Full text of The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review : June 1861, Vol. XLIV, No. VI

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THE

MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE
a nd

COMMERCIAL

REVIEW.

E s ta b lis h e d J u ly , 1 S 3 9 .

EDITED BY
J . SMITH IIOMANS, (SECEETABY OF THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF N E W -Y O R K ,)
AND W IL L IA M B . D A N A , ATTORNEY A T L A W .

VOLUME X L IV .

CONTENTS

JUNE,

OF

NO.

1861.

VI.,

NUMBER VI.

VOL.

XLIY.

ARTICLES.
A rt.

page

I. TIIE FU TU RE SUPPLY OF COTTON. 1. Rapid increase in Spindles, Factories
and Power Looms in England. 2. Increased Importations from the United States
and from India. 3. Movements o f the Manchester Cotton Supply Association. 4.
Increased Growth of Cotton in Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Asia Minor, Egypt, Madiera,
Sierra Leone, Liberia, The Gold Coast, the River Niger, Natal, Cape Colony, Cuba,
Jamaica, Barbadoes, Peru, New-Granada, British Guiana, East Indies, Java, Bata­
via, Australia, Ceylon, Pegu, India,.................................................................................. 675
II. COTTONIZED FLA X. 1. The importance o f Recent Discoveries to the World. 2.
Lyman’ s New Process. 3. The adaptation of Flax as a Paper Stock,......................... 668
III. ANCIENT COMMERCIAL CITIES OF TIIE LOW COUNTRIES By E. B a s k e t
D erby , Esq., o f Boston. 1, Bruges. 2. Ghent. 3. Brussels. 4. Liege. 5. Lille.
6. Louvain. 7. Antwerp. 8. The Hague. 9. Leyden. 10. Delft. 11. Rotterdam.
12. Amster-dam,...................................................................................................................... 689
IY . JOURNAL OF MINING, MANUFACTURES AND THE ARTS. 1. The Copper
interest o f Michigan. 2. Quicksilver. 8. Metals. 4. Minnesota Copper. 5. Ma­
chinery in the useful A rts,.................................................................................................... 701
Y. SUGAR AND MOLASSES TRAD E OF THE UNITED STATES. Annual State­
ment, showing the Import, Export, Stock and Consumption o f Unrefined, for the
year ending December 31st, 1860, with the range o f prices for each month, 1859,
1860,.......................................................................................................................................... 705
Y I. FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF NEW -YORK, fiscal year 1859-60.
Imports and Exports at the several ports of entry o f the State o f New-York, during
the fiscal year 1859-60, compared with the totals o f the preceding year, ending 80th
June, 1859,.............................................................................................................................. 724
VOL. X L IV .— NO. V I.
43




674

C O N TEN TS

OF

NO.

V I .,

VOL.

X L IV .

V II.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF EACII STATE for the fiscal year ending 30th June,
1860,......................................................................................................................................... 728

V III.

COFFEE TRAD E OF THE UNITED STATES. Annual Statement, showing the
Import, Export, Stock and Consumption, for the year ending December 31, 1860,
showing the consumption o f all the ports, 1S58,1859, 1860, with the range o f prices
and average at New-York each month,........................................................................... 729

IX .

ANN U AL REPORT IN N A V A L STORES FOR THE Y E A R 1S60—Receipts and
Exports o f Turpentine, Spirits of Turpentine, Rosin, T ar; with the monthly average
o f prices,................................................................................................................................. 738

JOURNAL

OF

NAUTICAL

INTELLIGENCE.

1. The British Navy. 2. An Egyptian Frigate. 3. British Light-House Commission. 4.
The Drummond Light. 5. Steamboat Disasters. 6. British and’American Life Boat Socie­
ties. 7. New Light-Houses in the Mediterranean, Spain, France, the Baltic, Gulf of
Finland, the Red Sea, Cuba, the Pacific and Australia. 8. Submarine Telegraph Cables. 9.
Saving the Crews o f Stranded Vessels. 10. Leaky Vessels. 11. Raising Sunken Vessels.
12. Flogging in the British Navy. 13. The Great Eastern,.......................................................... 749

C H A MB E R S

OF

C OMME R C E

AND

BOARDS

OF

TRADE.

1. Special Meeting of New-York Chamber o f Commerce, April 19th. 2. Special Meeting, April
25th. 8. Annual Meeting, May 2,1861. 4. Philadelphia Board o f Trade, April, 1861. 5.
Boston Board o f Trade, April 29tli and May 6th,.......................................... ............................. 763

J OUR NA L

OF

ME RC ANT I L E

L A W.

1. Illegal Coasting Trade. 2. Foreign Owners o f Vessels. 3. Abandonment o f Ship—Notice
to Underwriters. 4. Trade Marks. 5. Liability for Neglect. 6. Duty on Hides. 7. Assign­
ment. 8. Suit on B ond,...................................................................................................................... 772

RAI L- ROAD,

CANAL

AND

S T E A MB O A T

STATI STI CS.

1. Erie Rail-Road Organization. 2. Sales o f Rail-Road. 3. Texas Rail-Roads. 4. Ohio and
Mississippi Rail-Road. 5. British Rail-Roads. 6. Train’ s Street Railways in England. 7.
Steam Navigation on Canals. 8. Rail-Road Accidents. 9. Sunbury and Erie R ail-R oad,... 776

STATISTICS

OF

TRADE

A ND

COMMERCE.

1. Cotton in England, from Brazil, "West Indies, East Indies, Egypt. 2. New Route for Cot­
ton. 8. Movements o f Grain. 4. Detroit Staves,......................................................................... 782

COMMERCIAL

REGULATIONS.

1. Importations of Guano under the Provisions o f the Guano Act o f August, 1856—Proclama­
tion o f Blockade o f Southern Ports—Instructions to Collectors o f the Ports,........................... 784

C O MME R C I A L

C HR O NI C L E

AND R E V I E W .

Condition o f Commercial Affairs—Southern Commerce—Letters o f Marque—Imports o f Foreign
Dry Goods—Exports from New-York to Foreign Ports—Cash Duties at New-York—Foreign
Imports at New-York—Contributions in Defence o f the Union—Albany Bank Failures,
7S7

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE OF THE MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE.
Movements of the British House o f Commons—Mr. Cobden’ s Movements,.................................. 712

THE

BOOR

Notices of new Publications in the United States,




TRADE.
796

THE

MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE
AND

COMMERCIAL

REVIEW

JUNE, 1861.

THE

F UT UR E

S UP P L Y

OF

COT TON.

I. R apid increase in S pindles , F actories and P ower L ooms in E ngland .— II. I ncreased
I mportations from tiie U nited S tates a nd from I ndia , — III. M ovements of the M a n ­
chester Cotton S upply A ssociation .— I V . I ncreased growth of C otton in T urkey ,
G reece, C yprus , A sia M inor, E gypt , M adeira , Sierra L eone , L iber ia , the G old Coast ,
the R iver N iger , N atal , Cape Colony , C uba , J am aica , B arbadoes , Peru , N e w -G r an a d a ,
B ritish G uia na , E ast I ndies , J a v a , B a t a v ia , A ustralia , C eylon , P egu , I n d ia .

t
T h e future supply o f cotton throughout the world is one o f the most

important o f the commercial questions o f the day. England, in justice
to herself, and to make her mills and machinery independent o f any one
source o f supply, has been for years- using strenuous exertions towards
extending the area o f cotton cultivation.
W e now have recent information from the East Indies, Africa, &e.,
which shows that these exertions will lead to important results. This is
a matter of vital moment to England. In the year 1839 there were in
Great Britain 1,819 cotton factories; worked b y horse-power o f steam,
46,827 ; and o f water, 12,977'; and b y persons o f all ages and both sexes,
259,385.
The census o f 1851, and careful inquiries in 1856, show the rapid
consumption o f cotton in that country. The following table gives the
fio-ures for 1850 and 1856. They are taken from returns made to Par.
*"
liament:
Y ears.

1850,
1856,

Fact, in
Of
Spindles.
-1
L.ooms.
.
ovtam .
vvazer.
Water.
G.’. Jsriz.
Brit.
1,932 . . 20,977,017 ... 248,627 . . 330,924 . . 71,005 . . 11,550
2,210 . . 28,010,217 . . 298,847 . . 397,213 . . 88,001 . . 9,131

In 1850 the whole value o f the cotton manufacture did not exceed
£45,826,000; in 1856 it was £57,074,000 ; in 1859 nearly £72,000,000 ;
now it must he much nearer £80,000,000 than £70,000,000. I f this be
home in mind, it will be at once perceived how very much the present




676

The Future Supply o f Cotton.

condition of affairs must exceed the statements for former times. About
a sixth of the number o f persons employed are children, or very young
persons, and it was estimated in the beginning o f last year that the num­
ber of persons employed in the manufacture could not be under 500,000.
On the whole, if we add five or six hundred to the number o f factories
o f Great Britain returned in 1856, and augment the other items o f the
account in proportion, we shall possibly not be very much in error as to
the present dimensions of the trade.
Looking at the statistics of the supplies from the different sources
during the last seven years, we find that England has received the follow­
ing number of bales from each source :
T ears .

1854,
1855,
1856,
1857,
1858,
1859,
1860,

...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............

U. States.
1,667,902
1,626,086
1,758,295
1,481,717
1,855,340
2,086,341
2,580,843

..
..
..
..
..
..
..

Brazil.
W. Indies.
107,037 . .
8,225 . .
134,528 . .
6,708 ..
121,531 .. 11,323 . .
168,340 . . 11,467 . .
108,886 . .
6,867 . .
124,837 . .
8,338 . .
103,050 . .
9,956 . .

Egypt.
E. Indies.
Total.
81,218 . . 308,184 . . 2,172,593
113,961 . . 396,027 . . 2,277,310
113,111 . . 459,508 . . 2,463,768
75,598 . . 680,466 . . 2,417,588
101,405 . . 350,218 . . 2,422,746
99,876 . . 509,688 . . 2,829,110
109,985 . . 562,852 . . 3,366,686

England pays annually from one hundred and sixty to one hundred
and seventy millions of dollars for cotton from all parts o f the world, and
after producing goods for the consumption of her own people, exports to
foreign countries over fifty millions sterling in cotton goods. The profits
to England on the manufactures o f cotton goods may be readily esti­
mated at nearly three hundred millions o f dollars. The following state­
ments embrace nearly all the facts reported by the Manchester Supply
Association:
A t the last annual meeting of the Manchester Cotton Supply Association,
it was moved by Lord A l f r e d C h u r c h il l , M . P ., seconded by T. G.
B a r in g , Esq., M . P ., supported by H y d u r J un g B a iia d o o r , J. L y o n s
M c L e o d , Esq., the Rev. G e o r g e P r it c h a r d , the Hon. A l g e r n o n E g e r to n and E d w in A . H ic k e y , Esq., and passed unanimously:
“ That as the opening up o f new sources for the supply o f cotton has
become a question of great national interest, it is incumbent upon all
classes o f the community to support the movement now in progress for
promoting the growth of cotton in Africa, Australia, South America, the
West Indies and other countries; that, as the development o f the re­
sources of India is o f vast importance to this country, it is the bounden
duty o f Her Majesty’s government to give every encouragement to the
unfettered action of private enterprise and public companies, whether for
the cultivation o f cotton, the opening o f river navigation, the construc­
tion of canals or other public works, calculated to facilitate European
intercourse with the natives, or increase the productive powers o f our
Eastern Empire. And this meeting especially urges upon the spinners
and manufacturers, as well as upon all other interests, directly or indi­
rectly concerned in the cotton trade, to assist in the work o f creating that
healthy competition among many markets, which alone can obviate the
evils arising from our present position o f dependence upon one main
source o f supply.”
The committee, in their annual report, say, that their continuous and
persistent labors have already resulted in direct benefit to the cotton
trade of England, and the prospects o f ultimately realizing the great aims




The Future Supply o f Cotton.

677

of the Association are daily assuming a more encouraging and hopeful
aspect. During the brief period o f its existence, the Association has suc­
ceeded in making known in all parts of the world the urgent need for
increased supplies o f cotton, to meet the expanding power of consump­
tion ; and has enlisted, both in their own colonies and in foreign countries,
a wide range o f active and practical support in furtherance of its designs.
The “ cotton question ” has now ceased to he a local topic, circum­
scribed within the limits o f the trade. Its vast importance, as embracing
so many varied interests o f capital and labor, and involving the prosperity
or decay o f more than one-third o f British commerce, has drawn around
it the support of a large number o f the influential journals o f the coun­
try, has enlisted the advocacy o f numerous members o f both Houses of
Parliament, and obtained for it the assistance o f the chief departments o f
Her Majesty’s government.
The resolute determination of the trade, as expressed by the formation
o f this Association, to be no longer mainly dependent upon one source
for its supply o f raw cotton, has undoubtedly stimulated the American
planter to put forth those extraordinary efforts which have resulted in the
enlarged growth o f the past year. This result has afforded temporary
relief to the trade, and enabled the country to meet the unusual demand
for goods and yarn in the Eastern empire and elsewhere. But the com­
mittee fear that this unusual and constrained effort may, as in the plenti­
ful year o f 1845, in all probability be followed by a serious relapse.
And, if further confirmation be needed, they point to the fact that
although in 1840 the crop of the United States was 2,1 T7,835 bales, and
in 1860 it reached 4,500,000 bales, the growth has only been doubled in
twenty years, while the number o f spindles employed in England and on
the Continent, in 1840, was 27,266,000, but in 1860, 69,642,000. In
other words, while the increase o f growth has been doubled, owing to
the high prices o f an almost exclusive market, the increase o f spindles
has more than doubled by the enormous addition of 15,110,000, requir­
ing an additional one million bales to give them employment. The posi­
tion of the trade is, therefore, in 1860, so far as America is concerned,
worse by one million bales than it was in the year 1840. But this is not
the whole evil. It is estimated “ that at least one million bales out of
the present crop will class ordinary or below
and further, “ that the crop
has been materially increased b y the quantity o f low, trashy and dusty
cotton which planters have thought it their interest to scrape together
and send to market. The dangers o f our present dependence upon the
United States thus grow more apparent every year, and the committee
are o f opinion that now, in a season of comparative prosperity, it becomes
the trade to unite for a few years in the steadfast and needful determina­
tion to aid this Association in realizing the brightening prospects that
now open before it.”
During the past year the correspondence o f the committee has been
greatly extended. Cotton gins, cotton presses and other machinery have
been shipped to Cyprus, Larnaca, Cavalla, Larissa, Latakia, Alexandria
and M orocco; to Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cape Coast Castle, Accra, Cameroons, Bulama and the Bijonga Islands, Lagos, Abbeokuta and Benin ; to
the Governor o f Cape Colony and Natal; to Peru, Maracaibo and Ecua­
dor ; to Sonsonate, Trinidad, Demerara and Honduras; to the GovernorGeneral o f New South Wales and Port Curtis; to the Feejee Islands;




6y 8

The Future Supply o f Cotton.

to Batavia and Arracan; to Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Ahmedabad,
Chynepore and Lucknow, in India ; in all, 254 cotton gins, besides cotton
presses and driving machinery.
Cotton seed, varying in quantities from a few pounds to five tons, have
been shipped to Athens, Y olo, Latakia and Alexandria; to Madeira, La­
gos and Abbeokuta, Benin and the Cameroons; to Cape Colony, Ecuador,
Tobago, Jamaica, Trinidad, San Salvador, San Miguel and Sydney, (New
South Wales ;) to Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and to Batavia, besides various
other places; in all, 591 barrels o f seed and numerous smaller parcels.
Thirteen barrels of guano and one barrel o f nitrate of soda have been sent
to each of the Chambers o f Commerce at Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.
The seed thus distributed has been sufficient for sowing many thousand
acres of land, and the committee are in possession o f letters received
from a great number o f their correspondents, which show that hundreds
o f landed proprietors and farmers have commenced cotton cultivation in
numerous regions o f the world, and time and encouragement only are re­
quired to develop from among these new sources a steady and ample in­
crease to supplies for Europe.
But the committee especially call attention to the fact, that in countries
such as India and Africa, where cotton is already grown in great, if not
superfluous, abundance, all that is needed is a supply of suitable, inexpen­
sive cotton gins for cleaning, presses for packing, and agencies with capi­
tal for the purchase of that cotton. The committee have therefore de­
voted much labor and attention to these important requirements. They
have now succeeded, by the offer of prizes, in obtaining suitable handgins adapted to the wants either o f the ryot of India or the native Afri­
can farmer. These gins have been highly appreciated in those countries
to which they have been sent. They clean the cotton without injury to
the staple, and greatly enhance its value, as compared either with the use
o f the saw-gin, the- Indian churka, or the ruder process o f the African,
who cleans his cotton either by hand or with the aid of a rude handcomb. It has been estimated that the extensive introduction of these
simple gins among the ryots of India will increase the value o f his cotton
at least 10 to 15 per cent. This difference, calculated upon the last
year’ s exports from Bombay, would give an aggregate advantage to the
ill-paid ryots of India of half a million sterling per annum. The saving
in cost o f carriage effected by the use of these hand-gins in countries
where raw cotton now travels long distances over bad roads, will afford
an ample margin to stimulate the growth. The following is a summary
o f what has been accomplished during the past year by the efforts o f the
Association:
E urope.

Turkey.-— In European Turkey, through the influence o f Her Majesty’s
consuls, many o f the native cultivators have commenced the cultivation of
cotton ; but little progress has been made, owing to the existing oppres­
sive system of taxation and official exactions.
Greece.— The Home Minister o f Greece has, during the past year, in­
troduced the cultivation o f American cotton, from seed sent out by this
Association, into the departments o f Argolide, Argos, Nauplis, Attica,
Livadia, Thebes, Eubuie, Scopelos, Chalcis, Ageon, Steron, Caristion,
Distion, Erpseon, Caristeon, Achaie, Patras, Laconie, Gythion, Trimsee,
Boion, Epidaurus, Monombatia.




The Future Supply o f Cotton.

679

Cyprus.— In the Island of Cyprus an effort is being made for the culti­
vation of cotton upon an estate o f 80,000 acres of land. A merchant
has sent out machinery, at considerable cost, for the cleaning and packing
of cotton, the produce of a large quantity o f seed supplied to him by the
committee.
Asia Minor.— Within the last few weeks Sir M ac d o n a l d S t e ph en so n ,
engaged upon the railway now in progress from Smyrna into the great
Valley of the Meander, has tendered his services to the committee, by
the distribution of seed among the farmers o f Asia Minor, stating that
“ the resources of the country are almost inexhaustible.”
A

f r ic a .

Egypt.— A report is now in the press, and will shortly be published by
the committee, giving the origin, progress and present extent o f cotton
cultivation in Egypt, with many valuable suggestions as to the means by
which the committee may promote an increase of growth in that fertile
country, from its present annual average o f 100,000 bales to 1,000,000 of
bales. Funds for this purpose will be required, and the committee have
every confidence that their efforts in this quarter will be zealously sec­
onded by the trade.
Tunis.— The progress of the experiments which were two years since
begun in Tunis have been unfortunately checked; but the committee has
been assured that His Highness the Bey o f Tunis is resolved that no
means shall be left untried to render his territory a source of cotton sup­
ply. Fully impressed with the great advantages which have accrued to
Egypt from cotton agriculture, he is animated with a disposition to give
the utmost encouragement to its introduction among his own people.
Madeira.— In the Island of Madeira, and at Bulama, one o f the Bijonga
Islands, containing 5,000 inhabitants, cotton is being grown.
Sierra Leone.— A t Sierra Leone, an English trader is commencing the
cultivation, and an intelligent native merchant is introducing cotton gins for
cleaning the native cotton, which he will purchase and send to England.
Sherbro.— Her Majesty’s Consul o f the Sherbro country, lying to the
south of Sierra Leone, and also an English merchant at Sherbro, are now
engaged in making arrangements for the export o f the native African cot­
ton, which may be purchased there in large quantities.
Liberia.— The President o f Liberia is taking great interest in the intro­
duction o f cotton cultivation among the free colored population of his re­
public. An agent has been sent through the country calling the attention
o f the people to the value o f cotton as an export. Prizes, consisting of
money, medals and cotton gins, have been offered. One farmer has cleared
fifty acres for cultivation, and a number o f others have also various quan­
tities o f land employed in growing cotton. An annual fair is held, at
which the products of the country are exhibited and prizes awarded.
The committee hope that merchants and others will second these laudable
efforts by sending out orders for the purchase of all the cotton which the
people o f Liberia can raise. Encouragement in their first efforts is needed
to create a permanent export cotton trade.
The Gold Coast.— No part o f Africa offers a finer opening than this
splendid region. The Gold Coast is under British rule. The governor
o f the colony is deeply interested in the promotion of the growth o f cot­
ton, and has promised to aid the efforts o f the committee to the utmost




680

The Future Supply o f Cotton.

of his power. Two agricultural societies have been formed, one in the
eastern district at Cape Coast Castle, and a branch in the western district
at Accra. An arrangement has been made with the natives by the gov­
ernment for the payment o f the poll-tax in cotton. The Agricultural
Society at Accra, in conjunction with a Lancashire firm, are purchasing
this cotton at -§-d. per lb., in the seed, and afterwards cleaning and pack­
ing it for shipment. Many tons o f cotton have been thus accumulated,
and several shipments which have reached Liverpool have been sold at 7d.
to 7Jd. per lb. An agent has been sent into the interior to advise the
people to extend their cultivation, and there is now no doubt that, with
the co-operation o f the colonial government, an extensive export trade in
cotton will spring up. The agent who was sent into the interior reported
that in one district alone 70,000 people were already engaged in grow­
ing, spinning and weaving cotton. The whole line o f the western coast
of Africa is studded with towns, many of them containing 100,000 inhabi­
tants, in which regular cotton marts are established, and from which un­
limited supplies may be obtained. There are many millions o f Africans
whose labor may, in this way, be actively employed in the service o f the
cotton trade, and among whom manufactures would find an inexhaustible
market.
Elmina, Benin, Old Calabar and the Cameroons.— A t all these places
the committee are in communication with traders or missionaries who
have been furnished with cotton gins, seed or other assistance in aid of
their first efforts.
Lagos, Abbeokuta.— From Lagos the bulk o f the present African sup­
plies are obtained; several traders have here entered more largely into
the trade, and a considerable amount of machinery for cleaning and pack­
ing cotton has been sent out during the past year. During the twelve
months preceding March, 1859, 1,800 bales were imported from the west
coast of Africa into London and Liverpool; the greater part o f which
was imported into London. From March, 1859, to March, 1860, nearly
1,600 bales have been imported into Liverpool alone, and 1,847 bales into
London. From the W est Coast the exports have therefore risen from
1,800 bales, in 1858-9, to 3,447 bales in 1859-60, or nearly one hundred
per cent, in twelve months.
A treaty has been negotiated with the chiefs of Abbeokuta, by an ex­
ploring expedition connected with the African Civilization Society of
New-York, for the allotment o f lands to be devoted to cotton cultivation,
by a colony of free colored people from the United States. They will
commence with a farm of 500 acres. A company is in course o f forma­
tion to assist this movement— one gentleman in London offering to take
£2,000 worth o f shares. This project opens a new feature, by the intro­
duction o f Africans, trained to the system o f cotton cultivation in the
United States, and may ultimately exercise immense influence upon the
destinies of the native population as a means for the suppression of the
slave trade.
The River Niger.— The committee have had their attention directed to
the importance o f encouraging the establishment of trading stations along
the banks of this river. They have memorialized Her Majesty’s govern­
ment on the subject o f giving effectual protection to traders. A cotton
trade is about to be established at Onitsha, under the auspices o f an in­
dustrial institution in London. Sample bales o f cotton have been re­




The Future Supply o f Cotton.

681

ceived from Onitsha and from Rabba, valued from 6d. to 8d. per lb .; and
it is affirmed by Dr. B a ik ie and Lieut. G l o v e r , of the Niger Expedition,
and also by Mr. M c G r e g o r L a ir d , o f the African Steamship Company,
that immense quantities of this cotton may be bought in the seed at .1d.
per lb., or at 2d. to 3d., ready cleaned. The committee feel justified in
asserting that great progress has been already made along the entire
west coast o f Africa, in extending and giving permanence to the cotton
culture and export o f these extensive regions.
Angola.— This country, situated more to the southwest o f Africa, pos­
sesses great natural advantages for a large export cotton trade. It is
under Portuguese government; but it has been found, from the import of
twenty-six bales by a firm who are members o f this Association, who made
a trial shipment, that at present the means o f communication with this
country are too infrequent and costly to render it profitable. The Por­
tuguese are, however, likely to import considerable supplies from this
quarter into Lisbon for their own consumption, and they are making
efforts in this direction. This will again relieve the Liverpool market to
a certain extent from the demand for Portuguese consumption.
Natal.— The government o f Natal has during the past year ordered a
considerable supply o f seed for distribution among the Zulus under Brit­
ish rule ; and steps have been taken to arrange the payment of the hut
tax in cotton. Numerous farmers have begun to grow cotton from seed
sent by this Association, and one proprietor has cultivated cotton on a
fair scale. A sample bale sent by him was sold on his behalf by the
committee, worth 9d. per lb. In one o f his letters he reports that he
had already 100,000 lbs. o f cotton on hand, which he was preparing for
shipment to England. The committee are o f opinion that Natal offers
eminent advantages as a cotton-growing country, and they are desirous
o f doing all in their power to aid in their development.
Cape Colony.— The Graliamstown Agricultural Society have applied
to the committee for cotton seed, which is now being sent out. They
state that “ Wheat is ill-adapted for growth in this colony, being liable
to attacks o f rust. This year the crops have been destroyed by that dis­
ease. Many farmers are hence looking out anxiously for some less pre­
carious method o f employing their capital and skill, and cotton seems o f
all other things the most promising. Some years ago cotton teas tried
with excellent results, but an irruption o f the Kaffirs put an end to the
attempt.”
The discoveries o f Dr. L iv in g s t o n e have prompted a movement, in
conjunction with the Oxford and Cambridge Mission, for establishing a
European colony in the valley o f the Shire, a branch of the River Zam­
bezi. An industrial department connected with this mission will send
out agricultural implements with machinery suited for cotton cultivation,
cleaning and packing, and there is every reason to hope that great results
will accrue from this movement, providing the experiment is judiciously
and energetically carried out. L y o n s M c L e o d , Esq., lately Her Majesty’s
consul at Mozambique, reports that he has seen cotton abundantly grown
at Inhambane, and numerous other parts o f the East Coast of Africa, as
far north as Mozambique.
T he W

est

I n d ie s

and

A

m e r ic a .

Cuba.— A t Havana, an Anglo-Spanish Cotton Company, capital four




682

The Future Supply o f Cotton.

million dollars, has been established for the extension o f cotton cultiva­
tion in Cuba.
Jamaica.— The British Cotton Company are steadily pursuing their
initial experiment, and, as we are informed, with the most gratifying re­
sults, both as to the quality of cotton which has been raised, and as to
benefit to the shareholders. It is thought that ere long this company
will receive that support in Lancashire that will enable it extensively to
widen its basis o f operations. As the first company started in this country
it deserves the special attention and encouragement o f the trade.
Tobago— Barbadoes.— Several land-owners in these islands have planted
areas o f a few acres each.
British Honduras and Guatemala.— Experiments are being made in
both these countries to introduce the cultivation among the people.
Peru.— In the north of Peru the proprietor of an extensive estate has
let out portions of land to four cotton-growing companies, three of which
are raising 200,000 plants each, and one 100,000 plants, in all 100,000.
The estate is capable o f growing at least 14,000,000 cotton plants. A
large number of small farmers in the same district are also stated to be
growing cotton on portions of their farms to a greater or less extent.
Two landed proprietors, also in the province o f Chiclago, have began to
grow cotton ; one o f whom has recently visited this country to purchase
machinery for a cotton plantation in Peru, and he has engaged a ship­
load of two hundred and fifty Spanish emigrants, who have set sail for
that country, where they will be solely employed in the raising of cotton
and its preparation for export. He has constructed a canal, thirty-nine
miles in length, to convey water from the Andes to his estate, for the
purpose o f irrigating his lands. This canal was begun about three years
ago, without any idea o f cotton cultivation. The operations o f the Asso­
ciation having come to his knowledge, and finding that the soil is splen­
didly adapted for cotton planting, they are going into the cultivation
with good earnest.
Venezuela— New-Granada.— The committee have furnished machinery
and cotton seed to be employed at Maracaibo, Baranquilla and Sabinilla,
where effort is being made to promote the growth and export o f cotton,
with fair prospect o f success.
British Guiana.— In Demerara a missionary o f the Church o f England
has recently been supplied with cotton seed, which he will distribute
among the resident farmers. lie purposes making a tour and lecturing
in different towns and villages on the advantage o f cotton cultivation.
E ast I n d ie s , A

u s t r a l ia ,

C e y l o n , & c.

Batavia.— A member of the committee has received information that
an extensive proprietor in Batavia has a large extent o f land under culti­
vation. From New-Orleans seed he has raised a crop o f 272,000 lbs.
o f cotton, and from Palembang seed nearly 1,000,000 lbs. Arrangements
have been made by this proprietor with the laborers on his estate to con­
tinue the cultivation for five years. The land is well suited to the plant,
and as the natives find the cultivation profitable, they have planted largely.
Java.— Cotton seed has been supplied by the committee for planting
on an estate in this island.
The Feejee Islands.— The committee have received through the Foreign
Office five descriptions o f indigenous cotton which are reported by Con­




The Future Supply o f Cotton.

683

sul P r it c h a r d to grow wild in these islands. The plant yields without
intermission for ten, twelve or fifteen years. The values o f the several
samples are I'd., l-j-d., 8d., 9d., li d ., Is. and Is. Ojd. per lb. About 80
to 100 of these islands are inhabited, the total population being 200,000,
50,000 of whom have been converted to Christianity. One-half the area
o f one o f these islands would grow three to four millions o f bales o f cot­
ton. In view of these facts, and being informed that an offer had been
made by the native king and chiefs o f the cession o f these islands to the
British Crown, the committee felt it to be their duty to represent to Her
Majesty’s government the suitability o f the native Feejee cotton to the
wants o f the trade. The question of annexation was one into which it
was not in the province o f the committee to enter. It was nevertheless
their obvious duty in the interest o f the cotton trade, and in view of a
faithful discharge o f their duty as your executive, to see that a just repre­
sentation should be made of the utility o f such an addition to our sources
o f supply. From no single quarter o f the world has such a collection o f
graduated qualities been received.
Australia.— To Sir W il l ia m D e n iso n , the Governor-General o f New
South Wales, and also to Sir G e o r g e B o w e n , the Governor of Queens­
land, the best thanks of this Association are due for the zealous and active
interest they have taken in furtherance o f the objects of this Association.
A considerable quantity o f cotton seed, with cotton gins, have been for­
warded to Sir W il l ia m D e n iso n , at Sydney, who has taken steps for
the distribution o f the seed among the farmers. More than fifty settlers
have been supplied with seed, and one gentleman o f large property has
disposed o f a quantity o f seed among the tenants on his estates, to whom,
aided by the women and children o f their families, it is expected the cul­
tivation will be profitable. Several bales of Sea Island cotton have been
received from Australia by the committee during the past year, which
have sold from Is. 8d. to 2s. per lb. One settler at Port Curtis, writing
to an Australian paper, says: “ I think I shall have this year cotton
enough to plant 1,000 to 1,500 acres.” A sample o f his cotton has been
valued in Manchester at 3s. per lb.
Accompanying a copy o f a despatch just received from Sir G e o r g e
B o w e n , on the subject o f cotton cultivation, the committee have received
a copy o f a prospectus o f a company now formed for the growth of cot­
ton in Queensland. This company will commence operations upon one
hundred acres of land.
A landed proprietor from Australia is now in this country endeavoring
to form a company to commence with the cultivation of 1,000 acres of
land. He is prepared to place 1,000 acres of his own estates at the dis­
posal of such a company, and to become a large shareholder in the
undertaking. lie has already sufficient labor upon his land for the cul­
tivation of 1,000 acres, together with suitable buildings and steam power.
The rent he proposes to take out o f the profits o f the company. There
are ten to twenty millions o f acres o f land suited to the growth of cotton
in that part o f Australia where he proposes to commence operations.
He has already grown both Sea Island and New-Orleans cotton upon his
estates ; and the land, which has a depth o f soil o f twenty feet, will grow
600 lbs. o f clean cotton to the acre. Should this scheme prove success­
ful, and only one-third of our emigration be annually diverted to the
Australian cotton fields, England would soon be placed in safety as to
her sources o f supply o f cotton. The committee cannot but regard such




684

The Future Supply o f Cotton.

efforts with great interest, and they will he prepared to render their
utmost aid within the limits o f the rules o f this Association to every
well-considered and practicable scheme, having for its object the estab­
lishment of cotton-growing in Her Majesty’s colonies.
Ceylon.— The Kandy Agricultural Society are endeavoring to extend the
cultivation of cotton in this island, and have made application to the gover­
nor, Sir H. 6 . W a r d , to encourage the inhabitants favorable to its growth,
by granting them permission to pay for a certain period a portion of
their taxation in cotton. The committee are informed by the Kandy
Agricultural Society that “ there are thousands o f acres well adapted for
cotton cultivation,” and they trust hereafter to report that the culture has
been extensively entered upon.
Pegu.— The attention of the committee has recently been drawn to an
entirely new cotton field, by Captain R ic h a r d S p r y e . This gentleman
advocates the opening of a new line o f overland communication with the
interior of China. He proposes the construction of a cheap single line o f
railway fo r commerce from Rangoon or Negrais, in the Bay o f Bengal,
through Her Majesty’s territory o f Pegu, and thence through a portion
of the Burmese Territory to Esmok, in the Chinese province of Yunna.
Rangoon is distant from Esmok 500 miles. The southern provinces o f
China are densely peopled, and abound with most valuable raw products.
Situated 3,200 miles from Pekin, the people are more free and open to
foreign intercourse than the more exclusive populations of the north.
They offer, therefore, an enormous market for British manufactures. The
soils of Pegu and Burmah are admirably adapted to the growth o f cotton.
Captain S p r y e states that “ when Dacca was in times past the great
muslin-making place of the East, considerable quantities were sent from
Burmah to that city, for the manufacture of those exquisitely fine muslins
which were formerly made there;” and that, “ under proper cultivation,
with such a soil and climate, adapted to the growth o f cotton, his belief
is that Pegu, Burmah, and the adjacent Shan territories east o f them,
could produce annually all the raw cotton that England requires, and the
whole of superior quality.” The Chinese at the present time employ
caravans, numbering 40,000 ponies, for carrying on trade with these
regions. A railway, such as Captain S p r y e describes, would at once
open a considerable source for the supply o f cotton. Through its termi­
nus, at Esmok, British merchandise would gain ready access to that vast
network of water communication which intersects China, and in lineal
extent reaches 15,000 miles. The opening of such a commercial artery
into China, with her four hundred millions o f population, would be a
great gain for our manufactures; and if at the same time so ample a
cotton-growing region could be laid under contribution, Captain S p r y e ’ s
scheme would be worthy of immediate adoption by capitalists, as a hope­
ful source o f gain.
India.— Among the numerous regions to which the attention o f the
committee has been directed, none have presented so vast or hopeful a
field for their labors as that of India; and while the difficulties they have
had to encounter have been of more than ordinary magnitude, the
success they have met with has proved the most encouraging for perse­
verance. The Chambers o f Commerce of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras,
and the Agri-Horticultural Society at Calcutta, have alike rendered in­
valuable aid to the operations o f the committee, and to whom the best
thanks o f the Association are justly due.




A verage Q uantity of C otton E xported into G reat B ritain in each F ive Y ears, with the total I mport of all descriptions of Cotton,
AND THE AVERAGE PRICE OF B O W E D COTTON FOR THE SAME PERIOD.

Y ears .

Bales.
105,813
148,163 40
102,629
216,176 110
357,666 65
513,724 44
677,833 32
957,264 41
1,211,840 27
1,168,680
1,600,840 37
1,797,465 12

Bales.
Bales.
65,115
81,026 24J
44J 119,274 47
141,193 18
6
149,291
30,933
138,813
71 28,490
26,839
138,657
117,564
34,869 30
18
100,640
16J 51,560 48
4 126,000 25
52,520
2
125,380
111,720 113
4
130,400
98,975

9
6

13

Bales.
7,797
29,371 282
10,817
172
128,143 1,100
222
39,817
67,760
70
45
97,565
142,055
72
220,780
35
197,980
1H
348,000
76
45
503,800

West
Indian
Aver­ Incr. Dec.
age. p. ct. p. ct.

Total
Imports.

Aver­
age
Incr. Dec.
p. ct. p. ct. Price.

Bales.
lbs.
58,340,000
76,875
81,200,000 39
84,459 10
28
73,000,000
66,060
41,509
60
137,940,000 89
165,080,000 20
25
33,071
19,964
70
229,080,000 39
310,960,000 355
14,742
35
29,999 1035
458,400,000 47-j
609,220,000 33
18,840
60
614,340,000
1
7,320
160
875,080,000 425
9,180 25
20 | 1,053,400,000 201
9,000

d.
19
20|
HI

2
1
16*
n
6|
8
71
H
58
5J
65

Y ears .

From To
1800— 5
1805-10
1810-15
1815-20
1820-25
1825-30
1830-35
1835-40
1840-45
1845-50
1850-55
1855-59




685

From this we may trace the supply o f cotton from each source, and the comparative relation o f one to the other. As late as
the year 1820, the imports of cotton from other countries than America exceeded the latter by 4 3 f per cen t.; after that date
America took the lead, gradually advancing over the collective supply from all other parts o f the globe, until the excess of
American reached 209£ per cent, in 1840-45. But since that period she has evidently been most seriously losing ground, and
the nearer we come in the consideration o f this question to the present day, the more important is its bearing upon the present
position and future prospects. It will be seen, that in the five years ending 1850, the imports o f American cotton actually show
a decrease of 43,000 bales as compared with five years ending 1845, and that from all other sources there was also a decrease.
In the five years ending 1850-55, over 1845-50, there was an average increase in the exports from America of 432,000 bales;
but in that period, as compared with the preceding five years, an increase took place in the imports o f manufactured cotton goods
o f 497,454,000 yards, and of 403,400 bales o f raw cotton, together equal to 652,127 bales of cotton, or fully one-third more than
the increase in the exports from A m erica; fortunately for the trade, England has received in the latter period an increase from
other countries of 210,000 bales.

The Future Supply o f Cotton.

From To
1800— 5,
1805-10,
1810-15,
1815-20,
1820-25,
1825-30,
1830-35,
1835-40,
1840-45,
1845-50,
1850-55,
1855-59,

Brazil­
East
EgypAmerican Incr. Deer,
ian
Incr. Deer,
tian Incr. Deer, Indian Incr. Dec.
Average. p. ct. p. ct. Average. p. ct. p. ct. Average. p. ct. p. ct. Average. p. ct. p. ct.

Cottonized Flax— Fibrilia.

668

C OT T ONI Z ED F LAX — F I B R I L I A .
I. T he

importance of

R ecent D iscoveries to the W orld.— II. L yman ’ s N e w Process.—
adaptation of F l a x as a P aper Stock .

III. T he

W e alluded in our May number to the highly important material now
brought to light as cottonized flax. O f this there are several specimens,
in varions degrees o f finish, at the New-York Chamber o f Commerce, for
exhibition.
Among the processes recently applied to the disintegration o f flax,
hemp and other fibrous plants, and the preparation o f the product for
textile purposes, the most efficacious, and by far the most economical, is
that discovered by Mr. A. S. L y m a n , o f New-York, and lately patented
in several European countries and India, as well as in the Uiiited States.
The principle o f this invention consists in a highly ingenious application
of the explosive power o f steam to the separation o f the fibers o f all
vegetable materials. In all fibrous plants, such as flax, hemp, cane, &c.,
when freshly cut, sap, or, if dry, after being soaked a short time, moisture
is found to be minutely distributed throughout the entire structure of
the plant. This simple element it is which is converted into an agency
o f immense but easily regulated power, for the complete disintegration of
fibrous plants of any and every description. The modus operandi consists in
the use of a strong iron cylinder, say twelve inches in diameter and 24 feet
long, having a valve at either end, carried by an arm moving on a centre, so
that the end o f the cylinder can be thrown open to its full area. This cylin­
der being more than half filled with flax or hemp recently cut, or charged
with moisture by being soaked for a brief period, the valves at the ends
o f the cylinder are closed, being made steam-tight, and, by means of a
pipe from a boiler, steam is supplied to the cylinder o f any required
pressure to the square inch. In a few minutes the moisture in the hemp
or flax is raised to a temperature above that requisite for becoming steam,
but it cannot be converted into steam, being controlled by the pressure
o f the steam which already fills the whole available space for steam
within the cylinder; the valve at the mouth o f the cylinder being now let
loose, the confined material is discharged from it with a loud explosion,
and being suddenly projected from the cylinder, where it was under a
pressure o f 200 lbs., into the atmosphere at a pressure o f only 15 lbs. to
the square inch, the heated moisture within the fibrous material instanta­
neously flashes into steam, rending and disintegrating the material as
completely and minutely as the moisture was distributed throughout its
fibrous structure.
In the case o f flax and hemp it is found that this process o f blowing
separates in the most complete manner the fiber from the shove or woody
portion of the plant, from which it is then freed b y being passed through
an ordinary burring mill; and being afterwards washed in a mild alkaline
solution, it can be carded and used in combination with either wool or
cotton, or both, and as well for felting as for spinning purposes. In this
condition the fiber, thus simply and inexpensively prepared, is applicable
to many valuable uses— taking the place of wool with equal utility and
at not more than one-tliird of its cost— and of cotton, in those fabrics in




Cottonized Flax— Fibrilia.

687

which it is combined with other textile substances, with equal advantage
and at a very large reduction on the cost o f cotton. When, however, the
flax fiber is subjected to a second blowing process, it is found to be
minutely subdivided in a natural manner into its ultimate or component
fibers, which are ascertained to be of the length of from one and a half to
two inches. B y means o f a simple and economical process, applied by
the inventor, the comminuted fiber is bleached, any remaining gum is re­
moved, and it is reduced to a condition in which it can be made capable of
being spun alone, in the same manner as cotton. Although experiments
on a large scale, in this respect, have not yet been made, there remains
little doubt that, with some'slight modifications o f machinery, which expe­
rience andingenuity will easily supply, this cottonized flax can and will be
used and spun by itself, in the same manner as ordinary cotton, while by
this process it can be manufactured at half the cost of cotton.
For textile and felting purposes, in combination with wool and cotton,
or with both, and especially as a substitute for wool, its value and great
economy are already established, and for all such combination purposes
it cannot fail henceforth to come into extensive use. Specimens of felted
cloth, half wool and half flax ; o f stockings in the like proportions ; o f
felt hats, one-third flax and two-thirds wool, and other fabrics are ex­
hibited. Thread or spun goods cloth are being made, all o f which
articles manufacturers pronounce to be improved by the admixture o f
flax, but, as first samples, are greatly inferior in quality, they say, to what
will be produced.
One peculiar advantage o f the L y m a n process is, that by means o f it
no single particle o f the fiber is wasted or becomes refuse; but every
part is equally valuable for the highest uses. B y this process, moreover,
the fiber o f hemp can be made equally available with flax ; and it is
specially adapted to the treatment o f jute and numerous other fibrous
plants in like manner.
The first application o f this most ingenious invention has been to the
disintegration o f fibrous material, and its conversion into paper stock, for
which uses it bids fair to supersede, in economy o f production, any ex­
isting agency. In the treatment o f the hemp plant for this purpose its
results are most striking. But its future value to the manufacturing com­
munity will be chiefly in the economical preparation o f flax for textile
purposes. To the agriculturist it presents a powerful inducement for
turning to profitable account the vast area o f western lands specially
adapted to the growth o f flax and hem p; wThile it furnishes facilities for
utilizing the many thousands o f tons of flax straw which heretofore have
been, and still are, left as useless to rot upon the ground, after the removal
of the seed.
The cost o f the apparatus for working L y m a n ’ s process is very incon­
siderable, when contrasted with its produce; while hardly any skilled
labor is required. A battery o f three guns, o f the contents o f forty
cubic feet each gun, with steam boiler, tubing, &c., can be set up for a
cost in all not exceeding $6,000. In Illinois and Ohio, whose soil is
specially adapted to the culture o f flax and hemp, coal costs not more
than two, in many places but one dollar per ton. The shove, or boon of
the flax will furnish a large portion o f the fuel for working flax. Farmers
in Illinois will contract to deliver hemp, with the seed on it, at $5, or
before the seed ripens, at $3 to $4 per ton; and flax can be had abun­




688

Cottonized Flax— Fibrilia.

dantly, we learn, at $6 the ton. In the use of hemp for paper stock the
woody part or shove is equally valuable with the fiber; and from accu­
rate trials made it is ascertained that a ton of hemp o f 2,000 lbs. will
yield 56 per cent., or 1,120 lbs. o f bleached paper stock. Each gun is
capable of blowing 14,000 lbs. of hemp, producing 7,840 lbs. bleached
fiber per day of 20 hours.
O f flax it is found that one ton of 2,240 lbs. yields 324 lbs. of pure
bleached fiber, and a large proportion of material for fuel. Hemp or flax
requires to be in the gun only from five to six minutes, and two minutes
suffice for loading. This admits of eight and a half charges per h our;
seven may be safely counted on.
From results already obtained a bleached paper stock, from hemp, ready
to be run off into paper, can be produced at a cost not exceeding three
cents per lb., worth fully seven or eight cents, and which can, at a further
cost of not more than one cent, be converted into paper o f different
qualities, worth, on an average, not less than twelve cents the lb. The
manufacture already, to a considerable extent, of paper from the cane
reed, shows results nearly if not equally as promising as those from hemp.
It is, however, in the application o f the process in question to the pre­
paration of flax, hemp and other fibrous plants for textile purposes, as a
substitute for or supplement to cotton and wool, that it is, af, the present
time, especially interesting. The L y m a n process, at once simple and
economical, and acting on fibrous plants in a manner peculiar to their
natural construction, by one stroke, supersedes the laborious, tedious and
expensive processes o f disintegration heretofore in use. It is this which
gives to it its peculiar character and value; and destines it to fill a highly
important function in the economy o f one of the most valuable and es­
sential branches of human industry.
In view of the lamentable political disturbances which now agitate this
country, and of their disastrous consequences to the manufacturing in­
dustry o f Europe as well as America, it is not easy to over-estimate the
importance of the application o f such inventions as the one in question
to the development o f a substitute for cotton. The uncertainty of the
duration o f the impending civil wrar which already carries dismay to many
a humble home on the other as well as on this side o f the Atlantic, and
the prospect o f a very great diminution, or indefinite interruption of the
supply of an article of such prime necessity as cotton, furnish the most
powerful stimulus to the discovery no less o f other sources of supply,
than o f some other suitable textile material which may serve as a substi­
tute for it.
Let it be remembered that cotton owes its vaunted sovereignty as
much to the ingenuity o f W h it n e y , as to the peculiar fertility of Southern
soils. Contrast its history since the discovery of the cotton gin with
that of the preceding period, and the extent of its obligation to that in­
vention is manifest. It requires but the application of mechanical inge­
nuity to the treatment of flax, a jflant indigenous to almost every soil and
climate, to adapt it to all the practical utilities o f the cotton plant. This
desideratum we believe to be substantially supplied by the simple and
efficacious invention o f Mr. L y m a n ; and it can hardly be doubted that
in an age remarkable for mechanical ingenuity, any requisite supplemen­
tary appliances will be forthcoming in the progress o f this new and most
interesting branch o f industry.




Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.

689

ANCIENT COMMERCIAL CI TI ES OF THE LOW COUNTRIES.
By E.

H asket D erby ,

of Boston.

T he cities o f Flanders and Holland had risen by commerce and manufac­
tures to opulence and splendor when the greater part o f Europe was im­
mersed in barbarism. Elegant structures for city halls, palaces and
bourses still exist which were erected before the United States were
planted. Structures alike remarkable for their material and architecture,
built at a period when the buildings in Great Britain, with the excep­
tion of the castles o f the nobility and religious edifices, were composed
o f frame work filled in with clay, and often thatched with straw.
A largo portion of these populous districts had been fenced in and re­
claimed from the German Ocean, and their soil cultivated until it became
a garden. Here were collected the whale oil and herrings of the North
Sea, the wheat, furs, lumber and naval stores o f the Baltic, the wine and
salt of France, the wool and tin o f Great Britain, the silks of Italy and
the spices o f the East.
Navigation was conducted by short summer voyages, and Flanders was
a convenient resting place between the Baltic and Mediterranean.
Before the route around the Cape of Good Hope was opened, the spices
and luxuries of India were imported into Flanders from the eastern shores
of the Mediterranean. These were enhanced in value by two tedious
voyages and one or more journeys by land, and the profits and risks of
several adventures. Some idea o f the risks, expenses and profits of these
undertakings may be formed from the following table o f the cost of in­
voices of East Indian commodities landed in the commercial cities of
Flanders just after the opening o f the East Indian trade around the Cape
of Good H o p e :
IMPORTS.

600,000 lbs. pepper reduced from 2s.
at Aleppo to
2)d. in India.
((
“ 4s. 9d.
450,000 “ cloves
9d.
It
“ 12s.
8s.
1,000,000 “ raw silk “
“
“
2s. 4d.
4d.
400,000 “ nutmegs “
“ 4s. 4d.
350,000 “ indigo
“
Is. 2d.
II
“
4s. 9d.
150,000 “ mace
“
8d.
Or,
£ 1,468,000 reduced to £ 511,458.

Under a mild form o f government the Flemish provinces embarked
early in commerce, established an extensive fishery for herring on the
coast of England, opened the whale fishery, built ships and established
marts of commerce. Since the palmy days o f this commerce, these
States have been the seat o f devastating wars. There has been a fierce
struggle between the Inquisition and the Protestant faith; opulent cities
have been beseiged and taken ; dykes have been broken and the ocean
admitted to drown the invader; harbors have been closed and new ports
and marts have risen to distinction; but commerce and wealth have left
lasting memorials which have survived intolerance and oppression, and
do not fail to interest the modern traveller,
von. x l i v .— n o . vi.
44




690

Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.
BRUGES.

Bruges liad become an important city as early as the seventh century,
and became still more conspicuous under C h a r l e m a g n e .
From the ninth to the fifteenth century it was the capital and residence
o f the counts of Flanders, who allowed their subjects great privileges and
very liberal institutions, and the restless spirit o f freedom distinguished
the Flemings.
During the days o f chivalry it attained to great opulence and splendor.
So rich had it grown under the counts of Flanders, that one of its mer­
chants became security for the ransom of the last count o f the race in the
sum of 400,000 crowns.
From these counts it passed to the Duke of Burgundy, and contributed
largely to the wealth o f its sovereign, the splendor of whose court sur­
passed that of all Europe at that period. W hen the queen o f P h il l ip lk
b e l , o f France, visited Bruges, she reported that she found there hundreds
o f ladies looking more like queens than herself.
Here was instituted the order o f the Golden Fleece, which derived its
name from the great staple of manufactures and commerce. In 1385
Bruges was at the zenith of its fam e; it had attracted mercantile firms
from Lubeek, Hamburg, Bremen, Cologne and Dantzic, from England,
Holland, Denmark, Sweden, France, Portugal and Spain, and became the
emporium o f English trade, and the centre of the commerce o f Christen­
dom ; connected with Ostend by a ship canal, navigable by vessels o f the
largest class, and having Sluys for a harbor, located a sufficient distance
from the sea to avoid the inroads o f the Danes and Normans ; it became
the entrepot o f the herring fishery and the seat o f the manufacture of
carpeting and linen, and more renowned for its wealth than any city
which had preceded it in Northern Europe.
Its prosperity ended with its transfer to Austria, to which it passed
upon the marriage o f M a r y , the heiress o f the Duke C h a r l e s , with the
Duke M a x im il ia n .
Having revolted from him in 1482, upon his refusal to grant it the
guardianship of his son, its port o f Sluys was closed by its Austrian mas­
ter ; its commerce at once declined and was soon transferred to the rising
city of Antwerp.
During its prosperous days the Italians sent silks and spices here in
large vessels. But the vessels in general use were o f less size and value,
for in 1470 seven Spanish vessels bound to this port were taken and car­
ried into England. Their tonnage varried from 40 to 120 tons, and they
were valued at thirty shillings per ton, from which we may form some idea
o f the value o f money at this period.
I f we may judge from a treaty concluded in 1470, between the Arch
Duke of Austria and E d w a r d IY . o f England, his subjects had begun to
display that sharpness in trade which they still occasionally exhibit; for
the 12th article of the treaty provides that the English companies shall
not direct their agents at the great fairs to defer the purchase o f goods
of the Netherlands until the close o f the market, when the Netlierlanders,
in their anxiety to get home, sell out at a reduced price, o f which there
had been great complaint in previous years. Article 13th provides, also,
that they shall discontinue the practice o f buying by the king’s beam and




Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.

691

selling by private weights, which last we presume sometimes fell a little
below the standard.
Bruges was almost destroyed by the cruel Duke o f A l v a , but its canals
and island quays, its fifty-four bridges, many o f its public edifices and
stately warehouses still remain to attest its ancient grandeur, although
its population has dwindled to less than 50,000.

GHENT —

German,

gent—

English, GLOVE.

This very ancient city still contains 90,000 people, and is nearly eight
miles in circuit, although many fields and gardens are within the area.
It was the birth place o f C h a r l e s V., and in former times so much larger
than the capital o f France that C h a r l e s used to say he could put Paris in
his glove.
It was also the birth place of J ohn o f Gaunt, S h a k s p e a r e ’ s time-honored
L a n c a s t e r , the son of E d w a r d III. o f England.
Although an inland city, distant twenty miles from the sea, it was situ­
ated on the Lys and near the Scheldt, navigable to the sea, and, like
Venice, divided into many islands, most o f which have magnificent
quays.
It contained seventy bridges and an immense cathedral, lined with
black marble, and sustained and embellished by pillars o f white Italian
marble. It contained, also, many magnificent warehouses and public and
private edifices, some o f which are still standing.
Its cathedral dates back to 1228, and the Grand Beguinage, held by
600 recluses or nuns, who are not bound by any vow o f seclusion, and
devote themselves to the sick and needy, originated in 1234.
Flanders was at this early day traversed by many canals, and Ghent,
by its ship canal to the Scheldt, was accessible to ships drawing 18 feet of
water. Ghent was celebrated for its manufactures o f cloth, linen and
muslins.
In the sixteenth century it is reported to have held 175,000 people,
and V o l t a ir e states in his history o f Europe that in 1468 there were in
Ghent 50,000 artisans.
Even in modern times, while annexed to France, N a p o l e o n regarded it
as the third manufacturing city in his empire, ranking next to Lyons
and Rouen.
Ghent passed, with Bruges and the fertile and rich counties o f Flanders,
to Burgundy and to Austria, and suffered from the successive wars which
desolated the Garden o f Europe. Having enjoyed great freedom under
the mild sway of the counts o f Flanders, it was restless under its new ar­
bitrary and less intelligent masters.
In 1839 it was taken after a revolt by C h arles V. Again, in 1678, it
was captured by Louis X IV ., afterwards, in 1706, by the Duke o f Marl­
borough, and finally, in 1796, by the revolutionary armies o f France.
It is remarkable that so much of its commerce and manufactures, and
so many elegant structures as still exist, should have survived its misfor­
tunes.
As illustrative o f its former commerce we may add, that in 1468 no
less than one hundred and fifty vessels arrived in a single day at its port
o f Sluys.




692

Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.

No city in Christendom, says E r a sm u s , was to be compared to Ghent
for extent, constitution, or the culture o f its artisans.
Its drawbridges were raised daily, and bells rung to suspend business
while the armies of artisans went to and from their labors. It was sur­
rounded by walls whose circuit was nine miles, and could bring into the
field more than 60,000 soldiers. It was a republic in all but name.

BRUSSELS.

Brussels, one of the most ancient cities of the Province o f Brabant, and
now the capital of Belgium, forms an amphitheatre upon the bank of
the Senne, a mere rivulet of thirty feet in width.
This flourishing inland city still retains an hundred thousand inhabi­
tants and several cathedrals, which were erected in the eleventh and
twelfth centuries, and the city itself was founded as early as the seventh
century.
It grew under popular institutions. As early as the thirteenth century
it adopted the trial by jury.
It flourished under the Duke o f B u r g u n d y , and under various sove­
reigns has been embellished by magnificent churches, hospitals, a savings
bank with large deposits, boulevards, canals and railways, a theatre, col­
lege, academy, picture-gallery and observatory.
I t w a s o n c e d is tin g u is h e d f o r its m a n u fa c tu r e s, b u t w a s c h e c k e d in its
p r o s p e r it y b y t h e D u k e o f A l v a .

In
“
“
“

1695 it was b o m b a rd e d b y Marshal V il l e r o y .
1 706
“
taken b y the Duke o f M a r l b o r o u g h .
1746 “
“
Marshal S a x e .

1794

“

“

France.

LIEGE.

In the seventh century Liege was known as the village o f Legia, lying
on the navigable waters o f the Maese, and near the centre o f a coal field
fifteen miles in length and five in w id th ; it soon began to expand, and,
erecting a cathedral in the eighth century, became a bishopric.
As it continued to expand its bishops became princes. Its burghers,
however, were always imbued with ah intense love for their popular in­
stitutions, under which they grew and prospered until its population, in
the fifteenth century, rose to 120,000, from which it gradually declined,
under a less liberal government and successive wars, to one-half that
number in 1838, but is now gradually recovering under the constitutional
government of the King o f Belgium.
Liege has been distinguished for its extensive coal trade and manufac­
ture o f iron, copper, alum and sulphur, and for many years has annually
produced two hundred thousand muskets, fowling-pieces and other fire­
arms, and five hundred pieces o f cannon. It is, in fact, one o f the chief
arsenals of Europe.
In modern times the ancient palace o f the Prince Bishops has been
devoted to the manufacture o f steam engines, by Messrs. C o c k e r e l l , o f
England, who employed there sixty steam-engines and twenty-two




Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.

693

hundred operators. A strange transition, from the elegant and festive
entertainments of the founders o f the palace.
Liege is connected with the great canal and railway system of Belgium,
and the banks of the Maose are lined by a commodious quay for the
vessels which navigate that river.
In 1 4 0 8 Liege was taken by C h a r l e s the Bold o f Burgundy, and in
modern times has been annexed to Belgium.

LISLE OR LILLE.

This city, once a part o f Flanders, was founded A. D. 640, and flour­
ished under the liberal sway of the counts of Flanders, who seem to
have early discovered that commerce, manufactures and wealth were best
promoted by liberal charters, and to have allowed their growing cities to
establish systems of self-government.
Lisle had risen to great importance, when it was besieged and taken in 16 67
by Louis X IV ., and annexed to France. After a lapse of forty-one years
it was recaptured from France by the Duke of M a r l b o r o u g h , but at the
treaty of peace reverted to France, and remains one o f the few permanent
acquisitions from the costly wars of her great monarch.
In 1836 Lisle contained 72,000 people. Its ancient manufacture of
laces, velvets, serges and linen still survive, and to these have been added
cotton and beet sugar.
It has an active commerce by canal and railway.

LOUVAIN.

This city, which now forms a portion of Belgium, was in ancient times
a celebrated city of Brabant, and subsequently o f Burgundy. During
the fourteenth century its manufactures of linen and wool rose to such a
height o f prosperity that it is reported to have held 150,000 artisans ; and
although this tradition has been questioned, the great extent of its ram­
parts, now converted into boulevards seven miles in circuit, attest its
former grandeur. It is accessible to vessels o f 150 tons burthen, by a
canal which communicates with the Scheldt, and contains an university
o f great celebrity, to which are attached no less than forty colleges.
Having revolted from the Duke o f B r a b a n t , near the close o f the four­
teenth century, it sustained losses from which it has never recovered.

ANTWERP— ANVERS.

In 1444, while P h il ip the Good was Duke o f Burgundy, an English
company of merchants, under the name of the English nation, removed
from Middleburg to Antwerp. It possessed then but six small vessels,
all engaged in the navigation o f the Scheldt; but, under the impulse given
by this large body o f merchants, houses rose in value, navigation in­
creased, and the rising city soon expanded its commerce and manufac­
tures, and when C h a r l e s the Bold succeeded P h il ip , Burgundy had be­
come a match for France, both from its vast trade in linens and woollens,
the extent of its populous and fertile country, and the growth of Bruges,
Ghent and Antwerp.




694

Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.

In 1504 the city of Antwerp had acquired great celebrity from its free
fairs, each o f which lasted six weeks, attracted merchants from all parts
of Christendom, who came there with their goods, custom free.
Portugal sent also to this mart, as to a midway station, the spices and
drugs o f the Indies. It grew, also, upon the decay o f Bruges, after the
closing of its port; having, at low tide, a depth o f thirty-two feet of
water and easy navigation to the sea.
In 1514 it was encircled by a new wall, in consequence o f its growth.
Iu 1518 six Venetian galeasses, laden with drugs and spices, arrived
there to supply a single fair.
The religious persecution in Germany under C h a r l e s V., the intolerance
o f H e n r y II., in France, and o f M a r y , in England, forced many enter­
prising merchants and skilled artisans to leave their homes, and led them
to settle in Antwerp. A liberal^ policy drew thither a concourse o f mer­
chants from all parts o f Europe.
In 1550, history informs us that a house in Channel Row, W est­
minster, London, within the precincts o f the court o f E d w a r d VI.,
rented to the comptroller o f the king’s household for the low rate o f
thirty shillings per annum, in consequence of the small commerce and
manufactures o f England. In the same year four thousand houses were
erected in Antwerp, upon the decision of C h a r l e s V. not to introduce
the Inquisition into that c ity ; he was deterred from doing this because
the English merchant adventurers, who employed 20,000 people in Ant­
werp and 30,000 more in other parts of the Netherlands, threatened that
they would leave the country. A t this time Antwerp was in its zenith.
The Scheldt often contained 2,500 vessels; its exchange, still standing a
few years since, often contained 5,000 merchants, one of whom is reputed
to have entertained C h a r l e s V . by burning his bond in a fire o f cinnamon,
and another to have expended 130,000 gold crowns upon a banquet
to P h il ip II. Antwerp surpassed all the cities of Europe, except Paris,
in wealth and power, and had become the mart o f the North, if not of
Christendom.
The historian G u ic c ia r d in i , in his description o f Antwerp and the
Netherlands, in 1560, observes, that here are resident merchants of Ger­
many and Denmark, the Easterlings, Italians and Portuguese. They
meet here each day, at the English bourse, and twice at the new bourse,
and deal there for bills o f exchange or deposits and loans, at 12 per
cent. F u g g e r , one o f these foreign merchants, died there, worth six
millions o f crowns ; many w'ere worth 200,000 to 400,000 crowns.
Such merchants gave long credits to Italy and Spain, and drove the
English and other foreigners out o f the trade. They imported also large
quantities o f grain, metals, timber, naval stores, salted meats and amber,
from Denmark, Sweden, Eastland and Poland.
From Germany they drew copper, wool, glass, quicksilver, and 40,000
tuns of Rhenish wines, together w orth two millions o f crowns.
From England they imported wool worth 250,000 crowns, and 200,000
pieces o f drapery, worth, unfinished, twelve millions o f crowns.
From Italy they received, in gold and silver thread, silks, camlets and
other stuffs, goods to the amount of three millions of crowns.
France sent to Antwerp 40,000 tuns o f wine, worth 1,000,000 of
crowns, at the low estimate o f five pence per gallon. France also furnished




Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.

695

salt worth 181,000 crowns, and wood to the amount o f 300,000 crowns,
and other merchandise.
A t this time the Netherlands sent 700 busses to the herring fishery, on
the coast of England, which returned 588,000 barrels o f herring, worth
1,400,000 crowns.
“ This country,” says the historian, “ has no vines, but plenty o f wine; no
flax, hut makes the best linen; no wool, but infinite quantities of the
best cloth. Diligence, vigilance, valor and frugality were indigenous,
hut were freely communicated to all who came there.”
Antwerp tottered to its fall under the cruel policy o f P h il ip II., and
was sacrificed by his religious intolerance. In 1567 the Duke o f A l v a
entered the Netherlands with his Spanish infantry, trained in the wars o f
C h a r l e s V . Commerce left at his approach, and nearly 100,000 people
fled in a brief space from Antwerp and its environs, many of whom settled
in England, and transferred to that rising nation their wealth and manu­
factures.
In 1576 Antwerp was sacked by the French. In 1585 it was captured
by the Prince o f Parma; and in 1648, at the close o f the long struggle
between France and Spain, which lasted more than eighty years, and
cost Spain more than 1,500,000,000 ducats, Holland dictated the terms
o f peace ; and out of regard for the new city of Amsterdam, closed the
foreign port of Antwerp by the treaty o f Westphalia.
For many years its harbor continued closed, hut after it came into the
possession o f France, N a p o l e o n appreciated its admirable position, and
removed the impediments to its navigation, excavated twenty-four acres
for docks and basins for ships of the line, and constructed large depots
and quays, which, although intended for a navy, are now devoted to the
peaceful pursuits of commerce.
Antwerp is now the chief seaport of Belgium, and still retains, in its
churches, palaces and public edifices and paintings, many memorials of
its ancient splendor.
THE HAGUE— LA HAYE.
THE COUNT’ S MEADOW.

W e pass now from Belgium into Holland, a country nearly level, and
in great part reclaimed from the sea, nearly destitute o f coal, limestone
and metals, and obliged to maintain a constant struggle with the German
Ocean, whose seaports are closed by ice a large part o f the year.
The Hague, now a city o f sixty thousand people, is situate upon a
branch of a canal between Leyden and Rotterdam, and at the distance o f
thirteen miles from the former and ten miles from the latter city. It
was the ancient residence o f the feudal lord o f Holland, and in modem
times has been the residence o f the court, to which it principally owes its
importance, its trade finding an outlet by Delft and Rotterdam, both in
close proximity.
It contains many ancient structures, among them the National Museum,
once the palace o f Prince M a u r ic e , and the Bernenhof, an ancient
Gothic building, once the palace o f the counts o f Holland, and subse­
quently the prison o f G r o t iu s .
Its principal business is still the manufacture o f books and porcelain.




696

Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.
LEYDEN.

This city, built upon the old Rhino, is o f very ancient origin. Its
church o f St. P e t e r , one o f the finest religious edifices o f Holland, was
commenced in 1321.
In 1574 it was besieged by the Spanish General V a l d e z , but its citi­
zens determined to die rather than submit to the blind and brutal despot­
ism of Spain, and after a heroic resistance, which cost the Spanish many
lives and contributed to the defence o f all Holland, the dikes were cut
and the ocean permitted to inundate the land. The forces of the Span­
iards were broken by a squadron o f armed boats which relieved the city.
As a reward for this gallant defence, W il l ia m , Prince o f Orange,
founded here a university, which afterwards acquired great celebrity.
The city for a century and a half was distinguished for its learning, its
Elzevir editions o f the classics and for the manufacture o f cloth.
Its population rose to 100,000, but since the French revolution, has
declined to less than half that number.
Leyden is superior in population to Htrecht, where the Dutch confed­
eracy was formed, and where there is also an ancient but less celebrated
university.

DELFT.

This ancient town, which lies between the Hague and Rotterdam, and
within four miles o f the latter city, was founded in 1074, and was long
renowned for the manufacture o f porcelain, cloths and carpets. Its porce­
lain was carried to all parts o f the world b y Dutch commerce until the
cheaper wares o f England gained a preference.
Its population is now but 15,000, and its modern expansion is in the
almost contiguous seaport of Rotterdam, the second city of Holland.

ROTTERDAM.

This city, on the Maese, the chief outlet o f the Rhine, contains not far
from 100,000 people, and, with the adjacent cities of Leyden, the Hague
and Delft, may be rated at twice that number. It forms the principal
mart for the products and commerce of the Rhine.
Its church o f St. L a w r e n c e dates back to 1412. It was the birthplace
o f E ra sm u s , and has been one o f the seats of the Dutch commerce with
the East, still retaining its India house, but it is much indebted to modern
commerce for its importance.
It is largely engaged in the importation and manufacture o f tobacco
and sugar, and has large distilleries.
Rotterdam has much foreign commerce, and lines o f steamers upon the
Rhine and to the seaports o f Great Britain.
Its principal quay upon the river is thronged with shipping, and from
this, streets, with canals in their centres, lined by masts and fringed by
trees, extend at right angles; and on these streets are the stately residences
of the merchants; each house has its warehouse in the rear, and the house
combines the counting-room with the dwelling.




Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.

697

AM STERDAM .

AMSTEL, THE DAM OF THE AMSTER.

In 1578 the Netherlands united in resisting the intolerance o f Spain.
In the succeeding year the Prince of Parma reduced the principal part of
Belgium ; and the seven provinces o f Holland, which contained less than
fourteen thousand square miles— a country less in size and population than
the States of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island— a territory
principally reclaimed from the German Ocean, formed a federal union to
resist the power o f Spain, then the most powerful nation of the world,
and, after a struggle o f eighty years, achieved their independence and
placed Holland at the head o f commercial nations.
Amsterdam, the chief city o f the seven provinces, rose from insignifi­
cance during this struggle.
In 1342, when W i l l i a m IIL, Earl o f Holland, began to adorn it, this
city consisted o f a castle, encircled by the huts o f a few fishermen. In
1370 it joined the Hanseatic League, and in 1399 received a charter of
privileges from Earl A l b e r t , which formed the basis of its future growth.
In 1400 the sea made an inlet into the Texel, and the fisheries having
failed in the Baltic, the trade o f that sea began to centre in this port, and
to exchange hemp, iron and timber for salt and herring.
Amsterdam continued to pursue the Baltic trade and herring fishery
until the war with Spain, and the struggle for civil and religious liberty
infused into it new vigor. A t the commencement o f the struggle the
Duke of Alva expelled the Protestants and-confided the government to the
Catholics, l>ut its hardy mariners, reared in the fisheries, and rocked by
the boisterous waves of the Baltic, now threw off their allegiance to Spain,
and found themselves able to cope with her upon the ocean, and draw
from the deep the means o f resisting her well-disciplined armies, backed,
as they were, by the wealth o f Mexico, Peru and the Indies. And in
1603, after the struggle had lasted a quarter of a century, Sir W a l t e r
R a l e i o i i laid before King J a m e s the following statement o f facts, to which
he ascribes the success which had enabled Holland, and more especially
her chief city, to carry away the trade o f the w orld:
Is*. The privileges they confer upon foreigners.
2d. Their extensive magazines, competent to supply all nations in time
o f scarcity.
3d. Their low tariffs.
4 th. Their large ships, great carriers, and navigated by few hands.
5th. Their prodigious fishery.
Amsterdam, he observes, has always in store seven hundred thousand
quarters o f grain, and a dearth for one year enriches her for seven. In
the last dearth she took £2,200,000 from England. Holland, he adds,
sends to us annually six hundred ships, and we send in return but fifty.
She exports to northern seaports 100,000 lasts o f herrings, and large
quantities in addition to the Mediterranean, (by a low estimate, 1,300,000
barrels,) and these are taken on the coast o f England.
The corn grows in the east countries in Poland and Livonia ; yet the
great storehouses for Christendom in dearth are in the Low Countries.
The mighty store of wine and salt are in France and Spain, but the
great vintage of wine and staple o f salt are in the Low Countries, and




698

Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.

they send one thousand sail laden with wine and salt into the East Coun­
tries.
The exceeding great groves o f wood are in the east countries, chiefly
within the Baltic, but the large piles o f wainscot clapboards, deal, masts
and other timber, are in the Low Countries, where none groweth.
The wool, cloth, lead, tin and divers other commodities are in Eng­
land, but by means of our wool and our cloth going out rough and un­
dressed and undyed, there is an exceeding manufacturing o f drapery in
the Low Countries, wherewith they serve themselves and other nations,
and greatly advance the employment of their people and traffic, and,
in proportion, suppress ours. W e send into the East Countries but one
hundred ships, but the Low Countries send thither about three thousand
ships. They send into Spain, France, Portugal and Italy about two
thousand ships with those East Country commodities, and we none that
course. The Low Countries have as many ships and vessels as eleven
kingdoms of Christendom, let England be one.
They build every year one thousand ships, although all their native
commodities do not require one hundred to carry them at o n ce ; yet
our ships and mariners decline, and traffic and merchants daily decay.
The history of Holland, and the comments o f the great statesman
and warrior of England disclose the remarkable fact, that a small but
hardy republic, recoiling from oppression and servitude, and struggling
for existence with the greatest power which had been established in
Europe since the days o f C h a r l e m a g n e , had, in the brief space of onequarter o f a century, by adopting liberal institutions and low tariffs, and
attracting to it the outcasts of Flanders, launching boldly into Jhe fisheries
and commerce, made itself the most commercial nation o f the world, and
established a vast trade, most o f which centered in Amsterdam.
W e cite two o f the mottoes o f Holland at this period :
“ Per mare pauperiem fugiens per saxa per ignes.”
“ Duris urgens in rebus egestas.”
In 1602 the Dutch East India Company was formed from several small
societies, with a capital o f 6,449,211 guilders, o f which three-fifths were
held at Amsterdam.
The company was successful.
In 1603 it divided.............................................................. 15 per cent.
In 1605
“
15
“
In 1606
“
75
“
In 1607
“
75
In 1 6 0 5 P h il ip II. prohibited Holland from trading with Spain and
the Indies, but this inspired the Dutch with resolution and diligence, and
they at once despatched nineteen armed ships, which captured Ambogna
and Molucca, Java, Ceylon, the coast of Malabar and Coromandel, and
established posts from Batavia and Japan, and defeated the Spanish and
Portuguese in several naval engagements.
In 1609 Spain, exhausted by the contest, was obliged to acquiesce in
a twelve years truce.
In 1608, the year preceding the truce, and in 1609, two events occurred
of great interest to Amsterdam and to the commercial world.
H e n d r ik H u d so n discovered the Hudson River, and laid the foundation
for a new Amsterdam in America, where civil and religious liberty and a




Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.

699

flourishing commerce were soon established— a city which, like A m ­
sterdam itself, was slow to join the new republic of the United States, hut
which, with the advantages o f that union for the last three-quarters o f a
century, has grown with even more rapidity than its prototype, and which,
in the coming century, if true to itself while pursuing its onward course,
and frowning down misrule, and preventing liberty from degenerating
into licentiousness or secession, bids fair to attain to a height never
reached by any other commercial city. In the same year was founded
the great Bank o f Amsterdam, the first bank o f Northern Europe.
Large payments in silver were found inconvenient and gold hazardous,
and this led to the establishment of a bank where transferable credits
soon rose to an agio o f five per cent.
Ten guilders were charged for the privilege of opening an account, and
one stiver for each payment.
This bank acquired great celebrity, and contributed to the growth and
power of Amsterdam for one hundred and eighty-eight years, until its
discontinuance upon the French revolution in 1796.
In 1636 the Dutch W est India Company, in which Amsterdam was
largely interested, occupied the coast of Brazil, and in the course of thir­
teen years captured four hundred and ninety sail of vessels from Portugal,
of which the King o f Spain was then the sovereign, and in the same pe­
riod this company sent eighteen hundred sail to the coast of Brazil.
The East India Company was still more successful.
From 1605 to 1728 its dividends ranged from 12-J-to 78 per cent., aver­
aging more than 24 per cent, per annum, and in the course o f one hun­
dred and twenty-four years it divided 2,784-J- per cent., or more than eightyseven millions of dollars upon its original capital, beside large sums
expended for the construction of ships and for renewal o f charters, and
large estates acquired by the officers and agents o f the company.
After the peace of 1648 Amsterdam embarked largely in the Northern
whale fishery, and in the space o f forty-six years despatched 5,886 ships
in pursuit of whales, which captured 32,907 whales, o f the average value
of £500 each. The aggregate amount o f their returns was $78,000,000,
and the average number o f ships engaged annually in this branch of com­
merce was one hundred and twenty-five, taking each from five to six
whales annually. Such was the expansion o f the commerce o f Holland, in
which Amsterdam took the lead— a commerce conducted under a system
o f short credit— that in 1690 Sir W il l ia m P e t t y estimated the entire
tonnage o f Europe at 2,000,000 of tons, 900,000 of which, or nearly
one-half, was owned by Holland.
In 1666 took place the great naval contest between Holland and Eng­
land, in which Admiral D e R u y t e k sunk twenty-three English ships.
A severe struggle for naval ascendancy took place between Holland
and England. These two nations had at sea three hundred large ships,
of which some were ships o f the line, and this occurred at a time when
Louis X IY . had but fourteen ships o f war; and although England at length
gained the ascendancy, there was a period when V a n T e o m p is reported to
have swept the British Channel with a broom at his masthead, and Hol­
land did not succumb until she had felt the combined strength of France
and England.
Amsterdam was ever the refuge o f the oppressed o f all nations. Hol­
land allowed a stipend to clergy o f all denominations, and her people




700

Ancient Commercial Cities o f the Low Countries.

were distinguished for piety and respect for religion. Schools and col­
leges were encouraged, and her children, in the ratio of one in eight o f the
population, were constantly attending sch ool; and at a time when intol­
erance prevailed in other nations, their Protestant subjects sought the
light o f the reformation— the aid of the printing press— the security of
private rights and freedom o f commerce in the City o f Amsterdam. And
this city, although checked by the desolating wars o f Louis X IV ., in the
Low Countries, and the exhausting wars of the Duke o f M a r l b o r o u g h , and
the seven years’ war o f F r e d e r i c k the Great, in which Holland reluctantly
became involved, was, during the seventeenth and the first half of the
eighteenth century, the metropolis o f the commercial world, and in 1785
had attained to a population of 235,000.
Under the Freneh occupation it declined one-fifth, to 180,000, in 1814,
but has since recovered, and in 1838 contained 26,000 houses, and has in
modern times been connected with the German Ocean by a canal to the
Helder, 125 feet in width, 20 feet deep and 50 miles in length, one of the
great achievements o f the age, and made at a cost o f nearly five millions
o f dollars.
This great city, built upon a marsh, in a country nearly destitute of
limestone, coal and pure water, resting on piles, or, as the Dutch express
it, upon herring bones, in allusion to the pursuits of its founders, at a dis­
tance from the sea, and accessible from it in former days by an intricate
navigation, barred by the ice a quarter o f the year, is a remarkable instance
of what enterprise, sagacity, frugality, perseverance and piety can ac­
complish under free institutions durhig a period when the greater part
of Europe was subject to superstition, serfdom and feudal institutions and
restrictions of the dark ages.
Holland, by her untiring industry, had converted her standing pools
and marshes into fat meadows, covered her wastes with rich verdure, and
made her deserts bloom ; she had enriched her cities by commerce, but
could not escape the convulsions o f Europe.
And during her subjugation she felt the power o f England, whose ship­
ping and naval power had at length risen above that of Holland.
Her ships and colonies were taken, her commerce annihilated, and
many o f her ports effectually sealed.
But with peace she recovered her most important colonies, revived her
trade and utilized her wealth, which had remained concealed or been in­
vested in Great Britain or Am erica; but she found herself when severed
from Belgium under a debt o f eight hundred and fifty millions o f dollars,
to be borne by less than two and a half millions of people, but it was due
principally to the inhabitants o f Holland, and they hold also a large
amount of both French, English, Austrian and American securities.
The debt o f Holland, which was at least $350 for each inhabitant, has
been a severe burden; she has, however, with great punctuality and hon­
esty, met the interest and is extinguishing the principal.
By monopolizing the coffee o f Java, and, to some extent, the spices of
the Moluccas, and by encouraging the culture of coffee, she has created
an Indian revenue which, within the last twenty years, has cancelled
nearly one-third the debt of Holland, and in twenty years more she bids
fair to wipe out entirely this debt, and to build up abroad a revenue suf­
ficient to relieve the patient Hollander from the ordinary burden of gov­
ernment. Courage, patience, perseverance and honesty will meet with
the ultimate reward to which they arc entitled.




Journal o f Mining, Manufactures and the Arts.

701

JOURNAL OF MINING, MANUFACTURES AND THE ARTS.

THE COPPER INTEREST OF MICHIGAN.
T h is great interest o f Michigan was first brought into public notice b y
the enormous speculations and the mad fever of 1845. The large spur of
country which projects far out into the lake, having its base resting on a
line drawn across from L’Anse Bay to Ontonagon, and the Porcupine Moun­
tains for its spine, became the El Dorado of all copperdom o f that day.
In this year the first active operations were commenced at the Cliff mine,
just back of Eagle River harbor. Three years later, in 1848, work was
undertaken at the Minnesota, some fifteen miles back from the lake at
Ontonagon.
It is scarcely ten years that mining has been properly commenced in
that remote region. A t that time it was difficult, on account o f the
rapids o f St. Mary’s River, to approach it by water with large craft.
Being more than a thousand miles distant from the centre of the Union,
destitute of all the requirements for the development o f mines, every tool,
every part of machinery, every mouthful of provision had to be hauled
over the rapids, boated along the shores for hundreds o f miles to the cop­
per region, and there often carried on the back o f man and beast to the
place where copper was believed to exist. Every stroke of the pick cost
tenfold more than in populated districts ; every disaster delayed the ope­
rations for weeks and months.
The opening of the Sault Canal has changed all this, and added a won­
derful impetus to the business, the mining interests and the development
o f the Lake Superior country. Nearly one hundred different vessels,
steam and sail, have been engaged the past season in its trade, and the
number of these is destined to increase year by year— an indication o f
the growth of business and the opening up o f the country.
It remains yet almost wholly “ a waste, howling wilderness.” At
Marquette, Portage Lake, Copper Harbor, Eagle River, Eagle Harbor
and Ontonagon, and the mines adjacent, are the only places where the
primeval forests have given place to the enterprise o f man ; and these, in
comparison with the whole extent of territory embraced in this region,
are but mere insignificant patches. W hat this country may become years
hence, it would defy all speculations now to predict, but there is no
reason to doubt that it will excel the most sanguine expectations.
The copper region is divided into three districts, v iz .: the Ontonagon,
the most northern; the Keweenaw Point, the most eastern, and the
Portage Lake, lying mostly below and partially between the range o f the
two. In the first are situated the Minnesota, the Rockland, the National,
and a multitude o f other mines o f lesser note, profit or promise. In the
second are the Cliff, the Copper Falls and others. In the last are the
Pewabic, Quincy, Isle Royale, Portage, Franklin and numerous others.
Each district has some peculiarities of product, the first developing more
masses, while the latter are more prolific in vein rock, the copper being
scattered throughout the rock.




V02

Journal o f Mining, Manufactures and the Arts.

There have been since 1845 no less than 116 copper mining companies
organized under the general law o f our State. The amount o f capital in­
vested and now in use, or which has been paid out in explorations and
improvements, and lost, is estimated by good judges at $6,000,000. The
nominal amount of capital stock invested in all the companies which have
charters would reach an indefinite number of millions. As an offset to
this it may be stated that the Cliff and Minnesota mines have returned
over $2,000,000 in dividends from the beginning of their operations, and
the value of these two mines will more than cover the whole amount
spent in mining, and for all the extravagant undertakings which have
been entered upon and abandoned. W hile success has been the excep­
tion and failure the rule in copper speculations, yet it must be admitted
that these exceptions are remarkably tempting ones. Doubtless there is
immense wealth still to be developed in these enterprises, and this element
of wealth in the Lake Superior region is yet to assume a magnitude now
unthought of.
The copper is smelted mainly in this city, Cleveland and Boston, the
works in this city being the largest. There is one establishment at Pitts­
burg which does most of the smelting for the Cliff mine, we believe; one
at Bergen, New-York, and one at New-IIaven, Connecticut. There are
two at Baltimore, but they are engaged on South American mineral.
The Bruce mines, on the Canada side of Lake Huron, have recently put
smelting works in operation on their location. Prior to this the mineral
was barrelled up and shipped to London, being taken over as ballast in
packet ships at low rates.
The amount of copper smelted in this city we can only judge by the
amount landed h ere; but this will afford a pretty accurate estimate.
The number of tons landed here in 1859 was 3,088. The copper yield
of Lake Superior will produce between 60 and 70 per cent, o f ingot cop­
per, which is remarkably pure. The net product o f the mines for 1859 is
worth, in the markets of the world, nearly or quite $2,000,000. This
large total shows the capabilities of this region, and affords us some basis
o f calculation as to the value and probable extent o f its future develop­
ments.
Besides the amount already noticed as landed here, there were 1,268
tons brought to this city from the Bruce mines, and sent on to London.
The mineral of this location is of a different quality from that o f Lake
Superior, and not near as productive o f pure copper.— Report o f Detroit
Tribune fo r 1860.

QUICKSILVER.

In 1859 the exports of this very valuable product o f the mining indus­
try of California received a serious check through the measures adopted
by the Federal Government against the ostensible owners o f the famous
Ncw-Almadcn mine. The operations of their works were accordingly
suspended. A decision in the case having been recently given, and the
injunction having been removed, operations have been resumed.
Owing to the stopping o f the New-Almadon mine, the other mines of
California were very industriously worked last year, under the increased
demand for their product. The following table shows the number of




703

Journal o f Mining, Manufactures and the Arts.

flasks o f quicksilver produced during last year by tlie three other Califor­
nia m ines:
Few-Idria.
991
First quarter,..............................
Second quarter,.......................... 1,045
Third quarter,............................ 1,004
Fourth quarter,........................... 1,578
Total,............................... 4,618

..-..
....
....
....
___

Enriqueta.
881
1,722
2,390
1,823
6,816

Gaudaloupe.
....
825
....
650
....
600
....
600
___

2,675

Being a total production for the year o f 14,109 flasks of 75 lbs. each,
Spanish weight, from the three mines.
Flasks.
Total production in 1860,........................................................................ 14,109
Exports from San Francisco in 1860,......................................... 9,348
Stock in San Francisco 1st January, 1861,.......................................... 10,348
Showing consumption in California,..........................................

3,761

Or about three hundred flasks per month on an average. The ruling
price in 1860 was sixty cents for consumption, (seventy-five cents at the
opening of the year,) and fifty cents for export, the latter reduced in Jan­
uary last to 47-^ cents per pound.
The exports and destination of quicksilver during the past year were

as follows:
Flaska .

Flasks.

400
Hew-York,................................... .
M exico,.........................................,. 3,886
100
Australia,..................................... , .
China,........................................... . 2,715

Peru,....................................
Valparaiso,.........................
Vancouvei-’s Island,..........
Panama................................

Total,.......................

The exports previously for six years were as follows :
Flasks.

1854,............................................ . 20,963
1855,............................................. . 27,165
1856,............................................. . 23,740

Flasks.

1857,....................................
1858,...................................
1859,.................................... ........

3,399

The value of the exports from San Francisco of this metal for the year
1860 was $350,600.
M ETALS.

The shipments o f lead from the Tipper Mississippi lead mines, located
in Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa, during the last year, were as follows :
From Galena,........
“
Dubuque,. . .
“
Warren, . . . .
“
Apple Eiver,
“ Potosi, (est.,).

Pigs.
Pounds.
147,837 18,348,590
3,872,890
55,327
49,050 3,433,500
29,626 2,073,820
20,000 1,400,000

Pigs.
From Council H ill,.. 14,203
“ Scales Mound, 13,024
“ Dunleith,......... 10,298
“ Cassville,......... 9,965

Pounds.
994,210
911,680
720,860
691,550

Total,................. 349,330 24,453,100

The market value o f the above was $1,283,787.
Tin is increasing in value yearly. The British exports last year
amounted to 2,804 tons, and the mean average price for the year has
been £130 18s. ($634 46.) There has been an increased speculation in
the tin mines of England.




704

Journal o f M ining, Manufactures and the A rts.
MINNESOTA COPPER MINE FOR SIX: YEARS.

Product o f rough copper,................
Average product per month,.........
Per centage o f yield o f ingot copper,
Average price obtained per pound,

1855.

1856.

1857.

Tons.
1,484 ..

Tons.
1,859 ..
155 ..
72

Tons.
2,058 . .
171*1
74

25.67c.

23.63c.

119*1
71 ..
27.09c.

1858.

1859.

I860.

Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
1,834 .. 1,626 . . 2,150
153
185%
179
701-10
71 .
78K
22.66c.
22c.
20.92c.

Gross value,.................................... $549,876 $ 701,906 $736,000 $595,000
Cost of mining,................................
189,7S0 .. 241,749 . . 279,402 .. 273,746
Transportation,................................
35,395 .. 42,271 . . 49,558 .. 43,184
Smelting,..........................................
22,971 .. 34,932 . . 41,077 .. 88,273
All other expenses,.........................
32,7S7 .. 37,589 . . 32,502 .. 29,624
Total cost,........................................
280,933 .. 356,541 . . 402,538 .. 384,827
Net earnings,..................................
268,943 .. 345,365 . . 333,462 .. 210,176

$ 515,7S6
. . 279,229
... 37,137
. . 32,004
. . 35,974
. .384,394
. . 131,391

$ 656,594
. . 312,308
. . 46,472
. . 40,289
. . 46,759
. . 445,828
. . 210,766

In the item o f $46,759, for I860, is included a charge for defending
the “ Titus’ Suit,” of nearly $10,000.
MACHINERY IN THE USEFUL ARTS.

A correspondent of one o f our daily papers, journeying in Massachu­
setts, thus describes some new applications of machinery to the mechanic
arts in that busy industrial hive :
The extent to which machinery is taking the place o f hand-labor is
strikingly illustrated in making ladies’ shoes. I recently visited a manu­
factory in Haverhill, Mass., where, with the machinery in use, twenty-five
persons turn out 600 pairs daily. All the stitching is done by sewing
machines run by steam— a combination of the two greatest mechanical
inventions. Every operation except fitting the shoe to the last, even to
the final polishing, and cutting the pegs out of the inside to prevent them
from hurting the foot, is performed by machinery. One o f the greatest
curiosities is the pegging machine, which inserts the awl, cuts out the
pegs from a strip of wood, and drives them in, all at one operation, and
so rapidly that it will peg two rows around the sole of a shoe in twenty
seconds. The facilities in this manufactory are such that the raw calf­
skin and sole leather can be taken in the basement of the building and
in half an hour turned out in the form of a complete pair o f shoes !
A stroll through the Pacific Cotton and Print Mills in Lawrence, a few
days since, gave me a vivid impression o f the vastness o f the manufactur­
ing interests of that young city. I had often observed the factories be­
fore from the car window, but did not realize the greatness of the whole
until I had seen something o f the details. Tiro Pacific Mills consist o f
two buildings, each nearly nine hundred feet in length. Their full com­
plement of employes is now twenty-one hundred, and will be twrentyseven hundred as soon as the machinery is all set up in an extension of
the main building, just completed. The raw cotton goes in in bales at
one end, and comes out at the other manufactured goods, ready for the
market. Curious ladies, by strolling through the print and delaine de­
partments, can learn what styles are to prevail several months hence. I
will not attempt to tell you how many yards of plain cotton cloth, prints,
lawns and other goods can be turned out in a week ; it is too far up
among the ciphers for me to venture. One o f the machines for printing
delaines, stamps the piece with sixteen different colors and shades of colors
in passing through once. There is only one other like it in the world.




Sugar Trade.

SUGAR TRADE

705

OF T I I E U N I T E D

STATES.

Annual Statement, showing the Import, Export, Stock and Consumption
o f Unrefined, for the year ending December 31 si, 1860, (exclusive o f
California and Oregon.)
From the Shipping and Commercial List, and N ew-York P rice Current.

NEW -YORK

Year 1860.
DECEIVED

S T A T E M E N T — 1 860.

Ilhds.

Tcs.

Bbls.

10.044
2S6

10 071
5.99S
56
660

A T N e W - Y o B K FKOM

C uba,......................................................
Porto Kico,.............................................
St. Croix,.................................................
Brazil........................................................
Manilla.....................................................

229.200
44.S2G
151

Bags, [Total
Bxs. and Mats and Tons o f
Cases.
Bskts. 2,240 lbs.
164,118

424

i ,i is

68.509
118,976
74.561

171,184
22 705
103
5,(-98
3,322
5,390

1,023
456
1,550

749
124

258

274

1,315

57

106

1,S46

5C6

1,748

431

Total receipts of foreign direct,.........
♦Add receipts of M e l ado, &c.,.............
Deceived from Texas,...........................
“
“
Louisiana,....................
41
“ other coastwise ports,..

277.521
36 7S2
2,156
15,690
2,579

11.691
1,176
40
6
3

24,669
49
121
912
44,730

165,812

264,518

681

1,998

211 854
12.361
984
8.150
5,975

Total receipts,....................................

334.728
22,203

12,916

70,481

166,483
20,620

266 516
26.638

239,324
IS,020

Total supply,........................................
Deduct exports to foreign ports, ship-1
ments to San Francisco, and inland >
to Canada, 1860,............................... )

356,931

12,916

70,451

187,103

293,154

257,344

17,785

8,595

9,931

169,318

284.559

247,413

16,758

141,488

34,178

152,560

143,071

213,235

Trinidad Island,......................................
Demerara.................................................
Barbadoes, Antigua and other Eng- |
lish Islands,...................................... j
St. Domingo, Honduras and other \
foreign countries,.............................f

108

1,484
86
3,203

10,536
346,395

Deduct stock, (Melado included,))
January 1, 1S61,...............................j

41,402

Taken from this port for consumption,

304,993

12,916

12,916

70 4S1

70,481

394
1,558
347

Weighing as above,.. .tons, 213,935—of which foreign, received direct and coastwise....tons, 199.432
Total consumption in 1559,. 190,135
“
»•
“
“
“
......... 159,627
Increase in I860,.. ..tons,

23,100

Increase in consumption of foreign in 1S60,.......tons, 39,805*

* Wc have put down, as usual, the whole number of packages of Mklado, &e., received, but in
carrying out the weight, have deducted 40 per ceDt, to make it equal to ordinary grade o f sugar.
The same allowance has also been made in receipts, stocks and exports throughout the statement.
VOL. X L IV .---- NO. V I.




45

Annual Report,

706

NEW-YORK

Year 1859.

S T A T E M E N T - 1 8 5 9.

Hhds.

Tcs.

Bbls.

R eceived at N e w - Y oek from

Total
Bags,
Bxs. and Mats and Tons of
Cases.
Bskts. 2,240 lbs.
154,178

4S2

2,956

95,696
88,042
36,253

C uba,.......................................................
Porto R ico,..............................................
8t. Croix,...............................................
Brazil,.......................................................
Manilla,...................................................
Singapore, Java, China, & c.,...............
Jamaica...................................................
Trinidad Island,....................................
Demerara,...............................................
Barbadoes, Antigua and other Eng- )
lish Islands,......................................J
St. Domingo and other foreign ports,..

1S1,5S3
31,606
60
2

S,873
176
” l

7,172
3,885
7
6S8

234
2,547
24

426
1,169
2

635
573
43

153

112

1,067

55

15

1,209

314

1,291

2S6

Total receipts of foreign direct,.........
* Add receipts of Melado, & c.,..............
Received from Texas,...........................
“
“
Louisiana,.....................
“
“ other coastwise ports,..

216,264
10,971
2,114
45,244
5,5S6

10,774
388
69
13
214

15,279
360
97
796
44,393

157,44S

221,769

161
1,081

*74

172,798
4,514
969
23,341
7,608

Total receipts,.....................................
Add stock Jan. 1,1859,......................

2S0,179
12,878

11,453

60,925

158,690
14,4S9

221,843

209,230
9,857

Total supply,......................................
Deduct exports to foreign ports, ship-1
mentsto San Francisco, and inland V
to Canada, 1S59,...............................j

293,052

11,453

60,925

173,179

221,843

219,087

19,446

7,407

10,932

153,733

214,436

208,155

26,633

IS,020

1S7,79S

190,135

13,005
2S0,047

Deduct stock, (Melado included,) Jan. 1
1, I860,............................................. f

22,203

Taken from this port for consumption,

257,S44

11,453

60,925

20.620
11,453

60,925

133,113

140,101
15,967
33
8,165
2,751
2,333
443
2,464
23
222

Weighing as above,.................. .........tons, 190,135—Of which foreign, received direct and
coastwise, ................................... tons, 159,627
Total consumption in 1858,........................ 1S5,801 Of which foreign, received direct and
coastwise,.............................................. 159,252
Increase o f 1859,............................. tons,

4,334

Increase in consumption o f foreign in
1859,...........................................tons,

875

The maple tree still occupies a position by no means insignificant in
the manufacture of sugar. Though it is impossible to arrive at the exact
extent o f the crop o f sugar yielded from this source, sufficient is ascer­
tained to justify us in placing that crop at about 28,000 tons, an amount
sufficient to interfere to a considerable extent in the Northern States with
the consumption o f sugar made from the tropical cane.
The erection o f new refineries in California has enlarged the demand
for raw in that quarter, and the quantity taken there the past year has
been somewhat increased. W e estimate the consumption of that State
at 8,000 tons, so that the total consumption o f raw sugar o f all kinds in
the United States in 1860 may be set down at 464,673 tons, against a
total consumption in 1859 o f 478,737 tons, being a decrease in the con­
sumption of 1860, as compared with the previous year, of 14,064 tons,
or 2 15-16 ^ cent.*
* W e have put down, as usual, the whole number of packages of Melado, &c., received, but, in
carrying out the weight, have deducted 40 per cent., to make it equal to ordinary grade o f sugar.
The same allowance has also been made in receipts, stocks and exports throughout the statement.




707

Sugar Trade.

GENEKAL

STATEMENT.

E b o e ip t s o r F o r e ig n S u g a r in th e

Un it e d

States,

From 1st January to 31st December, 1860.

Hhds. and
Tcs.

Bbls.

New-York, direct,.................................
Boston,
11
.................................
Philadelphia, “
.................................
Baltimore,
“
.................................
New-Orleans, “
.................................
Other ports, “
................................

327,170
33,419
37,230
35,548
4,528
13,703

24,718
849
4,261
10,231
301
2,892

165,802
87,116
19,832
26,535
23,097
5,192

264,518
241,972
57,714
55,062
2,462
540

224,215
44,927
28,215
28,619
6,682
8,874

Total receipts,..................................... 451,598
Add stock at all the ports, January 1,
I860,.....................................................
25,830

43,252

327,574

622,268

341,532

34,406

26,638

22,947

Total supply,...................................... 477,428
Deduct exports and shipments inland to
Canada, from all the ports, in 1860,.. 14,074

43,252

361,980

648,906

364,479

325

24,018

10,015

13,234

463,354

42,927

337,962

638,891

351,245

49,633

253,878

54,295

288,329

385,013

296,950

Deduct stock at all the ports, January
1, 1861,.................................................

57,204

Total consumption o f foreign,...........

406,150

"to
to
-I

E eceitkd at

Boxes and Bags. Mats Total Tons
Cases. and Bskta. of2,240lbs.

Consumption o f foreign in 1860, as above,..................................................... tons, 296,950
Consumption of foreign in 1859,.............................................................................. 289,034
Increase in 1860,......................................................................................tons,

57,916

Consumption o f foreign in I860,........................................................................tons, 296,950
Add crop o f 1859-60, o f Louisiana, Texas, Florida, &c., the bulk of
which was distributed in 1860, and assuming the stock 1st January
each year to be equal,.............................................................
119,046
Less shipped to California, &c., not included in foregoing statement of
exports,......................................................................................................
715
---------- 118,331
Would make the total consumption o f cane sugar in the United States in
1860,................................................................................................................. tons, 415,281
Total consumption of foreign and domestic cane sugar in 1859,.......................... 431,184
Decrease in 1860,..............................................................•................. ...ton s,

15,903

The decline in the consumption must be attributed to the paralysis
which prostrated nearly every branch o f commerce during the greater
part of the last quarter of the year, occasioned by the political panic, its
baneful results entailing monetary embarrassments, destruction of con­
fidence, total derangement of interior exchanges, and, for a time, almost
entire cessation o f business.
The Cuba crop, it is generally conceded, will be something larger than
last year, which was 503,280 tons. That of Porto Rico, it is thought,
will be at least ten per cent, above the previous crop. The prospect is
good in most, if not all the British West India Islands, and Brazil and the
East Indies will doubtless be able to furnish their quota.




Annual Report.

708

From 1st January to 31st December, 1859.

R eceived at

Ilhda. and
Tcs.

Bbls.

Bxs. and Bags, Mats Total Tons
Cases. and Bskts. o f2,240 lbs.

New-York, direct,.................................. 238,392
28,812
Boston,
“ ...................................
Philadelphia, “ ................................... 32,703
Baltimore,
“ ................................... 23,290
621
New-Orlcans, u ...................................
Other ports, “ ................................... 17,292

15,639
1,060
3,152
4,254
107
2,295

157,448
63,703
15,023
9,720
10,185
4,807

221,769
59,903
46,206
Id,. 3
454
3,042

177,312
31,138
24,696
16,756
2,213
10,714

Total receipts,.................................. 341,110
Add stock at all the ports, January 1,
14,200
1859,.....................................................

26,507

260,976

349,537

262,S29

25,781

5,031

13,346

Total supply,.................................. 355,310
Deduct exports and shipments inland
to Canada, from all the ports, in 1859, 17,618

26,507

286,757

354,568

276,175

21,935

9,492

14,194

337,692

26,507

264,822

345,076

261,981

34,406

26,638

22,947

26,507

230,416

318,438

239,034

Deduct stock at all the ports, January
1, 1860,.................................................

25,830

Total consumption o f foreign,.......

311,862

Consumption of foreign in 1859, as above,................................................... tons,
Consumption o f foreign in 1858,.............................................................................

239,034
244,758

Decrease in 1859,................................................................................ tons,

5,724

Consumption o f foreign in 1859,..................................................................... tons, 239,034
Add crop of 1858-59, of Louisiana, Texas, Florida, &c., the bulk of
which was distributed in 1859, and assuming the stock 1st January
each year to be equal,.; .................. ................; ................................... 193,435
Less shipped to California, &c., not included in foregoing statement
of exports,............................................................................................. .
1,285
---------- 192,150
Would make the total consumption o f cane sugar in the United States, in
1859,............................. . ......................... ..................................................... tons, 431,184
Total consumption of foreign and domestic cane sugar in 1858,.......................... 388,492
Increase in 1859,.................................................................................. tons,

42,692

B y an examination of the preceding statistics, it -will he seen that the
total receipts of foreign raw sugars into the United States (California and
Oregon excepted) for the year ending December 31, 1860, were 341,532
tons, against receipts in 1859 of 262,829 tons ; in 1858 of 255,100 ton s;
in 1857,269,180 tons; in 1856,275,062 tons; and in 1855,205,064
tons, being by a very considerable amount the largest quantity of foreign
ever imported into the country. I f we turn now to the consumption of
this description, the figures show that the quantity o f foreign growth
withdrawn for this purpose in I860 was 296,950 tons, against a con­
sumption of foreign in 1859 of 239,034 tons; in 1858, 244,758 tons; in
1857, 241,765 tons; in 1856, 255,292 tons; and in 1855, 192,604 tons.
Thus, it will be seen, that the quantity of foreign received, and the quan­
tity of foreign consumed, is greater, by a very considerable amount, than
ever imported or consumed before in the history of the trade. But not­
withstanding this large increase in the importation of foreign, it was




Sugar Trade.

709

barely sufficient to counterbalance the serious decline in the production
of domestic, which, as compared with the previous crop, shows a falling
off of 74,389 tons, and hence the total receipts of foreign, and total sup­
ply of domestic cane sugar in 1860, varies but little from the total re­
ceipts and supply o f 1859. B y pursuing the examination, we arrive at
the total consumption of foreign and domestic, which in 1860 was 415,281
tons, against a total consumption in 1859 of 431,184 tons; in 1858, 388,492
tons; in 1857, 280,765 tons ; in 1856, 378,760 tons; and in 1855, 377,752
tons, being a decrease in the consumption o f 1860, as compared with
1859, of 15,903 tons, or 3 11-16 f ) cent.
The demand for clarified sugars has been very good for the greater
part of the year, and the consumption of this description has been con­
siderably increased, so that the estimates of sugar made from molasses
must be advanced. Our researches show that the quantity o f molasses
taken for refining purposes during 1860 will reach about 60,000 hlids.,
yielding some three million pounds o f sugar, say 13,392 tons, against
12,053 tons in 1859, obtained from 54,000 lihds. of molasses; 11,160
tons in 1858, from 50,000 hlids.; 10,300 tons in 1857, from 46,000
hhds.; 11,875 tons in 1856, from 53,000 hhds.; and 12,187 tons in
1855, from 50,000 hhds. In this connection, we observe that refiners
complain more generally that the quality of molasses sent forward from
Cuba, suitable for refining purposes, is gradually deteriorating, being
more and more denuded o f its saccharine properties by the improved
processes of sugar-making, than the planting interests of that island have
o f late years introduced.
The quantity of foreign sugar that will be needed the present year
would ordinarily be governed in a great measure by the crop o f Louisiana
now coming forward. Early in the season, a bountiful yield was antici­
pated ; the spring opened most propitiously, the culture proceeded with
vigor, and the area o f cultivation was extended, but the very severe drought
of the summer seriously retarded the growth of the cane, and later in the
season rains and floods still further reduced the estimates. The best
authorities place the crop at 220 @ 250,000 hhds.; the yield will pro­
bably not vary much from 225,000 hhds., against a yield the previous
year of 221,840 hhds.
The future of the trade seemed never more uncertain. The grave and
deplorable events that have recently occurred in our political world are
o f so momentous a character that the most sagacious hesitate to venture
a prediction as to our probable wants the current year. I f the insanity
that has smitten the body politic can be cured, and reason once more be
permitted to resume her sway, peace would be followed, beyond a doubt,
by a prosperity exceeding the expectations o f the most sanguine. Never
were the interests of the country in a condition more substantial. The
food-raising States that have been laboring under embarrassments greater
or less severe for the past several years, have at length, by a bounteous
harvest, coupled most opportunely with a large foreign demand for breadstuffs and other products of our soil, emerged from their difficulties, and
wealth is flowing in upon them. The commercial and navigating States
o f the Union, whose transporting and carrying interests, both inland and
seaward, have also suffered so long a season o f depression, partake in the
revival, and all available means are in demand in moving this produce
from the interior to the ports and from thence beyond the seas. The




Annual Report.

710

only element now lacking to give a further impetus to enterprise and
commerce such as we have not seen for years, is a cessation o f the present
unhappy political tumult, and a return among the States to former fra­
ternal relations. Should this consummation, so devoutly to he wished
for, be attained, we can see nothing to prevent a larger consumption of
sugars in 1861 than has ever been recorded.
A

n n u al

R e v ie w o r

the

N e w -Y

ork

M arket.

B y referring to the preceding tables, it will be seen that the receipts
into this port direct o f foreign unrefined sugar for the year ending De­
cember 31,1860, were 224,215 tons, against an import in 1859 of 177,312
tons; in 1858, 163,134 tons; in 1857, 161,942 tons; in 1856, 171,156
tons; in 1855, 126,844 tons; and in 1854, 99,491 tons; and that the
consumption of foreign descriptions in 1860 was 199,432 tons; in 1859,
159,627 tons; in 1858, 159,252 tons; in 1857, 143,829 tons; in 1856,
161,455 tons; in 1855, 121,356 tons; and in 1854, 92,500 tons; while
the total consumption o f both foreign and domestic in 1860 was 213,235
tons; in 1859, 190,135 tons; in 1858, 185,801 tons; and in 1857,
147,810 tons.
The foregoing figures briefly illustrate the commerce o f this port in
this article, and make an exhibit which cannot be looked upon otherwise
than satisfactory, showing, as it does, that while the consumption o f
sugars in the country, considered as a whole, have fallen off, the quantity
taken from our own market has increased by no inconsiderable degree,
being equal to over 12 <p cent, when brought into comparison with the
consumption of the previous year. O f the whole receipts of foreign into
the United States, 65 65-100 <p cent, has been entered at this port.,
There has been for the greater part of the year a good, healthy demand,
accompanied by no very great fluctuations and but little speculative feel­
ing. The average price o f most descriptions for the year are slightly
higher than in 1859 ; and had it not been for the political troubles o f the
past two months, which gave a paralyzing blow to this interest, in com­
mon with almost all others, reducing values o f this commodity with a
rapidity unexampled, the average prices would have been much higher.
Refiners, as usual, have been the largest consumers, and the quantity taken
by them for refining purposes, it is estimated, will reach the large figure
of 120,000 tons. It would seem, from the erection o f new establishments
and the enlargement o f old works, that this industrial pursuit is not in a
languishing condition, though the probabilities are, that the effect of the
vigorous competition that is now witnessed among this class, bears its
usual fruit, profits reduced to a very small margin and risks proportion­
ately enlarged.
In reference to the business the past year in raw, it may he safely writ­
ten that the importation has not been attended with flattering results;
the continued high cost in the cane-growing countries, owing to the com­
petition among buyers at the shipping ports and on the plantation, has
been productive in many instances of disaster, and more money has been
lost than made by importers and consignors to the markets of this coun­
try. That these losses have been attended for the most part with so lit­
tle embarrassment, is a matter of gratulation, evidencing that this class of
merchants occupy a position o f no ordinary strength.
The prospects for the immediate future cannot be called, at this present




Sugar Trade.

711

writing, very favorable. TJp to the beginning o f the last quarter of the
year, the deliveries for consumption at all the ports were in advance of
the same time the previous year about 6 @ 7
cent. Since that time,
under the mere apprehension that public events might take the shape
which they have since actually assumed, that increase has been lost, with
an additional three per cent,, making a falling off in the consumption,
during less than three months, o f over nine per cent. If, then, the con­
sumption the present year continue to decline as it has for the past two
months, a much smaller importation than usual will be required. There
are many, however, that adopt the view, that, under any circumstances,
there will be a large demand, and that the quantity o f foreign sugar
needed will be as large, if not larger, than in any former year. It will
not escape notice that the stock at this, as well as at most o f the ports,
1st inst., was unusually large, the supply here being equal to about two
months’ consumption, at the ratio of last year’s requirements.
The year opened with a stock of nearly 19,000 tons, an unusual large
supply for this period o f the season, but a healthy tone was observable ;
operators were inspired with confidence, the accounts from Cuba being
o f a character to warrant the belief that the receipts o f the new crop
would be delayed, while the Louisiana crop was sufficiently advanced to
enable a pretty accurate estimate to be made as to the extent of the defi­
ciency, and a good steady demand prevailed for the first half of the
month, with an advance in prices, over the closing rates of December, of
fully one-eighth o f a cent
lb. About the third week the market began
to droop, and the turn was evidently in buyers’ favor. This languid feel­
ing soon gave way to one o f positive depression ; the dealings became
small, and prices fell off one-eighth o f a cen t; at the close there was a
slight rally, and in some instances values were re-established. The first
receipt of new crop Texas reached here on the 16th. On the same day
the first invoice new Demerara was laid down, and sold for refining at 7
cents, being earlier than the year before, the first arrival o f Demerara
then having occurred on the 4th February, selling at 7-£ @ 7-J cents.
The first arrival of new Cuba, as also o f Brazil, took place on the 21st;
the quality of the former green, and brought 0.'- cents, against first arrival
in 1859 on the 23d, “ molasses sugar and clarified,” which was placed at
7 @ 7£. The sales and re-sales for the month were 1,350 hhds. Louisiana,
122 do. Texas, 8,900 do. and 6,700 bxs. Cuba, 688 hhds. Porto Rico, 300
do., 27 tcs. and 536 bbls. English Island, 16,157 bags Manilla, 3,050 do.
China, 6,550 do. Brazil, 81 do. African and 1,700 hhds. Melado.
The first few days of February were marked by a heavy, dull feeling,
the business being restricted to the mere necessities o f the trade. Re­
finers, however, shortly entered the market, the dealings were more lib­
eral and full prices were paid. As the month advanced, the supply be­
came reduced ; the receipts of new crop West India came forward very
sparingly; holders did not press their stocks, and prices, though no
higher, were very firm. This favorable state of affairs for owners was but
of short duration ; W est India and Louisiana came forward freely, and with
more pressure to sell, a decline of one-eighth o f a cent on low grades was
submitted to, the bulk of the receipts being o f this description. For
good and prime qualities, full previous rates were paid, the month clos­
ing, however, with rather a dull feeling for all kinds, which, on low quali­
ties, amounted to depression. The first arrival of new crop Porto Rico




712

Annual Report.

occurred on the 14th, and sold at 7£ @ 8 f cents, against first arrival
previous year on the 7tli, which brought 7% cents. The sales were 2,300
hhds. Louisiana, 535 do. Texas, 9,800 do. and 6,700 bxs. Cuba, 675 hlids.
Porto Rico, 284 do., 37 tes. and 595 bbls. English Island, 10,989 bags
Brazil and 825 hhds. Melado.
During the early part o f March, the market became still further de­
pressed, owing chiefly to the preponderance of inferior and green sugars
in the receipts of W est India, for which there was but little inquiry from
refiners, and none at all from the trade, and prices of this description
soon depreciated one-quarter o f a cent. This concession, about the mid­
dle of the month, stimulated a speculative feeling ; refiners also purchased
more freely, and with a falling off in the receipts, holders were enabled
to regain a portion of the previous decline. From this until toward the
close, there prevailed a good steady demand for refining grades, with a
firm tone. Grocery styles were all through the month scarce and wanted
at very full rates. The receipts of all kinds were moderate, and a fair
degree of buoyancy obtained. The sales were 4,000 hhds. Louisiana, 325
do. Texas, 14,000 do. and 8,400 bxs. Cuba, 4,600 hhds. Porto Rico, 637
do., 175 tcs. and 491 bbls. English Island, 9,665 bags Manilla, 3,311 do.
and 193 cases Brazil and 4,500 hhds. Melado.
A t the commencement o f April, the arrivals from the W est Indies
became more frequent, buyers held off, and holders were compelled to
yield or store, but a concession of one-eighth o f a cent led to rather more
business. The receipts, however, continued to be largely out of propor­
tion to the wants of buyers, owners pressed sales from vessel, and values
declined from day to day, until they stood at % @ f cent below the open­
ing rates of the m onth; it must be remarked, however, that the depres­
sion and concession was wholly confined to medium and low grades;
prime qualities, having been comparatively scarce, were firm, if not buoy­
ant. The low points that prices had now touched brought forward buy­
ers more freely, the market soon became animated, indeed excited, an
extraordinary activity prevailed, with very large sales, and prices rallied,
an advance of
@ \ cent being realized. From this, until the end of
the month, there continued to be a good steady demand, with some
speculative action, and values further appreciated one-eighth o f a cent,
the advance generally being more marked on the better qualities, the
wants of the trade being in excess of the receipts. The sales were 4,300
hhds. Louisiana, 500 do. Texas, 25,900 do. and 4,050 bxs. Cuba, 7,000
hhds. Porto Rico, 515 do., 65 tcs. and 291 bbls. English Island, 961 bags
Siam and 5,300 hhds. Melado.
The activity noticed during the greater part of the month of April
continued for the first week in May ; refiners, the trade and speculators,
bought freely, and with small receipts and a reduced stock, an additional
advance of one-eighth of a cent was established; upon this, speculators
retired, other buyers also having been well supplied by the recent large
purchases, held off, and the market became dull. Sellers, now urged by
more frequent arrivals, pressed their invoices at a reduction o f one-eighth
of a cen t; for a few days there was but a moderate business, but refiners
and the trade again entered, a speculative feeling was more prominent,
this concession was regained, and soon followed by an advance of first an
-J-, and then another @ ^ cent, with free sales and an active and buoyant
market; the encouraging harvest prospects having imparted to buyers




Sugar Trade.

713

great confidence, large quantities being withdrawn for the Western mar­
kets. Toward the close, however, the purchases fell off, speculators sus­
pended operations, the trade and refiners bought less freely, the market
became rather unsettled, and a reduction o f one-eighth of a cent was
submitted to. The sales were 950 lihds. Louisiana, 500 do. Texas, .31,000
do., 9,100 bxs. and 227 bags Cuba, 7,900 lihds. Porto Rico, 289 do., 109
tcs. and 512 bbls. English Island, 19,246 bags Manilla, 17,950 do. Brazil
and 3,400 lihds. Melado.
Continued large arrivals for the first few days in June exercised an
unfavorable influence, and a softening, in prices resulted, but refiners
being compelled by their necessities to come forward, the market again
assumed an active and buoyant appearance, and with large purchases also
by the trade and speculators, prices soon ran up one-quarter of a cent,
which had the effect to repress business, the buoyant feeling was lost, and,
with it, an eighth of a cent o f the recent advance, without loading to any
activity; the receipts became large, the stock accumulated, and holders
were compelled to recede another eighth o f a cent, but still buyers held
off. Toward the latter part of the month, however, there was rather more
business, and though no advance was obtained, more tone was observable.
Sales 470 lihds. Louisiana, 112 do. Texas, 25,600 do. and 9,500 bxs.
Cuba, 6,000 lihds. Porto Rico, 115 do., 31 tcs. and 479 bbls. English
Island, 332 tcs. Honduras, 9,665 bags Manilla, 7,044 do. Brazil and 4,500
hhds. Melado.
July opened with large receipts and only a moderate demand. Com­
mon and refining grades were weak, but good to prime qualities were
scarce and wanted. The business was light until about the middle of
the month, when there sprang up a good demand, which soon quickened
into activity, and notwithstanding liberal arrivals, holders were enabled
to realize an advance o f one-eighth o f a cent, but this did not check the
inquiry ; the dealings were still large, and a further appreciation of oneeighth o f a cent on refining grades and one-quarter o f a cent on grocery
styles was obtained. Purchasers continued to operate notwithstanding
these enhanced values, the impression being general that the bulk o f the
West India crop had come forward, and that the future supply would not
be more than adequate to the wants o f the country. There continued a
fair business until about the latter part of the month, when the demand
fell off. The receipts increased, and prices gradually gave way, until a
decline of one-quarter of a cent was fully established. Sales 340 hhds.
Louisiana, 31,400 do. and 15,500 bxs. Cuba, 9,200 hhds. Porto Rico, 92
do., 80 tcs. and 133 bbls. English Island, 112 do. Honduras, 2,598 bags
Brazil and 1,100 hhds. Melado.
A n improved demand was visible in the early part o f August, and
prices, though no higher, were steadier, with more tone generally. As
the month advanced the business fell off, and though the offerings were
not large, buyers were enabled to obtain a concession o f one-eighth o f a
cen t; this reduction, however, failed to stimulate business ; stocks accu­
mulated, the receipts were larger, and an additional decline of one-eighth
of a cent was established, which induced rather more demand, but no
general activity, the month closing with a languid feeling, akin to depres­
sion. Sales 140 hhds. Louisiana, 59 do. Texas, 20,600 do., 10,900 bxs.
and 70 bags Cuba, 4,700 hhds. Porto Rico, 372 do., 35 tcs. and 1,173
bbls. English Island, 16 do. and 302 ceroons St. Domingo, 688 bags
Penang and 1,326 hhds. Melado.




714

Annual Report.

The stock, as taken at the close of August, having been found larger
than ever known before, a feeling of depression ensued upon its announce­
ment, and September opened with a dull feeling; this was, however, in
a measure, dissipated by light receipts, and some improvement in the
demand followed, with pretty large sales, but holders met buyers freely,
and in prices no change was observable. About the middle of the month
the inquiry subsided and prices fell one-eighth o f a cen t; this again
induced more business, and a good steady trade resulted, with a scarcity
o f the better grades, for which full rates were obtained. Sales 400 hhds.
Louisiana, 63 do. Texas, 34,500 do. and 24,900 bxs. Cuba, 2,600 hhds.
Porto Eico, 116 do., 60 tcs. and 111 bbls. English Island, 29,136 bags
Manilla, 2,803 do. Siam, 1,892 do. Singapore, 200 do. Calcutta, 152 do.
Padang, 3,055 do. Penang and 2,400 hhds. Melado.
A moderate inquiry and steady market was the feature at the opening
of October, but the month was destined to witness the greatest excite­
ment of the year. About the 6th, despatches were received from NewOrleans announcing serious damage to the Louisiana crop, upon the
strength o f which most holders at once withdrew their stocks ; an active
speculative demand set in, but purchases could only be made at an ad­
vance o f one-quarter o f a cent. The estimates of the domestic crop con­
tinued to shrink, and with an active inquiry from refiners as well as
speculators, the stocks rapidly diminished, and prices as steadily appre­
ciated. A further rise o f one-eighth o f a cent was established, without
checking business; this was soon followed by an additional eighth o f a
cent, many owners still withholding their stocks. Holders had now ad­
vanced their views to a point which deterred buyers, the demand fell off,
and market became d u ll; accounts, too, came to hand about this time,
that the ravages by floods in the cane-fields o f Louisiana were less exten­
sive than was at first reported, and as buyers were well supplied by recent
large purchases, the market became quite dull and depressed, and prices
declined fully a quarter of a cent. Sales 44 hhds. Louisiana, 50 do. Texas,
22,500 do. Cuba, 13,000 bxs. do., 3,500 hhds. Porto Eico, 255 do., 214
tcs. and 415 bbls. English Island, 19,547 bags Manilla, 4,000 do. China,
3,859 do. Calcutta, 374 ceroons St. Domingo and 2,250 hhds. Melado.
November opened with a depressed feeling, and on refining grades a
further decline of one-eighth o f a cent was submitted to ; for a few days
this concession was followed by a fair business, but the market soon sank
into a quiet state. The political agitation that succeeded the presidential
election inaugurated a panic even more severe than that o f 1857 ; money
became became very dear, and not accessible except at exorbitant rates;
most o f the banks South and Southwest suspended specie payments;
the interior exchanges became entirely deranged, the currency unsettled,
and, for a time, confidence in the stability o f every thing was destroyed.
Holders were indifferent about selling goods except for cash, owners of
this article preferred to hold it, rather than sugar, and business was at a
complete stand. Prices were very irregular, but were constantly declin­
ing, the reduction during the month being about
@ 1|- cents, but even
this very large decline failed to induce more than a small business to
meet immediate wants. Shipments to Europe were freely made from
first hands, but this made little if any impression amid the general un­
easiness and disquiet. The first invoice o f new crop Louisiana was laid
down here on the 20th, quality fair, and sold at 7J cents, less 1 ijp cent.




715

Sugar Trade.

cash ; against first receipt in 1859 on the 3d, which brought 8 f, quality
fully fair. Sales 32 hluls. Louisiana, 30 do. Texas, 11,700 do., 69 bags
and 9,800 bxs. Cuba, 850 hhds. Porto Rico, 13,201 bags and 598 cases
Brazil, 40 bbls. and 621 ceroons St. Domingo and 444 hhds. Melado.
The gloom and depression that pervaded the market throughout No­
vember suffered no diminution during the first half o f D ecem ber; on
the contrary, it seemed to be difficult to sell goods except at ruinous sac­
rifices. Prices were constantly in buyers’ favor, and a further decline of
§ @ \ a cent was established, making nearly 2 cents within a month, and
had now touched a lower point than since 1854. Large shipments con­
tinued to be made from first hands, but the stolidity of buyers seemed
immovable. Business was paralyzed, and the only purchases were small
lots to meet the immediate wants of the trade and refiners. A t this point,
bullion began to flow in from Europe. Consequent upon this, the money
market became easier, and exporters, attracted by the low prices, pur­
chased quite freely, a more hopeful feeling was visible everywhere, and
with returning confidence came a hardening tendency in the price of
sugar. The trade, refiners and speculators entered the market, and prices
recovered about f- @ f- of a cent o f the previous decline, the year closing
with a disposition to greater cheerfulness, notwithstanding the threaten­
ing aspect of political affairs. Sales 1,820 hhds. Louisiana, 11,500 do.
and 11,050 bxs. Cuba, 306 hhds. Porto Rico, 4,000 bags China, 6,307
do. Brazil and 719 hhds. Melado. Stock 34,178 tons, against a stock
same time 1859 of 18,020 tons.
R ange of P kices at N ew -Y ork , for the Y ears 1859— 1860.

1859.

January,
F e b .,. . .
March,..
A pril,...
M ay,....
June,...
J111v, ...
August,.
Sept.,. . .
Oct.,___
N ov.,. . .
D e c .,. . .
Average
tor the
y ea r,...

NewOrleans.

6 @
6X®
6 @
5 5 i@
6 ®
5X@
5X®
5X@
5X@
5X@
6X@
6X@

Cuba
Musco­
vado.

s x 5V ®
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January,
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716

Annual Report.

MOLASSES

TRADE

OF T H E

UNITED

STATES.

Annual Statement, showing the Import, Export, Stock and Consumption
fo r the year ending December 31 st, 1860, (exclusive o f California and
Oregon.)
From the Shipping and Commercial List, and Few - York P rice Current.

NEW-YORK

S T A T E M E N T — 1 8 6 0.

Year 1860.
Total
Gallons.

Hlids.

Tea.

Bbls.

Cuba,...................................................................
Porto Rico,...........................................................
Barbadoes,...........................................................
Trinidad Island,.................................................
Demerara,...........................................................
Antigua,..............................................................
St. Lucia,.............................................................
St. Kitts...............................................................
Other West Indies,............................................
Other foreign ports,............................................

42,411
10,466
3,236
52
6
140
18
34
151
311

4,715
553
i

16,948
442
60

7

6,011,430
2,059,134
428,640
5,99S
790
17,760
2,372
4,022
18,040
37,620

Total receipts of foreign, direct,...............
Received from "Louisiana,.................................
u
11
other coastwise ports,.............

62,825
2
5,606

5,284
220
389

17,464
45,119
13,964

8,585,806
1,817,460
1,198,405

Total receipts,..............................................
Add. stock January 1, 1860,.............................

68,433
4,028

5,893

70,547
1,213

11,601,671
532,670

Total supply,................................................
Deduct export and shipments inland to
Canada,............................................................

72,401

5,893

77,760

12,134,341

R eceived at N ew - Y ouk from

is
7

3,410

254

1,816

495,720

5,639

Deduct stock January 1, 1861,.........................

69,051
5,654

75,944
3,081

11,638,621
802,102

Taken from this port for consumption,...........

63,397

5,639

72,863

10,836,519

Consumption, as above,......... galls. 10,836,519—Of which foreign, imported
direct,...................... galls.
Total consumption o f 1859,............. 12,010,290—Of which foreign, imported
direct,...............................
Decrease in 1860.............. galls.




1,173,771

Increase in consumption of
foreign, 1860,.........galls.

9,258,890
8,653,187
605,703

717

Molasses Trade.

NEW-YOKK

S T A T E M E N T — 1 859.

Y ea r 1859.
R eceived a t N ew -Y obk feom

Total
Gallons.

Ilhds.

Tcs.

Bbls.

51,884
11,033
4,265
901
22

5,165
304
2

14,930
547
148
8

20
34

2,406
3,972

1.28

Deduct exports

15,440

68,287
30
7,532

5,471
97
633

15,633
45*683
14^549

9,237,457
1,836,970
1,480,620

75,849
4,314

6,201

75,865
2,641

12,555,047
621,863

80,163

6,201

78,506

13,176,910

and shipments inland to

Taken from this port for consumption,...........

4,242

176

2,974

633,950

75,921
4,028

6,025

75,532
1,213

12,542,960
532,670

71,893

6,025

74,319

12,010,290

Consumption, as above,......... galls. 12,010,290—Of which foreign, imported
direct,.
...............galls.
Total consumption o f 1858,............. 11,239,685—Of which foreign, imported
direct,...............................
Increase in 1859,.............galls.

770,605

7,119,247
1,420,672
568,760
103,954
3^006

Increase in consumption
of foreign,...........galls.

8,653,18?
7,461,515
1,191,672

The statistics presented above show that the total receipts o f foreign
molasses into the United States for the year ending Dec. 31, 1860, were
31,126,015 gallons, against total receipts in 1859 of 28,960,175 gallons ;
and the consumption o f foreign descriptions ivas 28,724,205 gallons,
against a consumption in 1859 o f 28,293,210 gallons; while the total con­
sumption of foreign and domestic in 1860 was 47,318,877 gallons, against
a total consumption in 1859 of 54,260,970 gallons, showing an increase
in the consumption o f foreign of 430,995 gallons, or over 1^ per cent.,
but a decrease in the consumption of all kinds of 6,942,093 gallons, or
nearly 13 percent.
The receipts and consumption o f foreign in 1860 were much larger
than before in several years, owing to the crop o f domestic o f 1859-60
being considerably below an average yield. The crop of Louisiana, &c.,
now coming forward, it is estimated will not be any larger than the
previous season, and very probably will be considerably less. O f the re­
ceipts into the country the past year, about 60,000 hhds. have been taken
by sugar refiners, 50,000 by distillers, and the remainder has been dis­
tributed among the trade, exporters, &c.




Annual Report.

718

GENERAL

R eceipts of F oreign

in the

S T A T E M E N T — 1 860.

U nited S tates, from 1 st J an uaet

to

31 st D ecember.

Year 1860.
Hhds.

Tea.

Bbls.

Total
Gallons.

New-York,........................................................
Boston—from Cuba,........................................
“
u Porto Rico,...............................
“
“
Surinam,...................................
“
tl other foreign ports,................
Portland—from Cuba, & c.,.............................
New-IIaven—from Porto Rico, &c.,..............
Gloucester and Providence—from Cuba ,&c.,
Newburyport and Salem—from Surinam,
& c.,........................................................ .......
Bristol, Warren and other eastern ports—
from Cuba, & c.,............................................
Philadelphia—from Cuba,...............................
u
“ Porto Rico,......................
u
u English Island, & c .,.. . .
Baltimore—from Cuba,....................................
“
“ Porto Bieo,...........................
<4
11
English Island, & c.,...........
New-Orleans—from Cuba, Porto Rico, &c.,..
Savannah, Charleston and other southern
ports—from Cuba, & c.,...............................

62,825
38,784
1,038
3,053
698
43,007
10,093
2,812

5,284
4,494
115
135
4,506
209
226

17,464
3,409
56
115
59
6,539
170
166

8,585,806
4,988,855
137,141
364,420
86,140
5,736,940
1,205,816
358,606

477

2

12

55,614

3,576
22,659
1,677
195
5.110
1,404
2,640
16,689

166
2,368
33
725
5
83
1,930

236
4,058
175
11
7,690
3
169
2,711

498,905
3,066,240
213,806
25,240
932,226
171,620
354,120
2,233,140

15,155

1,446

4,789

2,111,380

Total receipts,............................................
Add stock at all the ports, January 1, I860,..

231,892
9,311

21,727
230

47,832
375

31,126,015
1,126,200

Total supply,..............................................
Deduct exports and shipments inland to
Canada, from all the ports, in 1860,...........

241,203

21,957

48,207

32,252,215

8,749

1,261

3,241

1,263,890

Deduct stock at all the ports, Jan. 1,1861,...

232,454
18,420

20,696
224

44,966
1,150

30,988,325
2,264,120

Total consumption of foreign,................

214,034

20,472

43,816

28,724,205

R eceived at

Total consumption of foreign, as above,...................................................galls. 28,724,205
Add crop of Louisiana, Texas, Florida, &e., of 1859-00, the most of which
was distributed in I860, and assuming the stock of this description
1st of January o f each year to be equal,.......................................................... 18,594,672
Would make the total consumption in 1860,............................................. galls. 47,318,877
Total consumption in 1859,.................................................................................... 54,260,970
Decrease in 1860,




galls.

6,942,093

719

Molasses Trade.

GENERAL

S T A T E M E N T — 1 8 5 9.

Tear 1859.
Received at

Tcs.

Bbls.

Total
Gallons.

68,287
39,042
1,088
2,120
1,906
46,753
10,942
3,172

5,471
4,259
77
87
28
4,835
216
259

15,633
4,822
77
89
276
1,919
636
154

9,237,457
5,150,715
141,318
252,840
240,180
6,006,320
1,179,603
401,850

534

42

17

65,820

320
1,361
40

573
3,973

New-York,........................................................
Boston— from Cuba,........................................
u
“
Porto Eico,...............................
u
u
Surinam,..................................
“
“
other foreign ports,................
Portland— from Cuba, & c ., .............................
New-Haven— from Porto Eico, & c.,..............
Gloucester and Providence— from Cuba, &c.,
Newburyport and Salem— from Surinam,
&c., .............................................................. .
Bristol, Warren and other eastern ports—
from Cuba, & c.,............................................
Philadelphia— from Cuba,...............................
w
11 Porto Eico,......................
u
“
English Island, & c.,___
Baltimore— from Cuba,....................................
41
11 Porto Eico,...........................
lt
u
English Island, & c.,...........
New-Orleans—from Cuba,...............................
Savannah. Charleston and other southern
ports—rrom Cuba, & c.,...............................

3,924
12,135
572
224
6,917
781
847
2,819

1,341
32
12
608

4
1,492
136
77
1,767

503,025
1,689,120
72,420
29,100
965,070
100,862
112,825
441,520

.t-T
i—i

Hhds.

1,286

4,056

2,379,120

Total receipts,............................................
Add stock at all the ports, January 1,1859,..

219,974
16,013

20,274
336

35,701
1,074

28,969,175
1,830,305

Total supply...............................................
Deduct exports and shipments inland to
Canada, from all the ports, in 1859,...........

235,9S7

20,660

36,775

30,799,480

9,251

1,581

4,778

1,380,070

Deduct stock at all the ports, Jan. 1, I860,...

226,736
9,311

19,079
230

31,997
375

29,419,410
1,126,200

Total consumption of foreign,..................

217,425

18,849

31,622

28,293,210

Consumption of foreign, as above,............................................................. galls. 28,293,210
Add. crop of Louisiana, Texas, Florida, &c., o f 1858-S9, the most o f which
was distributed in 1859, and assuming the stock of this description 1st
January of each year to be equal,..................................................................... 25,967,760
Would make the total consumption in 1859,....... ......................................galls. 54,260,970
Total consumption in 1858,.................................................................................. 45,169,164
Increase in 1859,..................................................................................... galls.

9,091,806

T otal C onsumption in the U nited S tates in
Gallons.

1860,........................................
1859,........................................
1858,........................................
1857,........................................
1856,........................................
1855,.........................................
1854,........................................
1853,........................................
1852,.........................................
1851,........................................
1850,.........................................




Gallons.

47,318,877 of which, foreign,........... 28,724,205
“
“
28,293,210
54,260,970
“
“
24,795,374
45,169,164
“
“
23,266,404
28,508,784
“
“
23,014,878
89,608,878
“
“
23,533,423
47,266,085
“
“
24,437,019
56,493,019
“
“
28,576,821
55,536,821
“
“
29,417,511
48,257,511
“
“
33,238,278
43,948,018
“
“
24,806,949
37,019,249

720

Annual Report.

A

n n u al

R e v ie w

of the

N e w - Y ork M ark et.

The receipts o f foreign and domestic molasses into this port, as well as
the consumption for 1860, were not as large as for some previous years,
but the importers of foreign have no reason to be dissatisfied with the re­
sults of the business, as nearty all o f these descriptions have sold more
largely and at better rates than before in several years. The average
price of New-Orleans for the year, as compared with 1859, is 12^ per
cent, higher; Porto Rico, 12f- per cent, higher; Cuba Muscovado, nearly
3 per cent, higher, and Clayed Cuba, 2§ per cent, lower.
The quantity of foreign received direct at this port, and withdrawn for
consumption the past year, was 9,258,890 gallons, against a consumption
of foreign in 1859 o f 8,653,187 gallons, being an increase of 7 per cent,;
while the total consumption o f foreign and domestic in 1860 was
10,830,519 gallons, against a total in 1859 of 12,010,290 gallons, being
a decrease in the consumption of all kinds o f over 9 f per cent.
The year opened with a quiet but firm market; as it progressed, how­
ever, dullness became the prominent feature, and New-Orleans soon re­
ceded to 52 cents per gallon, being a decline of 1 cent. As January
advanced, and the season drew near for the receipt o f new crop West
India, a further decline of 2 cents on New-Orleans was submitted t o ; on
the 10th, the first arrival of new crop Cuba Muscovado occurred, and
sold at 32 cents; also, in the same vessel, the first Clayed arrived, which
brought 25 cents, against opening price o f Muscovado the year before, 23
cents, (arrived on the 29th,) and of Clayed, 25 cents. Towards the close
New-Orleans, with increased receipts, became very dull, and prices further
receded 3 @ 4 cents; the supply o f new W est India was as yet small.
On the 25th, the first invoice new crop Nuevitas syrup was laid down
here and sold at 35 cents, the month ending without animation.
The demand in the early part of February was quite light, but holders
did not press their stocks, and prices underwent no further change. To­
wards the latter part o f the month, new crop West India began to come
forward freely, and the tendency of values was to a lower range.
March commenced with a steady and very firm feeling for prime grades
W est India, the bulk of the receipts up to this time having been o f the
lower qualities. The first invoice new Porto Rico was received about
this time, and sold at 40 @ 41 cents, quality good, against 35 year before,
and 33 in 1858. Towards the close of the month there set in an active
demand from the trade, refiners, and from the neighboring markets, which
absorbed the most of the stock, the month closing with a meagre supply,
and prices in sellers’ favor.
The advancing tendency noticed during the latter part o f March con­
tinued through April. For Muscovado 2 @ 3 cents higher prices were
realized, and on Porto Rico 1 @ 2, without checking the business, which
was on a liberal scale, prime grades being still very scarce, and much
wanted by our own and dealers from other markets.
Throughout May there continued a steady fair demand for the better
grades, at very full prices, but the lower qualities were, for the most part,
dull and neglected; stocks, however, did not accumulate to any extent.
For the first half of the month of June a moderate business was trans­
acted at supported prices, but towards the latter part the supplies became




Molasses Trade.

721

larger, the demand fell off, and a feeling o f depression ensued, though no
decline was submitted to, holders, generally, not pressing their stocks.
The market in July was generally very dull; holders were more dis­
posed to sell, and, upon making concessions, a moderate business was
transacted. The wants o f buyers, however, were soon satisfied, and at
the close there was a heavy feeling, with prices still in buyers’ favor.
August opened with an improved demand, and more steadiness was
observable; but the business soon fell off, and as the receipts were in
excess of the sales, prices for all but prime grades became weak. Towards
the close, however, the rise which occurred at this time in grain, brought
in distillers more freely, and prices again stiffened.
Distillers and refiners operated pretty freely in September, and the
qualities suitable for their purposes remained very firm, but no change in
prices occurred, the demand being met by holders. Towards the latter
part o f the month, prime grades also were in better request, and the mar­
ket generally assumed a firm aspect.
The market throughout October remained quite steady and uniform.
Grocery styles sold most freely, but a fair business in all grades was trans­
acted at full prices. The first arrival of new crop New-Orleans occurred
on the 30th, and sold at 52 cents, quality not prime, against first receipts
in 1859 on the 13th November, which brought 5 2 ; 1858, 45, and 1857,
60 cents.
November opened with a very quiet market; the low grades were neg­
lected, and prime qualities only purchased in small lots. As the month
advanced, the market became very seriously affected by the political
panic, and prices rapidly fell off. But little business was done, except
for cash, and values were constantly in buyers’ favor, the decline on NewOrleans being about 10 @ 12 cents per gallon, foreign descriptions gen­
erally sympathizing and receding. A t the close, the low prices brought
exporters, and some considerable sales of Muscovado were made for ex­
port at 21 @ 23 cents.
The unsettled state o f feeling noted in November continued for the
first half o f the month o f December, and, with free receipts of NewOrleans, prices still declined, a further concession o f 2 @ 3 cents being
made, the bulk of the business, however, being done through the auction
rooms. The frequent large public sales soon made considerable inroads
upon the stock, and, with a somewhat improved state of financial affairs,
the turn of the market was in sellers’ favor. Towards the close o f the
month exporters again purchased pretty freely of Cuba for shipment, and
though foreign was still dull, yet there was less depression than before,
the year closing with an improved and more hopeful feeling.
W e annex the following table, showing the range o f prices o f the lead­
ing descriptions at this port the past four years :

V O L . x l i v .— N O . V I.




46

Molasses Trade.

722

THE RANGE OF PRICES AT NEW -YORK THE PAST FOUR YEARS.

1860.
M

o n t h s

.
New-Orleans.

January,....................
February,..................
March,.......................
A p r i l,.............................

May............................
June...........................
J u l y ...............................
A u g u s t ,........................

September,...............
October,.....................
November,................
December,.................

50
44
43
43
45
46
45
45
45
45
40
30

Average for the year,

53
50
50
50
50
50
49
50
49
50
53
40

@
@

@
@
@
@
@
@

@
@

@
46J

c

Porto Eico.

30
30
30
35
35
34
30
32
32
32

30
25

@
@

@
@
@
@
<fi>.
@
@

@
@
@

40
40
41
41
41
40
38
40
40
40
39
36

Cuba Muscovado.

26
24
25
26
26
25
24
24
24
25
21

17

@
(S)
(a .
@
<a .
@
@

@
@
@

33
32
32
34
36
35
33
32
32

33

22
24
24
23
21
22
21
20
20
21

30
24

17
15

@ 25
@ 26
@ 26
@ 28
@ 28
@ 26
@ 24
@ 24
@ 23
@ 23
@ 23
@ 19

28 c.

22f c.

Cuba Muscovado.

Cuba Clayed.

35 3-10 c.

-

@
@

Cuba Clayed.

1859.
M onths.

New-Orleans.

January,...................
February,.................
March,.......................
April,.........................
May............................
June,.........................
July ...................................
August,........ ............
September,...............
October......................
November,................
December,.................
Average for the year,

37
39
38
38
38
36
38
38
38
37
38
50

@

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

@
@
@

42
42
40
40
45
45
44
43
42
45
62
53

Porto Eico.
23
24
30
30
30
27
27
25
25

@
@

@
@
@
@
@
@
@

25 @
@
30 @
27

414 c.

33
34
38
37
42
37
36
35
35
36
38
39

21
22

25
25
25
25
23
21
21

@
@

28
32

@

32

@
@
@
@
@

@
22 @
24 @
25 @

324
35
34
30
30
30
30
30
31

19 @ 26
25 @ 27
23 @ 26
23 @ 254
24 @ 30
21 @ 26
21 @ 24
1S^ @

22

18 @ 23
20 @ 24

@ 25
22 @ 25
21

274 c.

234 c.

Cuba Muscovado.

Cuba Clayed.

14 c.

1858.
M

o n t h s

.
New-Orleans.

January,.....................
February...................
March.........................
April,.........................
M ay,..........................
June...........................
July, ..............................
August,.....................
September,...............
October,....................
November,................
December,.................
Average for the year,




26
25
28
33
35 4
35$
38
45
50
374
35

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

384 c.

35
30
33
364
37
37
40
50
52
48
45
40

Porto Eico.

25
24
28
30
26
26
26
35
31
27
25
25

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
31 c.

30
28
33
35
334
33
34
43
41
38
33
34

2 1

19
22
23
23
22
25
30
29
24
22
20

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
264 c.

25
23
28
31
32
30
32
35
35
32
28
27

18
18
21
21
22
22
22
28
26
22
20
17

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

224 c.

20
21
23
23 4
23
23
23
30
28
27
22
22

723

Molasses Trade.

1857.
M o n th s.

New-Orleans.
January,...................
February,.................
March,.......................
A pril,........................
May,..........................
June,.........................
July ........................................
August,............... . .
September,...............
October,....................
November,................
December..................
Average for the year,

_m<®.
75
75
74
75
70
70
65
45
40
35
33

Porto Eico.

80
76

@

@
&>.
@

@
@

@
@
@

76
76
77
75
75
70
55
55
45
S li

64 c.

57
65
67
55
60
60
55
46
35
22
23
22

@

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

@
@
@

62|
70
63
68
70
671
67
621
53
45
35
30

52 c.

Cuba Muscovado.
44
48
45
48
54
50
50
45
29

52
60

@

@
@

58

63
63
60
60
50
45
35
271
25

d

@
@
@
@

@

221 @
20 @

19

@
44| c.

Cuba Clayed.
40
@ 55
@ 46

38
50
40
44

@

50

@

49
46
37
30

18
19
17

@

52

52
@ 52
@ 52
@ 44
@ 35
@ 30
@ 22
@ 20

39 c.

O f the New-Orleans sugar crop for 1860, the New-Orleans Price Cur­
rent says : W e have compiled from our records the annexed statement of
the sugar product of Louisiana for the past twenty-six years, showing the
amount of each year’ s crop in hogsheads and pounds, with the gross av­
erage value per hogshead and total.
T otal Ceop.
Average price
per hhd.

T eak .
11lids.

Pounds.

1834, . ................................
1835, ..................................
1836....................................
1837, ..................................
1838, ..................................
1839, ..................................
1840, ..................................
1 8 4 1 ....................................
1 8 4 2 ....................................
1 8 4 3 ....................................
1 8 4 4 ....................................
18 4 5 , .......................................
1 8 4 6 ....................................
18 47, ......................................
18 48....................................
18 4 9 , .......... ........................
1850....................................
18 51....................................
18 52....................................
1853 ........................................
1854, ...................................
18 55, . ................................
1856, . . : ' ...........................
18 5 7 ....................................
1858, ..................................
1859, ..................................

100,000
30,000
70 ,000
65,000
70 ,000
115,000
87,000
90,000
140,000
100,000
200,000
186,650
140,000
240,000
220,000
247,923
211,303
236,547
321,931
449,324
348,635
231,427
73,976
279,697
362,296
221,840

100,000,000
3 0 ,000,000
7 0 ,000,000
6 5 ,000,000
7 0 ,000,000
115,000,000
8 7 ,00 0,00 0
90,000,000
140,000,000
10 0,000,000
20 0,00 0,00 0
186,650,000
140,000,000
24 0,000,000
2 2 0 ,000,000
269,769,000
23 1, 194,000
25 7, 138,000
3 6 8 , 129,000
4 9 5 ,156,000
3 8 5 ,726,000
25 4,569,000
8 1 ,373,000
30 7,666,700
4 1 4 ,796,000
255, 115,750

Total,...............

4 ,836,549

5, 174,282,450




Total value.

$ 60 00

$ 6 ,000,000

90
60
62
62
50
55
40
42
60
45
55
70
40
40
50
60
50
48
35
52
70
110
64
69
82

2,700,000
4 ,200,000
5,062,500
4 ,375,000
6,750,000
4 ,785,000
3,600,000
4 ,750,000
6,000,000
9 ,000,000
10,265,750
9 ,800,000
9, 600,000
8,800,000
12,396,150
12,678,180
11,82 7,35 0
15,452,688
1 5 ,72 6,34 0
18,02 5,02 0
16,199,890
8 , 137,360
17,900,608
2 4 ,99 8,42 4
1 8 ,190,880

00
00
50
50
00
00
00
50
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

....

$ 2 6 6,321,140

Commerce o f New-Yorlc.

724

C O M M E R C E OF N E W - Y O R K .
F iscal

Y ear

1859-60.

Imports at the several ports o f entry o f the State o f New -York, during the
fiscal year 1859-60, compared with the totals o f the preceding year
ending ZQth June, 1859.
Year ending 30th June, 1860.
Districts.

June 30, 1859.

Free of duty.
Paying duty.

Total value.

Sackett’s Harbor,. . . .
Genesee........................
Oswego,.......................
Niagara,......................
Buffalo,.......................
Oswegatcliie,..............
New-York,..................
Champlain,..................
Cape Vincent,.............

$7,768
717,441
4,866,762
2,148,931
2,627,085
959,76S
30,337,251
2,502,641
824,968

$ 171
2,010
10,227
23,684
50,654
14,385
203,355,690
36,341
4,100

$ 7,939
719,451
4,876,989
2,172,615
2,677,739
974,153
233,692,941
2,538,982
829,068

$9,910
353,795
3,637,709
1,019,944
1,669,845
1,017,281
218,231,093
2,360,984
880,788

Total State N. York,.
Other ports,................

$44,992,615
37,298,999

$203,497,262
76,377,378

$248,489,877
113,676,377

$229,181,349
109,586,781

Total United States,..

$82,291,614

$ 279,874,640

$362,166,254

$338,768,130

Statement o f goods, wares and merchandise o f the growth, produce and
manufacture o f the United States, exported from the several ports o f
entry o f the State o f New-Yorlc, during the fiscal year 1859-60, com­
pared with the totals o f the preceding year ending 30th June, 1859.

Districts.

Sackett’s Harbor,. . . .

Articles
manufactured.

Other
articles raw.

Total year
1S59-60.

Total year
1S58 59.

640,306
30,897
7,315

$ 2,886
236,710
1,488,226
1,686,755
616,100
223,705
120,630,955
997,296
178,334

$ 3,106
166,156
1,732,582
1,734,405
773,312
356,251
97,461,576
2,150,431
348,727

$907,478
1,489,967

$802,553
552,838

$126,060,967
247,128,307

$ 104,726,546
231,167,839

Total United States,..
Foreign exports..........

$ 2,397,445

$1,355,391

$373,189,274
26,933,022

$335,894,385
20,895,077

Totals...........................

....

....

$400,122,296

$ 3)56,789,462

Oswego,.......................
Niagara........................
Buffalo.........................
Oswegatcbie,..............
New-York,...................

$ 1,250
8,459
179,052
139,250
2,195
10,404
444,974
80,694
41,200

Total State N. York,.
Other ports,................




$220
32,124
18,264
70,245
3,182

725

Foreign Exports o f New-York.

FOREIGN EXPORTS

OF N E W - Y O R K .

Foreign Exports from the P ort o f New-York, compared with the aggregate
o f all other Ports, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1860, with
total Exports o f the United States fo r the year 1858-9.
Tear 1S59-60.
A r t ic l e s .

Port of
New-York.
Adamantine and other candles,
lbs. 1,815,349
Apples,..................... bbls. 12,645
Artificial flowers,.......................
Ashes, pot and pearl,.cwt. 97,204
Beef,........................ tcs. 67,389 )
“ .................... bbls. 37,027 f
Beer, ale, porter and cider:
In casks............. galls. 126,815
In bottles.................doz. 8,666
Biscuit, or ship bread,
bbls. 57,624 )
“ kegs and boxes, 24,591 \
Billiard tables and apparatus,..
Boards, plank and scantling,
M. feet, 26,198
Books and maps,.........................
Brooms and brushes of all kinds,
Butter,.................. lbs. 4,725,146
Cable and cordage,.cwt. 15,242
Carriages, 11. R. cars, and parts

Other Ports.

Total U. S.
1859-60,

Year 185S-9.

434,932
152,304
103
285,118

$708,699
206,055
207
822,820

$ 671,750
99,803

1,898,643

775,681

2,674,324

2,188,056

23,984
14,028

7,387
8,174

31,371
2 2 ,2 0 2

55,675
22,551

240,165

238,575

478,740

512,910

5,367

10,612

15,979

12,094

592,834
154,870
60,482
40,702
706,413
1,602
139,125

2,185,085
123,398
93,563
20,675
437,908
997
107,447

2,777,919
278,268
154.045
61,377
1,144,321
2,599
246,572

3,317,298
319,080
160,611
44,638
750,911
8,399
320,435

$ 273,767
53,751
104
537,702

$

212

643,861

655,600
440,507
876,466
816,973
649,302
1,443,454
122,176
], 565,680
845
1,748
2,444
2,593
536,781
344,415
252,504
596,919
245,144
653,536
495,639
740,783
37,608
18,092
2,654
20,746
Copper and brass, manufac.
of,.. .
1,048,246
1,425,062
1,664,122
239,060
Cotton, bales,... .No. 226,336 )
“ Sea Island, lbs.5,594,093 >• 12,439,983 179,366,572 191,806,555 161,434,923
“ other......... 97,746,662 )
796,008
Drugs and medicines,.................
892,809
222,646
1,115,455
47,261
Earthen and stoneware,.............
40,142
65,086
24,944
Flax seed,.................. bush. 2,652
3,810
8,177
3,695
115
Fire engines,.................................
9,948
3,213
2,638
7,310
690,088
642,901
Fish, dried or smoked, cwt.61,257
198,472
491,616
“ pickled,...........bbls. 14,196
191,634
106,429
203,760
85,205
Ginseng,................... .lbs. 395,659
295,646
54,204
120
295,766
3,284,642 26,033,678 24,172,442
Gold and silver coin...................
22,749,036
3,323,272 30,913,173 33,329,863
Gold and silver bullion,............
27,589,901
Gunpowder,..........lbs. 1,351,223
196,585
271,187
467,772
371,603
714,822
Hams and bacon,.
16,161,749
1,558,946
2,273,768
1,263,042
114,321
Hats, of fur or silk,.....................
4,449
118,770
145,226
“
of palm leaf,.....................
25,244
67,588
92,832
71,478
Hemp,................................ tons, 7
993
8,538
9,531
9,279
Cheese.................. lbs. 14,410,717
Chocolate............
4,654
Clover seed,............ bush. 70,416
Coal,......................... tons, 59,518




726

Foreign Exports o f F ew -York.
Articles.

Hewn timber,...............................
Other lumber,..........................
Hides,............................................
Hogs,................................ No. 115
Horned cattle,................
1,532
Horses,..............................
907
Hops,......................... lbs. 145,298
Household furniture,..................
Ice............................... tons, 3,568
India rubber, manufactures o f :
Shoes................... pairs, 98,964
Other than shoes,....................
Indian corn ,.. . .bush. 1,580,019
Indian meal..............bbls. 86,073
Iron and manufactures of iron :
B ar,.........................................
Casting......................................
Nails,.................lbs. 2,487,930
Pig............................cwt. 3,000
Manufactures of,......................
Jewelry, real or imitation o f ,...
Other manufactures of gold
or silver.................................
Lard.................... lbs. 18,542,131
Lard oil,.................. galls. 28,585
Lead,..........................lbs. 154,579
Leather,.................... 2,221,090
Leather, manufactures of:
Boots and shoes, pairs, 239,151
Linseed oil,............ galls. 18,527
Manufactured tobacco,
lbs. 10,327,364
Manufactures o f cotton, printed,
White and other duck,...........
Duck,..........................................
Other manufactures of,...........
Manufactures of glass.................
Manufactures of hemp, b a g s,.. .
“
“
cloth,...
“
“
thread,.
Other manufactures of,...........
Manufactures of marble and
stone.............. ............................
Manufactures of pewter and lead,
Manufactures of tin,....................
Manufactures of w ood,...............
Molasses,....................galls. 4,238
Morocco and leather not sold per
pound,.......................................
Mules,........................... No. 1,145
Musical instruments,...................
Oak bark and other dyewoods,.
Oil cake,........................................
Oil, spermaceti,. galls. 1,328,368
“ whale and other fish,
galls. 548,253
Whalebone,..lbs. 1,068,888
Onions............................................
Paints and varnish,.....................




P ort o f
N e w -Y o rk .

O th er P o rts.

T o t a l TJ. S .
1 8 5 9 -6 0 .

Y e a r 1 8 5 8 -9 .

$ 260,797
240,354
759
94,469
110,161
17,347
527,491
9,918

$231,668
444,322
775,906
376,845
957,957
123,207
15,519
551,623
173,216

$ 231,668
705,119
1,016,260
377,604
1,052,426
233,368
32,866
1,079,114
183,134

$ 367,609
1,001,216
520,539
550,875
1,345,058
290,250
53,016
1,067,197
164,581

51,005
119,583
1,182,381
346,430

7,821
62,432
1,217,427
565,645

58,826
182,015
2,399,808
912,075

52,006
146,821
1,323,103
994,269

....
88,577
3,493
3,151,153
18,020

38,257
282,848
100,177
15,650
2,022,887
6,639

38,257
282,848
188,754
19,143
5,174,040
24,659

48,226
128,659
188,223
21,213
5,117,346
58,368

139,207
2,075,348
26,428
8,695
469,571

980
2,470,483
29,355
41,751
204,738

140,187
4,545,831
55,783
50,446
674,309

35,947
3,268,406
50,793
28,575
499,718

241,291
12,278

541,234
14,521

782,525
26,799

820,175
34,194

1,793,159
396,483
88,978
236,479
5,240,556
97,114

1,578,915
2,959,966
1,314,528
145,610
552,196
180,834
4,733
813
7,299

3,372,074
3,356,449
1,403,506
382,089
5,792,752
277,948
4,733
813
430
21,838

3,334,401
2,320,890
1,302,381
215,855
4,477,096
252,316
5,439
905
444
12,090

39,911
35,197
14,253
794,868
1,480

136,328
10,884
24,811
1,908,227
33,812

176,239
46,081
39,064
2,703,095
35,292

112,214
28,782
39,289
2,339,861
75,699

13,897
122,675
15,888
65,435
1,164,841
1,781,071

5,114
35,405
113,765
98,825
444,487
8,018

19,011
158,080
129,653
164,260
1,609,328
1,789,089

41,465
258,336
155,101
412,701
1,198,581
1,737,734

274,444
896,236
49,964
145,562

263,103
57
59,897
78,247

537,547
896,293
109,861
223,809

598,762
1,233,539
100,669
185,068

....
430
14,539

727

Foreign Exports o f New-York.

A etici.es.

P ort o f
N e w -Y o rk .

Paper and other stationery.......
$152,915
Pork,..................tierces, 1,519 )
1,694,678
“ ................. bbls. 107,815 \
Potatoes,...............bush. 189,921
138,563
Printing presses and type,........
138,740
Quicksilver,...................................
Eice................... tierces, 28,723 )
1,009,409
“ ...................... bbls. 33,853 j
Eosin and turpentine,
1,344,183
bbls. 555,360
Eye meal,...............
5,010
21,185
Eye, oats and other small grain
and pulse...................................
484,597
Saddlery........................................
50,667
Salt............................bush. 47,671
9,331
Sheep,............... .........................
12,874
Shingles,........................M. 2,858
38,970
Skins and furs,.............................
1,394,922
3,436
Snuff,............................lbs. 20,837
Soap........ ................... 2,763,621
230,650
Spermaceti candles,.
134,899
44,641
127,576
Spirits from grain, galls. 296,944
Spirits from molasses,
978,282
321,302
Spirits from other material,
145,481
galls. 300,435
Spirits of turpentine, 2,800,553
1,330,479
1,327,186
Staves and heading,..M. 33,877
Sugar, brown,...............................
“
refined,..........lbs. 102,877
10,337
904,647
Tallow....................... 8,634,418
Tar and pitch,........ bbls. 29,739
75,864
Tobacco, le a f,.. .hhds. 11,955 1
“
“ . . .eases, 12,185 V
1,882,255
“
“ ...b a le s, 11,771 )
Trunks and valises.......................
39,720
Umbrellas, parasols and sun­
2,810
shades........................................
Vinegar,..................galls. 119,335
14,286
120,506
W a x,.......................... lbs. 328,108
Wearing apparel,.........................
215,606
2,336,190
Wheat, .............bush. 1,880,908
Wheat flo u r,.. . .bbls. 1,187,200
6,639,996
W ool,......................................... lbs.79,408|18,311
Total, I860,..
“
1859,..
1858,..
“
1857,..
“
1856,..




120,630,955
97,461,576
83,403,564
111,029,083
98,763,197

O th er P orts.

T ota l U . S.
1 8 5 9 -6 0 .

Y e a r 1 8 5 8 -9 .

$132,883

$ 285,798

$ 299,857

1,437,635

3,132,313

3,355,746

146,110
18,384
258,682

284,673
157,124
258,682

284,111
68,868

1,557,990

2,567,399

2,207,148

474,055
26,987

1,818,238
48,172

2,248,381
60,786

573,707
20,665
120,386
20.739
130,576
138,286
7,918
263,755
7,188
184,019
609,342

1,058,304
71,332
129,717
33,613
169,546
1,533,208
11,354
494,405
51,829
311,595
930,644

1,181,170
58,870
212,710
41,182
191,531
1,361,352
68,090
466,215
46,278
273,576
760,889

73,718
585,810
1,038,330
103,244
291,337
693,529
75,540

219,199
1,916,289
2,365,516
103,244
301,674
1,598,176
151,404

188,746
1,306,035
2,410,334
196,935
377,944
712,551
141,058

14,024,292

15,906,547

21,074,038

10,464

50,184

42,153

2,052
27,OS2
11,297
309,569
1,740,614
8,808,511
371,201

4,862
41,368
131,803
525,175
4,076,704
15,448,507
389,512

4,837
35,156
94,850
470,613
2,849,192
14,483,591
355,563

252,558,319
238,432,809
210,354,715
227,955,982
211,823,133

373,189,274 335,894,385
335,894,385
293,758,279
338,985,065
310,586,330

and

Exports

of

each

St at e ,

1856-7,

1857-8,

1858-9,

1859-60.

1856-■1857.

1857- 1858.

1858- 1859.

728

Imports

The following table will illustrate fully the comparative foreign import ancl export trade of the State of New-York compared with the other States
of the Union, for each year from July 1, 1856, to June 30, 1860.
1859- 1860.

States .

Imports.

Exports.

Imports.

Exports.

Imports.

Exports.

Imports.

Exports.

$ 236,493,485 $134,803,298 $178,475,736 $ 108,340,924 $229,181,349 $117,539,825 $248,489,877 $ 145,555,449
2,664,332
1,716,075
3,669,555
1,858,392
2,862,059
2,157,0S6
3,240,839
3,716,586
17,961
18,055
3,325
17,556
1,834
9,793
1,800
23,227
2,196,088
783,702
2,709,193
648,470
965,665
1,802,668
1,136,565
2,731,857
42,312,420
41,187,539
47,265,341
30,146,012
43,184,500
18,158,818
17,003,277
22,462,377
495,932
515,492
4S7,S16
310,813
220,896
552,351
421,346
1,819,068
1,116,801
955,105
1,419,726
1,330,241
1,144,311
743,181
1,095,403
491,067
5,423
6,618
14,021
5,046
21,938
39,343
3,867
12,184
14,634,279
12,892,215
14,520,331
17,855,249
7,184,432
6,036,411
5,375,226
5,628,327
2,895
2,821
529
2,001
87,426
117,276
49,511
106,571
9,236,399
9,7S4,773
9,713,921
9,001,600
10,581,208
13,706,335
8,930,157
10,442,616
26,520
8,278
4,413
116,333
22,735
16,710
1,116,193
6,722,162
1,326,249
5,858,024
1,530,154
7,249,709
1,079,056
7,276,800
174,272
435,409
365,931
760,094
231,494
414,206
541,216
168,645
1,569,570
2,071,519
1,438,535
17,972,580
21,205,337
2,019,786
16,140,403
16,924,436
15,562,154
782,061
10,857,634
411,650
624,645
18,483,038
779,909
9,597,559
28,933,662
1,050,310
21,022,149
788,164
38,670,183
709,090
20,576:229
606,942
9,580,868
8,989,733
15,919,188
10,296,002
9,137,414
14,435,901
11,163,558
15,039,247
3,192,362
336,931
1,330,230
164,950
1,887,552
321,099
3,268,552
286,971
222,930
1,269,385
60,214
1,165,183
326,325
1,585,404
93,588
1,713,077
IS,349,516
101,666,538
22,922,778
108,417,798
91,894,862
19,586,033
88,S75,995
24,891,967
3,826,932
672,934
1,067,339
3,624,624
976,179
1,018,558
1,502,606
5,188,707
51,140
9,935
5,666
1,936
113,126
2,097
5,020
3,907
39,577
259,584
199,293
267,846
263,011
284,810
267,265
933,989
339,561
468,162
3,855,909
2,436,408
6,783,934
2,428,465
300,774
1,491,375
113,091
5,133
444,352
265,701
3,717
25,805
12,717
3,425
28,946
187,i i i
522,044
106,604
543,280
699,088
5,817

Totals,......................................

$360,890,141 $362,960,682 $282,613,150 $324,644,420 $338,768,130 $ 356,789,462 $362,166,254 $400,122,296




Imports and Exports.

New-York,......................................
Maine,.........................................
New-llampshire,...........................
Verm ont,........................................
Massachusetts,...............................
Rhode Island,.................................
Connecticut,....................................
New-Jersey,...................................
Pennsylvania,.................................
Delaware,........................................
Maryland,........................................
District of Columbia,......................
Virginia,..........................................
North Carolina,...............................
South Carolina,...............................
Georgia,............................................
Alabama,........................................
California,........................................
Florida,............................................
Illinois,............................................
Louisiana,........................................
Michigan,........................................
Minnesota,......................................
Oregon,............................................
O hio,................................................
Texas,..............................................
Washington Territory,..................
Wisconsin,......................................

729

Coffee Trade.

C O F F E E T R A D E OF T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S .
Annual Statement, showing the Import, Export, Stock and Consumption,
fo r the year ending December 31, 1860, (exclusive o f California and
Oregon.)
From, the Shipping and Commercial List, and Neic- York P rice Current.

NEW-YORK STATEMENT.
1S60.
P ock ets,
M a ts,
& c.

F r o m B r a z i l , ............
S t. D o m i n g o , ............
J a v a a n d S u m a tra ,
S i n g a p o r e , .................
M a n i l l a , .......................
C e y l o n , ........................
M a r a c a i b o ,.................
L agu ayra and F ort o C a b e l l o , ............
J a m a i c a , ......................
C u b a , .............................
P o r t o R i c o , .................
B o l i v a r C it y , ..........
S a n ta M a rth a , & c .,.
C o s ta R ic a a n d N .
G r e n a d a , ...............
R o t t e r d a m ..................
A m s t e r d a m , ............
A f r i c a , ..........................
O t h e r ifo re ign p o r t s ,

2 9 2 ,5 9 5
7 7 ,4 9 4
1 66
67S

T o ta l fo r e ig n ,...
R e c e i v e d c o a s t w is e
fr o m —
E a s t e r n p o r t s , ..........
S ou th ern p o r t s ,. . . .

4 7 6 ,7 1 4

3 2 ,5 3 9

1 0 ,7 2 7
1 2 ,9 5 1

7 ,9 6 5

5 0 0 ,3 9 2

4 0 ,5 0 4

T o ta l r e c e ip t s ,. . .

B b ls .

B ags.

C asks.

R eceived at
N ew - Y obk.

1 S 5 9 .

2 7 .5 1 2
4 ,2 5 8
769

1 3 ,5 5 9
4 4 ,5 0 0

8

1 7 ,0 4 6
1 4 ,S 5 0
16
2 ,7 4 1

80
4

S12
16
11

3 ,3 7 4
4 ,6 9 6
2 ,S 6 3
1 ,5 3 S
12
586

T o t a l lb s .

B ags.

P ock ets ,
M a ts ,
&C,

4 6 .5 4 4 ,9 2 0
1 0 ,0 6 3 ,1 1 5
1 ,5 3 3 ,9 4 2
3 3 2 ,9 2 5
2 7,5 51
1 ,7 6 9 ,5 6 0
5 ,7 S 3 ,1 2 6

3 7 4 ,1 6 7
8 2,6 54
39
90

1 ,8 7 4 .2 3 0
2 ,6 2 5 ,2 3 0
8,7S 0
6 6 0 ,2 2 6
3 7 2 .0 2 0

5 ,5 4 3
721
2 ,2 1 2
2
2 ,7 7 0

5

12

S9

860

7 2 ,7 9 0 ,8 7 7

5 9 2 ,9 8 6

8 7 ,6 1 0

1 ,8 0 8 ,6 9 0
1 ,5 5 3 ,0 6 0

1 8 ,3 1 8
4 0 ,7 5 7

3 2,3 30

7 6 ,1 5 2 ,6 2 7

6 52,061

1 19 ,94 0

89

S60

W e i g h t o f r e c e ip t s in 1 8 6 0 ,........................................ lb s . 7 6 ,1 5 2 ,6 2 7
“
“
i n 1 S 5 9 ,................................................ 1 0 1 ,8 1 8 ,7 8 6
D e c r e a s e , ..........................................................................l b s .

2 5 ,6 6 1 ,1 5 9

M

5 9 ,8 3 3 ,9 0 0
1 0 ,7 4 5 ,1 2 0
4 .1 4 0 .4 6 8
5 6 1 ,0 0 1
2 0 3 , S72
1 ,5 6 9 ,1 5 0
7 ,4 2 7 ,1 0 0

1

5 1 7 ,4 2 0
3S 6,710
2 0 7 ,8 2 0
1 ,3 6 1
81,8 51

1

T o t a l lb s .

3

7 1 ,7 1 5
11,2 25
4 ,6 7 0

10,6 70
5 7,1 32
43,3 39
1 0 ,2 0 7
249
2 50
1 75
2 ,7 6 6

CO
e3

9

i9

30

623
9
2

8

i

6 2 0 ,9 4 5
1 09 ,92 0
2 9 8 ,8 3 5
232
3 5 0 ,6 2 0

73

654

9 2 ,8 4 5 ,9 4 6

9

52

4 ,0 6 2 ,5 0 0
4 ,9 0 5 ,3 4 0

25

W e i g h t i n 1 8 5 9 ,.
in 1 8 5 S ,.
“
I n c r e a s e , ..........

4 ,7 6 7 ,1 4 0
1 ,S 1 3 ,S 6 0
4 7 ,3 1 0
3 3 ,0 2 3
1 9 ,1 1 0
3 0 4 ,3 4 0

82

706 1 0 1 ,8 1 3 ,7 8 6

lb s . 101 .S 13 ,7S 6
9 0 ,9 1 2 ,8 4 9
lb s .

1 0 ,9 0 0 ,9 3 7

Bags , &c.

Total lbs.

Total packages received at New-York in 1860,....................
Add stock January 1, 1860,......................................................

531,845
76,671

76,152,627
7,688,050

Total supply,.........................................................................
Deduct export in 1860,.............................................................

618,516
64,446

83,840,677
8,500,350

Deduct stock January 1, 1861,.................................................

554,070
67,653

75,340,327
8,455,030

Taken from this port for consumption in 1860,.....................
“
“
“
in 1859,....................

486,417
640,313

66,885,297
83,700,472

Decrease in 1860,...................................................................

153,896

16,815,175




730

Coffee Trade.
Bags, dbc.

Bags , <&c.

Total packages received in 1859,.
Add stock January 1, 1859,.......

772,789 Total packages received in 1858,.
67,592 Add stock January 1, 1858,.......

693,352
127,297

Total supply............................
840,381
Deduct export in 1859,.. 123,397
And stock Jan. 1, I860,. 76,671
-------200,068
Taken from this port for con­
sumption in 1859,....................
640,313
W eighing,..............................lbs.83,700,472
Consumption in 1858,................. 98,156,662

Total supply,...........................
820,649
Deduct export in 1858,.. 47,323
And stock Jan. 1, 1859,.. 67,592
--------- 114,915
Taken from this port for con­
sumption in 1858,....................
705,734
W eighing,..............................lbs.98,156,662
Consumption in 1857,................. 60,892,824

Decrease in 1859,...............lbs.14,456,190

Increase in 1858,................lbs.37,263,838

GENERAL

STATEMENT
T ota l

FOR

YEARS

P ackages.

1 8 5 8 - 9 - ’ 60.

S tock , J a n . l .

E x p o rte d .

R eceived from F oreign
P oets.

1859.

1858.

5 1 0 ,2 0 2

6 8 1 ,3 2 3

6 3 3 ,1 2 2

6 7 ,6 5 3

7 6,6 71

64,446

1 2 3 ,3 9 7

8 6 ,8 2 4

1 5 1 ,8 2 3

193,887

2 ,2 7 9

3 3 ,8 2 5

8 ,7 2 5

1 3 ,6 S 0

1 0 2 ,8 1 5

1 96 ,40 5

1 6 9 ,S07

1,300

7 ,5 0 0

1 07

2 12

184,041

2 4 3 ,0 0 8

2 1 1 ,4 0 2

2 5 ,5 0 0

1 9,0 00

231

407

2S 4,131
9 1 ,8 0 5

8 7 6 ,9 7 7
9 7,0 51

3 4 6 ,8 5 8
7 6 ,1 5 3

5 7 ,3 5 2
1 6 ,4 0 0

69,5 00

A t other P orts, ..................

9,200

126
3 15

222
371

T o t a l , ...........................................

1 ,2 5 9 ,8 1 S

1 ,746,5S 7

1 ,6 3 1 ,2 2 9

1 70 ,48 4

2 1 5 ,6 9 6

7 3,9 53

1 3 8 ,2 8 9

A t N e w -Y ork , ...........................
A t B oston, from—
J a v a a n d p o r t s in t h e
E a s t I n d i e s , ______ 2 9 ,4 7 3
S t. D o m i n g o , ............... 4 8 ,8 2 5
B r a z i l , .............................
8 ,0 0 0
O th e r fo r e ig n p o r ts,
526

1861.

1860.

1859.

I860.

I860.

A t Philadelphia :
B r a z i l,......... .................
L a g u a y r a a n d P . C .,
S t D o m i n g o , ...............
M a r a c a i b o , ...................
O th e r fo r e ig n p o r ts,

6 0,0 29
36,0 21
4 ,8 7 3
1 ,6 0 7
285

A t B altimore :
B r a z i l , ............................. 1 8 1 ,2 9 2
L a g u a y r a a n d P . C .,
887
P o r t o R i c o , .................
244
O th er fo r e ig n p o r ts,
1 ,6 1 8

A t N eiv-O rleans :
B r a z i l , ............................. 2S 0,1 09
C u b a , & c . , ...................
4 ,0 2 2

Weight of receipts in . . . . .........

I860.
185,779,689 lbs.
9,697,095

1859.
248,527,306 lbs.
17,975,220

1858.
227,656,186 lbs.
8,510,763

Retained in the country,....... 176,082,594 lbs.

230,552,086 lbs.

219,145,423 lbs.

Exported,..................

Bags,

Receipts in United States in 1860,.
Add stock January 1 , 1 8 6 0 , .................

.

Total supply,...............
Deduct export in 1 8 6 0 , . .

.

Deduct stock January 1, 1 8 6 1 , . . . .
Taken for consumption in
Consumption in 1 8 5 9 , . . .
Decrease in

1 8 6 0 ..............




1 8 6 0 ,...

& c.

Total lbs.

1 ,2 5 9 ,8 1 8

185,779,689

2 1 5 ,0 9 6

2 6 ,1 5 5 ,8 0 0

1 ,4 7 4 ,9 1 4

2 1 1 ,9 3 5 ,4 8 9

7 3 ,9 5 3

9 ,6 9 7 ,0 9 5

1 ,4 0 0 ,9 6 1

2 0 2 ,2 3 8 ,3 9 4

1 7 0 ,4 8 4

2 4 ,7 0 7 ,7 7 1

..

1 ,2 3 0 , 4 7 7

1 7 7 ,5 3 0 ,6 2 3

.

1 ,5 8 6 ,5 0 3

2 2 3 ,8 8 2 ,8 5 0
4 6 ,3 5 2 ,2 2 7

731

Coffee Trade.

Packages.

Packages.

Receipts in United. States in 1859, 1,716,587
Add stock January 1, 1859,....... 193,901

Receipts in United States in 1858, 1,631,229
Add stock January 1, 1858,....... 336,341

Total supply,........................... 1,940,488
Deduct exports in 1859,. 138,289
And stock Jan. 1, I860,. 215,696
---------- 353,985

Total supply,............................ 1,967,570
Deduct exports in 1858,. 66,637
And stock, Jan. 1,1859,. 193,901
---------- 260,538

Taken for consumption in 1859,. 1,586,503
Weighing,...........................lbs. 223,882,850
Consumption of 1858,............... 251,255,099

Taken for consumption in 1858, 1,707,032
Weighing,...........................lbs. 251,255,099
Consumption of 1857,............... 172,565,934

Decrease in 1859,............ lbs. 27,372,249

Increase in 1858,.............lbs. 78,689,165

C onsum ption

P orts .
I860.

o f the

Taken from New-York,.............................lbs.
“
“ New-Orleans,..........................
“
“ Baltimore,................................
“
“ Philadelphia,...........................
“
“ B oston,....................................
“
“ Other ports,.............................

1859.

63,523,547 .. 74,732,632..
47,380,326 .. 55,238,360 ..
28,257,480 .. 35,967,870 ..
15,431,985 .. 30,464,718 ..
9,828,549 .. 12,052,220 ..
13,108,736 .. 15,427,050 ..

1858.
92,690,997
64,528,420
41,390,800
27,694,252
12,717,528
12,233,102

Total,.................................... lbs. 177,530,623 .. 223,882,850 .. 251,255,099
Total, 1859,.........................
223,882,850
Decrease,............................. lbs. 46,352,227

In the above statement o f consumption we have included only the di­
rect receipts at the ports, the coastwise receipts being embraced in the
calculation at the port of original entry.
The preceding tables show that the total receipts of coffee in the United
States (with the exception of the States on the Pacific) for the year end­
ing December 31, 1860, were 1,259,818 packages, weighing 185,779,689
lbs., against receipts in 1859 o f 1,746,587 packages, weighing 248,527,306
lbs., while the total consumption in 1860 was 1,230,477 packages, weighing
177,530,623 lbs., against a consumption in 1859 o f 1,586,503 packages,
weighing 223,882,850 lbs., being a decrease in the consumption of 1860,
as compared with 1859, of 356,026 packages, or 46,352,227 lbs., a decline
o f over 20 per cent.
The decrease has been distributed among the ports as follows: NewYork shows a falling off of 15 per cent.; Boston, 18.45 per cent.; Phila­
delphia, 49.34 per cent.; Baltimore, 21.44 per cen t.; New-Orleans, 14.23
per cen t.; and other ports, 15 per cent. In this calculation the coastwise
receipts are not included, being already counted at the original port of
entry.
The leading features evolved from an examination o f these statistics
are the comparatively small receipts throughout the year, meagre stocks
at all the ports, (until toward the close, when the political troubles, and
consequent monetary embarrassments, paralyzed trade, resulting in a
rapid accumulation o f the supply,) and high prices for the larger portion
of the year.
The cultivation of the coffee plant is necessarily confined to a narrow
tropical belt, beyond which its culture cannot be profitably pursued. Its
production in the climates suitable for its growth seems to have been
already stimulated to nearly if not its utmost extent. In Java and the




732

Coffee Trade.

East Indies generally, the quantity gathered increases very slowly, if at
a ll; indeed, in some parts of the East, we understand that the cultivation
of the plant has, in many instances, been abandoned for that o f the sugar
cane, the latter being considered much the surest and most profitable
crop. The crop of Brazil fluctuates largely, but for the past five years
there has been rather a diminution than an increase. St. Domingo seems
to be at a stand, and the only countries which increase their exports of
this article, to any considerable extent, are Yenezuela and the Island of
Ceylon.
The consumption of the United States the past year, as we have seen,
has been— say 79,250 tons— and that o f Great Britain and the Continent
is estimated at 195,000 @ 200,000 tons, making a total consumption in
1860 in Europe and the American States of about 275,000 tons. The
consumption o f this country has been increasing for ten years at the
average annual rate o f about 4 per cent., and that of Europe at over 3
per cent.
These figures are not barren of thought to the statistical student, evi­
dencing, as they do, that the time must arrive, and that it cannot be far
distant, when the consumption o f the world must overtake its production.
The question to be solved must be, to what altitude must prices attain in
order to check the consumption and equalize the supply and demand ?
There are those whose opinion are entitled to weight, who advance the
view that that point has been already touched, pointing to the fact that
the importation at the principal ports of Europe, taken as a whole, the
past year, have been insufficient for their consumptive wants, the year
closing with a considerably reduced stock, and that after deducting the
exports from the United States, a similar state of things is witnessed here;
and to this cause may be attributed the continually advancing prices o f
the past few years, the effect of which is seen, as far as this country is
concerned, in the serious decline in the deliveries for consumption, at­
tended with a vigorous search for and increased sale of cheaper substi­
tutes.
The annexed statement shows the receipts and consumption for the
past eleven years:
Receipts.
I860,... .. lbs. 185,779,689
1859,...
248,527,306
1858,...
227,656,186
217,871,839
1857,..
230,913,150
1856,...
1855,..,
238,214,533

Consumption.
177,530,623
223,882,850
251,255,099
172,565,934
218,225,490
218,378,287

Receipts.
1854,...,.. lbs. 182,473,853
1853,..,
193,112,300
1852,...
205,542,855
1851,..,
216,043,870
1850,..,
152,580,310

Consumption.
179,481,083
175,687^790
204,991,595
181,225,700
134,539,730

Included in this statement is the quantity withdrawn from our markets,
and forwarded inland to Canada and the British provinces ; we are unable
to ascertain the exact amount, but it does not vary greatly from 2,500,000
pounds.
A

nnual

R e v ie w

o f the

N e w - Y o rk M a r k e t .

The preceding tables set forth the extent o f the commerce o f this
port, in this tropical production. A glance at the figures will show that
the chief points o f interest are, a decreased importation and a largely
diminished consumption. The principal countries that have failed to




Coffee Trade.

733

furnish the usual supply are Brazil and Java, besides some others of lesser
note, beyond the Cape of Good Hope. The receipts at this port from
all points, foreign and coastwise, for the year ending Dec. 31,1860, were
541,845 pkgs.,-or 76,152,627 lbs.; against receipts in 1859 of 772,789
pkgs., or 101,813,786 lb s.; while the quantity taken for consumption in
1860 amounts to 66,885,297 lbs.; against a consumption in 1859 of
83,700,472 lbs., and in 1858 o f 98,156,662 lbs.— showing a decline in
the consumption o f 1860, as compared with 1859, o f over twenty per
cent.
The year that we now review has been most note-worthy for a steady
and large advance in the value o f all descriptions, prices having reached
a higher point for the leading kinds than has ever been recorded. The
average price of Brazil for the year is nearly 18 per cent, higher than
the average of 1859 ; St. Domingo, 19-J per cent.higher; Maracaibo and
Laguayra, nearly 16f- higher; and Java, over 9 i per cent, higher. This
unusual range o f prices is, doubtless, mostly attributable to the short
crop and consequent light supply o f Brazil, which country furnishes us
with much the larger portion of our consumption.
The year opened with the moderate stock o f 76,661 pkg's., less than
one-third of which was Bio, which imparted confidence to holders,and the market wore throughout the month of January a firm appear­
ance. During the early part of it there prevailed quite an active demand
for St. Domingo for export, and prices advanced over the closing rates of
December, three-eighths of a cent per pound. The frequent public sales
o f Bio satisfied the wants o f dealers and the trade, and prices of this
description were well supported, the better grades o f which rather turned
in sellers’ favor, being freely withdrawn at the auctions, the bids not
being acceptable to owners ; the month closing with a steady market and
a fair demand. Sales and re-sales, public 'and private, for the month were
60,000 pkgs.
February commenced with a good feeling. A public sale o f Santos,
which occurred about the first, wrent off with good spirit at satisfactory
rates, and, as the month advanced, a hardening tendency was visible.
The stock o f Bio continually decreased, and a considerable portion o f it
was withdrawn ; this induced a speculative inquiry, under which, prices
rose first a quarter of a cent, then another quarter, and toward the close,
the stock at all the ports having run down to less than 75,000 bags, with
none expected for several weeks, the market became excited and buoyant,
with a further advance o f a quarter of a cent, making about three-quar­
ters of a cent rise during the month. W est India and Java also sympa­
thized to some extent with Brazil; Java became in speculative request,
and W est India was dealt in freely at an advance o f a quarter of a cent,
the month closing very buoyantly, operators looking forward to a still
higher range of prices. Sales 105,000 pkgs.
The firmness observable at the close o f February was not lost in the
early part of March, but the high pretensions o f holders restricted busi­
ness, and the market became very quiet. The stock o f Brazil had now
been worked down to 4,000 bags, and there set in, not only for this, but
for all kinds, an active demand, partly speculative ; the transactions, how­
ever, being limited, owing to the small supply, prices steadily appreciated,
and on Brazil, an advance of three-quarters of a cent for the month was
obtained. O f St. Domingo the market was nearly cleared; a cargo




734

Coffee Trade.

arriving about this time, was announced for auction— an unprecedented
event— but before the day arrived was purchased by private bargain.
Prices again reached a height that purchasers considered it unsafe to
operate at, and, as compared with the previous excitement, the market
became dull. Sales 56,000 pkgs.
The unusual prices that now ruled for the article induced more caution
on the part of buyers, and the activity and buoyancy which we noticed
through the greater part of March did not obtain in A pril; on the con­
trary, a languor and listlessness pervaded the market, and the dealings
were for the most part in small lots, to supply the immediate wants of
buyers. The stock, however, o f Brazil during the first three weeks was
very trifling, and not offered by importers, the sales being almost entirely
from second hands; toward the close o f the month, the supply o f this
description being increased, sellers became less indifferent, and the turn of
the market seemed in buyers’ favor. W est India descriptions, on the
other hand, retained their firmness, with a good business in St. Domingo
and fair in other kinds. Sales 43,500 pkgs.
During the early part o f May, importers of Kio became more desirous
of selling, and several parcels were offered at public sale, but, though the
attendance was good, there was no spirit, and prices declined a quarter
of a cent from the recent extreme rates; this concession, however, failed
to impart any activity, and though the stock was still very moderate,
receipts light, and but little on the way, prices o f this kind steadily
receded, a further concession of ^ @
cent was made, and yet without
leading to any but a very moderate business; this apathetic state con­
tinued until toward the close, when an improved demand set in, and prices
were again rather in sellers’ favor. For St. Domingo there continued
throughout the month a steady fair demand for export, and Java for
home use, at supported prices. Sales for the month, 48,500 pkgs.
The improved feeling noticed during the latter part of May was followed
early in June by an active and buoyant market. The accounts from Rio
were o f a favorable nature for holders, and they were enabled to realize
an advance of a quarter o f a cent; this did not check business— a further
advance of one-eighth o f a cent was obtained, quickly followed by an
additional rise o f J @ f cent. Upon this, the demand fell off, but with­
out making any impression upon holders, whose position was strengthened
by light receipts and moderate shipments hither; the month closing very
quiet for Rio, but steady for West India kinds. Sales 58,500 pkgs.
July opened with a moderate demand for Rio, and steady market, but
as the month advanced, the business became more animated and general;
the sales were large at steadily advancing prices ; the stock, not onlv here,
but at all the ports, became reduced to a very low figure, the supply at
all the receiving points being but about 8,500 bags. A despatch was
received to the effect that the New-Orleans market had been swept for
Western consumption, which caused considerable excitement, and an ad­
ditional advance of one-quarter o f a cent on all kinds was paid, the busi­
ness being now entirely from second hands, (the only cargo in the market
not being offered,) at prices one cent above those current the previous
month, and higher than ever before known. This was the turning point.
The demand began to fall off, and at the close there was but little business,
though holders still maintained a firm attitude. West India and other
kinds sympathized with Brazil in the advance, though less marked, and




Coffee Trade.

125

consequently they did not feel the reaction quite so soon. The sales for
the month were 59,000 pkgs.
The pause which we noticed at the close o f July continued during the
first half o f August. The extreme and unusual prices that were now
current for Rio, induced great cautiousness on the part o f buyers, the
purchases were only in a small way, and more attention was given to
West India and Java, which descriptions appreciated one-quarter of a
cent. This heavy feeling for Brazil was soon deepened by the receipt of
several invoices here and at Philadelphia; buyers held aloof, and prices
became entirely nominal, though some small sales were made at a decline
o f half a cent from the highest point, but this failed to stimulate the
demand, and a further concession o f f @ £ cent was made, which induced
more business, and rather more tone was now visible. W est India and
other kinds had also lost their buoyancy, and St. Domingo had receded
one cent from the highest point. Sales of all kinds, 31,500 pkgs.
There was but little animation during the early part o f September, but
in prices there occurred no further change. The public sales that were
now announced occupied attention, and the business at private was small.
These sales having went off with unexpected spirit, and favorable accounts
having been received from Rio, a better feeling was manifested, and the
market assumed a firmer tone. Toward the latter part o f the month, the
stock again became much reduced, and an advance on Brazil o f onequarter o f a cent was established. A t this there continued a good steady
business, with a firm and buoyant tone for all kinds. Sales 75,000 pkgs.
October opened with a firm feeling, and, at a public sale, which took
place about the 1st, a further advance o f one quarter o f a cent was
obtained; the business, however, was generally much restricted for want
of stock, and the sales were again mostly from second hands, 4,500 bags
having been run off at auction by parties who had purchased from im­
porters. From the second week until the close of the month there was
a very active and strong market; the supply became reduced to a stock
o f 2,081 pkgs. o f all kinds, none of Brazil, buyers o f which were com­
pelled to make their purchases at the neighboring ports. About this
time the arrival of five cargoes o f Rio, together with several parcels of
St. Domingo, Java, &c., caused a pause, holders accepted a reduction of
one-quarter of a cent, which again brought in buyers, and the market
assumed a very animated aspect. Further arrivals of Rio and Java com­
pelled a further decline o f one-quarter of a cent, at which buyers absorbed
the bulk of the stock. Sales for the month, 99,500 pkgs.
Brazil, West India, &c., continued to come forward quite freely in the
early part of November, but holders evinced a disposition to make no
further concession; the business now became confined mostly to St.
Domingo, for export, and the market was cleared o f this description at
prices current the month previous. Holders of Brazil, now impelled by
the increasing stock and small demand, yielded a quarter o f a cent, but
without effect; another
@
cent decline was submitted to, still with­
out leading,to any but a small business. About this time the aspect of
political affairs became unsettled and gloom y; a crisis occurred in finan­
cial matters, and interior exchanges were much disordered by the sus­
pension of specie payments at many points South and Southwest; all
these influences were adverse to the coffee market, and prices completely
broke down, being at the close l j @ If- cents below the opening rates of




Coffee Trade.

736

the month, and even at this great decline there was but little business,
excepting in St. Domingo for shipment, the month closing with a very
uneasy and unsettled feeling. Sales 40,000 pkgs.
The dullness and depression which existed during the closing weeks of
November suffered no diminution during the first half of December.
The market for Eio seemed t o ‘have no stability or firmness, and prices
again gave way one-half a cent, the stock of this description having
accumulated to nearly 100,000 bags ; other descriptions were also -weak,
and generally half a cent lower, the business being even at this decline
very small. About the middle o f the month, however, a rather more
cheerful feeling began to appear ; the advices from Europe were of a more
favorable character; gold began to flow in from England, and in business
circles the feeling gained ascendancy that, as far as financial matters were
concerned, the worst had been experienced. With this returning confi­
dence came a steadier and more hopeful tone, and though the business
was not large, no further decline in prices took place, all parties looking
forward to an improved state of affairs upon the inauguration o f the new
year. Sales 30,000 pkgs. Stock of all kinds 67,653 pkgs., against a stock
of 76,671 pkgs. same time at the close of the previous year.

W e annex a tabular statement, showing the range of prices in this
market for the leading descriptions the past three years:

THE RANGE OF PRICES AND YEARLY AVERAGE AT NEW-YORK
THE PAST THREE YEARS.
B razil.— F air to P rime Q uality.

Aver ige for the Month.
1860.
January,...........
February,.........
March...............
April.................
M a y,.................
June,.................
July...................
August,.............
Septem ber,.__
O ctober,..........
November,____
December,........

11* @
11* ©
12* ©
is* ©
13* ©
13 ©
13* @
15 la)
13$ ©
14 ©
14 ©
13* @

Average for the year




10th.

1st.
12*
12*
13*
14
14*
14
14*
15*
15*
15*
15*
14*

11* ©
11* ©
12* ©
13* ©
13 ©
13* ©
13* ©
15 ©
13$ ©
14 ©
13* ©
11*

12*
12*
13*
14*
14*
14*
144
15*
15*
15*
15
13

20th.
H *@
12 @
13* ©
13 @
13
13* @
14* @
14* ©
14*©
14 @
13* ©
H *@

I860.

12* $ 12 00
13
12 16
14
13 12*
13 79
14*
14
13 66
13 79
14*
15
14 21
15*
15 16
15*
14 62*
15*
14 62*
15
14 37*
13
12 79
$ 13 69*

1859.
$ 11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

12

37*
37*
50
62*
624
46
46
12*
71
87*
—

12 16
$11 61

1858.
$10
10
10
11
10
10
11
10
11
11
11
11

12
58
79
00
92
SS
04
96
13
38
3S
38

$ 10 96

Coffee Trade.

737

St. D omingo.
Average for the Month.

1st.

1860.
January,...........
F ebru ary,.........
M arch,................
A p ril,..................
M ay....................
Ju n e,..................

J u ly ..................

A ugust,.............
S eptem ber,. . . .
O c to b e r,...........
N ov em b e r,. . . .
D ecem ber, . . . .

10th.

_ to 11*

11* to 11*
— (a! 11*
— @ 11}
1 2 * @ 12*
12* ® 12#
— @ 12*
12* (Pi 12} 12} ® 12?
13} to 14 13} to 14
12} to 12? 12* to 13
13 @ 13* 13 @ 13*
12* @ 13 12* @ 12}
I l f to 12 10} @ 11*

—
—
12

to H f
to 11}
to. 12*
to 124
m
— to 12*

20th.

I860.

11* @ H * $11 58*
— to H *
11 62£
12 @ 12*
11 91}
12. @ 12}
12 37*
to 12* 12 39*
— @ 12*
12 54
13 to 13*
12 85*
13* to 13}
13 79
13 @ 13*
12 87*
13 @ 13*
13 12*
12 37*
Hi @ 12
11 33*
@ 11

Average for the year,

$ 12 39*

1859.

$9
9
9
10
10
9
10
10
11
11
11
11

1858.

39
85
66
14
23
64
41
75
29
06

$8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

—

26

$10 39

10
73
96
50
17
17
37
35
46
85
54
17

$ 9 28

M aracaibo and L aguayra.

Aver lge for the Month.

August,............
September,... .
O ctober,...........
November,. . . .
December,.......

10th.

13*
13*
13*
14*
14*
14
14
14* to 15*
1 3 }® 15*
14* @ 15
14* @ 15*
13} @ 14}

12 @
12 @
12*®
13 @
13 @
13 @
13 @

12
12
12*
13
13
13
13
15
13}
14
14
13*

13*
13*
13*
14*
14*
14*
14
15}
15
@ 15
@ 15*
@ 14*

®
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

I860.

20th.

12* @
11} @
12* to
IS @
13 @
13 ®
14 @
14* @
14* @
14* @
13} @
13* @

13* $ 12 70
12 62*
13*
13 04
14*
13 66*
14*
13 62*
14
13 58*
14*
13 79
14}
15 12*
15*
14 50
15
14 66*
15*
14 58*
14}
14 08*
14*

$ 13

Average for the year

o?

January,...........
February,........
March,..............
April,................
May...................
June,.................
J u ly,.................

1st.

00

1860.

59.
$ 11
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12

96
08
08
62*
75
50
12*
33
04
62*
12*
41

$ 11 89

1858.
$ 11 33
11 50
12 50
13 00
12 42
12 00
11 87
12 13
12 08
12 04
11 84
11 75
$ 12 04

J ava (W hite.)

Average f o r the M o n t h .
1860.

January,..........
February,........
March,.............
April,...............
May..................
June,................
July..................
August,............
September,.. . .
October, . . . . .
November,. . . .
December,........

1st.

10th.

14 *

@

1 5

ffi 1 5 *

1 5

1 5

20th.

@

1 5 *

1 4 }

@

1 5 *

14 * @

1 5 }

1 5

@

16

I860.

$

1859.

1 5

0 0

$ 1 4

29

1 5

25

14

7 1

1858.

$

1 6

0 0

1 6

0 8
2 5

1 5 *

@

16

1 5 *

@

16

15 *

@

16 *

1 5

7 5

1 4

8 3

18

1 5 *

@

16 *

15 *

@

1 6

1 5 *

@

16

1 5

8 3 *

14

58

1 9

1 7

1 5 *

@

16

15 *

@

1 5 }

1 5 *

@

16

1 5

7 0

14

7 5

1 7

7 1

1 5 $

@

16

1 5 *

@

1 6

15 *

@

1 6

1 5

7 5

1 4

5 0

1 6

7 5

1 5 *

@

16

1 5 *

@

16

1 5 }

@

16 *

1 5

8 7 *

1 4

5 0

1 5

8 3

1 6 * @

18

16 *

@

1 8 *

1 6 *

@

17 *

1 7

20

1 4

5 0

1 5

5 0

1 6

@

1 7 *

16 *

@

1 7 *

16 *

@

18

16

9 5

1 5

5 4

1 4

9 1

16 *

@

1 8

16 *

@

18

10 *

@

1 7 *

17

12 *

1 5

4 1

1 5

0 0

1 7 *

16 *

@

1 7 *

16 *

@

1 7 *

16

9 1 *

1 5

1 2 *

1 4

1 7

1 6

@

16 *

16

@

16 *

1 6

4 5

14

7 1

1 4

1 7

. $ 1 4

7 9

$ 1 6

1 3

1 6 * @
16 *

@

17 4

Average for the year,.. . .
VOL. XLIV.— NO. VI.




$ 1 6

47

1 5 *

738

Naval Stores.

ANNUAL

REVIEW

OF N A V A L S T O R E S F O R 1 8 0 0 .

From the Shipping and Commercial List , and New- York P rice Current.

RECEIPTS

AT,

AND

EXPORTS

R e c e ip t s in

FROM,

1860.

NEW-YORK.

E x p o r t s in

1860.

M on th s.

Turpen­
tine.

Spirits
Turp’e.

January..........bbls.
February,..............
M arch,..................
April,____________
M a y,......................
June,......................
J u ly,......................
August....................
September,.............
October,.................
November,............
December,.............

7,619
7,549
7,629
5,540
5,625
3,774
5,766
2,788
3,430
3,441
2.256
5,376

11,038
7,207
15,318
5,248
12,010
16.385
19,971
17,647
16 751
17,399
12,265
7,673

53,996
27,772
57,813
49,389
83,209
62,616
66,651
57,441
66 427
47.219
22.202
27,247

Total, 1860,...bbls.
1859,...........
1S5S,...........
1857,...........
1856,...........
1855,...........
1854,...........
1853............
1852,...........
1851,...........
1850,...........

60,793
96,654
104,851
76.443
85,413
99,670
126,152
143,525
189,711
170,060
148,561

158,912
161.110
142,324
126,006
118,325
132,142
125,515
117,387
81,595
76,579
74,000

621,982
653.428
568.291
551.918
479.248
534.396
498,363
397,174
293,161
287,145
275,473

Rosin.

EXPORTS

Turpen­
tine.

Spirits
Turp’e.

4,269
1,612
4,757
16,316
4,785
5,127
806
1,164
8,762
2,724
2,379
6,344

7,066
7,549
4,450
6,690
5,015
7,485
719
1,828
3.969
2,258
53
7,563

4,040
7,207
4,534
7.105
2,424
5,341
7.60S
12,851
5,657
5,730
1,506
7,738

22.730
27,772
51.358
67,083
55,025
<'3,702
54,SOS
29,848
36.422
44.314
26,991
20,305

681
1.612
2,875
5,282
7,304
4,844
1,385
9S9
170
402
252
2,952

54,045
54,092
33,125
52,684
61,043
72.664
67,792
67,575
37,067
89,147
55,613

54.645
88,699
93.066
7S,850
81.460
97,252
135.614
135,175
193,401
147.880
140,611

71,741
66,551
57,657
50,021
37,538
47,S46
46,200
26,818
7,481
6,436
7.S63

500,358
537,969
445.311
447,480
883,133
460,060
449,304
808,769
227,669
169,520
174,062

28,748
19,604
13,518
37,724
21,784
55,594
53,312
14,569
15,299
23,694
26,268

Tar.

Tar.

OF T H E Y E A R .
Spirits
Turpentine. Turpentine.

P laces.

Rosin.

Rosin.

Tar.

Great Britain took........................
France.............................................
North o f Europe,.........................
Other Europe, & c . , ...........................

52,215
none.
2,204
226

27,774
120
8S,364
5,483

176,535
6,685
265,712
51,426

23,210
none.
16
5,522

Total, 1S60..................................

54,645

71,741

500,358

28,748

R

e v ie w

of

the

M

arket

for

1860.

General Remarks.— It will be seen, by the accompanying tables, that
the receipts of Crude Turpentine at this port are some 36,000 bbls. less,
Spirits Turpentine 2,200 less, and Rosins 21,500 bbls. less than last year,
while the quantity o f Tar received was almost exactly the same. The
export of Turpentine the past year has fallen off 34,000 bbls., and Rosin
67,500 bbls., while Spirits Turpentine has increased over 5,000, and Tar
9,000 bbls., as compared with last year. The large falling off in the
export of Rosins may be mainly attributed, perhaps, to the high rate of
freight which ship-owners have been able to command during the greater




Naval Stores.

739

part of the year, while the deficiency in the exports of Crude have been
nearly made up by the increase in Spirits Turpentine, and by largely
increased direct shipments, (of all descriptions,) mainly from Wilmington,
N. C. (See table.) W e notice a large increase in the quantity o f NewYork made barrels, and continued preference for Spirits in these, over
most of the Southern-made packages. The average price o f Turpentine
for the year is considerably below the average o f several previous years,
and that o f Spirits materially below last year. Common Rosin, with
slight fluctuations, has tended downward since March, (when the first
grain shipments were made,) while Tar has maintained about the same
rates as last year, which were considerably above the average of the years
1858 and 1857.
In the opinion of many intelligent persons, the late depression in Spirits
Turpentine, and the decline in prices from March last to the close o f the
year, are to be attributed more to some other cause than the usual one of
supply and demand. It cannot be denied that, for illuminating purposes,
the consumption of Kerosene and Petroleum Oils, since their discovery,
has only been limited by the want o f an adequate supply, and the fears
of the trade and consumers that the pine tree o f the South might yet be
exterminated by the tapping process, and the supply o f Camphene and
Burning Fluid cut off, have been greatly alleviated, if not entirely re­
moved, by the introduction o f this new article; though, for many
important uses, there is at present no substitute for Spirits Turpentine
known. The foreign demand, as will be seen by the accompanying
tables, is increasing every year, the decrease in the quantity of Crude
exported from this port being about compensated by the increased
export of Spirits.
Turpentine.— The year 1860 commenced with a quiet market for Crude
Turpentine, with a quotation of $3 4 3 f per 280 lbs., and a stock o f 9,000
bbls. London, Dec. 16.— Sales, 2,500 bbls., at 10s. The third week of the
month our market improved slightly, and free sales were made for export
at $3 56£, and subsequently at $3 50, closing at that rate. Considerable
shipments were also made from first hands during the month, the London
quotations meantime declining to 9s. 6d. @ 9s. 9d. The rate of freight
to London, during the month, ranged from 2s. 6d. to 3s., closing at 3s.
February opened with a stock in first hands o f only 3,500 bbls., and with
a fair demand; prices had improved to $3 024 at the middle o f the
month, remaining nominally at this rate to the close; but the upward
tendency of freight checked the demand, and the stock accumulated to
9,500 bbls.— London quotations ranging from 9s. 3d. to 9s. 9d., and
Liverpool 8s. 4£d. @ 8s. 9d.— freights hence ranging from 3s. to 3s. 3d.,
closing at 3s. 3d. In March the supply was good, and, though there was
little or no variation in London quotations, which, more than all other
causes, influence this market, holders, to effect sales, were obliged to
accept $3 55 the third week, after which there was little done for nearly
a month, March closing inactive, with a stock, officially taken, o f 9,500
bbls., and a London quotation o f 9s. 6d.— freights hence to London
ranged from 3s. to 3s. 3d., closing at 3s. The second week of April
sales were made at $3 40, a further decline, but the business throughout
was very light, and prices nearly nominal, the supply being good, and
the stock at the close 9,844 bbls.— London quotations ranging from 9s.
to 9s. 3d.— freight hence, 2s. 6d. @ 3s., closing at 2s. 6d. @ 3s. The




740

Naval Stores.

quotation in May varied from $3 20 to $3 40, commencing at the higher
figure, selling down to $3 20 the second week, when a considerable busi­
ness was done, prices ranging again to $3 35 @ $3 37-j at the close,
with sales, the stock (11,000 bbls. the second week) being now reduced,
by sales and shipments, to about 3,000 bbls.— London quotation during
the month, 89s. 3d.— freight hence, 2s. 6d. @ 2s. 7^d., closing at same.
In June, sales continued to be made at $3 37^, till the close o f the third
week, when 500 bbls. new crop Washington was sold at $3 37£ @ $3 50,
a slight improvement, though this rate was not maintained, the inquiry
being very feeble, and the next sales made at about $3 30 @ $3 35,
which was the closing quotation— stock, 3,143 bbls.— London quotations
at hand during the month, 9s. @ 8s. 9d., closing at 8s. 9d., under date of
June 15— freight hence, 2s. 6d. @ 3s., closing at 3s.
In July, with
advancing freights, there was almost no demand, and but a few hundred
barrels were sold, at $3 35 @ $3 25, closing quite nominal at $3 per 280
lbs., with a stock of 7,765 bbls.— the London quotation steady at 8s. 9d.—
freight hence ranging about 3s. In August, freights continued to tend
upward, and, there being no advance in London, prices further declined,
with sales at $2 75, closing nominal at that rate. Some new crop received
at London in June was held at 9s. 3d., but, we believe, sold at the old
quotation of 8s. 9d.— stock at the close of the month, 5,000 bbls.—
freight hence, 4s. per 280 lbs.— London quotation, 8s. 9d. September
opened more firmly, and higher rates were demanded and paid, the sales
o f the month being to a moderate extent at $2 85 @ $2 90, closing at
the latter price, with a stock o f 7,000 bbls.— freights hence steady at
4s.— London quotations, 8s. 6d. @ 9s., the higher figure at the close.
In October, with improving prices in London, our market assumed more
firmness, and sales were made as high as 83; but after the third week
there were no transactions, and the market closed quiet and nominal—
stock, 8,741 bbls.— freight hence, 3s. 6d. @ 4s., closing at 3s. 9d. The
London price, mean time, advanced to 10s. In November, in conse­
quence of the higher range of freights and the stringency in the money
market, small sales were made at $2 90 @ 2 95, and the market closed
exceedingly dull and altogether nominal— stock on hand, 30th, 9,687
bbls.— freight hence, 3s. 9d. @ 4s. 6d., closing at 4s. 6d.— London
quotations ranged from 10s. 3d. to 11s., the latter November 16. In
December there were no wholesale transactions, and the market closed
nominal at $2 50 @ 82 75, the total sales being but a few hundred
barrels North County within this range, the lower sale at the close ; the
shipments and engagements o f the month, however, were considerable,
and the stock was reduced.— London quotations, 10s. 6d. @ 11s., the
lower rate at the close, under date of December 14. Freights hence to
London, during the month, 4s. @ 4s. 6d., closing at 4s. @ 4s. 3d., with
engagements o f 11,000 bbls. in the month.
Spirits Turpentine.— The market for this valuable and indispensable
Southern product opened at 44 @ 44.V cents for merchantable and
straight, 44.1 @ 45 for shipping order, and 45 for New-York barrels, and
continued remarkably steady throughout January, scarcely varying half
a cent, though that was in favor o f sellers, and prices the last week were
firm for prime packages, at half a cent advance on the opening rates, with
more favorable foreign intelligence. The stock, which was 4,500 bbls. on
the 1st o f the month, was 6,000 bbls. at the close, the London quotation




Naval Stores.

741

ranging from 34s. to 34s. 6d., and the Liverpool, 33s. 9d. @ 34s. W ith
favorable accounts from Liverpool, and small arrivals, with little in prime
order offering, prices at the commencement of February began to improve,
and the third week were 24 @ 3£ cents higher for shipping and NewYork packages, and 12 cents for rejections— (London notations at this
time, 36s., and Liverpool, 36s. @ 36s. 6d.) Sales were also made for
future delivery, part in all the next month, at 48 cents for shipping order,
and 49 for New-York barrels. During the last week o f the month the
market was steady, and closed at about 46£ @ 47£ cents for merchanta­
ble and straight, 48 for shipping, and 49 for New-York— stock, 4,000 bbls.
London, 36s. 6d. @ 37s., and Liverpool, 36s. March opened with a good
demand at the closing prices of February, but the inquiry soon slackened,
and prices softened until the middle o f the month, when half a cent
decline was established, and large receipts following, half a cent further
decline was submitted to the third week; but now holders assumed a
firmer attitude, withholding a considerable portion o f their stock, and the
market became firm at 47 @ 48 for straight, shipping and New-York,
with sales o f the latter to arrive ; this improvement was of short duration,
however, and the offerings on the wharf increasing, prices declined to the
close, being quoted 46 @ 464 cents for straight and shipping. Stock on
hand, 8,500 bbls. The London quotations at hand during the month
were 35s. 6d., and Liverpool, the same range, the lower rate at the close,
date March 16. Throughout April prices were remarkably steady,
scarcely varying half a cent from the opening rates, which were 45 @ 45 Jcents for rejections and merchantable, 45|- @ 46.)- for ordinary to prime
straight and shipping, and 46^ @ 47^ for New-York, prime packages
commanding, as always, full rates. The second week o f the month we
noticed a sale of 1,000 bbls., deliverable at a Southern port, for export
thence on private terms, and the fourth week, a lot of 46 bbls. Virgin
was sold to arrive from Charleston, at 47 cents, and 500 Southern, deliv­
erable all in May, at 46, shipping order, the market closing firmly.
The stock, which amounted to 10,000 bbls. at the close o f the first week,
was reduced by sales and shipments to 1,500 at the close. London quota­
tions, 35s. 6d. @ 36s. 6d., and Liverpool, 35s. 6d., the former having
slightly improved. May opened with a brisk demand and a greatly re­
duced stock, and much o f that expected being already placed, the market
became excited, and prices advanced the first week 2 cents per gallon,
with sales on the spot, at irregular rates, according to circumstances,
order, Ac. From the 4th to the 8th o f the month the stock was reduced
to 500 bbls., and sales were made (including considerable to arrive with­
in the range) at 47£ @ 51-J- cents, including New-York, on the spot, on
the 7th, at the higher figure; on the 8th some arrivals took place, and
the pressure being partially relieved, there was less animation, and prices
settled somewhat, with sales to arrive at 47 @ 47£, (including 500 NewYork, at 47^,) and for immediate delivery, 49 @ 50, with some NewYork to arrive at 49, barrels returnable at $1 80 each. Subsequently
the receipts were quite free, prices fell off, and, with little fluctuation, de­
clined to the end o f the month, closing at 45 @ 45|- for straight and
shipping, 46 for New-York, on the spot, and 45 for prime Southern and
New-York, to arrive. The stock at no time exceeded 2,500 bbls., and at
the close was 1,981 bbls. London quotations at hand, during the month,
35s. 6d. @ 36s., and Liverpool, 34s. @ 35s. The month of June opened




742

Naval Stores.

with a declining tendency, and at the close prices were generally 21 cents
lower than at the commencement, though the demand was fair through­
out, and at the commencement o f the fourth week a large business was
done, though at a wider range than usual, most o f the stock being in or­
dinary condition, and prime shipping and New-York scarce ; at this time
poor lots sold as low as 411 cents, while prime New-York brought 44 @
441, in consequence of its scarcity. At the commencement we quoted
sales at 441 @ 45 cents for straight and shipping, and 451 @ 46 for
New-York, (part to arrive at 451,) and at the close, 42 @ 43 for straight
and shipping, and 43 @ 431 for New-York. Some sales were made to
arrive, as usual; and the third week, when New-York, on the spot, was
selling at 431, a contract was made for 1,000 bbls, deliverable next
month, at 421 cents. Stock, on the 30th, 3,112 bbls. London quota­
tions, 35s. @ 35s. 6d., and Liverpool, 33s. 9d. @ 35s., closing at the lower
figures in both cases. In July the same features obtained, and the same
relation of ordinary and prime packages was maintained, the hot weather
being very trying to poor packages. From the first to the first half o f
the third week prices continued to decline, but having now reached a
point where some orders could be executed, the downward tendency was
arrested, but the month closed dull, especially for ordinary lots— the re­
ceipts at the South being large, though the stock on hand, 31st, was
only 4,670 bbls., a much smaller figure than was generally supposed. A t
the commencement o f the month, sales of ordinary straight lots were
made as low as 40 cents, shipping at 42, and New-York at 43 ; and at
the close, straight brought 371- @ 38, shipping 38 @ 381, and NewYork 39 @ 391, while rejected and barely merchantable sold from 40
down to 36, closing at 361 @ 37; these latter, however, are not a fair
criterion of the market, though they may serve to account for the low
prices at which lots are often sold, when the owners expected to get our
highest figures. Contracts for New-York barrels, maturing the second
week of the month, were settled on a basis o f 401 cents ; London quo­
tations, 34s. @ 35s., and Liverpool, 32s. @ 33s., closing at the lower
figures. A t the commencement of August, prime straight and shipping
being comparatively scarce, these descriptions were held more firmly, and
though the English markets further declined, prices here steadily ad­
vanced, till, at the close of the third week, with a very small supply, an
improvement of 21 cents had been realized, straight and shipping selling
at 40 @ 41 cents, and New-York straight and shipping, 41 @ 42. Im­
mediately after this, advices from England and the continent continuing
adverse, prices declined 1 @ 1 cent, rallying slightly, and closing quietly
at 39 @ 391 f°r rejected and merchantable, 40 @ 41 for straight and
shipping, and 41 @ 411 for New-York. The first week o f the month
sales of New-York were made at 41 for September, and 43 for October
delivery; and the third week, for all August, at 4 1 ; and at the close,
500 Southern shipping, for delivery, first week of September, at 40 cents.
Stock, 6,096 bbls. London quotations, 30s. @ 32s. 6d., and Liverpool,
30s. 6d. @ 31s., closing at the lower rates. September opened with a
moderate demand, chiefly for New-York, and at some reduction, say at
39 @ 391 cents for straight, 40 for shipping, and 41 @ 411 f° r NewY ork ; and at the close o f the first week prices were 1 a cent lower on
shipping and New-York—-poor lots, as usual, bringing 1 @ 1 cent less than
prime straight. The second week prices were steady, and the third ad­




Naval Stores.

743

vanced half a cent; and notwithstanding the arrivals were large, a further
advance o f half a cent on prime packages was obtained before the close
o f the month, being now ^ @ 1 cent higher than at the commence­
ment, the whole range being 40 @ 42 cents; stock, 5,000 bbls. Lon­
don quotations, 31s. @ 31s. 6d., and Liverpool, 31s. @ 32s., closing at
the higher rates. In October, with a stock again reduced, prices appre­
ciated the first and second weeks one cent per gallon, though the high
freights to Europe checked what demand there might have been for ex­
port. A t this time 41, 41|- and 42^ @ 43 cents were paid for straight,
shipping and extra Southern and N ew -York; but by the close, with large
receipts, this advance was lost, the market closing dull and unsettled,
with a strong tendency to a further decline; merchantable and straight
sold at 39 @ 40, and shipping and New-York, 41 @ 41|- cents. Stock,
at the close, 11,252 bbls. London quotations, 32s., and Liverpool, 31s. 6d.
@ 31s. 9d. W ith a heavy stock pressing upon the market, the first week
in November opened with a very depressed feeling, and £ @ 1 cent
lower was accepted, poor lots selling at 37 @ 38 cents, straight and ship­
ping, 39 @ 40, and New-York, 40 @ 41; but the English advices being
o f a decidedly favorable tenor, the downward tendency was arrested, and
the market was steady the second week. The unsettled state of money
matters, however, counteracted all favorable influences, and by the close
of the month sales were made at 36 @ 37 cents for straight and ship­
ping, and 36k @ 37 for New-York, with little demand and some decline
in the English market. Stock on hand, 9,436 bbls. London quotations,
33s. @ 35s., closing at 33s. 9d. @ 34s., and Liverpool, 31s. 6d. @ 35s.,
closing at 34s. In December our market rapidly declined till after the
middle of the month, when our quotations were 5 @ 6 cents lower than
at the close of November, with declining English markets and ample
stocks. From this time, however, there was more firmness on the part
of receivers, with an improved demand for export, and at the close an ad­
vance o f 3 cents from the lowest point had been established; straight
lots, which had sold down to 31 cents at the middle o f the month, now
brought 34 ; Southern shipping, which had sold at 32, was firm at 35 ;
and New-York, which was dull at 33, had advanced to 36, cash, with
moderate sales. Among the transactions at the close o f the third week
were 500 bbls. New-York, deliverable in January, sellers’ option, at 36,
and 500 do., deliverable in February, buyers’ option, at 38 cents, cash.
The freight engagements of the month were large, including a bark for
Rotterdam, with 3,000 bbls., at 5$ cents; a vessel to Antwerp, at 5c.;
a British brig from Charleston to Antwerp, with 500 bbls., at 6s., (and
Rosin, at $1 20,) two to Bristol Channel and Bristol, at 9s.; a British
bark to Liverpool, with 1,000 bbls., at 8s., (and Tar, at 3s. 9d. @ 4s.,) be­
sides some 3,000 bbls. to London, at 8s. @ 9s., and 150 to Marseilles, at
4 cents per gallon. London quotations, 33s. @ 32s., closing at 32s. @
32s. 6d., and Liverpool, 33s. @ 32s., closing at 32s.
Common Rosin.-— The year commenced with a very small stock and a
dull market, at $1 60 per 310 lbs., delivered ; but very soon advanced to
$1 60, to arrive, and $1 62|- @ $1 65, delivered, with good sales;
(about this time 8,000 bbls. were bought in Wilmington at $1 15, there.)
The latter part of the third week o f January, however, with some ad­
vance in freights, prices began to decline, and at the close, $1 52^ afloat
and in yard, and $1 55 delivered, was accepted. Liverpool quotations,




744

Naval Stores.

4s. @ 4s. 4d., closing at 4s. 3d.
February opened with the same de­
pressed feeling, and still lower rates were the consequence, sales being
made the first week at $1 50 in yard, $1 50 @ $1 5 2 } delivered by
vessel, and $1 52.} @ $1 55 delivered from yard. The second and
third weeks a large business was done, and prices improved 10 @ 1 2 }
cents, the month closing quietly at $1 65 @ $1 67}, delivered. Liver­
pool quotations, 4s. 3d. @ 4s. 6d., closing at latter rate. A t the com­
mencement of March, freight room continuing scarce, prices declined to
$1 57 afloat, for cargoes, and $1 62 @ $1 65 delivered, for lots as
wanted. A t the close o f the second, and during the third week, there
was again more demand, $1 6 2 } being paid to arrive and in yard, and
$1 65 @ $1 6 8 } delivered; but these rates were not maintained, and
the market closed quietly at $1 60 @ $1 6 2 } in yard, afloat and to
arrive, and $1 65 delivered. Liverpool range, 4s. 4d. @ 4s. 6d., closing
at the lower rate. April opened with a decline, sales being made at
$1 55 for cargoes afloat, $1 5 7 } @ $1 60 in yard, and $1 65 for lots as
wanted, delivered from yard ; for parcels afloat and in yard, an improve­
ment o f 2 } @ 5 cents was soon realized, the Liverpool accounts being
rather encouraging, and prices were rather steady at $1 60 @ $1 6 2 }
afloat and delivered, till the close o f the month. May opened with sales
at $1 5 7 } @ $1 60, afloat and to arrive, and $1 6 2 } delivered, but dur­
ing the second week, with free arrivals, cargoes were placed at $1 5 2 } @
$1 54 afloat, and $1 60 delivered from yard, after which there was little
variation, the month closing at $1 5 3 } @ $1 55 afloat, and $1 5 7 } @
$1 60 delivered. Liverpool quotations, 4s. Id. @ 4s. 6d., closing at the
higher figure, date May 18. In June, sales were made the first of the
month at Si 55 afloat, and $1 5 7 } @ $1 60 delivered, and at the close
at about the same figures, small lots from yard sometimes bringing 2 }
cents more and cargoes sometimes being placed at as much less— the
lowest sales made were at Si 50 @ Si 5 2 } in yard, in the commencement
o f the fourth week, and the whole range o f the month, Si 50 @ Si 5 7 }
in yard, afloat, delivered by vessel, &c., and $1 56 @ Si 6 2 } delivered
from yard, closing as above. Liverpool, 4s. 5d. @ 4s. 6d. July, with
hardening freights hence, at Si 50 per 310 lbs. in yard, Si 5 2 } @ Si 55
afloat and to arrive, and Si 55 @ Si 5 7 } delivered; and as the month
progressed, prices declined to the end, closing at Si 4 2 } @ $1 45 in
yard and afloat, and Si 4 7 } @ Si 50 delivered, the bulk of the receipts
going in yard. Liverpool quotation, 4s. 5d. In August prices again de­
clined, commencing at Si 4 2 } @ Si 45 afloat and delivered, reaching
Si 35 @ $1 3 7 } afloat and in yard, and Si 4 2 } @ Si 45 delivered, the
second week, and closing at Si 35 @ Si 36 in yard, and Si 40 delivered.
Liverpool quotation, 4s. 2d. @ 4s. 5d., closing at the higher rate. In
September, prices already lower than since the panic o f 1857, still fur­
ther declined, with sales the first week to arrive per steamer, at Si 25,
immediate delivery, and to arrive in the ordinary way Si 35, in yard;
subsequently sales were made to arrive at Si 30 afloat, delivered by
vessel, and $1 35 delivered from yard. Near the middle o f the month
sales were made at Si 3 2 } @ Si 35 afloat, and Si 3 7 } @ Si 40 delivered
from yard, and so continued till the commencement of the fourth week,
when, with favorable foreign advices, and the report of some 25,000 bbls.
having been bought up in Wilmington on New-York account at Si 05
there, our market advanced to Si 45 afloat, and Si 45 @ Si 4 7 } deli­




N aval Stores.

745

vered. Liverpool 4s. 5d. @ 4s. 9d., closing at the higher rate. On the
first of October the demand was good, and free sales were made to fill
contracts, at $1 41 @ $1 45 afloat, and $1 50 @ $1 52 delivered, but
from this time to the end of the month the scarcity o f freights pressed
heavily upon Rosin, notwithstanding the accounts from Liverpool con­
tinued favorable; at the close sales were made at $1 42|- afloat and
$1 45 delivered, with a downward tendency. Liverpool quotations at
hand during the month, 5s. 3d. @ 5s. 6d., closing at the latter figure.
November opened at 81 42^- @ $1 45 delivered, and so continued till the
middle of the month, when prices gave way, and sales were made at
81 35 in yard, and $1 40 @ §1 42£ delivered, the decline making pro­
gress till the fourth week, when $1 30 delivered was accepted, and the
market closed entirely nominal at this rate. Liverpool quotation, 5s. 3d.
@ 5s. 6d., closing at 5s. 3d. @ 5s. 4d. The first sales made in Decem­
ber were at a further decline, viz., $1 20 per 310 lbs. delivered, and a lot
put upon the market the first week brought only $ 1 1 0 in yard, and
during the second, third and fourth weeks, sales were made in small lots
at $1 15 @ $1 20 delivered, including some afloat and to arrive at $1 15
@ $1 17-J-, delivered by vessel; the rates reached above are believed
to be lower than since the year 1851. The last week of the month,
the stock being concentrated in few hands and held firmly, some im­
provement was realized, sales being made variously at $ 1 16 in yard,
81 17-j- for future delivery, and $1 20 @ $1 25 delivered, closing at our
highest figure.
Fine Rosins.— Our readers are well aware, that though much may be
said and written, no intelligible history of the grades above common
can be communicated in a review o f the market, the remarks made in
our last annual review, on this subject, being of perpetual application.
The year opened with low, but rather improving prices, no Pale on hand
worth over $4, and an impression, generally, that rates had reached the
lowest point— the stock on hand being chiefly composed of No. 1, worth $2
@ $2 50. Much o f that left over from last year was in second hands await­
ing shipment, or held for higher prices. The high rates o f freight which
have obtained most o f the past year have operated disastrously on fine
rosins, particularly on the low grades, the supply o f which has far ex­
ceeded the demands of trade, especially at a time when freights rule
high, as they have during the period under review. Strained opened at
about $1 60 per 310 lbs., improved to $1 6LJ- early in March, since which,
with occasional fluctuations, the tendency has been generally downward,
and sales were made down to $1 15 @ $1 20, closing at $1 25 per 310
lbs. No. 2 was quoted $1 65 @ $1 70 at the opening ; sold variously up
to $2 in March, and afterwards gradually declined to $1 30 @ $1 50,
closing with sales at $1 35 @ $1 50 per 310 lbs., the latter for a prime lot.
No. 1, quoted at $1 87-J- @ $2 50 at the commencement, improved the
first month, the range being $2 @ $2 75 per 280 lbs., gradually improv­
ing to $2 25 @ $3 in March and April, after which, in sympathy with
the lower grades, and with advancing freights, prices receded, with sales
o f low qualities in May at $1 80 @ $2 per 310 lbs., up to $2 75 per 280
lbs. for prime, after which prices varied little, or rather goods were classed
according to the prices obtained. In October, however, some sales were
made as low as $1 90 per 280 lbs., and, at the last o f the month, some
sold at $1 75 @ $2 25 per 310 lbs., and near the end of the year at $2 @




746

N aval Stores.

$2 25 per 280 lbs., the whole range being 11 55 for low, up to $2 50 for
prime quality per 310 and 280 lbs. W e must again repeat, that when
prices decline, better goods are put in at the same rates, calling them the
same quality, and it is for this reason, that without a comparison o f sam­
ples, no idea can be given o f the market the past year that would be
any guide in the future. W hite Rosins, being a quality between No. 1
and Rale, have generally been quoted from $2 50 to $3 75 per 280 lbs.,
and Pale has ranged from $3 50 to $6. The first Virgin Pale that came
to hand was received on the 8th o f March, viz., 9 bbls. from Fernandina,
Fla., and a further lot was received shortly after, both which sold at $6,
quality not extra— the first lot in 1859 was received from Alabama, about
1st April, and sold at $7, subsequent parcels of a better quality bringing
88 per 280 lbs., against $8 25 in 1858. After this period, Virgin samples
failed to attract attention as in previous years, and very few sales were
made, though prime lots were held at $6. The first and second weeks
in May some changed hands at $5 on the spot and to arrive, and some
good Pale sold as low as 84, to arrive.
After this there was more in­
quiry, with sales at 84 @ §6, prime lots, (which have not at any time
been in large supply,) commanding the higher figure, the receipts being
generally inferior to previous years, and including but few really prime,
these having been probably shipped direct from the South, to a greater
extent than heretofore. From the last week in August to the first week
in October, there were no sales above 85 50, and but few at that price,
the range for Pale being $3 @ $5 50, and the sales from the last of Octo­
ber to the close o f November were chiefly at 84 @ 84 50, after which
we had no sales of Pale (so called) to report, the transactions being
almost entirely confined to the lower grades.
The stocks o f grades
above Common, it will be seen, are large, embracing very few Extra Pale,
however, being chiefly composed of No. 1 and Medium.
Tar.— The month of January, 1860, opened with a stock o f 2,200
bbls., and a dull and declining market, the nominal quotations being for
Washington, Newbern and Wilmington, 82 44 @ 82 60 per bbl. in
order in yard, the first sale made, however, reducing the range to 82 25
@ 82 50 for parcels, taken as it runs, selected, thick, thin, &c., &c., this
range being maintained with little variation to the close of the month,
at which time a freight engagement o f 2,000 bbls. was made for Liver­
pool. February opened with sales o f selected Washington, Newbern
and Wilmington for export, at previous range, and as the month pro­
gressed, with a small supply, North County, (which we used to designate
Washington, Newbern, &c.,) as it runs, brought 82 31J @ $2 42, and
selected 82 50, all in order, in ya rd ; the little Wilmington received
brought 82 50 as it runs, and the month closed with a stock o f about
2,500 bbls. In March, prices steadily advanced, the sales of Wilming­
ton being large, chiefly to arrive, at 82 6 8 f @ 82 75 @ 82 874, as it runs,
the reported transactions being 7,200 bbls. to arrive, at 82 75 @ 82 874-.
North County as it runs and selected, on the spot and to arrive, ranged
from 82 314 to $2 564- Stock o f all kinds, 3,600 bbls. The demand con­
tinued good in April till the third week, with further sales o f Wilmington
to arrive at 82 75 @ 82 874, as it runs, and 2,000 bbls. selected Roany,
for export, at 82 97 ; after this, however, the arrivals were pretty large,
and though the demand continued, prices fell off to 82 25 @ 82 314 f° r
North County, as it runs, and 82 374 @
50 for ditto, selected ; and for a




N aval Stores.

747

lot of Wilmington thin, $2 50 was accepted. In May the demand was
moderate for the first two weeks, within the range o f §2 25 @ $2 50, for
all kinds* North County, hut sales were afterwards made as low as $2 1 8 f
as it runs, and $2 25 @ $2 37£ for selected— 3,700 bbls. Wilmington
selected, at the close, sold to arrive, at $2 75, the only sale of this de­
scription during the month. Stock in yard, 5,379 bbls. Liverpool quo­
tation 4th May, 16s. for American. In June, prices further slightly de­
clined, North County, as it runs, selling at $2 12|- @ $2 18f, and selected,
rope, &c., $2 25 @ $2 35, closing quietly, with a stock o f 4,919 bbls.
In July, the business done was all in North County, and at a further de­
cline in value, sales being made the second week as low7 as $2 as it runs,
the whole range being $2 @ $2 12-)- in order in yard, with occasional
sales at $2 25, delivered. Stock, at the close, 3,835 bbls. The first week
o f August, the receipts being small, the stock reduced and little expected,
prices advanced 50 cents per bbl., with sales from $2 12)- up to $2 62|-,
the latter price being paid for 500 bbls. North County, for export, as it
runs, with lots for consumption at $2 75 @ $2 87), continuing firm
within this range to near the close, when $2 65 @ $2 75 was accepted
for parcels to arrive and on the spot. Stock 2,762 bbls. September
opened with a good demand, and an improvement of 10 cents the first
two weeks, $2 75 @ $2 85 being paid for North County, but from this
time prices again fell off, reaching $2 50 @ $2 65 for whole lots, as they
run, and selected, small lots from yard, as usual, commanding something
more— the stock on hand being chiefly taken up. The second week o f
October, $2 62£ was paid for North County, as it runs, to arrive and on
the spot, and $2 60 @ $2 93 for all kinds, in lots as wanted for consump­
tion, the month closing with sales of North County to arrive at $2 67-)
as it runs, and $2 75 @ $3 for selected thick, rope, &c., &c., in lots as
wanted. Stock, 766 bbls. November opened with a small supply, and
about the middle o f the month, North County to arrive, brought $2 75
@ $2 87-) as it runs, and lots on the spot $2 85 © $3, declining again,
however, after the third week, with sales as it runs as low as $2 50, and
selected, rope, shipping, &c., in lots, $2 85 @ $2 8 7 ), Norfolk thin and
selected, at the same time, bringing $2 25 @ $2 50. Stock on hand, 985
bbls. The first week o f December, North County as it runs sold at
$2 60, and Norfolk rope $2 37), but the second week the market became
irregular and lower, Wilmington (the first received in a long time) and
North County selling at $2 25 afloat; subsequently North County de­
clined to $2 15 and $2 12), and Wilmington was taken to arrive at
$2 25; $2 1 2 ) and §2 25 being the closing figures to arrive. W e may
remark that Newbern has generally been preferred, probably because
the packages are o f a more uniform size, and rather larger than Wash­
ington. The shipments o f the month were considerable, chiefly to
Liverpool, at a freight o f 3s. 9d. @ 4s.
The following were the stocks in yard on the first of January:
1861.
1860.
Turpentine,.............................................................................. bbls. 6,705
9,000
Spirits Turpentine...................................................................
7,612
8.500
Rosin, common........................................................................
46,162
4.500
“
all other grades,..........................................................
61,397
not known.
Tar...................................................................................................
1,490
2.200




N aval Stores.

748

Pitch.-—The range of prices, during the year, has been from $1 50 to
$1 87-J- for Southern and City, closing at $1 70 for City, delivered. The
lowest sales were made in October, viz., $1 50 @ $1 55 for Southern, on
the wharf.
MONTHLY

AVERAGE

OF

PRICES.

1859.

I8 6 0 .
M

on th s

.

Turpen­ Spirits
tine.
Turp’tine.

Rosin.

January,...........
February,.........
March, .............
A pril,................
May,..................
June, . .............
July,..................
August...............
September,.......
October,.............
November,.......
December,.........

$3 47
3 56%
s 88 %
3 43%
3 35
3 37%
8 21%
2 81%
2 84%
3 03
2 97
2 76

44% c.
46 7-16
47%
45 13-16
46%
48%
88 X
39%
40
40 15-16
39 1-16
83%

$1
1

Aver,
“
“
“

$3
3
3
3

42% c.
4S 1-5
47%
46%

$1 513-10
1 68
1 56
1 72

for year,..
1859,.......
1858,.......
185T,.......

27%
68
70
69

1
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1

62%
62%
66
62%
60
58%
52*
42%
89%
47%
89%
21%

Turpen­ Spirits
Eosin.
tine.
Turp’ tine.

Tar.

$2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

40
40
57
60%
50
33%
23%
65%
65
73%
88%
45

$3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

72
83
89
93
75
79
65
41
56
62
57
47

$2
2
2
2

53
58
13
01

$3 6S

49% c.
49%
53
581-5
53
47%

45%
44%
46%
47
46
44%
4S 1-5 c.

$1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
l

70
75
73
70
74
85
79
66
56
57
55
57

$1 68

Tar.

$2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

55
71
57
44
42
32
44
72
64
68
S3
66

$2 5S

N. B.— The quotations of Common Rosin, as given above, are for par­
cels delivered from yard; lots in yard or afloat are sold at 5 cents less.
The average prices o f Spirits Turpentine, as given above, are for
Southern straight lots and shipping order, poor and rejected lots always
selling at irregular prices, while New-York packages generally command
one cent more than Southern straight and shipping order. The monthly
average prices of New-York barrels alone were as follows: January,
45 1-16 cents; February, 4 7 § ; March, 48 1-5; April, 46 11-16; May,
47 11-16; June, 44 5-16 ; July, 40^ ; August, 40 3-16 ; September, 4 1 f;
October, 42 5-16; November, 40 1-16 ; and December, 341. Average
for the year, 43 1-6 cents.
WILMINGTON,
SHIPMENTS FROM JANUARY

1

N.

C.

TO DECEMBER

31.

1860.

Turpentine,............................. b bls.
Spirits Turpentine,.............
Rosins,.. ...........................
Tar........................................
Pitch.....................................




1859.

Foreign.

Coastwise.

Foreign.

Coastwise.

23,548
20,400
57,425

52,175
127,562
440,132
43,056
6,489

12,717
9,471
22,881
855
1,065

66,797
137,740
555,636
40,255
7,174

6,120
784

749

Journal o f N autical Intelligence.

J O U R N A L OF N A U T I C A L

THE

B R IT IS H

INTELLIGENCE.

NAVY.

following return, made by the Comptroller o f the Navy, shows the
number of her Majesty’s steamships afloat, building and converting, and
the number of effective sailing ships afloat on the 1st of February :
T

he

Ste a m .

C lass

op

S h ip s .

Afloat.

B u ild in g
or con­
verting.

Ships of the line, screw,......... 53
Frigates, s cre w ,..................... 31
Ditto, pad dle,.........................
9
Block ships, screw ,.................
9
Iron-cased ships, screw,........
1
Corvettes, s cre w ,................... 19
Sloops, screw,......................... 58
Ditto, paddle,.........................
35
Small vessels, screw,.............
3
Ditto, paddle,.........................
21
Gun-vessels and gunboats,
screw..................................... 139
Despatch vessels, paddle,. . .
Floating batteries, screw ,. ..
8
Transports, troop-sliips, ten­
ders, yachts, <fcc., screw,..
17
Ditto, paddle,......................... 48
Mortar ships, screw................
4
Mortar vessels and floats,. . .

14
12

Total s cre w ,................... 392
Total paddle,................... 113

55
2

Grand to t a l,................... 505

57

AN

6
4
14

4
2

Total.

67
43
9
9
7
23
72
35
3
21

..

..

..

Effective
S a ilin g
Ships
Afloat.

Total
Steam
and
S ailing.

*10
+17

l

)

23
| 125

18
1

[

193
2
8

1

25

[ 195
8

18
48
4

[
83

E G Y P T IA N

77
69
9

66
4
83

447
115
..

562

129

..

688

F R IG A T E .

For some time past considerable consternation has prevailed in Liver­
pool, owing to rumors that a fever of the most dangerous and fatal de­
scription had been introduced into the town by the crew of an Egyptian
frigate which lately arrived here from Alexandria. As some of the offi­
cials of the Liverpool Southern Hospital and Paul-street Baths had died
from malignant fever, the Health Committee ordered their officer to make
a report to them on the subject; and, at their meeting in March, Dr.
D u n c a n presented a report, from which we extract the following passages :
The Egyptian steam frigate S e b a a b G e b a l d arrived in the Mersey on the
22d of February, after a lengthened voyage from Alexandria, during which *
* Eight of these and two from the non-effective list are fit to he converted into
block ships.
t Four of these are fit to be converted.
j One of these ships has just been commenced at Chatham, and tenders for two
others have been accepted.




Journal o f N autical Intelligence.

750

the crew, numbering over 300, crowded together and in a most filthy
state, suffered severely from the cold o f a northern winter, being unpro­
tected by European clothing. On their arrival about eighty were on the
sick list, suffering chiefly from dysentery, diarrhoea, frost-bite, &c.

THE

B R IT IS H

L I G H T -H O U S E

C O M M IS S IO N .

An important state document has recently appeared, being the report of
the Royal Commission appointed at the close o f 1858 to inquire into the
condition and management of the lights, buoys and beacons o f the United
Kingdom. Through the medium of printed categorical circulars and the
general post the commission has acquired a vast amount o f information at
a wonderfully small cost, from mariners, merchants, scientific men, manu­
facturers o f illuminating apparatus and foreign governments, besides which
they have personally visited upwards o f two hundred light-houses on the
coasts of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, France and the north­
ern coast of Spain. It turns out from inquiry that “ they manage these
things better” and more scientifically in France and America. Taking
lightships into account, however, the coast mileage lighted shows a rather
better proportion for England than France ; but as scientific men have
the direction of the lights in France, they are placed “ so as to cross their
fire,” and be thus more serviceable to the foreigner, while, as a general
rule, the lights are o f a better quality, through more attention being paid
to the size and bearing of the flame. More attention to these points is
paid in Scotland than either in England or Ireland, but it is satisfactory
to know that we possess some of the very finest lights in the world. In
the United Kingdom there are 404 lights— 357 on shore, 47 floating;
197 o f them under general and 160 under local authority. The commis­
sioners suggest various improvements in detail, such as the adoption of
more red lights in place of any other color, but what is ordinarily termed
“ w h i t e b u t their chief recommendation is that the whole o f the lights
should be placed under a central board of four members, one to be chosen
by the Board o f Trade, to be denominated “ The Trinity Commissioners
for Lights,” to include, also, as ex officio members, the Astronomer Royal,
the Ilydrographer to the Admiralty and the Comptroller-General of the
Coast Guard. Indeed, the commissioners believe that the Coast Guard
establishment may be made of great assistance in carrying out the light­
ing service o f the kingdom. The new board would supersede the Board
of Trade, the Trinity House, the Commission of Northern Lights, (Scot­
land,) and the Dublin Ballast Board, whose authority at present clashes
very detrimentally. The proposed body would be represented in the
House o f Commons either by the Admiralty or the Board of Trade, so
far as presenting the annual estimates of the expenditure o f the establish­
ment, and answering any questions, but, after the estimates have once
passed the House, the central board will have the entire control o f the
expenditure and management. As to the vexed question o f the abolition
o f liglit-dues on shipping, the commissioners offer no decided opinion,
but appear to favor the principle already recommended to the legislature
by four special committees, viz., that the expense o f erecting and main­
taining our light-houses should be defrayed out o f the public revenue.




Journal o f Nautical Intelligence.

751

D R U M M O N D L IG H T .

The Drummond Light is thus described by Mr. B a x t e r , in a recent
number of “ Recreative Science.” It is often called the Lime L ight:
This brilliant light was the invention o f Lieut. D ru m m o n d , and was
applied by him in conducting the Ordinance Survey in Ireland and Scot­
land in 1826. Its intensity was such that it was proved by him to be
distinctly visible at a distance of ninety-five miles. It is so purely white
that the most delicate shades o f color may he distinguished by it as cor­
rectly as by daylight; while for photographic purposes it is invaluable,
as it enables the photographer to w ort by night as easily as by day. To
what extent this light is possessed o f actinic properties, or whether this
apparent power is duo to the total absence o f color in its composition, I
will leave others to decide. I shall here only attempt to describe the
best form of lime light apparatus which is yet known to the scientific
world. The lime light gives out but little heat, and does not in any
manner vitiate or consume the oxygen of the surrounding atmosphere;
hence it is just the kind o f light required for crow'ded rooms, factories,
mines, tunnels; in short, wherever it is an object to limit the natural
consumption o f oxygen.
As a proof of this, I may state that a five-jet lamp, belonging to the
Universal Lime Light Company, which was exhibited in the Society of
Arts Lecture Room, consumed thirty-six cubic feet o f the combined gases
in an hour, and did not increase the temperature of the room during that
length of time. It gave a more pure and powerful light than their large
chandelier, which was subsequently lighted, and which consumed five
thousand cubic feet in the hour; the temperature of the room kept in­
creasing, and the atmosphere was vitiated to an unbearable degree at
the end of that period. It is hardly necessary to observe that, in com­
mon with all other lights o f great intensity, it may be used for signal
lights, its peculiar steadiness and continuity giving it the advantage over
its rival, the electric light. For use at sea, or by the coast guard in case
o f wreck, and in cases where life and property are at stake, cheapness is
a matter o f no consideration for a light of this nature ; still, where cheap­
ness is combined with utility, the lime light has precedence over all lights,
its cost being in pence where others cost pounds. Owing to the total
absence o f color, it is not only applicable to photographic purposes, but
also for picture galleries, shops, &c., <fcc. It is found to separate the
most delicate shades o f color, and, what is of more importance, it does
not in the slightest degree injure the most delicate fabrics. A single jet
of the medium size is equivalent to forty argand, or eighty fish-tail gas­
lights, or four hundred wax candles ; while its cost is from a halfpenny
to five pence an hour, according to the quantity o f combined gases con­
sumed, the augmentation o f which increases the power o f the light. For
instance, twice the quantity of gas consumed per hour will give, not
twice, but fo u r times the amount o f light. Comparing it with the illu­
minating power of common gas, a single jet, consuming four cubic feet of
the combined gases per hour, equals that obtained from four hundred feet
of coal gas.




Journal o f N autical Intelligence.

752

STEAM BOAT

D IS A S T E R S

ON

W ESTERN

R IV E R S .

The following (from the St. Louis Bulletin) is a summary and detailed
statement of accidents and disasters to steamboats, barges, canal and
coal boats, and other river craft, on the Western rivers during the year
1860. The number is unusually large, and the loss o f life attending the
disasters is also above the average o f former years. The following is a
synopsis of the statement :
Number of steamboats destroyed and damaged,....................................... 299
Number of canal boats and barges,............................................................ 48
Coal and flat boats,......................................................................................... 208
Steamboats totally destroyed,...................................................................... 120

The disasters are attributed to the following causes:
Sunk,...................................................... I l l Damaged b y storm,...........................
39
B u rn ed ,................................................... 31 Breaking machinery,.......................... 21
E xplosion,............................................ 19 Collisions with river bank,................
8
Collision................................................. 24 Total loss o f life,.................................. 254
Snagged and damaged,......................... 44

The total loss in steamboat property, including canal boats, coal boats
and barges, exceeds $2,000,000. The loss on cargo cannot be ascertained.

THE

B R IT IS H

AND

A M E R IC A N

L I F E -B O A T

S O C IE T IE S .

It is gratifying to record the interchange o f courtesies and good offices
between the societies of England and the United States, having the com­
mon object of humanity and of ameliorating the lot o f those whose lives
are periled on the great deep.
A few months ago the National Life-boat Institution presented, through
Mr. R . B. F o r b e s , to the Massachusetts Humane Society, a beautiful
model o f its life-boat, and a complete set of the journal o f its transactions.
The British Life-boat Institution also forwarded its thanks, inscribed on
vellum, to Miss Dix, an American lady, in acknowledgment o f her long
and valuable services in the cause o f humanity, and particularly o f her
zealous exertions in aiding to establish four life-boats on the British pos­
session of Sable Island, on the coast o f North America. A t a general
meeting of the American Society, held at Boston, Massachusetts, the
Hon. D a v id S e a r s , President, in the chair, these presents were thus
suitably acknowledged:
“ The trustees of the Massachusetts Humane Society desire to recipro­
cate in the most cordial manner the respect and kind feeling on the part
o f the British Royal National Life-boat Institution, and to express their
readiness to co-operate with it in all practicable ways, and especially in
the interchange o f information and suggestion, for the promotion o f the
humane objects common to both societies. They look with satisfaction
on every event, whether o f individual, social or international courtesies,
which help to preserve and strengthen friendly relations between the
people and governments o f England and the United States. They have
shared largely in the universal enthusiasm and kind feeling awakened
among all classes o f our citizens by the recent visit to this country o f his
Royal Highness the Prince o f Wales, and cherish the hope that this event,
so interesting in itself, is destined to be prominent and beneficent in the




Journal o f N autical Intelligence.

753

influence it will exert to bind us together in strong and enduring amity,
so that the two great nationalities o f the Ango-Saxon race, distinct in the
forms, but in many respects similar in the spirit of their institutions, with
a common lineage, language and literature, may ever be one undivided
power on the earth, exerted always in behalf and for the promotion o f the
highest and best interests o f mankind. (Signed,)
S. K . L o t h r o p ,
Corresponding Secretary o f the Massachusetts Humane Society.

NEW

L IG H T -H O U S E S .

Official communications from the Light-House Board at Washington.
T h o r n to n A. J en k in s , IT. S. N avy, Secretary o f the Light-House
Board.
T h e M e d it e r r a n e a n .— 1. Fixed Light at the Mouth o f the Ebro.—
Official information has been received that on and after the 15th day of
September, 1861, a light will be exhibited from1a temporary light-house,
erected on Cape Tortosa, which forms the eastern extremity of Buda
Island, or o f the Delta o f the river Ebro. The light is a fixed white
light, and is visible on all points seaward through an arc o f 270°, or
between the bearings of N. E. by E. § E. round by W . to S. S. E. ^ E.
It is placed at an elevation o f 34 feet above the mean level o f the sea,
and should be seen in clear weather, from the deck of a ship, at a distance
o f 11 miles. The illuminating apparatus is dioptric, or by lenses, of the
fifth order. The tower is a skeleton wood-work, 31 feet high, surmounted
by a lantern with a white top ; and twenty yards to the westward is the
keeper’s dwelling, which is a hut thatched with reeds. The tower stands
in lat. 40° 43' 6" N., long. 0° 56' 54" east o f Greenwich. The bearings
are magnetic. Variation 18° 30' W . in 1861.

2. Fixed Lights on the Pedagne Boc/cs, Brindisi.— On and after the
31st day of January, 1861, a light will be exhibited from a light-house
erected on the northwestern o f the Pedagne rocks at the entrance o f
Brindisi harbor. The light is a fixed white light, varied by a flash once
every three minutes; the flash is preceded and followed by a short
eclipse. The elevation o f the light is 72 feet above the mean level of the
sea, and it should be seen in clear weather, from the deck o f a ship, at a
distance of 13 miles. The illuminating apparatus is dioptric, or by
lenses, o f the fifth order. The tower is a column rising from a small cir­
cular building 36 feet high and colored white. Its position is given as
lat. 40° 39£' N., long. 17° 59' 32” E., or two miles westward of the longi­
tude in the Admiralty charts.
3. Revolving Light on Point Torre di Penne.— Also, that a light will
be exhibited from a light-house erected on Point Torre di Penne, near
Brindisi, on the southeast coast of Italy. The light is a revolving white
light, attaining its greatest brilliancy every half minute ; the elevation o f
the light is 129 feet above the mean level of the sea, and should be seen
in clear weather, from the deck of a ship, at a distance of 20 miles. The
illuminating apparatus is dioptric, or by lenses, of the third order. The
tower is circular, 82 feet high, and colored white ; and at the foot o f it is
a rectangular building. Its position is given as lat. 40° 41' 05'' N., long.
VOL. x l i v .— n o . vi.
48




754

Journal o f N autical Intelligence.

17° 50' 18" east of Greenwich, or 3 miles westward o f the longitude in
the Admiralty charts.
S p a in an d F r a n c e .— 4. Fixed White Light at Llanes.— On and after
the 30th day o f September, 1861, a light will he exhibited from a light­
house recently erected on Point San Antonio, on the southern shore o f ‘
the moufli of the estuary o f the Llanes, in the province o f Oviedo, on
the north coast o f Spain, in the Bay of Biscay. The light is a fixed
white light, placed at an elevation o f 64 feet above the mean level of the
sea, and should be visible in clear weather, from the deck o f a ship, at a
distance of 9 miles. The illuminating apparatus is dioptric, or by lenses,
o f the sixth order. The tower, which is octagonal and 26 feet high, is
attached to the north front of the keeper’ s house, and both are painted
white. Its position is in lat. 43° 26' 45" N., long. 4° 45' 31" west of
Greenwich.

5. Fixed and Flashing Light at Cartaya.— On and after the 1st day
of April, 1861, a light will be exhibited from a light-house recently
erected at a place called Rompido de Cartaya, on the left bank, at the
entrance of the river of Las Piedras, on the southwest coast o f Andalucia.
The light is a fixed white light, varied by a flash every fo u r minutes. It
is placed at an elevation of 79 feet above the mean level o f the sea, and
should be seen in clear weather, from the deck o f a ship, at the distance
of 14 miles. The illuminating apparatus is dioptric, or by lenses, o f the
third order. The tower is circular, 36 feet high, and o f a yellow c o lo r ;
it is surmounted b y a lantern painted green. It stands in the centre of
the southern face o f the keeper’s dwelling, which latter is square. The
position o f the tower is in lat. 37° 11' 5" N., long. 6° 58' 25" west of
Greenwich.
6. Red Lights at the entrance o f the Guadiana.— On and after the
1st day of May, 1861, two new lights would be exhibited on Canela
Island, near Canela Point, on the left bank o f the mouth of the River
Guadiana, to aid in crossing the Bar o f Ayamonte. The lights are fixed
red lights. The northern o f the two is placed at an elevation o f 22 feet,
and the southern one 21 feet above the mean level of the sea, and should
be visible in clear weather, from the deck of a ship, at a distance o f 8
miles. Each light is placed on a column to the eastward o f the light­
house keeper’s dwelling. The position o f the lights is in lat. 37° 10' 30"
N., long. 7° 16' 38" west o f Greenwich, and 3 miles from the bar. They
are changed whenever the position of the bar alters.
7. Green Lights at Cristina Island.— On and after the 1st day of
March, 1861, two new lights wrould be exhibited from La Punta, or the
point to the south of the town o f Isla Cristina, for crossing the bar at
that place. The lights are fixed green lights. The northern one is placed
at an elevation o f 26 feet, and the southern one 16 feet above the mean
level o f the sea, and should be seen in clear weather, from the deck o f a
ship, at the distance o f 7 miles. Each light is placed on a column to the
eastward of the light-keeper’s dwelling. The position o f the lights is in
lat. 37° 10' 45" N., long. 7° 13' 45" west o f Greenwich, and one mile
from the bar.
8. Alteration o f Lights at Huelva.— On and after the 1st day o f March,
1861, two new lights would be placed on Punto del Padre Santo, on the




Journal o f N autical Intelligence.

755

east shore of the mouth of the River Odiel, in lieu o f those now in use.
The lights are fixed white lights. The northern one is placed at an ele­
vation of 27.} feet, and the southern one 1
feet above the mean level of
the sea, and should be seen in clear weather, from the deck of a ship, at a
distance o f 8 miles. Each light is placed on a brown column to the west­
ward of the light-keeper’ s dwelling. The position o f the lights is in lat.
37° 7' 30" N., long. 6° 47' 25" west o f Greenwich, and three-quarters of
a mile from the bar.
9. Red Light on the Senequet Rock.— On and after the 20th day of
February, 1861, a light will be exhibited on the tower recently built on
the Senequet Rock, in the Deroute Passage, about 6 miles north of
Regneville, on the west coast o f the Department of La Manche. The
light will be a fixed red light, placed at an elevation o f 55 feet above
high water, and should be visible from the deck of a ship, in clear weather,
at a distance of 10 miles. The tower stands in lat. 49° 5' 32" 1ST., long,.
1° 39' 49" west o f Greenwich.
10. West Coast— Change in the Biarritz Light.— The Biarritz Light,
which now revolves once every 30 seconds, will be changed to a light
revolving every 20 seconds, showing alternately a white and red face,
which should bo visible in ordinary weather at a distance o f 22 miles.
Biarritz light tower stands about 2-J- miles southwest o f the entrance o f the
River Adour, in the southeastern part o f the Bay of Biscay, lat. 43° 29'
38" N., long. 1° 33' 19" west o f Greenwich.
11. Lights at the P ort o f Cette.— On and after the 15th day of Febru­
ary, 1861, the following changes will take place in the position of the
lights of the port of Cette, on the south coast o f France, in the Mediter­
ranean : 1. The great fixed light of the port will be changed to the tower
recently built in the centre of St. Louis mole-head. It will be placed at
a height o f 105 feet above the mean level of the sea, and should be
visible from the deck o f a ship, in an ordinary state o f the atmosphere^ at a
distance o f 15 miles. The tower, which is 88 feet high, stands in lat.
43° 23' 50" N., long. 3° 42' 1 " east o f Greenwich. 2. The two small
lights vertical on the sea-mark near Fort Richelieu will be changed to
the southwest angle of that fort, at about 840 yards W . by N. N. of
the Mole-Head Light, so as to form with it leading lights for the eastern
entrance o f the harbor. These lights, which will be elevated 272 feet
above the level of the sea, will be visible at a distance o f 4 miles in ordi­
nary weather ; but they blend and appear as one light when beyond the
distance of one mile and a half. They will be replaced at a later period
by lights which will be established, one on the extremity of the Frontignan Jetty, the other on the northeast pier head o f the detached briselame
or breakwater which shelters the entrance of the port. All bearings are
magnetic. Variation 17° 35' W . in 1861.
B a l t ic — G ulf o f F in l a n d .— 12. Lights at Kronstat.— The following
alterations will be made in the lights at Kronstat, prior to the opening o f
the navigation in the spring of 1861: The three fixed lights in the centre
of the fort of Emperor P a u l I., or Risbank Fort, will be discontinued.
The eastern light on Nicholas Battery, at Kronslot, which is now 45 feet
above the mean level of the sea, will be raised 58 feet above the same
level, and should be visible from the deck o f a ship, in clear weather, at a




*756

Journal o f N autical Intelligence.

distance o f 12 miles. The western light, which is now 21 feet above the
mean level o f the sea, will be raised 23 feet. This increase o f height will
make no alteration in the horizontal arc through which the light will he
visible.
13. Werko Matala Beacon, off Biorko.— A red beacon has been placed
on the southeast side of the W erko Matala or bank, near the entrance o f
Biorko Sound, with the tower on Pitko-nemi or point W . S. W . -J- S.,
and the northeast point of Biorko N. W . northerly. The white beacon
on the eastern part of the bank will be removed. The bearings are mag­
netic. Variation at Biorko, 6° 20' W . in 1861.
T h e B ed S e a .— 14. Revolving Light on Perim Island, Strait o f Babel-Mandeh.— On and after the 1st day o f April, 1861, a light will be ex­
hibited from a light-house recently erected on Perim Island, in the Strait
of Bab-el-Mandeb, at the entrance of the Red Sea. The light is a white
revolving light, attaining its greatest brilliancy once in four minutes. It
is placed at an elevation o f 241 feet above the mean level o f the sea, and
Bhould be seen in clear weather, from the deck of a ship, at the distance
o f 22 miles. The position of the light-house is on moderately high ground,
about 1,100 yards to the southwest o f the northeastern bluff point of the
island, and stands in lat. 12° 40' 20" N., long. 43° 28' 10" east of
Greenwich.
C u ba .— 15. St. Jago de Cuba.— The light-house on the Morro of St. Jago
de Cuba, lat. 19° 57' 29", and long. 69° 43' 12" west of Cadiz; the light
that formerly existed there has been replaced by a fourth order lens of
the system of Fresnel, showing a revolving white light, writh flashes at in­
tervals of two minutes. The light is elevated about 222 feet above the
mean level of the sea, and should be seen, under ordinary circumstances
o f weather, at a distance,of about 21 nautical miles.
T he P a c if ic and A u s t r a l ia .— 16. Flashing Light on the Race Rocks,
Vancouver Island.— On or about the 1st January, 1861, a light would be
exhibited from a light-house recently erected on the Race Rocks, in Juan
de Fuca Strait, at the southeast extreme of Vancouver Island. The light
is a flashing white light, showing a bright flash every ten seconds, placed
at an elevation of 118 feet above the level of the sea at high water, and
should be seen in clear weather, from the deck of a ship, at a distance of
18 miles. The illuminating apparatus is dioptric, or by lenses, o f the
second order. The tower stands in lat. 48° 1 7 oSO'' N., long. 123° 32' 15"
west of Greenwich.

17.

Directions fo r Esquimalt and Victoria Harbors, by Captain R ich ­
R. N .— The Race Rocks tower can be distinctly seen at the dis­
tance of 12 miles. ,On nearing it vessels should round it at a distance of
-from half a mile to a m ile; the outermost danger is a rocky patch o f 5
fleet, lying S. E. by E., between 3 and 4 cables from the Great Race. On
founding the Race islands, Fisgard Island fixed light will be seen, and
should be steered for, on a bearing N. \ W ., which will lead clear of the
reef extending a short distance off Albert Head. Keep the bright light in
full view ; if a vessel gets too far to the westward it will appear dim, and
shortly become shaded or green, when she should immediately steer out
to the eastward until it again shows bright. This precaution is especially
necessary on account o f the tides, which, during springs, run as much as
.6 knots in the neighborhood o f the Race Rocks ; the ebb runs almost in
ards,




Journal o f N autical Intelligence.

757

a direct line from Haro Strait to the rocks, and sets between them and
the shore. There are also tide-races in the vicinity, dangerous for boats
or small craft. When to the northward of Albert Head, and desiring to
anchor in Royal Roadstead, a vessel should bring Fisgard Island light to
bear N. by W ., when she will have 10 fathoms good holding ground, or,
if desired, she may stand to the westward until the light becomes shaded
green, when she should immediately anchor. Entering Esquimalt harbor
the light should be left from one to two cables’ lengths on the port hand,
and when it bears S. by W ., at a convenient distance, a ship may anchor
in 7 fathoms, or stand into Constance cove if preferred. W hen the light
bears N. W . by W . it changes from bright to red, and shows the latter
color within the harbor. Entering Esquimalt from the eastward, the
light should not be steered for until it shows bright, which is the mark
for clearing Brotchy Ledge and the Scrogg Rocks ; when the light changes
from red to bright, it leads about half a cable clear o f the Scrogg Rocks.
The course for the entrance of Victoria harbor, after rounding the Race
light-house, is N. ^ E., (allowing for tides,) and when Fisgard Island light
changes from bright to red a vessel will be scarcely a mile from the shore.
Ships, however, above the size of coasters, unless acquainted with the
neighborhood, are recommended not to run for Victoria harbor at night,
when they would not be able to enter; but rather to anchor in Royal
Roadstead for daylight. W ith S. E. winds and stormy weather a ship
should invariably run into Esquimalt harbor, which she can do with great
facility by the assistance of the light on Fisgard Island.
The bearings
are magnetic. Variation 22° 4' in 1861.
18. Fisgard Island— Light at Esquimalt.— On the 19th November,
1860, a light was exhibited from a tower recently erected on the summit
of Fisgard Island, at the entrance o f Esquimalt harbor. The light is a
fixed light, and is visible through an arc of 220°. It shows green when
bearing between N. by E. f- E. and N. ^ W ., white from N. ^ W . to N. W .
by W .
W ., and red towards the harbor, or from N. W . by W .
W.
round by W . to S. -J- E. It is placed at an elevation of 70 feet above the
level of the sea at high water, and should be seen in clear weather, from
the deck of a ship, at a distance o f 10 miles. The illuminating apparatus
is dioptric, or by lenses, of the fourth order. The building consists o f a
keeper’ s dwelling of brick, with a tower 57 feet high, whitewashed, and
surmounted by a lantern painted red. Its position is in lat. 48° 25' 38"
N., long. 123° 27' 10" west o f Greenwich.
The bearings are magnetic.
Variation in 1861, 22° 5' E.
19. Change o f Light on Glenelg Jetty.— On and after the 1st day o f
December, 1860, a permanent green light would be exhibited at the outer
end of Glenelg Jetty, Gulf o f St. Vincent, instead of the red and white
occasional light hitherto shown. The light is a fixed green light, elevated
29 feet above the level of the sea at high water, visible in all directions
seaward, and should be seen from a distance o f 6 miles. The position of
the light is in lat. 34° 59' 30" S., long. 138° 33' E. o f Greenwich. Ves­
sels anchoring off Glenelg Jetty should bring the light to bear E. by N.,
and anchor in not less than 5 fathoms. Coasters may approach the end
of the jetty very closely, but care should be taken to avoid a shoal patch
on an oyster bank lying about a mile to the southward o f the township.
There is a depth of 10-^- feet at the end of the jetty at low water o f spring
tides. The bearings are magnetic. Variation 5° 20' E. in 1861.




758

Journal o f N autical Intelligence.
S U B M A R IN E

T E L E G R A P H IC

CABLES.

Official information lias been received by the Light-House Board,
Washington, from the Ministry o f Marine at Copenhagen, Denmark,
that submarine telegraphic cables have been laid down, besides at the
places formerly brought to notice in the Sound and the Belts, also at the
following places:
I. In the Great Belt.— The telegraphic cable earlier laid down is situ­
ated in the following m arks: Two white-painted beacons, erected on
“ Knudsliovedlandet,” in Fyen, in the direction o f W . -J- S. and E. \ N.
to one another, mark the line from this point to the Sprogo W est Reef,
and two on the Sjselland side erected white-painted beacons, in the
direction of W . J N. and E. \ S. to one another, mark the line over the
“ Ostre-Rende.” South of Sprogo, buoys have been laid down for the
purpose o f indicating the situation of the cable at that place. A quarter
o f a mile to the north of the above-mentioned cable, a new telegraphic
cable has been laid down, which, starting from what is called the
“ Stjerneskandse,” (Starfort,) E. o f Nyborg, in the direction o f E. and
W . north o f Sprogo, in 3^- fathoms water; herefrom passes over to
Halskov, north o f Halskov Reef, in the direction o f E. £ S. As well on
Fyen as on Sjselland, the situation of the cable is marked by two great
white-painted beacons, and at the coast o f Sprogo, where the cable passes
nearest to the land, by a great nun buoy, with a white pole and flag.
II. In the Little Belt.— Between “ Boyden,” on Fyen, and “ Fyenshav,”
on Als, a telegraphic cable is laid down, the situation o f which, on either
shore, is marked by two great white-painted beacons. The direction of
the cable is— the beacons held in one in S.- W . and N. E.
III. Between Sjselland, Moen, Falster and Lolland, the following tele­
graphic cables are laid d ow n :
1. Between the ferry bridges at Kalleliauge, on Sjselland, and Koster,
on Moen, in the direction of N. \ E. and S. \ W .
2. In “ Hronsund,” between the ferry bridge on Moen and Falster, in
the direction o f N. to E. and S. to W .
3. Between Nikiobing, on Falster, and Sunby, on Lolland, in the
direction of W . S. W . £ W . and E. N. E. -j- E.
A t Koster, Hronsund, on Falster, and Sunby, on Lolland, two whitepainted beacons are erected at each place, which, held in one, mark the
line of the telegraphic cables. All mariners are requested not to anchor
over or in the vicinity o f the above-mentioned telegraphic cables, as any
person, wilfully or by negligence, damaging the same, shall be made
answerable to punishment and indemnification in accordance with the
laws.

S A V IN G T H E

CREW S

OF STRA N D E D

VESSELS.

A series of exceedingly interesting experiments, having for their object
the providing a certain means of communication between stranded vessels
and the shore as a means of preserving the lives o f their crews at a time
when communication by boat would be impossible, was brought to a
close at Portsmouth, in a most satisfactory manner, in March last. The




Journal o f N autical Intelligence.

759-

trials have extended over a period of some months, and the means pro­
posed to he employed have been tested in every possible way by the gen­
tleman who has suggested, in fact, carried it out at his own expense,
Lieutenant G-. S. N a r e s , senior lieutenant of Her Majesty’ s ship B r it a n n ia ,
Captain R o bert H a r r is , the naval cadet training ship in Portsmouth
harbor. Lieutenant N a r e s employs the common kite principle as his
chief agent; but while he sends his kite away to leeward, and conse­
quently towards the shore, he retains the means on board the stranded
vessel o f bringing down the kite when flown sufficiently beyond the
beach, or over the cliff, so that the line attached to the kite may be
hauled upon by the people on shore, and the end on board the vessel
being attached to a hawser, and the latter on reaching the shore being
hauled up the cliff, a means o f escape to the crew and passengers, how­
ever numerous they may be, so long as the vessel holds together, or how­
ever violent may be the surf which intervenes between the ship and the
land, is open to all with the most perfect safety by a boatswain’s cradle,
basket or slung cask, being attached to the hawser, and hauled back­
wards and forwards by the people o f the vessel and those on shore. To
bring the kite to the ground when sufficiently advanced beyond the face
o f a cliff or high-water mark, Lieutenant N a r e s has a second line attached
to the right angle of the kite ; holding on to this line, and letting go the
flying line o f the kite, the latter instantly capsizes and descends to the
earth. This mode is applicable to the rescue o f the crew o f a vessel
which has been driven well on shore, but is in a position, either from the
surf or the formation o f the coast, in which no vessel can approach her.
Another mode in which this life-kite may be used, is where it may be
able to effect a landing on a beach to leeward, but the boats are washed
overboard or stove, or the position in which the vessel may lie on a bed
o f rocks may render boats useless. In this case the flying-line o f the
kite is attached by a toggle to the bunghole of a cask, to a couple o f
breakers with a boat’s mast lashed athwart them, or round a man’s chest,
with the knot between his shoulders; in either case the kite finds the
supporting power, and conveys the object its line is fast to on shore,
another line being attached to the cask, raft or man from the vessel, and
the communication with the shore is complete. The particular credit
due to Lieutenant N a r e s consists in his having, by his second line, devised
a means o f bringing the kite to the ground at the moment required, and
in also making use of the kite in attaching its flying line to an object in
the water, a carrier o f his hawser’s hauling line to the people on the
shore. Kites have been tried before, but have failed for the want o f
these two great requisites. A few years since a vessel drove on shore on
the Devon coast, close under the land. The captain sent up a kite, which
flew over the people’ s heads on the shore, but they had no means o f
reaching it, and the whole o f the unfortunate crew perished in the sight
o f the people on shore, who were there ready to aid them could the line
from the kite overhead have reached their hands. In March last the
brig M e r c y , of Bristol, was wrecked at Porthleven, in Mount’s Bay. A
tremendous surf was running, but to save the crew it was necessary to
form some communication otherwise than by boat. A cask was thrown
overboard among the breakers, with a small line attached, and was, after
great difficulty and risk o f life on the part o f the people on shore, got
hold of, and a hawser hauled on shore, to which a swung basket was




760

Journal o f N autical Intelligence.

attached, and the crew were saved. In this case the kite would have
conveyed the cask to the people on the beach without their having to
risk their lives by running into the breakers and surf to lay hold of
it. The concluding experiments by Mr. N a r e s were made from Her
Majesty’s steamer B u l l f in c h , Lieutenant J a m e s . The B u ll fin c h on this
occasion was 600 yards from the shore, and the experiments answered
perfectly. Lieutenant N a r e s has presented his plan to the Shipwrecked
Fishermen’s Society, and also the 50 guineas which had been awarded him.

LEAKY

VESSELS.

A Liverpool paper gives the following account of an ingenious applica­
tion of the screw principle, which has recently been tried on the Mersey.
It consists of a very cheap and simple apparatus (which can be stowed
away in a box) for pumping leaky vessels, and which may, probably, in
a three-knot stream, assist in loading or unloading cargo. This invention
has deservedly met with considerable commendation from the government
emigration officer, Lieutenant P r io r , R. N., by the surveyors o f L l o y d ’ s ,
and of many other practical men who have seen it in operation. The
inventor is Mr. R o bert F o r m b y , son of the oldest and most eminent
physician in this town. The apparatus, which has been made for a ves­
sel of 500 tons, consists o f a two-bladed screw o f a semi-disc form ; it is
attached to a jointed rod, which gives motion to the axle o f a small­
toothed bevel wheel, fixed on the vessel’s deck right astern, and com­
pletely out of the way o f all traffic. This again works another wheel on
the end of a shaft extending longitudinally along the bulwarks, and con­
necting with the lower limb of a bell-crank working about six feet from
the deck, the upper limb o f which is connected by a rod with an upright
arm springing from the centre of a horizontal lever-beam, to the end o f
which the pump rods are jointed. W hen the vessel is going three or
four knots an hour the action of the pumps, the stroke of which can be
increased or diminished in a minute, is rapid, and causes a discharge o f
water nearly equal to the quantity a body o f men could pump. A t six
or seven knots speed the quantity is considerably increased, and nearly fills
the nozzles. Considering that the screw never tires, this result exhibits a
great advantage over manual labor. B y a very simple arrangement the
pumps are prevented from choking, as ships’ pumps general do. The
apparatus can, by a very simple movement, be thrown out o f gear. The
method o f stopping the rotatory motion of the screw previous to hauling
it in is very simple. An “ extinguisher,” formed o f sheet iron of a
lamp-shade shape, is placed on the rod connected with the screw, and
rapidly descends, occasioning an immediate stoppage. It can then be
hauled in without difficulty. When we consider, that in the month of
October thirty-nine vessels foundered through springing leaks, and
that the severe labor o f pumping tends greatly to occasion sickness among
seamen, and consequent incapacity for other necessary work, the advan­
tages o f this invention must surely be patent to the mercantile world.
R A IS IN G

SUN KEN

VESSELS.

It is well known that the expense o f the ordinary method o f raising
sunken vessels is such, that in many cases all attempts are abandoned,




Journal o f N autical Intelligence.

761

and valuable property is sacrificed and irrecoverably lost. It is said that
in certain circumstances this loss may be prevented and the sunken
vessels recovered in the following manner: A t low water, a number o f
empty casks or air-tight caissons, or one or two ships or barges, are to be
attached by strong ropes or hawsers to parts o f the sunken ship, and the
ropes hove in tight. As the tide rises, the vessels become more and
more immersed in the water, until the weight of the additional volume o f
water displaced by the whole o f them equals the force necessary to raise
the ship. When the tide is nearly at its height, the vessels, with the
sunken ship under them, are removed towards the shore, until she touches
the ground again. If the ship be then in such a position that the falling
tide will leave her above water, when at its lowest, the vessels are cast o ff;
but if not, they are hove down as before, and the process described is
repeated. The number of air-tight vessels may be thus approximated to.
On the sunken ship, the pressure downward is the weight o f the ship
and of the cargo.; and the pressure upward is the weight o f a volume o f
water equal to that occupied by the material o f the ship and by the
cargo. I f the ship be built of wood, the specific gravity of the mass
could not much exceed unity— that is, the weight' of the whole mass
would be about the same as that o f an equal volume of water. There
would then remain to bo overcome by the water-tight vessels a pressure
equal to the weight of the cargo when placed in water. W hen this
pressure is found, there must be a number of water-tight vessels, such
that their weight, together with the weight of cargo when in water, shall
equal the weight o f the volume o f water displaced by these vessels. This
method is reported to have been successfully adopted for the recovery o f
several small vessels.

F L O G G IN G I N

THE

B R IT IS H

NAVY.

A return has been made public of persons flogged in the navy in the year
1859. The total number o f persons flogged was 951, and 30,329 lashes
were inflicted. The highest number o f lashes given was 50, while six
marks the lowest. The B r u n s w ic k has the unfortunate distinction of
supplying the highest return, v iz .: 1,194 lashes, which was supplied to
30 men. The L if f e y ranked next to the B r u n s w ic k , 27 men having
on board her received 954 lashes ; and the Spy, a wretched little brigan­
tine, with only 45 men, actually shows that her commander punished
more than 25 per cent, of his crew. The offences o f which our seamen
are chiefly guilty are, it appears, drunkenness, insubordination, disobe­
dience, theft and desertion. In one case, on board the B o s c a w e n , wo are
told that the punishment was inflicted for the use o f obscene language on
duty ; and, in the H o r n e t , 84 lashes were given between two men for
smuggling spirits into the ship. In six instances, “ making false charges”
brought the culprits to the gangway.— Arm y and N avy Gazette.

THE

GREAT

EASTERN.

The directors of the Groat Ship Company had compiled a report that was
to be presented to the shareholders at a public meeting to be held at the
London Tavern on the 28th March. They congratulate the shareholders




762

Journal o f Nautical Intelligence.

that the trial trip to New-York was made at a loss of only £344 odd. As
explained in their previous report, it was their intention to have despatched
the ship on a second voyage to New-York on the 17th o f October last,
but, after considering the requirements o f the Board o f Trade for one
voyage only, and the very imperfect state of the decks laid down by Mr.
J. S cott R ussell under his contract, the directors, with the advice and
concurrence o f some o f the largest proprietors, whom they invited to
confer with them on the subject, abandoned that intention. They then
reduced the staff and all other expenses as much as possible, and pro­
ceeded with the alterations and repairs. The hearing o f the screw shaft
was far the most serious task. B y very skilful arrangements the necessity of
removing the shaft from the ship was overcome, and the work has made
such progress as to leave no reasonable doubt of its satisfactory comple­
tion, together with the feed pumps to the paddle-boilers, recommended
by the Board o f Trade, in the ensuing month. The main deck has been
sheathed with I f inch boards over a layer of tarred patent felt, thus
forming a double deck. The directors believe that by these means the
deck (hitherto a constant source o f injury and annoyance) will be water­
tight, and the inconveniences thoroughly removed. The saloon and cargo
decks have been caulked, and many other minor but important works are
in progress. The question o f future employment for the ship has
received the most serious consideration of the directors. The want o f
public confidence in the ship has hitherto baffled the directors in their
endeavors to obtain sufficient passengers and freight to remunerate the
proprietors. They hope that the voyage to America has, in a great
degree, removed the impediment. The passengers unanimously expressed
their appreciation o f the ease and comfort they enjoyed, and the total
absence o f sea-sickness, even to the most sensitive. Her excellence as a
sea boat has been proved, and notwithstanding the inevitable disadvan­
tages o f an experimental voyage, the directors can now place full reliance
on her steady speed. They believe that another successful voyage to
America will establish the desired confidence, and that she might then be
profitably employed in any trade where her great capacity and power can
be developed. It is clear that by a computation of her speed now
established, she would accomplish a voyage to India or Australia within
forty days, upon a ration o f consumption o f coals far below that o f other
steamships. The directors have, therefore, resolved upon despatching
the ship to America early in April, 1861, and they hope that the receipts
from all sources will at least equal the expenditure, as experience has
proved that the working expenses o f this ship may be reduced to the
ordinary charges o f merchant steamers, which reduction the directors
are determined to effect.




Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

^63

CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND BOARDS OF TRA D E .

Special Meeting o f the N ew -York Chamber o f Commerce, Friday,
April 19 th, 1861.
I n answer to a call issued by the President o f the Chamber of Com­
merce, the meeting took place April 19th, P e l a t ia h P e r it , Esq., Presi­
dent, presided, and made the following address :
W e are assembled to-day in special meeting, at the written request of
many o f our members, according to the requirements o f our by-laws.
It has been the habit of this board not to intermeddle with the political
questions which agitate the country, but there are occasions on which
the ordinary rules of proceedings must give way to peculiar emergencies,
and such an occasion has arisen to-day.
The nation has, in the course o f events, sudden and unexpected, reached
a crisis unprecedented in our history, when the safety o f the government
is threatened, and when the President of the United States, compelled by this
alarming state o f things, has called on the citizens to rally to the defence
of the government: as an influential body o f men in this commercial
centre, we are bound to respond heartily to this call.
I trust, gentlemen, that in the discussions o f this morning we shall
forget all party distinctions, and with unanimity and warm hearts rally
in support of a constitution and government the best in the world, and
under which we have lived and prospered since the close of the revolu­
tionary war. All which has been ours in times past, which constitutes
our hope for times to come, is at stake. Under the specious name o f
secession, traitors have seized the public property, have attacked the
national forts, and are now threatening the national capital. The prime
of our young men are marching to its defence. Let us meet the crisis
like patriots and men. There can be no neutrality n o w ; we are either
for the country or for its enemies.
Mr. O p d y k e rose, and stated that he held in his hand a series of resolu­
tions which he would offer for the suffrage o f the Chamber :
W h e r e a s , Our country has, in the course of events, reached a crisis unprecedented
in its past history, exposing it to extreme 'dangers, and involving the most momentous
results; and w h e r e a s , the President of the United States has, b y his proclamation,
made known the dangers which threaten the stability of government, and called
upon the people to rally in support of the constitution and laws; and,
W h e r e a s , The merchants of Uew-York, represented in this Chamber, have a deep
stake in the results which may flow from the present exposed state of national
affairs, as well as a jealous regard for the honor of that flag under whose protection
they have extended the commerce of the city to the remotest part of the w orld:
Therefore,
R e s o l v e d , That this Chamber, alive to the perils which have been gathering around
our cherished form of government and menacing its overthrow, has witnessed with
lively satisfaction the determination of the President to maintain the constitution
and vindicate the supremacy of government and law at every hazard. (Cheers.)
R e s o l v e d , That the so-called secession of some of the Southern States, having at
last culminated in open war against the United States, the American people can no
longer defer their decision between anarchy or despotism on the one side, and, on




764

Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

the other, liberty, order and law, under the most benign government the world has
ever known.
R e s o l v e d , That this Chamber, forgetful of past differences of political opinion
among its members, will, with unanimity and patriotic ardor, support the govern­
ment in this great crisis, and it hereby pledges its best efforts to sustain its credit
and facilitate its financial operations. It also confidently appeals to all men of
wealth to join in these efforts.
R e s o l v e d , That while deploring the advent of civil war, which has been precipi­
tated on the country b y the madness of the South, the Chamber is persuaded that
policy and humanity alike demand that it should be met by the most prompt and
energetic measures; and it accordingly recommends to government the instant
adoption and prosecution of a policy so vigorous and resistless that it will crush out
treason now and forever.
R e s o l v e d , That the proposition o f Mr. J efferson D avis to issue letters of marque
to whomsoever may apply for them, emanating from no recognised government, is
without the sanction of public law, but piratical in its tendencies, and, therefore, deserv­
ing the stern condemnation of the civilized world. It cannot result in the fitting out of
regular privateers, but it may in infesting the ocean with piratical cruisers, armed
with traitorous commissions, to despoil our commerce and that of all other maritime
nations.
R e s o l v e d , That in view of this threatening evil, it is, in the opinion of this Cham­
ber, the duty of our government to issue at once a proclamation warning all persons
that privateering under the commissions proposed, will be dealt with as simple
piracy. It owes this duty not merely to itself, but to other maritime nations, who
have a right to demand that the United States government shall promptly dis­
countenance every attempt within its borders to legalize piracy. It should, also, at
the earliest moment, blockade every Southern port, so as to prevent the egress and
ingress of such vessels.
R e s o l v e d , That the Secretary be directed to send copies of these resolutions to
the Chamber o f Commerce of other cities, inviting their cooperation in such measures
as may be deemed most effective in strengthening the hands of the government in
this emergency.
R e s o l v e d , That a copy of these resolutions, duly attested b y the officers of the
Chamber, be forwarded to the President of the United States.

Mr. O p d y k e , on presenting the above, remarked that they emanated
from patriotic motives, and were addressed to such. The cherished flag
of our country had been lowered at the demand of traitors, and it was
the duty of this body to come promptly forward and tender its fullest aid
to the government in this emergency. lie hoped the resolutions would
be adopted by acclamation.
Mr. J am es G a l l a t in said there was no excuse for secession in the
election o f Mr. L in co l n , who was constitutionally elected. The seceding
States had plunged the country into civil war, without any just pretext.
The people of the South do not complain, hut demagogues and traitors,
usurping the government of the States, belie history to justify their con­
duct. His means and services, to the best of his ability, should be devo­
ted to the maintenance and defence o f his country, and he was happy to
know that this was the sentiment o f this great commercial community.
(Applause.)
Mr. P h il l ip s thought the resolution should express itself in favor o f a
speedy blockade of the Southern ports, more emphatically than was ex­
pressed in the resolutions. He, therefore, offered a resolution in favor of
the immediate blockade of every Southern port. Mr. P h il l ip s consented
to withhold his resolution.
Mr. R o y a l P h e l p s said the merchants had laid their case before the
administration, and assurance had been received that immediate and
efficient measures would be taken to blockade every Southern port.




765

Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

(Loud applause, and cries o f “ Good.” ) Mr. R o y a l P h el p s said that
steps which at first were not called treason had now become such.
Although not authorized to speak for others, he believed he should speak
the universal sentiment of the democratic merchants of this city, when
he said he would support the government fully, earnestly, enthusiastically.
(Loud applause.) The country is in the midst of a struggle for its exist­
ence, and the duty of every citizen, irrespective of party, is to uphold it.
S. B. C h itten d en said, the question was whether the government, to
which eighteen millions of people are loyal, shall be overthrown by
traitors. W e must stand by the flag at whatever cost o f blood or trea­
sure ; it must float forever over a people whom God planted, and whom
he will defend. The government must understand that the people o f this
city are united for the Union, now and forever.
P r o s p e r M. W e tm o re said, we did not at this time know any distinc­
tion of party. This was an unhappy day for our country. Civil war
always brings suffering and disaster, but there is a bright side even to
civil war— for a united nation of twenty million people sympathizes with
us to-day, and such unanimity presented a sublime spectacle to the world.
The merchants of New-York, in 1765, united for liberty, and struck the
first blow that gave us freedom. It had been common in writers to de­
cry the motives of commercial m en; but see what a scene was presented
to-day— the merchants of this great commercial metropolis meeting and
pledging their character and all they have for their country. (Applause.)
Mr. B o o rm an thought the fate o f the Federal party should be a lesson
to those who would not stand by the government when beset by a rebel­
lious war in its own dominions.
Mr. B lunt said that the constitution had been trampled under foot.
The rebels had stolen all they could on land, and now proposed to steal
by water. W e had traitors among us, but they have been marked, and
would be weeded out. He had gotten rid o f one to-day in short metre.
Mr. L a r n e d , who had just returned from Washington, addressed the
Chamber regarding the anxiety about the Capital. When he passed
through Baltimore, he was assured there would be no mob interference
with the troops.
Ex-Governor K in g , W m . E. D odge and E lliot C. C o w d e n addressed
the Chamber, urging action on the part of merchants and captains to
sustain the government.
Special Meeting o f the New-YorTc Chamber o f Commerce, A pril 25, 1861.
A special meeting of the Chamber of Commerce was held on Thursday,
April 25, the President, P e l a t ia h P e r it , in the chair. The Secretary,
Mr. H o m a n s , read the call, which was to take into consideration the re­
cent act of the legislature in reference to the Committee o f Arbitration,
and the amendment of the By-Laws in relation thereto. The act was
then read, v iz.:
C hatter 251.
A n

a ct to a m e n d a n a ct e n title d

“ A n

a ct to r e m o v e d o u b ts c o n c e r n in g th e C o r p o r a t i o n

o f th e C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e , a n d to c o n fir m th e r i g h t s a n d p r i v i l e g e s t h e r e o f p a s s e d
A p r il

th ir te e n , sev en teen

h u n dred a n d

e i g h t y -fo u r .

P a ssed A p r il

15, 1861,

th ree-

f i f t h s b ein g p r e s e n t.
T h e p e o p l e o f th e
a s fo llo w s

S ta te

o f N e w - Y o r k , r e p r e s e n te d i n S en a te a n d A s s e m b l y , d o en a ct

:— S e c t i o n 1. The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New-York shall




166

Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

have power to elect, by ballot, in conformity with the by-laws adopted by the said
Chamber, a committee, to be known and styled the “ Arbitration Committee of the
Chamber o f Commerce,” and shall have power also to appoint a Committee of A p ­
peal ; and the duly elected members of the said Chamber, and all persons claiming
by, through or under them, may, under the limitations, and subject to the restric­
tions imposed by the provisions of the statutes of the State of Ncw-York relative to
arbitration, submit to the decision of the Committees of Arbitration and Appeal, as
the same may be constituted b y the said Chamber, any controversy existing between
them which might be the subject of an action, and may agree that a final judgment,
in a court of record, to be by them designated, shall be rendered on any award made
pursuant to such submission.
S ection 2. The Committees of Arbitration and Appeal, elected or appointed as
aforesaid, shall possess the same powers and be subject to the same duties and dis­
abilities as appertain to arbitrators by the laws of the State of New-York, and awards
made by them must be made, and may be enforced, as therein and thereby directed; and
all the provisions contained in title fourteen, part third, chapter eight of the Revised
Statutes of the State of New-York, and all acts amendatory or in substitution thereof,
shall apply to proceedings had before the said Committees of Arbitration and A p ­
peal, as if specially incorporated herein; except that the judgment, to be rendered
in the manner therein directed, on any award made by them as aforesaid, that is to
say, by the Committee of Arbitration, no appeal from its action being taken by
either party to the controversy, or by the confirmatory action of the Committee of
Appeal, shall not be subject to be removed, reversed, modified or appealed from b y
the parties interested in such submission as aforesaid.
S ection 3. This act shall take effect immediately.

Mr. P. M. W
adopted:

e tm o re

offered the following resolutions, which were

R e s o l v e d , That this Chamber of Commerce of the State of New-York hereby ac­
cepts and binds itself to act under the law of the legislature of the State of NewY ork in relation to this Chamber. [Passed April 16, 1861.]
R e s o l v e d , That the thanks of the Chamber are due and are hereby tendered to the
Hon. B. F. M anierre, of the Senate, and other members of that body, and to the
Hon. Speaker, Mr. L ittlejoiin, Hon. Messrs. Lucies R obinson, B enj. F. Camp, J oiin
I I ardy , N atiian C omstock and others, of the Assembly, for their active personal ex­
ertions in successfully urging the passage of the bill to amend the charter of this
Chamber through the legislature at its recent session.

Subsequently Mr. W e tm o re offered certain amendments to the by­
laws, growing out o f the statute passed, and which were laid over for
consideration at the next meeting.
B y unanimous consent Mr. D e i i o n , Treasurer o f the Committee ap­
pointed to raise subscriptions to uphold the government, stated that he
was authorized by the committee to say that they had procured large
subscriptions, the details o f which and the disbursements they would
submit at the next meeting o f the Chamber. The amount was over
$100,000. He would say, however, that their general plan had been to
advance money only to regiments. There were, however, exceptions, and
they had taken from the regiments assignments o f their claims upon the
State, and had dealt with each according to the necessities o f the case,
giving first to those regiments who were ready the first to go forward.
H e stated that with the exception of two members o f the committee, they
had all been included in the committee of citizens, and the disbursements
o f the Common Council had been referred to that committee. In view
o f this fact, he recommended that the committee o f the Chamber o f Com­
merce be merged into the citizens’ committee. The motion was carried.
On m o tio n o f Mr. C o n k lin g , th e com m ittee w ere authorized to pay
o v e r th e balance in th eir hands to the citizens’ com m ittee.

The Chamber then adjourned.




Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

'

76'7

Annual Meeting o f the M ew-York Chamber o f Commerce, Thursday,
M ay 2d, 1861.
The regular monthly meeting o f the Chamber o f Commerce was held
at their rooms, corner William and Cedar streets, Thursday, May 2d, 1861,
the President, P e l a t ia h P e r it , in the chair. It was also the annual
meeting of the Chamber, and the first business in order was the election
o f officers for the ensuing year. The choice o f a president first claiming
the attention of the members,
R o y a l P h e l p s rose and said : It affords me great pleasure to offer for
your suffrages our actual president for re-election. I hope, indeed I have
no doubt, that the vote for him will be unanimous, as you all know a
unanimous vote is required. I think there are more than ordinary reasons
why our president should remain in office during our present political
troubles; and the only possible objection I can imagine any one could
have is, that by his election all those officers under him might also expect
to be re-elected. I hope that any member who entertains any such idea
will dispose of it so far as the first officer of the Chamber is concerned,
and that we may elect the right man in the right place. I propose,
therefore, the re-election of Mr. P e l a t ia h P e r it as president for another
year.
The motion was unanimously carried, and so Mr. P e r it was viva voce
chosen president for the ensuing year, without a dissenting voice.
Mr. P e r it said : Gentlemen, I thank you for the honor you have just
conferred on me. It had been my intention and my sincere desire to
withdraw from this office, partly from considerations of health; but in the
actual circumstances o f the country I think every man is bound to remain
in the place properly assigned to him, and properly occupied by him,
under any circumstances, as far as he has the ability to do it. The atti­
tude o f the Chamber of Commerce o f New-York is such that it exerts on
those matters which come properly within its province a very powerful
influence throughout the whole United States. W e have had many evi­
dences of this. Our nation is now undergoing a trial more severe than
has ever before happened perhaps in the history o f nations, in which the
faculties and powers o f every man are needed to support the government.
The Chamber of Commerce of New-York, representing the commercial
community of this great city, has immense power and influence, and the
Chamber is bound to exert it faithfully and consistently in support o f the
government. A nd there are modes in which we can be especially useful
to the government. New-York is now the headquarters o f finance in this
country. The members of this Chamber are scattered widely through
this community, and especially in those places where money is largely
disposed of. Their influence can materially aid the government in the
negotiation of loans, and a loan is now pending in which that influence
will be felt. Eveiy one here knows that in any large amount which the
City or State o f New-York, or other States, will be borrowing, there will
he a heavy pressure o f stock in the market, and it is very important that
the credit of the government be fully sustained, and all its loans taken
promptly, and taken on such terms as will be creditable and honorable to
the government. The government are well aware of the value o f our
influence, and, during our proceedings this afternoon, you will receive an
acknowledgment on the part of the Secretary o f State o f the resolutions




768

Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

which were transmitted from this hoard, when we held a meeting specially
for that object, which is important evidence that the government is grati­
fied, and feel very much encouraged by the resolutions adopted here,
and the measures which followed those resolutions. I trust, therefore,
that whilst there will undoubtedly he a great deal of work to do during
the year, everybody here will do all in their power to assist the govern­
ment.
The otheT officers were also unanimously re-elected, so that the officers
for the ensuing year remain the same, as follows :
The First Vice-President, R o y a l P h e l p s , and Second Vice-President,
A. A. Low, were, by unanimous consent, re-nominated for re-election and
were unanimously re-elected. J. S m ith H om ans was unanimously re­
elected Secretary and Mr. E. C. B o g e r t , Treasurer.
The president said the next business in order would he the election of
a Chairman o f the Committee on Arbitration, and suggested the name of
G e o r g e O p d y k e . Some discussion ensued between Messrs. W e t m o r e ,
O p d y k e and C o n k l in g , relative to the proposed amendments to the by­
laws of the Chamber, by which it is provided that a member o f the Com­
mittee of Arbitration shall be elected every three months, instead o f every
month, as at present.
The following amendments o f the by-laws proposed at the last meeting
were this day adopted :
Strike out Articles 12, 13 and 14, and insert in their stead the follow­
in g :
A rticle 12.

The Chamber shall elect a standing committee, to be styled a Committee of Arbi­
tration, to whom all mercantile disputes which may arise between members of the
Chamber, or between parties claiming by, through or under them, may be referred
b y mutual agreement. Said committee shall consist of five members, one of whom
shall be elected as the chairman of the committee, and shall hold office one yea r;
the other members of the committee shall, in the first instance, be elected to hold
office for the following terms, v iz .: one for three months, one for six months, one
for nine months, one for twelve months. When their terms of service shall expire
respective^, their places shall be filled by electing a member of the committee to
hold office twelve months.
The Chamber shall also appoint a standing committee, to be styled the “ Commit­
tee o f Appeal,” to which an appeal may be taken from the decision of the Committee
of Arbitration, provided notice of appeal in writing shall be served on the chairman
of the Committee of Arbitration and on the opposite party within ten days after the
award in the case shall have been made, and notice thereof shall have been served
on the parties. The Committee of Appeal shall consist of the president, the first
and second vice-presidents, and the treasurer of the Chamber, together with the
Chairman of the Committee of Arbitration.
A rticle 13.

The Committee of Arbitration and Appeal respectively shall have power to ap­
point a clerk, to prescribe his duties and emoluments, and to adopt such rules to
govern proceedings before them as they shall deem necessary or proper from time
to time; they shall keep minutes of their proceedings and decisions, which shall be
open to the inspection of the Chamber.
In case of a vacancy occurring in either of the Committees of Arbitration or Appeal,
the place so vacant shall be filled at the next meeting of the Chamber.
A rticle 14.

It shall be the duty of the members of the Committee of Arbitration and Appeal
respectively to meet, hear and determine, with reasonable promptitude, all cases




Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

769

which shall be duly submitted to them ; and any member of either of said committ ees
who, in the judgment of a majority of his associates, shall neglect or refuse so to
perform his duty, shall thereby vacate his office, and, upon the fact being officially
certified to the Chamber, a member shall be elected in his stead.

The following gentlemen were elected members o f the Committee on
Arbitration: G e o r g e O p d y k e , R o bert J B . M int u rn , W a l t e r S. G r if ­
f it h , J o n a t h a n S t u r g e s and S am u el D. B a b c o c k .
M oses II. G r in n e l l , B e n jam in R. W in t h r o p and A r c h ib a l d G.
K in g were chosen, on behalf of the Chamber, trustees of the Institution
for the Savings of Merchants’ Clerks.
The following gentlemen were elected as the Executive Committee for
the present y e a r : C h a r l e s H . M a r s h a l l , J am es D . P . O g d e n , H e n r y
A. S m y t h e , A ugu stus C. R ic h a r d s , H e n r y C h a u n c e y , W il l ia m E.
D o d g e , S h e p p a r d G a n d y , J am es G a l l a t in , B e n ja m in R . W in t h r o p ,
N a t h a n ie l L. M c C r e a d y .
Mr. P e r u , at this stage, announced the reception o f the following let­
ter of acknowledgment from Mr. S e w a r d , Secretary o f State, in reply to

the resolutions adopted April 19th, which was read by the secretary :
D epartment op S tate, W ashington, 261/t

A p r il,

1861.

To P elatiah P erit , Esq., Chairman o f the Chamber of Commerce, New-York:
S ir ,— The resolutions of the Chamber o f Commerce concerning the present attitude
o f public affairs, although sent forward so early as the 20th inst., have, in conse­
quence of postal obstructions, only just now reached this department. I have lost
no time in submitting them to the President of the United States. He directs me
to assure the Chamber of Commerce that he has read the resolutions with the highest
appreciation of the loyalty, patriotism and liberality of that b o d y ; and to the end
that they may find a just place in the history of this, the most important crisis, save
one, that our country has been called to meet, I have deposited the resolutions in
the archives of the government.
I have the honor to be, with the highest respect, your obedient servant,
W illiam H. S ew ard .

Messrs. C. A. D a v is , C. H. M a r s h a l l , II. K. B o g e r t , W il l ia m B a r ­
and J. K. M y e r s were elected as the Committee on the Mercantile
Library.
The treasurer presented his annual report, showing that the receipts
during the past year had been $6,981 55, and the disbursements,
$6,654 49, leaving a balance of $327 06 in bank. On motion of R o y a l
P h e l p s the thanks of the Chamber were tendered to the treasurer for
promptly presenting the annual report, this being the first time, he said,
in fourteen years, that the treasurer’s financial statement had been received
at the annual meeting.
Messrs. B e n ja m in F. B u t l e r , M an sfield L o v e l l , P e t e r M a r ie and
L uke T. M e r r il l , who had been nominated at the last meeting, were then
elected members of the Chamber.
Mr. T h e o d o r e D e h o n submitted his report as treasurer o f the receipts
o f the Finance Committee, appointed by the Chamber o f Commerce on
the 19th o f April, to receive subscriptions of merchants for the outfit of
volunteers. The receipts were $115,853, and the disbursements, $92,883,
leaving a balance o f $22,970, which was paid over to the Union Defence
Committee, into which the committee o f the Chamber of Commerce has
been merged.
49
VOL. x l i v .— NO. V I.
ton




770

Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.
PHILADELPHIA CORN EXCHANGE ASSOCIATION.

Preamble and Resolutions adopted A pril 15, 1861.
The following preamble and resolutions were read and adopted by a
unanimous v o te :
Whereas, Armed rebellion has raised its hand against the government
of the United States, and is now engaged in the perpetration o f infamous
outrages upon the honor, integrity and safety o f our beloved country; and,
Whereas, It is the duty o f all true men, in a crisis like the present,
to express their devotion to the sacred cause o f their country and their
firm determination never to abandon her to her enemies; therefore,
Resolved, That the Com Exchange Association, in the manifestation o f
their unreserved and entire sympathy with the administration in this
trying hour, and in token o f their earnest desire to do all that men may
do in behalf of their country, do now instruct their Committee o f Super­
intendence to purchase immediately, and cause to be extended, the in­
sulted but still beloved flag o f the United States in front o f their build­
ing before sunset, and to keep it flying there under all circumstances.
In half an hour after the adoption o f the above the flag was thrown
to the breeze.
PHILADELPHIA BOARD OF TRADE.

Preamble and Resolutions adopted A pril 15, 1861.
The following preamble and resolutions were, on motion o f Mr.
M e r r i c k , unanimously adopted by a meeting o f the Board o f Trade on
Monday evening:
Whereas, In the present critical condition o f political affairs, it becomes
incumbent on all loyal citizens, o f every class, publicly to express their
fealty to the national government, and their unalterable devotion to the
Constitution and the U n ion ;
And whereas, such expression is peculiarly appropriate at this time
from the mercantile and industrial classes o f this community, whose in­
terests have been cherished and extended under the protection o f the
flag of our country; therefore,
Resolved, That the Board of Trade o f Philadelphia take this oppor­
tunity o f declaring the ardent and unwavering attachment o f its mem­
bers, and o f the commercial community of this city generally to the
Union, the Constitution and the flag o f the United States.
Resolved, That the Association o f the Board o f Trade, and the mer­
chants and manufacturers o f Philadelphia, be invited to assemble at these
rooms at 12 o’clock noon, on Wednesday, the 17th instant, to respond
to the above resolutions.
Rssolved, That the Secretary be instructed to raise the United States
flag over the building and rooms of the Board.
THE BOSTON BOARD

OF TRADE.

Special Meeting o f the Government o f the Boston Board o f Trade,
Monday, A pril 29, 1861.
The President stated that the object o f this meeting was to consider
the present aspect o f affairs as relates to our commerce, which is exposed




Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

7*71

to depredation from the action of the “ Confederate States,” so called;
and suggested that some measures o f protection were absolutely neces­
sary on the part o f the Federal government. When he had concluded,
Mr. C h a r l e s J. M o r r il l moved the following resolutions, which, after
spirited remarks by Messrs. C h a r l e s G. N a z r o , J o se ph S. E o p e s , M. D.
Ross, C h a r l e s 0 . W h it m o re , and J o h n C o l l a m o r e , were unanimously
adopted.
Resolved, That a due regard to the protection o f maritime com­
merce demands an immediate increase in the available naval force o f the
United States, by the purchase by the Federal government o f ten or
more first-class clipper ships and ocean steamers, to bo equipped, armed
and commissioned forthwith, and employed on our coast, especially for
the protection of merchant vessels from attacks of privateers or piratical
cruisers, and to co-operate with the blockading squadron.
Resolved, That the President and Secretary be requested to prepare,
and transmit to the President o f the United States a memorial embrac­
ing a copy of the foregoing resolution, and asking the immediate action
o f the government in accordance therewith.
Resolved, That the Secretary be requested to transmit a copy of the
proceedings o f this meeting to the Chamber of Commerce o f New-York,
and the Board of Trade of Philadelphia, and solicit their co-operation
in the object.

BOSTON BOARD OF TRADE.

6, 1861.— A report of disasters to Boston vessels and vessels
employed in the trade of Boston, for the month of April, was presented and ordered
on file for the use o f the committee on inquiry into the causes o f shipwreck. Mr.
J ohn T. H eard presented a report, which was accepted.
The “ Committee on the Crisis” would respectfully report, that they have held
frequent meetings since their appointment. General subjects have engaged their
attention, but their only action has been that which has resulted in the formation of
a State organization for the raising and care of a soldier’s fund. That organization
acts independently of the government of the Board of Trade.
The committee were requested to continue their services, and to act at discretion
upon whatever questions may come to their notice. A letter was read from R obert
B. F orbes, accompanied by twelve charts of various distant coasts, according to the
surveys of Captain R inggold and Lieut. R ogers, U. S. N., for the use of the mem­
bers of this Board, and for the information of the public, and expressing the hope
that the Board will take measures to procure copies of these charts from Washing­
ton, for circulation among persons interested in navigation and commerce. Read
and ordered on file.
The President and Secretary reported, that in accordance with the vote at the
special meeting, they had transmitted a memorial to the President o f the United
States on the subject of employing clipper ships and ocean steamers to protect ves­
sels of our flag returning from foreign voyages, in ignorance of the unhappy con­
dition o f our public affairs; to protect the California steamers and other vessels
exposed to capture under the proclamation of J efferson D avis , and to give aid to
the blockading squadron.
The preamble and resolutions of the New-York Chamber of Commerce, adopted by
that body “ unanimously and by acclamation,” relating to the present crisis, were
read; but this Board have acted upon the same matter. Ordered that the Secretary
reply thereto, expressing our entire approval of the sentiments embraced therein.
Communication from S amukl H. D ale, of Bangor, on the evils of the present sys­
tem of promissory notes, payable to the order of the makers, and their sale by
brokers, was discussed by Messrs. R opes, B ond and the President, and referred to
the Secretary.
M o n th ly M e e tin g , M a y




Journal o f Mercantile Law.

772

JOURNAL

OF

MERCANTILE

LAW.

1. I llegal Coasting T rade . 2. F oreign O wners of V essels. 3. A bandonment of Snip— N o­
tice to U nderwriters . 4. T rade M arks . 5. L iability for N eglect. 6. D uty on H ides .
7. A ssignment . 8. S uit on B ond.

ILLEGAL COASTING TRADE.

The United States vs. The Schooner R e s t l e s s .
T h i s vessel was seized by the collector o f this port on her arrival
from the Island o f Cuba, for an alleged violation of the act of 1793, for
enrolling and receiving ships or vessels to be employed in the coasting
trade, and for regulating the same.” The facts were reported under
oath to the Hon. S. P. C h a s e , Secretary o f the Treasury. That func­
tionary has decided “ to remit all the right and claim and demand o f the
United States, and o f all others to the said forfeiture, on the payment
of all the costs, charges and expenses incurred in the case, it appearing to
my satisfaction that the forfeiture was incurred without wilful negligence.”
The case o f the cargo o f the R e s t l e s s has not been passed upon, but a
similar decision may be expected.
The United States vs. 5,000 grain bags.— This was a similar proceeding
against an importation by the Liverpool, Ncw-York and Philadelphia
steamship line, and which had been forfeited for a violation o f an act
passed in March, 1799, to regulate the collection o f duties. The Hon.
Secretary o f the Treasury made a similar order to that in the case o f the
R e s t l e s s for the release o f the goods on the payment o f all the costs.

FOREIGN OWNERS OF

VESSELS---- W HEN

THERE IS

CREDIT

THERE IS

NO

LIEN FOR N ECESSARY SUPPLIES.

Before the United States District Court, N. Y.
The vessel was arrested on a claim of a blacksmith to the amount of
two hundred and sixty-seven dollars and forty-two cents, for materials and
labor supplied her in this city for her repair. It was admitted that she
was a foreign Vessel, and came into this port disabled, and requiring a
large outlay in iron work for the repairs, and that the supplies and labor
furnished at the libellant’ s shop, and put upon her, were necessary to
enable her to complete her voyage to her home port. The principal
question raised was to the jurisdiction o f the court over the cause of
action, upon the ground that libellant required no lien on the vessel for
his demand; her owner, at the time, possessing funds and credit in this
port amply sufficient to meet the demand, o f which the libellant had
notice, or ready and certain means of informing himself.
B e t t s , J.— This point is vital to the action, and precludes the necessity
of considering the case upon its general merits. It is believed that up
to December, 1856, it was recognised in the books and adopted in mariti me courts in this country and abroad, as a fixed principle o f maritime




173

Journal o f Mercantile Law.

law, that a vessel in a port foreign to her owners, and found in want of
supplies or repairs to render her fit for navigation, and obtaining them on
credit on the application of her master, the owners would thereby become
bound for the debt, and the vessel be impliedly hypothecated therefor,
and subject to arrest in rem in the maritime courts for its satisfaction.
The cardinal fact open to inquiry in fixing the liability o f the vessel was,
whether the supplies and materials were necessary for her in her then
condition; and probably in connection with that question there might
be materiality in ascertaining whether the credit was bona fide obtained
by the master, or if the creditors set up a lien with knowledge that the
master had funds in his hands or at his command sufficient to satisfy the
credit when the debt was incurred. The Supreme Court, in P r att . R e e d ,
denied that a lien attached for necessaries supplied a vessel in a foreign port
at the request of her master, unless, in addition to the proof o f the necessity
of the vessel, there is also proof to show that at the time of procuring the
supplies there was a necessity for a credit upon the vessel. The court
declares this proof as essential as that of the necessity o f the article
itself. The doctrine thus declared seems unequivocal and positive. It is
authoritative and final in this court. Since this determination the rule has
been implicitly followed in this court, and it fully covers and must govern
the present case. The testimony is clear that the owners o f this vessel
had, at the time she was repaired in this port, ample credit and actual
funds in the hands o f Mr. B u l l e y , their agent here, and that the libellant
had implied notice of that fact through his personal and business inter­
course with that agent, and could have had explicit assurance o f the fact,
if inquiry had been made o f the agent or master o f the vessel. The law
accordingly excludes the jurisdiction of the court over the subject matter
of the action. Libel dismissed.
v s

ABANDONMENT OE SHIP AND CARGO W HEN JUSTIFIED---- NOTICE OF TO UN­
DERWRITERS.

The schooner O r b , having encountered severe gales and continued
rough weather in the neighborhood o f Cape Horn, was so much damaged
as to be obliged to put back in distress to some port o f safety. Under
these circumstances she arrived in the port of Rio in October, 1851.
After a survey held, she was condemned as wholly unseaworthy, not
worth repairing, and recommended to be sold. The cargo, an assorted
one, containing fruits, fish, oysters and many other perishable articles,
was much deteriorated, and, on a survey, was recommended to be sold.
No shipment, in whole or in part, could be had to the place o f destination.
Held, that mere notice of abandonment of ship and cargo to the under­
writers, without actual abandonment, amounts to nothing. That this was
a proper case for abandonment of both vessel and cargo. Where a ship
puts into a port in a damaged condition, and the cargo is surveyed and
recommended to be sold, it being in such a position that it is out o f the
power of the assured or underwriter to procure its arrival at the port of
destination, the case is a proper one for an abandonment. After the
abandonment, is complete the master is the agent o f the underwriters, and
bound to use diligence,
O
7skill and care towards the interest of all con-




774

Journal o f Mercantile Law.

cerned. Wherever the cargo may be abandoned as for a total loss, memo­
randum articles stand on the same footing as others. D e l a w a r e I n su r ­
a n c e Co. vs. W in t e r , L a t im e r & Co.
Before the Supreme Court of
Pennsylvania.

TRADE MARKS BILL.

In the House o f Lords, March 4.
The Lord Chancellor, in moving the second reading o f this bill, said
it was a great satisfaction to him that it had been favorably received by
the public. He had received numerous communications from Chambers
o f Commerce and others, expressing their great delight that such a mea­
sure had at last been brought before parliament. The evils to be reme­
died were certainly very great, for, under the present law, persons could
buy inferior goods and afterwards sell them for those o f better descriptions
without being prevented, except by a bill in Chancery or an action at
law. This bill proposed to make all these frauds misdemeanors, anfl sub­
ject to fine and imprisonment. It had been suggested that there should
be a general registration o f trade-marks all over England, and that no
one should have a right to use a trade-mark unless registered, and that
those who wished to register a trade-mark should produce evidence o f
their title to it. He did not approve of registration, as it would require
expensive and complicated machinery, and it would moreover lead to
frauds in persons coming and registering fictitious trade-marks. Clauses
have been introduced to punish frauds, in reference to the quality and
quantity o f goods in packages and bales. He should be glad to accept
any suggestion which might improve the measure in committee. Lord
C h elm sfo rd approved of the measure, believing that enormous frauds
were carried on in trade-marks.

LIA BILITY FOR NEGLECT.

A case showing the length to which the French law carries responsi­
bility for what is called wounding by imprudence, was presented re­
cently to the Imperial Court.
Two little boys, named G u e b a in , whilst
at play on the 12tli September last, climbed over a wall into the
court-yard o f the house No. 20 Rue de l’Assomption, at Passy, and there
saw a female, o f the name of H e r o n v il l e , engaged in dressing in her
bed-chamber, which was on the ground-floor. The window being open,
one o f the boys waved in it a small branch o f a tree, which he had picked
up in the yard ; but in doing so he upset a bottle o f sulphuric acid,
placed on the window-sill. The liquid fell on his face and hands, burn­
ing them badly, and so injured his eyes that his sight is now in danger.
The father o f the boy subsequently caused Mme. H e r o n v il l e to be
prosecuted before the Tribunal of Correctional Police, as responsible for
the accident in having left the bottle near the window, and she was con­
demned to a fortnight’s imprisonment, 16 fr. fine and 15,000 fr. damages.
Against this judgment she appealed to the Imperial Court, and the case
was argued recently. She represented, first o f all, that she did not know
that the bottle contained sulphuric acid, she having sent to a tradesman
for something to clean copper, and not having examined what he had




Journal o f Mercantile Law.

115

brought; and next she urged that the children had no right whatever to
come into her courtyard. But the court held that she was in part re­
sponsible for the accident; it however relieved her from the imprison­
ment, and reduced the damages to 8,000 fr.
DUTY ON HIDES---- FRAUDULENT INVOICE.

Before the United States District Court. B etts , J. The United States
agt. 1,000 hides, marked H . G., imported by H e n n in g s & G o s l in g , in
brig K e n t u c k y .
The facts in this case are as follow s: The claimants, on entry o f the
hides in question, presented the only invoice in their possession, and
which was made in paper currency o f Buenos Ayres, and a consular cer­
tificate that each paper dollar was worth four cents. The value of the
invoice, therefore, in American currency, was $3,356. Subsequent to the
entry, and before the appraisers had seen the goods, the claimants re­
ceived a banking invoice of the same goods, made out in La Plata silver,
and converted into exchange on Liverpool, at Buenos Ayres, by a sterling
bill for £809.66, which, by statute, is equal to $3,924; and by letter re­
quested their invoice to be amended by this last invoice.
The value
o f the goods was fixed hy eustom-house at the value given in the last
invoice. The goods were seized by the collector for fraudulent under­
valuation, and the claimants, filing bonds for value, received from the Dis­
trict Court a decree that the goods be delivered to the claimants “ on pay­
ment o f the duties chargeable thereon.” The collector demanded not
only the regular rate of duty, but a penal duty of twenty per cent., because
the appraised value at custom-house exceeded invoice value by ten per
centum. The claimants insisted that by their second invoice, submitted
before action taken by appraisers, they amended their entry so that the
appraised value was the invoice value. The claimants tendered the regu­
lar duty, which was refused. Thereupon the claimants now petition the
court to enforce its order to the collector to deliver up the goods. The
claimants insisted that the collector was in this matter an officer of the
court, and cited opinion o f Attorney-General T a n e y , and also the opinion
of Circuit Court, in manuscript, in case o f H o w l a n d & A s p in w a l l agt.
M a x w e l l , to the point that the second invoice was, in law, an amend­
ment o f the entry, and covered the facts in this petition. The court dis­
missed the petition upon the ground, in substance, that under existing
statutes the merits o f the questions in issue could not he properly con­
sidered in the present form, and so the claimants must pay, under pro­
test, whatever duty the collector saw fit to demand. Decision reserved.
ASSIGNMENT---- SET-OFF.

M y e r s agt. D a v is et al.— W . & L., after ordering certain goods to be

manufactured, and before they could, with reasonable diligence, be com­
pleted, became insolvent, and assigned all their property to the plaintiff.
Held, that the manufacturers having completed and tendered the goods,
could not set off their price against a demand assigned to the plaintiff by
W . & L. Until a demand becomes mature, a set-off may be defeated by
the assignment of the claim o f the opposite party, though the latter be
insolvent and his demand have not become payable when assigned.
Before the New-York Court o f Appeals, April, 1861.




'776

Rail-Road, Canal and Steamboat Statistics.
SUIT ON A BOND.

Before the United States District Court, San Francisco. H of f m an , J.
The U nited S ta te s
.
A g o s tin H a r a s z t h y , S am u el W a ss and C.
v s

U ZN AY.

This suit was brought to recover the sum of $10,000 on the bond of
I I a r a s z t h y , as melter and refiner at the Mint, for an alleged deficit o f
$ 1 5 2 ,3 2 6 7 0, in his accounts as said melter and refiner. I I a b a s z t h y was
appointed to the place in July, 18 5 5, and resigned April 25, 1857.

Several criminal suits were instituted against him for the alleged embez­
zlement of the above amount, but they were withdrawn, and a civil suit
instituted to recover the amount of the deficit covered by the defendant’ s
official bond. The main point in the defence was, that the buildings,
machinery, &c., o f the Mint were wholly inadequate, and that defendant
had notified the officers o f the Mint that unless the defect was remedied
great loss would ensue; also, that defendant was required to carry on the
process of melting and refining in the night tim e; against which he had
repeatedly remonstrated as involving great loss and wastage. The trial
o f the case was commenced on Wednesday and terminated on Saturday.
The jury, after being out ten minutes, returned a verdict for defendants.

R A IL -R O A D , CANAL AND STEAMBOAT STATISTICS.

ERIE RAIL-ROAD COMPANY.

T he Erie Railway Company (new corporation) was organized in May
by the election o f N a t h a n ie l M a r sh as President; S am u el M a r s h , VicePresident ; H . N . O t is , Secretary; and T a l m a n J. W a t e r s , Treasurer,

and the directors of the late New-York and Erie Company as directors;
Mr. W r ig iit , of Binghamton, and Mr. D i v e n , of Elmira, being substituted
for Mr. C obb and Mr. G e l p c k e . The capital, in common shares, to con­
sist o f so much o f the present $ 1 1 ,5 5 0 ,0 0 0 as may be assented to the
contract o f re-organization before the 29tli of July next; and the capital
in preferred shares to be so much o f the unsecured and judgment debt as
shall be assented by the same time, together with the arrearages o f inter­
est thereon, the whole estimated at about $8,000,000, or the equivalent
of about 8 0 ,0 0 0 preferred shares. Under the terms o f the contract for
re-organization with Messrs. G r e g o r y and D a v is , trustees, and the acts
of the legislature o f New-York, authority is given to assess the share­
holders, both common and preferred, to meet the bid at the sale, which
was for the entire arrearages of mortgage interest, and the power has
been exorcised by ordering an assessment o f two and a half per cent, on
the par value o f the new shares, both common and preferred, payable
on the exchange o f the bonds or certificates. Interest will be allowed on
these assessments from the date o f their payment.
SALES OF RAIL-ROADS.

The St. Louis, Alton and Chicago Rail-Road, with all its appurtenances,
fixtures, &c., is to be sold May 22d, in Springfield, 111. This sale is made




7'77

Rail-Road, Canal and Steamboat Statistics.

subject to the decree made in United States District Court, as also to
prior mortgages of October 1st, 1852, and June 1st, 1853.
On the 2d April, at Houston, Texas, the “ road-bed, track, franchises,
chartered rights and privileges,” and other appurtenances o f the Houston
and Texas Central Rail-Road Company were sold under execution, by the
sheriff, and Messrs. W . J. H u tch in son and D a v id H. P a ig e , who claim
to be large stockholders and creditors, became the purchasers. The ex­
ecution was on a judgment for |10,000, obtained at the last term o f the
District Court.

TEXAS.

The Ninth Annual Report o f the President and Directors o f the NewOrleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railway Company has been received.
The road from Algiers to Brashear, 80 miles, was in operation and in good
order; the terminus at that time was upon the east bank of Berwick Bay.
A t this point the company’s line has a sea connection with Texas by a
tri-weekly line of steamers. A t Berwick Bay the line crosses the Atchafalaya, 1,700 feet wide, by a ferry-boat, intended to transport trains with­
out breaking bulk. Near the west bank the line crosses a cypress swamp
and marsh about three miles wide, thence up the south bank of the Bayou
Teche, through the rich sugar plantations o f St. Mary and St. Martin, to
New-Iberia, forty-five miles from Brashear. New-Iberia is 125 miles
from New-Orleans, at which place the whole o f the Texas railways, feed­
ers to the Texas and New-Orleans Road, will by that line unite with the
New-Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railway, thus bringing to
New-Orleans the business o f a region tributary to 750 miles o f finished
railway.
D istances.

Algiers (opposite New-Orleans) to Brashear, finished,.............................
Brashear to IXew-Iberia, finished,...................................................................
New-Iberia to Opelousas, now grading,........................................................
Opelousas to Pine Prairie,...............................................................................
Pine Prairie to Bayou Boeuf, 20 miles, branch road, establishing daily
communication in eleven hours with Alexandria, La.
Pine Prairie to Thompson’s Bluff, (Sabine R iver,)......................................

80 miles.
45 “
40 “
25 “
68

“

258

“

From the terminus on the Sabine, a railway must necessarily be ex­
tended into Texas to San Augustine, Nacogdoches, Rusk and Dallas.
This road must connect or intersect with every other in Northern Texas.
Dallas, by this line, will be 480 miles distant from New-Orleans, or at
least 115 miles less than by any other route ; and as Dallas is the business
and geographical centre of the great wheat region o f Texas, the impor­
tance of this saving in distance will secure to the New-Orleans, Opelousas
and Great Western Road the wheat trade.
There will, then, very shortly, be a continous railway from New-Orleans
to the city of Houston, in Texas, 347 m iles; to the city o f Austin, 500
miles, and to San Antonio, 550 m iles; and this alone, in view of the
immense business in passengers, cotton, cattle and other freight that must
necessarily be added to it by the connecting link, the Texas and NewOrleans Road, will make the New-Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western




778

Rail-Road, Canal and Steamboat Statistics.

Rail-Road one of the most important and best-paying roads in the United
States.
It will, therefore, be seen that the New-Orleans, Opelousas and Great
Western Railway has connection with the entire sea-coast o f Texas and
all her ports, by the line o f steamships from the Atchafalaya; that it
will have connection with all the railways in the southern half of Texas
by means o f the Texas and New-Orleans Railway, to unite with the main
trunk at New-Iberia ; that all the northern half of Texas will be secured
by the extension o f the line from the Sabine terminus to Dallas, and by
the Sabine River navigation ; and that the Red River Branch will connect
New-Orleans with all Northwestern Lousiana.

OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI RAIL-ROAD.

An order has been made by Judge L e a v it t , o f the United States Dis­
trict Court, providing for the sale o f the eastern division o f the Ohio and
Mississippi Rail-Road. The order provides that the road shall be sold
upon three months’ notice, and the sale shall be subject to the first mort­
gage bonds. The minimum price fixed is $1,000,000, and the purchaser
must first deposit $50,000 in United States currency, or $100,000 in
bonds, in the Commercial Bank o f Cincinnati. The receiver is required
to file in the United States Court, at least thirty days before the day o f
sale, a schedule o f all the property, real and personal, of the Ohio and
Mississippi Company. It is further provided, that this decree shall take
effect when the United States District Court o f Indiana shall make a
similar decree.

BRITISH RAIL-ROADS.

From the Board o f Trade return, it appears that the total receipts on
all the railways in the United Kingdom for the half year ending Decem­
ber 31st, 1859, amounted to £13,880,763 on 10,002 miles o f railway,
against £12,825,826 on 9,542 miles o f railway in the corresponding half
o f 1858, showing an increase o f £1,054,937 in the receipts and 460 miles
in the mileage. The total receipts from all sources, in England and
Wales, on 7,309 miles o f railway, amounted to £11,733,966, against
£10,837,466 on 7,000 miles at the corresponding period o f 1858, show­
ing an increase o f £896,500. The total receipts o f Scotland, on 1,428
miles o f railway, amounted to £1,455,720, against £1,358,707 on 1,353
miles in the corresponding half of 1858, showing an increase o f £97,013.
The total receipts on 1,2 65 miles o f railway in Ireland for the above half year
amounted to £691,077, against £629,653 on 1,188 miles in the correspond­
ing half o f the preceding year, showing an increase o f £61,424. The total
receipts from general merchandise, minerals and live stock in the United
Kingdom, included above, amounted to £6,898,950, against £6,333,334 in
the same half of 1858, showing an increase of £565,616. The total number
o f passengers conveyed during the half year in question was 82,527,594,
against 76,529,204 in the corresponding half of the preceding year, show­
ing an increase o f 5,998,390 passengers. The number of parliamentary
passengers conveyed was 34,381,321, against 30,790,352, showing an
increase of 3,590,969. The number o f third-class passengers conveyed




Rail-Road, Canal and Steamboat Statistics.

779

was 13,498,346, against 13,370,758, showing an increase o f only 127,588.
The number o f second-class passengers conveyed was 24,357,188, against
22,536,911, showing an increase of 1,820,277. The number o f first-class
passengers conveyed was 10,290,739, against 9,831,181, showing an in­
crease of 459,558. The receipts from parliamentary passengers amounted
to £1,704,196, against £1,521,740, showing an increase o f £182,456;
from third-class passengers to £533,169, against £519,133, showing an
increase o f £14,036; from second-class passengers, £2,103,715, against
£1,958,092, showing an increase o f £145,623 ; and from first-class passen­
gers to £1,740,044, against £1,668,080, showing an increase of £71,964.

t r a in ’ s

STREET RAILWAY IN LONDON.

The first street railway in London was opened in March. Four carriages
commenced running on it from the Marble Arch to Notting-IIill. Great
crowds were assembled to see this new experiment at locomotion, and
great efforts were made by the interests affected to throw all possible im­
pediments in the way. These, however, were overcome with the entire
approbation o f the persons present. It was a great success. A lunch
took place after the opening of the line, in St. James’ Hall. Mr. T r a in
occupied the chair; he was supported by several members o f Parliament,
literary men, publishers and others. Speeches were delivered by the
chairman, the Hon. R a l p h D utton , M. P., Mr. W h it e , M. P., Colonel
D ick so n , Mr. C r o s s l e y , Mr. F r e it h , o f the Marylebone Vestry, Mr.
C r u ik sh a n k s and others. Mr. T r a in himself made a forcible and most
elequent speech.
STEAM NAVIGATION ON CANALS.

The English Grand Junction Canal Company have brought into use a
very important principle in the application o f steam power to canal navi­
gation, which, by reducing the cost o f conveyance 25 per cent, below the
expense of towing by horses, in the way hitherto practiced, will, perhaps,
revolutionize the whole system o f heavy goods traffic throughout the
country, to the great advantage o f the public. It should be observed
that the aggregate amount o f canal traffic, instead o f diminishing, has in­
creased since the construction of railways, and is now 25,000 tons more
than it previously was. The total length o f canals now open in Great
Britain is about 5,000 miles, including all the branch lines and junctions,
and these works represent a capital of some forty millions. The most
peculiar feature in the steamboats which are now employed by the Grand
Junction Company to ply between London and Birmingham or Man­
chester is an improved form o f screw propeller, invented by Mr. B u rch ,
o f Macclesfield. This “ waggle-tail ” propeller has the advantage of keep­
ing all the disturbance o f the water immediately behind the stern o f the
boat, instead o f spreading it right and left. The effect of this improve­
ment is at once to secure the canal banks from being damaged by the
wash, and to economize the motive power. A party o f gentlemen had
been invited yesterday to accompany Mr. J am es F ulton , one o f the com­
pany’ s officers, in a trip from the City Basin, along the Regent’s Canal, to
Paddington, a distance of five miles and three-quarters, which was accom­




780

Rail-Road, Canal and Steamboat Statistics.

plished in an hour and a half, including the passage o f five locks, and the
Islington Tunnel, half a mile long. The P io n e e r , an ordinary fly-boat,
75 feet long by 7 feet extreme breadth, 25 tons burden, and drawing 2\
feet of water, with an engine of six horse power, was the boat employed
towing another fly-boat which was laden with a general cargo to go to
Wolverhampton. The two boats were able to go through the locks at
once, floating side by side, and thus saving much delay. It is stated
that the P io n e e r , when tried at Manchester, proved able to draw six
loaded barges at once, with a total burden of no less than 300 tons.
Four miles an hour, allowing for the locks and other hindrances, will be
the average rate o f steam performance, instead of two miles an hour, the
usual speed obtained by horse-towing. The steamboat has stowage room
for 2-)- tons of coal, which will carry her from London to Birmingham
and half-way back, superseding the expensive relays of horses and drivers
requisite for so long a journey. This water locomotive is estimated to
be nearly 30 per cent, cheaper than railway carriage, and the canals are
not done with yet.

AMERICAN STREET RAILWAYS.

The American street cars run from well-known terminal depots, at
certain well-known intervals o f time, and never at any other. They do
not run off brutally, ten together, like a pack o f hungry curs, to fight and
wrangle for the same twenty passengers, but are orderly as planets.
They run at graduated hours, and with proper intervals between each
oth er; each horse, each carriage, each driver, each conductor perform so
many journeys in the day. The horses are never jaded, and the carriage,
full or empty, never lingers at crossings, side streets or public houses.
You never have to wait twenty minutes for a conveyance. I have already
said that these street rail-roads require no turn-tables or other mechanical
appliance. The reason o f this is, the ingenious construction o f the
carriages, which are provided on either hand with iron holders for the
traces, and with boxes to receive the p o le ; thus, when the driver gets,
say to Harlem, and wants, after resting his prescribed quarter of an hour,
to return to the city, the groom o f the terminus stables merely unfasten
the horses (Americans, on account of the heat, use very little harness)
from the front, and attach the animals in two minutes to what was just
now the rear. There is no bawling of scurrilous conductors in American
streets. Every one can read the names of places, in large legible letters,
on the street cars; if a stranger -wants to inquire his way, it is worth ten
cents to leap on the steps, ride for a few minutes and learn the road from
the conductor; who, if he sees him to be an Englishman, (and they
always find an Englishman out,) will be delighted to have a few minutes’
talk with him.— Dickens' “ A ll the Year Round."

RAIL-ROAD ACCIDENTS DURING THE YEAR

1860.

The following table shows the number of rail-road accidents which have
occurred in the United States during the year just closed, which were
attended with loss of life and injury to persons, together with the number




781

Rail-Road, Canal and Steamboat Statistics.

of killed and wounded, compared with the number of like accidents in
1859:
1860.

Months.
January,............... . . .
February,............ . . .
M arch,.................
A p r il,................... . . .
M ay,.....................
June, ................... . . .
July,.....................
A u gu st,...............
Septem ber,........ . . .
O cto b e r ,............. . . .
N ovem ber,......... . . .
December,........... . . .
T ota l,............... . . .

Acci­
dents.
ii
10
1
5
5
4
5
6
V
8
4
8
V4

Killed.
5
3
4
5
4
5
5
8
6
V
5

58
32
6
17
13
38
14
29
63
24
5
16

.
.
.
. ...

57

315

...

..

..

1859.

Wounded.
...
.
.
...
...
...

Acci­
dents.
7
9
9
6
5
10
9
3
6
6
5
4
79

..

..
..
..
..
..
..
..

Killed. Wound­
ed.
4
54
6
..
18
8
13
8
15
4
24
47
..
96
5
..
27
16
32
4
..
55
10
8
15
..
35
2
34
129

..

411

The above figures do not include individual accidents, caused by the
carelessness o f travellers themselves, or deaths or injuries resulting from
the reckless conduct of persons in crossing or standing upon rail-road
tracks where trains are in motion.
The following additional table shows the number of accidents, and the
number of persons killed and injured by accidents to rail-road trains dur­
ing the last eight years :
A ccid en ts.

1853, ....................................
1854, ....................................
1855, ....................................
1856,
............................
1857,
............................
1858,
................................
1859,
................................
1860,
................................
Total in eight y ea rs,.................

K ille d .

138
193
142
143
126
82
V9
V4
9VV

Wounded.

234
186
116
195
130
119
129
5V
___

1,166

496
589
539
629
530
41V
411
315
....

3,926

R a ilw a y R ev iew .

SUNBURY AND ERIE RAIL-ROAD.

The name o f this company has been changed, by the act o f the State
legislature, to that o f the Philadelphia and Erie Rail-Road, by which
name it will hereafter be known. The same act provides for a release
of the State first mortgage on this road, and the issue o f $5,000,000 first
mortgage bonds, or £1,000,000 sterling bonds, payable in twenty years
from date, at six per cent, interest; the proceeds o f these first mortgage
bonds to be used in completing and equipping the road and paying the
debts of the company contracted for that purpose. This issue to be a
first lien on the whole road, except as to that part o f the road from Sunbury to Williamsport, on which a mortgage for $1,000,000 already exists,
and which takes the precedence o f the mortgage now authorized on that
section. The State claim of $3,500,00.0 is then to be secured by a second
mortgage o f $4,000,000, in forty bonds o f $100,000 each, which are to
be held as collateral security for the payment o f the State claim.




Statistics o f Trade and Commerce.

782

STATISTICS

OF

TRADE

AND

COMMERCE.

COTTON IN ENGLAND.

T he following statistical table exhibits the increase and decrease o f the

cotton crop in the several countries named, throughout a series o f years,
as indicated by the imports into Great Britain. The returns for 1860
have just been received in the London Economist. The other years are
from authoritative sources, but mostly from that reliable journal:
Y ears .

1791,.
1800,.
1821,.
1832,.
1838,.
1840,.
1845,.
1848,.
1856,.
1857,.
1858,.
1859,.
I860,.

United States.
lbs.
189,316
17,789,803
124,893,405
322,215,122
595,952,297
742,941,061
872,905,996
814,274,431
1,351,431,827
1,048,282,472
1,118,624,012
961,707,264
1,115,890,608

..
..
..
..
.
.
..
..
..
..
.
.
.

West Indies.
lbs.
12,000,000 . .
17,000,000 . .
9,000,000 ..
1,708,764 . .
928,425 . .
427,529 . .
*1,394,447 . .
f 3 ,155,600 . .
*462,784 . .
*1,443,568 . .
..
..
..

Brazil.
lbs.
20,000,000
24,000,000
28,000,000
20,109,560
24,464,505
14,779,171
20,157,633
140,080,400
21,830,704
29,910,832
18,617,872
22,478,960
17,286,864

East Indies.
lbs.

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

3,000,000 .
50,000,000 ..
§5,178,625 .,.
§40,230,064 .
[57,600,000. .
” [92,800,000 ..
91,004,800 ...
180,496,624 ..
250,388,144 . .
138,253,360 ...
192,330,880 . .
204,141,168 ..

Egypt.
lbs.

**5,000,000
**9,113,890
not given.
**8,324,937
32,537,600
**7,231,861
34,399,008
24,532,257
38,232,320
37,667,056
43,945,064

THE NEW ROUTE FOR COTTON.

Twenty car loads a day on the N ew -York Central.— “ For some days
there has been sent East, from Buffalo to Boston, on an average, twenty
car loads of cotton per day, or eighteen thousand bales in that time, and
still it comes. Thirty bales, or about seven tons and a half weight, is
readily put in each car. This is the compressed cotton, as formerly only
about twenty or twenty-three bales was all that could be stored in a car.
The price for carrying this cotton from Memphis to Boston is about $4 50
per bale o f five hundred pounds. This is cheaper than it can be shipped
down the Mississippi to New-Orleans, and thence b y vessel, and the dif­
ference in time is about thirty days in favor o f the Northern route. It
comes to Cincinnati by river, and then by rail all the way to Boston. A
* West Indies and Guiana.
\ West Indies, including Demarara.
| Brazil, including Portuguese Colonies.
8 East Indies and Mauritius.
| Annual average from 1835 to 1839.
Annual average from 1840 to 1844, during the Chinese war.
** Turkey and Egypt.
N o t e .— The amount imported from “ other countries” was less in 1860 than for the
year preceding. It was, in 1859, 11,804,912 lbs., and in 1860, 9,666,048 lbs., thus
disappointing the expectations of those who anticipated a large increase. The sup­
plies from “ other countries”—British West Indies, Guiana, Mauritius, Turkey and
South America— are not given separately in the London E c o n o m i s t of March 2d,
1860, from which the three last years are quoted.




Statistics o f Trade and Commerce.

783

small portion is brought all the way by rail, but the rates on this are a lit­
tle higher. For the four months up to the first o f February, the Xew-York
Central carried from the Bridge and Buffalo 7,550 bales, and in February
about 3,000. This month, from appearances, they will do the largest
business they ever did.” — Buffalo Commercial.

MOVEMENTS OF GRAIN.

Receipts at Buffalo fo r eleven years, from 1850 to 1860, inclusive.
Grain
alone.

Y EAR.

Grain, ineluding Flour.

Bushels.

1 8 5 0 ,....
1 8 5 1 ,....
1 8 5 2 ,....
1853
1854
1855,...
1856.......

Grain
alone.

Y ear .

Bushels.

6,618,004
. 11,449,661
. 13,892,937
. ..................
11,078,741
18 553 455
. 19,788,473
. 20,123,667

..
..
..
..
..
..
..

12,059,458
17,740,781
20,390,504
15,956,526
22,252,235
24,472,278
25,753,907

Grain, ineluding Flour.

Bushels.

1 8 5 7,....
1858,___
1859.......
1860,___

.
.
.
.

Bushels.

15,848,930
20,002,444
14,229,060
31,441,440

Total,.

.
.
.
.

185,526,812

19,578,695
27,812,980
21,530,722
37,053,115

. 244,460,202

Receipts at Lake Ports first week in April, 1861.
Flour.

Wheat.

Corn.

Oats.

Barley.

Eye.

Bbls.

Bush.

Bush.

Bush.

Bush.

Bush.

A t Chicago,.......... . . . 15,585 . . 113,561 . . 117,327
“ Milwaukie,___ . . .
6,501 . . 98,387 .
998
“ D etroit,........... . . .
8,588 .
5,309 .
5,705
“ Toledo,............ . . . 13,588 . .
11,755 . . 56,775
“ Cleveland,. . . . . . . 25,900 .
9,440 . . 36,764

.
.

860
903

.

192

.

5,971
913

.

384

192

.

400

The total receipts o f grain, reducing flour to wheat, at Buffalo and
Oswego, during the year 1860, were as follows :
At Buffalo,............................... ...................................bush.
“ Oswego,...........................................................................

37,053,115
16,726,326
53,779,441

Receipts at Toledo, quarter ending March 31sf, 1861.
1861.

January,............. .
February,..............
March,...................

Flour.
Bbls.
3 0 ,0 3 4 . .
3 6 ,3 1 3
3 0 ,6 9 1

..
..

9 7 ,0 3 8 . .

In store Jan. 1st.,..................
9 7 ,0 3 8 . .

Wheat.
Bush.

Corn.
Bush.

4 1 ,1 3 3 . .

1 3 0 ,9 3 7 .......................

1 2 ,4 5 3 . . 9 6 ,7 2 6
1 8 ,6 3 2
7 2 ,2 1 8

.. 1 7 1 ,5 4 2
..

1 5 0 ,7 3 8 ..

3 9 9 ,2 0 5

Oats.
Bush.

..
..
..

Barley.
Bush.

Eye.
Bush.

Pork.
Bbls.

Dressed
Hogs.
P ounds.

..

2 ,7 7 4

..

2 ,8 7 8

..
..

..
..
9 ,2 0 8 ..

6 ,5 6 4 ,9 9 6

4 3 6 .......................

2 4 ,8 3 8

..

6 3,1 0S . .

7 ,3 6 9 ,3 7 0

433
869

..

434

3 ,6 7 1

..

. . 4 ,1 0 5 . .

SO,9 3 3 . .

7 ,2 3 3 . .

555

2 2 2 ,9 5 6 . . 4 8 0 ,1 3 8 . .

8 ,1 0 2 . .

4 ,6 6 0

100
5 ,7 5 2

2 9 ,0 6 2

..1 ,5 9 2

.........................

..

..

7 ,3 4 4

6 3 ,1 0 8 . .

8 0 4 ,3 7 4

7 ,3 6 9 ,8 7 0

DETROIT STAVES.

The stave trade of the city o f Detroit, and of the State of Michigan,
has very quietly grown into one o f large proportions, the amount turned
out last year being estimated at eight millions, nearly all o f which was
for the European market. The Detroit Tribune says that the Michigan
forests are peculiarly adapted to the production o f “ Eagle pipes,” and
something is now being done in that variety. Their dimensions are 74




784

Commercial' Regulations.

feet long, 6 inches wide and 3 inches th ick Their appearance is not
unlike a well-shaped rail-road tie o f the larger class, and they are de­
signed, we learn, for shipment to Germany, where they are used for lager
beer vats. The last report o f the Detroit market says :
“ The foreign demand is now very slack, and, as a consequence, the
market here is dull, the decline on W . I. being 84 per M. since last fall,
only 810 being now paid, delivered on the line o f the rail-road. Our
western buyers are mostly still operating to a moderate extent, but the
buoyancy o f the market is gone for the present. Notwithstanding these
unfavorable circumstances, there is considerable activity in getting out
staves, and they are beginning to arrive freely. From 200,000 to 250,000
are now on the dock o f the Detroit and Milwaukie Kail-Road awaiting
shipment.”

COMMERCIAL

REGULATIONS.

IMPORTATION OF GUANO UNDER THE PROVISIONS
OF AUGUST 1 8 , 1 8 5 6 .

OF THE GUANO ACT

H a v in g received official information from the Department o f State
that the islands noted below have been recognised by the issue o f the
proper certificate, as appertaining to the United States, for the purposes
specified in the guano act o f August, 18, 1856, the same is published for
the information and government o f officers o f the customs and others
concerned.
The special attention o f collectors and other officers of the customs is
called to the provisions o f the 3d section o f the act aforesaid, to w it:
“ S e c . 3 . And be it further enacted, That the introduction o f guano
from such islands, rocks or keys shall be regulated as in the coasting
trade between different parts of the United States, and the same laws
shall govern the vessels concerned therein.”
There being no officer of the customs at the islands, rocks or keys in
question to grant clearances or certify manifests, those provisions o f the
coasting laws which authorize, under certain circumstances, the omission
of those papers, will apply to vessels engaged in this trade, and they will
be put on the footing o f vessels of the United States laden with domestic
productions. Hut masters o f such vessels will be required to have mani­
fests subscribed by themselves of the cargo, and to exhibit the same, on
demand, to officers o f the customs for inspection. Regular entries at the
custom-house must be made on arrival at the port of destination in the
United States, and collectors o f the customs are instructed to cause in
all cases the cargo to be carefully inspected.
It will be perceived that the 3d section o f the act aforesaid applies the
provisions o f the laws regulating the coasting trade to vessels employed
in the transportation o f guano from the islands, rocks and keys in ques­
tion to ports in the United States.
Only such vessels, therefore, as can legally engage in the coasting trade
of the United States, can be employed in such transportation. Foreign




785

Commercial Regulations.

vessels must, of course, be excluded, and the privilege confined to the
duly documented vessels o f the United States.
Starve, or Barren, lat. 5° 40' S., long. 155° 55' W .
McKean, lat. 3° 35' S., long. 174° 17' W .
Phoenix, lat. 3° 35' S., long. 170° 55' W .
Enderbury, lat. 3° 08' S., long. 171° 08' W .
Certificates for which have been issued to the Phoenix Guano Company.
Nevassa, lat. 18° 10' N., long. 75° W ., certificate for which has been
issued to E. K. Cooper.
Howland, lat. 00° 52' N., long. 176° 52' W ., certificate for which has
been issued to the United States Guano Company.
Jarvis, lat. 00° 21' S., long. 159° 52' W .
Baker’ s, or Ncw-Nantucket, lat. 00° 15' N., long. 176° 30' W ., certifi­
cate for which has been issued to the American Guano. Company.

BLOCKADE OF THE SOUTHERN PORTS.
P r o c l a m a t io n o f th e P r e s id e n t o f th e

U n ite d S ta te s, A p r i l

19<A, 1861.

Whereas, an insurrection against the government of the United States has broken
out in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Lousiana and Texas, and the laws of the United States for the collection of the revenue
cannot be effectually executed therein, conformably to that provision of the Consti­
tution which requires duties to be uniform throughout the United States ;
And whereas, a combination of persons, engaged in such insurrection, have threat­
ened to grant pretended letters of marque to authorize the bearers thereof to commit
assaults on the lives, vessels and property of good citizens of the country lawfully
eugaged in commerce on the high seas, and in waters of the United States;
And whereas, an executive proclamation has been already issued, requiring the
persons engaged in these disorderly proceedings to desist therefrom, calling out a
militia force for the purpose of repressing the same, and convening Congress in
extraordinary session to deliberate and determine thereon;
Now, therefore, I, A braham L incoln, President of the United States, with a view
to the same purpose before mentioned, and to the protection of the public peace and
the lives and property of quiet and orderly citizens pursuing their lawful occupations,
until Congress shall have assembled and deliberated on the said unlawful proceed­
ings, or until the same shall have ceased, have further deemed it advisable to set
on foot a blockade of the ports within the States aforesaid, in pursuance of the laws
o f the United States and of the law of nations in such case provided. For this
purpose a competent force will he posted so as to prevent entrance and exit of
vessels from the ports aforesaid. If, therefore, with a view to violate such blockade,
a vessel shall approach or shall attempt to leave any of the said ports, she shall be
duly warned b y the commander of one of the blockading vessels, who will endorse
on her register the fact and date of such warning; and if the same vessel shall again
attempt to enter or leave the blockaded port, she will be captured and sent to the
nearest convenient port for such proceedings against her and her cargo as prize as
may bo deemed advisable.
And I hereby proclaim and declare, that if any person, under the pretended
authority of the said States, or under any other pretence, shall molest a vessel of
the United States, or the persons or cargo on board of her, such persons will be­
held amenable to the laws of the United States for the prevention and punishment
of piracy.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the
United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington, this nine­
ty. s.]
teenth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred
and sixty-one, and of tbe independence of the United States the eighty-fifth.,
A braham L incoln,
W illiam H. S eward ,

S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e ..

VOL. XLIV.----NO. VI,




50

Commercial Regulations.

786

B lockade of N orth C arolina and V irginia P orts.
P r o c la m a t io n o f th e P r e s id e n t o f th e

U n ite d S ta te s, A p r i l 2 1 th ,

1861.

“ B y the P resident of the U nited S tates of A m erica :

“ Whereas, for the reasons assigned in my proclamation of the 19th instant, a
blockade of the ports of the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas was ordered to be established; and, whereas,
since that date public property of the United States has been seized, the collection
of the revenue obstructed, and duly commissioned officers of the United States,
while engaged in executing the orders of their superiors, have been arrested and
held in custody as prisoners, or have been impeded in the discharge of their official
duties, without due legal process, b y persons claiming to act under authority of
the States of Virginia and North Carolina, an efficient blockade of the ports of these
States will therefore also be established.
“ In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the
United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington, this 27th
[ l. s.]
day o f April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
sixty-one, and of the independence of the United States the eighty-fifth.
“ By the President,
A braiiam L incoln.
“ W illiam IL S eward ,

S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e .”

To C ollectors, S urveyors

and other O fficers of the C ustoms on the N orthern
W aters of the U nited S tates .

T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t , M a y 2 d , 1861.
On the 19th day of April, 1861, the President of the United States, by proclama­
tion, declared the ports of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana,
Mississippi and Texas under blockade; and on the 27th of the same month, by
another proclamation, declared the ports of Virginia and North Carolina also under
blockade, since which proclamation this department has received reliable information
that attempts are frequently made to furnish arms, munitions of war, provisions and
other supplies to persons and parties in those States in open insurrection against
the constitutional authorities of the Union. It becomes my duty, therefore, to in­
struct you to cause a careful examination to be made of the manifests of all steam
or other vessels departing from your port with cargoes whose ultimate destination
you have satisfactory reasons to believe is for any port or place under the control
of such insurrectionary parties, and to compare the same with the cargo on board;
and if any such manifests be found to embrace any articles of the description before
mentioned, or any such articles be found to constitute a part of the cargo, you will
take all necessary and proper means to prevent the departure of the vessel, and to
detain the same in your cqstody until all such articles shall be removed therefrom, and
for further proceedings according to law. You will also make a careful examination
o f all flat-boats and other water craft without manifests, and of rail-road cars and
other vehicles, arriving at or leaving your port, laden with merchandise, the ultimate
destination of which you have good reason to believe is for any port or place under
insurrectionary control; and if arms, munitions of war, provisions or other supplies
are found having such destination, you will seize and detain the same, to await the
proper legal proceedings for confiscation and forfeiture.
In carrying out these instructions, you will bear in mind that all persons or parties in
armed insurrection against the Union, however such persons or parties may be organ­
ized or named, are engaged in levying war against the United States, and that all per­
sons furnishing to such insurgents arms, munitions of war, provisions or other supplies,
are giving them aid and comfort, and so guilty of treason within the terms of the
second section o f the third article of the Constitution. And you will therefore use
your utmost vigilance, and endeavor to prevent the prohibited shipments, and to
detect and bring to punishment all who are in any way concerned in furnishing to
such insurgents any of the articles above described. You will, on the other hand,
be careful not to interrupt, vexatiously or beyond necessity, by unwarranted or pro­
tracted detentions and examinations, the regular and lawful commerce of your port.
You will report forthwith whether any, and if any, what additional measures may
be necessary, in your judgment, to carry into full effect the foregoing resolutions,
and you will report to this department, from time to time, your action under these
instructions.
I am, very respectfully,
S. P. Chase, S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y .




Commercial Chronicle and Review.

787

C O MME R C I A L C HR ONI C L E AND R E V I E W.
C

o n d it io n

F

o f

D

o r e ig n

Y

o r k

— F

B

a n k

F

C

r y

o m m e r c ia l

G

oods

Im

o r e ig n

a il u r e s

— E

A

f f a ir s

x po r ts

po rts

a t

N

— So

from

k w

-Y

u th ern

N

o r k

e w

-Y

— Co

C

om m erce

o r k

to

F

— L

e tte r s

o r e ig n

n t r ib u t io n s in

D

P

orts

o f

M

— C

a sh

efe n c e

a r q u e

o f th e

D
U

— I

m po rts

u t ie s

a t

n io n

— A

N

of

e w

-

l b a n y

.

T he unfavorable condition o f commercial affairs, reported in our last
number, has not been ameliorated since that time. On the contrary,
the stagnation indicated in the months of March and April has increased.
The non-reception o f our usual supplies of Southern produce for foreign
export is strongly felt. The light importations of foreign goods at this
and other ports are among the prominent features o f the season, resulting
in continued and lower rates o f foreign exchange at this port. The gov­
ernment has commenced its policy o f blockade o f the Southern ports,,
which will be thoroughly and effectually sustained by the naval forces of
the country.
Southern commerce is thus, for the time, crushed. There can be no
outlets for the cotton, tobacco and rice o f the South ; but this is the in­
evitable result of the revolution among the seceding States. Congress
has power further to close all the Southern ports as “ ports o f entry
a
measure which would permanently drive all foreign and coastwise com,-merce from those harbors. The Southern Confederacy has issued! a pro­
clamation authorizing letters o f marque.
It has been strongly urged by cotemporary writers that an unrecog­
nised government possesses no power to issue letters o f marque and re­
prisal, and, under the law o f nations and all laws, any vessel sailing un­
der such a flag, and seizing a merchantman, would commit robbery on
the high seas, and be guilty o f piracy, and every man on board o f her
would be subject to the penalty o f death. B y the law o f nations, piracy
is robbery upon the sea. B y the laws of the United States, any person
who shall commit the crime o f robbery or murder on the high seas shall
be deemed a pirate. Then what is robbery on the high seas ? The Su­
preme Court have decided that all persons are pirates on board vessels
which throw off their national character by cruising piratically and com­
mitting plunder of other vessels. The question has been settled by the Su­
preme Court, in the case o f T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s vs. K l i n t o c i i , 5 Wheaton.
That was tried in Virginia, and decided by Virginia’s Chief-Justice M a r ­
sh all.
The prisoner had been fitted out with a privateer commission,,
purporting to be from the “ Mexican Republic,” and he seized a vessel
and took her into Savannah as a prize. This was in 1820, before the
Mexican Republic was acknowledged, and Chief-Justice M a r s h a l l held,
that the assumed chief had no power, as an officer of the Mexican Republic
unacknowledged, to give commissions to authorize private or public ves­
sels to make captures at sea. This settles the point, and it follows the
English law that no commission of a vessel to seize other vessels on the
high seas can be recognised when issued by an unacknowledged govern­
ment.
In the matter o f dry goods the business of the year 1861, so far, is
very limited, compared with the past two years. The entries under




788

Commercial Chronicle and Review.

the new tariff are, however, large in the single month of April.
the returns for the four months:
IMPORTS OF FOREIGN

DRY

W e annex

GOODS AT THE PORT OF N E W -Y O R K FOR FOUR MONTHS
JANUARY 1ST.

FROM

ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION.

Manufactures of

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

Wool..............................$ 3,034,304 .. $ 10,442,013 .. $ 10,411,495 .. $ 4,816,073
Cotton,........................... 2,905,522 ..
9,846,310 . .
7,463,582 ..
2,311,126
Silk,............................... 4,920,197 ..
11,503,681 . .
13,494,206 . .
5,778,296
Flax,............................. 1,143,309 ..
3,926,080 ..
3,016,549 . .
1,140,116
Miscellaneous,............... 1,058,046 . .
2,356,285 ..
1,932,007 ..
1,356,856
Total,......................... 13,061,578 . .

38,074,378 ..

36,257,929 .. 15,402,467

W ITHDRAW N FROM WAREHOUSE.

Manufactures of

Wool,.............................$
Cotton,...........................
S ilk ,.....'......................
Flax,.............................
Miscellaneous,..............

1858.

1859.

1,753,102 ..
2,536,089 . .
2,077,839 . .
1,185,683..
729,820 . .

1860.

1861.

§ 659,583 . . $ 1,019,681 . . $ 3,317,967
994,539 ..
1,539,664 . . 3,106,206
379,923 . .
712,875 . . 2,933,486
616,243 . .
418,782 . . 1,162,139
204,047 ..
315,462 . .
602,854

Total,,___ , , ............. 8,311,533 . .
Add ent’d for consump., 13,061,578 ..

2,754,335 ..
38,074,378 ..

4,006,464 . . 11,122,652
36,257,929 .. 15,402,467

Total on market,___ 21,373,111 ..

40,828,713 . .

40,264,393 . . 26,525,119

ENTERED FOR WAREHOUSING.

Manufactures qf

Wool,.............................
Cotton,...........................
Silk,...............................
Flax,...............................
Miscellaneous,...............

1858.

1859.

$ 763,655
1,255,507
765,607
434,506
316,963

..
..
..
..
..

1860.

$ 557,607
528,749
203,059
213,381
118,273

1861.

. . $ 1,084,113 . . $ 3,086,372
..
1,084,960 . . 3,145,933
..
655,497 . . 2,980,332
..
162,380 .. 1,171,151
..
290,955 . .
657,259

Total,......................... 3,536,248 ..
Add ent’d for consump., 13,061,578 ..

1,621,069 ..
38,074,378 ..

3,280,905 .. 10,941,047
36,257,929 .. 15,402,467

Total entered at port, 16,597,826 ..

39,695,447 ..

39,538,834 .. 26,343,514

The following will show the value o f the different manufactures of dry
goods imported at New-York.for ten months of three fiscal years:
M a n u fa ctu r es o f

1859.

1860,

W ool,.....................................
Cotton....................................
Silk,.......................................
Flax........................................
Miscellaneous,.......................

$25,586,400
15,311,300
23,862,300
7,500*200
4,994,400

..
.
..
..
..

Total,..........................

$77,264,600

..

1861.

$31,072,300
. 19,534,000
31,923,200
8,710,500
5,487,800
$96,727,800

..
..
..
..
..

$27,035,700
13,649,300
26,651,100
6,442,800
5,839,900

..

$75,618,800

EXPORTS FROM N E W -Y O R K TO FOREIGN FORTS FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

Domestic produce,............$5,513,117 ..$5,950,921 . . $ 6,638,682 ..$9,255,648
Merchandise (free),...........
155,416 ..
441,489 ..
254,772 . .
209,573
Merchandise (dutiable),.. .
432,393 . .
382,289 ..
482,489 . .
231,784
Specie and bullion,...........
646,285 ..
6,259,167 ..
2,995,502 .. 1,412,674

Total exports,................
Exclusive of specie,. . . .




6,746,211 .. 13,033,866 .. 10,371,415 . . 11,109,679
6,077,926 .. 6,774,699 .. 7,375,913 .. 9,697,005

789

Commercial Chronicle and Review.

The exports for the four months since January 1st, show a favorable
result; the movement in breadstuff's has been again large.
Thus the export o f domestic produce is nearly one-half more than in
April, 1860.
EXPORTS FROST N E W -Y O R K TO FOREION PORTS FOR FOUR MONTOS, FROST JANUARY 1 .

1858.

1859.

1860.

Domestic produce,. . . $ 17,934,664.. $ 18,374,535..
Merchandise (free),.. .
509,993 . .
949,967
Merch’dise (dutiable),
1,699,445 ..
1,175,339
Specie and bullion,...
9,975,010 ..
14,279,959
Total exports,........
Exclusive of specie,

30,119,112 ..
20,344,102 ..

1861.

$ 24,635,808
. . $ 40,351,300
..
1,009,690 . .
856,733
..
2,358,011 ..
1,966,714
..
7,207,736 . .
2,876,296

34,780,300 ..
20,500,341 ..

35,410,735 . .
28,202,999 . .

46,051,043
43,174,747

The exports o f the ten months o f the fiscal year are about eleven mil­
lions in excess of last year. The following is a brief comparison o f the
shipments of produce, to which we have added, at the foot, the ship­
ments of specie. These were large in the first months o f the fiscal year.
It is interesting to bring forward the total o f exports from this port for
the expired portion o f the fiscal year, as the aggregate, exclusive of specie,
is far beyond all former precedent. W o have, therefore, compiled a table
showing the comparative shipments of the produce and merchandise
since the 1st of July:
EXPORTS, EXCLUSIVE

OF SPECIE, FROM N E W -Y O R K TO FOREIGN PORTS FOR TEN MONTES
ENDING WITH APRIL.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

Six months,............... $ 34,702,441 . . $ 27,994,834 .. $ 36,371,058 .. $
January,...................
4,689,739 . .
4,114,008 ..
6,022,462 . .
February,..................
4,173,577 . .
3,735,633 . .
6,675,870 . .
March,.......................
5,180,860 . .
5,876,001 . .
8,128,754 . .
April,.........................
6,099,926 . .
6,774,699 . .
7,375,913 . .

59,924,434
11,143,848
10,804,307
11,529,592
9,697,005

Total,......................
Specie for the same,..

54,846,543 . .
31,937,122 . .

48,495,175 ..
27,921,431 ..

64,574,057 . . 103,099,181
43,725,630 . . 23,487,715

Total exports,........

86,783,665 . .

76,416,606 .. 108,299,687 . . 126,586,896

The above shows a decline during the ten months o f the fiscal year,
in the shipments of specie, o f twenty million dollars, and an increase,
during the same time, o f nearly forty millions in the exports o f merchan­
dise and produce. This is the largest exhibit o f export commerce ever
made at this port, the total being far beyond all former precedents.
The receipts for cash duties o f course show a decrease in the aggre­
gate, keeping pace with the import of goods at the port. The following
is a comparative summary :
CASH DUTIES RECEIVED AT N E W -Y O R K .

1858.

1859.

Six months,... $ 16,345,553 57 $15,387,618
InJanuary,...
1,641,474 59 . . 3,478,471
February,___
2,063,784 86 . . 3,328,688
March,...........
2,213,452 15 . . 3,164,011
April,,............
1,736,510 41 .. 3,212,060
Total ten mos.,

24,000,775 58

1860.

49
38
93
25
49

28,570,850 54

$19,322,060
.. 3,899,166
.. 3,378,043
. . 3,477,545
. . 2,444,267

1861.

96
17
28
74
96

$17,637,802 21
.. 2,059,202 33
.. 2,528,736 83
.. 2,489,926 25
.. 1,643,261 99

32,521,984 11

26,358,929,61

The amount o f cash duties has decreased in New-York, it appears,
more than six millions, compared with last year.




790

Commercial Chronicle and Review.

B y the monthly statement o f the commerce of this port for April it
will he seen that the total of dutiable goods, entered directly for con­
sumption during the last month, was only about half the amount for the
corresponding month o f last year. The entries for warehousing have
been about the same ; but the entries o f free goods show a gain o f one
million, and the receipts o f specie an increase of nearly two millions.
The following is a comparative summary o f foreign imports at Ncw-York
for the month o f April, 1857 to 1861 ;
FOREIGN IMPORTS AT N E W -Y O R K ,
E

n te r e d

1857.

1857

1858.

TO

1860,

FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL.

1859.

1860.

1881.

For consumption,.. $11,155,580 ..$5,887,546 $15,595,741 $10,407,066 ..$5,393,809
“ warehousing,..
8,168,142.. 2,148,241.. 3,754,895.. 4,127,857.. 4,187,678
Free g o o d s ,...........
955,428.. 2,658,381.. 2,802,542 .. 2,386,347.. 3,351,905
Specie and bullion,
939,218 ..
524,857 .. 272,441 ..
49,186 .. 1,953,001
Total, A p r il,......... $21,218,318 $11,169,025 $22,425,619 $ 16,971,356 $14,886,393
Withdrawn,...........
2,287,315.. 3,203,539.. 1,543,551 .. 2,069,423.. 1,761,245

Without the imports o f specie, the remaining imports since January
1st, are about twenty-two million dollars less than for the corresponding
four months o f 1859 and 1860. W e annex our usual comparison :
FOREIGN IMPORTS AT N E W -Y O R K FOR FOUR MONTHS, FROM JANUARY
E

n te r e d

1857.

1858.

1859.

I8 6 0 .

1ST.

1861.

For consumption,.. $57,314,960 $23,093,345 $61,697,937 $57,559,878 $ 27,276,106
“ warehousing,..
19,066,239.. 7,200,542.. 9,025,517 .. 11,991,133 .. 19,584,223
Free g o o d s ,...........
6,592,569 .. S,567,911 .. 10,301,338 .. 11,560,620 .. 12,363,880
Specie and bullion,
3,911,278.. 1,351,691.. 517,615..
552,505 .. 17,035,703
Total, four months, $ 86,885,046 $40,213,489 $ 81,542,407 $ 81,664,136 $76,259,862
Withdrawn f r o m
w arehouse,.......
10,101,989 .. 16,886,251 .. 7,518,056 .. 9,572,213 .. 15,803,390

The imports for the ten months of the present fiscal year show a large
decrease over the previous year, in the aggregate. I f we omit the heavy
aggregate of bullion and coin imported, we shall find that the imports of
miscellaneous goods are below the dull period o f 1858.
FOREIGN IMPORTS AT N E W -Y O R K FOR TEN MONTHS, ENDING APRIL

1857.

Six months, . . . . $
January, .
February,
March,. . .
April, . . .

1858.

1859.

30, 1857—1861.

1860.

1861.

105,254,740 $109,688,702 $91,082,433 $116,000,642 $120,542,384
19,006,732 .. 8,105,719 .. 19,447,962 .. 21,756,273 .. 26,827,411
25,524,492.. 9,209,043.. 18,848,370.. 19,356,379.. 16,341,707
21,135,504 .. 11,729,702 .. 20,820,456 .. 23,580,126 .. 18,204,351
21,218,318 .. 11,169,025 .. 22,425,619 .. 16,971,358 .. 14,886,393

The following is a recapitulation o f contributions, by banking insti­
tutions and individuals, for the defence o f the Union :
•Oonnecticut, ..
Indiana, _____
Illinois,______
I o w a ,.............
Kansas,..........
M ain e,...........
Massachusetts,
Michigan,. . . .
Kew-York,. . .

$ 2,160,000
1.052.000
3.553.000
100,000
20,000
1.355.000
3.740.000
1. 100.000
5,831,000

Kew-Hampshire,
New-Jersey,. . . .
Ohio....................
Pennsylvania,...
Rhode Island,
Vermont, . . . .
Wisconsin, . .

58,000
2.231.000
3.348.000
3.030.000
523,000
1.027.000
1.077.000
$ 31,105,000

All this money must be returned by the United States hereafter to the
several States as in the war o f 1812-15.




Commercial Chronicle and Review.

791

The Finance Committee of the Chamber o f Commerce have issued the
following notice :
The undersigned, a committee of the Chamber of Commerce, having, b y a sub
committee, recently visited Washington to confer with the Secretary of the Treasury
on the subject of the loans, which he is authorized by law to issue, they beg to call
the attention of the public to the particulars of these loans, as follow s:
Xsf. A loan of about nine millions dollars, which will be issued in bonds or stock
having twenty years to run, and at six per cent, interest. For this proposals are
invited, and it will be awarded to the highest bidder, at Washington, on Tuesday,
the 21st instant.
2c?. A loan o f fourteen millions dollars [$14,000,000,] which is limited by the law
of June, 1860, at par. This loan is now advertised to be awarded on the 80th
instant, but from its limitation it will probably have to be issued in Treasury Notes
having two years to run, and convertible into twenty years stock or bonds, as above,
at the pleasure of the holder; which notes the Secretary is by law authorized to
substitute, and which are also restricted to par.
And the committee invite all capitalists and moneyed institutions to avail of these
opportunities for investment.
C o m m i t t e e .— P elatiah P erit , S tewakt B rown , W illiam H. A spinwall , J. J.
A stor, Jr., A ugust B elmont, J ames G allatin , A . T. S tew art , J. M. M orrison,
M oses T aylor, G eorge S. Coe, F. A. P almer, J ohn Q. J ones, I). R. M artin , J acob
C ampbell, Jr.

The failures o f the Bank o f Albany and o f the Bank o f the Capitol, at
Albany, have given rise to some uneasiness ; but the loss in these cases
will fall upon stockholders only. So much commercial paper has recently
gone to protest in this State, that the assets o f our banking institutions
are seriously lessened. In addition to these are the failures o f the
National Bank and the Bank o f the Interior, both at Albany.
The currency of the Western States is now undergoing a severe crisis.
The bills of those banks that have been founded on the bonds o f the
States of Virginia, Missouri and Tennessee, are for the present in jeopardy,
owing to the serious decline in the market values o f those securities.
W e have the important intelligence that the British government will
remain strictly neutral in respect o f affairs incident to the rebellion in
the United States. The British government has issued a proclamation,
warning British subjects against engaging in the American war, and stating
that all doing so will be held responsible for their own acts. The proclama­
tion declares the intention to maintain the strictest impartial neutrality
between England and the government of the United States and certain
States styling themselves the Confederate States o f America. It warns
all British subjects, if they enter the military service o f either side, or
join ships of war, or transports, or attempt to get recruits, or fit out ves­
sels for war purposes or transports, or break or endeavor to break any block­
ade, lawfully or actually established, or carry soldiers, despatches, or any
material contraband o f war, for either party, that they will be liable to
all the penalty and consequences, and will do so at their peril, and in
nowise obtain the protection o f the British government. It was an­
nounced in the House o f Lords that Spain had given assurances, in ac­
cepting the annexation o f the eastern portion o f St. Domingo, that African
slavery should not be re-established. Mr. G l a d s t o n e stated in the House
o f Commons that the Mail contract with the Galway Steamship Line had
terminated. The Cotton Growing Company o f Jamaica had determined
to plant several thousand acres forthwith, so that the crop may be de­
livered in Manchester before the end of the year.




792

Foreign Correspondence.

FOREIGN

CORRESPONDENCE

OF THE MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW.
L

ondon,

M ay 4th,

1861.

T he principal topic o f discussion for two weeks lias been The Budget.

The debate on Mr. G l a d s t o n e ’ s proposition was virtually concluded
on Thursday night, 2d inst., when a division took place, which resulted
in a majority o f eighteen for the government, viz. : 299 for and 281
against it. In this result the ministry have not much cause for triumph.
The point on which the struggle took place was, whether the tea duty
should be lowered from Is. 5d. to Is. per pound, in preference to allow­
ing the paper duty to be abolished, and the country at large were evi­
dently in favor o f the reduction in the tea duty, although they were
not desirous o f any event that might embarrass the preliminary debate,
originated by Mr. T h o m a s B a r i n g . Mr. B a r i n g had two objects in
view, one, to show that Mr. G l a d s t o n e ’ s financial calculations could not
be depended u p on ; the other, that a portion o f the estimated surplus
had better be appropriated to the reduction of the duty on tea instead of
the abolition of the paper tax. No fewer than seventeen gentlemen suc­
ceeded Mr. B a r i n g in the debate, about half in defence o f the Budget
propositions, the others in opposition to them. The debate was long
and wearisome. The object of the attack on the Budget was to give a
“ quiet snub to Mr. G l a d s t o n e ,” and by that means “ splinter the cabinet."
Compared with the corresponding month of 1860, the trade o f the
country, represented by exports, appears to have increased about five
per cent., their total declared value amounting to £10,950,830, against
£10,393,470. The branches o f our manufactures contributing chiefly to
the increase are cottons, linens and woollens, the extension of trade being
principally with the continent. The exports o f lead to France and China
also show an increase. In silk manufactures there is very little difference,
an improvement in some descriptions being about counterbalanced by a
falling off in others. The leather, iron and copper trades appear to have
retrograded; and in the exports o f the plates the decrease is fifty per cent.
For the first quarter of the year the exports show a material reduction to
the United States, the totals being as follows :
M

a r c h

1860.

£1,488,000

.

F

1861.

...

ir s t

Q

u a r t e r

1860.

£1,298,000

...

£5,084,000

.

1864

...

£3,573,000

The decline, compared with the same period of 1860, is large in those
articles usually demanded by the American trade, v iz .:
J

1860.

Cotton manufactures, . . . £ 245,000
Linen goods..................... 120,000
Woollen cloths,................
84,000
“
mixed goods, <fcc., 148,000
“
worsted,............ 103,000
106,000
Tin plates,.....................
Silks.................................
20,000
Millinery,.......................
170,000
Iron and steel,................. 265,000




u l y

.

F

1861.

.. £252,000
173,000
74,000
184,000
84,000
36,000
29,000
160,000
140,000

ir s t

1860.

.. £ 1,210,000
527,000
250,000
483,000
342,000
266,000
93,000
524,000
646,000

Q

u a r te r

.

1861.

. £923,000
355,000
199,000
.
424,000
.
244,000
.
65,000
.
75,000
.
421,000
418,000
.

Y93

Foreign Correspondence.

A large business has been done in April in the Liverpool cotton mar­
ket, at improving rates, and a further advance, equal to three-quarters of
a cent per pound, has been conceded. Prices are now two cents per
pound above those current at this time last year. A speculative demand
sprung up last week on receipt of the news of hostilities having com­
menced in the United States. The stock now held is 75,000 bales less
than it was twelve months ago.
A t L l o y d ’ s , war premiums have been demanded o f one to one and a
half per cent, on American vessels that have sailed from New-Orleans, and
three per cent, on vessels that have yet to start. For American ships
from New-York the charge is only one-half per cent.
Wednesday, the first, was a holiday at the Stock Exchange, the transfer
books at the bank being closed for the half-yearly balancing o f their
books.
The East India and China Association have issued their usual state­
ments of the number and tonnage of ships, both British and foreign, that
have entered inwards and cleared outwards with cargo from and to places
“ within the limits of the late East India Company’s charter” for three
months, ending 31st of March, in the years 1861 and 1860, respectively.
From this it appears that in the past three months o f 1861 there were
305 vessels of 175,785 tons, while in the like period of 1860 there were
330 vessels of 217,510 tons for the entries inwards, showing a falling off
o f 25 vessels and 41,725 tons. The entries outwards for the like period
were 311 vessels of 214,877 tons in 1861, against 347 vessels of 253,432
tons in 1860, exhibiting a decrease of 36 vessels and 38,655 tons.
A t the request o f the Turkish government, the British Board of Trade
has sent out persons properly qualified to assist in the investigation into
the finances of the empire, with a view to their adjustment upon some
defined basis. French officers are said already to have reached Constan­
tinople on a similar mission.
Cotton is the leading topic of interest out of London. Official reports
show the following shipments o f cotton from Alexandria from the 3d o f
October to the 1st of A p r il:
G

r e a t

B

r it a in

F

.

1856-1851,___
1851—1858,___
1858-1859........
1859-1860........
1860-1861,___

32,520
34,162
46,886
66,820
65,011

r a n c e

.

A

Bale*.

JBales.

___
___
___
___
___

8,112
10,051
16,021
14,999
22,213

u s t r ia

Total
Hales.

.

Hal 68.

___
___
___
___
___

9,341
6,932
8,983
5,504
4,319

___
___
___
___
___

50,519
51,145
11,896
81,323
91,663

The attempt, so long desired by the cotton States, to establish a line
o f steam communication with England, is about to be tried at Liverpool.
A prospectus has been issued o f a Liverpool and New-Orleans Steam
Navigation Company, with a capital equal to 11,000,000, in shares of
$250 each. The vessels are to run monthly, and are expected to com­
mence during the ensuing summer. Mr. J o s h u a S c h o f i e l d , the mem­
ber for Birmingham, is to be on the direction, and the other supporters
of the undertaking are Mr. C h a r l e s H o l l a n d , of Liverpool, a director
of the Demerara Railway Company ; Mr. C h a r l e s R o b e r t s o n , o f Liver­
pool, merchant; Mr. F r a n c i s B o u l t , o f the firm of B o u l t , E n g l i s h &
B r a n d o n , of Liverpool; and Messrs. H o h g t o n , R a n k i n & Co., of NewOrleans. Additional names, it is promised, will soon be published. As




794

Foreign Correspondence.

a speculation to attract the public there can be little hope of its being
responded to. I f it be launched at all it will be through the personal
contributions o f houses directly interested in the southern trade.
The failure of the two great firms o f B a t t a z z i & Co. and H a v a & Co.,
at Marseilles, in the Greek trade, created much anxiety, lest suspensions
should follow in London. The Marseilles stoppages took place in conse­
quence of a sudden withdrawal o f facilities by the Bank of France; and
at a meeting o f Greek merchants held in London this afternoon it has
been resolved to send a deputation to that establishment to induce it, it
is supposed, to relax its policy. The failure o f Messrs. P. I I a v a & Co.,
one o f the oldest and most respectable of our Greek firms, was announced
this week, but it is believed that their assets are good and will yield a
large surplus. Whether any other firms in the same interest will have
to suspend is a point that remains doubtful. There is no question of the
general solvency of the merchants in this trade, provided the Turkish
government, to whom they have made imprudent advances, fulfil their
obligations.
R i c h a r d C o b d e n has written a letter to the Mayor o f Manchester, in
which the following passage occurs :
“ W e are not, I trust, taking too sanguine a view o f the effects of the
recent commercial arrangement in assuming that its influence will be felt
beyond the limits o f the two countries immediately concerned. When
England and France are found co-operating, whether in peace or war, for
the attainment o f a common object, they can hardly fail to make their
policy triumphant throughout Europe, and looking at the negotiations
now going on elsewhere, and the indications generally manifested, I am
led to the conclusion that ere long the example o f those two nations will
induce the whole continent to adopt a more liberal commercial policy.
In the mean time, whatever hesitation there may be in Europe, or what­
ever temporary backsliding in America, it is satisfactory to know that
England, speaking through the voice of Manchester, remains faithful to the
principle o f unconditional freedom o f trade; if it be accompanied with
reciprocity from other countries, so much the better for her and them—
if not, so much the better for her than them. In any case, liberty will
bring its own reward.”
Mr. C o b d e n was to leave Algiers on the 23d, and it is probable that
he will resume his parliamentary duties about the second week in May.
His health, we are happy to learn, is greatly improved. In passing through
the south of France it is his intention to consult the most eminent wineproducers and shippers as to the best method o f levying a duty on wines,
so as to remove the dissatisfaction felt in England regarding the working
of the alcoholic test. There is an on dit afloat that a week or two back
Mr. C o b d e n received from Lord P a l m e r s t o n a letter, intimating the
willingness o f the Queen to bestow upon the honorable gentleman some
mark o f her high sense o f the important services rendered by him in
negotiating the commercial treaty with France. It is said that Mr. C o b ­
d e n respectfully declined to receive the proffered honor.
A few days since tenders were received for the supply o f forty loco­
motives for the Russian railways. There were numerous offers from
English and French manufacturers, but the contract, it is said, is given
to C o c k e r i l l & Co., o f Liege, who presented the lowest tender, 63,000f.
the engine. A manufacturer at La Yillette, near Paris, has obtained a




Foreign Correspondence.

195

contract for the supply o f five hundred wagons for the railway from Ali­
cante to Seville. Another manufacturer has obtained a contract for the
supply of 1,200 tons of iron for the same company.
The treaty between Switzerland and Italy for carrying a railway over the
Luckmanier has been concluded. Switzerland is to contribute 48,000,000f.
towards the cost o f construction. The treaty also stipulates that when
25,000,000f. o f this amount shall have been guaranteed, and 5,000,000f.
actually spent on the construction of the railway, the kingdom o f Italy
will within four years contribute 20,000,000f., which will not, however,
bear interest. It has been further stipulated that the cost o f laying the
railway over that portion o f the Alps between Dissentis and Olivone
shall be defrayed by the kingdom o f Italy. The Canton o f St. Gall has
already voted 5,000,000f. towards the expenses.

F

r e ig h t s

0s

L

iv e r p o o l

.

P h ila d elp h ia .
0s . 0 d. t o 0s 0 d.

New-Orleans.
0 d. t o 0 s Od

o

0 d. . .

a t

New- York.
©

Boston.
Qd. t o 0 s

B a r s , ................. 10

0

“

0

0

..

8

0

“

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The Tribunal of Commerce has dissolved the company of the Caisse
Mires, and appointed official administrators to wind up its affairs. On
the part o f Count de Germiny it was stated that, by instruction o f the
Minister o f Finance, he was obliged to resign his post. An advocate,
who appeared for M . M i r e s , said that, though that gentleman maintained
the protest he had made against all that had been done with regard to
his company since his arrest, he had no objection to offer to the present
application, and acknowledged that Count de Germiny had rendered
immense services to the company. The tribunal declared the company
of the Caisse Generalo des Chemins de Fer dissolved, and appointed MM.
B o r o i a u x and Pi i c i i a r d i e r e to wind up its affairs.
There has been more activity in the Scotch pig iron trade during the
month of March, the shipments within that period having reached a total
of 25,161 tons as compared with 20,620 tons last year. Since the com­
mencement of the year the shipments had exhibited great dullness, but
a better state of things may probably be now anticipated. The reduction
in the rate of discount is beginning to exercise a beneficial influence on
the wool market. Prices have not exhibited any change, but holders are
firm, and consumers are operating rather more freely. A limited liability
company has been formed for the purpose of establishing a line of
steamers between Newcastle and Dundee.




796

The Book Trade.

THE BOOK T R A DE .

1.

A

C r itic a l D ic t io n a r y o f E n g l i s h

L ite r a tu r e a n d

B r itish

and

A m er ic a n A u th o r s,

l i v i n g a n d d ecea sed , f r o m th e e a r lie s t a c c o u n ts to th e m id d le o f th e N i n e t e e n t h C e n t u r y .
C o n ta in in g t h ir ty th o u sa n d B io g r a p h ie s a n d

L i t e r a r y N o tic e s , w ith f o r t y in d e x e s o f

By S. A ustin A llibone. Vol. 1.
Childs & P eterson, Philadelphia.

Royal octavo, pp. 1,004, double col­

s u b je c ts .

umns.

T his is one of the choice books of the age. It enters upon a field hitherto unoccu­
pied in this country, and embracing men and things which should be familiar to the
whole reading community. To the legislator and the lawyer, the clergyman and
the editor, the Dictionary is of inestimable value. It is, in fact, the key to hundreds
of thousands of volumes which otherwise would be, to the mass of readers, s e a l e d
b ook s.
In addition to a biographical sketch of authors and of writers, Mr. A llibone
gives a list of the writings of each, the dates of publication, and critical notes on
both the authors and their works. These notices are either taken from the writings
of cotemporary authors, from the reviews and magazines of the day, or (as in many
cases) are original. Even this department of the work has involved a deep research
into the depths of thousands of volumes ; and the opinions of the learned are thus
brought prominently before us.
To the book-buyer, and to those who are forming libraries, the Dictionary has
peculiar charms. It gives them an instant and clear insight into all the works ex­
tant in the English language.
The only work of a similar character, possessing much value, was W atts’ B i b l i o ­
t h e c a B r i t a n n i c a , published in the year 1824, in four quarto volumes.
This work
was the result of a life’s labor, and finally impoverished the author, and he died with­
out knowing the estimation in which it was held.
The second volume of Mr. A llibone’ s work will exceed in value the first. It will
contain an alphabetical list of subjects, and give the titles of the various works
written and published in reference thereto. Few persons now know, for instance,
the volume published in reference to the history of the individual States of this
Union. Of some the history is, unfortunately, unwritten; and the material for such
history are scattered to the winds. We shall soon be supplied with the conclusion
of the Dictionary, which will enable us to ascertain readily the names of all works
upon any subject of inquiry.

2.

T h e O r d e a l o f E t 'e e L a b o r i n t h e B r i t i s h

pp. 324.

W e s t In d ies .

By W m. G. S ew ell . 12mo.

H arper & B rothers, N. Y.

The object of this book is to bring before the public the results of emancipation in
the British West Indies ; to give, as free from comment as possible, such information as
he has obtained from personal observation and reference to reliable sources, about its
present population, their customs, habits, commerce, industry and their government.
It is not intended to draw any inferences, favorable or unfavorable, between emanci­
pation in the United States and the West Indies; for the social and political condi­
tion of the two countries forbid any comparison; but to deny the too prevalent
opinions, that the negro is unable to work without a master, is incapable of high
civilization, and thus emancipation has ruined the West Indies.
The first ten chapters are devoted to the Windward Islands, First Impressions,
Barbadoes and its Capital, the Governing Classes and Colored Population of Barbadoes; the Experience of Free and Slave Labor there ; the present Social Distinctions;
the Commerce and Prosperity of these Islands, and the condition of St. Vincent,
Grenada, Tobago and St. Lucia since emancipation. Four chapters describe Trini­
dad, its characteristics; the Creoles of African descent; the Scheme of Asiatic Im­
migration ; its Cultivation and Commerce; then the Prosperity of and Want of
Labor in Antigua and the Minor Colonies. The last eleven chapters are devoted to
Jamaica; its Past and Present Times ; a Tour through the Island ; the Middle and




The Book Trade.

797

Laboring Classes; Free and Slave Labor; Want of Labor; Necessity for Immi­
gration.
3.

T h e L a w s o f B u s in e s s f o r B u sin e ss M e n , i n a ll
fo r

o f L a w i n th e

U n iv ersity o f

th e S t a t e s o f

th e

T J n io n , w i t h f o r m s

By T heophilus P arsons, L L . D . , P r o f e s s o r
C a m b rid g e.
L ittle , B rown & Co., of Boston.

M e r c a n t i l e I n s t r u m e n t s , d ec.,

<h e.

The interests of every business man or holder of property in a civilized commu­
nity are affected b y the laws enacted by that community; and from the time of the
feudal ages down, business connections have been multiplying and property becom­
ing annually more diffused, step by step, with the progress of society. The law to
protect rights meets the operator at every turn, and the necessity, as well as the
desire, to know something of the general principles of law, have become more urgent.
An eminent English lawyer has said that it is astonishing within how small a
space all the principles of commercial law may be compacted. Acting on these data,
Mr. P arsons has compiled a book which, with a moderate application of time and
intelligence, will place within the reach of every man a good knowledge of law
principles. It is provided with an index that makes possible a ready recurring to
the principles of law applicable to every transaction that may arise in business. It
is, therefore, not only an exceedingly useful work, but one of highest authority.
4.

A

P ra c tic a l

drews .

T r e a tise

on

th e

R even u e

L a ic s

o f

th e

U n ite d

S ta te s.

B y C. C. A n ­

L ittle <fc B rown , Boston.

This volume is intended, by its able author, to elucidate those obscurities in the
revenue laws of the United States, of which Mr. Justice S tory long since expressed
the complaint o f the bar. The whole so-called system of law has been left by Con­
gress in a very imperfect state, without any serious attempt to reconcile contradic­
tion or cure defects. The volume of Mr. A ndrews goes some way towards supply­
ing the want, and appears to have been executed with much ability.
5.

T h e L i f e a n d C a reer o f M a jo r
in A m er ic a .

J ohn A ndre ,

B y W inthrop S argent.

A d ju t a n t -G e n e r a l o f th e B r i t i s h A r m y

Boston : T icicnor

&

F ields.

There has been ever a romantic interest attending the fate of A ndre, -who, young,
accomplished, rich and admired, died a felon’s death, in accordance with the inexo­
rable martial law which punishes the spy with death. The fate was the more re­
gretted that the arch-traitor escaped by the point of honor that forbade the delivery
of A rnold, to expiate his crime of treason and the fault of A ndre. Mr. Sargent, in
the present volume, has brought together all that can be discovered in relation to
A ndre, his family and career; and has, so to speak, “ set” the information in a col­
lection of very agreeable gossip of the men and times in which A ndre moved. The
fashions, customs and manners of Philadelphia and New-York during their occupa­
tion by the gay officers of Britain, are pleasantly brought before us, throwing an
additional interest around the fate of the young officer who, from amidst those
scenes, was translated to the gallows, which, claiming a victim, took him in fault of
Ajrnold.

6.

t h e A c c e s s i o n o f J ames II.
B y Lord M acaulay.
Edited by his sister, Lady T revelyan, with additional notes. A s k e t c h
o f L o r d M acaulay’ s L i f e a n d W r i t i n g s .
B y S. A ustin A llibone ; and a complete
Index to the entire work. Boston: Crosby, N ichols, L ee & Co.
T h e H is to r y o f E n g la n d , f r o m

Yol. 5.

This volume contains that portion of the continuation of the “ History of Eng­
land” which was revised b y Lord M acaulay. It is given precisely as he left it, and
is the last thought of the great mind as it passed away, untouched by any other
hand. From the notes left by him an account of the death of W illiam has been
arranged and added to, while kept distinct from the work of M acaulay. The life of
M acaulay, b y A llibone, was in the possession of the former for more than a year be­
fore his death, and it received the stamp of accuracy. The account of the death
and its effect upon the public has been added.
7.

W h a t we E a t.

A n

a c c o u n t o f th e m o s t c o m m o n a d u lte r a tio n s o f F o o d a n d

w ith s i m p le te sts b y w h ic h m a n y o f

M. D.

12mo. pp. 218.

t h e m m a y b e d e te c t e d .

B r in k ,

B y T homas H. H oskins,

Boston: T. 0. H. P. B urnham.

The rapid growth of large cities causes an ever increasing demand upon the food
resources of the country, tending to raise the prices at the same moment that the ave­




The Book Trade.

798

rage means of purchase among a large proportion of the people diminishes. Hence
the temptation to adulterate almost every consumable article offered for sale. This
operation has been of old date in European cities, but is comparatively of recent
date in this country; nevertheless it has become an evil of great magnitude. The
volume before us treats of this subject in most of its phases in an interesting man­
ner. It shows the manner of and the materials with which flour and its manufacture,
cocoa, butter, lard, honey, sugar, pepper, spices, confectionery, fruits, meats, fish,
liquors of all sorts, (fee., Ac., are adulterated, to the injury of health and finances. It
also points out the tests for detection, and describes the means of avoiding these im­
positions. To state these facts is to commend the work to the public attention.

Correspondence o/ F raulein G underode and B ettine von Arnim. 12mo. pp. 344.
Boston: T. O. H. P. B urnham.
This volume comprises, as its title signifies, the correspondence, in the early part
of the century, between G underode, who was a canoner of one of those convent
boarding-schools described by L amartine in his account of his father’s courtship,
and a young lady, of a wealthy family, who had formerly been an inmate of the
convent. The latter subsequently became the friend of G ietiie. The correspondence
has many attractions, not the least of which is the picture it draws of the differ­
ent spheres of life in which the writers respectively moved.
8.

9. Annual of Scientific Discovery ; or, Year-book of facts in Science andArt for 1861.
By D avid A. W ells, A. M., Ac. 12mo. pp. 424. Boston: G ould A L incoln.
This welcome volume again makes its appearance, rich with the progress of science
and invention during the past year. In every branch of art there are some new and
interesting discoveries to record, and the hook is supplied with a full and complete
analytical index that makes reference to it a matter of little difficulty.
10. T lie N o r th American Review, April, 1861. Boston: Crosby, N iciiols , L ee A Co.
The present number, the 191st, well sustains a reputation which has been earned
for it successively by its many brilliant writers. It contains an article upon the
present difficulties of the country which will attract much attention There is also
an able paper upon explorations in Eastern Africa, a country in which new interest
has been excited by the events that have been crowding upon the commercial and po­
litical world in the last few years here. Whatever of capacities and resources may be
there latent are likely to be drawn out before the existing enterprises shall have been
abandoned. There are other attractive papers' that will command attention. The
subjects of the Review are the following: I. Criminal Procedure. II. S mith’ s Tables
of Ecclesiastical History. III. Explorations in Eastern Africa. IY. Documentary
History of the Revolution. V. D e G erando. VI. Temporal Power of the Church.
VII. The Literature of Power. VIII. Slavery, its Origin and Remedy. IX. A p­
pleton on the Rules of Evidence.
X. Travel in Europe. XI. The usual Critical
Notices and New Publications.
From the notice of Mr. A ppleton’ s work on the Rules of Evidence, we gather that
the States in which parties are admitted to testify in their own behalf are Maine,
Rhode Island, Connecticut and New-York. The States in which interest in the event
of a suit does not exclude a witness are Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con­
necticut, New-York, Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, California and Alabama, The States
in which the rule excluding witnesses on account of religious belief has been modi­
fied to a greater or less degree are Maine, New-Hampsliire, Massachusetts, Connecti­
cut, Indiana, California and Georgia. The States in which conviction of crime
affects credibility and not competency, are Massachusetts, Connecticut, Indiana and
Ohio. The common-law rule has been modified in Maine, New-York, and perhaps
in other States.
11. Chambers’

Encyclopedia; a Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People.

Illustrated with maps and numerous wood engravings. Edinburgh: W. A R.
C hambers. Philadelpliia: J. B. LirrixcoTT A Co. Vol. 1, royal octavo, pp. 822,
double columns.
This volume embraces subjects from “ A.” to “ B elfast.” It is a work eminently
fit for families, embracing articles on several thousand topics, many of which are
copiously illustrated. The maps are highly finished, including in this volume only




799

The Book Trade.

those of Africa, Central America, North America, South America, Asia, Australia
and Austria. The Encyclopedia of Messrs. Chambers is constructed on the basis of
the latest edition of the German C o n v e r s a t i o n s L e x i c o n , hut is entirely fresh in its
materials. The articles on Great Britain and her colonies, North and South America,
have been prepared with elaborate care. The articles in the departments of biog­
raphy, geography, natural history and mythology possess great merit, and are just
long enough for reference and family reading.
12. T h e A m e r i c a n A l m a n a c f o r 1861. Boston: C rosby, N ichols, L ee & Co.
This is a standard work in American statistics, politics and affairs, which is indis­
pensable for every one to have who is a student, professional man, statesman or cul­
tivated person. Here are the facts of the country. Here is a list of the principal
officers, both of the general and State governments; instructive essays; one on
Meteorology, by Prof. J oseph L overing, of Harvard College; and one on Pleuro­
pneumonia, or the cattle disease, by Dr. M orrill W yuan , of Cambridge. The tides,
signs, cycles, calendars, days and seasons, commerce and navigation and laws, lati­
tudes and longitudes, obituaries, domestic and foreign records of events, and sketches
of the officers of the foreign kingdoms. It is a highly valuable volume for all classes.
13. W o r k s o f F rancis B acon. Yol. 1 5 ; being vol. 5 of the Literary and Profes­
sional Works. Boston: B row s di T aggard.

Messrs. B rown &, T aggard have so far completed their magnificent edition of the
works of F rancis B acon as to have issued five volumes, the last of which is volume
15 of the entire publication, containing the conclusion of the Professional Works, and
a most excellent index to the Literary and Professional Works.
In this volume we find much matter that shows how largely he was concerned in
the leading legal questions of his time, involving points of constitutional law, such
as can be discussed properly only by lawyers, who are also statesmen and scholars.
The “ Case of the Post-Nati of Scotland” is an example of this, and it made as deep
an impression in the times of J ames I. as one of Mr. W ebster’ s constitutional argu­
ments was sure to make in the times of President J ackson. There are other legal
questions discussed by him, the reports of which are here published, and the perusal
of which assists greatly to the understanding of several points of English history.

TITLES
14.

OF

RECENT FOREIGN PU BLICATI ONS
COMMERCE, G E O G R A P H Y , & c .

The G reat S a h a ra ;

T ristram, M. A.

ON

By Rev. H. B.
15s. J ohn M urray , London.

W a n d e r i n g s S o u t h o f th e A t l a s M o u n t a i n s .

With illustrations. Post 8vo.

15. I c e l a n d ; i t s V o l c a n o e s , G e y s e r s a n d G l a c i e r s . By Commander C. S. F orbes, R.
N. With illustrations. Post 8vo. 14s. J ohn M urray, London.
16.

S en te n tia l C h r o n o lo g ic c e ;

In tro d u c to ry L esso n s
a fte r

C h r ist;

on

a c o m p lete S y s te m

B a te s

in

g e n e r a l;

C h r o n o lo g y n ecessa ry in

u s e fu l to A r t i s t s ;

th e

o f A n cie n t a n d M o d ern

C h r o n o lo g y ;

C h r o n o lo g y b efo re C h r i s t ;
S tu d y o f

C h r o n o lo g y

E c c le s ia s tic a l H i s t o r y ;

B a t e s co n n e c te d w ith S c ie n c e a n d L i t e r a t u r e ;

B a te s

C h r o n o l o g y f o r th e

H i s t o r y o f P r a n c e ; B a t e s u s e f u l to M u s i c i a n s ; B a t e s u s e f u l i n th e M e d i c a l P r o f e s s i o n ;
B a te s f o r

th e H i s t o r y o f th e E a s t

J ohn S later.

12mo.

3s. 6d.

In d ie s;

Cloth.

G e n e r a l C h r o n o lo g ic a l T a b le .

By Mrs.

London: L ongmans A Co.

17. A T r e a t i s e o n M i l l s a n d M i l l W o r k . By W illiam F airbairn, LL. D., F. R. 9.,
F. G. S. With plates and wood-cut illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo. (March, 1861.)
London: L ongmans <fc Co.
18.

T h e L i f e ( / W illiam S coresby, M. A., D. D.
J ackson, M. D. London: N elson <Sc S ons.

19.

T he S ea .

20.

A

r a te s

( L a -m e r .)

P ar

J. M ichelet.

S e a m a n 's N a r r a t i v e o f h i s A d v e n t u r e s
on

th e

C oa st

o f

Charles W esterton.




C o c h in -C h in a .

By his nephew, R. E. S corksbt

Paris: H achette.
d u r in g a C a p tiv ity

By E dward B rown .

am ong

C h in ese

8 s. 6d.

Pi­

London :

The Book Trade.

800

Rev. C. W. KIng on Antique Gems; their Origin, Uses and Value as Interpreters
of Ancient History and Art,'with Hints to Gent Collectors. Illustrations. 8vo.

21.

42s.

London: J ohn M urray .

*

•

22. Ningpo, {Archdeacon of.) Pictures of the Chinese drawn by themselves. Described
by Rev. R . H. Cobbold. Illustrations. Post 8vo. 9s.: London: J ohn M urray .

Gems and Jewels; their History, Geography, Chemistry and Ana, from earliest
ages to the present time. B y Madame B e B arrera . Post 8vo. lus. 6d. Lon­

23.

don : R ichard B entley.
24.

Seasons with the Sea-Horses; or, Sporting Adventures in the Northern Seas. By

J ames L amont, F. G. S. With map and illustrations. London: H urst & B lackett.
25.

Six Years of a Traveller's Life in Western Africa.

bitrator at Loandas and the Cape of Good Hope.
tions. London: H urst & B lackett.

B y F rancisco Y aldey , A r­
2 yols. With numerous illustra­

Adulterations Detected; or, Plain Instructions for the Discovery of Frauds in
Food and Medicine. B y A. H. II assall, M. D. Crown 8yo . With 225 woodcuts. Price 11s. 6d. Cloth. London:. L ongmans
Co.
27. The Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain, systematically investigated, with an
Introductory View of its Comparative State in Foi'cign Countries. B y A ndrew
26.

U re , M. D., F. R. S. New edition. Revised by P. L. S immons.
illustrations. Yol. 1. Post 8vo. Cloth. 5s. B ohn, London.

With 150

Egypt, the Soudan and Central Africa ; with Explorations from K hartoum on the
White Nile at the regions of the Equator; being Sketchesfrom Sixteen Years Travel.

28.

B y J ohn P etherick., F. R. G. S., Her Britannic Majesty’s Consul for the Soudan.
8vo. London: W illiam B lackwood & Sons.

The past andpresent Life of the Globe; being a Sketch in Outline of the Worlds
Life System. B y D avid P age, F. G. S., author of Text-Books of Geology. In

29.

crown 8vo.
30. The
A rr

r-

With engravings.

London : W illiam B lackwood

&

S ons.

Regions in Central Africa. B. R. F.
h map and illustrations.

B urton, Captain H. M. Indian
2 vols. 8vo. 31s. 6d. London: L ong-

he World. An Illustrated Record of Voyages, Travels and Advenparts of the Globe. Edited by W. F. A insworth , F. R. G. S. Office :
j

.-street, London.

Price 7s. 6d.

,e Progress of Nations; or, the Principles of National Development in their
elation to Statesmanship; a Study in Analytical History. 8vo. 18s. London:
L ongmans

Co.

The French Treaty and Tariff of 1860. With an Historical Sketch of the past
Commercial Legislation of France. Edited b y H. R eader L ack, Esq., Secretary

33.

to the British Commissioners for Negotiating the French Treaty.
Besides the value accruing to this volume from its official authentication, and from
the complete Tariff in French and English, it contains the only existing list of arti­
cles not included in the treaty, all the explanatory notes published by the French
government, Statistical Tables of the Commerce between England and France, and
an Historical Introduction; the accuracy of all these documents being guaranteed
b y the highest sanction. Crown 8vo. Cloth boards. 5s. Cassell, P etter & G alpin
London.

Manual of Modern Geography; Mathematical, Physical and Political. On a new
plan, embracing a complete development of the River Systems of the Globe. By the

34.

Rev. A lexander M ackay , F. R. G. S.
London: W illiam B lackwood & S ons.

In foolscap 8vo. pp. 712.

85. Copenhagen, Jutland and the Danish Isles. B y H orace M aryatt .
trations. 2 vols. 8vo. 24s. J ohn M urray , London.




Price 7s.
With illus­