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LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS ON GSE REFORM

HEARING
BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON CAPITAL MARKETS,
INSURANCE, AND GOVERNMENT
SPONSORED ENTERPRISES
OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION

MARCH 12, 2007

Printed for the use of the Committee on Financial Services

Serial No. 110–12

(
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON

35–404 PDF

:

2007

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800
Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001

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HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES
BARNEY FRANK, Massachusetts, Chairman
PAUL E. KANJORSKI, Pennsylvania
MAXINE WATERS, California
CAROLYN B. MALONEY, New York
LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois
NYDIA M. VELÁZQUEZ, New York
MELVIN L. WATT, North Carolina
GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York
JULIA CARSON, Indiana
BRAD SHERMAN, California
GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York
DENNIS MOORE, Kansas
MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, Massachusetts
RUBÉN HINOJOSA, Texas
WM. LACY CLAY, Missouri
CAROLYN MCCARTHY, New York
JOE BACA, California
STEPHEN F. LYNCH, Massachusetts
BRAD MILLER, North Carolina
DAVID SCOTT, Georgia
AL GREEN, Texas
EMANUEL CLEAVER, Missouri
MELISSA L. BEAN, Illinois
GWEN MOORE, Wisconsin,
LINCOLN DAVIS, Tennessee
ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey
PAUL W. HODES, New Hampshire
KEITH ELLISON, Minnesota
RON KLEIN, Florida
TIM MAHONEY, Florida
CHARLES A. WILSON, Ohio
ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado
CHRISTOPHER S. MURPHY, Connecticut
JOE DONNELLY, Indiana
ROBERT WEXLER, Florida
JIM MARSHALL, Georgia
DAN BOREN, Oklahoma

SPENCER BACHUS, Alabama
RICHARD H. BAKER, Louisiana
DEBORAH PRYCE, Ohio
MICHAEL N. CASTLE, Delaware
PETER T. KING, New York
EDWARD R. ROYCE, California
FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma
RON PAUL, Texas
PAUL E. GILLMOR, Ohio
STEVEN C. LATOURETTE, Ohio
DONALD A. MANZULLO, Illinois
WALTER B. JONES, JR., North Carolina
JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois
CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, Connecticut
GARY G. MILLER, California
SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West Virginia
TOM FEENEY, Florida
JEB HENSARLING, Texas
SCOTT GARRETT, New Jersey
GINNY BROWN-WAITE, Florida
J. GRESHAM BARRETT, South Carolina
RICK RENZI, Arizona
JIM GERLACH, Pennsylvania
STEVAN PEARCE, New Mexico
RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas
TOM PRICE, Georgia
GEOFF DAVIS, Kentucky
PATRICK T. MCHENRY, North Carolina
JOHN CAMPBELL, California
ADAM PUTNAM, Florida
MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee
MICHELE BACHMANN, Minnesota
PETER J. ROSKAM, Illinois

JEANNE M. ROSLANOWICK, Staff Director and Chief Counsel

(II)

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SUBCOMMITTEE

CAPITAL MARKETS, INSURANCE,
ENTERPRISES

ON

AND

GOVERNMENT SPONSORED

PAUL E. KANJORSKI, Pennsylvania, Chairman
GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York
BRAD SHERMAN, California
GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York
DENNIS MOORE, Kansas
MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, Massachusetts
RUBÉN HINOJOSA, Texas
CAROLYN MCCARTHY, New York
JOE BACA, California
STEPHEN F. LYNCH, Massachusetts
BRAD MILLER, North Carolina
DAVID SCOTT, Georgia
NYDIA M. VELÁZQUEZ, New York
MELISSA L. BEAN, Illinois
GWEN MOORE, Wisconsin,
LINCOLN DAVIS, Tennessee
ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey
PAUL W. HODES, New Hampshire
RON KLEIN, Florida
TIM MAHONEY, Florida
ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado
CHRISTOPHER S. MURPHY, Connecticut
JOE DONNELLY, Indiana
ROBERT WEXLER, Florida
JIM MARSHALL, Georgia
DAN BOREN, Oklahoma

DEBORAH PRYCE, Ohio
RICK RENZI, Arizona
RICHARD H. BAKER, Louisiana
CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, Connecticut
PAUL E. GILLMOR, Ohio
MICHAEL N. CASTLE, Delaware
PETER T. KING, New York
FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma
DONALD A. MANZULLO, Illinois
EDWARD R. ROYCE, California
SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West Virginia
ADAM PUTNAM, Florida
J. GRESHAM BARRETT, South Carolina
BLACKBURN, MARSHA, Tennessee
GINNY BROWN-WAITE, Florida
TOM FEENEY, Florida
SCOTT GARRETT, New Jersey
JIM GERLACH, Pennsylvania
JEB HENSARLING, Texas
GEOFF DAVIS, Kentucky
JOHN CAMPBELL, California
MICHELE BACHMANN, Minnesota
PETER J. ROSKAM, Illinois

(III)

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CONTENTS
Page

Hearing held on:
March 12, 2007 .................................................................................................
Appendix:
March 12, 2007 .................................................................................................

1
43

WITNESSES
MONDAY, MARCH 12, 2007
Connelly, Arthur R., Chairman & CEO, South Shore Savings Bank, on behalf
of America’s Community Bankers ......................................................................
Menzies, Michael, President/Chief Executive Officer, Easton Bank and Trust
Company, on behalf of the Independent Community Bankers of America .....
Petrou, Karen Shaw, Managing Partner, Federal Financial Analysts, Inc. .......
Price, John R., President and Chief Executive Officer, Federal Home Loan
Bank of Pittsburgh, on behalf of The Council of Federal Home Loan Banks .
Robbins, John M., CMB, Chairman, Mortgage Bankers Association ..................
Stern, Scott, Chief Executive Officer, Lenders One, Chairman, National Alliance of Independent Mortgage Bankers .............................................................
Stevens, Thomas M., 2007 Immediate Past President, National Association
of Realtors .............................................................................................................

10
11
13
4
9
15
7

APPENDIX
Prepared statements:
Bachus, Hon. Spencer ......................................................................................
Kanjorski, Hon. Paul E. ...................................................................................
Connelly, Arthur R. ..........................................................................................
Menzies, Michael ..............................................................................................
Petrou, Karen Shaw .........................................................................................
Price, John R. ....................................................................................................
Robbins, John M. ..............................................................................................
Stevens, Thomas M. .........................................................................................
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL SUBMITTED
Kanjorksi, Hon. Paul
Statement of the
Statement of the
Statement of the
Statement of the
Statement of the

FOR THE

44
46
48
57
69
76
93
115

RECORD

E.:
American Bankers Association ..........................................
Asian Real Estate Association of America ........................
National Association of Federal Credit Unions ................
National League of Cities ...................................................
Pennsylvania Bankers Association ....................................

125
131
134
137
139

(V)

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LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS ON GSE REFORM
Monday, March 12, 2007

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
SUBCOMMITTEE ON CAPITAL MARKETS,
INSURANCE, AND GOVERNMENT
SPONSORED ENTERPRISES,
COMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES,
Washington, D.C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:03 p.m., in room
2128, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Paul E. Kanjorski
[chairman of the subcommittee] presiding.
Present: Representatives Kanjorski, Moore of Kansas, Lynch,
Klein, Perlmutter, Murphy, Donnelly; Renzi, Baker, and Garrett.
Also present: Representative Maloney.
Chairman KANJORSKI. This hearing of the Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored Enterprises
will come to order.
We have opening statements, and I will take the opportunity to
put my opening statement in the record. We will have two, and
then if there are any additional statements, we will have them.
We meet this afternoon to examine, once again, how best to regulate the housing government-sponsored enterprises, or GSEs. The
debate on GSEs regulatory reform began 7 years ago this month,
in 2000, when we held a hearing on H.R. 3703, the Housing Finance Regulatory Improvement Act. In every session of Congress
since then, the House has had at least one regulatory reform bill
under consideration. The Financial Services Committee has also
held dozens of hearings on these matters over the years, and we
have heard from scores of witnesses.
These hearings, as well as external events, like the financial reporting problems at the GSEs, have led us to develop a growing
consensus on GSE regulatory reform.
In the last Congress, we considered H.R. 1461, the Federal Housing Finance Reform Act, and it was approved by a vote of 330 to
91. Because this bill did not become law, we are returning to these
important matters today.
The housing GSEs play vitally important roles in our Nation’s
housing finance system. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac presently
guarantee about $3 trillion in mortgage-backed securities. The Federal Home Loan Banks also have more than 8,100 members, possess in excess of $1 trillion in assets, and hold about $100 billion
in mortgage loans.
As we have long said, we need to have strong, independent, and
world class GSE regulation to oversee these sizeable institutions.
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Such a regulatory system will promote confidence in the GSEs, protect a continued viability of our capital markets, ensure taxpayers
against systemic risk, and expand housing opportunities. An appropriate regulatory system, like the bill we passed in the 109th Congress, should adhere to several key principles.
For example, the regulator must have a funding stream, separate
and apart from the annual appropriations process. In order to be
credible and effective, the regulator must additionally have genuine
independence from the political system. Such independence must
consist of complete autonomy from the enterprises, include sufficient protection from outside special interests, and provide for substantial insulation from political interference.
A strong regulator must further have robust supervisory and enforcement powers. In this regard, many have suggested that we
should model GSEs safety and soundness regulation on that of
other financial institutions. I agree with this sensible concept.
In fact, the general goal of our longstanding regulatory reform
debates has been to make GSE supervision more bank-like. Any
safety and soundness regulator for the housing GSEs needs to have
enforcement powers on par with other Federal banking regulators.
As we proceed in the coming weeks, I also hope that we will continue to remember why we created these public/private entities. We
created GSEs to help make credit available to finance home purchases, because the private market was not effectively meeting
credit needs.
Beyond ensuring that the GSEs can continue to fulfill their missions, we must maintain a public voice on their boards. Public participation on these boards helps to focus the GSEs on their missions. Beyond working to improve GSE regulatory oversight, we
should also look at the upcoming legislative debates as an opportunity to update the statutory mission of the Federal Home Loan
Bank system, and to reflect what it actually does now.
In 1999, I worked with then-Chairman Baker, to allow the Federal Home Loan Banks to provide liquidity to community financial
institutions for the purposes of serving small farms, small businesses, and small agri-business customers. In its bill in the last
Congress, the Senate Banking Committee had language that would
have explicitly added such economic development activities to the
mission of the Federal Home Loan Banks. This idea has merit, and
we ought to consider it in this chamber.
In sum, in developing any enhanced GSE regulatory system, we
should perform deliberate surgery. We should abstain from considering radical proposals that would undermine their charters. We
should also take appropriate steps to improve their mission and
performance, in addition to providing for strong, independent, and
world-class GSEs.
And now, Mr. Renzi.
Mr. RENZI. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you, witnesses, for
coming all the way today, and members, for joining us. I am filling
in for Ranking Member Pryce this afternoon, who could not be
here, as we move forward with the examination of H.R. 1427,
which was introduced by Chairman Frank, along with Congressmen Baker, Miller, and Watt last Friday.

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As you know, the House Financial Services Committee and this
subcommittee spent countless hours studying the issue of GSE reform over the years, and the House passed comprehensive GSE legislation in the last Congress, but the bill was not taken up by the
Senate.
This hearing is the first of two hearings on this bill scheduled
for this week, and Chairman Frank has expressed a willingness to
move quickly on this legislation. Therefore, I am eager to hear from
many of my colleagues on our panel today on their opinions of this
new bill, most notably the changes between last year’s piece of legislation and this year’s proposed new legislation.
I believe there is certainly a need for a regulator over Fannie
Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Bank, to supervise
both the safety and the soundness of the mission compliance of the
GSEs. As we move forward, we must be careful not to negatively
impact the housing market, and I really look forward to hearing
the substance of your arguments, in particular, on that issue.
The bill we are discussing today is different from last year’s proposal in many ways, most notably that the affordable housing fund
that would be established would be funded by dedicating hundreds
of millions of dollars for the construction of affordable housing.
This fund would be established by using a formula based on portfolios of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, rather than profits of
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
Additionally, the bill would change the structure of the regulatory board to eliminate independent board members, and would
also allow regulators to increase minimum capital standards if unsafe or unsound conditions exist. I look forward to the opinions of
the witnesses, and to my colleagues today, and I thank you, Mr.
Chairman, for calling the hearing.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Mr. Lynch, do you have an opening statement?
Mr. LYNCH. Mr. Chairman, in the interest of time, I have a written statement that I ask unanimous consent to submit for the
record.
The only thing I would like to do at this time is to thank the
panelists for their attendance, and for working with us, and helping the committee do its work.
We went down this road last year, with H.R. 1461, and I think
we had not unanimity, but certainly consensus, about the better
parts of that legislation. I am interested, as Mr. Renzi pointed out,
in any differences between what we did last year, and some of the
changes that might be warranted, especially in light of the problems that we are seeing in the subprime market lately.
And so, I will reserve my time for questions. Thank you, Mr.
Chairman. I yield back.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Without objection, all members’ opening
statements will be made a part of the record. No objection. So ordered.
The gentleman from New Jersey.
Mr. GARRETT. Again, also, in the interest of time, to move forward, I just got here from New Jersey specifically for this hearing,
and I look forward to your testimony.

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I share Mr. Baker’s concerns, as he has expressed over the years,
with the performance of the GSEs and their finances and their
transparencies. I also share the concerns that I expressed last year,
when we passed the legislation out of this committee, with regard
to the housing fund, and how that would have a negative impact
upon the housing marketplace. And in light of the subprime market’s concerns, I am wondering how that will all flesh out, as well,
whether what we may be doing here today is exacerbating that
problem.
As we only saw this bill drop in—as Mr. Renzi indicated—on Friday, I am still in the process of reviewing it, as well. I am pleased
to see that there may be some additional safeguards, with regard
to the portfolio limitations, something that Treasury, I know, was
looking for, and I was, as well. So I will be looking forward to the
panel’s discussion on those ends, as well.
But thank you, Mr. Chairman, on the point of the hearing today.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you. Our panel today consists of
seven individuals: Mr. John R. Price, president and chief executive
officer of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh; Mr. Thomas
M. Stevens, immediate past president of the National Association
of Realtors; Mr. John M. Robbins, chairman of the Mortgage Bankers Association; Mr. Arthur R. Connelly, chairman, South Shores
Savings Bank; Mr. Michael Menzies, president and chief executive
officer of Easton Bank and Trust Company; Ms. Karen Shaw
Petrou, managing partner, Federal Financial Analysts, Incorporated; and Mr. Scott Stern, chief executive officer, Lenders One,
and chairman, National Alliance of Independent Mortgage Bankers.
Oh, I’m sorry. Mr. Perlmutter, do you have an opening statement?
Mr. PERLMUTTER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. When you’re down
here about four levels, it’s hard to see. I’m not the biggest guy in
the room, either.
Chairman KANJORSKI. It takes a little while, but you will get up
here.
[Laughter]
Mr. PERLMUTTER. No, I just appreciate the panel’s being here.
I’m sorry we didn’t have more of our colleagues here to listen to
this testimony. I am a freshman, so I am just here to listen and
learn. I have had experience with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
when I was in the private sector, and I am just interested in your
testimony today. Thank you.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Well, thank you. Mr. Price.
STATEMENT OF JOHN R. PRICE, PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK OF PITTSBURGH, ON BEHALF OF THE COUNCIL OF FEDERAL HOME
LOAN BANKS

Mr. PRICE. Thank you. Chairman Kanjorski, Mr. Renzi, and
other subcommittee members, I am John R. Price, president and
CEO of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh, and I am appearing today on behalf of the Council of Federal Home Loan
Banks.

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One of the 12 Home Loan Banks, Pittsburgh helps 334 member
financial institutions meet the housing and community and economic development credit needs throughout Pennsylvania, Delaware, and West Virginia, just as our 11 sisters do, providing services to 8,100 member banks and financial institutions across the
country.
At year end last year, we had assets of $77 billion at the Pittsburgh bank, and the system had, as the chairman mentioned, $1
trillion, on a consolidated basis, in assets.
We are cooperatives. We are not a listed company. And as cooperatives, we are active partners with our members, as they serve
individual consumers, affordable housing providers, homebuilders,
small businesses, and local governments around their markets.
Some of the results of this partnership include: one, helping a
first-time low-income home buyer achieve ownership through downpayment or closing cost financing, which we call ‘‘first front door’’;
two, assisting thousands of families through the affordable housing
program—more on that later; three, providing thousands of jobs at
hundreds of small businesses through our banking on business program; and four, helping communities meet pressing infrastructure
needs, such as water treatment repairs, through our community
lending program.
As you approach the legislation here today, it is important to ask
why the Home Loan Banks are so important to the Nation’s economy, and why it is so important to ensure that the new regulatory
structure enable, and not impede, our mission achievement.
Member institutions use the Home Loan Banks’ loans—we call
them advances—to meet the housing community and economic development lending needs in their local markets. Home Loan Bank
advances are, in fact, the only capital market access for many
Home Loan Bank members.
The Home Loan Banks’ mortgage purchase programs also provide members, particularly smaller-sized institutions, a desirable
secondary market alternative, and are a very important part of our
mission to provide liquidity. These programs have allowed many of
our smaller members to offer 30-year fixed rate mortgage products
for the first time.
The Home Loan Banks also represent the single largest private
sector source of grants supporting low-income housing. Home Loan
Bank members utilize the AHP, the affordable housing program, to
help low-income families obtain housing, and have been awarded
over $2.5 billion to create more than half-a-million—520,000—affordable housing units since 1990.
A key strength of this affordable housing program is its flexibility to adapt to differing community needs across the country.
Unlike some other programs, AHP funds can be used for both housing rehab and new construction, and can be used to augment other
sources of funding, by filling in gaps.
And, Mr. Chairman, knowing of your personal and strong interest in, and your leadership around Home Loan Bank efforts to support community development as integral to our mission, I wanted
to highlight what the Pittsburgh Bank is doing in that regard.
These brief Pittsburgh examples are reflected in what the other
Home Loan Banks do in their geographies.

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Banking on Business, or BOB, as we call it, helps eligible small
businesses with start-up and expansion costs. It is financing—this
is a slice of financing that really enables a small business to be
creditworthy for regular banking. Since 2000, more than $27.5 million in BOB funding in our Pittsburgh geography has created or retained over 3,800 jobs.
Just simple examples of the businesses include: the Grace Dental
Practice in Cabin Creek, West Virginia; Nazar Diesel, in Jessup,
Pennsylvania, a diesel engine repair business; and many others
like them. This year we will be putting into the pot some $7 million
in new funds for these new small businesses.
Then we have our community lending program, an $825 million
revolving loan pool that offers loans to our member financial institutions for lending for community and economic development
projects. A Pittsburgh member bank, for example, recently used
CLP, community lending, to help three northeastern Pennsylvania—does that have a certain ring to it—three northeastern
Pennsylvania municipalities upgrade their public water and sewer
systems with $8 million in flexible low-interest financing.
Systemwide, the Home Loan Banks have used these programs to
provide over $44 billion, financing over 600,000 housing units, and
thousands of economic development projects throughout the country.
In another take on economic and community development, working with the Governor of Pennsylvania and with the Brookings Institution, the Pittsburgh Bank developed something called ‘‘Blueprint Communities Program,’’ in cooperation with multiple partners. It’s a neighborhood revitalization initiative that was launched
2 years ago.
The program, at first, involved 22 urban and rural communities
across Pennsylvania, and is expanding to Delaware next year. In
West Virginia, the program was announced by Governor Joe
Manchin this morning.
Home Loan Bank letters of credit can be used to help members
improve the credit rating for tax-exempt housing bonds, taxable
community lending, and public finance transactions. Additionally,
they can be used by our Home Loan Bank members to secure municipal deposits.
I would like to mention important tax legislation, which would
allow Home Loan Bank member banks to assist their municipalities’ non-profit care outfits, and institutions of higher learning. The
bill adds Home Loan Banks to the list of GSEs that can credit-enhance tax-exempt bonds, without triggering the loss of the bond’s
tax-exempt character. Introduced last Congress as H.R. 5177 by
Ways and Means members Phil English and Sander Levin, it has
not yet been introduced in this Congress. I would like to thank you,
Mr. Chairman, and many of the committee members, including
Congresswoman Pryce, Congressman Bachus, and others, for their
strong support for this legislation, and we look forward to working
with you this Congress.
Several current issues command our attention here today. On appointed directors for the Home Loan Banks, the Council had been
very concerned about the lack of appointments, and is pleased that
the finance board recently issued an interim final rule establishing

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a process for selecting and appointing directors. Currently, the
boards of each of the 12 Home Loan Banks are actively engaged
in the process of identifying and nominating candidates for these
appointive directorships.
Concerning the pending GSE legislation, the Council believes it
is important to resolve the uncertainty, the existing legislative uncertainty. You said that we have been 7 years at the table. It would
be good to get resolution, and we support your efforts to create a
strong, independent regulator for the housing GSEs.
We hope this legislation will preserve the mission of the Home
Loan Banks, our regulators’ independence, the system’s access to
capital markets, and the system’s unique regional cooperative
structure.
We also support the provisions in the legislation that increase
the size of community financial institutions, and expand the eligible collateral to include economic development assets.
We are concerned about the inclusion of the Home Loan Banks
under the deputy director proposed of FHFA for housing mission.
Combining the housing mission oversight of the home loans and
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac does not reflect the unique benefits
of each, and may inadvertently create homogenized regulation and
programs.
Just as Home Loan Bank corporate operations and business models are really different from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, since we
work through our members, the Home Loan Banks’ affordable
housing and community investment programs are different.
Mr. Chairman, thank you for the chance to address the subcommittee on these important matters, and I will be delighted to
take your questions at the appropriate time.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Price can be found on page 76
of the appendix.]
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you very much, Mr. Price. The next
witness will be Mr. Stevens, the immediate past president of the
National Association of Realtors.
Mr. Stevens.
STATEMENT OF THOMAS M. STEVENS, IMMEDIATE PAST
PRESIDENT, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS

Mr. STEVENS. Chairman Kanjorski, Representative Renzi, and
members of the subcommittee, thank you for inviting me here
today to testify on the important issue of government-sponsored enterprises regulatory reform.
As the 2007 immediate past president of the National Association of Realtors, and former president of Coldwell Banker Stevens
Realtors, I am here today on behalf of our 1.3 million Realtors who
work in all fields of commercial and residential real estate.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are our partners in the real estate
industry, so keeping them strong and sound is in everyone’s interest. With that in mind, Realtors have six recommendations that we
believe should be considered in any legislative proposals to reform
GSE oversight.
First, the GSEs need a strong regulator and sound corporate governance. Regulatory oversight of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the
Federal Home Loan Bank should be transferred to a new regulator

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which has the authority to set capital standards, liquidate a financially unstable enterprise, and approve new programs and products. The regulators should also understand and support the GSEs’
vital housing finance mission and the role housing plays in supporting our national economy.
Realtors also support legislative efforts to strengthen the governance of the Federal Home Loan Banks, by raising the number of
independent directors, adding community and economic development expertise, and allowing appointed independent directors to
continue their service until a successor is in place.
Second, the GSEs’ vital housing mission should be preserved and
protected. This mission ensures that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
provide capital to the market during downturns, and use their Federal ties to facilitate mortgage finance, and support homeownership
opportunities. The GSEs’ housing mission is vital to the continued
success of the housing market. Realtors will oppose legislative proposals which diminish that.
Third, the GSEs must be able to develop new products and programs that respond to market needs. The standards for approving
new products and programs should be those contained in the Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act, and the Federal
Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Act. We support requiring the
GSEs to provide notice to the regulator, so that adequate safety,
soundness, and mission review can be accomplished.
We oppose requirements that could unduly delay or prevent the
GSEs from developing new programs and products that support
their missions.
Fourth, there should be no overly restrictive bright line test that
explicitly limits the GSEs’ role in the secondary market, strictly defined. Realtors believe such a test would seriously hinder important
mission-related consumer outreach activities now supported by the
GSEs, such as home buyer education.
Fifth, portfolio limits should be regulated, and not legislated. The
GSEs’ retained portfolios help support affordable housing programs, and also help provide financing for low-income borrowers.
For example, Freddie Mac reports that approximately 300 million
of the mortgages in the retained portfolio qualify under their affordable housing goals. We believe the best way to ensure safety is
for a strong regulator to limit portfolio risk, and moderate portfolio
growth, when appropriate.
Finally, Realtors support increasing the conforming loan limits
for high-cost areas, and we would like to thank Chairman Frank
and Representative Miller for their support on this important
issue, and for including the Miller amendment language in H.R.
1427.
While the 2007 national cap of $417,000 exceeds the local median
for the vast majority of housing markets, it is considerably below
the local median in a few high-cost metropolitan areas. Regional
adjustments will help more low- and moderate-income working
families in high-cost areas qualify for conforming GSE loans. They
will also expand access to FHA and VA mortgages, since those limits are tied to the conforming ceiling, and give homebuyers access
to safer mortgages.

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Realtors applaud the committee’s current efforts to build a more
robust GSE regulatory structure. Targeted reform should strengthen our housing financing system. It should not become a reason or
justification for rewriting the GSEs’ housing mission, or weakening
the housing finance system.
Realtors look forward to working with Congress to enact meaningful GSE legislation, and I am happy to answer any questions.
Thank you.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Stevens can be found on page
115 of the appendix.]
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you very much, Mr. Stevens. The
next witness will be Mr. John Robbins, chairman of the Mortgage
Bankers Association.
Mr. Robbins.
STATEMENT OF JOHN M. ROBBINS, CMB, CHAIRMAN,
MORTGAGE BANKERS ASSOCIATION

Mr. ROBBINS. Thank you, Chairman Kanjorski, for the opportunity to testify today.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the GSEs, are critically important
to modern mortgage financing, and the MBA supports the role the
GSEs play in maintaining and improving liquidity and stability in
the secondary mortgage market. Therefore, MBA has long advocated GSE regulatory reform, to ensure that they are operating in
a safe and sound manner, engaging only in activities that are consistent with their charter purposes, and are subject to reasonable
affordable housing goals that do not distort the market.
My written statement is comprehensive, so I will only touch on
a few highlights here today. There seems to be general agreement
on the fundamental tools that the new regulator will need. MBA
is particularly interested in the powers of the regulator related to
the review and approval of GSE activities, ongoing and new.
Today, it is unclear whether certain current GSE activities are
actually permitted. The new regulator needs sufficient authority to
solve this problem. MBA has reviewed the recently introduced bill,
H.R. 1427. We believe that the product approval language heads in
the right direction to satisfy some of these concerns, and we strongly oppose any effort to weaken it.
We particularly support the no limitation clause at the end of
this section on powers to review new and existing products or activities. This is essential authority for a world class financial regulator.
We appreciate that H.R. 1427 calculates the size of the contribution to the affordable housing fund on the GSEs’ portfolio, rather
than on net income. This approach would make it more difficult for
the GSEs to pass the cost of their contribution on to mortgage lenders and consumers. It would also tie a benefit of government sponsorship, the lower capital cost, to the GSEs’ affordable housing contributions.
Various proposals have been offered to regulate the GSEs’ investment portfolios, and we are pleased with the progress H.R. 1427
makes in this area. MBA maintains that the GSEs’ portfolios are
an important part of their ability to help stabilize mortgage markets, and encourage affordable housing.

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Because markets are dynamic, the GSEs need flexibility to adjust
their portfolios to changing conditions and marketplace needs.
MBA does not believe there is a need to expand the definition of
high-cost areas under the GSE charters, and we respectfully ask
the committee to consider the points in our written testimony.
Jumbo loan borrowers are well served by the private sector, and
there is no lack of liquidity in the primary or secondary market for
these borrowers. We note that H.R. 1427 requires the registration
of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac stock, but not mortgage-backed securities, and we are supporters of that approach.
Finally, Congress should strengthen both the secondary mortgage market and the Federal Home Loan Banks, by expressly affirming in H.R. 1427, that the Banks are authorized to securitize
loans. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I look forward to your questions.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Robbins can be found on page 93
of the appendix.]
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you very much, Mr. Robbins. The
next witness will be Mr. Arthur R. Connelly, chairman of South
Shore Savings Bank.
Mr. Connelly.
STATEMENT OF ARTHUR R. CONNELLY, CHAIRMAN & CEO,
SOUTH SHORE SAVINGS BANK, ON BEHALF OF AMERICA’S
COMMUNITY BANKERS

Mr. CONNELLY. Good afternoon, Chairman Kanjorski, Representative Renzi, and members of the subcommittee. If I might add, I
would be remiss if I didn’t recognize one of South Boston’s own,
Congressman Lynch, this week of March 17th.
My name is Arthur Connelly, and I am chairman and CEO of
South Shore Bank Corp., MHC. I am also first vice chairman of
America’s Community Bankers, and I am testifying today on behalf
of ACB.
From the outset, I would like to point out that the committee’s
GSE discussion draft bill is 331 pages, yet only 25 pages pertain
to the Federal Home Loan Bank system. We believe this illustrates
the effectiveness of a good system that is running well.
Regulations of the Federal Home Loan Bank system can be improved within the framework of a single consolidated GSE regulator, but only if adequate safeguards are provided to recognize and
maintain the unique cooperative characteristics of the system.
Community banks have a rich history of superior performance in
lending to minority and low-income borrowers, as well as first-time
homebuyers. The affordable housing program of the Federal Home
Loan Banks supports this business with advances and programs.
These activities would not be possible without access to advances.
The creation and availability of the Federal Home Loan Bank products, such as advances, are critical to the Federal Home Loan Bank
system’s ability to evolve and meet the specific needs of our communities.
We believe that any meaningful reform legislation must create a
new, independent regulator with the authority to strictly prevent
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac from entering the primary market.
It must also possess the regulatory and supervisory authorities

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equivalent to that of the Federal banking regulators, including the
authority to adjust portfolio holdings and capital requirements for
safety and soundness.
The independence of the Federal regulator is also a crucial element. A structure that provides autonomy from the congressional
appropriation process is essential. Most importantly, the unique cooperative structure of the Federal Home Loan Banks must be preserved.
The finance board has powers and authorities similar to those of
the banking regulators in the areas of capital, activities, and supervision. They, too, should be preserved. The success of the Federal
Home Loan Bank affordable housing programs suggest certain
characteristics that should be fostered in similar programs that are
proposed for other GSEs.
America’s Community Bankers strongly recommends that any
newly established AHPs draw heavily from the experiences of the
Federal Home Loan Banks. The design should include private sector lenders, and developers with public and not-for-profit partners,
both at the proposal stage and in project management.
We believe that the composition of the boards of each of the Federal Home Loan Banks is a vital mechanism to ensure that the
governance of the banks is undertaken in an appropriate manner.
Recently, the finance board passed a rule to address the growing
number of vacancies on the Federal Home Loan Bank boards in the
public interest director category. The rule called for Federal Home
Loan Banks to provide two candidates for each public interest director vacancy on the board.
It is our preference that the boards be populated through an election, rather than an appointment process. There is no regulator
who knows the strengths and weaknesses of the boards better than
the Banks themselves. Even the current chairman of the finance
board agrees, and has stated repeatedly that the regulator should
not be in the position to appoint the regulated.
Again, I wish to express my appreciation for the opportunity to
testify on this important issue. The bright issue of the Federal
Home Loan Banks and a strong, well-regulated secondary market,
is a necessity to the day-to-day operations of many of our community banks, including South Shore Savings Bank, and the communities that we serve.
I look forward to working with you, Mr. Chairman, and the members of the subcommittee, as the legislative process continues.
Thank you.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Connelly can be found on page
48 of the appendix.]
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you, Mr. Connelly. Our next witness will be Mr. Michael Menzies, president and chief executive officer of the Easton Bank and Trust Company.
STATEMENT OF MICHAEL MENZIES, PRESIDENT/CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, EASTON BANK AND TRUST COMPANY, ON
BEHALF OF THE INDEPENDENT COMMUNITY BANKERS OF
AMERICA

Mr. MENZIES. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Representative Renzi,
and members of the committee. I am Mike Menzies, president of

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Easton Bank and Trust, from downtown Easton Maryland, the
Goose Capital of the World.
We are a 14-year-old community bank, with $130 million in assets, and I am pleased, as vice chairman of the Independent Community Bankers of America, to testify on behalf of GSE regulations.
The GSEs are vital to our Nation’s community banks. Over the
last 4 years, our bank has originated over $103 million in mortgages sold in the secondary market. We have a $20 million line of
credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta, and we use
that for liquidity and asset liability management, match funding of
small business loans, and to meet the community develop needs of
our region.
Though very different in key respects, all three of the GSEs provide community banks with critical access to capital markets. We
can offer the same home mortgage products to our customers that
the largest firms offer to theirs.
ICBA supported the GSE reform legislation that cleared the
House last year by a strong bipartisan vote. That bill created a
world class independent regulator, recognized the unique structure
and mission of the Federal Home Loan Bank system, and protected
the GSE status of the enterprises.
We urge Congress in the strongest possible terms to reject proposals that claim to improve GSE regulation, but are actually designed to undermine their mission, or pave the way for privatization. There are a variety of ideas that could disrupt the functioning
of the GSEs. One is to impose a cap on their growth or size. Another is to severely restrict the types of mortgage assets that could
be included in their portfolios.
We strongly oppose the placement of arbitrary caps or limits,
without regard to the changing needs of our customers over time.
Statutory limits could compel Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to give
preference to larger volume customers, to the disadvantage of community banks and our customers. Therefore, we oppose granting
the new regulator authority to limit portfolio growth or composition, except where it is truly needed to ensure safety and soundness.
The regulators should not be permitted to use capital levels to
change the Nation’s housing policy. Congress should maintain control over the statutory or minimal capital standards for Fannie
Mae and Freddie Mac, as is currently the case. Otherwise, a new
regulator could be subject to political pressure to use minimum
capital authority to reduce the resources available for housing.
However, the GSE regulator should have the authority, consistent with the current authority of banking regulators, over the
risk-based capital the GSEs must hold to ensure their safety and
soundness. The new regulatory agency must be structured and directed to maintain the cooperative nature, operations, and mission
of the Home Loan Banks.
These cooperatively owned banks are very different from the
publicly-traded housing GSEs. Home Loan Bank advances enable
community banks to make and hold mortgages and other types of
loans in their own portfolios, loans that generally cannot be
securitized.

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In a complementary fashion, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac help
community banks originate mortgages that can be securitized. Congress should not attempt to draw a bright line between primary
and secondary mortgage market activities. Frankly, the workings
of the modern mortgage market are not as tidy as some have suggested.
For example, automated underwriting systems devised by Fannie
Mae and Freddie Mac have been criticized as straying too close to
the line between primary and secondary market activities. However, these systems help community banks to quickly and objectively qualify a customer for a mortgage, and determine if that loan
is saleable. We want to preserve the ability of Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac to innovate to meet the changing needs of community
bankers and our customers.
In the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Congress allowed the Home
Loan Bank members that qualify as community financial institutions to use long-term advances for community development. Not
all the Home Loan Banks have implemented this authority. We
don’t think Congress envisioned this as a result.
Therefore, we urge Congress to clarify that, in addition to housing finance, the mission of the Federal Home Loan Banks includes
this CFI authority. In addition, ICBA strongly supports a provision
in last year’s housing bill to increase the size of institutions eligible
for the CFI program to $1 billion in assets. We agree with you, Mr.
Chairman, that CFI expansion would benefit all.
Since Congress has now debated significant regulatory reforms to
the regulatory oversight of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Banks, it’s a good time to look at the oversight of
another GSE, the farm credit system. This issue is especially important in a year such as this, when Congress is considering renewal of the Farm Bill.
We expect the farm credit system to attempt to expand into nonfarm lending through this legislation. We commend the leadership
of this committee for your letter to the leadership of the Agriculture Committee, highlighting this potential expansion into lending under the Financial Services Committee jurisdiction.
Thanks for the opportunity to share these thoughts with you,
and the views of our Nation’s community bankers. I would be delighted to answer any questions, should you have them.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Menzies can be found on page 57
of the appendix.]
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you, Mr. Menzies. The next witness
will be Ms. Karen Shaw Petrou, managing partner of Federal Financial Analysts, Incorporated.
STATEMENT OF KAREN SHAW PETROU, MANAGING PARTNER,
FEDERAL FINANCIAL ANALYSTS, INC.

Ms. PETROU. Thank you. It is an honor to appear before this subcommittee to discuss the urgent need for GSE reform. I last did so
in June of 2003, shortly after the problems at Freddie Mac became
apparent. I said then that those were deep problems that warranted action to reform the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise
Oversight, or OFHEO, and I worried then that Fannie Mae would

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14
soon follow Freddie Mac, and shows signs of significant internal
control problems, as well.
At that time, those were debatable propositions, and of course,
now, they’re not. This committee has worked very hard, and there
is clear consensus now on the need for world class and bank-like
regulation. The challenge, I think now, is not on the overall need
for the legislation, because that debate has finally ended, but rather, on what constitutes a bank-like world class framework, and
there is still some debate.
H.R. 1461, as passed by the House in the last Congress, was a
significant improvement over current law, with regard to the safety
and soundness governance of all of the housing GSEs. And H.R.
1427, as introduced on Friday, is, I think, a still more sound and
far-reaching piece of legislation.
If I may, I would like to quickly talk about some of the key provisions in the new bill, H.R. 1427, highlighting how they compare to
the powers that the banking agencies have. I would like to focus
quickly on the more controversial issues of capital, new product review, and the portfolio, but also mention several other critical prudential provisions—that were in—H.R. 1461 and are now in H.R.
1427. You all know all too well how things can end up on the cutting room floor in the middle of the night, and some of these provisions that aren’t drawing as much attention are truly critical to a
bank-like, world class regulation. So I would like also, quickly, to
mention them.
On capital, it is, I think, very important to provide, as the legislation would do, the new regulator with flexibility to set minimum
and risk-based capital thresholds. We have given that to the banking agencies, because it is critical that capital rules not only reflect
risk, but also anticipate it.
The capital frameworks for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were
set in 1992, and that for the Home Loan Banks in law in 1999. And
you know all too well the many changes in the markets, now that
very troublesome problems in subprime, but before that, the
growth of derivatives, and many other issues that were not anticipated when the statutes went into the depth they do on the capital
frameworks now in place.
The regulators should be freed, as the banking agencies are, to
set capital appropriate to risk. And, indeed, you may wish to consider creating this same incentive for the GSEs that you have for
the banks, that they not only be adequately capitalized, but also,
in fact, well capitalized, to create a strong bulwark against any call
on the taxpayer.
H.R. 1427 is a significant improvement over the prior approach
to new product review, because it provides for full prior review by
the regulator, and public notice and comment of new GSE ventures.
Congress, when you last looked at this issue—did so in GrammLeach-Bliley in 1999—and you then required the Federal Reserve
and the Treasury to issue public notice and comment of any significant new ventures for financial holding companies. That is how
Congress learned of the proposal to permit real estate agency and
brokerage powers. It is how other interested parties became engaged, and it is the same early warning process that should apply

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to the GSEs, especially in light of their far greater market power
than any single private sector institution would have.
H.R. 1427 has a compromise approach on the portfolio that gives
the regulator considerable discretion, as Chairman Bernanke has
suggested, that this be used to focus on affordable housing. And
certainly, there is a good deal more that could be done to serve underserved borrowers in a safe and sound way by Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac.
Some have suggested that this portfolio limit is not bank-like,
that nothing like that applies to the banks. And I would just like
to mention that, indeed, there are numerous express statutory provisions about what banks may hold, and how much they may hold.
Draw your attention, for example, to the provisions in GrammLeach-Bliley that dealt with holdings of private equity, and the
prohibition against banks holding any form of assets related to
commerce. I know those are the major three controversies. But if
I may, I would like just quickly to mention two other critical provisions in H.R. 1427.
One is in section 102, which details the prudential standards,
rules, orders, or guidance that the new regulator must issue. This
is stronger than the Senate bill, which made it discretionary. It is
important to keep not only the firm directive to the regulator to
issue these standards, but the full list that you have in the legislation, to get a rule book in place as quickly as possible for all of the
GSEs that approximates the standards in place for insured depositories and their holding companies.
Finally, the House bill also has extensive provisions related to
GSE corporate governance, expressly governing Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac. These, too, should be retained because we know from
sad experience the significant problems at these enterprises, and
the lack of market discipline that applies to them.
Any questions about the statutory authority of the regulator to
ensure effective corporate governance at the GSEs should be retained.
I very much appreciate the opportunity to appear here today, and
I would be happy to answer any questions you may have.
[The prepared statement of Ms. Petrou can be found on page 69
of the appendix.]
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you very much, Ms. Petrou. Our
final witness, Mr. Scott Stern, chief executive officer, Lenders One,
and chairman, National Alliance of Independent Mortgage Bankers. I will just add I didn’t believe you were old enough to hold that
role.
[Laughter]
Chairman KANJORSKI. It has been proven to me that you clearly
are a Wharton man. Anybody who is a Wharton man certainly is
qualified.
STATEMENT OF SCOTT STERN, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER,
LENDERS ONE, CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL ALLIANCE OF INDEPENDENT MORTGAGE BANKERS

Mr. STERN. Thank you. Chairman Kanjorski, Representative
Renzi, and members of the subcommittee, my name is Scott Stern,
and I am chief executive officer of Lenders One of St. Louis, Mis-

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16
souri, and chair of the National Alliance of Independent Mortgage
Bankers. We appreciate the opportunity to present our views on
the impact of proposed legislation on the GSEs.
Since this is the first time our group has testified in front of this
committee, let me say a quick word about Lenders One. We are the
Nation’s largest mortgage cooperative. We play a unique role in the
mortgage industry. Much like the agricultural co-ops that enable
family farms to survive in an era of large-scale agri-business, Lenders One permits locally owned mortgage bankers to compete in a
rapidly changing marketplace.
We are owned by 100 shareholder companies who collectively
originate $40 billion annually in mortgages, including low income
and minority lending. We have originated almost 2 million home
loans since 2000. The mission of Lenders One and AIMB very informs our analysis of GSE legislation.
Like everyone at this table, we support a strong regulator with
appropriate powers to regulate the safety and soundness and mission-related activities of the GSEs. Our written testimony outlines
our more specific positions on issues such as portfolio, capital, loan
limits, and program approval. So we will focus today on what we
believe to be the most crucial aspect of the discussion.
If anyone needed to be reminded why Congress created the
GSEs, you need look no further than the front page of the Wall
Street Journal on most any day of the past 4 weeks, or look at
CNBC, where it seems that every 20 minutes or so they run a segment called ‘‘Mortgage Meltdown,’’ a term for which you will find
41,000 hits on Google this afternoon. Or, at this front page headline in yesterday’s New York Times, ‘‘Mortgage Crisis Looms.’’
I don’t personally believe we are approaching a broader mortgage
crisis, but there is clearly a growing perception that we could be
headed in that direction. But my confidence in the Nation’s housing
finance system remains high. Tomorrow, I will go back to St. Louis,
and I and my member companies are going to keep making mortgage loans. Why am I so confident at this time of market uncertainty?
Because even at this time of insecurity about the mortgage markets, I know with complete and utter certainty that if I make a
good loan, I will have a buyer: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. I
can’t make a loan unless I can sell that loan.
You see, that’s the way the mortgage business works. And even
though, in some segments of the market, investors are disappearing faster than an ice cube on a hot summer day in D.C.,
I know Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are going to be there to buy
my loan. That’s why they were created, and that’s the brilliance of
the system set up by your predecessors almost 80 years ago, at the
establishment of Fannie Mae, and the concept of a governmentsponsored secondary market.
While other investors can and do walk away, Fannie Mae has to
be there. Simply put, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the firewall
that safeguards the Nation’s housing finance system, and its borrowers, from market shocks and excessive volatility, by providing
confidence in mortgage capital markets.
I will frankly tell you that the GSEs are not our biggest business
partner for our companies. Really, not even close. But they are,

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17
nonetheless, crucial to me and my members in the housing finance
system. Our confidence that the GSEs will be there at a size and
strength that enables them to keep the market stable, even in volatile conditions, is what makes the system work. To us, keeping the
GSEs at a vigorous scale and strength to safeguard that confidence
is what the debate over a GSE bill is all about.
We support the general approach of H.R. 1427 introduced last
week by Chairman Frank. The bill would create the strong regulator we have all supported. However, we do believe the bill requires certain clarifications to ensure that the new regulator’s
power and authority is never used to diminish the one sector of the
housing finance system best shielded from market uncertainty. You
will find our detailed positions in our written testimony.
Mr. Chairman, we appreciate your leadership on this matter, and
we are grateful for the opportunity to share our views.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you very much, Mr. Stern. Without
objection, the written statements of all the witnesses will be placed
in the record in their full text.
And I have one other unanimous consent to insert into the hearing record statements from: The National Association of Federal
Credit Unions; The National League of Cities; The American Bankers Association; The Pennsylvania Bankers Association; and The
Asian Real Estate Association of America. Without objection, they
will be inserted in full in the record.
I think it would be fair to comment that the seven witnesses, so
far, liked the product as introduced on Friday by Mr. Frank. Is
that a reasonable statement? And we just have a few disagreements, or twitches that should be made or considered?
I want to address myself to Mr. Connelly. I am one of the individuals who has been struggling over the appointment of members
to the board, both to the Federal Home Loan Bank and to Freddie
Mac and Fannie Mae, and your observation that members of the
board should be elected, as opposed to being appointed, interests
me.
I totally agree with that concept, except that the peculiarity of
these organizations, having an outside mission created by the Congress, I feel that there is less likelihood of an incestuous relationship existing if the outside appointees are made, in fact, by the normal members of the regulatory board. They have interests slightly
different, in terms of mission, and whether or not, over a period of
time, particularly the Federal Home Loan Bank system could be
lost in its mission without any way of the Congress or anyone else
correcting the mission, or bringing about or even finding out that
the change of the mission has occurred.
Why do you find it so difficult to have either the nominating
process that is suggested in the bill, or the old process that the regulator make the appointment of the outside directors?
Mr. CONNELLY. Well, Mr. Chairman, first I think that we’re in
a new environment today, coming under SEC registration. It is important that the Federal Home Loan Banks should have the ability
to pick the brightest and the best, and most representative of the
constituencies, the skill set that are required.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Who is the constituency, though, in your
mind?

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Mr. CONNELLY. Well, there is a mission, you know. The mission
is to serve the credit needs, and what not. The cooperative nature
of the system suggests that it is owned by the bank members and
insurance company members. However, we are very mindful of the
mission to provide for the credit needs of our communities that we
serve, as well as the housing mission, the affordable housing program, which we think is a model program.
And it just—under the current proposal, providing several suggestions, which is essentially what this amounts to, doesn’t necessarily guarantee that we get the most qualified people for the
board. And it perhaps dilutes the pool for future appointments, because if you don’t happen to be in the first successful round of people who are selected, you may not be willing to stand for consideration the next time around.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Well, you know, I had a long discussion
with the present regulator on that very issue not too long ago.
Sometimes there is a tendency to define the most qualified as either academically most qualified, business success most qualified.
And of course, the mission involves the involvement with the
community, with economic development and with housing. And
very often, the appointments are not necessarily those that would
be made to private boards, but come from the billing associations,
the Realtors, and average people in the community, to get input on
the mission from those types of people.
On the other hand, the present regulator suggested how nice it
would be if college presidents, for instance, could be put on the
board. I don’t want to denigrate my opinion of college presidents,
but very often I find them captives of the establishment, and the
very point of the mission is to make sure that these entities don’t
become captives of the establishment.
So if you empower the internal board to make the appointment
of the outside board members, their natural inclination will be to
add to the board people more like themselves, who are part of the
establishment. And over a period of time, it seems to me that they
will naturally gravitate toward not necessarily attending to the
mission of housing or economic development, but will attend to the
mission of profit. It’s very tempting.
Not that I am against profit, but we didn’t establish this as an
entity for pure profit. Because if it is pure profit, then the private
sector should run the operation, and we should step out of it. On
the other hand, I’m a very strong supporter of the cooperative system, of the Federal Home Loan Bank system.
So my question to you is, even though you disagree with what’s
in the bill, is it so fundamental a disagreement on your part that
we should scratch the bill if it’s in there?
Mr. CONNELLY. No, I think the bill is more important than anything at this point in time. As a member of the board of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston, though, I can tell you that we
have identified the skill sets that are critically necessary to complement the board.
Somebody, for instance, who is familiar with not necessarily all
of the public appointees, but someone certainly who is familiar
with the securities business, somebody who understands the particular nuances of leveraging, of hedging, should be represented

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from among those many people that would constitute the public interest directors on the Boston board.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Why shouldn’t that be an appointment of
the board, of the regular election process, to get that kind of expertise?
That point was made to me, to appoint someone who understands derivatives. And quite frankly, my response to that was I
think the present directors are paid, about $19,000 a year? If you
could find an expert on derivatives for that price, you should hire
him and recontract him out, because—
Mr. CONNELLY. Point well taken, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman KANJORSKI. My intent in structuring these appointments is to make sure that, regardless of what political party controls the Congress, or what political party controls the White
House, that over a long period of time the mission remain in the
public interest for housing and for economic development.
Mr. CONNELLY. And I think we—
Chairman KANJORSKI.—including that broad knowledge base into
the board, sometimes even anti-establishment type individuals,
may be very helpful.
Mr. CONNELLY. I couldn’t agree with you more in that respect.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Very good. Now, the one other question
that I am also—I am past my 5 minutes. I am verbose. That is the
pleasure of the Chair.
The one question that you raised, Mr. Menzies, is something that
we have not passed over lightly, and that is to try and see whether
we could eventually consolidate GSEs under one jurisdiction, and
particularly as they apply to farm credit.
I guess I have to plead a little ignorance in what you anticipate
the Agriculture Committee doing, or being requested to do. Are
they enlarging the loan capacity of farm credit agencies to circumvent the banking system? Is that what your primary thrust is?
Mr. MENZIES. Mr. Chairman, ‘‘circumvent’’ probably wouldn’t be
an apt description. However, we believe the farm credit system,
which is the only retail, direct-to-the-consumer GSE, does, in fact,
wish to expand its income source, and does, in fact, wish to expand
its role, if you will, by lending beyond its original mission to just
support farming.
And we believe that they would like to go into small business
and lending into other activities that, currently, the banking industry supports quite nicely. That’s the basic issue.
Chairman KANJORSKI. What—
Mr. MENZIES. The question is, do we need the farm credit system
of this Nation to further expand its retail influence into small businesses and the like?
Chairman KANJORSKI. So it’s not just who may have jurisdiction
over these entities here in the Congress that you’re worried about?
There is a thrust to substantially change and enlarge the mission
of these entities, is that correct?
Mr. MENZIES. Yes, sir. That is correct.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Well, I have the assurances of the chairman of the Agriculture Committee that it is an issue that he is
aware of. But quite honestly, I tend to sympathize with his position, and that is that we have cut out a lot of issues in the 110th

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Congress, and that may just be one issue too far, but that we
should keep it in view, and try to coordinate something eventually.
Watch it, and we will have to watch in this committee, and in
the Congress, that something isn’t in the Agriculture bill that goes
way beyond anyone’s intentions.
Mr. MENZIES. If it remains on your radar screen, we will be
grateful.
Chairman KANJORSKI. It is. I know how active all of you are in
the use of the Federal Home Loan Bank system for rural and exurban economic development, and I see a great void in the Federal
system and in the private sector.
Financing is much easier in urban areas; as you move out from
the urban areas, it’s much more difficult. Even our government
programs are much more difficult to comply with. And it seems to
me that since the populations have been moving out of cities into
urban and suburban areas and rural areas, that we develop means
and mechanism, both in the private sector and in government-sponsored enterprises, to have a uniform standard to meet these needs
that are less shocking.
I will give you an example—the rural development program, and
business loans, and business guarantees. They are great on paper,
except they really don’t apply in most areas—particularly Pennsylvania, because Pennsylvania is a State of very small communities—but, they are bunched up alongside other communities
which are really tied into a very large community.
By virtue of the fact of their structure, they have been barred
from giving government guarantees, even in communities of 2,000
or 3,000, if they are considered to be in an urban area, which nobody can quite define to me. They just have a map, and they say,
‘‘If you fall in the yellow, you’re in an urban area,’’ and yellows
usually are wherever there are masses of people, including the
rural and suburban and ex-urban areas around concentrated cities.
It would just seem to me that what I am trying to do is create
the availability of community and economic development funds on
a rather uniform basis with a relative cost that is similar, regardless of the size of the entity, or population of the entity making the
loan. The reason for this is so that we can get the marketplace to
really function well, that you don’t have to start sitting down with
a pencil and a paper, and try to figure out where you have to move
your business in order to qualify for what type of loan, or what
type of interest rate, etc.
But I do want to assure you that we are paying particular attention to the fact that, in an ideal world, if we were starting everything again, all of these financial institutions should be incorporated within the jurisdiction of this committee, so we could handle them more fairly. But if you know anything about the Hill, once
a designation of jurisdiction is made, it takes extreme seniority and
a little help from God to change that jurisdiction. But we’re working on it, and we are optimistic.
Mr. MENZIES. Thank you. Thank you, sir.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Now that I have exceeded my 5 minutes,
Mr. Garrett of New Jersey?
Mr. GARRETT. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Again, thank you to
the members of the panel. And as I indicated at the outset, I had

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the opportunity, as I guess you have, to try to go through this over
the weekend. Even after the testimony, I still have some serious
concerns with the legislation, as it now stands, and hope that we
do not rush to judgement on it, and move too quickly on the matter.
I will note, on the positive side, that there are a couple of elements to the bill that I agree with, that we have a much stronger
capital requirement in the legislation, that I believe also addresses
the issue, as has been addressed by this panel, of a clear line on
the primary and secondary mortgage market activities.
But in regard to the issue discussed here, the portfolio issue, and
also one of their core functions of the GSEs, my initial feeling is
that the legislation really doesn’t go far enough in reigning them
in, and may, in fact, encourage the GSEs to actually expand on
their portfolios even further. The Federal Reserve indicated that,
‘‘The GSEs’ portfolios appear to have no material effect on the cost
or availability of residential mortgages.’’
In fact, Chairman Bernanke, in a speech last week, noted, ‘‘Contrary to what would be expected if the GSE portfolios lowered the
funding cost of mortgages, over the past decade or so the spread
between yields on 30-year fixed rate mortgages and treasuries of
similar duration has tended to rise in periods in which the GSEs
have increased the share of single family residential mortgage held
in their portfolio, and to fall when the GSE share has fallen.’’
He went on to specifically state, ‘‘Due to the GSEs’ support for
affordable housing,’’ and he answered his own question by saying,
‘‘At the present time, Fannie and Freddie fail the test.’’
So, I believe this bill will unwisely tie the amount that the GSEs
hold in their own portfolios to what they contribute to low-income
housing. And I have said this in the several hearings that we held
on this last year, when we talked about this new function of GSEs,
as far as what I call a mortgage tax increase, the housing fund,
that may have a negative impact on the overall housing market,
as well.
Basically, as Mr. Stern has said, we have seen rises and declines
in the housing market. Is this the time that we want to be adding
yet another tax, overall, which eventually goes down to the consumers?
So, I will initially just turn to the panel, if you would wish to address either one of those issues, as far as this mortgage tax increase that this bill would include, and the fact that we may be exacerbating the problem of the portfolio size, as well.
Mr. ROBBINS. Let me comment, if I could. The GSEs’ portfolios
are needed for liquidity in the marketplace to support it. If we go
back to 9/11, the meltdown of—the liquidity crisis in 1998, the
First Gulf War, the market was disrupted by those events, and can
be disrupted by other cataclysmic events.
Mr. GARRETT. I appreciate that comment, and actually, Mr. Stern
was making that same sort of suggestion earlier, in his testimony,
that as any day you said you open the paper, it goes up and goes
down, what have you, as far as overall economy in the housing
market.
The testimony that we received on this issue in the past when
that was raised was just contrary, unfortunately, to what you’re

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saying and what Mr. Stern was saying. What this testimony and
the evidence indicates, reports and studies of GSEs says that instead of stepping into the market to pick up where you would hope
that they would do the good job that they are supposed to by their
mission, instead what they do, in essence, is to cherry-pick the
market, and that the private market still has sufficient capacity to
address it, but the GSEs basically come in as the suitor of the best
portion of the market, and takes that. And that is what they have
been holding primarily in their portfolio, even during those downtimes, when we wish that the GSEs were doing the job which was
the core mission to satisfy the underlying market.
Mr. ROBBINS. I appreciate what you’re saying, Representative.
What I was saying is in this particular case, there was a day or
two immediately following all of those events where there was no
market, other than Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The private market was not there to support—I sold mortgages through those markets. And that’s the kind of events that need the liquidity that we
are talking about.
What the MBA proposes is that a world-class regulator—
Mr. GARRETT. Yes, but again, that goes to what—Chairman
Greenspan testified on those points, because we addressed the
exact same points after the fact.
Mr. ROBBINS. Well, I can tell you, after the First Gulf War, there
was no market for 2 days following the announcement of the war.
The mortgage-backed securities market was unavailable, while it
tried to reprice itself.
Mr. GARRETT. And GSEs were in during those 2 days, picking up
all those periods?
Mr. ROBBINS. That’s correct.
Mr. GARRETT. And that lasted after the 2-day period?
Mr. ROBBINS. They posted a price, if memory serves, the afternoon that it was announced, and had a price the following morning.
But beyond that issue, that’s why we feel that a world-class regulator should make the determination on what that portfolio size
should be, and what the leverage should be on that. We know that
outstanding mortgage debt is going to grow, according to Harvard
University, some $20 trillion over the course of the next 20 years
or so.
And so, it is inconsistent today to sit there and think about what
would be the right number to attach to the GSEs. That’s why a
strong regulator, world-class regulator, should be there, both as the
market rises and falls in size, or rises and falls, should be the one
to make that determination.
Mr. GARRETT. Okay. I saw a lot of other hands.
Mr. MENZIES. I would be the very last to question Mr.
Bernanke’s economic logic on the rise and fall of prices in the secondary market. As a community banker, I do know, however, that
we need access to that market. And the 5,000-some community
banks that belong to ICBA are basically small banks. We are little
banks, and I don’t know what we compose of the total secondary
market, but it’s not a whole lot; it’s a fairly small percentage of the
whole.
So, having access to that market is critical. If you were to theorize that reducing the size of the portfolio, and setting capital lim-

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23
its, and reducing the quantity of loans that Freddie Mac and
Fannie Mae can guarantee would, in fact, improve market prices,
that is possible, I guess.
Mr. GARRETT. Well, no one is suggesting that would reduce the
amount of loans that they are—would be able to go secure from
them, but simply that they would no longer be holding the mortgages as they have, but instead would do what their core function
is, to securitize those loans.
Right now, one of the other testimonies was a testimony that
they are only holding around a third of their loan in their—which
is basically their core function—the secondary market loans.
By reducing their overall portfolio to just a limitation in that
area, how would that reduce your ability of liquidating in a market,
if they were securitizing the rest of the market?
Mr. MENZIES. Well, yes, if you believe that is the case, then that
would not hurt community banks. I think our concern is that it
could hurt community banks if it reduced our access to the market.
Mr. GARRETT. Yes. Thank you, Mr. Menzies. Mr. Price? Yes, sure.
Mr. PRICE. Yes. If I could speak briefly to the point?
Mr. GARRETT. Sure.
Mr. PRICE. The Home Loan Banks are—and historically have
been—a source of liquidity. In fact, they were an initiative of Herbert Hoover. And in December of 1931, he proposed both the Home
Loan Bank Act, and something called the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation. And on January 22, 1932, both bills were passed on
the same day, by the Congress.
The purpose of both, the Home Loan Bank Act and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, RFC, of which Roosevelt made
much greater use later, was to provide liquidity to the financial
system. And the Home Loan Banks were limited at the time—as
until recently—to the thrifts, whereas RFC made liquidity available to commercial banks, insurance companies, railroads, and
through the banks for public finance to municipalities, as well.
So, historically, our mission has been liquidity. And that is what
we continue to be. We are an accordion. We will close down our balance sheet if members say, ‘‘We don’t need the money,’’ we don’t
roll over our loans. We will go to the market immediately to fund
a loan if a community bank comes into us at 3:00 in the afternoon.
We are in the market through our combined office of finance multiple times every day.
So, liquidity is our business, and we think that, at least as far
as the primary market is concerned, that that’s why we are here,
and that’s why we are a tool of great usefulness to the folks you
see around the table.
Mr. GARRETT. Well, would any of you, then, short of having a set
number—as I think Mr. Menzies and other have stated, that you
wouldn’t want to have the lack of flexibility by the regulator—
would any of you adopt an approach that Chairman Bernanke has
suggested to address the issue of the affordable housing end of it,
which he said—and I sort of alluded to this—he said, ‘‘A straightforward means would be of anchoring the GSE portfolios to a clear,
public mission would be to require Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
to focus their portfolios almost exclusively on holdings and mort-

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24
gages or mortgage-backed securities that support affordable housing.’’
And then he points to your point, ‘‘The evolution of mortgage
markets since the GSEs’’—since back then—‘‘were created, strongly
suggests that a concentration on affordable housing products would
provide the greatest public benefit. Markets for the more highly
rated assets, including most residential mortgages and the pools of
the MBSs backed by such mortgages, have become extremely deep
and liquid. With more than $25 trillion in outstanding instruments,
these markets are international in scope, and market participants
include thousands of banking organizations,’’ and so on.
So, his suggestion is that in the other market that the liquidity
is much greater. But at that area that you’re talking about, which
was the original mission, is not so much. So does anybody want to
comment on Chairman Bernanke’s suggestion, maybe we should
not put a limit on it, total number on it, but give the regulator
some direction, as far as what the portfolio should be aimed at?
Mr. CONNELLY. We support—America’s Community Bankers supports a Federal Home Loan Bank like an affordable housing program that the regulator would have the power to oversee. And I
think we have seen it work so well with the Federal Home Loan
Bank system, where the Federal Home Loan Bank’s contribution is
tied to its profitability, along with its other obligations, and what
not. And we have—there are so many creative programs that have
come about as a result to create housing for low and moderate-income people.
And maybe one of the more spectacular examples would be something like an equity builder program that the Boston bank has created, where it helps people who wouldn’t be able to get into the
market. It helps them with a portion of the downpayment, and a
portion of money to help cope with discounted entrance fees, legal
fees, and what not.
So, I think the model that is working would be the Federal Home
Loan Bank model, and we would encourage the committee to look
at that model.
Mr. STARK. Representative Garrett, if I could also comment, the
portfolio, to kind of look at it for what it is, is a source of revenue
for the GSEs. But they do use that revenue to build the size and
scale to be relevant, and to provide liquidity to the marketplace.
The holding of mortgage assets is somewhat of a zero sum game.
If you take assets away from one entity, such as a GSE, it doesn’t
disappear; it is reallocated. And in the case of the American housing finance system, it would be reallocated to large-scale American
financial institutions and global financial institutions.
The only difference is those financial institutions don’t have a
charter, or a mission to serve the housing finance system, whereas
Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Bank system do. To arbitrarily limit the size of their portfolio based on the
size of their affordable housing mission, or their affordable housing
loans, limits their revenue that they could make, and it limits the
service that they can provide to the housing finance system, in general.
The NAIMB and Lenders One would strongly oppose a policy to
limit the size of their portfolio to their housing, low-income—

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Mr. GARRETT. They could still increase, if they were just earmarked for the affordable housing segment, but I appreciate your
comment.
Mr. ROBBINS. Could I add just two more very quick comments to
this?
Number one, we have seen the largest mortgage markets in history over the last 5 years—international buyers come into our marketplace and purchase strips of our securities to sizes never seen
before, but that’s no guarantee that those same investors are going
to support this market to the size and extent that they have for the
last 5 years.
It is incredibly important that the GSEs maintain some flexibility relative to the size of their portfolios if, in fact, an American
real estate-based security does not become the most popular financial asset to buy in the world.
Number two, in many States, $417,000 is affordable housing.
Mr. GARRETT. Thank you.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you, Mr. Garrett. Mr. Lynch?
Mr. LYNCH. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. First of all, since we have
hashed this bill out in the past, we certainly have fallen to focusing
on those few areas that we still have some level of discontent on,
and I think that’s good.
Let me begin by saying, Mr. Connelly, you have at least three
branches of South Shore Savings Bank in my district. I know you
have one in Stoughton, you have one in Braintree, and you have
one in—let me think, where else—East Bridgewater.
Mr. CONNELLY. Glad you’re keeping track.
Mr. LYNCH. You do a good job. Mr. Chairman, Mr. Connelly is
our version of George Bailey. I don’t know if you saw that movie,
‘‘It’s A Wonderful Life.’’ He is a good corporate citizen, and not only
in the financial sense, but also like a lot of our bankers, our community bankers, very much involved in the civic life of our communities, and the charities, as well.
But it’s important that we get this legislation right. Mr. Stern
was kind enough to mention the article yesterday by Gretchen
Morgenson in the New York Times about the looming mortgage crisis, and of course, she was speaking directly about the subprime
market, but I think it affects all of us here.
Since we are looking at this new regulator model, I wanted to
ask a few of you—and, Mr. Robbins, you had mentioned in your
written remarks—which were very good, by the way—about the
bright line distinction that you would like to maintain between the
GSEs and the primary market, and now we have a situation where
we have had a fairly sharp uptick in the number of delinquencies
associated with subprime mortgages. We have had two dozen mortgage lenders either fail or close their doors.
We are waiting, as Ms. Morgenson noted yesterday, for the rating agencies—Moores, and Standard and Poors—to downgrade a lot
of these mortgage-backed securities in the coming weeks and
months, which I know as a former—I used to sit as a director on
a pension fund—it will require a lot of our pension funds and insurance companies, because they’re not allowed, under their guidelines, to hold lower classes of securities once they’re downgraded;
they will have to sell.

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That whole downgrading and sell-off is likely to drive these securities even further downward, and I am just concerned that may
have a dramatic effect, generally, on the distribution of capital for
mortgages.
I would like to ask all of you, what do you see the effects of that
being on your businesses, at least in your part of this mortgage industry? And what might we do here, in drafting this legislation?
Can we learn some lessons from this meltdown in the subprime
market? Is there something we can do to guard against that? Or,
should we? Some people may say that this is the market just working, so leave it alone; this is the way it happens.
But I would like to get your thoughts on it, if I could.
Mr. CONNELLY. Mr. Lynch, from our perspective, I think probably
the strongest thing that this committee could do would be to appoint a world-class regulator with the appropriate powers to oversee and regulate good behavior.
Mr. LYNCH. But, Mr. Connelly, that would necessitate—well, it
would be in conflict with the idea that the regulator should not be
active in the prime mortgage market in a way—the—some of the
failings of these mortgages in the subprime market are happening
in the origination process, where you have people who shouldn’t be
getting loans but are, in fact, getting them.
It deals with the new program issue about new programs coming
out, and you’re going to have a regulator back here, saying, ‘‘No,
that’s not an approved product,’’ so it’s going to affect some things
that are helping our low- and very-low-income folks out there.
It’s just that some of what you’re asking for and agreeing to may
have an effect on some of the issues that you’re concerned about,
and I’m wondering how that’s going to play out.
Ms. PETROU. It would seem to me, sir, that the key issue, as we
look at the subprime situation, first from the GSE point of view—
and there I think it’s quite troubling—we don’t have good numbers
from Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac. As you know, that’s part of the
problem this legislation is hoping to solve.
But if you accept for the moment that the subprime sector is
about $1 trillion, and then you look at the numbers that are available on the holdings of private label securities that Fannie Mae
and Freddie Mac have, the bulk of which—again, we’re not sure,
may come from that market, and probably do—Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac seem to have about 25 percent of the subprime, secondary market.
Now, they are holding only the AAA traunches, i.e. the highest
quality, or the lowest risk pieces. But behind that, are the mortgages themselves, and the borrowers. And I think what really concerns me is that we need to bring together in a new regulator,
someone who looks both at the risk pieces, but also at the market
issues.
Because if a GSE is holding a AAA traunch, it may be protected.
But that doesn’t mean a vulnerable borrower whose mortgage was
booked without any regard to capacity to repay is facing foreclosure. And that is a real tragedy. So we need to bring that together in a far better regulator than we have now, in my opinion.
Mr. LYNCH. Well, thank you. Mr. Stern, do you have anything to
add?

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Mr. STARK. It’s our opinion, in looking at this issue, that, in
many cases, it was not actually the product, an individual product,
responsible, but in fact, a layering of risk—in many cases, loan-tovalue, credit, documentation.
We believe that a lot of the products in the marketplace now
were responsible for increasing homeownership in minority borrowers, and across America, such that we now have the highest
homeownership rates that we have ever seen.
We do believe that there are aspects, in terms of education, and
in some cases, that we need to do a better job of policing our own
industry for our long-term reputation, to make sure that when a
borrower achieves the American dream through purchasing a home
and getting a mortgage, it’s for the intention of them being in the
mortgage for a long time, because we do know some of these products contain features that set the borrowers up for risk.
However, with regard to program development, we believe the
regulator should only oversee program development when there is
an issue of safety and soundness, or the mission, as it relates into
the GSEs, their role in providing assistance for origination, technology such as DU, for example, should not go through the laborious process of full posting and comment review, which takes a
long time.
Mr. LYNCH. Right. And just in closing—I agree with most of what
you just said—but I think that one of the financial analysts yesterday in that New York Times article said that about 20 percent of
the subprime, actually BBB bonds, that had been issued during
2006 will be downgraded in the next few months.
Also, I think it was noted that some of these loans were no
money down, some of the loans were so-called—this is the term
they used—‘‘liar loans,’’ where there was very little information
that was required in the application for the loan, and very little
verification of an ability to repay.
I am just concerned that we might not—if we’re going to maintain that bright line between the GSE operating and the secondary
market, and we still have these flaws in the origination process in
the primary market, that we still may be having these problems,
and I’m just wondering if there is a way we can get at that.
Mr. ROBBINS. Yes. Mr. Chairman, a couple of thoughts. And to
frame the size of the issue, to begin with, there are approximately
50 million home loans in the United States—13.5 percent of those
are subprime loans, with a foreclosure rate slightly over 4 percent
today.
Mr. LYNCH. That’s for the whole market?
Mr. ROBBINS. That’s for the subprime market, alone. The highest—
Mr. LYNCH.—say 12.9 percent, almost 13 percent—
Mr. ROBBINS. That’s total delinquencies.
Mr. LYNCH. Yes.
Mr. ROBBINS. I’m talking about loans actually entering foreclosure.
Mr. LYNCH. Oh, I see. Okay.
Mr. ROBBINS. The highest in the modern-day era, which includes
hybrid loans, was in 2000 at 9.35 percent of all loans entering foreclosure. Today, because of mitigation techniques that the industry

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uses, about 50 percent of the subprime loans that enter foreclosure
actually go through the entire process, and only about 25 percent
of all loans.
That being said, if you said that the all-time high was exceeded,
and 10 percent of all subprime loans went into the foreclosure process, something like 5 percent will ultimately be foreclosed against,
which means that about 95 percent of the recipients of subprime
loans will ultimately be successful homeowners.
This is important, only out of the respect that we know that 45
percent of the loans that were made were to people or borrowers
to buy homes. And so—and those were people that, in all probability, could not use traditional sources in order to obtain that.
Mr. LYNCH. Right.
Mr. ROBBINS. That being said, there is absolutely no question
that there were lenders with this product that got very aggressive
in their underwriting, in order to grow a market share, as happens
in those kinds of cycles, and ultimately, the market being extraordinarily efficient, has punished them pretty severely, if not totally,
for that aggression.
The market itself, as I said, is extraordinarily efficient. It is
much faster than most regulators and legislators in the sense that
it—the aggressive parts of those products, or product features, have
already been curtailed dramatically by institutional investors all
around the world.
And, quite frankly, the loans that are being made today, including subprime loans made today, are probably the best group of
loans that have been made in the last 5 years, so we would argue
that the market is extremely efficient, and has already moved to
correct the mistakes that were made by the more aggressive companies.
Mr. LYNCH. That’s a fair answer. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I
yield back.
Chairman KANJORSKI. The gentleman from Colorado, Mr.
Perlmutter.
Mr. PERLMUTTER. Thanks, Mr. Chairman, and I am going to
apologize, because I’m about 10 steps behind everybody here. We
are talking about Friday’s bill as compared to last year’s bill, and
my first question is, what were the excesses of Fannie Mae, or
Freddie Mac, or the Federal Home Loan Bank organization that
we’re trying to solve by the bill that was coming down the pike last
year, and has that been improved this year?
Mr. Stevens, or Mr. Robbins, could you tell me what those excesses are that we’re trying to do by this super-regulator, just to
get me into the right timeframe here, because we’re talking about
the subprime loans, and subprime loans, that’s today’s problem.
And you know, we had a lot of money chasing some lousy loans,
quite frankly. That’s the problem there.
And, Mr. Stern, you know, you have Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac backing you up on many loans. You also had some other securities buyers backing you up on other kinds of loans. Fannie Mae
and Freddie Mac, I have always understood had certain qualifications, and you had to have a certain quality factor to your loan before they would purchase it in the secondary market, and maybe

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some of these other companies were buying, you know, slightly
crummier loans.
But my question is, what were the excesses that created this
need in the first place, for a super-regulator?
Mr. ROBBINS. I think, first and foremost, the super-regulator was
there to take a look at a host of different things.
The first one is the size of the portfolio. Does the size of the portfolio, and the leverage behind that portfolio, contain systemic risk,
and if it does, does it need to be paired down to a size that meets
market demand, but is not a portfolio used for investment purposes
in order to inflate earnings?
Mr. PERLMUTTER. Was that more of an accounting issue, that
they were inflating the—what was the problem there? How does
this regulator now stop Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac from inflating
their earnings?
Mr. ROBBINS. Because they have the ability to control the size of
those portfolios by ordering them, as an example, as a bank regulator would do as they supervise a bank, order them to downsize
the size of their portfolio, and to shed themselves of certain assets.
In other words, they would determine the size that portfolio
would need to be, in order to meet its market demands and provide
liquidity to the system.
Mr. PERLMUTTER. Okay.
Mr. ROBBINS. Number two, they would determine what their—
whether they are holding true to their mission charter. That is,
providing low- to moderate-income housing, and providing liquidity
to a system.
They would determine whether they were operating within their
secondary market charter, or they were moving more into the primary market, which—the concern then becomes they are—they
enjoy certain benefits that would represent unfair competition,
moving into a primary market, and essentially threatening organizations that operate within that area.
So, a big piece of this resolution would be control products, do
those products represent safety and soundness concerns? Size of
portfolio control, mission control, primary versus secondary market
activities, monitor low-income housing goals. Are they realistic? In
other words, it’s important that they be goals that are obtainable
at some point, without destroying the primary market.
Mr. PERLMUTTER. The bottom—
Mr. ROBBINS. Those kinds of issues.
Mr. PERLMUTTER. The bottom line being if they’re going to get
assistance from us, as the United States of America, they need to
stay within their mission and not grow their portfolio just to be the
biggest, you know, underwriter in the world, or whatever?
Mr. ROBBINS. And, ultimately, not present some kind of a systemic risk to the system, which is one that would affect the overall
financial system—i.e., the name systemic behind it. In other words,
if the GSEs were to implode for some reason, it could have a rippling effect through the entire economy.
Mr. PERLMUTTER. Do you think the bill that Chairman Frank
filed on Friday, do you think it handles this key piece, you know,
the excess of just growing too large, or trying to go into areas that
thy weren’t initially supposed to go into? Does it handle that?

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Mr. ROBBINS. I think that the Mortgage Bankers Association is
pleased with the bill, the way that it has been released.
Mr. PERLMUTTER. Now, I have—that was just sort of getting me
on the same page with everybody.
I am sort of a child of the 1980’s. When there was plenty of bank
regulation and thrift regulation, and banks were failing, and thrifts
were failing, and mortgage banks were failing, you know, so you
can regulate like crazy sometimes, and still, the market turns on
you. It might be a product that is bad, or it’s just a bad time.
Is there discretion within—are we, in this legislation, setting
down firm numbers, or are we giving the regulator plenty of discretion, and he is going to allow the individual Fannie Mae, Freddie
Mac, Federal Home Loan Banks some discretion to develop or deal
with their portfolios? Are we setting it down?
Because we had to change a lot of laws back in the 1980’s to drop
interest rates and things like that. Does my question make any
sense? I mean, is there flexibility in this bill, or are we trying to
legislate, instead of provide the regulator with some discretion,
which then can allow the Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the bank
boards some discretion? Mr. Stevens?
Mr. STEVEN. Well, I think the bill—you know, again, it just came
out Friday, so we’re still looking at it. But I think, overall, from
what we can gather, this bill does do just that. It doesn’t over-regulate; it gives the regulator the authority to make the proper adjustments. I think that’s what is key in keeping the housing market
moving forward.
I think it does accomplish that, it doesn’t over-regulate, and I
would say that, you know, that is something that is a fine line, and
we want to be cautious of it.
Mr. PERLMUTTER. And then, just as a follow-up, Mr. Menzies, I
can tell you that with respect to the farm credit system, they—we
should take care of this first, and then deal with that later, because
they will fight like crazy to stay where they are, just having been
interviewed by them on the campaign trail, so—
Mr. MENZIES. The chairman was perfectly clear about that.
Mr. PERLMUTTER. Okay.
Mr. MENZIES. Thank you.
Mr. PERLMUTTER. Thanks, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Mr. Murphy?
Mr. MURPHY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I wanted to return for
just a moment to Mr. Lynch’s line of questioning, so that maybe
I can better understand the limitations of GSE reform, as it relates
to the topic du jour of subprime lending. And maybe this is to the
panel, but specifically to Ms. Petrou and Mr. Connelly, who both
suggested that part of our response to the subprime lending issue
is a world-class, or effective, regulator.
And given the fact that GSEs, as Ms. Petrou said, hold only
about 25 percent of the subprime loans, only that top traunch
that—are sent out into the market. Beyond that top level of
subprime loans, what is the ability of GSE reform to really affect
some of the issues happening at the origination of many of these
subprime loans?
It just seems that maybe we do need to have a broader conversation about a more comprehensive regulatory system that takes into

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consideration many of the excesses within the subprime market. I
just am not seeing right now that GSE—or maybe I should ask the
question. What are the limitations of reform of GSEs, in terms of
some of the things we have been seeing within the subprime market?
Ms. PETROU. The limitation, I think, is that the GSEs are only
a part of the market, and so that which is not theirs would not be
affected by the GSE regulator.
But a good regulator looking at both credit risk and market risk,
and ensuring that the GSEs meet their mission, which is not only
to serve affordable housing, but also to support a liquid and, importantly, stable residential mortgage market, would make a great difference.
As has been said on this panel, mortgage brokers and many
mortgage banks originate mortgages to sell. If they cannot sell
them, they will not make them. If they cannot sell—if a mortgage
secondary market purchaser looks at this and says, ‘‘Wait a
minute. The income line on this mortgage is blank, this is a stated
income loan yet this is’’—I just was reading today a story about an
89-year-old home health care worker who refinanced her mortgage
into a hybrid ARM, raising her mortgage payments from about
$800 a month to $3,000 a month.
Now, that loan was originated and sold into the secondary market, because no one was looking carefully at its terms. A good regulator for the GSEs who says to them, ‘‘These are unsafe, unsound,
predatory loans, you may not purchase them,’’ would have a major
impact on the market, as a whole, because if they can’t sell them,
they won’t make them.
Mr. MURPHY. So, some of this is doing a better job of a regulator
deciding what gets into the secondary market, rather than trying
to influence origination?
Ms. PETROU. Yes, sir.
Mr. ROBBINS. The GSEs are not a regulator. They are an investor
in mortgages. And the real answer, I mean, to the question that
you have asked, is that the GSEs had no supervision over the
subprime lenders, even remotely, because they originated a class of
product that the GSEs were not purchasing, I mean, other than in
an—out of the marketplace, in a AAA strip. So, they really fell
under, if you will, the radar screen, relative to regulation in that
respect.
Mr. MURPHY. Right. And I’m sorry if I misspoke. I certainly understand that the GSEs aren’t regulators. But I guess that was the
point of my question, is to make sure that we are not expecting this
reform bill to have, you know, a major impact on the issue of
subprime lending.
My second question is more to Mr. Menzies. You specifically
raised a concern that GSE reform may have some impact on the
ability of small, community banks to access that secondary market,
and I would maybe just ask you to expand on that concern.
Because as someone new to this issue, the question how much a
secondary mortgage holder may be able to keep in their portfolio
versus how much they may be able to securitize doesn’t strike me
as a barrier to access from smaller banks. It merely is a question
of how much the GSE may be able to hold, and how much they

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may be able to send out for securitization. So, maybe just speak a
little bit more on how portfolio standards are going to limit a small
bank’s ability to get into that market.
Mr. MENZIES. As Mr. Stern pointed out, when you contract the
GSE, or reduce its portfolio, you reduce its income, you reduce its
ability to have liquidity and flexibility, and the like.
It may well be that, by saying you can only have so much in portfolio, that you don’t restrict access of community banks to the capital markets. But the reality is that the lion’s share of portfolio
loans are coming out of the larger institutions, not the smaller institutions, so, our concern would be that, however it goes down, we
continue to have access to those markets, and that the bill doesn’t
unintentionally create an environment that supports the larger volume institutions and doesn’t support the smaller volume institutions. If we do $103 million worth of loans over a 4- or 5-year period of time, that is somewhat beneath the drop in the bucket. It’s
really a very small amount of money.
So, it may be that, by restricting portfolio size, it doesn’t reduce
liquidity or access to the markets for community banks, but that
certainly is our concern.
Mr. MURPHY. And is there anything beyond giving more flexibility on portfolio standards that we could do within this legislation
to make sure that small lenders with very small pieces of the pie
still have access to the secondary market?
Mr. MENZIES. Absolutely. We have lived, since the 1980’s, when
it all came apart, in a world of risk-based banking, and you can
promulgate legislation and capital requirements that are truly riskbased, not just arbitrary, or some number.
I have lived in a risk-based world for the past 15 years, and it’s
worked quite nicely, thank you. I think that our regulators have
done a great job of looking at our risks, at telling us what risks
were acceptable, and telling us what risks were unacceptable, and
there certainly would appear to be some risks that have gone into
the GSEs that today, in hindsight, may be unacceptable risks. But
risk-based capital should drive the capital requirements of the
GSEs, I believe.
Mr. MURPHY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you. We now have an opportunity
to go to the other side of the aisle. And before I recognize Mr.
Baker, may I say that his time spent on this issue over the last
7 years may be coming to a final, successful conclusion.
So, I welcome my good friend from Louisiana, who is a major
contributor to this process now. Mr. Baker?
Mr. BAKER. I thank the gentleman for his kind words. Actually,
I started causing trouble almost 15 years ago on this subject, and
it’s amazing to me that we are now talking, still, about a bill. But
I know the gentleman’s leadership will cross the finish line.
I wanted to return, just for a minute, for just a broad statement
about the purpose of the underlying legislation, which is regulatory
in nature, and to review the facts that for some time, the enterprises engaged in leveraging resources that were inherently guaranteed by the taxpayer for the charter purpose of facilitating firsttime ownership opportunities for those otherwise not likely to get
access to affordable credit.

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On review of their practice, however, we found, over time, that
their involvement in minority, women, first-time homebuyer participation not only did not lead the market, but in fact, trailed the
market, and that the apparent utilization of the taxpayer guarantee was transferred over to the shareholder side, which enabled
the enterprise, in good and bad financial markets, to make significant profit.
That, then, led some to question, ‘‘Where is the regulator in all
of this? Shouldn’t we get these folks focused on their mission? And
is it the right use of a taxpayer guarantee to make shareholders
double digit rates of return, when the rest of the market is going
sideways?’’ The answer, generally, was, ‘‘Well, we at least ought to
look at it.’’ And I think, now, with the underlying bill, we have provided the regulator with some tools to make some of those judgements.
As to the problems of the existing portfolio and its distribution
in the market, there is one very clear point that has always troubled me—and I don’t believe it was mentioned here today—and
that is among our insured financial institutions, for meeting their
tier one capital requirements, about 70 percent or more of those institutions now meet those capital requirements by holding GSE securities. I was told by an FDIC person some time ago not to worry,
that was really broad GSE debt. So I took great comfort in the fact
that must have meant Farmer Mac. So I knew I wasn’t worried,
then.
Despite that fact, a significant amount of Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac debt are held by financial institutions as collateral for
the day in which the bank has a difficult circumstance on its hand.
Secondly, when MBS was first developed and sold earlier,
Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae representatives indicated they would
not consider purchasing their own MBS, which now we know they
do quite readily.
And one may argue that a large portfolio makes a great deal of
sense if you’re in the midst of a liquidity crisis, because the Chinese currency goes sideways. But the idea that several billion dollars of dollars of your own mortgage-backed securities are held in
your own account does nothing but transfer the risk that was originally designed to be moved to the broader market; it is now
brought back onto the books in order to yield the higher earnings
that are provided by holding that MBS in portfolio. And it does
nothing for housing—nothing.
And so, the debate over portfolio today, which a few years ago
was repeal of the line of credit, which before that was some other
issue, really is diversionary from the underlying purpose of the legislation, which is to have a gatekeeper worthy of its merit, standing
between the activities of these enterprises, which are shareholderowned, and business-driven institutions, and the guarantees of the
United States taxpayer, which stands behind the hopefully unlikely, not to be expected sideways event which could occur at some
point, therefore minimizing the scope of loss, with a regulatory
shop of significant competency.
I believe that the bill now drafted and pending before the committee to be considered within the next week or so to be a good
product, on the regulatory side. I don’t know whether or not we

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have gone quite far enough on the portfolio side, although I recognize that is somewhat of a managerial decision.
Since the enterprises were constructed to help get access for lowincome individuals to housing, there should be some inherent risk
involved in that portfolio, if they are facilitating product that enables that to occur. That’s a balancing act, as against the shareholders, who are expecting financial reward for a well-managed
company, and not to take unwarranted risk.
So, there is a managerial conflict we cannot preclude, nor should
we try, I think, in a policy to step in between good management
and shareholder resources, and tell them, ‘‘You simply cannot do
this.’’
I think the bigger question, which hopefully will not be drawn
into this discussion, is what constitutes inappropriate lending practices? What constitutes predatory? What is it that people are doing
in the market that is not already a violation of Federal or State
law, and let’s get after that. That seems to be a much more difficult
task in designing and coming up with the appropriate remedy.
But I do believe it is important for members of the committee to
revisit the initial underlying issues for having the bill at all. The
bill is needed to ensure that taxpayers are protected from hotshot
management, and let me just say one quick word on that point.
There were 5 years of financials which enabled, because of hitting the earnings per share target, to the one-ten-thousandth of a
cent accuracy—and I was told it was a statistical fluke, it just happened—that triggered $250 million in bonuses paid out to top executives over a 5-year period, on which there is now significant
question as to if the financials were accurately accounted for. That,
in itself, should be enough for this committee to act in a meaningful way.
But there are far more issues than just fudging the books and
not providing the adequate incentives for individuals to get access
to housing. And I believe the bill which the chairman has before
the committee today is an excellent first start, and I hope we do
not step aside from the principal goal.
And with that statement, I just wanted to ask, is there anything
in the regulatory side of this bill that causes any of you at the table
any discomfort? Anything we missed?
We hadn’t talked, I don’t think, much about portfolio regulation,
but I believe putting that authority in the hands of the director,
given the authority the new director will have, is quite sufficient.
Anybody want to comment?
Mr. CONNELLY. Mr. Baker, America’s Community Bankers thinks
that the bill is a great start.
And I am delighted that you pointed out that for several years
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac haven’t been able to produce financial statements. This clearly represents a huge internal control
issue. What additional justification for better regulation is needed,
when you think about it?
Mr. BAKER. Well, my comment would be if any other public company had a multi-year, multi-billion dollar misstatement of financials, and could not certify their accounting, I don’t know how they
would effectively survive on Wall Street, going into year six. But
that only points out, I think, the belief that many have in the mar-

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ket that the U.S. Government will stand in and do what’s necessary, in the event bad things happen. And that’s what we have
to fix. Anything else?
Mr. STERN. Mr. Baker, just to respond to different sides, you
know one part of the mortgage industry a lot better than I do. And
I know the origination side very well. And just a view from what’s
going on in the market, for a second. You had talked about the role
of the GSEs, and their effectiveness in creating—in providing low
to moderate-income housing, and their success in their mission.
The reality of the recent marketplace is borrowers had choices.
You could have a GSE loan with 5 percent down, or a private loan
with zero percent down. Well, what do you think the borrowers
took? They took the zero percent down. They could have a loan
with full pay stubs and bank statements and tax returns, or they
could have a loan with no pay stubs and bank statements and tax
returns? Well, what do you think the borrowers took? No pay stubs,
no bank statements.
So, the GSEs market share was affected not because they lowered their standards, or because they weren’t doing their mission,
but because products existed that said to the borrower, ‘‘You don’t
need a downpayment, you don’t need tax returns, you don’t need
bank statements.’’ And look what happened.
It was not the GSEs and—but—and their performance, and their
achievement of their mission where the problem has been. In fact,
I would say if there was anything that the GSEs have done incredibly well, it is the products they put into the marketplace, and the
regulations they have which give us suitability and uniformity with
investors across the world. But we are going to go through a correction in the private marketplace, the unregulated marketplace. But
if anything, it is not the GSEs, and their area of product.
We do applaud the efforts of a strong, world-class bank-like regulator, for purposes of things like their accounting. But, if anything,
I think that the GSEs are doing well. It is their products and the
role they are playing in the market, in that regard.
Mr. BAKER. If I will—my time has long since expired, and just
with the deference with the chairman, I have some differences with
the statement in that I do believe that when you look at the number of mortgages held in portfolio by the GSEs over time, you will
find them to be less than 2 percent, in most cases, of the kinds of
individuals that they should be helping. And you will find that, in
most cases, the average housing cost is somewhere north of
$200,000, with 2 working incomes, the dog, the cat, the Chevrolet,
and the Ford.
It is middle America that makes up Fannie Mae’s portfolio, and
that’s where they make their money. And the mismatch which
caused the trouble was internal managerial fluffing to get the numbers where they needed to be to make themselves look right, and
that’s what caused the ultimate demise. It wasn’t a market failure,
it was a managerial failure that got them to this point in time.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you, Mr. Baker. Finally, Mr. Price?
Mr. PRICE. Mr. Chairman, I can’t speak to Fannie Mae or
Freddie Mac, but Mr. Baker, before you came in, there was some
discussion about the public independent directors. And in response

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to your question, let me raise one thing for the consideration of the
committee.
Our bank, like all the other Home Loan Banks, has been very
seriously taking its responsibilities to find appropriate skill sets—
that were alluded to earlier by panelists here—for members of the
boards to be appointed or selected as the independent directors.
One thing we are finding, even looking at non-establishment figures, Mr. Chairman, is that many of the people whom we had
short-listed as having competencies in either rehabilitation housing, home building, community development, public finance, derivatives in complex financial instruments, audit and accounting, we
are finding that the bulk—more than 60 percent of the folks that
we had first thought might make great directors—are disqualified,
because the statute evidently says that no person may serve as a
public independent director who owns one share of any member institution of the Home Loan Bank in that geography.
So, if you had a community development person, an executive director of a local community development authority, who happened
to own a share of stock in Sovereign Bank in Pennsylvania, or a
community bank, or Citibank, which is one of our customers
through Delaware, they would be disqualified to serve.
So, I simply put that in front of the committee for consideration
as part of this legislation. Thank you.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you, Mr. Price. And now, finally,
the gentlelady from New York, Mrs. Maloney.
Mrs. MALONEY. I thank you, Chairman Kanjorski, and I thank
all the panelists today. And first, I want to congratulate Chairman
Frank, and really, Congressman Baker, for their introduction of the
GSE reform bill, and compliment Mr. Baker for his long-standing
leadership.
I think this is a strong and balanced bill, which builds on the bill
we passed last year, and I also want to compliment Chairman Kanjorski’s work with Treasury. I fully support it.
When I first came to Congress, the very first bill I voted on—the
one that I remember—was the bail-out of the S&Ls, the savings
and loans, to the tune of billions of dollars. It was a tough thing
for a freshman who won by less than 1 percent to vote on, but I
voted on it, and we bailed them out. But still, I believe strongly in
strict regulation and strong attention to safety and soundness.
And I am particularly concerned with the safety and soundness
provisions in this bill, the capital, new product review, and portfolio proportions that the witnesses commented on. I would like to
build on the questions of Mr. Lynch, Mr. Perlmutter, and Mr. Murphy, and ask Ms. Petrou, all—happy St. Patrick’s Day, by the way,
Mr. Murphy—by the way, I wanted to ask Ms. Petrou about the
closely related safety and soundness issue, which is the GSEs’ involvement in the subprime market, and their exposure to the crisis
that is going on in the market right now.
Freddie Mac announced that they will no longer buy subprime
hybrid mortgage loans, and they basically said that they would follow the guidance that came out from some of the regulators, that
they would—you should no longer issue loans that the consumer
cannot pay for.

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And I would like to ask Ms. Petrou if you believe that the other
GSEs should follow Freddie Mac’s leadership in basically saying
that they will adhere and follow the new guidance. As you so eloquently said earlier in response to Mr. Murphy, if you don’t buy the
product, they’re not going to make the product.
And as was pointed out by the gentleman recently, Mr. Stern,
you were saying they are selling loans where you don’t have to
show your income, you don’t have to show any record of making
your sales, of being loyal—your creditworthiness. So, if you don’t
have any creditworthiness, should we be surprised that there appears to be a crisis in the market?
I, too, read the article that Ms. Petrou talked about. It was on
the cover of the Wall Street Journal. I would like to put it in the
record, with unanimous consent, where basically, a woman had an
$800 a month loan, and she is older and confused, and they ended
up selling her a $4,000 a month loan, which she could not afford,
and she is in the process of losing her house.
So, I would like to hear your comments, and anyone else’s comments, on having the GSEs follow the guidance that has come out
from the regulators, which Freddie Mac has voluntarily adhered to.
Ms. PETROU. Thank you. I think it is a very good thing that
Freddie Mac has made this statement about hybrid ARMs, and the
qualifications it will look to, that the banking agencies Friday a
week ago came out with standards, and OFHEO a while ago asked
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to comply with the guidance issue
last year on traditional mortgages, and one would expect that it
would likely do the same, once the banking agencies finalize the
subprime guidance.
But what really concerns me is not so much looking forward, but
looking at where we are now, and saying, ‘‘Oh, heavens, I just
won’t buy any more hybrid ARMs, you know, with stated income,
and all of these other criteria.’’ Well, what about the borrowers who
are in them now, and the risks which were palpable and obvious
then?
And I think that speaks to the urgent need for good regulation,
because we have a lot of hurting homeowners out there. And forward-looking reform is critical, but we also need to think through
why we are where we are, both from the borrower and the lender
and the GSE point of view, because it is a very distressing picture
at this point.
Mrs. MALONEY. Well, following up on your statement, why do you
think we are where we are?
Ms. PETROU. There was another very good article in the New
York Times on Sunday by Ben Stein, who said that too many teenagers were running things. I think I’m up in age now where I agree
with that.
People forgot that subprime is higher-risk. Higher risk means
more losses. Lack of documentation invites fraud. Lack of riskbased capital—Mr. Menzies is very right about that. The OFHEO
risk-based capital rule now does not capture credit risk. It is ratings-based.
This was an issue built in by Congress when you enacted the
1992 Act without the ability—which, of course, could not have been
done—but by hard-wiring the GSE capital rules in 1992, they do

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38
not capture market realities now, and they do permit a tremendous
amount of gamesmanship, regulatory capital, arbitrage, and perhaps creating undue market incentives for inappropriate risk taking.
Mrs. MALONEY. I would say that in the past it was very uncomplicated. I grew up in a small town, and our neighborhood community banker knew everyone. He knew their credit depth. He knew
everything about them, and he didn’t give out loans that they
couldn’t pay back.
And to what extent do you think the increase in loan originators,
entities offering homeowners mortgages made possible by the huge
growth of the GSEs, how much do you think these sort of new loan
originators have contributed to the present subprime problem, and
what can we do about it through GSE regulation?
We certainly want to expand available credit, but expanding
credit is really, in some cases, in conflict with safety and soundness. Have we gone too far in allowing so many entities to get involved? I invite anyone on the panel to respond.
Mr. MENZIES. If I could speak as a community banker, we do
know most of our customers on a personal basis. And we do write
subprime loans, but we don’t put them in the secondary market.
We may do 100 loan to value loans, as a community bank, and
Daddy will guarantee 20 percent, and the kids will do 80 percent,
and we will put it on our books, and after 3 or 4 years, when the
double income has grown up, then it goes into the secondary market. And we do that on a regular basis.
ICBA Mortgage Corporation generated about an $800 million or
$900 million mortgage portfolio with RMS, our servicing vendor,
over about a 6-year or 7-year period of time. And that mortgage
portfolio that came strictly from community banks was the best
performing portfolio in the entire $30 billion RMS portfolio.
Community banks generally write the 30-year, 15-year, fixedrate, plain vanilla ordinary loan, and don’t generally get into the
subprime type credits. So, my answer would be to appoint a strong
regulator, and make that strong regulator do risk-based capital allocations, the same way I do. If I write a loan, and the FDIC comes
in and they look at it, and they say, ‘‘We don’t like that loan,’’ then
I have to appropriate more in reserves. And they grade my risks,
based on the risks that we take. And we set aside reserves, based
on the risks that we take.
So, my perspective would be risk-based capital, and a strong regulator.
Mrs. MALONEY. To some extent, the affordable housing goals set
for the GSEs, our intention with any tightening of credit, no matter
how necessary, and is there enough guidance and authority in this
bill to allow the new regulator to properly shape that balance? Anyone?
Ms. PETROU. I would say that the new bill, as I quickly read it
over the weekend, contains language that does, first of all, I think
aligns the GSE affordable housing goals better with those applicable to banks under the Community Reinvestment Act, so that the
definitions of low and moderate income are more appropriate. I
think that will help serve the market better.

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39
But the regulator does have the authority to review those goals,
and reset them, if safety and soundness concerns are presented.
Right now, that is not possible, because the goals are solely under
the guidance of HUD, and HUD is not a safety and soundness regulator. So that balance, under current law, does not properly exist.
Mrs. MALONEY. Do you think we should write legislation that
would apply the guidance rule that Freddie Mac is now following,
do you think we should legislate it so that all housing GSEs must
follow it? Would that bring more safety and soundness to the markets?
Mr. ROBBINS. It—I would argue—well, number one, Freddie Mac
said that they would continue to buy hybrid loans, but only ones
that were underwritten at the fully indexed rate.
Mrs. MALONEY. Right.
Mr. ROBBINS. The problem with underwriting loans at the fully
indexed rate is that it will literally take away the opportunity for
thousands of homeowners to purchase homes. I went through some
statistics earlier that are in the record for your observation, and I
want to go over them again and take—but one of the things that
we need to separate in our minds is the difference between loan
products that were used to help homeowners get in homes and
predatory loans. They are two different types of issues.
Predatory loans—the 80-year-old, or 85-year-old lady—are unconscionable, and everybody in the industry wants to see the perpetrators of those kinds of loans dealt with.
The products that help homeowners get into homes are the issue,
and we would argue that loan products, whether they are 228s or
negatively amortized, or interest only, used properly, are extremely
valuable in getting homeownership to near-record levels, where it
is, especially with minority Americans, and would argue that it
would be improper to put undue restrictions on loan products,
other than dealing with the people who use them improperly.
Mrs. MALONEY. But, basically, the guidance, as I read it, said
you don’t give a loan to someone who can’t pay for it. And I think
that makes common sense, that we don’t give a loan to someone
who can’t pay for it.
Mr. ROBBINS. We—
Mrs. MALONEY. In other words, if you have a law student who
is going to be paid a lot of money next year, they can take the hybrid loan. But if you have an 85-year-old woman on a fixed income,
you don’t sell her a loan that she can’t pay.
To me, it seemed like good guidance that made common sense,
and—
Mr. ROBBINS. We at the Mortgage Bankers Association absolutely agree with you. I can tell you, from personal experience—I
have been in the mortgage banking business for 36 years—a foreclosure costs us $40,000. And so, our economic interests are 100
percent aligned with the borrowers in this case.
And as I had mentioned earlier, there were some aggressive players in the industry who wanted to grow market share. They did sell
through very aggressive underwriting, and are paying the price for
that today. And so, underwriting a loan, and providing that instrument to people who you think have the capacity to repay that loan,
are still imperative within this industry.

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40
Mrs. MALONEY. Well, my time is up. I thank the chairman for
this hearing, and all of the panelists for testifying.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Thank you. Just an observation on your
question, if you can’t get a loan if you can’t pay for it, it seems to
me that the U.S. Government should have a tough time getting a
loan.
[Laughter]
Chairman KANJORSKI. Having made that observation, I do want
to ask one other question, something that is the jurisdiction of this
subcommittee—insurance.
Has anyone done an analysis of the credit problems in the
subprime lending market, and its draw on mortgage insurance,
whether or not that will risk the mortgage insurance firms, and
therefore, expand the risk to otherwise good paper in the marketplace?
Ms. PETROU. Mortgage insurance firms generally do not provide
coverage on subprime mortgages. Their focus is on the prime market. So, the immediate concern for the private mortgage insurance
industry is not significant.
However, there is considerable concern for the Federal Housing
Administration, because the FHA and the Federal Government do
back many loans which might be, by virtue of the risk of the borrower, considered to be subprime.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Very good.
Mr. STERN. Just to reinforce, we do a limited amount of subprime
loans, but to concur, those ones typically do not need private mortgage insurance, so the subprime loans are not a drain on the mortgage insurance market.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Very good. Thank you. Mr. Baker, do you
have any other questions?
Mr. BAKER. I just want to thank you for your leadership on this,
and I look forward to working with you, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman KANJORSKI. Mr. Garrett, I want to thank all the members that were here. This is a tough day to have a hearing, a Monday, when they are in travel.
I particularly want to take this opportunity to thank the panel,
and make an observation, because so much of the panel is involved
with community banking, either directly or indirectly. Although I
don’t necessarily have the most famous reputation in town as an
advocate of community banking, I want to disgorge that thought
process.
In reality, I am interested in the proper operation of the Federal
Home Loan Bank system, and the success of Freddie Mac and
Fannie Mae. It is primarily because I am acutely aware, coming
from Pennsylvania, of how intricately involved and successful the
community banks are in providing for an area that otherwise
would not be provided for, if we had to rely on the huge institutions
of this country.
So, the fact that so many of you have connections, interests, or
represent the community banks, I want to thank you for your testimony. We certainly want to take that into consideration. This is obviously not a credit union bill, this is a community bank bill, and
we are going to protect the community banks in this instance, as

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41
we would the credit unions, if they had an issue here. So, thank
you very much. I appreciate your attendance.
The Chair notes that some members may have additional questions for this panel, which they may wish to submit in writing.
Without objection, the hearing record will remain open for 30 days
for members to submit written questions to these witnesses, and to
place their responses in the record. This hearing is adjourned.
[Whereupon, at 4:18 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

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APPENDIX

March 12, 2007

(43)

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