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Major Union Contracts in the United States, 1961 Bulletin No. 1353 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner Major Union Contracts in the United States, 1961 Bulletin N o. 1353 December 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTM EN T O F LABO R W . Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Docum ents, U .S. Governm ent Printing Office, W ashington 25 , D.C. - Price 2 0 cents Preface The b a s ic c h a r a c t e r is tic s o f m a jo r c o lle c t iv e b a r gaining a g re e m e n ts in the United States a re d e s c r ib e d in this study, the se co n d o f its type to be p re p a re d by the B ureau o f L a b o r S ta tistics. The study is p r im a r ily a cen su s o f a ll a g re e m e n ts in the United States c o v e r in g 1 ,000 o r m o r e w o r k e r s , in cluding key r a ilr o a d and a irlin e situ a tion s. A ll a g reem en ts studied, e x ce p t the r a ilr o a d and a irlin e a g re e m e n ts, w e r e p art o f the Bureau*s file o f c u r rent a g ree m e n ts m aintained fo r pu b lic and g ov ern m en ta l u se under the p r o v is io n s o f the L a b o r-M a n a g e m e n t R e la tions A ct o f 1947, as am ended. T h is r e p o r t w as p re p a re d in the B u re a u f s D iv is io n o f W ages and In du strial R e la tio n s. From the October 1962 issue of the Monthly Labor Review with appendix tables. iv Contents P a ge Industry and o ccu p a tio n a l grou ps __________________________________ E m p lo y e r b a rgain in g unit ___________________________________________ Unions in v o lv e d _______________________________________________________ G eog ra p h ic d istrib u tio n ______________________________________________ D u ration _______________________________________________________________ W age p r o v is io n s _______________________________________________________ D e fe r r e d w age in c r e a s e s and wage reop en in gs ________________ C o s t -o f-liv in g re v ie w _______________ 1 3 4 5 7 7 8 9 C h a rts: 1. 2. D u ration o f m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, 1956 and 1961 ____________ M onthly p attern o f m a jo r a g re e m e n t e x p ira tio n s, 1952, 1956, and 1 9 6 1 ________________________________________ 6 7 T a b le s: 1. T ype o f e m p lo y e r bargain in g unit in m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, by in d u stry, 1961 ___________________________________________ W ork er co v e r a g e o f m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, by in d u stry , 1961 ______________________________________________ Union a ffilia tio n by w o rk e r co v e ra g e o f m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, 1961 ___________________________________________ R egion a l and State d istrib u tio n o f m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, 1961 ___________________________________________ D u ration o f m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, by in d u stry, 1 9 61 _________ W age adjustm en t and reop en in g p r o v is io n s , b y d u ration o f m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, 1961 ______________________ 10 A ppendix ______________________________________________________________ 11 2. 3• 4. 5. 6. 2 3 4 5 8 T a b le s: A -l. A -2 . A -3 . A -4 . A -5 . N ational and in tern ation al unions sig n a to ry to m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, by w o rk e r c o v e r a g e , 1 9 61______________ R egion a l and in d u stry d istrib u tio n o f m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, 1961 ____________________________________ W age adjustm en t and reop en in g p r o v is io n s in m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, b y in d u stry, 1961 _______________ F re q u e n cy o f c o s t - o f - liv in g re v ie w in m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, b y in du stry, 1 9 6 1 ______________________ C alendar o f c o s t - o f - liv in g adjustm en t p r o v is io n s in m a jo r a g re e m e n ts, 1961 __________________________ v 13 14 16 17 18 Major Union Contracts in the United States, 1961 ing the distribution of total union membership be tween these two industry categories.3 Three-fifths (1,045) of the agreements applied to manufactur ing establishments covering approximately 4.4 million workers (table 1). Nonmanufacturing industries accounted for 688 agreements covering about 4 million workers. Since nonmanufacturing employment greatly exceeds that of manufacturing, the ratio of major agreement coverage to total employment was sub stantially higher in manufacturing. Workers covered by major agreements accounted for slightly more than a fourth of total employment in manufacturing, or almost twice the correspond ing ratio for nonmanufacturing. In both cate gories, the degree of collective bargaining con centration declined slightly from 1956 levels, probably because of employment losses in major industry sectors. As might be expected, major agreement coverage was high in such large, well-organized industries as transportation equipment, railroads and airlines, construction, other transportation, and primary metals (tables 1 and 2). As related to total industry employment,4 collective bargaining con centration appeared to be highest in transporta tion equipment, railroads and airlines, other transportation, primary metals, and communica tions. Somewhat lower in the range were apparel, mining, electrical machinery, rubber, utilities, and construction. Trade and services industries had the smallest proportion of employees under large agreements. total coverage distributed among an estimated 150,000 contracts in 1961, collective bargaining in the United States is highly decentral ized. Concentration of contract coverage is, however, by no means negligible. Almost half of the total coverage (8.3 million workers) is ac counted for by the 1,733 contracts which indi vidually cover 1,000 or more workers. Moreover, these larger agreements predominate in the basic industries which serve as pattern-setters in American collective bargaining. No central or State registry of all collective bargaining agreements exists. For a number of years, however, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has been seeking agreements covering 1,000 or more workers, and it is believed nearly all such agreements have been accounted for.1 Such agreements (hereafter referred to as major agree ments) provide the basis for the Bureau's agree ment provision studies and enable a periodic analysis of their important characteristics. This is the second such study to be prepared.2 W it h Industry and Occupational Groups Worker coverage under major agreements was almost equally divided between manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries, roughly match- i Although the Bureau does not collect railroad and airline agreements (they are filed with the National Mediation Board, as required by the Rail** way Labor Act), information for key bargaining situations in these industries has been included in this study. Major changes for class I railroad employees are usually negotiated on a national basis; the terms are thereafter incor porated into the agreements between the individual railroads and various unions. For simplicity, the major railroad bargaining situations have been classified by operating, nonoperating, and Railway Express employees and the Pennsylvania Railroad-Transport Workers contract. Each of the four situations has been treated as a single agreement. * See “ Characteristics of Major Union Contracts,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1956, pp. 805-611. In some details, the data in the two studies are not comparable. For instance, the present study includes 12 major airline agree ments, while not one was covered in 1956, and a larger number of construction agreements. * See Directory of National and International Labor Unions in the United States, 1961 (BLS Bulletin 1320,1962), p. 51; and “ Membership of American Trade Unions, I960,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1961, p. 1307. * Ratios between agreement coverage and employment by industry cannot be computed with precision. Agreements are necessarily classified according to the major products of the employer bargainmg unit as a whole, while em ployment data are compiled on an establishment basis. l 2 T a b l e 1. T y p e of E m p l o y e r B a r g a in in g U n it in M a jo r A g r e e m e n t s , by I n d u s t r y , 1961 [Workers in thousands! Single eimployer Multiemployer Number studied Industry Multiplant Single plant Agreements Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers All industries....................................................................... 1,733 8,308.0 490 1,021.9 624 3,415.6 619 3,870.5 Manufacturing........................................................... 1,045 4,351.3 441 917.3 392 2,469.4 212 964.7 67.5 360.5 25.8 81.2 456.2 26.1 33.2 125.9 70.8 102.0 49.2 126.2 66.9 110.3 627.6 140.8 310.9 421.0 1,074.4 53.5 21.9 13 26 5 13 1 2 7 29 3 36 9 17 4 14 57 13 63 48 62 14 5 26.3 45.9 7.9 20.4 1.0 2.4 8.3 46.0 3.5 58.2 23.6 24.6 6.2 18.3 97.5 28.7 116. S 133.2 207.1 34.2 8.1 7 32 6 12 8 5 3 19 4 17 6 11 6 19 51 29 39 52 54 10 2 41.2 97.2 15.6 32.3 27.4 8.5 6.9 45.8 5.7 43.8 25.6 96.7 26.0 62.7 514.5 82.0 184.6 278.7 852.9 19.3 2.4 60 1 6 44 6 9 9 27 217.5 2.4 28.5 427.8 15.2 18.0 34.1 61.6 Rubber products................................................................. Leather and leather products............................................. Stone, clay, and glass products.................................. ........ Primary metal industries.................................................... Fabricated metal products.................................................. Machinery (except electrical)............................................. Electrical machinery........................................................... Transportation equipment................................................. Instruments and related products___ ________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................... 20 118 12 31 53 13 19 57 34 53 15 29 19 41 113 52 106 105 120 24 11 1 9 8 5 10 4 5 4 5.0 34.8 29.3 15.6 30.1 10.0 9.2 14.4 4 11.4 Nonmanufacturing.................................................... 688 3,956.7 49 104.7 232 946.3 407 2,905.8 Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production___ Transportation 1.................................................................. 18 115 16 80 79 13 106 37 53 170 1 237.8 681.1 869.6 501.3 195.1 25.2 289.9 171.2 177.7 805.1 2.9 3 17 4.2 38.2 4 9 5.2 35.9 10 20 13 75 66 23.6 67.6 64.1 495.1 154.1 14 18.7 2 2.5 33 2 10 2 1 92.2 4.2 37.8 4.9 2.9 5 78 3 1 4 13 59 35 41 168 210.1 575.3 805.5 1.0 5.1 25.2 179.1 167.0 137.4 800.2 Ordnance and accessories _ Food and kindred products................................................ Tobacco manufactures........................................................ Textile mill products........................................................... Apparel and other finished textile products...................... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)................. Furniture and fixtures......................................................... Paper and allied products................................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries........................ Chemicals and allied products_______________________ Products of petroleum and coal Railroads and airlines 2 Communications................................................................. Utilities: Electric and gas................................................... Wholesale trade_____________________________________ Retail trade.......................................................................... Hotels and restaurants_______________________________ Services................................................................................ Construction Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing industries___ » Excludes railroads and airlines. 8 See text footnote 1. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Approximately nine-tenths of the major agree ments applied to bargaining units comprised entirely, or almost entirely, of production or bluecollar workers as shown in the following tabulation: Predominant worker group Agreements All worker groups_______________ 1, 733 Production employees (blue-collar)1_____ 1, 528 Professional and technical employees----35 Clerical employees_____________________ 64 Sales employees-----------------------------------72 Two groups or more combined 2________ 20 Information not available______________ 14 Workers (thousands) 8, 308. 0 7, 550. 3 89.4 283.0 226.0 104.3 55.1 i Includes all types of production and nonclerical workers in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries. * Principally in the telephone industry—plant and traffic departments and commercial departments. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. The agreements (171) applying predominantly or exclusively to white-collar workers accounted for only 7 percent of all major coverage.5 The 35 agreements covering professional and technical employees were distributed mainly among three nonmanufacturing industries (air lines, maritime, and services— television and motion pictures) and five manufacturing industries (ordnance, printing and publishing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, and in struments). With the exception of an industry wide agreement in the television industry and a• •The Bureau estimates that white-collar workers comprise about 12 percent of total union membership. See BLS Bulletin 1320, op. cit., p. 50; and “ Membership of American Trade Unions, 1960,“ op. cit., pp. 1305-1306. 3 ments. Agreements applying to two plants or more constituted the majority of single employer agreements and covered over 75 percent of the workers under such agreements. Multiplant bar gaining by Single employers was the leading form of bargaining, measured by worker coverage, in multiplant agreement in electrical machinery, coverage under any of these agreements did not exceed 3,500 workers. The communications industry accounted for the majority of the clerical agreements, and retail trade for nearly all sales personnel agreements. Employer Bargaining Unit For the employer, the signer of more than 6 out of 10 major agreements was a single company (table l ) .6 Their workers accounted for slightly more than half the coverage of all major agree T able 2. • An important distinction must be drawn between agreements and col lective bargaining situations which may produce or influence a number of separate agreements. For example, the basic steel companies typically signed separate multiplant agreements, although their major terms were negotiated in a joint multiemployer bargaining session with the Steelworkers. W orker C overage of M ajor A greements, by I ndustry, 1961 [Workers in thousands] Industry All industries........................................ Manufacturing_____ _______ — Ordnance and accessories..................... Food and kindred products_________ Tobacco manufactures......................... Textile mill products............................ Apparel and other finished textile products............................................. Lumber and wood products (except furniture)........................................... Furniture and fixtures.......................... Paper and allied products................... Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries.................................................... Chemicals and allied products_______ Products of petroleum and coal______ Rubber products___________________ Leather and leather products-----------Stone, clay, and glass products______ Primary metal industries..................... Fabricated metal products--------------Machinery (except electrical)-----------Electrical machinery................... ........ Transportation equipment--------------Instruments and related products----Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries.................................................... N onmanufacturing..................... Mining,crude petroleum, and natural gas production................................... Transportation1................................... Railroads and airlines **........................ Communications.................................. Utilities: Electric and gas.................... Wholesale trade____________________ Retail trade........................................... Hotels and restaurants--------------------Services................................................. Construction......................................... Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing in dustries_________________________ i Excludes railroads and airlines. * See text footnote 1. 1,000-2,499 workers 2,500-4,999 workers 5,000-9,999 workers Agree Work ers ments Agree Work ers ments Agree Work ments ers 1,057 1,513.4 347 1,136.3 191 1,280.1 10,000-24,999 workers 25,000-49,999 workers 50,000-99,999 workers 100,000 workers and over Agree Work ments ers Agree Work ers ments Agree Work ers ments Agree Work ers ments 103 1,458.2 970.1 202 659.2 89 596.5 56 777.4 10 74 9 23 15.1 102! 5 13.0 31.3 7 29 2 3 23.3 98.6 7.0 10.7 2 10 1 4 15.5 58.4 5.9 29.2 1 4 13.7 51.0 1 10.0 19 27.9 11 35.6 15 108.3 5 88.0 9 17 46 13.0 26.7 64.3 4 2 9 13.1 6.6 28.6 2 33.0 27 44 9 19 g 30 74 34 77 62 62 19 38.2 67.7 14.1 22.2 12! 7 44! 5 105.4 48.9 107)5 84)5 9o! 5 27)5 3 7 4 5 g 5 16 13 20 26 26 3 9.9 20.5 16.1 18.5 19)1 18 1 48.1 40.6 61.8 84)0 87)1 9.5 4 2 2 1 4 4 10 3 3 6 15 2 22.8 13.8 19.1 5.0 25.1 27.4 64.0 19.7 20.6 35.6 103! 9 16.5 3 1 2 9 2 4 9 13 55.5 10! 0 20.3 124.4 31.7 52.4 110 6 177! 0 681 9 13.1 1 2.8 1 6.0 376 543.3 145 477.2 102 683.6 47 680.8 14 61 7 29 56 10 64 18 36 81 20.2 86.8 11.5 40.3 82! 8 13)3 88.3 29)7 SO*4 m i 1 24 4.7 77.9 20.0 115.0 64.6 56.6 6.9 87.9 23.0 26! 3 126.6 7.0 104.1 32.6 141.9 23.6 5.0 73.8 56.5 22.0 217.2 1 8 19 17 2 28 7 8 38 1 16 5 19 4 1 11 9 3 33 12 2 199.6 32.1 3 2 6 13 40.0 27.0 79.0 168.2 1 2.9 19 613.8 7 413.8 9 1,892.5 8 268.4 4 253.8 5 826.0 1 50.0 1 125.0 1 125.6 3 576.0 2 71.4 i 25.6 1 27.0 2 133.8 2 1 1 68.6 36.4 40.0 1 70.0 11 345.4 3 160.0 4 1,066.5 3 2 82.4 55.0 2 105.0 1 1 1 2 186.0 110.0 770.5 55.0 1 35.0 5 173.0 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totalSi 4 manufacturing industries as a whole; in metal working industries, it was by far the predominant type. Among nonmanufacturing industries, mul tiplant bargaining was strong in communications and utilities, where the larger companies have widely scattered branches or stations. Except for the railroad industry, multiemployer bargaining mainly involved relatively small com panies, and the 619 major multiemployer agree ments in effect in 1961 may well have applied to individual employers numbered in the tens of thousands. The ratio of workers covered by such agreements to total major agreement coverage— 47 percent—is substantially higher than the ratio of all multiemployer bargaining to all collective bargaining coverage. 'The traditional strongholds of multiemployer bargaining, and also sources of a large volume of coverage in 1961, are the food and apparel industries, mining, railroads, other transportation (chiefly maritime and trucking), and construction. Multiemployer bargaining in 1961 was also predominant (among major situa tions) in lumber, furniture, printing and publish ing, leather, trade, hotels and restaurants, and services. In nonmanufacturing as a whole, almost three-fourths of all workers under major agree ments were covered by multiemployer agreements; in manufacturing, one-fifth. Multiemployer agreements are distributed by worker coverage in the following tabulation: Worker coverage All size groups__________ _____ 1,000 to 2,499 workers_________ _____ 2,500 to 4,999 workers_________ _____ 5,000 to 9,999 workers_________ _____ 10,000 to 24,999 workers_______ _____ 25,000 to 49,999 workers_______ _____ 50,000 to 99,999 workers_______ _____ 100,000 workers or more________ _____ 3, 870. 5 488.4 419.6 649.5 597. 2 369.4 155. 0 1,191. 5 619 330 127 100 43 11 3 5 N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. About half of the 329 major agreements covering 5,000 workers or more were multiemployer agree ments, including 5 of the 9 largest in the country. Unions Involved Major agreement coverage was divided among the principal trade union categories in the United States roughly in proportion to total union mem bership,7as follows: 7 See “ Unaffiliated Local and Single-Employer Unions in the United States, 1961/’ Monthly Labor Review, September 1962, p. 976. T able 3. MuUiemployer agreements Workers Number (< thousands) Percent of— Major agree ments Workers 80 13 6 1 AFL-CIO affiliates_______________________— National unaffiliated unions_________________ Single firm or intrastate unaffiliated unions-Mixed union affiliation______________________ 80 14 3 4 N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. U nion A ffiliation by W orker C overage of M ajor A greements, 1961 [Workers in thousands] Agreements negotiated by- Number studied All size groups.............. . 1,000 to 2,499 workers................. 2,600 to 4,999 workers................. 6,000 to 9,999 workers................. 10,000 to 24,999 workers.............. 95 nrWltn id QQQwnrlrprs 50 OOOt.n OQQQQwnrlrprs 100,000 workers or more............. i See text footnote 7. Agree ments Single firm or intrastate1 National1 Workers Agree ments A FL-CIO and unaffiliated unions, jointly Unaffiliated unions AFL-CIO affiliates Worker coverage Workers Agree ments Workers Agree ments Workers Workers Agree ments 1,733 8,308.0 1,391 6,601.7 224 1,146.8 99 261.9 19 297.7 1,057 347 191 103 19 7 9 1,513.4 1,136.3 1,280.1 1,458.2 613.8 413 8 1,892! 5 852 273 154 84 18 4 6 1,218.1 893.7 1,045.4 1,213.9 588.8 258.8 1,383.0 138 40 27 13 1 3 2 194.7 132.6 172.1 171.5 25.0 155.0 296.0 60 30 6 3 91.1 96.9 39.4 34.6 7 4 4 3 9.6 13.1 23.3 38.4 1 213.5 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 5 The Teamsters, the largest union in the country, held 144 of the 224 major agreements negotiated by national unaffiliated unions (table 3). The expulsion of the Teamsters from the AFL-CIO was responsible for the most significant change since 1956 in the number of major agreements negotiated by Federation affiliates. The number of major agreements attributed to single firm unaffiliated unions declined from 127 (453,300 workers) in 1956 to 99 (261,900 workers) in 1961; affiliation with national unions was the chief reason for this drop. Sixteen national unions each represented 100,000 workers or more under major agreements.8 These 16 are listed in the following tabulation in descending order of workers covered by major agreements to which each union is the exclusive signatory.9 Number of agreement* Automobile Workers_____________________________ Steelworkers_____________________________________ Teamsters (Ind.)_________________________________ Communications Workers________________________ Machinists____ ___________________________________ Carpenters____________________________________ Ladies’ Garment Workers____ ____________________ Electrical Workers, IB E W _______________________ Electrical Workers, IU E________________ Mine Workers (Ind.) (excluding District 50)______ Clothing Workers............................................... Hod Carriers__________ Retail Clerks............... Hotel & Restaurant Employees—......... .......... Rubber Workers_________________________________ Meat Cutters____ ______ 118 120 144 48 94 54 37 92 47 2 20 33 42 30 23 44 ciations. Although only slightly more than a fifth of the 1,733 major agreements covered opera tions in more than one State or region, more than half of total worker coverage was accounted for by these agreements. Most of those workers— almost 4 million— were under interregional agree ments negotiated by multiplant corporations in the steel, automobile, and rubber industries and of the type characteristic of apparel, coal mining, and transportation bargaining (table 4). All States with the exception of North Dakota and Wyoming had at least one intrastate agree ment covering 1,000 workers or more. New York led with 186, followed by California (172), Illinois (132), and Pennsylvania (110). Coverage was highest (776,100 workers) in California, where the large intrastate agreements were principally in nonmanufacturing industries. T able 4. R egional and State D istribution of M ajor A greements, 1961 [Workers in thousands] Region and State Agree Work ments ers Region and State South A tla n ticContinued District of Co lumbia.............. Virginia-.............. West Virginia— North Carolina__ South Carolina__ Georgia_________ Florida................. United States.. 1,733 8,308.0 Interregional agree ments i.................... New England....... .... Intraregion8____ Maine.................. New Hampshire. Vermont.............. Massachusetts___ Rhode Island___ Connecticut_____ 296 3,965.0 107 291.6 40.3 8 9 18.7 7.0 4 2.4 2 44 118.0 3 4.6 37 100.8 Middle Atlantic_____ Intraregion8____ New York—____New Jersey_____ Pennsylvania___ 397 1,309.1 32 172.5 186 674.8 69 171.3 110 290.6 Geographic Distribution East North Central.. Intraregion8____ Ohio..................... Indiana_________ Illinois................. Michigan............. Wisconsin............ 401 1,078.1 15 83.9 89 207.0 65.8 28 132 406.4 85 196.0 52 119.1 The interstate dispersion of collective bargaining is emphasized by the many major agreements which cover the farfiung multiplant operations of large companies and of multiemployer asso- West North CentralIn traregion 8____ Minnesota......... Iowa.................... Missouri.............. North Dakota. South Dakota___ Nebraska............. Kansas................. 83 7 31 9 28 200.3 32.5 74.2 20.3 57.1 1 3 4 2.6 6.4 7.3 South Atlantic........... Intraregion8____ Delaware............. Maryland............ 103 13 3 21 252.7 37.2 4.2 51.0 8 Coverage of agreements is not necessarily identical with union member ship. Nonmembers may be included within the bargaining unit represented by a union. * The coverage of all unions having major agreements will be listed in a BLS report presenting this article with additional data. East South Central__ Kentucky_______ Tennessee............ Alabama.............. Mississippi—___ _ West South Central— Intraregion8____ Arkansas.......... Louisiana............. Oklahoma-.......... Texas................... Agree- Work* ments ers 7 17 8 8 6 8 12 20.7 50.3 12.6 18.0 9.7 19.9* 29.2 34 9 14 62.0 14.8 24.2 20.3 10 1 49 5 3 15 2 24 2.8 114.6 19.3 4.6 34.8 Mountain........... Intraregion 2. Montana___ Idaho........... Wyoming— Colorado___ New Mexico. Arizona........ Utah............ Nevada____ 38 2 4 2 53.0 78.2 2.9 9.2 4.2 11 1 5 8 5 19.1 1.3 18.3 12.7 10.6 Pacific................ Intraregion 8. Washington. Oregon......... California.— Alaska......... Hawaii_____ 225 956.6 62.2 66.9 28.5 776.1 3.0 20.0 11 27 12 172 1 2 1 Each agreement covered 2 plants or more in different regions. 8 Each agreement covered 2 plants or more in different States in the same region. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 6 Chart 1. Duration of M ajor Agreements, 1956 and 19611 EZH3 v>rxsXr\ 1961 1956 Tftox&vi* Percent of total Percent o f total » o a se a on i,/o o agreem ents covering ----------------------------------9 ~ iw w w ,w w w " W I R O I * in I701 an d 1,424 agreem ents covering 8,168,300 w orkers in 1956 7 Duration The trend to long-term agreements (2 years or more), highlighted in the Bureau's 1956 study, was accentuated during the next 5 years (chart 1). In 1961, only 1 out of 8 major agreements, covering a smaller proportion of workers, was negotiated for a term of less than 2 years (table 5). The prevalence of 2-year agreements also declined somewhat. A duration in excess of 2 years became, by 1961, the majority practice. Significant increases in duration were noted in the major manufacturing agreements in trans portation equipment, food, electrical machinery, and primary metals (however, basic steel agree ments negotiated in 1962 returned to a 2-year duration); in nonmanufacturing, lengthening of terms was especially notable in transportation, communications, and construction. An indefinite duration (open end) continued in coal mining and railroad agreements. The increasing prevalence of long-term agree ments of varying lengths means that fewer major agreements will expire each year and the industrial mix of expiring agreements will change from year to year. If the calendar of expirations 10 in 1961 is typical, the seasonal pattern of expirations is also changing (chart 2). Although the 1961 pattern probably will not be duplicated in later years, it appears that the traditional concentration of bargaining in the spring, as exemplified by the 1952 pattern, no longer holds. Chart 2. M onthly Pattern of M ajo r Agreement Ex pirations, 1952, 1956, and 1961 Percent of Expirations ings or combinations of these provisions were specified in 7 out of 8 major agreements, as follows: Percent of— Major agree- Workmente en Wage Provisions Implicit in the trend to long-term agreements is the development of automatic wage adjustment formulas or provisions for wage reopenings, or both, to replace annual negotiations. Cost-ofliving review, deferred increases, and wage reopen- » For the purpose of analysis, the expiration date is the formal termination date established by the agreements. In general, it is the earliest date on which termination of the contract could be effective, except for special provi sions for termination, such as disagreements arising out of reopening issues. Many agreements provide for automatic renewal at the expiration date unless notice of termination is given. The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, as amended, requires that a party to an agreement desiring to terminate or modify it shall serve written notice upon the other party 60 days prior to the expiration date. Deferred wage increase only....... .................... Wage reopening only______________________ Cost-of-living review only_________________ Cost-of-living review and deferred wage increase_________________________________ Deferred wage increase and wage reopeningCost-of-living review and wage reopening__ Wage reopening, cost-of-living review, and deferred wage increase__________________ 39. 3 17. 7 1. 8 27. 5 24. 1 1. 3 18. 6 7. 1 1. 3 24. 2 9. 1 .6 1. 8 3. 3 Deferred wage increase provisions were included in two-thirds of the agreements, wage reopening in over one-fourth, and cost-of-living review in slightly less than a fourth (table 6). Nearly all (95 percent) of the agreements with terms of 2 years or more had such wage adjustment provi sions, as compared with less than two-fifths of 8 those under 2 years. Multiple provisions were most frequent in contracts of more than 3 years. by far the more popular device. Among agree ments with terms of 3 years or more, the various combinations of wage adjustment devices ranked in the following order by number of agreements: Deferred Wage Increases and Wage Reopenings. Deferred wage increases are included in agree ments sometimes as an “ annual improvement factor” or “ annual productivity increase.” 11 A few of the agreements in 1961 made provision for diversion of part of the deferred increases into pension and health and welfare funds.12 Although a single deferred increase was the common practice in agreements with terms of less than 2 years, the longer termed agreements with deferred increases tended toward annual or multiple increases and frequently added or sub stituted a wage reopening clause. Although deferred increases and escalation came into promi nence together (the General Motors—UAW agree ment of 1948), the former had, by 1961, become Deferred wage increase only_______________________ Deferred wage increase and cost-of-living review___ Wage reopening only____ ______ Deferred wage increase and wage reopening________ Deferred wage increase, cost-of-living review, and wage reopening_________________________________ Cost-of-living review only________ Cost-of-living review and wage reopening__________ 235 156 153 81 25 12 8 11 Approximately 2 percent o£ the deferred wage increase provisions limited the increases to specific groups or occupations. The exclusions generally represented small groups and, therefore, did not materially affect total worker coverage. J* Similar clauses were incorporated in several automobile and farm equip ment agreements negotiated in late 1061 and, therefore, are not included in this study. T able 5. D uration 1 op M ajor [Workers in Industry Number studied Less than 1 year Over 1 and under 2 years 1 year 2 years Over 2 and under 3 years Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers ments ments ments ments ments ments All industries---------------------------------------------Manufacturing.......................................... Ordnance and accessories____________________ Food and kindred products................................. Tobacco manufactures____ __________________ Textile mill products________ _______ ______ _ Apparel and other finished textile products____ Lumber and wood products (except furniture).. Furniture and fixtures........ ........................ ....... Paper and allied products...................... ............ Printing, publishing, and allied industries____ Chemicals and allied products_______________ Products of petroleum and coal____. . . . _______ Rubber products___________________________ Leather and leather products________ ________ Stone, day, and glass products........................... Primary metal industries^.................................. Fabricated metal products................................ Machinery (except electrical)________________ Electrical machine) 1,733 8,308.0 7 10.5 131 298.1 84 610 1,917.4 335.8 ..... = s s s r —■- .. —LLX.. 1 -IJ> ' ■ , ,BSSSmiL---Lr-s ," ssgsas=S££=5 &S=S=S£=C3S=5 84 2.2 157.0 1,045 4,351.3 2 45 177.8 418 1,273.4 Instruments and related products................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...................... 20 118 12 31 53 13 19 57 34 53 15 29 19 41 113 52 106 105 120 24 11 67.5 360.5 25.8 81.2 456.2 26.1 33.2 125.9 70.8 102.0 49.2 126.2 66.9 110.3 627.6 140.8 310.9 421.0 1,074.4 53.5 21.9 N onmanufacturing..._______________________ 688 3,956.7 Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production. Transportation *........................................................... . Railroads and airlines *____________ _____ _________ Communications________ ______ _________________ Utilities: Electric and gas______________ ___________ Wholesale trade__________________________________ Retail trade................................................... ............... Hotels and restaurants................................................. . Services............ ............................................................ . Construction.................................................................. Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing industries.............. , 18 115 16 80 79 13 106 37 53 170 1 237.8 681.1 869.6 501.3 195.1 25.2 289.9 171.2 177.7 805.1 2.9 i 1.1 i 1.1 5 6.6 7.6 4.4 11.3 10.5 1 10 1 1 3.5 37.2 1.1 9.0 1 24 1 4 3 4 1.0 38.6 1.0 6.4 8.8 4.1 2 3.3 5 3 3 4 5 2 3 2 47 1 2 2 1.1 3.1 4.2 4 8 20 2 1 1 2 9 7 64 10 10 11 8 5 29 24 25 8 18 15 24 21 15 31 34 40 11 8 30.3 228.9 20.4 27.3 52.5 16.3 6.9 80.2 51.3 41.8 31.1 88.3 52.2 58.9 34.3 27.4 47.9 108.9 227.2 24.7 17.1 1,043.1 148 866.0 2 4 5.8 20.7 2 3 9.0 12.0 4 7.1 5 2 10.8 2.7 1 1 1 54 15 22 11 20 1 4.0 2.5 1.0 495.9 33.5 158.9 20.3 80.9 1.1 3 1 4 4.8 1.7 23.9 12.3 4.0 5.7 6.6 16.2 4.6 4.9 2.7 4 8 2 2 2 3 1 26.0 28.5 14.0 13.7 2.6 7.7 1.1 141.1 39 158.0 192 644.1 54 177.1 2 2.7 9 11 7 30.4 58.6 16.1 19.4 15.6 7.4 11.9 8 38.4 3.9 140.9 6.4 35.6 107.1 5.4 130.3 27.9 58.7 125.1 2.9 7 7 2 2 3 25 1 7 39 2 46 7 20 41 1 2 1 11 1 3 20 4.2 1.5 42.2 2.0 9.2 75.7 * * In classifying agreements by duration, a 1-month leeway was observed; e. g., agreements with terms of 23 or 25 months were grouped with agreements 8.4 4 5 1 7 3 202 5.8 37.1 43.8 3.0 6.4 1.0 2.5 41.5 of 2 years' duration, * Excludes railroads and airlines. 9 Provisions permitting one or more contract reopening for wage negotiations were incorporated in 484 contracts covering over 3 million workers. In 3 out of 4 of these agreements, wage negotia tions were to take place either at a predetermined date or after specified intervals. A few contracts, however, permitted wage reopening at any time. The remaining provisions tied possible wage reopenings to unpredictable economic factors, such as changes in the cost-of-living or in wages or prices in the industry or area, or, less frequently, in case of national emergency. Cost-of-Living Review. Cost-of-living escalator clauses, which provide for periodic review and adjustment of wages dependent on the movement of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index, are the more expendable of the wage ad justment provisions. A greem ents, b y I ndustry, After the Bureau’s 1956 study, escalator clauses were added to basic steel contracts (and were dropped in 1962 negotiations), major meatpacking agreements (September 1956), and agreements of General Electric, West Coast grocery chains, New York retail bakeries, and Montgomery Ward department stores. In 1956, the railroads reinstated escalation, which had been discontinued in 1954, but dropped it again in 1960. In 1961, manufacturing agreements accounted for nearly 80 percent of the escalator clauses and a slightly higher proportion of the workers covered. The relative importance of escalation, as shown by the percentage of workers under major agreements containing such clauses, was highest in primary metals (90), transportation equipment (82), ordnance (71), machinery— except electrical (68), and fabricated metals (57). In nonmanufacturing, escalator clauses were 1961 thousands] 3 years Over 3 and under 4 years 4 and under 5 years 5 years Over 5 years Indefinite Industry Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers ments ments ments ments ments ments 542 3,032.8 22 54.2 31 152.9 66 322.7 23 78.4 15 1,062.4 295 1,722.2 12 27.8 20 64.9 13 . 33.7 5 21.8 3 4.7 3 32 15.5 62.4 3 1 5.9 1.1 1 1.5 9 31 3 6 4 3 16 2 22.1 339.2 4.7 12.6 7.1 3.7 39.1 5.4 1 2 1.5 27.0 3 15.0 1 4.0 3 6 23 17 39 41 50 6 1 12.3 10.2 56.7 60.2 65.9 252.8 741.4 9.2 2.1 247 1,310.6 1 61 1.7 464.3 53 7 8 17 16 13 71 369.0 13.6 15.3 30.0 62.8 55.3 298.7 1 1.1 1 2.4 1 2.2 1 5.0 2 5.0 1 2.0 2 1 3 2.8 1.1 8.3 3 6 1 1 10 26.4 11 1 3.0 2 5.0 5 2 14.4 4.0 8 See text footnote 1. 3 1 3 2 2 1 1.0 1 2.0 8.4 8.8 3.2 3.1 3 4 6.8 7.5 88.0 53 289.0 10.5 1 2 1.6 2.5 1 1 1.0 1.5 21 7 5 15 37.8 33.0 14.1 197.6 2.5 3.0 17.0 20.0 1 4.0 1 4.1 1 1 1.2 2.3 1 1.3 1 1 1 3.0 1.2 9.5 18 56.6 12 1,057.7 8 19.7 4 3 4 208.5 17.9 825.5 1 5.8 5 2 3 23.8 6.6 6.6 All industries. Manufacturing. Ordnance and accessories. Food and kindred products. Tobacco manufactures. Textile mill products. Apparel and other finished textile products. Lumber and wood products (except furniture). Furniture and fixtures. Paper and allied products. Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Chemicals and allied products. Products of petroleum and coal. Rubber products. Leather and leather products. Stone, clay, and glass products. Primary metal industries. Fabricated metal, products. Machinery (except electrical). Electrical machinery. Transportation equipment. Instruments and related products. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. N onmanufacturing. Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production. Transportation.* Railroads and airlines.1 Communications. Utilities: Electric and gas. Wholesale trade. Retail trade. Hotels and restaurants. Services. Construction. Miscellaneous nonmanu faeturing industries. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 10 T a b l e 6. W a g e A d ju st m e n t and R e o p e n in g P r o v is io n s , by D u r a t io n of M a jo r A g r e e m e n t s , 1961 [Workers in thousands] Number with provisions Cost-of-living review only Deferred wage increase only Wage reopen ing only Duration Cost-of-living Cost-of-living review, de Cost-of-living Deferred wage review and ferred wage increase and review and deferred wage wage reopening wage reopening increase, and increase wage reopening Agree Work Agree Work Agree Work Agree Work Agree Work Agree Work Agree Work Agree Work ments ers ments ers ments ers ments ers ments ers ments ers ments ers ments ers Total........................... 1,519 7.483.5 T ars than 1 yp.ar 1 yAnr Over 1 and under 2 years... 2 years.................................. Over 2 and under 3 years__ 3 years.................................. Over 3 and under 4 years__ 4 years and under 5 years__ 5 years.................................. Over 5 years......................... Indp.finit.A (opfin end) 2 4.2 67.7 27 229.0 56 564 1,755.7 192 1.017.5 529 2.991.6 21 53.2 31 152.9 66 322.7 23 78.4 8 810.9 31 104.1 2 3 6 6 11 1 2.5 20.0 45.2 13.6 19.6 1.0 2 2.4 681 2,289.1 — %2 10 23.6 34 124.9 331 978.6 68 195.6 203 820.5 30.0 11 10 36.8 8 49.5 3 6.5 2 21.2 307 1,999.4 323 2,010.9 r 14 7 117 12 128 1 7 15 2 3 1 8 70 88 116 7 6 20 7 iTo* 34.7 37.1 353.3 34.7 864.8 1.1 37.8 58.1 2.3 573.8 7.0 40.0 242.6 722.0 899.6 16.2 12.6 34.6 36.5 22 53.9 7 7 6 15.4 11.5 21.8 1 1 3.2 2.0 123 754.6 32 271.7 " 3 30 8 46 1 7 22 5 1 4.2 116.7 34.6 126.7 5.0 62.6 178.6 12.9 213.5 1 3 3 19 2.9 4.1 5.7 238.7 6 20.3 1 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. concentrated in transportation (principally local and intercity bus transportation and trucking) and retail trade. Quarterly wage reviews, featured by automo bile agreements, were required by approximately half of the escalator arrangements. Semiannual and annual reviews were each provided for by approximately a fourth. Semiannual review was required mainly in food processing, primary met als other than steel, local and intercity trans portation, and retail trade; annual review, prin cipally in the basic steel agreements which were in effect in 1961 and in the large areawide trucking agreements. The combined effect of differences in periodic ity and timing of escalator clauses was to spread the impact of possible wage adjustments through out the year, as shown in the following tabulation: Month in which adjustment was to be made * All escalator agreements............. January.................................... February_____________________________ March...................................... April----------------------------------------May................. June.......................................... July______________ August_______________________________ September____________________________ October— -------November____________________________ December......... .......... merits(thousands) 408 2, 410. 6 106 802.9 63 368.4 143 633. 1 60 656. 8 45 125.2 138 592. 1 101 783. 7 60 200. 3 138 611. 1 114 1, 194. 0 44 124.2 132 597.4 1 Not to be confused with month of the Consumer Price Index upon which adjustment was based. F iv e ta bles a re p re se n te d in this appendix to p rov id e addition al data on a g re e m e n t c o v e r a g e by national and in tern ation al un ions, in d u stry, and re g io n ; p re v a le n ce o f w age adjustm en t p r o v is io n s and fre q u e n cy o f c o s t - o f livin g re v ie w , by in d u stry; and m onths o f c o s t - o f - liv in g a dju stm en ts. 11 13 Table A-l. National and International U n ions1 Signatory to M ajor Agreements,2 by W orker 300, 000 w o r k e r s and o v e r A u to W o r k e r s (11.8) C o m m u n ic a tio n s W o r k e r s (4 8) M a c h in is ts (9 4) S t e e lw o r k e r s (1 2 0 ) T e a m s t e r s (Ind. ) (1 4 4 ) 2 0 0 .0 0 0 and u n d e r 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s C a r p e n t e r s (5 4) E l e c t r i c a l (IB E W ) (9 2) E l e c t r i c a l (IU E ) (47) G a r m e n t, L a d ie s (3 7) M in e W o r k e r s (E x c lu d in g D is t. N o. 50) (Ind. ) (2) 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 and u n d e r 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s C loth in g (20) H od C a r r i e r s (3 3) H otel (3 0) M ea t C u tte rs (4 4) R e ta il C le r k s (42) R u b b e r (2 3) 5 0 .0 0 0 and u n d e r 100, 000 w o r k e r s B u ild in g S e r v i c e (1 9) E n g in e e r s , O p e ra tin g (18) L o n g s h o r e m e n 's A s s o c i a t i o n (14) O il, C h e m ic a l and A t o m ic (31) P a in t e r s (1 2) S tr e e t , E l e c t r i c R a ilw a y (2 7) T e le p h o n e U n ion s (Ind. ) (9) T e x tile W o r k e r s (T W U A ) (24) T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s (6 ) 25, 000 and u n d e r 50 , 000 w o r k e r s A c t o r s (3) B o ile r m a k e r s (1 4) B r ic k la y e r s (1 1) E l e c t r i c a l (U . E . ) ( I n d .) (9 ) F L U o r LIU (21) G la s s B o tt le (1 1) G la s s and C e r a m ic (7) I n s u r a n c e W o r k e r s (3 ) Ir o n W o r k e r s (12) L o n g s h o r e m e n and W a r e h o u s e m e n (Ind. ) (5) M a r in e and S h ip b u ild in g (9 ) M a r itim e (4) M in e W o r k e r s (D is t. N o. 50 ) (Ind. ) (2 0) P a c k in g h o u s e (1 1) P a p e r m a k e r s (17) P lu m b in g (7) R a ilw a y and S te a m s h ip C le r k s (1 ) R e t a il, W h o le s a le (1 7 ) S e a fa r e r s (4) S h oe W o r k e r s , U n ited (5) U tility (8 ) 10, 000 and u n d e r 25, 000 w o r k e r s A lu m in u m (4) B o o k b in d e r s (11) B r e w e r y (9) C h e m ic a l (1 1 ) D is t ille r y (7) G la s s , F lin t (7) G r a in M ill e r s (6 )1 2 Coverage, 1961 10, 000 and u n d e r 25, 000 w o r k e r s — C on tin u ed H a tte rs (3 ) In d u s tr ia l W o r k e r s , A llie d (1 2) L a u n d ry (5) L a u n d ry (Ind. ) (5) L e a th e r G o o d s , P la s t i c (3) L ith o g r a p h e r s (Ind. ) (4) M a s t e r s , M a tes and P ilo t s (3) M in e , M ill (Ind. ) (9) M o ld e r s (6 ) P rin tin g P r e s s m e n ( 8 ) P u lp (9) S a la r ie d U n ion s ( I n d .) (1) S h eet M e ta l (5) S hoe and B o o t (5) T e le g r a p h e r s (1) T e x t ile W o r k e r s (U T W A ) (9) T o b a c c o (9) T y p o g r a p h ic a l(6) W o o d w o r k e r s (7) 5, 000 and u n d e r 10, 000 w o r k e r s A ir L in e P ilo t s (5) B a k e r y (Ind. ) (4) B a k e r y , A m e r ic a n (4) B r ic k and C la y (2) C h ic a g o T r u c k D r iv e r s (Ind. ) (1) C o m m u n ic a tio n s A s s o c ia t io n (Ind. ) (2) E le v a t o r C o n s t r u c t o r s (1) F u r n itu r e (4) G a r m e n t, U n ited (2) M a r in e E n g in e e r s (3) M e c h a n ic s E d u c a tio n a l (4) M u s ic ia n s ( 6 ) N e w s p a p e r G u ild (5) N e w s p a p e r and M a il D e liv e r s ( I n d .) (2) P a c k in g h o u s e W o r k e r s (Ind. ) (1) P l a s t e r e r s (4) P o t t e r s (3 ) T o y W o r k e r s (2) U p h o ls t e r e r s (5) U n d er 5, 000 w o r k e r s A s s o c ia t e d U n ion s (I n d .) (1) B r o a d c a s t E m p lo y e e s (1) C e m e n t (1) C ig a r M a k e r s (2) E n g in e e r s , T e c h n ic a l (1) G ra n ite C u tte r s (1) G u a rd , P la n t (I n d .) (1) J e w e lr y (1) L a c e O p e r a tiv e s (I n d .) (1) L a th e r s (2) L e a th e r W o r k e r s (2) O ffic e E m p lo y e s (2) P a tte r n M a k e r s (1) P h o t o -E n g r a v e r s (2 ) R o o fe r s (1) S h oe and A llie d C r a ft s m e n ( I n d .) (1) S tage ( 2 ) S ton e, U n ited (2 ) S tov e M o u n te r s (1) U tility W o r k e r s o f N ew E n g la n d (Ind. ) (1) W a tc h w o rk e r s (Ind. ) (2) 1 A ll u n ion s a r e a ffilia t e d w ith the A F L - C I O e x c e p t t h o s e fo llo w e d b y (I n d .) . F o r fu ll un ion id e n t ific a tio n and a d d r e s s e s , s e e D i r e c t o r y o f N a tio n a l and In te rn a tio n a l L a b o r U nion s in the U n ited S ta te s , 1 9 6 1 , B L S B u lle tin 1320. 2 E x c lu d e d fr o m th is lis t in g a r e 72 a g r e e m e n ts c o v e r in g 1 m illio n w o r k e r s w h ic h in c lu d e m e m b e r s o f 2 o r m o r e u n io n s , and 99 a g r e e m e n ts c o v e r in g 2 6 2 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s r e p r e s e n t e d b y u n a ffilia te d s in g l e - e m p l o y e r o r in t r a sta te u n io n s. NOTE: T h e n u m b e r o f a g r e e m e n ts is in d ic a t e d in p a r e n t h e s e s . 14 Table A-2. Regional and Industry Distribution o f Major Agreements, 1961 J^W o^rkej^^in^thou^and^ R e g io n 1 N um ber stu d ie d E ast Wcsst N o rth No:rth C en 1tra l C e n tr a l A g r e e W o rk A g r e e W o rk A g r e e W o rk A g r e e W ork A g r e e W ork A g r e e W ork m e n ts m e n ts m e n ts ers m e n ts m e n ts ers ers m e n ts ers ers ers In d u stry A l l in d u s tr ie s — ------------- -------M a n u fa ctu rin g -------- O r d n a n ce and a c c e s s o r i e s - — F o o d and k in d r e d p r o d u c t s — T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ----- ----T e x t ile m i l l p r o d u c t s - — — A p p a r e l and o t h e r fin is h e d t e x t ile p r o d u c t s ------------ - L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t fu r n itu r e ) ------------F u r n it u r e and f i x t u r e s ------— P a p e r and a llie d p r o d u c t s — P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , and a llie d in d u s tr ie s ---------------C h e m ic a ls and a llie d p r o d u c t s --------------------------P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o le u m and c o a l ___ _____________ —___ R u b b e r p r o d u c t s -------------------L e a t h e r and le a t h e r p r o d u c t s —------------------ ---------S to n e , c la y , and g la s s p r o d u c t s — ---------------------- — P r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s tr ie s — F a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s — M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) — ------------------------E l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y — ------ T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t — I n s tr u m e n ts and r e la t e d p r o d u c t s - — — ----------------M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g i n d u s t r i e s -------------------------------------- In te r r e g io n a l 2 1. 733 8.308. 0 1 .0 4 5 4.351. 3 296 N ew E nglan d 3 .9 6 5 .0 107 M id d le A tla n tic 2 9 1 .6 397 1,309. 1 401 1.078. 1 83 200. 3 1 8 6 .4 253 653.. 6 278 650. 1 38 8 0 .8 3 .9 5 .4 3 24 1 23 _ 1 3. 0 50. 2 1 .9 1 8 _ - 4 .0 16. 8 - 3 8 .0 172 2 .1 5 9 .7 76 5 5 8 2 1 24 1 3 .7 9 5 .9 - - - - 2 2. 5 2 2 _ 6 15. 6 9 3., 9 52. 2 .. 3 4 .0 53 45 6. 2 15 2 7 8 .0 2 5. 5 25 1 4 9 .9 4 7. 3 13 19 57 26. 1 33. 2 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 2. 3 4 .9 27. 6 1.0 10 . 6 1 4 12 2„ 0 8 .. 7 17.. 2 3 4 14 8. 5 5. 8 22. 3 - - 1 6 4 5. 5 34 70. 8 3 5. 1 1 1. 1 14 3 9 .7 11 1 7 .9 1 1. 1 53 16 20 118 12 31 67. 360. 25. 81. - 1 0 2 .0 4 1 2 .9 1 1. 7 15 29 49. 2 126. 2 2 6 19. 1 87. 6 - - 6 19 6 6 .9 4 22.0 41 113 52 110. 3 6 2 7 .6 140. 8 18 23 15 106 105 120 3 1 0 .9 4 2 1 .0 1,074. 4 7 13 25 24 53. 5 - 11 2 1 .9 — ------- 688 M in in g , c r u d e p e t r o le u m , and n a tu ra l g a s p r o d u c t io n — --------------------------------T r a n s p o r ta tio n 3 - ---------- ---------R a ilr o a d s and a i r l i n e s 4 — — C o m m u n ic a tio n s — -----------------------U t ilit ie s : E l e c t r i c and g a s — W h o le s a le tr a d e — --------------R e ta il t r a d e -------------------------------------H o te ls and r e s ta u r a n ts -----------S e r v i c e s — ----------------- --------------------C o n s t r u c t i o n ------------------------------------M is c e lla n e o u s n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s —------ ------- 18 115 16 80 79 13 106 37 53 170 N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g 1 S ee fo o t n o t e s at end o f ta b le . 23.. 8 10 20. 3 2 4 .0 9. 1 1 4 1. 5 9. 2 2 10 5 .4 1 4 .9 _ _ - 8 2 3 .7 3 12. 5 2 4 .0 1 3 .0 7 3 .0 420. 3 61. 2 1 3 4 1 .2 5 .0 8 .5 9 24 9 1 7 .9 4 1 .5 18. 1 11 42 14 14. 6 125. 2 25. 3 1 1 1 1 .9 2.0 1.0 93. 2 1 8 4 .5 754. 3 14 9 7 25. 5 30. 3 3 4 .9 21 30 23 3 7 .9 72 . 1 62. 2 52 39 31 1 3 7 .8 87. 2 9 ? .6 5 5 4 5 .9 1 3 .9 6 .8 - 2 2 .4 15 3 4 .9 2 3. 6 1 7 .0 1 2. 1 1 1 2 6 1 4 .7 2 2 .9 - - 3.956. 7 124 1.805. 3 31 105. 3 144 655. 5 123 4 2 8 .0 45 1 1 9 .5 2 3 7 .8 681. 1 869. 6 501. 3 195. 1 25. 2 2 8 9 .9 171. 2 1 7 7 .7 805. 1 2 32 16 25 11 1 8 7 .4 330. 7 869. 6 223. 9 26. 7 1 5 1 . 2 18. 3 1 19 20.0 1 6 2 .9 4 15 5. 7 5 6 .0 1 3 7 .0 4. 2 2 .9 - 10 - 11 17 - 35. 3 - 6 5 .0 6 6 .7 . - - 1 4 9. 1 5. 4 _ 4 1 _ 15 _ 16. 3 4. 3 - 50. 6 - 21 18 4 23 6 15 36 1 _ 1 1 4 .0 61. 8 9. 6 62. 8 4 4 .9 58. 8 1 1 7 .9 2 .9 - 18 21 2 23 6 9 25 _ 68. 1 43. 5 3. 1 6 6 .9 32. 8 29. 6 122. 4 _ - 2 4 20. 2 4 .9 1 10 4 5 15 1 . 18. 7. 6. 50. 0 2 3 1 8 15 Table A-2. Regional and Industry Distribution o f Major Agreements, 1961— Continued (W o r k e r s in th ou sa n d s)________ R e g io n 1 In d u stry South A tla n tic A gree m e n ts W ork ers E a St So* ith C en 1tra l W ork A gree m e n ts ers W €iSt So*ith Cenitra l W ork A gree ers m e n ts P a c ific M ou n tain A gree m e n ts W ork ers A gree m e n ts W ork ers 103 2 5 2 .7 34 62.0 49 114. 6 38 78 . 2 225 956. 6 65 146. 8 27 4 8 .4 31 6 5 .4 15 2 9 .0 90 331. 3 O r d n a n ce and a c c e s s o r i e s — F o o d and k in d r e d p r o d u c t s — T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ---------T e x t ile m i l l p r o d u c t s -----------A p p a r e l and o t h e r fin is h e d t e x t ile p r o d u c t s ------------------ L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ) ---------- ----F u r n it u r e and f i x t u r e s ---------P a p e r and a llie d p r o d u c t s - — P r in t in g , p u b lis h in g , and a llie d in d u s tr ie s —-------------- C h e m ic a ls and a llie d p r o d u c t s — — —— — — — P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o le u m and c o a l ■ ------- ,------------------------R u b b e r p r o d u c t s --------------------L e a th e r and le a t h e r p rod u cts — — — --------- ----S ton e, c la y , and g la s s p r o d u c t s ———————————— P r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s tr ie s — F a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s — M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ----------------------------E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y -----------T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t — In s tr u m e n ts and r e la t e d p r o d u c t s --------- — -----— — M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ----------------------------- 2 5 8 11 9 .8 7 .0 19. 6 25. 2 4 2 6. 2 2. 1 1 1 - 3. 5 1.0 - 4 3 - 9 .9 3. 5 - 5 28 - 1 5 .9 1 2 8 .7 - 1 1.0 - - - - - 3 6. 5 1 4 1. 2 6 .7 1 4 1 .0 6 .4 1 5 1. 2 6 .7 1 - 2. 6 - 6 6 2 9 .5 10. 6 2 3 .0 - - - - - - - - 4 6. 1 11 21. 1 5 4 6. 2 - - - - 2 2. 1 - - 6 - 16 .8 - 1 3 .5 4 - 6. 6 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 .8 1 5 2 1.8 6. 3 2. 2 4 2 5. 3 4. 6 1 - 2. 2 - 6 - 9. 5 - 4 5 10. 5 1 9 .9 2.0 13. 3 2 6 .7 2 2 3 .9 6. 1 2 1 8 3. 6 1 .4 21 . 2 - - 3 3 14 5. 1 1 4 .7 69. 7 - - 1 1.0 1 1 .7 - 2 1 1.0 - - - - N o n m a n u fa c t u r in g -------- 38 1 0 5 .9 7 18 49. 3 23 4 9 ,2 135 625. 3 M in in g , c r u d e p e t r o le u m , and n a tu ra l g a s p r o d u c t i o n ------------------------- — T r a n s p o r ta tio n 3---------------------R a ilr o a d s and a i r l i n e s 4— — C o m m u n ic a t io n s ----------------- — U t ilit ie s : E l e c t r i c and g a s — W h o le s a le tr a d e — —-------------R e t a il t r a d e — —------------------ — H o te ls and r e s ta u r a n ts — — S e r v i c e s -------------------------- n------, C o n s t r u c tio n — ------------------ — M is c e lla n e o u s n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s ------------ 12 6 6 5 3 6 22. 8 28. 4 13. 6 10. 6 1 1 .9 1 8 .7 1 2 1 1 2 1 7 4 2 4 1. 3 24. 7 6 .6 2. 1 14. 6 6 1 2 2 4 8 11. 6 1 .0 3 .4 2.0 9 .2 22. 1 1 19 7 8 6 27 13 12 42 1 .7 58. 5 37. 6 2 7 .4 1 1 .5 7 5 .7 6 0 .9 17. 2 3 3 5 .0 A ll in d u s tr ie s ---------------------- — M a n u fa c t u r in g -------------- 2 • 3 6 12 .0 1 3 .6 2.0 2. 3 1. 8 1. 1 6 .5 NOTE: B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n ot e q u a l t o t a ls . ~ " 1 T h e S ta tes in c lu d e d in the r e g io n s u s e d in th is stud y a r e sh ow n in ta b le 4, 2 E a c h a g r e e m e n t c o v e r e d 2 p la n ts o r m o r e in d iffe r e n t r e g io n s . 3 E x c lu d e s r a ilr o a d s and a i r l i n e s . 4 S ee te x t fo o t n o t e 1. 3 .0 p . 7. 16 Table A-3. W age Adjustment and Reopening Provisions in Major Agreements, by Industry, 1961 (W o r k e r s in th ou sa n d s) A u to m a tic c o s t o f - l iv i n g r e v ie w In d u stry A g ree W ork ers m e n ts A gree m e n ts W age r e o p e n in g D e fe r r e d w a g e in c r e a s e Spe<:i f i c C o n d itio n a l A gree A g ree A gree W ork ers W ork ers W ork ers m e n ts m e n ts m e n ts W ork ers A ll in d u s tr ie s ________________ 1 ,7 3 3 8 ,3 0 8 .0 408 2 ,4 4 0 . 5 1,159 5 ,3 2 6 .2 366 2 ,3 8 8 .3 118 69 1. 2 M a n u fa c t u r in g _________ 1, 045 4 , 3 5 1 .3 320 2 , O il. 1 684 3 ,0 8 7 .7 219 779. 5 70 323. 7 O rd n a n ce and a c c e s s o r i e s — F o o d and k in d r e d p r o d u c t s __ T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s _______ T e x t ile m i ll p r o d u c t s _______ A p p a r e l and o th e r fin is h e d t e x t ile p r o d u c t s _____________ L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t fu r n itu r e ) _________ _ F u r n itu r e and f i x t u r e s _______ P a p e r' and a llie d p r o d u c t s __ P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , and a llie d i n d u s t r i e s ____________ C h e m ic a ls and a llie d p r o d u c t s _____________________ P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o le u m and c o a l ______________________ R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ______________ L e a th e r and le a t h e r p r o d u c t s _____________________ S ton e, c la y , and g la s s p r o d u c t s _____________________ P r i m a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s __ F a b r ic a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s __ M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ___________________ E l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y _______ T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t __ In s tru m e n ts and r e la t e d p r o d u c t s _____________________ M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ___________________ 20 118 12 31 6 7 .5 360. 5 25. 8 81. 2 10 26 48 . 1 83. 8 - 14 99 5 8 0 3 5 6 3 8 14 13. 3 1 6 .4 35. 6 13 1 3 28. 3 1 .4 10. 0 53 45 6. 2 . . 8 26. 0 16 180. 6 28 224. 5 13 19 57 26. 1 33. 2 125. 9 2 6 - 5. 2 8. 7 - 10 12 24 20. 2 23. 2 53. 3 2 5 17 6. 3 8. 8 4 3 .9 34 70. 8 1 2. 2 31 66. 8 2 2. 5 53 102. 0 8 18. 3 23 47. 8 24 15 29 49 . 2 126. 2 2 5. 0 1 8 1. 0 15. 7 19 6 6 .9 _ _ 13 41 113 52 110. 3 627. 6 140. 8 6 75 25 9 .5 564. 9 7 9 .9 106 105 120 310. 9 42 1. 0 1 ,0 7 4 . 4 46 28 74 24 53. 5 11 N o n m a n u fa c t u r in g _____ M in in g , c r u d e p e t r o le u m , and n a tu ra l g a s p r o d u c t i o n ___________________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n 1 2 ______________ R a ilr o a d s and a ir lin e s 3 ------C o m m u n ic a t io n s ______________ U t ilit ie s : E l e c t r i c and g a s __ W h o le s a le tra d e ______________ R e ta il t r a d e ___________________ H o te ls and r e s ta u r a n ts ______ S e r v ic e s _______________________ C o n s t r u c t i o n __________________ M is c e lla n e o u s n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s ------------- - - 45. 308. 8. 20. - - - - 47 . 1 2 3. 8 6 20 10. 3 110. 1 1 2 2. 2 6. 0 55. 0 3 8. 5 4 16. 5 27 94 41 82. 2 602. 3 115. 8 6 13 4 7. 7 18. 8 8. 2 2 1 3 .4 3. 2 2 0 9 .9 7 1 .7 879. 2 77 70 96 248. 9 3 0 4 .9 991. 7 2C 37 16 37. 8 137. 9 74. 8 3 4 3 5. 0 4. 7 5. 5 7 20. 0 16 36. 3 2 8. 7 _ _ 2 1 .9 4 4 .9 7 14. 6 1 2. 8 3 9. 3 688 3, 956. 7 88 4 2 9 .4 475 2 ,2 3 8 .5 147 1 ,6 0 8 .7 48 367. 6 18 115 16 80 79 13 106 37 53 170 237. 681. 869. 501. 195. 25. 289. 171. 177. 805. 6 47 1 1 24 4 4 1 15. 2 317. 3 3. 5 1. 1 5 9 .9 20. 0 5. 5 7. 0 13 95 4 12 25 11 96 32 37 149 19 1 2 3 5 1 10 7 265. 5 10. 8 9. 1 3. 5 7. 0 2. 0 47 . 3 22. 5 1 8 1 6 3 1 2 9 2 7 1 2 .9 . - - 1 28. 0 5 6 3 .6 241. 1 41 . 3 67. 0 22. 2 263. 8 158. 0 115. 0 735. 8 2 .9 22 L 51 24 2 10 11 9 16 •• 1 N o n a d d itiv e . A n u m b e r o f a g r e e m e n ts p r o v id e d f o r m o r e than 1 typ e o f w a g e a c t io n . 2 E x c lu d e s r a ilr o a d s and a i r l i n e s . 3 S ee te x t fo o tn o te 1. NOTE: B eca u se of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal totals. 127. 9 77 0. 5 356. 8 62. 5 6. 5 2 4 .9 74. 6 19. 2 1 6 5 .9 - - - 17 Table A-4. Frequency o f Cost-of-Living Review in Major Agreements, by Industry, 1961 (W o r k e r s in th ou sa n d s) F r e q u e n c y o f r e v ie w S em ia n n u a lly Q u a r te r ly In d u stry A gree m e n ts W ork ers A gree m e n ts A ll i n d u s t r i e s ------------------------------------ 205 1, 296. 3 101 M a n u fa c t u r in g --------------------—— 185 1. 243. 1 61 O r d n a n ce and a c c e s s o r i e s -------------F o o d and k in d r e d p r o d u c t s —--------- T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s — ---------- ----T e x t ile m i l l p r o d u c t s ----------------------A p p a r e l and o t h e r fin is h e d t e x t ile p r o d u c t s —--------------------------L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ) ---------------------- — F u r n itu r e and f i x t u r e s --------------------P a p e r and a llie d p r o d u c t s -- -----------P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , and a llie d in d u s tr ie s ---------------------------C h e m ic a ls and a llie d p r o d u c t s -----P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o le u m and c o a l ----R u b b e r p r o d u c t s - ------------- -------L e a th e r and le a t h e r p r o d u c t s --------S ton e, c la y , and g la s s p r o d u c t s — P r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s tr ie s -------------F a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ------------M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) --------E l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y ----------------------T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t -------------In s tr u m e n ts and r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ------------------------------------------M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s —--------—--------------------- ----- 10 3 - 48 . 1 7. 1 - 21 - N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g ------------- — M in in g , c r u d e p e t r o le u m , and n a tu ra l g a s p r o d u c t i o n ----------------T r a n s p o r ta tio n 2--------------------------------R a ilr o a d s and a ir lin e s 3— ------------- C o m m u n ic a tio n s — — -------------- ------— U t ilit ie s : E l e c t r i c and g a s ------------W h o le s a le t r a d e — ------------------------- — R e ta il t r a d e --------------------------------------H o te ls and r e s ta u r a n ts — -----------— S e r v ic e s — ----------- —----- ---------- — -----C o n s t r u c t i o n -------------- ------ ----------------M is c e lla n e o u s n o n m a n u fa ctu rin g i n d u s t r i e s ------------- ,-------------------------- 1 m a d e in 2 3 A n n u a lly W ork ers 331. 3 A gree m e n ts O th er 1 W ork ers A gree m e n ts W ork ers 98 8 0 7 .0 4 5 .9 1 8 8 .5 71 5 7 5 .5 3 4 .0 7 4 .5 - 2 - 2. 2 - - - - - - - - 3 - 4. 2 - 1 1 - 4 .0 1. 5 - 1 2 - 1. 2 3 .0 - - - 1 7 2 2 11 10 33 26 67 2. 2 17. 1 5 .0 2 .8 1 3 .4 1 6 .4 176. 8 69. 7 856. 7 - - - 1. 3 3. 2 64. 1 2 6 .5 12. 5 - 1 2 - 1 2 19 7 8 - 6 19.0 1 1.0 4 4 .9 - 20 53. 2 40 12 - 3 6 .0 - 1 26 - - - 1 2 2 3 - 3. 5 4. 2 6.0 3. 5 - - 2 45 8 5 1 5 3. 5 4 8 7 .4 37. 1 20 . 6 1.0 19. 5 1 4 2 .8 27 2 3 1 .6 1 1 .9 1. 2 8 9 .9 5 8 1 4 .0 189. 6 - 1 1 .9 - - - - - - - - - 11 2 1 - 12 . 1 1 4 .0 2.0 - 1 11 1 1. 1 43. 6 7 .0 1. 0 3 .0 - - - - - - 2 a g r e e m e n ts s p e c if ie d m o n th ly a d ju s tm e n ts ; a n oth er v a r ie d the fr e q u e n c y o f a d ju s tm e n ts b y the n u m b e r the p r e v io u s y e a r ; and the r e m a in in g a g r e e m e n t d id n ot in d ic a te fr e q u e n c y o f a d ju s tm e n ts . E x c lu d e s r a ilr o a d s and a i r l i n e s . S e e te x t fo o t n o t e 1. NOTE: B eca u se o f rounding, sum s of individual item s m ay not equal tota ls. 18 Table A-5. Calendar o f Cost-of-Living Adjustment Provisions in Major Agreements, 1961 (W o r k e r s in th o u s a n d s) M onth o f a d ju s t m e n t 1 N u m b e r w ith p r o v is io n s F r e q u e n c y o f r e v ie w Q u a r te r ly A gree A g ree W ork ers m e n ts m e n ts A n n u a lly S e m ia n n u a lly M on th ly A g ree A g ree A g ree W ork ers W ork ers W ork ers m e n ts m e n ts m e n ts T o t a l ___________________________ 408 2 ,4 4 0 .5 205 1, 2 9 6 . 3 J a n u a ry ________________________ F e b r u a r y ______________________ M a r c h -----A p r il M ay ____________________________ J u n e ____________________________ Ju ly ____________________________ A u g u s t _________________________ S e p t e m b e r _____________________ O c t o b e r ________________________ N o v e m b e r -------------------------------D e c e m b e r _____________________ 106 63 143 60 45 138 101 60 138 114 44 132 80 2. 9 3 6 8 .4 633. 1 6 5 6 .8 125. 2 592. 1 78 3. 7 200. 3 611. 1 1 ,1 9 4 .0 124. 2 5 9 7 .4 49 33 123 49 33 123 49 33 123 49 33 123 623. 100. 573. 623. 100. 57 3. 623. 100. 57 3. 623. 100. 573. F r e q u e n c y not s p e c i f i e d 2 ___ 2 3. 0 - - 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 W ork ers 101 331. 3 98 807. 0 2 2 .9 49 24 10 7 9 2 49 24 10 7 9 2 1 5 4 .8 95. 8 29. 0 26. 0 21. 1 4 .8 154. 8 9 5 .8 29. 0 26. 0 21. 1 4 .8 6 4 8 2 1 11 1 1 3 56 5 22. 2 1 6 9 .5 2 8 .4 4 .9 1. 0 11. 5 3. 0 1 .4 6 .4 54 2. 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 - _ 16. 8 • - - 1 R e fe r s to m o n th in w h ic h a d ju stm e n t w a s to b e m a d e , not the m on th o f the C o n s u m e r P r i c e Index on w h ic h a d ju stm e n t w a s b a s e d . 2 1 a g r e e m e n t v a r ie d the fr e q u e n c y b y the n u m b e r o f a d ju s tm e n ts m a d e in the p r e v io u s y e a r ; the o t h e r d id n ot s p e c if y the fr e q u e n c y . NOTE: B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y not eq u a l t o ta ls . ☆ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1962 O - 669479
@FedFRASER