ,3 1 4

1 8 3 4 ^ 3 5 ................
18353 6 ...

8 3 .8 2 3

4 1 ,5 4 3 ,

1 8 5 1 - 5 2 ...............

1 4 8 ,9 1 6

1 1 5 ,1 2 1

9 1 ,5 8 1

4 3 .6 3 0

1 8 5 2 - 6 3 ...............

1 0 0 ,7 0 3

5 3 .6 3 0

1836-

3 7 ...

1 5 2 ,5 6 2

j

A ccording to the census o f 1840, the amount o f potatoes o f all sorts raised in the
United States was 108,298,060 bushels; o f 1850, 104,056,044 bushels, o f which
38,268,148 bushels w ere sw eet; showing a decrease o f 4,232,016 bushels.

This de­

ficiency in the crop o f 1849, as compared with that o f 1839, is attributed to the dis­
couragement caused by the “ potato disease ” which has prevailed in most parts o f the
globe for the last ten or twelve years.

The amount o f potatoes o f all sorts cultivated

in the Union in 1853 m ay be estimated at 10G,000,000 bushels; which, at 40 cents
w ould be worth $42,400,000.

THE PRODUCTION OF WHEAT IN CALIFORNIA,
W heat and flour, until within a comparatively short period, w ere almost solely ob ­
je cts o f importation from the Northern and Southern States o f the Union, and from
Chili.

California, it would seem, is destined to become a great agricultural as w ell as

gold mining State.




Statistics o f A griculture , etc.

3

11

In illustration o f this w e extract from the carefully prepared annual review o f the
commercial editor o f the

Times and Transcript, (San

Francisco,) the following state­

ment :—
Much uncertainty has existed, and still exists, on this subject, (the production o f
wheat.) A bout the close o f seed time, various statements relating to the extent o f
the crop sown, gained publicity. These differed very w idely, but there is reason to
believe that nearly all were excessive— that they greatly overrated the number o f
acres placed under cultivation. During the month o f April, a gentleman who enjoyed
unusual opportunities for observation, and in whose reliability w e place im plicit con­
fidence, w e allude to Dr. John B. Trask, visited the principal wheat growing sections,
and took pains to ascertain the extent o f the plant. B y correspondence he also ob ­
tained like information from a few localities not visited by him in person. His opin­
ion then was, that the number o f acres sown scarcely exceeded sixty thousand, which,
it m ay be remarked, fell far short o f all previous estimates. Since the close o f harvest,
the same gentleman has prosecuted his inquiries, both as to the number o f acres under
cultivation and the yield per acre. In some sections he found that his first figures had
been too high, and in others that they were slightly too low, but that the total was
very nearly the same. W e subjoin the last estimates referred to, remarking that
where the rate o f product per acre is placed below 30 bushels, it is in consideration
o f the failure o f crop on a portion o f the whole number o f acres sown. Thus, in
Y olo, Shasta V alley, and Trinity, the average rate per acre is reduced.

Districts.

A lam eda_________
B utte.........................
Contra C o s t a .........
E l D orado................
H um boldt................
Los A ngeles..saved
M a r in ......................
N a p a .........................
N ev ad a....................
Placer.......................
San Joaquin............
San Bernardino . . .
San Francisco.........

A ver­
aging
per
acre,
A cres, bush.

4,000
1,500
1,800
800
200
500
100
2,500
....
....
4,000
6,000
1,500

30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30

Total
bushels.

120,000
45,000
54,000
4,000
24,000
6,000
15.000
21.000
15,000
2,000
3,000
120,000
180,000
45,000

Districts.

A ver­
aging
per
acre,
Acres. bush.

Santa Clara......... . . 11,000
Santa C ru z ........ . 3,000
Sacramento . . . . . 2,000
Shasta V alley . . . .
1,400
Solano.................. . .
1,000
Sonom a................ . .
1,500
. . 1,000
1,100
S u tte r.................. . .
360
T r in it y ................
Tulare..................
Y o l o ....................
Y u b a .................... . .
3,000
—
T atal........... . 66,860

30
30
30
15
SO
SO
30
30
25
30

22}
30

Total
bushels.

510,000
90,000
60,000
21,000
30,000
45,000
30.000
33.000
9,000
150,000
151,500
90,000

1,939,500

The foregoing figures we submit as approximates, but deem them sufficiently cor­
rect for all practical purposes.
N ow, i f we deduct for seed, say 139,500 bushels, w e shall have o f the crop o f the
present year, since harvest, for milling purposes, 1,800,000 bushels, or an equivalent
to 360,000 barrels o f flour.
The stock o f wheat and flour in the country on the 1st o f January last, was esti­
mated at 219,000 barrels. W e have then—
Stock, January 1st, 1854.................................................................................bbls.
Flour iA ported during 1 8 5 4 .................................................................................
W heat imported during 1854, equal t o ..............................................................
W heat, domestic crop, 1854, equal t o ................................................................

219,000
223,526
9,882
360,000
812,408

Deduct exports o f flour and wheat during 1854................bbls.
Deduct consumption, at the rate o f 40,000 bbls per m on th ...

32,644
480,000
----------

512,644

Balance o f flour and wheat, equal t o ..........................................................

359,164

O f this balance, it w ould be difficult to ascertain the proportion borne b y the wheat
to the flour. It is the opinion o f many that the quantity o f milling wheat now in
the country does not exceed an equivalent to 100,000 barrels o f flou r; but this would
leave a stock o f flour in this city and throughout the State, o f 259,164 barrels, which




Statistics o f Agriculture , etc.

378

is probably too large. In this city the supply o f flour m ay be estimated in round
numbers at 120,000 barrels, divided as follows :—
G allego and H a x a ll........................................................................................bbls.
C h ili...........................................................................................................................
Suffolk, H ecker’s, and outside..............................................................................
Dom estic g r o u n d ....................................................................................................

30.000
45.000

11.000
34,000

120,000

Total

RESOURCES OF CALIFORNIA IN CATTLE.
A leading feature o f the resources o f California in former times, was its herds o f
cattle, but soon after the commencement o f the settlement o f the country by the
A nglo-Am erican race, these herds began rapidly to diminish, till in 1850 a shrewd
writer copjectured that, without the annual importation o f 100,000 head, the supply
for beef purposes must in a few years run short.

During the succeeding tw o years the

prophecy o f the writer seemed about to b e realized, and prices ruled enormously high.
The introduction o f large numbers o f sheep, however, and the raising o f swine, poultry,
ifec., together with accessions o f Am erican cattle across the plains, arrested the rapid
diminution, till at present the stock is thought to be largely on the increase.

To Dr.

John B. Trask, State Geologist, w ho has taken much pains to arrive at correct conclu­
sions in the premises, the
ing estimate is based.

Placer Times is indebted

for the figures on which the follow ­

The respective grazing counties are enumerated as follow s:—

A l a m e d a ..............

10,000

B u t t e ..........................

1 2 ,0 0 0

C o lu s a .................
6,000
Contra C o s t a ____
4,000
L os A ngeles......... 104,800

M o n te re y ..............
P lu m a s..................
S h a sta ...................
San Bernardino . .
San Diego..............

38,900
1,900
3,000
27,000
8,100

San Luis Obispo .
Santa B arbara... .
Sutter.....................
Y o l o ......................
Y u b a .....................

Total cattle.

13,900
40,050
11,585
11,645
3,327
286,307

The foregoing includes branded stock only, and excludes the natural increase o f the
year, and immigrant cattle. The natural increase, over and above sales, has been about
31,000, so that the available stock, independent o f supplies from across the plains, may
be set down at 317,307 head.
The number o f immigrant cattle which have passed the mountains and reached the
western slope, m ay be set down at 60,000, to which add home stock o f 1854, 317,307,
and we have a total o f beef cattle for 1S55 o f 377,707.

CANADIAN HEMP.
The following extract from the article “ Canada,” in the

Encyclopedia Britannica,

possesses great interest at the present moment, and we therefore beg to direct particu­
lar attention to i t :—
“ It may, perhaps, not be generally known that hemp grows spontaneously in Cana­
da, particularly in all the lower or eastern districts o f the country. A nd it is stated
upon respectable anthority, that, under good cultivation, the quality is equal to Russian
hemp. The soil and climate o f Canada are believed to be eminently adapted to the
growth both o f hemp and flax. V e ry many years ago, the culture o f hemp in Canada
was commenced, with all the earnestness and vigor'which a w ell grounded confidence
in the capabilities o f the country for such production warranted; but, owing solely, it
is, believed, to the want o f efficient m odes o f converting the raw produce into a pre­
pared state, and thus securing an immediately profitable market, the culture o f hemp
in Canada, upon any extensive scale, was then abandoned. A s memorials o f the com ­
parative success o f the cultivation o f hem p in Canada at that period, there at least
were, not many years ago, and there may be still, farmers in Lower Canada holding
medals from the British Society o f A rts and Sciences for samples o f hemp produced




Railroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statistics.

379

upon their farms. The elaborate work o f the late Colonel Bonehette on British Am eri
ca, affords a good deal o f information in regard to the capabilities o f Canada for the
growth o f hemp, and explains the causes o f the comparative failure o f these efforts,
made many years ago, to introduce the cultivation o f this important staple upon an
extensive scale into Canada. Colonel Bonehette was surveyor-general o f Low er Can­
ada, and a corresponding member o f the Society o f Arts in London, and he was there­
fore enabled, both from his official position and general acquirements, to furnish facts
and opinions, o f unquestionable value, bearing upon the subject in question. A ccord ­
ing to calculations o f Colonel Bonehette, the cost o f one ton o f merchantable hemp,
landed in England, would not be quite £21 sterling. The mean price o f Russian hemp
in the English market at that time, was £ 4 0 15s. sterling. It is at least highly prob­
able, from what has been stated, that an important national staple o f our manufactures
may be procured to any extent, o f equal value, and quite as cheaply, if not more so,
in one o f our own colonies, as the same article for which we are now dependent for
our supply upon an inimical foreign power, which may, to the utmost o f its resources,
as has been now proved, place our interests in jeopardy to an inconvenient extent, for
some time, commercially as w ell as politically. The American navy use at present
large quantities o f native-grown hemp. The quantity o f hemp and flax produced in
Canada, taken together, as officially returned, amounted in 1852 to 1,917,666 pounds.
The value placed upon this by the government board o f registration and statistics in
Canada, is 3d. currency on £28 currency per ton, which, reduced to sterling, is £2 3 3s.
The total value o f the hemp and flax grown in Canada in 1852, was, therefore, ac­
cording to this official valuation, £23,971 provincial currency; and very nearly the
whole was the growth o f Low er Canada.”

RAILROAD, CANAL, AND STEAMBOAT STATISTICS.
NOTES IN’ REGARD TO SAFETY ON STEAMERS AT SEA.
The following notes are appended to a letter from Commodore P erry .

They are

o f great importance, and entitled to the highest consideration:—
There should be in each vessel carrying passengers tw o printed station bills— one
for occasions o f fire, and the other to be put in operation in case o f disasters, when it
may become necessary to take to the boats.
These should be printed in blank, and contain as many numbers as there would
probably be souls on board, say from 1 to 400, to be filled up anew at the comm ence­
ment o f each passage.
First. The officers and crews should have their stations assigned to them, which
should only be changed by changes in the crew, growing out ot discharges, new en­
listments, &c. The remaining numbers should be filled, as far as practicable, by in­
serting the names o f passengers.
To each number, or series o f numbers, certain specific duties are to be assigned;
and to make those duties falling upon passengers more appropriate to their habits and
calling, they should themselves be allowed to select their own numbers, to be arranged
on the first day o f the passage, and it should be the duty o f each person immediately
to make him self acquainted with the duties and responsibilities he has thus assumed.
The nautical portion o f the crew o f the Baltic consists exclusively o f purser and
surgeon, o f one captain, six mates, four quartermasters, twenty seamen, and two boys.
The remainder o f her complement is made up o f those composing the departments o f
the engineer and steward.
She ought not to carry less than ten large boats, six o f which at the davits. Hence,
it is plain that to man all these boats the services o f men from these two departments,
as also the most active o f the passengers, would be required. Thus, the latter would
be em ployed in aiding to save themselves, and the women and children; and hence
the expediency o f a previous understanding o f their respective stations.
Supposing that this ship should have ten boats. These w ould safely carry 800
persons, with ten days’ provision o f bread and water, oars, mast, sails, <fcc. On some
o f the passages o f the Baltic she has had on board as many as 385 persons; it is evi­
dent, therefore, that so large a number could not be accommodated in the boats, but
those excluded might find room and equal safety on the proposed rafts.




380

Railroad , Canal, and Steamboat Statistics.

N ow let us speak o f the requisite equipment o f the boats, and in what manner
they are to be provisioned.
Each boat should be numbered, and provided with the following articles:—
Rudders, oars, boat hooks, double painters, (one long,) mast, yard and sail, two
buckets, two lanterns with a supply o f candles and matches, one compass, a quadrant,
and a brief epitome containing the simplest rules and tables for obtaining the latitude
b y altitudes o f the sun and north sta r; a small canvas bag, containing hatchet, ham­
mer, and nails, a yard o f canvas, ten fathoms o f ratlin stuff, palm and needles, some
twine and spun yarn, two pliable tarpaulins, as also a piece o f white muslin for a
signal.
It would probably be better that no other food than bread and water be put in the
boats. A ll the bread, and at least half the water, to be contained in air and water
tight tin cases; those for water holding each a pint, and for bread one pound— the
biscuit to be made o f a size to suit the diameter o f the cases. These cases, together
with the quadrant, compass, lantern and candles, and canvas bag with its contents,
might be conveniently kept, at all times, at sea, in the air-boxes at the after or both
ends o f the boat— these boxes being fitted with a water-tight screw-plate at the top,
about eight inches in diameter, and made in a similar manner to the magazine tanks
used in the navy. The remainder o f the water might be carried in eight-gallon kegs
or breakers— the most convenient size for stowing under the thwarts.
F or each person there should be provided five pounds o f biscuit in tin cases, and
two gallons o f water. These quantities, if properly husbanded and regularly served,
would sustain life, without any very extraordinary suffering, for ten days or more.
The arrangements for those resorting to the rafts should be made in similar manner.
Cost o f providing the above-mentioned supplies for ten boats and three hundred
persons:—
40 breakers, at $1 50 each...................................................................................
10 compasses, at $3 00 ea ch ...............................................................................
10 quadrants, at $4 00 each ...............................................................................
10 epitomes, a t..........................................................................................................
1,500 pounds biscuits, at 6 cents, and cases......................................................
W ater cases, and other small articles.................................................................
Total cost.......................................................................................................

$60
30
40
1
95
60

00
00
00
00
00
00

$286 00

HOW TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS ON RAILROADS.
A practice obtains upon some o f the English railroads, which m ight w ell be imita­
ted here.

twopence for
injury.

insuring him
threepence insures his life for £ 1 ,500 ;

W hen the passenger buys his ticket, he can also buy a card

against accident.

Between London andL iverpool

£1 ,000 ; and a

penny for

£500 ; and for proportionate damages in case o f

The insurance is effected by the com pany under act o f Parliam ent; and its

effect is to render them m ore careful in running the road, by

ness o f

an accident.

increasing the expensive­

There is no reason, indeed, w hy every railroad company should

not be compelled to insure the life o f every passenger, and to be responsible in heavy
damages for whatever injury m ay be sustained.

Carriers o f all sorts are held thus

responsible for the safety o f goods committed to their c a r e ; w hy should the lives and
limbs entrusted to their charge be deemed deserving o f less protection 2
But this w ould be only an indirect means o f inducing greater care in the manage­
ment o f railroads— and indirect agencies are no longer sufficient.

The law must pre­

scribe certain regulations in regard to their conduct— and every violation o f them
should be severely punished.
to convey passengers

N o road between important points should b e permitted

without a double track;

and upon every single track road, the

most definite and precise provisions should be exacted to prevent collisions.

The

time-table should be specific, and a violation o f its directions should be made, in every
case, a criminal offense.

Until public sentiment compels our legislators thus to pro­

vide for the public safety, we shall be com pelled day after day to chronicle these
wholesale slaughters upon our railroad lines.




Railroad, Canal, and Steamboat Statistics.

381

TUNNEL OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.
Since the opening o f the long tunnel o f the Pennsylvania Railroad under the A lle­
ghany Mountains, some notes o f its dimensions, cost, etc., gathered from the report o f
the chief engineer, m ay be interesting.
The principal dimensions o f the tunnel are as follow s: length, 8,612 feet, width, 24
feet, hight, 22 feet above grade, or 21J feet above the rails; distance b e lo y the sum­
mit o f the moun-tain 20 2.7 feet, depth o f Eastern shaft 1 4 9 .8 feet, o f middle shaft
1 9 5 .7 feet, o f western shaft 1 8 4 .4 fe e t; sections o f first shafts 6 b y 10 feet, o f new
shaft 8 by 13 fe e t; depth o f new shaft 194.1 feet.
Much o f the material excavated is fire clay, which, when exposed to the air and
moisture, swells, cracks, and falls in large masses.
quire arching.

Nearly the whole work will re­

Owing to the character o f the material a larger quantity required re­

m oval than if it had been o f a solid and permanent kind.

In the middle shaft from

120 to 175 gallons o f water per minute were pum ped and discharged at the top o f
the sh aft; and as the small size o f the shafts first constructed did not afford facilities
for the removal o f material as fast as it was excavated a new shaft was sunk, and a
large and powerful engine substituted for the small one at the west shaft.
The excavation o f the tunnel was finished on the 21st o f January, 1854, having
been nearly tw o years in progress.

During the year ending in March, 1853, the aver­

age quantity o f material removed per month was 2,768 cubic y a rd s; but since that
time by increased exertion the average monthly quantity has been 4,555 cubic yards.
There are about 18 cubic yards in each lineal foot o f the tunnel, so that previous to
March, 1853, the daily progress was less than six feet on all faces, and since that time
less than ten feet.

The entire number o f working faces afforded by all the shafts and

at the end is ten.

The entire cost o f the tunnel w ill be about $450,000, or $125 per

lineal foot, or nearly $7 per yard.

MAD RIVER AND LAKE ERIE RAILROAD.
This road extends from Sandusky to Dayton, a distance o f 153 miles.

The cost o f

the road, according to the annual report just published, is $4,424,681.

The debt of

the company is $2,120,000.

The earnings o f the road for the year ending February

1, 1854, w e re :—
Mails and

February .................
March........................
A p r il........................
M a y ..........................
J u n e ........................
J u ly ..........................
A u g u s t....................
Septem ber . .........
O c t o b e r ..................
N o v e m b e r ..............
D e ce m b e r...............
January ..................
T o ta l....................

Passengers.
$10,901 61
17,523 97
17,306 66
17,599 63
20,996 11
22,105 08
26,113 41
32,5S9 92
28,787 25

17,105 00

Freight.
$14,053 77
18,642 46
22,248 60
43,566 41
33,422 63
31,712 78
44,393 92
60,042 58
53,471 69
41,878 27
19,128 IS
15,863 35

$251,181 19

$398,399 64

incidentals.
$2,390
2,435
2,420
7,940
1,790
2,790
2,805
2,790
2,790
2,790
2,790
2,290
$36,020

Total.
$27,345
38,601
41,955
69,106
56,208
56,607
73,312
95,422
85,048
66,329
41,404
35,258

38
43
26
04
74
86
33
50
94
19
81
35

$686,600 83

The net earnings were $209,197, after the payment o f interest and taxes, or about
9 per cent.

The following table gives the gross income since the road was op en ed :—

Years.

1848
18 49
1850

Income.

......................
.......................
......................




$269,621 83
343,734 85
434,961 92

Years.
1851.................................
1862.................................
1853.................................

Income.
$393,571 75
605,751 71
681,074 24

382

Railroad , Canal, awe? Steamboat Statistics.
ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD LANDS.

Few persons fully appreciate the quantity o f land that is contained in the grant in
aid o f the Illinois Railroad.

The quantity is 2,600,000 acres.

million six hundred thousand acres?

H ow much is tw o

Neither more nor less than the dimensions o f

the whole State o f Connecticut! as follow s :—
Official return o f Connecticut.................................................................... acres
Lands patented Illinois Central Railroad........................................................

2,733,879
2,572,060

A person or company that should own the whole State o f Connecticut in fee, free
o f debt, with all its rocks, rivers, swamps, bays, hills, dales, and valleys, would be
possessed o f a good farm, notwithstanding that a very large proportion o f it w ould be
unremunerative, being unsusceptible o f cultivation, and ineligible for occupation. The
State o f Connecticut contains 369,000 inhabitants, 60,378 dwellings, 547 miles o f rail­
road, and a taxable valuation o f $300,000,000.
This is what has grown up upon a patch o f land equal to the quantity owned b y the
Illinois Railroad, but far beneath it in value.

The land owned b y the road is all se­

lected for its fertile qualities and eligible location.
profitable.

There is none o f it waste or un­

There is no portion o f it remote from railroad conveyance to the best

markets North and South.

It is all accessible to the most abundant supplies o f bitu­

minous coal— the whose quantity o f coal in the whole Union is 133,000 miles, onethird o f which is iu Illinois.
itless.

The supply o f timber by railroad from the North is lim ­

Here are all the elements for the support o f an immense population.

MICHIGAN SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN INDIANA RAILROAD.
These companies have declared a four per cent dividend in cash on their construc­
tion stock, a five per cent in stock upon the common stocks, both payable January
10th.

B elow we give the comparative earnings o f these roads for tw o years
"X
Passengers Freight and
and mail. miscellan’ us.

Passengers Freight and
and mail, miscellan’ us.

Total.

January ........ .
February__ _
M a r ch ...........
A p r i l ..............
M a y ...............
J u n e .............. .
J u ly ................
A u g u s t .........
Septem ber . .
October.........
N o v e m b e r.. . .
D e ce m b e r. . .

$34,040
42,752
66,975
77,815
86,547
96,560
79,730
95,173
126,874
144,836
111,710
82,048

$16,159
16,137
20,168
34,079
61,777
52,385
35,552
60,225
70,646
78,739
53,914
28,327

$50,200
58,890
87,144
111,894
148,325
148,946
115,282
155,398
197,520
223,575
165,625
110,376

T o ta l.......... .

1,045,067

628,113

1,573,181

m i

f

$58,254
$30,070
65,006
28,790
107,779
41,807
44,486
125,347
74,312
153,107
160,151
64,096
97,369
47,123
104,160
63,704
158,662
65,287
225,124
65,130
168,472
62,978
(Estimated.)
1,413,435

587,788

Increase in 1854 over 1853

Total.

$88,325
93,797
149,586
169,833
227,420
214,248
144,492
167,865
223,950
290,254
231.450
150,000
!2,151,234

per cent.

THE LARGEST STEAMBOAT IN THE WORLD.
A new steamboat named the
S.

Metropolis, has been

Sneden, Greenpoint, near this city.

launched from the ship-yard o f

She is three hundred and fifty feet in length,

forty-five feet beam, and fifteen feet depth o f hold.

Her floor timbers are o f white

oak twenty inches thick ; she has deep, double frames, sided eight inches— making
her frames sixteen by twenty inches, and four inches apart.

Besides being heavily

timbered, she is diagonaUy braced from kelson up to top o f timbers with iron braces




383

Journal o f M ining and Manufactures.

five inches wide, three-quarters o f an inch thick, and thirty feet long, crossing each
other transversely about three feet apart.

These braces are secured to the frames

with iron bolts riveted to the timbers, and also riveted where they cross between the
timbers.

She has seven kelsons made o f white-oak timber, fourteen inches wide and

three-and-a-half feet high.

The bed timbers o f her engine are o f white-oak four or

five feet wide, and six feet high.

Over fifty tons o f the best Ulster iron are used in

her bracing.
This steamer is intended for the Fall R iver route, and w ill run in connection with
the

Bay State and Empire State.

Her engine, which is to be put in by the N ovelty

Iron W orks, is o f nearly double the p ow er o f any steam-engine now in use.

The

cylinder is one hundred and five inches diameter b y tw elve feet stroke.

JOURNAL OF M IN IN G AND MANUFACTURES.
THE IRON RESOURCES OF IRELAND.
I t would be singular indeed, after all which has been said o f the miserable condi­
tion in which the most unparallelled emigration from Ireland has left that country, if
the very depopulation o f the island should, by turning the attention o f capitalists to
its truest and m ost permanent resources, cause it to take a prominent position among
the commercial and manufacturing countries o f the world.
b y no means beyond the bounds o f possibility.

A nd y et such a result is

From an interesting article which re­

cently appeared in an English scientific periodical, we learn that Ireland combines
within itself all the necessary attributes for the successful manufacture o f. a better
quality o f iron thau that o f England. A ll o f the three different kinds o f iron ore which
are actually em ployed as sources o f metal, exist in inexhaustible quantities among the
hills, valleys and bogs o f the Emerald Isle.
A fter the ore itself, the first requisite to the manufacture o f iron is an abundance o f
fuel, and the 2,830,000 acres o f peat bogs in Ireland are a magazine o f wealth, the
value o f which cannot be too highly estimated.

B y aid o f the new invention for soli­

difying peat, a fuel is produced which is much better for smelting metal than the pit
coal o f England.

It w ill produce irou o f a finer and purer character.

Even in Eng­

land, common cut turf is often mixed in the coal when iron o f a superior quality is to
be made.

The great superiority o f the Swedish and Russian iron to that o f the Eng­

lish, is caused by the circumstance that w ood, or “ vegetable fuel” is used in its ma­
nufacture, instead o f “ mineral fuel.”
One English writer advances the following facts in proof o f the value o f vegetable
fu e l; and if not affording conclusive argument o f its superiority, they w ill at least
convey an idea o f the results to which its superiority is supposed to conduce :—
“ In Ireland, and also in the Highlands o f Scotland, where peat is the only available
fuel amongst the peasantry, it is a rare occurrence to m eet with a cracked ‘ pratiepot’ in the former, or a leaky ‘ porridge pot,’ in the latter country ; and although these
sole cooking utensils are in daily use, they are frequently handed down from genera­
tion to generation, not only unimpaired but improved, instead of, as happens where
coal is used, the worse for wear. W ith the vegetable peat the m etal appears to soften
and refine, while with the mineral peat it becomes brittle, and deteriorates. Another
point I would remark is, the purity o f the steel in many o f the old swords which were
manufactured in Scotland centuries ago, with peat charred in a very primitive and
rude manner, the remains o f which cooking apparatus are still to be found in some
portions o f the west H ighlands; but charcoal so produced is o f too loose a nature to
admit o f its profitable transit.”




384

Journal o f M ining and Manufactures.

Ireland possesses still another important advantage, in the abundance o f water
p ow er throughout the country.

This w ould obviate the necessity o f having steam-

engines for the purpose o f producing the blast in the smelting furnace.

A large pro­

portion o f the water pow er, too, is unfailing, which is a matter o f the greatest conse­
quence, as instances have been known where the whole contents o f a furnace have
becom e a solid mass, from having been cooled by the accidental stoppage o f the blast
for a few hours.

In the iron districts o f South W ales and Staffordshire, steam, gene­

rated at great cost, is the chief resource o f the manufacturer.

Ireland, possesses, in

lieu o f this expensive article, an available water power the year round, equal to the
force o f more than three million horses.

THE PERILS OF MIKING IK ENGLAND,
A petition has been addressed to the House o f Commons from the “ pitmen,” or
miners, working in the collieries o f Durham and Northumberland.

Upwards o f 3,000

o f these poor people subscribed their names or their marks to its contents.
ing allegation o f the memorial is sufficient to establish its character.

The lead­

“ A bout one

thousand persons,” it is said, “ are killed annually in the mines o f this country.”
“ W hat,” says the London

Times, “ w ould

be said or thought if, once in every twelve-

month, an entire regiment, with all its officers, such as w e now see it marching out
for embarkation, w ere to be totally destroyed b y some frightful catastrophe ?

Or

what conclusions should we have formed if, while w e were admiring the splendid ex­
hibition at Chobham last summer, we had been assured on statistical proof that every
man o f the 10,000— infantry, cavalry, and artillery, guards, rifles, and Highlanders—
would come to a violent death in his own country by the year 1863 2
tually the rate at which we kill our miners— 10,000 in ten years.

Y e t this is ac­

A good deal used

to be said, and with great reason, about the terrible mortality in our squadrons on the
African station.

N ow, the total mean force o f men em ployed on that duty for a pe­

riod o f twenty-one years was 20,604, and the total amount of deaths in that number,
during that period from all causes, disease and accidents included, was 1,338; so that
one year and a h a lf destroys ;more lives in our coal mines than were destroyed in
twenty-one years b y the climate o f A frica and the casualties o f sea service.

Nor is

this a ll; for, as the petitioners declare, they are suffering also such continuous and
perpetual injury from the standing condition o f the mines that many o f them are
brought prematurely to their graves.”

THE SUGAR MANUFACTURE OF FRANCE,
France is the largest producer o f beet sugar in the world. A favorable soil and
climate, and a rural and industrious population, contribute to the successful prosecu­
tion o f the beet sugar manufacture.
This manufacture originated during the reign o f
Napoleon Bonaparte. H is continental system raised colonial produce to an almost fab­
ulous price. The high rate o f sugars induced many to look around for the means o f
producing sugar at home, and an impetus was given to the search, by the offer o f a
magnificent premium by the em peror to the successful discoverer o f a permanent
home source o f supply. O f all the plants tried, the beet proved the most promising,
but 40 years elapsed before the manufacturer o f beet sugar was enabled to cope suc­
cessfully with colonial sugars. From France the culture spread through Belgium,
Germany and far into the interior o f Russia, and now there is produced o f this kind
o f sugar on the continent o f Europe three hundred and sixty millions o f pounds, nearly
one half o f which is manufactured in France, in three hundred and thirty-four manu­
factories. In the vicinity o f Lille the average yield o f the sugar beet is sixteen tons
to the acre, and at Valenciennes nineteen tons. In some localities twenty-five tons
are produced.




385

Journal o f M ining and Manufactures.
SALT MINES IN THE MOUNTAINS OF VIRGINIA,

W e are indebted to our correspondent, that intelligent and indefatigable gatherer
of facts connected with almost every material, commercial, and industrial interest in
the United States, for the subjoined account of the great salt mines in the mountains
of Virginia:—
The State o f Virginia is moving in the great work o f internal improvement, and is
making a railroad that w ill reach the great salt mines o f its mountains, and in a few
years that salt w ill be distributed over the w hole o f the Eastern States— its superior
quality w ill insure for it a ready sale everyw h ere; for it is better worth one dollar
per bushel for table use than any other salt that ever came to our market is worth
twenty-five cents.

It is a pure

chloride of sodium, and

w ill remain as dry as flour ip

any latitude from the equator to the pole.
This great salt mine is in a trough between tw o mountains, at an elevation of 1,882
feet above the level o f the sea, and near the waters o f the north fork o f Holston
River, a tributary o f the R iver Tennessee, and near the rivers o f the States o f K en­
tucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina, where these border on a southwestern point o f
the State o f Virginia.
The fossil salt lies about 220 feet below the surface o f the ground, and is incased in
a vast deposit o f gypsum.
A bout ten years since, two boxes o f geological specimens were sent to me from
these mines and from the surrounding country.

In repacking these into other boxes,

some pieces o f the fossil were put in a box with specimens of iron ore from the great
iron ore beds o f Northern N ew York, and remained in that connection until the pres­
ent year.

On being opened, the specimens were all in good order, the salt not having

in the least corroded the iron, or produced any rust.
I have no doubt that this deposit o f salt resulted from volcanic action.

N ew River,

the head o f one o f the tributaries o f the great Kanawha River, is near this salt mine,
and is undoubtedly the source o f the saline supplies o f the deep wells o f K anaw ha;
but in its course thither it undergoes a change, and when raised from the deep wells
is found there to contain

bromine in great

abundance.

The Kanawha salines are among the wonders o f the w orld ; the salt water comes
to the surface from a depth o f 2,000 feet, and is as cold as a northern blast in winter
— thus exploding the theory that the heat increases in the earth

everywhere

as prog­

ress is made downward.
The gas which is issued from these deep wells is in abundance sufficient to illumi­
nate the entire Northern Hemisphere, and rises with a force that is sufficient to throw
a cannon ball a considerable distance.
In the excavations made in the neighborhood o f the salt mines o f Virginia, the
bones o f the behemoth are found o f a size indicating as large as the hull o f a ship o f
the line.
I have no doubt the table salt o f our market will, in three years, be supplied b y
the Virginia salt mines, and even now our grocers cannot do better than to send to the
salt mines o f Virginia for pure table salt for the supply o f their customers w ho want
a good article.
E . M E R IA M .

THE SPERMACETI WORKS OF THE LAST CENTURY.
A reliable correspondent o f the Providence (Rhode Island)

Journal

has collected

and embodied some historical notices o f the manufacture o f spermaceti oil and candles,
which it may be w ell to place on record in the pages o f the

VOL. XXXII.--- NO. HI.




25

Merchant«’ Magazine,

386

Journal o f M ining and M anufactures .

as a slight contribution to the early commercial and industrial history of the coun­
try :
During the middle o f the last century, and up to the time when the leading men o f
R hode Island were driven from their homes and business by the near approach o f a
common enemy, N ew port was famous for the extent and excellence o f its spermaceti
works. And when we reflect that those who settled in the southern portion o f this
island followed, in open boats, the lead o f a few hardy fishermen o f Nantucket, in the
pursuit and capture o f whales seen on the coast, and that the first vessel fitted to
push the whaling business as far as the Falkland Islands was owned by a Newport
merchant— Aaron L opez— we m ay reasonably expect to find that a large amount o f
capital was invested in a traffic, that promised quick and ample returns.
The manufacture o f spermaceti oil and candles, introduced from Portugal by Jacob
R od Rivera, contributed greatly to the prosperity o f this town.
No less than seven­
teen manufactories were in operation at the same time, and up to the Revolution,
N ew port enjoyed almost a monopoly o f the trade. The number o f vessels em ployed
in the whale fishery at that date is unfortunately lost to the present generation ; but
w e can form some estimate o f the extent o f this branch o f Commerce from the fact
that seventeen whalemen returned to Newport during the months of June and July,
1774, evidently called home in anticipation o f war.
The leading houses in America engaged in the manufacture o f sperm oil and can­
dles, between 1760 and 1770, and also the names o f the several members, are com ­
prised in the following lis t:—
Providence: Obadiah Brown & Co * — Obadiah, Nicholas, Joseph, John, and Moses
Brown. Boston: Joseph Palmer & C o .f— Thomas Flucker, Nath. Gorham, Joseph
Palmer, Richard Cranch, and William Belcher. N ew p ort: Thomas Robinson <fc Co.
— William, Thomas, and Joseph Robinson, and William Richardson. Rivera <fc Co.—
Henry Collins and Jacob Rod Rivera.
Isaac Stelle Co.— John Marodsley, Isaac
Stelle, and John Slocum. Naphtali Hart cfe Co.— Naphtali, Samuel, Abraham, and
Isaac Hart. Aaron Lopez. Moses Lopez. Edward Langdon & Son\— Edward Langdon & Son.

There was also a large manufactory in Philadelphia, but the name o f the house is
lost to us.

In 1761, it was proposed by Richard Cranch & Co. to all the manufacturers o f sper­
maceti in Newr England to unite and adopt some general rules to regulate their busi­
ness, under the belief that such a course would be advantageous to all concerned. For
this purpose, articles o f agreement were drawn up and signed on the 5th o f November
b y all the above named houses, with the exception o f Moses Lopez and the Philadel­
phians. The original document is in our hands, and from it we gather the following
interesting items :—
The signers were united into one general body, by the name o f the “ United Com ­
pany o f Spermaceti Chandlers,” by which name they were to own and acknowledge
each other as members on all occasions.
. The several houses were to send positive orders to their respective buyers or factors,
not to give for head-matter more than £6 sterling per ton above the price o f “ common
merchantable spermaceti body brown oil.” The price of the body oil was, in all cases,
to be determined by the current price paid by Boston merchants, for the London mar­
ket, the day the purchaser receives any head-matter; and in case the current price
was not established that day, then the next following current price governed the sale.
Members were not at any time, directly, indirectly, by presents, promises, or other­
wise, to give more than the above rate for head matter ; nor were they to receive any
head matter acknowledged by the seller to be pre-engaged, and the commission paid
to buyers was, at no time, to be more than 2£ per cent. I f the price o f head-matter
still ranged above the rates offered by the united company, the members agreed to fit
out at least twelve vessels to be em ployed in the .whale fishery ; each house to furn­
ish and receive an equal proportion in and from each v e sse l; the number o f vessels
to be increased from time to time as occasion required.§
N o house was allowed to manufacture head-matter for and on account o f any per# Name o f the firm in 1761; in 1763 it was changed to Nicholas Brown & Co.
+ At one time (1761) Richard Cranch & Co.
X We cm notgive the locality of this house.
§ Tne price o f head-matter appears to have been very fluctuating. In 1763 it wa3 £34 sterling
per ton of eight barrels, and the following year it fell to £29.




Journal o f M ining and Manufactures.

387

eon not concerned in the united company, upon any terms ; and new partners could
not be taken into any one house without the consent o f the whole.
Candles were not to be sold within the limits o f N ew England for less than one
shilling ten-and-a half pence sterling per pound, and an additional shilling to be charged
for the box, made to contain about twenty-five pounds.
A s it was found that the number o f manufactories already in operation was more
than sufficient to exhaust all the head-matter brought into N ew England, the m em ­
bers engaged to do all in their power, by fair and honorable means, to prevent the
setting up o f any new spermaceti w orks; and if it was found necessary in such a case
to use the influence o f the whole body, Obadiah Brown & Co., with one or tw o others,
w ere em powered to call a special meeting at Taunton.
T w o general meetings were ordered; one on the first Tuesday in Novem ber, 1762,
and the other on the first Tuesday in March, 1763.
The expenses o f the general
meetings were to be paid in just proportions, and at least one member from each
house to be present, under a penalty o f eight dollars. Absentees were to be bound
by the acts o f the company, passed by an unanimous vote. The united company was
to be dissolved on the evidence o f one credible person, under his hand, that one or
more members had failed to com ply with the plain spirit and intention o f the articles
subscribed.
On the 13th o f April, 1763, the members o f the united cotppany held a meeting in
Providence, when slight alterations were made in the articles o f agreement. Ten
pounds sterling was fixed as the paying price for head-matter, the current price to be
established as ab ove; and the members engaged to receive head-matter only from
the following named merchants, the only buyers and factors o f the company :— John
and William Rotch, Sylvanus Hussey & Go., Folger & Gardner, R obert and Josiah
Barker, Obed Hussey, Richard Mitchell, and Jonathan Burnell, all o f Nantucket; Ben­
jamin Mason, o f N ew port; George Jackson, o f P rovidence; and Henry Lloyd, o f
Boston.
A ll the head-matter brought into the market after the date o f the revised articles,
w ould be considered a common stock or dividend, (whether the vessels were owned by
the members o f the company or not,) to be divided by the factors in the following
proportions:—

^

Nicholas Brown & Co., 20 barrels; Joseph Palmer it Co., Id ba rrels; Thomas R ob­
inson it Co., 13 barrels; Aaron Lopez, 11 barrels; Rivera it Co., 11 barrels; Isaac
telle & Co., 9 barrels; Naphtali Hart it Co., 9 barrels ; the Philadelphians, 7 barrels;
dwards Langdon it Son, 4 barrels; Moses Lopez, 2 barrels— out of every 100.

f

The factors were directed to divide every cargo by the above rule, and if a mem­
ber should be convicted at any time o f dishonorable conduct in obtaining a proportion
o f head-matter, the house with which he was connected forfeited its whole share.
The factors were to keep an account o f all the head matter brought into port, when
and how disposed of, furnishing a statement o f their doings from time to time, and
presenting a full report at the end o f the year.
Messrs. John Slocum, Jacob Rod Rivera, Thomas Robinson, and Moses Brown were
appointed a committee to treat with the factors at N ewport and Nantucket; John
Brown to treat with the factors at Providence; and Joseph Palmer was the commit­
tee for Boston. These committees were to send their reports to Nicholas Brown &
Co., to be communicated to the other manufacturers.
W e have at present no means o f arriving at the quantity o f head-matter annually
manufactured by the several establishments in this State. Those referred to were the
leading ones, doing a large business; there were many others in Newport in the same
line, and in the aggregate the capital so em ployed must have amounted to a large
sum. Nor can we arrive at the profits o f the business. From an account current o f
one o f the lesser Newport houses, we find that an outlay o f £1,800 is credited in re­
turns to the amount o f £ 2 ,2 0 2 ; but this is unsatisfactory, inasmuch as the time con­
sumed in bringing about the result is not given.
The expense o f setting up spermaceti works was, at that date, a small figure. A
building o f wood, sixty feet in length by thirty in width, one-half o f it with fourteen
feet posts for a work room, and one half with eight feet posts, (used as a shed,) and
utensils, costing about one thousand dollars, constituted all that was required to work
up six hundred barrels o f head-matter a year.
A ccording to the last census there are but twenty-two chandlers in the whole S ta te;
this, o f course, includes employers and employees, and we are not aware that there is
one manufactory o f spermaceti in the State extensive enough to merit notice.




388

Journal o f M ining and Manufactures.
PRINTING ON CLOTH BY DAGUERREOTYPE,

The

Courier des Mats Unis quotes from

the Scientific Bulletin o f

La Presse, a Paris

paper, the following account o f the success o f the experiments o f photographic print­
ing on clo th :—
A ny vegetable or animal cloth, no matter which, is at first plunged into a chemical
solution, and then dried in the d a rk : it thus becomes sensible to the action o f the
light. It is then exposed to the light, in the presence o f the object to be reproduced,
and when it has been submitted to the action o f the solar rays, it is subjected to a
solution which develops the colors and renders them permanent. This is the operation
for fixing the colors, after which the material is washed.
The printing machine is composed o f a simple rectangular frame, mounted on four
feet. The frame has on one side a flexible bar, and on this bar is rolled the cloth
which is to be printed, properly prepared. From thence the cloth goes over the table
and passes under a pane o f glass, on which, by means o f a combination o f opake or
transparent objects, pieces o f paper for example, any design which is to be produced
is figured. A ll the part o f the cloth which is to be covered by the square remains
under it the time necessary to subject it to the chemical action o f the light, and it will
be understood that this action is only exercised on those parts o f the cloth which re­
main exposed to the solar rays. Those which are shaded are o f course preserved.
W hile this exposure lasts, the cloth remains in contact with the under side o f the
glass. This contact is procured in the following manner. The portion o f the cloth
exposed rests on a cushion composed o f a pine board and several thicknesses o f flannel,
and tw o springs, one on each side, press the cushion against the glass.
A s soon as the chemical action has been effected, which is discovered by the ex­
posed surface becoming white or brown, according to the preparation which has been
used, the workmen lower the cushion by aid o f a lever, the cloth becomes free, and a
new portion o f it takes the place o f the square o f the one which was previously there,
the first going on to be subjected to the fixing operation. For this purpose the last is
carried by two rollers (rouleaux de guides) under the same table, where there is a
trough containing the solution which is to develop the impression. The piece is drawn
through by a couple o f cylinders forming a roller, which are turned with a crank by a
man, as soon as he has lowered the cushion which has just been mentioned. The set­
ting the color is now done, and the cloth must be washed. This takes place immedi­
ately. The cylinders forming a roller, and depositing them in a tub filled with water.
The principal colors obtained by this wonderful process are red, yellow, purple,
blue, white and green. T o produce a pale blue design on a white ground, or white
on a deep blue, they em ploy solutions o f citrate or tartrate o f iron, and ferrocyanide
o f potassium. The cloth is afterwards plunged into a solution o f sulphuric acid.
Brown or chamois shades are obtained with a solution o f bichromate o f potash. The
salt which impregnates the portions on which the light has not reacted, being removed
by washing, these poi tions remain white, or are decomposed by salts o f lead, to form
a yellow chromate o f that metal. B y combining the tw o processes, and em ploying in
addition madder, campeachy, die., an infinite variety o f shades may be obtained.
The exposure to the light varies from two to twenty minutes, according to the
method em ployed, and the pattern used. Numerous experiments have shown that
the light o f a short winter day has all the power necessary— very beautiful specimens
have been produced as late as four in the afternoon in the month o f January. Several
machines arranged side by side can be worked by a single operative. The experi­
ments have been made on the largest scale which can be used in the manufacture.
Articles o f upholstery and others for the toilet have been printed with the most perfect
success.

QUARTZ MINING IN CALAVERAS.
Quartz mining is now carried on in this county to a considerable extent, and o f late
has been remunerative. The Rauclieria Mill has lately produced in eighteen days,
$3,775— the expense o f running could not have exceeded 1,200; the Spring Mill over
$3,000 in fifteen days, at an expense o f probably $7 00; the Keystone Mill #3,000 in
tw elve days, at an expense o f brobably 1,000. These mills all use stamps and shaking
tables with quicksilver. The Phrenix Mill, on the South Fork o f the Mokelunme, one
o f the best mills in the county, has lately been running with an average profit equal
to the above, but is now inoperative .—Calaveras Chronicle.




Mercantile Miscellanies .

389

MERCANTILE MISCELLANIES.
THE CHARACTER OF THE WESTERN BUSINESS MEN.
“ I f such expurgations were more frequent, in connection with such delinquencies
throughout the West, they would redound greatly to the benefit o f our merchants
-generally, in their business intercourse with the East, and the existence o f good faith
and common honesty, in connection with the mercantile community o f the W est,
would no longer be ranked among the things fabulous.”
The Cincinnati

Price Current one

o f the best and most reliable journals o f its class,

published in the United States, copies the above extract from a letter written from
Cincinnati to the New Y ork

Tribune— (the

quotation refers to the expulsion o f a

member o f the Cincinnati Chamber o f Comm erce)— and thus nobly vindicates the
character o f Western merchants and business men :—
“ The writer is, we presume, an Eastern gentleman, and he has the same idea with
regard to the general character o f Western merchants, that seems to cling to a large
number o f Eastern business men aud journalists, and the expression o f which is nothing
short o f a gross libel on the sterling integrity o f the majority o f the mercantile classes
o f the Western country. W e have among us undoubtedly a number o f disreputable
characters— men whose fair external appearances cannot conceal their inward de­
ficiencies, when a favorable opportunity offers for exercising their peculiar propensities;
but taking the business community as a whole, we are far above the Eastern cities.
W here can anything in the whole Western couutry be found, approaching in enormity
the frauds that have been pr icticed within the last six months on the Eastern sea­
board ? A s to the standing o f our business men in point o f credit, it is quite as good
if not better than that o f Eastern merchants. The former are pressed by the hard
times— the latter are more so. Look at the records o f bankruptcy, and it will be
found that, both as regards amount and numbers, the East, in proportion to business
and population, is in advance o f the West.
“ The fact that the expulsion referred to was carried by an almost unanimous vote
o f the chamber, that this was not the first expulsion, that our Chamber o f Commerce
has taken the lead in this work o f reform, that its example has not been followed by
similar associations in other cities, though there is no scarcity o f subjects for such
action— all go to prove the truth o f our remarks.”

THE LOSS AND GAIN OF DRUMMING FOR CUSTOM.
The Philadelphia

Merchant,

a very cleverly conducted advertising journal, under

the inquiry o f “ What is lost by it ?” reads the following brief but comprehensive
lecture, which some o f our traders would do w ell to h e ed :—
In judging o f systems for obtaining customers, we should not only count the known
gains, but the probable losses. Every cautious man does this when he removes from
one location to another; he thinks not only o f what increase may come to him iu the
way o f his business, but also o f what he may lose, what customers may be turned
from his counter and enter into trading elsewhere, and he keeps in view these prob­
able Josses when counting up the real amount o f gains. So in systems o f obtaining
customers, it is o f great importance that we consider what may be repelled, as well
as what may be attracted; and we are confident that this opens a good idea for those
merchants and traders who favor “ drumming.’*
Do they ever think o f what are their probable losses by adopting this system ? It
does really work, sometimes, as bad as the poison meat which the Irishman found had
been put into his yard for his dog— lie was glad he had found it, because it enabled
him to save his d o g ; but he wanted to save the meat, and so he threw it into the
swill pail and it killed his hog. The use o f the drummers many times saves the less,
but loses the greater. W e have an instance in point. We received a letter from a
professional gentleman at the East, who had retired from public life on account o f
deafness, desiring us to make inquiries respecting the abilities o f a certain physician
to whom he had been recommended— the gentleman not wishing to leave home with­




390

Mercantile Miscellanies.

out some reliable information. W e called on responsible parties for information, and
a gentleman was present w ho bad tried all the prominent physicians in the particular
line specified, and w e begged his opinion of the physician in question. “ I know only
one thing o f him, and that settled my mind against trying him— he has drummers
working for him.”
The decision thu3 formed is but a single specimen o f the opinion o f multitudes.
They shun places o f business to which drummers would attract them as the true
Quaker turns away from the roll o f the em pty drum. W hen merchants tell us o f
what they have gained by this system, and there stop, we are always reminded o f
the traveler, who, on being shown by the priest in the cathedral the votive offerings
o f those who had been saved from shipwreck, asked the good father where the tablets
were o f those who were drowned ?
But there is one form o f loss which is very easily understood. Certain merchants
pay their clerks a per centage on what they sell, rather than any stipulated salary,
and this induces said clerks to do all they can at drumming. The easiest persons to
be drummed are those who have nothing to lose, like the recruits who follow the
sergeant’s drum when everything else deserts them, and thus bad customers are in­
troduced to these employers, bad accounts are opened, and a sudden failure finds
here its explanation. Sad facts might be cited, but it softens no indignation conse­
quent on a large failure to discover that said house was drummed to pieces. The
sticks should not have been used.

THE COMMERCIAL DELUSION OF THE TULIP MANIA.
Examples o f the fatal effects o f an inordinate love o f speculation are unfortunately
too numerous. The earliest recorded instances o f this hurtful speculative spirit oc­
curred in Holland in 1634, and is known under the name o f the Tulip Mania. In that
year the principal cities o f the Netherlands were seized with a desire to possess cer­
tain descriptions o f tu lip s; and this engaged them in a traffic which encouraged
gambling to a ruinous extent. The avarice o f the rich was inflamed by the prospect
o f boundless wealth, and the poor imagined their troubles at an end, and fortunes
within their grasp. The value o f a flower rose to more than its weight in gold. A nd %
this period, like all others o f a similar character, ended in enriching a few by the im­
poverishment o f the many. Tulips were not more highly prized nor sought after
more eagerly in 1634 than railway scrip in 1845. A similar principle, or rather the
want o f all principle, was as noticeable in the one case as in the other. Contracts
were entered into for the delivery o f certain roots, which were never seen by broker,
by buyer, or by seller. A t first all appeared to flow smoothly. Congratulations and
levelings were general. Bargains were confirmed at costly banquets; and a man
one day pinched with poverty, astonished his neighbors the next by the display o f
boundless magnificence. The desire to trade in flowers took hold o f all ranks ; and
the drowsy Hollander, with little o f the romantic in his character, believed that a ve­
ritable golden age was approaching. This feeling was not confined to one class or
profession o f the people, it spread to all. To obtain cash, property o f every descrip­
tion was sold at ruinous prices. W hen, too, it became known that London and Paris
were seized with this tulipomania, it was thought that the wealth and commerce of
both hemispheres would centre in Holland, and that want and wretchedness would
becom e a tale o f the past. Perhaps there are no greater instances o f human folly
on record than the prices given for these bulbs. Goods to the value o f two thousand
five hundred florins were given for one root. Another kind usually sold for two
thousand florins; and a third was valued at a new carriage, tw o grey horses, and a
complete harness ; and twelve acres o f land were given for a fourth. But this unnatu­
ral state o f things could not last. The panic came, confidence was destroyed, agree­
ments, no matter how solemnly entered into, were broken, and every city in the Ne­
therlands had its bankrupts. The gay visions o f wealth which had dazzled thousands
dissolved, and left not a rack behind. The possessors o f a few tulips, which a few
days before were valued at many thousands o f pounds, were astounded when the
truth appeared that they were worth absolutely nothing. The law would not regard
the contracts entered into as legitimate trade, but looked at them as gambling transac­
tions. Actions for breach o f contract were therefore void. So extensive was the evil,
that it occupied the attention o f the Deliberative Council o f the Hague, who were, how ­
ever, quite unable to find a remedy. Its effects were seen for many years in a
depressed commerce abroad and a wide spread distress at home.— Business: As it is

and As It Night Be.




Mercantile Miscellanies .

391

THE MAN OF BUSINESS AND THE BUSINESS MAN.
The distinction made between these tw o classes, by our cotem porary o f the

chant, (a

Mer­

w eekly sheet published at Philadelphia,) is a good one— a distinction with a

difference too palpable to be gainsayed or d en ied :—
It is a great mistake to confound these two characters as is frequently done by the
thoughtless and unreflecting. The difference between them is the difference between
the man who ascends the ladder o f fortune with a quick, lithe, and easy step, and he
who is always attempting to climb and never gets beyond the first round or tw o o f
the ascent.
And how many o f this latter class do w e see— the men o f business who are always
standing at the bottom looking upward, y et never put their hands and feet to the
work. They don’ t exercise the business talent and energies which they possess, but
fold their hands and stand spell-bound, while the man o f quick, lively, and venture­
some parts, takes hold and mounts up, securing a firm grasp upon each round of the
ladder as he fearlessly and rapidly advances in the upward w ay o f fortune. But we
will endeavor to give a more definite explanation o f the difference between these two
classes.
The man o f business and the business man both have business to d o ; but the busi­
ness man is the one who does it. The business man thinks, moves, acts, and makes
him self felt in the world. I f a thought comes into his head, it is one o f breadth and
compass— it don’t center on self and its narrow world. It reaches away and embraces
others. It has a wide range, and does not stop till it touches and affects for good the
interests o f all. Nor are the thoughts o f such men immobile. They become acting,
living realities in the wide and busy world. The authors o f them make o f these busi­
ness thoughts actualities— give them “ local habitation and a name,” and steamboats
are built, an ocean is navigated, and distant climes and nations brought together; an
electric telegraph springs into being as by enchantment, and lightning becomes garru­
lous and voluble, and thought out-travels the winged w in d s; and in a twinkling the
bands and shackles o f trade are loosened. Such are the workings produced by the
business man. He awakens the drowsy and helpless multitudes, puts life and thought,
energy and action into them, and makes the world leap rejoicing along the path o f
ages. W here its step before was but a single year, now it strides by scores and fifties.
“ M en o f th o u g h t, m e n o f a ctio n ,
C lea r th e w a y .”

A nd they do clear the way— their thoughts become tangible, moving, demolishing
forces, that break down and crush all opposing barriers, opening a pathway o f pro­
gress, into which the more sluggish and timid portion o f humanity may securely
travel.
But the man of business is emphatically what the name indicates. His business is
always on his hands. He don’t do it. H e don’t know how to go to w ork in the right
wray. His thoughts are all measured and slow. He weighs self made doubts and
supposed contingencies, and before he moves the business man gets up and runs away
from him and wins the race. The man o f business won’t go ahead, he only eddies
rouud and round— he don’t “ progress”— his path is a circle. H e don’t find himself
at night many miles on his journey’s way, but like the hour hand o f a clock just
where he started. H e is not clear and decided in what he does, but often stands hes­
itating and puzzled. H e ventures and falls ba ck; has a stout heart in fancy, but none
in fact.
Such a man may get a living— he may even help others to live, but the throbbing
heart o f the great world will not be accelerated by his presence nor his work. Thus
you will perceive that a man o f business is not necessarily a business man.
“ Act—act in the living present,
Man within, and God o’er head.”

LIBERALITY IN BUSINESS.
There is no greater mistake, says a cotemporary, that a business man can make
than to be mean in his business. A lw ays taking the half cent, and never returning a
cent for the dollars he has made and is making. Such a policy is very much like the
farmer’s who sows three pecks o f seed when he ought to have sown five, and as a
recompense for the leanness o f his soul only gets ten when he might have got fifteen
bushels o f grain.




392

Mercantile Miscellanies,

E verybody has heard o f the proverb o f “ penny wise and pound f o o l i s h A liberal
expenditure in the w ay o f business is always sure to be a capital investment. There
are people in the world w ho are short-sighted enough to believe that their interest can
be best promoted by grasping and clinging to all they can get, and never letting a
cent slip through their fingers.
A s a general thing, it will be found— other things being equal— that he who is
most liberal is most successful in business. O f course we do not mean it to be inferred
that a man should be prodigal in his expenditures; but that he should show to his
customers, if he is a trader, or to those whom he may be doing any kind o f business
with, that, in all his transactions, as w ell as social relations, he acknowledges the ever­
lasting fact that there can be no permanent prosperity or good feeling in a community
where benefits are not reciprocal.
W e know o f instances where traders have enjoyed the profits o f hundreds o f dollars’
worth o f trade, and y et have exhibited not the slightest disposition to reciprocate
even to the smallest amount. Now, what must necessarily follow from such a course ?
W hy, sim ply the loss o f large profits per annum, in the loss o f trade, which, under a
more liberal system, might have been retained.
The practice o f some men seems to be, to make as little show in the w ay o f business
as possible. Such a one, if a trader, takes no pains with the appearance o f his store.
Everything around him is in a worn-out, dilapidated, dirty condition. T o have it
otherwise it would cost a dollar for whitewash, and perhaps five for painting, and a
few dollars besides for cleaning up and putting things in order. And so he plods on
and loses hundreds o f dollars’ worth o f custom for the want o f attention to these mat­
ters, while his more sagacious neighbor, keeping up with the times, and having an eye
to appearances, does a prosperous business.
Another will spend no money in any w ay to make business for fear he shall not get
it back again. Consequently he sends out no circulars, distributes no handbills, pub­
lishes no advertisements; but sits down croaking about the hard times— moaning
over the future prospect o f notes to pay, no money, and no trade; and comes out, just
where he might expect to come— short, while his neighbor, following in a different
track, doing all that is necessary to be done to make business, has business; isn’t short,
but has money to lo a n ; and it would be just like him to get twelve per cent, perhaps
more, for the use o f i t ; and we should not blame him for so doing.
The fact is, times have changed. The manner o f doing business is different now,
from what it used to be. It would be just as foolish to insist upon doing business
now, in the old-fashioned way, as it would be to insist upon traveling with an ox-team
instead o f by railroad ; to get news by old-fashioned stages instead o f having it brought
by the lightening telegraph. The times demand men o f enlarged, liberal, energetic
souls— men who w ill keep up with the world as it g o e s ; men o f hearts too, who not
only desire to go ahead themselves, but take pleasure in seeing others su cceed; and
who have public spirit enough to do something for, and rejoice in the prosperity o f the
people.

HOW TO PROSPER IN BUSINESS.
In the first place, make up your mind to accomplish whatever you undertake ; de­
cide upon some particular em ployment and persevere in it. A ll difficulties are over­
come by diligence and assiduity.
Be not afraid to work with your own hands, and diligently too. “ A cat in gloves
catches no mice.”
A ttend to your own business, and never trust it to another. •
“ A pot that belongs to many is ill stirred and worse boiled.”
Be frugal.

“ That which will not make a pot w ill make a pot lid.”

Be abstem ious.. “ W ho dainties love shall beggars prove.”
Rise early.

“ The sleeping fox catches no poultry.”

Treat every one with respect and civility. “ Everything is gained and nothing lost
by courtesy.” Good manners insure success.
N ever anticipate wealth from any other source than labor.
“ H e who waits for dead men’s shoes may have to go for a long time barefoot.”
And, above all things, “Nil despcrandum” for “ Heaven helps those who help
themselves.”
I f you im plicitly follow those precepts, nothing can hinder you from accumulating.




Mercantile Miscellanies .

393

COD FISHING ON THE BANKS OF NEWFOUNDLAND.
A correspondent, an “ eye-witness” o f the Cod Fishing on the Banks o f Newfound­
land, gives the following graphic sketch o f the

modus operandi:—

Fish here are all caught with hooks, and are taken from the bottom. Each fisher­
man has a strong line, o f from sixty to seventy fathoms in length, to which is attached
a lead o f a cylindrical-shape, weighing about five pounds. This o f course is the sinker.
From this proceeds the “ pennant,” which is a cord about twice the size o f the line,
and is about three feet in length. To the lower end o f the pennant, and attached to
it by a small copper swivel, is the “ craft,” which is a small stout cord about two-anda-half feet in length, having three strips o f whalebone laid around it at the middle,
where it is attached to the swivel o f the pennant. The whole is then serried or wound
round with tarred twine. On each end o f the craft is a smaller swivel, into which the
gauging o f the hooks is attached. The whalebone serves to keep the hooks about a
foot apart, so there is little danger o f their becoming entangled with each other.
The men arrange themselves on the windward side o f the deck, throw over their
leads, and unreel their lines, till the lead rests on the bottom. It is then drawn up so
that the hook will be on the bottom with the down pitch o f the vessel, and with nip­
pers drawn on their fingers to keep the line from cutting them, they lean over the
bulwarks, patiently awaiting a bite, which is known by a slight jerk on the line.
They then give a sudden pull, in order to hook him, stand back and haul in the long
line, hand over hand, until the fish is hauled up to the surface, when he is taken in on
deck, unhooked, and thrown into a square box, which each man has fastened by his
side, called a “ kid.” The hooks are then baited and hove over again, and the fisher­
man, while the line is running, picks up the fish caught and cuts out his tongue.
Towards night, the fish are counted out from the kids, each one separately, and
thrown into a large kid near the main hatch, called the “ dressing kid.” They are
counted aloud as they are thrown along, and each man is required to keep his own
account and report to skipper at night, who keeps a separate account for each man on
the log-book. The dressing-gang, consisting o f a “ throater,” a “ header,” a “ splitter,”
and a “ salter,” now commence dressing down. A fter passing through the hands o f
the first three, they assume somewhat the 9hape seen in market. They are then
passed down between decks to the salter, who puts them up in kenches, or layers,
laying the first tier on the bottom o f the hold, and building up with alternate layers
o f salt and fish till the kench reaches the desired hight. The decks are then washed
down, sails taken in and the vessel anchored for the night.

BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF A GOOD MERCHANT—THE LATE JAMES McBRIDE.
W e copy from the

Evening Post

the subjoined notice o f J ames McB ride , whose

death has been noticed in the N ew Y ork papers:—
H e was born at Armagh (Ireland) on the 30th day o f Sept., 1770. H e was a
member o f a highly respectable family, and belonged to that class o f Irish Protest­
ants commonly denominated in this country the “ Scotch Irish,” and noted for their
good citizenship and loyal attachment to the country o f their adoption. Being o f an
enterprising, spirit, Mr. McBride emigrated to this city in the year 1795, embarked in
commercial pursuits, carried on a very extensive business between this and his fatherland, and was the medium o f communication for thousands. T w o o f the ships which
were owned and em ployed by him are still, doubtless, well remembered by m any— the
Erin and the old Dublin Packet. H e was one o f the most successful merchants o f his
day. Cautious in his undertakings, if he ever missed what others gained in bold specu­
lation, he preserved what they might have lost. H e was distinguished here among a
class of merchants noted for the strictest integrity, and who contributed much to ele­
vate and ennoble, with true moral greatness, the early mercantile character o f New
Y ork. He was universally respected, and enjoyed the unlimited confidence o f all by
whom he was known. A t one time he and a fellow-countryman, still living, and a
survivor o f the class above alluded to, (Thomas Suffern, E sq.,) had nearly the whole
o f the Irish trade o f this city. H e was also the last N ew Y ork merchant who carried
on a direct trade with Dublin. Mr. McBride retired from business about twenty-six
years ago. H e retained his physical strength till very la te ly ; and until the very last
moment his intellectual faculties were perfectly unimpaired. The seat o f his disease
was the heart. Much beloved, respected and deplored, he died in the evening o f
January 10th, in the 85th year o f his age.




394

Mercantile Miscellanies .

In bis will Mr. McBride testified his deep interest in the benevolent and religious
institutions o f this metropolis b y appropriating to the following the sum o f $6,500
in sums o f $500 to each.
The American Bible S o cie ty ; the American Tract S o cie ty ; the Board o f Foreign
Missions o f the Presbyterian Church o f the United States o f A m erica; the Board o f
Missions o f the General Assem bly o f the Presbyterian Church in the United States;
the Board o f Education o f the Presbyterian Church o f the United States o f A m erica4
,
the Association for the R elief o f Respectable A ged and Indigent Females in the city
o f N ew York ; the Society for the relief o f W idow s with Small Children ; the Man­
agers o f the New Y ork Asylum for Lying-in W om en ; The N ew York Magdalen Fe­
male Benevolent S o cie ty ; the American Female Guardian Society and Home for the
Friendless, incorporated by the Legislature o f N ew York in the year 1849; the New
Y ork Institution for the Instruction o f the D eaf and D u m b; the Managers o f the New
Y ork Institution for the B lind; the Orphan Asylum in the city o f N ew Y ork ; the
Society for the R elief o f H a lf Orphan and Destitute Children, established in N ew
Y ork December 16, 1835; the Roman Catholic Orphan A sylum in the city o f N ew
Y ork.

HERRING FISHERY IN THE CAROLINAS.
A correspondent o f the New Haven Register gives an interesting account o f the
herring fishery, as practiced in the eastern Carolinas. The herrings which are taken
there, he says, are o f a different species from those which are used in N ew England—
being larger and less savory.

They make their appearance shortly after the run o f

shad commences, although their grand run, as it is termed, does not take place until
considerably later in the season.

T hey always go in shoals, and unlike the shad, do

not confine themselves to the deep water o f the river, but enter the shallowest branches
o f sluices emptying into it.

The fact o f the herring taking to the branches, where

they may be easily caught, induces the inhabitants to watch the waters pretty care­
fu lly throughout the fishing season, and when a shoal enters a branch or inlet, the
news is soon spread from house to house, and a m otley assemblage of all ages and
colors soon assembles on the banks, each individual being armed with his deep handnet.

A s soon as the main body o f the shoal appears to have entered, they fall to

work and fill up the mouth o f the branch with brush, or throw logs across the more
shallow places, to keep them from returning; and the poor fish have no alternative
but to submit gracefully to their unenviable fate, death in the present and a fryingpan in the prospective.

Sometimes several thousand fish are captured thus in the

course o f a single hour.

FUEL FROM THE REFUSE COAL DUST OF THE MINES.
A new business has recently sprung up in England which has grown to some im ­
portance in the manufacture o f a fuel for steam and other purposes, for which a com­
pany with a large capital was organized some time since.

The company now have

works in operation in W ales which turn out several hundred tons a week, and are
erecting other works o f larger capacity in other places.

This patent fuel is sim ply

the refuse slack or coal dust o f the mines, which lies in immense quantities around all
the collieries, nearly valueless.

The process adopted is m erely heating and pressing

this dust into molds or bricks, when the fuel thus produced is found quite equal in all
respects to the coal from which it is produced, besides possessing advantages in com­
pactness o f stowage, etc., etc., which forms a recommendation for marine steam pur­
poses.

In tropical climates, also, coal is found to lose a large per centage o f its bulk

b y the evaporation which is continually taking place, and it is during this period that
the danger o f spontaneous combustion, which has occurred frequently, exists.

The

patent fuel, on the contrary, avoids this and retains its weight and strength in any cli­
mate.

There ought to be a good field for the operations o f a company for the same

purpose on this side o f the Atlantic.




395

The B ook Trade.

THE BOOK TRADE.
1.

—History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution of the
United States; with Notices o f its Principal Framers. By G eorge T icknor C urtis.
In two volumes. 8vo., pp. 518. New Y o r k : Harper & Brothers.

This is the first special history o f the origin o f the Constitution o f the United States
that has been published ; and it is fortunate that the task o f preparing it has been un­
dertaken by a gentleman with so many o f the qualifications necessary to its faithful
and successful performance. The plan o f Mr. Curtis’ work is sim ply this— the first
volum e embraces the constitutional history o f the United States, from the commence­
ment o f the Revolution to the assembling o f the convention o f 1787, together with
some notices o f the members o f that body. This is published. The second, which is
not yet com pleted, will be devoted to the description o f the process o f framing the
constitution, in which Mr. Curtis has, o f course, followed the ample record o f the de­
bates preserved by Mr. Madison, and the official journal o f the proceedings. Mr.
Curtis was a personal and political friend o f Daniel Webster, and until the death o f
that distinguished statesman, enjoyed his countenance and encouragement in the great
work he has nearly brought to its completion. The first volum e affords abundant
evidence o f fine scholarship and potent investigation, and is written in a clear and
vigorous style.
2. — Ruth. Hall: A Domestic Tale o f the Present Time.
pp. 400. N ew Y o rk : Mason & Brother.

B y F anny F ern .

12mo.,

W e have not read this story— but several o f our female friends who have, speak
rather disparagingly o f the spirit in which it is written. One o f them, in whose
womanly taste and judgm ent we place great reliance, writes— “ I have purchased
‘ Ruth Hall’ and can’t help liking it, though she is a naughty, determined, high-spir­
ited, unforgiving spirit, with all her apparent sweetness and gentleness o f character,
which she has delineated for herself, (if it is the real life o f Fanny Fern,)— but set­
ting aside that matter, some o f the chapters are beautifully written. Ruth’s dream
when the fire broke out, is very fine. I like her descriptions o f natural scenery. She
is a true lover o f nature, and o f children, and o f the beautiful; and I pity her if she
has an unfortunate temper. I like her, but w ould not*be a sister o f her’s for the
world.” Our fair correspondent will no i^oubt be surprised to see her criticism in
print, but it is an honest and truthful one.
3.

— Memoirs of Napoleon: His Court and Family. B y t h e Duchess D ’ A b r a n t e s ,
(Madame Junot). In two volumes, with Numerous Portraits Engraved on Steel.

A ny faithful memoir o f Napoleon, his court, family, and times, cannot w ell be
otherwise than deeply interesting. The relations o f Madam Junot were such as to
afford her the best opportunities and facilities for acquiring the information requisite
for the performance o f the task she undertook, and has so successfully accomplished.
Napoleon was in many respects the greatest general and monarch the world has ever
know n; and in our judgm ent a wiser and better man than most, if not all, the
crowned heads o f his time, in Christendom or Heathendom. This may not be saying
much in his fa vor; but w e have ever regarded him in God’s providence as a most ex­
traordinary man.4
5
4.

— Merrie England. Travels, Descriptions, Tales, and Historical Sketches.
G race G renwood . 18mo., pp. 261. B oston: Ticknor & Fields.

Grace Greenwood is a charming w riter; and this is o f course a charming book It
is not, however, a particular description o f all her travels in England, but it gives some
interesting sketches o f the principal places she visited, and o f the distinguished men
and women who live, or have lived, in them.

Thoughts to Help and Cheer.
& Nichols.

5. —

Second Series.

18mo., pp. 229.

Boston : Crosby

These thoughts, chiefly from the Bible, are arranged under each day o f every
month, from July to December inclusive. The first series, which w e have not seen,
w e take it, embraced the days in the months from January to June. T he thoughts
have a moral and religious, but not sectarian bearing.




By

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396
6.

—The British Poets : a complete Collection o f the British Poets, from Chaucer to
W ordsw orth; embracing the whole works o f the most distinguished authors, with
selections from the minor poets, accompanied with biographical, historical, and crit­
ical notices. Edited by F. J. C hild , Boylston Professor o f Rhetoric and Oratory in
Harvard College.
18mo. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
N ew Y o r k : Evans tile
Dickerson.

W e have before us the “ Poetical and Dramatical W orks o f S. T. Coleridge,” in
three volumes ; the “ Poetical W orks o f John Keats,” in one volume ; and the “ Horae
Lyrica and Divine Songs o f Isaac Watts,” o f psalm-book memory. To each o f which
w e have a finely engraved portrait, and a memoir. The memoir o f W atts is from the
pen o f the Poet Southey. In addition to the above, there has been already published
o f this series the works o f Akenside, Beattie, Butler, Campbell, Churchill, Collins, Cowper, Dryden, Falconer, Gay, Goldsmith, Gray, H ood, Milton, Parnell, Tukell, Pope,
Prior, Thompson, Surrey. Swift, White, W yatt, and Young, in all forty-eight volumes.
The productions o f these poets have been criticized again and again by the reviewere
from the times o f Chaucer to Wordsworth, and most o f them w ill 6tand the tests o f
time and criticism. O f the material merits o f this collection o f the British poets we
cannot speak so highly, and in repeating what we have before said with slight varia­
tions, we merely give the universal expression o f the press, and that is, “.no other edi­
tion contains so many excellences.”
7.

—The Complete Poetical Works of William Collins, Thomas Gray, and Oliver
Goldsmith. W ith Biographical Sketches and Notes. Edited by E pes S argent.
12mo. pp. 300.

8.

B oston: Phillips, Sampson <fe Co.

New Y o rk : J. C. Derby.

—The Poetical Works of Thomas Hood.
by E pes S argent.
J. C. Derby.

12m o.,pp.490.

W ith a Biographical Sketch. Edited
B oston: Phillips, Sampson & Co. N ew Y ork :

O f this collection o f the British Poets, there has previously been published the
poetical works o f Milton and Rogers, in style uniform with the present volumes.
Printed on a fine, firm, snow-white paper, and a large, beautiful type, and handsomely
bound, these volumes possess rare attractions for the lovers o f good poetry in beauti­
ful volumes. The fact that two editions o f the poets o f England are in course o f
successful publication in this country, speaks volumes in favor o f refinement, and we
add humanity, o f our cis-Atlantic countrymen and women. The present edition o f
H ood contains all the poems included in the volumes published by Moxon, besides a
number excluded from that by outstanding copyrights. This may, therefore, be re­
garded as the most complete collection of^ H ood’s poetical works yet published.
9.

—The Home in the Valley. B y E mily F. C arlen , Author o f the “ Y ear in W ed ­
lock,” “ The Whimsical Woman,” “ Gustavus Leudeni,” (fee. From the original
Swedish, by E lbert P earce . 12mo., pp. 199. N ew Y o rk : J. S. Redfield.

Mrs. Carlen is but little known in this coun try; unlike Miss Bremer, she had no
Mary H owitt to translate her conceptions into English, until Mr. Pearce re-produced
her “ One Y ear in W edlock.” H er writings exhibit a remarkable degree o f versatility.
The “ H om e o f the V a lley ” is a domestic tale— a continued description o f the delights
o f home, occasionally obscured by grief, and in some instances by folly.
10. — Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. ix. 8vo., pp, 864. N ew Y o r k : Harper <fe
Brothers.
The number for'N ovem ber, 1854, completed the ninth semi-annual volume o f this
popular miscellany. In its selections, and in its original articles, it is equal to any
subsequent v olu m e; and the illustrations exceed both in number and expense those
heretofore published. This monthly and Putnam’s together, afford an amount and
variety o f reading which can scarcely be obtained so cheaply in any other form.
Harpers’ contains original contributions, and selections from English works. Putnam a
is made up entirely o f original papers.
11. —The Cold Grapery; from Direct American P ractice: being a Concise and D e ­
tailed Treatise on the Cultivation o f the Exotic G rape-Vine under Glass, without
Artificial Heat. B y W illiam C harlton, Gardener to J. C. Green, Esq., Staten Is­
land. 12mo., pp. 95. N ew Y ork : C. M. Saxton.
The object o f this manual is clearly stated in the title, as above quoted, and we
have no doubt o f its value to all whose circumstances render the information it con­
tains available.




The B ook Trade.

397

12. — My Courtship, and its Consequences. B y H enry W ikoff.
N ew Y o rk : J. C. Derby. Boston: Phillips, Sampson & Co.

12mo., pp. 430.

This purports to be a veritable account o f the author’s courtship, some o f the “ con­
sequences ” o f which, as his arraignment at Genoa, and his imprisonment for the ab­
duction o f Miss Jane C. Gamble, a coquetist heiress, are familiar to many on both
sides o f the Atlantic. A s publications appeared before and after his trial, distorting
the incidents o f the courtship, and accusing him not only o f unmanly violence, but t f
criminal acts during his surreptitious interview with Miss Gamble at Genoa, he seems
to have had but two resources left, that is, either to have remained silent, or to come
out with a defense in the form o f a narrative, which we may say is quite as interest­
ing as a work o f fiction. The last course w ill undoubtedly prove tlje most profitable
in a pecuniary point o f view, as every body who knows or has heard o f either party,
will read the book, besides thousands who take an interest in such affairs. A s an evi­
dence o f the success o f the work, we understand that the publisher, with all his dis­
patch and enterprise, found it difficult to supply the demand.
13. — Autobiography of the Rev. Abel C. Thomas: including Recollections o f Persons,
Incidents, and Places. 12mo., pp. 408. Boston : J. M. Usher.
Mr. Thomas is a “ self-made man,” and a preacher among the sect o f Christians de­
nominated “ Universalists ” His controversy with Dr. E ly, a Presbyterian preacher o f
Philadelphia, attracted considerable notice at the time. The “ oithodox ” party of
course thought the D octor o f Divinity had the best o f it, while the Universalists were
fully persuaded that our autobiographer triumphed. Mr. Thomas has been in seven­
teen States, and traveled and preached in fifteen o f them. H e has a vigorous mind,
and a frank, off-hand mode o f expression, and his book contains sections in a merrier
vein than may be agreeable to some— especially to such persons as expect “ a clergy­
man to be a locomotive Creed or Psalm.”
14. — The Mothers of the Bible. By Mrs. S. G. A shton. W ith an Introductory Essay.
B y R ev. A . L. S tone. 12mo., pp. 335. Boston : John P. Jewett.
The word “ m other” naturally touches the chords o f sympathy, affection, and love
in almost every human heart. The design o f these sketches is to awaken in the mind
o f the reader, by touching that chord, a new relish for the Bible, and “ a fresh pur­
pose to commune more intimately with its celestial voices.” W e have in this volume
sketches o f all the mothers, in the collection o f books, from Eve to Mary, the mother
o f Jesus, and the grandmother and mother o f Timothy.
The volume is published in
a very handsome style.
15. — The Physiology of Taste: or, Transcendental Gastronomy. Illustrated by A n­
ecdotes o f Distinguished Artists and Statesmen o f both Continents. By B rillat
S avarin . Translated from the last Paris edition by F ayette R obinson. 12mo.,
pp. 347. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blackiston.
In the form o f “ Meditations,” twenty-eight in number, together wilh a great num­
ber o f aphorisms, Professor Savarin discusses, philosophically, the pleasures o f the
table, and indeed the whole art o f “ transcendental gastronomy.”
It is a curious, in­
teresting, philosophical, and instructive book.
16. — Sermons. B y Rev. J oseph H arrington, o f San Francisco, California. W ith a
Memoir. B y W illiam W hiting. 12mo., pp. 272. B oston: Crosby & Nichols.
Seventeen sermons selected since the preacher’s death, from the author’s ordinary
Sunday discourses. Mr. Harrington was a Congregationalist o f the Unitarian faith,
and the collection here made is much above the ordinary pulpit efforts o f the day.
They are mostly o f a practical character, and written in a scholarly style. Introduc­
tory to the discourses, Mr. W hiting has furnished a sincere and affectionate tribute, in
the form o f a brief and beautiful memoir o f his classmate and friend.
17. — The Elements of Character.
Crosby, Nichols & Co.

B y M ary G. C handler.

18mo., pp. 234. Boston:

This volume contains a series o f essays on the elements o f character. The subjects
are— character; the human trin ity ; imagination, affection, life, conversation, man­
ners, and companionship. The views o f the writer will commend themselves to
minds comprehensive enough to take in more than one idea. Character is regarded
b y the author as the only permanent possession he can have, all other mental posses­
sions are to the spiritual body only what clothing is to the mind.




The Boole Trade .

398

18. — The Principles of Animal and Vegetable Physiology: a Popular Treatise on
the Functions and Phenomena o f Organic Life.
T o which is prefixed a General
V iew o f the great Departments o f Human Knowledge. By J. S tevenson B ushman,
M. D., Physician to the Metropolitan Free Hospital, etc.
W ith one hundred and
two illustrations on wood. 12mo., pp. 234. Philadelphia: Blanchard & Lea.
The name o f the author o f this treatise is a guaranty, at least it will be so regarded,
that its facts are strictly in accordance with the latest scientific investigations. It is
divided into two parts— the first treats o f the nature, connection, and uses o f the great
departments o f human know ledge; and the second relates to the physiology of ani­
mal and vegetable life. It will interest readers who are not specially trained in
science.
19. — The Land of the Forum and the Vatican; or, Thoughts and Sketches During an
Eastern Pilgrimage. By N ewmax H all, A. B., Author o f “ Come to Jesus,” “ It is
I,” “ The Sinners’ Friend.” 18mo., pp. 462. N ew Y ork: Carter & Brothers.
This volume contains some record o f an excursion in Italy during the year 1853.
Though not particularly controversial, the subject o f Romanism is an essential ele­
ment o f the author, as every account by a Protestant must necessarily be. Aside
from the religious aspect o f the work, it contains many things which, if not new, w ill
be interesting to readers o f books o f travel.

20. — Discourses on Truth. Delivered in the Chapel o f the South Carolina College.
By J ames H. T hornwell, D. D., President and Chaplain.
Y o rk : Carter &, Brothers.

12mo., pp, 328.

N ew

The author o f these discourses holds the double office, in the college over which he
presides, o f a preacher o f Christianity, and a teacher o f moral philosophy. The
volume contains eight discourses, one on the ethical system of the Bible, two on the
love o f truth; one each on sincerity, faithfulness, vows, and controversy— with the in­
junction o f Paul to his brethren— the Philippiaus, to think on whatsoever things are
true, for their motto.
21. — Struggles for Life; or the Autobiography o f a Dissenting Minister.
384. Philadelphia: Lindsey & Blackiston.

12mo,, p p.

I f we have a penchant for one class o f works more than any other, it is for the w ell
written biography or autobiography o f men and women who have succeeded, or
struggled to succeed, in life. This is a work o f that class. It is the autobiography o f
a Dissenting Minister in London, and the only fiction there is about it, if the author
speaks the truth, (and why should we doubt it,) is in the names o f the places, and in
the persons mentioned in the book.
22. — Substance and Shadows: or. Phases o f Everyday Life. B y E mma W ilmott,
A uthor o f “ Uncle Sam’s Palace;” “ House-Keeping, and Keeping House,” etc.
12mo., pp. 320. Boston : John P. Jew ett tfe Co.
W ithout any preliminary preface or harangue, we have in this volume a great num­
ber o f short essays, abounding in common sense views o f everyday life, with some
fine touches o f sarcasm at t ie “ shadows,” and faithful pictures o f the real and sub­
stantial. It is overflowing with “ pith and point.”
23. — The Youth of Jefferson; or a Chronicle o f College Scrapes, at W illiamshurg, in
Virginia, A. D., 1764. 12mo., pp. New Y ork : J. S. Redfield.
This tale relates back to the times o f Jefferson, whom we are led to infer is one o f
the principal personages figuring in the “ College S crapes” Its “ grotesque incidents”
will doubtless serve to “ beguile an otherwise heavy hour with innocent laughter,”
which is all the writer’s ambition desires.
24. — The Bible Prayer Book: for Family Worship, and for Private and Public O c­
casions. By W . W . E vart, Author o f “ Bible Manual,” “ Pastors’ Hand Book,” &c.
12mo., pp. 224. New Y o rk : Iveson & Phinney.
This manual o f devotion is highly commended by a number o f well-known Baptist
and other well-known Trinitarian clergymen o f different denominations; and by seve­
ral professors in our colleges.
25;— The

Sim Beam.

18mo., pp. 136.

Boston : John P. Jew ett

Co.

A pretty and a pleasant collection o f sketches and poems, designed to awaken
bright and cheerful thoughts in the minds o f children.




The B ook Trade .

399

26. — The American Cattle Doctor. B y G. M. D add, M. D., Veterinary Practitioner,
A uthor o f the Anatom y and Physiology o f the Horse. 12mo., pp. 354. New Y ork :
C. M. Saxton.
Dr. Dadd has devoted much time in the investigation and practice o f veterinary
matters, and has furnished in this volume all the necessary information for preserving
the health and curing the diseases o f domestic animals, together with a great variety
o f recipes and information touching farm and dairy management. The principles o f
Dr. Dadd, as taught in this work, are, that all medication should be subservient to
nature, all medicinal agents sanative in their operation, and administered with a view
o f aiding the vital powers, instead o f depressing as heretofore, with the lancet and
p nison.
27. — Discoveries in Chinese; or the Symbolism o f the Primitive Characters o f the
Chinese System o f Writing, as a Contribution to Philology and Ethnology, and a
Practical A id to the Acquisition o f the Chinese Language. B y S tephen P earl
A ndrews. 12mo., pp. 151. N ew Y o r k : Charles B. Norton.
The Chinese language is not much studied in this country, and we confess our en­
tire ignorance o f it as o f many other languages— so many that we have not time or
space even to name them. W e have given the title, which w ill be all that those who
desire to study the language will require. W e may add, that Mr. Andrews under­
stands whatever subject he attempts to elucidate.
28. — Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind. B y D ugald S tewart . R e­
vised and Abridged, with Critical N otes, for the Use o f Colleges and Schools. By
F rancis B owen A dford, Professor o f Moral and Intellectual Philosophy in Har­
vard College. l2 m o , pp. 490. B oston: James Munro
Co.
I f Dugald Stewart has not added many new truths to the philosophy of the human
mind, or attempted to solve its more abstruse aud intricate problems, he has un­
doubtedly done much to render it intelligible and popular. He is regarded as a great
master of clear, harmonious and ornate diction. The part performed by Professor.
Bowen is briefly stated in the title page.
29. — Palcifs Evidences
M urray N arine , M. A .

of Christianity.
12mo., pp. 501.

W ith Notes and Additions by C harles
N ew Y o rk : R obert Lester & Brothers.

Paley’s treatise on the historical and external evidences has, we believe, ever been
regarded as the best on the subject. It is certainly written in a remarkably clear and
concise manner. The theological tenets o f Mr. Narine, may be inferred from the
statement he makes in his introductory letter to the Chancellor o f the University of
N ew York. H e sa y s:— “ The case o f Dr. Paley is one that strikingly illustrates the
possibility o f a man’s being mighty in stating the credentials o f Revelation, and most
feeble in interpreting the contents o f Revelation.” '
30. — Literary Fables; or, Yriarte. Translated from the Spanish.
D evereux . 18mo., pp. 145. Boston: Tiknor & Fields.

B y G eorge H .

The fables contained in this collection are not to be found among those with which
the English reader is familiar. They were designed for a special p urpose; but the
maxims and criticisms they euforce will approve themselves to the mind both o f the
professed scholar and general reader.
31. — The
Amazon.

Forest Exiles; or the

Perils o f a Peruvian Family amid the W ilds o f the
By Captain M ayne R eid . 18mo., pp. 360. B oston: Tickner <k Fields.

The narratives o f Captain Reid are received with marked favor by our “ Young
American boys,” and one scarcely need say more to those who have read “ The Boy
Hunter,” “ The Young V oyagers,” “ The Desert Home,” <fec., by the same author, that
the present narrative o f adventure has all the elements that imparted a charm and
gave an interest to preceding volumes from the same pen.
— Short and Familiar Answers to the most Common Objections Urged Against Re­
ligion. From the French o f L ’A bbe
S egur, Formerly Chaplain o f the Military

32.

d e

Prison o f Paris. Edited by J. V . Huntington. 18mo., pp. 195. B altim ore: John
Murphy & Co.
This litt'e manual o f religion is published (and o f course recom m ended) under the
approval o f the Most Rev. Archbishop Kenrick. It w ill doubtless commend itself to
our brethren o f the Catholic faith.




400

The B ook Trade .

33. — Lingard's History of England Abridged. W ith a continuation from 1688 to
1854. By J ames B urke, Esq., A . B. T o which are prefixed a memoir o f Dr. Lingard and marginal notes, b y M. J. Kerney, A .M . 8vo., pp. 662. Baltimore : John
Murphy <fc Co.
This abridgement o f Lingard’s England appears to have been carefully prepared
from the latest edition o f the larger work, published under the supervision o f its dis­
tinguished author. It contains all the important and most interesting portion o f the
original, and it embodies the spirit and retains the language o f the original. The con­
tinuation has been compiled by a Catholic author long and favorably known in litera­
ture.
O f the impartiality o f Lingard’s history, we believe but one opinion exists
among either Catholics or liberal Protestants. The Dublin Review, in reviewing this
history says: “ W hen Hume shall have fairly taken his place among the classical
writers o f our tongue, and Macaulay shall have been transferred to the shelves o f
romances and poets, and each shall thus have received his true m eed o f praise, then
Lingard will be still more conspicuous as the only impartial historian o f our couutry.”
The brief and beautiful biography o f the historian will add much to the value and
interest o f this handsomely published abridgement.
34. — The Spirit-Rapper. An Autobiography. B y 0 . A . B rownson, author o f “ Charles
E lw ood.” 12mo., pp. 402. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
The author o f this work has entertained, at different periods o f his life, a variety o f
opinions on philosophical and religious topics, all o f which he has supported with
marked skill and ability. The book before us, he says, is not a novel, a romance, a
biography o f a real individual, a dissertation, an essay, or a treatise, but has some o f
the elements o f them all. H e “ wanted to write a book (and he has, we think, done
so) not hard to read, on the new superstition, or old superstition under a new name.”
The design o f Mr. Brownson, we take it, is to show the connection o f spirit-rapping,
or the spiritual manifestations, with modern philosophy, reforms, socialism, and revolu­
tionism, all o f which, as a good Roman Catholic, the author o f course ignores. W hat­
ever Mr. Brownson writes may be read with profit, even by those who cannot accept
his clever sophistries.
35. — Ida May ; a Story o f Things Actual and Possible. B y M ary L angdon.
pp. 478. Boston: Phillips, Sampson <fc Co. N ew Y o rk : J. C. Derby.

12mo.,

This story was probably suggested by Mrs. Beecher’s Stowe’s “ U ncle Tom.” The
writer professes to em body the ideas and impressions she received during a residence
in the South, and gives them to the public, in the hope that it w ill be recognized and
accepted as a true picture o f the phase o f public life which it represents. It is
scarcely inferior in style and dramatic effect to its popular prototype. It is o f course
read with a greater degree o f admiration by the anti than the pro-slavery partisans.
A t all events it has been, and continues to be, in great demand.
H36.— Totemwell. B y G eorge P ayson, A uthor o f “ R omance o f California.”
p p. 519. N ew Y o rk : Riker, Thorn
Co.

12mo.,

Totem well, where the scene o f this story commences, is described as a “ large city
in the interior o f N ew England,” the inhabitants o f which have fallen into such habits
o f thought and speech as to regard N ew Y ork as a little village at the mouth o f the
Hudson. The story is w ell told, and not devoid o f w it The author thinks, with
Goldsmith, that be who cannot read it, must be a very odd kind o f a fellow, and he
desires “ no more o f his acquaintance.”
37. — An Offering of Sympathy to the Afflicted: E specially to Bereaved Parents. B y
F rancis P arkman , D. D. 18mo., pp. 260. B oston : James Munroe & Co.
The death o f a child who was buried in her crib, many years ago, suggested to the
compiler the preparation o f this volume. The editor o f the present edition (the Rev.
F. A . Farley,) has added a few pieces o f select poetry, so that the volume now con­
tains some sixty pieces, m ostly from the best writers among the Unitarian clergy, and
all o f a consolatory character. Mr. Farley has also appended a brief memoir o f the
late Dr. Parkman.
38. — The Plum Women; or the Child with Three Mothers. A tale o f High Life
and Low Life. B y G ustave Meritz . Translated from the German, by Mrs. H. C.
C onant. 18mo., pp. 201. New Y o rk : Charles Scribner.
This is is one o f those grotesque German stories, in readable English, which gene­
rally please children very much.