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76th Congress, 1st Session - House Document N o. 377 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Frances Perkins, Secretary B U R E A U OF L A B O R ST A TIS TIC S Isador Lubin, Commissioner M an u al on In dustrial-Injury Statistics Prepared by MAX D. KOSSORIS Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin ?<[o. 667 U N IT E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE W A S H IN G T O N : 1940 CONTENTS Page L etter of transmittal_______________________________________________ P reface _______________________________________________________________ C hapter 1.—Purpose of the manual____________________________________ C hapter 2.—-Administrative statistics__________________________________ Volume of cases handled_____________________________ Disposition of cases__________________________________ Compensation awards and agreements________________ Controverted cases___________________________________ Time lag—-reporting and first payment________________ Time intervals in controverted cases__________________ Lump-sum settlements_______________________________ Comparative geographical records____________________ Medical costs________________________________________ Legal costs___________________________________________ C hapter 3.—-Compensation statistics___________________________________ Closed cases, by extent of disability__________________ Location of injury and extent of disability____________ Nature of injury and extent of disability______________ Nature and location of injury_________________________ Weekly wages and sex of injured_____________________ Weekly wages and compensation paid_________________ Age, sex, and extent of disability_____________________ Industrial injuries to minors: Need for factual data____________________________ Need of comparison between sexes and with older age groups_____________________________________ Suggested age groupings_________________________ Recommended tabulations_______________________ C hapter 4.—-Accident statistics________________________________________ Agency and extent of disability_______________________ Agency, agency part, and extent of disability_________ Accident type and extent of disability________________ Industry and accident type___________________________ Agency and accident type____________________________ Unsafe act and extent of disability____________________ Unsafe act and industry_____________________________ Unsafe mechanical or physical condition and extent of disability__________________________________________ Agency and unsafe mechanical or physical condition _ _ Unsafe mechanical or physical condition and industry. Unsafe act and type of accident_______________________ Type of accident and unsafe mechanical or physical con dition______________________________________________ Unsafe acts and unsafe personalfactors________________ C hapter 5.— Extent of disability_______________________________________ in v v ii 1 5 5 8 9 10 12 15 16 17 17 24 27 28 31 34 37 38 39 42 43 44 45 45 49 50 52 54 56 57 58 59 61 61 63 63 65 65 67 IV CONTENTS Page C hapter 6.-—Report forms____________________________________________________ Report of industrial injury________________________________ Need for adequate injury reports___________________ Details of report form________________________________ Obtaining complete information_____________________ Final report and settlement receipt______________________ C hapter 7.— Classifications and codes— 'general_____________________________ Administrative_____________________________________________ Report lag_____________________________________________ Payment lag__________________________________________ Compensation: Extent of disability___________________________________ Nature of injury______________________________________ Location of injury____________________________________ Dependency___________________________________________ Conjugal condition and sex__________________________ Time employed in occupation in which injured in employer’s establishment__________________________ Miscellaneous codes_______________________________________ C hapter 8.— Industry and occupation.classifications_______________________ Industry classification_____________________________________ Classification by industry divisions_________________ Classification by major industry groups____________ Detailed industry classification______________________ Code for occupation of injured workers__________________ Classification of occupations_________________________ C hapter 9.— Accident cause factor classification and codes________________ Purpose of classification___________________________________ Definition of accident_____________________________________ The accident and its causal factors______________________ Definitions of accident factors____________________________ Examples illustrating accident cause analysis___________ Agency and agency part: Rules for selection____________________________________ Classification by major groups______________________ Classification by major and secondary groups_____ Detailed classification: Machines: By type--------------------------------------------------------Alphabetical list____________________________ Pumps and prime movers_______________________ Elevators_________________________________________ Hoisting apparatus______________________________ Conveyors________________________________________ Boilers and pressure vessels____________________ Vehicles__________________________________________ Animals__________________________________________ Mechanical power transmission apparatus____ Electric apparatus_______________________________ Hand tools_______________________________________ Chemicals________________________________________ Highly inflammable and hot substances_______ Dusts_____________________________________________ 72 72 72 75 80 81 84 84 84 85 86 87 88 90 90 91 91 92 92 94 94 97 128 129 135 137 137 137 138 138 140 141 141 143 156 164 164 165 165 166 166 167 167 167 169 170 172 172 CONTENTS V Page C hapter 9.— Accident cause factor classification and codes— Continued. Agency and agency part— Continued. Detailed classification— Continued. Radiations and radiating substances___________ Working surfaces, n. e. c________________________ Miscellaneous agencies__________________________ Agency unclassified— insufficient data_________ The unsafe mechanical or physical condition: Rules for selection____________________________________ Classification by major groups______________________ Detailed classification________________________________ Accident type: Rule for selection_____________________________________ Classification_________________________________________ The unsafe act: Rules for selection____________________________________ Classification by major groups______________________ Detailed classification________________________________ Unsafe personal factor: Rule for selection_____________________________________ Classification by major groups______________________ Detailed classification________________________________ C hapter 10.— frequency and severity rates and disability distribution__ Frequency and severity rates___________________________ Disability distribution___________________________________ A ppen d ix A.— Tabulating card_______________________________________________ A ppend ix B.— Employer-record card_________________________________________ A p pen d ix C.— Accident-cause statistics and accident prevention in Penn sylvania_____________________________________________________ 172 172 173 174 175 175 175 176 176 177 177 177 179 179 179 181 181 188 191 197 199 Letter o f Transmittal U n it e d S t a t e s D epartm ent B ureau of of L abor, L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , W a sh in g to n , D . C ., N o v em b er 1 5 , 1 9 3 9 . The S e c r e t a r y of L a b o r : I have the honor to transmit herewith a Manual on IndustrialInjury Statistics, prepared by Max D. Kossoris of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. I sa d o r L u b i n , C o m m issio n e r . Hon. F r a n c e s P e r k in s , S ecreta ry o j L a bor. V II PREFACE Administrators of workmen’s compensation acts are well aware of the multitude of problems which they must continually face in carry ing out their duties. The proceedings of their meetings and their dis cussions clearly indicate the great variety of vexing questions that confront them. Increasing recognition is being given to the fact that adequate statistics, based largely on the reports required for the administration of workmen’s compensation acts, can be of great as sistance by pointing the way for informed action. The primary purpose of this Manual is to make available to ad ministrators and their statistical staffs simple and practical methods of statistical procedure. It goes without saying that these procedures can be effective only in the hands of trained personnel provided with adequate facilities. Compensation laws, even at best, do not fully compensate injured workers or their dependents for wages lost, to say nothing of loss of life and limb. By far the largest number of injuries can be prevented if the causes of accidents are known. Efficient accident prevention can be promoted by administrators of workmen’s compensation laws by prescribing types of reports to be submitted in cases of industrial injuries which can be used in analyzing accident causes. Useful forms into which accident-cause statistics can be cast are suggested in this Manual. The appendix contains a description of how the data have been developed specifically for the use of factory inspectors in one State. Those familiar with developments in the field of accident reporting will appreciate the contribution of the American Standards Associa tion, especially through its Sectional Committee on the Standardiza tion of Methods of Recording and Compiling Accident Statistics, under the chairmanship of Dr. Leonard W. Hatch; its Subcommittee on Definitions and Rates, for which Dr. Hatch likewise served as chair man; and the Subcommittee on Cause Classification, under the chair manship of Mr. H. W. Heinrich. Without the notable reports of these two subcommittees an important section of the present Manual could not have been written. In the development of the Manual, assistance was received from an advisory committee consisting of Dr. Leonard W. Hatch, former member of The Industrial Board, New York Department of Labor; IX X PREFACE Mr. H. W. Heinrich, Assistant Superintendent, Engineering and In spection Division, The Travelers Insurance Company; Dr. E. B. Patton, Director, Division of Statistics and Information, New York Department of Labor; Mr. A. Z. Skelding, Actuary, National Council on Compensation Insurance; Professor S. B. Sweeney, Director, In stitute of Local and State Government, University of Pennsylvania, and formerly Director, Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation, Penn sylvania Department of Labor and Industry. The members of the committee functioned as individuals and not as representatives of the organizations with which they were connected. They are not to be held responsible for the points of view expressed in this Manual on which indeed there was some difference of emphasis or opinion. On one thing, however, they were all and always in agreement— that in the field of workmen’s compensation and accident prevention, statistics could and should be useful tools towards practical ends. Acknowledgment is also made of the valuable assistance of the late Dr. A. D. Lazenby, Chief Surgeon of the Maryland Casualty Com pany, in the preparation of the data bearing on medical costs, and of Miss Miriam Noll of the Children’s Bureau of the United States Department of Labor, in the shaping of the material dealing with injuries to minors. Mr. S. W. Wilcox, Chief Statistician of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, supervised the preparation of the manu script. I sad o r L u b i n , C o m m is sio n e r o j L a b o r S ta tistics. N ovem ber 1939. Bulletin 7\[o. 667 o f the U nited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics M anual on Industrial-Injury Statistics Chapter 1.— Purpose of the Manual The number of workers killed at their jobs during 1937 was more than 4 times the number of soldiers killed during the entire Revolu tionary War. In addition to the 17,800 fatalities during 1937, 112,000 workers were permanently maimed and about 1,500,000 more tem porarily disabled. The wage loss, medical expense, and insurance costs for the year have been estimated at about $660,000,000.1 The incidental cost of these accidents— counted in terms of spoiled mate rials, damage to equipment, production loss, time lost by fellow work ers, cost of training new workers to replace those injured, etc.— is estimated at about $1,600,000,000.2 The total cost of occupational accidents for this single year, by no means a high spot in industrial employment, may therefore be placed at over $2,000,000,000. This cost of human life, limb, health, and money was as unwar ranted as it was staggering. Competent safety engineers are con vinced that more than half of all industrial accidents are practically preventable, and any number of instances can be cited where intelli gent safety work has effectively decreased accidents and injuries in industrial establishments. The experience of a select group of iron and steel establishments from 1913 through 1936 may be cited as one example. In 1913, for every million employee-hours worked, 60 workers were either killed, crippled, or temporarily disabled. By 1935, persistent and intelligent safety work had reduced this ratio to about 6 such injuries per million hours worked. In other words, over this sp a n o f y e a r s , the fr e q u e n c y o f disabling in ju r ies w as reduced a p p ro x im a tely 9 0 p e r ce n t . For every 10 disabling injuries in 1913, only 1 occurred in 1935. (See chart, p. 2.) In the petroleum-refining industry, the frequency rate of disabling industrial injuries was cut to less than half the 1929 rate during the comparatively brief period of 6 years. In 1930, the rate was 31.36. By 1935 it was 10.46— a decrease of nearly 67 percent. There is no 1 Based on the National Safety Council estimate of the following losses: Wages, $510,000,000; medical expense, $40,000,000; and overhead cost of insurance, $110,000,000. 2 Four times the estimated cost of $400,000,000 for compensation payments, insurance overhead, and medi cal services. 1 2 M A N U A L ON IN D U S T R IA L -IN J U R Y STATISTICS question that careful, continuous, and comprehensive safety work had much to do with this result.3 The shore establishments of the U. S. Navy, which engage in a large variety of industrial activities, had a frequency rate of industrial injuries of 20.32 in 1926. By 1932, this rate had been reduced to FREQUENCY RATES FOR DISABLING INJURIES IN A SELECT GROUP OF IRON AND STEEL ESTAB LISHM EN TS frequency RATES BY CAUSES OF INJURIES freq uency RATES 10.50, and by 1935 to 5.17. During this period safety work had de creased the frequency rate by nearly 75 percent. For every 4 disabling injuries per million employee-hours in 1926, only 1 occurred during 1935.3 Similar figures could be cited for cement manufacturing, the public utilities, automobile manufacturing, and a large number of other industries. Of the membership of the National Safety Council, several thousand firms reduced their disabling injuries by about 55 percent between 1927 and 1936. The Council has estimated that 3 Monthly Labor Review, March 1938, pp. 579-594: Industrial Injuries and the Business Cycle. PURPOSE OF T H E MANUAL 3 safety work has been largely responsible for the saving of 270,000 lives during the period 1913 to 1936. That accidents can be prevented therefore appears to be beyond dispute. The problem of prevention ties in closely with the administration of workmen’s compensation. Broadly speaking, the basic philosophy of workmen’s compensation embodies: (1) Care for the injured worker during his disability, including both medical services and compensation benefits; (2) the utmost restoration of the injured worker’s vocational ability; and (3) the prevention of occupational injuries. In some States workmen’s compensation agencies not only admin ister the workmen’s compensation law, but also formulate safety rules and enforce them. In most of the States, however, safety work is carried on as a separate activity, and often by a separate agency within the State department of labor. But no matter what their organizational structure may be, the agencies administering the workmen’s compensation laws are in a position to contribute greatly toward the elimination of industrial injuries to workers. They have the authority to require the reporting of the causes which set in motion the train of events which finally result in bodily injury, and conse quently are in a position to determine and analyze the accident-cause factors and to pass this information on to the department or agency concerned with accident prevention. Adequate information must precede intelligent action. Too often statistics have been attacked as “ bulky and ill-arranged tomes” serving no practical function. Also the charge cannot be overlooked that the compilers of such statistics often are ignorant of the real nature of the material and problems with which they have to deal, and that they are unable to select and classify facts and to show their significant characteristics in an intelligible and interesting manner. Whatever the justification of such charges may be, it must be admitted that one major difficulty is the lack of a statistical tech nique flexible enough to meet the limitations, whether budgetary or of personnel, of the workmen’s compensation administrations. The problem, to a considerable extent, involves the adoption of proper standards. Statistics in themselves, it will be generally conceded, make dry reading. Their primary function, however, is to furnish, not reading material, but facts which may be utilized for intelligent and informed action. For administrators of workmen’s compensation it is believed that statistical facts are desirable along three directions: (1) The vol ume of work handled, the speed with which it is handled, and the difficulties which cause delay; in short, facts concerning the efficiency of administration; (2) the practical functioning of the medical and benefit provisions of the law; i. e., how the law affects injured workers; (3) the incidence and causes of accidents. 4 M A N U A L ON IN D U S T R IA L -IN J U R Y STATISTICS The material in the Manual has been organized around these three focal points. In the chapters which follow, suggestions are given of the type of statistical tables to be developed, the codes to be utilized for this purpose, and the objectives for which the statistical material can be used.4 In the appendix specific illustrations are given of significant practices in some of the States. The techniques and codes suggested throughout the Manual are flexible enough to meet the limitations or the needs of the individual State administrations. The methods suggested can be carried through on several levels of statistical activity, each more detailed than the one preceding. The purpose of this device is to permit agencies with limited facilities to operate on the most generalized and least detailed level, while others, having the necessary staff and equipment, may wish to carry their work into greater detail. Even such groups, however, may not in all instances care to carry their work to the greatest detail indicated, either in the coding process or in the pres entation of their reports. Where possible, it is urged that the greatest amount of detail be coded so as to provide the data when wanted. A person familiar with the codes will find that coding in greater detail will not be much more of a task than limiting it to a more general level. 4 This Manual is a successor to Bulletin No. 276, Standardization of Industrial Accident Statistics, pub lished by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1920. Bulletin No. 276 was the outgrowth of 5 years of work by a committee of 13, having among its members such outstanding pioneers in the field of workmen’s com pensation as E. H. Downey, Leonard W. Hatch, and Carl Hookstadt. Although Bulletin No. 276 embod ied the most advanced and comprehensive thinking of the period, there has been so much progress since then as to make desirable the development of a publication which reflects present standards and thinking. In 1920, experience with workmen’s compensation in the States dated back scarcely a decade. During the 19 years which have elapsed since then, some of the conclusions and suggestions of the committee have proved to be as sound in 1939 as they were in 1920, while others have become impracticable because of subsequent developments. Chapter 2.— Administrative Statistics Managers of private business establishments are vitally interested in data concerning their volume of production, the efficiency with which this volume is produced, and the weak points in their opera tions which reduce efficiency and increase costs. Administrators of workmen’s compensation laws also want to know the volume of work handled by their administrations, the type of cases decided, the problems involved, the speed with which the work is handled, the quality of the work as reflected by decisions on appealed cases, and the weak spots which slow down efficient operation. The tables presented in this chapter have been built around this idea. Some of these tables are believed to be more important than others, and deserving of priority. They have therefore been labeled “ priority.” Others are intended to give information which, though valuable and desirable, is not so essential and in some States is too well known to require study. Tables in this second group do not carry the label “ priority.” Needless to say, the number of tables and the scope suggested are not exhaustive. Some agencies may find it desirable to go beyond them. Other administrations, particularly those with small case loads, may not feel the need for all of them. It is believed, however, that the tables marked “ priority” are desirable for every administration, regardless of size, while those not so marked provide a group from which the various administrations can choose as their needs dictate. Volum e o f Cases Handled Table 1 presents a simple bookkeeping device for indicating the volume of cases handled during a year or month, or any other period of time. If the cases pending at the beginning of the year and the number of cases received during the year are added, the total volume to be acted upon is obtained. By deducting the number of cases dis posed of during the year, the amount of unfinished business at the end of the year is determined. If more work is pending at the end than at the beginning of the year, then obviously the pace must be quickened. Table 2 presents the same table adjusted to the keeping of monthly data. 5 6 M A N U AL ON INDUSTKIAL-INJUKY STATISTICS T able 1.— Volum e o f cases handled 1 From Disposition of compensation cases --------- to - , Priority 19 Pending at Received Total (cols. Disposed atPending of beginning during 1 and 2) of during yearend (col. 3 year of year year — col. 4) 4 3 1 % 5 Cases handled: (а ) Without adjudication 2___ _____ (б ) Through adjudication— By referees or arbitrators 3____ By commissioners_____________ By courts________ ______ . 1 The data can be compiled by months or any other period of time, but the dates shown should be included in the period. 2 If such cases are verified as to adequacy of payment, this fact should be stated in a footnote. 3 Or examiners, if performing the same function. Item to be omitted if cases are heard directly by com missioners. N o t e . —Do not total columns vertically, as the same case may be handled by each of the groups shown under (b). T a b l e 2 .— Volum e of cases handled F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— CASES WITHOUT ADJUDICATION Compensation cases Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year At beginning_____ Received_________ T o ta l.__ _ Disposed of_ __ Pending_________ CASES ADJUDICATED BY REFEREES i At beginning_____ Received_____ __ Total _ _ __ Disposed of ____ Pending ________ CASES ADJUDICATED BY COMMISSIONERS At beginning_____ Received___ __ _ Total- _____ Disposed o f _____ P ending__ _____ CASES ADJUDICATED BY COURTS At beginning.____ Received. _ __ __ Total _____ Disposed of ____ Pending ____ ____ i Or arbitrators or examiners, depending on the terminology of the particular State. Where cases are heard directly by commissioners, this part of the table is to be omitted. AD M IN ISTRATIV E STATISTICS 7 The methods of claim settlement found in the various jurisdictions present a considerable variety in processing the reports of industrial injuries. These methods, briefly, may be summarized as follows: (1) Agreement system: This method requires the filing of an agree ment for every compensable injury which does not require a decision by the administrative agency to settle a controversy. Agreements so filed, however, may or may not be examined for the adequacy of the terms agreed to, so as to safeguard the rights of injured workers or their dependents. Agreement cases should be shown as handled “ without adjudication.” If the agreements are scrutinized by the compensation administration, this fact should be indicated in a footnote (for instance, this footnote might read: “ Every agreement submitted has been checked by the board for accuracy” ), and the cases should be included in column 4 as “ disposed of during year.” (2) Direct settlement system: Under this system cases involving no controversy may or may not be examined for adequacy of payment. In some jurisdictions, final-settlement receipts which show the basis of settlement are required to be filed with the administrative agency. In other jurisdictions no such reports are required. But even where such reports are filed, they may or may not be verified. Where veri fication does occur, it should be so noted in a footnote, because this involves additional work which should be recorded. The footnote applies to cases “ handled without adjudication” and should be related to column 4, “ cases disposed of during year.” (3) Hearing system: Only one jurisdiction uses the system under which a hearing is provided automatically for every compensable injury of more than a minor character. In this instance, the phrase “ without adjudication” could be changed to “ hearings not appealed from,” and the phrase “ through adjudication” to “ appeals from referee decisions.” (4) Court administration: Under court administration, as a rule, no accessible records exist of the majority of cases settled outside of court. Where records of claim agreements are filed with courts for approval, they are usually rubber stamped by the clerk who examines them for the signature of the proper parties. Jurisdictions operating under court administration may find it more difficult to compile accu rate, adequate statistics, which can be put to practical use.1 A d ju d ic a ted cases may involve hearings before referees, examiners, or arbitrators, and decisions by these officials in turn may be subject to review by commissioners. In many jurisdictions, particularly those with small case loads, there are no referees or examiners, the commis sioners hearing cases directly. In such instances, the phrase “ by referees or arbitrators,” or its equivalent, is to be omitted. i Attention is called to the fact that there is a growing advocacy of the keeping of administrative statistics by courts. 159726°— 40------2 8 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S In the United States jurisdictions, decisions by commissioners (or in the case of the U. S. Employees’ Compensation Commission, by referees) are subject to court review. Table 1 provides for keeping account of the work of the courts, a relatively simple process because the admin istrative agency is always one of the parties involved in the suits before the courts as one of the contesting parties. Disposition o f Cases Table 3 carries the analysis of the volume of work completed during the year one step farther, and shows how the work was disposed of. For the cases which were compensated, the number of cases and the amounts of compensation paid, agreed to, or awarded are to be shown. For the cases not compensated, a break-down is furnished to indicate that these cases received no compensation either because the period of disability did not exceed the waiting period, or for some other reason. For jurisdictions which require the reporting of all disabling injuries, whether compensable or not, and there are a con siderable number of such jurisdictions, it is important to know the volume of noncompensable cases reported. Even if nothing further is done with the reports than to scrutinize them to make sure that on the basis of the information submitted they represent in fact non compensable injuries, they do represent a heavy volume of work which should be recognized. Further, they are important in case the question of shortening the waiting period arises. And finally, they are very important in reflecting a fuller measure of the occurrence of disabling injuries, regardless of the legal waiting period. In the examination of accident causes, these noncompensable cases offer the possibility of a clearer and more comprehensive conception of the hazards involved. In the final analysis, it is often a mere matter of chance that an accident results in a minor rather than a major injury. A falling box may just as easily fracture a skull as bruise a hand, and the one or the other may be a matter of only seconds or inches. The hazard, however, is the same. By far the largest number of cases, aside from those not com pensated, are usually disposed of without any formal hearing. It is important, however, to indicate just what is included in the term “ disposed o f” in this connection. In one jurisdiction, a case may be considered disposed of if an agreement has been reached by the parties concerned as to the amount of compensation involved. In other jurisdictions, a case is not considered disposed of until a final receipt has been filed. ADMINISTRATIVE STATISTICS T able 3. — D isposition o f cases 9 Priority F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Cases compen sated Disposition of compensation cases Cases not compensated 1— Total, all Because not ex For other Total not cases Num Amount of com ceeding compen ber pensation waiting reasons 2 sated period Cases disposed of: (а ) Without adjudication 3________ (б ) Through adjudication— By referees or arbitrators. ___ By commissioners 4_______ _ By courts________ ____ _____ By decision of commission or board— Upheld_______________________ Modified __ ___ __ _ ___ Reversed___ _ ______ ____ 1 M eans no compensation paym ent even though medical aid m ay have been furnished. 2 Subject to further elaboration; m ay be subdivided. 3 Specify that closed cases have been verified, if that is the case. 4 Or members of board or commission handling appeals. N ote .—D o not total columns vertically, as the same case m ay be handled by each of the groups shown under (6). It is, therefore, essential that the basis on which cases are considered “ closed” be definitely specified in a footnote to the table. For instance, the footnote for Pennsylvania, an agreement State, could indicate: “ Table based on agreements approved by the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation” ; or, in the case of Illinois, a direct settle ment State: “ Table based on cases in which payments were verified as correct by the Industrial Commission.” In that part of the table dealing with court decisions, provision is made for indicating whether such decisions upheld, modified, or reversed the decision of the administrative agency. Compensation Awards and Agreements Another measure of the volume of work disposed of is furnished in table 4, which shows by extent of disability the number of cases, and the costs of benefits and services. The definitions of the five clas sifications of extent of disability are given in chapter 5. The item of temporary partial disability may be omitted where not applicable. The distinction between compensation awards and compensation agreements or settlements is quite obvious— the former indicates a hearing and decision on the part of some officer of the administration and applies only to contested cases, while the latter indicates that there was no such hearing. Whether the term “ agreement” is used or “ direct settlement” depends, of course, on the practice prescribed by the law or by the administration. 10 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS T able Priority 4 .— Com pensation awards and settlements F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Extent of disability Death: No dependents ____ _ With dependents_____ _ Permanent total__ ___ ___ Permanent partial____ . Temporary total __ _______ Temporary partial—- _____ Total-- __ -------------- Number of Compen cases sation $ Medical $ Burial $ Other $ Total $ Com pensation agreements or direct settlements 1 F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Extent of disability Death: No dependents __ ______ With dependents_______ Permanent total____ ___ _ _ Permanent partial.__ ___ _ Temporary total— ____- — Temporary partial- _ _ Total,— -------_ Number of Compen cases sation $ Medical $ Burial $ Other $ Total $ i Specify which, and omit the inapplicable. —All dates shown for the period covered are to be included in the period. This rule should be observed in all tables giving dates. N ote . No detail is shown for the number of dependents in death cases, but this may easily be added if desired. As in the case of table 1, this table may be compiled either on an annual or monthly basis. Controverted Cases An analysis of controverted cases should serve at least three pur poses: (1) To show the frequency with which certain types of issues are raised, so that the number of controversies may be curtailed by adequate provisions in the compensation law itself or by the formula tion of specific rules by the administrative agency; (2) to indicate who initiates the controversies before the administration; and (3) to give the outcome of these controversies. It is not unusual for a case to involve more than one issue. In such instances it is suggested that the case be classified on the basis of the major issue involved. The detail suggested is given in table 5. Priority T able 5 .— Issues in controverted cases F r o m ----------- t o ------------ , 19— Action started by— Issues controverted Injured or Self-insured Insurance dependents employer company Outcome of controversy Decision for— Case compromised Case dropped by— Injured or Employer or Without After hear Injured or Self-insured Insurance dependents employer company hearing ing dependents insurance company N ote .—Where more than one issue was controverted, tabulate the case according to the major issue. If, for instance, the issues raised were coverage by the act and average weekly wage, the major issue is coverage by the act. If that issue is decided against the employee, the average weekly wage is not material. ADMINISTRATIVE STATISTICS Coverage by act______ ______________ . Industry... . ____ ... ________ ______ Occupation ... . . . ____ _______ Establishment size._____________________ Disease______ _________ _________ __ _ Causal relation. ... _ ... _____ _______ _ Extraterritoriality______ ______ _ ... .. Interstate or intrastate commerce._____ _ . Admiralty________ ______ ________ Others. _____ ... ________ _____ Notice of injury___ _ _ __________... _ Illegal employment.. _ ______ _____ _ Average weekly wage___ _ Extent of disability _. _____ __ ______ Need for medical treatment. _ _____ Need for artificial members, teeth, etc__.. Extent of disability_____________________ Termination of disability. _ _ ____ Dependency______ _ _ ________ Statute of limitation. ... _ _ . . . . . . . Others. _ _. ___________________ _____ 12 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Where the board or commission sets attorney’s fees, it may be desirable to add three additional columns: (1) Amount of compensa tion awarded; (2) amounts of attorney’s fees, and other hearing costs; and (3) net amount remaining for worker. The question of attorney’s fees is important and deserving of special attention and study, for ultimately these fees come out of the compensation paid to injured workers. Some additional suggestions concerning attorney’s costs are given subsequently. Tim e Lag— Reporting and First Payment It is important for the administrative body to know how promptly disabling injuries are reported to it. There are several reasons for this: (1) It enables the administration to bring about compliance with the legal reporting requirements; (2) it enables the administration to establish contact with the injured worker soon after the injury and to advise him of his rights; and (3) the administration may make clear to him soon after the injury that in the absence of controversy there is no need to engage an attorney, and that he can save himself the cost of attorney’s fees by writing for advice directly to the ad ministration. Table 6 was developed to show the promptness with which insurance carriers or employers report industrial injuries to the administration. The report lag is the time interval between the date of the onset of disability and the date on which the report was filed with the administration. This latter date is generally stamped on the report when it reaches the office and consequently is readily available. Needless to say, there can be added to the list of insur ance carriers a list of self-insured employers, and, if desirable, the insurance carriers can be grouped as stock or mutual concerns. This type of table, particularly if sent to the home office of insur ance carriers, has proved very effective in stimulating prompt report ing. It will be noted, however, that this table is not labeled “ pri ority,” indicating that, although desirable, it is not considered essential. Table 7 shows for first benefit payments the same information as does table 6 for reports. The time lag of payments is important, for promptness of benefit payments is an essential of workmen’s compen sation, and consequently an item which competent compensation ad mins trators watch carefully. The reason this table is not marked “ priority” is because not all jurisdictions can compile it, owing to the fact that a considerable number do not require the filing of first receipts or any other information as to the first payment. Agencies which have the data are urged to compile this table. T a b l e 6.— Time lag in reporting inju ries to workm en’ s com pensation board F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Number of reports filed within periods shown after onset of disability 1 Percentage of reports filed within periods shown after onset of disability1 Insurance carrier XInsurance C o __ . ___ ___ . AO 100 m m 150 60 Total 800 Less 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks than 7 less than less than less than less than and 2 6 over 3 4 days 5.0 12. A 1 1 The time periods may require adjusting to the provisions of workmen’s compensation act in the particular jurisdiction. 25.0 31.8 18.8 7.5 Total 100.0 ADMINISTRATIVE STATISTICS T otal____ _ Less 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks than 7 less than less than less than less than and 4 6 over days 2 3 CO T able 7.— Time lag in making first com pensation paym ent From----------- to------------ , 19— Number of first payments made within periods shown after onset of disability 1 Y Insurance Co __________ 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks Less than 2 weeks, less less less and less 2 weeks than 3 than 4 than 6 than 8 over n 75 125 175 150 50 Total 600 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks Less than 2 weeks, less less less less and 2 weeks than 3 than 4 than 6 than 8 over 12 12.5 Total. ____ . . _____ 1 The time periods may require adjusting to the provisions of the workmen’s compensation act in the particular jurisdiction. 20.8 29.2 25.0 8.S Total 100.0 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Insurance carrier Percentage of first payments made within periods shown after onset of disability 1 ADMINISTRATIVE STATISTICS 15 Tim e Intervals in Controverted Cases Two of the basic principles of workmen’s compensation are (1) prompt medical attention and (2) prompt payment of compensation benefits. In most compensation cases no dispute arises as to either of these two services, and such cases can be disposed of by routine handling. But where an employer denies all liability, or denies that the medical services or compensation benefits in the amount claimed by an injured employee are justified, the speed with which these controverted issues are decided forms an important criterion of the efficiency of workmen’s compensation administration. The agency administering workmen’s compensation wants to know at what points its machinery fails to function so as to insure speedy rulings in controverted cases. Table 8 gives the structure of a statisti cal compilation showing at what points delays occur— whether between the date of disability and filing of a claim, in which instance the delay may not be the fault of the administrative agency; whether between the filing of the claim and the first hearing; whether between the date of this hearing and the date of the decision; whether between the date of appeal and the decision of the reviewing board or commis sion, etc. Some delay, of course, must always occur. The question therefore becomes one of how m uch delay there is, and at what p o in ts of administration it occurs. By distributing the delay in terms of time periods, it is possible to obtain quickly a picture of the situation. If desirable, and in most instances it will be, there may be substituted for the general classifications of referees and commissioners the names of the individual officials concerned. Once the points at which undue delays occur have been determined, it should not be difficult to deter mine the reasons for these delays and to take measures toward reducing them. T a b l e 8 .— Time intervals in controverted cases F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Time elapsed between date of— 2 1 2 3 4 6 Less weeks, months, months, months, months, Over 1 than 2 less month, less less less less less weeks than 1 than 2 than 3 than 4 than 6 than 12 year month Disability and filing of claim_______ Filing claim and first hearing. _ _ ... First hearing and making of award __ Appeal from award and hearing in review ____ _______ _______ Hearing in review and award ... Appeal to court and trial. __ Court trial and court decision______ N o t e — Table can be expanded to include appeal to and decision by appeal bodies or courts. Depend ing on methods of insurance allowed, data can be tabulated by insurance carriers, self-insured, and State funds. 16 M AN U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS The table is not suggested for priority because agencies with small numbers of controverted cases may be so well aware of what causes undue delays that no such tabulation is necessary, except, perhaps, to demonstrate efficient handling or the short-handedness of the admin istration. Even such administrations, however, may find it desirable to use this tabulation as a periodic check on their own performances. Lump-Sum Settlements During the last two decades there has been considerable discussion pro and con as to the desirability of granting lump-sum settlements. Recent studies have indicated the desirability of approving few such settlements, and then under conditions that will guard against squandering or unwise investment.2 In any case, the agency ad ministering workmen’s compensation may be interested in an analysis of the reasons for which lump-sum settlements have been approved. In some States, as in Illinois, the analysis of lump-sum settlements is highly important in safeguarding the rights of injured workers, be cause the law provides that such settlements bar any future reopening of these claims. Table 9 suggests a convenient form for statistical data bearing on this point. It provides not only for a tally of the number of applica tions made and the number approved and denied, but also the reasons for which these applications are made. The table, although not marked for priority, is of great significance and is strongly recom mended. T able 9.—L u m p - s u m From s e ttle m e n ts --------- t o ----------, Reason for settlement given in application Compensation accrued_____________ _ _ To pay debts. _ __ ____ ___________ To go into business_______ ____ _ To buy hom e________________ _ _ To take care of family’s needs. ________ For rehabilitation. _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ As compromise settlement, etc____ _ _ _ Others ___ ________________________ Total....................................................... 19 Applications Number Amount $ — Approved Number Amount Number denied $ N ote.—If a settlement is approved for more than one reason, classify according to major reason, i. e., the one for which the largest part of the sum is allocated. 2 For instance, see Vocational Rehabilitation and Workmen’s Compensation, by Carl Norcross of the Rehabilitation Division, New York State Education Department, New York, 1936. An abstract of this publication appears in the Monthly Labor Review for December 1936 (pp. 1364-1369), under the title “Lump-Sum Settlements in Workmen’s Compensation in New York.” ADMINISTRATIVE STATISTICS 17 Comparative Geographical Records The discussion on administrative statistics would not be complete without some attention to the problems of geographical performances and comparative costs which are encountered in some jurisdictions. In New York State, for instance, the administration of the workmen’s compensation law is decentralized, with a regional office serving each of five districts. Administratively, it is important to know how the work progresses in each of these areas; whether, for instance, the New York office operates at a slower tempo than the Albany office, etc. To provide such comparisons, it is necessary to compile tables for each district in addition to those for the State as a whole. As for the relative cost of operation, the total cost of operating each office can be compared easily with the case load handled, thus providing an average cost per case for each district. Medical Costs It is recognized that medical-cost data (including cost of hospitali zation, drugs, etc.) have a bearing on compensable-injury costs gen erally, and that such data should provide the key to administrative action regarding adequacy and quality of medical benefits. Medicalcost data have additional significance because of the light they can throw on debated questions concerning the freedom of choice of physicians by the injured worker. Is medical cost higher when the injured worker chooses his own physician than when the carrier selects and furnishes the physician? Is the period of recovery shorter when he is treated by the physician of the insurance carrier or of the em ployer rather than by the physician of his choice? Still another question is: Are medical costs rising faster than compensation benefits, and if so, why? The answers to these and similar questions are by no means simple. They are complicated by differences due in some instances to the qualifications which different industries require of injured workers before reemploying them at their regular occupations. A man with a healed arm fracture may be able to go back to work much sooner in an industry requiring little physical strain than in one requiring heavy muscular exertion. The seasons and general climatic differ ences exert similar influences. A doctor may not hesitate to pronounce a worker with a healed leg fracture fit to return to work when there is no danger of falling on ice, but he may well hesitate to do so in February, when that danger exists. Similarly, there would be little danger in returning such a man to work in Florida during March, while it might be more desirable in Maine to wait several weeks longer 18 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS so as to remove the danger of slipping on ice and breaking the leg again. Nevertheless, it is possible to provide statistical data which can throw considerable light on the problems of medical costs. Tables 10 to 13 are suggested as means toward this end. Table 10 provides for major types of injuries classified according to the part of the body affected and for an analysis of average cost per case, both medi cal and compensation, as well as the average healing period.3 It may show, for instance, that for a given year the average medical cost for arm fractures, not complicated by infection, was $155; that the average compensation cost was $500; and that the average healing period was 12 weeks. If the law limits medical costs to a maximum of $100, then clearly it falls short of meeting this situation. If in a given case the healing period is stated as 3 weeks and the medical fee as $20, whereas the compensation ran to $500, then on the face of it the medical service appears to have been inadequate, and the case may require a thorough examination. On the other hand, if the amount of compensation is $500, and the healing period is shown to have been 20 weeks and the medical cost $250, then on the face of it the medical treatment appears to have been excessively pro longed. A detailed check may prove this to be so, or may reveal a severe, slowly healing compound fracture. But, in any case, the data provide a yardstick by which to measure costs in individual cases. It would be a simple matter to provide for a ratio of medical to compensation costs. This ratio has been omitted deliberately because it serves no particular purpose in the analysis of the figures of any given year, and is likely to mislead if used for a comparison of costs over a series of years. If the time period, for instance, covers one or more depression years, then the ratio may reflect an increase in medi cal cost, whereas in fact there may have been no such increase at all, but a decrease in the average amount of compensation because of the lower wage of the injured workers. In fact, there may even have been a decrease in the average amount of medical cost, and the ratio may still show an increase if the average compensation cost de creased more sharply than the medical cost. It is therefore suggested that all comparisons be made in terms of the average costs themselves, rather than in the medical-compensation ratio. 3 Individual jurisdictions may wish to make some changes in the items enumerated. For instance, it may be found desirable to group together fractures with and without infections as “fractures,” and then to pro vide for “burns and scalds without infection” and “burns and scalds with infection.” 19 ADMINISTRATIVE STATISTICS T able 10. — Average com pensation and medical costs, by nature and location o f in ju ry 1 F rom ,----------- t o ------------ , 19— Nature and location of injury Am putation (surgical or traum atic)— W ithout infection: Eye (enucleation)_____________________________ A rm ___________________________________________ H and__________________________________________ Fingers________________________________________ Num ber of cases Average cost per case Compen M edical sation $ Average healing period (days) $ Toes______________________________________ With infection: Eye (enucleation)__________________________ Arm______________________________________ Hand_____________________________________ Fingers____________________________________ Leg-----------------------------------------------------------Foot______________________________________ Toes______________________________________ Burns and scalds__________________________________ Cuts, lacerations, punctures, abrasions— Without infection______________________________ With infection_________________________________ Strains,3 sprains, bruises— Shoulder______________________________________ Arm__________________________________________ Elbow________________________________________ Wrist_________________________________________ Hand_________________________________________ Fingers_______________________________________ Back_________________________________________ H ip__________________________________________ Knee_________________________________________ Leg----------------------------------- -----------------------------Ankle_________________________________________ Foot---------------------------------------------------------------Toes__________________________________________ Other_________________________________________ Fractures— Without infection: Skull______________________________________ Spine_____________________________________ Ribs, breastbone, shoulder blade, collarbone__ Arm, above elbow__________________________ Elbow____________________________________ Arm, below elbow__________________________ Wrist_____________________________________ Hand_____________________________________ Fingers (including thumb)__________________ Leg, above knee____________________________ Knee______________________________________ Leg, below knee____________________________ Ankle_____________________________________ Foot______________________________________ Toes_________ ____________________________ Other_____________________________________ With infection: Skull______________________________________ Spine_____________________________________ Ribs, breastbone, shoulder blade, collarbone__ Arm, above elbow__________________________ Elbow____________________________________ Arm, below elbow__________________________ Wrist_____________________________________ Hand_____________________________________ Fingers (including thumb)__________________ Leg, above knee____________________________ Knee______________________________________ Leg, below knee____________________________ Ankle_____________________________________ Foot______________________________________ Toes______________________________________ Other_____________________________________ Hernia___________________________________________ Industrial disease__________________________________ Nature of injury, n. e. c____________________________ 1 If this includes compensable cases for which the total am ount of com pensation due is known, this fact should be indicated in a footnote. 2 N ot including hernia. N ote .—If it is impossible or not feasible to distinguish between injuries w ith and without infection, the nature of injury classifications are to be shown sim ply as am putation, burns and scalds, cuts, etc. 20 M A N U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS The averages themselves, however, are open to objections. Obvi ously, there may be a considerable range between the figures included, and for any given nature of injury and part of body affected a hun dred instances of medical fees of $150 per case will outweigh 200 cases at $50 per case. Table 11 has been prepared to show the range of medical costs in terms of convenient dollar intervals, which jurisdic tions may vary to suit their needs. It may be found, for instance, that for a given nature of injury and part of body affected, a very heavy concentration occurs within a very narrow dollar range, say from $10 to $15. In such instances it may safely be concluded that any marked deviations from this cluster, such as a medical fee of $75, requires looking into. If, on the other hand, the clustering occurs in a wider range, say between $25 and $100, medical charges falling within that range probably would not require detailed check ing. A medical fee of $200, however, would require such checking. Table 11 should be used as a check on the significance of the average medical costs shown in table 10. T able 11.— D istribution o f medical costs by nature and location of in ju ry 1 From — ------ - t o ----------- , 19— . Total Distribution of cases by medical cost Aver Nature and location of injury age cost Less $10, $15, $20, $25, $50, $100, $150, $200 less less less less less less less and Cases Cost per case than than than than than than than $10 $15 than $20 $25 $50 $100 $150 $200 over Amputation (surgical or trau matic)— Without infection: Eye (enucleation) _ __ Arm__ ___ __ __ _ . Hand __ ___ __ __ Fingers ____________ Leg-------------------------Foot_________ T o e s._______ - ___ _ With infection: Eye (enucleation) _ Arm.- _ Hand _____ _ __ Fingers, __ _ Leg--------------------------Foot __ ________ Toes________________ Burns and scalds___ Cuts, lacerations, punctures, abrasions— Without infection___ _ With infection, _ _ Strains,2 sprains, bruises: Shoulder—. ____ _ ___ Arm___ _ ___ Elbow __ ___________ Wrist. _ _____________ Hand _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ Fingers _ ___ __ _ Back. __ ______ _ _ ___ Hip _ ________ _ _ _ _ K n e e .___ _________ _ Leg-------------------------------Ankle____ __ _ _ ___ Foot__________________ Toes.. _______ _ Other _ ___ ______ _ See footnotes at end of table. $ $ 21 ADMINISTRATIVE STATISTICS T a b l e 11.— D istribution o f medical costs by nature and location of in ju ry — Con. F r o m ----------- t o ------------ , 19— Total Distribution of cases by medical cost Aver Nature and location of injury age cost Less Cases Cost per case than $10 Fractures— Without infection: Skull________________ Spine _ ... Ribs, b r e a s t b o n e , shoulder blade, col larbone. __ _____ _ Arm, above elbow. _ Elbow_________ _____ Arm, below elbow _ Wrist_______ __ Hand ______________ Fingers (including thumb) ___________ Leg, above knee__ __ Knee____ _ _ _ Leg, below knee... _ Ankle____________ _ Foot. __ ____ ... _ Toes____ ____ _ _ Other. ___ . _ .. With infection: Skull________________ Spine _ Ribs, b r e a s t b o n e , shoulder blade, col larbone________ Arm, above elbow.. Elbow. ... _______ _ Arm, below elbow. Wrist_______ __ _ _ Hand.. ______ . Fingers (including thumb) .. . Leg, above knee Knee _ . . . Leg, below knee______ Ankle __ . . . Foot _ Toes_______ _ Other _ _ . ______ Hernia __ ______ ___ ___ Industrial disease __ __ _ Nature of injury, n. e. c _ ___ $ $10, $15, less less than than $15 $20 $20, $25, less less than than $25 $50 $50, $100, $150, $200 less less less and than than than over $100 $150 $200 $ 1 If this includes compensable cases for which the total amount of compensation due is known, this fact should be indicated in a footnote. 2N ot including hernia. N ote.—If it is impossible or not feasible to distinguish between injuries with or without infection, the nature of injury classifications is to be shown sim ply as amputation, burns and scalds, cuts, etc. Considerable differences may exist in the liberality of insurance carriers, whether private or State fund, in connection with medical costs. Some may follow the enlightened policy of being liberal with medical costs, because adequate medical care will minimize the cost of compensation and will create good will toward the employer. Others may feel that medical cost should be rigidly curtailed and held to a bare minimum. Table 12 is suggested for developing significant information bearing on this point. The insurance carriers (including State funds) and the self-insured can be listed on the left-hand margin, and the average cost of compensation and medical cost per case can be shown for each of the nine types of injury. Aside from summarizing to to T able 12.— Com pensation and medical costs, by nature o f in ju ry and individual insurance carriers F r o m -----------t o -------------, 19— Average cost per case, by nature of injury 1 Strains, 2 sprains, bruises Fractures without infection Fractures with infection Hernia Industrial disease Nature of injury, n. e. c. ComComComComComComComComComComCompen- Med pen- Med pen- Med pen- Med pen- Med pen- Med pen- Med pen- Med pen- Med pen- Med pen- Med sa- ical sa- ical sa- ical sa- ical sa- ical sa- ical sa- ical sa- ical sa- ical sa- ical sa- ical tion tion tion tion tion tion tion tion tion tion tion $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 If this includes compensable cases for which the total amount of compensation due is known, this fact should be indicated in a footnote. 2 N ot including hernia. N ote .—If it is impossible or not feasible to distinguish between injuries with and without infection, the nature of injury classifications are to be shown sim ply as amputation, burns and scalds, cuts, etc. M A N U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-IN JURY STATISTICS Insurance carrier Cuts, lac Cuts, lac Amputa Amputa erations, erations, tion (sur tion (sur gical or gical or Burns and punctures, punctures, abrasions abrasions traumatic) traumatic) scalds with without without with infection infection infection infection 23 AD M IN ISTK ATIVE STATISTICS the medical-cost experience of each carrier, the table permits a com parison by carriers. If the experience of any one of them appears to be significantly out of line, it may be advisable to make for that individual carrier a break-down according to tables 10 and 11, and then compare these tables with those for the entire group. If the clusters are significantly above or, what is more important, below the average for the group, a further examination into the actual medical practices of the carrier may be in order. The discussion thus far has dealt with both medical and compensa tion costs, and obviously was restricted to compensated or compen sable cases in which compensation payments either had been completed or, if uncompleted, had been definitely determined. But cases where the period of disability was not sufficiently long to be compensable also, as a rule, involve some medical expense. Table 13 is suggested for tire compilation of this information, as well as to permit compari son with the medical cost of compensated cases. The data are to be shown for each type of nature of injury. For such items as amputa tions and fractures, there will be, of course, very few cases under the noncompensable group. T able 13.— M edical costs o f compensated and uncom pensated cases, by nature of in ju ry F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Compensated cases 1 Nature of injury Amputation (surgical or traumatic)— Without infection_____ __ ______ With infection___ ____ _____ Burns and scalds._ ______ __ ______ Cuts, lacerations, punctures, abrasions— Without infection _ __________ With infection_________ ___________ Strains,2 sprains, bruises _ ________ Fractures— Without infection... _ ____ ____ With infection_______ ___ _______ Hernia___ _____________ ___ _____ Industrial disease----------- ---------------- _ Nature of injury, n. e. c------------- ----- Uncompensated cases Total Average Total Average medical Number medical medical Number medical cost per per cost cost cost case case $ $ $ $ 1 If this includes compensable cases for which the total amount of compensation due is known, this fact should be indicated in a footnote. 2 Not including hernia. N ote .—If it is impossible or not feasible to distinguish between injuries with and without infection, the nature of injury classifications are to be shown simply as amputation, burns and scalds, cuts, etc. Although the items shown under “ nature of injury” are described in detail in chapter 7, a few words are pertinent here as to the reasons for the selections and groupings suggested in tables 10 to 13. Where several types of injuries have been grouped, the injuries are similar. There is relatively little difference, for instance, between cuts,, abra159726°— 40------ 3 24 M A N U A L ON IN DU STRIAL-INJU RY STATISTICS sions, punctures, and lacerations. Similarly, from a medical view point, strains, sprains, and bruises fall essentially into similar cate gories. There are important differences, however, in the severity of the injury and the length of the healing period when injuries to body tissue are complicated by infection. In cases of amputation, the infection may follow the traumatic or surgical amputation, or it may be the cause for a surgical amputation. Fractures not com plicated by infection will, on the whole, involve shorter disability periods than fractures complicated by infections. The basic emphasis on the nature-of-injury items, therefore, has been the presence or absence of infection. The body locations shown under the nature-of-injury items have been selected because they occur with sufficient frequency to be shown. Body locations not shown are involved less frequently, but may be added, if desirable, by use of the location-of-injury code in chapter 7. Legal Costs In the discussions at the annual meetings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions the problem of legal fees and how to control them has been raised fre quently. In some States the administrators of workmen’s compen sation laws have set definite maximum amounts an attorney may collect— such as 10 percent of the award, but not to exceed a total of $100, in Wisconsin. In other States the commission or board has the authority to set the fees, but in some jurisdictions only at the request of the party engaging the attorney. And in still other States, the commissions have no authority to do anything about legal fees, even if they want to. But whatever the situation, many jurisdictions are concerned over the problem, partly because they want to be informed, partly because they want to know whether or not some degree of control over fees is necessary and how to determine what are proper fees in related or similar instances, and partly because they wish to recommend legislative changes. Unlike medical cost, legal fees come out of the pocket of the injured workers engaging the attorneys and therefore decrease the net amounts they obtain for their injuries. Tables 14 and 15 are suggested for the compilation of data which should be of considerable assistance concerning the problem of legal fees. Table 14 provides for each classification by extent of disability 25 ADMINISTRATIVE STATISTICS the total amount and the average amount of compensation awarded, as well as the total legal costs and the average legal cost per case. The column showing legal fees as a percentage of compensation may be found valuable in gaging individual charges. Legal fees are often charged on the contingency basis, and the objections to the use of the ratio urged in connection with medical costs do not hold here with equal force. In many instances the percentage an attorney may charge bears little relation to the amount of legal service performed. A case involving a small amount of compensation may involve con siderable legal work, while, on the other hand, a case involving a large amount of compensation may require very little legal work. That absence of direct relationship is not true of medical costs. The use of the ratio in this table and for purpose indicated therefore appears to be proper. T able 14.— Com parison o f legal fees and com pensation1 F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Extent of disability All cases, total, _ ___ _ _ Fatal______________________ Permanent total, _________ Permanent partial. Temporary total ,_ _ __ Temporary partial________ Compensation Number of cases Total $ Legal fees Average per case $ Total $ Legal fees as percent age of com Average per pensation case $ 1 Covers only cases in which the injured was represented by an attorney or other agent to whom a fee was paid. Table 15 is suggested to show by a distribution of compensation awards the total legal cost for each of these award groups, the average fee per case, and also the legal fee as a percentage of compensation. This table disregards extent of disability and is based entirely on the amount of compensation awarded. As in table 14, the ratio shows the percentage of the total award which the injured worker on the average pays out in legal fees. Individual fees can be measured against the average per case for each of the compensation groups in order to determine whether or not it is in line, and the percentage ratio can be used to judge whether or not the entire fee structure is reasonable or unreasonably high. 26 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS T able 15.— Com parison of legal fees and amount of com pensation award 1 F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Amount of compensation award Under $100____________________________ $100 to $199____________________________ $200 to $299____________________________ $300 to $399____________________________ $400 to $499____________________________ $500 to $599____________________________ $600 to $699____________________________ $700 to $799____________________________ $800 to $899____________________________ $900 to $999____________________________ $1,000 to $1,999_________________________ $2,000 to $2,999_________________________ $3,000 to $3,999_________________________ $4,000 to $4,999_________________________ $5,000 to $5,999_________________________ $6,000 to $6,999_________________________ $7,000 to $7,999_________________________ $8,000 to $8,999_________________________ $9,000 to $9,999_________________________ $10,000 to $14,999_______________________ $15,000 to $19,999_______________________ $20,000 to $24,999_______________________ $25,000 and over________________________ Total. Legal fee Average amount Number of awarded cases or agreed upon $ Legal fee as percentage compen Total Average per of sation amount case $ $ 1 Covers only cases in which the injured was represented by an attorney or other avent to whom a fee was paid. Chapter 3.— Compensation Statistics This chapter is designed to provide for the presentation of data por traying the results of the workmen’s compensation act in actual prac tice. The objectives of these statistics may be enumerated as follows: (1) To show how much has been paid, or has been awarded or agreed to be paid, for compensable injuries; (2) to show compensation by industry, type of injury, wage, age, and sex of injured, and in general to indicate the incidence and extent of disabling injuries; (3) to per mit an analysis of the law in actual operation, i. e., just what the va rious provisions of the law mean in actual application; (4) to make possible intelligent recommendations for changes in the act and to provide the data from which the monetary cost of such changes can be reasonably estimated, and consequently to permit intelligent appli cation of known facts to such problems. Some of the table outlines in this chapter are also labeled “ priority.” Among the tables not so labeled are those giving detailed cost break downs. These tables are actually preferable to those marked “ priority” and covering the same subject matter, but are not so labeled only because a considerable number of jurisdictions do not have the cost information necessary to compile them. But nearly every jurisdic tion— except most court administrations— should be able to prepare the “ priority” tables. Although these tables are simpler, the detailed cost tables are more valuable. It is suggested that jurisdictions having the data and the necessary staffs and equipment compile the detailed tables, and that jurisdictions not so well situated compile the “ pri ority” tables. As already indicated, there is considerable variation (see ch. 2) as to the meaning of “ closed cases.” Whatever the basis for determining when cases are considered “ closed,” pains should be taken to explain what it is. This can be done by the addition of an explanatory foot note to each table presenting such material. For instance, in a State using the direct-settlement system, this footnote might read, “ Closed cases are those for which final receipts were filed during the year and approved by the workmen’s compensation board” ; or in an agreement State, “ Closed cases are those for which agreements were filed with the workmen’s compensation board during the year and approved by the board.” Other language will readily suggest itself for varying prac tices, but no m atter vjhat the p ra ctice , it should be clearly stated. In the absence of such identifying material, the statistics of the various juris- 27 28 M AN U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS dictions may be subjected to incorrect comparisons and unjustifiable conclusions. In a considerable number of the tables shown in this chapter the term “ compensation” is used. The term is intended to cover the total compensation benefits paid by the time the cases are closed. In a direct-settlement State, for instance, the amount to be tabulated would be the total compensation paid in the cases closed during the year, and not the compensation actually paid during the year. If, for in stance, a case is closed in which a total of $1,500 was paid, then the amount of compensation to be shown is $1,500, even though only a fraction of that total was actually paid in the year in which the case was closed. In a jurisdiction using the agreement method, the amount of compensation to be shown may be the total amount agreed upon. If final receipts are requested, it is possible to use these as the basis for closing cases. If this is done, the procedure will be the same as for direct-settlement jurisdictions. The statistical codes pertaining to the tables in this chapter will be found in chapter 7. Closed Cases, by Extent o f Disability Tables 16, 17, and 18 give the number of injuries which resulted in the specified types of disabilities shown. The terms used— death, permanent total, permanent partial, temporary total, and temporary partial— are standard, and definitions of them will be found in chapter 5. The column on noncompensable injuries is included so as to com plete the accident picture by giving the number of disabling injuries which do not exceed the waiting period; provided, of course, the juris dictions enforce legal requirements for the reporting of such cases. The number of noncompensable cases is important from the compen sation angle when considerations for shortening the waiting period arise. Where it is not possible to obtain accurate and comprehensive reporting of such cases, statistics based on them must be used with caution. Table 16 calls for the number of cases under each of the various types of disability, by industry. Table 17 carries the analysis into greater detail by showing, not only the number of such cases, but also the total benefit costs. In table 18 these costs are given in still more detail— compensation cost, medical and hospital cost, and funeral cost for death cases. In permanent total and permanent partial disability cases, the medical and hospital cost is to include the cost of artificial appliances. Logically, tables 17 and 18 should be combined in one table, but because the combined table would be unwieldy, the two tables are presented. 29 COMPENSATION STATISTICS T able Priority 16.— Closed cases, by industry and extent o f disability 1 F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Number of cases of specified disability Industry Perma Tempo Tempo Perma nent Death nent par rary total rary par total tial2 tial 3 Noncom pensable 4 Total 1 Closed cases are those-----------(specify meaning of ‘‘closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agree ments, or completed payments). 2 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 3 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 4 “Noncompensable” because not outlasting the waiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. N ote .—It is recommended that, if possible, this table be repeated by sex of injured. T able 17.— Com pensation, by industry and extent o f disability Cases closed f r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— 1 Extent of disability Industry Death and permanent total 2 Permanent partial3 Temporary total NonTemporary All compen compartial4 sated injuries pensable 6 Total Total Total Total Total Num com Num com Num com Num com Num com Num ber pensa ber pensa ber pensa ber pensa ber pensa- ber tion tion tion tion tion $ $ $ $ $ Total_________ 1 Closed cases are those-----------(specify meaning of “closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agree ments, or completed payments). 2 State the number of permanent total cases and their costs in ( ) after each of the combined figures. For instance, to show that 7 out of 75 cases were permanent total disability, show as 75 (7). The number of fatal cases for which payments are made into State funds should be given in a footnote, together with amounts paid. 3 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 4 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 5 “Noncompensable” because not outlasting the waiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. N ote.—It is recommended that, if possible, this table be repeated by sex of injured. T a b l e 1 8 ,— Compensation, by industry and extent o f disability CO Cases closed f r o m ----------- t o ------------ , 19— 1 Extent of disability- Medical Compen and hos sation pital 6 $ $ Permanent partial3 Temporary total Temporary partial4 All compensated injuries Medical Compen Medical Compen Medical Compen Medical Funeral Compen hos and hos sation and hos sation and hos sation and pital 6 sation pital pital pital $ $ $ $ $ Funeral Noncompensable 3 Medical $ Total 1 Closed cases are those------------- (specify meaning of “closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agreements, or completed payments). 2 State the cost of permanent total cases in parentheses after each of the combined figures. For instance, to show that $250 out of $2,750 medical and hospital costs was for permanent total disability, show as $2,750 ($250). The number of fatal cases for which payments are made into State funds should be given in a footnote together with amounts paid. 3 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 4 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 5 “Noncompensable” because not outlasting the waiting period of— days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. 6 Include cost of artificial appliances. N ote .—It is recommended that, if possible, this table be repeated by sex of injured. M AN U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Death and permanent total2 industry COMPENSATION STATISTICS 31 In each of the preceding three tables the data on extent of disability are classified by industry, for which a standard code is suggested in chapter 8. In some jurisdictions the amounts of medical cost for individual cases will not be known because such data are not reported by selfinsurers or insurance carriers having their own medical service. In such instances, it may be necessary to omit the item of medical cost, unless good estimates can be developed. Figures involving such estimates, however, should be identified by appropriate footnotes. Similarly, a considerable number of States do not provide for temporary partial disability. Such jurisdictions will, of course, omit this section. On the other hand, some States may wish to show the item of disfigurement separately under extent of disability. Death cases in which no payments were made to dependents, or in which payments were made into a special State fund provided for this purpose, should be referred to in a footnote, giving both the number of cases and the amounts paid. It is important to segregate these cases in order (1) to show payments made into such funds, and (2) to permit a better analysis of payments actually made to dependents. Because payments into such funds are generally much lower than those made to dependents, the inclusion of payments to the fund in the total will depress the average paid per case and also the average amounts paid to dependents. Consequently it is necessary to identify State-fund cases, which can be done easily in a footnote. Location o f Injury and Extent o f Disability Information as to the particular parts of the body injured and the type of disability resulting from the injury are important partly because of its bearing on the benefit provisions of the compensation act, and partly because of its relevancy to accident prevention. Tables 19, 20, and 21 are recommended for this type of analysis, the choice of table depending on the amount of detail available and considered desirable. The type of break-down represented by table 21 is a supplementary analysis of the type of data shown for table 20. The general comments previously made regarding tables labeled “ priority” and those not so labeled also apply here. In these tables the various parts of the body are not listed in great detail. For instance, no difference is made between the first digit of a finger and the entire finger, or for that matter the specific finger involved, e. g., index, middle, etc. The code furnished for this infor mation (see ch. 7) permits the coding of much of this detail, but in turn omits such items as scapula, sternum, patella, fibula, etc., because it is believed that such detail is generally of no great signifi cance. If desirable, the data as to location of injury can be shown in greater detail than indicated in the following tables—in fact, in as 32 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS much detail as the code permits. Unless some special purpose is to be served, however, the suggested tables should be satisfactory for most jurisdictions. T able Priority 19. — Location of in ju ry and extent of disability Cases closed f r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— 1 Location of injury 2 Death Number of cases of specified disability Perma Perma Tempo Tempo rary nent rary nent Total total partial3 total partial4 Non compen sable 8 Eye(s)--------------------------------Head, n. e. c_ _ __ _. . ... Throat... ___ ______ __ _ Chest (lungs)_______________ B ack... ... __ ___ ____ Arm(s). _______ ____ ._ Hand(s). ... _____ _______ Finger (s)---------- ---------------Leg(s)--------------------------------Foot or feet_______ _______ Toe(s)___ _ ... ... . .. Abdomen (hernia) . . . _ __ Body, n. e. c ___ 1 Closed cases are those-----------(specify meaning of “closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agree ments, or completed payments). 2 When more than one part of the body is injured, tabulate that part which contributes most seriously to the injury. 3 State whether disfigurement cases are included. * Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 5 “Noncompensable” because not outlasting the waiting period of— days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. T able 20.— Com pensation by location of in ju ry and extent o f disability Cases closed f r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— 1 Extent of disability NonTemporary All compen compartial8 sated injuries penLocation of injury 2 sable 6 Total Total Total Total Total Num com Num com Num com Num com Num com Num ber pensa ber pensa ber pensa ber pensa ber pensa ber tion tion tion tion tion Eye(s)--------------------$ $ $ $ $ Head, n. e. c------- ... Throat___ ______ Chest (lungs)_______ Back______ ________ Arm(s). ... --------Hand(s). __ _ _ Finger(s) _______ ... Leg(s)--------------------Foot or feet-----------Toe(s)_____________ Abdomen (hernia)__ Body, n. e. c ___ Total_________ 1 Closed cases are those-----------(specify meaning of “closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agree ments, or completed payments). 2 When more than one part of the body is injured, tabulate that part which contributes most seriously to the injury. 3 State the number of permanent total cases and their costs in parentheses after each of the combined figures. For instance, to show that 7 out of 75 cases were permanent total disability, show as 75 (7). The number of fatal cases for which payments are made into State funds should be given in a footnote, together with amounts paid. 4 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 8 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 6 “Noncompensable” because not outlasting the waiting period of— days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. Death and permanent total3 Permanent partial4 Temporary total N ote.—It is recommended that, if possible, this table be repeated by sex of injured. T able 21.— Compensation by location of in ju ry and extent of disability Cases closed f r o m ----------- t o ------------ , 19— 1 Extent of disability Death and permanent total3 Location of injury 2 Temporary total Permanent partial4 Temporary partial5 All compensated injuries Medical Compen Medical Compen Medical Compen Medical Compen Medical and and and and Funeral Compen and sation hospital sation hospital sation hospital sation hospital sation hospital7 7 $ $ $ $ 1 Closed cases are those —--------(specify meaning of “closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agreements, or completed payments). 2 When more than one part of the body is injured, tabulate that part which contributes most seriously to the injury. 3 State the cost of permanent total cases in parentheses after each of the combined fig ures. For instance, to show that $250 out of $2,750 medical and hospital costs was for permanent total disability, show as $2,750 ($250). The number of fatal cases for which payments are made into State funds should be given in a footnote, together with amounts paid. $ $ $ $ $ $ Medical Funeral $ $ 4 State whether disfigurement cases are included. s Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 6 “Noncompensable” because not outlasting the waiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. 7 Include cost of artificial appliances. N ote .—It is recommended that, if possible, this table be repeated by sex of injured. COMPENSATION STATISTICS Eye(s)------------------------------ $ Head, n. e. c_____________ Throat__________________ Chest (lungs)____ _ ____ Back_____________________ Arm(s)_____________ ____ Hand(s)__________________ Finger(s)_________________ Leg(s)------------------------------Foot or feet ___ __ _ _ ___ Toe(s)_____________ •_____ Abdomen (hernia) __ . _ __ Body, n. e. c________ _ Total___ ___ _ __ Noncom pensable 6 CO CO 34 M ANU AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Nature o f Injury and Extent o f Disability In an analysis of industrial injuries, the nature of injuries and the types of disabilities which result from them are pertinent details. In how many instances, for example, did dismemberment result in death or in permanent total disability? How many cases were there of fractures, or hernias, or industrial diseases? And what kinds of dis abilities resulted from them? Table 22 was drawn to answer such inquiries; and tables 23 and 24 show in some detail the cost of these injuries, both as regards compensation benefits and medical expense, table 24 being supplementary to table 23. It will be noted that the term “ industrial disease” is used instead of “ occupational disease.” The reason for this is that the cases tabu lated always arise out of the industrial environment of the injured workers, but may have no relation at all to their occupations as such. For instance, a machinist may be exposed to chemical fumes or to various types of dusts, such as silica or asbestos, and contract a disease not peculiar to machinists. When a stonecutter contracts silicosis, he has contracted an occupational disease; but when a machinist in the same plant contracts silicosis, he does not have a disease which flows from his occupation of machinist. The term “ industrial disease” is broad enough to include both types of cases. T able 22. — N a tu r e o f in ju r y C a s e s c lo s e d f r o m , Priority b y ex ten t o f d i s a b il i t y ---------t o ----------, 19 —1 Num ber of cases of specified disability Nature of injury D eath Perm a Perm a Tem po Tem po nent nent rary rary total p artial2 total p artial3 Total N oncom pen sable 4 Am putation (surgical or trau m atic)—w ithout infection___ Am putation (surgical or trau m atic)—w ith infection-. _ Burns and scalds. . . . . . . Cuts, lacerations, punctures, abrasions—w ithout infection _ Cuts, lacerations, punctures, abrasions—w ith infection___ Strains,5 sprains, bruises_____ Fractures—w ithout infection. _ Fractures—w ith infection. . . . H ernia___ ... . . . . . Industrial disease_____________ N ature of injury, n. e. c ---------1 Closed cases are th ose------------(specify meaning of “closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agree m ents, or completed paym ents). 2 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 2 Om it if such injuries are not compensable under law. * “ N oncom pensable” because not outlasting the waiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. « N ot including hernia. N o t e .— If it is impossible or not feasible to distinguish between injuries w ith and w ithout infection, the nature-of-injury classifications are to be shown sim ply as am putation, burns and scalds, cuts, etc. 35 COMPENSATION STATISTICS T able 23. — C o m p e n s a t i o n b y n a tu r e o f i n j u r y a n d ex ten t o f d i s a b i l i t y C a s e s clo s ed f r o m ---------t o ----------, 19 —1 Extent of disability N a t u r e o f in ju r y D e a th an d perm an en t t o ta l2 Num ber A m p u t a t i o n (s u r g ic a l or t r a u m a t ic ) — w i t h o u t in fe c t io n ________ A m p u t a t i o n (s u r g ic a l o r t r a u m a t i c ) — w it h i n f e c t i o n _____ ___ _ B u r n s a n d s c a l d s . __ _ C u t s , la c e r a tio n s , p u n ctu res, abra s io n s — w i t h o u t in f e c t io n ____ ______ __ _ C u t s , la c e r a t io n s , p u n ctu re s, abra s io n s — w it h in fe c t i o n . __ ______ ______ S t r a i n s ,6 s p r a in s , b r u is e s ______________ _ F r a c tu re s— w ith o u t i n f e c t i o n _____ __ F r a c tu r e s — w it h in fe c tio n . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ H e r n i a ___ __ _ __ ___ I n d u s t r ia l d is e a s e ___ N a t u r e o f i n ju r y , n . e . c_ __ _ __ _ _ P erm anent p a r tia l3 T o ta l com Num p en sa ber tio n $ Tem porary t o ta l T o ta l com Num p en sa ber tio n $ T em porary p a r tia l4 T o ta l com Num pen sa ber tio n $ A ll co m p en s a te d in ju r ie s T o ta l com Num p en sa ber tio n $ T o ta l com p en sa tio n N oncom pen s a b le 5 Num ber $ 1 Closed cases are th ose------------(specify meaning of “closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agree m ents, or com pleted paym ents). 2 State the number of permanent total cases and their costs in parentheses after each of the combined figures. For instance, to show that 7 out of 75 cases were permanent total disability, show as 75 (7). The number of fatal cases for which paym ents were made into State funds should be given in a footnote together w ith am ounts paid. 3 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 4 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 5 “N oncom pensable” because not outlasting the waiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. 6 N ot including hernia. N o t e . —It is recommended that, if possible, this table be repeated by sex of injured. If it is impossible or not feasible to distinguish between injuries w ith and w ithout infection, the nature of injury classifica tions are to be shown sim ply as am putation, burns and scalds, cuts, etc. T able 24. — 00 C o m p e n s a t i o n b y n a tu r e o f i n j u r y a n d ex ten t o f d i s a b il i t y C a s e s clo sed f r o m -------- t o ----------, 19 O* —1 Extent of disability P erm a n en t p a r tia l3 T e m p o r a r y to ta l T e m p o ra ry p a r tia l4 A l l c o m p e n s a te d in ju r ie s N oncom p e n s a b le 5 A m p u ta tio n (s u r g ic a l or t r a u m a t ic ) — w it h o u t in f e c t io n __________ ____________ A m p u ta tio n (s u r g ic a l or t r a u m a t ic ) — w it h i n f e c t i o n ___________________ ______ __ B u r n s a n d s c a ld s __________ __ C u t s , la c e r a tio n s , p u n c tu r e s , a b r a s io n s — w it h o u t in fe c t i o n _____ _ __ _ ____________ C u t s , la c e r a tio n s , p u n c t u r e s , a b r a s io n s — w it h in fe c tio n __ S t r a in s ,7 sp r a in s , b r u is e s _____ F r a c tu r e s — w it h o u t in fe c tio n F r a c tu r e s — w it h in fe c t io n ____ H e r n i a _______ ________________ I n d u s t r ia l d is e a s e ______________ N a t u r e o f in ju r y , n . e . c_ _ __ C om pen sa tio n M e d ic a l an d h os p ita l 6 $ $ F u neral M e d ic a l $ C om pen sa tio n M e d ic a l a n d h os p ita l • C om pen sa tio n M e d ic a l a n d h os p ita l C om pen sa tio n M e d ic a l a n d h os p ita l C om pen sa tio n M e d ic a l an d h os p it a l 6 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 Closed cases are those------------(specify meaning of “closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agreements, or completed paym ents). 2 State the cost of permanent total cases in parentheses after each of the combined figures. For instance, to show that $250 out of $2,750 medical and hospital costs was for permanent total disability, show as $2,750 ($250). The number of fatal cases for which paym ents are made into State funds should be given in a footnote together with amounts paid. 3 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 4 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. F u neral $ $ 5 “Noncom pensable” because not outlasting the w aiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. 6 Include cost of artificial appliances. 7 N ot including hernia. N o t e —It is recommended that, if possible, this table be repeated by sex of injured. If it is impossible or not feasible to distinguish between injuries with and without infection, the nature of injury classifications are to be shown simply as amputation, burns and scalds, cuts, etc. M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS D e a th an d p erm a n en t t o t a l2 N a t u r e o f in ju r y 37 COMPENSATION STATISTICS Nature and Location o f Injury A detail in the operation of the workmen's compensation law which is of minor significance but of considerable general interest involves the part of the body affected as related to the nature of the injury. In a given number of dismemberments, how many involved arms, or hands, or fingers, or enucleation of eyes, etc.? Or, in the more recently discovered “ occupational” (i. e. industrial) diseases, in how many instances was the throat affected, or lungs, or hands, etc.? Although the break-down shown for the detailed cost tables already suggested— i. e., by cost of compensation and medical expense— can also be made here, it is not suggested. If desired, it can easily be set up, following the structure of such table forms. Similarly, the suggested detail for location of injury can be enlarged, if so desired, to the full extent permitted by the code. The table can be repeated to show separately cases involving male and female workers, or minors. T able 2 5 . — N a t u r e a n d lo c a tio n o f i n j u r y f o r c a s e s c lo sed From ---------t o ----------, 19 1 — Toe(s) <D Abdomen CO | Foot or feet Finger(s) Arm(s) Hand(s) Chest (lungs) Back Throat i Eye(s) Nature of injury Head, n. e. c. J Location of injury 2 c5 © Am putation (surgical or traum atic)— W ithout infection,, __ _ _ __ _ W ith infection___ _ _ ,, Burns and scalds ___ _ _ _ , Cuts, lacerations, punctures, abrasions— W ithout infection_____ ___ _ W ith infection___ __ ____________ Strains,3 sprains, bruises _ __ _ _ _ Fractures— W ithout infection _ __ _ ________ W ith infection___ ___ ______________ H ernia, _______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ Industrial disease___ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nature of injury, n. e. c_ _______ __ 1 Closed cases are th ose------------(specify meaning of “closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agree m ents, or completed paym ents). 2 W hen more than one part of the body is injured, tabulate that part which contributes most seriously to the injury. 3 N ot including hernia. N ote .—If possible, this table should be repeated by sex of injured. If it is impossible or not feasible to distinguish between injuries w ith and without infection, the nature of injury classifications are to be shown sim ply as am putation, burns and scalds, cuts, etc. 38 M A N U AL ON IN DU STRIAL-INJU RY STATISTICS W eekly Wages and Sex o f Injured Data on weekly wages of injured workers are important because they show the economic status of the worker at the time of injury, and also permit deductions as to the effect of the benefit provisions of the law. If, for instance, a law provides for benefit payments of 66% percent of the weekly wages, an analysis of the wage distribution of injured workers will show what the prevailing weekly benefit rates are. Further, if the law contains maximum and minimum features, it is possible to gage their effects. For instance, suppose a law pro vides that the weekly benefit rate shall be 66% percent, but that the amount of weekly benefit shall not exceed $20. Then, obviously, the maximum weekly wage compensated in full under this provision is $30, and all earnings above $30 are disregarded. If the question arises of permitting a higher maximum, say, up to $25, then it will become important to know the proportion of injured workers in the group between the old maximum wage of $30 which is fully com pensated and the new maximum of $37.50. By such a calculation it is easy to determine what the absolute increase in compensation benefits would have been in a given year, and in that way to determine the percentage of increase which would have been necessary in insur ance premium rates to cover the additional cost. Such a calculation, based on the experience of 1 or more years (preferably more), is far superior to the unsupported claims as to cost increases which are often raised when more liberal compensation provisions are under consider ation. The same method can be applied to changes in rates generally. If it is proposed, for instance, to raise the weekly benefit rate from 55 percent to 60, table 26 will permit a determination of the number of cases involved in a particular year, and what the increased cost would have amounted to for that year. The comparison of the increase with the amount actually paid gives the relative increase in cost. In all such calculations it is necessary to consider whether or not present premium rates are sufficiently high to absorb the additional cost. If they are not, then it is important to compute the necessary increase on the basis of net premium, deducting from the over-all premium the usual carrying charges. For instance, if the increased cost is indicated as 10 percent, then the increase in premium rates (supposing the carrying charge is 40 percent of the premium) is 6 percent, i. e., 10 percent of the 60 percent going toward the payment of claims. Table 26 would undoubtedly be more effective for the purposes described if actual compensation costs were given. This, however, is not possible in some of the States. Where the cost information is available, and where it is desired to combine the wage distribution with compensation cost, the item of sex can be omitted and the C O M P E N S A T IO N S T A T IS T IC S 39 detailed break-down as to cost shown in tables 20 or 21 substituted. It is suggested, however, that such tables be compiled in addition to the table suggested here. Priority T able 26. — In ju ries classified by weekly wages and sex of injured Cases closed f r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— 1 Extent of disability Death Weekly wages 2 Permanent Permanent Temporary Temporary total partial3 total partial4 Total Fe Males Fe Males Fe Males Fe Males Fe Males Fe Males males males males males males males Less than $5.00_____ __ _ $5.00 to $5.99____________ $6.00 to $6.99____________ $7.00 to $7.99____________ $8.00 to $8.99____________ $9.00 to $9.99____________ $10.00 to $10.99__________ $11.00 to $11.99__________ $12.00 to $12.99__________ $13.00 to $13.99__________ $14.00 to $14.99__________ $15.00 to $15.99__________ $16.00 to $16.99__________ $17.00 to $17.99__________ $18.00 to $18.99__________ $19.00 to $19.99__________ $20.00 to $20.99__________ $21.00 to $21.99__________ $22.00 to $22.99__________ $23.00 to $23.99__________ $24.00 to $24.99__________ $25.00 to $25.99__________ $26.00 to $26.99__________ $27.00 to $27.99__________ $28.00 to $28.99__________ $29.00 to $29.99__________ $30.00 to $34.99__________ $35.00 to $39.99__________ $40.00 to $44.99__________ $45.00 to $49.99__________ $50.00 to $59.99__________ $60.00 to $69.99__________ $70.00 and over__________ 1 Closed cases are th o se------------(specify meaning of “closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agree ments, or completed paym ents). 2 Use a c t u a l weekly wages at tim e of injury, regardless of m ethod of computing wages for purposes of com pensation benefits. 3 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 4 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. W eekly Wages and Compensation Paid Another wage-distribution table considered of primary importance is table 27, which gives for dollar wage intervals the distribution by length of disability. The table is intended to cover only the p erio d during which injured workers were actually disabled, i. e., the period of recovery, at the end of which workers were able to resume work. Obviously, then, both fatal and permanent total disabilities must be omitted. States which do not require the reporting of the period of disability for permanent partial injuries will be able to construct this table only for temporary total disabilities, and should revise the title of the table accordingly. 1 5 9 7 2 6 °— 40--------4 T able 27.— W eekly wages and com pensation paid for cases o f perm anent p a r tia l1 and tem porary total disability O Cases closed 2 f r o m ----------- t o ------------ , 19— Weeks of disability 1 or less 4 2, less than 3 3, less than 4 4, less than 5 5, less than 6 6, less than 14 14 and over Total Noncompensable 5 Num Com Num Com Num Com Num Com Num Com Num Com Num Com Num Com Num Com Num ber of pensa ber of pensa ber of pensa ber of pensa ber of pensa ber of pensa ber of pensa ber of pensa ber of pensa ber of cases tion cases tion cases tion cases tion cases tion cases tion cases tion cases tion cases tion cases $ $ $ $ I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S $ ON Total_________ Less than $5.00_ $ $ $ $ $5.00 to $5.99. __ $6.00 to $6.99.__ $7.00 to $7.99— $8.00 to $8.99__. $9.00 to $9.99. __ $10.00 to $10.99_ $11.00 to $11.99_ $12.00 to $12.99. $13.00 to $13.99. $14.00 to $14.99_ $15.00 to $15.99$16.00 to $16.99_ $17.00 to $17.99_ $18.00 to $18.99$19.00 to $19.99_ $20.00 to $20.99_ $21.00 to $21.99_ $22.00 to $22.99, $23.00 to $23.99_ $24.00 to $24.99_ $25.00 to $25.99_ $26.00 to $26.99_ $27.00 to $27.99_ $28.00 to $28.99. $29.00 to $29.99_ $30.00 to $34.99. $35.00 to $39.99. $40.00 to $44.99$45.00 to $49.99. $50.00 to $59.99. $60.00 to $69.99_ $70.00 and over. 1 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 2 Closed cases are those-----------(specify meaning of “closed”—whether closed as result of awards, agreements, or completed payments). 3 Tabulate according to actual weekly earnings at time of injury, and not the wage basis used to arrive at the determination of benefits, if that basis differs from the actual MANUAL Weekly wages3 Over 1, less than 2 4 weekly earnings at the time of injury. This table is intended to permit the calculation of wage loss not covered by compensation benefits. 4 To be changed in conformance with the State’s waiting period. 5 “ Noneompensable” because not outlasting the waiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. C O M P E N S A T IO N S T A T IS T IC S 41 The table serves three purposes: (1) It gives a wage distribution for a large number of the injured workers (probably 90 percent of the total) whose disabling injuries have been reported; (2) it gives a dis tribution of the time periods of disability; and (3) it permits a com putation of wage loss to injured workers. If no compensation is paid for temporary total in cases of permanent partial disability, then such cases will have to be*omitted. The title of the table should be changed accordingly. (1) Wage distribution: The wage distribution in table 27, as in table 26, concerns wages actually earned at the time of the injury, but, unlike table 26, does not show the wage distribution by extent of disability and sex of injured. (2) Period of disability distribution: This distribution is very important because it shows the relative proportion of cases which involve specified time periods for healing. It shows, for instance, the number of cases which do not outlast the waiting period and conse quently are not compensable. It shows the number of cases which last more than 1 week (i. e., 7 days) but less than 2 weeks in disability; 2 weeks and over but less than 3, etc. The first periods shown may have to be modified in various jurisdictions, depending on reporting requirements. If cases with disabilities of 7 days or less need not be reported, then obviously the first time period shown on the table has no significance and should be omitted, as should the column con cerning noncompensable cases. If the waiting period is 3 days, and cases with disabilities not exceeding this period need not be reported, then the first column should read, “ 4 to 7 days.” The same principle should be followed whether the waiting period is 5 days, 7 days, 2 weeks, etc. (3) Wage loss: It will be noted that the table calls for amount of compensation as well as number of cases, and consequently jurisdic tions requiring no reports of total payments in each case in all prob ability will not be able to compile the table. To determine the wage loss, it is necessary to estimate what workers would have earned had they not been injured, and what they received in compensation instead. To estimate the former, the midpoint of each wage group should be multiplied by the total number of workers shown for that group as well as by the midpoint of the time period. This will give a close approximation of the wage loss in the particular wage group. The total for all wage groups will give the estimated total wage loss. The difference between the wage loss and compensation for the period of disability measures the extent of the injured workers’ personal monetary loss. If this amount is contrasted with the total wage loss, the percentage of wage loss not compensated becomes apparent. This table takes no account of losses due to amputation or impairment 42 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S of a member of the body. Techniques for evaluating such losses adequately still remain to be developed. Age, Sex, and Extent o f Disability The significance of table 28 lies in the age distribution. The par ticular emphasis is on ages below 21, for which data are to be shown separately for each age year. This permits an analysis of disabling injuries to minors and is valuable in the light of either child-labor laws or punitive provisions in workmen's compensation laws appli cable to illegal employment of children. The number of disabling injuries, by extent of disability and by sex of the injured, are to be shown for each age group. The age groups, if too detailed, may be condensed as suggested on page 45. As given here, the age groups permit ready comparison with basic census population data. Priority T a b l e 2 8 .— In ju ries classified by age, sexf and extent o f disability 1 F r o m ----------- t o ------------ , 19— Extent of disability, by sex Age (years) D eath Permanent Permanent Temporary Temporary Noncom p artial2 total total partial3 pensable 4 Total Fe Males Fe Males Fe Males Fe Males Fe Males Fe Males Fe Males males males males males males males males Under 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 14 «___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to 2 4 _____ to 2 9 _____ to 3 4 _____ to 3 9 _____ to 4 4 _______ to 4 9 _____ to 5 4 _____ to 5 9 _______ to 6 4 _______ and over 8_ 1 Indicate in footnote the character of case used for tabulation—whether cases for which payments have been completed, awards made, agreements entered into, etc. 2 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 3 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 4 “Noncompensable” because not outlasting the waiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. 8 It is desirable to identify in a footnote the number of cases for each age under 14 and for each age over 65 years. Table 28 can be prepared either for cases reported during the year or for cases closed during the year. If the table is based on cases reported during the year— and this may be the only method feasible for jurisdictions which do not require the filing of final receipts or the filing of agreements— then another column should be added for cases C O M P E N S A T IO N S T A T IS T IC S 43 for which the extent of disability cannot reasonably be determined at the time the table is compiled. Statistical compilations by work men’s compensation administrations, as a rule, are not begun until several months after the end of the fiscal or calendar year, and by that time the extent of disability should be known for most of the cases reported. But there usually are some cases for which this in formation is not known, and rather than delay the tabulation, such cases should be shown in a column designated “ extent undetermined.” Although few compensation acts make specific provisions for bene fit-rate changes on the basis of the age of the person killed or per manently injured, the age distribution has considerable significance. Should compensation payments for young workers, whose earning powers have not yet developed fully, be based on what they actually earned, or on the earning power of adult workers? If a boy of 16 earning $14 a week loses his arm, shall his compensation rate be based on $14 or on the earnings of an adult laborer making, for instance, $28 a week? What would be the cost of adopting this latter type of provision? To answer questions such as these, it is important to know how many minors are injured, the extent of the injuries, the wage groupings, etc. Table 28 provides a starting point. There is also the problem of computing the economic cost to the community of fatalities. If the average age of workers fatally in jured is found to be 35 years, and the average working-life termina tion may be placed at 60, then each fatality represents an average loss of 25 working years to the State. In computing the value to the State of adequate accident prevention, this item in itself may be of great importance. Industrial Injuries to Minors Need for Factual Data Information regarding industrial injuries to minors as a group, although urgently needed, is either entirely lacking or very inadequate in most States. A strong incentive for compiling such information exists in the fact that both State and Federal Governments have recognized the importance of safeguarding minors from employment in particularly hazardous occupations, industries, or processes. Many of the State child-labor laws set a higher minimum age for employment in occupations which are considered dangerous than for general employment. Sometimes these occupations are specified in the law itself; in other cases the law provides that some State au thority— usually the agency which enforces the State child-labor law— shall determine which occupations are hazardous and therefore should be forbidden to minors under a specified age. To permit making such determinations on a sound basis, statistical data based on industrial-injury reports are essential. 44 MANUAL. ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS The need for such data exists also on the part of the Federal agency which administers the child-labor provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act— the Children's Bureau of the United States Depart ment of Labor. The act specifies the absence of “ oppressive child labor" as one of the conditions under which products may be shipped in interstate commerce, and defines as one type of “ oppressive child labor" employment in occupations found, and by order declared, by the Chief of the Children's Bureau to be particularly hazardous for minors between 16 and 18 years of age. Since there is no source of Nation-wide statistics on industrial injuries to minors, the Chief of the Children's Bureau, in making determinations as to hazardous occupations, must rely to a great extent on the industrial-injury statistics compiled by the various State industrial accident boards and commissions. Statistics on injuries to minors are also needed for administrative purposes in those States in which workmen's compensation laws provide for additional compensation for injuries to minors who were illegally employed. As a growing number of States have adopted such a pro vision, they may be assumed to have the basis for compiling data showing their experience with regard to industrial injuries to illegally employed minors. Tabulations of industrial injuries to minors serve as a variety of practical uses. When they are made available to the agencies responsible for enforcing State child-labor laws and the child-labor sections of the Fair Labor Standards Act, they are valuable in point ing out industries and localities where more effective enforcement of child-labor standards is needed. When they are employed in deter mining which occupations, industries, or processes are particularly hazardous for the employment of minors, they serve an all-important purpose in safeguarding young workers from possible death or permanent disability. When they are analyzed by age and the various causes of injury, they show the weak spots in the State childlabor or workmen's compensation laws which can be remedied by amendment of the law or by change in administrative policies or pro cedures. When they are carefully compiled and properly interpreted, they serve to direct public thinking along sound and constructive lines in the support of legislation which will further safeguard the young worker. Need of Comparison Between Sexes and With Older Age Groups Because of wide differences in the proportions of male and female workers in different industries, an important break-down for all tables, including those showing injuries to minors, is by sex, C O M P E N S A T IO N S T A T IS T IC S 45 Tabulation of all injuries by age groups greatly increases the use fulness of injury data for minors by making possible a comparison of minors with all age groups or with older age groups. This is par ticularly true when the tabulation is intended to show which indus tries, occupations, or processes are more hazardous than others. Suggested Age Groupings Since the legal minimum age for employment of minors varies from State to State, age classifications for minors should be sufficiently detailed to enable each State to know how many injuries occur to minors in specified age groups both within and without the range of the State regulatory provisions, and at the same time to make possible a comparison of injuries to minors in all States. The age standards in the child-labor provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act are such that comparable industrial accident statistics should show at least the following age groupings: Under 14 years; 14 years and 15 years; 16 and 17 years; 18 years and over. Some States regulate employ ment in some occupations up to but not including 21 years. With such a variety of age standards, the suggested age groupings for minors are intervals of single years for ages 14 to 20 years, inclusive. The more detailed the age groupings are, the more illuminating will be the possible comparisons. For this reason it is recommended that some tables, such as table 28, be prepared in considerable detail as regards age. Where more condensed age groups are desired, the following groups are recommended: Under 16 years; 16-17 years; 18-20 years; 21-24 years; 25-34 years; 35-44 years; 45-54 years; 55-64 years; 65 years and over. If it is necessary to make further condensation, the fol lowing groups may be used: Under 16 years; 16-17 years; 18-20 years; 21 years and over. In making any condensations of age groups for minors, care must be taken to adjust the age groupings to the standards of the State childlabor laws, as well as to preserve their comparability to the age groups for minors suggested above. Recommended Tabulations The several specific tabulations here suggested for the study of injuries to minors have been selected because of their practical use fulness to the agencies responsible for the administration of work men’s compensation legislation and child-labor laws. They represent the bare minimum of statistical information on injuries to minors which it is hoped the States will develop. Many States will undoubt edly wish to go beyond this minimum in order to meet the needs already described. The suggested tabulations are grouped according to the purpose for which they are most useful. 46 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S 1. For determining hazardous employments as indicated by extent of disability or length of healing period: (a) A table showing extent of disability for all age groups according to sex. The table form shown is table 28, entitled “ Injuries classified by age, sex, and extent of disability, fr o m --------- t o ---------- , 19— .” (b ) A table showing average compensation cost and average healing period for all compensated cases, by age group (preferably the most detailed age groups described above, ending with 65 years and over). This table would be similar to table 10, chapter 2, except that the stub would show age groupings instead of nature and location of injury, and average medical cost would not be given. Such a table would be use ful to indicate the seriousness of the injury for the various age groups as shown by the length of healing period. (c) Tables showing cause of accident in detail by age group (minors and adults), sex, and extent of disability. These are the most impor tant of all suggested tables for revealing industrial injury hazards to minors as compared with adults. Since the analysis of cause of accident proposed in this Manual is broken into its various components and cannot be shown in one table, this tabulation will consist of four tables, in which the box headings will be the same but the stubs will be different. The four stub headings will be: (1) Agency and agency part involved; (2) accident type; (3) unsafe act; (4) unsafe mechanical or physical conditions. It is recommended that the part of the cause analysis entitled “ unsafe personal factors” be disregarded for the pur poses of this particular tabulation. The table on agency and agency part involved is similar to table 31 (ch. 4) entitled “ Injuries classified by agency, agency part, and extent of disability, from ----------- t o ------------ , 19— ,” except that age groups are added. The form suggested is the following: T a b l e 29a.— In ju ries classified by agency and agency part involved, according to extent o f disability and age Extent of disability and age All cases Agency and agency part involved All ages Under 16-17 16 years years Death and perma nent 21 years total 18-20 and [same age years over groups] Tempo Perma rary nent total partial and [same age partial groups] [same age groups] It is recommended that this table be repeated for each sex. Of all parts of the cause analysis, agency and agency part involved are the most useful in showing hazards to minors as compared with adults. C O M P E N S A T IO N 47 S T A T IS T IC S The other parts of the cause analysis can advantageously be tabulated by sex as well as by age group. They will resemble in form that shown above, except for the difference in the stub. Instead of “ agency and agency part involved,” the stub headings will read, respectively, “ accident type,” “ unsafe act,” “ unsafe mechanical or physical conditions.” The stubs will be the same as those in chapter 4, tables 32, 35, and 37, respectively. (<d) A table showing industry in detail, by age group (minors and adults), sex, and extent of disability. The age groupings suggested are: Under 16 years, 16-17 years, 18-20 years, 21 years and over, although individual States may wish to add greater detail, adapted to the provisions of their own child-labor laws. This is an important table for use in determining the industries in which the more serious types of injury occur to minors. It is similar to table 16, entitled “ Closed cases, by industry and extent of disa bility, fr o m --------- t o -----------, 19— ,” except that the age groups and sex would be added as follows: T able 39b.— Closed cases, by extent of disability and industry, according to sex From — -— — t o ---------- , 19— Extent of disability Death Age and industry Permanent Permanent Temporary Temporary total partial total partial All cases Fe Males Fe Males Fe Males Fe Males Fe Both Males males males males sexes males males Males Fe males All ages—total____ Industry detail Under 16 years___ Industry detail 16-17 years____ _ Industry detail 18-20 years______ Industry detail 21 years and over_ Industry detail 2. For making comparisons between legally and illegally employed minors as to seriousness of disability, average compensation cost per case, and percentage of compensation spent for legal fees (these tabu lations can usually be made only in those States which provide for additional compensation for illegal employment, since in other States the basic information on legality of employment of injured minors will probably not be available): (a) The table suggested in 1 (b ) on page 46 on average compensa tion cost and average healing period might well include an additional classification showing legality of employment for the appropriate age groups of minors affected by the State child-labor law. 48 M ANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S (ib) A table entitled “ Comparison of average legal fees and average compensation per case for minors under ------ years, by legality of employment and extent of disability, f r o m --------- to --------- 19— This table would be similar to table 14 in chapter 2, except that only minors within the age range to which the State child-labor law applies would be included and the total amounts of compensation and of legal fees would be omitted. The table form would be as follows: T able 29 c.— Com parison of average legal fees and average com pensation per case fo r m inors under — years, by legality of em ploym ent and extent of disability F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Extent of disability compensa Number of cases Average tion per case Average legal fees per case Legal fees as percent age of compensation Legally Illegally Legally Illegally Legally Illegally Legally Illegally employed employed employed employed employed employed employed employed All types _________ Death _____ _ __ Permanent total___ Permanent partial... Temporary total___ Temporary partial-3. For showing types of illegal employment of minors injured while illegally employed (this tabulation can be made only by those States where information on legality of employment is available, usually those which provide additional compensation for illegally employed minors): (a) A table based on cases reported during a given period showing types of illegal employment of minors by age and sex, according to extent of disability, as far as it is known when tabulated. The types of illegal employment and the age groupings should be classified according to the requirements of the State child-labor laws. Such a table would be of great use to State factory inspectors and officials who are responsible for enforcing the State child-labor law. Chapter 4.— Accident Statistics If the workers who were killed and injured during 1937, together with their families, could have been assembled in one place, their num ber would have exceeded the population of any city in the United States, except New York. If, because of some sudden catastrophe, 17,800 of these people had been killed, 112,000 maimed, and 1,500,000 more temporarily disabled, the attention of the entire Nation would have been focused on the disaster. There certainly would have re sulted a most thorough investigation of the factors leading up to this tremendous impairment of human lives and much thought would have been given to preventing a repetition. The figures cited are estimates of the number of disabling industrial injuries in the United States during 1937, but because the accidents leading to these injuries occurred day in and day out, they did not crystallize the problem and did not focus the attention of the Nation on methods of prevention. Experts in industrial-accident prevention have estimated that as high as 95 percent of all occupational accidents are preventable. It therefore follows that those individuals or officials who have it within their power to probe and to disclose the causes of industrial accidents can make contributions of far-reaching and im portant social and economic significance. “ Industrial injuries don’t just happen. They are caused.” They are the result of unsafe working practices and unsafe working condi tions. There are two possible causes for industrial accidents, under which, broadly speaking, industrial diseases are included: (1) Unsafe acts by workers, and (2) unsafe working equipment or environment. With very few exceptions, one or both of these factors will be found involved in every accident; and invariably, if these factors had been eliminated, the accident would not have occurred and the resulting injury would not have followed. The tables suggested in this chapter are predicated on this idea. The purpose to be served is to shed some light on the unsafe practices and conditions which made the accidents possible, so as to focus atten tion on effective methods of prevention. A d eq u a te in form a tion m u st ;precede intelligent action. Although the codes on which these tables are based are described in considerable detail in chapter 9, it is advisable to refer to them briefly at this point in order to make the tables which follow more intelligible. 49 50 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S Basically, the cause analysis followed in this Manual is that de veloped by the Sectional Committee on Standardization of Methods of Recording and Compiling Accident Statistics of the American Standards Association and published in 1937. In this method of analysis, which is considered the most advanced that has been de veloped to date, an accident is broken into its various components. These are: (1) The agency, i. e., the defective object to which the injury is most closely related; (2) the agency part, i. e., the particular part of the agency most directly involved, such as the gears of a ma chine, the blade on a power saw, etc.; (3) the unsafe mechanical or material conditions; (4) the accident type, i. e., whether a fall, or struck by moving objects, or industrial disease, etc.; (5) the unsafe act; and (6) the unsafe personal factor which may explain the reason for the unsafe act. Applied illustrations of these rubrics are given in chapter 9. The various accident factors cited suggest that a considerable num ber of tables can be developed because of the variety of combinations possible. The tables in this chapter, although by no means exhaus tive, are suggested as being the most revealing and practically useful. They are all considered of primary importance, and none of them, except table 31, involves any break-down of the general groupings. It is obvious from an examination of the complete cause code that the analysis can be carried into very much greater detail than is here suggested, and officials interested in such break-downs may at times, to meet specific needs, wish to have tables constructed in all the detail given in the code. The tables given, however, are so general in their nature that every workmen’s compensation administration or indus trial organization using the suggested cause code can construct them without difficulty. Additional significance is given to these tables by the endorsement of competent safety engineers. The primary purpose of these tables, to repeat, is to furnish adequate data on accident causes so that safety men, i. e., factory inspectors, safety engineers, etc., may know where to direct their efforts to the best advantage in preventing accidents. If accidents are prevented, then injuries are prevented, and accident prevention is preferable to workmen’s compensation benefits. Agency and Extent o f Disability Table 30 classifies injuries by the agency group most directly involved in accidents and by extent of disability. The purpose of the table is to indicate the frequency and seriousness of industrial injuries, including in that term industrial diseases. The number of injuries shown for each agency indicates the relative frequency with which such disabling injuries occur. Showing these disabilities by A C C ID E N T 51 S T A T IS T IC S extent, i. e., death, permanent total, etc., gives a measure of their seriousness. The table permits a quick orientation as to the agencies involved in disabling accidents and the relative seriousness of these disabilities. If desirable, each group under extent of disability can be subdivided further to show, in addition to the number of cases, the compensation and medical costs. Where the classification of temporary partial disability is not recognized, this group must be omitted, but the kinds of cases classi fied should always be described properly either in the title or in an explanatory footnote. Obviously, the table cannot be compiled ex cept from cases for which the extent of disability is known. Con sequently, most workmen’s compensation administrations may wish to use closed cases, i. e., cases in which the extent of disability has been definitely determined, either because compensation payments have been completed or because an agreement has been entered into by the parties involved. This, as pointed out earlier, requires that the meaning of “ closed” be specifically stated; e. g., cases in which compensation payments have been completed, cases in which agree ments have been approved, etc. Priority T a b l e 30.— In ju ries classified by agency and extent o f disability F r o m ----------- t o ------------- , 19— Extent of disability Agency involved Death Perma Perma Tempo Tempo nent nent rary Total rary total partial1 total partial2 Non compen sable 3 Total, ‘all re ported cases Machines... ... _____ . Pumps and prime movers._ Elevators._ _ _ ______ ... Hoisting apparatus. ____ Conveyors._. . ... _ ._ Boilers and pressure appa ratus ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Vehicles _ Animals _ Mechanical power trans mission apparatus _ Electrical apparatus___ _ Hand tools. _____ _ ___ Chemicals ___ _ __ __ Highly inflammable and hot substances______ _ Dusts. ___ ___ __ _ ._ _ Radiations and radiating substances ___ __ __ Working surfaces, n. e. c___ Agencies, n. e. c__________ Unclassified_____________ 1 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 2 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 3 “Noncompensable” because not outlasting waiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. In jurisdictions in which the coding of reported injuries is done some considerable time after the reports have been received, it should be possible to determine the extent of disability for most accidents 52 M A N U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS from the reports of the injuries. Injuries involving death or per manent disability are usually definitely known soon after the oc currence of the accidents, and employers usually describe them on the first report to the workmen’s compensation administration. The same is true of temporary total disability cases of short duration. If the coding is delayed somewhat, i. e., is not done within a few days after the report has been received, the extent of disability may be ascertained in many cases from medical or other subsequent reports. Consequently, it is possible to build the suggested tables involving extent of disability on open cases, i. e., cases for which compensation payments have not been completed or in which no agreements have been reached between the parties involved. Cases in which the report of the injury was accompanied by a final receipt, or in agreement States by an agreement, should also be in cluded in the table. This has the tremendous advantage of providing data on current experience. It should be noted that the d u ration of disability is not important here. What matters is whether the injury reported involves death or permanent or temporary disability— factors which are relatively easy to determine. Agency, Agency Part, and Extent o f Disability Table 31 carries table 30 one step further, by showing for each agency the agency part most directly involved. In the case of accidents in which machines are most directly involved, the table will show, for instance, the number of cases of deaths, permanent total, permanent partial, temporary total, and temporary partial dis ability which are related to some particular p a rt of the machines. The table will show for such injuries how many occurred in connection with belts, pulleys or shafts, the frame or bed, or the point of opera tion, etc., and the type of disability which resulted. For elevators, for instance, the table will show the number most directly concerned with the car itself, or the car gates, the hoistway, platform, or steps, etc., and how many of each of these resulted in death, or permanent or temporary disability. In some of the agency groups no agencypart break-down is feasible, and consequently none is given. Ifc would be next to impossible, for instance, to assign any agency part to chemicals. The table is particularly useful for accident prevention because it identifies the agency parts most directly involved. The usefulness of the table will be enhanced if a break-down is made for individual industries, and, further, for individual types of agencies. Such detailed studies, however, are recommended for special investigations rather than for general tables. From the general table it should be possible to determine whether the data warrant further break-down and more detailed study, and at what points this expansion should 53 ACCIDENT STATISTICS be undertaken. As in the case of table 30, tabulations on open cases will be more timely than tabulations based on closed cases and therefore of more practical value for accident prevention. Priority T a b l e 31. — I n ju r ie s classified by a g en cy, agency part, and extent o f d isa bility F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 1 9 — Extent of disability Agency and agency part involved Death Perma Perma Tem Tem nent nent porary porary Total total partial1 total partial Noncoinpensable 3 Total, all re ported cases Machines: Belts, pulleys, shafts, chains and sprockets, cables, and sheaves or gears____________ Chucks, vises, carriages, tool posts, indicators, gages, and other attachments__________ Ignition, heating, or cooling sys tem parts__________________ Frame, bed, etc______________ Point of operation____________ Safety devices________________ Parts, n. e. c_________________ Pumps and prime movers: Belts, pulleys, chains and sprockets, cables, and sheaves or gears____________________ Moving parts, n. e. c__________ Ignition, heating, or cooling sys tem parts__________________ Frame, bed, etc______________ Valves_______________________ Gaskets, packing, etc_________ Safety devices________________ Flywheel____________________ Parts, n. e. c_________________ Elevators: Belts, pulleys, chains and sprockets, sheaves or gears___ Cables and cable fastenings____ Car_________________________ Car gates____________________ Hoistway____________________ Hoistway gates_______________ Safety devices________________ Operating machinery_________ Platform or steps_____________ Parts, n. e. c_________________ Hoisting apparatus: Belts, pulleys, chains and sprockets, cables, and sheaves or gears____________________ Cab_________________________ Hooks or slings_______________ Magnet or bucket____________ Moving parts, n. e c__________ Frame, bed, etc_______________ Safety devices________________ Boom or mast or legs_________ Fixed parts, n. e. c____________ Conveyors: Belts, pulleys, chains and sprockets, cables, and sheaves or gears____________________ Moving parts, n. e. c__________ Frame, bed, etc______________ Safety devices________________ Parts, n. e. c_________________ 1 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 2 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 3 “Noncompensable” because not outlasting waiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. 54 M ANU AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Priority T able 31.— In ju ries classified by agency, agency part, and extent of disability— Continued From ---------t o ----------, 19 — E xtent of disability Agency and agency part involved Death Perma Perma Tem Tem nent nent porary porary Total total partial total partial Noncompensable Total, all re ported cases Boilers and pressure apparatus____ Shell, drum, or header____ Tubes.________ _ ___ ____ _ _ Gage glass, water column, or pressure and temperature ____________ gages All other valves______________ Fusible plugs. _ ___ ______ Gaskets, packing, etc________ _ Safety valves or devices_______ Parts, n. e. c________ _________ Vehicles: Belts, pulleys, chains and sprockets, cables, and sheaves or gears.______ _________ Coupler________________ _ __ Ignition, heating, or cooling sys tem parts___ _ _ ... ... . Frame, bed, etc. (rigging, body). Propeller or wheels___ _____ _ Safety device___ . . . _________ Hatchway___________________ Brakes ... _______ ______ _ Parts, n. e. c_________________ Animals: Feet, or hoofs, claws, talons___ Mouth, stinger, teeth, etc____ H orn s___ _ _ _______ _ Tail_________________________ Parts, n. e. c_ _ _ ____ Mechanical power transmission ap paratus. _____________ _ _ Electrical apparatus_____ _ __ ... Hand tools ____ ________ ... __ Chemicals.______ ... . .. _______ Highly inflammable and hot sub stances_____ _ _______ Dusts . . . _____ Radiations and radiating substances. Working surfaces, n. e. c ._ ____ Aeencies, n. e. c _____ ___________ Unclassified ____ _ __ . . . ____ Accident T ype and Extent o f D isability An important aspect of accident analysis is the accident type. The nine specific types listed in table 32 identify an accident as involv ing striking against objects, being struck by a moving object, being caught in, on, or between objects, falls to different level, falls on the same level, slips, etc., and the extent of the disability that resulted. From this table it will be possible to determine, for example, how many falls to different levels resulted in death or permanent dis ability, and how many industrial diseases resulted in the various types of disability, as well as how the various types of accidents compare in frequency of occurrence. It will be possible to determine whether more accidental injuries are due to exposure to temperature 55 ACCIDENT STATISTICS extremes than to strains, whether more are due to striking against objects than being caught in, on, or between objects, etc., and how the resulting injuries compare in severity. There may be fewer injuries due to falls to a different level than to falls on the same level, but proportionately more of the falls to a different level may result in death or permanent impairment. Accidents of this latter type, then, may be found to represent a more serious problem in terms of disability. The meaning of “ industrial disease” (usually called “ occupational disease” ) should be made clear in a footnote. In some States the term includes all industrial diseases, while in others it has reference only to a limited and specifically described list of industrial diseases. A footnote is therefore highly desirable, so as to avoid comparison of data from various States when the data, as presented, are not comparable. Attention is also directed to the inclusion of noncompensable cases. These, where available to any comprehensive degree, are important because they reveal accident hazards. As already indi cated, it is often mere chance that an accident results in a minor rather than a major injury. If the hazard exists, it should be recog nized and, if possible, prevented. Priority T a b l e 3 2 . — In ju ries classified by accident typ e, and extent o f disability F r o m ------ — t o -----------, 19— Extent of disability Accident type Death Perma nent total Perma Tem Tem nent porary porary Total par par tial 1 total tial 2 Non- Total, com- all re pensa- ported ble3 cases Striking against _ __ .. Struck by moving objects A,__ __ Caught in, on, or between, _ _ _ „ Falls to different level____ _____ Falls on same level___ ______ , Slips and overexertion, _ __ _ _ Contact with temperature extremes. Inhalation, absorption, ingestion. Contact with electric currents,__ Accident type, n. e. c _ ______ _ Unclassified ______________ Total_____________________ 1 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 2 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 3 “Noncompensable” because not outlasting waiting period of days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. i Falling, flying, sliding, or moving objects. As is true in all tables dealing with data on extent of disability, the data suggested may be supplemented by further break-downs to show amounts of compensation, and medical and hospital expense. Such analyses, of course, must be based on closed cases. The advan1 5 9 7 2 6 ° — 4 0 -------- 5 56 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS tage of such a break-down is that total costs due to individual accident types are brought out, permitting comparison in this additional field of interest. Where this cost information is desired, it is recommended that these tables be in duplicate— one for open cases, for current accident-prevention purposes, and another for closed cases, for costanalysis purposes. Industry and Accident T ype It is important to know not only what ty p e s of accidents occur, but also in what in d u stries they occur. Table 33 gives the analysis of accident type by industry. T able Priority 33.— In ju ries classified by industry and accident type F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— The industries to be listed will depend in part on the importance of industries in a particular State, and in part on the amount of detail wanted. The same principle of flexibility has been followed in the development of the industry code as was followed in the other codes suggested. It is possible, if no further break-down is wanted, to show only major divisions of industry, such as mining, manufac turing, wholesale and retail trade, etc., or, if more detailed informa- ACCIDENT STATISTICS 57 tion is wanted, a further break-down may be made of each or as many of these groups as may be desirable. Under manufacturing, for example, may be shown the general major groups of food, textile, iron and steel, automobile, etc. Each of these, in turn, may be broken down into considerably more detail, and even to the full limit of the suggested code. The table is significant because it will show in what industries most of the reported disabling injuries occur, and will indicate what further analysis may be necessary. The analysis should also reveal the types of accidents which are characteristic of certain industries, and the results of such examination should make clear to the accident-preven tion personnel where to apply tbeir efforts most effectively. The data can also be prepared in a 3-entry table in which are shown for each industry the accident types subdivided by extent of disability. Deaths and permanent total cases can be combined by the device suggested for table 17. A gency and Accident T ype Table 34 is to show the frequency with which the various accident types occur and the agencies most directly involved. When com pleted, it will show, for instance, the number of falls to different levels involving elevators; the number of injuries in which workers were struck by moving vehicles, or involved in falls from vehicles; the number of injuries involving electrical apparatus or chemicals and resulting from temperature extremes (hot or cold), etc. In other words, it will show the occurrence of the types of accidents in relation to the agency involved, as well as the types of accidents which stand out for the individual agencies. Data for these agencies, of course, can be broken down to furnish all the detail provided under the agency code, as well as the agency parts. As suggested, the data to be pro vided will be of general interest, and, what is more significant, will make possible the determination of the agency class or classes which warrant more detailed analysis for accident-prevention purposes. For instance, if a significantly large number of disabling injuries are shown for machines, it will be desirable to determine the specific types of machines involved in these machine injuries. The table may be enlarged and shown as a three-entry table by showing under “ accident type” the extent of disability, such as fatals and permanent total and permanent partial disability, etc. A simi lar break-down by industry offers another three-entry table analysis. 58 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Priority T able 34.— In ju ries classified by agency involved and accident type F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Total Unclassified Accident type, n. e. c. ture extremes Inhalation, absorption, ingestion Contact with electric [ currents i Contact with tempera- 1 | Slips and overexertion j Falls on same level Falls to different level j Striking against Agency involved Struck by moving ob ject 1 Caught in, on, or be tween Accident type Machines __ _ ___ Pumps and prime movers. Elevators____ ________ Hoisting apparatus_____ Conveyors____ Boilers and pressure ap paratus______ _____ Vehicles_______ - _ __ Animals_______ ___-__ Mechanical power trans mission apparatus___ _ Electrical apparatus ___ __ Hand tools--------------- __ Chemicals______________ Highly inflammable and hot substances____ Dusts_____ ------------Radiations and radiating substances____________ Working surfaces, n. e. c. Agencies, n. e. c-------------Unclassified__ ______ Total_____________ i Falling, flying, sliding, or moving objects. Unsafe A ct and E xtent o f D isability The types of unsafe acts which are partly or wholly responsible for the occurrence of disabling accidents are to be shown, by general groupings, in table 35, which also gives the extent of disability which resulted from these acts. For instance, workers operating at unsafe speed brought about accidents resulting in a given number of fatalities and cases of permanent or temporary disability. The use of defective tools or equipment, or, equally important, the unsafe use of tools or equipment, resulted in a certain number of cases of disability, to be shown by extent. It will be apparent from the codes in chapter 9, that the number of unsafe acts listed in table 35 may be enlarged considerably. The table may also be prepared for individual indus tries, plants, or departments, either by preparing separate tables for each, or by means of three-entry tables. The items of death and per manent total disability may be combined, if desirable, by the device suggested for table 17. 59 ACCIDENT STATISTICS Priority T able 35.— In ju ries classified by unsafe act and extent o f disability F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Extent of disability Unsafe act Death Perma Perma Tempo Tempo nent nent rary rary Total total partial i total partial 2 Non Total, all compen reported sable 3 cases Operating without author ity, failure to secure or warn__________ _____ Operating or working at unsafe speed ________ Making safety devices in operative______________ Using unsafe equipment, hands instead of equip ment, or equipment un safely__________________ Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc.__ Taking unsafe position or posture __ __________ Working on moving or dangerous equipment___ Distracting, teasing, abus ing, startling, etc_______ Failure to use safe attire or personal protective de vices_____ _ _____ Unsafe act, n. e. c _____ Unclassified_____ ___ No unsafe act of person___ Total, _ _ _________ 1 State whether disfigurement cases are included. Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 3 “Noncompensable” because not outlasting waiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. 2 Unsafe A ct and Industry To facilitate accident prevention, it is essential that the types of unsafe acts be shown by industries so as to make clear the type of unsafe-act hazard to be guarded against in each of these.1 As indi cated in connection with table 35, the unsafe acts listed are general types and may be enlarged, if desired, by following the detailed code in chapter 9. Similarly, the industry classification can be made as detailed as the industry code permits, or it may be expanded or con tracted to meet the needs or desires of individual jurisdictions. In some States, for instance, the food industries may present no problem requiring detailed analysis, so that this group of concerns or firms may be treated without any other break-down than “ food industries.” In other jurisdictions, however, further break-down may be desirable into firms or concerns producing meat products, dairy products, baked foods, beverages, etc. In some instances it may be desirable to break down these groups into still greater detail. For instance, instead of grouping all establishments manufacturing or processing milk, butter, ice cream, condensed milk, etc., under the general classification of “ dairy products,” they may be shown as individual industries. i The same approach may be used for smaller industry subdivisions, or even for departments of a single plant. T able Priority O 36. — In ju ries classified by industry and unsafe act F rom -------- t o ----------, 19 — Unsafe act Total_________ Unsafe loading, Taking placing, unsafe mixing, position or combining, posture etc. Working on Distracting, teasing, moving or abusing, dangerous startling, equipment etc. Failure to use safe attire or Unsafe act, Unclassi No personal n. e. c. fied unsafe act Total protective devices MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Industry Using un safe equip Operating ment, without Operating Making in authority, or working safety hands stead of failure to at unsafe devices equipment, secure or speed inoperative or equip warn ment un safely 61 ACCIDENT STATISTICS Unsafe Mechanical or Physical Condition and Extent o f D isability As already indicated, information for safety purposes involves the disclosure of unsafe mechanical or physical condition. It is impor tant to know how many disabling accidents involved improper guard ing, hazardous arrangement, improper illumination, improper venti lation, etc. Table 37 will show this information, as well as the extent of disability, i. e., fatal, permanent, etc., that resulted from the existence of these defects. As in the tables already discussed, the data on extent of disability may, when compiled for closed cases, also show compensation and medical and hospital costs. The items called for under “ unsafe mechanical or physical conditions” are general and may be broken down so as to show all the detail which is permitted by the code given in chapter 9. Defects of agencies, for example, may be broken into rough, slippery, sharp edged, poorly designed, low material strength, poorly constructed, inferior composition, decayed, aged, frayed, worn, cracked, etc. Improper illumination may be broken into insufficient light, glare, and unsuitable location or arrange ment (producing shadows or contrasts). Priority T able 37.— In ju ries classified by unsafe mechanical or physical condition and extent of disability F r o m ----------- t o ------------, 19— Extent of disability Unsafe mechanical or physical condition Death Perma Perma Tem Tem nent porary porary Tota nent total partial1 total partial2 Non- Total, all compen- reported sable 3 cases Improperly guarded agen cies___________________ Defective agencies________ Hazardous arrangement, procedure, etc., in, on, or around the selected agen cy— Improper illumination____ Improper ventilation_____ Unsafe dress or apparel____ Unsafe mechanical or phys ical condition, n. e. c____ Unclassified_____________ No unsafe mechanical or physical condition______ Total______________ 1 State whether disfigurement cases are included. 2 Omit if such injuries are not compensable under law. 3 ‘‘Noncompensable’’ because not outlasting waiting period of — days. Omit if law does not require the reporting of such cases. A gency and Unsafe Mechanical or Physical Condition Aside from knowing the types of disabilities which resulted from unsafe mechanical or physical conditions, factory inspectors and safety engineers will need to know the types of agencies which were defective, 62 M ANU AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS and the frequency with which the injuries reported may be due to given defects involving particular agencies. How many injuries, for example, were due to machines which were improperly guarded? How many disabling injuries were due to boilers which were defec tive? When the frequency with which these accidents occur is clearly shown, it will be possible to determine at what points safety efforts should be concentrated. The general table suggested here will serve to indicate whether any break-down is desirable and along what par ticular points. Priority T able 38.— In ju ries classified by agency and unsafe mechanical or physical condition F r o m ----------- t o ------------ , 19— Unsafe mechanical or physical condition Agency involved Machines _ __ ____ Pumps and prime mov ers___________ ____ Elevators-.- _ _ Hoisting apparatus--- . Conveyors_________ Boilers and pressure ap paratus - _______ Vehicles ____ ____ Animals ____ Mechanical power trans mission apparatus___ Electrical apparatus.__ Hand tools. __ Chemicals____ _ _ __ Highly inflammable or hot substances _____ Dusts. -_ ___ Radiations and radiat ing substances. _ Working surfaces, n. e. c_ Agencies, n. e. c..__ Unclassified_____ ___ Total___________ Im prop erly guard ed agency De fective agen cies Haz ardous Im arrange proper ment, illlumipro cedure, nation etc. Im proper venti lation No un safe me Unsafe Un chani dress N. e. cal or Total or ap c. classi fied physi parel cal con dition 63 ACCIDENT STATISTICS Unsafe Mechanical or Physical Condition and Industry For purposes of accident prevention it is also necessary to know in what industries the unsafe mechanical or physical conditions were responsible for accidents. In table 39, the data to be shown cover this point. Both the industry and unsafe mechanical or physical condition classifications can be expanded to include considerable detail. This more detailed analysis, of course, may be limited to particular industries and to particular types of defects. Priority T able 3 9 .— In ju ries classified by industry and unsafe mechanical or physical condition F r o m ------- t o ----------- , 1 9 — Unsafe mechanical or physical condition Industry Im prop erly guard ed agency De fective agen cies Haz ardous arrange ment, pro cedure, etc. No un safe me Im Im Unsafe Un chani proper proper dress N. e. cal or Total illumi venti or ap c. classi fied physi nation lation parel cal con dition Mining: Coal_____________ Metal—______ _ _ _ Manufacturing: Foods______ ______ Textiles _ _ ____ Etc ______________ Total___________ Unsafe A ct and Type o f Accident The question as to what types of accidents result from the various unsafe acts is answered by table 40. Here are to be shown the num ber of disabling injuries which resulted from striking against objects because of operating at unsafe speeds, making safety devices inopera tive, etc. Similarly, data are to be shown for other unsafe acts and the types of accidents resulting from them. As in earlier tables involving unsafe acts, the types listed may be broken into greater detail. The table, of course, can also be constructed for individual industries, plants, departments, etc., either by being repeated for each, or by the use of three-entry tables. T able Priority 0 *> 40.— In ju ries classified by unsafe act and type o f accident F rom -------- t o ----------, 19 — Type of accident Striking against Operating without authority, fail ure to secure or warn-------------Operating or working at unsafe speed________________________ Making safety devices inoperative. Using unsafe equipment, hands instead of equipment, or equip ment unsafely________ ______ Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc_______________ Taking unsafe position or posture. _ Working on moving or dangerous equipment____ ... . . . _____ Distracting, teasing, abusing, startling, etc_________________ Failure to use safe attire or per sonal protective devices --------Unsafe act, n. e. c............. .......... Unclassified____________________ No unsafe act of person_________ Total____________________ 1 Falling, flying, sliding, or moving objects. Contact Inhalation, Contact Accident Struck by Caught in, Falls to Falls on Slips and with tem absorption, with elec type, Unclas moving on, or different same level over perature cur n. e. c. sified exertion extremes ingestion tric objects 1 between level rents | I Total ! M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Unsafe act causing injury ACCIDENT STATISTICS 65 T ype o f Accident and Unsafe Mechanical or Physical Condition Table 41 is a companion to table 40, and is intended to show the types of accidents that result, either wholly or in part, from unsafe mechanical or physical conditions. It answers the question: What types of accidents result from the various unsafe mechanical or physical conditions? The table will show the number of disabling agencies which resulted from striking against objects because of improper guarding, hazardous arrangement, improper illumination, etc. Similarly, it will reveal the frequency with which falls are related to hazardous arrangements (of materials or equipment), improper illumination, etc. The tabulation for unsafe mechanical or physical conditions may be further subdivided, and the entire table may be constructed for all reported injuries, or for individual industries, departments, geographic locations, etc., either by repetition or by the use of three-entry tables. Priority T able 41,— In ju ries classified by type o f accident and unsafe m echanical or physical condition F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Unsafe mechanical or physical condition Im prop erly guarded agency Accident type Haz ardous De arrange fective ment, agen proced cies ure, etc. No un safe me Im Im Unsafe Un chani proper proper dress cal or Total illumi venti or N. e. c. classi fied physi nation lation apparel cal con dition Striking against _ _ Struck by moving ob jects 1____________ _ Caught in, on, or be tween- ______ ______ Falls to different level— Falls on same lev e l-___ Slips and overexertion___ Contact with tempera ture extremes __ _ Inhalation, absorption, ingestion,__ . _ Contact with electric currents __ _____ Accident type, n. e. c__ Unclassified _ ____ _ Total____ ____ 1 Falling, flying, sliding, or moving objects. Unsafe A cts and Unsafe Personal Factors The only suggested table involving unsafe personal factors is table 42. It can be compiled only by jurisdictions or organizations in a position to determine the essential facts. Some of the unsafe personal factors listed, and they are given in greater detail in chapter 9, are not difficult to determine. The question whether an accident was occasioned, either wholly or in part, by a workers’ lack of knowledge or skill, or whether he was hard of hearing or had defective eyesight, 66 M ANU AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS may be determined with relative ease, although even here a considerable amount of subjective judgment is involved. Improper attitudes, on the other hand, are much more difficult to determine. For instance, was the accident partly due to a worker’s willful disregard of instruc tions, or violent temper, or recklessness, or sluggish mental reaction? A worker’s thoughts may wander for a moment, and at that very moment and for that very reason the accident may have occurred. But there are no visible facts to indicate that this happened, and the problem then hinges on whether or not the worker, if he can be ques tioned, will admit that he was not paying attention to his job. Because of the inherent difficulties in determining personal defects, only one table is suggested. Such factors as can definitely be ascer tained, e. g., lack of skill or inexperience, disregard of instructions, should be recognized. Table 42 is intended to show the unsafe acts related to unsafe personal factors. It should show how many injuries occurred because inexperienced workers operated at unsafe speed or unnecessarily ex posed themselves to danger (such as standing under a loaded shovel of a derrick); or how many injuries were due to workers with bodily defects (such as impaired eyesight) working on moving or dangerous equipment. Safety men are anxious for this type of information. It can be compiled for all industry, individual industries, individual plants or departments, etc. But, it is again pointed out, although these data are very important, they will be difficult to obtain because of the element of personal judgment involved, which, in many instances, may be nothing more than guesswork. T able 42.— In ju ries classified by unsafe act and unsafe personal factors F r o m ----------- t o -------------, 19— Unsafe personal factors occasioning unsafe act Unsafe act Operating without authority, fail ure to secure or warn. __ __ _ Operating or working at unsafe speed _ ____________________ Making safety devices inoperative. Using unsafe equipment, hands in stead of equipment, or equipment unsafely_____ _. ___ ... ___ Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc___ __ __ __ _ Taking unsafe position or posture. _ Working on moving or dangerous equipment______ __ ___ Distracting, teasing, abusing, star tling, etc____ ____________ . Failure to use safe attire or personal protective devices............ .......... Unsafe act, n. e. c........................ __ Unclassified _ ____________ _ ... No unsafe act____________ ____ Total_____________________ Lack of Improper knowl Bodily attitude edge or defect skill Unsafe unsafe personal Unclassi No Total factors, fied personal factor n. e. c. Chapter 5.— Extent of Disability For a comprehensive analysis of accident causes it would undoubt edly be advisable to have available reports of all accidents, whether or not they involved damage to person or to property. Such com prehensive reporting, however, obviously is not possible of attainment. The question therefore arises as to how far accident reporting can be carried. For purposes of regulation, the Interstate Commerce Commission requires the reporting, not only of disabling personal injuries, but also of all accidents involving property damage to railway property in excess of $150. Agencies administering workmen’s compensation laws, however, are interested only in injuries to workers and do not concern themselves with accidents which involve no personal injury. The practices in the various States, however, vary widely. Some re quire the reporting of all injuries, including those involving only medical first aid. Others require the reporting of all disabling in juries, and still others the reporting of only those injuries which exceed the waiting period. In all reporting requirements, of course, only injuries covered by the acts are reportable. Certain industries or services— for example farming, domestic service, and casual employ ments— are entirely outside the coverage of most workmen’s compen sation acts. Moreover, in many of the States, employers are not covered by the act if they have fewer workers than the prescribed minimum number. Because of the variety of reporting requirements, it is important that the various injuries be clearly classified and described by extent of disability. Unless this is done, persons not intimately acquainted with all the reporting requirements of the various States, or even with the reporting requirements of a single State, may draw unjustifi able conclusions from the data or make comparisons of things that are unlike. Since 1937 there has been available the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates, which contains standard defi nitions of the various extents or types of disability. This standard method was prepared under the auspices of the American Standards Association and under the joint sponsorship of the International As sociation of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, the National Safety Council, and the National Council on Compensation Insurance. 67 68 M ANU AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Six classifications of extent of disability are recognized in this stand ard. They are named and defined as follows: 1. Death: Death shall be the term applied to any injury which in volves the loss of the life of the injured. 2. Permanent total disability: Permanent total disability shall be the term applied to any injury other than death which permanently and totally incapacitates the injured from following any gainful occu pation. The loss of, or loss of use of, both hands, or both arms, or both legs, or both feet, or both eyes, or any two [i. e., one arm and one leg, etc.] thereof, suffered in one accident, shall be considered a per manent total disability. 3. Permanent partial disability: Permanent partial disability shall be the term applied to any injury other than death or permanent total disability which involves (a) the complete loss of any member of the body or part thereof, or (b) the permanent impairment of any function of any member of the body or part thereof. 4. Temporary total disability: Temporary total disability shall be the term applied to any injury other than death, permanent total disability, or permanent partial disability which, in the opinion of the doctor, makes it impossible for the injured employee to return to work on the calendar day following the day on which the injury oc curred, or on some later day. 5. Temporary partial disability: Temporary partial disability shall be the term applied to any injury other than death, permanent total disability, permanent partial disability, or temporary total disability which in the opinion of the doctor makes it possible for the injured person to return to work but not to his regular job on the calendar day following the day on which the injury occurred, or some later day. 6. First-aid case: First-aid case shall be the term applied to any injury, other than death, permanent total disability, permanent par tial disability, temporary total disability, or temporary partial dis ability, which receives at least first-aid or medical treatment but which, in the opinion of the doctor, does not make it impossible for the injured person to return to his regular job at or before the start of the next calendar day following the day on which the injury occurred. Little needs to be said here concerning death. It should be noted, however, that every injury which directly leads to death is to be classi fied as such, regardless of whether or not considerable time elapses between the date of injury and the date of death. There is no recog nition here of any difference between “ immediate death,” such as may result from a broken neck caused by a fall from a ladder, and a “ sub sequent death” which may flow directly from an injury, such as the amputation of a leg, 3 weeks after the occurrence of the accident. It therefore follows that corrections may be called for in statistical EXTENT OF DISABILITY 69 compilations when injuries classified as permanent total or permanent partial, etc., disability subsequently result in death. The items listed under permanent total disability are not intended to be exclusive. The first sentence of the definition is controlling. Consequently, any injury which permanently and totally incapacitates a worker, whether because of a fractured skull, a broken back, an industrial disease, a nervous derangement, etc., is classed as a per manent total disability, as is the total loss or total loss of use of both hands, both arms, both legs, both feet, both eyes, or a combination of any two of these, such as, for instance, the loss of one arm and one eye. If the definition of permanent total disability in a tabulation differs from that given above, a footnote should explain how the term is used. The classification of types of injuries as permanent partial by indi vidual jurisdictions depends in part on the provisions of the work men’s compensation laws. Some States, for instance, compensate for disfigurement, while others do not. Of those which compensate for disfigurement, a few do so for disfigurement of the head, face, neck, and hands, while others do so only for disfigurement of the head and face. Some compensate for loss of hearing, others do not, etc. Obviously, statistical compilations in the various jurisdictions will be based on the injuries recognized in the individual compensation acts as permanent partial. Because of the differences in such provisions, it is desirable to tie this classification by extent of disability to a standard enumeration of items, so that jurisdictions which differ from this standard may so indicate in a footnote, thus making possible more accurate State-by-State comparisons. These items are: Arm or arms; hand or hands; thumb or thumbs; finger or fingers; leg or legs; foot or feet; toe or toes; eye or eyes; loss of hearing; and body generally. When a tabulation includes cases of disfigurement under perma nent partial disability, this fact should be stated in a footnote, as should the parts of the body for which the law provides compensation for disfigurement. Preferably, the number of such cases should also be stated. Permanent partial impairment of the body generally may include back injuries or industrial diseases which have not reached the stage of permanent total disability. In general, the extent of such injuries will be rated as a percentage of permanent total dis ability. As in the case of disfigurement, any tabulation which includes industrial diseases imder permanent partial disability should be pro vided with adequate footnotes explaining this inclusion. Another point to be considered here relates to second injuries, i. e., a permanent partial injury which, because of an earlier permanent partial injury, results in permanent total disability. For instance, a worker who lost an arm in one accident may lose an eye, or a leg, or 70 M ANU AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS the other arm in a subsequent accident. The second injury in itself, of course, is only a permanent partial injury. But because of the earlier injury, the resulting disability is permanent and total. Such injuries should be shown under permanent total disability, but the number of such cases should be definitely identified in a footnote, which should also include the cost of these cases when the table includes cost data. In any tabulation of temporary total disability which omits those disabilities not exceeding a specified waiting period, it is essential to indicate this fact in a footnote, which should also give the length of the waiting period. If, for instance, the waiting period is 7 days, a footnote might read: “ Includes only cases with disability exceeding 7 days.” In counting days of disability, all calendar days, and not merely working days, should be included. The term “ disability” means inability to work, and this inability is true of every day in the dis ability period, including all Sundays and holidays. If, for instance, a worker is injured on June 1, and is unable to return to work until July 1, he is disabled for 29 days, even though the month contains 4 Sundays during which he normally would not have worked. A considerable number of States do not recognize temporary partial disability in their workmen’s compensation laws. In the tables already suggested, the columns for temporary partial disability may be included or excluded to accord with the classifications named in the law. The fact that the definition of temporary total disability uses the phrase “ return to work,” whereas that for temporary partial dis ability uses the phrase “ return to work but not to his regular job,” requires some explanation. Basic to this explanation is the difference between these two types of disability. Temporary total disability requires that a worker be unable to perform any work during his period of disability. The disability ceases when the worker is phyically fit to resume work. If the work involves some other than his regular job because he has not sufficiently recovered f r o m h is in j u r y to p e rfo rm h is regular j o b , then his temporary total disability has merged into temporary partial disability. In jurisdictions recognizing this latter type of disability, it is often found to be preceded by temporary total disability, which in turn may have been coupled with permanent partial disability. Not infrequently, however, the temporary partial disability is found by itself. If a worker cuts his hand, for instance, and because of that injury is unable to continue with his regular job, but is able to carry on some other work— usually at a lower wage rate— then he has a temporary partial disability. Practical considerations, however, require that the extent of dis ability of all cases to be included in a statistical tabulation be deter- EXTENT OF DISABILITY 71 mined as of a given time. A ease of temporary disability may in time become a case of permanent partial disability. If it does so before “ the books are closed,” then the extent of disability to be tabulated is the permanent partial injury. If it does so after “ the books are closed,” then it is advisable to use the extent of disability which is determined at the point of closing. A rule recently adopted by a subcommittee of the American Standards Association provides that all cases be tabulated for the extent of disability as ascertained within a period of 1 month after the end of the year covered. If the period is in the calendar year of 1939, for instance, then all cases are to be tabulated for the extent of disability determined by January 31, 1940. Some States require the reporting, not only of all disabling injuries arising out of employment, but also of all nondisabling injuries which require medical attention. In these jurisdictions the value of cause analysis can be greatly enhanced by a consideration of these minor, noncompensable injuries, which after all present accident hazards. The fact that an accident results in a minor rather than in a major injury is merely a matter of chance, sometimes a matter of a fraction of an inch or a split second. For purposes of accident prevention it is important to analyze all known accident-hazard data— regardless of whether the type of injuries which resulted from these were minor or major in character. If disabling injuries are to be prevented, then the unsafe practices or conditions which lead to these injuries must be recognized. 159726°— 40- -6 Chapter 6.— Report Forms The primary requisite of all statistics dealing with industrial in juries and accident causes is adequate reports of the injury. Basi cally, these consist of two reports: (1) The report of the injury, at times supplemented by a medical report; and (2) the final receipt, showing that payments have been completed, the amounts paid, and for what. Report o f Industrial Injury Statistically, the report of an industrial injury is a very important document. It specifies that a worker has been injured, states the employer for whom he worked, the industry, the name, age, sex, and wage of the worker, the cause of accident, and the injury that resulted to specified parts of the worker’s body. It contains all of the infor mation necessary for workmen’s compensation and accident statistics, except the element of costs and the period of disability or medical treatment subsequent to the filling out of the report. It is therefore important that this report be adequate, for it is impossible to obtain accurate and useful statistics from inadequate reports. Reports may be inadequate for two reasons: (1) The report form itself may not call for the information necessary for proper analysis; and (2) the report form, no matter how adequate, may not be filled out accurately or completely by the reporting employer. The first deficiency can be met only by a form developed to bring out the de sired information. The second can be met by the insistence of the workmen’s compensation administration that reporting employers furnish all the information requested. This problem and a suggested method for solving it are considered later in this chapter. Need for Adequate Injury-Report Form As a rule, workmen’s compensation laws require the reporting of industrial injuries to the workmen’s compensation boards. As indi cated in chapter 5, the reporting requirements vary widely. The fact remains, however, that in a large majority of jurisdictions the report ing of accidental injuries, and more recently industrial (occupational) diseases, is mandatory on employers under workmen’s compensation laws. Some twenty-odd States are now using an Employer’s First Report of Injury form which has been approved by the International Asso ciation of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions (usually 72 REPORT FORMS 73 referred to as the I. A. I. A .B .C .), and which was developed by repre sentatives from a wide variety of interested groups, including the National Council on Compensation Insurance. The committee which developed this form voted, by a slender majority, to confine it to the traditional fields and to favor the intro duction of another form for those jurisdictions which desired to utilize the cause analysis along the lines recommended in this Manual. There is much to be said for this point of view, because, obviously, there is no object in providing a standard form embodying questions relating to this method of cause analysis for jurisdictions either not interested or not equipped to do much along the line of accident pre vention through the utilization of accident-cause statistics. The form recommended here involves sufficient departure from the present standard form to suggest that jurisdictions not concerned with acci dent prevention retain their present form and do not shift to the new form until there is sufficient interest in accident prevention and the necessary statistical information to guide such preventive activities. The present standard form, as already indicated, does not meet the needs of the accident-cause analysis recommended here. Additional information is required. The form suggested for this purpose has been developed to supply this information and at the same time to provide the information necessary for workmen’s compensation pur poses and to meet the needs of insurance carriers.1 A comparison of the form proposed here with the so-called I. A. I. A. B. C. standard form shows clearly that the new form contains all the information called for on the I. A. I. A. B. C. form, at times in a different phrasing or location on the form, plus the information necessary for adequate cause analysis.2 Before undertaking a detailed discussion of the new form, it is necessary to indicate briefly the reasons for the adoption of a single form, rather than a su p p lem en ta ry form to the present standard report, a procedure suggested by various experts. This supplemen tary form was to be labeled “ Confidential— for accident-prevention purposes,” was not to become part of the general record, and therefore would not be involved in any of the formal hearings in contested cases. In favor of this procedure it was pointed out that it would take some time to obtain the accident-cause data and that consequently the reporting of the accident would be delayed, as would the payment of compensation. Further, it was urged that employers might be unwill ing to state correctly and honestly the facts involved in the accident, partly because they did not wish to admit fault, and partly because 1 A variation of this new form has been in use in Pennsylvania since January 1, 1938. 2The proposed form can be used for industrial (occupational) diseases as well as for traumatic injuries. It may be desirable, however, to use a different color paper for industrial-disease cases, so as to distinguish such cases readily from those due to traumatic injuries. 74 M ANU AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS such statements might prejudice the officials of the workmen’s com pensation agency. On the other hand, there are very strong reasons for asking for all of the information on one form. Certainly an employer can at once notify his insurance carrier of an accident to one of his employees— and this is usually the practice— with a formal report following later. And there is no reason why compensation, if due, must be delayed pending the completion of the report. In most States no compensa tion is due until the injured worker has been disabled for 1 week— and the report should be available within several days at the most. As for the objection that an employer may be reluctant to admit that he is at fault, it is pointed out that workmen’s compensation laws disregard the question of fault, and that an employer has little, if anything, to lose by admitting that equipment or environment were not what they should have been; provided, of course, that he has not violated a safety order in a State which exacts additional compensa tion for such violations. But, by and large, employers have more to gain than to lose by permitting a good analysis of accident causes, for accidents are costly, and can be prevented. An honest appraisal of these cause factors may indicate to the employer the hazards to be overcome in preventing a recurrence of accidents having the same causal factors. The strongest reason for a single form, however, lies in the fact that workmen’s compensation administrators will insist on the submission of a single report because it is essential for compensation purposes. They may not have the same interest in a second report dealing essen tially with the causes of each accident, and consequently, there is a strong likelihood that not nearly so much insistence will be placed on the actual filing of this separate accident-cause report. Nor will individual employers, for the most part, wish to be bothered by more than one report. If they have reported once, they are apt to think that they have complied with the law. In short, then, if the accidentcause facts are asked for on one report, there is a much greater chance of their being reported than if they are asked for on a supplementary form. As for their being reported accurately, that is a matter of education, in which the fairness of administrators and the assistance of factory inspectors will be exceedingly helpful.3 In the development of the form, it was recognized that the instruc tions for the filling in of the items called for could be handled in at least two ways: (1) In a small bulletin or pamphlet giving specific instructions as to the type of information called for; or (2) con densing these instructions and placing them on the report form in 3 It is to be noted that, at its worst, the new form will function as well as the present standard form. The accident type and the agency can always be identified, even if the other data necessary for a more thorough going analysis cannot be obtained. EMPLOYER’S REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL INJURY (Answer every question fully to avoid further correspondence) EMPLOYER Employer’s or Carrier’s file No__________ _____ ____________ (1) Name___________ _____ _____________________________________________ _______________ _ (Give name under which concern does business) (2) Office address: No. and Street_______ ________ ______ ___ _______ _ DO NOT WRITE IN THIS COLUMN CASE NO. C ity..................................... ........... State............ ........... ........................ (3) Nature of business _____ ___ __________ ________________________ ___________________________________ _________________ ________ ___________ (List principal product or service of the concern) EMPLOYER NO. ACCIDENT (4) Accident occurred where?................................................ ................................................ (City and State) (6) Date of accident: _________ _________19_____ Hour: ..........A. M. (7) Date disability began:......................................... (5) On employer’s premises?_________________________ (Yes or no) PLACE OF ACCIDENT ..............P. M. (8) Was injured paid in full for this day?____________ (Yes or No) INDUSTRY INJURED EMPLOYEE X9) Name.. . ............ ......... ......................................... . __ ........................................ . ... ___ (First name) (Middle initial) (Last name) (10) Address: No. and street______ ___________ ____________________ _______ _ (11) Age:___ City ___________ _______________ (12) If under 18, did you have on file an age or employment certificate? ____________ (13) Check ( ): Single___ Married___ Divorced___ (14) Number of hours worked per day ......... Widowed___ Male----- . _ .............................. DATE OF ACCIDENT State....................................... No. of certificate________ _____ ______________ Female............ AGE (15) Number of days worked per week________ _____ (16) Wages: per hour ............ ...... per day $.........................per week $ ..-------- ----------- If board, lodging, fares or other advantages were furnished in ad- dition to wages, give estimated value per week: $ ______________ per month: $ _______________ CONJUG. COXD. AND SEX CAUSE OF ACCIDENT (17) What was employee doing when the accident occurred?......... ................................................... ........................................................................................ (Describe briefly, such as: loading truck; operating a drill press; shoveling dirt; painting with spray gun; etc.) <18) Occupation_______________________ TIME EMPLOYED WEEKLY WAGE _________________________________________________ _____ _______________________ _____ ____________ (19) How long employed by you at this occupation?__ _______ _____________________ _______ ________________________ _____ _____ _________ ____ (20) What machine, tool, substance or object was most closely connected with the accident?____________ ______ ______ _________ ____________ _______ OCCUPATION (Name the machine, tool, appliance, gas, liquid, etc., involved) (21) If machine or vehicle, what part oiit?----------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ----- ---------------------(State if gears, pulley, motor, etc.) <22) How did the accident happen? ___________________ _______ ________________________________________________________ _______________________ (Describe the accident fully, stating whether the injured person fell AGENCY AGENCY PART or was struck, etc., and all the factors contributing to the accident. Use other side of report for additional space.) <(23) In what way was the machine, tool or object defective?............ ........... ............................... ..................... ............................. ........................................ <24) H owtcan you prevent this type of accident?___ ____ _________________________ ____ ___________________________ ____ ______ ___________ ______ (Specify the remedial measure, such as: better illumination, better ventilation, providing goggles, providing a better guard, better supervision, etc.) ACCIDENT TYPE UNSAFE ACT (25) Were mechanical guards, or other necessary safeguards (such as goggles) provided?........................... ............................................................................... (26) Was injured using them?_____________________ _________________ _____________ ____ ____ ____________ ______ ___________ __________________ MECHANICAL DEFECT (27) How could the injured have prevented the accident?____________________ ______ _____________________________ ____ _________________________ (Do not say “by being more careful,” but specify what employee should or should not have done. For instance: should not have used defective ladder; should not have oiled machinery in motion; should have worn goggles; etc.) PERSONAL DEFECT NATURE AND LOCATION OF INJURY (28) ------------------ ------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- .--------------(Describe in detail the nature of the injury and the part of the body affected. For instance: NATURE amputation of right arm, crushing injury to chest, lead poisoning, dermatitis of right arm and hand, etc.) <29) Name and address of physician........ ................................................................................................. ................ ................................................................ <30) Name and address of hospital________________________________ ____ _______ __________________________ _______________ ________________ ____ (31) Has employee returned to work?................... (34) Did injury result in death?__________ (32) If so, give date ............................................. LOCATION (33) At what weekly wage? $ ____________ _____ (35) If so, give date__________ ____ ______________ _____ ___ _____ _____________________ ______ _____ INSURANCE (36) In case of death, give name and address of nearest relative ---------- -------------------- --------------------------- ------ --------- ------------------ ---------------------------- REPORT LAG INSURANCE (37) Name and address of workmen’s compensation insurance carrier........... ....................................... ............................................... .......... ........................ CODED BY <38) Date of this report............................................. Made out b y ........................................................................................................................................... Official position....................................................................................................................................... 159726°— 40 ( Face p. 75) REPORT FORMS 75 small type directly below the spaces provided for the answers. As is apparent from the proposed form, the second alternative was adopted, for the reason that it will keep the instructions before the person making out the report every time he has occasion to prepare one. A pamphlet of instructions might be read once, and then be laid aside or lost. If a new person chanced to make out a report, he might not even know that such a pamphlet existed. A word is in order concerning the general structure of the form, before discussing in detail the questions asked. It will be noted that the questions are grouped under the headings of “ employer,” “ acci d en t/’ “ cause of accident,” “ nature and location of injury,” and “ insurance,” so as to permit quick orientation. Every question is numbered to permit of easy reference. The right-hand margin has been set aside for statistical coding, so as to make unnecessary a duplicate code form, or coding on the report form without any special coding space, a practice which encourages faulty statistical compila tion and generally detracts from the appearance of the report. Details of Report Form The report is called “ employer’s report of industrial injury” because it is the injury which is reported rather than the accident. If the report were of the accident, then one single report might cover as many injuries as resulted from the one accident. If, for instance, a scaffold collapsed, causing two deaths and three nonfatal injuries, a single report could cover the accident, giving the names of the five persons killed and injured. But for compensation purposes a report is required for every injured worker; consequently, the report covers an in j u r y , rather than an accident. E m p lo y e r : (1) N a m e .— The name called for is that under which the concern does business. Much confusion results in the files of workmen’s com pensation administrations by reports which, although pertaining to the same injury, give the name of the concern differently. On the report of the industrial injury, the name of the employer may be given as “ John Smith, Jr.” On the final receipt it may be shown as the “ X - Y - Z - Laundry.” The usual practice of the administration will be to call for a final receipt for the injury to Tom Brown from em ployer “ John Smith, Jr.,” and to call for a report of injury to Tom Brown from employer “ X - Y - Z - Laundry.” The difficulty, of course, lies in the fact that the employer’s name is not uniformly reported. It is desirable to have it reported as here indicated— the name under which the employer or employing concern does business— so as to avoid confusion and needless irritation. M A N U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS 76 (2) Office a d d ress .— This address is wanted to facilitate any corre spondence that may be necessary, and to permit a better identification of the employer. (3) N a tu r e o f b u s in e ss .— What is desired here is sufficient informa tion to classify the concern according to its major industrial activity. Any analysis of frequency of injuries, compensation costs, accident causes, etc., must necessarily be placed within the framework of an industry classification. The small print indicates that the information wanted is the principal types of products manufactured or the prin cipal type of service of the concern, such as rolling mill; furniture factory; wholesale dry goods; grocery store; advertising agency; window cleaning; garage; etc. It will also be noted that space has been provided for the em ployer’s or carrier’s file number, under which the case is indexed by the employer, if self-insured, or the insurance carrier. Reference to this file number in subsequent correspondence will facilitate the locat ing of the necessary papers and records on the part of the employer or insurance carrier. Above the coding space, provision has been made for the insertion of the industrial commission number for the report. A c c id e n t: (4) A c c id e n t occurred w h ere ?— The information to be filled in is the city and State. These data help to identify the accident and also offer some clue as to whether the accident occurred within or outside the State. (5) O n e m p lo y e r ’s p r e m is e s ?— This question is to be answered by either “ yes” or “ no” and is intended to throw more light on the cir cumstances concerning the accident for compensation purposes. (6) D a te o f acciden t .— The day, month, and year are to be inserted, as well as the hour at which the accident occurred. (7) D a te d isa b ility began .— If the injury was so severe that work was discontinued at once or soon after but on the same day on which the accident occurred, the date to be shown here will be the date of the accident. There are a considerable number of injuries, however, which do not incapacitate a worker at once, so that he is able to remain at work for some time. Particularly is this true of infections arising out of minor injuries. In cases such as these, the date disability began will be the first day on which the worker was unable to work because of the injury. (8) W a s w orker p a id in f u l l f o r this d a y f — This is to be answered simply by “ yes” or “ no” and is essential for compensation purposes. I n ju r e d e m p lo y e e : (9) N a m e . (10) A d d r e ss. REPORT FORMS (11) (12) A g e .— To 77 be given as of the last birthday. I j u n d er 1 8 , did y o u have on file an age or e m p lo y m en t certificate ? N u m b e r o j certificate .— This question is prompted by the child-labor provisions of a large number of the States, as well as those of the Fair Labor Standards Act, under which the Chief of the Children’s Bureau of the United States Department of Labor (1) has the author ity to issue age certificates certifying that a particular child is above the oppressive child-labor age, i. e., that the child is at least 16 years of age, and (2) has the authority to find certain occupations to be hazardous and bar minors from being employed in them if under 18 years of age. (See pp. 43-48.) (13) M a r ita l status and se x .— For compensation purposes the marital status and sex of the injured worker are often significant. (14) (15) (16) N u m b e r o f hours w orked p e r d a y , n u m b er o j d a ys w orked p e r w e e k , w a g es .— These facts are important in the determina tion of compensation benefits, and also have some significance in computing workers’ wage loss due to accidents, and to relate hours per day and week to the frequency of accidents. C a u se o j a cciden t: It is in the questions in this section of the report that the proposed form differs most radically from the forms now generally in use. The aim of the questions included here is to throw light on the various factors involved in the accident, as well as to bring out the unsafe act or condition which must be remedied if similar accidents are to be prevented. (17) W h a t w as em p lo yee doing w hen the accident occu rred ?— What is wanted here is a brief description of exactly what the injured worker was doing when the accident occurred, so as to make possible a reconstruction of the accident. This question is not the same as question (18) “ Occupation.” The injured worker might be a drillpress operator, but he might have been loading castings from a truck on his machine when one of the castings slipped and fell on his foot. The proper answer in such a case would be: “ Loading castings from truck onto drill press,” whereas the answer to question (18) would be: “ Drill-press operator.” (18) O ccu p a tion .— What is wanted here is the name of the occupa tion in which the injured worker was regularly employed by the employer. (19) H o w long e m p lo yed b y y o u at this occu p a tion ?— This question is intended to indicate the worker’s familiarity with the job hazard, and to permit some conclusions as to whether newly hired employees have more disabling accidents than those with longer service and experience. (20) W h a t m a ch in e , tool , substance or object w as m ost closely con nected w ith the acciden t ?— If a machine was most closely connected 78 M ANU AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS with the accident, then, of course, the machine should be named. If, for instance, the operator of a paper cutter had his hand caught under the knife in the absence of a proper guard, or on a cutter equipped with an improper guard, then the machine most closely connected with the accident was the cutter. If, on the other hand, the truck from which he was unloading paper was improperly blocked so that it moved and struck and injured the operator, then the object to be named here should be the truck. But if the accident was due to the operator’s dropping of a load of paper on his foot, then the answer to the question should be “ load of paper.” If a worker swinging a sledge hammer receives a steel splinter in his eye from the sledge hammer, then the answer to this question should be “ sledge hammer,” etc.4 (21) I f m ach in e or vehicle, what pa rt o f i t ?— The parts to be named may be belts, pulleys, gears, sprockets, point of operation, wheels, crank, tires, etc. (22) H o w did the accident h a p p en ? — This is the key question in this section because it calls for the description of the accident itself. Such brief descriptions as “ worker fell,” etc., should be rejected. What is wanted here is a description of how the accident happened. For in stance, “ worker slipped on grease on the floor and struck head against cement post.” (23) I n what w a y w a s the m a ch in e, tool, or object defective? — There may have been no defect, in which case the proper answer should be “ none.” But if there were defects—if, for instance, the machine was unguarded, or the sledge or chisel was mushroomed, etc,— this fact should be stated. (24) H o w can y o u prevent this ty p e o f acciden t? — This question, of course, is directed at the employer. It should accomplish two things: (1) Make clear the unsafe condition or unsafe act; and (2) focus the employer’s attention on the unsafe condition or unsafe performance which made the accident possible. As indicated, the answers may be, “ by providing better illumination” ; “ by providing more adequate safeguards” ; “ closer supervision and better safety training of work ers,” etc. (25) W e r e m echanical guards or other n ecessa ry safegu ards (such as goggles) p rovid ed ? — If no such safeguards were provided, then this fact should be stated. If safeguards were provided, but the accident oc curred anyhow, then there is a possibility that the safeguards were in adequate or that someone, perhaps the injured worker himself, tam pered with them. (26) W a s in ju r e d u sin g th em ? — If safeguards were provided but the injured did not use them, an unsafe act on the part of the employee 4 See chapter 9 for the rules for the selection of the proper agency for coding purposes. REPORT FORMS 79 is clearly indicated. The question, if applicable, should be answered by either “ yes” or “ no.” (27) H o w could the in ju red have prevented the a ccid en tf — This ques tion is intended to bring out the unsafe act which made the accident possible or at least contributed to it. Answers such as “ by being more careful” are meaningless. A proper answer should indicate what the employee should or should not have done; for instance, “ by using proper method for lifting” ; “ by wearing proper clothes” ; “ by wearing goggles” ; “ employee should not have attempted to board moving vehicle,” etc. N a tu re and location o f in j u r y : (28) N a tu re and location o f i n j u r y .— This question calls for a brief description of the injury as well as the identification of the part of the body affected; for instance, amputation of left index finger; severe lacerations of right hand; fracture of left leg; dermatitis on both hands; silicosis; lead poisoning; infection of right arm resulting from puncture wound to right hand, etc. (29) (30) N a m e and address o f p h y s ic ia n , h osp ita l.— These data are of great value to insurance carriers. (31) H a s em p loyee returned to w o r k f — If the employee has returned to work, this fact should be indicated by “ yes” ; if not, by “ no.” It is important, of course, to know the length of disability in order to deter mine whether, on the basis of this report, compensation benefits may be in order. (32) I f so, give date. (33) A t what w eek ly wage f — If the wage is less than that indicated by the answer in question (16), then there is a possibility that the injury may be responsible for the difference, in which case compensation benefits for temporary partial disability may be in order. (34) D id in ju r y result in deathf (35) I f so, give date. (36) I n case o f death, give n am e and address o f nearest relative.— This will enable the workmen’s compensation board to be of prompt assist ance to dependents at the time when such assistance is most needed. In su ra n ce: (37) N a m e an d address o f w o rk m en ’s com pen sation rier. — If in su ra n ce car the employer is self-insured, he should state in answer to this question: “ Self-insured.” If his insurance is carried by an insur ance company, it is likely that the name of the carrier will be printed directly on the form, as will the carrier’s address. If this is not the case, it should be written in by the employer. (38) D a te o f this rep ort; m ade out b y ; official p o s itio n . — This informa tion indicates how soon after the injury the report was made out and by whom. 80 MANUAL, ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Obtaining Complete Information The point has already been made that if the report form is to attain its stated objective, i. e., furnish data essential for compensa tion purposes and f o r accident p reven tio n , the form must be filled out completely. Experience has proved, however, that it is not possible to rely completely on the understanding or cooperation of employers, and that reports will be submitted which are lacking in some im portant details. Particularly will this be true of questions (24) through (27) which are aimed at unsafe conditions and unsafe acts. A simple and convenient follow-up method is needed. A brief mimeographed form letter may point out that the report submitted concerning the accident was incomplete for the items checked on the enclosed form of the Employer’s Report of Industrial Injury, and request the employer to fill in the missing data checked on that form and to return it promptly. The employer should be requested to return the form sent him rather than to submit another report. 6 The report form to be enclosed should bear the name of the em ployee and the file or case number of the board or commission, so that the report can be identified easily even if returned without any accompanying letter. The items lacking on the report originally submitted can be marked, preferably by the coder, by check marks or circles around the number of the question, preferably in red pencil so that the marking will stand out unmistakably. When addressing the form letter, a carbon copy should be prepared to serve as a file copy. The letter and copy should contain the em ployer’s name and address, the name of the employee, the date of accident, and the commission’s or board’s file number. If the em ployer or insurance carrier gave a file number on the original report, this number should be listed. A t n o tim e , h ow ever , sh ou ld the origin al report its e lf be returned f o r com p letion . Doing so deprives the board or commission of the report 6 The Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry used the following form letter: [Copy] D G entlem en: C o m m o n w e a l t h o f P e n n s y l v a n ia epa r tm e n t of L abor an d In d ust ry Harrisburg Bureau Case No. Your File N o. - F-86-LBC The report of industrial injury t o __________________________ _____o n ______________________ 19__ is incomplete. Please fill in the answers to the questions marked on the attached form and return it as soon as possible to the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation, Department of Labor and Industry, Harris burg, Pennsylvania. Your attention is called to the fact that correspondence of this type can be avoided by answering fully the questions called for on the Emplc yer’s Report of Industrial Injury. Yours very truly, A u s t in L . S t a l e y , D ir e c to r , B u r e a u o f W o r k m e n ’ s C o m p e n s a tio n . Commission case number (Do not use) FINAL REPORT AND SETTLEMENT RECEIPT ( ) 2 Employer’s n a m e :________ Office a d d ress:____________ (3) (4) Name of injured employee: Address: __________________ (1) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) Employer File No. (Number and street) (City or town) (Number and street) (City or town) Date of injury: ____________________________________ 19 __ Last day employee worked: ______________________ 19 __ Date on which employee was able to return to work_______________________________ 19__ Employee returned to work o n ___________________ 19 __ Did employee work between date of injury and last day of disability?______________________________________ If so, give dates: ________________________________________ Length of temporary disability: _________________________________ w eek s_____________ days Average weekly w a g e :_____________________ $ __________ Rate of weekly com pensation:____________$ ____________ Compensation payments were made on following basis: (14) ____ w e ek s_____ days temporary total disability ____ w e ek s_____ days temporary partial disability(15) (16) ____ weeks permanent partial disability fof— ________ loss of __ % loss of use of (17) weeks permanent total disability (18) weeks for death (19) Other (specify) (20) (21) (22) $_________ Total Compensation Hospital expense . . . Medical expense Other (specify) $ _________ Total Cost , . (23) Were payments made on basis of (1) decision by commission? Was there a lump-sum p a y m e n t? ____________ $ _ _ _ ____ (2) Settlement contract? FIN AL RECEIPT (24) Received f r o m ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - — ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the sum of (Name of employer or insurance carrier) dollars a n d _______cents ($_ -) making in all, with payments already received, a total of dollars a n d _______cents ($__________________ ) as compensation for the disability indicated above. D a t e ________________________ , 19__ Witnessed b y * --------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Employee’s signature (Or agent or beneficiary) (*To be signed when injured employee is not able to sign his name) Address Insurance Co. File N o . _____ (25) Insurance carrier_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ (26) If full compensation was not paid, explain w h y ______________________________________________________________________________________ Signed by Position __ 159726°— 40 (Face p. 81) REPORT 81 FORM S for some time, and the report may never be returned. I t is a f a r sa fer p roced u re , an d p erh a p s safer leg a lly , to retain the origin al report an d ask f o r the m issin g in fo rm a tio n on another f o r m . When the report with the additional information has been returned, the carbon copy is to be drawn from the file and added to the record of the case. As long as the carbon copy remains in the file, it indicates that the employer has not replied and that further follow-up work is necessary. In obstinate cases, factory inspectors may be utilized to confer with employers to obtain the desired data and to prevent a recurrence of the delay in future cases. In particularly obstinate cases, legal proceedings may be threatened or instituted. Final Report and Settlement Receipt The final-settlement receipt proposed here serves two functions: (1) It shows the amount of compensation paid and the disability compensated; and (2) it serves as a final receipt, indicating the date of the last payment and the total amount received by the worker or his beneficiary. From the date on which the injury occurred, the last day the employee worked, the date on which disability ended, and the date on which the employee returned to work, it is relatively simple to compute the actual period of disability. The questions have been phrased so as to make clear whether or not the employee continued at work after his injury and started to lose time later. The question as to whether the employee worked between the date of injury and the last day of disability specifically covers this point. It also covers the possibility of the employee’s having returned to work after some time out, only to be compelled again to absent himself from work for an additional period as the result of his injury. The distinction between question (7) “ Date on which employee was able to return to work” and question (8) “ Employee returned to work on --------- ” may require some explanation. The disability ends on the day preceding the one on which the employee was physically able to return to work. If he was able to return to work on August 14, then the last day of disability was August 13. An illustration of how this section of the form is to be filled out may be helpful. Suppose a worker is injured on August 1, works through August 2, but cannot return to work on August 3. Suppose further that he works on August 8, cannot return to work on the 9th, but returns completely recovered on August 14. His weekly wage is $24, and the law requires a com pensation rate of 66% percent and provides for a 3-day waiting period. This section of the report should be filled out as follows: Date of injury: Last day employee worked: Date on which employee was able to return to work: A ug. 1, 1938. A ug. 3, 1938. A ug. 13, 1938. 82 M AN U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Employee returned to work on: A ug. 14, 1938. Did employee work between date of injury and last day of disability? Yes. I f so, give dates: A ug. 2 and 8. Length of temporary disability: 1 week 3 days. Average weekly wage: $ 24 -00. Rate of weekly compensation: $16.00. From this information it is clear that the employee was disabled for 10 days and that, deducting the 3-day waiting period, he is entitled to compensation for 1 week at the rate of $16, or a total of $16. This should check with the information furnished under the section “ Compensation payments were made on the following basis,” which should indicate the payment for 1 week 0 days temporary total disa bility of $16. If the treatment involved two visits to a physician at $3 per visit, then there should also be the entry of $6 for medical expense, and a total cost of $22. The items listed under the compensation-payment data require little, if any, explanation. Data are to be inserted showing the num ber of weeks of compensation paid, the extent of disability involved (whether temporary total, permanent partial, death, etc.), and the total amounts paid. In a jurisdiction in which compensation is payable for the healing period in addition to a permanent partial disability, there will, of course, be entries under both items. Suppose that in such a jurisdiction, with a waiting period of 3 days, a worker is disabled for 3 weeks and 3 days because of an injury which results in a loss of use of 20 percent of the hand. Suppose further that the weekly compensation rate for this worker is $16 and that the law specifies 300 weeks of compensation for the loss or complete loss of use of the hand. Suppose also that medical costs amounted to $75. The entries in this section of the report, in such case, should be: 3 weeks 0 days temporary total disability_______________ 60 weeks permanent partial disability for— 20 percent loss of use of hand_______________________ $ 48. 00 Total compensation________________________________ Medical expense____________________________________________ 1, 008. 00 75. 00 Total cost___________________________________________ 1, 083. 00 960. 00 The questions pertaining to whether compensation payments were made on the basis of a decision by the commission, or a settlement contract, or a lump-sum settlement are intended to direct the atten tion of commission personnel verifying the accuracy of payments to other commission records. REPORT FORMS 83 The receipt section also requires little comment, except to point out that it ties the amount received to the preceding statements con cerning the disability. The receipt should be signed by the worker or his beneficiary. If he can only make a cross (X) for his signature, then it is desirable to have it witnessed. At the bottom of the form, space is provided for the insertion of the name of the insurance carrier and the carrier’s file number of the case. There is also a provision for stating why full compensation was not paid, if such was the case. This statement should be signed and the official position of the person making it should be shown. Chapter 7.— Classifications and Codes— General Most of the tables suggested require classification and statistical codes. They are given in this chapter and in chapters 8 and 9, together with explanatory detail concerning their uses. Attention is called to the elastic structure of most of these classifi cations. They permit classifying in great detail as well as in more general groupings. The numbering system is on the decimal basis, with each successive number unit a more detailed break-down of the subject matter. This structure lends itself to the varying needs and statistical facilities of the workmen’s compensation administrations in the various States. Some jurisdictions may want to carry all the detail given. Others may wish to use only the general classifications. Still other jurisdictions may wish to use detail for some items and general classifications for others. The classifications and codes which follow are grouped under (a) administrative, (b) compensation, and (c) accident causes. Chapter 8 is devoted to industry and occupational classifications, and chap ter 9 to accident-cause analysis. Adm inistrative Of the 15 tables in chapter 2, 8 require the use of codes. Table 4, Compensation Awards and Settlements, requires a code for extent of disability and a code for dependency; table 6, Time Lag in Reporting Injuries to the Workmen’s Compensation Board, requires a code for report lag; table 7, Time Lag in Making First Compensation Payment, requires a code for payment lag; tables 10 to 13, dealing with medical costs, require codes for nature of injury and location of injury; and table 14, Comparison of Legal Fees and Compensation, requires a code for extent of disability. All of these codes, except those dealing with time lag, are given in the “ compensation” group of classification and codes because of their greater applicability there. Report Lag The report lag is the time interval between the date of the onset of disability, usually the date of the accident, and the date the report of industrial injury was received by the agency administering the work men’s compensation act. This last date is usually stamped on the report as soon as it reaches the administering agency. By counting the days which elapsed (including Sundays and holidays) between 84 CLASSIFICATIONS AND CODES---- GENERAL 85 the date of the accident and the date the report was received, the applicable code number can be assigned for the interval. In most instances, the day of the accident is the date on which an injured worker is disabled, but this is not true of infections and strains. Similarly, there is no date of accident for an industrial disease. In instances in which there is no “ accident” because the disability is developed over a period of time, the date of “ accident” is to be con strued as the last day on which the injured worked. The same rule is applicable when the date of accident is unknown or not available. R e p o r t L ag Code Code 0 1 2 3 4 Report Within Within Within Within Within filed— 1 week of onset of disability 5 6 2 weeks 7 3 weeks 8 4 weeks 9 5 weeks Report Within Within Within Within Over 4 filed— 6 weeks 8 weeks 3 months 4 months months R u l e : T o apply this code, count the days of lag, beginning with the first day of disability and ending with the date on which the report was filed. To convert to weeks, divide the total days of lag by 7; to convert to months, divide by 30. No other explanations are required concerning the report-lag code, except to call attention to the fact that some jurisdictions may wish to alter some of the time intervals shown so as to have them conform to peculiarities of their respective laws. Jurisdictions for which com pensation acts require the reporting of disabling injuries within 10 days of the injury, for example, may find it advisable to substitute for “ within 1 week of onset of disability” the classification “ within 10 days of onset of disability.” Payment Lag In connection with the payment-lag code, it will be noted that 0 stands for “ paid full wages in lieu of compensation,” and that 1 stands for the first payment made within 2 weeks. The reason for the 0 classification is that when wages are paid in lieu of compensation, there usually is no payment lag. The reason why there is no classi fication for a period “ within 1 week” is that such speed is uncommon and in most instances impossible because of the intervening waiting period. As in the case of the report lag, the payment-lag period is based on calendar days and therefore includes Sundays and holidays. X indicates that the injury was not compensable because the result ing disability did not outlast the waiting period. Consequently, there could have been no payment lag. A problem arises as to what date is to be taken as the date of pay ment— the date on the check, the date the check was mailed, or the date the check was received by the injured. It is, of course, possible 86 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS for a check to bear a given date and yet to be delivered to the injured worker considerably later. Strictly speaking, the date of payment should represent the date on which the injured worker received the check. Unfortunately, however, it is impractical to keep accurate records on the dates on which injured workers receive checks. The date on the first check will therefore be the one to serve as the point from which to calculate the payment lag. P a y m e n t L ag (I. e., time elapsed between the date of first day of disability and the date of first payment of compensation) Code Code 0 5 6 7 8 9 X 1 2 3 4 Paid full wages in lieu of compensation Within 2 weeks Within 3 weeks Within 4 weeks Within 5 weeks Within 6 weeks Within 8 weeks Within 3 months Within 4 months Over 4 months Noncompensable— no payment R u l e : T o apply this code, count the days of lag, beginning with the first day of disability and ending with the date on which the check or receipt was dated. To convert to weeks, divide the total days of lag by 7; to convert to months, divide by 30. Compensation Extent of Disability The code provides for every possible type of disability, except for combinations. When an injury involves more than one type of disability, it is suggested that it be coded for the disability for which the greater amount of compensation has been paid, or, in the cases of settlement agreements, the greater amount payable. The amount of compensation payable for each provides an easy solution. If, for instance, permanent partial and temporary total disability exist for the same injury, and the larger amount of compensation is payable for the permanent injury, then the disability should be coded as per manent partial. (If the coding is done on open cases and in the absence of settlement agreements, then it is suggested that an injury with more than one type of disability be coded for the one most severe, giving preference to permanent injuries.) Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 E xtent of D is ia b il it y Death Permanent total disability— dismemberment Permanent total disability— no dismemberment Permanent partial disability— dismemberment Permanent partial disability— loss of use Disfigurement Temporary total disability— exceeding waiting period C L A S S IF IC A T IO N S AND CODES— G E N E R A L 87 Code 7 8 9 X Temporary total disability— not exceeding waiting period Temporary partial disability Extent undetermined Medical only— no time loss Separate code numbers are given for permanent disabilities involv ing (a) dismemberment and (b) no dismemberment, loss of use. No attempt has been made to show the latter in terms of percentages, because percentage determinations for the same injury vary widely. It appears to be sufficient to distinguish only between permanent injuries involving dismemberment and those involving curtailment of use but no dismemberment. A separate code number has been as signed to disfigurement to permit a segregation of these cases when not complicated by more severe types of disability. Temporary total disability has been divided into injuries (a) ex ceeding the waiting period and (b) not exceeding the waiting period, to permit a classification of disabling injuries even if the resulting disability did not outlast the waiting period. This last type of dis ability, even though involving no compensation, ordinarily does in volve some medical expense and some time and wage loss on the part of the injured worker. Furthermore, such cases are important for accident-cause analysis. Injuries for which the extent of disability is undetermined are to be coded 9, and cases involving medical attention only, but no disability preventing continuation at work and no temporary partial disability, are to be coded X . Nature of Injury The 12 items listed under Nature of Injury are sufficient for most purposes and require only 1 column on a tabulating card. If, how ever, 2 columns can be spared, and if greater detail is desired, the number of items listed can be increased to 99. N ature Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X Y of I n ju r y Amputation (traumatic or surgical)— without infection Amputation (traumatic or surgical)— with infection Burns and scalds Cuts, lacerations, punctures, abrasions— without infection Cuts, lacerations, punctures, abrasions— with infection Strains, sprains, bruises Fractures— without infection Fractures— with infection Hernia Industrial (occupational) disease Nature of injury, n. e. c.1 (heat exhaustion, sunstroke, frostbite, drowning, asphyxiation, shock, etc.) Nature of injury unknown 1Not elsewhere classified. 159726°— 10------ 7 88 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Some jurisdictions may find it advisable to combine the two fracture items (6 and 7) and add an infection item for burns and scalds. The changed sections of the code then would read: 2 Burns and scalds without infection; 3 Burns and scalds with infection; and 7 Fractures. Code numbers 3,4, and 5 would change respectively to 4, 5, and 6. No industrial-disease classification is suggested here. Instead, it is recommended that any analysis of such diseases be based on a tabula tion of the substances which gave rise to the various diseases. A list of industrial diseases, if compiled at all comprehensively, might name as many types of poisonings as there are harmful chemicals. The list of such chemicals is constantly expanding as the science of chemistry grows and develops. Many of the chemicals recognized as poisonous today were not in use, and probably not even known, 5 years ago. Lists of chemicals will be found in the agency classification groups 11, chemicals; 12, highly inflammable and hot substances; and 13, dusts. The suggested classifications can be extended and expanded by the addition or inclusion of more items. To identify the nature of indus trial diseases due to benzol and benzol derivatives, for instance, it will be necessary to tabulate the benzol items in the group of chemical agencies. This chemical and its compounds will be found listed as item 11210 when in the physical state of a vapor, gas, or fume, and as item 11349 when in a solid or liquid state. Similarly, silicosis is identi fied by the segregation of item 13268, silica, in the agency group of dusts. Additional reasons for this recommended procedure are (1) that for diagnostic purposes a physician must determine the chemical causing the disease; (2) that for preventive purposes the health or labor official must know the identity of the chemical; and (3) that diseases due to chemicals usually contain the name of the chemical in their names— such as lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, benzol poisoning, etc. Location of Injury In constructing the following location-of-injury code, two points were observed: (1) The code was so constructed that coding or tabu lating by general body groups could be easily handled, while at the same time considerable detail was given for more intensive coding, making possible a more minute and thorough analysis; (2) the great detail found in some codes, such as scapula, sternum, femur, radius, ulna, metacarpals, etc., was omitted, and only such detail given as appeared to have practical value. The numbering permits the in sertion of additional items if desired. It will also be noted that considerably more combinations are possible than are listed in the code. For instance, an injury may in volve the loosening of some teeth, a fractured elbow, and some bruised CLASSIFICATIONS AND CODES---- GENERAL 89 toes. Where it is clear that one of these body locations is primarily responsible for the disability, such as the fractured elbow in this illustration, then that location should be coded and the others disre garded. Where it is impossible to follow this rule, then the injury location should be coded 99, body n. e. c. L o c a t io n of I n ju r y Code Code 00 Head, face, and neck 00 01 02 03 04 05 Brain or skull Eye Both eyes Internal ear Both internal ears Nose 06 07 08 19 Mouth (lips, teeth, tongue) Throat Neck Head, face, and neck, n. e. c. 20 Trunk 20 21 22 23 24 25 Spinal cord Back, n. e. c. Ribs, breastbone, shoulder blades Lungs Thoracic organs, n. e. c. Thorax, n. e. c. 26 27 28 39 Abdominal organs, internal Hip or pelvis Abdomen, n. e. c. Trunk, n. e. c. 40 Upper extremities 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Both arms 1 arm and 1 hand 1 arm and 1 leg 1 arm and 1 foot Arm, at or above elbow Elbow Lower arm (below elbow) Wrist 48 49 50 51 Arm, n. e. c. Both hands Hand Hand and thumb other hand 52 53 54 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 69 Both thumbs Thumb, more than first phalange Index finger, more than first phalange Middle finger, more than first phalange Ring finger, more than first phalange Little finger, more than first phalange Thumb and index finger Thumb and 2 or more fingers 2 fingers 3 fingers 4 fingers Thumb, 1 phalange or less Index finger, 1 phalange or less Middle finger, 1 phalange or less Ring finger, 1 phalange or less Little finger, 1 phalange or less Upper extremities, n. e. c. 70 Lower extremities 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 89 Both legs 1 leg and 1 foot Leg, n. e. c. Leg, at or above knee Knee Leg, below knee Ankle Both feet Foot Great toe Great toe and 1 or more other toes 1 or more lesser toes Lower extremities, n. e. c. 90 General 55 56 or fingers 57 on 98 99 Unclassified— insufficient data Body, n. e. c. 90 MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Dependency The code for dependency is a single-digit code, and is of importance not only for fatal cases, but also for nonfatal injuries, provided the law of a jurisdiction allows for increases for dependents in the com pensation-benefit rate. The code substitutes the word “ spouse” for husband or wife, widower or widow, because a sorting by sex will indicate very easily whether the person killed or injured was male or female, and consequently whether the surviving spouse was female or male. For most purposes, however, a break-down according to the sex of the killed or injured worker will not be necessary in tables involving dependency, and the term “ spouse” will be found to be sufficient. D ependency (Applies to fatal and nonfatal cases) Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 No dependents Spouse— no children Spouse and 1 dependent child Spouse and 2 dependent children Spouse and 3 dependent children Spouse and 4 or more dependent children Spouse and dependents not children No spouse— 1 or more dependent children No spouse— dependent parent or parents No spouse— dependents other than children or parents N o t e .— Spouse includes wife, widow, husband, widower. Conjugal Condition and Sex Usually the items of conjugal condition, or marital status, and sex of the injured worker are treated in two separate codes. This, however, unnecessarily uses up a column on the tabulating card. Consequently, the two items have been combined into one single column code. The numbers from 0 to 4 cover all possible conditions of marital status for male workers, as do the numbers from 5 to 9 for female workers. C o n ju g a l C o n d it io n Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and Sex Male, single Male, married (including separated but not divorced) Male, divorced Male, widower Male, conjugal condition unknown Female, single Female, married (including separated but not divorced) Female, divorced Female, widow Female, conjugal condition unknown CLASSIFICATIONS AND CODES— GENERAL 91 Tim e Employed in Occupation in Which Injured in Employer’s Establishment In the following code, the time periods for less than 5 years of employment in the occupation in which a worker was injured are given in greater detail than those for 5 years or more. The reason for this lies in the fact that studies have indicated that workers with the shorter experience are hurt more frequently and out of proportion to the percentage such workers form of the total working force. The reason for disregarding the job experience with employers other than the one for whom the employee was working at the time of his injury is that it will be difficult to obtain such data accurately. Further, even though an employee worked at the same occupation for various employers, the job hazard would in all probability be found to be different at each place of employment, due to differences in plant lay-out, routing and storing of materials, illumination and ventilation, supervision, and a number of other elements which make up the job hazard. T im e E m p l o y e d (In occupation in which injured in employer’s establishment) Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X Less than 3 months Less than 6 months 6 months or more, but less than 1 year 1 year or more, but less than 2 years 2 years or more, but less than 3 years 3 years or more, but less than 4 years 4 years or more, but less than 5 years 5 years or more, but less than 10 years 10 years or more, but less than 20 years 20 years or more Time unknown Miscellaneous Codes Some of the statistical codes which will be required cannot be fur nished here. No code can be given for county or city, for each State must necessarily prepare its own code for these items. It is suggested, however, that 99 or 999 (depending on the number of digits necessary) be used to indicate that the accident occurred outside the State. Similarly, it is not advisable to give here a code for insurance carriers, because the number of such carriers may vary widely from State to State, and there may be great differences in the identity of such carriers. It is suggested, however, that self-insured employers be coded 99 or 999 for “ insurance,” and that noninsured employers be coded X X or X X X . The X coding on tabulating cards will cause these cards to be rejected automatically in the sorting process. They can then be excluded from any tabulation involving insurance car riers, and can be treated separately for any other purpose. Chapter 8.— Industry and Occupation Classifications Industry Classification It is very desirable that in classifying disabling injuries by industry, the various jurisdictions use a common standard of classification. In the absence of such a standard, any comparison of the accident experi ences, costs, types of disabilities, etc., of individual industries in the various States is risky and questionable. When, for instance, the experiences of meat-packing establishments are compared for State A and State B, the comparison should be between establishments performing the same function on the same general industry level. For instance, packers and butcher shops should not be combined. The usual difficulty, however, is that the State reports do not define the industries for which statistics are given, and anyone wishing to use such compilations is at sea as to just what is included in each industry shown. If all the States would use a standard classification, and indicate in a footnote that this has been done, much uncertainty would be removed, and the statistics of one State could be compared more safely with those of another using the same standard. The classification of industry given here is in essence the classifica tion prepared by a committee of experts from various Federal and State organizations, and has been suggested as a standard to both Federal and State agencies compiling statistics involving industry classification.1 It is elastic in its structure, permitting coding on the basis of two, three, or four digits. As in the other codes given in this Manual, each additional digit encompasses a more detailed break down than the one preceding. In manufacturing, for instance, 20 stands for food industries, 21 for industries producing tobacco prod ucts, 22 for industries producing textile-mill products, etc. In a three-digit code, each of the two-digit groups is in turn subdivided. Under furniture and finished lumber products, for instance, 251 stands for household furniture, 252 for office furniture, 253 for public building furniture, 254 for partitions, shelvings, etc. In the four digit code, the three-digit codes are amplified further. For instance, household furniture, 251, is divided into industries producing furniture of wood, 2511; upholstered, 2512; reed and rattan, 2513; metal, 2514; and mattresses and bedsprings, 2515. 1 T h e c o m p le t e c la s s ific a tio n , a s w e l l a s p r in c ip a l p r o d u c t c la ssific a tio n s a n d i n d u s t r y d e fin itio n s , m a y b e o b t a in e d f r o m t h e C e n t r a l S ta t is t ic a l B o a r d , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . T h e c la s s ific a tio n s u g g e s te d h e re h a s b e e n a d a p t e d t o a c c id e n t a n d w o r k m e n ’ s c o m p e n s a tio n s t a tis t ic s , a n d o m it s a c o n s id e r a b le a m o u n t o f d e ta il w h ic h is u s e f u l in o th e r t y p e s o f st a tis t ic a l t a b u la t io n s . C o d e r s w i ll f in d i t e x t r e m e ly u s e fu l t o h a v e at h a n d a ll t h e m a t e r ia l d e a lin g w i t h t h is i n d u s t r y c la s s ific a tio n . 92 INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS 93 The purpose of this structure is to provide a code sufficiently elastic to meet the needs of organizations with varying requirements and facilities. In some States, facilities may not permit coding to greater detail than indicated by the two-digit code. Other States may find it possible and desirable to carry the coding to three digits, and still others to four digits. Where three digits are used, the industries listed in the fourth digit become explanatory of the industries in cluded in the larger three-digit groups. In some instances, also, it will be found desirable to code some industries only as to general groups, and others in greater detail. For instance, some States may have so little mining that the use of a two-digit code may be sufficient for mining industries. But certain types of manufacturing may be so important as to make desirable the application of three- or four-digit coding. The industry code, as are all other codes given here, is based on the decimal method, to facilitate mechanical sorting of tabulating cards. Some points are worthy of particular mention in this con nection: 1. The digit 9 has been reserved to indicate miscellaneous groups in the three- and four-digit codes. 2. A 0 in the third place of a three-digit code indicates that the industry classification has not been broken into any of the third-digit groups from 1 to 9. This may be either by design or because the data are not reported in sufficient detail to permit a more accurate alloca tion: For instance, major group 22, textile-mill products, is divided into the following three-digit groups: 221, cotton manufactures; 222, silk manufactures; 223, rayon manufactures; 224, woolen and worsted manufactures; 225, knit goods; 226, dyeing and finishing textiles (except woolen and worsted); 227, carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings; 228, hats (except cloth and millinery); 229, miscella neous textile goods. If it is desirable to use only groups numbered 221, 225, 227, and 228, then all other industries in this major group should be put into 220, which should be termed: Textile-mill products not specified. The arrangement then would be: 220, textile-mill products not specified; 221, cotton manufactures; 225, knit goods; 227, carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings; 228, hats (except cloth and millinery). The same rule applies to fourth-digit industries when the four-digit code is used. It has been found necessary, for purposes of accident statistics, to deviate at times from the standard code because the classification given will be difficult to apply to reports of industrial injuries. The deviations, however, are in no instance in violation of the basic struc ture of the standard code. Generally, the deviations have been in the direction of combining several industries on the fourth digit in manu- 94 MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS facturing, in combining industry groups on the third digit, and in the omission of industry detail in the nonmanufacturing groups. In its simplest and broadest form, the industry classification may be used as follows: C l a s s if ic a t io n b y I n d u st r y D iv is io n s Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X Agriculture, forestry, fishery Mining Construction Manufacturing Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Transportation, communication, and other public utilities Services (personal, business, recreational, public, professional, and other) Government Unclassified, insufficient information. A more detailed classification involves the identification of major industry groups within each division, and requires a two-digit code. It should be noted that the first digit of this classification is not identical with the single digit in the preceding classification. C l a s s if ic a t io n b y M a jo r I n d u st r y G r o u ps Agriculture, forestry, fishery Code 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Agriculture General farms Dairy farms Cash grain farms Cotton farms Fruit and nut farms Livestock and poultry farms Truck farms, crop specialties, and miscellaneous agriculture Services related to agriculture Forestry Fishery Mining 10 11 12 13 14 Metal mining Anthracite mining Bituminous and other soft-coal mining Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production Nonmetallic mining and quarrying Construction 16 17 Construction, general contractors Construction, special trade contractors Manufacturing 20 21 22 Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures Textile-mill products INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS Code 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 95 Manufacturing— Continued Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials Lumber and timber basic products Furniture and finished lumber products Paper and allied products Printing, publishing, and allied industries Chemicals and allied products Products of petroleum, coal, and natural gas Rubber products Leather and leather products Stone, clay, and glass products Iron and steel and their products Nonferrous metals and their products Electrical machinery Machinery (except electrical) Transportation equipment (except automobiles) Automobiles and automobile equipment Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Wholesale and retail trade 42 44 45 47 48 Wholesale Service and limited-function wholesalers (includes the usual wholesaling establishments) Manufacturers’ sales branches and offices Petroleum bulk-tank stations Agents and brokers Assemblers of farm products Chain-store warehouses 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 Retail Food General merchandise Apparel and accessories Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment Automobile and automotive equipment Filling stations Drug stores Eating and drinking places Hardware Lumber and building supplies Liquor stores Second-hand stores Retail trade, n. e. c. 40 Finance, insurance, and real estate 62 63 65 66 67 68 Finance Banking Credit agencies other than banks Investment trusts and companies Holding companies Security and commodity brokers, dealers, and exchanges Finance, n. e. c. 96 MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Code Finance, insurance, and real estate— Continued Insurance 69 70 71 Insurance carriers Insurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate Transportation, communication, and other public utilities 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 Transportation Railroads Street, suburban, and interurban railways Highway passenger transportation Highway freight transportation Water transportation Air transportation Pipe-line transportation Warehousing and storage Services incidental to transportation Communication and other public utilities ' Communication Heat, light, and power Water and sanitary services Services 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 Hotels, rooming houses, and other lodging places Personal services Domestic service Business services, n. e. c. Automobile repair services and garages Miscellaneous repair services and hand trades Motion pictures Amusement, recreation, and related services (other than motion pictures) Medical and other health services Legal services Engineering and other professional services, n. e. c. Educational services Nonprofit membership, charitable, and religious organizations Government 97 Government 99 Nonclassifiable establishments Unclassified—Insufficient information The detailed classification, permitting coding to four digits, follows. It can be used as a three-digit code classification by disregarding the detailed industry break-down on the fourth digit. When that is done, the industries listed on the fourth digit become indicative of the con tent of the three-digit classification groups. It will be noted that in a considerable number of industries no fourth-digit industry detail is shown. At times the standard classification, on which the classifi cation here given was modeled, gives no such detail, and at other times the detail given is of no significance in accident statistics and is there fore omitted. INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS 97 D e t a il e d I n d u s t r y C l a s s if ic a t io n Division A.— Agriculture, forestry, and fishery Code 0000 0100 0200 0210 0220 0230 0240 0290 0300 0400 0410 0420 0430 0450 0460 0490 0500 0510 0520 0530 0540 0550 0560 0590 0600 0610 0620 0630 0640 0650 0660 0670 0680 0690 0700 0710 0711 0712 0713 0719 0720 0730 0800 0810 0820 0830 0840 A g ricu ltu re General farms Dairy farms Cash grain farms Corn farms Wheat farms Rice farms Soybean farms Miscellaneous cash grain farms Cotton farms Fruit and nut farms Citrus fruit farms Apple, peach, cherry, pear farms Berry farms General fruit farms Farms producing edible nuts Fruit and nut farms, n. e. c. Livestock and poultry farms Cattle farms Sheep farms Hog farms Horse farms Poultry farms Fur farms Miscellaneous livestock farms, n. e. c. Truck farms, crop specialties, and miscellaneous agriculture Truck farms Sugar-beet farms Sugar-cane farms Tobacco farms Potato farms Nurseries and greenhouses Peanut farms Dried-bean farms Miscellaneous agriculture Service establishments related to agriculture, and similar services Agricultural services except animal husbandry and horticultural services Cotton ginning and compressing Custom grist mills (including custom flour mills) Corn shelling, hay baling, and threshing services Agricultural services, n. e. c. Animal-husbandry services Horticultural services F o restry Timber tracts Forest nurseries Reforestation Hunting, trapping, game propagation, etc. 98 Code 0850 0890 0900 0990 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS F o r estry — Continued Gathering of gums and barks (Gathering of gums and barks (spruce, chestnut, cherry, etc.) include distillation if carried on at the same establishment) Forestry services, n. e. c. may F is h e r y Fishery services, n. e. c. Division B.— Mining 1000 1010 1011 1012 1013 1020 1021 1022 1023 1030 1031 1032 1040 1041 1042 1043 1050 1060 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1099 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1200 1210 1211 1212 1213 1220 1230 1231 M e ta l m in in g Iron-ore mines Iron-ore mines, underground Iron-ore mines, open pit Iron-ore dressing plants not directly connected with the mine and not reported with any mine production Copper-ore mines Copper-ore mines, underground Copper-ore mines, open pit Copper-ore dressing plants not directly connected with the mine and not reported with any mine production Lead- and zinc-ore mines Lead- and zinc-ore mines Lead- and zinc-ore dressing plants Gold- and silver-ore mines (including production of bullion at site of the mine) Gold- and silver-lode mines Gold placer mines Gold- and silver-ore milling and beneficiating (concentrating) plants not directly connected with the mine and not reported with any mine production Aluminum ores (bauxite and other) Metal-mining contract services (including contract stripping) Miscellaneous metal mining, n. e. c. Mercury-ore mines Manganese-ore mines Ferro-alloying ore mines, other than manganese Dressing plants for metal ores, n. e. c., not directly connected with mines and not reported with any mine production Miscellaneous metal mining, n. e. c. A n th ra cite m in in g Anthracite Anthracite Anthracite mines Anthracite Anthracite mining, underground mining, open pit breakers and preparation plants, operated separately from dredges stripping— contractors B itu m in o u s and other soft-coa l m in in g Bituminous-coal mining Bituminous-coal mining, underground mines Bituminous-coal mining, open-pit mines Bituminous-coal preparation plants, operated separately from mines Semianthracite mines Lignite mines Lignite mines (including peat) INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS 99 Code 1300 1310 1311 1320 1321 1330 1331 1332 1339 1400 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1419 1420 1430 1440 1441 1442 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1459 1460 1470 1480 1481 1482 1489 1490 C ru d e-p etroleu m and n atu ral-gas prod u ction Crude-petroleum production Crude-petroleum production (including associated natural-gas pro duction) Natural-gas production Natural-gas production (operation of natural-gas wells only) Oil and gas field service operations— contractors Oil- and gas-well drilling— contractors Oil-wells rig building— contractors Miscellaneous oil and gas field service operations, n. e. c. (cleaning, acidizing, shooting wells, etc.) N o n m eta llic m in in g and q u a rryin g Dimension-stone quarries Limestone quarries (including dolomite) Granite quarries Slate quarries Marble quarries Miscellaneous dimension-stone quarries, n. e. c. (basalt, sandstone, quartzite, etc.) Crushed-stone quarries, other than limestone Crushed limestone quarries Sand and gravel (quarries, pits, and dredges) Sand and gravel production for structural, paving, road making, and other miscellaneous uses, n. e. c. Special sands production (glass, molding, abrasive sands, etc.) Clays, ceramic and refractory minerals Kaolin and ball clay (including china clay, paper clay, rubber clay, etc.) Bleaching clays Fire clay Bentonite Feldspar Miscellaneous clays and refractory minerals, n. e. c. Gypsum Rock salt Minerals used as chemical raw materials, n. e. c. Phosphate rock Sulphur Miscellaneous minerals used as chemical raw materials, n. e. c. (potash, borates and other salines, pyrites, fluor spar, barite, etc.) Miscellaneous nonmetallic minerals, n. e. c. Division C.— Construction 1600 1610 1620 1621 1630 1631 C on stru ction — general contractors Building construction— general contractors Highways and street construction Highway construction— bridges, culverts, tunnels, and sewers when combined with road, street, and sidewalk construction; highway construction and grading (except elevated highways) H eavy construction (except highway and marine construction) H eavy construction (except highway and marine construction)— sewers, water mains, tunnels, dams, subways, etc. 100 Code 1640 1641 1650 1690 1691 1700 1710 1711 1720 1730 1740 1741 1742 1743 1750 1751 1752 1760 1761 1770 1780 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1799 M ANUAL, ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S C o n s t r u c t io n — g e n e r a l c o n tr a c to r s — Continued Marine construction (not shipbuilding) Marine construction (not shipbuilding)— cofferdams, dredging, dock building, wharf construction, etc. Water-well drilling Miscellaneous general contractors Miscellaneous general contractors— fence construction, tennis courts, swimming pools, golf courses, coal pockets, airport construction, etc. C o n s t r u c t io n — s p e c i a l tra d e c o n tr a c to r s {s u b c o n tr a c to r s ) Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning, with or without sheet-metal work Heating, plumbing, air conditioning, ventilating work (in combina tion or separately) with or without sheet-metal work (including installation of heating equipment of all types, pipe covering, steam fitting, installation of sprinkler systems, etc.) Painting, paperhanging, and decorating Electrical Masonry, stonework, tile setting, and plastering Masonry, stone setting, and other stonework Plastering and lathing Terazzo, tile, mantel, marble, and mosaic Carpentering and wood flooring Carpentering Parquet and hardwood flooring (laying, scraping and finishing, and other floor work, n. e. c.) Roofing and sheet-metal work Roofing and sheet-metal work contractors Concreting work General building maintenance (not including janitor and similar services) Miscellaneous special trade contractors, n. e. c. Structural-metal erection Ornamental iron and steel work (including installation of fire escapes, store, elevator, and building fronts) Glass and glazing Excavation and/or foundation work (including concrete work and pile driving) Wrecking and demolition, other than marine, of buildings or structures Installation of machinery and equipment, n. e. c. Miscellaneous special trade contractors, n. e. c. Division D.— Manufacturing 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts M eat products M eat packing, wholesale: meat-packing establishments producing dressed meats, fresh, frozen, cured, smoked, cooked, canned, or otherwise preserved (including sausage and other prepared meats, sausage casing, and animal byproducts; includes custom slaughter ing for wholesale) Sausages, prepared meats, and other meat products— not made in meat-packing establishments Sausage casings— not made in meat-packing establishments Poultry dressing and packing, wholesale IN D U S T R Y Code 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2050 2051 2052 2053 2060 2061 2062 2063 2070 2071 2072 2073 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2099 AND O C C U P A T IO N C L A S S IF IC A T IO N S 101 Food and kindred 'products— Continued Dairy products Creamery butter Cheese, natural and processed Condensed and evaporated milk Ice cream and ices Special dairy products: processed and ladle butter, milk and cream powders, malted milk, and specially treated milk, etc. Canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and sea foods Canning fish, Crustacea, and mollusks Cured fish: salted, pickled, smoked, dried, etc. (including fish meal) Canned and dried fruits and vegetables (including canned soups) Preserves, jams, jellies, fruit butters, fruit juices, glazed and candied fruits, fruit sirups, crushed fruits Pickled vegetables and vegetable sauces and seasonings Salad dressings Quick-frozen foods Grain-mill products Flour and other grain-mill products Prepared feeds for animals and fowl (including mineral) Cereal preparations: breakfast foods, etc. Rice cleaning and polishing Blending flour and manufacturing prepared flour (from purchased flour) Bakery products Bread and other bakery products (except biscuits, crackers, and pretzels) Biscuits, crackers, and pretzels Macaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli, ravioli, and noodles Sugar Cane sugar (not including refineries) Cane-sugar refining Beet sugar Confectionery Candy and other confectionery products (excluding chocolate bars) Chocolate and cocoa products Chewing gum Beverage industries Nonalcoholic beverages (including carbonated mineral water) M alt liquors M alt Wines Distilled, rectified, and blended liquors Miscellaneous food and kindred products Baking powder, yeast, and other leavening compounds Edible and cooking fats and oils, n. e. c. Oleomargarine— not made in meat-packing establishments Corn sirup, corn sugar, corn oil, and starch Flavoring extracts and flavoring sirups, n. e. c. Vinegar and cider Ice, manufactured Food preparations, n. e. c. 102 MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Code 2100 2110 2120 2130 2200 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2270 2271 2272 2273 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2290 2291 2292 2293 T o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s Cigarettes Cigars Tobacco, chewing, smoking, and snuff T e x t i l e -m i l l p r o d u c ts Cotton manufactures (in the gray) Cotton broad woven goods (including fish nets) Cotton narrow fabrics Cotton yarn Cotton thread Silk manufactures Silk broad woven goods (in the gray) Silk narrow fabrics (in the gray) Silk throwing and spinning Silk yarn and thread Rayon manufactures Rayon broad woven goods (in the gray) Rayon narrow fabrics (in the gray) Rayon throwing and spinning Spun and thrown rayon yarn and thread Woolen and worsted manufactures Woolen and worsted woven goods (including woven felts and haircloth) Woolen and worsted yarn Dyeing and finishing woolen and worsted Wool scouring Wool combing Knit goods Hosiery Knitted cloths Knitted outerwear (except knit gloves) Knitted underwear Knitted gloves Knit goods, n. e. c. Dyeing and finishing textiles (except woolen and worsted) Cotton fabrics Silk and rayon fabrics Fabrics not specified Yarn Sponging and shrinking cloths, waterproofing fabrics Carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings Wool carpets and rugs Woolen and worsted carpet yarn Carpets, rugs, and mats made from paper fiber, grass, rags, and jute Linoleum, asphalted-felt-base and hard-surface floor coverings, n. e. c. Hats (except cloth and millinery) Hats, fur felt Hats, wool felt Straw hats, men’s Miscellaneous textile goods Felt goods, wool, hair, and jute (except woven felts and hats) Lace goods Batting, padding, and wadding; upholstery filling INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS Code 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2310 2311 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2349 2350 2351 2360 2361 2362 2363 2369 2370 2371 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 103 Textile-m ill products— Continued Miscellaneous textile goods— Continued Processed waste and recovered wool fibers Artificial leather Oilcloths Linen goods Cordage and twine; jute goods (except felt) Miscellaneous textile goods, n. e. c. A ppa rel and other finished products made from fabrics and sim ilar materials M en’s and boys’ tailored clothing Suits, coats, and overcoats (not including work clothing) M en’s and boys’ furnishings, work and sport garments Shirts (except work shirts), collars, nightwear, and underwear M en’s neckwear Hats and caps (except felt and straw) H at and cap materials: trimmings, etc. Trousers, semidress; wash suits; and washable service apparel Work shirts Work clothing (not including work shirts); sport garments (except leather); and other apparel, n. e. c. W om en’s and misses’ outer clothing Blouses and waists Dresses (except house dresses) House dresses, uniforms, and aprons— contract factories Coats, suits, and skirts (not including fur coats) W om en’s clothing, n. e. c. (including lounging garments, beach wear, slacks, shorts, culottes, etc.) W om en’s accessories (not including millinery) Underwear and nightwear, women’s, children’s, and infants’ Corsets and allied garments Neckwear and scarfs W om en’s miscellaneous accessories: belts, etc., of fabric Millinery Millinery Children’s and infants’ outerwear Dresses (including housecoats and sportswear: middies, slacks, beach wear, etc.) Coats Infants’ and children’s headwear, chiefly of cloth Infants’ and children’s wear, n. e. c. (including novelties such as bathrobes, buntings, etc.) Fur goods Fur coats and other fur garments, accessories, and trimmings Miscellaneous apparel Gloves and mittens, cloth and combination of cloth and leather Handkerchiefs Suspenders, garters, and other goods made from purchased elastic material Robes, lounging garments, and dressing gowns Raincoats and other waterproof garments (except oiled cotton) Clothing, leather and sheep-lined Embroidery: bonnaz, hand-made, and schiffli— not made in textile mills 159726°— 10------ 8 104 Code 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2399 2400 2410 2411 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2429 2430 2431 2432 2500 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2519 2520 2521 2522 2530 2540 2541 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2560 2561 2562 2563 M AN U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS A p p a rel and other finished products, etc.— Continued Miscellaneous apparel-— Continued Trimmings, pleating, stitching, stamped art goods, and art needle work— not made in textile mills Miscellaneous apparel, n. e. c. Miscellaneous fabricated textile products Curtains, draperies, and bedspreads Housefurnishings (except curtains, draperies, and bedspreads) Textile bags— not made in textile mills Canvas products Miscellaneous fabricated textile products, n. e. c.: horse blankets, welts, fly nets, breast aprons, belting, flags, and banners Lum ber and timber basic products Logging Logging (logging camps and contractors) Sawmills and special-product sawmills Sawmills (include sawmills combined with logging camps or sawmills combined with planing mills, provided the sawmill is the major activity) Yeneer mills Shingle mills Cooperage-stock mills Mills producing special products, n. e. c. Planing and plywood mills Planing mills Plywood mills Furniture and finished lumber products Household furniture W ood Upholstered (including manufacture of frames) Reed and rattan Metal Mattresses and bedsprings Household furniture, n. e. c. Office furniture W ood Metal Public-building furniture (including public seating) Partitions, shelving, cabinet work, and woodwork Partitions, shelving, cabinet work, showcases, advertising and display cases, office and store fixtures, store fronts Wooden containers Vegetable and fruit baskets Rattan and willow ware (not including furniture and vegetable and fruit baskets) Cigar boxes, wooden and part wooden Wooden boxes (except cigar boxes) Cooperage Window and door screens, shades, and blinds Window and door screens and weather strip Window shades Venetian blinds INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS Code 2570 2590 2591 2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2599 2600 2610 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625 2629 2630 2640 2641 2642 2643 2649 2650 2660 2661 2662 2669 2570 2671 2672 2673 2674 2679 2690 2691 2692 2693 2694 2699 2700 2710 2711 2712 2720 2721 2722 105 Furniture and finished lumber products— Continued Caskets, coffins, burial cases, and other morticians’ goods Miscellaneous wooden goods Excelsior Cork products Matches W ood preserving Lasts and related products Mirror and picture frames Wooden goods, n. e. c. P a p er and allied products Pulp mills Paper mills N ewsprint Book, writing, and cover paper Wrapping paper Tissue and absorbent paper Building paper Other papers, n. e. c. Paperboard mills Coated and glazed papers Coated book paper Waxed paper Gummed paper (including gummed labels and paper and cloth tape) Other (including glazed and fancy) Envelopes Paper bags Grocery bags H eavy-duty paper bags: cement, flour, coal bags, etc. All other Paperboard containers and boxes Folded Set-up Corrugated and fiber Liquid-tight containers All other Converted paper products, n. e. c. Die-cut paper and paperboard: cards, boards, milk-bottle caps, etc. Stationery, blank: ledger sheets, etc. Wallpaper Pulp goods: pressed and molded pulp products Converted paper products, n. e. c. (including all paper patterns, printed and unprinted) P rin tin g, publishing, and allied industries Newpapers Newspapers, publishing only Newspapers, publishing and printing Periodicals Periodicals, publishing only Periodicals, publishing and printing 106 Code 2730 2731 2732 2733 2740 2741 2749 2750 2760 2761 2762 2770 2780 2781 2782 2783 2789 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2800 2810 2811 2812 2820 2821 2822 2823 2824 2825 2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2840 2850 2860 2861 2862 2863 2870 2871 2872 2879 M A N U A L ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS P rin tin g , publishing, and allied industries— Continued Books and music Books, publishing only Books, publishing and printing (including specialized printing of books only) Music, printing and publishing, or publishing only Publishing only, n. e. c. Directories and special services Other General commercial (job) printing Lithographing Lithographing and photolithographing (including preparation of stones or plates and dry transfers) Greeting cards (except hand-painted) Gravure, rotogravure, and rotary photogravure Bookbinding Bookbinding (edition, trade, job, library) Blank-book making and paper ruling Loose-leaf and library-binder manufacturing Binding, n. e. c. (including special mounting, finishing, edging, gilding, etc.) Service industries for the printing trades Machine and hand typesetting (including advertisement typesetting) Engraving, steel and copper plate; plate printing; wood engraving Photoengraving Electrotyping and stereotyping Chemicals and allied products Paints, varnishes, and colors Paints, varnishes, and lacquers Colors and pigments Animal and vegetable oils (not including lubricants or cooking and salad oils) Cottonseed products— oil, cake, meal, and linters Linseed products— oil, cake, and meal Soybean products— oil, cake, and meal Essential oils Marine oils Vegetable oils, n. e. c.: coconut, peanut, etc. Drugs, medicines, toilet preparations, insecticides, and related products Drugs and medicines (including drug grinding) Perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations Insecticides, fungicides, and related industrial and household chemi cal compounds Soap and crude glycerin Rayon and allied products Turpentine, rosin, charcoal, and wood-distillation products Hardwood distillation and charcoal manufacture: natural methanol, natural acetate of lime, natural acetone, etc. Softwood distillation: turpentine, rosin, tar Naval stores: processing but not gathering or warehousing Fertilizers Fertilizers (except dry mix) Fertilizers, dry mix only Fertilizer materials, n. e. c.: tankage, bone meal, fish scrap, etc. INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS Code 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2888 2889 2890 2891 2892 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2899 2900 2910 2920 2921 2930 2931 2932 2940 2941 2950 2951 2952 2990 2991 2999 3000 3010 3020 3021 3022 3030 3031 3032 3040 3050 107 Chemicals and allied products— Continued Industrial chemicals Tanning materials; natural dyestuffs; mordants and assistants; and sizes Primary coal-tar products Plastic materials Explosives Salt (excluding the mining of rock salt) Compressed and liquefied gases— not made in petroleum refineries or in natural-gas gasoline plants Bone black, carbon black, and lampblack Electrochemical and electrometallurgical products, n. e. c. (includ ing aluminum) Industrial chemicals and other organic and inorganic chemicals, n. e. c. Miscellaneous chemical products Printing ink Ammunition (including detonators) Cleaning and polishing preparations, blacking, stains, dressings Glue and gelatin Grease, tallow, and stearic acid (not including lubricating greases) Lubricating oils and greases— not made in petroleum refineries Fireworks Chemical products, n. e. c.: mucilage, paste, and other adhesives (except glue and rubber cement); writing ink; bluing Products o f petroleum , coal, and natural gas Petroleum refining Products of natural gas Products of natural gas (except carbon black) Coke and coke products Beehive coke Oven coke and byproducts Gas, manufactured, other than coke-oven gas Gas, manufactured, other than coke-oven gas (excluding distribu tion of gas) Paving and roofing materials Paving blocks: asphalt, creosoted wood, and composition Roofing, built up and rolled; asphalt shingles; roof coating (except paint) Products of petroleum and coal, n. e. c. Fuel briquets Products of petroleum and coal, n. e. c. (including candles) Rubber products Tires and inner tubes Rubber boots, shoes, soles, and heels Rubber boots and shoes (including canvas rubber-soled shoes) Rubber heels, soling strips, and soles (including composition or fiber) Industrial rubber goods Mechanical rubber goods and hard-rubber goods: belting, hose, indus trial tubing, packing, lining, cord and thread, plumbers’ specialties, rubber and friction tape, jar rings, battery jars, boxes, etc. Rubber flooring Rubberized fabrics and vulcanized rubber clothing Rubber sundries 108 Code 3051 3090 3091 3092 3093 3100 3110 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3120 3130 3131 3132 3140 3141 3142 3150 3160 3161 3170 3171 3172 3190 3191 3192 3199 3200 3210 3211 3212 3219 3220 3221 3222 3229 3230 3231 3232 3233 3239 3240 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Rubber products— Continued Industrial rubber goods— Continued Rubber sundries: bathing caps, suits, and shoes; medical and surgical rubber goods and druggists’ sundries (including all rubber gloves); rubber toys, balls, novelties, and sporting goods; stationers’ rubber goods. Miscellaneous rubber industries Reclaiming rubber— in establishments not manufacturing rubber goods Retreading rubber tires— in establishments not manufacturing new tires Tire sundries and repair materials— in establishments not manufac turing new tires and tubes Leather and leather products Leather, tanned, curried, and finished Sole and belting leather Upper and lining leather Leather (except sole, belting, upper, and lining) Leather finishing, embossing, and japanning Currying shops (except fur) Industrial belts, belting, packing leather, and washers Boot and shoe cut stock and findings Boot and shoe cut stock— not made in boot and shoe factories Boot and shoe findings— not made in boot and shoe factories Footwear (except rubber) Footwear (except house slippers and rubber footwear) House slippers Leather gloves and mittens Luggage Suitcases, brief cases, bags, trunks, and other luggage Pocketbooks, handbags, and small leather goods W om en’s pocketbooks, handbags, and purses Small leather goods Miscellaneous leather goods Belts, apparel Saddlery, harness, and whips Miscellaneous leather products, n. e. c. S tone, cla y, and glass products Flat glass Plate glass Window glass Other flat glass Glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers: bottles, jars, etc. Tableware Other pressed or blown glass and glassware: illuminating, scientific technical, industrial, etc. Mirrors and other glass products made of purchased glass Mirrors, cut and beveled glass, and engraved glass Stained, leaded, ornamented, and decorated glass Glass novelties: glass fruit, trees, flowers, etc. Glass products, n. e. c. Cement INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS Code 3250 3251 3252 3253 3254 3255 3260 3261 3262 3263 3264 3269 3270 3271 3272 3273 3274 3280 3281 3289 3290 3291 3292 3293 3294 3295 3296 3297 3300 3310 3311 3312 3313 3320 3321 3322 3323 3324 3330 3331 3339 3340 3341 3342 3349 3350 3351 3352 109 S tone, clay, and glass products— Continued Structural clay products Bricks: common brick, facebrick, hollow building tile, hollow brick, vitrified brick for paving Terra cotta Tile: floor, wall, roofing, ceramic mosaic, enameled, etc. Sewer pipe, drain tile, and kindred products: flue lining, chimney and top, wall coping, segment blocks Fire-clay products Pottery and related products Vitreous-china plumbing fixtures Hotel chinaware White ware Porcelain electrical supplies Other clay products, n. e. c.: stove lining, glass-house tank blocks, refractory cement (clay), red earthenware, stoneware (including chemical), art and garden pottery Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete products Gypsum products Wallboard and wall plaster (except gypsum), building insulation, and floor composition Lime Cut-stone and stone products Monuments and tombstones Other cut-stone products Abrasives, asbestos products, and ground minerals Abrasive wheels, stones, paper, cloth, and related products Asbestos products (except steam packing and pipe and boiler covering) Steam and other packing, pipe and boiler covering, gaskets, etc. Natural graphites, ground and refined Minerals and earths, ground or otherwise treated Sand-lime brick Nonclay refractories Iro n and steel and their products Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills Blast furnaces Steel works Rolling mills Iron- and steel-foundry products Gray-iron castings Malleable-iron castings Steel castings Cast-iron pipe and fittings Tin cans and other tinware Tin cans Tinware, n. e. c. Wire products Wire Nails, spikes, etc. (including other than wire) Wire work, n. e. c. Cutlery, tools, and general hardware Cutlery (except silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws) 110 Code 3353 3354 3359 3360 3361 3362 3363 3364 3365 3369 3370 3371 3372 3373 3374 3380 3381 3382 3383 3390 3391 3392 3393 3394 3395 3396 3397 3398 3399 3400 3410 3411 3412 3413 3414 3415 3419 3420 3421 3422 3423 3424 3425 3429 3430 3431 3432 3439 M AN U AL ON IN DU STRIAL-INJU RY STATISTICS Iro n and steel and their products— Continued Cutlery, tools, and general hardware— Continued Files Saws Hardware, n. e. c. Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers, supplies Enameled-iron sanitary ware and other plumbers’ supplies (not in cluding pipe and vitreous and semi vitreous china sanitary ware) Stoves, ranges, and hot-air furnaces (except electric) Oil burners and stokers, domestic Power boilers and associated equipment Steam and hot-water heating apparatus (including hot-water fur naces) and steam fittings, regardless of material Heating equipment, domestic, n. e. c. (including gas heaters) Metal stamping, enameling, japanning, and lacquering Enameled ware (except plumbers’ supplies) Stamped and pressed metal products Metal stamping and spinning combined Enameling, japanning, and lacquering Fabricated structural steel and ornamental metalwork Fabricated structural steel Ornamental metalwork Doors, shutters, window sashes, frames, molding, and trim, made of metal Miscellaneous iron and steel products Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets Forgings, iron and steel Wrought pipes, welded and heavy riveted Springs, steel (except wire) Screw-machine products and wood screws Steel barrels, kegs, and drums Firearms Safes and vaults Iron and steel products, n. e. c. N onferrous metals and their products Primary smelting and refining Copper Lead Zinc Gold Silver Nonferrous metals, n. e. c. Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals and alloys Copper, brass, and bronze Lead and lead alloys Zinc Aluminum and aluminum alloys Gold, silver, platinum Secondary smelting and refining, n. e. c. Nonferrous metal alloying, rolling, and drawing Copper, brass, and bronze Aluminum alloys Other nonferrous metals and alloys INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS Code 3440 3441 3442 3443 3450 3451 3452 3453 3460 3470 3471 3472 3480 3481 3489 3490 3491 3492 3493 3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500 3510 3520 3530 3540 3550 3560 3570 3600 3610 3611 3612 3613 3619 3620 3621 3629 3630 3631 3632 3633 3634 ill N on ferrous metals and their 'products— Continued Clocks and watches Clocks, watches, and materials and parts (except watchcases) Watchcases Assembling of watches or clocks Jewelry Jewelry (not including costume jewelry) Jewelers, findings and materials Lapidary work Silverware and plated ware Engraving, plating, and polishing Engraving on nonferrous metals (except for printing purposes) Electroplating, plating, and polishing Lighting fixtures Electric-light fixtures Lighting fixtures (except electric) Nonferrous metal products, n. e. c. Nonferrous metal foundries Aluminum products Nonferrous metalware: kitchen, household, and hospital utensils (except foundry products and aluminum ware) Metal novelties and specialties (except foundry products) Collapsible tubes Gold leaf and foil Tin and other foils (not including gold foil) Sheet-metal work not specifically classified Nonferrous metal products, n. e. c. Electrical m achinery Electrical equipment for electric public utility, manufacturing, mining, transportation (except automotive), and construction use, and for incorporation in manufactured products Electrical appliances Wire and cable Automotive electrical equipment Electrical lamps Communication equipment All other electrical products M a ch in ery {except electrical) Engines and turbines Steam engines and steam turbines Diesel and semi-Diesel engines Aircraft engines Other internal-combustion engines Agricultural machinery and tractors Tractors Agricultural machinery (except tractors) Construction, mining, and related machinery Construction and heavy lifting equipment: cranes, dredges, excava tors, hoists, derricks, road-building machinery Heavy crushing and mixing machinery for stone, ore, etc. Oil-field machinery and tools (including well-drilling machines, except for oil wells) Mining machinery and equipment 112 Code 3640 3641 3642 3649 3650 3651 3652 3653 3654 3655 3656 3657 3659 3660 3661 3662 3663 3664 3665 3666 3667 3669 3670 3671 3672 3673 3674 3675 3679 3680 3681 3682 3683 3689 3690 3699 3700 3710 3711 3712 3719 3720 3730 3731 3732 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S M a c h in e r y (excep t electrical) — Continued Metalworking machinery Machine tools: lathes, screw machines, bending machines, etc. Machine-tool accessories, dies, and machinists* precision tools Other metalworking machinery, equipment, and accessories (includ ing presses, forging machines, die-casting machinery, etc.) Special industrial machinery (not including metalworking machinery) Food-products machinery Textile machinery Woodworking machinery Paper and pulp-mill machinery Printing-trades machinery Oil-refining machinery Smelting and refining machinery and equipment Special industrial machinery, n. e. c. (including foundry equipment) General industrial machinery Pumps, compressors, and pumping equipment Conveyor systems Elevators, escalators, and elevator equipment Industrial and mining cars and trucks Blowers and exhaust and ventilating fans Measuring, recording, and control instruments (except electric meters, watches, and clocks) Mechanical power-transmission equipment and supplies: bearings, gears, shafts, etc. General industrial machinery, n. e. c. Office and store machines, equipment, and supplies Adding, calculating, tabulating, and bookkeeping machines, cash registers, fare-recording devices, etc. Typewriters and parts Office duplicating devices and supplies: addressing, mailing, check writing machines; mimeographs, multigraphs, etc.; carbon paper, paper stencils, and inked ribbons Vending, amusement, and other coin-operated machines Scales and balances (including coin-operated scales) Office and store machines, n. e. c. Household and service-industry machines Domestic laundry equipment: washing machines, wringers, driers, ironers, etc. Commercial laundry, dry-cleaning, and pressing machines Sewing machines, domestic and industrial Household and service-industry machines, n. e. c. Machine shops, n. e. c. Machine shops, n. e. c. T ra n sp o rta tio n eq u ip m en t (except autom obiles) Railroad equipment Locomotives (including frames) and parts: steam, electric, Diesel, and Diesel-electric Railroad, street, and rapid-transit cars, and car equipment Railroad equipment, n. e. c. Aircraft and parts Ship and boat building Shipbuilding (including ship repairs when combined with shipbuilding) Boat building (including repairs when combined with building) IN D U S T R Y Code 3740 3790 3799 3800 3810 3820 3821 3822 3830 3840 3900 3910 3911 3912 3913 3920 3921 3922 3923 3930 3931 3932 3933 3939 3940 3941 3942 3943 3949 3950 3951 3952 3953 3954 3960 3961 3962 3970 3971 3972 3973 3974 3975 3980 3981 3982 AND O C C U P A T IO N C L A S S IF IC A T I O N S 113 T ra n sp o rta tio n eq u ip m en t (except a u tom obiles) — Continued Motorcyles, bicycles, and parts Transportation equipment, n. e. c. Transportation equipment, n. e. c.: carriages, wagons, sleighs, and sleds (except children’s vehicles) A u to m o b iles and a utom obile eq u ip m en t Motor vehicles Motor-vehicle bodies and body parts Passenger-car bodies and passenger-car body parts Truck bodies and truck body parts Motor-vehicle parts and accessories Automobile trailers (for attachment to passenger vehicles) M is c ella n e o u s m an u fa ctu rin g in d u stries Professional and scientific instruments: photographic apparatus and optical goods Professional and scientific instruments (except surgical and dental) Photographic apparatus and materials and projection apparatus (except lenses) Lenses and other optical goods Surgical and dental instruments, equipment, and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical supplies and equipment, n. e. c., and orthopedic appliances Dentists’ equipment and supplies Musical instruments Pianos Organs Piano and organ parts and materials Musical instruments and parts and materials, n. e. c. Toys and sporting and athletic goods Games and toys (except dolls and children’s vehicles) Dolls (except rubber) Baby carriages, children’ s sleds, wagons, and other vehicles for children Sporting and athletic goods, n. e. c. Pens, fountain and stylographic, pencils, stencils, and artists’ materials Pens, mechanical pencils, and pen points Pencils (except mechanical) and crayons Hand stamps, stencils, and brands Artists’ materials Buttons and buckles Buttons Buckles Costume jewelry and miscellaneous novelties Costume jewelry Novelties (except metal) Jewelry cases and instrument cases Lamp shades Artificial flowers, feathers, and plumes Brooms and brushes Brooms Brushes 114 Code 3990 3991 3992 3993 3994 3995 3996 3997 3998 3999 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries— Continued Miscellaneous industries Beauty-shop and barber-shop equipment and supplies Fur, dressed and dyed Signs and advertising displays Fabricated plastic products, n. e. c. Umbrellas, parasols, and canes Tobacco pipes and cigarette holders Handbag and luggage frames Models and patterns (not including paper patterns) Manufacturing establishments, n. e. c. Division E.— Wholesale and retail trade 4000 4010 4011 4012 4013 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031 4032 4033 4034 4035 4036 4037 4038 4039 4040 4050 4051 4052 4053 4054 4055 4056 4057 4058 4059 W holesale Service and limited-function wholesalers (includes the usual wholesaling establishments) Automotive Automobiles and other motor vehicles Automotive equipment Tires and tubes Chemicals, drugs, and allied products Drugs (full line) Drug proprietaries and toiletries Drug sundries Dyestuffs Explosives Industrial chemicals Naval stores Paints and varnishes Chemicals, drugs, and allied products, n. e. c. Dry goods and apparel Dry goods (full line) Piece goods Hosiery and underwear Notions and other dry goods Clothing and furnishings (full line) M en’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings W om en’s and children’s clothing and furnishings Millinery and millinery supplies Shoes and other footwear Petroleum and its products Groceries and food specialties Groceries (full line) Canned goods Coffee, tea, and spices Confectionery Fish and sea foods Flour Meats and provisions Sugar Groceries and food specialties, n. e. c. IN D U S T R Y Code 4060 4061 4062 4063 4064 4069 4070 4071 4072 4073 4074 4075 4076 4077 4078 4079 4080 4090 4091 4092 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4120 4121 4122 4130 4131 4132 4133 4134 4135 4136 4139 4140 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 AND O C C U P A T IO N C L A S S IF IC A T I O N S W holesale— Continued Service and limited-function wholesalers— Continued Farm products— consumer goods Dairy products Poultry and poultry products Dairy and poultry products Fruits and vegetables (fresh) Farm products— consumer goods, n. e. c. Farm products— raw materials Cotton Grain Hides, skins, and furs (raw) Horses and mules Livestock Silk (raw) Tobacco (leaf) W ool and mohair Farm products— raw materials, n. e. c. Tobacco and its products (except leaf) Beer, wines, and liquors Beer and other fermented malt liquors Wines and liquors Electrical goods Electrical merchandise (full line) Apparatus and equipment Wiring supplies and construction materials Radios, refrigerators, and appliances Furniture and housefurnishings China, glassware, and crockery Floor coverings Furniture (household and office) Housefurnishings (except as specified) Musical instruments and sheet music Hardware Hardware (full line) Hardware (specialty lines) Lumber and construction materials Builders’ supplies (full line) Lumber and millwork Brick, tile, and terra cotta Cement, lime, and plaster Glass Sand, gravel, and crushed stone Lumber and construction materials, n. e. c. Machinery, equipment, and supplies Commercial machinery and equipment Farm and dairy machinery and equipment Industrial equipment and supplies Oil-well and oil-refining machinery and equipment Other industrial machinery Professional equipment and supplies Service equipment and supplies Transportation equipment and supplies Machinery, equipment, and supplies, n. e. c. 115 116 Code 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4159 4160 4161 4162 4163 4164 4170 4171 4172 4173 4179 4180 4181 4182 4183 4184 4190 4191 4192 4193 4194 4195 4196 4197 4198 4199 4200 4210 4211 4212 4213 4220 4222 4223 4224 4225 4226 4228 4229 4230 4232 4233 4234 4235 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S W holesale— Continued Service and limited-function wholesalers— Continued Metals and minerals (except petroleum and scrap) Coal and coke Iron and steel (except structural) Structural iron and steel Wire, wire fence, and wire rope Copper Sheet-metal products Metals and minerals (except petroleum and scrap), n. e. c. Paper and its products Wrapping or coarse paper and products Fine or printing and writing paper Stationery and stationery supplies Wallpaper Plumbing and heating equipment and supplies Plumbing and heating (full line) Heating (including stoves and ranges) Plumbing fixtures, equipment, and supplies Plumbing and heating equipment and supplies, n. e. c. Waste materials Iron and steel scrap Junk and scrap (full line) Waste paper, rags, and rubber Nonferrous metals, scrap Service and limited-function wholesalers, n. e. c. Amusement and sporting goods Farm supplies Jewelry Optical goods General merchandise F lo w e rs a n d n u rse ry sto c k Forest products (except lumber) Leather and leather goods Miscellaneous kinds of business Manufacturers’ sales branches and offices Automotive Automobiles and other motor vehicles Automotive equipment Tires and tubes Chemicals, drugs, and allied products Drug proprietaries and toiletries Drug sundries Dyestuffs Explosives Industrial chemicals Paints and varnishes Chemicals, drugs, and allied products, n. e. c. Dry goods and apparel Piece goods Hosiery and underwear Notions and other dry goods Clothing and furnishings (full line) IN D U S T R Y Code 4236 4237 4238 4239 4240 4250 4251 4252 4254 4256 4257 4258 4259 4260 4261 4262 4263 4269 4280 4290 4291 4292 4300 4301 4302 4303 4304 4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4320 4330 4331 4332 4333 4334 4335 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347 4348 4349 AND O C C U P A T IO N C L A S S IF IC A T I O N S W holesale— Continued Manufacturers’ sales branches and offices— Continued D ry goods and apparel— Continued M en’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings Wom en’s and children’s clothing and furnishings Millinery and millinery supplies Shoes and other footwear Petroleum and its products Groceries and food specialties Breakfast cereals Canned goods Confectionery Flour Meats and provisions Sugar Groceries and food specialties, n. e. c. Farm products— consumer goods Dairy products Poultry and poultry products Dairy and poultry products Farm products— consumer goods, n. e. c. Tobacco and its products (except leaf) Beer, wines, and liquor Beer and other fermented malt liquors Wines and liquors Electrical goods Electrical merchandise (full line) Apparatus and equipment Wiring supplies and construction materials Radios, refrigerators, and appliances Furniture and housefurnishings China, glassware, and crockery Floor coverings Furniture (household and office) Housefurnishings (except as specified) Musical instruments and sheet music Hardware Lumber and construction materials Builders’ supplies (full line) Lumber and millwork Brick, tile, and terra cotta Cement, lime, and plaster Glass Lumber and construction materials, n. e. c. Machinery, equipment, and supplies Commercial machinery and equipment Farm and dairy machinery and equipment Industrial equipment and supplies Oil-well and oil-refining machinery and equipment Other industrial machinery Professional equipment and supplies Service equipment and supplies Transportation equipment and supplies Machinery equipment and supplies, n. e. c. 117 118 Code 4350 4351 4352 4353 4354 4355 4356 4359 4360 4361 4362 4363 4364 4370 4371 4372 4373 4379 4390 4391 4392 4393 4394 4397 4398 4399 4400 4500 4510 4511 4512 4513 4520 4521 4522 4523 4524 4525 4526 4527 4528 4529 4530 4531 4532 4533 4534 4535 4536 4537 4538 4539 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S W holesale— Continued Manufacturers’ sales branches and offices— Continued Metals and minerals (except petroleum and scrap) Coke Iron and steel (except structural steel) Structural iron and steel Wire, wire fence, and wire rope Copper Sheet-metal products Metals and minerals (except petroleum and scrap), n. e. c. Paper and its products Wrapping or coarse paper and products Fine or printing and writing papers Stationery and stationery supplies Wallpaper Plumbing and heating equipment and supplies Plumbing and heating (full line) Heating (including stoves and ranges) Plumbing fixtures, equipment, and supplies Plumbing and heating equipment and supplies, n. e. c. Manufacturers’ sales branches and offices, n. e. c. Amusement and sporting goods Farm supplies Jewelry Optical goods Forest products (except lumber) Leather and leather goods Miscellaneous kinds of business Petroleum, bulk-tank stations Agents and brokers Automotive Automobiles and other motor vehicles Automotive equipment Tires and tubes Chemicals, drugs, and allied products Drugs (full line) Drug proprietaries and toiletries Drug sundries Dyestuffs Explosives Industrial chemicals N aval stores Paints and varnishes Chemicals, drugs, and allied products, n. e. c. Dry goods and apparel D ry goods (full line) Piece goods Hosiery and underwear Notions and other dry goods Clothing and furnishings (full line) M en’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings W om en’ s and children’ s clothing and furnishings Millinery and millinery supplies Shoes and other footwear IN D U S T R Y Code 4540 4550 4551 4552 4553 4554 4555 4556 4557 4558 4559 4560 4561 4562 4563 4564 4569 4570 4571 4572 4573 4574 4575 4576 4577 4578 4579 4580 4590 4591 4592 4600 4601 4602 4603 4604 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 4615 4620 4621 4622 4630 4631 4632 4633 4634 4635 AND O C C U P A T IO N C L A S S IF IC A T I O N S W holesale— Continued Agents and brokers— Continued Petroleum and its products Groceries and food specialties Groceries (full line) Canned goods Coffee, tea, and spices Confectionery Fish and sea foods Flour Meats and provisions Sugar Groceries and food specialties, n. e. c. Farm products— consumer goods Dairy products Poultry and poultry products Dairy and poultry products Fruits and vegetables (fresh) Farm products— consumer goods, n. e, c. Farm products— raw materials Cotton Grain Hides, skins, and furs (raw) Horses and mules Livestock Silk (raw) Tobacco (leaf) W o o l a n d m o h a ir Farm products— raw materials, n. e. c. Tobacco and its products Beer, wines, and liquor Beer and fermented malt liquors Wines and liquors Electrical goods Electrical merchandise (full line) Apparatus and equipment Wiring supplies and construction materials Radios, refrigerators, and appliances Furniture and housefurnishings China, glassware, and crockery Floor coverings Furniture (household and office) Housefurnishings (except as specified) Musical instruments and sheet music Hardware Hardware (full line) Hardware (specialty lines) Lumber and construction materials Builders’ supplies (full line) Lumber and millwork Brick, tile, and terra cotta Cement, lime, and plaster Glass 159726°— 40----- 9 119 120 Code 4636 4639 4640 4641 4642 4643 4644 4645 4646 4647 4648 4649 4650 4651 4652 4653 4654 4655 4656 4659 4660 4661 4662 4663 4664 4670 4671 4672 4673 4679 4680 4681 4682 4683 4684 4690 4691 4692 4693 4694 4695 4696 4697 4698 4699 4700 4750 4760 4761 4762 M A N U A L ON IN DU STRIAL-INJU RY STATISTICS W holesale— Continued Agents and brokers— Continued Lumber and construction materials— Continued Sand, gravel, and crushed stone Lumber and construction materials, n. e. c. Machinery, equipment, and supplies Commercial machinery and equipment Farm and dairy machinery and equipment Industrial equipment and supplies Oil-well and oil-refining machinery and equipment Other industrial machinery Professional equipment and supplies Service equipment and supplies Transportation equipment and supplies Machinery equipment and supplies, n. e. c. Metals and minerals (except petroleum and scrap) Coal and coke Iron and steel (except structural) Structural iron and steel Wire, wire fence, and wire rope Copper Sheet-metal products Metals and minerals (except petroleum and scrap), n. e. c. Paper and its products Wrapping or coarse paper and products Fine or printing and writing paper Stationery and stationery supplies Wallpaper Plumbing and heating equipment and supplies Plumbing and heating (full line) Heating (including stoves and ranges) Plumbing fixtures, equipment, and supplies Plumbing and heating equipment and supplies, n. e. c. W aste materials Iron and steel scrap Junk and scrap (full line) Waste paper, rags, and rubber Nonferrous-metals scrap Agents and brokers, n. e. c. Amusement and sporting goods Farm supplies Jewelry Optical goods General merchandise Flowers and nursery stock Forest products (except lumber) Leather and leather goods Miscellaneous kinds of business Assemblers of farm products Groceries and food specialties Farm products— consumer goods Dairy products Poultry and poultry products INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS Code 4763 4764 4769 4770 4771 4772 4773 4774 4775 4776 4777 4778 4779 4790 4792 4796 4797 4799 4800 4810 4820 4830 4840 4850 4860 4890 4900 4910 4920 4921 4922 4923 4930 4940 4950 4951 4952 4990 4991 4992 4993 4999 5000 5010 5020 5030 5040 121 W holesale— Continued Assemblers of farm products— Continued Farm products— consumer goods— Continued Dairy and poultry products Fruits and vegetables (fresh) Farm products— consumer goods, n. e. c. Farm products— raw materials Cotton Grain Hides, skins, and furs (raw) Horses and mules Livestock Silk (raw) Tobacco (leaf) W ool and mohair Farm products— raw materials, n. e. c. Assemblers, n. e. c. Farm supplies Flowers and nursery stock Forest products (except lumber) Miscellaneous kinds of business Chain-store warehouses Grocery chain-store warehouses General merchandise chain stores Shoe chain-store warehouses Furniture chain-store warehouses Drug chain-store warehouses Liquor chain-store warehouses Chain-store warehouses, n. e. c. Retail Food Grocery stores M eat and fish markets (including sea food) M eat and fish markets M eat markets Fish markets Fruit stores and vegetable markets Candy, confectionery, and nut stores Dairy-products stores and milk dealers Dairy-products stores Milk dealers Food stores (excluding restaurants and lunch rooms), n. e. c. Egg and poultry dealers Delicatessen stores Bakeries and caterers, with retail stores Food stores, n. e. c. General merchandise Department stores Mail-order houses, general merchandise Limited-price variety stores Dry-goods stores 122 Cade 5050 5051 5053 5054 5060 5100 5110 5120 5130 5131 5132 5133 5134 5139 5140 5150 5160 5170 5190 5191 5192 5199 5200 5210 5211 5212 5220 5221 5222 5223 5224 5225 5226 5229 5230 5231 5232 5300 5310 5311 5312 5320 5330 5390 5400 5410 5411 5412 5500 M A N U AL ON IN DU STRIAL-INJU RY STATISTICS R etail— Continued General merchandise— Continued General merchandise stores General merchandise Army and N avy goods stores Industrial stores General stores Apparel and accessories M en’s and boys’ clothing and furnishing stores W om en’s ready-to-wear stores W om en’s accessory and specialty stores Millinery specialty shops Corset and lingerie specialty shops Hosiery specialty shops Apparel accessory stores W om en’s apparel n. e. c. Children’s specialty and infants’ wear shops Family-clothing stores Shoe stores Custom tailors Miscellaneous apparel and accessories, n. e. c. Furriers and fur shops Umbrella shops (including parasols and canes) Other apparel, n. e. c. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment Furniture stores (other than office furniture) Furniture stores (other than office furniture) Interior decorators, with new furniture Specialized home furnishings and equipment stores Floor-covering stores Drapery, curtain, and upholstery stores Lamp and shade shops China, glassware, crockery, tinware, and enamel stores Picture and framing stores Awning, flag, banner, window-shade, and tent shops Other home furnishings and equipment stores, n. e. c. Electrical and gas household-appliance stores, including radio dealers Electrical and gas household-appliance stores Radio stores Automobile and automotive equipment Motor-vehicle dealers— new and used cars Retail only Retail and wholesale combined Motor-vehicle dealers— used cars only Accessory, tire, and battery dealers Automotive dealers, n. e. c. (includes parts dealers, aircraft and motorboat dealers, dealers of motorcycles, but not of bicycles) Filling stations Filling stations Filling stations only Filling stations with repair shops or unrelated merchandise Drug stores INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS Code 5600 5610 5620 5630 5700 5710 5720 5800 5810 5820 5830 5840 5890 5900 6000 6010 6020 6030 6040 6090 6100 6110 6120 6130 6140 6150 6160 6170 6180 6181 6182 6183 6190 6191 6192 6193 6194 6195 6196 6197 6199 R etail— Continued Eating and drinking places Restaurants, cafeterias, and lunchrooms Lunch counters and refreshment stands Drinking places Hardware Hardware stores Farm-implement dealers, with or without hardware Lumber and building supplies Lumber and building material dealers Heating and plumbing equipment dealers Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Electrical-supply stores Building-equipment stores, n. e. c. Liquor stores Second-hand stores Second-hand clothing and shoe stores Second-hand furniture stores Second-hand book stores Second-hand tires, accessories, and automotive-part dealers Second-hand stores, n. e. c. Retail trade, n. e. c. Book and stationery stores Sporting-goods stores, including bicycle shops Farm and garden supply stores Florists Cigar stores News dealers and newsstands Jewelry stores Fuel and ice dealers Coal and wood dealers Fuel-oil dealers Ice dealers Retail stores, n. e. c. Music stores (other than radio) Photographic supply stores Artist supply and material stores Luggage and leather-goods stores Antique stores Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops Opticians’ or optometrists’ stores Retail stores, n. e. c. Division F.— Finance, insurance, and real estate 6200 6300 6500 6600 6700 6800 Finance Banking Credit agencies other than banks Investment trusts and investment companies Holding companies Security and commodity brokers, dealers, and exchanges Finance, n. e. c. 123 124 Code 6900 6910 6920 6930 6940 6950 6960 7000 7010 7020 7030 7040 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS In su r a n ce Insurance carriers Life insurance Fire and marine insurance Casualty, fidelity, surety, etc. Accident and health insurance Title insurance Financial obligation insurance Insurance agents, brokers, and service Insurance agents Insurance brokers Organizations servicing insurance companies Policyholders consulting service R eal estate 7100 Real estate Division G.— Transportation, communication, and other public utilities T ra n sp o rta tio n 7200 7210 7220 7230 7240 7300 7310 7320 7400 7410 7420 7430 7440 7490 7500 7510 7520 7530 7600 7610 7620 7630 7640 7650 7651 7652 7660 7661 7662 7663 7664 7700 7710 7720 7730 Railroads Freight or freight and passenger railroads Switching and terminal companies Sleeping-car and other passenger-car service Railway express service Street, suburban, and interurban railways Street and suburban railways Interurban railways Highway passenger transportation Local bus lines Bus lines other than local Taxicabs Fixed facilities Miscellaneous highway passenger transportation, n. e. c. Highway freight transportation Local trucking Trucking other than local Fixed facilities for handling freight Water transportation Ocean-borne foreign trade Coastwise and intercoastal trade Great Lakes trade Trade on rivers and canals Local service Ferries Lighterage Auxiliary services Towing and tugboats Piers and docks, including buildings and facilities Loading, unloading, stevedoring, etc. Canal operation Air transportation Common carriers Other flying Airports and flying fields INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS Code 7800 7810 7820 7900 8000 8010 8020 8030 8040 8050 8090 125 T ra n sp o rta tio n — Continued Pipe-line transportation Petroleum Gasoline Warehousing and storage Services incidental to transportation Forwarding Packaging, crating, etc. Arrangement of transportation Stockyards Renting of railroad cars Other services incidental to transportation C o m m u n ic a tio n and other p u b lic u tilities 8100 8110 8120 8130 8190 8200 8210 8220 8230 8300 8310 8320 Communi cation Telephone (wire and radio) Telegraph (wire and radio) and cable Radio broadcasting and television Other communication H eat, light, and power Electric light and power Gas (including manufacturing) Steam heat and power Water and sanitary services Water Sanitary service Division H.— Services (personal, business, recreational, public, profes sional, and other) 8400 8410 8420 8430 8500 8510 8511 8512 8513 8520 8521 8522 8530 8531 8532 8540 8550 8560 8570 8571 8572 8590 8591 8599 8600 H o tels, ro o m in g h ou ses, and other lodging places Hotels Rooming and boarding houses Camps P erso n a l services Laundries and laundry services Power laundries Laundries other than power Linen supply (including diaper service) Cleaning and dyeing plants Cleaning and dyeing plants (other than rug cleaning) Rug cleaning and repairing plants Photographic studios (including commercial photography) Photographic studios (except commercial photography) Commercial photography Barber and beauty shops Shoe-repair shops and shoeshine parlors (including hat cleaning) Funeral service (including crematorium) Cleaning, pressing, alteration, and garment-repair shops Cleaning, pressing, alteration, and clothing repair Fur repair and storage Miscellaneous personal services Turkish baths and massage parlors Miscellaneous personal services, n. e. c. D o m estic service 126 M ANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S Code 8700 8710 8720 8730 8740 8750 8751 8752 8759 8760 8790 8800 8810 8820 8830 8840 8850 8860 8890 8891 8892 8893 8894 8899 8900 8910 8920 8930 8940 8950 8990 8991 8992 8993 8994 8999 9000 9010 9011 9012 9020 9030 9100 9110 9120 9130 B u s in e s s serv ices , n . e. c. Advertising Adjustment and credit bureaus and collecting agencies Duplicating, addressing, blueprinting, photostating, mailing, and mailinglist services Private employment agencies Services to dwellings and other buildings Window washing Disinfecting and exterminating services Other services to dwellings and other buildings News syndicates Other business services A u to m o b ile rep a ir services and garages Automobile rentals Storage garages Parking lots Automobile tops and body repair Battery and ignition service General automobile repair shops Other automobile repairs and services Radiator repair shops Tire repair shops Automobile paint shops Automobile laundries Automobile specialized repair shops and services, n. e. c. M is c ella n e o u s repair services and hand trades Blacksmith shops Electrical repair shops Watch, clock, and jewelry repair Upholstery and furniture repair Musical instrument, piano, and organ repair (including piano and organ tuning) Repair shops and miscellaneous hand trades, n. e. c. Bicycle repair shops Harness and leather goods repair shops Locksmith and gunsmith shops Armature rewinding shops Other repair shops and miscellaneous hand trades, n. e. c. M o t io n pictu res Motion-picture production and distribution Motion-picture production (including distribution if from same establishment) Motion-picture distribution (exclusive of production) Motion-picture service industries Motion-picture theaters (including vaudeville) A m u sem en t , r e c r e a tio n , a n d rela ted s e r v ic e s (o th er th a n m o t i o n p ic t u r e s ) Dance halls, studios, and schools Theaters and theatrical producers (plays, concerts, operas, etc.) Bowling, billiards, and pool INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS Code 9140 9141 9142 9143 9144 91 4 5 9 1 46 9149 9150 9160 9190 9200 9210 92 2 0 92 3 0 9240 9250 9260 9270 9280 9290 A m u s m e n t s , recreation , etc .— Continued Sports (baseball, football, golf clubs, skating rinks, swimming pools, riding academies, etc.) Baseball and football clubs, sports and athletic fields, and sports promoters Golf clubs Bathing beaches Swimming pools Skating rinks Riding academies Other sports Bands, orchestras, and entertainers Race-track operation (horse, dog, etc.) Miscellaneous M e d ic a l and other health services Offices of physicians and surgeons Offices of dentists and dental surgeons Offices of osteopathic physicians Offices of chiropractors Nursing Hospitals Medical and dental laboratories Veterinary services (including animal hospitals) Miscellaneous health and allied services 93 0 0 L ega l services 9400 E n g in e er in g and other 'professional services , n . e. c. 9410 9420 9490 9500 9510 9511 9512 95 1 3 9514 9520 9530 9531 9532 9540 9550 9560 9561 9562 9563 9590 9600 9610 9620 9630 9640 9650 127 Professional engineering and architectural services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services Professional services, n. e. c. E d u ca tio n a l services Elementary, secondary, and preparatory schools Public schools Parochial schools (Roman Catholic) Denominational and sectarian schools (other than Roman Catholic) Other Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools Vocational schools Public vocational schools Private vocational schools Correspondence schools Nonprofit educational and scientific research agencies Libraries, museums, botanical and zoological gardens Libraries Museums Botanical and zoological gardens Other schools and related educational services N o n p ro fit m em b e rsh ip , charitable , and relig iou s org a n iza tion s Trade associations, chambers of commerce, boards of trade, and gen eral business associations Professional organizations Labor organizations Civic, social, recreational, and fraternal associations Political organizations 128 Code 9660 9670 9690 MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS N onprofit m em bership, etc.— Continued Religious organizations Charitable organizations Miscellaneous nonprofit membership organizations Division I.— Governm ent2 9700 9700 9730 9750 9750 9760 9770 9780 9790 9800 9810 9899 Government This group includes only regular governmental activities. Business establishments owned by government are to be classified like other busi ness establishments, but m ay be identified as governmental by means of a supplementary code. The classification given here identifies the type of activity of govern mental units. The units themselves must be identified by an individual “ employer number,” as is true of any other employer. Each of the groups listed may be amplified to meet local needs. Legislative bodies Judicial bodies (including quasi judicial bodies whose function is not primarily administrative) Administrative bodies Police departments Fire departments Health departments Sanitation departments Regulatory bodies Taxing bodies Advisory bodies Administrative bodies, n. e. c. Division J.— Unclassified— Insufficient information 9900 Nonclassifiable establishments Code for Occupation o f Injured W orkers At present there is no standard code for occupations, although a committee sponsored jointly by the Central Statistical Board (Federal Government) and the American Statistical Association is now engaged in drafting such a code. The U. S. Employment Service has completed an extensive survey of occupations by industries and is now preparing a Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Other governmental agencies, such as the Bureau of the Census, have, from time to time, developed occu pational codes for their own uses. This is the first time, however, that a concerted and cooperative attempt is being made to establish a standard classification and code. The following classification is suggested for use until superseded by the standard. The occupations are listed alphabetically, and code number intervals are provided for additional occupations if such additions are found necessary. 2 The classification detail given here is not part of the standard classification. INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS C l a s s if ic a t io n o f O c c u p a t io n s Code A 003 006 009 012 015 018 021 024 027 030 033 036 039 042 045 048 051 054 057 060 063 Accountants and auditors Actors and actresses Advertising agents Agents, n. e. c.8 Apprentices to building and hand trades Carpenters Electricians Machinists Plumbers Building and hand trades, n. e. c. Apprentices to printing trades Apprentices to specified trades, n. e. c. Apprentices to trades not specified Architects Artists, sculptors, and teachers of art Athletes, and sports instructors and officials Attendants, filling station, parking lot, garage, and airport Attendants, hospital and other institutional Attendants, professional and personal service, n. e. c. Auctioneers Authors, editors, and reporters Aviators B 066 069 072 075 078 081 084 087 090 093 096 099 102 105 108 Baggagemen, transportation Bakers Barbers, beauticians, and manicurists Bartenders Blacksmiths, forgemen, and hammermen Blasters and powdermen Boarding-house and lodging-house keepers Boatmen, canalmen, and lockkeepers Boilermakers Bookkeepers and cashiers (except bank cashiers) Bootblacks Brakemen, railroad Brickmasons, stonemasons, and tile setters Brokers and commission men Buyers and department heads, store C 111 114 117 120 123 126 Cabinetmakers Canvassers and solicitors Carpenters Cement or concrete finishers Chainmen, rodmen, and axmen, surveying Charwomen and cleaners 3 Not elsewhere classified. 130 MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-IN JURY STATISTICS Code 129 132 135 138 141 144 147 150 153 156 159 162 165 168 171 174 177 Chauffeurs and drivers, bus, taxi, truck, and tractor 4 Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists Chiropractors Clergymen Clerks and clerical workers, n. e. c. Collectors, bill and account College presidents, professors, and instructors Commercial travelers and sales agents Compositors and typesetters Conductors, bus and street railway Conductors, railroad Cooks, except private family Country buyers and shoppers of livestock and other farm products County agents, farm demonstrators, etc. Cranemen: derrickmen, hoistmen, etc. Credit men Crossing watchmen, railroad D 180 183 186 189 192 195 198 201 204 207 Dancers and chorus girls Decorators and window dressers Delivery men and drivers, bakery, laundry, dry-cleaning establishment, and store 5 Demonstrators Dentists Designers Draftsmen Draymen, teamsters, and carriage drivers Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in factory) Dyers E 210 213 216 219 220 223 Electricians Electrotypers and stereotypers Elevator operators Engineers, stationary Engravers (except photoengravers) Express messengers and railway-mail clerks F 226 229 232 235 238 241 244 247 250 Farmers Farm laborers Farm managers and foremen Filers, grinders, buffers, and polishers, metal Firemen, fire department Firemen, except locomotive and fire department Fishermen and oystermen Floormen and floor managers, store Foremen * Except for bakeries, laundries, dry-cleaning establishments, and stores. 8Includes truck drivers for bakeries, laundries, dry-cleaning establishments, and stores. INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS Code 253 256 259 262 Foresters, forest rangers, and timber cruisers Fruit and vegetable graders and packers, except in cannery Furnace men, smelter men, and pourers Furriers G 265 268 271 Garage laborers, car washers, and greasers Glaziers Grounds keepers of parks, cemeteries, etc. H 274 277 280 283 286 289 Healers and medical-service occupations, n. e. c. Heaters, metal Heat treaters, annealers, and temperers Housekeepers, private family Housekeepers, stewards, and hostesses, except private family Hucksters and peddlers I 292 295 Inspectors Insurance agents and brokers J 298 301 Janitors and sextons Jewelers, watchmakers, goldsmiths, and silversmiths K L 304 307 310 313 316 319 322 325 328 331 334 Laborers Laundry operatives and laundresses Lawyers and judges Librarians Library assistants and attendants Linemen and servicemen, telegraph, telephone, and power Locomotive engineers Locomotive firemen Longshoremen and stevedores Loom fixers Lumbermen, raftsmen, and wood choppers M 337 340 343 346 349 352 355 358 Machinists Mail carriers Managers and superintendents, building Marshals and constables M eat cutters, except slaughter and packing house Mechanics and repairmen, airplane Mechanics and repairmen, automobile Mechanics and repairmen, railroad and car shop 131 132 M AN U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Code 361 364 367 370 373 376 379 382 385 388 391 394 Mechanics and repairmen, n. e. c. Messengers, errand, and office boys and girls Midwives and practical nurses Millers, grain, flour, feed, etc. Milliners and millinery dealers Millwrights Miners and operatives, extraction of minerals Molders, metal Motion-picture projectionists Motormen, street, subway, and elevated Motormen, vehicle (except railroad, railway, and bus) Musicians and teachers of music N 397 Newsboys 0 400 403 406 409 412 415 Office-machine operators Officials of lodges, societies, unions, etc. Oilers of machinery Operatives, n. e. c. Opticians and optometrists Osteopaths P 418 421 424 427 430 433 436 439 442 445 448 451 454 457 460 463 466 469 472 475 478 481 Painters, construction and maintenance 8 Painters, except construction and maintenance 7 Paperhangers Pattern and model makers, except paper Pharmacists Photoengravers and lithographers Photographers Photographic reproduction occupations Physicians’ and dentists’ assistants and attendants Physicians and surgeons Plasterers Plumbers and gas and steam fitters Policemen and detectives, public service Policemen and detectives, except public service Porters Baggage Pullman Porters, n. e. c. Postmasters Power-station operators Pressmen and plate printers, printing Professional occupations, n. e. c. Proprietors, managers, and officials e Includes painters, varnishers, lacquerers, and enamelers, building, bridge, shipyard, railroad, etc. 7 Includes painters, varnishers, lacquerers, and enamelers of factory products and those in shops. INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATIONS 133 Code 484 487 Public officials, n. e. C. Purchasing agents and buyers, n. e. c.8 Q R 490 493 496 499 502 505 Radio and wireless operators Real-estate agents and brokers Religious workers Retail dealers and managers Rollers and roll hands, metal Roofers and slaters 8 508 511 514 517 520 523 526 529 532 535 538 541 544 547 550 553 556 559 562 Sailors and deck hands Sales clerks and salespersons Sawyers Semiprofessional and recreational occupations, n. e. c. Servants, except private family Servants, private family Sheriffs and bailiffs Ship officers, pilots, pursers, and engineers Shipping and receiving clerks Shoemakers and repairers (not in factory) Showmen Skilled occupations, n. e. c. Social and welfare workers Soldiers, sailors, and marines, U. S. Stenographers and typists Stonecutters and stone carvers Structural- and ornamental-metal workers Surveyors Switchmen, railroad T 565 568 571 574 577 580 583 586 589 592 595 598 601 Tailors and tailoresses Teachers, school Teachers, trade school, business school, etc. Technical engineers Chemical Civil (excluding surveyors) Electrical Industrial Mechanical Mining and metallurgical Technicians and assistants, laboratory Technicians, except laboratory Telegraph messengers Telegraph operators •Includes most buyers of commodities except commission brokers; buyers for stores; and country buyers and shippers of livestock and other farm products. 134 M A N U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Code 604 T elep hon e operators 60 7 T ick et, station, and express agents, transportation 610 T in sm iths, coppersm iths, and sheet-m etal workers 613 T o o l m akers and die m akers and setters 616 Trained nurses U 619 Undertakers 622 Upholsterers 625 Ushers, am usem ent place or assem bly V 628 Veterinary surgeons W 631 W aiters and waitresses 634 W eighers 637 W elders and burners 640 W holesale dealers and managers X -Y -Z Chapter 9.— Accident Cause Factor Classification and Codes A poster published by the National Safety Council defines “ acci dent” as “ a word used to excuse neglect; to hide our weakness; ease our conscience and cover our failure.” The point has already been made that accidents “ don’t just happen,” that they are caused and that they can be prevented if the causes are known. (See chapter 1.) The comprehensive classification and codes for accident-cause analysis given here are based on a revision of the “ Proposed American Recommended Practice for Compiling Industrial Injury Causes,” more popularly known as the “ Heinrich Cause Code.” 1 This clas sification was designed to supersede the provisions relating to causes in Bulletin No. 276, Standardization of Industrial Accident Statistics, published by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1920. Under the auspices of the American Standards Association a sectional committee was set up, sponsored jointly by the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, the National Safety Council, and the National Council on Compensation Insurance. A subcommittee of this sectional committee, under the chairmanship of Mr. H. W. Heinrich, a well-known safety engineer, prepared the acci dent-cause code. The subcommittee recognized the need for accident data of more value for purposes of accident prevention than those now available. It also recognized that an entirely new approach was necessary, and that existing codes, generally, were faulty in not bringing out the necessary facts in such a fashion as to be easily handled statistically and in such a form as to be practically useful for accident prevention. The basic philosophy of the proposed code is that accidents happen because of an unsafe act or a condition, or both, which, if eliminated, should prevent a recurrence of such accidents. To make the unsafe act and unsafe condition intelligible and mean ingful, however, they must be related to the framework or setting in which the accident occurred. Knowing that the unsafe act was the removal of a guard is not sufficient. It must be clear that the guard was removed from the gears of a machine, say a lathe, and that as a 1 1937 edition, American Standards Association. The version presented here is patterned after a prelimi nary draft of the subcommittee of the Sectional Committee on Standardization of Methods of Recording and Compiling Accident Statistics, 1939. 159726°— 40------- 10 135 136 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS consequence the worker’s hand was caught between the gears. Chang ing somewhat the order of the items named, we must know: (1) the defective object most closely connected with the accident, which may be a machine, a tool, a device, a vehicle, an animal, a substance, etc., and which in this code is called the “ a g e n c y ” ; (2) the p a rt o f the a g e n c y ; (3) the u n sa fe m ech an ical or p h y sic a l c o n d itio n ; (4) the ty p e o f a cciden t , i. e., whether a fall, a slip, being struck by an object, an industrial disease, etc.; (5) the u n sa fe a ct; and (6) the u n sa fe p erso n a l fa c to r . This method of analysis breaks an accident into its component parts, which may then be combined in whatever way will best serve the purpose of accident prevention. The application of the classification will be made clearer by tracing a given accident through the various stages of analysis. The accident selected is one occurring on a lathe and resulting in an injury to the worker’s hand because it was caught between the unguarded inrunning end gears. The guards were removed by the worker, contrary to instructions, to facilitate cleaning. The coding for this accident is as follows: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Agency: Lathe. Part of agency: Gears. Unsafe mechanical or physical condition: Unguarded. Accident type: Caught in , on, or between. Unsafe act: R em oving safety devices. Unsafe personal factor: W illfu l disregard o f instructions. From these coded facts the accident can be reconstructed as follows: A worker was injured because he was caught between the gears of a lathe which was unguarded because he had removed the safety devices (i. e. the guard) in willful disregard of instructions. If this accident were coded in keeping with the prevailing practice, the cause of the accident would be coded as a lathe—with probably no further information. Nothing would be reflected in the coding to show that the lathe was unguarded, that the worker had removed the guard, and that he had done so in violation of instructions. The contrast between the analysis under the proposed code and the bare indication under the prevailing practice that the accident involved a lathe amply illustrates the differences between the two methods of approach. It should be equally clear that the coding method proposed here furnishes important information for the direction of safety efforts, whereas present coding methods most decidedly fail to do so. All the refinement of coding, however, is useless if the coder does not have the necessary insight into accident hazards to permit a clear recognition of the unsafe practices and unsafe conditions involved in ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION 137 the accidents reported. In the absence of such insight, which can come only from practical experience, the coding is wasted, the result ing statistics most likely will be wrong, and the data submitted to guide factory inspectors and safety engineers may be faulty. With faulty coding, statistics based on the accident-cause analysis proposed here are not worth the paper they are printed on, let alone the time, effort, and expense involved. Experience has shown that the person best fitted for this part of the coding is a safety engineer or an expe rienced factory inspector who through years in the work has absorbed the facts pertinent to analysis of accident hazards. To repeat, and the point cannot be emphasized too strongly or too often, i f accurate coding o j accident causes is desired along the lin es p r o p o se d here , the coder should be a n experien ced sa fety en gineer or fa c to r y in sp ector w ho has learned the coding p roced u re , or a statistician who has had adequate safety experience. Purpose of Classification The purpose of this classification is to provide a statistical method of analysis of accident factors, from which information essential for accident prevention can be compiled. This classification is predicated on the proved theory that nearly all industrial accidents are preventable. The accident-cause factors are recognized as an unsafe condition, an unsafe act, or a combination of both. The analysis proposed here is aimed at bringing out those unsafe factors which are most closely related to the injury and which lend themselves to correction. The classification is not intended to deal with obscure causative factors, or factors too far removed in the accident sequence to be definitely ascertainable. Definition of Accident An accident is an event involving the contact of a person with an object, or a substance, or another person, or the exposure of the person to objects or conditions, or the movement of a person, which results in a personal injury. N o t e .— Certain single occurrences, such as explosions, may result in injuries to a num ber o f persons. This code requires that an accident be coded and tabulated fo r each in ju ry . The term “ accident,” as here defined, includes industrial (occu pational) diseases. The Accident and Its Causal Factors The analysis outlined here matches the method followed by a safety engineer when investigating an accident. He begins with the injury and determines that a certain machine, tool or other object, 138 M A N U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS substance or exposure was most closely associated with the injury, and that a particular part of the machine or object was closely associated with the injury. His interest centers chiefly about those agencies and agency parts which are unguarded or unsafe. As a next step, he identifies the particular accident type which occurred, this being a fall, struck by, caught in, on, or between, etc. He then seeks for an unsafe act of a person which brought about the accident resulting in the injury and determines also the unsafe personal factor which brought about the unsafe act. The accident factors, therefore, are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The The The The The The agency. agency part. unsafe mechanical or physical condition. accident type. unsafe act. unsafe personal factor. The rules for selection pertaining to each of those factors will be found with the appropriate classification for each factor. Definitions of Accident Factors The A g en c y. The agency is the object, substance, or exposure which is most closely associated with the injury and which could have been properly guarded or corrected. T h e A g e n c y P a r t. The agency part is the particular part of the selected agency which, chiefly because it could have been guarded or corrected, is most closely associated with the injury. T h e TJnsaje M ec h a n ic a l or P h y s ic a l C on d ition . The unsafe mechanical or physical condition is the condition of the selected agency which could and should have been guarded or cor rected. T h e A c c id e n t T y p e . The accident type is the manner of contact of the injured person with an object, substance, or exposure, or the movement of the injured person, which resulted in the injury. T h e U n sa fe A c t . The unsafe act is that violation of a commonly accepted safe pro cedure which resulted in the selected accident type. T h e U n sa fe P e r so n a l F a cto r . The unsafe personal factor is the mental or bodily characteristic which permitted or occasioned the selected unsafe act. ACCIDENT CAUSE EACTOR CLASSIFICATION 139 Examples Illustrating Accident Cause Analysis 1. A painter fell from a ladder having a split rung. The ladder was used contrary to instructions. The rung broke and the painter fell to the floor, breaking his leg. The defective agency most closely related to the injury is the ladder. No agency parts are given for ladders in this classification, and there fore none is to be named. The unsafe mechanical or physical condi tion is the defective condition of the ladder. The accident type which resulted in the injury is a fall to a different level. The unsafe act is using defective equipment. The unsafe personal factor is the willful disregard of instructions. The selected accident factors, therefore, are as follows: Agency: Ladder. Agency part: N one. Unsafe mechanical or physical condition: D efective agency. Accident type: Fall to a different level. Unsafe act: Using unsafe equipment. Unsafe personal factor: W illfu l disregard o f instructions. 2. A painter fell as in example 1, and in falling struck against an inexperienced oiler who was oiling the unguarded gears of a moving lathe. The man falling from the ladder was not injured, but the oiler’s fingers were caught between the gears. There are two defective agencies in this example, the ladder and the unguarded lathe. The rules require that the lathe is to be named because it is most closely associated with the injury in point of time and place. The agency part is the gears. The unsafe mechanical or physical condition is the absence of a guard. The injury resulted because the oiler’s fingers were caught between the gears, and the accident type therefore is “ caught in, on, or between.” The unsafe act resulting in this accident type is oiling equipment in motion. The unsafe personal factor resulting in the unsafe act is the inexperience of the oiler. The selected accident factors therefore are as follows: Agency: Lathe. Agency part: Gears. Unsafe mechanical or physical condition: Unguarded. Accident type: Caught in , on, or between. Unsafe act: Oiling moving equipment. Unsafe personal factor: In experien ce. If the man who fell from the ladder had also been injured, two accidents would have to be tabulated— the accident to the oiler and the accident to the painter. 140 MANUAL ON INDUSTBIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Agency and Agency Part R u le s f o r selection .— 1. Select the unsafe object, substance, or expo sure which resulted in the injury, and which could have been guarded or corrected. 2. In the absence of an agency as described in rule 1, select as the agency that object, substance, or exposure which was most closely associated with the injury. N o t e .— The term “ closely associated” requires consideration of both location and time as well as cause. If more than one agency is related to the injury, select the one on, in, or about which the person was injured (closely related by location). If two or more agencies are remotely located from the place of injury, select the one nearest the injury in point of time. 3. A person is to be selected as an agency o n ly when there is no other. 4. No object or substance shall be named as the agency when it is structurally and physically a part of some other object or substance at the time of injury, or when it flies or breaks off the parent object or substance immediately prior to the injury. For example: (a) A flywheel is properly part of an engine. It may be named as the agency itself, however, if it was not an integral part of the engine immediately prior to the injury. (b) A fragment of a burred chisel flies off and causes injury. The chisel is to be named as the agency. 5. The rules for selecting the agency parts are the same as rules 1 and 2 for the selection of agency. C la ssification o f a gen cy an d a gen cy p a rt. — There are 16 major agency groups, each of which is developed in considerable detail. If so desired, classifications or tabulations may be made on the basis of these major groups. These groups are: Code 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 A g e n c y C l a s s if ic a t io n b y Machines Pumps and prime movers Elevators Hoisting apparatus Conveyors Boilers and pressure vessels Vehicles Animals Mechanical power transmission apparatus Electric apparatus Hand tools M a jo r G r o u p s ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION 141 Code 11 12 13 14 15 19 XX Chemicals Highly inflammable and hot substances Dusts Radiations and radiating substances Working surfaces, n. e. c.2 Agencies, n. e. c. Unclassified— insufficient data The agency parts for each of these groups will be found with the detailed classifications of the respective group. Each of these major groups in turn is developed in further detail. A secondary and more detailed classification than the one above, and which may be used to bring out more detail, but not as much as is given in the most detailed classification, is as follows: Code 0000 0000 0004 0008 0013 0017 0021 0024 0026 0029 0038 0042 0046 0048 0055 0056 0060 0100 0110 0120 0200 0210 0220 0300 0310 0320 0330 0400 A g e n c y C l a s s if ic a t io n b y M a jo r a n d S e c o n d a r y G r o u p s Machines Agitators, mixers, tumblers, etc. Buffers, polishers, sanders, grinders Casting, forging, and welding machines Crushing, pulverizing, etc., machines Drilling, boring, and turning machines Packaging and wrapping machines Picking, carding, and combing machines Planers, shapers, molders Presses Rolls Saws Screening and separating machines Shears, slitters, slicers Stitching and sewing machines Weaving, knitting, spinning machines Miscellaneous machines, n. e. c. Pumps and prime movers Engines and prime movers Pumps Elevators Passenger Freight Hoisting apparatus (except elevators) Cranes Shovels, derricks, dredges Other hoisting apparatus Conveyors (No group detail) 2 N . e. c. = not elsewhere classified. 142 M ANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y Code 0500 0510 0520 0600 0610 0620 0630 0640 0650 0690 0700 0710 0720 0730 0740 0750 0790 0800 Boilers and pressure vessels Boilers Pressure vessels Vehicles Motor Animal drawn Railway Water Aircraft Vehicles, n. e. c. Animals Domestic Insects Snakes and reptiles W ild animals Fish Animals, n. e. c. Mechanical power transmission apparatus (No group detail) 0900 0900 0910 0920 0930 0950 0960 0970 0990 Electric apparatus 1000 Hand tools 1010 Motors and generators Transformers and converters Conductors Switchboard, switches, breakers, fuses, etc. Rheostats, starters, rectifiers, etc. Magnetic and electrolytic apparatus Heating appliances, lamps, and tubes Electric apparatus, n. e. c. Hand motive power Mechanical motive power Electrical motive power 1050 1080 1100 1100 1110 Chemicals 1130 1140 1199 Explosives Explosive gases or vapors Noxious vapors, gases, fumes Noxious or corrosive chemicals Poisonous vegetation Chemicals, n. e. e. 1200 Highly inflammable and hot substances 1300 1300 1310 1320 1399 Dusts 1120 (No group detail) Explosive dusts Organic dusts Inorganic dusts Dusts, n. e. c. S T A T IS T IC S A C C ID E N T CAUSE F A C T O R C L A S S IF IC A T IO N 143 Code 1400 Radiations and radiating substances 1500 Working surfaces, n. e. c. 1900 Miscellaneous agencies xxOO Agency unclassified—insufficient data (No group detail) (No group detail) (N o group detail) The agency parts for the respective major groups will be found with the detailed classifications. If desired, the analysis can be made in all the detail provided in the following classification. It is suggested that, where possible, this be done, even though the tabulations to be developed are to be shown by major and secondary groups rather than in all the detail given here. The advantage of this procedure is that it makes avail able when wanted the detail data along any particular line of inves tigation. The complete detailed classification and code follow. D e t a il e d A g e n c y Code 00000 00000 00001 00002 00003 00004 00005 00006 00007 00008 00009 00010 00011 00012 00013 00014 00015 00016 00017 00017 00018 and A g e n c y P a r t C l a s s if ic a t io n Machines8 Machines— Continued A gitators, m ixers, tumblers, etc. Code 00020 Agitator 00021 00022 Beaters (including rag wash 00023 00024 er) , paper products 00025 Blender 00026 Blower (felt manufacturing) 00027 00028 Churn Churn, n. m. (butter, etc.) Compounder Compounding mill— rubber Dissolver Drum— tanning, beating D ust drum D ye mixer and blender (dry) (horizontal type) 00019 00029 00030 00031 00032 00033 00034 00035 00036 00037 00018 00038 00017 00039 A gitators, mixers, etc.— Con. Emulsifier Mill— pug Mixer— concrete Mixer— dough Mixer— felt manufacturing (the devil) Mixer, n. e. c. Mixer— pony or paint Mixer— sand Reducer Saponifier Sulphonators Tumbler, n. e. c. (barrel, etc.) Washer— drum (leather) s The notation “n. m.” stands for “not mechancal,” and therefore hand operated. 144 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S M achines— Continued M achines— Continued Code 00040 B u f f e r s , p o l i s h e r s , s a n d e r s , g r in d ers— w ith a b r a s iv e w h e e ls , d i s c s , or belts 00040 00041 00042 00043 00044 Buffer E m ery-w h eel stand (auto 00051 00052 00053 00044 Em ery-w h eel stand (hand fed) E m ery-w h eel stand, n. m . (abrasive wheels) (autom atic or power fed) 00045 00080 00081 00082 00083 00084 00085 Floor polisher— scraper, scrub 00086 ber, cleaner, finisher, etc. 00087 00088 00089 Glazer— leather 00090 Grinder Grinder (abrasive wheels) (hand fed) 00091 00092 Grinder and polisher— plate 00094 glass 00095 00055 00056 00057 00061 00058 00054 G rindstone G rindstone, n. m . G um m er (saw) Polishers and buffers, n. e. c. Pouncing m achine (hat m an ufacturing) Sander— belt Sander— disc Sander, n. e. c. Sharpener (abrasive) a nd w eld ing Bender, n. m. Bender and straightener Blower— glass Bolt, nut, and rivet header, pointer, and maker, n. e. c. Brazer Casting machine— die Casting machine— pig Casting machine— type Chain maker, n. e. c. Charger— open-hearth furn ace, cupola, etc. Coke pusher Core maker 00099 00100 Former— hat manufacturing Flanger and expander (pipe, 00092 00101 Foundry machines, n. e. c. Forge (hammers, trip ham etc.) mers, etc.) 00102 00103 00101 m achines, 00104 00105 00106 00107 00108 00109 Hammer— helve, trip, or Brad Surfacer— woodwork, n. e. c. Hammer— drop Header Leaf spring machine Linotype 00110 00111 00092 Monotype Molder — crucible n. e. c.) Stropper, m etalworker, n. e. c. fo r g in g , ley n. e. c.— stone rubbing bed 00073 00074 00075 C a stin g , Expander Extruder (not hydraulic) R u bbin g bed Stone-products V al ve-grinding machines, n. m . 00096 00097 00098 Polisher and grinder— plate glass 00064 00065 00066 00067 00068 00069 00070 00044 00071 00072 Trimmer or buffer— shoe 00093 00054 00059 00060 00062 00063 B u ffe r s, polish ers, etc.— Con. m a ch in es E m ery-w h eel dresser, n. m . m atic or power fed) 00045 00046 00047 00048 00049 00050 Code 00076 00077 00078 00079 00080 00092 00112 Molder— foundry (foundry, A C C ID E N T CAUSE FACTOR Machines— Continued Code 00113 00114 00115 00116 00117 00118 00119 00120 00107 00121 00122 00123 00124 00113 00125 00126 00105 00127 00128 00129 00130 00130 00131 00132 00133 00134 00135 00136 00137 00138 00139 00140 00141 00142 00143 00144 00145 00146 00147 00148 00149 00150 00151 00152 00153 00154 00154 Machines— Continued Code Con. Nail maker (cut)— tack mak 00155 er (wire) 00156 00157 Press— forge (hydraulic) 00153 Riveter— hydraulic or pneu 00158 C a s t i n g , f o r g i n g , e tc . — matic 00159 Riveter, n. e. c. (not punch00160 press type) 00161 00162 Spring maker— coiled 00163 Spring maker— leaf 00164 00165 Stereotype 00166 Straightener 00167 Swaging machine 00168 Tack maker 00169 00170 Tube caster Upsetter (hot metal) 00170 Welder, n. e. c. 00170 Welder, n. m. (oxyacetylene) C ru sh ers, p u lv e rizer s , etc. Breaker— candy Chopper, n. m .— ice Coal crushers and screws Cracker, n. e. c. Crusher— ball Crusher— gyratory Crusher, ice Crusher— jaw Crusher— roll Disintegrator Grinder— bark Grinder— coffee, n. m. Grinder— meat Grinder— meat, n. m. Grinder, n. e. c. (soap, etc.) Masticator Mill— ball Mill— burrstone Mill— clay grinder 145 C L A S S IF IC A T IO N 00171 00172 00173 00174 00175 00176 00177 00178 00179 00180 00179 00181 00179 00182 00183 00184 00185 00186 00187 00188 00189 00190 00190 C r u s h e r s , p u l v e r i z e r s , etc . — Con. M ill (cottonseed and linseed grinder) Mill— emery grinder Mill— fruit grinder or presser Mill— pebble Mill— roller (flour, cereal, su gar, etc.) Miller and grinder combined Tobacco stem crusher D r illin g , b o rin g , and t u r n in g m a c h in es (a) Metalworking Borer or drill (n. e. (metal) Boring bar, n. m. Breast drill, n. m. c.) Drill— multiple spindle Drill— radial Drill and tapper combined Lathe— automatic, metal, multispindle Lathe— metalwork, n. e. c. Lathe, n. e. c. Lathe— ring— j ewelers Lathe— roll turner, engine, hollow spindle Lathe— screw cutter, n. e. c. Lathe— spinner— metal Lathe— turret (hand and semiautomatic) Press— drill, n. m. Tapper and threader— tapper, n. e. c. Taps and dies, n. m. (5) All others Borer or drill, n. e. c. (wood) 146 Ma n u a l on in d u s t r ia l -in j u r y Machin e s— Continued Machines— Continued D r i l l i n g , b o r i n g , e tc — Code 00191 00192 00193 00194 00195 00196 00197 00198 00199 00200 00200 00201 00201 00202 00203 00204 00205 00206 00207 00208 00209 00210 Code Con. All others— Continued Boring bar, n. m. 00229 00230 00231 00232 Drill— well 00233 Driller or borer— stone or 00234 rock 00235 00236 00220 Lathe— automatic, n. e. c. (wood) Lathe— back knife, wood Lathe— hat cleaning and blocking Lathe— hat finisher Lathe— stone Lathe— stone turner and polisher Lathe— veneer 00237 00238 00239 00240 P a c k a g in g and w r a p p in g P a c k a g i n g , w r a p p i n g , etc . — Con. Labeler Labeler, n. m. Sealer— carton Stuffer— food Tire wrapper Weigher Wrapper, n. e. c. Wrapper— tube and hose P ick in g , c a r d in g , and c o m b in g m a c h in es 00240 00241 00242 00243 00244 Miller and driller bined Mortiser— chain Mortiser— chisel Mortiser, n. e. c. s t a t is t ic s com 00240 00245 00246 00247 00248 00249 00240 m a 00250 00251 00252 00240 Canning machine, n. e. c. (can- 00240 Breaker— bale Card breaker, intermediate, etc. Comber Duster (willower type) Gin— cotton Garnett Lapper— textile ate, etc.) (intermedi c h in e s 00210 00211 00212 00213 00214 00215 00216 00217 00218 00219 00220 00221 00222 00223 00224 00225 00226 00227 00228 Bottle capper, n. m. ner and food packer) Capper and closer— cans Capper, corker, and crowner (not filling bottle) Coverer, box Coverer, n. e. c. 00253 00254 00255 00256 00257 00258 Filler, barrel, automatic bag 00240 Filler— bottle (combination 00259 filling and capping) 00260 Filler— can 00260 Filler— collapsible tubes 00260 00261 Filler, n. e. c. 00268 00262 Gelatin and dynamite packer 00263 00264 Napper Opener or cleaner— textile Picker— textile, cotton inter mediate, shoddy burr Shredder— carpet or rag Shredder, n. e. c. (cotton waste, etc.) Willower P l a n e r s , s h a p e r s , m o ld e r s (a ) Woodworking only Barker— disc Crozer Cooperage stock maker Dovetailer Fluter— wood Gainer— not saw— wood ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Machines-Continued Machines— Continued Code P la n ers, shapers, molders— Con. Woodworking only— Con, Heel turner— wood 00265 00266 Jointer, n. e. c. 00267 Jointer— stave 00268 00269 Leveler or molder 00270 Matcher 00270 Matcher— boxboard 00270 00271 Matchmaker 00272 Planer— buzz 00267 Planer— wood (pony) 00273 00274 Router 00275 Sash sticker 00270 Shaper— wood 00276 Sticker 00270 00277 Tenoner, automatic 00278 Tongue and groover 00270 Wood-heel turner 00265 00279 00280 (6) All other Cutter— gear (notmillii 00280 00281 Planer— metal 00282 00283 00284 Shaper— metal 00285 * Slotter 00286 Stone planers 00287 00288 00289 00290 P resses (a) Metal 00290 Arbor press 00290 Assembling press 00291 Axle straightener 00292 00293 00294 Banding and nosing 00295 Blanking press 00291 Bulldozer 00296 00297 00298 Corrugator (not rolls) 00299 00300 Drawing press 00301 00302 147 Code 00303 00304 00305 00306 00307 00308 00309 00310 00311 00312 00291 00313 00314 00291 00315 00316 00317 00318 00319 00320 00320 00321 00322 00323 00324 00325 00326 00327 00328 00329 00330 00331 00332 Presses— Continued Metal— Con. Eyelet affixer Eyelet maker Folders and brakes Hydraulic noser, bender, metal work Plate punch and shear Press— foot kick or pedal Punch and shear Punch press Sprue cutter Stamping and forming Stencil cutter (6) Plastic molding Brick molder Brick press Briquet press— also tile and concrete block Candy molder Hydrating press Hydraulic— c la y , g la s s , stone products, food produ cts, cider, oil, grease, extruding, etc. Molder— celluloid, bakelite, condensite, shellac, and synthetic resins 00333 00334 00335 Soap press 00335 00336 Soap stamper 00337 00338 00339 148 M AN U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Machines— Continued Code 00340 00340 00341 00342 00343 00344 00345 00346 P resses— Continued (c) Leather, composition, fabric, paper Baling press Baling press, n. m. Bookbinder and backer Box-ending machines Button press Code 00382 00386 00387 00388 00389 00390 00391 00392 Cloth stamper and prin 00393 00394 ter— head type Clothing or garment press 00385 Cork press 00395 Corner stayer 00396 00347 00348 00349 00350 00351 00352 00353 Crating press 00397 Die cutter— not dinker or 00398 clicker 00399 Doming press 00400 Felt press 00400 Folder— box maker 00401 Molding press 00402 00403 Perforator Platen press, printing 00404 Press, cloth type 00405 00400 Press, platen type— 00406 creaser, scorer, folder, or 00407 embosser 00408 Press— upholstery (textile) 00409 00410 Sole molder and leveler 00411 00380 00354 00355 00356 00357 00358 00359 00360 00361 00362 00347 00363 00364 00365 00366 00367 00368 00369 00370 00370 00370 00371 00372 00373 00374 00375 00380 00385 00380 00381 Machines— Continued (d) Wood products Veneer press Wagon-wheel press Wood bender and former Rolls Calender Corrugating rolls 00405 00412 00413 00414 00415 00416 00385 00417 00418 00419 Rolls— Continued Crimper— sheet metal Cylinder press— flat bed Dough brake Embosser— roll or calender Finisher— roll (paper) Glass rolls Grinder, washer, miller, and cracker, n. e. c. (rubber and composition products) Ironer (body type), collars, etc. Ironer (flat type), collar Ironer — flatwork — mangling (sheets, etc.) Ironer, n. e. c. (neckbands, etc.) Kneader— dough Kneader— rolls— rubber Mangle Moire— textiles „ Molder— dough Rolls— beading, knurling, and flanging Rolls— kneading (rubber) Rolling mill ( c o l d ) — l e a d , brass, and copper plate, rail, rod, sheet, foil Rolling mills (hot) Supercalender (paper) Wringer ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Code 00420 00420 00420 00421 00422 00423 00424 00425 00426 00427 00430 Machines— Continued Saws (a) Woodworking Grader— heel Log carriage Saw— band— resaw Saw— band— wood Saw— bolter (crosscut) Saw— b o l t e r ( m a n u a l feed) 00427 Saw—brier—block grader (crosscut) 00427 00428 00429 00427 00432 Saw— butting (crosscut) 00434 Saw— circular— cut-off Saw— circular— mill (me chanical feed) S a w—c i r c u 1a r— wood, 00430 00430 00431 00432 00427 00427 00434 00427 00432 00427 00427 00427 00432 00427 00427 00432 00427 00432 00433 00427 00435 00427 Machines— Continued Code 00427 00435 00430 00427 00427 00436 00434 00437 00438 00439 00440 00440 00441 00442 00443 Saw— circular— wood, rip 00444 00445 (manual feed) Saw— circular — wood, 00446 variety (manual feed) 00447 Saw— circular, rip or cross 00448 00449 cut (mechanical feed) 00450 Saw— dado 00450 Saw— dovetailer 00451 Saw— drag 00452 Saw— drawside Saw — edger — self-feed 00453 00454 (mechanical feed) 00455 Saw— end matcher 00456 Saw— equalizer 00457 Saw— gainer Saw— gang ripper (me 00458 00459 chanical feed) 00460 Saw— groover Saw— head rounder or 00460 00461 turner Saw— hog mill (mechan 00462 00463 ical feed) 00464 Saw— jump or inverted Saw — lath (mechanical 00465 feed) 00466 00466 Saw— mitre 00468 Saw, n. e. c. (wood) 00470 Saw— overhead trimmer cut-off, swing 149 Saws— Continued W oodworking— Continued Saw— rabbet Saw— scroll and jig Saw— slab (manual feed) shook ripper, shingle, knit, knee bolter, log, edger, stave, variety, ve neer, barrel stave Saw— slasher Saw— spline Saw— stave Saw— wood, swing, cut-off (ib) Metal Saw— band (metal) Saw— circular— cold met al Saw— circular— hot metal Saw— friction Saw— hack Saw — trimmed ("metal) n. e. c. (c) All other Saw— button and comb Saw— diamond— circular Saw, n. e. c. Scorer— ice Screening and separating Absorber Barker— mill Bolting machine— flour, cornmeal, etc. Centrifugal (extractor) Centrifuge Cleaner— grain Cutter and screener—"-sand 150 M ANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y Machines— Continued Code 00466 00466 00467 00471 00472 00473 00474 00475 00466 00476 00477 00478 00478 00468 00466 00479 00480 00480 00480 00481 00482 00483 00484 00485 00486 00487 00488 00489 00490 00491 00492 00493 00494 00495 00496 00497 00498 00499 00500 00501 00502 00503 00504 Screening and separating— Con. Dryer— centrifugal, extractor, Code or whizzer 00505 Extractors, whizzer, or cen 00506 trifugals 00507 00508 Filter 00509 Huller 00510 Husker— corn 00510 Precipitator 00511 00512 Separator— centrifugal, etc. (cream, oil, etc.) 00513 Separator— magnetic or me 00514 chanical— not centrifugal 00515 Separator, n. m. (cream, etc.) 00516 Screen, n. e. c. (not bolting) 00517 Sifter, n. e. c. (not bolting) Sheller— corn 00518 Whizzer 00519 00520 00521 Shears, slitters, and slicers (a) Alligator, guillotine, or head 00522 type 00523 00524 Clipper— hair Clipper or mower— grain 00525 Clipper, n. m. (corner) 00518 Clipper, n. m. (hair) 00526 Clipper, n. e. c. 00527 Clipper— veneer, corners 00528 00529 00530 Cutter— cigar 00531 00532 Cutter— corner Cutter— corner, n. m. 00518 Cutter— die, dinker, click 00533 00534 er Cutter— excelsior 00518 Cutter, n. e. c. Cutter— paper, n. m. 00535 Cutter— sole (not dinker 00536 00537 type) Cutter— tobacco, n. e. c. 00522 Cutter and trimmer— pa 00538 per— guillotine 00539 Cutter— veneer, n. e. c. 00540 00541 00542 00518 00518 S T A T IS T IC S Machines— Continued Shears, slitters, and slicers— Con. Alligator, etc., type— Con. (6) Circular, rotary, or disc type Cake cutter Channeler— leather Circular knife— c o r k or cloth Clipper— hair (fur picking) Cutter or threader— pipe Cutter— bias Cutter— bone Cutter— candy and nou gat Cutter— disc type Cutter— ensilage Cutter— kraut Cutter— pipe, n. m. Cutter or shear— pile Cutter— shoe welt Cutter— tail Cutting machine, n. e. c. Cutter— tube paper slitter Flesher— hide Mower— lawn, n. m. Mower— n. m ., n. e. c. Perforator (disc type) Pinker Scorer or type Shaver creaser— d i s c Shear— circular Shear— cloth Skiver— splitter— station ary leather knife Slicer and carver— meat Slitter— caramel Slitter— cardboard Slitter and rotary cutter— paper ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Machines— Continued Code 00522 00543 00544 00545 00546 00547 00548 00549 00550 00550 00551 00552 00551 00553 00554 00555 00556 00557 00558 00559 00560 00560 00561 00562 00563 00564 00565 00566 00567 00568 00569 00570 00571 00572 00573 00574 00575 00576 00577 00578 00579 00580 00581 00582 00583 00584 00585 00586 00587 Shears, slitters, and slicers— Con. Code 00588 Circular, etc., type — Con. 00589 Trimmer— cloth 00590 Unhairer 00591 00592 00593 00594 00595 00596 00597 Stitching and sewing Seamer, n. e. c. (double, etc.) 00598 00599 Sewing machine 00600 Sewing machine, n. m. 00600 Stitcher 00601 00602 00603 00604 00605 00606 W eavin g, knittin g, and sp in ning 00607 00608 Braider and knitter 00609 00610 Crocheter 00611 00612 Draw frames 00613 Drum winder 00614 00615 Embroidery 00616 00617 Fringe maker 00618 00618 Jacks and mules— textiles 00619 00620 00621 Knitter— body Knitter— hose— seamless hose— 00622 00623 full-fashioned 00624 Knitter, n. e. c. 00625 00626 Loom— carpet and rug 00627 Loom— jacquard 00628 Loom, n. e. c. 00629 00630 N et maker 00631 00632 00633 Reel 00634 Rewinders Rope maker 00635 159726°— 40------ 11 151 Machines^ -Continued W eavin g, knitting, etc.— Con. Slubber Spooler Twine maker, n. e. c. Twister Winder, n. e. c. M iscellaneou s, n. e. c. Acidifier Assorter— cards (Hollerith, Powers) Autoclave Bag and envelope maker Basket maker Blancher— blender (flour) Blaster, n. m. Bleacher and blancher Block and falls, n. m. Blue-print maker Box maker, n. e. c. Breaker— scrap Broacher Broom maker, n. e. c. Brush maker, n. e. c. Brushing machine (felt mfg.) Button coverer Button maker, n. e. c. Cable maker, n. e. c. Candy maker, n. e. c. Capsule maker Causticizer Cementer 152 M ANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y Machines— Continued Code 00636 00637 00638 00639 00640 00641 00640 00642 00643 00644 00645 00646 00647 00648 00649 00650 00651 00652 00653 00654 00655 00656 00657 00631 00658 00659 00639 00660 00661 00662 00663 00664 00665 00666 00667 00616 00668 00669 00665 00670 00671 00672 00673 00674 M iscellaneous— Continued Channeler, n. e. c. Channeler— stone Chaser (cotton and linseed grinding) Chemical-products machines, n. e. c. Chipper— log, etc. Chopper—food products, meat Choppers— logs, etc. Chopper, n. e. c. Cigar maker, n. e. c. Cigarette maker Clamp, n. m. Clay, glass, and stone products machines, n. e. c. Clean and block— hat Cleaner— barrel Cleaner— boiler Cleaner— carpet Cleaner— hat Cleaner, n. e. c. (vacuum, etc.) Cloth doubler Cloth worker, n. e. c. Clothes maker, n. e. c. Clothespin maker Coating and inlaying machine Coating machine— candy Comb maker, n. e. c. Compresser Concentrator (chemical prod ucts, n. e. c.) Continuous treater Contracting and engineering machines, n. e. c. Contractor Cooperage-stock maker, n. e. c. Corer— fruit Cork (band knife) slicer Cork worker, n. e. c. Coverer— cable (hydraulic press) Cracker (skull) Cracker and sheller— nuts Crackers, n. m., nut Cutter— band knife or saw (cloth, cork, meat, wood) Cutter— brick Cutter— coal Cutter— gear (milling) Cutter— rag, hurl Cutter— stave S T A T IS T IC S Machines— Continued Code 00675 00676 00677 00678 00679 00680 00681 00682 00683 00684 00685 00686 00687 00688 00689 00690 00691 00692 00693 00694 00695 00696 00697 00698 00699 00700 00701 00702 00703 00704 00705 00706 00707 00708 00709 00710 00711 00712 00713 00714 00715 00716 00717 00718 00719 00720 00721 00722 00723 00724 M iscellaneous— Continued Cutter— type, n. m. Dampener Depositor Digester— paper and pulp Digger— ditch or trench Divider Doctor Doughnut maker Dowel Dredge Drill— button Druggists and pharmaceutists machine, n. e. c. Dryer, n. e. c. Dryer, rotary Dryer, steam jacketed Dryer, vacuum Dust collector Dryer and finisher, n. e. c. Edge setter Edge trimmer ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Machines— Continued Code 00725 00726 00727 00728 00729 00730 00731 00732 00733 00734 00735 00736 00737 00738 00739 00740 00741 00704 00742 00743 00744 00745 00746 00747 00748 00749 00750 00751 00752 00753 00754 00755 00756 00646 00757 00758 00759 00760 00761 00762 00763 00764 00765 00766 00767 00768 00769 00770 00771 00772 M is c ella n e o u s — Continued Electrical generator Electroplater Engraver Enrober (chocolate) Envelope maker Etcher Evaporator Machines— Continued Code 00773 00774 00775 00776 00640 00777 00663 00778 Fans Farm machinery, n. e. c. Fastener— button Fishing reel Flexible-shaft maker Fluter— metal Food-products m a c h i n e s , n. e. c. Fumigator Fur worker, n. e. c. Furnace (mechanical feed) Furnace, n. e. c. 00639 00779 M is c ella n e o u s — Continued Header— barrel, keg, etc. Heat exchanger Heat treating and tempering machine Heeler—leather manufactur ing Hog—paper and pulp Hoist— chain, n. m. Hoop maker Hose maker (rubber) Humidifier (chemical prod ucts, n. e. c.) Hydrator 00780 00781 00782 00783 00784 00785 00786 00787 00788 00789 00657 00790 00791 Gainer— mine Galvanizer— sherardizer, etc. Gas inductor Gatherer (bookbinding) Gig mill Glassmaker, n. e. c. Glove maker Grader (road) 153 Ice breaker and harvester Ice-cream freezer, n. m.— agi tated Ice-cream maker Inlayer—textile Ironer (hat manufacturing) (brim or crown) Ironer (manual or pedal), n. m. 00792 00793 00794 00795 00796 00797 00798 Jack—mitre Jack, n. m. Jack— tannery 00663 Groover, n. Grouter e. c. 00799 Jordan 00800 00801 00802 00803 00804 00805 00665 Hair curler, n. m. Hairdresser Harvester H at maker, n. e. c. Hatchet, n. m. Key—seater Kiln—rotary Knife—band 00806 00807 00808 00809 00810 Last maker Laundry machines, n. e. c. 154 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y Machines— Continued Code 00811 00812 00813 00814 00815 00816 00817 00818 00819 00820 00821 00822 00823 00654 00824 00825 00826 00827 00828 00829 00830 00673 00831 00832 00833 00834 00835 00836 00837 00838 00839 00840 00841 00842 00843 00844 00845 00846 00847 00848 00849 00850 00851 00852 M iscellaneou s— Continued L eath er-produ cts machines, n. e. c. Lehr— glass manufacturing. Loader Loader, n. m. Logger, n. e. c.— logging ma chines Loom— wire weaving Macaroni and noodle maker Marker, n. e. c. M easurer— -cloth M e c h a n i c a l l y - d r i v e n ma chines, n. e. c. Metal worker, n. e. c. Milker— all types Mill (sugar), n. e. c. Miller, n. e. c. Mills, n. e. c. Miscellaneous, n. e. c. Mixer— picker Motion-picture projectors and cameras Molder— chalk Molder, n. e. c. Machines— Continued Code 00853 00854 00855 00856 00857 00858 00859 00860 00861 00862 00863 00864 00865 00866 00867 00868 00869 00667 00870 00871 00872 00873 00874 00875 00876 00877 00878 00879 00880 00881 Nail puller, n. m. 00882 Nailer and tacker Nitrifier 00883 Nonmechanically driven tools 00884 00885 or machines, n. e. c. 00886 00887 00888 00889 00890 Office machines, n. e. c. Oven— mechanical feed (auto 00891 00704 matic) (enamel, etc.) 00892 Ovens, revolving 00893 S T A T IS T IC S M iscellaneous— Continued Paper-cup maker Paper maker and paper-prod ucts machine, n. e. c. Parer and peeler Pearl-composition machines, n. e. c. Pie maker Pile driver Pill and tablet maker Pipe threader, n. m. Pitter— ’fruit Pliers and pincers, n. m. Plows, harrows, etc.— power driven Pneumatic tools and appli ances Portable machines, n. e. c. Potter's wheel or lathe Press (hydraul ic), cable coverer Press— 'printing— flat bed, cyl inder Press— prin ting— woo d Press— printing, n. e. c. (wall paper, etc.) Printing and bookbinding ma chine, n. e. c. Profiler Proofer Puller Reel— dough Rendering machine Ribbon finisher (textile), n. e. c. Road roller Roaster— food products, n. e. c. Roaster— nuts Rosser ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Machines— Continued Cade 00858 00894 00895 00896 00897 00898 00899 00900 00901 00902 00903 00656 00904 00905 00906 00668 00907 00908 00908 00909 00910 00911 00912 00913 00914 00915 00916 00917 00918 00744 00919 00920 00921 00922 00923 00924 00925 00926 00927 00928 00929 00930 00931 00932 00933 00934 00935 00936 Machines— Continued Code Miscellaneous— Continued Rubber, celluloid, composi 00842 tion, pearl, bone, and tor 00937 toise shell, n. e. c. 00938 Rucher 00939 Ruler 00940 00890 00941 00942 00943 00944 Sand blast Scraper (woodworking), n. e. c. Setter and filer— saws, etc. Sheeter Sheller or cracker— nuts Sheller, n. e. c. Shoe-heel nailer Shoe maker, n. e. c. Soldering machine Spinner— metal, n. e. c. Spinner— musical string Splitter— band, knife (leather) .belt knife Sprayer, n. e. c. (paint, etc.) Spreader— eotton waste Stapler Starcher Still Stock and die, n. m. Stoker Stoker— tannery Straightener, n. m. Stranding machine— cable Stripper— leather Stump puller, n. m. 155 00945 00946 00947 00948 00949 00950 00951 00952 00953 00954 00955 00956 00957 00958 00959 00960 00961 00962 00963 00964 00965 00966 00967 00968 00969 00908 00970 00971 00972 00973 00974 00975 Miscellaneous— Continued Tacker and nailer Tamp Taperer— cork Teasels, textile Tester, n. e. c. T e x t i l e finisher— textile ma chines, n. e. c. Thrasher Thrashingbag (for paper mills) Thread roller Threader and cutter— bolt, nut, rivet, pipe (threader, n. e. c.) Tire builder and tube maker Tire pump, n. m. Tobacco machine, n. e. c. Treadmill, n. m. Treater Trimmer— carpet Trimmer, n. e. c. Tube drawing Tube-making machine— paper Turn buckle, n. m. Universal woodworker Upholsterer, n. e. c. Vamper Y ender Vibrator— massager, etc. Vise, n. m. 00976 00977 00978 W asher— -clothes 00979 W asher— dishes 00980 Washer— grain 156 M A N U A L ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Machines— Continued Machines— Continued Code 00981 00982 00983 00984 00985 00986 00952 00987 00656 00988 00989 00990 00991 00992 00993 00994 00995 00996 00997 00998 00999 M iscellaneou s— Continued Washer or scourer— barrel and keg Washer— soaking and rinsing bottles, cans, etc. Washer or wringer— clothes, n. m. Washers, n. e. c. (metal parts, etc.) W et or dry pan Winder— armature Wire and tube drawing Wireworking and wire-prod ucts manufacturing, n. e. c. (not wire-drawing) Woodworker, n. e. c. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MACHINES— COn. Code 00601 00602 00292 00607 00340 00341 00295 00260 00463 00608 00003 00081 00080 00609 00291 00610 00611 00004 00612 00005 00082 00613 00083 PAKTS OF M A C H IN E S 00464 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Belts, pulleys, shafts, chains and sprockets, cables and sheaves, or gears Chucks, vises, carriages, tool parts, indicators, gages, and other at tachments Ignition, heating, or cooling system parts Frame, bed, etc. Point of operation Safety devices 7 8 9 Machine parts, n. e. c. A L P H A B E T IC A L L IS T OF M A C H IN E S 00460 00600 00000 00290 00291 Absorber Acidifier Agitator Arbor press Assembling press 00342 00170 00190 00171 00191 00210 00343 00615 00560 00084 00240 00130 00616 00172 00320 00321 00322 00617 Assorter— cards (Hollerith, Powers) Autoclave Axle straightener Bag and envelope maker Baling press Baling press, n. m. Banding and nosing Barker— disc Barker— mill Basket maker Beaters (incl. rag washer), paper products Bender and straightener Bender, n. m. Blancher— blender (flour) Blanking press Blaster, n. m. Bleacher and blancher Blender Block and falls, n. m. Blower (felt manufacturing) Blower— glass Blue-print maker . Bolt, nut, and rivet header, pointer, and maker, n. e. c. Bolting machine— flour, cornmeal, etc. Bookbinder and backer Borer or drill, n. e. c. (metal) Borer or drill, n. e. c. (wood) Boring bar, n. m.— metalwork ing Boring bar, other than metal working Bottle capper, n. m. Box-ending machines Box maker, n. e. c. Braider and knitter Brazer Breaker— ball Breaker— candy Breaker— scrap Breast drill, n. m. Brick molder Brick press Briquet press— also tile and concrete block Broacher 157 ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Machines— Continued Machines— ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MACHINES----COn. AL P H A B E T IC A L LIST Code Code 00618 B room m aker, n. e. c. 00618 Brush m aker, n. e. c. 0 0 61 9 Brushing machine (felt m an u facturing) Continued OF M A C H IN E S — COn. 00 64 6 C la y , glass, and stone products m achines, n. e. c. 00 64 7 Clean and block— hat 0064 8 Cleaner— barrel 00040 0 0 29 6 Buffer Bulldozer 00649 Cleaner— boiler 00 65 0 Cleaner— carpet 00620 B u tto n coverer 00468 Cleaner— grain 00 621 B u tto n m aker, n. e. c. 00651 Cleaner— hat 00344 B u tton press 00652 Cleaner— n. e. c. (vacuum , etc.) 00 480 Clipper— hair 00630 C able m aker, n. e. c. 00513 Clipper— hair (fur picking) 00510 Cake cutter 00 482 Clipper, n. m . (corner) 00 38 5 Calender 00483 Clipper, n. m . (hair) 00631 C an d y m aker, n. e. c. 00 484 Clipper, n. e. c. 00 3 2 5 C an d y molder 00481 Clipper or mower— grain 0 0 21 3 Canning m achine, n. e. c. (can- 00485 Clipper— veneer, corners ner and food packer) 00653 C loth doubler 00 2 1 4 Capper and closer— cans 00 34 6 C loth 00 21 5 Capper, corker, and (not filling bottle) 0065 4 C loth worker, n. e. c. 0 0 63 3 Capsule m aker 00655 Clothes m aker, n. e. c. 0 0 24 3 Card breaker, interm ediate, etc. 00656 Clothespin maker 0 0 08 6 Casting machine— die 00 347 Clothing or garm ent press 00087 00088 Casting m achine— pig Casting m achine— typ e 00634 0063 5 00 4 6 6 00 46 6 00 08 9 Causticizer Cem enter Centrifugal (extractor) Centrifuge Chain m aker, n. e. c. 00 134 00657 00631 00091 C oal crushers and screws Coating and inlaying machine C oating machine Coke pusher 00 65 8 00 244 00011 C om b m aker, n. e. c. C om ber Com pounder 00012 00659 Com pounding mill— rubber Compresser 0063 9 Concentrator (chemical prod 00 66 0 Continuous treater 00661 Contracting 00662 machines, n. e. c. Contractor 00511 Channeler— leather 00 6 3 6 Channeler, n. e. c. 00 63 7 Channeler— stone 00 0 9 0 Charger— open-hearth 0 0 63 8 0063 9 Chaser (cotton grinding) and C h em ical-products linseed machines, and printer— ucts, n. e. c.) furnace, cupola, etc. stam per head typ e crowner and engineering 00663 Cooperage-stock maker, n. e. c. 0 0 64 0 Chipper— log, etc. 00092 Core maker 00641 Chopper— food products, m eat 00 664 Corer— fruit 00640 Choppers, logs, etc. 00665 C ork (band knife) slicer 00 13 3 Chopper, n. m .— ice 00 64 2 Chopper, n. 00 348 00666 C ork press Cork worker, n. e. c. n. e. c. e. c. 00 00 9 Churn 00349 Corner stayer 00 0 1 0 00 64 3 0 0 64 4 Churn, n. m . (butter, etc.) Cigar m aker, n. e. c. Cigarette maker 00 380 Corrugating rolls 00299 Corrugator (not rolls) 00216 Coverer, box 0 0 51 2 Circular knife— cork or cloth 00667 Coverer— cable 00 645 C lam p , n. m . press) (hydraulic 158 M A N U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Machines— M achines— C ontinued ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MACHINES----COn. Code Continued AL P H A B E T IC A L LIST OF M AC H IN ES-----COU. C ode 00 217 Coverer, n. e. c. 00 668 00669 Cracker and sheller— nuts Crackers, n. m .— nut 00 135 Cracker, n. e. c. 00698 00699 D am pener D epositor 00 35 3 D ie cutter— not clicker D igester— paper and pulp dinker 00 616 Cracker (skull) 0 0 70 0 00351 Crating press 00701 D igger— ditch or trench 00382 Crimper— sheet metal 00 14 3 D isintegrator D issolver 00562 Crocheter 0 0 01 6 00261 Crozer 00 70 2 D ivider 00136 Crusher— ball 00 70 3 D octor 00137 Crusher— gyratory 00 3 5 4 D om in g press 00 138 Crusher, ice 0 0 39 0 D ou gh brake 00139 Crusher— jaw 0 0 70 4 D ou ghn u t m aker 0 0 14 0 0 0 47 0 Crusher— roll C utter and screener— sand 00 26 2 D ovetailer 00 70 5 D ow el 00 49 7 Cutter 0 0 56 4 D raw frames and trim m er— paper— guillotine knife or saw 00301 D raw ing press 00 70 6 D redge 00665 Cutter— band 00 176 D rill and tapper com bined 00515 Cutter— bias 00 7 0 7 D rill— button 00516 Cutter— bone 00174 D rill— m ultiple spindle 00 670 C utter— brick 0 0 17 5 D rill— radical 00 517 C utter— candy and nougat 00 1 9 4 D rill— well (cloth, cork, m eat, wood) or 00488 Cutter— cigar 00 19 5 Driller or borer-— stone or rock 00671 Cutter— coal 0 0 70 8 D ruggists 00489 00490 Cutter— corner Cutter— corner, n. m . 00 0 1 7 m achine, n. e. c. D ru m — tanning, beating 00491 00518 C utter— die, dinker, clicker C utter— disc type 0056 5 00 466 00519 00492 00672 00 280 Cutter— ensilage Cutter— excelsior C u tter— gear (milling) Cutter-— gear (not milling) 00 520 and pharm aceutists 00 70 9 D ru m winder D ryer— centrifugal, extractor, or whizzer D ryer, n. e. c. 00 71 0 D ryer— rotary Cutter— kraut 00711 00 71 2 D ryer— steam jacketed D ryer— vacuum 00493 00522 Cutter, n. e. c. Cutter or shear— pile 00 71 3 D u st collector 0 0 01 7 D u st drum 00 514 Cutter or threader— pipe 00 24 0 D uster (willower type) 00494 Cutter— paper, n. m . 00 01 8 D ye 00521 Cutter— pipe, n. m . 00673 C u tter— rag, hurl 00523 Cutter— shoe welt 00495 Cutter— sole (not dinker type) 00 723 E dge setter 00674 Cutter— stave 00 72 4 E dge trim m er 00524 Cutter— tail 00 72 5 Electrical generator 00496 Cutter— tobacco, n. e. c. 00 726 Electroplater 00518 Cutter— tu be paper slitter 00 392 Em bosser— roll or calender 00675 00 49 8 Cutter— typ e, n. m . Cutter— veneer, n. e. c. 0056 7 00 04 3 Em broidery E m ery-w heel dresser, n. m . 00525 C utting m achine, n. e. c. 0 0 04 4 E m ery-w heel stand (autom atic 00388 Cylinder press— flat bed mixer and blender (dry) (horizontal type) 0 0 71 4 D ye r and finisher, n. e. c. or power fed) 159 ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Machines— Continued Machines— Continued ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MACHINES----COn. A L P H A B E T IC A L LIST OF M ACHINES'---- COn. Code Code 00045 00 0 4 6 E m ery-w h eel stand (hand fed). 0 0 7 5 3 E m ery-w h eel stand, n. m . 00249 Galvanizer— sherardizer, etc. G arnett 00022 Emulsifier 00754 G as inductor 00727 Engraver 0 0 75 5 Gatherer (bookbinding) 00 7 2 8 0 0 72 9 Enrober (chocolate) E nvelope maker 00227 00 75 6 G elatin and dynam ite packer G ig m ill 00 7 3 0 Etcher 0 0 24 8 Gin— cotton 00731 00 09 6 E vap orator E xpander 00 64 6 Glassm aker, n. e. c. 00 39 5 Glass rolls 00 46 6 Extractors, whizzer, or centrif 00 05 3 Glazer— leather ugals Extruder (not hydraulic) 0 0 75 7 G love maker 00097 0 0 42 0 Grader— heel 00 30 3 E y elet affixer 00 75 8 Grader (road) 0 0 30 4 E y elet maker 0 0 04 4 Grinder (abrasive wheels) (auto 00 73 6 Fans 00 04 5 Grinder (abrasive wheels) (hand fed) 0 0 05 4 Grinder 00 14 5 glass Grinder— bark m atic or power fed) 0 0 73 7 F arm m achinery, n. e. c. 0 0 73 8 Fastener— bu tton 00356 0 0 22 0 F elt press Filler, barrel, autom atic bag 00221 Filler— bottle (com bination filling and capping) and polisher— plate 00 146 Grinder— coffee, n. m . 00147 00148 Grinder— m eat Grinder— m eat, n. m . 00 14 9 00 39 6 Grinder, n. e. c. (soap, etc.) Grinder, washer, miller, and cracker, n. e. c. (rubber and 00 22 2 00 22 3 00224 Filler— can Filler— collapsible tubes Filler, n. e. c. 00471 0 0 38 5 Filter Finisher— roll (paper) 00739 00100 Fishing reel, n. m . Flanger and expander 00528 00740 00050 etc.) Flesher— hide Flexible-shaft m aker Floor polisher— scraper, scrub 0 0 76 8 H air curler, n. m . 00741 Fluter— m etal 00 76 9 Hairdresser 00263 Fluter— wood 00 10 4 H am m er— drop 00 30 6 Folders and brakes 00101 H am m er— helve, trip, or B rad 00357 Folder— box m aker 00704 Food -p rodu cts machines, n. e. c. 00 77 0 ley H arvester 00101 Forge (ham m ers, trip ham m ers, 00771 H a t m aker, n. e. c. 0077 2 H atch et, n. m . 00099 etc.) Form er— hat m anufacturing 0010 5 H eader 0 0 09 2 Fou nd ry machines, n. e. c. 00 77 3 H eader— barrel, keg, etc. 00569 Fringe m aker 00 77 4 H ea t exchanger 00742 Fum igator 00 77 5 H eat 00743 Fur worker, n. e. c. (pipe, ber, cleaner, finisher, etc. 00744 Furnace (m echanical feed) 00 7 4 5 Furnace, n. e. 0 0 75 2 00264 c. Gainer— mine Gainer— n ot saw— wood 00 05 5 00 05 6 0076 0 00761 com position products) Grindstone Grindstone, n. m . Groover, n. e. c. Gr outer 00057 G um m er (saw) treating and tem pering machines 00 265 H eel turner— wood 00776 Heeler— leather m anufacturing 00 64 0 Hog — paper and pulp 00 77 7 H oist— chain, n. m . 00 663 Hoop maker 160 M AN U AL ON IN DUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Machines— Machines— Continued ALPHABETICAL. LIST OF MACHINES— COn. Code a l p h a b e t ic a l l is t Code Continued of m a c h i n e s — con. 00778 H ose m aker (rubber) 00199 L a th e— back knife, wood 00472 H uller 00200 00639 Hum idifier n. e. c.) L ath e— h at cleaning and block ing 00200 L ath e— h at finisher 0 0 47 3 H usker— corn 00179 L ath e— m etalw ork, n. e. c. 00328 H yd ra tin g press 00180 L a th e, n. e. c. 0 0 77 9 H yd ra tor 00179 L athe— ring— jew eler’ s 00329 H yd rau lic— clay, glass, stone products, food products, cider, 0018 1 L athe— roll turner, engine, hol 00179 00182 L ath e— screw cutter, n. e. c. L athe— spinner— m etal (chemical products, oil, grease, extruding, etc. 00 308 H yd rau lic noser, bender, m etal work 00787 Ice breaker and harvester 00 7 8 8 Ice-cream freezer, n .m ., agitated 00789 Ice-cream m aker 00657 Inlayer— textile 00 3 9 9 Ironer (body ty p e ), collars, etc. 00400 Ironer (flat ty p e ), collar 00400 Ironer— flatwork — m a n g l i n g (sheets, etc.) 00790 Ironer (h at m anufacturing) (brim or crown) 00791 Ironer (m anual or p e d a l), n. m . 00401 Ironer, n. e. c. (neckbands, etc.) 00571 Jacks and m ules— textile 00 79 6 Jack— mitre 00 7 9 7 00798 Jack, n. m . Jack— tannery low spindle 0020 1 L athe— stone 00201 L ath e— stone isher 00183 L athe— turret (hand and sem i autom atic) turner and 00 2 0 2 L athe— veneer 00810 L aund ry m achines, n. e. c. 00107 L eaf spring m achine 00811 L eather-products m achines, e. c. 00 8 1 2 00270 Lehr— glass m anufacturing Leveler or m older 00108 0 0 81 3 L in otyp e Loader 00814 Loader, n. m . 00421 L o g carriage 0 0 81 5 Logger, n. chines e. L o om — carpet and rug 0 0 57 9 0 0 58 0 L oom — jacquard L o om , n. e. c. 00 8 1 6 L o om — wire weaving K neader— dough K neader— rolls— rubber 0 0 82 2 00400 0 0 82 3 M acaroni and noodle m aker M angle M arker, n. e. c. 00665 K n ife— band 00152 M asticator 00574 K n itter— bod y 0 0 27 0 M atcher 0 0 57 5 K n itter— hose— seamless hose— 00270 M atcher— boxboard Jointer, n. e. c. 00 2 6 8 Jointer— stave 00 7 9 9 Jordan 00804 0 0 80 5 K e y — seater K iln — rotary 00404 0 0 40 5 full-fashioned 00 57 6 K n itter, n. e. c. 00230 Labeler 00 231 Labeler, n. m . 00240 Lapper— textile 00809 etc.) L a st m aker 00178 L ath e— autom atic, m etal, m u l (intermediate, tispindle 0 0 19 8 L ath e— autom atic, n. e. c., wood 0 0 27 2 M atch m ak er 00654 M easurer— cloth 00824 M echanically-driven n. e. c. 0 0 82 5 M etalw orker, n. e. c. 00 82 6 M ilker— all typ es 00 15 3 00154 M ill— ball M ill— burrstone 00 1 5 4 M ill— clay grinder 0 0 15 5 M ill (cottonseed grinder) n. c., logging m a 00578 00 2 6 7 pol m achines, and linseed 161 ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Machines— Machines— Continued Continued ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MACHINES---- COn. Code ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MACHINES— COn. Code 00156 M ill— em ery grinder 00240 Opener or cleaner— textile 00157 M ill— fruit grinder or presser 00850 O ven— m echanical 00153 M ill— pebble feed (auto m atic) (enam el, etc.) 00851 O vens, revolving 00855 P aper-cup m aker 00856 Paper 00025 M ill— pug 00158 M ill— roller (flour, cereal, sugar, 00827 M ill— sugar, n. e. c. 00829 00204 M ills, n. e. c. M iller and driller— com bined 00857 Parer and peeler 00159 M iller and grinder— com bined 00858 00828 M iller, n. e. c. Pearl-com position m a c h i n e s , n. e. c. 00830 M iscellaneous, n. e. c. 00361 Perforator 00026 M ixer— concrete 00518 Perforator (disc type) 00027 M ixer— dough 00240 Picker— textile, 00028 M ixer— felt m anufacturing (the 00029 M ixer, n. e. c. 00 8 5 9 00860 00673 M ixer— picker 00861 Pill and tablet m aker 00030 M ixer— p on y or paint 00 03 1 00406 M ixer— sand M oire— textiles 00 5 3 3 00862 Pinker Pipe threader, n. m . 00332 M old er — etc.) devil) m aker and paper-prod ucts m achine, n. e. c. cotton inter m ediate, shod dy burr Pie m aker Pile driver 00863 Pitter— fruit bakelite, 00267 Planer— buzz condensite, shellac, and syn 00282 Planer— m etal 00287 00273 00310 00362 Planer— stone Planer— w ood (pony) P late punch and shear Platen press— printing 00864 00 8 6 5 Pliers and pincers, n. m . Plow s, harrows, etc.— power driven celluloid, 00832 00092 thetic resins M old er— chalk M old er— crucible 00408 00092 n. e. c.) M old er— dough M old er— foundry (fou n dry, 00833 M old er, n. e. c. 00359 00 11 1 M o ld in g press M o n o ty p e 00 8 6 6 00062 Pneum atic tools and appliances Polishers and buffers, n. e. c. 00205 M ortiser— chain 0 0 05 4 Polisher 00206 M ortiser— chisel 00207 M ortiser, n. e. c. 00 83 1 M otion -p ictu re and grinder— plate glass projectors and cam eras 00530 M ow er— law n, n. m . 0 0 53 1 M ow er— n. m ., n. e. c. tack m aker 00868 P ortable m achines, n. e. c. 0 0 86 9 P otter’ s wheel or lathe 00 0 6 3 Pouncing m achine (hat m an u facturing) 00474 Precipitator 00347 Press— cloth typ e 0 0 18 5 Press— drill, n. m . 00113 N a il m ak er (cut) 00 841 N a il puller, n. m . 00842 N ailer and tacker 00 6 6 7 Press (hydraulic), cable coverer 00252 N ap per 00364 00583 N e t m aker Press— platen ty p e — c r e a s e r , scorer, folder, or embosser 00870 Press— printing, flat bed, cylin or m achines, n. e. c. 00872 Press— printing, n. e. c. (wall Office m achines, n. e. c. 00 871 Press— printing, w ood (wire) 00843 Nitrifier 00844 N onm echanically driven 00311 Press— foot kick or pedal 0 0 11 5 Press— forge (hydraulic) der tools paper, etc.) 00849 162 M AN U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Machines— Machines— C ontinued ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MACHINES----COn. A L P H A B E TIC A L LIST Code Code Continued OF brier M A C H IN E S — COn. 00427 Saw — 00427 (crosscut) Saw— butting (crosscut) — block 0 0 45 0 Saw— button and comb grader 00 3 6 5 Press— upholstery (textile) 00873 Printing and bookbinding m a 00874 Profiler 00875 Proof er 00441 Saw— circular— cold m etal 0 0 87 6 00 3 1 2 Puller Punch and shear 00 4 2 7 Saw— circular— cut-off 0 0 442 Saw— circular— hot m etal 00291 Punch press 00 43 2 Saw— circular— m ill chine, n. e. c. (m echani cal feed) 0 0 43 2 or crosscut 0 0 43 4 Saw— circular— wood, swing cut-off, 00 43 0 Saw— circular— wood, rip (m an pneu 0 0 43 0 Saw — circular— wood, variety (m anual feed) (not punch- 00427 00451 Saw— dado Saw— diam ond— circular 00891 0 0 70 4 00 89 2 R o ad roller R oaster— food products, n. e. c. R oaster— nuts 00427 Saw— dovetailer 0 0 38 0 R olls— beading, flanging 00 40 5 00 41 2 00033 R educing 00585 R eel 00888 00889 R eel— dough Rendering m achine Saw— circular, rip (mechanical feed) 00 58 6 Rewinders 00890 R ibbon finisher (textile), n. e. c. 00117 R iveter— hydraulic m atic 0 0 11 8 R iveter, n. e. c. or press type) ual feed) 00 43 4 Saw— drag 00427 Saw— drawside 00 43 2 Saw— edger— self-feed (m echan ical feed) R olls— kneading (rubber) 0 0 42 7 Saw— end m atcher R olling m ill (cold)— lead, brass, 0 0 42 7 Saw— equalizer 0044 3 Saw— friction and knurling, copper plate, and rail, rod, 00 41 3 sheet, foil R olling m ills (hot) 0 0 42 7 0 0 43 2 00587 00 8 9 3 0 0 27 5 00 8 5 8 R ope m aker Rosser R outer R ubber, celluloid, com position, Saw — gainer Saw— gang ripper feed) 00427 00444 00427 Saw— groover Saw— hack Saw— head rounder or turner 0 0 06 5 pearl, bone, and tortoise shell, n. e. c. R u b bin g bed 00 43 2 00 42 7 00 43 2 Saw— hog mill (mechanical feed) Saw— jum p or inverted Saw— lath (mechanical feed) 00894 Rucher 00 4 2 7 Saw— m itre 00895 Ruler 00 452 Saw, n. e. c. 00 43 5 Saw, n. e. c. (wood) (mechanical 00 90 2 Sand blast 00427 Saw— overhead trim m er 0006 8 Sander— belt 00 4 2 7 Saw— rabbet 00 069 Sander— disc 00 4 3 5 Saw— scroll and jig 00 0 7 0 Sander, n. e. c. 00 430 Saw— slab— m anual feed— shook 00 03 5 Saponifier ripper, 00270 Sash sticker bolter, log, edger, stave, va 0 0 44 0 Saw— band (m etal) 00 42 5 Saw— band— resaw 0 0 42 7 shingle, knee riety, veneer, barrel stave Saw— slasher 00 42 6 Saw— band (wood) 00 4 2 7 Saw— spline 00427 Saw— bolter (crosscut) 00436 Saw— stave 0 0 43 0 Saw— bolter (m anual feed) 00 44 5 Saw— knit, trim m ed (m etal), n. e. c. ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Machines— Continued Machines— Continued A L P H A B E T IC A L LIST OF M AC H IN E S---- COn. Code 00434 00453 00518 00656 00478 00233 00550 00466 00476 00477 00905 00551 00552 00285 00276 00044 00535 00537 00522 00906 00468 00907 00668 00908 00908 00255 00256 00478 00539 00540 00518 00541 00518 00286 00590 00335 00335 00909 00367 00910 00911 00912 00591 00913 AL P H A B E T IC A L LIST OF M AC H IN ES---- COn. Code 00914 Saw—wood, swing, cut-off 00120 Scorer—ice 00107 Scorer or creaser—disc type 00314 Scraper (woodworking), n. e. c. 00291 Screen, n. e. c. (not bolting) 00915 Sealer— carton 00916 Seamer, n. e. c. (double, etc.) 00315 Separator— centrifugal, etc. 00122 (cream, oil, etc.) 00270 Separator—magnetic or me 00917 chanical—not centrifugal 00551 Separator, n. m. (cream, etc.) 00918 Setter and filer—saws, etc. 00744 Sewing machine 00919 Sewing machine, n. m. 00287 Shaper—metal 00072 Shaper—wood Sharpener (abrasive) 00123 Shaver 00920 Shear— circular 00921 Shear— cloth 00922 Sheeter 00073 Sheller— corn 00234 Sheller, n. e. c. 00923 Sheller or cracker—nuts 00036 Shoe-heel nailer 00385 Shoe maker, n. e. c. 00074 Shredder—carpet or rag 00124 Shredder, n. e. c. (cotton waste, 00113 etc.) 00842 Sifter, n. e. c. (not bolting) Skiver — splitter — stationary 00937 00938 leather knife 00188 Slicer and carver—meat Slitter and rotary cutter— 00187 paper 00939 Slitter—caramel 00278 Slitter— cardboard 00940 Slotter 00890 Slubber Soap press 00941 Soap stamper 00942 Soldering machine 00943 Sole molder and leveler 00944 Spinner—metal, n. e. c. Spinner—musical string Splitter— band knife (leather), 00945 00946 belt knife Spooler 00236 Sprayer, n. e. c. (paint, etc.) 00947 163 Spreader— cotton waste Spring maker— coiled Spring maker—leaf Sprue cutter Stamping and forming Stapler Starcher Stencil cutter Stereotype Sticker Still Stitcher Stock and die, n. m. Stoker Stoker—tannery Stone planers Stone-products m a c h i n e s , n. e. c.—stone rubbing bed Straightener Straightener, n. m. Stranding machine— cable Stripper—leather Stropper, metalworker, n. e. c. Stuffer—food Stump puller, n. m. Sulphonators Supercalender (paper) Surfacer—woodwork, n. e. c. Swaging machine Tack maker Tacker and nailer Tamp Taperer— cork Taps and dies, n. m. Tapper and threader— tapper, n. e. c. Teasels, textile Tenoner, automatic Tester, n. e. c. Textile finisher— textile ma chines, n. e. c. Thrasher Thrashing bag (for paper mills) Thread roller Threader and cutter— bolt, nut, rivet, pipe (threader, n. e. c.) Tire builder and tube maker Tire pump, n. m. Tire wrapper Tobacco machine, n. e. c. 164 MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Machines— Continued Machines— Continued A L P H A B E TIC A L LIST OF M A C H IN E S---- COn. 00163 00270 00948 00949 00950 00522 00951 00076 00126 00952 00953 00018 00954 00593 00594 Tobacco-stem crusher Tongue and g r o o v e r Treadmill, n. m. Treater Trimmer—carpet Trimmer—cloth Trimmer, n. e. c. Trimmer or buffer—shoe Tube caster Tube drawing Tube-making machine—paper Tumbler, n. e. c. (barrel, etc.) Turn buckle, n. m. Twine maker, n. e. c. Twister 00543 00965 00966 00105 00078 00908 00970 00370 00971 00972 Unhairer Universal woodworker Upholsterer, n. e. c. Upsetter (hot metal) Valve-grinding machines, n. m. Vamper Vender Veneer press Vibrator—massager, etc. Vise, n. m. 00370 00978 00979 00017 00980 00984 Wagon-wheel press Washer—clothes Washer—dishes Washer—drum (leather) Washer—grain Washers, n. e. c. (metal parts, etc.) Washer or scourer—barrel and keg Washer or wringer— clothes, n. m. Washer—soaking and rinsing bottles, cans, etc. Weigher and bagger, etc. Welder, n. m.— (oxyacetylene) Welder, n. e. c. Wet or dry pan Whizzer Willower Winder—armature Winder, n. e. c. Wire and tube drawing 00981 00983 00982 00220 00128 00127 00985 00466 00240 00986 00596 00952 A L P H A B E TIC A L LIST OF M AC H IN E S-----COn. Code Code 00987 00371 00265 00656 00237 00238 00417 Wireworking and wire products manufacturing, n. e. c. (not wire-drawing) Wood bender and former Wood heel turner Woodworker, n. e. c. Wrapper, n. e. c. Wrapper— tube and hose Wringer 01000 Pumps and prime movers 01100 01101 01102 01103 01104 01105 E n g in e s and p rim e m overs 01200 01201 01202 01203 01204 01999 Pum ps Steam engine Internal-combustion engine Steam turbine Air-driven motor Water motor, turbine, and waterwheels Reciprocating pump Centrifugal pump Air compressors Fans and blowers P u m p s a n d p r i m e m o v e r s , n . e. c. PARTS OF PUMPS AN D PRIME M OVERS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Belts, pulleys, chains and sprockets, cables, and sheaves or gears Moving parts, n. e. c. Ignition, heating, or cooling system parts Frame, bed, etc. Valves Gaskets, packing, etc. Safety devices Flywheel 8 9 Parts of pumps and prime movers, n. e. c. 02000 Elevators 02100 02101 02102 02103 02104 02105 02106 P a s s e n g e r elev a to rs Electric—not push button Electric—push button Belt driven Steam Hydraulic—not plunger Hydraulic—plunger ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Elevators—Continued A L P H A B E T IC A L LIST OF M A C H IN E S---- COn. Code 02107 02108 02109 02110 02111 02200 02201 02202 02203 02204 02205 02206 02207 02208 02209 02210 02211 02999 P a s s e n g e r elev a to rs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AL P H A B E TIC A L LIST OF M AC H IN E S-----COn. Electric—not push button Electric—push button Belt driven Steam Hydraulic—not plunger Hydraulic—plunger Dumb waiter Hand power Mine or quarry cage Material hoist Sidewalk elevator E l e v a t o r s , n . e . c. Belts, pulleys, chains and sprockets, sheaves or gears Cables and cable fastenings Car Car gates Hoistway Hoistway gates Safety devices Operating machinery Platform or steps Parts of elevator, n. e. c. Other h o istin g a p p a ra tu s — Con. 03305 03306 03307 03999 Jammer (logging) Mine buckets Electric hoist H o is tin g a p p a ra tu s, n. e. c. PARTS OF H OISTING A P PA R ATU S F r e ig h t elev a to rs PARTS OF ELEV ATO R S 0 Hoisting apparatus—Continued — Continued Code Double compartment Hand power Mine or quarry cage Escalator Man lift 165 0 Belts, pulleys, chains and sprockets, cables, and sheaves or gears 1 Moving parts, n. e. c. 2 Cab 3 Frame, bed, etc. 4 Hooks or slings 5 6 Safety devices 7 Boom or mast or legs 8 Magnet or bucket 9 Parts of hoisting apparatus, n. e. c. 04000 04001 04002 04003 04004 04005 04006 04007 04008 04010 Conveyors Belt type Sprocket type Monorail type Overhead trolley Screen type Screw type Pneumatic type Apron type Drag line, car puller, windlass, sweep, etc. Chain type Car loader and unloader Tiering or piling machine Log jack Line rolls, smooth or spiked 04011 04012 03000 Hoisting apparatus (n o t i n c l u d 04013 i n g eleva tors) 04014 04015 03100 C r a n e s 03101 Locomotive tractor or truck 04999 C on v eyors, n. e. c. crane PARTS OF C ON VE YO RS 03102 Jib and pillar crane 03103 Traveling crane (overhead and 0 Belts, pulleys, chains and sprockets, cables, and sheaves or gears gantry) 1 Moving parts, n. e. c. 03200 S h o v e l s , d e r r i c k s , d re d g es 2 03201 Power shovel 3 Frame, bed, etc. 03202 Derricks 4 03203 Dredge 5 03300 O th e r h o i s ti n g a p p a r a t u s 6 Safety devices 03301 Chain hoist or chain blocks 7 03302 Air hoist 8 03303 Hydraulic jacks 9 Conveyor parts, n. e. c. 03304 Gin poles 166 MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Vehicles— Continued Code 05000 Boilers and pressure vessels 05100 05141 05165 05171 05178 05199 05200 05205 05213 B o ile r s 05216 05220 05227 05231 05242 05256 05267 05270 05280 05285 05290 05299 05999 Code 06103 Economizers 06104 Mercury boiler 06105 Steam boilers 06199 Superheaters 06200 Boilers, n. e. c. 06300 P r e s s u r e v e s s e ls 06301 Accumulator 06302 Compressed air and gas con 06303 tainers or receivers 06304 Condensers 06305 Cooking and processing ves 06309 sels (not jacketed), diges 06400 ters, etc. 06401 Devulcanizers Digesters (pulp cooking in 06402 pulp and rayon plants) 06403 Hydraulic apparatus 06404 Pressure piping 06405 Receiver 06406 Rendering tanks 06500 Steam jacketed vessels 06501 Storage tanks Trap 06502 Pressure vessels, n. e. c. B o i l e r s , 'p ip es a n d p r e s s u r e v e s 06900 s e l s , n . e. c . 06901 N o t e . —Pressure lines are t o be included under pressure ves 06902 sels. PARTS OF B OILER S (PIPES OR PRESSURE VESSELS) 0 Shell, drum, or header 1 Tubes 2 Gage glass, water column, or pres sure and temperature gages 3 All other valves 4 Fusible plugs 5 Gaskets, packing, etc. 6 Safety valves or devices 7 Furnace and fire doors 8 Runways and ladders 9 Boiler or pressure-vessel parts, n. e. c. 06000 Vehicles 06100 06101 06102 M o t o r v e h ic le s Passenger automobiles Truck 06999 M o t o r v e h ic le s — Continued Bus Motorcycle Tractor Motor vehicles, n. e. c. A n im a l draw n R a ilw a y Streetcar Locomotive—steam Locomotive—electric Locomotive— Diesel-electric Car or tender Railway vehicles, n. e. c. W a t e r v eh ic les Watercraft, m e c h a n i c a l l y driven (not motorboats) Motorboats Sailing vessels Rowboats, punts, canoes Barges, lighters (no power) Watercraft, n. e. c. A ir c r a ft Lighter than air (blimps, bal loons, etc.) Heavier than air (airplanes, etc.) V e h i c l e s , n . e. c. Mine or quarry (regardless of type of power) Vehicles, hand or foot oper ated—on land (wheelbar rows, etc.) Vehicles, n. e. c. PARTS OF VEH ICLES 0 Belts, pulleys, chains and sprockets, cables, and sheaves or gears 1 Coupler 2 Ignition, heating, or cooling system parts 3 Frame, bed, etc. (rigging, body) 4 Propeller or wheels (including tires on motor vehicles) 5 Crank 6 Safety device 7 Hatchway 8 Brakes 9 Vehicle parts, n. e. c. 167 ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Code 07000 07100 07101 07102 07103 07104 07105 07199 07200 07300 07400 07401 07402 07500 07999 Transmission apparatus— Continued Animals Code 08070 08080 Draft animals (horse, mule, 08090 ox, camel, etc.) 08100 Cow, sheep, goat, and other 08110 grazing animals (not draft) 08120 Dogs 08130 Cats 08140 Birds and fowl 08150 Domestic animals, n. e. c. 08160 In sec ts 08170 S n a k e s a n d r e p tiles 08180 W i l d a n im a ls 08200 In captivity, n. e. c. 08999 Not in captivity, n. e. c. D o m e s tic a n im a ls F ish Gears Sheaves Pulleys Drums Ropes and cables Chains Sprockets Belts Lacing and fastenings Belt shifters Safety devices Counterweights Set screws, set bolts, and keys , T r a n s m i s s i o n a p p a r a t u s n . e. c. PARTS OF TR ANSM ISSION APPARATU S A n i m a l s , n . e. c. None PARTS OF AN IM AL S 0 1 2 3 4 5 Feet or hoofs, claws, talons, 09000 etc. Mouth, stinger, teeth, etc. Horns Tail 09000 6 7 8 9 Parts of animal, n. e. c. 08000 Mechanical power transmission apparatus 08010 08020 08030 08040 08050 08060 N o t e . —Transmission equip ment shall include all mechani cal means of transmitting power from a prime mover up to but not including a shaft (and the pulleys and gears on the shaft), the bearings of which form an integral part of a machine. Directly connected prime movers are defined as having no trans mission apparatus. Main shaft Countershaft Friction clutches Collars and couplings Bearings Hangers 159726°— 40------ 12 09010 09011 09012 09013 09014 09015 09020 09021 09022 09023 09024 09025 09100 09110 09111 09112 09113 09114 09115 09120 09121 09122 09123 Electric apparatus (Use rated capacities for identi fying voltages. The limits provided here are outside the customary operating volt ages.) M o t o r s a n d g e n e r a to r s (not of hand tools) Motors Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts Over 7,500 volts Generators Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts Over 7,500 volts T r a n s f o r m e r s a n d co n v e r te r s Transformers Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts Over 7,500 volts Converters (rotary) Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts 168 MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Electric apparatus— Continued T ra n sfo rm ers and converters — Code 09124 09125 09200 09210 09211 09212 09213 09214 09215 09220 09221 09222 09223 09224 09225 09230 09231 09232 09233 09234 09235 09300 09310 09311 09312 09313 09314 09315 09320 09321 09322 09323 09324 09325 09400 09410 09411 09412 09413 09414 09415 Continued Converters (ro ta ry) —Con. 750 to 7,500 volts Over 7,500 volts C on d u ctors Conductors—overhead Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts Over 7,500 volts Conductors—underground Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts Over 7,500 volts Conductors—in buildings Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts Over 7,500 volts Electric apparatus—Continued Code R h eo sta ts , etc.— Con. 09420 09421 09422 09423 09424 09425 09430 09431 09432 09433 09434 09435 09440 09441 09442 09443 09444 09500 09510 09511 Sw itchboard and bus structures; 09512 sw itch es , circuit breakers , and 09513 09514 fu ses Switchboard and bus struc 09520 09521 tures 09522 Less than 150 volts 09523 150 to 300 volts 09524 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts 09600 Over 7,500 volts Switches, circuit breakers, 09610 fuses, and other safety 09611 devices 09612 Less than 150 volts 09613 150 to 300 volts 09614 300 to 750 volts 09620 750 to 7,500 volts 09621 Over 7,500 volts 09622 R h eosta ts , starters , and control a p p a ra tu s; capacitatorSj recti 09623 09624 fie rs , batteries {storage) Rheostats, starters, and con 09625 09630 trol apparatus 09631 Less than 150 volts 09632 150 to 300 volts 09633 300 to 750 volts 09634 750 to 7,500 volts 09635 Over 7,500 volts Capacitators Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts Over 7,500 volts Rectifiers Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts Over 7,500 volts Batteries (storage) Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts Over 750 volts M a g n e tic a nd electrolytic ap paratus Magnetic apparatus Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts Over 750 volts Electrolytic apparatus Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts Over 750 volts H ea tin g a p p lia n ces , la m p s , tubes Heating appliances Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts Over 750 volts Lamps Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts Over 7,500 volts Tubes Less than 150 volts 150 to 300 volts 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts Over 7,500 volts and ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Electric apparatus—Continued Code 09900 E lectric a ppa ra tu s, n . e. c. Less than 150 volts 09910 150 to 300 volts 09920 09930 300 to 750 volts 750 to 7,500 volts 09940 Over 7,500 volts 09950 169 Hand tools— Continued Code 10181 10182 10183 10184 10185 H Hammer Hatchet Hoe Hook, n. e. c. Household tools, n. e. c. / PARTS OF ELECTRIC AP PA R ATU S None 10000 10100 10191 J 10201 Hand tools m otive pow er —wh< use, carried by a person Hand A Abrasive shave Adz Anvil Auger Awl Axe 10101 10102 10103 10104 10105 10106 B Bale hook Belt shifter Blowtorch Boiler-tube expander Brake club Broom and brush Bucket 10111 10112 10113 10114 10115 10116 10117 K 10211 10221 10222 10223 10224 D Dies and taps Drawknife Drift pin and nail set Drill E 10151 M 10231 10232 10233 10234 N Nail and tack puller Needle 0 10251 Oil can 10261 10262 10263 10264 10265 10267 10268 10269 10270 10271 10272 10273 Pen or pencil Paving tool Pick and pickaxe Pile Pinch bar Pin Pitchfork Plane Plier, pincer, tong Poker Pump Punch Q File Fire extinguisher Fork, n. e. c. G 10171 10172 Mallet Maul Metalworker's tools, n. e. c. Mop 10241 10242 F 10161 10162 10163 Ladle Lantern Level Lever P Can opener Cleaver Climbing spur Chisel Crowbar 10141 10142 10143 10144 Knife L C 10131 10132 10133 10134 10135 Iron—pressing Gage Glass cutter 10281 R 10291 10292 10293 10294 Rake Razor Rope, chain Rule, ruler 170 Code MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Hand tools— Continued Hand tools— Continued Code 10800 S 10301 10302 10303 10304 10305 10306 10307 10308 10309 10310 10311 10312 Sandpaper Saw Scale Scissors and shears Scoop Scraper Screw driver Scythe Shovel and spade Sickle Sledge Slice bar 10810 10820 10825 10830 10835 10840 10845 10850 10855 10860 T 10321 10322 10323 10331 10341 10351 10352 10353 10499 10500 10510 10520 10530 10540 10550 10560 10570 10580 10590 10600 10610 10620 10630 10640 10650 10660 10670 10680 10690 10700 10799 10865 10870 10875 10880 U 10885 10890 V 10895 10900 W 10905 Wedge 10910 Woodworker’s tools, n. e. c. 10915 Wrench 10920 Hand tools, n. e. c. 10925 M ec h a n ic a l m otive 'power—not 10930 electrical—when in use, car 10935 ried and held by a person. 10940 Abrasive stone or wheel 10945 Chisel 10950 Drill 10955 File 10960 Fire extinguisher 10965 Hammer 10999 Hydraulic tool, n. e. c. Knife, n. e. c. Nozzle and hose Pneumatic tools, n. e. c. Press Pump Punch Riveter Sandblaster Saw 11000 Scoop 11000 Scraper Screw driver Torch 11005 Hand tools, n. e. c.—mechani 11010 cally driven 11015 Tamper Tire iron Trowel m otive p ow er — when in use, carried and held by a person. Abrasive stone or wheel Buffer Channeler Chisel Circular knife Curling iron Drill Dryer File Floor polisher, waxer, or scraper Hair clipper Hammer Heater Ironer Knife, n. e. c. Loader Milker Pipe cutter or threader Press Pump Punch Riveter Sand blaster Saw Scoop Scraper Screw driver Soldering iron Toaster Vibrator, massager Welding tools Electrically driven hand tools, E lectrica l PARTS OF H AN D TOOLS The motors and generators connected with these hand tools are considered a part of the tool and are not listed under electrical apparatus. Chemicals (use only for explo sions) Ammonium explosives Ammunition—large Ammunition—for small arms E x p lo sives ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Chemicals— Continued Chemicals— Continued Code E x p lo s iv e s — Continued Code 11020 Chlorate and perchlorate mix tures Dynamite, n. e. c. Fireworks and pyrotechnics Firing caps and cap ingredi ents (fulminates, n. e. c.) Fuses Guncotton (nitrocellulose) Gunpowder (inch black pow der) Liquid oxygen explosives Nitroglycerine Picric acid and picrates Toluene compounds (trinitro toluene, etc.) Explosives, n. e. c. E x p lo siv e gases or vapors (use only for explosions) Acetates (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.) Acetylene Alcohols (methyl, ethyl, pro pyl, etc.) Ammonia Carbon disulphide Gas, manufactured (for light or heat) Gas, natural (for light or heat) Hydrogen Methane Mine gas Sewer gas Explosive gases and vapors, n. e. c. N o x io u s va p o rs , g a ses , fu m e s Acid Benzol and its compounds and derivatives (aniline, etc.) Carbon bisulphide Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine Cyanogen and its compounds Ether Hydrogen sulphide Lead Methanol Mercury Nitrogen oxides Refrigerants 11290 11025 11030 11035 11040 11045 11050 11055 11060 11065 11070 11090 11100 11105 11110 11115 11120 11125 11130 11135 11140 11145 11150 11155 11190 11200 11205 11210 11215 11220 11225 11230 11235 11240 11245 11250 11253 11255 11260 11265 11270 171 11300 11303 11305 11307 11309 11312 11315 11319 11323 11325 11327 11330 11339 11343 11346 11349 11352 11355 11358 11361 11365 11368 11371 11374 11377 11380 11383 11386 11388 11399 11400 11405 11410 11415 11420 11425 11499 11999 N o x io u s va p o rs , etc. — Continued Noxious vapors, gases, fumes, n. e. c. N o x io u s or corrosive chem icals Acids Formic Hydrochloric (muriatic) Hydrocyanic Hydrofluoric Nitric Sulphuric Acids, n. e. c. Alkalies (caustics) Ammonia Lime (calcium oxide) Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) Caustic soda (sodium hy droxide) Alkalies, n. e. c. Miscellaneous noxious and corrosive chemicals (solids and liquids, but not dust) Alcohol Benzine Benzol, its compounds and derivatives Cyanogen and its com pounds Carbon tetrachloride Creosote Other Gasoline Grease Kerosene Naphtha Oils Paraffin Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Miscellaneous noxious and corrosive chemicals,n.e. c. P o iso n o u s vegetation Hemlock Ivy Oak Sumac Tamarack Poisonous vegetation, n. e. c. C h em ica ls , n. e. c. 172 M A N U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Code 12000 Dusts— Continued Highly inflammable substances and hot Code 13200 (Use only for injuries resulting from fire and flame) 12100 12150 12200 12250 12300 12350 12400 12405 12410 12415 12420 12425 12430 12499 12500 12550 12999 13000 13000 13005 13010 13015 13020 13025 13030 13035 13040 13045 13050 13055 13060 13100 13105 13110 13115 13120 13125 13130 13135 13140 13145 13199 13204 13208 Alcohol 13212 Artificial leather 13216 Film (photographic) 13220 Fire and flame 13224 Lacquers 13228 Paints, varnishes, shellacs 13232 Petroleum and its products 13236 Petroleum 13240 Benzine 13244 Fuel oil 13248 Gasoline 13252 Kerosene 13256 Naphtha 13260 Petroleum products, n. e. c. 13264 Pyroxylin products (celluloid) 13268 Steam Highly inflammable and hot 13272 substances, n. e. c. 13276 13299 Dusts 13999 Explosive dusts (use only for 14000 explosions) Coal Cocoa 14100 Flour Grain 14200 Leather Metal (aluminum, magnesium, 14300 14999 etc.) Spices Starches 15000 Sugars Textile (wool, cotton, flax, hemp, etc.) 15101 W ood Explosive dusts, n. e. c. Organic dusts (for injuries not 15141 resulting from explosions) Flour Fur 15181 Grain 15182 Hair 15183 Leather Rubber 15221 Straw Tobacco Wood 15261 Organic dusts, n. e. c. In organ ic dusts (for injuries not resulting from explosions) Arsenic compounds Asbestos Barium and its compounds Cadmium compounds Corundum (carborundum) Cement Chalk Chromium compounds Clay Coal Emery Enameling powder Granite Iron Lead Manganese Silica (quartz, sand, sand stone, etc.) Silicates Stone, n. e. c. Inorganic dusts, n. e. c. D u sts, n. e. c. Radiations and radiating sub stances Radium and radioactive sub stances Ultraviolet rays X-rays, fluoroscope, etc. Radiations and radiating sub stances, n. e. c. Working surfaces, n. e. c. A B C Coal— roof Coal— sides Coal— floor D E ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTOR CLASSIFICATION Code Working surfaces, n. e. c.— Continued F or Code Floors— steel 15805 15810 15820 15821 15822 15829 15830 Floors — stone Floors — n. e. c. 15841 15301 Floors— tem porary 1530 2 Floors— wood 15303 Floors— linoleum covered 15304 15 30 5 FI oors— concrete un finished Floors— carpet covered 15306 15 30 7 1530 9 173 Working surfaces, n. e. c.— Continued S Shelves Staging or scaffold Stairs or steps— wood Stairs or steps— metal Stairs or steps— concrete Stairs or steps— n. e. c. Sidewalks T G U 15341 15881 H V 15381 15921 I 15421 W Ice (when not part of another 15941 surface) J X , Y, Z 15981 15999 15461 Working surfaces, n. e. c. K PARTS OF W O R K IN G SU R FACES 15501 L None 15541 M 19000 Miscellaneous agencies 15581 N o t e .— N used as agency. 15621 O Name only when not part of some other A 15661 19101 P Air— compressed as in caisson or tunnel work Athletic equipment, n. e. c. 15681 19102 Q 13 15721 R R am p s 15761 1 5 76 2 R oofs 15 763 R u n w a ys or platform s 15780 R oads — con Crete 15781 15782 R oad s — m acadam 15 783 15 784 R oads — gravel R oad s — dirt R oad s — w ood block 15785 R oads — granite block 15786 15789 R oads — brick R oads — n. e. c. 19141 19142 19143 19144 19145 19146 19147 19148 19149 Balconies and platforms Barrels, kegs, etc. Baseball equipment Basketball equipment Bins, pockets, pits, etc. Bottles Boxes, benches, chairs, tables, etc. Buildings or structures — in course of construction or demolition, n. e. c. Bricks, rocks, stones, etc. 174 M A N U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Miscellaneous agencies— Continued Code Miscellaneous agencies— Continued Code C N Cans Cellars— outside openings Cement— not hardened Chimneys Chutes Clothing, n. e. c. 19181 19182 19183 19184 19185 19186 19223 19224 E O bjects— fixed 19622 Fire escapes Firearms (not cartridges) Floor openings Football equipment Fungus, n. e. c. 19661 Persons— other than injured Person— injured Poles and ties — railroad Piles of m aterials, n. e. c.— dum ps Q R Racks, shelves, and hooks R unw ays 19743 R oofs 19744 Rails and switches 19745 Radiators 19746 Reservoirs, tanks, vats S 19781 Scaffolds and stagings 19782 Skylights 19783 Stairways 19784 Safety G 19341 19342 19343 19344 — safety 19785 Stoves T 19821 19822 Tow ers T ram w ays 19823 19824 Trees, branches, etc. Trestles, bridges, etc. I 19825 19826 T un n els, shafts, n. e. c. Tires— pneum atic — when not J 19746 T a n k s, vats, reservoirs K 19841 H Hockey equipment Hides 19421 on vehicle 19441 U Kilns— drying 19461 L 19501 19502 19503 V 19881 19746 Ladders Loading platforms Lumber or woodworking ma 19921 terial, n. e. c. 19922 M 19542 19543 19544 appliances belts, goggles, etc. Gangplanks Glass, n. e. c. Golf equipment Goggles 19381 19382 19541 c. O b jects— m oving, n. e. P 19663 F 19301 19302 19303 19304 19305 19621 Dams and docks 19664 Doors, windows, and gates— trap doors Ditches and trenches 19701 Dusts and particles, n. e. c. (eye injuries from dust par 19741 ticles or rock particles) 19742 Excavations, n. e. c. Elevations, n. e. c. 19261 19262 N ails, spikes, tacks, etc. O 19662 D 19221 19222 19581 19923 Manholes, ropes, cables, etc. (not as part of hoisting ap 19961 paratus) 19999 Metal— sheet Metal— rod Metal— stock, n. e. c. xxOOO V a ts, tan k s, reservoirs W W ires, not electrical W orkbenches W ater X , Y, Z M iscellaneous materials objects, n. e. c. or Agency unclassified — insufficient data A C C ID E N T CAUSE FACTOR C L A S S IF IC A T I O N 175 The Unsafe Mechanical or Physical Conditions R u le s j o r selection . — 1. Select the unsafe mechanical or physical condition of the agency or agency part which is chiefly responsible for the injury, and which could have been guarded or corrected. 2. Name the unsafe mechanical or physical condition, if one ex isted, regardless of whether or not an unsafe act was committed. As in the case of the agency, unsafe mechanical or physical condi tions may be classified and coded in general categories or in detail. The general categories are as follows: C l a s s if ic a t io n b y M a jo r G r o u p s C ode 0 1 2 3 4 5 9 x y Improperly guarded agencies Defects of agencies Hazardous arrangement, procedure, etc., in, on, or around the selected agency Improper illumination Improper ventilation Unsafe dress or apparel Unsafe mechanical or physical condition, n. e. c. Unclassified— insufficient data No defective agency As is apparent from the following, each of these items can be classified in greater detail. D e t a il e d C l a s s if ic a t io n Code 00 00 01 02 09 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 29 Improperly guarded agencies Unguarded Inadequately guarded Lack of, or improper, shoring in mining, construction, excavating, etc. N . e. c. Defects of agencies Rough Slippery Sharp-edged Poorly designed Low material strength Poorly constructed Inferior composition Decayed, aged, worn, frayed, cracked, etc. N . e. c. (including hidden defects) Hazardous arrangement, procedure, etc., in, on, or around the selected agency Unsafely stored or piled tools, materials, etc. Congestion of working spaces Inadequate aisle space, exits, etc. Unsafe planning and/or layout of traffic or process operations Unsafe processes Overloading Misalining N . e. c. 176 M ANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S Code 30 Improper illumination 30 31 Insufficient light Glare 32 39 Unsuitable location or arrangement (producing shadows or contrasts) N . e. c. 40 40 41 42 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 60 61 62 63 64 79 99 xx yy Improper ventilation Insufficient air changes Unsuitable capacity, location, or arrangement of system Impure air source N . e. c. Unsafe dress or apparel No goggles Goggles defective, unsafe, or unsuited for work No gloves Gloves defective, unsafe, or unsuited for work No apron Apron defective, unsafe, or unsuited for work No shoes Shoes defective, unsafe, orunsuited for work No respirator Respirator defective, unsafe,or unsuited for work High heels Loose hair Loose clothing Inadequately clothed, n. e. c. N . e. c. Unsafe mechanical or physical condition, n. e. c. Unclassified— insufficient data No unsafe mechanical or physical condition Accident Type R u le f o r selection . — Select the accident type that is most immedi ately associated with the selected agency. Code C l a s s if ic a t io n o f A c c id e n t T y p e 0 Striking against (refers generally to contacts with sharp or rough objects, resulting in cuts, slivers, punctures, etc., due to striking against, kneeling on or slipping on objects) 1 Struck by (falling, flying, sliding or moving objects) 2 Caught in, on, or between 3 Fall on same level 4 Fall to different level 5 Slip (not fall) or overexertion (resulting in strain, hernia, etc.) 6 Contact with temperature extremes (resulting in burning, scalding, freezing, heat exhaustion, sunstroke, frostbite, etc.) 7 Inhalation, absorption, ingestion (asphyxiation, poisoning, drowning, etc., but excluding contact with temperature extremes) A C C ID E N T CAUSE FACTOR C L A S S IF IC A T IO N 177 Code 8 9 x Contact with electric current (such as results in electrocution, shock, etc.) Accident type, n. e. c. Unclassified— insufficient data The Unsafe Act R u les j o v selection . — 1. Select that violation of a commonly ac cepted safe procedure which resulted in the selected accident type. N o t e .— The unsafe act may have been committed by the person injured, a fellow worker, or some other person. 2. If more than one unsafe act was committed, select the one most closely associated with the selected accident type. 3. Name the unsafe act, if one existed, whether or not an unsafe mechanical or physical condition existed. As in the case of the unsafe mechanical or physical condition, the classification of unsafe acts may be used in general groups or to all the detail given here. The general classification is as follows: C l a s s if ic a t io n b y M a jo r G r o u p s Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x y Operating without authority, failure to secure or warn Operating or working at unsafe speed Making safety devices inoperative Using unsafe equipment, hands instead of equipment, or equipment unsafely Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc. Taking unsafe position or posture Working on moving or dangerous equipment Distracting, teasing, abusing, startling, etc. Failure to use safe attire or personal protective devices Unsafe acts, n. e. c. Unclassified— insufficient data No unsafe act The following classification gives these items in detail. D e t a il e d C l a s s if ic a t io n Code 00 00 01 02 03 04 05 09 Operating without authority, failure to secure or warn Starting, stopping, using, operating, firing, moving, etc. W ithout authority W ithout giving proper signal Failing to lock, block, or secure vehicles, switches, valves, press rams, other tools, materials and equipment against unexpected motion, flow of electric current, steam, etc. Failing to shut off equipment not in use Releasing or moving loads, etc., without giving warning Failure to place warning signs, signals, tags, etc. N . e. c. 178 M ANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S Code 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 29 Operating or working at unsafe speed Running Feeding or supplying too rapidly Driving too rapidly Driving too slowly Throwing material instead of carrying orpassing Jumping from vehicles, platforms, etc. N . e. c. it Making safety devices inoperative Removing safety devices Blocking, plugging, tying, etc., of safety devices Replacing safety devices with those of improper capacity (higher am perage electric fuses, low capacity safety valves, etc.) Misadjusting safety devices Disconnecting safety devices N . e. c. 30 Using unsafe equipment, hands instead of equipment, or equipment un safely 30 31 Using defective equipment (mushroom headchisels, etc.) Unsafe use of equipment (e. g. iron bars for tamping explosives, operating pressure valves at unsafe pressures, volume, etc.) Using hands instead of hand tools (to feed, clean, adjust, repair, etc.) Gripping objects insecurely; taking wrong hold of objects N . e. c. 32 33 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc. Overloading Crowding Lifting or carrying too heavy loads Arranging or placing objects or materials unsafely (parking, placing, stopping, or leaving vehicles, elevators, and conveying apparatus in unsafe position for loading and unloading) Injecting, mixing, or combining one substance with another so that ex plosion, fire, or other hazard is created (injecting cold water into hot boiler, pouring water into acid, etc.). Introducing objects or materials unsafely (portable electric lights inside of boilers or in spaces containing inflammables or explosives; moving equipment in congested workplaces, smoking where explosives or in flammables are kept, etc.) N . e. c. Taking unsafe position or posture Exposure under suspended loads Putting body or its parts into shaftways or openings; standing too close to openings Entering vessel or enclosure when unsafe because of temperature, gases, electric, or other exposures Working on high tension conductors from above instead of below. Lifting with bent back, while in awkward position, etc. Riding in unsafe position (on platforms, tailboards, and running boards of vehicles; tailing on or stealing rides; riding on apparatus designed only for materials, etc.) Exposure on vehicular right-of-way Passing on grades and curves, cutting in and out, road hogging, etc. Exposure to falling or sliding objects N . e. c. A C C ID E N T CAUSE F A C T O R C L A S S IF IC A T IO N 179 Code 60 Working on moving or dangerous equipment 60 Getting on or off moving equipment (vehicles, conveyors, elevators, animals, etc.) Cleaning, oiling, adjusting, etc., of moving equipment Calking, packing, etc., of equipment under pressure (pressure vessels, valves, joints, pipes, fittings, etc.) Working on electrically charged equipment (motors, generators, lines, and other electrical equipment) Welding, repairing, etc., of equipment containing dangerous chemical substances N . e. c. 61 62 63 64 69 70 Distracting, teasing, abusing, startling, etc. 70 71 72 73 74 79 Calling, talking, or making unnecessary noise Throwing material Teasing, abusing, startling, horseplay Practical joking, etc. Quarreling N . e. c. 80 Failure to use safe attire or personal protective devices 80 81 89 Failing to wear goggles, gloves, masks, aprons, shoes, leggings, etc. Wearing high heels, loose hair, long sleeves, loose clothing, etc. N . e. c. 99 Unsafe acts, n. e. c. Unclassified— insufficient data No unsafe act xx yy Unsafe Personal Factor R u le f o r selection . — Select the unsafe personal factor which resulted in the selected unsafe act. In keeping with the general structure of this classification, the unsafe personal factors may be classified in general groups or in specific detail. The general group classification is as follows: C l a s s if ic a t io n b y M a jo r G r o u p s Code 0 1 2 9 x y Improper attitude Lack of knowledge or skill Bodily defects Unsafe personal factors, n. e. c. Unclassified— insufficient data N o unsafe personal factor The detailed classification is as follows: D e t a il e d C l a s s if ic a t io n C ode 00 00 01 02 03 04 05 09 Improper attitude Willful disregard of instructions Violent temper Absentmindedness Willful intent to injure Nervous, excitable, etc. Failure to understand instructions Improper attitude, n. e. c. 180 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y Code 10 10 11 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 99 xx yy Lack of knowledge or skill Unaware of safe practice Unpracticed or unskilled Lack of knowledge or skill, n. e. c. Bodily defects Defective eyesight Defective hearing Muscular weakness Fatigue Existing hernia Crippled Existing heart or other organic weakness Intoxicated Bodily defects, n. e. c. Unsafe personal factors, n. e. c. Unclassified— insufficient data No unsafe personal factor S T A T IS T IC S Chapter 10.—Frequency and Severity Rates and Disability Distribution Frequency and Severity Rates The determination of uniform, adequate units of exposure to measure the frequency of accident occurrence and the severity of the resulting disabilities is an indispensable basis for the intelligent compiling of accident statistics. The methods used prior to the development of the present standard frequency and severity rates were far from satisfactory and have been generally discarded. Fre quency today is rarely measured per 1,000 employees, because it is clearly recognized that the hours worked by 1,000 employees may vary widely from week to week for different plants and even within the same plant. The length of time workers are exposed to the occupational hazards of their jobs is as important as the number of workers exposed. For instance, it is generally agreed that the fre quency of disabling injuries will be less for 1,000 employees working 20 hours per week than for the same 1,000 employees working 40 hours per week. Similarly, the concept of the “ full-time annual worker” has been generally discarded in the United States, because the number of hours which constituted the working time of a “ full time” worker shifted considerably from time to time, and when fixed at any given number of hours often failed to reflect prevailing practice and experience, becoming little more than a statistical abstraction. The standard which is more acceptable than either of these two, and which is most generally used, is the frequency rate. T h e fr e q u e n c y rate is the n u m b er o f d isablin g in ju r ies p e r m illio n e m p lo yee-h o u rs w o rk ed . The companion rate to the frequency rate is the severity rate. T h e severity rate is the average d a y s o f d isa bility p e r thou san d e m p lo y e e - The reason for not stating this rate in terms of a million employee-hours is that the resulting rate would be so large as to be unwieldy. In arriving at these rates, three items are important: (1) The type of disabling injury to be included in the injury count (see ch. 5); (2) the method of evaluating the time charges for permanent inju ries; and (3) the method of computing the rates. These three items are taken up, in the order named, in the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates, as approved by the American Standards Association in 1937. The standard was sponsored by the h ou rs w orked. 181 182 MANUAL ON I N D U S T R I A L -I N J U R Y S T A T IS T IC S International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Com missions, the National Council on Compensation Insurance, and the National Safety Council. A large number of other interested organizations participated in the deliberations. The sections of the standard dealing with methods of evaluating injuries and the methods of computing rates are here given verbatim, together with explanatory rules.1 It is emphasized at the outset, however, that these sections are concerned primarily with disabling injuries, and with disability measured in calendar d a ys rather than in days lost from work. A m e r ic a n S t a n d a r d M e t h o d o f C o m p il in g I n d u s t r ia l I n j u r y R a t e s Section 3.— Time charges 3.1. T im e charges.— The time charge is the measure of disability stated in days, as specified in sections 3 and 4 of this code. 3.2. T im e charge f o r death.— Six thousand (6,000) days shall be charged for each death. See section 4, also R5 and RIO. 3.3. T im e charge f o r perm anent total d isa bility. — Six thousand (6,000) days shall be charged for each permanent total disability. See section 4, also R5 and R10. 3.4. T im e charge f o r perm anent partial disa bility. — The time charge for perma nent partial disability shall be as follows: (a) The time charge for any injury resulting in the complete loss or complete loss of use of any member of the body shall be the number of days specified in the Scale of Time Charges. See section 4, also R5, R9, and R10. (b) The time charge for any injury resulting in the loss of a part of a member or the permanent impairment of any function of any part of the body or part thereof shall be a percentage of the number of days specified in the Scale of Time Charges. See section 4. The percentage to be used shall be the percentage loss or loss of use sustained by the injured worker, as determined by the local compensation authorities. See R5, R8, and R10. 3.5. T im e charge f o r tem p o ra ry total d isa b ility. — The time charge for each tempo rary total disability shall be the total number of calendar days of disability, ex cluding the day on which the injury occurred and the day on which the employee returned or in the opinion of the doctor was able to return to work. See R6, R7, R 9, and R l l . 3.6. T im e charge f o r tem p o ra ry partial d isa b ility. — The time charge for each temporary partial disability shall be the total number of calendar days of such dis ability multiplied by a factor not exceeding unity. Such factor shall be developed by the agency computing the time charge and shall be clearly stated. The total number of calendar days shall exclude the day on which the injury occurred and the day on which the employee returned, or in the opinion of the doctor was able to return, to his regular job. 3.7. T im e charge f o r fir st-a id cases.— No methods are specified for determining time charges for first-aid cases. Any agency computing such time charges shall indicate the method used. 1Reproduced with permission of the American Standards Association. FREQUENCY AND S E V E R IT Y RATES 183 Section 4.— Scale of time charges 4.1. Scale o f tim e charges.— The accompanying scale shall be used to determine the time charges in number of days as specified in definitions 3.2, 3.3, 3.4a, and 3.4b. Death____________________________________________________________ 6, 000 Permanent total disability_____________________________________ 6, 000 Arm, at or above elbow________________________________________ 4, 500 Arm below elbow________________________________________________ 3, 600 H and_____________________________________________________________ 3 ,0 0 0 Thum b___________________________________________________________ 600 Any one finger______________________________________________ 300 Two fingers, same hand________________________________________ 750 Three fingers, same hand_______________________________________ 1, 200 Four fingers, same hand________________________________________ 1, 800 Thumb and one finger, same hand____________________________ 1, 200 Thumb and two fingers, same hand___________________________ 1, 500 Thumb and three fingers, same hand__________________________2, 000 Thumb and four fingers, same hand___________________________ 2, 400 Leg, at or above knee__________________________________________ 4, 500 Leg, below knee_________________________________________________ 3, 000 F oot_______________________________________________________________ 2 ,4 0 0 Great toe or any two or more toes, same fo o t__________________ 300 Two great toes__________________________________________________ 600 One toe, other than great toe_______________________________ See R9 One eye, loss of sight___________________________________________ 1, 800 Both eyes, loss of sight_________________________________________ 6, 000 One ear, loss of hearing__________________________________________ 600 Both ears, loss of hearing_______________________________________3, 000 1 N o t e .— Days shown in table are charged for complete dismemberment or complete loss of use of member. Definition 3.4a. For partial dismemberment or partial loss of use of member a percentage of these figures is charged, as ex plained in definition 3.4b. N o t e 2.— The charge for any permanent injury other than those specified in the scale shall be a percentage of the charge for permanent total disability corres ponding to the ruling of the governing workmen's compensation commission. See R9. Section 5.— Injury rates 5.1. F req u e n c y rates. — The frequency rates shall be the number of injuries per one million man-hours of exposure. See R12. 5.2. S ev er ity rate.— The severity rate shall be the total time charges per 1,000 man-hours of exposure. See R13. 5.3. G eneral co m p a ra b ility. — In the interest of general comparability, every agency shall, as a minimum, compute frequency and severity rates based on classes of injuries as defined in paragraphs 2.2 to 2.5 inclusive. Such rates shall be designated as “ four-class" rates. The computation of additional rates based on classes of injuries as defined in paragraphs 2.2 to 2.6 inclusive is recommended for such agencies as can secure dependable data on temporary partial disabilities. Such rates shall be designated as “ five-class" rates and shall in all cases be in addition to “ four-class" rates. Rates based on classes of injuries as defined in paragraphs 2.2 to 2.7 inclusive, if computed, shall be designated as “ six-class" rates. 159726°— 40------ 13 184 MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS Section 6.— Rulings and interpretations R l. Basis o f reports.— Any report made on any basis other than the all-inclusive basis provided in definition 1.1 shall state which groups or departments are in cluded and which are excluded. R2. Average number of em ployees.— To obtain average, count names on pay roll and salary roll of those at work for each day during period covered and divide the aggregate number of names by the number of working days. For example, 25 working days in November; aggregate number of names of those on pay roll and salary roll and at work— 15,000. Divide 15,000 by 25 and the quotient 500 repre sents the average number of employees. R 3. Total man-hours exposure.— This figure should preferably be calculated from the time clock, or foreman’s card, or pay-roll records. If such records are not available the man-hours exposure should be estimated from the average number of employees. Assume a plant with 600 average number of employees working 50 hours per week for 52 weeks. The total man-hours exposure for the year, all employees, would be 600 x 50 x 52 or 1,560,000 man-hours. R4. The number o f in ju ries.— Th e number of injuries, not the number of acci dents, shall be recorded. For example, if 10 employees are killed in one boiler explosion, 10 injuries shall be recorded. R5. Perm anent partial disability.— Every permanent partial disability as well as every death and permanent total disability shall be counted as an injury even though the injured does not lose any time from work. R6. Method o f classifying in ju ries.— -No matter at what time of day the employee is injured, if no permanent disability exists and if at the beginning of the next calendar day he is unable in the opinion of the doctor to perform his ordinary duties or the normal duties of some other regularly established job, i. e., a job which is not set up solely to avoid counting the case as a temporary total dis ability, the injury shall be counted as a temporary total disability. On the other hand, if he is able to perform the normal duties of some other regularly established job, the injury shall be counted as a temporary partial disability. R7. E xam ple o f time charge.— Example 1: Employee is injured March 5 and returns March 22. Calendar days of disability— 16. Time charge— 16 days. Example 2: Employee is injured April 2 and returns April 9. He again was unable to work on April 15 due to same injury and returns M ay 1. Calendar days of disability— 22. Time charge— 22 days. R8. Perm anent im pairm ent o f fu n ction .— Example: If a complete loss of a hand is compensated by payment for 150 weeks, any impairment of function of the hand which is compensated by payment for 75 weeks shall rate as one-half of the complete loss of the hand or one-half of 3,000 days as specified in the Scale of Time Charges, section 4, or 1,500 days of disability. See also R10. R9. Tem porary disability.— Hernia, loss of teeth, and loss of any toe other than the great toe, are considered temporary disabilities only. For details see R6. R10. A ctual tim e lost.— The actual time lost due to injuries specified in defini tions 3.2, 3.3, 3.4a, and 3.4b shall not be charged. R l l . Calendar period charges.— All injuries should preferably be charged to the calendar period in which they occurred. For example, man scratches hand on July 31. He reports for first aid on August 2, but on August 3 infection sets in, causing several days’ disability. The injury should be charged to July 31. An exception may be made if the change affects an annual summary. Thus, if an injury in December 1931 does not cause any disability until February 1932, after the 1931 summary has been prepared, the work involved in changing the annual 185 FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY RATES s u m m a r y is h a r d l y w o r t h w h i l e , a n d i t is b e t t e r t o c o n s id e r t h e i n j u r y a s o c c u r r i n g in 1 9 3 2 .2 R12. Frequency rate.— To obtain the frequency rate multiply by 1,000,000 the total number of injuries and divide by the total man-hours of exposure. Form ula: No. of injuries X 1,000,000 Frequency r a t e = ~ ------ -----------r---------- ----------------’ No. of man-hours of exposure R13. Severity rate.— To obtain the severity rate, multiply by 1,000 the total time charges in days and divide by the total man-hours of exposure. Form ula: Severity rate = Total time charges in days X 1,000 Number of man-hours of exposure R14. W orkm en ’ s com pensation rulings.— When in doubt as to whether or not to count a specific injury case, the decision shall be made in accordance with the ruling of the governing workmen's compensation commission on this or similar cases. R15. Ship operations.— For ship operations, compute man-hours of exposure by using eight (8) hours daily for each employee, regardless of actual length of time worked. Man-hours of exposure for longshoremen should be computed from pay roll. R16. Ship operations.— For ship operations, count all injuries occurring on shipboard, or off ships while on duty. For injuries to longshoremen count only those cases occurring while on duty. R17. Tim e charges.— If at the time rates are to be computed the time charge for any injury is not definitely determinable, the doctor shall estimate the time charge to be used. * * * * * * * Several items in the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates require some elaboration. The numbers used identify the rule in the Standard. 3. 6: No definite method is laid down for the determination of time charges for temporary partial disability. The rule merely states that the number of calendar days shall be multiplied by some factor not exceeding unity, the factor to be developed by the agency computing the time charge. The principle involved is the same as evaluating permanent partial disability in terms of permanent total disability. If a permanent total disability is to be charged as 6,000 days, what, for example, shall be the charge for the loss of an arm? Similarly, temporary partial disability is computed in terms of tem porary total disability. The employee can work, but because of his disability he cannot perform his regular job. What shall be the time charge? In workmen’s compensation jurisdictions which recognize temporary partial disability and compensate it, the time charge can be de- 2 A revision of this rule is now under consideration. See subsequent discussion. 186 MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS termined simply and without the development of a factor. The time charge is the total time period, less the period multiplied by the ratio of the worker’s earnings after the injury to those he received before the disability. Total days of temporary Time charge = partial disability 'Total days of temporary Weekly w a g e after injury partial . disability Weekly wage before in;jury_ Suppose the disability lasts 30 days, and that the worker’s earnings during this period were $18 per week as against $27 at the time of the injury. The ratio factor in such case will be 18/27 or 2/3. Multiply ing the entire period of 30 days by this factor, we arrive at 20 days, the equivalent of full time worked. Deducting this from the total of 30 days, the time loss is found to be 10 days, which is the time charge. Agencies or establishments which cannot use the wage-ratio method probably will find it necessary to use a physician’s evaluation of the percentage by which the injured worker’s capacity to perform his regular job has been diminished. In the application of this factor, the following formula may be helpful. Time charge = Total days of Percentage of impairment of worktemporary X ing capacity to perform worker’s partial regular job disability If, for instance, a worker has a temporary partial disability lasting 30 days, and the doctor determines the percentage of impairment to be 40 percent, then— Time charge = 30 days X 0. 40 = 12 days R5: This rule merely provides that every permanent partial injury shall be counted as an injury even though the injured loses no time from work. For example, a worker may lose the first phalange of his little finger, but lose no time from work. The usual procedure would be to count this as an injury and charge against it 50 percent of the standard time loss of 300 days. The reference in this rule to “ death and permanent total disability” is not intended to convey the impres sion that a worker can experience either of these without loss of any time from work. R9: There are no standard time charges for hernia, loss of teeth, or loss of any toe other than the great toe. It will be noted that the standard provides a time charge of 300 days for the great toe or any two or m ore toes. But charges are to be made for any temporary total or partial disability which accompanied the hernia, loss of teeth, or loss of any toe other than the great toe. FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY RATES 187 RIO: The standard time charge for permanent partial disability is a flat charge without allowance for a healing period. It differs in this respect from the compensation procedure in many jurisdictions. R u le 1 1 . A recently proposed revision of this rule reads as follows: R l l . Calendar period charges.— Each injury should preferably be charged to the calendar period in which the accident occurred and its time charge should preferably be according to the disability finally developed and determined. When, as usually occurs, rates are compiled before complete information to achieve this is possible or available, it is necessary for comparative purposes that there be a uniform interval between the close of the period and the date of compilation. The occurrence of injuries and the time charges for them shall be charged to the period according to the information at the expiration of that interval. For an annual period such interval shall be one month. Injuries first reported later than that date shall be charged to the period in which they are reported. Where a change of status as to time charge occurs, whether with or without change as to class of disability, or is reported subsequent to the compilation of rates accord ing to this rule, each agency may make such compilation of these changes or revision of rates as it may desire. However, such compilation or revision shall be separate from and in addition to standard rates according to this rule. The effect of this change is as follows: Industrial injury rates for any calendar year would be compiled on the basis of information available up to February 1 of the following year. Included in the rate computations would be all injuries for the preceding year which at that time (i.e., February 1) are known to have occurred, as well as time charges for these injuries according to the best information available. If an injury which occurred during the preceding calendar year is not reported until February 1 or thereafter, then the injury is to be charged to the new year. This rule is to govern for comparative pur poses, but any establishment may, on its own records, charge the injury back to the year in which it occurred. The purpose of the proposed modification is to provide uniformity in rate computations for cases not reported or not resulting in disabil ity until after the year is closed. An important aspect of this rule is that no establishment would be required to break a continuous “ no accident record” by the inclusion of one of these earlier cases. For example, John Smith may have sustained a hernia in December 1938, but continued at work. No disabling injury is charged on his account during 1938. By August 1939, an operation becomes necessary, and John Smith is disabled for 3 weeks. The plant has had a continuous no-accident record since January 1, 1939. Under the newly pro posed rule, John Smith’s accident would be charged to 1939 for the purpose of computing the frequency and severity rates. But the accident would not be considered as having broken the continuity of the no-accident record established since January 1, 1939. 188 M ANU AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS The rule also implies that if an injury has been charged to a given year, but becomes more severe after February 1 of the following year— such as a temporary total disability turning into a permanent partial or even death— the establishment may make whatever changes it wishes to make on its own records, but is not to make any changes for comparative rate purposes. It has also been suggested that first-aid cases and temporary partial disabilities be counted as disabling injuries as of the time when a more severe type of disability, such as temporary total, begins. Disability D istribution3 From the foregoing rules and definitions formulated under the auspices of the American Standards Association, it is clear that the frequency and severity rates indicate relatively how often, on the average, disabling injuries occur per unit of exposure (i. e., per million employee-hours) and the severity of these injuries (measured in time loss per thousand employee-hours). The severity rate, however, fails to indicate how severe or serious the injuries really are. Because the rate is dependent on exposure, several fatalities may result in a severity rate no larger than that resulting from a large number of permanent injuries or a still larger number of temporary total injuries. One way of overcoming this difficulty is to compute a separate severity rate for deaths, permanent total, permanent partial, tempo rary total, and temporary partial disabilities. But such a method also has its drawbacks, because, although it gives the relative time charge for each type of disability, it does so in terms of employee-hours of exposure. The method suggested as a supplement is the disability distribution, which shows the number of disabling injuries for each type of disability per thousand injuries and the average time charge per disability. In the study of the iron and steel industry for 1936, for example, the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics computed a severity rate of 2.10— i. e., 2.10 days of time loss for every 1,000 hours worked— as against a rate of 2.15 for the same establishments in 1935. On the face of it, there was practically no change in the severity experience of the industry. But an analysis of the disability distribution showed that, per thousand injuries, there had been in 1936 11 deaths and permanent disabilities as against 10 in 1935 and 71 permanent partial disabilities as against 60 in 1935. The average time charge per permanent partial disability in 1936 was 801 as against 843 in 1935. Conse quently, the conclusion was drawn that for the industry as a whole there was during 1936, as compared with 1935, a shift toward rela tively more permanent injuries, but that on the average these injuries were of a less serious character than those occurring in 1935. 3 Not part of the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates. 189 FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY RATES The portrayal becomes more graphic when, instead of an entire industry group, specific types of departments in the iron and steel industry are considered. Heavy rolling mills, for instance, had per 1,000 disabling injuries 14 deaths and permanent total disabilities in 1935 and 30 such injuries in 1936. But permanent partial disabilities per 1,000 disabling injuries declined from 130 to 80, and the average time loss per injury from 897 to 752 days. There was no change in the average duration of cases of temporary total disability of 36 days per case. The following table for 30 manufacturing industries, covering the years 1935 and 1936, serves to illustrate the point further. D isability D istribution per 1,000 In ju ries and Average D ays Lost per D isability fo r Id en tica l Establishments in 80 M anu factu rin g Industries, 1935 and 1986 Death and permanent total dis ability 1 Industry Number per 1,000 injuries Permanent partial disability Number per 1,000 injuries Average days lost per dis ability Temporary total disability Number per 1,000 injuries Average days lost per dis ability 1935 1936 1935 1936 1935 1936 1935 1936 1935 1936 All industries_________________ ____ 7 Agricultural implements__________ __ 2 6 A utom obiles.-_____________ ___ Automobile tires and rubber goods _ __ 5 2 Boots and shoes- __ _ _____ ______ Brick, tile, and terra cotta___ ______ 10 3 Carpets and rugs ______ ______ 22 ___ ___ Chemicals _ _ _ ____ 4 Cotton goods. _____ ___ _____ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and 8 supplies__________________________ Fertilizers____ ___ __ ---------- ___ _ 15 Flour, feed, and other grain-mill prod ucts ______ ____ _____________ __ _ 12 Foundry and machine-shop products-.. 5 7 Furniture_______________ ____ 6 Glass____________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 Hardware___________ _____ ________ Iron and steel___ __________ _ _ ___ 10 4 Leather.. ____ ______ _ __ __ __ Logging------------------------------------------- 19 Lumber: 6 Planing mills______ _________ 7 Sawmills_____ _________ _____ Machine tools. ___ __ ___ ___ _ 10 Paper and pulp.. ________ ___ ___ _ 7 Petroleum refining _____ _ _______ 13 6 Pottery------ ------- ___--------- _ _ Shipbuilding, steel and wood______ _ 16 Slaughtering and meat packing_____ _ 6 Stamped and enameled ware. _______ 7 Steam fittings, apparatus, and sup 6 plies ________________________ 4 S to v es____ _ __ 3 Woolen goods____ _____ _ ___ 7 5 6 7 2 7 0 17 2 8 17 10 6 3 8 2 11 3 15 10 7 6 5 20 6 15 4 4 9 5 2 74 92 98 41 56 26 119 94 55 127 52 62 76 121 36 105 71 62 52 70 68 61 57 108 29 87 67 113 62 62 66 67 95 94 44 47 27 123 92 47 108 32 57 64 114 27 111 60 61 32 80 57 56 61 115 19 65 58 124 38 58 86 923 802 734 821 825 681 891 1,194 1,037 777 1,325 1, 516 906 815 851 488 843 1,009 1,487 1,058 1,384 722 1,115 1,237 390 879 884 841 830 940 1,168 902 600 705 899 927 852 882 1,115 1,080 742 1,646 1, 219 858 850 1,016 575 801 1,005 1,408 1,077 1,297 791 1,216 856 960 915 965 713 565 830 1,174 919 906 896 954 942 964 878 884 941 865 933 926 919 872 958 895 919 934 929 924 925 929 936 879 965 897 927 880 932 934 931 926 900 900 949 951 966 877 891 951 884 951 933 930 883 965 887 929 936 953 910 936 938 934 865 975 920 938 872 953 937 912 19 18 23 24 16 17 15 20 16 19 14 20 18 15 17 13 24 15 26 17 21 17 19 23 17 19 15 16 17 19 16 18 16 21 18 16 15 13 21 18 16 16 17 17 14 17 14 21 15 23 15 20 15 18 25 15 16 14 14 14 17 18 1 Each death or permanent total disability is charged with a time loss of 6,000 days. The disability distribution, however, is best used in combination with frequency rates. If the disability distribution is used by itself, it may indicate that in a given industry, such as petroleum refining 190 M AN U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS for instance, the relative number of deaths and permanent injuries is high, from which the conclusion may be drawn that the industry is highly hazardous. Actually, the frequency rate for petroleum refining for 1936 was only 10.42, indicating a relatively good accident experi ence. Going back for a number of years, it is found that the industry, through safety work, has steadily reduced its frequency rate from 31.36 in 1930 to 10.42 in 1936. The high proportion of serious dis abilities, therefore, is due primarily to an absence of minor injuries, which apparently have been prevented. The disability distribution, if used intelligently, will disclose shifts away from or toward serious injuries, and will permit comparisons between industries concerning the actual seriousness of the injuries incurred. Caution must be exercised in the conclusions drawn from such rates, and, of course, no such distribution should be compiled for a particular industry when the total number of disabling injuries for that industry is small. Appendix A .— Tabulating Card Jurisdictions with facilities for mechanical tabulating will be interested in the type of tabulating card necessary to bring out the data suggested in the tables. The card reproduced here is that used by the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation of Pennsylvania. This Bureau has been employing since January 1, 1938, essentially the statistical method proposed in this Manual for accident cause analysis, using a report form similar to, although somewhat more detailed, than the one suggested in chapter 6. In discussing this tabulating card, it will be necessary at times to describe briefly the present or anticipated practices of the Penn sylvania Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation. C a se n u m b e r .— The tabulating card columns for the case number permit a serial number as high as 999,999—not because that number indicates the size of the report volume received annually by the Bureau, but because of the likelihood that the volume may reach or exceed 100,000, and therefore require 6 columns on the card. The first of the 7 digits is used to indicate the year during which the report of industrial injury was filed with the Bureau. All reports received in 1938, for instance, begin with 8, those filed in 1939 start with 9, those for 1940 with 0, and so on. The number assigned to the 58,865th case filed with the Bureau during 1938 therefore had the serial case number of 8,058,865. This procedure is aimed at facili tating tabulations on the basis of reports received during the year, the method adopted recently by Pennsylvania. A single sorting operation on this first digit will sort out all cases reported during the year, regardless of the year of injury. Jurisdictions with a smaller annual case load, and which follow or wish to follow this method of individual case numbers, need use only as many columns as will suffice to meet the maximum case load anticipated. E m p lo y e r n u m b e r .— The employer number used by Pennsylvania’s Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation contains 8 digits. The first 4 of these are to identify the major industrial activity of an employer. The 4-digit code proposed as standard is to be used in this connec tion. The last 4 digits are to identify the individual employer within the field of his major economic activity. The numbers to be used for this purpose are assigned serially to the employer, depending on the order in which his first accident report is received after the system 191 to ACCIDENT CESCO— 5 3 7 6 4 9 CASE NUMBER 0000000 ACCIDENT CAUSE AGENCY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 11111 1111111 1111111 1 1 1111 1 1 1 TIME LOST 00000 II 00 00 000 00 £o 000 w eek: COMP. 000 00000 MED. OTHER 000 TOTAL 000 00000 0 11111111 11111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 11111 1 1111111111111111 22 2 2 22 2 2222 222 22 222 2222 22 22 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2222 22 2 22 3333333 33333333 4444444 44444444 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 4 44 4 444 4 4 4 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 33 4 44 44 4 44 5555555 55555555 5 55 5 555 555 5 5 5 55 33 33 3 3 3 33 33 33 3 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 44 44 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 444 4 4 44 44 55 55 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 55 55 5 5 55 5 5 55 5 5 ? 6666666 66666666 6 66 6 66 666 6 6666 66 66 6 6 6 6 6 6 7777777 77777777 7 77 7 8888888 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8 999999999999999 9 99 9 2222222 22222222 INJURY DATE EMPLOYER NO. 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 77 888 83 6666 6 66 6 66666666666666666 77 77 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8888 888 8 8 8 88 8 88888888888 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 919 9 9 9 99 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 S 8 10 1112 1314 1511 17 1819202122 23242S2S21282930 313233 34 35363738 3940 4142 434446 48 4?4<4850 5152 5354 5556 575859 6081f26X64 S566 B788M7Q 7172 7374 ?SIS 77 ?8 7980 BUREAU OF WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION Tabulating Card Used by Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation of Pennsylvania M AN U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS ACC1D. A P P E N D IX A 193 has gone into operation. The number, once assigned, identifies the employer 'p erm a n en tly. The John Smith Packing Co., engaged in wholesale meat packing, may be the 346th firm to report an indus trial disabling injury in the meat-packing industry. Under the 4digit code, the concern's industry classification is 2011. The em ployer number for the company therefore would be 2011-0346, to be shown on the card as 20110346. This number identifies the John Smith Packing Co. as long as it does business in the State. Again, States in which the workmen's compensation act does not extend to all the industries shown in the industry code, or which do not contain all these industries, may not require a number with 8 digits. The 4 digits for the employer's identification within his industry classification allow for a total of 9,999 individual employer listings. Some jurisdictions may find that 999 are sufficient, and may therefore cut the number of digits to 3. Similarly, if the industry classification is to be carried to only 3 digits, another digit can be cut off there. It should be borne in mind, however, that broadening the industry classification automatically tends to increase the number of firms that wull fall into any given classification. For illustration, when using the 4-digit industry-classification code, 3 digits may be sufficient to cover the maximum number of concerns in wholesale meat packing. But if a 3-digit industry classification is used, the group of meat products (code 201) will contain, in addition to “ meat packing, wholesale," the industries of sausages, prepared meats, etc.; sausage casings; and poultry dressing and packing. Obviously, more firms will fall into such a general classification than into “ meat packing." It is likely that what may be gained by contracting the industry code may have to be expended by allowing for additional serial numbers. C o u n t y .— Some jurisdictions prefer to publish accident and work men's compensation data by counties. The most important justifica tion for such a classification is that factory-inspection districts are often arranged by counties, and that the county identification for each reported injury permits allocating these injuries to individual factory-inspection districts, for the information of the inspectors. As a general rule, 2 digits will suffice, allowing for a maximum of 99 coun ties. Jurisdictions in States with a larger number of counties, if they want data by counties, will have to use 3 columns, providing for a maximum of 999 counties. Another justification is the fact that local safety organizations commonly request statistical information on a local basis. I n d u s t r y .— The industry classification in use when the system was introduced was a 4-digit code, which was to be replaced by the standard code when completed. In most instances, it will coincide with the first 4 digits of the employer number, but it will differ if the 194 M A N U A L ON IN D U S T R IA L -IN J U R Y STATISTICS accident involved occurred in a type of activity not identical with the major activity of the concern. For instance, the accidental injury or industrial disease may have occurred in a coal mine of a steel corpora tion, or in a retail store of a clothing manufacturer. The industry in which the injury occurred is in this way specifically identified, in addition to the major economic activity to which it is tied. The advantage of this type of analysis is that it permits a determination of whether the accident experience of captive or subsidiary establish ments is better or worse than those of establishments operated inde pendently. The point, of course, is that the operations of captive or subsidiary establishments may be subject to the safety regulations covering the large firm’s operations, where no such program may cover the independent concern which may be as large or even larger, in terms of employment, than the captive or subsidiary plant, mine, etc., in itself. Accident date.— The month of the year is punched in the first 2 columns, from 01 for January to 12 for December. The year is indi cated by the last digit, 1938, for instance, being indicated by 8, 1939 by 9, etc. The difference between this number and the first digit of the employer number is that the number here represents the year in which the disability was incurred , whereas the first digit of the em ployer number indicates the year in which the injury was reported to the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation. Injuries sustained in November or December of 1938, for instance, may not be reported until early in 1939. Particularly will delays of this type be true of contested cases. The tabulations of Pennsylvania, as already stated, are on the “ year in which reported” basis, rather than on the “ year in which the accident occurred” basis. Hours worked.— This item will not be found in the proposed report form. In addition to asking for the hour of the accident, the Penn sylvania form has the additional question: Hour injured began work ing. The difference between the hour the injured began working and the hour at which the accident occurred measures the number of hours the employee worked before being injured. The data are intended to throw some light on the incidence of disabling injuries as related to the hours of the working day. This item will be found of secondary importance in most jurisdic tions, and has not been provided for on the proposed report form. A ge. — The two columns for age allow for 99 years. C. C. (<conjugal condition) and sex.— Marital status and sex are provided for in this column. Dependency. — Two columns are provided for this item on the Pennsylvania card in keeping with a code somewhat more complex than the one suggested in chapter 7. The code suggested as standard requires only one column. 195 APPENDIX A O ccu p a tion . — Three columns are required by the occupation code now used by the Bureau. T im e e m p lo y e d . — The single column meets the requirements of the code given in chapter 7. The purpose of this information is to de termine whether employees new to jobs have relatively higher pro portions of disabling injuries than workers who have been working at their jobs for longer periods of time. W a g e . — The wage is punched to the nearest dollar and is the wage actually earned per week at the time of injury. The purpose of this information is to furnish data for the computation of wage loss. A c c id e n t cause {A g e n c y ; ag en cy p a r t; m echanical defect; p erson a l d efect). — The accident typ e; u n sa fe act; provisions on the card meet the requirements of the complete proposed cause code. The coding is carried to the full detail allowed by the code. Jurisdictions wishing to delete some of these items or to contract some of the codes will be able to reduce the number of columns required accordingly. I n j u r y . — Nature: The one column meets the requirements of the proposed code. Location: The two columns are required by the proposed code. They may be reduced to one if the contracted code for location of injury is used. Generally, however, such a contraction will not be found to be desirable. R e p o rt lag. — All jurisdictions need report-lag information, but, because of deficient staffing or pressure of work, some may not be able to tabulate such data. It is urged that, where possible, provision be made for this item. In su r a n ce carrier. — As a general rule, two digits, allowing for the listing of 99 carriers, will be found sufficient. Jurisdictions with exclusive State funds, of course, will not require this information at all and consequently may omit this item from the card, or may wish to use it to identify self-insuring employers. D is a b ilit y . — The proposed code requires only one column. P a y m e n t lag. — Jurisdictions unable to compile data on payment lag will want to omit this item from the card. T im e lost. — The time lost because of the disability is to be shown in weeks and calendar days. The three columns for weeks allow for a total of 999 weeks on any one card, and the “ days” column allows for another 6 days. It is unlikely that more than three columns will be required for “ weeks” in any jurisdiction, because 999 weeks are equivalent to more than 19 years. Should it be necessary, an extra column may be added. The “ days” column is to be used for fractions of weeks. If a disability, for instance, lasts only 4 days, the punching will be 0004. If, on the other hand, it is 67 weeks and 0 days, then the punching will show 0670. The “ time lost” item, incidentally, should 196 M A N U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS reflect the actual period of disability, and not the period for which compensation is payable or has been paid. C ost (com p en sa tion ; m ed ica l; other; total ).— Under these items are to be punched the costs for each reported injury. If no compensation payment is involved, but only medical cost, and that is reported, then zeros are to be punched in the compensation columns, and the amount paid as medical, rounded to the nearest dollar, should be punched in the appropriate columns. The number of columns used for each of these items will, of course, depend on the maximum amounts payable under the given State law and should be so adjusted. Statu s o f ca se .— The column utilized for the item of “ status of case” is a “ left-over” and serves for a problem peculiar to the Pennsylvania Bureau organization and otherwise would remain blank. The proposed method of coding, therefore, even when carried to all possible detail allowed by the proposed codes, and including one extra column for dependency and two more for hours worked than the proposed codes require, still leaves one vacant column. If the three extra columns are not necessary, the 80-column card will care for all of the proposed code detail and still leave 4 columns to spare. Appendix B .— Employer-Record Card Some jurisdictions have found it desirable to keep an employerrecord card on which every injury reported by an employer is recorded. In some instances the record card carries no more than the name of the injured worker, the date of injury, and the case number. Other jurisdictions have gone further and use the card to give some indica tion of the injury and the compensation costs involved. A card with this more comprehensive information serves four purposes: 1. It furnishes an office record of case numbers of the employer, making possible the location of a given record (if filed by case number) if the employer and employee names are known. 2. It furnishes a current and complete record of reported disabling injuries, which a factory inspector may utilize to inform himself thoroughly before making his visit to a plant or shop. 3. It furnishes complete compensation costs for each employer in connection with problems of insurance costs. 4. It furnishes a record of the insurance-policy termination date, making possible a timely follow-up. Em ployer:________________ Address:____________________ Employer N o _______________ Industry:__________________Insurer:_____________________Policy expires:______________ Disability Cost Acci Case Na Injury Employee name dent No. ture location Com date Type Weeks Days pensa Med Other Total tion ical The form reproduced here was designed for the Florida Industrial Commission. It is intended to be used on both sides, which are to be printed identically, except that the part of the card forming the top on one side will form the bottom on the other, i. e., the so-called “ tumble arrangement.” ^ If the individual entries are to be made on a 197 198 M ANU AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS typewriter, no additional lines are required on the form. But if the entries are to be made by hand, then it will be desirable to have the card ruled with the lines about %e.of an inch apart. The suggested dimensions of the card are 8 K "X 1 1 ". The items at the head of the card require little explanation. If the employer is insured by a casualty carrier, then the name of the carrier is to be shown. If the employer is self-insured, the entry should be “ self-insurer.” If the carrier is changed, the first entry is to be crossed out and the new carrier to be shown directly above. Similarly, the “ policy expires” date is to be corrected as a new policy is written or an old one renewed. The correction can be made by crossing out the old number and writing the new number above it. For the individual disabling injuries reported, the following items are to be shown: The injured employee’s name; the date of the acci dent, or, in the case of an industrial disease, the date on which the disability began; the case number; the nature of the injury, to be shown, where necessary, in abbreviated form, such as: amp. for amputa tion, cone, for concussion, punc. for puncture, fract. for fracture, etc.; the type of disability to be shown as: D. for death, P. T. for per manent total, P. P. for permanent partial, T. T. for temporary total, T. P. for temporary partial, and M. for medical only (noncompensable); injury location to be described briefly as hand, index and middle fingers, left eye, right leg, toes (right foot), etc. Under “ weeks” and “ days” is to be shown the actual (not the compensable) period of disability; and under the various items shown under “ cost,” the amounts paid as compensation benefits, medical expense, other expenses (such as funeral, artificial appendages, etc.), and the total cost. The entries through “ injury location” are to be made from the injury report. The remaining entries are to be made from the finalsettlement receipt. If the employer card is used to furnish the case number for reports filed subsequent to the injury report, then the disability and cost entries can be made on the card at the same time that the case number is copied from the card onto the final report. Appendix C.—Accident>Cause Statistics and Accident Prevention in Pennsylvania On January 1, 1938, the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation of Pennsylvania put into effect a method of statistical analysis aimed at providing the accident prevention section of the Bureau of Inspec tion with adequate information concerning the frequency and causes of industrial injuries. The procedure was based essentially on a modification of the Heinrich Cause Code, and was patterned closely after the version presented in chapter 9. It utilized also an employer’s report of industrial injury patterned closely after the report form suggested here, but carrying more detail. The Pennsylvania report form was adopted after it had been submitted to the criticisms of employer and insurance company representatives at an open meeting, and various changes had been made in the original draft in keeping with these criticisms. The coding is done directly by an experienced factory inspector, a graduate engineer.1 He analyzes the incoming reports of injuries and assigns the proper cause-code items, indicating agency, agency part, accident type, unsafe act, unsafe mechanical or physical conditions, and, in certain instances, personal fault. These code items, together with all the other information coded, are transferred to tabulating cards, which are afterward verified for accuracy of punching. These cards are then sent to the tabulating section for the monthly tabula tions. The monthly statistical tabulations are of two kinds: (1) Those for publicity, and (2) those for the accident prevention section. The first of these tabulations comprise 4 tables monthly. Table 1 gives a distribution by major industry groups of all injuries reported during the month, classified by the “ object causing injury” ; i. e., the agency, for which the major groups in the agency code are utilized. Table 2 distributes these reported injuries by accident cause (both unsafe act and unsafe material or physical conditions) and “ object causing injury.” In the cause classifications, the major cause groups given in chapter 9 are used. Table 3 gives accident types as well as nature of injury by “ object causing injury,” and table 4 gives a distribution of reported injuries by accident cause, accident type, and nature of injury. i Replaced July 1939. 199 159726°— 40- •14 200 M A N U AL ON INDUSTRIAL-INJURY STATISTICS The tabulations for the accident prevention section are divided into (1) those which are made monthly or quarterly, and (2) those which are to be utilized for special safety drives or for publicity activities aimed at specific accident causes. In the first of these categories, the following tables are to be com piled regularly, the first three monthly and the fourth quarterly: (1) Table 1 is to present monthly, for each of the 7 factory-inspection districts, the number of reported disabling injuries by extent of dis ability (i. e., fatal, permanent total, permanent partial, and temporary total), as well as the percentage which each of these is of the total reported injuries. For instance, in a given month district No. 1 had 7 fatalities, which amounted to 15 percent of the total fatalities for the State. The table is also to contain cumulative total and cumula tive percentage figures, to give a running summation from the begin ning of the year through the last month covered. (2) Table 2 is to give monthly for each district a summation of accident causes (using major cause groups) by industry. The num ber of injuries, as well as the percentage which each number is of the total, is to be shown. The industries listed will vary according to those found in each particular district. (3) Table 3 is to show monthly for each district the “ agency” involved in the accident cause and the type of disability that resulted from it. These disabilities are to be classified by extent, i. e., fatal, permanent total, etc. (4) Table 4, compiled quarterly, is to show for each district b y in dividual em p lo yers the number of fatal, permanent, and temporary injuries. Upon request, the accident prevention section is to be furnished, on several days’ notice, the experience of any employer. The purpose of all these data, of course, is to acquaint the safety men in each district with the injury experiences of employers, to indi cate the important accident causes, and to make possible the identifi cation of establishments whose accident records warrant investigation. Instead of making routine inspections, spending time on good as well as bad accident-record plants, safety men will be able to determine where their work will be most effective. The statistics are to tell them where to go and what accident causes to look for. In this connection, it is pertinent to indicate briefly the changes that were made in the organization of the section to enable it to utilize the statistical analysis and to function more effectively. The factory inspectors of Pennsylvania are required to inspect plants not only for hazards, but also for compliance with wage and hour laws, childlabor laws, etc. These burdens leave little time for any intensive and intelligently planned safety work. It was therefore thought APPENDIX 0 201 advisable to select from the ranks of the factory inspectors of each district a competent and trained safety man, who was to be freed of all duties except safety work. The functions of each of these special ized safety men are: To work with other inspectors in making accident investigations; to train these factory inspectors in safety; to promote safety organizations in plants; to promote local safety councils; to make surveys of accident problems in particular industries; to study the accident statistics and to determine from them where action is necessary and what types of unsafe acts and conditions are to be guarded against, and to communicate this information to the other inspectors in the district; to act as clearing centers for safe practices in their districts; and finally, to cooperate closely with local safety movements. Special drives are to be organized periodically to meet specific accident hazards, such as improper illumination or ventilation, unsafe ladders and scaffolds, etc. Each drive is to be based on the statistics of disabling injuries due to the particular hazard, and is to have the cooperation of manufacturers interested in proper equipment, of safety groups, etc., and to utilize the press, the radio, the meeting hall, and any other avenue that will spread the gospel of safety. It is believed that the cost of this entire program will be but a fraction of the savings to the employers and employees of the State in terms of prevented accidents. o