The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
Manpower Resources
in
Chemistry
and
Chemical Engineering
B u lle t in
U N IT E D
STATES
N o . 1132
DEPARTMENT OF
BUREAU OF LABO R STA T IST IC S
LABOR
M a n p o w e r R e so u rce s in
C h e m istry an d Chem ical Engi
B u l l e t i n N o . 1132
U N I T E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R
M artin
P. D u r k i n , S e c r e t a r y
B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T I S T I C S
Ew an Clague, C o m m is sio n e r
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. - Price 50 cents
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
United States Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Washington, D. C., February 1, 1953-
The Secretary of Labors
I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on man
power resources in chemistry and chemical engineering. The
study is based on data obtained through the registration program
for chemists and chemical engineers conducted in 1951 by the
National Scientific Register, James C. O'Brien, Director. The
Register was at that time in the U. S. Office of Education,
Federal Security Agency; on January 1953 the functions of the
Register were taken over by the National Science Foundation.
The American Chemical Society handled the mailing of the survey
questionnaires to its membership and to an extensive list of
qualified 1nonmembers Jcompiled by the Society's local sections.
This report was prepared in the Bureau's Division of
Manpower and Employment Statistics in cooperation with the
National Scientific Register. It was planned and written by
Laure M. Sharp and Theresa R. Shapiro under the supervision
of Helen Wood. Dr. B. R. Stanerson, Secretary, Committee on
Manpower, American Chemical Society, and Stephen L. Tyler,
Executive Secretary, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
served as technical consultants in reviewing the manuscript.
Ewan Clague, Commissioner.
Hon. Martin P. Durkin,
Secretary of Labor.
ii
CONTENTS
Introduction------------------------------- -— -— -----------Summary of f i n d i n g s ---------------------------------Chemists -------------------------------------------------Chemical engineers -------------------- ;------------------The surveyed chemists and chemical engineers----------Coverage of chemists ----Coverage of chemical engineers----------------------Part I - C h e m i s t s ------Labor supply in chemistry-------------------------------Fields of specialization ----------------------------A g e --------------------------------------------------Citizenship status----------------------------------Military s t a t u s ----------------------------Level of education----------------------------------Major subject for highest degree -------------------Employ m e n t-----------------------------------------------Fields of employment --------------------------------Industries where employed ---------------------------Employment of w o m e n ---------------------------------F u n c t i o n ---------------------------------------------I n c o m e -----------------------------------------------A g e --------------------------------------------------Level of e d u cation ----------------------------------Type of e m p l o y e r ------------------------------------I n d u s t r y --------------------------------------------Income of women c h emists----------------------------Part II - Chemical engineers--------------------------------Labor supply in chemical engineering -------------------Fields of specialization ----------------------------Women chemical engineers ----------------------------A g e --------------------------------------------------Citizenship status ----------------------------------Military status -------------------------------------Level of education----------------------------------Major subject for highest degree -------------------Employment-----------------------------------------------Fields of employment --------------------------------Industries where employed ---------------------------F u n c t i o n ---------------------------------------------Income ---------------------------------------------------A g e --------------------------------------------------Level of e d u cation ----------------------------------Type of e m p l o y e r ------------------------------------I n d u s t r y ---------Occupational outlook and related publications of the Bureau
of labor Statistics--------------------------------------
iii
Page
1
2
2
6
10
11
12
13
13
13
1415
15
16
18
20
20
21
25
26
29
30
30
31
3435
39
39
39
39
40
40
40
41
42
43
43
43
46
48
49
50
50
51
110
iv
TEXT TABLES
Page
1.
2.
3.
4*
5.
6.
7.
Highest degree held by men and women graduate chemistry
students, 1 9 5 1 ----------------------------------------Type of employment of chemists, 1941, 1943, and 1 9 5 1 ---Percent of chemists in manufacturing industries, by type
of industry, 1941, 1943, and 1 9 5 1 --------------------Annual income of chemists, by level of education and in
dustry, 1 9 5 1 ------------------------------------------Military status of chemical engineers, by age, 1951 ----Percent of chemical engineers employed in manufacturing
industries, 1946 and1 9 5 1 ------------------------------Annual income of chemists and chemical engineers, by age
group, 1 9 5 1 --------------------------------------------
18
22
23
35
41
44
49
CHARTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Nearly half of all chemists specialize in organic chem
istry: Percent of chemists reporting their field of
highest competence, 1951 ------------------------------Half of all chemists are under 35 years of age: Age
distribution of chemists, 1 9 5 1 -----------------------Nearly three-fourths of all men and almost half of all
women chemists are in manufacturing industries: Percent
of men and women chemists working for each type of em
ployer, 1 9 5 1 ------------------------------------------Chemists with Ph.D.'s are highest-paid group in each type
of employment: Median incomes of chemists by age, level
of education, and typeof employer, 1 9 5 1 ---------------Incomes of chemists are highest in private industry:
Median and quartile incomes of chemists, by age and
type of employer, 1 9 5 1 --------------------------------Women chemists have lower incomes than men, especially in
the older age groups: Median income of men and women
chemists, by age and level of education, 1 9 5 1 --------Young men predominate in chemical engineering: Age
distribution of chemical engineers, 1951 -------------Relatively more chemical engineers than chemists work in
the petroleum and industrial chemicals industries:
Percent of all chemists and chemical engineers employed
in selected branches of manufacturing,1 9 5 1 -----------Relatively fewer chemical engineers than chemists are in
research, and more do production and design work: Per
cent distribution of chemists and chemical engineers by
function, 1 9 5 1 -----------------------------------------
13
14
25
32
33
37
40
45
47
v
APPENDIX TABLES
Page
Distribution of chemistry respondents, by employment
status and field of highest competence, 1951 ------Distribution of chemists, by area of concentration
within field of highest competence, 1951 ----------Fields of highest competence of men and women
chemists, 1 9 5 1 --------------------------------— ----Age of chemists, by field of highest competence, 1951Age of men and women chemists, and graduate students
of chemistry, 1951 ---------------------------------Citizenship status of chemists, by field of highest
competence, 1 9 5 1 ------------------------ -----------Military status of men chemists, by age group, 1951 —
Military status of men graduate students of chemistry,
by age group, 1951 ---------------------------------Distribution of chemists, by field of highest com
petence and level of education, 1951 --------------Age of chemists, by level of education and sex, 1951—
Fields of education of chemists, by level of educa-
52
53
55
56
57
58
59
61
63
64
65
Comparison of chemists' fields of highest competence
and fields of current employment, 1 9 5 1 ----- -------Industries in which chemists were employed, 1951 ----Industries in which chemists were employed, by level
of education, 1951 ---------------------------------Distribution of chemists within each industry, by
level of education, 1951 ---------------------------Distribution of chemists, by field of employment in
each industry, 1 9 5 1 --------- -----------------------Level of education of women chemists, by industry,
1 9 5 1 ------------------------------------------------Functions performed by chemists in each industry,
1 95 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Function performed by chemists, by level of education
and age group, 1951 --------------------------------Age of chemists, by function performed, 1951 --------Function performed by women chemists, by level of
education, 1951 ------------------------------------Age of women chemists, by function performed, 1951 --Annual professional income of chemists, by age, 1951—
Median and quartile incomes of chemists, by level of
education and age, 1951 ----------------------------Median and quartile incomes of chemists, by age group,
for the principal types of employers, 1951 --------Median and quartile incomes of chemists, by age group
and level of education, for the principal types of
employers, 1 9 5 1 -------------------------------- — ■
—
66
68
70
71
72
74
75
76
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
vi
APPENDIX TABLES-CONTINUED
Page
A-27.
A-28.
A-29A-30.
A-31.
A-32.
A-33*
A-34»
A-35*
A-36.
A-37.
A-38.
A-39A-4-0.
A-4-1.
A-42.
A-43A-44*
Median income of chemists, by age, level of educa
tion, and industry, 1 9 5 1 ---------------------------Annual professional income of women chemists, by age
group, 1 9 5 1 ------------------------------Median and quartile incomes of men and women chemists
by level of education and age group, 1 9 5 1 ---------Distribution of respondents in chemical engineering,
by employment status and field of highest com
petence, 1 9 5 1 -----------------Level of education of chemical engineers, by age
group, 1 9 5 1 ----------------------------------------Military status of men chemical engineers, by age
group, 1 9 5 1 --Military status of men graduate students of chemical
engineering, by age group, 1 9 5 1 -------------------Fields of education of chemical engineers, by level of
education, 1 9 5 1 ------------------------------------Industries in which chemical engineers were employed,
I 9 5 I -------------------------------------------------------------------
Industries in which chemical engineers were employed,
by level of education, 1 9 5 1 ------------------------Functions of chemical engineers, by industry, 1 9 5 1 --Functions performed by chemical engineers, by level of
education, 1 9 5 1 ----------Age of chemical engineers, by function performed,
1 9 5 1 --------------------------------- --------------Annual professional income of chemical engineers, by
age group, 1 9 5 1 ---------------------------------------Median and quartile incomes of chemical engineers, by
level of education and. age group, 1 9 5 1 ---------------Median income of chemists and chemical engineers, by
level of education and age group, 1 9 5 1 ---------------Median and quartile incomes of chemical engineers, by
age group for the principal types of employer, 1951Median income of chemical engineers with bachelor's
degree only, by age and industry, 1 9 5 1 ----------------
86
88
89
91
92
93
95
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
106
108
109
INTRODUCTION
Chemistry and chemical engineering are two of the fastestgrowing professions in the United States. In 1951, there were
close to 150,000 chemists and chemical engineers in the country,
nearly twice as many as in 194-0. The industries which are the
chief employers of chemists and chemical engineers expanded great
ly during the 194-0's and have had a further, sharp growth since
mid-1950, when the current defense program was initiated. Con
sequently, demand for personnel in the chemical professions has
mounted and shortages have developed in many areas of employment,
despite the greatly increased supply of qualified chemists and
chemical engineers.
Because of these manpower shortages and the importance of
the chemical professions to the defense program, information on
current and prospective personnel resources in these professions
now has special significance. This report is based on a 1951 sur
vey which included approximately 52,000 chemists, 13,000 chemical
engineers, and 7,000 graduate students of chemistry and chemical
engineering. 1/ It contains information on the fields of special
ization, age, military status, and educational background of both
the experienced scientists and engineers and the graduate students.
The relative numbers of chemists and chemical engineers employed
in different industries, the functions they performed, and the
incomes they received are among the other topics discussed. Whereever possible, separate information is given' for women scientists—
thus providing the first comprehensive data on the employment of
women in a major scientific field. In addition, recent trends in
the employment of chemists and chemical engineers are traced by
comparing the findings of the survey with those of earlier studies
carried out by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
l/ This 1951 survey was conducted by the National Scientific
Register, with the cooperation of the American Chemical Society.
The Register staff had primary responsibility for the development
of the questionnaire and of technical and administrative procedures,
and served as the coordinating agency for the various cooperating
groups. The questionnaires were edited and coded in the Boston
regional office of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, under contract
with the Register, which also supplied the basic machine tabulations
for the present report. The study v/as planned and the report
written in the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
- 1 -
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Chemists
Chemists Included in the Survey
The approximately 52,000 chemists covered by this survey
comprised mere than half the profession in mid-1951. The 3,900
women chemists included likewise represented more than half of
all women in the profession. In addition, the survey covered
approximately 6,000 graduate students of chemistry, two-thirds
of all graduate students majoring in this subject in 1951*
About two-thirds of the respondents were members of the Ameri
can Chemical Society.
Fields of Specialization
Most industrial applications of chemistry are in the field
of organic chemistry, and almost half the chemists surveyed cited
this as their field of highest competence. Much smaller numbers
classified themselves as specialists in other branches of chemis
try, as follows: analytical chemistry, 13 percent; inorganic
chemistry, 9 percent; physical chemistry, 8 percent; agricultur
al and food chemistry, 6 percent; biochemistry, 6 percent; and
pharmaceutical chemistry, A percent. Three percent were scattered
among other specialties, and the remaining 5 percent were classi
fied as general chemists.
Among graduate students, many of whom had not yet progressed
far enough in their studies to specialize,the proportion classi
fied in general chemistry was much higher (26 percent). Those
who indicated a specialty most often reported organic chemistry,
with physical chemistry in second place.
Organic chemistry was also the leading specialty among women
chemists, but much higher proportions of women than of men were
analytical chemists and biochemists.
Age
Chemistry continues to be a growing profession.
Two out of
three chemists in this 1951 survey were under AO years of age.
Their median age was 35, only 2 years higher than that of all
chemists in 19A0.
- 2 -
- 3 -
Women chemists are concentrated in the younger age groups.
Their median age was found to be 39 years. Among the chemists
of all ages, only 1 out of 13 was ja woman, but among those under
30 the proportion of women was much higher, 1 out of 6.
Military Status
Of the 4-6,000 men chemists who reported their military sta
tus, 914 were on active duty with the Armed Forces in mid-1951
and 7,050 were members of reserve organizations. Thirty-six of
the women chemists were also reservists. This means that close
to 15 percent of all chemists might be affected by a call-up of
all reservists.
A much higher proportion of the younger chemists was re
servists— 19 percent of the men under 26, and 24- percent of those
aged 26-34 years. In addition, 20 percent of the graduate .stu
dents were in reserve organizations.
Educational Background
Although emphasis on graduate training has increased in
this as in many other professions during recent decades, the
majority of chemists have only bachelor's degrees. This was the
highest degree held by 54 percent of the surveyed scientists.
Five percent had entered the profession without completing col
lege. Seventeen percent had obtained but not gone beyond the
master's degree, and 24 percent held the Ph.D. The proportion
of Ph.D.'s was higher among chemists in the survey than among
all chemists in the country; it is estimated that not more than
15 percent of the Nation's chemists held Ph.D.'s at the end of 1950.
In two specialties, biochemistry and physical chemistry,
approximately half the respondents held doctorates. In all other
fields, scientists with graduate degrees were in the minority.
Relatively few women chemists in the survey had Ph.D.'s—
only 14 percent compared with 24 percent of the men. The; charac
teristic graduate degree for women chemists was the M. S., where
as for men it was the Ph.D.
Few scientists enter this profession from other fields of
study. More than 90 percent of the surveyed chemists and 96 per
cent of the graduate students obtained their highest degrees in
chemistry or chemical engineering. Engineering (exclusive of
chemical engineering) was the only other discipline in which a
sizable group of chemists (3 percent) took their most advanced
training.
247574 0 - 5 3 - 2
- 4 -
Fields of Employment
The overwhelming majority (95 percent) of the surveyed
chemists were working in chemistry in mid-1951. The following
information on employment and income is based only on these
scientists and excludes the small group (5 percent) who were
working in chemical engineering or other scientific or nonscientific fields.
Manufacturing industries were the most important source
of employment for these chemists, utilizing twice as many as
all other types of employment combined. The 67 percent em
ployed in manufacturing industries compares with 14 percent
who were in educational institutions and 8 percent in Federal,
State, and local governments. The remaining 11 percent worked
for consulting laboratories, nonprofit research institutes,
hospitals, mining companies, and various other employers.
The chemicals industries* chiefly industrial organic and
inorganic chemicals, employed the majority (53 percent) of the
chemists in manufacturing. Ten years before, in 1941> the
corresponding figure was less than 45 percent, according to a
BLS survey. This comparison reflects the tremendous expansion
of the chemical industries over the past few years. The pe
troleum, rubber, food, and paper industries were also major
employers of the surveyed chemists.
Manufacturing industries are particularly important as a
field of employment for chemists without graduate training.
Three-fourths of the surveyed scientists holding only bachelor's
degrees were employed in this field, compared with three-fifths
of the masters and half of the Ph.D.'s. There were only two
specialties, organic and pharmaceutical chemistry, in which the
great majority of the Ph.D.'s were in manufacturing industries.
Among the v/omen chemists, the proportion employed in manu
facturing industries was 49 percent, much lower than among the
men (72 percent). The only manufacturing industries which em
ployed sizable numbers of women chemists were organic and in
organic chemicals, drugs and medicines, and food and kindred
products. On the other hand, more than twice as large a pro
portion of the women (28 percent) as of the men (13 percent)
were employed in educational institutions.
Functions Performed
The principal activity of chemists is research. Close to
half of those in the survey (45 percent) were employed chiefly
- 5 in research and development in 1951* Much smaller numbers were
engaged in analysis and testing (18 percent), management (11
percent), teaching (11 percent), production (6 percent), tech
nical sales (4- percent), and a variety of other functions.
Even among the chemists in colleges and universities, 21 per
cent indicated that research and development work was their
chief function. The proportion of chemists employed in this type
of work was, however, much higher in government (51 percent) and
in the manufacturing industries (4-9 percent).
The relative numbers of chemists performing various func
tions were directly related to the scientists' educational back
ground. Among the Ph.D.'s, 55 percent were engaged in research
and development and 26 percent in teaching. The corresponding
figures for chemists with only master's degrees were 4-9 and 18
percent, and for those with only bachelor's degrees, 4-1 and 3
percent. Second to research, analysis and testing was the primary
activity of the chemists without graduate degrees.
In general, the proportion of chemists engaged in research
was higher in the younger than the older age groups. On the
other hand, management and teaching bulked much larger in the
activities of the older than of the younger men.
Although research was the leading activity of the women
as well as the men chemists,a smaller proportion of the women
(37 percent) than of the men reported this as their chief func
tion. Nearly as many women (31 percent) were employed in analy
sis and testing as in research. Another large group (19 percent)
were teachers.
Professional Income
The median professional income of the surveyed chemists was
$5,500 a year in mid-1951. This figure was probably somewhat
higher than the median income of all the country's chemists,
owing to the disproportionately large number of Ph.D.'s in the
survey, but it is estimated that the difference was not more than
a few hundred dollars.
The chemists under 25 years of age had a median annual in
come of $3,4-00* In the older age groups, median earnings increased
to a peak of $7,900 for the chemists between 55 and 60 years of age.
Education was another determinant of income. The Ph.D.'s
in the survey had a median income of $6,900, compared with
$5,4-00 for the chemists with only master's degrees and §4->900 for
those with bachelor's degrees.
- 6 The scientists in private industry tended to have consider
ably higher earnings than those working for other types of em
ployers. Their median income was $5,800, compared with $5,000
for the government employees and $4-,900 for the educators.
In general, the woraen in the survey had considerably lower
average incomes than the men of comparable age and educational
background, largely because of their more limited opportunities
for employment and advancement. The gap in earnings was especial
ly wide in the older age groups. For example, among the 50-54
year-old chemists with only bachelor's degrees, median income
was $4,500 for women and $8,300 for men. Among those ages 30-34,
on the other hand, the median was $4,100 for women and $5,200 for
men.
Chemical Engineers
Chemical Engineers Included in the Survey
Nearly a third of all the country's chemical engineers were
included in the survey. The majority of these 13,000 engineers
were members of a professional society. The survey also covered
approximately 1,000 graduate students of chemical engineering,
slightly over a third of all those enrolled during the academic
year 1950-51.
Age
The rapid growth of the chemical engineering profession is
reflected in the age distribution of the chemical engineers in
the survey. Their median age was 32 years, compared with 35 for
the surveyed chemists. Only 20 percent of the engineers had
reached the age of 40.
Military Status
A sizable proportion of the Nation's chemical engineers
would be affected by a general call-up of reservists. One out
of every four engineers in this 1951 survey was a member of a
reserve organization. This was a somewhat higher proportion
than was found among chemists (one out of seven). In the 26-34
year age group, one out of every three chemical engineers was
a reservist.
About the same proportion of graduate students (26 percent)
as of experienced chemical engineers were in reserve organizations.
- 7 -
Educational Background
Chemical engineers hold doctor's degrees more often than
do engineers in other specialties, but not as frequently as
chemists. Only 7 percent of the survejred chemical engineers,
compared with 24 percent of the chemists, had obtained doctor
ates. In both professions, the proportion of Ph.D.'s was higher
among the groups surveyed than among all the country's chemists
and chemical engineers. Nevertheless, nearly three times as
many of the reporting chemical engineers held master's or second
professional degrees (20 percent) as held doctorates, and for 71
percent the baccalaureate was the highest degree held. Only 2
percent had no college degree.
Even fewer chemical engineers than chemists enter their
respective professions from other fields of study: 97 percent
of the surveyed chemical engineers had obtained their highest
degrees in either chemical engineering or chemistry, compared
with 90 percent of the chemists.
Fields of Employment
Usually it is easier for a chemical engineer to work as a
chemist than for a chemist to enter the chemical engineering
field. Seven percent of the respondents who classified them
selves as chemical engineers were employed in chemistry at the
time of the survey. In contrast, only about 1 percent of those
who reported their field of highest competence as chemistry were
employed in chemical engineering.
Besides the group working in chemistry, a few of the chemi
cal engineers (l percent) were employed in other engineering and
scientific fields, and 2 percent were in nonscientific fields.
However, the great majority (90 percent) held jobs in chemical
engineering in mid-1951. The following information on employment
and income is based on these engineers only and does not cover
the small group with jobs in chemistry or other fields.
Manufacturing industries employed most of these chemical
engineers (84 percent), an even higher proportion than of the
chemists in the survey (67 percent). Few reporting engineers
worked for government agencies or for educational institutions
(4 percent in each case). Another 5 percent were working for
research and consulting laboratories or firms performing engi
neering services. The remaining 3 percent reported employment
in public utilities, mining, construction, and various other
fields.
- 8 -
Less than half the chemical engineers employed in some
branch of manufacturing were in the chemicals industries.
This was a somewhat smaller proportion than for the chemists.
On the other hand, the petroleum and machinery industries em
ployed a higher percentage of chemical engineers than of the
chemists.
Jobs outside of manufacturing were a significant source of
employment only for the small group of chemical engineers who
held Ph.B.1s . Thirty percent of the Fh.D.*s— as opposed to 4
percent of all chemical engineers— were employed in educational
institutions.
Functions Performed
Although chemists and chemical engineers employed in manu
facturing industries may work side-by-side, they frequently per
form different functions. The activities in which the surveyed
chemists were most often engaged were, first, research and de
velopment and, second, analysis and testing. Among the chemical
engineers, almost as large a proportion were in production work
(28 percent) as in research and development (31 percent) and a
relatively large group were engaged in design (12 percent).
About the same proportion of chemical engineers as of chemists
had attained managerial positions (10 percent). The remaining
chemical engineers were engaged in analysis and testing (7 per
cent), technical sales and services (3 percent), consulting
work (4- percent), and various other functions.
The men with graduate degrees were more likely to be
engaged in research and development than were those with only
bachelor's degrees. In addition, the proportion of teachers
was highest among men with the most advanced training. Rela
tively few chemical engineers with graduate degrees were doing
analysis and testing or production work.
Income
The median annual professional income of all chemical
engineers in the survey was $5,600. Three out of four reported
an income of at least $4 >4-00, and one out of four earned more
than $7,300 a year.
A comparison of the incomes of these chemical engineers
with those of the surveyed chemists shows, as do previous
studies, that chemical engineers tend to earn more than chemists
of comparable age. The difference in income levels was widest
in the older age groups. Among the respondents aged 55-59>
- 9 -
for example, the engineers had a median income of $1 1 ,4.00,
$3,500 higher than the median for chemists, but in the 25-29
year age bracket the difference in median income between the
two professions was only $500.
At every age level, the relatively small number of chemi
cal engineers with graduate degrees had higher average incomes
than those with less academic training. The median income
figure for Ph.D.’s of all ages was $7,900, compared with $ 5,900
for the masters and $ 5 ,4-00 for the bachelors.
Chemical engineers employed in private industry tended to
have higher incomes than those of comparable age in other types
of employment. The government workers had the lowest median
income in every age bracket, but the income difference was small
among the younger men. Thus, chemical engineers aged 25 to 29
had a median annual income of $4, 000 in government agencies,
$4»300 in educational institutions, and $4,600 in private indus
try. In the 40-44 year age group, on the other hand, the median
annual income of the government employees was $ 6 ,100 , compared
with $ 8,100 for the educators, and $8,200 for the engineers in
private industry.
The relatively high incomes reported by the engineers in
educational institutions were due in part to the fact that close
to 60 percent of them held Ph.D. degrees, whereas only 5 percent
of those in government and private industry had doctorates.
It
must also be borne in mind, in interpreting the findings on in
come, that many faculty members of engineering schools have
opportunities to supplement their salaries by consulting and
other outside work.
THE SURVEYED CHEMISTS AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
The mailing list used in this survey had two major sources—
the membership roster of the American Chemical Society and sup
plementary lists of qualified chemists and chemical engineers
compiled by local sections of the Society. Altogether, approxi
mately 130,000 questionnaires were mailed, about half to ACS
members and the rest to persons not affiliated with that Society.
As of August 31, 1951> which was the cut-off date for in
clusion in this statistical study, a total of 83,801 returns
had been received, of which 74,300 were usable. The nonusable
returns included some which were improperly or incompletely
filled out and also returns from scientists or other persons who
reported a field of highest competence oth^r than chemistry or
chemical engineering. Such returns were omitted from the present
study, as were the approximately 2,000 questionnaires sent in by
undergraduate students. The total number of questionnaires in
cluded in the statistical tabulations was thus only about 72,000.
In order to determine the proportion of Society members
among the respondents, a random sample of the usable returns was
selected. Sixty-four percent of the persons in this sample group
were found to be ACS members, and another 6 percent (who did not
belong to ACS) were members of the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers. Undoubtedly, many of the engineers who were ACS mem
bers were affiliated also with the Institute, although no statis
tics are available on this point.
It is estimated that, in 1951,
roughly half the country’s chemists and chemical engineers belonged
to one or both of these societies. Thus, the proportion of society
members was higher among the scientists and engineers in this sur
vey than in the two professions as a whole. This may be one reason
why the survey included a larger proportion of the Ph.D.’s in
these professions than of the chemists and engineers with less for
mal education. 2/
Of the 72,189 respondents included in this study, 51,963
were classified as chemists (on the basis of their own statement
as to their field of highest competence), 13,369 were classed as
chemical engineers, and the remainder were graduate students of
chemistry (5,880) or chemical engineering (977). The employment
status of the experienced scientists and engineers was as follows:
~27
For further details on this point, see pp. 16 and 41-4.2.
- 10 -
- 11 -
Chemists
Chemical engineers
Total......................
51.693
13.369
Employed...................
Unemployed.................
Retired....................
51,155
122
13,3 H
28
27
686
Information on the specialties of the retired chemists and
chemical engineers who sent in questionnaires is given in tables
A-l and A-29, but this small group has been excluded from all
other tables and from all of the analysis. The few respondents
who were unemployed at the time of the survey are included with
the vastly larger numbers who were employed except where an in
dication is made to the contrary. Separate figures are given for
graduate students in all cases.
Coverage
of Chemists
There were approximately 100,000 professionally active chemists
in the country in 1951, according to a BLS estimate. The 51,277
chemists in the current study thus comprised more than half of all
those in the profession. The 3,900 women chemists (7 percent of
the total number in the survey) likewise represented over half the
women in the field. Comparisons of the findings of this survey
with those of earlier studies suggest that the chemists included
here were generally representative of the profession with respect
to age, field of specialization, and type of employer (i.e., pri
vate industry, government, education), although their level of
education differed to some extent from that of the entire profession.
The total number of professionally active chemists with
doctorates was about 15,000 in 1951. J / The present survey in
cluded approximately 12,000 Ph.D. chemists, or about 80 percent
of the national total. No exact estimate of the total number of
active chemists with only master’s or bachelor’s degrees can be
made for 1951. It is estimated, however, that roughly half of
all such chemists were included in the study. Although the pro
portion of bachelors and masters in chemistry and chemical engi
neering in the survey was thus considerably lower than that of
i / This estimate is based on the statistics on doctorates
granted in chemistry and biochemistry compiled by the National
Research Council for each year since 1912, adjusted for losses
by death and retirement.
247574 0 - 5 3 - 3
- 12 -
Ph.D.'s, the coverage of these groups is considered large enough
to permit broad conclusions as to their characteristics and
employment.
The total number of graduate students of chemistry and bio
chemistry enrolled during the academic year 1950-51 has been
estimated at approximately 8,000 by the National Research Council.
This survey, which included 5,880 graduate students (of whom 425
were women), thus covered about two-thirds of all such students.
Coverage
of Chemical
Engineers
A smaller proportion of the Nation's chemical engineers than
of all chemists were included in the present survey. Of the total
of more than 45,000 professionally active chemical engineers in
1951, the survey included 1 3 ,342 , or between a fourth and a third.
The approximately 1,000 graduate students of chemical engineering
in the study represented slightly over a third of those enrolled
during the academic year 1950 - 5 1 *
*
Comparisons with earlier studies suggest that, like the
chemists, the surveyed chemical engineers were generally repre
sentative of the profession with respect to such key character
istics as age and type of employment. As in the case of chemists,
there was a higher proportion of Ph.D.'s among the surveyed chemi
cal engineers than in the profession as a whole in 1951— 7 percent,
compared with approximately 3 percent. However, the actual number
of engineers with Ph.D.'s was so small that this disproportion
could not have significantly affected the over-all findings.
PART 1 - CHEMISTS
Labor Supply in Chemistry
Fields of Specialization
Of ell the natural sciences, chemistry has made the largest di
rect contribution to industrial growth. The giant chemical industries
built up in this country since World War I were made possible by the
discoveries of chemists, who benefited in turn from the resulting
employment opportunities. The profession is so closely associated
with industry that the relative numbers of chemists in different
specialties reflect, to a considerable extent, the degree of emphasis
on each specialty in industrial research and development programs.
Most industrial applications of the science are in organic chem
istry. Consequently, many more chemists specialize in this than in
any other branch of the profession. In filling out the questionnaire
in this survey, each respondent was asked to select from a list of
detailed specialties the one he considered his field of highest com
petence. Nearly half (46 percent) of the chemists cited specialties
in organic chemistry. Ihe next largest groups were in analytical chem
istry (13 percent), inorganic chemistry (9 percent) and physical
chemistry (8 percent). The propor
tions with highest competence in
other fields were: in agriculture
Chari 1. Nearly Half of All Chemists Specialize
in Organic Chemistry
and food chemistry, 6 percent} in
P E R C E N T O F C H E M I S T S R E P O R T I N G T H E IR FI EL D
biochemistry, 6 percent} in phar
O F H I G H E S T C O M P E T E N C E , 1951
maceutical chemistry, 4 percent}
PERCENT
and in all other specialties com
0
10
20
30
40 ________ 50
bined, 3 percent. The remaining
~■ I
5 percent were classified as gen
eral chemists (table A-l and
chart 1).
Information on the
detailed specialties reported by
the chemists will be found in
table A-2.
y
4/ Table A-l contains sepa
rate information on fields of
highest competence for the em
ployed, unemployed, and retired
chemists, and for graduate stu
dents of chemistry.
The retired
chemists are omitted from all
subsequent tables. Information
pertaining to graduate students
is shown separately wherever it
is presented.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
- 13 -
Sou rce : Ta b le 2
- H Women chemists.— Although the figures presented above include
both men and women, they reflect primarily the specialties of the
men, who comprised 93 percent of all the surveyed chemists. The
women were distributed very differently among the various branches
of the profession. Nearly as many women were specialists in analyt
ical chemistry (23 percent) as in organic chemistry (25 percent).
The proportion specializing in biochemistry was also comparatively
large (table A-3 ), and so was the group classed as general chemists,
among whom were many women high school teachers and the group who
taught introductory chemistry courses in college.
Graduate students.— The graduate students in the survey like
wise included a sizable group (26 percent) classified as in general
chemistry, but for a different reasons many had not yet gone far
enough in their studies to become specialists. Like experienced
chemists, the students who had specialized were most often in or
ganic chemistry. In general, the distribution of graduate students
among the various fields of specialization was similar to that of
experienced chemists holding graduate degrees, except with respect
to the expanding field of physical chemistry: a much higher pro
portion of graduate students than of U.S. and Ph.D. chemists were
specialists in this branch of chemistry. The numbers of graduate
students in the various fields of specialization are shown in
table A-l.
Age
The continued growth of the chemical profession is reflected
in the low average age of its members. Two-thirds of the chemists
in this survey were under 40 in raid-1951 (chart 2). Their median
age was 3 5 , only 2 years higher
than the median age of chemists
Chari 2. Half of All Chemists Are Under
35 Years of Age
in 194-3 Jj/ and at the time of
A G E D IS T R I B U T I O N O F C H E M I S T S , 1951
the 1940 Census.
PERCENT
Among the chemists in various
specialties, the oldest groups
were the food and agricultural
chemists, with a median age of
3&.
5/
Factors Affecting Earn
ings in Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, (p. 3), Bulletin
No. 881, 1946. U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics.
UNITED STATES -DEPARTMENT Of LABO*
Bureau of lasok statistics
- 15 -
The two youngest groups, each with a median age of 33, were the
analytical and the general chemists (table
k-A )•
Women chemists.— The women in this profession are concentrated
in the younger age groups to a far greater extent than the men. The
median age of the surveyed women was 29 , end close to 80 percent
were under
(table
Among chemists of all ages, only 1 out
of every 13 was a woman, but in the age groups under 30 a sixth of
the surveyed chemists were women. Apparently, many women chemists
stop working when they marry and have families.
AO
A -5)•
Graduate students.— The largest group (48 percent)of the
chemistry students surveyed were between 25 and 30 years of age at
the time of the survey. Fifteen percent were 30 or over. Only 37
percent were under 25 > as shown in table A-5* The main reason why
the proportion of students under 25 was not higher was undoubtedly
the large contingent of veterans in the student group.
Citizenship Status
The great majority of chemists in this survey (93 percent)
were native-born Americans. Most of the others were naturalized
(5 percent) or aliens in process of naturalization (1 percent).
Only 275 chemists (0.5 percent) were resident aliens who had not
applied for citizenship. The only fields with relatively high
proportions of foreign-born chemists were pharmaceutical chem
istry and biochemistry. In both these specialties, naturalized
citizens and aliens constituted about 1 1 percent of all respond
ents (table A-6 ).
Military Status
The military status of the members of a profession must be
taken into account in evaluating personnel resources in that field,
especially with reference to the impact of further mobilization.
There were 7,050 members of reserve organizations among the 46,000
men chemists who reported their military status, and 36 of the
women chemists were in reserve organizations. This means that
close to 15 percent of all chemists might be affected by a call-up
of all reservists.
A much higher proportion of the younger men were reservists—
19 percent of those under 26 and 24- percent of those between 26 and
35. For chemists aged 35 or over, the corresponding figure was on
ly 8 percent. About the same proportion of graduate students (20
percent) as of young chemists were in the Reserves.
- 16 -
Hen on active duty with the Armed Forces as of mid-1951 re
presented a sizable group (13 percent) among the surveyed chemists
under 26 years of age. Of those over 25, only 2 percent were on
active duty. It appears, therefore, that most of the chemists in
the Armed Forces were draftees rather than reservists. Altogether,
914 chemists representing 2 percent of the men in the survey, were
in the Armed Forces in 1951* Slightly less than a third (298 ) re
ported that they were doing scientific work. It should be noted,
however, that the survey findings probably understate the propor
tion of all chemists who were serving in the Armed Forces in 1951,
because difficulties were experienced in contacting such persons
by mail questionnaire. Furthermore, the rate of nonresponse was
undoubtedly high among men in this group.
Detailed figures on the military status of reporting chemists
and graduate students in each age group are shown in tables A-7
and A-8 .
Level of Education
In chemistry, as in many other professions, graduate train
ing has received increasing emphasis during the past three decades.
Nevertheless, the baccalaureate is still the highest degree held
by the majority of chemists. Fifty-four percent of those surveyed
had only a bachelor's degree. Five percent had entered the profes
sion without completing college, though practically all of them had
done some college work. Seventeen percent held master's degrees
but no doctorate, and
percent had Ph.D.'s. 6/ This last figure
was influenced by the survey's higher coverage of Ph.D.'s than of
scientists with less academic training; it is estimated that not
more than 15 percent of the Nation's chemists held Ph.D.'s at the
end of 1950.
2U
In two fields of specialization, biochemistry and physical
chemistry, the proportion of Ph.D.'s is far above the average for
the profession. In both these fields, approximately half the sur
veyed chemists held Ph.D.'s. In all other fields, the bachelor's
degree was the most common (table A-9)•
6/ For convenience, the designation "Ph.D.'' is used here and
throughout the report to refer to all scientists with earned doc
torates in philosophy, science, or education.
Similarly, the des
ignations "B.S." and "M.S." cover persons with degrees in arts as
well as those with degrees in science.
- 17 -
Differences in average age between the scientists holding
bachelor's degrees only and those with more advanced training can
be accounted for partly by the time required to obtain graduate
degrees. The median age of the bachelor's was 33 years, compared
with 36 years for the master's and 39 for the Ph.D.'s. The rel
atively small number of chemists who had never completed college
also had a median age of 39. Despite general recognition of the
importance of college training for scientific work, it has con
tinued to be possible in recent years for a few people without col
lege degrees to enter the profession (table A-10)•
Women chemists.— For women chemists, the characteristic
graduate degree was the master's degree— held by 21 percent of
those surveyed— whereas for men it was the Ph.D. Only 1A percent
of the women chemists, compared with 2A percent of the men, had
Ph.D.'s. The great majority of women (63 percent) held the B.S.
as their highest degree, and only 2 percent had no college degree.
There were sharp differences in educational background be
tween the younger and older women chemists (table A-lo)• Thirtynine percent of the women aged AO or over held Ph.D.'s and 70 per
cent had at least a master's degree} on the other hand, only
25 percent of those under AO had obtained an advanced degree.
In
fact, unlike men chemists holding doctor's degrees, most of the
women Ph.D.'s were over AO, as shown by the following figures:
Chemists with Ph.D.
Men
Women
Number Percent
Number Percent
Under AO years ....
Over AO years ....
6,258
5,209
5A.6
A5.A
212
32A
39.6
60.A
The preponderance of masters and doctors among the older
women chemists suggests that women with advanced degrees are less
likely to drop out of the profession at an early age than those
who have made less of an educational investment. It is also pos
sible that women who entered the profession more than 15 years ago
felt that an advanced degree was essential. At that time the only
substantial employment opportunities for women were in educational
institutions, where there is more emphasis on formal training than
in other types of employment.
- 18 -
Graduate students.— About 70 percent of the graduate students
in this study held only bachelor's degrees. Twenty-eight percent
of those surveyed had master's degrees and were presumably working
toward a doctorate, and 2 percent were engaged in post-doctoral
work. Among women graduate students the proportion doing advanced
work was lower, as shown in table il.
Table 1.— Highest degree held by men and women graduate chemistry
students, 1951
Men
Women
Number
Percent
Total ...................
5,455
100.0
425
100.0
Ph.D. degree ...........
Other doctor'3 degrees...
Master's degree .........
Bachelor's degree ......
124
5
1,542
3,784
2.3
.1
28.3
69.3
7
1
94
323
1.7
.2
22.1
76.0
Number
Percent
Major Sub.lect for Highest Degree
As would be expected of a group of scientists whose fields
of highest competence were in chemistry, the great majority (77 per
cent) of the surveyed chemists obtained their highest degrees in
that science. Moreover, most of the others— the 13 percent who
had majored in chemical engineering— had also received much formal
training in chemistry. The two fields of study are therefore com
bined in the following analysis.
There were some differences among the scientists at the
various levels of education in the proportion that had taken their
highest degree in chemistry or chemical engineering. Only 5 per
cent of the Ph.D.'s had obtained doctorates in other subjects—
usually in one of the agricultural or biological sciences
(table A-ll). Among the chemists with bachelor's degrees only,
the proportion who had majored in other subjects was 10 percent)
most of this small group took their degrees in other branches of
engineering. The chemists whose highest degree was the master's
included a few (5 percent) who had taken this degree in education,
presumably to prepare themselves for high school teaching. This was
one reason why a higher proportion of the masters (14 percent) than
of either the bachelors or doctors had done their most advanced
academic work outside chemistry or chemical engineering.
- 19 -
These findings can be compared with figures for physicists
from the National Scientific Register survey of that profes
sion. 2/ Twenty percent of the physicists at all levels of edu
cation had earned their highest degrees in a field other than
physics, and 14 percent in fields other them physics or electrical
engineering, from which many electronics physicists have been
drawn in recent years. The greater proportion of recruits from
other fields among the physicists than the chemists may be ex
plained, at least in part, by the greater shortage of personnel
in physics than in chemistry in recent years.
The graduate students surveyed were primarily young people
who had previously selected chemistry or chemical engineering as
their chief field of interest. Only 4 percent of the total of
about 4,000 students who were still working toward their first
graduate degree had majored as undergraduates in subjects other
than chemistry or chemical engineering. Among the approximately
1,600 students who held the master’s degree, all but 5 percent
had taken this degree in either chemistry or chemical engineering,
and all but 2 percent of the small group of post-doctoral students
had obtained their Ph.D.'s in one of these two fields. In general,
the study indicates that the chemistry profession can count on few
recruits from other fields of undergraduate study.
7/ Manpower Resources in Physics, 1951 (Scientific Manpower
Series No. 3 of the National Scientific Register). U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and Federal Security
Agency, 0. S. Office of Education, National Scientific Register,
1952.
247574 0 - 5 3 - 4
- 20 -
Employment
Fields of Employment
Every profession sooner or later loses some of its trained
members to other fields of employment, and chemistry is no excep
tion. Even among the respondents in the current survey who con
sidered chemistry their field of highest competence, there were
some who were employed in fields other than chemistry at the time
they filled out the questionnaire. However, these scientists were
only a small group— 2,570 (5 percent) of the surveyed chemists.
Furthermore, 723 of them were employed in chemical engineering and
461 in other fields of science or engineering. Only 1,386 (3 per
cent of all the chemists) were employed in nonscientific, nonengi
neering job3.
The great majority of the chemists in the survey (85 percent)
reported that they were currently employed in the branch of chem
istry in which they were most competent.
The proportion so em
ployed was highest among the organic chemists (87 percent) and
lowest (69 percent) among the specialists in inorganic chemistry.
Most of the chemists not employed in their first specialty
were working either in another branch of chemistry or in general
chemistry. The general chemists were usually educators, who taught
either courses in general chemistry or courses in several branches
of the science. However, many such educators carry on research in
one branch of chemistry, which they regard as their field of high
est competence.
Table A-12 shows the number of chemists employed in each
branch of the profession at the time of the survey, cross-classified
8/ In interpreting these findings it must be borne in mind
that questionnaire respondents tend to report the field in which
they are currently working as their field of highest competence, es
pecially if two or more specialties might be applicable. Never
theless, the proportion of chemists employed in their field of high
est competence is noteworthy. The National Scientific Register sur
vey of physicists showed that the proportion of physicists employed
in their field of highest competence was lower than that found among
chemists— probably because of the sizable proportion of physicists
who had teaching positions and were classed as in "Physics, general."
-
2 1
-
by their fields of highest competence. As this table indicates,
each field had both gained and lost some scientists. The net
effect in most fields was a current employment figure which came
close to the number of scientists who considered themselves spe
cialists in that field. However, in a few fields, notably in
organic chemistry, the number currently employed was significantly
lower than the number with first competence in that area of chem
istry. The personnel loss from inorganic chemistry suggests that
personnel resources are somewhat greater than requirements in this
field, possibly because of the traditional emphasis on inorganic
chemistry in studies leading to the master’s degree.
Relatively high proportions of analytical and physical chem
ists were also employed outside their respective specialties, the
largest group in each case being employed in organic chemistry. In
all probability, however, most of the analytical and physical chem
ists employed in other branches of chemistry were doing work close
ly related to their field of highest competence.
The remainder of Part I— which discusses the industries where
chemists are employed, the functions they perform, and the income
they receive— is based on the approximately 47,000 respondents who
were working in chemistry at the time of the survey. The 2,570 who
were employed in other scientific or nonscientific work are ex
cluded from this analysis.
Industries Where Employed
Unlike most other scientists, chemists are employed primarily
in private industry. The members of the chemistry profession who
were working in that science at the time of the survey were em
ployed in manufacturing industries in two out of every three cases.
One out of 10 had jobs with business concerns of other types— in
cluding consulting firms, mining and construction companies, and
public utilities. Altogether, about three-fourths of the employed
chemists were in private industry.
In contrast, only 14 percent
were in educational institutions, and a still smaller group (8 per
cent) were in Federal, State, and local government agencies (tables
A-13, A-14).
There has been a pronounced increase over the last decade in the
proportion of chemists employed in manufacturing industries and a
marked drop in the proportion in educational institutions. The growth
of the profession has been so rapid, however, that even in education
the actual number of chemists employed was at least as high in 1951
as 10 years before. Government agencies sharply increased their em
ployment of chemists during the decade, although the proportion of
these scientists holding government jobs was somewhat lower in 1951
than in 1941* as shown by table 2.
- 22 -
Table 2.— Type of employment of chemists, 194-1, 1943, and 1951
Percent employed in Year 1/
Manufac
turing
industries
1941 .....
1943 .....
1 9 5 1 .....
58.7
64.0
66.6
Government (Fed
eral, State,
and local)
9.8
11.6
8.3
Education
Other types of
employment 2/
22.0
16.1
14.1
9.5
8.3
11.0
1/ Figures for 1941 and 1943 are based on Factors Affecting
Earnings in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, (p. 17), Bulletin
No. 881, 1946. U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics.
2/ Includes mining, construction, public utilities, nonprofit
foundations, consulting firms, health services, trade and profes
sional associations, etc.
Chemists with only bachelor's degrees are concentrated in man
ufacturing industries to a greater extent than those with more ad
vanced training. Three-fourths of the bachelors in the survey, com
pared with three-fifths of the masters and only half of the Ph.D.'s,
reported employment in these industries (table A-14)•
Educational institutions were a substantial source of employ
ment for scientists holding graduate degrees, particularly those
with doctorates. Thirty-two percent of the Ph.D.'s and 16 percent
of the masters, but only 3 percent of the bachelors, were working
for colleges and universities.
To look at the figures another way, nearly two-thirds of the
faculty members in the survey held doctor's degrees (table A-15).
It is well known that there is greater emphasis on formal training,
especially the doctor's degree, in colleges and universities than
in private industry. However, the proportion of Ph.D.'s is probably
not as high among all chemistry faculty members in the country as
among those in this study, because of the survey's higher coverage
of Ph.D.'s than of chemists without doctorates.
There is some evidence also that government agencies attach
greater importance to formal education in their employment poli
cies than do most industrial employers of chemists.
Two-fifths of
the government chemists, compared with one-third of those in
- 23 manufacturing industries, held graduate degrees. The chemists who
had not completed college were a small group in all types of employ
ment, but they represented only half as large a proportion of the
government employees (3 percent) as of the chemists employed in man
ufacturing industries (6 percent).
Employment in manufacturing industries.— Gains in employment of
chemists have been recorded over the past decade in most manufactur
ing industries. The chemicals industries— the foremost employers of
chemists— have expanded their chemistry staffs so greatly that the
proportion of all chemists in manufacturing industries who were on
their payrolls rose from 44 percent in 1941 to 53 percent in 1951•
In the petroleum, rubber, food and kindred products, and paper and
allied products industries, the actual numbers of chemists employed
also increased significantly, although in most of these industries
there was a decrease in the proportion of chemists employed (table 3).
In the textile industries, on the other hand, there was an actual
reduction in chemistry staffs during the 10-year period, leading to
the sharp drop in the proportion of chemists in these industries which
is indicated in table 3»
Table 3•— Percent of chemists in manufacturing industries,
by type of industry, 1941, 1943, and 1951 1/
Industry
Chemicals and allied products ...
Petroleum and coal products .....
Rubber products ...............
Food and kindred products ......
Textile mill products ...... .
Paper and allied products ......
All other manufacturing ........
T o t a l .... .................
1941
1943
1951
44.3
12.8
5.5
8.9
7.7
•9
19.9
45.0
12.0
5.9
8.1
3.3
3.6
22.1
53.2
11.3
4.3
7.2
2.3
3.0
18.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
1/ Figures for 1941 and 1943 are based on Factors Affecting
Earnings in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bulletin No. 881,
1946. U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Among chemists in manufacturing industries, as in the entire
profession, the organic chemists were by far the largest group, and
the analytical and inorganic chemists were the next largest groups.
Comparatively few physical chemists had jobs in manufacturing in
dustries, and the relative numbers of biochemists and of general
chemists employed there were even smaller (table A-16).
-
2U -
The chemicals industries as a group employed especially large
numbers of organic chemists; nearly three-fifths of the surveyed
chemists in these industries were in the organic field. There were
some industries, however, in which organic chemists were not predom
inant. The drug industry, for example, naturally employed mainly
pharmaceutical chemists (table A-16). In the food industries, agri
cultural and food chemists were in the majority.
In the primary
metals industry, the number of inorganic and analytical chemists
exceeded that of organic chemists. Nearly every industry, however,
uses a variety of specialists. Thus, a few of the surveyed scien
tists in the electrical machinery industry were working in pharma
ceutical chemistry; several chemists in the rubber industry had
jobs in the field of agricultural and food chemistry, and there were
some biochemists in petroleum refining.
Although in private industry as a whole the overwhelming major
ity of the chemists held only bachelor’s degrees, in some branches
of manufacturing a sizable proportion had graduate degrees. In
dustry differences were especially noticeable with respect to the
proportion of Ph.D.’s (table A-15)• Only 8 percent of the chemists
in the primary metals industry and 9 percent of those in the paints
and varnishes industry held Ph.p.'s. The proportion with doctorates
was larger than this in every other industry for which figures are
available. It was highest in the manufacture of professional and
scientific instruments (28 percent) and in the drug industry (26
percent).
Employment in government and education.— The majority of the
surveyed chemists working for government agencies were Federal em
ployees. Of the 3,898 government chemists, 3,071 were employed by
Federal agencies, 519 by State Governments, and the remaining 308
by local authorities.^Approximately a third of the Federal em
ployees were in the Department of Defense, and the second largest
group were in the Department of Agriculture. The Interior Depart
ment and the Federal Security Agency— which includes the Public
Health Service— also employed sizable numbers. Ip/
Among these were 85 members of the Armed Forces on active
duty with the Department of Defense.
10/ These findings parallel closely those of a survey conducted
in 1951 by the U. S. Civil Service Commission on Federal employment.
According to that survey, there were U t346 persons with the job title
of "chemist’’ as of June 30, 1951* However, there were undoubtedly
many more chemists employed by the Federal Government who held jobs
as, for example, soil scientist, home economist, and physical science
administrator.
- 25 The role of Federal, State, and local government agencies in
guarding the public health and improving and increasing the food
supply is reflected in the specialties of the government chemists.
About AO percent of these chemists were working in analytical chem
istry (including those connected with the administration of pure
food and drug laws), in agricultural and food chemistry, or in bio
chemistry (table A-16). In contrast, only a fifth of the chemists
in manufacturing industries worked in these fields.
Like government agencies, educational institutions employed
a much lower proportion of organic chemists (28 percent) than did
manufacturing industries, and higher proportions of specialists
in other fields, particularly physical chemistry and biochemistry.
Compared with manufacturers, colleges and universities also em
ployed relatively high proportions of chemists whose positions
were classified as in general chemistry. Work in general chemistry
was, however, more common in secondary schools, which employed AO
percent of all the general chemists in the survey.
Employment of Women
Although far more of the women chemists in this study had jobs
in manufacturing industries than in any other area of employment, the
proportion employed there was by
no means as high as among the men.
On the other hand, relatively more
Chart 3. Nearly Three-Fourths of All Men and Almost
Half of A ll Women Chemists Are in Manufacturing Industries
women than men reported employment
in educational institutions and in
PERCENT OF MEN AND WOMEN CHEMISTS
hospitals and other types of es
WORKING FOR EACH TYPE OF EMPLOYER, 1951
tablishments classed under "All
others," as shown in chart 3»
AL L O T H E R
In line with the over-all in
crease in employment of chemists
in manufacturing industries during
the past decade, there has been a
decided rise in the. relative num
ber of women chemists in industrial
positions. From the limited evi
dence available, it appears that
employment in manufacturing indus
tries has risen at about the same
rate for the women as for the men.
Most women thus employed work in
a limited number of industries—
industrial chemicals, drugs and
medicines, food and kindred prod
ucts, and petroleum.
These in
dustries employed almost two-thirds
GOVERNMENT
ED U C A TIO N
M A NU FA C TU R ING
IN D U ST R IE S
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Source'. Table 13
- 26 of the women but less than half of the men who reported that they
had positions with manufacturers (table A-17).
The women holding only bachelor's degrees were concentrated
in manufacturing industries to about the same extent as the com
parable group of men. The employment pattern of women who held
advanced degrees, however, differed sharply from that of their male
colleagues with the same level of training. Only 19 percent of the
women Ph.D.'s and 30 percent of the women with master's degrees
worked in manufacturing industries, compared with 51 percent of the
men Ph.D.'s and 62 percent of those with M.S.'s.
For women chemists with graduate degrees, educational institu
tions were the leading source of employment. More than half the women
Ph.D.'s and over a third of those holding only master's degrees woriced
for colleges and universities. It should be noted, however, that on
ly 35 percent of the women in colleges and universities had doctor's
degrees compared with 69 percent of the men.
Function
Each chemist was asked to indicate the type of work in which he
was primarily engaged at the time of the survey by checking 1 of a
list of 10 broad classes of functions. 11/ The principal activity
of 4-5 percent of the respondents was research and development. The
proportion was above this average figure in most manufacturing in
dustries, in government, and in research and consulting agencies
(table A-18.) In only two major industry groups employing substan
tial numbers of chemists (the food and kindred products and primary
metals industries) were less than 4-0 percent of the surveyed chemists
engaged in research and development. Some of the research in these
industries is carried out by specialists in other fields (especially
the biological sciences or metallurgy). In colleges and universities,
also, a sizable proportion of the chemists (21 percent) were devoting
the major part of their time to research and development programs,
financed in many cases by business firms or by the Federal Government.
11/ The following function code was used:
(1) research, development, or field exploration;
(2) consulting, clinical practice,
engineering economics, or evaluation;
(3) management or adminis
tration;
(4.) teaching;
(5) technical writing and editing, patents,
or library workj
(6) design;
(7) inspection, clinical analysis,
testing, or analytical ar.d process control;
(8) production/opera
tion, maintenance, construction, or installation;
(9) technical
sales and service or marketing and purchasing;
(y) other.
- 27 -
Next to research, analysis and testing was the activity re
ported by the largest number of chemists, 18 percent of the total.
In government agencies— where a number of chemists are needed to
assist in such programs as the administration of food, sanitation,
and health regulations— almost a third of the chemists were in this
kind of work. In the manufacture of primary metals and in food pro
cessing, also, relatively high proportions of chemists were doing
analysis and testing.
The only other activities reported by sizable numbers of the
surveyed chemists were management and teaching, each of which was
cited as a chief function by 11 percent of the total. The proportion
of chemists in management was above average in those industries
which employed the largest numbers of chemists— chemicals and
petroleum. Many of the chemists engaged in management in these in
dustries, no doubt were supervising research staffs.
Relatively few chemists, not more than 6 percent in each case,
were engaged in production, design, technical sales, consulting, or
technical writing. There was a greater tendency to use chemists in
production work in the manufacture of drugs and medicines and of
paper products than in other industries. The industries in which
the proportion of chemists engaged in technical selling was largest
were those, such as industrial chemicals, which market their prod
ucts primarily to other producers (table A-18).
The kind of work a chemist does is more dependent on the amount
of formal training he has received than on the industry in which he
is employed.
In the present survey, almost everyone engaged in
teaching had a graduate degree. Research also was carried out more
frequently by the chemists with advanced degrees than by those who
had not gone beyond the baccalaureate. On the other hand, almost
no Ph.D.'s and relatively few holders of the master's degree (11 per
cent) were in analysis and testing, although approximately a fourth
of the bachelors and over a third of the small group who had not
completed college reported this as their chief function. Production
and technical sales work were other activities which engaged higher
proportions of the chemists without graduate degrees than of those
with more advanced academic training (table A-19)♦
Every activity reported here was carried out by some chemists
in each age group. However, the chemists doing analysis and test
ing— which is often routine work— were a younger group than those
in other types of activities, whereas the group engaged in manage
ment and consulting work were considerably older, on the average,
than other members of the profession.
The teachers, most of whom
were in colleges and universities, also tended to be older than
247574 0 - 53 -5
- 28 -
most other groups of chemists. Their median age was 40 years, com
pared with 35 for all chemists in the study (table A-20.) Even
among the chemists with graduate degrees, relatively few young men
were entering the teaching profession. 12/ Teachers have compara
tively low average incomes (as shown by the data in the next sec
tion). It is not surprising, therefore, that young scientists
should go into research instead of teaching, at a time when there,
are abundant opportunities for employment in industry and in govern
ment.
Women chemists.— Because the great majority of chemists are
men, the findings presented so far reflect primarily the activi
ties of the male members of the profession. The pattern was
rather different among women chemists. Thus, research and develop
ment was the principal activity of only 37 percent of the surveyed
women, compared with A6 percent of the men. The next largest group
of women chemists (31 percent) were doing analysis and testing— a
much larger proportion than for the men (17 percent). Teaching and
technical writing were other activities in which relatively more
women than men were engaged* 19 percent of the women compared
with 11 percent of the men were teachers, and 10 percent of the
women compared with 1 percent of the men were technical writers.
On the other hand, few women were in managerial positions or pro
duction work (1 percent in each case, compared with 12 and 8 per
cent, respectively, of the men).
Most of the women as of the men teachers held graduate degrees
and were in the older age groups. On the other hand, among the
women as among the men, most scientists engaged in analysis and
testing were young and held only bachelor's degrees. Tables A-21
and A-22 give further data on the functions performed by women
chemists, according to level of education and age.
12/ More than 70 percent of the Ph.D.’s under 35 years were
in research and development work, but only 36 percent of those
over 4-5. The opposite held true of the relative numbers in each
age group engaged in teaching. Less than a fourth of the Ph.D.'s
under 35 but 3A percent of those past U5 were teachers.
The same
relation between age and function is found for holders of the
master's degree (table A-19)•
- 29 -
Income
The median professional income of all chemists in this survey
was |5,500 a year in mid-1951; half earned more and half earned
less than that amount. The best paid fourth earned at least $7,400
(the upper auartile) and three out of four earned more than $4,200
(the lower quartile). 13/ These are total annual income figures,
including bonuses, fees, royalties, and other professional earnings,
as well as salaries. They cover only chemists working as such at
the time of the survey, omitting the 5 percent with jobs in other
fields. 14/ Because of the survey's disproportionately high cover
age of Ph.D.'s and the fact that chemists with doctorates tend to
earn more than those with less formal education, the surveyed scien
tists probably had a slightly higher average income than all chemists
in the country. It is estimated, however, that the difference in
median incomes was not more than a few hundred dollars.
Average
earnings in the profession have probably gone up since the time of
the survey, owing to the rising demand for chemists during 1951-52
and the general upward trend in earnings throughout the country.
During the past decade there has been a marked increase in
chemists' earnings, as in the over-all income level in this country.
In 1943, chemists had a median annual income of only $3,280 accord
ing to a Bureau survey. 15/
13/ Persons filling out the questionnaire were not asked to
state their exact income but were given the following list of
brackets to checks Under $3,000, $3,000-$3,999» $4,000-$4,999>
$5>000-$5,999» $6,000-16,999; $7,000-$7,999; $8,000-$9,999;
$10,000-$14,999; $15,000 and over. Furthermore, the income question
on the questionnaire was marked "optional.'' However, 80 percent of
all the respondents supplied answers to this question. A statistical
comparison between those who reported income and those who failed to
reply revealed no significant differences between the two groups with
respect to sex, age, level of education, or type of employment.
14/ See p. 20*
15/ Factors Affecting Earnings in Chemistry and Chemical Engi
neering, (p. 11), Bulletin No. 881, 1946. U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics. In comparing median incomes in 1943 and
1951, it should be noted that the data from these two surveys are not
strictly comparable owing to differences in the age composition and
educational background of the surveyed scientists.
- 30 Age
The fact that age and experience are important factors in the
determination of scientists' income has been demonstrated by several
previous surveys. 16/ In the present survey, the highest paid group
of chemists were those aged 55-59 years. Median earnings rose from
a lew of $3,4-00 for the scientists under 25 to a peak of $7,900 for
those between 55 and 60. After the age of 60, a slight decline in
earning power was evident (table A-23).
Earnings increased most rapidly in the age groups from 25 to 39•
Between these ages, there was a rise of at least $1,000 in median
annual income from one 5-year age group to the next. For example,
the 30-34 year-old chemists had median earnings of $5,400, whereas
the corresponding figure for the 35-39 year-old group was $6,500.
Among the scientists past 40, changes in median income between age
groups were considerably smaller (table A-23.)
The earnings of individual scientists varied widely both above
and below these average figures. This was true in all age groups but
especially among the older members of the profession. The chemists
voider 25 earned more than $2,700 a year in three out of every four
cases, and the earnings of the top-paid fourth began at $3,800} the
range between these two figures (the interquartile range) was only
$1,100. For chemists aged 50-54, the corresponding range was more than
five times as great ($6,100)} in this age group, the highest paid fourth
all earned over $11,800, and the lowest-paid fourth less than $5,700.
Level of Education
The findings of this survey clearly point to the earnings ad
vantage which accrues from academic training— and especially from the
doctor's degree— for members of the chemistry profession. At most
age levels, chemists with doctorates had higher median and quartile
incomes than all other chemists. The median annual income of all
Ph.D. chemists in the survey was $6,900 in mid-1951, compared with
$5,400 for holders of the master's degree and $4,900 for those whose
highest degree was the B.S. (table A-24).
The small group who had not completed their college education
had slightly higher over-all median earnings ($5,000) than the holders
of bachelor's degrees. This, however, was an apparent rather than a
real exception to the general finding that scientists' earnings are
16/ See Employment. Education, and Earnings of American Men of
Science, Bulletin No. 1027, 1951, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics} also Manpower Resources in Physics, 1951. Na
tional Scientific Register, Scientific Manpower Series No. 3, op.cit.
- 31 -
directly related to their educational level. The chemists without a
college degree were an older group than the bachelors> and they were
concentrated to an even greater extent in private industry (where earn
ings tend to be higher than in other types of employment, as indicated
in the next section). When age and type of employment are taken into
consideration, the scientists with bachelor’s degrees are better paid
than those without a degree (chart 4).
Table A-24 also shows that, among the surveyed scientists aged 40
and over, the master’s degree holders in each age grot?) had lower me
dian earnings than the bachelors; a larger proportion of the former
than of the latter worked for educational institutions, where earnings
are relatively low. The apparent disadvantage of the scientists holding
M.S. degrees, compared with those without a graduate degree, disappears
when both age and type of employer are taken into account.
Type of Employer
Earnings of chemists are considerably higher in private indus
try 17/ than in either educational institutions or government agen
cies. The median income of the surveyed chemists was $5,800 in
private industry, compared with $5>000 in government and $4>900 in
colleges and universities. In every age group over 30> the private
industry employees with only the bachelor’s degree had higher average
incomes than the Ph.D.'s in colleges and universities— suggesting
that the type of employer for whom a scientist works is likely to
have even more effect on his earnings than his degree.
Earnings differences between the scientists in private industry
and those working for other employers were especially marked in the
case of men near the top of the income scale for their particular
type of employment (table A-25).
The income advantage of scientists in private industry also
widened markedly with Increasing age (chart 5 and table A-25)• The
25-29 year-old chemists in private industry had a median annual income
of $4>200— only $500 more than the median of $3,700 for those in col
leges and universities and also for those in government agencies.
In
the 35-39 year age group, the income differential between private in
dustry employees and chemists in government and education was much
greater, the median income in industry being $6,800 a year compared
with $5,400 in educational institutions and $5>500 in government agen
cies. Among the chemists between 55 and 60— the group with the highest
17/ The chemists classified as working in private industry in
clude employees of business establishments and also independent
consultants and other self-employed chemists.
Chart 4 .
Chemists With Ph. D.'s A re Highest-Paid Group in Each Type of Employment
MEDIAN INCOMES OF CHEMISTS BY AGE, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, AND TYPE OF EMPLOYER, 1951
DOLLARS
VjO
ro
I
AGE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Sourc*: T abla A -26
Chart 5.
Incomes of Chemists A re Highest in Private Industry
MEDIAN AND QUARTILE INCOMES OF CHEMISTS, BY AGE AND TYPE OF EMPLOYER, 1951
LOWER QUARTILE
COLLEGES AND
UNIVERSITIES
Under
25
30
35
25
29
34
39
45
44
49
50
55
60
65
to
and
64
Over
Under
25
30
35
25
29
34
39
40
45
50
55
60
to
and
49
54
59
64
Over
65
AGE
Source: Tablo A-23.
-
3A
-
earnings— the median annual income of private industry employees ex
ceeded by almost $3,000 that of faculty members and government em
ployees.
Income differences between the private industry employees and
other scientists were also greater for the chemists with doctorates
than for those with less academic training (table A-26). It is obvious
that, in all cases, the highest-paid groups— the oldest, the best edu
cated, the most successful— derived the most financial advantage from
employment in private industry, where ceilings on salaries are much
less rigid than in government agencies and educational institutions.
The small group of chemists working for nonprofit research agen
cies (excluding membership organizations such as trade associations)
tended to have higher median over-all incomes than those employed by
government agencies and educational institutions, in all age groups
above 30. At some age levels their earnings actually exceeded those
of chemists in private industry (table A-25)♦ These relatively high
earnings are due primarily to the fact that a third of the chemists
working for nonprofit foundations were Ph.D.'s. When both age ana
level of education are taken into account, it can be seen that
chemists working for nonprofit foundations usually earn less than those
in private industry with comparable qualifications although their earn
ings exceed those of government employees and faculty members (table
A-26).
Industry
In this period of scientific manpower shortages when employers
in different industries are frequently in competition for both re
cent graduates and experienced scientists, information on the incomes
of chemists in the various branches of manufacturing is of particular
interest.
The median income of the surveyed chemists in each age group and
at each level of education, varied considerably between industries
(table A-27). In general, incomes of chemists working for the chemi
cal industries were high whereas those in the food industry and in the
manufacture of machinery, tended to have incomes below the average for
all chemists in manufacturing.
Among the Ph.D.'s, the highest paid group was the chemists in
consulting laboratories and other professional service organizations.
The masters and bachelors working for such organizations, however,
did not have this income advantage, possibly because fewer of them
than of the Ph.D.'s were self-employed (table A-27).
- 35 -
The survey also shows that in each branch of manufacturing
employing a sizable number of chemists, there is direct relation
ship between chemists' earnings and their level of education, as
shown in table 4«
Table 4*— Annual income of chemists, by level of education and in
dustry, 1951
Degree
Industry
Ph.D.
Food and kindred products ......
Paper and allied products ......
Chemicals and allied products ...
Rubber products .................
Machinery (except electrical ...
Electrical machinery ...........
Professional and scientific
instruments ........ *........
Miscellaneous consulting and
other business services .....
Petroleum refining ..............
)
u.s.
B.S.
$8,700
8,700
7,900
7,700
7,400
7,100
$5,800
5,600
6,000
5,800
6,000
5,700
$4,800
5,300
5,200
5,500
4,700
4,900
8,100
6,200
5,200
9,600
8,000
5,700
6,100
1
|
5,000
5,600
It can thus be seen that, no matter where they may be employed,
chemists with graduate degrees, and especially Ph.D.'s tend to have
a consistent earnings advantage over those who have made less of an
educational investment.
Income of Women Chemists
The information regarding the income of women chemists provided
by this study is one of its major contributions seeing that this is
the first time comprehensive data have been compiled on the earnings
of women scientists in the United States.
The study reveals sharp differences in earnings between men and
women chemists.
The male members of the profession had a median an
nual income of $5>700 in mid-1951, the women a median of only $3,700.
The difference between the earnings of the two sexes was smaller for
the groups at the lower end of the income scale, but greater at the
upper income levels,as shown by the following annual income figures: 18/
18/ For detailed figures on the income distribution of women by
age group, 3ee table A-28.
247574 0 - 53 -6
- 36 -
Median income ................
Lower quartile income .......
Upper quartile income .......
Men
Women
$5,700
4,4.00
7,600
$3,700
3,000
4,500
In part, these income differentials were due to the fact that
the women chemists in this survey tended to be younger than the men,
and that fewer of them had Ph.D.'s.
However, in each age group and
a t each level of education, the women had considerably lower average
incomes than the men (chart 6 and table A-29)• For example, among
chemists aged 30-34 years holding only bachelor’s degrees, the median
income for men was $5,200, for women only $4,100.
In the older age
groups, the gap was even wider. Thus, the women aged 50-54 years
holding only bachelor's degrees had a median income of $4,500, where
as the median for the parallel group of men was almost twice a 3 high—
$8,300 a year.
In every type of employment— in private industry, in educational
institutions, and in the government— the women tended to earn less
than men of comparable age and education (insofar as this can be
determined from available data). 19/ In private industry, the men
with bachelor's degrees had consistently higher average earnings than
the women at that level of education, as shown by the following median
income figures:
B.S. chemists in
private industry
Age group
Men
Under 25
25-29
30 - 34
35-39
40-44
years
years
years
years
years
..........
.........
.........
.........
.........
Women
$3,100
3,700
4,200
4,500
4,300
19/ Because the total number of women in the survey was limited,
the numbers in many, categories became very small when the data were
cross-classified by age, level of education, and type of employer. It
was possible to compute median incomes for women in a series of age
groups only for those with bachelor's degrees employed in private in
dustry' and those with Ph.D.'s in educational institutions. In addi
tion, median incomes for women with master's degrees in different types
of employment could be computed for a few age groups; a comparison of
these fragmentary data with comparable figures for men confirms the
finding that men chemists have consistently higher incomes than women.
Chart 6. Women Chemists Have Lower Incomes Than Men,
Especially in the Older Age Groups
MEDIAN INCOME OF MEN AND WOMEN CHEMISTS. BY AGE AND LEVEL OF EDUCATION, 1951
D O LLA R S
9 ,0 0 0 ---------
PH.D
aooo-
zooo
dvOOO
5kOOO
WOMEN
4000
3 ,0 0 0
2,000
1,000
jU nd er
25.
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
29
34
39
44
49
54
59
60
to
65
U nder
25
c
64 O ver
29
34
39
AGE
44
49
54
59
64 O ver
29
34
39
44
49
54
59
64
O ver
Source. Table A -29
- 38 -
Likewise, among Ph.D.'s in educational institutions, men chemists
had a consistent income advantage, as shown in the following data
on median earnings:
Ph.D. chemists in
educational institutions
Age group
25
30
35
4-0
45
50
55
-
29
34.
39
44
U9
54
59
years
years
years
years
years
years
years
..............
......... ....
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
•
.
.
.
.
Men
Women
$4,400
5,000
5,800
6,400
6,500
6,800
7,000
$4,000
4,000
0/)
4,500
5,000
4,300
5,100
T J Too few to compute median.
In interpreting these data on the earnings of men and women
chemists, it is important to note that the figures presented
represent total annual professional income, and that men usually
have better opportunities than women to supplement their salaries
by working as consultants, lecturing, or carrying on other pro
fessional activities. The general findings of the study suggest,
however, that income differences between men and women chemists
are due largely to the fact that women have fewer opportunities
for employment and, above all, for professional advancement than
men.
PART 2 - CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
Labor Supply in Chemical Engineering
Fields of Specialization
Chemical engineering developed as a profession when the
industrial uses of chemistry reached a scale requiring the
application of engineering principles. There are no well-defined
subdivisions of the field of chemical engineering. A chemical
engineer may specialize, however, either in terms of a particular
industry or product or a particular type of operation.
The questionnaire used in the present survey included a list
of operational specialties in chemical engineering (such as
phase change separation, heat transmission, and measurement and
control of process variables), and close to 5,700 respondents cited
areas in this list as their fields of highest competence. A
smaller group (under 2,700) indicated that they were specialists
in a product (such as rubber or petroleum) rather than an engineering
process. 20/ The remaining A,950 respondents classified themselves
as general chemical engineers. Table A-30 gives the number and
percent of chemical engineers who listed each operational capacity.
MflffiSP- Gfremjppl Engineers
Women who are interested in careers in the field of chemistry
almost always become chemists rather than chemical engineers.
Only 37 of the 13,34-2 chemical engineers in the survey were
women, compared with about 3,900 (7 percent) of the surveyed chemists.
20/ In filling out a questionnaire in this survey, the chemical
engineer was given the alternative of checking, as his field of
highest competence, either one of the operational specialties included
in the chemical engineering section of the specialty check list or
one of the specialties in the chemistry section of the list, which was
organized on a product basis. Altogether, 2,678 respondents who were
currently employed in chemical engineering and whose highest degrees
were in that field checked a specialty in this latter section of the
list, usually a product specialty. These respondents are included
under the category "other" engineering specialties in table A-l.
- 39 -
- 40 -
Age
Chemical engineers are one of the youngest professional groups
in the United States. The median age of those in the current sur
vey was 32 years. Two out of three were under 35» and more than
80 percent were under 40 (tables A-31 and chart 7).
Men in this branch of engi
neering tend to be younger than
chemists and other engineers. The
median age of the chemists in this
1951 study was 3 years above that
of the chemical engineers.
For
other branches of the engineering
profession, tiie most recent source
of comparative data is a 1946
survey conducted by the Bureau in
cooperation with the Engineers
Joint Council. 21/ At the time of
that study, as in 1951,the median
age of chemical engineers was
about 32 years. The next youngest
group, the mechanical engineers,
had a median age of approximately
36 years.
The median for civil
engineers, who were the oldest
group, was about 45.
Chari 7. Young Men Predominate in Chemical Engineering
A G E DISTRIBUTION O F CH EM ICA L E N G N E E R S , T951
PERCENT
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Source: T a bl e 30
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Citizenship Status
The chemical engineers in this survey— like their colleagues, the
chemists— were native-born American citizens in the great majority
of cases (96 percent). Only 374 of them (3 percent) were naturalized
citizens. An even smaller proportion (1 percent) were aliens, and
most of these were in process of naturalization.
Military Status
The proportion of reservists was higher among the surveyed
chemical engineers than among the chemists— one out of four as com
pared with one out of seven. There were 3,275 members of reserve
organizations among the 13,115 surveyed men chemical engineers who
reported military status. Most of the reservists were between 26
and 35 years of age, as shown in table 5.
21/ Employment Outlook for Engineers, (p. 108), Bulletin No. 963,
1949. This study gives figures for median years of experience only;
median ages are arrived at by adding 23 years to these figures.
- a
-
Table 5.— Military status of chemical engineers, by age, 1951
Military status
Under
26 years
26-34 years
35 years
and over
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total ..............
1,615
100.0
7,325
100.0
4,175
100.0
On active d u t y ....
In reserve
organizations....
Other military
status 1/ .....
No present military
status:
165
10.2
80
1.1
16
0.4
346
21.4
2,447
33*4
482
11*5
5
.3
27
•U
11
.3
617
482
38.2
29*9
2,542
2,229
34*7
30.4
428
3,238
: 10.3
77.5
Veteran ........
Nonveteran ......
1/
Such as Retired and fleet Reserve.
Table 5 shows that a substantial group (10 percent) of the
chemice1 engineers under 26 years of age were on active duty with
the Armed Forces. As in the case of chemists, the majority of chemi
cal engineers on active duty were draftees rather than reservists.
Of the 261 chemical engineers in the Armed Forces only 69 re
ported that they were doing scientific work. The rest included some
who failed to report the nature of their assignment as well as those
doing nonscientific work.
Detailed figures on the military status' of chemical engineers and
graduate students are given in tables A-32 and A-33. As shown in
table A-33, about the same proportion of graduate students (26 percent)
as of experienced chemical engineers were members of reserve organiza
tions.
Level of Education
Although graduate training has made greater headway in chemical
engineering than in any other major engineering specialty, the
baccalaureate is still the characteristic degree in this profession.
Seventy-one percent of the surveyed chemical engineers held only
bachelor’s degrees. The proportion with master’s or second pro
fessional degrees was 20 percent, slightly higher than the cor
responding figure for chemists*
However, only 7 percent of the
engineers— in contrast to 24 percent of the chemists— held Ph.D.’s* In
the entire chemical engineering profession, the relative number with
doctorates was considerably lower than among the engineers in this
- 42 -
survey, which had a disproportionately high coverage of Ph.D.'s
among chemical engineers as well as among chemists.
Extremely few men have entered chemical engineering in recent
years without formal training. All but 2 percent of the surveyed
engineers had college degrees, and there was only 1 individual,
among the 13,258 in the survey, who had never attended college.
Furthermore, the small number of engineers without a college degree
were the oldest group in the survey; their median age was 38, 6
years above the average for the profession as a whole.
Among engineers who were college graduates, there was a direct
relationship between average age and extent of academic training.
The median age of engineers with Ph.D.'s was 37 years, compared with
a median of 32 for the masters and 31 for the bachelors (table A-3).
Even fewer chemical engineers than chemists enter their pro
fession from other fields of study. Nine out of 10 engineers in
this survey had obtained their highest degrees in chemical engineer
ing, whereas only 3 out of 4 chemists had taken their most advanced
training in chemistry. Only 3 percent of the chemical engineers,
compared with 10 percent of the chemists, held their highest degrees
in subjects outside both these disciplines (table A-34)• Furthermore,
many more of the respondents had moved from training in chemical
engineering into specialization in chemistry than had shifted in the
opposite direction— no doubt, because few chemistry students take
courses in chemical engineering, whereas the chemical engineering
curriculum includes extensive training in chemistry.
This generalization with regard to shifts between chemistry
and chemical engineering held true for holders of bachelor's and
master's degrees. Among Ph.D.'s, however, the situation was
reversed. Only 2 percent of the Ph.D. chemists had taken their
doctorates in chemical engineering, but 19 percent of the chemical
engineers with Ph.D.'s had earned these degrees in chemistry.
Undoubtedly, many of the men in the latter group held bachelor's or
master's degrees in engineering or had minored in chemical engineering
at the Ph.D. level.
The finding that, except at the Ph.D. level, extremely few men
are entering chemical engineering from other fields is confirmed by
an analysis of the subjects in which graduate students had taken
the highest degrees so far attained. Of the 977 chemical engineering
students in the survey, only 77 had taken their most advanced degrees
in other subjects. Fifty-seven of these had majored in chemistry.
- 43 -
Employment
Fields of Employment
The fact that chemical engineering provides the chemistry
profession with more recruits than it receives is indicated by
the data on fields of training given in the preceding section.
A comparison of the fields in which the surveyed engineers and
scientists were currently employed with those in which they were
most competent points to the same conclusion. Seven percent of
the surveyed chemical engineers were employed as chemists, whereas
only about 1 percent of the respondents whose field of highest
competence was in chemistry held jobs in chemical engineering.
In addition to the group working in chemistry, a few chemical
engineers (l percent of the total) were employed in other engineer
ing and scientific fields, and 2 percent were in nonscientific
fields. However, the great majority (90 percent) held jobs in
chemical engineering in mid-1951.
The remainder of this report
is concerned only with these engineers and does not cover the small
group with jobs in chemistry or other fields.
Industries Where Employed
It follows from the nature of chemical engineers’ work— which
is concerned primarily with the industrial applications of
chemistry— that members of this profession are employed predominantly
in manufacturing industries. Eighty-four percent of the surveyed
chemical engineers had jobs in manufacturing industries, an even
higher proportion than of the chemists (67 percent). In addition,
a few of the reporting engineers were working for public utilities,
mining and construction companies, engineering consulting firms,
and business concerns of other types. Altogether, at least 9 out
of every 10 were in private industry. The relative numbers
employed by Federal, State, and local government agencies and by
educational institutions were small (A percent in each case). 22/
The branch of manufacturing employing the largest number of
chemical engineers is the chemical industries (table A-35). Of
the engineers with jobs in the manufacturing industries at the time
22/ According to a 1951 survey of Federal employment conducted
by the U. S. Civil Service Commission, a total of 1,148 persons
were employed in chemical engineering positions (including 55
classified as ceramic engineers) as of June 30, 1951.
247574 0 - 53 -7
- 44
-
of this 1951 survey, 4-8 percent were on the chemicals industries’
payrolls— a considerably higher proportion than in 1946 (42 per
cent). This increase, like the parallel increase in employment of
chemists, was a reflection of the great expansion of the chemicals
industries in recent years.
Both in 1946 and 1951* the petroleum and coal products indus
tries employed many more chemical engineers than any other branch
of manufacturing except chemicals and allied products, as shown in
table 6.
Table 6.— Percent of chemical engineers employed in manufacturing
industries, 1946 and 1951
Branch of Manufacturing
Food and textiles ...................
Lumber, furniture,and paper ........
Printing and publishing .............
Chemicals and allied products .......
Petroleum and coal products ........
Rubber, stone, clay, and glass ......
Iron, steel, and nonferrous metals ..
Machinery including electrical .....
Transportation equipment ............
Other manufacturing industries .....
Total ......................
1951
1946
5.1
3.6
.2
48.3
21.2
4.1
2.0
6.9
.8
7.8
6.3
4.8
1.6
42.1
25.1
7.6
4.1
3.2
1.2
4-0
100.0
100.0
The outstanding difference between chemical engineers and
chemists with respect to the proportions employed in various
manufacturing industries was in petroleum and coal products. The
relative number employed in that industry was almost twice as high
among chemical engineers as among chemists.
There were two other
industries— industrial chemicals and machinery (except electrical)—
in which employment was more frequent among chemical engineers than
among chemists.
However, the situation was reversed in the manufac
ture of drugs and medicines, food and kindred products, and of
rubber products (chart 8).
Only among the chemical engineers who held Ph.D.'s were jobs
outside of manufacturing industries a signficant source of employ
ment; 30 percent of the Ph.D.'s were employed in educational insti
tutions, compared with 6 percent of the masters and fewer than
1 percent of the bachelors. Government agencies employed a small
proportion of the surveyed chemical engineers at each level of edu
cation (table A-36).
- 45
Chart 8. Relatively More Chemical Engineers Than Chemists
Work in the Petroleum and Industrial Chemicals Industries
PERCENT OF A LL CHEMISTS AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERS EMPLOYED
IN SELECTED BRANCHES OF MANUFACTURING, 1951
P E R CE NT
INDUSTRIAL
CHEMICALS
DRUGS AND
MEDICINES
A L L OTHER
CHEMICALS
PETROLEUM AND
COAL PRODUCTS
MACHINERY
FOOD
A L L OTHER
MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Sourest
Tablst
13 a n d
35
- 46 -
Function
Most chemicel engineers are employed either in research and
development or in production work. Thirty-one percent of the
surveyed engineers reported that they were engaged primarily
in research and development, 28 percent that they were employed
chiefly in production.
The relative number of men engaged in research and development
is much greater among chemical engineers than among engineers in
most other specialties.
On the other hand, it will be recalled
that an even higher percentage of the surveyed chemists (45 percent)
than of the chemical engineers reported research and development as
their chief function. Another type of activity which employed
relatively more chemists than chemical engineers was analysis and
testing, whereas design and production are the domain primarily of
the chemical engineer (chart 9).
22/
Owing to the specialized requirements of the various types of
employers, the relative number of chemical engineers performing
different functions varied from one area of employment to another
(table A-37).
In government agencies, where production and related
activities are of minor importance, more than half of the chemical
engineers were doing research and development work. In manufacturing
industries as a whole, the same proportion of engineers were engaged
in production as in research and development (31 percent in each
case), with much smaller numbers in other types of work, but the
picture was quite different in some industries.
In the machinery
industry, for example, one-third of the engineers were doing design
work, and the proportion employed in technical sales and service was
also relatively high (19 percent). It appears that machinery
manufacturers employ chemical engineers primarily to design, sell,
and service equipment for the chemical and related industries.
23/ See, Employment Outlook for Engineers, (p. 104), Bulletin
No. 968, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics} also,
Employment, Education, and Income of Engineers, 1949-50. U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. The latter study was
based on a questionnaire survey of the senior members of engineering
societies. Of the chemicel engineers covered by the report, all of
whom were senior members of the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, 19 percent reported research and 17 percent reported
development as their primary function.
In all engineering fields
taken together, only 7 percent of the reporting engineers were engaged
in research and 9 percent in development.
- 47 Chari 9. Relatively Fewer Chemical Engineers Than Chemists
Are in Research, and More Do production and Design Work
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMISTS AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, BY FUNCTION, 1951
PERCENT
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS'
- 48
-
In chemical engineering, as in chemistry, holders of graduate
degrees tend to be employed in research and development work to a
greater extent than those who have not gone beyond the baccalaure
ate. The latter group, on the other hand, are more likely to be
employed in production work than those with more advanced training
(table A-38).
Although every function was performed by some respondents in
each age group, among both chemical engineers and chemists, re
search, development, and production work were more often carried
out by the younger than the older men (table A-39)• Management
and teaching, on the other hand, were characteristically activities
of the engineers over 35* Close to three-fourths of the men who
had obtained managerial positions had passed their thirty-fifth
birthday and so had more than half the teachers (table A-39)•
I ncome
The chemical engineers in this survey had a median annual pro
fessional income of §5,600 in mid-1951.
Three out of four earned
at least $4,4.00 (the lower quartile), and one out of four earned
over $7,300 (the upper quartile). 2{J Because of the acute shortage
of personnel in this field in 1951-52, incomes of chemical engineers
have undoubtedly increased since the time of the survey. 25/
In 1943, the median professional income of the chemical
engineers was approximately $4,000, according to the BLS survey
24/ These figures represent total annual professional incomes,
including fees, royalties, and other professional earnings in addition
to salaries.
They cover only chemical engineers working as such at
the time of the survey, of whom 80 percent furnished information on
income. The income question was the same for both chemists and chemi
cal engineers and is described on page 29.
The findings with respect to chemical engineers* income are not
significantly affected by the survey's disproportionately high cover
age of Ph.D.'s because the total number of the latter group involved
is so small.
25/ The median earnings in March 1952 of a group of chemical en
gineers in the New York-New Jersey area was $7,300, according to a
survey by the New York and New Jersey sections of the American Institute
of Chemical Engineers.
The report of this survey stresses, however,
that earnings of engineers for the metropolitan New York area are con
siderably higher than for the country as a whole. See "The American En
gineer — A Regional Survey," Chemical Engineering Progress, August 1952*
- 49
-
previously cited. £6/ A comparison of the findings of this earlier
study with those of the present survey points to an increase of
about 4-0 percent in over-all median incomes of chemical engineers
between 194-3 and 1951. It suggests, further, that the incomes of
experienced engineers have increased relatively more than those of
beginners.
Age
A steady rise in average income with increasing age and expe
rience was recorded for the engineers in the present study. Median
earnings mounted progressively, from $3,700 for the men under 25
years of age to $11,700 for the 60-64 year-old group and a still
higher figure (more than $15,000) for the very small number of engi
neers aged 65 or over who supplied income information (table A-4-0).
At every age level, the chemical engineers tended to earn more
than the chemists in the survey, but the difference in median income
between the two professions was no more than $500 in the age groups
under 35. After that age, the differential widened sharply, reach
ing $3,500 among the respondents between 55 and 60 . Past 60, the
chemists’ earnings tended to decline, whereas those of the chemical
engineers continued to rise— leading, of course, to a still greater
difference in average earnings between the two professions. This
is indicated in table 7.
Table 7.— Annual income of chemists and chemical engineers, by age
group, 1951
Age group
|
All ages ...............
Under 25 years ........
25 - 29 years ........
30 - 34- y e a r s ........
35 - 39 y e a r s ..... .
4.0-44- years ........
4-5 - 49 y e a r s ..... .
50 - 54- years ........
55 - 59 years ........
60 - 64 years ........
65 years and over .....
!
!
.
|
.
!
!
!
Chemists
Chemical engineers
$5,500
$5,600
3,4-00
3,700
4,600
5,900
7,300
8,100
9,800
4,100
5,400
6,500
7,000
7,300
7,800
7,900
7,400
6,800
!
11
I
11,0 00
11,400
11,700
15,000/
26/ See Factors Affecting Earnings of Chemists and Chemical
Engineers, (p. 11), U- S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics.
- 50 -
Level of Education
The earnings of chemical engineers, liice those of chemists, are
influenced not only by the individual's age and experience but also
by the amount of formal training received. Among the engineers in
this survey, the median earnings of the Ph.D.'s were $7,900, those
of the masters $5,900, and those of the bachelors $5,400.
The small
group of engineers without a college degree had a median income of
$6,100 (table A-41)• However, the apparent advantage of those who
had not completed college disappears when age is taicen into account;
In most age groups, bachelors and masters had consistently higher
incomes than chemical engineers without a college degree.
The median
and quartile incomes of chemical engineers aged 30-34 years is shown
below, to illustrate the range of incomes among the various levels of
educations
Median
Ph.D...................
Master's degree.......
Bachelor's degree.....
No degree.............. ....
5,100
Lower
quartile
Upper
quartile
$5,700
5,200
4,900
4,400
$7,900
7,200
6,800
5,900
The tendency for chemical engineers to earn more than chemists
held true at every age level for persons of comparable educational
background. So Important was this difference in earnings that,
among the surveyed scientists aged 45 and over, chemical engineers
with only bachelor's degrees had higher median earnings than chemists
with Ph.D.'s (table A-42).
Type of Employer
Chemical engineers employed in private industry tend to have
higher incomes than the small groups in other types of employment.
At every age level, the government workers were the group with the
lowest median incomes, but the income differences were small among
the younger men. Thus, chemical engineers aged 25 to 29 had a median
annual income of $4,000 in government agencies, compared with $4,300
in educational institutions and $4,600 in private industry. For
those aged 40 to 44, on the other hand, the median annual income of
the government employees was $6,100, compared with $8,100 for the
educators and $8,200 for the engineers in private industry (table A-43)•
As these figures
higher average income
together, and in some
than private industry
indicate, the educators had a considerably
than the government workers, taking all ages
age groups they had only slightly lower earnings
employees. One of the main reasons for the
- 51 -
relatively high earnings of the chemical engineers on the campus was
their educational background. Three-fifths of the surveyed faculty
members held Ph.D. degrees and more than one-fourth had master's
degrees, much higher proportions than in either government or private
industry. It must be noted that the earnings reported here included
not only salaries but also supplementary earnings from such sources
as consulting fees and royalties. The relatively high earnings
reported by chemical engineers on college faculties are no doubt due
in some measure to the opportunities they have for consulting and
other outside work.
Industry
The two branches of manufacturing which employ the largest num
bers of chemical engineers— the chemicals and petroleum industries—
are also those where earnings in this profession tend to be highest.
Among the surveyed engineers whose highest degree was the B. S.,
only the relatively small group employed in engineering, consulting,
and other business services, (many of whom are self-employed) had
higher median earnings at all age levels than those working in
chemicals and in petroleum refining (table A-44.). In other manufac
turing industries employing substantial numbers of chemical engineers,
such as the primary metals industry, electrical machinery, stone,
clay and glass products, food, and paper, median incomes were con
siderably lower. The following median income figures,for chemical
engineers between the ages of 30 and 35, illustrate this point.
Industry
Food and kindred products.........................
Paper and allied products....... .................
Chemicals and allied products..... ...... .........
Stone, clay, and glass products..... .............
Primary metals........
Machinery (except electrical)..... ...............
Electrical machinery..............................
Professional and scientific instruments..... .
Petroleum refining.....................
Engineering and consulting services...............
Median income
$5,300
5,300
6,000
5,4-00
5,800
5,900
5,4-00
5,700
6,000
6,900
The survey findings with respect to differences in income between
industries are similar for chemists and chemical engineers. In both
professions, industrial differences in median earnings become sizable
in the age groups past 4-0 and, especially in the chemicals industries,
the older men have a distinct income advantage.
247574 0 - 5 3 - 8
T a b le A - l . — D i s t r i b u t i o n o f c h e m is try re s p o n d e n ts , b y employment
s t a t u s and f i e l d o f h ig h e s t competence, 1951
Field of highest
competence
Employed
Unemployed
Number Percent Number Percent
Graduate
students
Number Percent
Retired
Number Percent
All fields ..........
51,155
100.0
122
100.0
5,880
100.0
686
100.0
General chemistry .•..
Analytical chemistry..
Agricultural and
food chemistry ....
Biochemistry........
Inorganic chemistry...
Organic chemistry ....
Pharmaceutical
chemistry ........ .
Physical chemistry ...
Other chemistry
specialties 1/ ....
2,568
6,797
5.0
13.3
45
17
36.9
13.9
1,503
509
25.6
8.7
BA
110
12.2
16.0
3,109
2,824
4,658
23,608
6.1
5.5
9.1
46.1
3
6
4
36
2.5
4.9
3.3
29.5
109
605
247
1,878
1.8
10.3
4.2
31.9
72
52
81
227
10.5
7.6
11.8
33.1
2,221
4,115
4*4
8.0
2
7
1.6
5.8
101
911
1.7
15.5
26
22
3.8
3.2
1,255
2.5
2
1.6
17
.3
12
1.8
1/ Includes water, sewage, and sanitation chemistry; chemical warfare agents;
industrial wastes; and food processing (such as concentration, drying, and refrig
eration) •
- 53 -
Table A-2.— Distribution of chemists, by area of concentration within field
of highest competence, 1951 1/
Field o f h i g h e s t
competence
A ll fields
................
Chemistry, general
......
Analytical c h e m i s t r y ......
General a n alytical
c h e m i s t r y .............
Assaying . . . . . . ........ .
Classical me t h o d s •••...
Elec t r ochemical methods*
Forensic c h e m i s t r y .....
M i c r o c h e m i s t r y .........
Optical me t h o d s *«*•••••
Tracer me t h o d s ••*•..•••
Instrumental m e t hods * *.
O t h e r .............. . *...
S p e c t r o s c o p y ....... *.. *
Agricultural and food
ch e m istry .............
General agricu l t u r a l a n d
food c h e m i s t r y .......
Fermentation products * . .
Food c h e m i s t r y ..... ....
Insecticides a nd
pesticides * . . * * .....................
Soils and fertilizers * .
Dairy products, fats,
o i l s ....... ... * .................... .......
P h y t o c h e m i s t r y ........................
Fruits a nd vegetables • .
Meats, sea food, an d
p o u l t r y ...... . . • • • • • •
Other .......... ..........
B i ochem i s t r y • • • • • ........
General b i o c h e m i s t r y ..•
Clinical ....... .........
Endocrine ...............
Enzyme ...................
M i c ro b i o l o g i c a l ........
Nutri tion ..............
Organic
......
Numb e r
Percent
51,277
1 00.0
2,613
5.1
6,814
13.3
3,249
722
6.3
1 .4
2.7
1,353
184
56
306
536
85
83
72
168
3,112
.4
.1
.6
1.0
.2
*2
.1
.3
6.1
259
2.8
1.0
.5
406
310
.8
•6
50
37
22
.1
.1
(2/)
17
74
(2/)
W)
1,419
518
2,830
692
517
112
465
157
542
77
5.5
1.3
1.0
.2
.9
.3
1.1
.2
Field of highest
competence
Number
Percent
Biochemi st r y - C o n t i n u e d .
Physical ......... ......
Technology ............ . •
Other ....................
1 37
64
67
.3
.1
.1
Inorganic c h e m istry ......
General inorganic
c h e m istry .............
Cement, concrete, a nd
related building
m aterials .............
Fine c h e m i c a l s ........ .
Geological and mineralo gical c h emistry .....
Glass, clay products,
refractories •••.•••••
Heavy chemicals .............................
Fluorescent materials • .
Industrial and other
4,662
9.1
710
1.4
316
171
.3
76
.1
302
848
42
.6
1.7
.1
............................................................
179
7
821
1.6
era <3cm3
M e t a l s ........... ..........
Pigments (including
carbon black) ........
Radioactive materials . .
Theoretical inorganic
chemistry .... ....... ...............................
Other ....................................................................
Organic chemistry ........
General organic
chemistry .............
Adhesive, glues, a n d
CJ-f 7 .0 $ ) _ _ ..................................................
Carbohydrates ..........
Coal and coal products •
Dyes a n d inks
Explosives and rocket
fuels ..................
Fine chemicals .........
H eavy chemicals ........
Leather and tanning
cl a
387
409
228
.6
•j
.8
.8
173
.5
.3
2 3, 6 4 4
46.1
2 ,011
3.9
/QO
l n
A.V
.6
.8
1.8
301
395
924
556
454
218
1.1
.9
♦4
237
•7
c
Table A-2.— Distribution of chemists, by area of concentration within field
of highest competence, 1951 1/ (Continued)
Field of highest
competence
Organic Chemistry-Continued.
Natural and synthetic
rubber and related
products ... ........
Natural and synthetic
textiles and related
products ............
Oils, fats, and waxes ••••
Organic synthesis ......
Paints, enamels, and
varnishes ...........
Petroleum byproducts ...
Petroleum products .....
Resins and plastics ....
Synthetic alcohols and
solvents.... .*.....
Theoretical organic
chemistry.......... .
Wood, paper, pulp, and
lignin .............
Organo-metallic
compounds ......... . •
Silicon compounds ......
Halogen compounds ......
Protein and amino acids ..
Other.................
Pharmaceutical chemistry ...
General pharmaceutical
chemistry ........... .
Cosmetics .............
Natural and synthetic
Pharmacology ...........
Other ................ .
Physical chemistry .......
General physical
chemistry ..............
Absorption and adsorption.
Number Percent
2,154
4.2
1,229
886
2,698
2.4
1.7
5.2
1,742
1,087
2,534
2,455
754
3.4
2.1
4.9
4.7
1.5
295
.6
398
.8
1,345
2.6
19
79
46
81
256
(2/)
.2
, .1
.2
.5
2,223
4.3
522
201
1.0
.4
1,376
102
22
o 7
.2
(2/)
4,122
8.0
763
193
1.5
.4
Field of highest
competence
Physical chemistry-Contlnued.
Atomic and nuclear
structure, and radiochemistry ...........
Colloid chemistry ......
Electrochemistry and
dielectrics... ......
Explosives and rocket
fuels ......... .....
Photochemistry........
Theoretical physical
chemistry ...........
Thermodynamics ........
Ion exchange and
applications •••«••*••••
Catalysts .............
Corrosion and inhibition..
Vacuum techniques ......
Other ................
Other chemistry
specialties ............
Chemical warfare agents•••
Industrial wastes ......
Water, sewage, and
sanitation ..........
Food packaging ........
Fiber and wood ........
Metal .................
Outer packing ..........
plastics ..............
Food processing ........
Concentrating and
drying ...............
Equipment .............
Thermal processing .....
Other ....... ..........
Number Percent
355
334
.7
.7
654
1.3
202
351
.4
•7
558
322
1.0
.6
38
119
115
19
99
#1
.2
.2
(2/)
.2
1,257
139
152
2.5
.3
.3
804
24
2
8
2
2
36
1.6
5
2
2
79
.1
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
.1
(2/)
(2/)
U/)
.1
1/ In this and the following tables through table A-28, the term "chemist" refers to all
employed and unemployed respondents with a field of highest competence in chemistry*
2/ Less than 0*05 percent.
T a b le A - 3 « ~ - F i e l d s o f h ig h e s t competence o f men and women c h e m is t s ,
Field of highest
competence
Total
Men
Number Percent
1951
Women
Number Percent
Number Percent
All fields ................
51,277
1 0 0 .0
47,408
1 0 0 .0
3,8 6 9
1 0 0 .0
General c h e m i s t r y ...... ..
Analytical chemistry .....
Agricultural and
food chemistry .........
Biochemistry ..............
Inorganic chemistry ......
Organic chemistry .......
Pharmaceutical
c h e m i s t r y ...............
Physical chemistry ........
Other chemistry
specialties 1/ .........
2,613
6,814
5 .1
1 3 .3
2,082
5,913
4 .4
1 2 .5
531
901
1 3 .7
2 3 .3
3,112
2,830
4,662
23,644
6 .1
5 .5
9 .1
4 6 .1
2,893
2,188
4,469
22,677
6 .1
4 .6
9 .4
4 7 .8
219
642
193
967
16.6
5.0
25.0
2,223
4,122
4 .3
8 .0
2,059
3,922
4 .3
8 .3
164
200
4.2
5.2
1,257
2 .5
1,205
2 .6
52
1.3
5 .7
1/ Includes water, sewage, and sanitation chemistry; chemical warfare
agents; industrial wastes; and food processing (such as concentration, drying,
and refrigeration).
T a b le
Age group
A - 4 . — Age o f c h e m is t s ,
AH
fields
General
by f i e l d
o f h ig h e s t com petence, 1 9 5 1
Agricul
tural
and food
Analyt
ical
Bio
Other
chem
istry 1 1
Pharma
ceutical
Physi
cal
115
415
191
923
202
517
515
418
271
190
124
80
55
36
! 1,166
, 722
412
287
200
118
34
637
452
339
229
194
142
63
51
82
247
213
239
162
113
85
55
36
23
23,616
2,219
4,113
2,826
1,255
4.5
19.5
26.6
19.7
12.0
7.7
5.0
3.5
1.8
.8
5.2
18.7
23.2
18.8
12.2
8.6
5.6
3.6
2.5
1.6
4 .6
18.2
21.7
16.5
12.3
9.1
7.2
5.4
3.4
^•1
22.4
28.3
17.6
10.0
.7.0
4.9
2.9
1.5
.8
7.1
18.3
22.6
16.0
12.0
8.1
6.9
5.0
2.2
1.8
6.5
19.7
17.0
1 0 0 .0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
In
organic
Organic
/
Number
Under 25 years ......
25 - 29 years ......
30 - 34 years ......
35 - 39 years ......
4 0 - 4 4 years ......
45 - 49 years .......
50 - 54 years .......
55 - 59 years .......
60 - 64 years ......
65 years and over ...
3,143
10,433
12,002
8,989
5,943
4,049
2,862
2,016
1,132
634
526
609
271
243
243
234
199
139
88
60
619
1,751
1,591
963
707
450
297
218
132
80
149
517
594
525
408
300
235
203
113
62
191
846
1,006
768
573
422
336
248
159
99
Total number reporting.
51,203
2,612
6,808
3,106
4,648
1,068
4,608
6,009
4,659
2,828
1,824
1,192
813
426 ;
189
60
Percent
Under 25 y e a r s ......
25 - 29 y e a r s ......
35
40
45
50
55
- 39 years ......
- 44 years ......
- 49 years ......
- 54 years ......
- 59 years ......
60 - 64 years .......
65 years and over ...
All ages ........
6.1
20.4
17.6
11.6
7.9
'
5.6 ;
3.9 ;
1
2.2
1.2
100.0
20.1
23.3
in./
9.1
25.7
9.3
9-3
9.0
7.6
5.3
3.4
2.3
14.1
10.4
6.6
4.4
3.2
1.9
1.2
100.0
2'i.L
!
;
4.8
16.7
19.]
16.9
13.1
9.7
7.6
6.5
3.6
2.0
K1
100.0
100.0
!
4 .1
1 9 .0
12.9
9.0
6.8
4»4
2.9
1.8
37
36
36
37
33
35
34
38
--------- 1
1/ Includes water, sewage, and sanitation chemistry; chemical warfare agents; industrial wastes; and food
processing (such as concentration, drying, ana refrigeration).
2/ Excludes 74 chemists not reporting age.
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
Median age ......... ..
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
35
- 57 -
Table A-5.— Age of men and women chemists, and
graduate students of chemistry, 1951
Percent
Age group
Chemists
Total
Men
4.8
Women
Graduate
students
in chemistry
6.1
20.4
23.5
17.6
11.6
7.9
5.6
3.9
2.2
1.2
24.3
18.3
12.0
8.1
5.7
4.0
2.3
1.3
21.5
35.2
13.4
8.2
6.3
5.5
4.7
3-4
1.2
.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total n u m b e r reporting
2/51,203
47,336
3,867
5,880
Median a g e ..... .. •. •
35
35
29
26
Under 25 years ......
25 - 29 years ......
30 - 34 years ......
3 5 - 3 9 years ......
4 0 - 4 4 years .......
45 - 49 y e a r s .... ..
50 - 54 years ......
5 5 - 5 9 years ......
60 - 64 years ......
65 years and over
All ages .......
1/
2/
19.2
37.0
48.0
12.6
1.7
.5
.1
.1
a/)
.
•
—
Less than 0.05 percent.
Excludes 74 chemists (72 men and 2 women not reporting age).
T a b le
A - 6 .— C it iz e n s h ip
s t a t u s o f c h e m is t s ,
by f i e l d
o f h ig h e s t com petence, 1 9 5 1
Citizen
Field of highest
competence
Alien
MU
reporting
Native-born
Naturalized
Number Percent
Number Percent
In process
of
naturalization
Number Percent
Not in process
of
naturalization
Number Percent
Number
Percent
2/51,111
100.0
47,600
93.2
2,710
5.3
526
1.0
275
0*5
General chemistry ....
2,610
100.0
2,539
97.3
58
2.2
10
•A
3
.1
Analytical chemistry..
6,799
100.0
6,454
94.9
286
4.2
47
•7
12
.2
All fields ...........
S
fI
1
1
i
Agricultural and
food chemistry ....
3,102
100.0
2,866
92.4
189
6.1
30
1.0
17
.5
Biochemistry .........
2,814
100.0
2,499
88.8
227
8.1
52
1.8
36
1.3
Inorganic chemistry .♦
4,647
100.0
4,374
94.1
225
4.8
35
.8
13
.3
Organic chemistry ....
23,577
100.0
21,961
93.1
1,243
5.3
238
1.0
135
.6
Pha rma ceu ti cal
chemistry ..........
2,218
100.0
1,959
88.3
199
9.0
47
2.1
13
.6
Physical chemistry ...
4,090
100.0
3,744
91.5
242
5.9
61
1.5
43
1.1
Other chemistry
specialties 2/ ....
1,254
100.0
1,204
96.0
41
3.3
6
.5
3
.2
1/ Excludes 166 chemists who did not report citizenship status.
2/ Includes water, sewage, and sanitation chemistry* chemical warfare agents; industrial wastes; and
food processing (such as concentration, drying, and refrigeration).
- 59 -
Ta b le A - 7 .— M i l i t a r y
Age group
s t a t u s o f men c h e m ists, by age group, 1951
On
active
duty
Total
In
reserve
organi
zations
_
All ages .......
I
.
Nbcresent military status
Other
Veteran
Non
Total
military
1J status 1/
veteran
Number_
914
7,050
145
38,148
11,243
26,905
3,625
461
5
1
673
—
2
2,485
4
36
179
511
735
1,020
1,308
—
—
4
49
490
765
1,177
4
36
175
462
245
255
- 2 / 46.2??,
872
1,089
1,338
48
249
98
56
108
256
262
6
—
—
2
4
—
—
34 years ...
years ......
years .....
years .....
years .....
years .....
years .....
years .....
years ......
years .....
19,039
1,552
1,823
2,032
2,259
2,458
2,476
2,068
2,276
2,095
346
52
50
46
43
48
30
25
35
17
4,600
316
403
563
678
666
662
469
509
334
58
1
2
6
6
8
15
9
7
4
14,035
1,183
1,368
1,417
1,532
1,736
1,769
1,565
1,725
1,740
6,928
874
1,033
1,042
978
918
723
544
471
345
7,107
309
335
375
554
818
1,046
1,021
1,254
1,395
35 - 39 years ....
40 - 44 years ....
45 - 49 years ....
50 - $4 years ....
55 - 59 years ....
6 0 - 6 4 years ....
63 years and over
8,513
5,547
3,689
2,566
1,772
975
531
62
19
13
7
6
—
—
1,056
382
174
96
54
10
5
25
12
14
2
12
8
8
7,370
5,134
3,488
2,461
1,700
957
518
793
321
171
585
829
236
72
6,577
4,813
3,317
1,876
871
721
446
35
26
32
36
37
31
39
20 - 25 years ....
20 years .....
21 y e a r s .....
22 y e a r s ....*
23 years .....
24 years .....
25 years .....
26 26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Median age
47
274
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f ta b le .
9
45
-
Ta b le A - 7 .— M i l i t a r y
Age
Total
60
-
s ta tu s o f men c h e m ists, by age group, 1951 — Continued
On
active
duty
In
reserve
organi
zations
Other
military .
status 1/
l
All ages ......
20 - 25 years ...
20 years ....
21 years ....
....
22
23 years .....
24- y e a r s ....
25 years .....
100.0
(3 /J
18.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.7
C2/)
19a
17.5
28.6
9.0
4.2
4.3
16.4
12.4
23.5
19.6
—
.7
.4
—
—
26 - 34. years ...
26 years ....
27 years .....
28 years ....
29 years ....
30 years ....
31 years ....
32 years ....
33 years ....
34. y e a r s ....
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.8
3.4
2.7
2.3
1.9
2.0
1.2
1.2
1.5
.8
24.2
20.3
22.1
27.7
30.0
27.1
26.8
22.7
22.4
15.9
35
4-0
4.5
50
55
60
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
.7
.3
.4
.3
.3
years
- 39 years ...
- 44 years ...
- 4.9 years ...
- 54. years ...
- 59 years ...
- 64. years .. •
65 years and over .
1/
—
I Veteran
status
Non
veteran
Percent
JL3 ..
-1Q0.G... ._2.fi__
Total
.1
_S2*5._
68.6
0/)
76.6
_
.24.236.1
32.5
0?)
58.6
67.5
76.2
—
1.5
5.6
A5.0
57.1
.3
.1
.1
.3
.3
.3
.6
.4
.3
.2
73.7
76.2
75.1
69.7
67.8
70.6
71.A
75.7
75.8
83.1
36.A
56.3
56.7
51.3
A3.3
37.3
29.2
26.3
20.7
16.5
37.3
19.9
18.A
18.A
2A.5
33.3
A2.2
A9.A
55.1
66.6
12.4
6.9
4.7
3.7
3.1
.3
.2
.4
1.0
.8
1.5
86.6
92.6
9A.5
95.9
95.9
98.2
97.6
9.3
5.8
A.6
22.8
46.8
24.2
13.6
77.3
86.8
89.9
73.1
A9.1
7A.0
8A.0
.9
.1
.7
65 .A
2/ Excludes 1,079 men chemists not reporting military status,
age, and 5 reporting neither,
2/ Too few to compute percentage.
76.6
63.9
53.0
22.5
19.1
Such as Retired, Fleet Reserve, etc.
67 not reporting
- 61 -
Table A-8.— Military status of men graduate students of
chemistry, by age group,1951
Age group
On
active
duty
Total
In
reserve
organiizetions
Other
military
status
.
Ji£U2tSSpkmljt^ry^^stgtug__
I NoniTotsl
Veteran
[veteran
Number
■
4,240
2,347
1,893
5
2,165
7
73
324
666
554
541
788
—
2
6
39
336
405
1,377
7
71
318
627
218
136
1,990
533
433
330
238
180
94
94
55
33
1,521
418
338
277
183
130
64
61
38
12
469
115
95
53
55
50
30
33
17
21
59
18
5
3
—
—
29
5
2
2
—
30
13
3
1
—
—
26
27
24
2 / 5 ,414
1,135
20 - 25 years ...
20 years .....
21 years ....
22 years ....
23 years ....
24 years .....
25 years ....
2,563
7
83
375
760
682
17
—
4
2
7
3
1
376
26 - 34 years ...
26 years ....
27 years ....
28 years ....
29 years ....
30 years ....
31 years ....
32 years ....
33 years ....
34 years ....
2,731
649
561
473
342
272
172
126
88
48
—
1
—
—
—■
35 - 39 years
4 0 - 4 4 years ...
45 - 49 years ...
50 - 54 years ...
55 - 59 years ...
60 - 64 years ...
65 years and over
87
24
6
3
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
1
—
—
—
«...
—
Median age .....
27
24
28
(3/)
656
5
2
1
1
—
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f t a b le .
—
6
46
85
125
114
727
114
126
139
104
91
75
32
32
14
—
,
!
r
15
24
All ages ......
—
3
2
—
—
9
—
1
3
—
1
2
—
1
1
26
1
—
—
—
—
—
Ta b le A - 8 .— M i l i t a r y s t a t u s o f men graduate s tu d e n ts o f
c h e m is try , by age g ro u p ,1951— Continued
Total
Age group
On
active
duty
In
reserve
organi
zations
Other
military
status 1/
No pres<ant militj
Total
j
Non- "
Veteran I veteran
Percent
All ages ..........
100.0
20 - 25 years ......
20 y e a r s .......*
21 y e a r s .......*
22 years .......
23 years .......
24 years .......
25 y e a r s ........
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
26 - 34 years ......
y e a r s ......
27 years •••••••••
28 years .......
years .........
years .......
y e a r s ..... ....
y e a r s .................................
y e a r s ..................................*
34 years .................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
26
29
30
31
32
33
35-39
40-44
45 - 49
- 54
55 - 59
years ......
years .............................
years . . . . . . .
y e a r s ....................
y e a r s ......
60 - 64 years .............................
years and over . . .
50
65
2J
1/
2/
0.4
21.0
.7
—
4*6
.5
.9
.4
.2
.2
.3
2
.2
-0
—
—
.6
—
—
0.3
78.3
14.7
.2
—
—
84.4
100.0
7.2
12.3
11.2
18.3
17.4
—
—
.3
—
30.4
33.5
43.6
25.4
36.4
—
.2
.6
29.4
100.0
2.3
29.9
100.0
—
(V)
—
26.6
29.2
(4/)
.3
17.6
22.5
—
(4/0
(£/)
.8
20.8
(V)
(4/)
.3
1.2
—
1.1
2.1
—
4.2
(4/)
(4/')
72.9
82.1
77.1
69.8
69.6
66.2
54.6
74.6
62.5
68.7
—
53.5
47.8
37.2
48.4
43.2
25.0
67.8
75.0
33.3
(V)
(V)
(V)
20.8
(4/)
35oO
53.7
100.0
85.6
84.8
82.5
32.0
20.7
17.2
17.7
16.9
11.2
16.1
18.4
17.4
26.2
19.3
43.7
34.5
54.2
(4/)
(4/)
—
—
—-
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
M
M
M
M
—
—
—
—
m
m
»
Such as Retired, and Fleet Reserve*
Excludes 41 who did not report military status*
Too few to compute median age.
4/ Too few to compute percentages.
88.0
86.4
87.6
81.3
82.4
43.3
30.7
2.4
1.6
5.1
49.3
61.7
55.7
64.4
60.2
58.6
Table A-9.— Distribution of chemists, by field of highest competence
and level of education, 1951
Total
Field of highest competence
Ph.D.
Bachelor1s Some
college
degree
Masterfs
degree
Number
Total............................
1/ 50,855
12,007
8,497
27,661
2,573
2,604
6,732
3,081
2,816
4,581
23,436
2,214
4,106
1,235
178
804
583
1,442
836
5,399
616
2,045
104
769
1,087
485
430
724
3,793
345
681
183
1,563
4,384
1,786
805
2,690
13,121
1,151
1,300
861
93
451
224
58
331
1,165
37
77
87
General chemistry......................
Analytical chemistry..................
Agricultural and food chemistry.......
Biochemistry...........................
Inorganic chemistry...................
Organic chemistry ..................
Pharmaceutical chemistry..............
Physical chemistry .................
Other chemistry specialties 2/ ......
Percent
2/
Total...................................
General chernistry......................
Analytical chemistry.... .............
Agricultural and food chemistry......
Biochemistry...........................
Inorganic chemistry............... .
Organic chemistry........ ....... ......
Pharmaceutical chemistry..............
Physical chemistry. ....................
Other chemistry specialties 2/.......
j
100.0
23-6
16.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.3
11.9
18.9
51.2
18.2
29.6
16.2
15.7
15.2
100.0
100.0
23.0
100.0
27.3
100.0
49.3
100.0
8.4
i
___ .J
15.8
16.2
15.6
16.5
14.3
T
54.4
_
60.0
65.1
58.0
28.6
58.7
55.8
3.6
6.7
7.3
2.1
52.0
31.7
69.7
5.1
!
j
i
7.3
5.0
3.9
1.9
7.1
1/ Excludes 422 chemists not reporting level of education. Table does not add no
totals in the first column of figures because these include 117 chemists (81 of whom reported
their highest field of competence as biochemistry ) holding doctor*s degrees other than the
Ph.D., such as M.D.,
and D.D.S.
7j Includes water, sewage, and sanitation chemistry; chemical warfare agents; industrial
wastes; and food processing (such as concentration, drying, and refrigeration).
3/ Percentages in table do not always add to 100 because totals include chemists holding
doctor*s degrees other than the Ph.D.
-
64
-
Table A-10.— Age of chemists, by level of
education and sex, 1951
Percent
Age group
All levels
of
education
25 years........ .
- 29 years..........
- 34 years..........
- 39 years..........
- 44 years..........
- 49 years..........
- 54 years..........
- 59 years..........
- 64 years..........
years and over.......
Total....
Median age.............
Total number reporting.....
6.2
20.5
23.5
17.5
11.6
7.9
5-5
3.9
2.2
1.2
100.0
34
1/ 50,840
Under
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Under
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
25 years............
4.9
- 29 years..........
19.3
- 34 years..........
24.3
18.3
- 39 years..........
12.0
- 44 years..........
8.1
- 49 years..........
5.6
- 54 years..........
- 59 years..........
3.9
- 64 years..........
2.3
years and over.......
1.3
100.0
Total....
Median age.............
35
Total number reporting..... 1/ 46,986
Under
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
25 years............
21.5
35.2
- 29 years.......... |
- 34 years.......... ‘
13.5
8 . 1
- 39 years.......... ;
- 44 years.......... ;
6.4
- 49 years.......... ;
5.4
4.7
- 54 years.......... ;
- 59 years.......... !
3.5
1.1
- 64 years.......... !
.6
years and over.......!
Total....;
100.0
Median age..... ....... .1
29
Total number reporting
J 1/ 3 ,854.
Other
Bachelor1s Some
doctorfs Master1s
Ph.D.
degree
college
degree
degree
Men and women
_,
0.2
10.1
4.9
2.3
26.2
8.8
13.9
20.5
9.4
25.0
17.1
24.3
23.4
17.9
18.0
20.6
17.2
16.3
14.5
9.5
12.3
14.5
15.1
9.4
5.6
10.3
11.9
11.9
8.5
3.8
8.8
16.2
5.8
7.5
4.2
7.7
2.9
6.3
5.5
2.8
2.8
4.2
6.9
1.5
2.0
.7
7.7
1.7
1.4
100.C
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
36
33
39
44
j
39
27,657
117 11 8,494
12,003
2,569
Men
—
0.2
8.0
4.7
1.9
24.8
8 .7
19.1
12.9
9.1
24.6
18.0
17.2
25.8
24.5
21.0 1| H.4
18.2
18.0
17.3
10.0
14.8
15.2 |
12.7
1
9.9
12.1
1 1 .7 |
9.9
5.9
8.4
4.0
5.8
7.5
8.5 1I 17.1
4.0
6.3
5.3 !
3.1
6.4
1.6
2 .8 |
2.8
i
7.2
4.4
2.0 j1
.8
8.1
1.8
1.5
100.c I
100.0
! 100.0
100.0
100.0
36 :
39 11
39
44
34
111
2,482
11,467 j|
7,687 1 25,239
Women
_ _
0.6 Ij
12.6
6.8
31.4 1
33.7
40.7 '
42.5
11.4
12.0 ;
12.6
16.7
15-1
—
—
13.8
12.5 !
10.3 1
6.3 |
4.6
14.2 i
8.4 |;
4 .1 ;
2 .1 !
9.1 j
15.5 j
—
j
3.5
6.2
8.1
1 .7 :
15.3 s
1
—
5.6
9.3 !
2.3
1 .4 !
—
—
2.1
.2
4 .1 1
2.0
1.1
.1
—
—
100.0
. (
2 /) 1 100.0
100.0
100.0
27
44
33
29
t
536
807
2,418
87
_u
1/ Excludes 422 scientists (408 men and 14 women) not reporting level of education, and
15 (14 men and 1 woman) not reporting age.
2/ Number too small to compute percentages and median age.
- 65 -
Table A-ll.— Fields of education of chemists, by level of education, 1951
Major subject for
highest degree
All levels
of education
Number Percent
Percent of chemists with— .
Master *s Bachelor’s Some
Ph.D.
degree
college
degree
Physical sciences ............
Chemistry (including biochemistry)..............
Mathematics ...............
Metallurgy ................
Physics, geophysics, and
crystallography ..........
All others ................
39,561
78.4
94.4
77.5
72.1
76.1
38,921
128
90
77*2
.2
.2
93.3
.1
.1
75.7
.3
.3
70.9
.3
.2
73.9
.6
.7
155
267
*3
.5
.3
.6
.5
.7
.2
.5
Agricultural sciences ........
Agronomy and soil science ...
Forestry........ .........
All others ...... ..........
279
94
117
.6
.1
.2
.3
.9
•4
.1
.4
.6
.1
•2
.3
*4
.1
.2
.1
Biological sciences ..........
Biological science (general) ••
Botany ...................
Zoology....... ...........
All others ..... ...........
611
352
65
92
102
1.2
.7
,1
.2
.2
.9
.1
.3
.1
.4
1.0
.5
.1
.2
.2
1.4
1.1
Medical sciences ..............
Pharmacy ..................
Bacteriology ..............
Medicine and surgery........
All others ................
571
250
179
74
68
1.1
♦5
.4
.1
.1
.7
.2
.4
.1
1.1
.3
.7
—
.1
.2
0 /)
.1
.2
.1
.3
Engineering and architecture ..*.
Chemical and ceramic ........
All others ................
8,170
6,690
1,480
16.2
13.3
2.9
2.4
2.1
.3
12.4
9.9
2.5
23.3
19.3
4.0
18.7
13.8
4.9
Social sciences .............
Business administration .....
Education .................
Home economics ......... •••*•
All others.................
975
122
550
109
194
1.9
.2
1*1
.2
.4
.6
•it
.3
.1
6.9
1.1
4.8
.3
.7
1.1
.1
.4
.2
.4
.8
.3
.1
Arts and sciences ............
279
.6
.1
.5
.7
2.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12,009
8,626
27,326
2,356
68
Total ............. .
Totel number
reporting
..........
^50,U 6
& /)
—
( 2 /)
.2
.1
1.0
.7
.5
.4
.4
G /)
.1
.3
.6
.3
Q />
.1
.1
1.4
.8
( 2 /)
.4
1/ Less than 0*05 percent*
2/ Excludes 409 chemists not reporting field of education; 28 not reporting level of
education; and 394 reporting neither. The total in column 1
includes 119 chemists
holding doctor’s degrees other than the Ph.D. (such as m *D., D.V.M., and D.D.S*)* and 10 who
had not taken any college courses*
T a b le A - 1 2 .— Com parison o f c h e m is ts 1 f i e l d s o f h ig h e s t competence and f i e l d s o f c u r r e n t
employment, 1951
Field of
current
employment
Chemistry.......... ... •
General ......... .....
Analytical...... .. ••.
Agricultural and food .
Inorganic ............
Organic ..............
Pharmaceutical..... ..
Physical ........... ..
Biochemistry.........
O t h e r .............. ..
Engineering ........... .
Chemical ............ .
All o t h e r .......... ..
Biological sciences .....
Physics ............ •••0
Metallurgy ............ .
Complex systems analysis •
All other scientific
fields ...............
Nonscientific fields ....
Total number reporting
~W,3§5
1,775
1,4-80
70
23
33
109
10
18
20
12
19
11
8
1
8
3,639
5,889
2,931
3,789
21,438
2,256
3,5342,704
1,205
867
723
144
39
59
80
78
61
__
4-9,955
See footnotes at end of table
General
chemistrv
All
fields
^
Field of highest, ccimpotence
Other
Agricul
In
Pharma
chem
Analyt tural
Organic ceutical Physical Bio istry
and food organic
ical
chem
chemchem special
chemchem
chem
chem
istry
istry
istry
ties ,
. istry__
L istry _ istry
istry
Number
1,383
03
4,980
118
185
349
97
117
65
59
52
44
8
5
3
10
16
40
5
2,916
85
96
2,449
28
109
29
9
84
27
42
39
3
7
1
2
—
4,252
448
186
32
3,173
265
22
102
10
14
152
116
36
—
6
40
6
122,259
729
350
180
227
20,147
216
190
143
77
466
404
62
1
2
10
16
1“2,107 “1 3,§S§
37
301
48
83
14
15
111
13
130
237
1,811
12
3,058
4
46
32
4
19
28
78
27
64
1
14
6
1
—
30
—
1
5
5
2,668
111
44
70
9
54
56
17
2,300
7
4
3
1
18
—
—
4
7
9
4
437
153
80
16
112
445
3
44
8
43
3
51
2,292
6,631
3,052
4,584
23,210
2,189
4,038
2,748
11
1,157
35
32
30
10
38
3
19
4
986
26
15
11
2
2
2
1
—
21
lf211
T a b le A - 1 2 .— Com parison o f c h e m ists* f i e l d s o f h ig h e s t competence and f i e l d s o f c u r r e n t
employment, 1 9 5 1 — (C o n tin u e d )
Field of hiethest competence___
Field of
current employment
Agricul
Analyt
In
tural
and food organic
General
ical
All
chem
cnemchem
chemistry _istry
fields__ iatrv__ istry__
__________________
Other
chem
Pharma Physi
istry
Bio
Organic ceutical cal
special
chem
chem
chem chem
istry
istry iistry_
istry
ties____
Percent
Chemistry ........ .
General ............. .
Analytical.... .... ..
Agricultural and food .
Inorganic ........... .
Organic .........
Pharmaceutical.... .
Physical ............ .
Biochemistry
.
O t h e r ..... ........ .
Engineering......... .
Chemical ......... .
All o t h e r ......... .
Biological sciences ....
Physics ......... .
Metallurgy.............
Complex systems analysis •
All other scientific
fields ...............
Nonscientific fields ••••
Total
1/
2/
%$9
7.3
11.8
5.9
7.6
42.9
4.5
7.1
5.4
2.4
1.7
1.4
..3
.1
.1
.2
.2
95.6
2.8
3.1
.8
.9
.5
96.3
6.2
75.0
i.a
2.8
5.3
1.5
1.8
1.0
.9
.8
.5
.3
.8
.7
.1
1.4
1.3
.1
(2/)
.3
.2
1.8
(2/)
.2
.2
.1
.2
(2/)
.1
—
.1
2.3 . .
.1
2.6
77.5
64.6
3.1
1.0
1.4
4.8
•A
.1
2.7
.3
19.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.2
.9
3.6
1.0
.3
2.8
.9
100.0
92.8
9.8
4.1
.7
69.2
5.8
.5
2.2
.2
.3
95.9
3.2
1.5
.8
1.0
86.8
.9
.8
.6
.3
3.3
2.5
.8
—
2.0
1.7
.3
.1
.9
.1
..
(2/)
(2/)
(&)
.1
96.3
1.7
2.2
.6
.6
6.0
82.7
.2
2.1
.2
1.3
1.3
(2/)
.3
—
—
(2/)
95.9
7.5
2.1
.4
2.7
5.9
.3
75.7
.8
.5
97.1
95.5
4.0
1.6
2.6
.3
.2.0
2.0
.6
83.7
.3
2.9
2.6
2.5
.8
3.1
.3
1.6
.3
81.4
(2/)
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
(2/)
.7
—
—
.1
1.9
1.6
.3
2.1
1.2
.9
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
2.5
.1
.1.9
.1
_ 2.0
.2
1.1
1*9
—
__ 1.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
lOOoO
.1
Excludes 122 unemployed; 616 on active duty with Armed Forces in nonscientific capacity, and f>84 not
reporting field of current employment.
Less than 0 o05 percent.
_
- 68 Table A-13-— Industries in which chemists were employed,
Industry
Total
1951
Men
Women
All industries .......................................
3/47,270
3/43,846
Metal m i n i n g ...................... ..................
Anthracite, bituminous coal, and lignite mining ....
Crude petroleum and natural gas extraction ••.•••••••
Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals .... ...
C o nstruction......................... ...............
Ordnance and accessories • •.. ........................
Food and kindred products ................. ........ ••
T o b a c c o ............................. ........... .....
Textile mill products ...............................
Apparel ..............................................
Lumber and wood products ............................
Furniture and fixtures ..............................
Paper and allied products ...........................
Printing, publishing, and allied p r o d u c t s ..... .
Chemical and allied products ........................
Industrial chemicals ...........................
Drugs and medicine ................... ..........
Soaps and glycerin, sulfonated oils ...........
Paints, lacquers, varnishes, wood fillers, etc..
Gum and wood chemicals ................... ......
Fertilizers .....................................
Vegetable and animal oils, and fats ...... .....
All other .......................................
Products of petroleum and coal ......................
Petroleum refining........................ ......
Coke and byproducts ................. ...........
Paving and roofing materials ............ ......
All other ............................ ..........
Rubber products ......................................
Leather and leather p r o d u c t s ............ ...........
Stone, clay, and glass products .....................
Primary metals products .............................
Fabricated metal products ...........................
Machinery (except electrical) .................... .
Electrical m a c h i n e r y ......... ............ ..........
Transportation equipment .............. ....... .......
Motor vehicles and equipment ...................
Aircraft and parts .............................
All other .......................................
Professional, controlling, and scientific
instruments ................................
Photographic equipment and supplies ......... .
All other .......................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ..............
67
30
134
54
14
70
2,373
63
682
19
39
13
1,001
83
17,596
9,393
2,952
867
1,573
53
167
193
2,393
3,717
3,262
61
101
293
1,434
119
756
865
321
470
814
402
185
171
64
3
24
6
See footnotes at end of table.
46
886
293
593
1,324
131
52
14
67
2,207
57
646
18
38
13
979
71
16,632
8,913
2,662
828
1,542
53
161
189
2,279
3,559
3,121
60
97
281
1,401
118
737
837
307
441
779
374
174
155
45
842
276
566
1,239
1/3,424
3
2
—
3
166
6
36
1
1
—
22
12
964
475
290
39
31
—
6
9
114
158
141
1
4
12
33
1
19
28
14
29
35
28
11
16
1
44
17
27
85
- 69 -
Table A-13 .— Industries in which chemists were employed, 1951
(Continued)
Industry
Railroads, railways, bus lines, taxicabs,
water transportation .................. .
Pipeline transportation ................... ........
Telecommunications .................................
Utilities and sanitary services .....................
Wholesale t r a d e .................... ......... .
Retail trade, holding and other investments,
and personal service ................. .....
Miscellaneous business services 2/ ..................
Motion pictures .................................. ..
Medical and other health services ..................
Hospitals .....................................
All other .....................................
Legal services .....................................
Educational services ........ .......................
Colleges, universities, professional
schools, junior colleges, and normal
schools ..................................
Elementary and secondary schools ...............
All other .....................................
Nonprofit membership organizations .................
Miscellaneous services ....................... .....
Engineering and architectural services .........
Nonprofit educational and scientific
research agencies....... .................
All o t h e r ..... ........................ ...... .
Federal Government ...... ...........................
State government.......................... ....... .
Local government ......................... .
Al l other
^
.......... . *........
I---------Total
i
!
1
!
[•
[
!
\
i
i
j
!
;
i
104
io
42
144
229
Men
Women
—
1
5
1
5
104
1
!
9
37
143
224
52
1,195
19
343
289
54
18
6,686
47
1,089
18
211
174
37
17
5,739
5,855
823
8
159
1,097
199
5,068
663
8
136
936
191
894
742
4
3
2,986
519
308
13
2,737
467
274
11
;
'
1
i
i
1/
2/
Excludes 11$ not reporting industry (111 men and 4 women).
Includes commercially operated research agencies and testing laboratories.
5
106
1
132
115
17
1
947
787
160
—
23
161
8
152
1
249
52
34
2
- 70 -
Table A-14.— Industries in which chemists were employed,
by level of education, 1951
All levels
of education Ph.D.
Industries
Master’s Bachelor's
degree
degree
Some
college
Percent
Manufacturing................ ..
66.6
49.2
59.3
75.4
81.6
Chemicals and allied products ••••
Industrial chemicals ........
Drugs and medicine •••........
Soaps and glycerin^.........
Paints and varnishes... .....
All other chemicals .........
Petroleum and coal products ....
Petroleum refining ..........
All other petroleum and
coal products ............
Food and kindred products ......
paper and allied products ......
Rubber products ..............
Primary metals ...............
Electrical machinery....... .
Professional and scientific
instruments ................
All other manufacturing.... .
37.2
19.9
6.3
1.8
3.3
5.9
7.9
7.0
31.3
18.2
6.7
1.1
1.2
4.1
5-9
5.4
34.3
17.7
6.2
1.6
3.0
5.8
8.0
7.1
40.3
21.4
6.2
2.1
4.1
6.5
9.0
7.8
42.7
19.5
4.8
2.6
7.0
8.8
5.9
4-9
.9
5.0
2.1
3.0
1.8
1.7
.5
2.7
1.0
1.6
.6
1.4
.9
4.5
1.5
2.2
1.1
1.5
1.2
5.9
2.9
3.9
2.2
1.9
1.0
8.0
1.6
3.8
5.7
1.8
1.9
6.0
2.1
2.6
1.5
4.7
1.9
7.4
1.6
10.5
Research and consulting services •..
:Educational institutions
4.8
5.6
14.1
32.5
4.8
2Q.8
4.3
4.8
5.9
1.0
12.3
1.8
32.2
.3
16.0
4.8
3.1
1.7
.8
.2
Government....................
Other industries, not elsewhere
classified ...................
8.3
7.4
9.4
8.6
5.2
6.2
5.3
5.7
6.9
6.3
Total ....................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total number reporting ...........
1/ 46,875
11,563
Colleges and universities ......
All other..... ..............
!
7,857 | 25,086.
2,364
1/ Excludes 374 not reporting level of education, 107 whose highest degree was a
doctor's degree other than the Ph.D. (such as M.D., D.D.S., and D.V.M.)> and 29 not report
ing industry.
Table A-15.— Distribution of chemists within each industry, by level of education, 1951
All levels
of education
Percent of chemists with—
Industries
Number Percent
Ph.D.
Master1s Bachelor's
Some
degree
degree
college
1/46,875
100.0
24.7
16.3
53*5
5.0
Manufacturing................
Chemicals and allied
products ...............
Industrial chemicals ... ••••
Drugs and medicine ........
Soaps and glycerin ........
Paints and varnishes .......
All other chemicals .......
Petroleum and coal
products... ............
Petroleum refining ..........
All other petroleum
and coal products..... ...
Food and kindred products ....
Paper and allied products ....
Rubber products .............
Primary metals .............
Electrical machinery .........
Professional and scientific
instruments ..............
All other manufacturing .......
31,213
100.0
18.2
14.9
6 0 .7
6.2
17,429
9,307
2,933
858
1,550
2,781
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20*8
22.5
26.5
15.4
8.6
17.1
15.5
14.9
16.7
14.8
15.0
16.6
58.0
57.6
53.0
62.7
65.7
58.9
5*7
5*0
3*8
7.1
10.7
7.4
3,698
3,262
100.0
100.0
18.3
19.2
16.9
17.0
61.0
60.3
3*8
3.5
436
2,351
996
12.2
13.7
11.6
13.1
7.7
19.7
16.3
14.9
11.9
12.4
10.4
14.7
66.0
63.4
72.8
68.1
65.8
60.3
5.5
8.0
3.7
834
811
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
16.1
5.3
880
2,792
100.0
100.0
28.2
10.9
13.6
13.2
53.9
67.1
4.3
8.8
Research and consulting services..
2,258
100.0
28.8
16.8
48.2
6.2
Educational institutions
Colleges and universities ......
All other... .......... .
6,613
5,783
830
100.0
100.0
56.8
64.4
3.9
24.7
21.7
45*8
18.1
13.6
49.7
•4
.3
.6
Government..... ........ .....
3,865
100.0
22.1
19*1
55.6
3.2
Other industries, not elsewhere
classified....... .........
2,926
100.0
20.9
15*3
58.7
5.1
All industries...... .
1,422
loo.o
6.4
l/ Excludes 374 not reporting level of education, 107 whose highest degree was a doc
tor^ degree other than the Ph.D. (such as M.D., D.D.S., and D.V.M.)j and 29 not reporting
industry*
Ta b le A - 1 6 .— D is t r ib u t io n o f c h e m ists, by f i e l d
Industry
All
fields
General
chem
istry
o f employment in each in d u s t r y , 1951
Pharma
In
Analyt Agricul
Organic ceutical
tural
ical
organic
chem
chem
chem and food
chem
istry
istry
istry chemistry, istry
Physical
chem
istry
Other
Bio
chemistry
chem
special
istry
ties
Number
Manufacturing ................
Chemicals and allied products.
Industrial chemicals .....
Drugs and medicine .......
Soaps and glycerin .......
Paints and varnishes .....
All other chemicals ......
Petroleum and coal products •.
Petroleum refining .......
All other petroleum and
coal products ..........
Food and kindred products ••••
Paper and allied products ....
Rubber products ........ .
Primary metals .............
Electrical machinery .......
Professional and scientific
instruments ...........
All other manufacturing ....
Research and consulting
services ...... .......
Educational institutions .....
Colleges and universities ....
All other .................
Government ..................
Other industries .............
Total reporting .............
See footnote at end of tpble.
31,519
17,596
9,393
2,952
867
1,573
2,811
3,717
3,278
418
216
143
21
7
8
37
31
25
3,881
2,026
1,141
450
82
55
298
397
374
1,938
573
191
85
11
6
280
26
19
2,772
1,555
977
27
30
188
333
57
47
17,9 19
10,216
6,193
625
652
1,272
1,474
2,949
2,570
1,759
1,696
118
1,378
22
2
176
4
3
1,795
709
488
41
37
33
110
209
199
582
405
47
312
12
4
30
9
7
455
200
95
13
14
5
73
35
34
439
2,373
1,001
1,434
865
814
6
32
10
11
13
23
23
240
40
68
349
158
7
1,270
5
7
1
5
10
17
23
15
331
126
379
557
883
1,299
101
279
1
22
2
2
2
4
10
28
20
28
62
208
2
138
3
1
1
2
1
69
15
3
5
9
886
2,833
23
59
187
416
3
48
51
597
307
1,328
15
12
276
255
8
15
16
103
2,292
6,686
5,855
831
3,898
2,961
50
1,135
424
711
76
96
380
806
778
28
765
548
169
232
228
4
457
121
163
595
568
27
209
510
855
1,635
1,597
38
1,085
754
62
172
171
1
68
45
235
1,006
994
12
385
443
252
1,061
1,054
7
430
337
126
44
41
3
423
107
3/47,356
1,775
6,380
2,917
4,249
22,248
2,106
3,864
2,662
1,155
Ta b le A - 1 6 .— D is t r ib u t io n o f c h e m ists, by f i e l d
o f employment i n each in d u s t r y , 1951 (c o ntinue d )
----------------- 1
Industry
All
fields
Analyt Agricul
In
Pharma
General
ical
tural
organic Organic ceutical
chem
chem
chem and food
chem
chem
istry
istry
istry chemistry istry
istry
Physical [ Bio Other
chem- jchem chemistry
istry jistry special
ties
Percent
Manufacturing ................
Chemicals and allied products..
Industrial chemicals ......
Drugs and medicine ........
Soaps and glycerin ........
Paints and varnishes ......
All other chemicals .......
Petroleum and coal products ...
Petroleum refining ........
All other petroleum and
coal products ..........
Food and kindred products ......
Paper and allied products .....
Rubber products ............
Primary metals .............
Electrical machinery.... ..
Professional and scientific
instruments ...........
All other manufacturing .....
Research and consulting
services ..............
Educational institutions ......
Colleges and universities ...
All other ..................
Government .•............ .
Other industries ........... .
Total ...................
l/
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1 .3
1.2
1 .5
.7
.8
.5
1.3
.8
.8
12.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1 .4
1 .4
1 .0
.8
1 .5
2.8
5.2
1 0 .1
100.0
100.0
6.2
3.3
2.0
2.9
1.3
.4
10.0
.7
.6
8.8
8.8
10.4
*9
3.5
12.0
11.8
1.5
1.4
$6.8
58.1
65.9
21.2
75.2
80.9
52.4
79.3
78.4
5.6
9.7
1.3
46.7
2.5
.1
6.3
.1
.1
5.7
4.0
5.2
1.4
4.3
2.1
3*9
5.6
6.1
1.8
2.3
.5
10.6
1.4
.2
1.1
.3
.2
1*5
1.1
1.0
.4
1.6
.3
2.6
1.0
1.0
4.7
40.3
19-4
1.6
53.5
.5
.5
.1
.6
2.3
.7
2.3
1 .0
38.3
15.5
86.3
23.5
88.2
90.6
11.7
34.3
.2
.9
.2
.1
.2
.5
2.3
1.2
2.0
2.0
7.2
25.6
.5
5.8
.3
.1
.1
.2
.2
2.9
1.5
.2
.6
1.1
2.6
2.1
21.1
14.7
.3
1.7
5.8
21.1
34.6
46.9
1.7
.4
31.2
9.0
*9
*5
1.8
3.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.2
17.0
7.2
85-6
2.0
3.2
16.6
12.0
13.3
3.4
19.6
18.5
7.4
3.5
3.9
.5
11.7
4.1
7.1
8.9
9.7
3.2
5.4
17.2
37.3
24-4
27.3
4.6
27.8
25.5
2.7
2.6
2.9
.1
1.7
1.5
10.2
15.0
17.0
1.4
9.9
15*0
11.0
15*9
18.0
.8
11.0
11.4
5.5
.7
.7
•4
10.9
3.6
100.0
3 .7
13.5
6.2
9.0
47.0
4*4
8 .2
5.6
2.U
1 1 .5
12.2
15.2
9 .4
3.5
10.6
10.7
11.4
A..0
Excludes 29 chemists who did not report industry.
1
Table A -1 7 .— Le v e l o f education o f women che m ists,
by in d u s try ,, 1951
Industries
All levels Ph.D.
of education
Master’s
degree
Bachelorfs
degree
Some
college
Manufacturing .......... .......
Chemicals and allied products...
Industrial chemicals
Drugs and medicine ••. ......
Soaps and glycerin.........
Paints and varnishes.......
All other chemicals.......
Petroleum and coal products.....
Petroleum refining........
All other petroleum and
coal products...........
Food and kindred products.....
Paper and allied products.......
Rubber products.............
Primary metals..............
Electrical machinery.
Professional and scientific
instruments.............
All other manufacturing......
4-6.428.2
15.3
8.5
1.2
.9
2.3
4.6
4.?
18.9
13.3
7.5
4.2
.8
—
.8
1.0
1.0
30.0
18.1
9.8
6.8
.4
—
1.1
4.5
4.1
57.8
35.0
19.3
10.0
1.5
1.3
2.9
5.3
4.8
53.7
23.8
6.3
7.5
1.2
2.5
6.3
8.8
6.3
.4
4.9
.6
1.0
.8
1.0
—
1.7
—
.4
—
.4
.4
2.9
.4
.1
.1
.6
.5
6.1
.8
1.4
1.1
1.3
2.5
10.0
—
1.2
2.5
1.2
1.3
4.0
.8
1.3
.6
2.7
1.6
5.2
1.2
5.0
Research and consulting services...
7.8
8.1
6.0
8.0
15.0
Educational institutions ••••......
Colleges and universities.... .
All other.... . •••..........
27.6
22.9
4.7
57.9
57.3
.6
44*0
36.5
7.5
16.0
11.3
4.7
7.5
5.0
2.5
Government.... ............ .
Other industries, n.e.c. ..........
9.8
8.4
11.0
4.1
11.6
8.4
9.0
9.2
8.8
15.0
Total........... ...........
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1/ 3,408
482
716
2,130
80
Total number reporting....... .
1/ Excludes 6 women chemists reporting "other doctor’s degrees”, 12 not reporting level
of education, and 2 not reporting industry.
Ta b le A - 1 8 .— F u n c tio n s perform ed by c h e m ists i n each in d u s t r y , 1951
Percent of chemists in—
Industry
All
functions
Number
All industries ............
Manufacturing .............
Chemicals and allied
products ............
Industrial chemicals . . . .
Drugs and medicine . . . . . .
Soaps and glycerin .....
Paints and varnishes ....
All other chemicals ....
Petroleum and coal
products ............
Petroleum refining .....
All other petroleum
and coal products .....
Food and kindred products..
Paper and allied products..
Rubber products .........
Primary metals ...........
Electrical machinery .....
Professional and scientific
instruments .........
All other manufacturing .«.
Research and consulting
services ...........••
Educational institutions ....
Colleges and universities..
All other ............. . •
Government •••*........... .
Other industries, n.e.c. ••••
1/
2/
Percent
Tech
nical
Research
Tech
Analysis Produc
and
Consult Manage- Teach nical Design
sales
Other
and
tion
and
develop
ing
ii
ment
writ
ing
i
testing
!i
serv
ment
ing
1
ices
'
3/47,274
100.0
45.1
1 .6
31,462
100.0
49.3
1 .0
j
i
i
i
n.i
1 .8
0.4
18.3
6 .2
4.2
0.2
.1 :: i-9
f
•4
19.5
8.4
5.7
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.1
.1
15.5
14.3
19 .8
19.5
11.4
15.9
9.4
9.7
10.5
8.4
8.8
8.4
7.4
9.1
2.2
6 .0
6 .0
8.4
.2
.3
.1
3.3
3.7
.8 ! 21.3
.9
20.9
6 .6
6 .2
4.3
3.8
.9
.8
.5
1.5
.8
.4
.7
.3
24.2
32.6
2 0 .1
1 5 .2
46.3
21.2
9.4
7.8
12.9
7.0
6 .2
3.1
8 .0
3.2
2.6
3.1
2 .1
1.7
1 1 .1
13.4
i
ir
17,573
9,378
2,950
863
1,572
2,810
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.4
49.7
51.0
47.9
58.2
48.6
3,709
3,271
100.0
100.0
49.7
50.3
438
2,372
996
1,432
862
812
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
44.7
39.0
50.3
57.8
29.5
6 1.8
883
2,823
100.0
100.0
56.5
47.0
2,290
6,683
5,853
830
3,892
2,947
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
.8
13.9
13.4
.9
.7 1 13.6
.8 ! 16.1
.3
14.1
.8
15.2
>
!
.1 '
! 2 .0
.1
2 .2
.1
1 .8
.1
.9
.1
.6
—
2.5
.4
.1
i
1.6
1.7
12.2
12 .3
.9
.8
.5
.6
1 .0
1.7
11.2
15.3
11.9
13.9
13.7
9.2
.6
1.4
12.2
12.4
.3
(2/>
2.3
1.7
1 .2
.7
1 3 .2
26.3
6 .2
6.7
7.0
3.3
53.0
18.2
20 .8
15.0
.1
(2/)
10.2
1.7
1 .8
1.1
17.4
2 .2
2.4
.6
1 .1
.1
.2
1.6
2 .0 [ *4
.5
iS/)
.5
is /)
.7
.2
.1
.2
76.9
74.1
97.0
1.5
50.9
46.7
!
1.7
9.2
10.7
.1
.1
—
(2/)
—
.1
.1
—
.5
.8
.5
—
i,
|
.9
1.5
3.2
.3
32.1
.6
24-5
.2
.1
Excludes 111 chemists who did not report industry or function.
Less than 0*05 percent.
_
.3
.4
.3
.3
.6
.5
.5
_
.1
•1
| 5.7
.4
—
2.6
6.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
♦2
—
1
__ 1___
_
Ta b le A -1 9 *— F u n c tio n perform ed by c h e m ists, by le v e l o f ed ucation and age g ro u p , 1951
Age group
All functions
Number [Percent
Research
and de Consult
ing
velopment
Manage
ment
Teach
ing
Tech
nical IDesign
writing j
Analysis
and
testing
Technical
sales and
services
Produc
tion
Ph.D.
All ages ......... .
25 years ........
29 y e a r s ..... .
34 years .........
39 years ........
40 - 44 years ....... .
45 - 49 years ........
50 - 5A years ........
55 - 59 years ........
60 - 64 years ........
65 years and over ....
Under
25 30 35 -
1/1 1 ,5 5 9
100.0
5 5.3
1.7
11.6
2 5 .9
1 .4
0.2
1.8
28
1,030
2,853
2,400
1,740
1,365
1,002
615
312
214
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100*0
100.0
100.0
78.5
7 3 .0
70.6
61.6
50.1
4 3 .5
33.7
30.1
26.9
24.8
3 .6
.3
.6
1.2
1.2
2.8
2 .4
4.6
5.8
9 .8
3 .6
.5
3 .1
10 .4
17.6
19.9
21.2
18.5
16.7
16.8
10.7
24.3
22.0
21.1
23.7
26.5
35.6
41.3
43.0
42.1
3.6
.3
1.0
1.3
1.6
2.3
2.0
1.6
1.9
3.3
—
—
___
1 .0
•9
1.9
2.5
2.3
2.8
1.6
1.9
1.4
0.3
.6
.7
1.7
1.4
1.3
2.0
1.0
1.4
.1
,3
.1
.1
.1
.3
—
.6
_ _ _
i1
1.1
1.0
_
i
1
0.2
.8
1.7
1.5
1.2
.6
-3
2.2
L
4
Master*s degree
All ages .............
Under 25 years •••••••••
25 - 29 years ........
30 - 3A years ........
35 - 39 years ........
AO - AA years .................
45 - 49 years ................
50 - 54 years .................
55 - 59 years .................
60 - 64 years .................
65 years and over ........
1/ 7 ,8 4 7
100.0
49.2
1 .4
9.8
17.9
2.0
166
1,602
1,978
1,379
967
661
444
329
219
102
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
62.3
63-9
58.5
52.0
39-6
30.1
27.2
25-2
26.0
15.7
0.6
.7
1.2
1.4
6.0
11.4
15.8
16.0
18.5
22.2
19.2
14.7
19.3
14.3
10.7
11-5
21.0
29.1
30*9
34.4
37.4
42.2
1 .8
1 .3
1 .5
2 .1
2 .1
2 .4
3 .8
2 .7
2 .7
3 .9
1 . 0
1.2
1.3
1.5
2.5
2.7
4.3
8.8
0 .5
.6
.6
.6
.4
.7
.2
—
—
.5
”
See footnote
at end of table
11.1
4.5
3.5
8.4
11.9
12.2
10.9
10.3
12.7
9.2
7.9
7.8
10.8
1 .2
2.6
5 .0
6 .4
5 .4
5 .1
5.2
3 .1
1 .4
3 .9
3.0
3.0
4.3
4.1
3.8
2.9
2.7
1.8
.9
— —
Table A-19-— Function performed by chemists, by level of education and age group, 1951
(Continued)
Age group
All functions
Number Percent
Research
Tech
and de- Consult Manage Teach
nical
ing
ment
ing
velopoaait
writing
Design
Analysis
and
testing
0 .5
26.4
Technical
Produc sales and
tion
services
Bachelor's degree
All ages .......
Under 25 years ...
25 - 29 years ...
30 - 34 years ...
35 - 39 years ..•
4.0-44 years ...
45 - 49 years ...
50 - 54 years ...
55 - 59 years ...
60 - 64 years ...
65 years and over
1/25,044
100.0
40.6
1.6
10.8
3 .1
1 .9
2,163
6,603
5,994
•4,206
2,-434
1,4H
947
738
364
181
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
38.8
43.6
46.2
42.0
36.5
31.4
28.3
25.9
21.]
20.5
-7
.8
1.2
1.8
^.0
1.7
3.3
3.7
6.9
9.9
1 .0
2.1
7.4
15.2
19.3
22.7
29.4
31.6
29.7
30.4
4.2
3.2
2.1
2.6
3.8
3.6
4.3
4.1
5.5
5.5
3.2
2.2
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
2.3
2.2
.8
1.1
.3
.5
.6
.5
.5
.4
.1
.1
—
40.9
33.5
23.8
19.3
20.8
22.9
20.5
18.7
22.0
23.2
0.2
35.3
—
8.8
6.1
7.9
9.4
10.4
9.8
9.9
6.5
8.7
10.4 1
5.5
...ji
5.9
3 .7
5 .3
7 .6
6 .5
5.6
5 .7
5 .3
5.0
3.6
3 .9
Incomplete college
All ages .......
Under 25 years ...
25 - 29 years ...
30 - 34 years ...
35 - 39 years ...
4 0 - 4 4 years ...
45 - 49 years ...
50 - 54 years ...
55 - 59 years ...
60 - 64 years ...
65 years and over
1/2,355
100.0
32.6
2.1
14.8
0.3
95
320
413
445
346
276
176
148
97
39
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
34.7
32.2
42.6
38.2
30.6
29*0
25.0
18.9
23.7
12.8
1 .1
1 .3
1 .9
1 .4
1 .2
3 .3
5 .]
1 .4
4 .2
5 .1
1.1
3.1
5.6
13.7
17.6
22.5
26.1
29.1
30.9
33.3
1.1
—
—
—
.3
.4
.6
.7
1 .0
—
0.8
_
1.3
.5
1.1
.3
1.4
.6
—
.5
1
—
.3
.4
—
.7
—
—
—
2.6
—
57.8
51.9
37.0
30.1
32.9
28.2
29.0
31.0
26.8
20.5
9 .5
3.1 1
8.1
7.3
10.3
11.3
9*4
9.1
13.5
10.3
18.0
4.3
1.8
4.6
5.2
5.5
5.4
4.5
4.7
3.1
5.1
1/ Includes 4 chemists holding Ph.D.'s, 11 master's degrees, 99 bachelor's degrees, and 3 with no college degree
reporting functions other than those shown here; excludes 7 chemists with Ph.D.'s, 11 with master's degrees, 59 with
bachelors, and 6 with no college degree not reporting function; 4 Ph.D.'s, 3 master's degrees, 4 bachelor's degrees, and
3 with no college degree not reporting age; and 1 chemist with no college degree reporting neither.
T a b le
All
functions
Age group
A - 2 0 . — Age o f c h e m is ts ,
Research
and de
velopment
Consulting
by fu n c tio n
p e rfo rm e d , 1 9 5 1
Tech
Teach nical
ing writing
Manage
ment
Design
Analysis
and
testing
Produc
tion
Technical
sales and
services
Percent
Under 25 years . . .
25 - 29 years . . .
30 - 34 years . . .
35 - 39 years . . .
4 0 - 4 4 years . . .
45 - 49 years . . .
50 - 54 years . . .
55 - 59 years . . .
6o - 64 years . . .
65 years and over
5.2
20.2
23.9
18.0
11.8
8.0
5.6
3.9
2.2
1.2
T o t a l ..... .
100.0
Total number
reporting.... ..
1/47,231
Median a g e ...........
j
_
2.4
9.8
15.3
17.0
11.6
10.7
10.1
8.8
7.6
6.7
0.5
3.4
12.9
21.2
19.1
14-7
12.2
9.0
4.6
2.4
2.4
13.2
18.5
15.1
13.6
11.7
10.4
7.7
4.6
2.8
8.7
20.8
19.2
15.8
11.0
9.2
7.3
4*5
1.8
1.7
4.6
23.7
31.8
16.8
12.7
5.2
2.3
1.2
1.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
21,309
759
5,238
5,241
34
42
43
40
4.7
22.4
28.8
19.5
10.6
6.3
3.7
2.3
1.2
.5
1
100.0
i
j
n .i
29.9
21.6
13.4
9.1
6.1
3.8
2.6
1.6
.8
4.7
20.2
24.3
20.1
12.5
7.7
4.1
3.7
1.9
!
.8
4.3
20.5
29-4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
825
173
8,635
2,944
1,990
35
33
32
35
34
19.8
11.1
6.6
3.8
2.7
1.3
.5
! 1
1/ Excludes 67 not reporting age and 87 not reporting function; includes 117 reporting a function other
than those listed above.
Table A-21.— Function performed by women chemists
by level of education, 1951
Function
Research and development..........
Consulting..... ........ .........
Management..... .................
Teaching.............. ..........
Technical writing.................
Design....... •••••••.............
Analysis and testing.......... ..
Production.............. .........
Technical sales and services... . •••
Other.......................... . •
Total.......................
Total number reporting.......... .
All levels
of
education
Fh.D.
Master*3 Bachelor *s
degree
degree
Somecollege
37.0
.6
1.2
18.7
9.9
(1/)
30.7
1.2
.6
.1
46.5
•4
1.5
42.3
5.3
2.7
.4
.2
.2
13.6
.7
.7
-—
34.3
.7
1.0
8.2
11.4
(V)
42.1
1.5
.7
.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2/ 3,395
482
714
2,120
79
—
38.9
.6
1.7
35.5
8.3
—
34.1
—
1.3
1.3
8.9
—
53.1
1.3
—
—
1/ Less than 0.05 percent.
2/ Excludes 15 women chemists not reporting function and 12 not reporting level of edu
cation; includes 6 with doctor*s degrees other than the Ph.D. (such as M.D., D.D.S.,and
D.V.M.).
T a b le A - 2 2 .— Age o f women c h e m is ts ,
Age group
Under 25 years .....
25 years .....
30 - 34 years .....
35 - 39 years .....
40 — AA years «*..••
45 - 49 y e a r s .....
50 - 54 years .....
5 5 - 5 9 years .....
60 - 64 years ......
65 years and over ••
Analysis Produc Technical
Research Consult Manage Teach Technical
All
and de
and
sales and Other
Design
writing
tion
ment
ing
functions
ing
velopment
testing
services
A .9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
636
336
1/1
1,052
39
21
1/ A
A2
29
(2/)
28
28
32
(2/)
100.0
20
A1
32
39
—
—
Total .........
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total number
reporting ........
2/3,All
1,261
Median age .........
29
29
j/
100.0
100.0
20.0
20.0
25.0
15.0
2/
5.1
—
—
19.0
23.9
19.0
19.0
4.8
4.8
—
9.5
—
—
20.2
35.A
1A.0
10.7
6.5
A.8
A.8
3.3
—
.3
20.5
42.2
15.5
8.2
4.8
3.6
3.3
1.4
.3
.2
1/
30.8
33.3
7.7
12.8
10.3
—
—
—
—
—
28.1
39.5
13.8
6.7
A.3
3.5
1.6
2.0
.3
.2
8.5
16.7
9.A
9.6
12. A
1A.3
12.0
9.9
5.2
2.0
20.5
35.3
13.7
8.A
6.5
5.7
A. 6
3.6
1.2
•5
29
by fu n c tio n p e rfo rm e d , 1951
—
—
10.0
10.0
—
17.0
19.5
9.8
19.5
12.2
9.8
7.3
—
—
—
—
(i/)
Too few to compute percentages.
Excludes 2 chemists not reporting age and 15 chemists not reporting function,
Too few to compute median age.
—
a/)
—
—
a/)
—
(i/)
—
—
Ta b le A -2 3 *— Annual p r o fe s s io n a l income o f c h e m is ts , by age, 1951
Anrmfll
All age
groups
65 years
Under
25 years
25-29
years
30-34
years
35-39
years
40-44
years
45-49
years
50-54
years
55-59
years
60-64
years
27. 4
56.5
13.9
1.8
.2
.1
8.1
40.3
32.3
1.8
13-1
•4
1.1
5.4
14.2
20.4
18.9
14.0
14.7
8.9
2.4
1.3
4-9
11.9
16.3
16.0
13.4
15.4
14-3
6.5
1.2
5.5
11.0
14.4
14.1
12.5
15.1
16.5
9.7
1.4
4.8
10.4
12.1
13.3
10.8
16.2
16.7
14.3
2.0
3.8
9.4
12.9
11.6
11.5
13.8
18.5
16.5
2.2
5.0
11.2
14.2
12.5
13.1
12.2
13.7
15.9
16.5
14.0
9.7
.13.2
12.1
12.4
and over
3 .5
6 .5
12.1
$
0
$ 2,999 ........
$ 3,000 - $ 3,999 ........
$ 4,000 - $ 4,999 ........
$ 5,000 - $ 5,999 .......
$ 6,000 - $ 6,999 ........
1 7,000 - $ 7,999 ........
$ 8,000 - * 9,999 ........
$10,000 - $14,999 ........
$15,000 and over .........
4.3
17.3
Total ...............
100.0
100.0
100.0
100-0
100.0
100.0
1 0 0 .0
100.0
100.0
10 0 .0
100.0
Total number reporting ....
2/37,919
2,109
7,942
9,183
6,785
4,347
2,949
2,045
1,422
766
371
$5,500
4,200
7,400
$3,400
Median income ............
Lower quartile income ....
Upper quartile income ....
1/
2/
19 .6
17.4
13.1
8.8
8.6
7.0
3.9
—
.1
—
2,700
3,800
1 3 .6
4*4
1.0
.2
.1
u/)
2 4 .8
25.8
17.8
9-2
5.0
2.1
$4,100 $5,400 $6,500 $7,000 $7 ,3 0 0 $7,700 $7,900 $7,400
3,400 4,400 5,200 5,400 5,500 5,700 5,800 5,500
4,800 6,500 8,100 9,400 10,400 11,800 12,700 11,700
Less than 0*05 percent.
Excludes 9*397 not reporting income, 42 not reporting age, and 27 not reporting income or age.
6,800
$
5,200
9,900
-
82
-
Table A-24.— Median and quartile incomes of chemists, by level
of education and age, 1951
Age group
All ages:
Median 1/ ............ .
Lower quartile........ . •
Upper quartile..........
All levels
of education
Ph.D.
Master1s
degree
Bachelor1s
degree
Some
college
$4,900
3,800
9,200
$ 5,400
4,300
6,900
6,600
$5,000
4,000
7,000
5,200
4,100
5,900
3,600
3,100
4,300
3,400
2,700
3,800
3,200
2,000
3,700
3,400
4,800
5,300
4,400
6,000
4,300
3,600
4,900
3,900
3,400
4,600
3,700
3,200
4,400
- 34 years:
Median ...............
Lower quartile..........
Upper quartile..........
5,400
4,400
6,500
6,200
5,200
7,200
5,300
4,300
6,400
5,100
4,300
6,100
4,600
3 5 - 3 9 years:
Median ...................
Lower quartile..........
Upper quartile..........
6,500
5,200
8,200
7,600
6,200
9,400
6,200
7,600
6,100
5,000
7,700
4,500
6,900
40 - 44 years:
Median..................
Lower quartile..........
Upper quartile..........
7,000
5,400
9,500
8,300
6,500
11,300
6,500
5,000
8,500
6,700
5,200
8,900
5,900
4,800
7,500
7,200
5,500
10,100
6,500
4,900
9,000
8,000
5,800
Under 25 years:
Median..................
Lower quartile..........
Upper quartile..........
- 29 years:
Median............ .....
Lower quartile ........
Upper quartile..........
25
30
$ 5,500
16,900
4 >200
5,600
7,400
3,400
2,700
3,800
4,100
5,000
3,800
5,600
5,600
45 - 49 years:
Median..................
Lower quartile ......... .
Upper quartile..........
7,300
5,500
8,300
6,100
6,400
4,600
10,400
12,200
8,600
- 54 years:
Median..................
Lower quartile..........
Upper quartile..........
7,800
5,700
11,800
8,300
6,300
12,300
4,700
9,300
12,600
7,100
5,200
10,100
- 59 years:
Median..................
Lower quartile ..........
Upper quartile. .........
7,900
5,800
12,700
8,400
6,200
12,500
6,000
4,800
10,800
8,500
6,200
13,700
7,500
5,500
11,900
7,400
5,500
11,700
7,700
5,900
12,400
6,000
4,700
8,800
7,500
5,600
7,600
12,400
13,100
6,800
5,200
9,900
7,400
5,600
9,900
5,800
4,500
9,100
6,800
5,000
11,300
6,800
4,900
8,800
50
55
6,300
60 - 64 years:
Median..................
Lower quartile..........
Upper quartile..........
5,600
65 years and over:
Median..................
Lower quartile..........
Upper quartile..........
1/ All median and quartile figures have been rounded to nearest hundred.
T a b le
Type of employer
and annual income
A - 2 5 * — M edian and q u a r t i l e in c o m e s o f c h e m is t s , by age g r o u p , f o r th e
p r i n c i p a l ty p e s o f e m p lo y e rs , 1 9 5 1
All age
groups
Under
25 years
25-29
years
30-34
years
$3,700
3,200
4,500
$4,700
3,900
5,500
$5,400
4,400
6,600
4,700
3,900
5,700
5,600
4 ,6 0 0
35-39 f A0—44y e a r s ! years
65 years
and over
45-49
years
50-54
years
55-59
years
60-64
years
$5,700
4,400
7,000
$5,800
4,500
7,300
$6,100
4,700
8,100
$6,400
5,000
8,400
$ 6 ,10 0
4,800
7,800
$ 6 ,0 0 0
5,500
4,600
6,500
5,800
4,800
7,000
6,100
5,100
7,600
6,600
5,200
8,000
6,600
5,300
8,300
7,100
5,500
8,200
6,700
5,400
8,500
6,800
5,500
8,700
7,600
6,000
10,400
8,300
6,300
12,300
9,300
6,700
14,300
9,300
6,800
8,900
6,300
15,000/
Colleges and
universities:
Median...........
Lower quartile...
Upper quartile...
14,900
3,800
6,300
$ 2 ,1 0 0
5 ,0 0 0
3 ,4 0 0
3 ,0 0 0
1 ,1 0 0
3 ,2 0 0
5 ,0 0 0
7,800
Government:
Median...........
Lower quartile...
Upper quartile...
3,900
6,300
3,700
3,700
3,300
4,300
5,800
4,400
7,800
3,500
3,100
3,900
4,200
3,500
4,900
Private industry:l/
Median...... .
Lower quartile...
Upper quartile...
1/
6,800
15,000/
Includes employees of business firms, independent consultants, and self-employed chemists.
7,800
5,400
13,800
Table A-26.— Median and quartile incomes of chemists, by age group and level of
education, for the principal types of employers, 1951
Type o f employer
Under 25-29 30-34
All age
and annual income__________ graupg___ ,25„yefiEfl.J years Years
3*5-39
45-49
40-44
50-54
60-64 65
55-59
yesrs
Years__ .years__ -years... years __years.. -years land over
■BuB*
Colleges and universities
Median .............. .
Lower quartile...... .
Upper quartile .......
Government:
Median ...............
Lower quartile .......
Upper quartile...... .,
2/
Private industry!
Median ..........
Lower quartile ...
Upper quartile ...
Colleges and universities:
Median ...............
Lower quartile...... .
Upper quartile...... •
$5,600
A, 600
6,700
5,600
8 ,0 0 0
0 /)
(V )
0 /)
7,900
6*566 —
io,9oo —
$4,000
3,300
4,900
5,100
4,200
6,100
Private industry:
M e d i a n ...... ..... ...
Lower quartile ........
Upper quartile .......
5,900
4,700
7,700
See footnotes at end of table
3,700
4,800
7,000
Government:
Median ...............
Lower quartile .......
Upper quartile...... •
2J
$4,300
5,000
4,100
5,600
5,900
5,400
6,500
$4,900
$5,800
4,300
5,800
4.900
5,600
4,700
6,500
6.900
6,400
5,600
7,300
$6,300 $ 6,300 $ 6,600
7,900
5,200
5,200
7,800
7,200
7,300
6,100
8,300
6,100
7.800
6.800
8,800
9,200
10,700
8,000
14,500
6,800
8,500
8,200
6,100
7,300
10,100
7,800
13,400
7,700
5,300
8,700
4,000
3,400
4,600
4,800
4,200
5,700
4,000
3,400
4,700
4,500 5,700
4,100 4,800
5,100 6,800
5,500
9,000
5,400
8,700
5,400
8,300
8,200
7,400 (1/)
8,200
0 /)
9,600
( 1/ )
6,600
9,600
15,00041
5,800
5,000
6,800
5,600
4,900
6,700
6,000
5,200
6,900
6,700 7,600
5,600 6,100
8,300 10,300
7,900
6,100
10,600
9,000
6,700
13,600
5,300
4,500
6,200
$ 6,400
11,400
1 2 ,2 00 11,400 9,800
8,000
8,500 7,300 5,500
15 , 000/
5 000 15 , 000 /
Maat.gr *s deere e
1 "--- ' ' i----------- ?
$2,900 $3,500 $3,900 $4,100 $4,400 $4,300 $4,600
1,500 3,300 3,300 3,400 3,600 3,500 4,000
3,600 4,000 4,600 4,900 5,300 5,200 5,400
0 /)
0/
0 /)
$ 6,900 $6,600
, ^
$4,800
3,600
6,000
$5,000
4,200
6,400
5,800
5,200
7,200
6,000
5,000
7,500
10,900
8,800
6,000
6,700
15,000/ 15,000/
$5,000
3,700
6,800
0/)
(1/)
(1/)
8,300
5,800
13,400
T a b le A - 26 . — Median and q u a r t ile incomes o f c h e m is ts , tjy age group and le v e l o f
e d u c a tio n , f o r th e p r in c ip a l ty p e s o f e m p lo y e rs, 1951— {C o n tin u e d )
All age
groups
Type of employer
and annual income
Under
25-29
25 years jteara
35-39
45-49
40—44
50-54
30-34
years__jrears_l years__ jmars__ veers
55-59
veara
60-64
years
65 years
and over
1
(1/)
(1/)
(1/)
0 / 1/)
(1/) 0/)
0/) 0/)
(1/
(1/)
(1/)
5,500
4,600
6,600
$5,800
4,600
7,000
$6,400 $6,300
5,100 5,300
7,800 7,700
$ 6,300
7,600
6,000
11,200
8,900
6,400
13,800
9,400 8,200
6,800 6,000
14,500 14,000
7,500
4,900
13,000
OO
(V)
(1/)
0/)
(I/O
0/)
(1/)
(1/)
(1/)
(1/)
(1/)
(1/)
(1/)
(V)
a/)
a/)
0/)
0/)
_________________________________________ Bachelor's degree______________ ^
_
Colleges and universitiess
Median .............
Lower quartile .....
Upper quartile .....
I
#3,400
2,100
4,200
$1,800
900
2,800
$3,200
1,800
3,700
$3,900
3,400
4,700
$4,300
3,500
5,400
$4,100
3,300
5,600
$4,400
3,500
5,900
Governments
Median .............
Lower quartile .....
Upper quartile ••*•*••
4,400
3,600
5,600
3,400
3,000
3,700
3,600
3,300
4,000
4,500
3,700
5,300
5,100
4,300
6,000
5,300
4,500
6,200
Private industry!
M e d i a n .... *...... *
Lower quartile.... .
Upper quartile **.*.0
5,100
4,000
6,900
3,500
3,100
3,900
4,000
3,400
4,700
5,300
4,400
6,300
6,300
4,200
7,900
7,000
5,600
9,400
2J
5,500
7,500
*
Some college
Colleges and universities!
Median ............ .
Lower quartile .....
Upper quartile ♦.*•♦•
Government!
Median ..............
Lower quartile ......
.Upper quartile *.... .
£/
(1/)
(l/>
(1/)
*4,400
3,600
5,400
U0
0/0
(1/)
0/)
0/)
(I/)
a/)
(i/)
(1/0
(I/O
(1/0
0/)
(1/0
(1/)
(1/)
a/)
a/)
(V)
$4,100
3,600
4,700
$4,700
3,800
5,600
(1/)
(1/)
(V)
op
0/)
0/)
0/)
(V)
(1/)
(1/)
(l/>
0/)
(V)
(1/)
(1/)
0/)
(1/)
(1/)
Private industry!
M e d i a n ............ .
5,400
$3,200
$3,800
4,600
5,700 $6,000 $6,600 $7,300 $7,700 $ 7,900
Lower quartile *.... *
4,100
3,200
1,900
3,800
4,600
4,900
5,000
5,500
5,900 5,800
Upper quartile .......
7,300
3,700
4,400
5,700
7,600
6,100
9*200 10,500
8,200 10,400
1 / Too few to compute medians*
Includes employees of business firms, independent consultants, and self-employed chemists*
2J
$6,900
5,100
8,700
Ta b le A - 2 7 .— Median income o f c h e m is ts , by age, le v e l o f e d u c a tio n , and i n d u s t r y , 1951
Age group
A ll age groups ..................
Under 25 years
2 5 - 2 9 years ..................
30 - 34 years ..................
35 - 39 years ..................
40 - 44 years ..................
45 - 49 years ..................
50 - 54 years ..................
55 - 59 years ..................
60 - 64 years ..................
65 years and over .........
Profession Petro
Food
Paper Chemicals
E
lectrical
Rubber Machinery
a
l and s c i leum
and
and
and
(except 1machinery
products elec
e n tific
a llied
re
kindred a llie d
tr
ic
a
l)
instruments
fin
in g
products products products
1
.
Ph.D.
$ 7,100
$8,000
$7,700
$7,400
$8,100
$8,700 $7,900
$8,700
Cl/)
Cl/)
6,200
7,900
10,300
10,600
9 >400
Cl/)
Cl/)
GO
A ll age groups....................
$5,800
Under 25 years ..................
2 5 - 2 9 years ..................
30 - 34 years ..................
35 - 39 years ..................
4 0 - 4 4 years ..................
45 - 49 years ..................
50 - 54 years ..................
55 - 59 years ..................
60 - 64 years ..................
65 years and over • • . . .
Cl/)
4,100
5,300
6,200
7,500
6,700
Cl/)
G /)
Cl/)
Cl/)
See fo o tn o te a t end o f ta b le
„
Cl/)
6,700
8,700
9,100
Cl/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
—
$ 5,600
Cl/)
5,400
G /)
Cl/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
(1/) !
4,600
Cl/)
5,900
6,800
8,800
9,900
11,400
11,700
12,800
15,000/
9,000
$6,000
4,300
4,600
5,700
6,800
8,000
8,400
9,000
11,100
9,200
Cl/) ! Cl/)
Cl/) i
_
J
_
Cl/)
6,700
7,600
8,000
Cl/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
(1/)
(1/)
GO
Cl/)
Cl/)
—
Cl/)
—
Master's degree
$6,000
$5,800
l-----—-■ ------ Cl/)
Cl/) 1 GO
5,400
G /)
6,300
Cl/)
6,600
G /)
(1/)
Cl/)
G /)
Cl/)
Cl/)
GO
Cl/)
G/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
5,900
6,500
8,500
9,500
Cl/)
6,800
8,200
$5,700
$6,200
___
G /)
G /)
5,700
7,000
G /)
GO
Cl/)
Cl/)
—
9,900
9,300
Cl/)
Cl/)
(1/)
0/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
—
4,300
G /)
G /)
Cl/)
G /)
Cl/)
G /)
Cl/)
G/)
j1L_
Business
and con
su ltin g
services
$9,600
__
8,300
10,100
10,300
11,600
Cl/)
7,400
10,000
9,500
11,600
12,500
$6,100
$5,700
6,000
7,100
Cl/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
G /)
4,800
5,800
6,800
7,800
8,500
Cl/)
GO
Cl/)
Cl/)
(1/)
Cl/)
Cl/)
___
4,500
5,500
GO
0 /)
GO
0 /)
GO
GO
G/)
T a b le A - 2 7 .— Median income o f c h e m is ts , by age, le v e l o f e d u c a tio n , and i n d u s t r y , 1 951 (c o n tin u e d )
—
Age group
Food
and
kindred
products
Paper
and
allied
products
—
Chemicals
and
allied
products
Rubber
products
Machinery
(except
electrical)
Electrical
machinery
Profession 1Petro
al and sci leum
entific
re
instruments fining
Business
and con
sulting
services
Bachelor*s degree
All age groups ........
25
Under
years ........
25 - 29 years ........
30 - 34 years ........
3 5 - 3 9 years ........
40 - 44 years ........
45 - 49 years ........
50 - 54 years ........
55 - 59 years .........
60 - 64 years .........
65 years and over ....
1/
14,800
$5,300
$ 5,200
$5,500
$4,700
3,400
3,700
4,800
6,000
3,500
4,100
5,200
6,400
7,100
6,900
7,800
3,500
4,000
5,300
6,500
7,300
8,200
10,000
11,100
3,500
4,100
5,400
6,300
7,500
8,200
3,800
4,700
5,800
5,700
6,600
6,400
7,200
8,300
O /)
O/)
Too few to compute medians.
0/)
0/)
Cl/)
10,600
9,200
8,600
10,000
(1/)
(i/)
0/)
0/)
0/)
(1/)
a/)
(1/)
$4,900
$ 5,200
$5,600
$ 5,000
3,400
3,900
5,100
6,000
6,600
3,500
4,200
5,600
6,400
7,000
3,900
4,500
5,500
3,300
3,600
4,700
6,500
(1/)
(1/)
0/)
(1/)
0/)
(1/)
0/)
0/)
6,600
7,200
7,700
8,000
8,000
0/)
(i/)
6,600
7,200
12,300
7,500
0/)
(i/)
T a b le
Annual income
$ 0
$3,000
#4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$3,000
$ 10,000
$15,000
- $2,999 ...........
- $3,9 9 9 ...........
- $4,999 ...........
$5,999 ...........
$6,999 ...........
- $7,999 ...........
- $9,999 ...........
- $14,999 ...........
and over...............
A - 2 B . — A n n u a l p r o f e s s i o n a l income o f women c h e m is t s ,
by age g ro u p ,
All age Under 25-291 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59'
groups 25 years years years years years years years years
Percent
52.6
2 4 .7
23.5 9.4 11.0 9.8 9.6 10.0 21.7
48.2 37.2 28.7 29.3 24.4 22.5 16.5
38.8 42.2
23.0
5.2
25.5 33.4 31.1 29.3 26.9 31.0 22.7
2.7 16.0 15.5 16.7 21.8 16.3 15.5
8.1
— 3.2 10.0 6.9 8.4 10.9 11.3
3.1
.1
.8 2.7 3.4 3.8 6.2 4-1
1.3
—
.5 2.3 3.2 2.3 7.2
.7
.8 i 1.0
1.7 1.3
.2
.6
.6
.1
.5
—
—
—
—
—
T o ta l........................ 3.00.0 100.0
616
Total number reporting. 2/2,831
Median income................... $3,700 $2,900
Lower q u artile income • 3,000 1,400
Upper q u a rtile income.. 4,500 3,500
—
—
100.0
1,021
$3,600
3,000
4,100
—
—
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
374 219 174 156 129
$4,100 $4,300 $4,400 $4,600 $4,600
3,400 3,500 3,500 3,600 3,700
4,900 5,300 5,400 5,600 5,700
100.0
97
$4,500
3,200
5,900
1951
6O-6A 65 years
years and over
20.0
16.7 '
23.3
20.0
10.0
6.7
3.3
—
( 1 /)
30
15
$4,600
3,300
5,800
( 1 /)
o/>
( 1 /)
Excludes 595 not reporting income, 1 not reporting age, and 1 not reporting age or income.
(1/)
oo
(1 /)
(1 /)
0 />
( 1 /)
( 1/)
100.0
1 / Too few to compute percentages or medians.
2/
W
( vX)
Table A-29.— Median and quartile incomes of men and women chemists by level
of education and age group, 1951
Age groups
All levels of
education
Men Women
Ph.D.
Men
All ages:
Median.................................... $5,700 $3,700 $7,000
Lower q u a rtile ................... 4,400 3,000 5,700
Upper a u a rtile . . . . . . . . . . 7,600 4,500 9,300
Under 25 years:
Median.................................... 3,500 2,900 5,300
Lower q u a rtile ................... 3,100 1,400
Upper q u a rtile ................... 3,900 3,500 5,900
25 - 29 years:
Median.................................... 4,200 3,600 5,300
Lower a u a rtile ................... 3,500 3,000 4,400
Upper quart i l e ................... 4,900 4,100 6,000
30 - 3U years:
Median................................... 5,500 4,100 6,300
Lower quart i l e ...............
4,500 3,400 5,300
Upper a u a rtile ................... 6,600 4,900 7,300
35 - 39:
6,500 4,300 7,600
Median............................. ..
Lower q u a rtile . . . . . . . . . . 5,300 3,500 6,200
Uoper a u a rtile ...............
8,300 5,300 9,400
4.0 - UU years:
Median.....................
7,100 4,400 8,400
Lower q u a rtile ................... 5,600 3,500 6,600
Upper q u a rtile ................... 9,600 5,400 11,500
See footnote at end of table
Master!s
degree
Women Men Women
$4,900 $5,500 $3,800
3,800 4,400 3,100
5,900 7,200 4,600
3,800 3,100
(I/O 3,300
1,600
Bachelor1s
degree
Men Women
Some
college
Men Women
$5,100 $3,500 $5,300 $3,400
4,000
2,600
4,100
2,400
6,800 4,100 7,100 3,900
a/
(i/)
4,500
3,700
3,500
3,100
3,900
4,000
3,300
4,800
4,400
3,800
5,000
3,600
3,000
4,100
3,900
3,400
4,700
3,500
3,000
4,100
3,800
3,200
4,500
3,300
2,000
3,900
4,600
5,400
4,400
4,000
3,200
4,900
5,200
4,300
6,200
4,100
3,400
4,800
4,600
3,800
(I/O
3,700
5,600
6,400
2,800
1,400
3,500
3,300
2,100
3,800
( 1/)
W)
( 1/)
5,600
00
5,300
4,200
6,300
6,300
5,100
7,700
4,200
3,500
4,200
3,300
4,900
5,600
5,000
6,200
5,100
7,700
4,500
7,000
(1/)
(1/)
(1/)
5,100
4,200
5,900
6,600
5,200
8,800
4,200
3,500
5,000
6,700 4,100
5,400 3,400
9,000 4,900
5,900
4,800
7,400
(1/)
(1/)
(1 /
Table A-29.— Median and quartile incomes of men and women chemists by level
of education and age group, 1951-(Continued)
All levels of
education
Age groups
Master1s
degree
Ph.D.
Women
Men
Women
Men
# 7 ,5 0 0
#4 ,6 0 0
$8,600
6,600
12,500
# 5 ,3 0 0
8,600
6 ,50 0
Bachelorrs
degree
Some
college
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
$6,500
4.900
8.900
$4,200
3,600
5,100
$7,300
5,600
10,300
$4,100
3,300
5,000
$ 6 ,5 0 0
5,000
9,000
a/)
(i/)
U/)
6 ,6 0 0
5,000
9,700
4,300
3,400
5,000
8,300
6,000
13,000
4,500
3,700
5,300
7,300
5,400
1 0 ,5 0 0
(i/)
a/)
a/)
45 - 49 years:
Median.............. .
Lower quartile.........
Upper quartile........
5 ,7 0 0
3 ,6 0 0
10,700
5,700
50 - 54 years:•.
M ^ r l i m i .... ..... . . . . . . .
Lower quartile........
Upper quartile •••••••••
8,000
6,000
12,300
4,6 00
3.700
5.700
12,800
5,0 0 0
3 ,9 0 0
6 ,4 0 0
8,300
6,000
13,200
4,500
3,200
5,900
8,700
6,500
13,000
5 ,3 0 0
4 ,2 0 0
6 ,7 0 0
6,500
5,100
12,000
4,300
2,800
5,500
8,800
6,400
13,900
3,900
2,700
5,300
7,600
5,600
12,000
a/)
u/)
(!/)
7,500
5,600
12,100
4 ,6 0 0
7,900
6,100
12,900
a/)
(1 /)
a/)
6,400
4,900
9,200
(1/0
(1/)
0/)
7,600
5,600
12,100
(1/0
(1/)
(1/)
7 ,6 0 0
3,300
5,800
5,600
13,100
(i/)
(I/)
(i/)
6,900
5,300
10,100
(1/)
(1/)
(1/)
7,500
5,700
9,900
(1 /)
a/)
(1 /)
6,100
4,800
(1/)
(1/)
(1/)
6,800
5,100
11,400
(1/0
(1/)
(I/)
6,800
4,900
8,800
(i/)
(i/)
(I/)
55 - 59 years:
Median
Lower quartile........
TT t »t i o
y
»
r m n n + .i 1
a
. . . . . . . .
.
6 o - 64, years:
Lower quartile........
Upper quartile..... .
4 ,2 0 0
6 ,30 0
65 years and over:
f i n ...... ....
Lower quartile.........
Upper quartile........
1/
Too few to compute median and quartile.
9 ,600
Table A-30.— Distribution of respondents in chemical engineering, by
employment status and field of highest competence, 1951
Unemployed
Employed
Field of first
competence
Graduate
students
Retired
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
100.0
28
100.0
977
100.0
27
100.0
A,950
37.2
24
85.7
827
84.7
15
55.6
272
81
Electrical separation ...
Extraction, solvent
recovery .............
516
Heat transmission
517
(incl. refrigeration) ....
Material handling... .
257
Measurement and control
of process variables •.. 1,294
Mechanical separation ...
519
Mixing, kneading, and
156
agitation ...........
Phase, change, separation.. 1,457
Size—reduction ....... ..
99
Other, n.e.c.... .
3,196
2.1
.6
1
—
3.6
—
13
—
1.3
—
1
1
3.7
3.7
3.9
1
3.6
25
2.6
2
7.4
3.9
1.9
_„
—
__
—
22
3
2.3
.3
1
—
3.7
—
9.7
3.9
—
__
—
17
4
1.7
•4
1
2
3.7
7.4
4
39
•4
4.0
.2
2.1
1
1
3.7
3.7
2
7.4
Total .................
Chemical engineering,
general .............
Absorption and
13,3U
1.2
10.9
.7
24.0
7.1
2
__
U
2
21
_____ 1
__
Table A-31.— Level of education of chemical engineers
by* age group, 1951
All level's
Age group
Number
Under 25 years*.............
25 - 29 years.......••**•••
30 - 34 years.............
35 - 39 years..............
4 0 -4 4 years..............
45 - 49 years..............
50 - 54 years.............<
55 - 59 years.............
6O - 6 4 years..... *.......
65 years and over... .
1,026
4,168
3,827
2,030
975
544
370
203
108
39
Total..................
Total number reporting........ 1/13,290
Median age.................
32
Percent
Percent of chemical engineers with —
Some
Master's Bachelor's
Fh.D.
college
degree
degree
7.7
31.4
28.8
15.3
7.3
4.1
2.8
1.5
.8
.3
0.5
13.3
25.1
23.8
13.2
10.4
6.1
4.3
2.6
.7
3.9
33.1
29.0
15.9
8.5
5.0
2.8
1.0
.7
.1
9.6
33.2
29.4
14.2
6 .1
3.0
2.3
1 .3
.6
.3
5 .8
1 4 .7
18.7
17.6
17.3
10.8
7.9
5.0
1.8
.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
954
2,587
9,471
278
37
32
31
38
l/ Does not include 52 chemical engineers who did not report level of education or age*
Table A-32.— Military status of men chemical engineers, by age group, 1951
Age
Total
On
active
duty
In
reserve
organi
zations
Other
military
status 1/
No present military status
Non
Total Veteran
veteran
Number
All ages............
2/ 13,115
261
3,275
43
9,536
3,587
5,949
20 - 25 years......
1,615
165
34.6
5
1,099
617
482
1
13
135
408
—
612
—
—
17
102
28
18
2
27
59
104
154
—
2
3
—
—
1
11
89
244
314
440
1
—
4
28
224
360
—
11
85
216
90
80
26 - 34- years......
7,325
80
2,447
27
4,771
2,542
2,229
26 years.......
27 years.......
28 years........
29 years..... ...
30 years.......
31 years.......
32 years........
33 years.......
3-4 years........
810
874
94S
892
984
815
709
698
595
16
11
8
15
15
4
3
5
3
224
287
362
352
384
277
232
214
115
1
2
1
3
6
4
4
5
1
569
574
577
522
579
530
470
474
476
475
476
463
329
276
200
155
102
66
94
98
114
193
303
330
315
372
410
35 - 39 years..... .
4 0 - 4 4 years......
45 - 49 years......
50 - 54 years......
55 - 59 years......
60 - 64 years......
65 years and over....
2,007
950
515
359
202
104
38
10
4
—
1
1
—
333
95
30
14
7
1
2
4
2
1
2
1
1
1,660
849
484
342
193
102
36
153
39
25
88
99
21
3
1,507
810
459
254
94
81
33
20
21
22
23
24
25
years .......
years.......
years.......
years.......
years.......
years...... . •
446
See footnotes at end of table.
—
- 94 -
Table A-32.— Military status of men chemical engineers, by age group, 1951-(Continued)
Age
Total
On
active
duty
In
reserve
organi
zations
Other
military
status 1/
No present military status
Total
Veteran
Non
veteran
Percent
All ages..............
100.0
2.0
25-0
0.3
72.7
27.3
45.4
20 - 25 years.......
100.0
10.2
21.4
.3
68.1
38.2
29.9
years........
years........
years........
years........
years..... .
years........
(i/)
(2/)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
—
—
12.6
25.0
6.3
2.9
—
—
20.0
H.5
23.3
25.2
—
—
1.5
.7
—
—
—
—
65.9
59.8
70.4
71.9
—
—
3.0
6.9
50.2
58.8
—
—
62.9
52.9
20.2
13.1
26 - 34 years.......
100.0
1 .1
33.4
•4
65.1
34.7
30.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.0
1.3
.8
1.7
1.5
.5
•4.7
.5
27.7
32.8
38.2
39.5
39.1
34.0
32.7
30.7
19.3
.1
.2
.1
.3
.6
.5
.6
.7
.2
70.2
65.7
60.9
58.5
58.8
65.O
66.3
67.9
80.8
•58.6
54.5
48.9
36.9
28.0
24.5
21.9
U .6
11.1
11.6
11.2
12.0
21.6
30.8
40.5
44.4
53.3
68.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
.5
•A
—
.3
.5
—
16.6
10.0
5,8
3.9
3.5
1.0
5.3
.2
.2
.2
.5
.5
1.0
82.7
89.4
94.0
95.3
95.5
98.0
94-7
7.6
4.1
4.9
24.5
49.0
20.2
7.9
75.1
85.3
89.1
70.8
46.5
77.8
86.8
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
AO
45
50
55
60
65
years........
years........
years........
years........
years........
years........
years........
years........
years........
- 39 years.......
- 44 years........
- 49 years.......
- 54 years.......
- 59 years.......
- 64 years.......
years and over...
1/ Such as Retired and Fleet Reserve.
2/ Excludes 190 men chemical engineers not reporting military status.
2J Too few to compute percentage.
- 95 -
Table A-33.— Military status of men graduate students of chemical engineering,
by age group, 1951
Age group
Total
On
active
duty
In
reserve
organi
zations
No present military status
Other
Non
military Total
Veteran
veteran
status 1/
Number
All ages............
2/ 958
5
250
3
700
34.8
352
20 - 25 years.....
539
4
123
2
410
H3
267
1
25
98
155
155
105
,_
2
_
—
1
1
—
6
25
35
33
24
2
—
—
1
17
73
117
121
81
—
—
11
71
61
1
17
73
106
50
20
26 - 34- years.....
407
1
125
—
2S1
201
80
26 years.......
27 years.......
28 years......
years......
30 years.......
31 years.......
years.......
years.......
34 years.......
124
100
1
—
—
—
36
25
15
15
12
_
—
—
—
—
—
—
76
57
20
11
18
9
20
21
22
23
24
25
years.......
years......
years.......
years.....*....
years......
years.......
29
32
33
35 -
39 years.....
44
—
—
—
34
35
31
15
11
13
—
12
—
See footnotes at end of table.
—
—
—
3
—
87
75
29
19
23
23
9
6
10
2
1
9
a
6
5
—
U11
13
5
5
12
10
4
6
—
5
5
4
5
- 96 -
Table A-33.— Military status of men graduate students of chemical engineering
by age group, 195 l~(-Continued)
Age group
On
Total j active
duty
In
reserve
organi
zations
Other
military
status 1/
No present military status
Total i Veteran
Non
veteran
Percent
100.0
—r ----100.0
20 - 25 years.......
All ages.............
0.5
26 .1
0.3
73.1
36.3
36.8
.8
22.8
.4
76.0
26.5
49.5
(2/)
(2/)
1.3
—
—
(2/)
68.0
7^.5
75.5
78.1
77.1
7.1
45.8
5*8.1
(2/)
68.0
74.5
68.4
32 .3
19.0
—
69.1
49.4
19.7
61.3
57.0
45.4
41.2
31-4
41.9
(2/)
(2/0
(2/)
8.9
18.0
20.5
14*7
34.3
32.3
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
(2 /)
20 years........
21 years........
22 years........
23 years........
24.years........
25 years........
(2/0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2/0
8.0
—
(2/)
24.0
25.5
22.6
21.3
22.9
26 - 34 years......
100.0
.2
30.7
years........
years........
years........
years........
years........
years........
years....... .
years........
years........
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2/)
.8
—
—
—
—
—
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
29.0
25.0
34.1
44.1
34.3
25.8
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
70.2
75.0
65.9
55.9
65.7
74.2
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
3 5 - 3 9 years.......
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
(2/)
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
m
—
.6
.6
1/ Such as Retired, Fleet Reserve, etc.
2/ Excludes 17 not reporting military status.
3/ Too few to compute percentage.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Table A-34*— Fields of education of chemical engineers
by level of education, 1951
Major subject for
highest degree
Physical sciences........
Chemistry (including
biochemistry)... .
Mathematics...........
Metallurgy............
Physics, geophysics, and
crystallography....
All others............
Agricultural sciences.....
Biological sciences.......
Medical sciences.........
Engineering and
architecture....... .
Chemical and ceramic...
All others........ .
Social sciences...........
Business administration..
Education....... .....
All other... .........
Other..................
Total..............
Total number reporting....
All levels
of education
Number
Percent
Percent. of chemical engineers with —
Ph.D.
Master*s Bachelor *s
degree
degree
Some
college
1,167
8.8
20.2
7.7
7.6
24.0
1,100
12
19
8.3
.1
.2
19.2
.2
.5
7.0
.1
.1
7.2
.1
.1
22.0
.8
.8
18
18
14
17
5
.1
.1
.1
.1
(1/)
.2
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2
.1
Cl/)
.1
.1
.1
.1
0 /)
.4
.8
.8
11,970
11,716
254
75
49
12
14
10
90.3
88.4
1.9
.6
.4
.1
.1
.1
79.7
78.3
1.4
89.9
87.3
2.6
2.1
1.5
.4
.2
—
91.9
90.3
1.6
.2
.1
(1/)
.1
.1
71.6
64.5
7.1
2.0
1.2
.4
.4
•4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
954-
2,586
9,463
254
—
2/13,258
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
.4
—
1/ Too few to compute percentage.
2/ Does not include 32 not reporting field of education, 8 not reporting level of educa
tion, and UU who reported neither. The totals in column 1 include 1 chemical engineer who had
not taken any college courses.
Table A-35-— Industries in which chemical engineers were employed, 1951
1/ 11,695
22
O O H O N f O O ' U J s O «-» M
H
107
34
72
21
416
3.
11
88
349
3.
20
•
4,757
3,345
394
184
171
18
40.
28.
3.
1.
1.
60
80
505
2,084
3
1,997
31
23
30
4.
17.
(2/)
17.1
.3
.2
.2
202
200
1.7
1.7
197
58
431
1.6
.5
3.7
2 52
2.2
83
183
501
71
145
442
414
289
125
460
61
1/ Excludes 6 not reporting industry.
2/ Less than 0.05 percent.
3/ Includes commercially operated research agencies and testing laboratories.
4/ This category includes very small groups of chemical engineers employed in
transportation, trade, banking, membership organizations, etc.
100.0
VTt H V*
Metal mining... ............. ............
Coal mining........ .....................
Crude petroleum and natural gas .............
Mining and quarrying of nonmetals ...........
Construction ............................
Ordnance and accessories........... .......
Food and kindred products ..................
Tobacco... ...... .......... ............
Textile mill products.................. .
Paper and allied products ........... .......
Printing, publishing, and allied products ....
Chemicals ...............................
Industrial inorganic and organic .........
Drugs and medicine .....................
Soaps and glycerin .....................
Paints and varnishes ..... ..............
Gum and wood chemicals ......... .........
Fertilizers ................... .......
Vegetable and animal oils ................
Miscellaneous ................ .........
Petroleum and coal products .................
General petroleum.................... ..
Petroleum refining .....................
Coke and byproducts ••••............. .
Paving and roofing .....................
All other petroleum products .............
Rubber products.... . ••........ ...........
Stone, clay, and glass .................. .
Primary metal industries ...........
Fabricated metal products .................
Machinery (except electrical) ......... .....
Electrical machinery •••••••••........ .
Transportation equipment ..................
Professional and scientific instruments ........
All other manufacturing group........
Utilities and sanitary services .............
Business services 3/ .......... ...........
Educational services ............ ..... .....
Miscellaneous services ............ .
Engineering and architecture ............
Nonprofit educational and scientific research
Government ......................... ......
All other ij ..................... ....... .
Percent
^
All industries
Number
00
Field of industry
.7
1.6
4.3
.6
1.2
3.8
3.5
2.5
1.0
3.9
.5
- 99 -
T a b l e A-36. — Indust r i e s in w hich chemical engineers
w e r e employed, b y level of education, 1951
Industries
A l l levels
of education
Fh.D.
B a c h e l o r 1s
degree
Master *s
degree
Some
college
Percent
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ....................
C h e m i c a l s .....................
P e t r o l e u m .....................
M a c h i n e r y .............. . .....
O ther m a n u f a c t u r i n g .........
Research a n d consulting
s e r v i c e s ...................
E d u cation a l i n s t i t u t i o n s .......
G o v e r n m e n t .......................
Other i n d u s t r i e s ................
T o t a l .... ...................
T o t a l num b e r r e p o r t i n g .........
1/
84.3
40.7
17.9
5.8
19.9
58.8
29.2
13.1
3.9
12.6
81.1
40.7
19.5
5.0
15.9
4.8
3.8
3.9
3.2
100.0
1 / 11,652
6.4
30.1
2.7
2.0
100.0
854-
6.5
5.5
3.8
3.1
87.6
41.8
18.1
6.2
21.5
4.2
.7
;
100.0
i1
j
2,329
j
4-1
3.4
100.0
8,251
Excludes 43 not r e p o r t i n g l evel of e d u c a t i o n and 6 not reporting industry.
89.8
44.0
9.6
7.3
28.9
3.7
.5
3.2
2.8
100.0
218
Table A - 3 7 .— Functions o f chemical engineers, by industry, 1951
Percent of
All
functions
Number
Percent
engineers
in—
Re
search
Industry
chemical
and
devel
ing
Manage
ment
Teach
ing
nical
Tech
nical
Analysis
Tech
Consult
Design
writing
and
testing
Produc
tion
opment
sales
Other
and
services
.............
]/11,664
100.0
30.5
4.0
10.1
3.2
0.6
12.5
6.6
27.6
2.8
2.1
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ..... ........
F o o d .................. .
9,828
100.0
100.0
30.6
3.2
(2/)
—
.5
.2
12.5
5 .5
30.7
2.8
1.4
10.4
13.0
7.0
34-2
8*4
33.5
1.4
2.3
2.4
100.0
31.9
30.7
.6
11.2
_ _
16.4
30.1
1.1
3.2
10.4
9.6
(2/)
—
.3
.2
5 .2
2.6
11.7
35.9
1.6
2.0
.8
16.7
4.9
7.7
1.5
9.4
28.5
29-7
2.2
4-9
1.0
3.5
5.0
3.6
19.5
24.5
4-0
2.0
.5
9.1
26.4
3.0
3.0
.9
.8
32.7
3.2
4.6
6.5
18.6
1.4
15.1
23.4
3.2
8.3
1.6
10.9
7.3
24.1
4.5
3.5
.5
25.4
2.5
5.2
4.3
.9
.5
.2
____
.2
•5
.2
—
.2
•9
All
industries
416
Paper and allied
products
.............
.................
Chemicals
348
100.0
26.6
202
100.0
41.1
200
100.0
197
100.0
29-5
34-6
431
252
100.0
23.7
2.6
9.0
.•.
100.0
34-1
1.6
9.9
.................
955
100.0
35.9
2.2
9-9
..............
559
100.0
33.1
19.3
8.8
institutions..
442
100.0
14.0
—
3-4
81.7
--
442
100.0
14.0
—
3.4
81.7
—
5.2
9.4
5.6
11.7
clay,
products
and
..........
Machinery (except
e l e c t r i c a l ) .........
Electrical
Research
machinery
and
9.4
—
—
2.0
3.0
13.5
16.8
—
____
•4
.1
consulting
services
Educational
6.4
1.0
glass
.............
Primary metals
All other
100.0
2,081
P e t r o l e u m ............ .
R u b b e r .....................
Stone,
A,7AS
—
(
1
__
Colleges and universities
...................
460
100.0
52.2
industries, not
elsewhere classified
375
100.0
19.2
Government
Other
...................
1/
Excludes 32 not
2/
Less
than
0.05
reporting
percent.
function;
3 not
reporting industry,
•9
and 2
1.7
1.1
—
5.4
7.8
16.5
—
17.6
8.3
24.8
8.3
reporting neither.
3.4
- 101 -
•Table A-38.— Functions performed by chemical engineers,
by level of education, 1951
Function
A l l le v e l s
of
education
Ph.D.
M a s t e r 1s
degree
B a c h e l o r 1s
d egree
Some
college
Perc e n t
Research and d e v e l o p m e n t ...........
C o n s u l t i n g ....... ...................
M a n a g e m e n t ......... ............ .
T e a c h i n g ....... .....................
T e c h nical w r i t i n g ............ .
D e s i g n ..... ..........................
Analysis a nd t e s t i n g . ..............
P r o d u c t i o n .......... ........ •••••••
Technical sales and services......
O t h e r . ........................... .
T o t a l ...........................
T otal n um b e r r e p o r t i n g .......... .
30.6
4.0
10.0
3.2
.6
12.5
6.6
27.6
2.8
2.1
38.1
4.0
14*4
26.6
.5
9.0
1.4
4.8
1.2
100.0
1/11,625
100.0
853
1.3
28.4
3.9
9.5
.5
.5
11.9
7.9
31.8
3.0
2.6
20.1
2.3
14.6
—
1.4
8.2
9.1
38.8
3 .7
1.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
2,324
8,229
219
36.7
4. 6
9.5
4.5
.5
I 6.4
3.9
19.9
2.7
1/ Excludes 33 not reporting function and 43 not reporting level of education.
Table A-39*— Age of chemical engineers, by function performed, 1951
Percent of chemical engineers in—
Age group
Research
All
and de
functions velopment
Consult
ing
Manage
ment
Teach
ing
Tech
nical
writing
Under 25 years ...
25 - 29 years ...
30 - 34- years ...
35 - 39 years ...
40 - 44 years ...
45 - 49 years ...
50 - 54 years ...
55 - 59 years •••
60 - 64 years ...
65 years and over
6.5
31.3
29.9
15.7
7.3
4.1
2.7
1.5
.7
.3
8.0
36.9
31.6
12.7
5.2
2.6
1.7
.8
•4
.1
1.7
22.9
29.3
17.8
9.0
7.5
4.3
3.2
2.4
1.9
0.8
7.6
18.2
27.5
15.1
12.8
9.2
5.6
1.9
1.3
1.4
12.7
31.1
19.0
14.3
11.4
4.1
3.3
2.4
.3
1.5
32.3
30.8
13.9
12.3
6.2
1.5
1.5
Total •••••••
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total number
reporting......
2/11,665
3,564
467
1,174
369
Median age .......
32
31
34
39
36
Design
4.2
29.9
36.2
17.6
6.5
2.7
1.5
•9
.5
Analysis
and
testing
Technical
Produc sales and
tion
services
9.7
44.5
24.1
10.0
4.9
2.5
3.2
.7
,3
.1
6.7
32.4
32.1
16.1
6.9
2.5
1.7
1.0
.6
O/)
6.3
29.8
32.9
12.7
8.7
2.7
3.6
1.5
.6
1.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
65
1,455
771
3,222
332
33
32
29
32
—
—
—
102
1/ Less than 0.05 percent.
2/ Excludes 34 not reporting function and 2 not reporting age.
than those listed above.
32
Includes 246 reporting a function other
Table A - 4 0 .— Annual professional income of chemical engineers, by age- group, 1951
Percent of chemical engineers—
Annual
income
All age
groups
$
0 - $ 2,999
$ 3,000
$ 4,000
- $ 3,999
- $ 4,999
Under
25 y e a r s
0.8
..
5.5
59.6
30.6
14.8
••
••
21.8
5,999
••
20.1
$ 6,000
- $ 6,999
..
14.6
$ 7,000
- $ 7,999
..
9-2
3-9
.2
—
1 8,000
- $ 9,999
••
8.4
6.8
—
—
$ 5,000 - $
$10,000 - $14,999
$15,000 and over
;
T o t a l ..... .
3.5
.2
100.0
100.0
25-29
years
30-34
years
35-39
years
40-44
years
45-49
years
0.3
.6
0.3
—
5.0
1.7
0.8
0.2
0.2
26.4
6.4
1.1
39.9
18.3
5.7
15.6
9.4
6.4
17.4
16.6
13.4
12.0
21.2
23.6
50-54
years
55-59
years
60-64
years
1.5
—
i
65
years
and over
0.8
3.1
£.0
—
7.8
7.5
9.1
1.5
10.8
4.0
9.9
7.5
9-8
15.5
15.8
25.4
29.7
0.4
2.2
7.2
28.9
22.8
1.4
12.8
21.7
18.2
.5
.2
7.5
2.7
20.5
14-0
.4
3.0
20.5
9.0
17.9
28.2
20.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
358
23 2
1 $9,800
$11,000
$11,400
$11,700
7,600
7,900
7,600
9,500
15,000/
15,000/
15,000/
15,000/
0/)
100.0
---------- Hh
13.8
4.0
12.0
30.0
9.3
29.2
20.0
28.6
30.8
52.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
65
25
"
Total number
reporting
Median
.........
income
2/9,270
640
2,980
2,776
1,404
657
.......
$5,600
$3,700
$4,600
$5,900
$7,300
$8,100
L o w e r q u a r t i l e in c a n e
4,400
3,300
3,900
5,000
6,100
6,600
U p p e r q u a r t i l e i n come
7,300
4,300
5,300
6,900
9,200
11,100
--- 1L-~
1/
2/
Less
than
Excludes
0.05
2,388
7,300
14,100
i
i__
,,..
percent.
not reporting income and
il
43
not reporting
age *
133 .
$ 1 5 ,000/
- 104 -
Table A-41.— Median and quartile incomes of chemical engineers, by level
of education and age group, 1951
Age group
All levels of
education
Ph.D.
Master*s
degree
Bachelor*s
degree
$ 7,900
6,300
11,300
♦ 5,900
4,800
7,500
$ 5,400
4,200
6,900
Some
college
All ages:
Median 1/........ ••
Lower quartile .....
Upper quartile .....
$ 5,600
4,400
7,300
Under 25 years:
Median ............
Lower quartile .....
Upper quartile.... .
3,700
3,300
4,300
( /)
( /)
( /)
4,400
4,000
4,800
3,700
3,300
4,200
( /)
( /)
( /)
25 - 29 years:
Median ............
Lower quartile .....
Upper quartile.... .
4,600
3,900
5,300
5,900
5,400
6,600
4,900
4,300
5,600
4,400
3,700
5,100
4,600
3,900
5,400
30 - 34 years:
Median........ .....
Lower quartile .....
Upper quartile .......
5,900
5,000
6,900
6,700
5,700
7,900
6,100
5,200
7,200
5,800
4,900
6,800
5,100
4,400
5,900
35 - 39 years:
Median ..............
Lower qusrtile .....
Upper quartile .....
7,300
6,100
9,200
8,800
7,100
11,800
7,500
6,300
9,300
7,100
6,000
8,90°
-.,200
5,300
7,000
See footnotes at end of table,
2
2
2
♦ 6,100
4,800
8,600
2
2
2
- 10$ -
Table A-41*— Median and quartile incomes of chemical engineers,by level
of education and age group, 1951-(Continued)
i/
2J
M e d i a n r ounded to nearest h u n dred
Le s s than 20 reporting.
-
106
-
Table A-42.— Median income of chemists and chemical engineers,
by level of education and age group, 1951
Age group and level of
______ education_____
All agess
Ph.D....
Master’s .
Bachelor’s
No degree
Chemists
$
7,000
5,400
4,900
5,000
Chemical
.gflginserg
$ 7,900
5,900
5,400
6,100
Under 25 years:
Ph*D......
Master’s ...
Bachelor’s .
No degree ..
3,600
3,400
(1/ )
4,400
3,700
3,200
(1 / )
2 5 - 2 9 years:
Ph.D.....
Master’s ..
Bachelor *s
No degree .
5.300
4.300
3,900
3,700
5.900
4.900
4,400
6,200
5,300
6,700
6,100
5,BOO
5,100
30 - 34 years:
Ph.D.....
Master's ..
Bachelor’s
No degree .
3 5 - 3 9 years:
Ph.D.
Master's ..
Bachelor’s
No degree •
See footnote at end of table,
5,200
5,100
4,600
7,600
6,200
6,100
5,600
4,600
8,800
7,500
7,100
6,200
- 107 -
T a b l e A - A 2 # — M e d i a n income o f chemists and chemical engineers,
by l evel o f educ a t i o n and age group, 1 9 5 1 - (Continued)
Chemists
Chemical
engineers
8,300
6,500
9,500
8,600
6,700
5,900
7,700
7,500
45 - 49 years*
Ph.D...............................................
Master*s ..... ..................... ...... ..........
Bachelor * s ........................ ...... ..........
No degree ................. .........................
8,300
6,100
7,200
6,500
10,500
10,700
9,500
U/)
$0 - 54 years*
Ph.D...............................................
Master*s .............................. ............ .
Bachelor *s .................................. .
No degree ..........................................
8,300
6,300
8,000
7,100
12,000
10,500
10,600
<1/0
5 5 - 5 9 years*
Ph.D................................................
Master *s ft, ,t.., t..TtT.f.............. .... .
Bachelor*s .......... ............................... .
No degree ................................. .........
8,400
6,000
8,500
7,500
11,300
(1/)
10,800
(1/)
7,700
6,000
7,500
7,600
10,800
G/>
Age group and level of
education
40 - 44 yearst
Master* s ..... .............. ............ .... ..... .
Bachelor * s .... ....... ...... ........... ......... ..
No degree ........... ............. ........... ..... .
60 - 64 years*
Ph.D................................................
Master*s ............................. .
Bachelor*s .......... ........................... .
W
65 years and over*
Ph.D...............................................
Master*s ............... ............... ......... .
Bachelor *s ............... ............... ............
No degree ..........................................
1/
Too f e w to compute m e d i a n s
7,400
5,800
6,800
6,800
(a/)
(V)
14,000
<1/0
T a b le A -43*— M edian and q u a r t ile incomes o f chem ical e n g in e e rs , by age group f o r
th e p r in c ip a l ty p e s o f em ployer, 1951
Type of employer
and annual income
All age
groups
Under
25 years
25-29
years
30-34
vears
35-39
years
$4,300
3,600
5,000
$5,400 $6,800
4,400 5,600
6,500 8,100
A0—44
years.
45-49
years
50-54
years
$ 8,100
$9,200
6,900
12,900
w w w
55-59
years
60-64
years
65 years
and oyer
Colleges and
universities:
M e d i a n ..... .
$6,100
4,700
Lower quartile •
8,400
Upper quartile •
m
(1/ )
6,500
10,800
(1 /)
(1 /)
a/)
(V)
(V)
(1 /)
(I /)
a/>
ao
a/)
0/)
0/)
U/)
5,000
4,000
6,300
3,700
4,000
3,500
4,600
5,200
4,400
5,900
6,200
5,300
6,900
6,100
4,900
7,600
(V)
OO
4,600
4,000
5,400
5,900
5,000
7,000
7.400
6,200
9.400
8,200
6,700
11,500
10,300
7,400
14,400
$ 3,300
2,500
(1 /)
(1 /)
U/)
(1 /)
(V
< 1/0
Private industry:
Median ......
Lower quartile .
Upper quartile .
5,700
4,500
7,400
__________
1/
Too few to compute medians and quartiles
i
4—__
$12,200 $12,400 $12,700 $15,000 /
7,900
9,500
8,400
9,000
15,000/ 15,000/ 15,000/ 15,000 /
108
Median ......
Lower quartile •
Upper quartile «
0 0 0
Government:
T a b le A- 4 4 * — Median income o f chem ical e n g in e e rs w it h b a c h e lo r* s degree o n ly ,
by age and i n d u s t r y , 1951
Age group
All age groups
Under 25 years ...
25 - 29 years ...
30 - 34 years ...
35 - 39 years ...
40 - 44 years ...
45 - 49 years ...
50 years ...
55 - 59 yeara ...
60 - 64 years ...
65 years and over
$4
Median age
1/
Food
and
kindred
products
Paper
and
allied
products
$ 5,200
$5,300
$5,600
3.600
4,200
5,300
7.600
7,500
3,600
4,400
5,300
7,000
8,500
3,800
4,600
6,000
7,400
8,600
$ W
(1/) 0/)
32
32
Too few to compute medians
Chemicals
and
allied
products
$ 5,200
a/)
(u/>
1/)
4,200
5,400
10,600
13,000
13,100
15,000
31
Stone,
clay,
and
Primary
metals
glass
products
-f
&
0/)
33
Machin
ery,
except
elec
trical
$5,800 _ $5,900
0/)
4,100
5,800
6,800
3,800
4,500
5.900
7.900
8,200
(1/)
Sio
&S
0/)
(1/) w
33
33
Profes
Elec
sional
trical
Petro
and
machin
scien leum
ery
re
tific
instru fining
ments
$4,800
$ 5,200
4,000
5,400
4,300
a/) u/)
0/)
<1/0 a/)
a/)
m a/>
5,700
7,800
Engineering,
consult
ing, and
other
business
services
$5,900
4,200
5,000
6,000
7,500
8,000
9,800
11,200
&s m
29
31
32
$7,300
a/)
4,800
6,900
8,600
10,800
(1/)
m
a/)
15,000 /
34
- no OCCUPATIONAL OUTLOOK AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS
OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS *
Occupational Outlook Handbook} Employment Information on Major Occupa
tions for Use in Guidance. Bulletin No. 998 (1951 Revised Edition).
U l u s . $3.
Includes brief reports on more than 400 occupations of interest
in vocational guidance, including professions; skilled trades; cleri
cal, sales, and service occupations; and the major types of farming.
Each report describes the employment trends and outlook, the training
qualifications required, earnings, and working conditions.
Introduc
tory sections summarize the major trends in population and employment
and in the broad industrial and occupational groups, a s ;background
for an understanding of the individual occupations.
The Handbook is designed for use in counseling, in classes or
units on occupations, in the training of counselors, and as a general
reference. Its 575 pages are illustrated with 103 photographs and
85 charts.
Scientific and Technical Occupations
Engineers, Employment Outlook for
Bulletin 968 (1949). U l u s .................................
Earth Scientists, Employment Outlook for
Bulletin 1050 (1952). Illus................................
Technicians, Employment Outlook for
Bulletin 1131 (1953). Illus...............................
Effect of Defense Program on Employment Outlook in Engi
neering (Supplement to Bulletin 968 , Employment Outlook
for Engineers) (1951) ......................................
Factors Affecting Earnings in Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering
Bulletin 881 (1946) ........................................
Employment, Education, and Earnings of American Men of Science
Bulletin 1027 (1951) ............................. .........
55 cents
30 cents
In press
15 cents
10 cents
45 cents
* Unless otherwise designated, these publications are for sale by the
Superintendent of Documents at prices indicated. How to order publications:
Address your order to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D. C., with remittance in check or money order.
Currency is sent at sender's risk. Postage stamps are not acceptable.
Please do not order items listed as "in press." If you wish, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics will notify you of their publication.
Those reports which are listed as free may be obtained directly from
the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington 25,
D. C., as long as the supply lasts.
- Ill -
Scientific and Technical Occupations— Continued
Occupational Mobility of Scientistst A Study of Chemists,
Biologists and Physicists with Ph.D. degrees
Bulletin 1121 (1953) ......................................
Employment, Education, and Income of Engineers, 194-9-1950:
A Survey of Engineering Society Members of Full Profes
sional Grade (1953) ......... .............................
Industrial Research and Development: A Preliminary Report
(1953) ............................................. .......
In press
Free
Free
Other Occupations and Industries
Electric Light and Power Occupations, Employment Outlook in
Bulletin 944- (1948). U l u s .................... ...........
Railroad Occupations, Employment Outlook in
Bulletin 961 (1949). Illus.............................. .
Petroleum Production and Refining, Employment Outlook in
Bulletin 994 (1950). Illus...............................
Men's Tailored Clothing Industry, Employment Outlook in
Bulletin 1010 (1951). Illus......... .....................
Department Stores, Employment Outlook in
Bulletin 1020 (1951). Illus..............................
Accounting, Employment Outlook in
Bulletin 1048 (1952). Illus..............................
Merchant Marine, Employment Outlook in the
Bulletin 1054 (1952). Illus..............................
Electronics Manufacturing Industry, Employment Outlook in the
Bulletin 1072 (1952). Illus..............................
Federal White Collar Workers— Occupations and Salaries,
June 1951
Bulletin 1117 (1952) ......................................
Printing Occupations, Employment Outlook in
Bulletin 1126 (1953). Reprinted from the 1951 Occupational
Outlook Handbook ................................. ........
Air Transportation, Employment Outlook in
Bulletin 1128 (1953). Illus. Reprinted from the 1951
Occupational Outlook Handbook ............................
Mechanics and Repairmen, Employment Outlook for
Bulletin H 2 9 (1953). Illus. Reprinted from the 1951
Occupational Outlook H a n d b o o k .................... .
Metalworking Occupations, Employment Outlook in
Bulletin 1130 (1953). Illus. Reprinted from the 1951
Occupational Outlook Handbook ............................
Automobile Industry, Employment Outlook in the
(1953).
Illus......... ........................... ........
30 cents
30 cents
30 cents
2$ cents
20 cents
20 cents
30 cents
25 cents
In press
25 cents
In press
In press
In press
In press
- 112 Other Occupations and Industries— Continued
Effect of Defense Program on Employment Situation in
Elementary and Secondary School Teaching
(Supplement to Bulletin 972, Employment outlook for
Elementary and Secondary School Teachers) (1951) ........
Occupational Outlook Information Series (by States)
VA Pamphlet 7-2 (1947).
(When ordering, specify State
or States desired) .................. ..............
each
Employment and Economic Status of Older Men and Women
Bulletin 1092 (May 1952) ..................................
Negroes in the United States: Their Employment and
Economic Status
Bulletin 1119 (December 1952) ............................
Mobility of Tool and Die Makers, 194-0-1951
Bulletin 1120 (1952) ......................................
Employment Opportunities for Student Personnel Workers in
Colleges and Universities (1951) .........................
Elementary and Secondary School Principalships: Chief Ad
vancement Opportunity for Public School Teachers (1951) ..
Employment Opportunities for Counselors in Secondary and
Elementary Schools (1951) ........ ........................
15 cents
10 cents
30 cents
30 cents
35 cents
Free
Free
Free
☆ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 0 - 1 9 5 3
@FedFRASER