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FEDERAL WORKS AGENCY WORK PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION F. C. BARRINGTON CORRINGTON GILL Assistant Commissioner Commissioner NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT on Reemployment Opportunities and Recent Changes in Industrial Techniques DA.YID WEINTIU.UB Director In cooperation with INDUSTRIA,JA RESEARCH DEPARTMENT WHARTON SCHOOL OF FINANCE AND COMMERCE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA AHNE BIZANSON Director Philadelphia Labor Market stud1•• Gladys L. Palmer, Economist in Charge Digitized by Google PBILADELPHU. LlBOR IWlDT STUDIES GLADYS L. PALMER, Research Associate, Industrial Research Department, University of Pennsylvania; Consultant, National Research Project, directing these studies. Kamber• ot National Reaearch Project Start Who Worked on Thia Stud7 JANETH. LEWIS, Statistician MURRAY P. Pr1rr1RKAN, Associate Statistician MARGARET W. BELL, Assistant Statistician VIRGINIA F. SHRYOCK, Chief Statistical Clerk JAMES A. NELSON, Senior Tabulator Kembera ot Induatrial Reaearch Department Start Who Worked on Thia Stud7 JANETH. LEWIS, Statistician CHARLOTTE V. EVANS, Chief Statistical Clerk HELEN L. EVINDEN ELIZABETH J. GEARY Digitized by Google THE LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1936 A Study of the Chief 'lfate Earners of Fa■ iLies on Relief or the forks Protra■ for Two Years Prior to Autust 1936 by Gladys L. Palmer and Janet H. Lewis WOll PROJECTS ADIIIJfI8TRATIOI, NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJEC'J' In cooperation with IMDOIITRUL RISURCH DEPAR.TIO!!IT, UNIVERSITY OJI' PENISYLVA!IIA Report No. P-8 PhiladeL~hia, Pennsyl~ania Aueust 1939 Digitized by Google THE WPA NA.TIONA.L RESEARCH PROJECT ON REEMPLOYllENT OPPORTUNITIES AND RECENT CHANGES IN INDUSTRIAL TECHNIQUES Under the author! t:, granted b:, the President 1n the Executive Order which created the Works Progress Ac1m1n1strat1on, Ac1m1n1strator Barry L. Hopkins authorized the est&bllsbJlent or a research program ror the purpose or collecting and ana1:,zing data bearing on prob leas or enip101111ent, unemplo;yment, and re11er. Accordingly, the National Research Progru was established in October lij36under the supervision or Corrington Gill, Assistant Ac1Dl1n1strator or the WPA, who appointed the directors or the 1ndiVldual studies or proJects. The ProJ ect on Reeniplo:,ment Opportun1 t1 es and Recent Changes in Industrial Techniques was organ1Zed in December 1ij36 to lnquire, with the cooperation or industry, labor, and governniental and private agencies, into the extent or recent changes ln industrial techniques and to evaluate the errects or these changes on the volunie or employment and unemployment. David w'e intraub an<l Irving !ap Zan, nienibers or the research start or the Division or Research, Statistics, and Finance, wereapP01nted, respect1ve11, Director and Associate Director or the ProJect. The task set tor them was to assemble and organize the Histing data which bear on the problem and to augment these <lats by r1e1d surveys and analyses. To this encl, man:, governmental agencies which are the collectors an<l repositories or pertinent lntormation were invited to cooperate. The cooperating agencies or the United States Government lnclude the Department or Agr1cu1 ture, the Bureau or Kines or the Department or the Interior, the Bureau or Labor Statistics or the Department or Labor, the Rau road Retirenient Board, the Social Securi t:, Board, tile Bureau or Internal Revenue or the Departnient or the Treasury, the Departnient or CollllDerce, tile Federal Tra<le CollllDission, and the Tarirr CoD1111ission. Tile ro11owing private agencies Jo1nec1 wlth tile National Research ProJect in conducting speclal stu<lles: the Industrial Research Department or the University or Penns11vanla, the National Bureau or Econonilc Research, Inc., the !mploJment Stab1lizat1on Research Institute or the OnlversitJ or Minnesota, and the Agr1 cultural Economics Depart.men ts in the Agricultural Experiment Stations or Cal1tornla, Illinois, Iowa, an<l New York. Digitized by Google FEDERAL WORKS AGENCY WORK PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION 173• NEW YORK AVENUE NW. WASHINGTON, 0. C. F. C. HARRINGTON COlillill ■■ IONIIII OF WOIIK PIIO.IIICT■ August 3J i.939 Colonel F •. c. Harrington Commissioner of Work Projects Sir: There is transmitted herewith a report on fl&e Longin Pl&i Zade Zf>l&ia in l 93~. This study deals with the family composition and occupational characteristics of the chief wage earners in families which were on home or work relief for 2 years continuously prior to Auguslt, i.936. After the inauguration of the Works Program all of these people were certified as eligible for assignment) andsome of them were employed on WPA projects. These workers) who may be termed the "hard core" on rel iefJ rep resented more than 20 percent of Philadelphia's relief load in August i.936. fef"s Une•f>Zoyed From the standpoint of this Administratio"lJ the most significant findings of the study are those concerning the employabi 1 i ty of persons who have been without jobs in private industry and dependent on relief or Works Program employment for a long period of time. It was found that there are few clear marks distinguishing this group from others on relief. With respect to sexJ raceJ and usual occupation) for instance) they were similar to other chief wage earners on relief. Pronounced differences were observed) however J between the long-term unemployed on relief and all unem- ployed in Philadelphia. Workers in the hard core were older than the average unemployed worker. A higher proportion of t~em were women) and a higher proportion were Negroes. They came in much higher proportions from unskilled occupations and less frequently from skilled) semiskilled) and clerical or professional jobs. Digitized by Google They had been out of work much longer than the average unemployed person in the city. Nevertheless. by all the teats which the available data permit. workers in the hard core of the unemployed in i9l6 were employable. They were out of wort because. compared with other job seekers. they had speci fie disadvantages of age. sex. race. or type of occupational experience. Respectfully yours. Corrington Gill Assistant CoDIJl\issioner Digitized by Google CONT ENT S Chapter Page PREll'ACE. xi I. INTRODUCTION. 1 Long-term unemployment in Philadelphia. • • • • Long-term relief in Philadelphia. Relief cases selected for study, • • • • 1 3 5 II. COMPOSITION OF THE FAMILIES ON RELIEF •• 8 Number of persons per case • • • • • • Number of employable persons per case. • • • • • 8 9 Relationship of first priority worker to social head • • • • • • • • • Changes in first priority workers. • • • 9 9 III. OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHIEF WAGE EARNERS •• • 11 Sex, race, and age • • • • Marital status, years in city, and schooling Occupational and industrial experience • , • • • The lon~est job. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The last regular job • • • • • • • , • • • • Employability of workers in the "hard core" of unemployed on relief, • 12 14 15 15 19 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS, •• , , • , • , • , , , • 25 22 Appendix J., PROCEDURE USED TO DETERMINE WORKERS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE STUDY, 30 Determination of cases on relief for 2-year period • • • • • , • • • • • Selection of first priority worker in cases selected for study, • , •••• , Location of the registration cards of the first priority workers, • • • • • • Further limitations made in the course of the study, • Recapitulation • • , , • • • • • , • • • • • B. SCHEDULE AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED , 30 31 32 32 33 34 34 Schedule. Definitions of terms , 35 C. TABLES • • • , • 38 CHARTS J'lgure Average number of direct- and work-relief cases ln 1. Philadelphia, September 1932 to December 1938, • , vii Digitized by Google 3 CONTENTS viii CHARTS-Continued Figure 2. Occupational group of longest job of new applicants at the State Employment Office, quarter-months of 1934 and 1935, by sex. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3. Occupational group of longest job of first priority workers among the long-term unemployed on relief who registered in 1934 and 1935, by sex • • • • • • Page 16 17 TEXT TABLES Table l. Total number of cases, by type of case and sex of first priority worker • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 2. Relationship of first priority worker to social head of case. 3. Reason for removal of first priority worker in cases where such changes occurred, by sex • • • • • 10 Sex and race of first priority workers in the hard core on relief and in the Relief Labor Inventory, of the unemployed in May 1935, and of new applicants at the State Employment Office in 1934 and 1935 •• 12 Sex and age of first priority workers in the hard core on relief, of the unemployed in May 1935, and of new applicants at the State Employment Office, 1934 and 1935 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6. 13 Occupational group of longest job of first priority workers in the hard core on relief and in the Relief Labor Inventory and of new applicants at the State Employment Office in 1934 and 1935, by sex •• 18 Occupational group of last regular job of first priority workers in the hard core on relief and of the unemployed in May 1935, by sex • • • • • • • 20 APPENDIX TABLES C-1. c-2. C-3. C-4• C-5. Average number of direct- and work-relief cases in Philadelphia, September 1932 through December 1938 38 ·Number of persons in case, by type of case and sex of first priority worker. • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 Number of employable persons in case, by type of case and sex of first priority worker. • • 41 Number of changes in first priority worker, by type of case • • • • 42 Occupational group of last regular job, by age or men • • • • • • • 43 Digitized by Google ix CONTENTS APPENDIX TABLES-Continu•d Table Page Occupational group of last regular job, by age of women • • • • 44 C-7. Years in city, by race and sex. 45 c-e. School grade completed, by sex and race • 46 C-9. Occupation of longest job, by sex • • • • 47 C--6. c-1O. Industrial group of longest and last regular jobs, 51 by sex • • • • • • • • • • • C-11. Occupational group of longest job of men, .. . ... ...... Occupational group of longest job of women, by length of service, . . . .... by length of service. c-12. 52 52 C-13. Occupational group of last regular job, by length of service and sex • • • 53 C-14. Date of loss of last regular job of men,by industrial group of last regular job • • • • • • 54 C-15. Date of loss of last regular job of women, by industrial group of last regular job •• , • • • • • • 55 C-16. Age, by date of loss of last regular job and sex. • 56 Digitized by Google Digitized by Google PREFACE The types of social problems that flow from the persistence of a large volume of unemployment vary in kind and in degree according to whether the unemployed are a continuously changing or a stagnant group. For example, the measures required for the relief of unemployment differ depending on whether an average of 10 million unemployed during every month of a year represents that number of persons who are chronically unemployed or an equal number of different persons who are only temporarily unemployed during one month of the year. Such evidence as there is seems to point to an increasing seriousness of one of the unemployment problems: the pool of able and willing job seekers who are chronically unemployed has grown greatly in recent years. The processes by which workers are laid of! and hired have been a strategic element in the relegation of certain individuals to this immobile reserve of long-term unemployed. The selection of workers from the available supply is largely based upon criteria which individual employers consider important from the standpoint of management controls and efficient production. In many establishments every job has been analyzed; "job specif icat ions" set forth the qualities required of candidates. In general, however, these job requirements are flexible. If, for example, workers are wanted who have had experience on a particular type of machine, others with an allied occupational background or even completely untrained workers may be hired should there be a shortage of trained workers or should other considerations appear more important to the employer. The degree of selectivity that an employer exercises depends only in part upon his standard of qualification; it is also affected by what the prevailing labor market situation will permit. When unemployment is widespread and affects the entire range of industries and occupations, as has been true over the last 10 years, the standards of qualification for employment are apt to r~se; the job orders that flow into employment offices tend to specify desired qualifications in minute detail. The older worker, skilled or unskilled, though formerly employed for many years, finds difficulty regaining a foothold in industry once he loses a job. The worker whose major experience has been confined to a particular process or machine that has undergone xi Digitized by Google au PREFACE a technological change often finds himself passed over in favor of a completely untrained and inexperienced applicant. In addition, employers may exercise preferences that flow from such factors as the desire to change the existing wage levels rather than from the technical requirements of the work; the selective factors of age, sex, and race are often in this category. The passage of time - that is, long-term unemployment - itself proves to be a selective factor in the distribution of employment opportunity in that those longest unemployed are likely to have the least chances for jobs for that reason alone. Thus, in an economic setting characterized by a persistently large volume of unemployment, there are bound to result pools of unemployed whose opportunities for reemployment diminish as times goes on. The present report is concerned with the characteristics of a group of such long-term unemployed workers. Other National Research Project reports have dealt with the operation of selective factors in lay-off, rehiring, and new hiring. The characteristics reported here reflect some of the effects of the functioning of such factors. The study analyzes the important occupational characteristics of Philadelphia residents who, as chief wage earners of families, were unemployed and continuously on relief or on emergency Works Program projects for .2 years or longer during a general recovery period. Their ch:!.rac.teristics are compared with those of the unemployed in general, of applicants for jobs at the Philadelphia State Employment Office, and of other workers on relief or employed on Works Program projects. This report completes the National Research Project's series of "Philadelphia Labor Market Studies." These studies, conducted in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania, have been directed to measuring and analyzing the volume and character of employment and unemployment in an industrially diversified, metropolitan labor market. The group of studies was conducted under the direction of Gladys L. Palmer, who with Janet H. Lewis prepared this report. The completed manuscript was edited and prepared for publication under the supervision of Edmund J. Stone. For furnishing access to materials, special tabulations, and counsel on the interpretation of data, acknowledgement is gratefully made to the following agencies: The Pennsylvania Department Digitized by Google PREFACE xiii of Public Assistance, the Philadelphia Department of Public Assistance (formerly the Philadelphia County Relief Board), the Pennsylvania State Employment Service and the Philadelphia State Employment Office, the Division of Research of the Work Projects Administration (formerly the Works Progress Administration I, and the Pennsylvania Work Projects Administration. DAVID WEINTRAUB PHILADELPHIA August 2, 1939 Digitized by Google Digitized by Google CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Despite the existence of turn-over in the unemployed population, a considerable number ot persons have been unemployed and on the relief 1'olls tor long and frequently unbroken periods ot time. The size ot what may be called the "hard core" ot unemployment in any particular community at a given time is the resultant ot a complex set ot factors. The volume of unemployment in the community is obviously a major factor. Perhaps more important are the incidence of that volume among families and individuals and the relative importance o! long-term as opposed to short-term unemployment in the important local industries and occupations. Associated with these questions is the problem of the employability of workers in relation to the specifications for job openings in the industries which have offered new employment opportunities in recent years. In addition, although of less importance, the administrative regulations of the relief program and the emergency Worts Program have undoubtedly attected the size and character of the hard core on relief rolls. Philadelphia is characterized by diversified manufacturing industries and as a metropolitan community affords all types o! employment in trade and in clerical and service occupations. Its labor supply is one of the most highly skilled in the country. Philadelphia's unemployment and relief problems have not been so severe as those of many other cities, particularly single-industry centers. Because of this !act, the city's experience with longterm unemployment and relief may be ot more significance as a picture of the average industrial community of the country than would otherwise be the case. LOIO-TSIM UIBMPLOTMBIT II PBILADBLPBIA Though the year 1937 was the best recovery year in Philadelphia since 193.2, a considerable proportion o! the population was unemployed at t:e time. A sample survey of employment and unemployment in Hay 1937 showed that .25 percent of the employable population 16 year" of age or over were looking tor work or were employed on WPA or other emergency Works Program projects at the time. 1 Digitized by Google 2 LONG-TSRM UNBMPLOYBD Of this group, 32 percent had been out of a job for 3 years or more priortothe date of the survey. 1 Itissia-nificant to note that despite a considerably higher volume of general unemployment in the city in 1933 I ~6 percent I, only 7 percent of the unemployed in that year had lost their last jobs I lasting 1 month or longer! 3 years or more prior to that survey. 2 In other words, despite a decline in the general volume of unemployment in the city from 1933 to 1937, there was an increase in the volume of long-term unemployment. When only persons who had been previously employed are taken into consideration, the size of the group who have been unemployed 3 years or more was almost five times as great in 1937 as in 1933, Preliminary findings in an analysis of the incidence and character of long-term unemployment in Philadelphia over a period of years indicate that this is a very specific risk for certain groups of workers. 3 Negroes, !or example, have been out of work in relatively larger numbers and for longer periods of time than white persons in the city. The risk of unemployment for older workers in Philadelphia is specifically the risk of long-term unemployment. Long-term unemployment also tends to be concentrated in certain occupations and occupational groups, although the groups vary with fluctuations in the business cycle and the volume of general unemployment. Nevertheless, over a period of years there is some evidence of the banking up of a large proportion of the lonR"-term unemployed in Philadelphia in certain occupations or occupational groups. During the years in which long-term unemployment increased so rapidly in Philadelphia, the number of families receiving relief also rose. The combined load of direct relief I general assistance I and work relief 4 rose from an average of 69,736 cases in May 1933, for example, to a peak of 107,322 cases in April 1a1adYs L, Palmer, Recent funds in l•P loyiunt and Une•ploy.ent in PM lade ipua ( WPA National Research ProJ ect 1n cooperation w1 th Indus trial Research Department, University or Pennsylvania, Report No, P-1, Dec. 11137), p, 46, and rue data. 2 IHd., p, 67, 3A study or this problell 11 under way at the Industrial Research Department or the University or Penna1lvan1a. 4 Work rel1et 11 used 1n tills report to designate all aid ■:1tended ln the toMI or work, regardle11 or the source or runds. From December 11133 throup Karch 1934 work relier represents chUtl7 Jobs provided tor persons on r111er rolls through the Civll works Ad111inistration; rrom April 1113' throu111 Aucust 11136 lt represents Jobs provided by the Local Works Division or the P'ederal Emergency Reller Admin1strat1on; and tr0111 September 1w36 to date 1t comprises Jobs on proJec ts or the Works Pro1ress Adm1 nistratlon or other agencies under the emergency Works Progralll that did not speclty nonrel1et personnel, Direct relier covers all other aid extended DY the Philadelphia County Reller Board or Board or Public Assistance, G Digitized by 008 I e 3 INTRODUCTION 1936. Although this monthly average !ell in the later months o! 1936 and during 1937, by December 1938 it bad again risen to over 100 ,ooo cases I fiaure 1 and table C-il. Durina all these months some families were beini added to the relief rolls and others were being dropped. The year 1936 was the only year in the period fr0111 1932 tbrouab 1938 in which there was a net decrease in families on the rolls. Pl11re 1.- AVBIAGB IUKBBI OP DIIBCT- AID WOII-IBLIBP CASIS II PBILADBLPBIA, SBPTBMBBI 1111 TO DBCBMBBI 1111 '° t---t-------, •o ,_____,_ _ 30 1--- 1 - - 20 1---- - 10 1--- 1 - - ....,.TIIIAI. MIDOlt TMLCC•I MILUICM ~ N T • \oNYIUM'T 0, . . . . .'l'UIUM ANO WPA - ,..,..,...._ MN..:N ~ p ... LOIO-TBIM IBLIBP II PBILADBLPIIA In the month of study - August 1936 - there were 102,q83 cases on the combined direct- and work-relief load of Philadelphia. Approximately one-fourth of these bad been on re lie! continuously !or 2 years or more prior to that date. Comparable data are not available to indicate bow representative this proportion is !or other large cities at that time, A survey of duration o! assistance for general-assistance (direct-relief) cases only in the State of Pennsylvania in August 1937, however, indicated that !or the State as a whole 15 percent o! the cases received assistance for 2 years or more. 6 Philadelphia had the highest 5 Data IIUD■ lttld DJ thl Bureau or R111earch&Dd St&tilltlCII or the PIDD11:VlV&D1& 01part■ 1nt or Public .u11111tance. Digitized by Google 4 LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED percentaae (~.31 of any county next to that of Allegheny County, in which Pittsburgh is located, and in which 32.3 percent of the cases had been receiving general relief or assistance for 2 years or longer. It is significant that much more is known about the people who have been on relief for relatively short periods than about those who have been on relief for long periods of time. Sample studies of Philadelphia cases closed in April and November 1937 and March 1938 because some member of the family received private employment, for example, indicate important differences between these cases and the general relief load. 8 The most significant fact is that they have been on relief for relatively short periods of time; less than 10 percent, for example, had been on relief for as long as a year. Fewer Negroes were represented in this group in proportion to their numbers on Philadelphia relief rolls. A large proportion of the cases represents family rather than single-person cases, with a larger number of employable members per case than is found in the general-relief load. Men secured work more frequently than women. The chief wage earner of the family in most of these cases secured the employment which took the family off the relief rolls. The character of the employment secured was as widely diversified as the city's industries. From these data it may be inferred that the turn-over group on relief rolls in Philadelphia is composed of persons who are on relief ,, because of illness, inadequate income, partial or short-term unemployment, or the exhaustion of unemployment benefits which compensate only for relatively short-term unemployment. These cases comprise the more employable families and probably include the more employable workers in the relief population. 7 By contrast, 1i ttle is known about the families and workers in the hard core on relief. It is the purpose of thi~ study 8summar1zed inMonthl7 Caseload Reports or the Philadelphia County Rel1et Board tor April a.nd November 1937, and an unpublished report b7 Samuel E, Marov1 tz. 7 These t1nd1ngs tor Philadelphia are eubstant1ated by a sample stud7 or workers 1n 13 c1t1es who lett re11et rolls tor private employment 1n the summer or 193&. Bee Joseph C, Bev18 and Stanley L. Payne, lonur Re BefOasu in Private lspioy,aent (Works Progress 4daln1strat1on, D1v1s1on or Research, 1939). Dur1ng the su111Der o t 1936 about 3 percent or the cases 1n the monthl7 re11er load 1n the 13 c1t1es studied were closed because some member or the case secured private employment. All the t1ndings noted above tor the turnover group in Philadelphia were round to be characteristic or the workers and cases 1n the sample stud7 or the 13 cities. In addition, the latter stud7 shows that, ln proportion to the1r numbers 1n the general-relief load, more 7ounger workers than older workers and more skilled and semiskilled than unskilled workers were absorbed in private employment. It should be no red that in these cities approximately three-!Uths or the workers whose histories were ro11owed ror a 7ea.r were forced to seek asSlstance from public runds again with1n the 7ear. Digitized by Google INTRODUCTION 5 to see what light can be thrown upon the problem of long-term unemployment and relief in Philadelphia by an examination of the occupational and social characteristics of the chief wage earners in the families that have been on relief for a relatively long period in relation to those of other workers in the city. Because the incidence of unemployment according to size of families is an important aspect of the problem, the composition of the relief families studied, as well as the characteristics of the individual worker, must be taken into consideration. Previous reports in this series of studies of the Philadelphia labor market have examined the relationship of the incidence of relief to the incidence of a given volume of unemployment among families and the incidence of general and long-term unemployment a:nong persons with specific occupational or industrial experience or in given age groups. The selective factors characteristic of the Philadelphia labor market during the recovery years have been analyzed in relation to the employment and unemployment experience of workers attached to specific occupational or industrial labor markets, as well as to the experience of the average job seeker in the community. It is hoped that the characteristics of the hard core on relief may emerge more clearly against this background. Ina good recovery year, such as 1936, they constituted the least mobile group in the entire labor supply of Philadelphia. IILIIP C£111 IILICTID POI STUDY Of the total of 20~.7~7 cases 8 on file with the Philadelphia County Relief Board in August 1936which had at some time received public aid, 102,~83 were on direct or work relief during the month. Of these, one-fourth, or 25,727 cases, ha<l been dependent for their support upon public aid continuously during the 2 previous years. Of this group, cases which had no employable member during the 2 years were excluded from consideration in this study. Records were located for 20,152 cases which had had one or more employable members at some time during the 2-year period. 9 These constituted one-fifth of the city's coinbinPd direct- and work-relief load for the month of August 1936. Table 1 shows the total number of cases in the study, grouped according to whether or not some member had secured sufficient 8.t rel1et case consists or one or several persons l !v!ng together 1n a household as one ram!lY un!t and rece!v!ng one relter grant. 9s"e appendix A ror the procedure used 1n the selection 'or cases and pr!or1ty workers. Digitized by G 008Ie LONG-TERM UNBMPLOYED 6 WPA or other emergency Works Program employment to take the case oU direct relief during the years studied. The table also shows the sex of the first priority worker 10 whowas to be given preference in assignment to the Federal Works Program. Women were certified as the first priority workers in 18,'1- percent of the total cases studied. Ta•l• l,- TOTAL HUMBEi or CASIS, BY TYPI or rIIST PIIOIITY WOIIEla Total Type of case Total Direct relief Work relief or CAIi AID Bil Women Hen Number Percent Nwnber Percent Nwnber Percent 20,152 100.0 16,443 100.0 3,709 100.0 6,615 13,537 32,B 67. 2 4,B83 11,560 29.7 70.3 1,732 1,977 46.7 53,3 aln th1s and the Collow1n1 taoles, cases with some work-rel1e! or emergency works Program employment dur1n1 the 2 years studied bave been classified as work-re11er cases, Since the inauguration of the Federal Works Program in July 1935 constituted a major change in relief policy during the ~-year period under consideration, the administrative regulations which were made at that time are important to consider. One of the chief functions of the Federal Works Program was to give preference in employment to persons from relief rolls who were certified as employable. 11 This study is therefore concerned with those cases in which one or more members had been certified by the Philadelphia County Relief Board as employable. 12 Such persons, as one of the requirements for eligibility on the Works Pro~ram, had to register at the Philadelphia State Employment Office unless lOThe rtret priority worker was the eligible worker in the case lfhO was to h&Ve Ctrst choice !or e111ployment on the works Pro1r&111. In ceneral, this In this study the init1al rtrst priority worker assigned to the case is cons11ered to represent the case, No data are presented ror alternate Clrst prlorltY workers or second priority workers. 11 .tn7 case which had been on relier in May 11136 or bad been accepted ror relier prior to August 11138 wu ell1ible ror aHlcnment to WPA or other emergency works Pro1r&111 Jobe. Thls included recipients or direct relle! Crom the Phlladelphla County Reller Board and those under the care or the Transient Bureau and the Shelter ror Local Ho111ele11 Men, 12 In general, the Ph1ladelphla count7 Reller Board bu considered a person employable 1t he 11 "PhY ■ lcallY and mentally capable or holcUnc a Job and , • • • normally would be a wa1e earner, or 11 capable or rep1ac1nc the noI'!llal wa1e earners 1n the ra111111. A person whoee contrlb11t1on 1n service at home 11 or 1reater value to the ra1n1ly than h1s contr1but1on aa a wace earner, shall not be considered employable.• (Secured from a letter dated June 30, 11138, from the Ph1ladelpb1a oruce or the Pennsylvania oepartmen1. or Pllbl1c Asslatance,) was the head or the ram11y or cnier wage earner. Digitized by Google 7 INTRODUCTION they were ill, disabled, or needed at home. Claims for exemption from this regulation bad to be substantiated by the individual claiming unemployability. Data relating to the composition ot the families in the bard core on relief in 1936 were secured from the files ot original certification records located at the Philadelphia State Employment Office. These records describe the case as ot the date ot initial receipt of relief or certification for eligibility on the Works Program. The information for most of the cases included in this study is as of the summer and tall of 1935 when the majority of the certification records were issued. 13 The data concern the number of persons in the case, the number ot employable members, and their priority ranking tor assignment to the Works 'Program. These are described in chapter II of this report. Data relating to the employment characteristics of the first priority workers in the relief cases studied were secured from the registration records at the Philadelphia State Employment O!tice. 16 These records describe the worker as ot the date ot bis initial registration at the bureau. Many of the workers in these cases had registered prior to their certification tor Works Program employment, some as early as 1929 or 1930; others registered after the Federal Works Program bad gotten under way. In order to secure greater comparability between the three sets of official records used and to secure a homogeneous group of workers, the analysis of employment characteristics of individual workers has been limited to initial first priority workers in cases in which there was no change in priority worker and, within this group, to those who registered at the State Employment Office in 193~ or 1935. These totaled 15,83~. The characteristics of the individual workers thus selected to represent the cases in the study are described in chapter III of this report. 13At that time the Philadelphia State Employment orr1ce waa responsible tor all in1tial assignments to the works Program 1n Ph1ladelph1a. Althou1h all changes in the compoal t1on or a case were recorded on WPA Form f6OO, these c11an1es were not always dated, so that a chronological study coUld not De 111ade tro111 the111. Although not strictly comparable tram the point or view or timing, data were collected rrom these rorms in respect to such changes in employa.bil1 ey compos1 tion or the cases as reaul ted rrom chll!lges 1n the persona deaicnated as r1rat pr1oritY workers. 14 unlted States EIIIPlOY111ent service rorms f31O, 311, and 312, or which tranecriptions wer• made tor this study on NRP rom 133. see appendix B. Digitized by Google CHAPTER II COMPOSITION OF THE FAMILIES ON RELIEF' In comparison with the compos1t1on of families in the general population and in the general relief loadof Philadelphia during the years under review, the 20, 1~ families in the hard core showed certain distinguishing characteristics. They were larger than the average family in the city but had a smaller number of employable members per family. 1 Families in the group continuously on relief from 1934 to 1936, with an averageof 4.0 persons, were also larger than the average family on relief rolls in the city in Hay 1935. These had 3.1 persons per case for all cases and 3.9 persons for family cases. 2 Both groups on relief had the same proportion 112.9 percent I of cases without employable members. The average number of employable persons in the families with employablemembers, however, was higher (1 .41 for the smaller group studied than the average (1.21 for all employable cases in the general relief load in May 1935. IUUBSI or PEISOIS PSI c•s• The average family in the 20, 1 ~ Philadelphia cases continuously on relief from August 1934 to August 1936 had 4 persons, in a range of families consisting of from 1 to 12persons (table C-21. If single-person cases are excluded from consideration, the average number of persons per family case becomes 4.5 persons for direct-relief lhome-reliefl cases and 4.4 for cases with some work-relief employment. The average is higher for cases in which a man was the first priority -..orker than for those in which a l«lman was assigned that role. It should also be noted that the proportion of single-person cases is greater in cases where women were the first priority workers. 1Ttie average household in a representative sample or Philadelphia households in Hay i936had 3,9 persona and 1,8 employable members. When tbe aue saaple was surveyed ln tbe ro11owlng 7ear, lt ftS round that the number or related persons per nousehold was 3,8, The data are 1n the rues or the lndustrlal Research Departlllent or the University or PeMs11van1a. 2nata submitted by Saya 8. Schwartz, Admlnlstratlve Assistant or the Phlladelphia Count7 Board or Public Assistance. 8 Digitized by Google COMPOSITION OF FAMILIES 9 IUMBSI OP DIPLOYABLS PBl8O18 PSI CABS It will be recalled that all the cases studied in this report had at least one employable member at some time during the period covered. The average number of employable persons for all cases was 1.~ - 1.3 for direct-relief and 1.5 for work-relief cases (table C-3). Families with some work-relief orWorks Program employment, however, reported a larger number of employable members, on the average, than families continuously on direct relief. There was also a difference in terms of the sex of the first priority worker assigned to the case. There were more employable members, on the average, in families inwhichmen were the first priority workers. ISLATIOIBIIP OP PIIIT PIIOIITY WOIISI TO SOCIAL BSAD In most of the cases studied the person in the case who was to be given preference in Works Program employment was the social head of the family. Table .2presentsthis information in detail. Ta•l• I,• ISLATIOIIIIP OP PIIST PIIOIITY 11101181 TO SOCIAL ISAD OP CABS Relationship to social head Total• Social head Husband or wife Son or daughter Brother or sister Other male relatives Other female relatives N1111ber Percent 19,590 100.0 16,831 866 1,600 106 165 22 85.9 4,4 8.2 0.5 0.9 0.1 •1zc1ude1 682 p1r10DI DOt reportlDI relatlODlhlp. CIAIOBB II PIIBT PIIOIITY WOIIBIS During the period studied, changes occurred in case composition and in the temporary employability of the persons designated for preference in employment on the Works Program. These changes were reflected in shifts in the designation of first priority workers. It is true that for a majority of cases no change was reported. In about one-fourth of the direct-relief cases and 7 percent of the cases with Works Program employment, changes took place, Digitized by Google LONG-TBRM UNEMPLOYED 10 sanetimes more than once !table C-41. The initial first priority worker was removed in most of the cases of change. Workers were added to a smaller proportion of the cases with changes. The reasons for the removal of the first priority workers in 737 of the 1,193 cases in which this occurred are given in table 3. These reasons represent the classifications a-iven by the local County Relief Board when a claim for unemployability was substantiated. Physical disabilities and separations from cases account for the greatest proportion of these changes. Changes like these illustrate the constant fluctuation in the employability status of individuals and families on the relief rolls of a large city. ta,11 1,- ISAIOI 101 IIMOTAL 01 1IIIT P&IOIITY 1IOIKII II CAISI WBSII IVCI CIAIOSI OCOVIISD, BY IIZ Total Reason for removal Total a Physical di ■ ability Temporary di ■ ability Separation from ca■ e Age handicap Duty handicap Decea ■ ed Other •1zo1ud1a aae HD and ea wo■1n Number Percent 1nn.o !"IQ' 1nn o , ..ua ,nn.o 39,e 1e.s 215,8 ,.o e.e 15. 3 2,2 239 10e 1ee 27 e 36 1e 40, 2 17.7 28,0 ,. e o.e e. 1 2.7 es 115 37. 1 10, 15 1e.e 2. l 31,4 2. l 7S.'7 292 120 190 39 1e rea■ on ■ Percent Percent 30 l50 Wo■en ber ber N11111- Men N11111- not r1portln1 reaaon tor 24 3 415 3 0 - r1■0Yal, In the following chapter, only those families are considered in which there was no change in the designation of the first priority worker by the local relief office and in which the first priority worker so designated had registered at the local public employment oUiceinone of the years 1934 and 1935, It is this sample of 15,834 workers which in the balance of the report is analyzed as constituting the long-term unemployed - the bard core of unemployed - on relief in Philadelphia. Digitized by Google CHAPTER Ill OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHIEF WAGE EARNERS The 15,834 workers who continued throughout the .2 years undet consideration to act as first priority workers for cases on relief from 193ij to 1936 and who had also registered at the Philadelphia State Employment Office in 1934 and 1935 include a.small proportion of persons who had had no previous gainful work experience. There were 13.2 men and 106 women in this group, predominantly younier persons or wives of household heads in families where the normal wage earner was temporarily or permanently out of the labor martet. 1 The vast majority of the workers studied, however, were an experienced part of the city's labor supply. Their chief employment characteristics will be described and compared with those of three other groups in the Philadelphia labor market: li I All first priority workers in a relief census taken in May 1935 ; 2 (.2 I the unemployed in a representative sample of households in the city surveyed in May 1935; 3 and (3) new applicants .:n years or over registering at the Philadelphia State Employment Office in the quarter-months (January, April, July, and October I of 1934 and 1935. 4 It should be noted that 40 percent of the first priority workers in the bard core had registered at the oft ice in 1There were, ln addition, 4e woaen who had had previous employment but were classtrled by the Emplo1111ent orr1ce Interviewers as •housewives•: In other words, their employment experience had not been recent enough to warrant their belng classtrled ror placement purposes ln other occupational groups. In this study they are classtrled according to the occupation or the last or longest Job. 2oata trom the 118.Y 193& Philadelphia Reller Labor Inventory taken by the Worlc.s Progress Administration Include race, sex, ana the occupation a~. which the worker had worked longest In the 10 years preceding the census, ror all workers 1e to e, years or age. The occupational data have been converted to the code used In this report. The basic data are In the !Iles or the Industrial Research Department or the Unlversl tY or Pennsylvania througl". the courtesy or the Dlvluon or Research or the Work ProJects Administration. 3 These data were compiled rr011 the findings or State E111erge11cy Rellet Administration ProJect s22-F2-102e and Work& Progress Adlllllletratlon ProJects e6-23-e883, eOl4, and 1e243, 8ee Olad)'8 L, Pal111er, hc•"t fnnds '" l•,io,-ent and Onea;lo,-ent '" P1'Ha4e i;hia (WPA Na ti ona l Research ProJ ec t ln cooperation wlth Industrial Research Department, Unlverelty or Pennsylvania, Report No. P-1, Dec. 1937), pp. 4e-9, 64, 5e. B11s1c data are ln the riles or the Industrial kesearch Department or the Un1verslt7 or Penns7lvan1a. •oata were compiled tor the 7ear1 1934 and 1i36 tro11 Oladp L. Pal11er, fhe Search for lt'orll hi PhUad•lpUo, l932-3~ (WPA Ne.tlonal Research Project In cooperation wlth Industrial Research Department, University or Penns7lvanla, Report No. P-7, May 1939), pp. 44-68. Baste de.ta ror 19M are ln the r11es at the Industrial Research Department ot the University or Pennsylvania and tor 1936 In the tlles or the National Research ProJect ot the Work ProJects AC!mln ls tra t I on 11 D1gitizedbyGoogle 12 LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED the same months. The proportions of new workers differ in the various groups cited for comparative purposes, and this may affect some of the comparisons ma.de. Ill, IACI, AID AGS With respect to sex and race, the chief wae-e earners in the hard core on relief were typical o! the general relief load but were less typicalo! the average unemployed worker in the city. Of the group o! priority workers studied, 15 percent were women. The same proportion was found among all first priority workers certified as eligible tor Works Program employment in Philadelphia in Hay 1935. Among the general une111ployed of the city in the spring of 1935 and also among new applicants at the State Employment Office in 193ij and 1935, women constituted a higher proportion of the total. Ta~l• ,,- Ill AID IACI 01 1111T PIIOIITT WOIIIIS II TD I.AID COIi 01 IILil1 AID II TBI IILIIP LABOI IIVIITOIY, o, TBI UIBMPLOTID II MAT 1111, AID or ... APPLICAITB AT TBI ITATI BMPLOTMBIT o,,1c1 II 111, AID 1111 Sex and race P'1 rat. priori t.y Pi rat. priority worker ■ 1n t.be workers ln tbe bard core who registered Relier Labor Inventory, in 1934 and Hay 1935& 1935 Unemployed in Hay 1935 New applicant.a at. t.he St.ate 1£11plo;yaent Office, quarter- ■ ont.ba or 1934 and 1935D NWllber Percent Nu11ber Percent Nwnber Percent Number Percent Hen, total• 13,429 100.0 67,352 100,0 18,446 100,0 75 357 100.0 White Negro and other 7,616 5,813 56,7 43,3 39,098 28,254 58,1 41,9 14,538 3,908 78. 8 21. 2 57,938 17,419 76.9 23,1 total c 2,391 100.0 12,228 100.0 7,722 100.0 215 321 100.0 802 1,589 33,15 66,5 3. 596 8,632 29. 4 70,6 5,402 2,320 69.9 30.1 17,771 7,550 70. 2 29.8 Women, White Negro and other •~raona wbaee race la 11Dlmcom ara UlclUded wltll •11ecro Ud otlltr,• boar.a cover tilt quarttr-11011tlle or J&n\1&1'7, April, J11l.7, &1111 October or each :,ear. cbcllll1H tbt rou0111.n1 nl■ll>er or peraau DOt rtPOl'tlllC race: 14 Ln tbt mrd COl'I Ud IIZII MD and 20e •-n 11110 WN ,_. t,ppllC&IIC. t.t tbt lt&C. s■p1_, oruce. •n The proportion of Negroes to the total in the various groups studied is an important consideration. Among workers from cases which had been on relief continuously !or 2 years, Negroes constituted ij6.8 percent o! the total, ~3.3 percent o! all men, and 66 .5 percent of all women I table ij). They constituted approximately the same proportion o! all !irst priority workers on Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 13 ta•l• 1,- IIX AID AOI OP PIIIT PIIOIITT WOIIIII II TII IAID COIi 01 IILIIP, OP TBB UIIMPLOTBD II MAT 1111, AID OP IIW APPLICAITI AT TBI ITATI IMPLOYMIIT OPPICI, IIU AID 1111 Sell: and age in years J.l'irst priority workers in the hard core who registered in 1934 and 1935 Unemployed in May 1935 New applicants at the State Employment Office quarter-months of 1934 and 1935a Number Percent Number !Percent Number Men, total 'b Under 20 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 eo-e4 65 or over Median age Women, total'b Under 20 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 eo-e4 65 or over Median age Percent 13,438 100.0 18,405 100.0 75,803 100.0 266 888 1,463 1,850 2,163 2,078 2.0 6.6 10.& 13.8 16,1 15.4 2,417 2,996 2,249 1,680 1,890 1,742 13.1 16.3 12.2 9.1 10.2 9.5 0 13,538 11,365 9,932 10,833 9,395 17,8 15.0 13.1 14.3 12,4 1,848 1,278 846 481 277 13.7 9.5 6.3 3.6 2.1 1,596 1,298 954 816 767 8.7 7.1 5.2 4.4 4,2 7,79£ 5,500 3,763 2,285 1,393 10.3 7.3 5.0 3.0 1.8 34.6 40.2 - 36.4 2 391 100.0 7 897 100.0 25 482 100.0 115 270 350 411 399 320 4.8 11.3 14.6 17.2 18.7 13,4 2,178 1,793 928 889 898 471 28.3 23.3 12.0 8.9 9.1 6.1 0 7,994 4,384 3,344 3,383 2,461 31.4 17,1 13,1 13.2 9,7 227 170 74 41 14 9.5 7.1 3.1 1.7 o.6 365 26? 140 104 e6 4,7 3.5 1.8 1.4 0.9 1,881 1,098 583 274 140 7.3 4.3 2.3 1.1 0.5 35,6 24,7 - 30.6 aData cover the quarter-months or Januar7, Apr11, Jul7, and October or each year and lnclude no applicants under 21 years or age. 'bExcludea the roll°"lng nu111ber or persons not reporting age: 5 men 1n the hard core, 41111enand25 wo111en une111plo7ed 1nMa7 1936, and 93 menand46 women who were new applicants at the State Employir,ent orr1ce. Digitized by Google 14 LONG-TBIM ONBMPLOYID relief in the city in May 1935. These proportions were much higher, however, than the proportions which unemployed Negroes bore to the total unemployed in the city, both men and women, and also higher than the proportion of Negroes among job seekers registering at the State Employment Office during these years ( table 41. Workers in the hard core of unemployed on relief were, in general, older than the average unemployed worker in the city. The median age of men first priority workers was 40.2 years and of women JS. 6 ( tables 5, C-s, and C-61. The average unemployed man inthecity in May 193S, ontheother hand, was34.6 years old and the average unemployed woman 24.7. Men registering for work at the State Employment Office in 1934 and 1935 averaged 36.4 years and women 30. 6 ( table SI. It should be noted that the latter group contained no persons under 21 years of age, and the averages are therefore higher than they would be if workers under 21 had also been included in the totals. IUIITjL STATUS, YSAIB II CITY, ilD BCIOOLIIG A very small proportion of the workers in the hard core on relief were single. These constituted only 13.6 percent of the total (1.a.6 percent of the men and 19.1 percent of the women). In contrast to this, so.2 percent of the unemployed in the city were single - 45. a percent of all unemployed men and 62.1 percent of unemployed women. Among applicants at the Philadelphia State Emplbyment Office in 1934 and 193S, 33.8 percent were single 30.4 percent of the total men and 43.9 percent of the women. It may be inferred from these comparisons that a larger proportion of the workers in the hard core of unemployed on relief had family responsibilities than among the unemployed in the city. All but a percent of the workers in the hard core had resided in the city formore than S years (table C-71. A significant group, a6.5 percent, had been in residence since birth. It is worth noting that Negroes had been in residence for somewhat shorter periods, on the average, than white persons. The extent of schooling reported by workers was, in general, less than that of the other comparative groups studied. Men in the hard core reported an average of 6.6 school grades completed and women 6.9 (table C-81. The average amount of schooling reported was undoubtedly influenced by the high proportion of Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 15 Negroes in the total; for these the average school grade completed In contrast was significantly lower than tor white persons. to this, the average schooling reported by the average registrant at the State Employment Office was 7. 7 for men and 8. 6 for women. The proportion of persons reporting no formal education was considerably higher among workers in the hard core than among the other unemployed workers studied. OCCUPATIOIAL ilD IIDUSTIIAL IXPIIIIICI The occupational entry on the Employment Service records which may be assumed, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, to correspond fairly closely to the average worker's concept of his usual occupation is that of the longest job. In the case of the first priority workers in the hard core of unemployed on relief, the occupation of this job corresponds fairly closely with that of the primary classification given these workers by the Employment Office interviewers when they registered. 6 Since more data than the occupational classification are available concerning the experience on the longest job, these data and similar information for the last regular job 8 recorded on the registration card have been used for analysis in this report. For many of the workers in the hard core, the major occupational group in which the last job fell was the same as that of the longest job recorded. 7 TH LOIOIST JOB Almost three-fourths of the men who were chief wage earners among the long-term unemployed continuously on relief from 193ij to 1936 had worked in about equal proportions as unskilled laborers and as skilled and semiskilled workers in the manufacturing and 6A special check on th18 relationship sho"s that in a series or 233 occupational code items, 66 percent or the men and 69 percent or the women were c1assit1ed in the same occupation both tor the longest Job and ror primary registration. or those classiried according to di!!erent occupational code numbers, approximately halt were c1assitied in the same maJor occupational group on both counts. 6rhe last •regular• Job was the last Job at which the worker had been employed 1 mont!l. or more. Work-reuer Jobs under the Federal Emergency Reuer Administration program and Works Progress Ad1ainistration Jobs were speciUcally excluded Crom consideration when the data were secured, and !or au but a rew persons in the study, this was a nonrelie! Job. These rew were the 183 men whose last work had been in Civilian Conservation Corps camps; this was counted as the last •regular• Job. 7 A check on this relationship shows that the occupational group or the last Job was the same as that or the longest Job ror 79 percent or the men and 88.8 percent or the women Urst priority workers. This proportion was highest !or skilled and semiskilled workers in the manu!acturing and mechanical industries, or the seven occupational groups considered. Digitized by Google LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED 16 r,,.,. •·- OCCUPATIOIAL GROUP or LOIGIBT JOB or 1n APPLICAITB AT THI BTATI IMPLOYMIIT orrICI, QUAITII-MOITU or 111, AID 1111, Bf SIX .-u,cUrtT "" 10 40 10 ,0 . . . L[D AND 51.MISKILLID OCCUPATIONS • MANUF'ACTI.IUNG AHO ~ arDJaTUS a&.DING ....., CONSTRUCTION ~- -WIN . .TAI. PROOUCTS, MAOnNtAY. AND 11.&CTNCAL·GOOOS .......AC TURING . . . . TwtG ISTMl.lSHMENTI ffJCT1LI: AND CLOTIUNG IIIANUF"ACTURING UIIIKLLID L"8CMII. G.IIIICAL WORK ~ T A T I O N ANO TRACI: PURSUITS D011£STIC AND NRSONAL SUIVU UECUTYVt, PtllOFl&9tONAL, AND HMl_,,.,sSIONAL OCCUN.TlONS Plal.te·KIIMGI. OC.CUN.TtONS MalDON TMLII INDUITIIIIAL R£SUACH DClt,...,...NT - UNIVUlatTY 0# ,uoea,,,.._ AND WltA - Nl,lDML, ....,._.. ....-cT P•• mechanical industries on their longest jobs ( table 61. About twothirds of the women had worked in domestic and personal service on their longest jobs. It is worth noting that the occupational distribution of all first priority workers on relief rolls in the city in May 1935 is similar to that of first priority workers who registered in 193ij and 1935 from cases with no change in priority worker. Job seekers at the State Employment Off ice, on the other hand, present a different distribution. More of the men within this group had worked at skilled and semiskilled jobs in the manufacturing and mechanical industries and fewer at unskilled labor. Among women, there were fewer domestic servants. There were more clerical workers, both men and women, registering at the Employment Office in 193ij and 1935 than in either group of first priority workers on relief. Despite the representation of a wide variety of occupations in the background experience of workers in the hard core on relief, ij8 percent of them had worked in 10 occupations. These data are presented in detail in table C-9. The 10 occupations in which the Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 17 largest numbers o! persons in the hard core o! unemployed workers on relief had ~orked longest are as follows (ranked in order o! size): Laborers (building construction and other); deliverymen and truck drivers; day workers; domestic servants; carpenters; longshoremen; painters (construction I; proprietors and owners; operatives not elsewhere classified, in miscellaneous manufacturing industries; and porters. When all first priority workers are classified according to the occupations at which they had worked longest in the 10 years preceding May 1935, all but 3 o! the occupations listed as important !or workers in the hard core recur. These occupations are, in order o! size, as !ollows: Laborers (building construction and other); deliverymen and truck drivers; operatives not elsewhere classified, in miscellaneous manufacturing; operatives not elsewhere classified, in textile manufacturing; painters (construction); carpenters; domestic servants; sales clerks; day workers; and operatives not elsewhere classified, in iron and steel manufacturing. About half o! all first priority workers r1,.,. 1.- OCCUPATIONAL GIOUP or LONGEST JOB or rIIBT PIIOIITJ WOIUIB AMONG THE LOMG-TEIM UNEMPLOYED 01 IILIEr WIO IIGISTEIED IM 191, AID 1911, BJ BEi OIJW:%NI' JO ... IO IO SN..L.[D NC SCMISKI.LED OCC\JPII.TIONS ... MANvF"ACT\.IING NC) MCCHAHCAL INOUSTRl[S IUILONG MC> CONSTIIUCTION IIICTAL ,-:x)UCTS, M,t,C.HIN[AT, AfriO [LC.CTRICAl...·GOOOS tMtH.#ACT~ING MIN'T'NG [STAIILISI-M.NTS T'£XTLC AND CLOTHWG MANISACTl.lltJNG --.uo LAIIOO CURICM. WOIIU'- 'TMiNlf'OIIITATON AfC> T1UtiDE flUIISUffS OOIIIUTIC NC> PCQONAL KAYCE [X[CUTl\1£, l'fll0f"['510NAL, AHO !CMI• ,_,,-ESSJONAL OCCllf'ATIONS ~-KIWICI: OCCLW.TIONS aASEl>ONTA&L[ I INOVSTAIAL RC3[AACl1 01:PARTME.NT - I.HVCRSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA AMO WPA - NATIONAL ACSlAACH PROJECT P .. 42 Digitized by Google LONG-TERM UNEHPLOYBD 18 Ta\lt •·- OCCUPATlOIAL GIOUP or LOIGIBT JOI or PIIBT PIIOIITY WOllll8 11 TII UID 0011 01 IILllr AID II TII IILIIP LABOI IIYIITOIY AID or 1n APPLIOAITB AT TII BTATI DIPLOYMIIT orr101 II 111, AID 1111. Bf 111• o.,.,.u_, ,r-, ....... •• -·· "-· llllroea\ hrceat. lln\ ,..1or1,, worure la \lie uNI con vlllo n,1nered la 1114 ucl 11111 ,_1• a11:u1e4..,. . . . 1 ■ 111:1111• 00011,au- 1a - r • c , ... 1. . . . . . . . . ,.1 . . 1,,1 1.... ■,,1H1 . . - o-\ruU• Mekl prodao\1, MOll1Mrf, &M eleot.rloal, - . ....r . .,v1., PrlaU . . N\ullo . . .,. fezUle aa4 oloOlq ....llfao\V1D. O\ber U..111:l lled ll~OI' Clerloel. vorll: ~,u,oruu• oa4 ,,.,. ,,...,,.1'■ -■ Uo OM ,.reODll llrYlOI SS.cai1n, prote111oaa1, . . . 1ealpror.11lonal OCOllpat.loae 11,111 100,n •-81'7 I, l.., 111,B ... ••• o., ,.., 11.1 II ••• • •• ,.,, l, 'NIO • •-.n -~ ...... - 0 -.,. ., 0.1 0,1 11.1 ll 10,., 1.,~ ......,.,. ••• ••• ••• 101 • 1,1 l.J,I 1.1 l,48., 0.1 11 0 O,l 111 .. , 110 P,abUo...."lH OOOllpaU- ··- ..-., ee.1 prlorl\ll' vorlllre la \be . . Uef Labor la...a\or,, llall' 1181 ro,a1• 811:llled &Dd 1eal1kl 1led oocu,-, lou ln aanutao\url . . &Dd Melluloal lMu1rl11 Blllldla. IM o-\rllO\loa Mekl prodtlO\ ■, aaclllaer1, ... eleot.rlcal, - . ..... r,o,vl., PrlaU. . H\abUallala\1 TnUle alld olt\~1•· --•ho\Vla• O\ber U...11:11114 labor Clerical work Tranapor~a,1011 aDd \raC. pur1uU, ■ Dolle ■ \lc and pereoaal ••r•loe heca\lft, proteealoul, UICI •••lproteaalonal occgpa\10IIII Pabllo-eer•lc• ooov.,-,loa ""' 11 . . . •-,n .. ·- ..... 10,00I ··-..... ··,10 1.w ,, _, l -• •--,n ... - . .. •• 11.1 0 1,1 0,., 10 ,., l,010 '711 10,1 0,1 0,1 14,l , 11,181 ••• a.a 11.110 14,1 '7,1 4,411 eo., ••• lit 0 l,l a.au 1,011 181 ..,. 1111 0.1 0.'7 '7.1 l,l - lev appUca.a.\• at. \be S\at.e laplo,-nt Ottlce, q11art.er-aont.he ot 1114 •Dd 118& 1 !ot.a1• '74-•0I SJl:llled IUld. ·••lellllled ooov.pat.loaa 111 11&11\lfao\urlae ud MOu■ loal 1 - \ r l H 8"Ud1., • • ooanruouoa lltkl produo\e, aaolll•rl', Ul4 eleot.r1caleoou •auho\v1•• Pr1aUae 11\1bl11llala.. THUl• oloUl•· ..... rao,vla. O\ber U..11:11114 la)or Clerical work fruaponauoa Uld ,un111w - • U o .-, . .- 1 •r•loe heov.\lff, ,rote1 ■ 1-1, .., 1ealprote11loaal occupat.lou Publ1c-eer,1oe oooapa\lODI ,re.. -- --· 10, "'' l,'7011 lM,n .. . . ... 14,1 0 .. ..,, IN '7,'7 l,O 1,111 10 ..... 14,1 11,IIU 8,.l 11,111 18,'7 8,1 11,1 •••• ••-•· 1,1 "• l 411 IOI . 1,1'78 100.0 ... - l,I o., ll,I l,l 0.1 U,I 1,11'7 1.,. ll,'781 ••• ..., '7,0 l,"80 .,_., 1.eeo Ill 0,'7 8 . ::t:::::,~rFc:~P.;:or':'a- 1~::::c JJO:D :r,::~•~~r~:'ro•~-:~•or':1::: :~:,.~:;•.::.r~t sa"::. •r:t::1•ib:rt r!:a::;~ D11:clad.H tlll toUwl .. aaDtr or P1rlct111 Ht reportla, ocn,atlUI H - · 111111 ll . . . . lB , ... Mrd 101'9 cm NUU; 1 :.:~,::, •:rrti:? im~!: !toa:~•~ott:."in:n::::'~r ::: :'O:.:-,.:, 1111111U11:.:o:: :-o:a ;u1t::':o~ ,!_Nnu::: ,oo - · Ud OftlH. N I · - · lD t.111 aeu,, S.111' IP11tor,; Ud 1.111 - · aid , . . . . . . . . . . . Nrt · - 1,Pll&aat.e at , .. li&h laplo,-at ehia onn 1111 ,urt.er-■Mt.1111 or J• ■•r,, .urn • .J•lr. • • Ootooer or •H• Jlar . ~= ~= ..... t.llal 0.0I Ml"OHI. Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 19 certified as eligible tor Works Program employment in Philadelphia in May 1935 had worked in these 10 occupations or occupational groups, Sales clerics and iron and steel and textile factory operatives were relatively more important from the point of view of their numbers among all first priority workers eligible tor Works Program employment than among workers in the hard core of unemployed on relief. The industries represented in the background experience of the workers in the hard core were varied, There was concentration, however, in the building and construction and manufacturing industries for men, and in textile and clothing manufacture, service industries,andwork for private tamiliesforwomen (table C-101, The length of service reported on the longest job re flee ts the maximumot work-record stability (tables C-11 and C-121, Men averaged 7.4 years and women q ;years in the length of time they had worked on their longest jobs. These averages are higher than the average length of service on similar types of jobs reported by new applicants at the State Employment Office in 193qand 1935, TU L!BT IIGUL!I JOB Data relating to the last job are of special interest in understanding the industrial background of the chief wage earners in the hard core. Table 7 presents the occupational grouping of the last jobs for these workers compared with that of a representative sample of unemployed workers in the city in May 1935, Fewer workers in the hard core had had recent experience at skilled and semiskilled jobs in the manufacturing and mechanical industries; among these is found a higher proportion of building and construction occupations. There were fewer unskilled laborers and many fewer domestic servants among the unemployed in the city than there were among workers in the hard core. The 10 occupations in which the largest numbers of the first priority workers studied had most recently worked correspond closely to this ranking for the r,ecupat ions of the longest jobs. The only difference is that operatives in miscellaneous manufacturing industries in the latter ranking are replaced by hucksters and peddlers. Over half of all the workers studied had recently worked in these 10 occupations. Many, although not all, of the occupations represented in large numbers in the hard core are occupations in which large numbers of persons are normally Digitized by Google LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED 20 Ta~l• f,- OCCUP!TIOl!L OIOUP OP UST IIOUUI JOB OP PIIST PIIOIITT WOl&IIS II TD lilD COIi 01 IILIIP !ID or TD UIIMPLOTID II M!T 111s. BT SIX 11. . Occupational froup Nuab1r VoNb Percen\ lfumber Percell\ Ji rat prlorl t.7 vorlr:en ln the hard core vho rql ■ tered ln 1934 and 193~ Total• Skilled •nd se11l•k1lled occupatlon9 in turln, and ■ecbanlcal indua,trle ■ BulldinQ and eonetructlon Ket.al product.a, aachlner7. 13, 2117 100.0 2 281 100,0 11,3 ■ anutac- 4,388 33, 1 Hl 2,1;a 1e.a 0 e04 3g 372 1,181 4,11 0,3 2, 8 8,1 1'7 a,2a8 416 1.,ea1 4'7 0 and electrical- food1 aanutacturlnlf Prlntinf 11tabl11h111nt,1 Tu:t1le and clot.hlnf aanuf'acturlnlf Other Transportation and trade pursuit.a 1,704 Do11111tic and per ■ onal ■ ervlce 1,002 3;,e 3, 1 12,8 '7,& 461 48 3.4 0,4 Unskilled labor Clerical work l:itecutl ..-e, prof••• lonal, and e ae2 157 2 ;2 78 ■ ealprote ■■ lonal occupation ■ Publlc- ■ ervlce occupat.lon ■ 0.'7 o.a u.a e.1 0,1 4,0 3,4 '71. 1 a. 1 - Une11plo)'ed in Ha7 1935 Total• Slr:llled and •••l ■ kl Ued occupetlon ■ 1n aanutact.urlnQ and ■ecbanlc,al lndu ■ t.rle ■ SulldlnQ and con ■ t.ructlon Met.al product. ■, aach1ne-r7, and ■ lect.rlcalQood, ■ anufact.urlnQ Prlnt.lnQ e ■ t.ablleh■ ent. ■ Tn:U le and clot.hlnQ ■ anufact.urlnQ Other Unekllled labor Clerical 1it0rk Tran1portat.10n and trade punult ■ D0111ut.1c and personal aerYlce lsecut.lYe, prot'e ■■ lonal, and 1e ■ lprote ■■ lonal occupat.lon ■ Publlc-1ervlce occupat.lon1 10, Q70 100.0 e.e2a 100,0 e ?'7; 42,4 1,e40 2;. 1 2,208 14, 1 0 1,2ee 2112 ;99 18 a,oo, '7.1 1.e e.3 12. e 3,48e 902 2,21; 1,202 21, 8 e.o 13,9 ?. o 43 '7111l 423 2,481 1,25? 75 ?,I 0,5 242 0 Q1 891 0,3 1.e ia.0 11,4 0.8 14,2 '7.5 44.1 4,3 - alzcludu tbe ro11ow1n1 nua1>er or persona not report1n1 oceupetlot.1 or lut reiular job1 44 Mn a.n4 • woun ln tM bard core and 21 ■tn and 12 woMn unt:::ir101ed tn N&J IQ;!!. Eieludu al ■ o the rollowtn1 Ddbar or n .. worlr.era: 1.32 • • 1045 WOMll In the h•rCI core &DCI 2.466 ■ell & ■ d I.ON "°""n uno1plo7td In ~, 193&. a■ d employed in the city and in which the volume of unemployment has been high. 8 Several inferences may be drawn from the listing of these 10 occupations in which 51 percent of the chief wage earners in the hard core had last worked. The presence of several occupations characterized by highly irregular and casual employment should 8 The 10 occupations whlch the largest numbers orunemployed persons reported as their last Jobs in the Philadelphia Survey Sample 1nHay 1936 "ere (in order or size J: Laborers ( building construction and other); domes tic servants; operatives n.e.c., in miscellaneous manuracturing industries; del1Vel'71Den and truck drivers; sales clerks; opere.t1ves n.e,c., in textile ractori1111; operatives n.e.c., in clothing ractor1es; carpenters; proprietors and ownara; and apprentices to the skilled trades. Approzimately 4.6 percent or all unemployed persons 1n the Ph1ladelph1a survey Sample in Hay 1936 had recently worked 1n these occupations. The !irst 6 occuvat1ona listed and carpenters were among the 10 largest ror unemployed workers reporting in thlS survey sample 1n Hay 1933. Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 21 be noted. This is particularly characteristic of laborers, truck drivers, day workers, and longshoremen. The work of carpenters and construction painters is highly seasonal, and these trades have also been characterized by a large volume of unemployment since the early stages of the depression. 'rhe group of proprietors and owners and hucksters and peddlers represent primarily the owners of small businesses or persons who, when they lost their factory or commercial jobs, tried small business ventures, only to end eventually on public relief rolls. The building and construction industries were about equally represented with manufacturing industries in the recent experience of the first priority workers studied I table C-101. One-quarter of the total number of men had worked in each of these major industry groups. Over half the women had been employed by private families on their last jobs. The length of service reported !or these jobs ranged widely from a few months to over .ao years I table C-13). Hen averaged 4 . .a years and women .a.s years. The shortest average duration was reported by men in domestic and personal service and bywomen in transportation and trade pursuits. The dates reported !or the loss of the last job in private industry of a duration of 1 month or more rangea over a long period I tables C-14 and C-151. Ninety-five percent of the men's jobs had been lost between 1929 and 1934. A fourth of the men's jobs had been lost in 1933 and 1934, approximately 43 percent in 1931 and 193.a, and over one-fourth in 19.a9 and 1930. The remainder had been lost prior to 19.a9. Eighty-nine percent of the women's jobs had been lost between 1929 and 1934. Fortythree percent were reported as lost in 1933 and 1934, 30 percent in 1931 and 193.a, and 16 percent in 1929 and 1930. A slightly higher percentage of women than of men reported losing their last jobs in years prior to 1929. This difference may reflect the reentrance of these workers to the labor market as the result of depression contingencies. There are noteworthy differences in the dates reported !or the loss of the last jobs by workers in different industries ( tables C-14 and C-15). Four-fifths of the men from the building and construction industries, !or example, had lost their last regular jobs between 1929 and 193.a, while two-thirds of the men from the manufacturing industries had lost their last jobs between Digitized by Google 22 LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED 1931 and 1934, Over half thewomen from domestic- and personalservice jobs in private families, on the other hand, had lost their last jobs in 1933 and 1934. Women factory workers had become unemployed at various stages of the depression in about equal proportions. Data on the age at which theworkers in the hard core lost their last jobs are presented in table C-16. The average age of men rises consistently in the earlier years reported, The average age of women, on the other hand, fluctuates without relation to the date of loss of the last job reported. Among a representative group of unemployed Philadelphia ~orkers who reported the date of loss of their last regular jobs in the employment and unemployment survey in May 1935, one-half of the men and two-thirds of the women had last been employed in 1933, 1934, and 1935. Only 3 percent of the workers had last been employed in private industry prior to 1929, In general, unemployed white workers had last lost their jobs morerecentlythanNegroes, and younger workers more recently than older workers. It should be noted that the average unemployed worker in the city had been out of a job for shorter periods than was true for the average chief wage earner in the hard core of unemployed. Workers from 6 of the 10 occupations of greatest relative importance in this group had been unemployed for longer periods than the average unemployed worker in the city. EMPLOYABILITY or or WOIIIIS II THE "HAID COIi" UIEMPLOYID 01 IILIEP Many questions have recently been raised concerning the employability of workers on relief rolls and the extent to which they have been in the past, and will be in the future, a functioning group in the labor market. It is difficult to answer these questions with respect to conditions in a metropolitan labor market. Nevertheless, certain of the findings of this study may throw some light on this question insofar as it concerns the least mobile group of Philadelphia workers, those who had been on relief continuously for 2 years prior to August 1936, The vast majority of the persons designated as chief wage earners for the relief families studied had previously been gainfully employed. The small number of "new workers", so designated, were the most employable members of the families available for work at the time, and most of them may be expected to continue to be Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 23 active in the labor market. Of the group who had had previous employment, 291, or 1 .8 percent of the total, were over 65 years of age. An additional group of 772 workers under 65 years of age had lost their last jobs in private employment prior to 1929. Assuming that this r~presents a date before which loss of private employment was so distant as to constitute a bar to reemployment now, anadditional group of ~-9 percent of the total studied might be assumed to be unable to meet the conditions of securing a job in the present labor market. There were, in addition, 2,3q7 workers who were under 65 years of ageandhad been employedatsome timesince1929 (1q.8 percent of the total), who when they registered at the State Employment Office indicated that they had some physical disability. The ailments might have been minor but were noted by the interviewers. No check was made on medical records to test the reliability of this information, and no detailed data are presented with regard to this point. It should be noted that these disabilities were not considered by the local relief office of sufficient importance to warrant a status of unemployability for the worker concerned. It is reasonable to expect that there might be a difference of opinion as to the employability of a given worker as between a local re lief off ice and a local employment bureau. There is no doubt but that these disabilities might constitute a bar to successful reemployment on the average type of job, unless the placements were made on a specially planned rehabilitation basis. In any event, if one counts the workers over 65 years of age and all persons who had lost their last jobs prior to 1929 and all persons who reported any physical disability when registering for work, 21.5 percent of the total would be excluded. This figure is, however, definitely biased in the direction of excluding many persons who have successfully held jobs before and will doubtless do so again. It is an "outside" figure for possible exclusions from the labor market among workers in the least mobile section of the relief population in 1936, The remaining group, over three-fourths of the chief wage earners in the hard core, hadworked in private employment more recently; they reported no physical disabilities, and they were under 65 years of age. They had had relatively more experience in their occupations than the average applicant at a public employment bureau. They are certainly as employable as the next person in their respective age and occupational groups insofar as this Digitized by Google 24 LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED can be measured in statistical terms. That they were so considered by the Employment Office interviewers who registered them is evidenced in the comments which were made witb regard to the possibilities of placing them. 9 A white man, 28 years old, with experience as a construction laborer was cited as "active, strong, and healthy." A Negro laborer, 36 years old, was described as a "good type, well-built, active, steady worker, capable of heavy work." An auto mechanic, a white man who was 47 years old, was described as "strong, healthy,witha good record, 28 years at the trade." An odd-job worker, a white man, 24 years old, was cited as "intelligent, strong, active, willing, good type." A punch-press operator lwhi te I, 35 years of age, was cited as "willing to take anything." A textile carder and comber (white I, who was 53 years old, was described as "strong, active, willing to take a labor job." A different attitude toward work was expressed in the comment concerning a Negro farm hand of 57 years of age, "strong, but not so anxious for any work." A rigger (whitel, 44 years old, was described as "big, strong, active, not afraid to climb." A male sales clerk lwhi te I, 34 years old, was described as "nice-looking, clean-cut, intelligent." The comments concerning women's employabilityare equally noteworthy. A white woman, 35 years old, who had worked as a shaker and folder in laundries was described as "very foreign, strong, healthy, ·and clean; would make a good office cleaner." A white woman of 30 who had worked as an examiner in dress factories was described as "earnest, responsible, a good factory worker, eager for work." A Negro woman cook, 4 7 years of age, was described as "agreeable, spunky, initiative, good restaurant type." A Negro woman, 29 years old, who had worked as a kitchen helper was described as "very likeable, clean; would make a good restaurant worker." A white woman, 34 years of age, who had worked as a factory assembler was described as having a "nice appearance, intelligent, adaptable; could work as a sales person," A white· woman, 52 years of age, who had done housework was described as "not really employable because of age, but might take a light job as a pract ica1· nurse." 9The recoros rrom which these comments are quoteo were selecteo at ranoom. Digitized by Google CHAPTER IV SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS It is clear from this analysis that families among the long-term unemployed on relief in Philadelphia differ from other families and that the chief wage earners in these families also have certain important characteristics. The employable cases in the long-term or hard core of unemployed represented between one-fifth and one-fourth of the total Philadelphia relief case load in August 1936. Two-thirds of these cases had had some work-relief or Works Program employment during the period from August 193~ to August 1936. Women were designated as eligible for priority assignment to the Works Program in 18 percent of the cases, and men were so designated in the greater majority of cases. The relief families in this study were larger than the average family in the city but had a smaller average number of employable members per family. They were also larger than the average family in the total relief case load in May 1935. Families with the maximum of social responsibilities therefore appear to be heavily represented in the hard core of unemployed on relief rolls. The chief wage earners in the hard core in Philadelphia in 1936 were typical in several important respects of all chief wage earners in the general relief load, but they differed in these respects from other unemployed workers in the city. With regard to sex, race, and general occupational distribution, for example, they were similar to all chief wage earners who were on relief in Philadelphia in May 1935. As compared with other unemployed workers, however, they included relatively fewer women and many more Negroes. The hard core had relatively greater numbers of unskilled workers and fewer skilled, semiskilled, and clerical or professional workers. The chief wage earners in these long-term unemployed were also older, on the average, than other unemployed workers for whom comparable data were available. There was an especially heavy concentration in the age group 30 to 55 years among the first priority workers in this study. Twenty-eight percent of the workers in the hard core of unemployed on relief had lost their last jobs in private industry in 1933 and 193~, and~1 percent in 1931 and 1932, They had been out Digitized by Google 26 LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED of work for longer periods than other unemployed workers studied. This in and of itself is a characteristic, the importance of which is well stated in a recent publication: "Long unemployment tends to be self-generating • • • . [it] !in addition to age, a home in a depressed district, and connexion with a contracting industry) is in itself a bar to re-employment." 1 The findings of this study indicate some o! the major social and economic reasons why a significant proportion of the total relief load in Philadelphia has remained on relief for a relatively long period of time. There is no question but that in a metropolitan conmunity of diversified manufacturing and commercial interests, like Philadelphia, the hard core of the unemployed on relief is the resultant of the volume of general unemployment and its incidence in re lat ion to family composition and the volwae and incidence of long-term unemployment in re lat ion to the occupation, race, and age characteristics of unemployed workers. Some of the chief wage earners in the hard core in Philadelphia are there because of inadequate earnings in relation to the size of their families. Others come from highly casual types of employment, such as truck driving, longshore work, and other kinds of unskilled labor jobs generally characterized by great insecurity of work and income. The skilled workers in the group come predominantly from the building trades, and it is possible that they have stayed on relief in order to be sure of some income during a relatively long period in which there have been few opportunities for jobs in private construction. The scattered workers in the hard core from occupations in declining industries are of less importance in a metropolitan communi t;y like Philadelphia than these other groups, although their si,eci!ic problems of economic adjustment are nonetheless important. The outstanding facts about the wage earners in the hard core in Philadelphia in 1936 are the relative predominance of older workers, of unskilled workers, and, perhaps as a corollary of the latter, of Negroes. The importance of age and of the lack of specialized work experience or skill as handicaps to reemployment have been attested to in numerous studies. That these constitute predominant factors in long-term unemployment has been specifically noted in several recent studies. The significance of the 1 Jten 1Hh01't lorl: _. Report to Yere1tJ Preee, 1938), p, 24, the PHgri• frust (London: Digitized by C1111br1dge Un1- Google SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 27 lack of skill as a major factor in long-term unemployment is emphasized in an English study of this specific problem entitled lien Without ror•. It should be noted that to date it is not known whether a high degree of skill reduces the general risks of unemployment or whether there is a greater demand for skilled and semiskilled workers in the industries which have recently expanded, or whether a combination of both of these factors is involved. The findings of English studies, of the studies of the Philadelphia labor market, and of other National Research Project studies indicate that age is no bar to the continued holding of a job but is a serious handicap to reemployment once a worker becomes unemployed. The passage of time enhances rather than solves the problems of workers in the long-term unemployed group, not the least of which is the self-generating character of longterm unemployment itself, Digitized by Google Digitized by Google APPKNDIXES Appendiz A. PROCEDURE USED TO DETERMINE WORKERS TO BE INCLUDED IN THB STUDY • • • • • • 30 B. SCHEDULE AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED 34 C. TABLES • 38 In appendix C the first table includes all relief cases in Philadelphia and the next three cover the total number of cases included in the study. The remainder of the tables (C-5 through C-161, however, cover only the 15 ,83ij workers who continued throughout the 2 years under consideration to act as first priority workers for cases on relief from 193ij to 1936 and who had also registered at the Philadelphia State Employment Office in 193ij and 1935. Digitized by Google APPENDIX• PROCEDURB USBD TO DBTBRMINB WORXBRS TO BB INCLUDED IN TBB STUDY In order to locate at the Philadelphia State Employment Office the registration cards of first priority workers in cases which were on relief continuously for the 2-yearperiod, August 1s, 1934, to August 1s, 1936, three major steps were necessary - namely: ,al The determination of the cases which had been on continuous direct and/or work relief for the 2-year period, August 1s, 1934, to August 1s, 1936; (bl theselectionof the first priority worker to be studied in those cases which had employable members; (cl the location of the registration cards for the first priority workers. DSfSIYIIAfl0I 01 CAISI 01 ISLIS1 101 I-TSAI PSII0D The alphabetical master file of the Relief Order Department of the Philadelphia County Relief Board was the basic file used. The c0111plete file of 204,?4? cases was searched in order to obtain the name, address, and case number of each case that had been receiving relief continuously for the 2-year period fr0111 August 1s, 1934, to August 1s, 1936. In addition, the dates of all closings due to a member's having secured a work-relief job and the dates of the subsequent reopenine-s were copied. The following types of cases were considered to have been on relief continuously for the 2-year period: Cases that showed no discontinuance of direct relief during the period under consideration. 2. Cases that showed discontinuance of direct relief for periods of 3 consecutive weeks or less. 3. Cases that showed closings because some member secured a job either on local work-division projects, on WPA projects, with the Public Works Administration or with the Civilian Conservation Corps or any other emergency Works Program job. 1. Cases showing closings due to WPA were not cleared further to determine the duration of the WPA employment. The study included cases which had been closed because some member 30 Digitized by Google APPENDIX A 31 secured a WPA job and which had not returned to direct relief by August 1936. As a result of searching the master file, 25 1 727 cases were found which, withinthedefinitions setup by the study, were receiving relief continuously during the 2-year period from August 1934 to August 1936. IILICTIOI OP PIIST PIIOIITY WOIIII II CASIS SILICTID POI STUDY In order to eliminate cases which had no employable member at any time during the .a-year period and to determine the first priority worker of the cases with employable members, it was necessary to secure information regarding the employability composition of the 25,727 cases under review. This information was most readily available from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration Form 1i6oo file. The FERA Form 1i6oo cards, filed at the State Employment Office, were originally prepared by the Philadelphia County Relief Board for each case actively on the relief rolls at the time the Federal Works Program was started. While the exact dates of the preparation of these cards are not known, it may be assumed that for the cases under consideration in this study they were prepared as soon after July 1935 as was possible in view of the clerical work involved. The records on FERA Form 1i6oo, filed according to case name, contain information regarding the number of persons in the case, the number of employable members, the name and occupation of registration of each employable member, an indication of which member was designated as the first priority worker, and a notation when the case was receiving supplementary relief. Whenever changes in case composition occurred, the County Relief Board notified the State Employment Office, and these changes were recorded on FERA Form 11600. As a result of clearing the 25,727 cases that were receiving relief continuously from August 1934 to August 1936 with the FERA Form #600 file, 3,327 cases were eliminated because they had no employable members at any time between July 1935 and August 1936. Because of discrepancies in postings for the State Employment Office and County Relief Board files, an additional 642 cases could not be located in the FERA Form 1i6oo file at the time that this check was made. Digitized by Google 32 LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED For the remaining a1,?s8 cases the name of the first priority worker and his occupation of primary registration were copied. 1 When there had been a change in first priority worker, the person originally designated was selected for study. If the case had no employable menber when the initial FERA Form f6oo was prepared but acquired one at a later date, the name of this person was copied as the first priority worker. LOCATIOI or, •• ISQIITIATIOI CAIDI or TII r11st PIIOIITY wo1a111 The State Employment Office registration cards for first prio~ ity workers studied were filed by occupation. Of the group of a1,? 58 ti rst priority workers secured through the clearance of the original case names with the FERA Form f6oo file, it was found that the records for 1,606 priority workers could not be located in the registration files. There were ao, 15a individuals, representing as many cases, for whom information was secured, who were the initial first priori tf workers in cases which had been on continuous direct and/or work relief for the a-fear period from August 193ijt0August 1936. Transcriptions of their registration cards were made. rUITIII LIYITATIOIS MADS I I TIS COUIBI or tll ITUDY As was stated earlier, the first priority workers in the cases chosen for study had not necessarily been first priority workers for the entire period for which this assignment of status was known, July 1935 to August 1936. In cases with no employable members at the time of the general issue of certification records, a first priority worker may have been added after that time. In other instances, he may have been removed or replaced by another first priority worker prior to August 1936, the control date of this study. Of the ao, 15a first priority workers located, a,808 had not continued in this capacity during the entire period. These were eliminated from the final study. The remaining 1?,3~ij had first registered at the State Employment Office over a period of several years; a large majority, however, had registered in 193~ or 1935. To facilitate comparisons of their employment characteristics, the 1,510 who had 1At tbe same time some additional inroraation wa.s copied - namely: (1) Tbe number or persons in tbe caee as or tbe date tbe init1al n:u Fona 1800 waa prepared, ( 2) tbe number or employable persons 1n tbe caee at tbat time, and (3) a record ot tbe cbangee ln tlret prlorl tr worker. Digitized by G 008Ie APPENDIX A 33 not registered in 1934 or 1935 were eliminated from the study. The group of 1s ,834 individuals from cases which had been on continuous home and/or work relief from August 1934 to August 1936 were, therefore, the first priority workers in these cases from July 1935 to August 1936, and they had first registered in the Philadelphia State Employment Office in 1934 or 1935. IICAPITULATIOJr The disposition of the 25,727 cases which were on relief continuously from August 15, 1934, to August 15, 1936, as used in this study of first priority workers, was as follows: Tn,e ot case Number Total Eliminated from study 9,893 No employable members Not located in FERA Form ,eoo file First priority worker not identified ChanQe in first priority worker rirst priority worker registered in years other than 1934 and 1935 Included in study 3,327 642 1,eoe 2,808 1,510 15,834 Digitized by Google .lPPBNDIX B SCHEDULES AMO DEFIMITIOMS OF TERMS USED ICIIDULI ·...~I .... i; =: I • I i .: --- 5• ! 11' I •-.: •. .: .: .........-c.. ..- -.f 'u S.!~ • ii ! ..I ~ ,~ s I ;:. Iu •- '• Ii ~ iI I ii iii •I lii i i t i I C I .E ; ! i=I-i I ! i! •c ~ II .g •-I ~• -! I z .. !! ! :. I C j I ! ! ! i§ i .. . I . 0 i •i •I . = i '! ► I I iii 3~ .: ; .; !. I ,._ ~ 0 ••I • . ..i i. !i !:i--= ::: I -a i I •3 =...I. .II = 34 Digitized by Google APPENDIX B 35 DIPIIITIOIB OP TBIUS D11orl,llo ■ of Ca1a1 The cases !or which the relief records showed no interruption in the receipt o! direct relief !or more than 3 consecutive weeks at any time during the ~-year period, August 1s, 1934, to August 1s, 1936, were classified in this study as direct-relief cases. Direct-Relief Cases: forlt-Relief Cases: The cases for which the relief records showed that some member of the case had had work-relief or Works Program employment !or one or more periods between August 1s, 1934, and August 1s, 1936, were classified in this study as workrelief cases. E■~Loyable Persons: Members of cases were classified as employable or unemployable by the Philadelphia County Relief Board. In general, a person has been considered employable who is "physically and mentally capable of holding a job and . . . • normally would be a wage earner, or is capable of replacing the normal wage earners in the family. A person whose contribution in service at home is of greater value to the family than his contribution as a wage earner, shall not be considered employable." (Secured from a letter dated June 30, 1938, from the Philadelphia Office of the Pennsylvania Department of Public Assistance.I For this study the number of employable persons in the case was copied !rom the files o! FERA Form #600. 1 First Priority forlter: For each case the one eligible worker who was to have first choice for employment on the Works Program was designated by the Philadelphia County Relief Board as the first priority worker. For this study the name o! the first priority worker was copied from the files o! FERA Form #600. 2 Nu11ber of Chantes in First Priority forhr: Whenever the Philadelphia County Relief Board had made a change in the first priority worker of a case - either substituting one person !or another, designating a first priority worker in a case that previously was considered to have no employable persons, or removing 1rnu lntoJ'lllatlon wu copied as or the date the FERA Form 1600 had been ortgtnated ( in or arter July 1936). Subsequent changes tn the number or employable persons were disregarded, 2The person originallY designated on the FERA Form 1600 as rtrst priortty worker was selected. Subsequent changes in tile ttrst prtorltJ' worlter were disregarded. Digitized by G 008Ie 36 LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED the first priority worker from the case - this information was recorded on the FERA Form f6oo. For this studyallsuch changes that occurred between the time FERA Form f6oo was originated ( in or after July 1935 l and August 1936 were copied. C~araolarl1llo1 af Plr ■ I PrlorllJ Worker ■ Data were transcribed from the Philadelphia State Employment Office's registration cards for the first priority workers studied. These registration cards were prepared when the person first applied for work at the Employment Office. Unless otherwise indicated, the following items were copied from these records, and were used in the analysis for this report: The applicant's age on his last birthday prior to the date of his first registration for work was recorded. If in the opinion of the interviewer this was not reported correctly, an estimate was added. This did not occur frequently, but in this study the interviewer's estimate was used in preference to the applicant's statement whenever both appeared on the application card. Jee: Race: The race was copied as it appeared on the registration card. Year, in City: The number of years the individual had lived in Philadelphia was copied as it appeared on the registration card. Education: The applicant's report of the number of grades he had completed in elementary school, high school, or college was recorded. Vocational courses, such as nurse's training and business school, were recorded on the registration card; but if they did not lead directly to a school or college diploma, such courses were not considered in this study. Relationshi~ to Hod: The relationship of the first priority worker to the social head of the case was copied from FERA Form #600. Last Retular job: The registration card contains the applicant's work history as reported at the time of initial registration. The entire work history was copied, and data concerning the last job3 of 1 month or longer were selected for analysis. 3 1n errect this was a nonrel1er Job as persons were not employed on workrelier proJects until they had registered tor workat the Employment orrice. or the persons covered in this study, 1815 were last employed in CCC camps; this was counted as the last regular Job. Digitized by Google 37 APPENDIX B Lon1ut job: From the applicant's work history as copied from the registration card, the longest job was also selected for analysis. 0ccu,11tion: The occupations of the last job and of the longest job, which were copied exactly as they appeared on the registration card, were coded according to Bulletin f3, Occupation Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research Project in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania lmimeo., April 1936). Industry: The industries of last regular job and of the lonrest job, which were copied exactly as they appeared on the registration card, were coded according to Bulletin lij, Industry Code, Works ~ogress Administration, National Research Project in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania lmimeo., April 19361. Lentth of Sen,ic,: The number of years and months that the applicant had been employed on his last regular job and on his longest job were copied from the registration card. y,,.,. of LH11in1 LtJSt R,1ul11r Job: The year that the applicant had left his last regular job was copied from the registratior. card. Digitized by Google APPENDIX C TA.BLES Table c-1.- AVERAGB JllJUBmt or DIRECT• AllD WORI-RELIEF CASF.S II PHILADELPHIA. SEPTDIDDt 11132 THROUGH DBC&!Bllt l93e& t ..r and 110nth 1932 September Ootober lovaber Deoaber 1'3! January Febnia17 llaroh April JlaJ June July Auguat Septllllber Ootober lfovaber Deollllber l9M January February Jfaroh April JlaJ June Jul;r August Septaiber Ootober loTalber Deollllber 1935 Juuary February llaroh April JlaJ Jun• July August Septaiber Ootober lloTalber December SN rootziot•• at en4 Total Direct relier H,680 21,112 aa,Blo H,680 21,172 aa,810 ,&6,040 "6,040 5",090 61,0M 86,966 70,166 69,736 67,893 5",090 61,oeo& 66,966 70,156 69,7:56 67,8!!3 65,4M 61,298 66,o&92 M,472 68,062 61,926 65,4M 61,298 56,492 5",o&72 68,052 60,796 1,129 66,974 n,108 72,97,& TS,087 n,965 69,191 62,2:56 66,232 66,657 H,282 62,572 61,4.06 4,738 4,876 6,317 8,805 9,ll93 7,785 69,lOo& 70,67" 72,8"8 7",900 76,887 H,815 68,777 72,738 7",560 n,168 72,711 o&,289 1,897 110 M,15" 92,877 99,259 102,942 105,69,& lOll,065 99,927 94,302 101,:567 97,411 9o&,003 911,486 98,035 100,356 99,48,& 98,594 99,118 91,740 97,836 99,916 97,880 91,976 81,736 Work relierb MO 5,n9 ll,"4ll 78,501 U,ll76 15,219 8,HO o&,327 5,65" 5,92" M,040 o&,746 199 "° l,60o& 6,618 17,382 ot table. 38 Digitized by Google APPBNDil C 39 Table C•l •• AVmAGE NlllBER OF DIR&:T• AllD WORX•RELIEF CASES IN PHILADELPHIA, SEPTDlBER 19~2 THROUGH DECWBER 1935a • Contillued J..,r and month 1936 Janu&l')' February llaroh April ~ June Jul1' August September Ootober Jlcnmber Deoaber 1937 January Februazy llaroh April ~ June Jul1' August September Ootober lfovaiber December 1938 January February llaroh April ~ .hine July August Septab-er Ootober llcnmber Deoember total Direot Nliet Work relietb 100,925 104,908 107,321 107,322 106,393 106,010 75,646 69,585 69,266 61,'45 59,213 68,409 25,277 55,323 58,055 45,879 47,180 47,601 104,399 102,483 100,703 99,702 98,849 97,409 57,880 56,202 55,392 55,270 64,766 56,188 46,519 46,281 45,311 44,432 '4,083 u,221 99,157 99,752 99,448 98,122 95,896 92,ll65 59,186 65,058 65,514 65,323 63,024 60,209 39,971 36,694 33,9M 32,799 32,872 32,156 88,981 87,510 86,241 85,316 86,269 89,069 58,ll69 58,569 58,505 59,396 60,233 62,895 30,612 28,741 27,736 25,920 26,036 26,174 92,698 94,078 92,619 93,712 94,766 96,553 67,255 69,191 67,992 68,869 72,156 73,386 25,445 24,887 24,627 24,843 22,608 23,167 98,244 100,318 100,811 100,904 101,463 102,251 74,442 76,681 76,471 76,0M 75,160 75,790 23,802 23,637 24,340 24,870 26,303 26,461 &ilata aubmitted by the Bureau or Res..,rah and Statistics or the Pemur,ylw.nia Depar1:mlmt or Publio A11111lltance. The Bureau IIDW' usually refers to direot relief a1 g1111eral a111stance. bfhere wa1 no work relief in Philadelphia from September 1932 to December 1953. Work relief wa1 adminiltered by the Civil Workl Administration from Deoember 1933 through llaroh 1934, by the Looal Workl Div111on or the Emergaio,r Relief .Adadm.1trat1on troll April 1934 through Augult 1935, and by the Workl ProgNu Administration from September 1935 to date• Beginning with ~ 1938, inadequate WPA wages were auppl-ted by g11J1eral-a111111tance grant,, and the total ha• been adjusted to oorreot tor Naulting duplication. Digitized by Google Table C-2.- NUMBER OF PERSONS IN cim:, Direct reli•t Work reliet Percent Num- ber Totel 8 10.6 7.2 5.2 3.1 3.5 1,039 774 534 9.0 6.7 4.6 2.7 6 7 594 405 9.0 6.1 4.2 2.7 2.7 1,10, 807 551 318 8.2 6.0 4.1 2.3 2.4 280 9 10 or more Anrege nlDh•r ot pereou (v 519 350 256 150 170 5 Cl - 668 581 590 951 ~ ~ ber 11.1 19.7 15.3 14.9 13.8 13.5 21.1 16.0 14.3 12.1 8 0 Percent Num- 1,2'18 2,278 1,764 1,727 1,529 1,8&, 2,858 2,167 1,931 1,642 4, C") Percent 12.1 19.5 13.2 13.7 11.9 1:5.2 21.2 u,.6 13.5 10.8 3 (l) Number 1,006 1,402 963 891 717 2 0 ber Work reliet Direct reliet Num- Percent ber Work reliet Percent Number 6,612 100.0 13,529 100.0 4,880 100.0 11,552 100.0 1,732 100.0 1,977 100.0 1 <i5 :. ;:; Percent Num- Direct reliet 0 Wcmen Men Total Number ot persons 1D case ~ BY 'l'!PZ OF C.Am!: .AND SEX OF FIRST PRIORITY WORDR 177 179 4.0 328 4.0 645 4.3 309 320 2.8 4.2 ,u, 451 318 223 136 t'"' 0 :z: c;') 23.9 26.0 18.4 12.9 7.8 75 55 24, 27 9 3.0 4.3 3.2 1.4 1.6 0.5 27.6 29.3 20.4 10.3 5.7 545 580 403 804 113 65 33 17 9 8 3.3 1.7 o.8 o.5 0.4 2.6 81:xoludea three MD 1D direct-relief cues and eight MD 1D worlc-reliet oaNa not reportiq D\Dber of perllODa 1D cue. I >-3 t"l pa :x Q :z: t"l :x "d t'"' 0 --< t"l 0 Table e-s.- lmMBIR Number of eplo::,able pereou in case a, BIIPLOYABLB PERSONS m CABS, BY None 8 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 cci" ,j""" (D Q_ ~ 0 0 ~,....... rv Average number of employable personsb ill) ma OB J'IRST PRIORITY W0RDR Total llen Women Direct relief Work relief Direct relief Work relief Direct relief Work relief Percent Number Total i'!PE 01" CASS 6,615 N\DD- Per- N\DD- ber cent ber 100.0 13,537 100.0 571 4,032 1,587 343 8.6 60.9 24.0 5.2 199 8,185 3,902 890 1.1 0.2 279 73 7 2 71 10 l 0 1.3 • - Percent • • 1.5 8These cases were originally certified as having no employable members, but employables were added during the period covered by the study. ber Percent Number Num- Percent ber 4,883 100.0 11,560 100.0 1,732 100.0 1,977 100.0 1.5 228 60.5 2,937 28.8 1,359 6.6 291 2.1 0.5 Percent Num- 4.7 60.l 27.8 6.0 57 10 l 0 1.4 1.2 0.2 • - 134 6,630 3,610 841 1.2 343 57.3 1,095 31.2 228 7.3 52 267 69 7 2 2.3 0.6 0.1 • 1.5 65 19.8 63.2 1,555 13.2 292 49 3.0 14 0 0 0 1.0 o.e --- 3.3 78.6 14.8 12 4 0 0 2.5 o.6 0.2 -- > '"d '"d t<j z t:I >< C) 1.2 bAverage canputed on basis of total including "None." •Less than 0.05 percent • ~ I-' LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED 42 Table C-4•• :NUKBER OF CHANGES IN FIRST PRIORITY WORDR. BY TYPE OF CASE Number or chailge1 in first priority worker Total oases No ohange 1 ohange 2 OhangH First priorityworker removod First priorityworker added Total oases with ohange in first priorityworker 1 ohange 2 ohanges First priority worker raoved First priorityworker added Direct relief Work relief Number Peroent ?lumber Peroent s.s1s 100.0 u.ss1 100.0 4.7~7 451 10 71.6 6.8 0.2 12.807 ~6 18 ss.1 2.7 0.1 846 12.9 347 2.s 671 8.6 199 1.5 1.878 100.0 930 100.0 451 10 24.0 ~6 39.4 18 1.9 846 45.l 347 ST.a 571 so.4 199 21.4 o.s Digitized by Google Table C-11.• OCCOPATICIIAL ClRCKJP 07 LAST IISGtlUR .JOB, Br NE OF Mill -· -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- - - - Ap iD YHN Total OccupaUonal group 16-19 Skilled and -1•11:ill•d occupat 101111 in unutactur1nc and mechanloal lnduatrlee Bulldlng ud conalruoUon Mital pro4uct ■ , machinery, ud eleclrical-cooda INllluf ec turinc PrlnUnc eatablUIINnta Ten 1le and clotbl1141 anuteolurlng OtMr 0 ci:i" ,j""" (D Q_ ~ 0 0 ~,....... Oaatilled labor Clerical work Tru..porhUOD lrada puraulta ~•Uc and paraonal ••rTto• becut1Te, P9rceot IIO-N <10-44 Percent P9rcent bar 164 l.2 860 4 388 100.0 18 0.4 161 3.7 376 8.6 NB 12.5 '136 16.8 803 18.3 2,192 100.0 l • 25 1.1 150 6.8 269 12.3 413 18.t 429 19.6 604 100.0 39 100,0 I 0 0.3 22 3.7 7,7 118 9,6 6 15.4 87 14,4 7 1',9 104 l?.2 5 12.11 16 15.t 5 12.11 13 15,4 4 l0,3 372 100.0 1,181 100.0 7 8 1,9 o.7 5.4 7,7 37 9.t 125 10,6 35 9.4 150 12,7 48 12.9 166 14,0 !11 13.7 tl 222 18.8 63 16.t 162 13.7 7.8 13.2 594 11,3 65 15,7 714 13,6 66 15,t 812 15,4 69 16,6 'IS4 14,3 736 l4.0 5,2:16 100.0 "16 100.0 ., 20 bar bar Parcent 35-39 13 262 100.0 ll P9rcent 30-34 P9rcent bar - P9rcent 2:1-29 P9rcent bar Total• 20-M bar bar 56-61 Per- 80-66 Per- 60 Per- cent bar oenl bar cent bar t.6 Ilk 6.4 481 3.6 691 15.7 474 10.8 301 6.8 185 4.1 369 16.8 239 lO.t 157 7.1 118 4.0 63 10,4 II 12.8 43 7,1 11.l 24 l 4.0 1.6 bar bar 6.5 1,456 ll.O l ,B:18 13.8 2,158 16.3 2,070 15.6 l,&U 13.9 'l,27:! I 56 15.0 24 lll 1,4 'IS 6.11 6.4 10 Ill 11,4 4,4 t.2 8,2 356 18 6.8 4.3 187 11 3,6 1,6 2'1S ... 40.4 ti! 2.a. u.1 112 1.4 42,8 11 l 2,0 1,6 41.11 311.0 "1::1 "1::1 11 lt 3,0 1,6 43.t !z: t:, 114 2.2 II 1.2 40,0 311,8 1.11 37,11 2.7 38.11 • - 42.7 39,7 11 t.6 484 34 l, '103 100.0 Ill 1,4 143 8,4 134 13.7 :SOIi 17,t Ill 17.l 24!1 l4,4 185 10.t lll2 7,7 '10 4,1 50 ••• Ill 1,000 100.0 14 l,4 80 8.o 150 15.0 146 l4.6 160 16.0 121 12.1 111 ll,l 92 9.2 63 6,3 ll6 ll,6 17 451 100.0 48 100.0 1 0 0.2 11 2 1.4 4,l 6.5 8 16.7 52 11,5 7 14.6 82 18.2 911 21.l 10 20.8 75 16.6 3 6.3 112 11,11 7 l4,6 34 2 7.6 4,1 11 1 2.4 2.1 40 Percent -1• 2.l l.lt 408 2.6 55 42 10.1 or Oftr 41,1 ► tr;1 ....II>< 0 prote ■ aional., and . . .1prot•Hlonal occupattou Publ lo•NM'ice occupat 1ou - 29 8 16.7 2.0 0 "hcludaa 5 men not N1portl1141 - • 44 not Nlportinc occupaUon ot leat Ngular Job, and 132 n. . worker•. *i:... . tban o.O!I percent. (v ~ c., :t Table C-6.- OCCUPA1'ICIUL GIIOIJP a, UST RIGOLAR JOfl, BT li1& O'I WCIIIIN ber cent ber cent ber ceAt ber ....t lier cent lier 04lllt lier 11.8 392 17.2 313 13.7 222 9.7 161 1,3 72 3.2 u 1.8 14 0.6 36.0 17,9 15.9 61 13.8 28 6.4 19 6.6 17 3.t 8 1,8 II 1,1 M.t - -- -- - - 20-16 16-19 30-M 211-19 ber hrhrhrhrcent ber cect lier cent ber cent lier oent :le-39 hr- Totel 8 •"'-.. ~, ~... _, Total OecupeUoul group 2,281 100.0 59 2.6 21!3 11.1 342 111.0 406 ...., 100.0 24 11,4 55 12.5 615 14.1 19 Sl<Uled -tlkllled ocoupatiou ill ....,.ureotur1Dc ud . . cbaical 1.D.duatr1•• hr- 'IO hr- lla\el pro<luct1, -•htJMll"J', an4 electrtcal-goo4a ....,.,.recturlllg PriJIUIIC Htablt ■-nte Tentl• mi4 clotbtq -..utaoturllls Otbar Uuktlled labor Clertcll IIOrk Tl'uaportltiCD \rade punut\1 - • t i c mi4 persoaal •"ice ~l-• 4 - ;;:;(0 Q_ ~ C') 0 ~,....... rv '*4t• - - 2 0 11.8 262 100,0 151 100.0 14 8 11.3 11.1 Ill 9,9 111., I 100.0 92 100.0 0 I 1.2 0 9 ,.e - 4 0 26 - :s 1 17,6 ao.o :s 0 ,.1 so 17.6 - 37 13.6 21 21.0 13.4 l 110.0 21.7 0 17 18.5 16 10 hr• -- 11.8 60.0 3 0 11,6 . 0 1 20,0 0 0 39 40 18 111.3 11.11 10 1., 21 26 14.t 16.6 1 4.4 1 8.4 4.4 0 21 u.a 0 9 9.e l !50.0 8 8.7 0 II 5.4 '18 100.0 II 6.4 16 10.11 8 10,ll 14 11., 11 111.4 1 ,.o 28 1.1 168 10.4 UI. 14.9 290 17.9 180 u.a 219 14,l 615 or Oftr - - 1111-119 60-66 hr- 0 0 11 -- II 4.6 :S.2 0 l 1.1 ~ .... 0 0 -- 0 0 ' l.ll l.ll 4 l -- 0 0 I 0 0 10.:s 4 11.1 :s :i.e l 1.11 0 17' 10.7 114 1., 411 :s.o :u 1.9 8 8 hr- -- ,, , o., 36.6 :sz.1 -- M.6 1.11 .0.11 sa.e M.11 t"-4 0 !Z c:, I t-i tl;1 ~ X Cl ~ ::c 1-1:j t""' 0 ~ tl;1 47 100.0 0 - II 10., nportlq occupaUCD or lu\ ncu1ar Job - oalculalN tor r - r - - ,.,_ 2 3 1,621 100.0 bilcutift, proteutCDal, ad -1proteu10Dal ocoupn1CDa ~"" 13,6 11 100,0 11 100.0 hr- 110-&4, Ill - • • 1 14.9 106 - • u.e IIOl'keN. 9 1,.1 1 14.9 :I 6.4 II 10., ll 6.4 l 1.1 1 1.1 •·a t:i Table C-7.- YEARS IN CITY• BY RACE AND SEX Years in oity Total Race and Number Total 6 15.463 White Men Women Negro and other Men 0 Women [ 6 Excludes ci:i" 2: Under 5 yr. ■ ex 5-9 yr •• 11 mo. Per- Num- Per- Numoent ber cent bar 100.0 304 10-14 yr •• 11 mo. 15-19 yr •• 11 mo. Percent Num- Per- Num- Per- ber cent ber 2.0 1.657 10.7 2.588 16.7 2.125 20 yr •• or over Sinoe birth Num- Per- Number Percent ber oent 13.7 4.699 30.4 4.090 26.5 cent 8.211 100.0 86 1.0 338 4.1 681 8.3 563 6.9 3.077 37.4 3.472 42.3 7.428 789 69 0.9 17 2.2 306 32 4.1 4.C' 638 43 8.6 5.4 622 41 1.0 5.2 2.880 38.B 197 25.0 3.013 459 40.6 58.2 3.0 1.319 18.2 1.907 26.3 1.562 21.6 1.622 22.4 618 8.5 157 2.8 61 3.9 1.019 17.9 300 19.2 1.527 380 26.8 24.3 1.263 299 22.2 19.2 1.273 349 22.4 22.4 447 171 7.9 11.0 7.246 100.0 100.0 100.0 218 6.686 100.0 1.5so 100.0 > 'tj 'tj CZ, :z: t::::, ~ I>< 0 329 men and 42 women not :t>oporting race or years in city. ~ 0 0 ~,....... (v ii:. 01 . Table C-8.- SCHOOL GRADK CCMPLETBD, BY SEX AND RACE 0 School grade ccmpleted ~tel Sex end race education Hum- ber llen, total• l-3 "-6 '7-8 9-11 12 lS--lD 16 or 099r 12,892 100.0 1,135 8.8 1,782 13.8 4,033 31.3 4,214 32.7 1,161 507 7.0 '100 9.6 1,986 2'7.3 2,899 39.9 628 11.2 ,1,082 19.3 2,0'7 36.4 1,315 23.4 9.0 7'71 10.6 390 6.9 418 49 0.4 6.6 0.9 32 0.6 S8 O.D 0.2 7.3 5.6 303 4.2 115 2.0 68 11 131 5.6 283 12.1 793 33.8 '736 31.4 2'73 ll.7 106 4.5 20 0.9 1 '785 100.0 White Negro and other 1,558 100.0 41 90 5.2 5.8 6.5 232 14.9 201125.6 592 sa.o 305 sa.9 431 2'7. 7 120 15.3 153 9.8 7.6 2.9 '7 0.9 13 o.e 0 1 51 60 46 11.!:xclu.S.a 551 -n 110t reporting race rmd/or education and 48 W0119n not reporting education. than o.mi peroent • pala 3.2 100 o.8 2,343 100.0 •Le•• lle41a Per- Num- Per- Hum- Per- Num- Per- Nwt- Per- Ria- Per- Hum- Per- Num- Per- Nwt- Percent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber oent ber oent 7,272 100.0 White Negro and other 5,620 100.0 Wanen, total• Ro tomal. • 6.9 ,., - 6.3 0.1 t"'" 0 ::z C') I >-i 111::1 Ile' :s: 0 ::z Cl:! :s: ",:j t"'" 0 ~ DIii t:I 0 <O ::. ;;; CD Q. !l () 0 ~........ (i) 47 APPBNDII C Table C-11.- OCCOPA!IC3 OF LOIIOEST JOB, BT SEX lien Oooupat10ll )lumber Per-' Jl\aber Peroent 15,212 8lc1lled and 1aai1k:l.lhcl oooupatiOlll 1n Mnllt'&oturlDc and Mah&nia&l iDcluatl'iH Building and oon■ tl'llotiOll Bl'ialcl~er1, bl'ialcaaoon• C&b1n~r• Carpenter ■, joiner• Caant tin11her1 Conorete ailcer1 and worker ■ Cl'lne, dredge, hoht, and ■te-- ■.bonl operator• !leotriciana roraien (building and oon■tl'llotion) X.thero Orn■aental-iron worker• P&intera (except lign and taotory) P&perhanger1 Pipe ooverer1, 11b1 ■to1 1naulator• Plasterer ■ Pluabera, pipe, gas, and ateu, titter, Rigger• Road-ohine and n.e.o, oonatl'lloti011-plant operator• Rodman, ah&l.m:ien Rootera, 1later1, tinner ■ Btoneouttera Ston- ■on1, atone and -rble aettera, ourb 1etter1 Stl'llotural-iron and - ■t•el worker, Til-aon1, terra-ootta 1etter1 Timbermen, 1horer1 Skilled and 1ani ■ k:l.ll1d worker■ 1n bllildinf: and oonatruation n.e.o. lletal produot1, -ohinery, and eleotl'ia&l-good1 -.nufaoturing Blaokllllli tho, torg ...n, hammermen Bo1lermaklr1, layer1-out Butter,, tiler,, grinder, (aetal) Caater ■ , molder ■ , roundrymen Clockmaker• and -tohmakera, jeweler• Copperllllith1, tinlllllitha Cor..iter ■ (foundry) In■trument -k•r• llaohine tixera (other than loooa) llaohiniata lleohanioo, autanobile and airoratt lleohanica, other Operatin1 n.e,o,, eleotria&l good• Operatiftl n.e,o., iron and ateel indu1trie1 Operatiftl n,e,o,, other aetal 1Dclu1triea Plater ■ , enameler• Reu,er1, dl'ill1r1, bolter■ (1hipyard) Riveter ■ Sheet-al workers Smelter ■, heatero, puddler ■ Storage-battery worker■ (ooil winder■, 1olderer1) Tool ~er ■, ail1Wl'ight1, die Htter1 Weldera Printing e1tabli1laent1 BookbiDclera Ccapolitor1, printer ■, linotype and 11>notype operatoro llngranr1, lithographer ■ Operatin• n.e,o., printing e1tabli1hment1 IN footnote ■ 100,0 4,817 2,197 18,8 111 0,B 0.1 so 2165 166 1111 57 81 156 216 1 5~2 68 6 125 155 ••• 1.1 0.11 o., o.s 1.1 0.1 0.1 o., 2.11 • 0,11 45 1,0 0,1 25 o.z 5 61 • 0.11 so o.z 115 0.11 0,2 25 2,267 100.0 627 221.ll 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0,1 0,1 91 0,1 0 727 5 11 ,, 52 15 59 O.4 0,1 22 0,2 8 5 5 o.s • • 0 0 0 l 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 0 0,4 84 o.s 0 0 0 61 25 0,11 0 0 1.4 0.1 a 0,1 o.z 0 0 0 0 0 11 o.z o.s 0 0 12 l 4 49 188 18 4 11 18 19 216 15 H 38 52 2 28 4 18 • • o.a • 0,1 0,1 0,S 0.1 0,1 • o.z • o.a I l 1 l 0 0 8 0.1 • o.s • o.s at end ot table. Digitized by Google 48 LOMG-TBiN ONBKPLOYED Table c-9 •• OCCUPATIOI 0, LOIIGBST JOB, Br HI • Continued Ooovi-UOII ·- 11\mer Skilled and Hahkilled oooupat10111 111 M11Ufacturi11g and •ollaA1oal lll4uatnH - Co11t1maed Textile and olothl.111 -r&otun111 Bea,ura, twi ■ tera Burler,, -4en DrHaalcere, furrier• (IIOt ia faotol7) Dyer• (1Dduetr1&1) FW ■her• (olotbizlc) Fitten (olotb1zlc) Batten ln1ttere, Ml-taeh1olled bo•i•ry lnitti.n&-olwle operat1n• Looa ti.Kera Looper ■, boardera, topr,r• 111111nen (not dealer• , aillillery worker• Pieoera, yarn apimiar• Pow•r-ohine (ewillg) operatina Preuen ( taotory) Shoe worker ■ (taotory) Tailor, •••nr• Winder■, 1pooler• Wool 1oourer1 Mid eortera OperatiTH ,., •• o., olothing taotoriH OperatiTH n,e,o., tezt.11• taotoriH Other akilled and ••hkilled oooupat1ou 111 Mnutaotur1ng and Moballiaal Ul4uetr1•• Apprentioe1 to akilled tn4el Aue=blere Bakora (indu1trial) Barrel Mkara, oooper1 Butohera Cabinet (radio) Ul4 furniture worar, C ~ worker, Cigar maker• (hand) Cigarette and tobaooo wort.re (uohiM and 11,0,1,) Cobbler,, aho• repainMII Cutten En&ineen D,e,o,, ts.r- (atationary) Finiaher1 n,e,o, (111 -t•CltllJ'1Dc) Filhenun, C1¥•tenM11 For..en Gardener, (greenhouH1) Glau blower ■ Gla&i.ra lnspeotora, examiner, (taotoryj L&belera, pa1tar1, paokara (taotory) Leather worker ■ (other than 1hoe) Linllaintenanoe men Minera, mine operatin1 llotion-pioture operator• Oil.re ot MOhinery Operatiwa n,e,o,, on tood Piano and organ tuner• Mid builder, Quarrymen (except atonaoutter,) Radio repainun and 1utallat1011 THter• Upholeterer, V•rniahere, painter• 111 taotory Operat1na n,e.o., otlwr -faotllJ'1Dc 1n4u1trin Other n,e.o, elcilled Ul4 -1elcilled 000\lpationa 1n Mnutaoturizlc and Mollaniaal 1n4uetr1H ... 12 0 0 26 5 l l 8 7 2 8 1 16 21 S9 26 ., 78 1 s 52 80 w,- Per-1: "·" 0,1 -- 0,2 • • • O,l 0.1 • • 0.1 O,l o.z o.s 0.2 o.5 0,6 • • 0.-1 o.s 1 407 76 58 27 11 22 10,7 0,6 o.s o.z 0.1 "° o.s 0,1 20 l 15 62 S6 169 22 l 15• 26 z s M 45 39 10 S5 so 2 lS 66 s 8 7 s H 49 193 132 0.2 • 0,1 O,ll o.s l,S o.z • 1.2 0.2 • • 0,5 o.s o.s 0,1 0,5 0.2 • 0,1 0,5 • 0.1 • • O.l 0.-1 1 ·" 1,') lhaber . ..,.. Peroent ,. 0,2 0,5 o.s 50 1.s 0 0 0 4 0 6 7 12 68 "° 6 0 7 29 s 29 se 201 0 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 56 0 --- 0.2 o.s o.5 o.5 s.o 1,8 o.s - o.s 1.s 0.1 1.s 1.7 8.9 -- o.z 0,2 2,5 • -- o.z 0 6 0 7 0 1 0 17 57 2 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 2 0 l Sl 0 0,5 - o.5 -• - 0,7 2.5 O,l ---- 0,4 0.1 -• 1,i - See tootnot•• at awl of table, Digitized by . 5 11 12 0 Google !PPIIDII C 49 Table c-tlo• OCCUP£!1CII C. LCICIIIT JOB, It Hit • Conti.med Jim OooupatS- ·- lllaber Peroent lllllllber Peroent UDaldJ.led labor £pprmt1ee• n.e.o •• mlper• City etreet o l - r • I l a ~ . tana bad• Doak ..s•. 1:,•bo. . . . Garage workar• ,maJdlled) Oae-etatlon atteadat• 155.5 2 0.1 129 '9 1,'88 815 1118 715 1.220 1.0 0.1 1.15 2.11 o.a 0.1 o.s o., 11.1 6.8 1.6 o.a 9.2 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l ---• ---- ...... l5.A 112 11 16 s l 12S 7 51 2 6 159 2 0.1 0.1 l lS 16 l Sl5 0 l 2 •0.1 11 o.a ' 0.1 0,9 11 1n All 111 11 ~ S8 Bo4 oarrl.en i.bonr•• bu1141Dg u4 oout:ruotSi.borer•• Mm&taotur1Jlc an4 otMr Porten • • t ~ . guard• other laborer• n.e.a. Cler1aal work £000llllt&Dt•• au41tor• Boakkaepere Cub1en (aaept 'banlc) Clara, 'banlc Clerkll, tili.Dg, -u, g-ral-afflee letS-tore, appnJ.Hn JIHHagen, offlee bOT• u4 prh Opwatore, otfiae appU.aaae• Operator■, telepbODe and t•lepapb ,.,_•ter■, tiaekMpen, Jllll)"•l'Oll olerb Prod.uat1an olerlca, t:i.a.-etut\, olerb S.oretal'1H lhippi.Dg u4 reae1nnc olerlca 8tat1et1aal olerkll ltmograpber• ltanographar••boolclcNper• ltooll: olerkll fn,1et• otlwr oler1aal worlcer• n.e,a, !'nupart■tioD ,.a11e u4 trade 12S l l l 70 0 lS 1,760 pw'euit■ Mjuetere, alaSa agent• lldnrtbi.Dg Agent•, freight u4 t1oll:et .lc-t•• WUl'&Dae u4 real Htate Agent•, purah&•1Dg u4 t,,ven Agent•• NlH, M l • - '' .lc-t•• 6 118 s 56 2' 10 116 Calna■ Hr• Colleotore, oredit Coaduotor•• aotonoea (et....t oar) Deoontor•, YUl4• dreHer• DeUw~ truoll: dr1.wr• n-.tntor• Deteot1w• (prhate). 1Dwet1gator• lllolceten, peddler ■, jUllllaeD Jlar1u eagiDNr• holcen, wrapper■ ( ■tore) llalll'N4 ■-1t~, napm, ~ llalll'Nd t ~ n ...., ooaduoton, lale• olerkll, ■bopper• (oton) fax1 u4 bu• dr1.WN Olbar t,..S. pureult• a,e,o. Olbar traaponatloa paauit• •••••• na.n10 _,. p e ~ •ff1• Buwr- _,. beaut:,,-abap worbn llulnl19N llllllen 0 ~ (a-into) Clllallttnn (a-n10) Ohallll- _,. 4191111-allap worbn z 1.ooa 1 2' 182 5 lS 12 ~ 67 1112 88 k .,,• . 80 1' 118 11 • • o.9 0.1 o., • 0,1 o.s 0,1 - 1 0 2 0 0 10 s 6 7 l lS,S 78 • • 0 0 0 0 1 1 • • • • 0,6 • o.s •o., 0.2 0,1 o.s •7.8 • 0.2 1., • 0.1 0.1 0.11 1.0 0.11 6 0 0 0 0 s 0 0 0 s 0 0 5e 0 0.1 ,.9 • 0.6 0.1 • 1.s • -0.1 - - o.s 0,1 0,2 O,S • s., -- -• • 0,S -- -0.1 -- -- 0,1 2,5 0,S 8 o.s 0 a.a 1.48'1 811.6 o.a 0,1 o.s o.a 0.1 ll 0 0 0 0,11 Digitized by 0.4 -., - o.s Google LONG-TBRM ONBKPLOYED hllle M.- ODCnlPATlm Cl' UIIGDT JOJI• BY Ill • Cam1maed Oeollpatioa Dmuatlo 11114 per-1 ·- Jllanb•r Peroent lhaber hrwnt ,em.. - eam1mae4 Coob, oheta (not ~•Uo) Counter- lln4 aar.tena•1tatloa worker, Da,y wornra, la11Ddr••••• (4-atio) Da,y workers (not ~•th). offloe ol-r• El nator or.re.tor• Hl'ftllta) oh114'• tutor, lloat.eHH, head -1tera, It-rd• llouHkHperl Gud-ra Gownie••••• Janitor■• ... man••• oamaun ntoh-rll:era, uai-aher■) pantry worll:era, h O I H - (not 4m,eatio Laundry worura (not 4-•tio) lla14• idccuatio) llaid• not ~atio), hotel•• t.Datitution• llatrona, houo aotllar• (t.not1tut1ona) Ord•rli••• hoapitol attlllUllt• Praotioal nurHa, ooap&D1ona S.rftllta, d...at1o (11-1.D)(U-ut) Soda d1apenaera Uahff•• eoo,-. • - - atteadazata Waitera, -1treHH (ac..at1o) Wa1tera, -1trauH (not e...atio) Other d-•tio and penoaal HfflH lh•••• 1111:eoutin, protHa1o•l• lln4 aaiproteuioD&l oooupationa App...,,tioe• and aaaiatonta in proteaaional lln4 roorMtional purauita n••••• Artists. t•oher■ ot art Chadata CleroDentiata Designer■ Draft- lditora, authora, ~rt•r• lmgiuera ( teolmi oal • turft)'Ora llatertdnera, aotora Laboratory au1atant• 11114 teohnioian• llanag•r•• oft1o1ala lludoiana, t•oh•ra ot -1• JlurH ■ , graduate J'ha. .oiat• Photographer a J't\yaioiana, eurgeona Proprietor•, owner ■ , oontraotor,, dealer, Sooial worll:era, ...1rar. workera T•oher1, athlatioa, danoing, -.oaatioal allbjeot11 playcround an4 reor•tional worll:era T•ohera, ooll•r;• T•ohora, eohool (a:oept oollege) ProfeaaioD&l an4 •m1rrofeaa1onal worker• n••••• 1:1:eoutin• n••••• ...reat1oD&l worll:er1 n••••• Pllb11o-Hrrioe oooupationa Fir11a11-. •11 olerkl Sailora, aoldiera, •rina■ (u. s.) Watoi-, pol1._,, guard■ (publio) Other publio ••moe n•••o• 102 10 0 18 M H 0 o.e 0.1 110 lell - s us 0.1 20.T ,.s OJ -0.1 115 0.1 o., o.z 98 15 0 • - 0 Hl 99 27 0 0 0 16 0 0 e 15 0 6S TO . --• - 0.1 0.1 •l s e 1 • 12 2 111 '6 0 s 8 1 28' l •1 5 5 6 • AO 1 11 87 H 9 T 0 " - II "80 2 0 o.s 21.1 0.1 o., 1.9 8 o., 0.11 7 9 2 a., o.s TT 0.1 s.e z.1 ,.s O.T H2 115 0.1 610 o.s o.z .' 1.1 o.s 0.2 - 1.1 0 T 0 61 2 7 5 0.2 0.1 •• s 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 • 1 -• II • • • • 0,1 0.1 --- 0.1 0.1 0.1 2 • z o.e o., 0.1 •2.0 • • • • •0.1 • 10 0 0 0 19 1 --- 1 0 9 0 0 0 ---- n_A n • 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 o.s 0.2 • •BxoludH 99 and 18 . _ not reporting oooupat1on of longeat job and 182 1011 , , _ who were workora. 0.1 o.s o.a o.e • • o., 11114 •i..n than 0,1 perom11. 1.e.o., d elawhen ela11lft ..1 n.0.1,, 110t oth•r•h• ,peoitlod. Digitized by Google APPIIDil C fable C-10.- DIDUlftUL aOIIP a, lmllft ID LAIi IIIDtlLAJI .Jim, BY SU lMt regular job 1-ge.t job Industrial gl"Ollp .... Ila HI' Tota1• lllamtaotllri.Jlg Poo4p~ Textile and clothing pl'Odaota lletal produota . Lumber and timber produota i-ther product• ·--- ·- ·- --hr- hr- bar ·- lie bor Per- Illa- hrocrt ber omt 11.1ft 100.0 1.829 100,0 12 890 100.0 2 266 100.0 1.17' 29.7 Ill 1108 628 181 111 Rubber produota Paper and printing Cheioala Tobaooo produota staa.e, o~, imd glua produota 21 20S lll6 llao!wler,lllaioal b i n ~ TraaportatiOD aquipunt Othar -1'aoturillg 1Jlduatr1ea 1., ,., ,.8 1.8 o.9 6118 2bo4 "26 616 '96 161 91 1.1 ,.o ll.9 1.2 o.7 0.1 2.6 1.1 ll.ll 0.2 12 211 ll68 ll9 127 0.1 1.7 2.8 o.s 1.0 o.9 402 o.9 7 ll75 144 a.2 0.1 s.o 1.1 Be 2.2 2&8 16.8 0.2 0 11 o.7 ' - '° 18 1611 0.2 1.8 z.8 o.& 1.11 112 9 487 161 z.7 0.1 ,.1 1.11 15 0 1 16 6ll 28.0 S 0 ll62 1 lill 4 0.1 "29 18.9 18 1.7 6 0 0.2 12 o.5 HZ 10.8 0 - 1 1.7 0.11 1.7 0.1 2ll 1.0 0 1 18 0.1 o.8 H 11 llll - Building and oomtnaoti011 (prhate) 2,888 H.z :? 0.1 1,286 11.2 ' 0.2 ll,278 25.8 Trad• 126 7.7 1,491 11.8 1~ 8.2 1811 1,101 8 119 o., 1117 1.8 7.ll 1,2ee 10.2 10 llll o., 5.8 1., 1,602 11.8 ,.o 1.1 609 1S o.8 1.1 llholHale Retail 1.8 9.8 Public ~litiea and tnuportatien 1,680 111.0 Gon~ ageJ10ieab 1111 1.0 IDaurano•, tilumoe, bu■ i.n.on • and proteaaicmal ottio•• 109 1.9 ln.titutiODO 118 1.0 Serrlo• iDduatriae 667 ,.9 111aoel1-a tn4uatriaa 1,149 10.1 Salt-aplO)'ed 489 ,.a Pri-nte tmd.17 ill other lllT 6111 1.2 ,.s 22 17 48 2.9 79 ,.8 2116 H.4 29 289 18' ,.1 727 181 6.7 14 o.8 loll 1,1811 61.11 lS o.7 1.9 2.1 69 2.8 1.6 107 n1 6.7 267 11.8 MS H.5 1,1188 10.9 1,219 &ll.8 8 0.6 828 ae.s 7 o., 100 ~1114•• l,9S9 DIC and 656 not reporting 1Ddu.t17 ot l011geat job, 821 and 19 not reportiDg induatr,y ot lut replar job, an4 lU man am 108 .._who . ." wol1cen. bEmludH FERA wol1c reliat and WP.l Ul4 otur Wor!c• Prass- job•, 'bat tor lan Nplar job iJIOllldae CCC aploymmt, Digitized by Google LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED Tab!o C-11 •• OCCUPATIONAL GROUP OF LOIIIGIST JOB or DS, BT LIIIIGTB 0, 11111VlCE Lacth ot HfflN ill 1Nft Oooupational group total• Skilled and 11111!.ald.lled oooupationa in 1111U1ufaoturlnt; and . .ohanioal induttr1H Building and oonatruotion Total 11n4ar l_. l lS 009 SIIS ,.767 78 Z,181 as 5-9 10-H 15-19 - llle41aA 20 or bes' ot y ..... Oftl' S.867 ,.811 2 211 1.~ 81l5 1., 1.066 l 752 928 '82 "3 8,15 1.15 ,n 822 Sll9 2S7 1118 1S7 z9s H ao 77 87 sos 1'9 11 • 88 281 ,11 111 56 120 1,786 1,6211 15S 176 450 668 S20 296 6118 86 SS7 122 255 26 162 11111 18 100 S7 a.o e.a 121 67 1 77 l 10,7 8.2 lletal product,, MohiDe,Y, and •l•otrioal•gooda anufaoturing Printing eat&bl11hluDt■ Tutilo and olothiDg 111&11Ufaoturi11& Other Un ■ killed labor Chrioal work Tl'&ll■ portation and trade purauit ■ D0111eatio and per ■onal ■el'Tio• keoutho, profeuional, and aai• profea ■ ional 0ooupation1 Publio•••l'Tioe oooupation ■ 721 ,n52 • l,S92 l 8 211 i,616 '72 1,7S7 850 2'11 16 20 29 i96 81 0 7 H 112 S62 75 17 1'11 S7 ••• • ' " 19 11,l 11,2 1.2 &.9 6.9 •1xoludH 28S 11n not reporting oooupation of longHt job and/or length ot Hrrioe, 19 reporting inegulu or Ht. ■ onal work onl;y, and lS2 n• worker,. Tablo c-12.- OCCUPATIONAL GROUP OF LONGEST JOB O F ~ . BT LDGTB a, IIIRVICI Total• Skilled and ■ a11k1lled oooupation, in ma.nuft.oturini; and uoh&nioal induatri•• Total Under l 1... 5-9 10-1' 15-19 - llediaD l.on;th of IOfflOO in ;you• Oooupational group 20 or bor ot Oftl' you1 2,212 277 1,107 555 152 80 '1 ,.o 620 52 262 1;'56 S2 ZS 16 ,.2 11 7 S02 200 l 0 26 26 8 l 2 81 52 0 0 18 l 0 H 0 l 8 H 8 e I ,.2 1 111 76 0 l 0 12 0 e ' 7 ,2 0 0 0 za ,.11 2 s 7,2 llotal produot ■, •ohiDe,y, and eleotrioal-good ■ manufacturing Printing eatt.bli ■ hmnt ■ Textile and olothiDg 11&11uft.oturing Other Un■ killed lt.bor Cleriot.l work Tranaportation and trad ■ purauita Domeatio and per,onal ••moo Ezeouti .,,., prof• ■■ ional, and aemi• profe11ional oooupationa "E>:olud- ■ a, 1,451 5' 4 10 207 ' ' 155 115 0 65 S2 7'1 17 M 22 M7 15 Ill 1S I ,.2 .. ,I a.a reporting oooupation of longeat job and/or length ot Hrrioo, 9 reporting inegult.r or ••• ■onal work only, ■.nd 106 n.- worker ■• W01UD DOt fiiedian not oaloult.ted for f••r than 25 oa•••• Digitized by Google 158 APPB.NDII C fable c-11.- OCCOPA1'IOBL <IIIOIJP OJ' WT REGll'LAR JOB, BY Ullom OJ' S!RVIC! A11D SEX Length of Hnioe 1n 7eare Oooupation&l gl'Oup . . . 11ota1• Skilled &ad aeai1killed oooupaticma la amfeotlll'illg and Mahaio&l iaduatl'iH Buil4hc and comtruoti011 Total Undor 1 1◄ 10-H 16-111 5-9 -- lledian ln'er ber or 7NN ZO or 12,801 1,926 5,530 2,919 l 238 519 469 4,Z 4,281 636 l 664 l 103 605 235 238 4,9 2,124 260 638 545 242 129 110 ,.a 594 38 367 1,168 BO 207 31 H 161 8 72 2 47 147 11 128 477 96 44 293 136 S7 l 29 81 926 2,365 1,046 187 84 56 684 397 182 190 183 469 348 58 172 157 99 llS TIS lll 80 89 17 H 4,2 4,6 S,6 116 '6 6,ll lletal produote, •ohl.Deey, &ad eleotrio&l-goode amfaotunng Printillg ••tabli■hmenta Textile and ol othillg anutaotur illg other ~killed labor Clerlo&l work 1'rw.naportation am trade purauit ■ Domutio and penonal 1orY1o• Exeoutin, pl'Oteuional, and •-1• pJ"Ot•••1onal oooupatiou Pablio-1erY101 ocoupatione • - . tot&la ♦ ,921 412 1,571 9'2 . 2 23 36 7 HS 16 87 12 79 47 9 s 2.052 671 963 287 119 422 130 208 56 l7 8 0 79 43 7 4 118 79 l 427 5,3 7.2 5,6 ,., s.s 0 5,4 ,2 20 2,11 1, 7 7 2,8 0 0 8 1 0 Skilled and eai1killed oooupationa in -taoturillg and aeobanioal induatl'ie■ lletal produot1, maohl.Dery, and eleotrloal-good• -1'9.oturillg Pz1atillg Htablhhmenta Te:rtile and ol othiDI; - r a o turillg other ~illed lel,or Clorioal 110rll: T-.portation and trade purauit ■ Dme1tio ...d per■ OD&l ael"Yioe Exeoutin, pJ"Otenional, and 1-1pl'Ot1111oml oooupatioaa ' 261 150 1,432 1 19 29 485 SB 9 1 88 71 0 38 17 ll 0 0 Ii s z 0 9 l 0 S,8 1,9 ,.2 675 0 18 9 198 aT 2 27 0 0 0 12 13 6 8 l 1 0 S7 so $ 2,8 8 5 2,IS f 2., and 215 ....., not reportillg oooupat1011 ot last "gular job and/or ~ludo■ 88Z le,igth ot ••rrioe, 48 11811 and 18 """""' reporting irregular or 1eaaonal worl< DIily, and who ..,.,. ,... worl<era. and 108 132 - f»ec11an ut oaloulated tor t ... r thall 26 oaae,. Digitized by Google ll I. ► ~ ► 0 I •o ... •• "I"!~"! a=u . ~ i n ► .... a...... LONG-TBRK UNEMPLOYED . ........ ~~'!'!1 i !=Uli ~ I I R ► 0 ~ ...... 0"4 ... I I ..... o •u:::1~ il .. 151 .. ll!U • ..: ► I ►• ; ;i !'II .... Ii! oeo Hi 111 ~ ai .i • •• ....... . .. 0 • 0 .. 0 ..• I • ► ► •=• ~·~ .;.; tit~"!'? ol ol ,I .... • •a •= I I I I I I :I" ... o•r- I I I .. 0 .. .. ► •► 't '! .. 0 ... 0'00 O'O •• 00 00 ..:ooo 0 o• ►•• ... i:j ..... =a~a 5! II! G ► SI!§ = ~= . . Ii ► . .... ... ...... ....... 0 0 ! ► . . -~=~· • •• .. Ii. ena ► ► . t .•.• ••a ►"' 0 1~'!"!~ ~ ..• ► I• I . .... • . • . . ••► •••I 0 0 01 .. •o•• o .. I.. •• I 0• .. 0 0 .... 0 ... 00 in••o I I I I 000 I 0000 000 I 00 0000 I 00 00 I 0 00 I 0 0 I ,-?':,'t o ....... I 0000 0 I ...:o• ~ I 00000 0000 I o ... ino ... C) ... 0 0 0 0 5§ ;iii ti;i ; J ~ lii=ii iiii:= ; ~ =1dd iiu 1111 I! .' ....... a,i .......... • ; I ; inn ~i~i, ,:=ii 'I I i, n divi !•! I. I. ~ rg• J I. .i !II" ......... . iii.Ii ......... ~lilii;i liiai J • Ii ;•1110• l j . !"SI I I !. I •!!•= i . g ..;;s.:a . .. ............. .] i ··••...: I .J I J 1 ! ~a;a•-- .... .... I . er••......... .... . Ii ~ 00000 I •i i 1 I §§!!! §!!! ! ! !! !! §!!! §!§ !;..: ii i!ls. S!! =u•! ru R .,; ! ..: • 11111 liiJJ 11J1 1 ~ij Google • I I i l 1, It ! ,1 i 11· ., ·1 i1f I i·- Ji f t:lil t!1l~ ,! 1i 1 !i)) ~ .,1 f hi~Jjtl!I HJ da 00000 I o ........ I i J. ......... i ; I. ll ll I. :I 0 Ii • § ! g 1I. . • .. I. . . I = 1 8. g !!!!! j . I ¥ .~ un= ( I i Digitized by Table C-111.- DA'l'! 01 LOSS 01 LAST R!GUUR JOB 01 ll<IIKII, BT IIIDUSTRIAL GRCXIP <:8 LAST REOULAll JOB Date ot loH of lHt Ngular job Total 1914 or ear1ler In4unrlal ll"OUP llullber Total• llanutactlll'ill& J'oo4 pro4uc ta 'l'ertUe e.n4 clolbl11& producle Metal producta Leetber pro4ucta Peper and print 1Dg Cb-1cala Tobacco product• StoDII, clay, e.n4 gleN pro4ucte llachlnery Otber Mllufecturlnc ll14unrlea Bull4111C and coutruot1011 (priftte) Tre4e 'lbolHale RataU 0 ci:i" ,j""" (D o_ ~ 0 0 ~,....... rv Public ut1ltt1H u4 lrauportation Oonl"!IIMot ageoc leab Inauranc•, ttnance • bualu ■a, u4 proteutonal ottlcH !natl tutlooa Sen1c• industrl•• lliacellaneoue S.lt--i,loye4 Prl nto tomilJ' All other Percent Number 1915-114 1'9roent 11-r 1925-26 Peroent Number 19:51-!51 1929-30 1927-28 Peroent Nwaber Peroent Nwaber Peroent lllmber 1~!54 Peroent - r P9roenl l 639 100.0 12 0.7 66 4.0 !57 2.3 64 !5.9 257 lll.7 497 30.!5 '106 4:5.l 395 100.0 9 2-~ 25 6.!5 10 l!.~ 16 ,.o 88 22.3 116 29., 1:51 !5!5.2 !54 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2 6 0 l 0 5.9 2.7 2 15 0 1 l 5.9 6.8 l 6 0 0 2.9 2.7 8 47 0 3 6 2!5.11 21.3 7 62 l 2 1!5 20.6 28.1 211.0 20.0 !54.I 11 77 3 3 12 !52.4 !54.8 'IS.O 30.0 ll]..6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 :, 29.3 29.7 II 10 0 411.4 27.0 en 4 10 38 11 37 l 21 18 - 10.0 --- 2 2 1 0 l - 10.0 2.6 18.2 5.4 100.0 -5.6 --- :, 7.9 0 0 0 0 0 - - :, 8 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 8.8 :,.6 - 7.9 -- 11.4 l 12 0 8 3 - :,o.o 15.8 9.1 !52.5 - 38.l 16.7 11 0 7 10 - 3:5.3 1111.5 6 4 22.1 :z: 1-4 100.0 0 - l 50.0 0 1 50.0 0 - 0 - 1111 100.0 l 0.9 10 8.7 4 3.11 6 II.I! 10 8.7 39 :,:,.t 40 39.1 9 106 100.0 100.0 l 0 11.1 3 7 3!5.4 ,., 0 4 0 6 - 11.7 2 e 1!1.2 7.11 I 37 21.1 !54.t l 3.e 44 11.1 41.11 12 12 100.0 100.0 0 0 :, l 25.0 1 0 0 0 -- l 2 8.3 9.1 6 7 50.0 :u.e 1 11 114.6 42 92 232 727 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 0 2 11.9 8 la 45 0 5 5 3 14 88 19.l 15,2 19.4 12.1 13 42 69 205 31.0 411.7 29.7 28.2 9 21 95 392 21.4 22.8 41.0 113.9 6 710 11 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 0 0 0 - 0 85 3 3 197 5 50.0 27.7 3 12.0 27.!5 50.0 54.4 27.3 I 0.9 - 0 14 0 a.II II.a 1.3 1.9 2.0 - • 2 7 8 0 8 0 - 8.4 - 9.11 2.2 3.0 l.l - l.l - 3 e 11 20 0 20 0 7.1 8.7 a.7 2.8 - 2.8 - - as.a ► "'d "'d ta:! 28.1 386 3 ti ~ 0 8.3 "hcludH 646 - • not report1..g 1aduatry or date of lo■- of laat regular job and 106 new workers. "t.:aludH FERA worll: Nltet and IIPA u4 other Works Program Joba. g LOMG-?BiM UMBMPLOTBD 116 table 0-11.- JIJI, It DID C. UJl8 or WT DJULII .JICII .DD au& Date of loH ot 1an replar job ApSJIJNn Jim, totlalb 11-1, 20-M 21-2, 1111, or 1,11-2, 1921-28 lt2T-Z8 lt2t-a0 ltal-a2 19SI-H Nrli•r 11.898 1 " 0 0 0 0 0 0 718 1,2u 1,862 1,921 1,11, 10-M aa-a, 60-6' 61-49 1,829 1,111 10-M 16-19 80-M 81 or Oftr Me41a 'fnal ac• '21 HT 0 0 1 0 0 to.le I m • - • 11ota1b 1.112 11-19 Z0-2' Z&-29 10-H 11-19 60-6' 61-49 10-M 16-19 80-M 86 or Oftr Me41a age " 1,1 2117 SO& 282 212 181 111 61 .,., N 0 0 0 0 8 8 z '' 11 11 1Z 10 12 8 1Z 11 12 8 ...', 12 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 ' 18 12 1 1 I 2 0 0 8 I 1 1 1 n.ac I ae.o 1.101 4.9M 1.010 0 I ZI II 10 1' I N 281 21 281 Ml SH tu t08 108 "81 127 At 818 m "' "' 129 219 111 618 HT " 112 491 11011 llCI 81 81 II '°·' '" ST.Z 10 10 266 u., 8' 267 0 0 1Z 9 2 8 0 8 8 17 1, 1 11 ' as., 0 1 '26 n ST 2 1 1& 16 "'·' "·' 17 17 ' ,n ' 1 2 9 67 81 ""' 82 615 II 81 81 21 21 '1 11 88 111 H 111 101 lH 111 81 Tl 18 1 11 20 2 0 ' 12 1S 0 SI.I H.8 ' H.I ' 1 H.1 • • i i u ot lut bll"tbdq prior 1lo date of Wtlal Nglatn.tlcm. 'biz.,11111.. 1,808 Mil ad 811 not Nport!Dg date ot loH ot lut Ngular job, 6 MD not nport!Dg age am date ot loe1 ot lut regular job, am 112 MD am 108 who ....,. n• wollk•N• 01t ae41an i i oaapatecl on all nport!Dg age (1Dolu41Dg tboM noted 121 ttn. b) lt i i 60.2 tor Mil ad a&.s tor - • It ae41an 11 oomputecl tor prrriC111l17 aploJ'ld C11117, lt 11 tor Mil am 18.0 t o r - • '°•' '-e41a not oaloulate4 tor t - r than 25 ou••. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google WP.A. NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT Reports issued to date Studies in Production, Productivity, and Elaployment-Cont,n~•d Mining E-2 Slllllll-Scale Placer Klnea as a source or Gold, E•plo;rment, and L1vellhood ln 1G36 (01J,t of print) £•4 E11Plo:,iaent and Related Statlst1cs or K1nes and Quarr1es, 1936: coal E-7 Technology, Emplo1111ent, and output per Han 1n Phosphate-Rock H1nlng, 1880-le:57 E-8 Changes ln Technology and Labor Requlrements 1n the Crushed-Stone Induatry E-9 Kechanlzatlon, Eaplo7111ent, and output per Han 1n Bltualnoua-Coal K1nlng (in t,f"us) E-10 Tecbnolou, Eaplo711ent, and output per Han 1n Petroleum and Natural-Gas Product1on ,,n press) Agriculture Changes 1n Technology and Labor Requlrements 1n Crop Product1on: A-1 Sugar Beets A-4 Potatoes A-5 corn A-7 Cotton A-10 Wheat and oats A-6 Trends tn Stze and Product ton or the Aggregate Far111 Enterprtse, 1909-36 A-B Trends ln Emplo7111ent ln Agr1culture, 1909-36 (o,.t of twint) Studies of Effects of Industrial Change on Labor Markets P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 P-5 P-e P-7 P-B L-1 L-2 L-3 L-4 L-5 L-6 Recent Trends ln Employment and unemployment ln Phlladelphla The Labor Force or the Phlladelphla Radlo Industry 1n 1936 Emplo7111ent anct Unemployment ln Phlladelphla 1n 1936 and 1937 (in two parts) Ten Tears or work Experience or Ph1ladelph1a weavers and Loom F1xers Ten Years or work Experlence or Ph1ladelphla Hachinists Reemployment or Philadelphia . Hosiery WorKers Arter Shut-downs in 1933-34 The Search tor Work 1n Ph1la<lelph1a, 1932-36 The Long-Tenn Unemployed in Philadelph1a in 1936 Clgar Makers-Arter the Lay-orr Decasua11zation or Longshore Work tn San Francisco Employment Experience or Paterson Broad-Bllk Workers, 1926-36 Selective Factors ln an Expanding Labor Market: Lancaster, Pa, Labor and the Decline o·r the Amoskeag Textile Hllls (in press) Changes in Hachlnery and Job Requirements ln Hlnnesota Hanutacturlng, 1931-36 L-7 Farm-C1ty Hlgriitlon and Industry's Labor Reserve (in press) Requests for copies of those reports should be addressed to: Publlcatlons Section, Division of Information Work Projects Administration Wash I ngton, 0. C, Digitized by Google /'
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