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LA B O R REQUIREMENTS FOR
SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION




Bulletin No. 1299
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Ewan Clague, Commissioner




LA BO R

R E Q U IR E M E N T S

SC H O O L

FOR

C O N S T R U C T IO N

Bulletin No. 1299
J u ly

1961

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary
BUREAU
E w an

O F

LABOR

C la g u e ,

S T A T IS T IC S

C o m m is s io n e r

For s a l e b y t h e S u p e r in t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , U . S . G o v e r n m e n t P r in tin g O f f i c e , W a s h i n g t o n 2 5 , D . C .




P r ic e 3 5 c e n ts




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C H A R TS

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LABOR REQUIREM
ENTS FOR SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
I n t r o d u c t i o n

P u b li c

s c h o o l

c o n s t r u c t i o n
i t

r e p r e s e n t s

w id e s p r e a d
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T h e

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o r i g i n a l l y

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S u r v e y

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e x p e n d i t u r e s

c la s s r o o m

r a t e

p u b li c

y e a r s ,

o v e r

n ew

t h e
o f

h ig h w a y s .

c u r r e n t

e l i m

f o r

o f

5

f o r

b e c a u s e

c o n s t r u c t i o n

f o r

a n n u a l

f f i c e

1 9 6 0 .

a b o u t

a n

t o t a l

s e l e c t e d

s t u d i e s

c la s s r o o m

O

n e x t

b u i l d i n g

p r o v id e d

N a t u r e

n ew

3 4 7 ,0 0 0

t o

n e e d

f o r

c u m u la t in g

i n d e t e r m

p la n n e d

o f

e n t s

o r

a t

w a s

e n t s

p u b l i c

o f

o f

U .S .

a c c o u n t

( o r

r o o m s ,

f o r

t h e

l l

i n c r e a s e d

t h e

n e w

t h o s e

t h e

1 6 ,0 0 0 ,

r e q u ir e m

A n

t o

o v e r

7 0 ,0 0 0
o f

a l l

e x p r e s s i o n

o n ly

c a t i o n s

t a k e

o f

r e q u ir e m

c o n s t r u c t i o n ,

a b o u t

v o lu m e

o f

c o n s t r u c t i o n

la b o r

U n it e d

b u i l t

F o r
i n




a

m o r e

e a c h

( 8 5

s u r v e y

o f

r e g i o n s

s e l e c t e d
o f

e le m e n t a r y
T h e y

c o n t r a c t s

m a x im u m

p r o j e c t s

e x c lu d i n g

a

S t a t e s .

u n d e r
a

o n

v a r i o u s

p r o j e c t s

e s t a b l i s h
t h e

i n

i n c lu d e d

i n

a n d

w e r e

o f

4 3

j u n i o r
a s

b e tw e e n

c o m

a

d e t a i l e d
s e e

d e s c r i p t i o n
a p p e n d ix

A .

1

o f

w e r e

a n d

s e c o n d a r y

D a t a

s e n i o r

w e r e

h ig h

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e

J u l y

p a r a b i li t y

s u r v e y

a n d

S t a t e s .

i n

m e th o d

l i m

1 9 5 8
t h e

i t e d

a n d

c o l ­

s c h o o l s )

s a m p le

J u n e

o f

1 9 5 9 .

a n d

t o

f o r

I n

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

1 /

r e g i o n ,

t h e

e le m e n t a r y

U n it e d

c h o s e n

a w a r d e d

d e g r e e

a d d i t i o n s .

t h e

n e w ,

a

l i s t

w h o le

o f

s c h o o l

S t a t e s

2

T h e
a

f i x e d

f o r

t h e

s i t e

s t u d y

s u r v e y ,

P r o j e c t

T h e

la w s

n o t

w a s

e m
m

o f

i s s i o n

n e c e s s a r y

s m

a u t h o r i t i e s ,
e x c lu d e d
u

t i l i t y

t h e s e

fr o m

t h e

e m p lo y e e s

c o v e r e d

b y

p r o d u c e

s c h o o l

t o

t h e

t h e

s c h o o l

c o n t r a c t o r s ,

t h e

a n d

s c o p e

a s

w

w a s

e l l

t h e

w e r e
i n

o f

a s

w id e

ow n

l a r g e l y

t h e

la b o r

a n y

s i t e

w a s

s u c h

p r o j e c t s ,

i n

t h e

e t r o p o li t a n

a n d

n o n ­

s c h o o l s .

t h e

f a c i l i t i e s

v a r i e s

a p p l i c a t i o n

b y

w it h

o f

c o s t s ,

t h e

a n d

d i r e c t i o n

p e r fo r m e d

b y

i n v o lv e d
o r

a d d i t i o n ,
e x c lu d e d .
o r

o f

a m o n g

a r c h i t e c t u r a l

b la c k b o a r d s

s u r v e y .

l o c a l

t h e

o f

s u r v e y

e s t i m

1 3 ,0 0 0
f u l l - t i m

e n g i n e e r i n g
o f

s i n g l e

p a r t - t i m
i n

N o

s c h o o l s .
t h e

t h o u s a n d s

p r e p a r a t i o n
I n

t h e

d e s i g n i n g

v a r i a t i o n s
s ,

t im e

g e n e r a l l y

a s

a n d

u n d e r

a r e

c o n t r a c t .

w o r k e r s

t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n

c o v e r e d

s y s t e m

t h e i r

o r

o f f ­

c o n ­

d i f f e r e n c e s .

n o t

t h e

m

s c h o o l

i n s t a n c e s ,
e n t s

t h e

i n

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

b e tw e e n

n ew

a n d

u s e d

i n

d e f i n e d

f o r

o f

s e c o n d a r y

o f

p l i c i t
a s

e m p lo y m e n t.

v a r i o u s

a n d

p la n n in g

s o m e tim e s

f u n c t i o n s
s u r v e y

b u i l d i n g ,

e

la n d s c a p i n g
la b o r

S o m e

w a r d r o b e s

s c h o o l
e
d e p a r t ­

s c h o o l

w o r k e r s .

i n s t a l l a t i o n s

t h e

w o r k

t im e

e q u ip m e n t ,
i n s t a l l e d

a t e

T h i s

A l s o

b y

p u b li c

n o t

r e q u i r e d
i f

t o

a t t a c h e d

b y

b u i l d i n g

o f

t h e

i n c lu d e d .

c r e a t e d

t h e i r




s ,

f o r

a t e r i a l s

h a l f

o f

i m

M a n -h o u r s ,

m a n -h o u r s

i n g

r e g i o n s ,

so m e

l o c a l

m a n -h o u r s

e m p lo y m e n t

m

a b o u t

t i m

b u i l d i n g
i n

l a r g e r

a i n t a i n

f u r n i s h i n g s

w a s

o f

m

s y s t e m

c o n s t r u c t i o n

E m p lo y m e n t
w o r k e r s

u s e d

T h e

sh o w

r e q u ir e m

s u c h

b e c a u s e

c o u n t r y .

a l le r

a n d

e m p lo y m e n t

e m p lo y m e n t

a n d

t h e

t o t a l

F o r

e le m e n t a r y

la b o r

r e f l e c t

o f

t o

A lt h o u g h ,

a f f e c t

f r e q u e n t l y

I n

b e t w e e n

s .

i n c lu d e d

w a g e s

t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n
d e l i v e r

g e o g r a p h ic

d e v e lo p i n g ,

t o

t y p e s

t h e

p lo y e e s ,

e n t s .

a n d

s y s t e m

t h e

w a s
o f

o n

d e v e lo p e d

a r e a s ,

a n d

p r o j e c t .

b r o a d

d e s ig n e d

s y s t e m s

o b t a i n e d

d e t e r m in e

c o n s t r u c t i o n .

o n - s i t e

la b o r
t h e

f o u r

C e r t a i n

o m

o n

w e r e

p r o c e d u r e s

m a d e

o n - s i t e

w e r e

p la n n i n g ,

a n d

t h e

t o

s c h o o l

p r o d u c e

d a t a

a m o n g

w a s

f o r

t o

a r i l y

o f

a m o n g

e t r o p o l i t a n

g r e a t l y

b o t h

u t i l i z e d

d a t a

d i f f e r e n c e s
m

i n c lu d e

D a t a

p r i m

( $ 1 ,0 0 0 )

r e q u i r e d

o c c u p a t i o n

a d d i t i o n a l

d e s ig n e d

v o lu m e

e m p lo y m e n t

s t r u c t i o n .
e a c h

w a s

d o l l a r

b y

t h e

e m p lo y e r s —
s t u d y .

r e s p e n d in g

t h e

m

o f

u l t i p l i e r

t h e

w a g e s

e f f e c t —

w a s

a n d
n o t

p r o f i t s

c o n s i d e r e d

w

i t h i n

3

G e n e r a l

E a c h
t a r y ,

$ 1 ,0 0 0

j u n i o r ,

e m p lo y m e n t .

O f

i n d u s t r y .

A

t o

a n d

p r o d u c e

t r a c t o r s ,
( S e e

t h e s e ,

c o n t r a c t

s c h o o l s

i n

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

i n v o lv e d
1 9 5 9

h o u r s

w e r e

f o r

1 2 8

o f

h o u r s

w e r e

m

a t e r i a l s

e m p lo y m e n t

m a n -h o u r s

o f

o n - s i t e

a n d

i n

f o r

b y

e m p lo y m e n t

b u i l d i n g

i n

2 1 2

e m p lo y m e n t
v a r i o u s

e q u ip m e n t

r e q u i r e d

t h e

r e s u l t e d

r e q u i r e d

t h e

o f f - s i t e
T h e

h ig h

a n d

8 4

d e l i v e r

1 . )

F i n d in g s

c o n s t r u c t i o n

s e n i o r

t o t a l

p l u s

c h a r t

o f

a n d

S u r v e y

u s e d

t h e

w e r e

i n

o

b y

o f

e le m e n ­

m a n -h o u r s
t h e

f f - s i t e

o f

c o n s t r u c t i o n
a c t i v i t i e :

c o n s t r u c t i o n

c o n s t r u c t i o n

a l l o c a t e d

a s

c o n ­

i n d u s t r y .

f o l l o w

s :

M a n -h o u r s
p e r

$ 1 ,0 0 0

o f

c o n t r a c t
P e r c e n t

N u m b er
T o t a l

m a n -h o u r s

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 1 2

1 0 0

* . * * . , . , . . * * * . , ,

8 4

3 9

C o n s t r u c t i o n :
O

n - s i t e

O

f f - s i t e

.

.

.

M a n u f a c t u r in g

.

T r a d e

t h e

a n d

O t h e r

O n

a v e r a g e ,

c o n s t r u c t i o n
s t r u c t i o n
t h e

s i t e

a n d

b u i l d i n g

4 3
m

R e c e n t l y ,
p u b l i c
o f

m o r e

f o r

t h a n

a n d
t h e

w o u ld ,

t im

h o u r s
y e a r 's

f o r

b u i l d i n g
o f

a n n u a l

t h e

1 9 5 9

w e e k .

F o r

e m p lo y m e n t.




.

4

1 0

3 7
8

a

A n y

i n

1 9 5 9
t o o k

f o r

c o s t

8 1

h a v e

b e e n

i n c r e a s e

I n

3 8

i n

s p e n t

w o r k

i n

t h e

t h i s

t o
i n

b u i l d .
d i r e c t

r e q u i r e d

o n

t o

b e e n

t h e

o f

a n d

s c h o o l

o f

s o u r c e

c o n s t r u c t i o n

a t e r i a l s

l e v e l

f u r n i s h

2 /

c o n s t r u c t i o n

h a s

t h e
m

T h i s
c o n ­

c o n s t r u c t i o n .

b u i l d i n g

s u p p ly in g

$ 7 3 0 ,0 0 0

y e a r

i n d i r e c t l y
u s e d

s c h o o l

o n - s i t e

a

w o r k e r s —

s u p p l i e s

t h a t

a b o u t

a b o u t

a c t i v i t i e s

f o r

in d u s ­

s e r v i c e s
c o n s t r u c t i o n

c o m m e n s u r a te ly .

e s t i m

o f

6

a n d

y e a r

e m p lo y m e n t
t y p e s

4
9

• ..

a c t i v i t i e s

e m p lo y m e n t

o t h e r

.

a n d

i n d i c a t e

e m p lo y m e n t

a v e r a g e

.

o t h e r

a n n u a lly

o f f - s i t e

r a i s e

.

c o s t s )

b i l l i o n

w o u ld
j o b s

.

2 0

e q u ip m e n t,

o p e r a t i o n s .

c o u r s e ,

T h e

e s
a

1 1 5 ,0 0 0

.

e m p lo y m e n t

v a r i o u s

$ 2 .5

T h is

.

c o n s t r u c t e d

y e a r 's

t h e

.

. +

p la n n in g

a

a b o u t

1 6 0 ,0 0 0

2 /
5 0

i n

.

e m p lo y m e n t

s c h o o l s

a t e r i a l s ,

s c h o o l s .

t r y

s e r v i c e

a n d

c r e a t e d

.

f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i n d u s t r y

o f

.

...............................................................

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n

( e x c l u s i v e

.

a t e
i n

o f

c o n s t r u c t i o n

c o n t r a c t

e m p lo y m e n t,

w o r k e r s

c o n s t r u c t i o n

2 ,0 0 0

h o u r s

w e r e

i s

w o r k

b a s e d
o f

o n

3 5 .8

c o n s i d e r e d

a

4

Chart 1 Distribution of M
.
an-Hours for Each
$1,000 of School Construction Contract, 1959

©

On-site
Construction

O ff-site
Construction

I
L

□

PRIMARY
MAN-HOURS

Transportation
and Trade

Last M anufacturing
Stage

SECO N D A RY
MAN-HOURS
Other
Manufdcturing




Transportation,
Trade and
Services

All O th e r ,
Industries

5

The s u r v e y d i s c l o s e d t h a t , a lth o u g h more th a n h a l f o f th e p r o j e c t s w it h in
th e sco p e o f th e s tu d y had o n - s i t e la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts r a n g in g from 75 t o 95
m an-hours p er $1,000 o f c o n t r a c t , t h e r e was s u b s t a n t i a l v a r i a t i o n among i n d i ­
v id u a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s .
Some o f th e v a r i a t i o n r e f l e c t e d d i f f e r e n c e s in ty p e and
s i z e o f s c h o o ls and d i f f e r e n c e s betw een m e t r o p o lit a n and n o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s ,
and g e o g r a p h ic l o c a t i o n .
The v a r i a t i o n i n u n i t manpower r e q u ir e m e n ts a s s o c i ­
a te d w ith t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p lu s o t h e r s in v o l v i n g s p e c i f i c c o n s t r u c t io n
f e a t u r e s ( s e e t a b l e 2) a r e d is c u s s e d i n more d e t a i l in a l a t e r s e c t i o n o f t h i s
r e p o r t.
M an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts p er $ 1,000 o f c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t f o r s e c o n d a ry
s c h o o ls (83 h o u rs) w ere 4 l e s s th a n th e a v e r a g e f o r e le m e n ta ry s c h o o l s .
The
a v e r a g e re q u ire m e n ts f o r m e t r o p o lit a n l o c a t i o n s (83 h o u rs) w ere s i m i l a r l y
lo w e r th an f o r n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s ( 8 7 ) .
S c h o o ls c o n s tr u c t e d in th e n o r th ­
e a s t e r n p a r t o f th e c o u n tr y a v e r a g e d 76 m an-hours compared w ith 99 in th e S o u th .
L a r g e p r o j e c t s t y p i c a l l y r e q u ir e d few er m an-hours p er $1,000 o f c o n t r a c t th an
sm a ll o n e s.
Th ese o b se r v e d v a r i a t i o n s in tu r n r e f l e c t e d
a f f e c t i n g manpower r e q u ir e m e n ts such a s —
1.
2.
3.

b a s i c u n d e r ly in g f a c t o r s

E x te n t o f u se o f m e c h a n ic a l equipm ent i n c lu d in g c r a n e s , e l e v a t o r s ,
and c o n v e y o r s ;
Amount o f p r e f a b r i c a t e d com ponents u sed i n c o n s t r u c t i o n ; and
The p r o p o r tio n o f s k i l l e d a s compared t o u n s k i l l e d la b o r em p loyed .

D if f e r e n c e s in group a v e r a g e s c i t e d may r e f l e c t v a r y in g c o m b in a tio n s o f
th e se f a c t o r s .
F or exam p le, some o f th e low er u n it m an-hours o b se r v e d f o r
m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s c h o o ls m ig h t be a t t r i b u t e d t o th e f a c t t h a t th e s t r u c t u r e s
w ere o f s u f f i c i e n t s i z e to e n a b le th e c o n t r a c t o r t o ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f th e
b u i l d i n g equipm ent f r e q u e n t ly a v a i l a b l e in l a r g e c i t i e s .
In a d d i t i o n , p r o j e c t s
i n m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s g e n e r a l l y had a c c e s s t o a more h i g h l y s k i l l e d la b o r
fo rc e .
In some in d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s , th e p a r t i c u l a r co m b in a tio n s o f t h e s e
f a c t o r s ca u sed w id e v a r i a t i o n i n m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts .
High m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts ten d ed to be a s s o c i a t e d w ith low er a v e r a g e
wage r a t e s .
The p r o p o r tio n o f t o t a l c o n t r a c t r e p r e s e n te d by o n - s i t e w ages
(w ages p er hour tim e s h o u rs) was f a i r l y c o n s ta n t among v a r io u s s c h o o l p r o j e c t s ,
a b o u t 26 p e r c e n t .
M a t e r i a l s c o s t s , i n c lu d i n g s u p p lie s and d e p r e c i a t i o n o f equ ip m en t, a v e r ­
aged ab o u t 56 p e r c e n t o f th e c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , o r ab o u t $555 p er $ 1,0 0 0 .
(S e e c h a r t 2 and t a b l e 1 4 . )
V a r i a t i o n s from t h i s p r o p o r tio n w ere r e l a t i v e l y
s m a ll.
In n e a r l y 70 p e r c e n t o f th e p r o j e c t s s t u d ie d , m a t e r i a l s c o s t s a c c o u n te d
f o r 52 t o 62 p e r c e n t o f th e c o n t r a c t .
O f th e p r o p o r tio n a s c r ib e d t o m a t e r i a l s ,
a l i t t l e more th a n $100, o r 18 p e r c e n t o f th e $555 was a l l o c a t e d to th e t r a n s ­
p o r t a t i o n , w a re h o u sin g , and t r a d e i n d u s t r i e s .
The re m a in in g $455 r e p r e s e n t s
th e p ro d u ce rs* v a lu e o f th e m a t e r i a l s u s e d , d i s t r i b u t e d among m a n u fa c tu r in g ,
m in in g , s e r v i c e s , and o th e r i n d u s t r i e s .
The r e s i d u a l 18 p e r c e n t , w h ile n o t
s t u d ie d , w ould h a ve c o v e r e d such ite m s a s overh ead and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o s t s ,
t a x e s , an d su p p lem en ta ry wage b e n e f i t s .




6

Chart 2. Percent Distribution of On-Site Wages
and Materials Used for Each $1,000 of School
Construction Contract, 1959




7

The s tu d y o f la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts e v e n t u a l l y p r o v id e d s e v e r a l t y p e s o f
in fo r m a tio n r e l a t i n g to th e k in d s o f m a t e r i a l s u s e d , th e t y p e s o f employment
g e n e r a t e d , th e t im in g o f em ploym ent, and th e sh a re o f t o t a l employment u sed b y
th e v a r io u s s p e c i a l - t r a d e s c o n t r a c t o r s .
Th ese a r e d is c u s s e d in d e t a i l i n
l a t e r s e c t i o n s o f th e r e p o r t .
School C h a r a c t e r is tic s
The s i z e and c o s t o f th e s c h o o ls s t u d ie d a v e r a g e d a s f o l l o w s :
A verage
F lo o r s p a c e .................... ..
C o s t p e r sq u a re f o o t ..............
Number o f c la s s r o o m s .............
C o s t p e r cla ssr o o m ..................
S ch o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t . . .

5 1 . 4 th ou san d squ are f e e t
$ 1 4 .1 6
21
$35,000
$730,000

The s i z e and c o s t o f i n d i v i d u a l s c h o o ls , o f c o u r s e , v a r i e d c o n s id e r a b ly b y
t y p e o f s c h o o l, l o c a t i o n , and t y p e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n .
(S e e t a b l e 1 . )
I f e le m e n ta r y s c h o o ls a r e c o n s id e r e d s e p a r a t e l y from seco n d a ry s c h o o ls ,
i t becomes a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e l a t t e r a r e more c o s t l y , h a ve more room s, and c o s t
more p e r room, r e f l e c t i n g a d d i t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s r e q u ir e d f o r h ig h e r l e v e l s o f
e d u c a tio n .
A verage c o s t per—
A verage
............... — .....■ — - ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ — —■ ■ —
number o f
S ch o o l
Sq u are f o o t
C lassroom
c la s s r o o m s
E lem en ta ry . . .
Seco n d ary . . . .

$370,000
1 ,4 3 3 ,0 0 0

$ 1 3 .2 6
1 4 .6 7

$24,800
44,300

15
32

S c h o o ls c o n s tr u c t e d i n m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s — ab o u t 55 p e r c e n t o f th o s e
s t u d ie d — w ere g e n e r a l l y l a r g e r and more e x p e n s iv e in t o t a l c o s t , c o s t p er
sq u a re f o o t , and p e r cla ssr o o m th a n th o s e b u i l t i n n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s .
D e s p it e c e r t a i n d i f f e r e n c e s n o te d i n th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e s c h o o ls ,
th e g r e a t m a j o r i t y had many s i m i l a r f e a t u r e s .
A bout 80 p e r c e n t o f th e s c h o o ls
w ere o n e - s t o r y s t r u c t u r e s , w ith o u t b a sem en ts.
E x t e r i o r w a l l s w ere g e n e r a l l y
o f m asonry and th e f l o o r s w ere poured c o n c r e t e c o v e r e d w it h some t y p e o f s o f t
t i l e , u s u a lly a s p h a lt.
D if f e r e n c e s i n
c o n s t r u c t io n o f th e
fr a m e s ; 15 p e r c e n t ,
w ere a lm o st e q u a l l y
m asonry s t r u c t u r e s .




c o n s t r u c t i o n w ere n o te d i n th e t y p e
ro o f d eck.
A bout 40 p e r c e n t o f th e
a l l l o c a t e d i n th e N e s t , had wooden
d iv id e d b etw een r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e te

o f fr a m in g , and th e
s c h o o ls had s t e e l
fra m e s.
The rem ain d er
and lo a d - b e a r in g

8

The m ajo r r e g i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e was r e f l e c t e d i n t h e more f r e q u e n t u s e o f
wood p r o d u c t s i n t h e West and a c o r r e s p o n d in g ly s m a lle r u s e o f c l a y p r o d u c ts *
O th er r e g i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s w ere m inor o r r e s t r i c t e d t o s p e c i f i c l o c a l i t i e s ,
f o r exam p le , r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t e r u s e o f s t o n e i n q u a r r y a r e a s *
M ost o f th e s c h o o ls (83 p e r c e n t ) had c a f e t e r i a s w it h c o o k in g f a c i l i t i e s *
A u d ito r iu m s and gymnasiums w ere g e n e r a l l y found o n ly i n se c o n d a ry s c h o o l s ;
o th e r s c h o o ls g e n e r a l l y had a m u ltip u r p o s e room t h a t s e r v e d f o r a s s e m b lie s a s
w e l l a s o t h e r p u rp o se s*




9

L abor R eq u irem en ts in th e P a s t

I t w ould be o f c o n s id e r a b le i n t e r e s t t o compare la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r
c u r r e n t s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t io n w it h re q u ir e m e n ts f o r p a s t p e r i o d s .
U n f o r t u n a t e ly ,
o n ly a l i m i t e d amount o f in fo r m a tio n i s a v a i l a b l e and i t ca n n o t r e a d i l y be
u se d f o r com p arison w ith c u r r e n t d a t a .
The two m a jo r problem s a r e th e ch ange
i n c o s t ( p r i c e ) o f c o n s t r u c t i o n and ch a n ge s in p h y s i c a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s .
Changes i n c o s t s o f m a t e r i a l s and o f la b o r , and o f th e r e l a t i v e p ro p o r­
t i o n s o f e a c h , a f f e c t th e t o t a l p r i c e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n .
A d eq u ate p r i c e in d e x e s
a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r a d j u s t i n g th e d o l l a r v a l u e s o f s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s
in two tim e p e r i o d s .
However, a v e r y rou gh a d ju stm e n t f o r p r i c e ch an ge i n d i ­
c a t e s t h a t t o t a l m an-hours p e r $ 1,0 0 0 ( i n c o n s t a n t p r i c e s ) o f s c h o o l con ­
s t r u c t i o n h ave d e c lin e d b y a p p r o x im a te ly o n e - t h i r d in t h e p a s t 20 y e a r s , 3/
w ith a g r e a t e r d e c l i n e o c c u r r in g f o r o n - s i t e
employment th a n f o r o f f - s i t e
em ploym ent.
P a r t o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e , p o s s i b l y a l l o f i t , m e r e ly r e f l e c t e d th e
t r a n s f e r o f work from o n - s i t e t o o f f - s i t e o p e r a tio n s a s a r e s u l t o f g r e a t e r
u se o f p r e f a b r i c a t e d u n i t s and ch a n g e s in t y p e o f p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e .
The d e c l i n e i n t o t a l la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts r e f l e c t s n o t o n ly in c r e a s e d
e f f i c i e n c y b u t a l s o ch a n ge s i n p h y s i c a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n .
V ery few d e t a i l s o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r th e s c h o o ls s u r v e y e d 20 y e a r s ago a r e a v a i l a b l e .
However,
s c h o o ls b u i l t a t t h a t tim e w ere g e n e r a l l y m u l t i s t o r i e d i n c o n t r a s t to th e
c u r r e n t s i n g l e - s t o r i e d s t r u c t u r e s ; i n t e r n a l f i n i s h i n g was u s u a l l y p l a s t e r i n
c o n t r a s t t o c u r r e n t p a in t e d c in d e r b lo c k .
M ethods o f l i g h t i n g , h e a t i n g , and
v e n t i l a t i o n h a ve im proved, r e q u i r i n g d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s and d i f f e r e n t t e c h ­
n iq u e s o f i n s t a l l a t i o n .
The u s e o f p r e f a b r i c a t e d com ponents h a s a l r e a d y been
m e n tio n e d .
(Changes f o r s p e c i f i c k in d s o f m a t e r i a l s a r e shown in th e s e c t i o n
on M a t e r i a l R e q u ir e m e n ts .)

3/
B ased on u n p u b lis h e d d a ta f o r p u b l i c w orks p r o j e c t s b u i l t
l a t e 19 3 0 * 8 .




i n th e

10

O n - S it e Man-Hour R eq u irem en ts

M an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e a v e r a g e d 84 p e r $ 1,0 0 0 o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t , w ith more th an h a l f o f th e i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s r a n g in g
b etw een 75 and 95 h o u r s .
However, t h e o v e r a l l r a n g e was much w id e r , r e f l e c t i n g
s p e c i a l c ir c u m s ta n c e s a s s o c i a t e d w ith t h e p r o j e c t s w h ich ten d ed t o in c r e a s e o r
d e c r e a s e u n i t la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts .
A p a r t from th e v a r i a t i o n in la b o r r e q u i r e ­
m ents e x h i b i t e d by a r a n k in g o f i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s , t h e s u r v e y a l s o d i s c l o s e d
th e e x i s t e n c e o f marked d i f f e r e n c e s in group a v e r a g e s when th e d a t a w ere
a n a ly z e d b y v a r io u s c r i t e r i a such a s t y p e o f s c h o o l, s i z e , l o c a t i o n , o r
c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f c o n s tr u c tio n .
(S e e t a b l e 2 . )
I t sh o u ld be n o te d t h a t man­
hour r e q u ir e m e n ts p er d o l l a r f r e q u e n t ly do n o t p a r a l l e l r e q u ir e m e n ts p e r sq u a re
fo o t.
D i f f e r e n c e s i n d e s ig n , m a t e r i a l s , and r e l a t i v e c o s t s w i l l a f f e c t th e
co m p a r iso n s, e s p e c i a l l y b etw een r e g i o n s .
L a r g e p r o j e c t s , se c o n d a ry s c h o o l s , and t h o s e b u i l t in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s
and i n th e n o r th e a s te r n p a r t o f th e c o u n tr y ten d ed t o show lo w e r m an-hour
r e q u ir e m e n ts p e r $ 1,0 0 0 o f c o n t r a c t f o r s i t e l a b o r .
U n d e r ly in g much o f th e v a r i a t i o n i n la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts o f i n d i v i d u a l
p r o j e c t s and group a v e r a g e s a r e th e t h r e e m ajo r f a c t o r s d is c u s s e d b e lo w .
A lth o u g h i t seemed im p r a c t ic a l t o a tte m p t t o m easure p r e c i s e l y t h e im p act o f
any o f t h e s e f a c t o r s on manpower r e q u ir e m e n ts , t h e i r in f l u e n c e w as c l e a r l y
a p p a r e n t i n many o f t h e p r o j e c t s o r gro u p s w h ich r e q u ir e d few er m an-hours th a n
o th e rs.
Th ese f a c t o r s a r e :
1.
Use o f equipm ent such a s c r a n e s , e l e v a t o r s , and c o n v e y o r s .
I t was
f r e q u e n t ly o b se r v e d t h a t t h e l a r g e p r o j e c t s and th o s e b u i l t i n m e t r o p o lit a n
a r e a s made g r e a t e r u se o f m e c h a n ic a l eq u ip m en t.
In g e n e r a l, th e se p r o je c ts
ten d ed to show low er u n i t m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts .
Sm all p r o j e c t s , o r th o s e
some d i s t a n c e from a v a i l a b l e equ ip m en t, w ere a b l e to t a k e a d v a n ta g e o f t h e s e
d e v ic e s .
The d e g re e o f m e c h a n iz a tio n v a r i e d , a l s o , by r e g i o n .
2.
Amount o f p r e f a b r i c a t e d com ponents u se d i n c o n s t r u c t i o n .
An exam i­
n a t io n o f th e d a ta f o r i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s shows t h a t th e amount o f p r e f a b r i ­
c a t e d com ponents u se d i s one o f th e more im p o rta n t f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g m an-hour
r e q u ir e m e n ts .
P r e f a b r i c a t i o n i s u sed a t v a r io u s s t a g e s i n c o n s t r u c t i o n .
Some
p r o j e c t s u sed p r e f a b r i c a t e d c o n c r e t e u n i t s i n th e c o n s t r u c t io n o f t h e fram e,
o t h e r s u se d p r e f a b r i c a t e d w a l l p a n e ls , and many u sed p r e f a b r i c a t e d u n i t s i n
th e i n t e r i o r f i n i s h such a s i n window and door fra m e s, t a c k and c h a lk b o a r d s ,
and w a rd r o b e s.
A lth o u g h o n - s i t e la b o r i s re d u ced th ro u gh t h i s p r a c t i c e , i t i s p o s s i b l e
t h a t much o f th e d i f f e r e n c e i n m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts b etw een p r o j e c t s w it h a
h ig h d e g r e e o f p r e f a b r i c a t i o n and o th e r p r o j e c t s may m e r e ly be due t o t r a n s f e r
from th e s i t e to more rem ote sh op s and f a c t o r i e s .




11

3*
Employment o f l a r g e r p r o p o r tio n o f s k i l l e d r a t h e r th a n u n s k i l l e d
l a b o r * In g e n e r a l , low m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts on a p r o j e c t w ere f r e q u e n t ly
a s s o c i a t e d w ith g r e a t e r th a n a v e r a g e u s e o f s k i l l e d c r a fts m e n *
In m ost c a t e ­
g o r i e s shown in t a b l e 3 , lo w er p r o p o r tio n s o f l a b o r e r s and h e lp e r s w ere
r e l a t e d t o low er m an-hour re q u ire m e n ts p e r $1,0 0 0 o f c o n t r a c t .
R e g io n a l Group Com parisons
The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o j e c t s b y o n - s i t e m an-hour re q u ire m e n ts v a r i e d by
r e g io n .
(S e e t a b l e 4 . )
The g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f p r o j e c t s in th e N o r th e a s t
r e q u ir e d few er th an th e 84 m an-hours r e q u ir e d n a t i o n a l l y on th e a v e r a g e .
The
r e l a t i v e l y low a v e r a g e i n t h a t r e g io n , 76 m an-hours p er $ 1,0 0 0 , i s b e l i e v e d
to r e f l e c t th e g r e a t e r u se o f equ ipm en t, p r e f a b r i c a t i o n , and s k i l l e d c r a fts m e n .
(S e e c h a r t 3 . )
The same f a c t o r s w ere a l s o n o ted f o r p r o j e c t s c o n s t r u c t e d in
th e W est, w here 70 p e r c e n t o f th e s c h o o ls r e q u ir e d few er th an 84 m an-hours p e r
$ 1,0 0 0 o f c o n t r a c t and th e r e g i o n a l a v e r a g e was 8 1 .
More th a n 80 p e r c e n t o f th e s c h o o l p r o j e c t s in th e South f e l l in th e
upper ra n g e o f m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts and, in g e n e r a l , r e f l e c t e d more f r e q u e n t
u se o f la b o r e r s and h e l p e r s .
The a v e r a g e p r o j e c t in th e South r e q u ir e d 99
m an-hours p e r $1,000 o f c o n t r a c t .
D ata from th e N orth C e n t r a l r e g io n p r o j e c t s la c k e d t h e c o n c e n t r a tio n
n o te d in o th e r r e g io n s and m an-hour re q u ir e m e n ts f o r i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s
e x te n d e d o v e r a w id e r a n g e .
The a v e r a g e f o r t h i s r e g io n , 83 m an-hours p er
$ 1,0 0 0 , was c l o s e to th e n a t io n a l a v e r a g e .
O th er Group C om parisons
E lem en ta ry s c h o o ls r e q u ir e d more o n - s i t e m an-hours f o r each $1,000 o f
c o n t r a c t th an seco n d a ry s c h o o ls , 87 compared w it h 8 3 .
T h is r e l a t i o n s h i p ,
h ow ever, was n o t c o n s i s t e n t in th e d i f f e r e n t r e g io n s and may be a r e f l e c t i o n
o f o t h e r f a c t o r s , such a s th e s i z e o f p r o j e c t o r d i f f e r e n c e s in d e s ig n .
A bout th e same d i f f e r e n t i a l was n o te d in u n i t m an-hour r e q u ire m e n ts
b etw een s c h o o ls c o n s tr u c t e d i n n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s and th o s e in m e t r o p o lit a n
areas.
The few er h ou rs r e q u ir e d f o r p r o j e c t s i n th e m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s , e x c e p t
in th e W est, a r e p r o b a b ly a t t r i b u t a b l e to th e f a c t t h a t m ost o f them a r e l a r g e r
and more e x p e n s iv e p e r sq u a re f o o t , th u s m aking i t f e a s i b l e f o r b u i l d e r s to
ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f th e econom ies in la b o r tim e o f f e r e d by th e u se o f more h e a v y
equipm ent a v a i l a b l e i n m ost m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s , a s w e l l a s p r e f a b r i c a t e d com­
p o n en ts and h i g h l y s k i l l e d la b o r f o r c e s .
The d i f f e r e n c e s in th e la b o r r e q u i r e ­
m ents betw een t h e s e two gro u p s w ere m ost n o t i c e a b l e in th e South and N orth
C e n tra l r e g io n s .
In g e n e r a l , th e s m a lle r p r o j e c t s r e q u ir e d more o n - s i t e m an-hours p er
$1,000 o f c o n t r a c t , b u t th e d i f f e r e n c e s in a v e r a g e s w ere u s u a l l y s m a ll.
The
v a r i a t i o n in m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts o f i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h i n




12

r e g io n s * w ould i n d i c a t e t h a t * in th e a b s e n c e o f p r o c e d u r e s f e a s i b l e w ith
l a r g e p r o j e c t s to re d u c e manpower r e q u ire m e n ts* o th e r f a c t o r s r e f l e c t i n g
l o c a l c o n d i t io n s a r e more im p o rta n t th an p r o j e c t s i z e in d e te r m in in g m an-hour
r e q u ir e m e n ts per d o l l a r o f c o n t r a c t .
The ty p e o f fra m in g used in th e p r o j e c t s had no c o n s i s t e n t e f f e c t on th e
la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts .
On th e a v e r a g e * c o n c r e t e fram ed s c h o o ls had th e h ig h e r
o n - s i t e man-hour r e q u ire m e n ts* b u t t h i s was n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t r u e when d a ta
w ere compared on a r e g i o n a l b a s i s .
M u l t i s t o r i e d s c h o o ls r e q u ir e d s l i g h t l y few er m an-hours p er $1*000 o f
c o n t r a c t th a n th e more common o n e - s t o r y b u i ld i n g s * e x c e p t in th e W e st.
The
m u l t i s t o r i e d b u i l d i n g s w ere u s u a l l y se c o n d a ry s c h o o l s , l a r g e r on th e a v e r a g e *
and f r e q u e n t l y l o c a t e d in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s .
As such* m an-hour re q u ir e m e n ts
w ere more l i k e l y t o r e f l e c t t h e s e o th e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a l l o f w h ich w ere
g e n e r a l l y low er th a n th e n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e .
No c o n s i s t e n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n u n i t m an-hour re q u ir e m e n ts w ere a p p a r e n t
b etw een s c h o o ls w it h o r w ith o u t b a se m e n ts.
The e x t e r i o r f i n i s h o f th e sc h o o l
a l s o d id n o t ap p ear t o be an im p o rta n t f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g th e m an-hour r e q u ir e ­
m ents o f sc h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n .
On an o v e r a l l n a t io n a l b a s i s , t h e r e was an in v e r s e c o r r e l a t i o n betw een
c o s t p e r sq u a re f o o t and m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts .
In p a r t * t h i s r e f l e c t e d th e
i n f l u e n c e o f c o n s t r u c t io n in th e South* w here h ig h manpower r e q u ir e m e n ts w ere
a s s o c i a t e d w ith low c o s t p er sq u a re f o o t o f s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n .
H ow ever,
m an-hour re q u ir e m e n ts p er sq u a re f o o t w ere h ig h e r on th e more e x p e n s iv e
p r o j e c t s * w hich f r e q u e n t ly in c lu d e d more e l a b o r a t e f a c i l i t i e s .
R eq u irem en ts by O c c u p a tio n
The employment o f d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f s k i l l e d w o rk e rs on th e c o n s t r u c t io n
s i t e v a r i e d b e ca u se o f s e v e r a l f a c t o r s .
Among t h e s e f a c t o r s w ere th e t y p e s
o f c o n s t r u c t io n and m a t e r i a l s u s e d , th e e x t e n t t o w h ich la b o r e r s w ere used*
and t h e number o f d i f f e r e n t c r a f t u n io n s in th e a r e a .
C a r p e n te r s a r e th e m ost commonly em ployed s k i l l e d c r a fts m e n i n sc h o o l
c o n s tr u c tio n .
(S e e t a b l e 5 . )
A t th e tim e o f th e s tu d y * th e y a c c o u n te d f o r
1 8 .7 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l o n - s i t e m an -h ou rs.
Many o f th e d u t i e s t h e y now perform
a r e t a s k s w hich h a v e r e p la c e d t h e i r form er w ork.
I n s t a lla t io n o f flo o r t i l e ,
m e ta l form s* and o th e r jo b s n o t a s s o c i a t e d w ith lumber a r e f r e q u e n t ly p e r ­
form ed b y c a r p e n t e r s .
C a r p e n te r s w e re , t h e r e f o r e , found on th e p a y r o l l s o f
many d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f s p e c i a l t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s .
Plum bers and b r i c k l a y e r s * th e n e x t m ost f r e q u e n t ly em ployed s k i l l e d
w o rk ers* each r e p r e s e n te d s l i g h t l y l e s s th a n a te n th o f t o t a l em ploym ent.
E l e c t r i c i a n s * r a n k in g f o u r t h , a c c o u n te d f o r j u s t o v e r 7 p e r c e n t .




13

Chart 3. On-Site Man-Hour Requirements for
Each $1,000 of School Construction Contract
By Skill Level and Region
Man-Hours
100

ALL
O CCU PATIO N S




Journeymen

Helpers
and
Laborers

All O ther
O ccupations

14

Laborers* the la r g e s t s in g le occupational c la s s if ic a t io n * performed many
d iffe re n t types o f work and were reported on the p a y r o lls o f almost every type
o f contractor. They accounted fo r n e arly one-fourth of to ta l o n -site man-hours;
helpers and tenders accounted fo r a twentieth.
The use of labore rs and workers in other occupations varie d considerably
by area and region. In the South* laborers* helpers* and tenders accounted
fo r almost tw o -fifth s o f to ta l man-hours* whereas in the West* they represented
le s s than one-fourth.
The greater than average use o f lumber products on the West Coast brought
carpenter employment there to more than one-fourth o f to ta l o n -site man-hours*
the la r g e s t proportion of a l l regions* and the sm allest proportion o f employ­
ment o f b ric k la y e rs. Conversely* the North Central re gio n used the h ig h e st
proportions o f b ric k la y e rs and plumbers and the lowest share o f carpenters.
The occupational d is tr ib u tio n in the Northeast was very s im ila r to th at in the
North Central except fo r a lower proportion of labore rs.
The employment o f operating engineers was r e la t iv e ly high in both the
West and Northeast and was in d ic a tiv e of the use of lab o rsavin g equipment. In
both the South and North Central regions* where to ta l man-hour requirements were
higher* the employment of operating engineers was lower than in the West and
Northeast.
Apprentices* employed under formal tr a in in g programs* accounted fo r 3.7
percent o f to ta l man-hours. Use of apprentices was gre ate st in the West and
South and lowest in the Northeast. When only s k ille d trades were considered*
apprentices represented 5.8 percent. (See table 6 .)
General and Sp ecial Trade Contractors Shares
Employees of general co n tractors accounted fo r n early h a lf ( 47.4 percent)
o f the to ta l man-hours required on the co n structio n site * the proportion
ranging from a high o f 52.1 percent in the North Central regio n to a low of
43.5 percent in the Northeast. (See table 8 .) They frequently did most of the
concrete and carpentry work and subcontracted other operations.
In ad d itio n to the general or prime contractor* the average school
required 18 subcontractors. The number o f contractors used varie d by size of
the project and a ls o by area. (See ta b le s 7 and 8 .) Fewer subcontractors were
used in the South and a greater number were used in the Northeast. Subcon­
tr a c tin g was a lso more common in m etropolitan areas.
Plumbing and heating co n tractors were the la r g e s t employers among the
subcontractors* and in many areas* frequently held separate prime con tracts.
They accounted fo r over 14 percent o f the to ta l man-hours and were the major
subcontractor in each region. E le c t r ic a l contractors were respon sible for
7.5 percent of the o n -site man-hours. T h is proportion did not vary g re a tly by
region.




15

Masonry con tractors averaged about the same proportion of man-hours
n a tio n a lly ( 7.2 percent) but exhibited much greater re gio n a l v a ria tio n . They
represented over 10 percent o f the employment in the Northeast and South.
However, in the North Central region, they represented on ly 2.1 percent of
employment, most masonry work being done by the general contractor. In the
West, the low proportion of masonry c o n tra c to rs' employment, 4.2 percent, was
due to the infrequent use o f b ric k s in construction. P a in tin g contractors,
com prising 3.5 percent n a tio n a lly , varied l i t t l e among the regions.. P la s ­
te rin g contractors w ith a n atio n al average of 3.2 percent, had a la r g e r pro­
p ortion of the work in the West, 4.8 percent, as a r e s u lt of the frequent use
o f stucco e x te rio rs.
Other sp ecial trade contractors each ge n e ra lly represented about 3 percent
or le s s o f to ta l employment.'
The Cost of D ire ct Wages
Wage payments to o n -site labor represented a l i t t l e more than one-fourth
of the to ta l contract amount, r e fle c t in g the combined e ffe c t o f man-hour
requirements and wage ra te s. Although both man-hour requirements and wage
ra te s varied considerably among in d iv id u a l p ro je cts, the to ta l proportion
paid to o n -site labor remained rather constant. In general, on an in d iv id u a l
project b a sis , higher wage ra te s were asso ciate d with lower man-hour req uire ­
ments. Th is i s re fle cte d in the re gio n al averages.
Average hourly
earnings

Percent of contract
paid in wages

United State s . . . . . .

$3.07

25.7

N o r t h e a s t ........
North C e n t r a l ........
South .................
W e s t ......................

3.32
3.27
2.62
3.27

24.0
25.4
26.9
26.0

S im ila r comparisons were made for co n tracts in m etropolitan and nonmetro­
p o lita n areas, by types of framing, and by types of schools. (See ta b le 9 .)
Although the average wages and man-hour requirements varie d , the proportion
wages represented o f the to ta l contract value remained clo se to a fourth.
A few in d iv id u a l school pro je cts d iffe re d s u b s ta n tia lly in the r a t io o f
wages to to ta l construction contract. In most cases, these p ro je cts involved
sp e cial co ndition s such as a la rg e proportion o f prefabricated p a rts, sp e cial







Chart 4. On-Site Man-Hours for Each $1,000 of School Construction
Contract Multiplied by Average Hourly Earnings

...Result in Wages Which Are a Relatively Constant
Proportion of the Contract Dollar

17

s it e problems, or unusual labor arrangements, such as tra v e l time included a t
re g u la r hourly ra te s. The range of wages as a percent of contract fo r which
a d is tr ib u tio n of school p ro je cts could be made was as fo llo w s:
Percent wages
were of contract
Under 20.0 . . . . . . . . . . .
20.1 - 22.5 ..............
22.6 - 25.0 ..............
25.1 - 27.5 ..............
27.6 - 30.0 ..............
30.1 - 32.5 ..............
......
32.6 and over

Percent of
schools studied
7.5
24.2
15.6
18.1
18.1
9.0
7.5

Overtime work on schools was rare . Only 1 percent of the to ta l hours
reported was at overtime ra te s. The proportion of time at o'vertime ra te s
was almost the same in each region, ranging from 0.8 percent in the Northeast
to 1.1 percent in the North Central and West.
Occupational Shares
Carpenters, re c e iv in g 4.6 cents, were paid the b igg e st share of the con­
stru c tio n contract d o lla r . Laborers received 4.3 cents. Other occupations
each re c e iv in g more than 3 cents o f the co n structio n d o lla r were b ric k la y e rs,
plumbers, and e le c tr ic ia n s .
Occupational shares of the contract d o lla r vary by region, r e fle c t in g the
r e la t iv e s k i l l s , numbers, and wage ra te s of the workers, as w ell as the
d iffe re n ce s in construction methods. In the West, the wide use of lumber
products increased the share received by carpenters to 6 percent and reduced
the share received by b ric k la y e rs. In the North Central region, both b ric k ­
laye rs and plumbers were paid a bigger share of the contract d o lla r than
carpenters. Laborers in the South were paid 5.6 cents of the contract d o lla r ,
whereas in the West, they received only 3.2 cents.
The proportion each c r a ft ge ts of the contract d o lla r depends a lso on the
d iv is io n of tasks among the several labor unions. These agreements vary by
area and depend frequently on the quantity of con struction a c t iv it y . In la rge
m etropolitan areas;, a number o f sp e cial trade unions sometimes develop. In
sm aller communities, several kinds of s k ille d work are frequently performed
by the same workers. For example, c e ilin g and flo o r t i l e s may be in s t a lle d
by sp e cial tradesmen in some areas, but in others are frequently in s t a lle d by
carpenters.




18

O ff-S ite Employment

For each man-hour o f employment performed on the con struction s it e , an
a d d itio n a l 1.5 man-hours of work are required to produce and d is tr ib u te the
necessary construction m a te ria ls, su p p lie s, and equipment used in con struction.
School construction pro je cts, thus, gave r is e to 128 man-hours o f such employ­
ment per $1,000 of contract, compared w ith 84 hours o n -site . (See table 10.)
The o f f - s it e employment i s generated in many places, but can be c la s s if ie d
in the fo llo w in g catego rie s:
1 . Construction in d u stry— o ff s it e :
warehousing functions.

a d m in istrative , estim ating, and

2 . Manufacturing a c t iv i t i e s producing m a te ria ls, in gre d ie n ts, and
equipment.
3 . Transportation, warehousing, and d is tr ib u tio n of con struction mate­
r i a l s , in gre d ie n ts, and equipment.
4 . A l l other in d u strie s which are d ir e c t ly or in d ir e c tly affected by the
production of m a te ria ls and in gre d ie n ts. Various in te rin d u stry tra n sa ctio n s
eve ntually a ffe c t a l l a d d itio n a l in d u strie s such as a g ric u ltu re , fo re stry , and
m ining.

There are, of course, other people affected which t h is study did not
attempt to cover. Some of these are mentioned on page 2 , in the introductory
section. Of those omitted, the most num erically important groups who would be
d ir e c t ly affe cted by a school con struction program are employees in a rch ite c­
tu ra l firm s, u t i l i t y companies, and lo c a l government. A large area of employ­
ment a lso excluded from the c a lc u la tio n s of man-hour e ffe c ts, as mentioned
e a r lie r , i s that created by the respending and in v e stin g of wages and p r o f it s
a r is in g in v a rio u s areas of economic a c t iv it y w ith in the scope of t h is study.
Although the r a t io o f o n -site to o f f - s i t e employment requirements i s
commonly used in analyzing employment requirements in the con struction in dustry,
another type of d is t in c t io n based upon the economic r e la tio n s of the lab o r­
generating areas i s a lso u se fu l. Therefore, in t h is study, employment req uire ­
ments have a lso been divided in to primary and secondary man-hour needs. As
shown in the succeeding ta b u la tio n and chart 1 , the primary man-hour req uire ­
ments, estimated a t 154, a r is e in the a c t iv i t i e s at the s it e and those r i g i d l y
re la te d to the volume of construction a c t iv it y . Included in these, in a d d itio n
to s it e employment, are o f f - s i t e construction employment, employees of manufac­
tu rin g in d u strie s represented at the " l a s t stage of m anufacturing" fo r m a te ria ls
p rio r to shipment to the s it e , as w ell as those in tran sp ortatio n , trade, and
se rvice o rgan izatio n s dealin g in m a te ria ls used a t the s ite .




19

Secondary man-hour requirements have been defined as in clu d in g those
asso ciate d with a l l other requirements in d ir e c t ly re la te d to the needs a t the
s it e . Such employment, to ta lin g 58 hours or 27 percent o f to ta l man-hour
requirements, spreads to a l l p a rts o f the economy as the impact of primary
a c t iv it y i s re fle cte d in the demand for b a sic m a te ria ls and re late d transpor­
ta tio n , trade, and services. 4/ The fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n shows man-hours o f
employment associate d with $1,000 of school construction.
Total

Primary
a c t iv i t i e s

Secondary
a c t iv i t i e s

Total .........................

154

58

O n-si te:
Construction ...........

84

—

70
10
47
4
9

58

O f f - s it e .....................
Construction ...........
Manufacturing ..........
Transportation ........
Trade and service . . .
Other ................

«•••

*
•

m
m

31
4
11
12

Some business employment i s represented in both the primary and secondary
man-hour needs since some commodities or se rvice s are used in support of
e ith e r s it e a c t iv it y or manufacturers producing items fo r s it e a c t iv it y . For
example, the sand and gravel in dustry furnished sand and gravel d ir e c t ly to
the construction industry and a lso to the ready-mix concrete in dustry which
s e l l s to the construction industry. Metal producers may s e ll d ir e c t ly to the
construction in d u stry— in which case they engage in primary a c t iv it y or they
may s e ll to metal fa b ric a to rs which produce other construction m a te ria ls— in
the la t t e r instance, the metal sa le s would be included under secondary a c t iv it y .
B u ild e rs* O f f - s it e Employment
An exact study of the o f f - s it e employment of the contractors was not
attempted, since i t was almost im possible to re la te accurately such employ­
ment with the p roje cts being studied. B u ild e rs* o f f - s it e employment was hot
only concerned with the project studied but was a lso occupied w ith work
in v o lv in g other current or future pro je cts of the b u ild e rs.

4/ Secondary man-hours were estimated on the b a s is of a study made by
the Bureau of 1947 in te rin d u stry r e la tio n sh ip s. See W. Duane Evans and
M arvin Hoffenberg, In te rin d u stry R e la tio n s Study fo r 1947, Review of Economics
and S t a t is t i c s , Vol. XXXIV ( 1952) , Harvard U n iv e rsity Press. For methods
employed, see appendix A.




20

The estim ate o f 10 man-hours o f such work fo r each $1,000 o f contract i s
based on the differen ce between co n structio n worker employment and to ta l
employment in the contract con struction in d u stry. 5/ T h is estim ate a ls o
includes self-em ployed craftsmen who may have worked a t the s it e .
Combining t h is employment w ith o n -s ite employment r e s u lt s in an estim ate
of 94 hours of employment in the co n structio n in d u stry fo r each $1,000 o f
school construction.
Employment In Transportation, Trade, and Service
The d is tr ib u tio n o f con struction m a te ria ls from the producing in d u str ie s
requires the employment o f workers in the tra n sp o rta tio n , warehousing, and
trade in d u strie s. The estim ate of 13 hours of primary employment per $1,000
o f school contract i s based on the d iffe re n ce between prod ucer's value and
delivered value of the m a te ria ls used a t the s it e . T h is estim ate covers only
the d is t r ib u t io n o f the m a te ria ls from the producers to the co n structio n s it e
and does not include the d is tr ib u tio n , etc. of m a te ria ls among in d u strie s p r io r
to the shipment o f the completed products.
"L a st Manufacturing Stage” Employment
The sector o f the economy most affe cted by school con struction , other
than the construction in d ustry, i s manufacturing. An estimated 47 man-hours
were required fo r each $1,000 o f to ta l contract fo r the production o f the con­
stru c tio n m a te ria ls used in the b u ild in g o f schools. Th is estim ate, however.
Includes only the employment required in the l a s t manufacturing process o f the
m a te ria ls. 6/ The employment generated by t h is a c t iv it y i s d istrib u te d in
many in d u strie s which are d ire ctly affected by a c t iv it y in the con struction
industry. For example, i t in clu d e s saw m ills c u ttin g rough lumber fo r forms
and establishm ents making m illw ork items from limber, but does not include the
employment in saw m ills producing lumber fo r m illw ork products. The la t t e r i s
included in the estim ate of secondary employment discussed below.
Employment in Secondary A c t iv it ie s
In a d d itio n to the 47 man-hours p re vio u sly noted fo r primary employment
fo r each $1,000 of school co n structio n contract in the fa c to r ie s making con­
stru c tio n m ate ria ls, an a d d itio n a l 31 hours were required in secondary manu­
fa c tu rin g a c t iv it ie s .

5/ A dm in istrative, engineering, estim atin g, and c le r ic a l workers accounted
fo r about 14 percent of to ta l employment in the co n structio n in d ustry. About
one-fourth of t h is employment was involved at the s it e .
6/ Included in the b i l l of m a te ria ls were the su p p lie s and the expended
value o f the equipment used by con struction co n tractors.




21

T h e

t r ansportation

the

m a t e r i a l s

for

each

Tra d e

to

a nd

and

service

$1,000

of

industries

from

the

industries

school

r e quired

industries

as

a

c o n s t r u ction

4

hours

indirectly

group
to

of

r e q uired

m e e t

the

employment

to

transport

affected.

11

n e eds

hou r s
of

of

employment

secondary

business

activity.

Other
acco u n t e d

business
for




the

activities,

rema i n i n g

12

primarily
h o urs

of

agriculture,

secondary

forestry,

m a n p o w e r

and

mining,

requirements.

22

C o n s truction

The
excess

ave r a g e

of

however,
size

of

1

v a r i e d

The

schools

to

almost

Reg i o n a l

also

2

time

m o r e

than

(See

to

p rojects

t h e n
70

T h e

percent

first
m a d e

laborers.

sheet

p e r c e n t
in

the

of

the

m o r e

reflect

longer

than

a

w e r e

the

slightly

n o t e d

in

projects,

not

onl y

by

vari o u s

1

year

climatic

the

to

smallest

all

Schools

in

constr u c t i o n

industry,*

of

the

complete.

conditions.

time.

average

for

N e a r l y

the

Schools
the

in

N o r t h

time.

In

average

the

school

shorter.

Periods

dis t r ibution
into

m o n t h s
ones.

than

year-round

C o n s t r u c t i o n

10

of

equal

sizes

to

employment,

periods.

o b t a i n

started

slowly

the

Th i s

typical

in

the

of

on-site

employment

in

the

the

and

sharply

to

are

o p e r a t i n g

special
of

the

last

last

built
two

c o nstruction

per m i t t e d

employment

up

to

a

periods.

oc c u r r e d

p e riod

or

sixth

and

the




is

fell

one

building

workers,

in
to

the

time

co m b i ­

patterns.

peak
(See

the
less

program

truckdrivers,
follow

in

plumbers,

finally,

in

the

chart

sixth

5.)

fourth

through

the

th a n

percent

of

3

is

divided

period

of

peak

M a n y

of

into

the

tile

10

contracts

carpenters,

occupations

roofers,

setters,

equal
in

a n d

w a v e s —

bricklayers,

employment
the

after

succeeding

glaziers,

time

performed.

and

periods,

w h i c h

at

r e a c h

m o s t

least

their

20

peak

period.

laborers

rem a i n e d
trades

periods

truckdrivers.

h a v e

a

skills,

and

c o n s t r u c t i o n

w o r k

Oth e r

other

plasterers,

trades

employment

for

from

engineers,

s t r uctural-iron

the

their

fifth

benefit

employment

W h e n

struction.
of

largest

off

workers,

C a r penters

m o s t

several

the

took

u s u a l ly

w o r k m e n

finishers,

the

of

of

w e e k s

Employment

Pea k

m e tal

painters.
of

b y

w a s

individual

employment.

been

cement

f ew

employment

periods.

ha v e

from

of

m i l l i o n

is

divided

dropped

eighth

total

a

for

12.)

N e a r l y

the

r a nged
some

r e q u i r e d

m e a s u r e
w a s

Generally,
period,

span
for

to

w a s

studied

time

differences

c o nstruction

school

of

Significant

appe a r e d

c o n s t ruction

order

table

schools

w e e k s

Employment

n a t i o n

all

region.

$1

68

Occupational

In

for

C o n s t r u c t i o n

differences

time

each

11.)

ave r a g e d

con s t r u c t i o n

for

b y

years

g e nerally

w h e r e

per iod

table

also

c o n s t ruction

N o r t h e a s t

South,

but

costing

Central

(See

considerably.

proj e c t

projects

the

con s t r u c t i o n

year.

Time

w e r e

w e r e

e m ployed

comp a r a tively

w h i c h
cement

w e r e

almost

the

employed

finishers,

same
in

constantly

a n d

d u ring

p e riods

about

the

electricians,

all

same

their

degree

plumbers,

share

of

and

c o n ­

dur i n g

Chart 5. On-Site Man-Hours of Construction Labor for
Each $1,000 of School Construction Contract
By Decile of Construction Time
Man-Hours




Deciles of Construction Time

24

Con tractor

T he

Employment

p a t t e r n

contractors
path
and

of

e x c avation
time,

Other
in

h e a t i n g
sixth,
level

con t r a c t o r

w h e r e a s
in

fourth

contractors

to

the

also

w e r e

e xpended

that

the

features
expected,

completed

f i nishing
part

in

w e r e

(See

in

work,

of

the

normal

periods.

exh i b i t e d

they

Wages




w a s

per f o r m e d

others.

c o n s t r u c t i o n

be

latter

ind icating
the

m i g h t

seventh

Pe r i o d

employment,

specific

the

the

respectively),
than

for
As

contractors

the

C o n s t r u c t i o n

contractors

c o n c entrated

peak

of

used

development.

struction
w a s

w e r e

by

particularly
of
the

m a j o r

part

the

first

third

such

w i t h

general

patterns

of

peak

in

all

special-trade
followed

of

the

of

p a inting

sequence

A l t hough

total

and

a

wor k

logical
of

site

c o n ­

plastering,

cycle.

m o s t
and

activity
periods

activities
plumbing
(the

at

a

fifth

m o r e

at

and
and

uniform

13.)

at

about

the

average

skill

requi r e m e n t s

period.

as

c o nstruction

r e p resented

table

w h e r e

construction,

same

rate

that

m a n - h o u r s

r e m ained

almost

w e r e

used,

c o nstant

during

25

M a t e r i a l s

Costs
sented

of

55.5

m a t erials,

percent

a v e r a g e

w e r e

b e t w e e n

e l e mentary

proj e c t s
total

studied

One

and

h a d

p r o p o r t i o n

an

inverse

of

rep r e s e n t e d
overhead,

survey

secondary

m a t e r i a l s

w e r e

of

the

of

a nd

pro p o r t i o n a t e l y

N e a r l y

r a n ging

project,
a ssigned

the

total

planning,

regions

schools.

costs

cos t

bet w e e n

between

products

but

size

of

$200,000

to

62

appear

to

of

did
to

related

to

varia t i o n

In

general,

cost.

off-site
on

m o r e

and

the

The r e

w e r e

activities
costly

p r oportion

contract
value

covered

also,
this

projects.

as

percent

contract

cost
59.3
57.7

...

53.9

schools,

w h i c h

amounting

the

55.1
56. 4

to

m a j o r

w h i c h

m a t e r i a l s

structural
w i n d o w s

to

the

higher

contracts.
Th e

larger

project

cost

For

schools

costs

but

brackets,

h a d

elementary
frequently

did

not

had

always

costs.

the

items)"

8/

in

of

percent.
a dded

used,

h e a t i n g

costs.

g e n erally
percent

m a t e r i a l s

a n d

cons t r u c t i o n

m e t a l

.

w e r e

to

g y m nasiums

plum b i n g

ove r

a v e r a g e d

costs

a nd

a nd

in

w a s

m a t e ­

55.6

c o m p r i s e d

pr o d u c t s

that

indications,

not

a nd

pro p o r t i o n a t e l y

A m o n g

there

55.8

c o sts

(excluding

school

be

materials.

.

Secondary

ad d

the

their

$2,000,000

such

this
and

of

$l,000,000-$2,000,000

schools,

from

r e gions

percent

.........

$400,000-$1,000,000

audi t o r i u m s

r e p r e ­

project

$200,000-$400,000

m a t e r i a l s

14,

w i t h i n

percent

of
Under

also

70

project

contract

other
h i g h e r

of

table

Variations

52

from

M a t e r i a l s
Cost

in

contracts.

7/

size

total

significant

c onstruction

o n l y

contracts.

r e l a t i o n

for

total

not

characteristic,

the

ria l s

shown

the

small,

cons t r u c t i o n

in

that

v e r y

of

Used

W i t h i n

general

grouping

repre s e n t e d

16

this

about

a n d

r e i n f o r c i n g

a n d

doors

w e r e

group,

steel.
other

"metal

percent

the

one-third

Fabricated

important

products

of

total

of

the

sheet-metal

items

w i t h i n

this

group.

M a t e r i a l s

T J

cha r g e

for

w e r e

small

a
8

m a j o r

Each

/

costs

i n c l u d e d

c o n s t r u c t i o n

p r o p o r t i o n
" percent

of
of

c o n s t r u c t i o n

annual

e x p e n ditures

for

of

school

con s t r u c t i o n

(e.g.,

16

percent).




estimate
us e d

for
on

the

the

rental

job.

In

or

depreciation

total,

such

costs

costs.

of

the

an

equipment

con s t r u ction
$224

contract"
m a t e r i a l s

m i l l i o n

of

represents
at

m e tal

the

almost

current

products

is

$14

annual

m i l l i o n
r a t e

repr e s e n t e d

by

26

Stone,
for

13.8

concrete,
b e c o m e

a

a nd

ditioning

the

for

o n l y

T h e

in

for

m u c h

of

the

c a r d b o a r d

or

reu s a b l e

In

to

A

general,

p roblems

in

or

m e t a l

of

use

percent

of

percent

w a s

for

costs).

brick

c o ntract

w a s

r e a d y - m i x

total
of

importance,

this

a n d

spent

accou n t e d
o n

cement,

co n c r e t e
Its

other

has

growing
c l a y

products,

costs.

the

contracts,

equipment,

an d

pl u m b i n g

plumbing

one - t h i r d

including
p r oducts

being

air

to

c o n ­

3 . 4

fixtures.

C o n s u mption

m a t erial

use s

b e t w e e n

the

area

w h e r e

only

u s e d

u sed

m o r e

lumber

years,

ventilating

5.1

of

pri m a r i l y

of

use d

considerably

the

for

for

r e g i o n s

lumber
less

brick

m i l l w o r k

expenditures

concrete

w o r k

for
h a s

w a s

in

lumber

continued
an d

lumber

appear

stone.

items,

b e e n

to

In

w h i c h
products.

r e p l a c e d

by

forms.

dressed

the

West,

lumber

m o r e

amounted

than

twice

to

the

3.9

percent

p r oportion

of

the

use d

in

total
any

of

the

the

a

periods,
bility,

study

if

T he

fix t u r e s

limited

of

of

about

total

a n d

of

m a t e r i a l s
m a n y

marble,




of

from

52

ago

cost
to

of

at

classifications

these

the

shows
h a s

55

time
that

changed

percent.

alone,

differences

showed
w e r e

only

probably

however,

of

a nd

brick

has

increased.

total

granite,

m a s k

stone

a

the

present

pro p o r t i o n

v e r y

T h i s

diminished
The

m a t e r i a l
a nd

w o u l d

of
the

study

and

m a t e r i a l s

little

b e t w e e n

the

r e lative

overall

sta­

sharply,

p r o portion

costs
has

ha s

considerable

m o r e

almost

w h e r e a s

electrical
than

change

doubled;

disappeared,

that

w i r i n g
in

except

in

two

materials.

has

areas.

costs

years

use

lumber

r e p r e s e n t

local

a nd

gla s s

20

c o n s t r u c t i o n
only

c o n sidered

use

of

of

a n d

con s t r u c t i o n

m a d e

m e t h o d s

concrete,

m a j o r i t y
reg i o n s

classification.

i n c reasing

stru c t i o n

u se

of

c o m p a r i s o n

of

great

bet w e e n

M a t e r i a l s

rep r e s e n t e d

the

w a s

a n d

in

dif f e r en c e s

Cha n g e s

that

rou g h

to

schools,

h a l f

form

5.8

w h i c h

in

of

general

regions.

m i n o r
due

about

percent

a n d

M a t e r i a l s

lumber

Eve n

v a l u e

of

region,

in

acc o u n t e d

other

totaled

difference

regions,

of

r e c e n t

perc e nt

a m o u n t e d

W e s t e r n

quantities

U se

In

in

H e a t i n g

one- t h i r d

largest

contract

2.3

pro d u c t s

fixtures.

equipment,

other

products.
4

Differences

large

hal f

reduced

R e g i o n a l

in

in

tha n

(approaching

about

T he

second

M o r e

r e f l e c t e d

percent,

products.

products,

costs.

item

a c c o u n t e d

lighting

glass

total

b e e n

h a s

Electrical
for

and
of

c oncrete

m a j o r

imp ortance
w h i c h

clay,

percent

of

c o n ­

metal,

and
contrast,
in

27

M a n y
r e f l e c t

of

or

amounts

to

be

h a l f
pr ice

a n
of

changed

used;

rise

of

all

decades,

of

of

r e f l e c t s

w h e r e a s

as

in

substantial

the

use

crete

h as

also

taken

ca ted

not

o n l y

by

decline
The
total

in

changes

in

for
the

and

s h ows
the

use

of

amounts

dollar

glass
of

the

other

and
of

as

a

and

steel

H e a t i n g

a nd

its

P l u m b i n g

Structural

steel

lost
the

and

time.

used

group

the

bee n

and

but

.................

supplies

....

.......................

This
also

is
by

m a t e r i a l s

A s

stated

for

price

m o v e m e n t s

construction.

20

years
ago

38.5

33.6

8.8

12.2

6.6

5.5

5.3

5.A

M e t a l

.....................................

4. 4

2.7

and

glass

conc r e t e

products
products

.....

26.5

......

12.4

B r i c k ...............................................
Forest

and

P l a n n i n g
Electrical
R o o f i n g

timber

m i l l

................

p r o d u c t s ................

m a t e r i a l s .......................

P a i n t s ..............




..........................

prod u c t s

26.4
6.2

3.0

10.2

8.9

p r o d u c t s ...........

Lumber

sharp

represented

3.3

and

In

c o n ­

indi­
the

previously,

5.7

clay,

two
sharp

noted.

...........................

Cement

A

precast

steel

Stone,

has

past

R e i n f o r c i n g
doors

about
sharpest

gravel.

differential

m a t e r i a l s

a

products.

already

stone,

selected

of

as

construction.

.............

and

form

continues

group

pro d u c t s

fixtures

ha v e

over

ready*<nix

a n d

sand,

of

has

of

other

whi c h

costs

component

stones

percent

effect

v e n t i l a t i n g

below

product

exhibiting

study

Iro n

in

M i l l w o r k

whole,

Current
M aterial

tabulation

change

despite

products,

brick

periods

of

text
a

factors.

m a t e r i a l s

among

cement,

two

both

importance

school

com b i n e d

r e l a t i v e

an d

the

dim i n i s h e d

bel o w

costs

include
the

in

in

the

items.

changes

m a r b l e

in

reflect

products,

p r o portion

p u rchases

tabulation

com p a r i s o n s

clay,

r i s e

place

the

separate

m a t e r i a l

m a t e r i a l

a

of

forest

of

con s t r uction

substantial

addition,

others

c o m b i nation

stone,

co n t r a c t i o n
a

a

the

steady

indicated

m o v ements;

b uilding

p o s i t i o n

r e latively

are

item

share

p r o p ortions

pri c e

some

important
their

The
be e n

the

differential

15.9

3.5

8.5

5.3

7.4

10.5

5.1

1.7

2.8

1.1

1.1

of

these
and

Table 1.

Number and Cost of Surveyed School Construction Projects, by Selected Characteristics and Region, 1959

Characteristic

North Central

Northeast

United States
Cost per—
Class­
Number
Square room
foot
( thou­
sands)

Cost per—
Class­
N ber
um
Square room
( thoUffoot
sands)

South

West

Cost per—
Class­
Number
Square room
(thou­
foot
sands)

Cost per—
Class­
Number
Square room
foot
(thou­
sands)

Cost per—
Class­
Number
Square room
foot
( thou­
sands)

All schools ..............................

128 $ii*. 16

$35.0

22 $16.99

$1*2.7

26 $13.67

$35.1

1 1 $12.11
$

$26.1

39 $11$. 25

$38.1*

Elementary................................
Secondary......................... ........

85 $13. 26
.
1 3 1U 67
$

$21*. 8
i$I$.3

13

. 02

9

16.97

$32.1*
50.2

18 $H*. 27
8 13.35

'127.1
1$2.3

29 $10.67
12 13.1*9

$19.1
36.1*

25 $13.1*0
1 $ H*. 61
1

$26.3
l$6.8

In a metropolitan area ...........
Not in a metropolitan area . . .

70
58

1U.68
13.11

37.5
30.5

10
12

17.58
16.01

1*7.1

13
13

H*. 15
12.71*

3 8 .6

29.1$

22
19

12.73
10.67

29.3
20.2

25
1$
1

11*. 86
12.97

38.9
37.3

Construction cost group (in
thousands):
$200 and under . . . . . ...........
$201-$300 ..............................
$301-$l$00 ...............................
$l*oi-$5oo ...............................
$5oi-$i,ooo ...........................
$1,001-$2,000 ........................
$2,001 and o v e r ....................

22
16
2$
1
15
2l$
17
10

11.57
10.60
12.15

(1 /)
( I /)
27.U
(1 /)
35.1
1*0.9
61.3

5

lit. 77
13.89
16.1*8

1
1
1
$
1
7
5
3

(1 /)
(V )
15702

12.08

19.9
20.0
23.2
23.6
30.2
ia.7
56.3

3
5
3
2

12.76
12.1*6
13.77
13.56
H*. 31
13.01
(1 /)

23.0
25.6
28. k
32.1
29.1
1$3.3
<2/>

9
7
10
5
5
1
$
1

9.97
9.13
11.02
9.96
12.1*0
13.85
(1/)

17.2
15.5
20.1*
17.1*
21*. 1
*
1*2.3
(1/)

7
1
$
6
6
7
5
1
$

13.01
11.62
11.66
13.52
lit. 86
13.1U
15.86

23.3
25.6
22.1
27.3
33.7
1$0.8
56.8

Type o f framing:
Steel ......................................
Concrete .................................
Load-bearing masonry...........
Wood........................................

51
29
28
20

H 77
*.
13.65
12.81
H 2*
*. 1

38.7
32.5
27.1
36.6

1$
1
1
7
—

16.98
16751*
—

1*5.1*
( l /)
27.6
--

12
6
8
—

13.12
11*. 80
13.79
—

3$ 7
1.
1$2.5
27.7
—

17
1$
1
10
—

12.1*1
12.60
10.11*
—

27.7
25.8
22.6
—

8
8
3
20

15.81*
13.07
11.1*2
H*. 25

1$9.5
32.1
29.1

1 story ......................................
2 or 3 stories .........................

101
27

13.13
15.53

29.1
1$5.3

13
9

15.72
17.71*

35.9
1*7.5

20
6

13.75
13.61

31.9
38.5

33
8

10.97
1 $ 25
1.

21.1*
38.5

35
1
$

13.63
15.72

32.7

Pull or partial basement.......
N basement ...............................
o

101

27

15.81
13.1*2

l$5.o
31.3

12
10

17.90
15.20

1*7.2
3 5.1

9

H*. 1*3
13.09

1$0.3

17

U*. 09
H*. 81*
H*. 15

31$. 5
35.2
39.3

21

17.01
O /)

1*3.2
(1/)

26
—

Exterior:
Masoniy..................................
Curtain w a ll.........................
Other ......................................

1/




105

11
12

1

i n

(V )

17719
15.1*5
18.88

(V )

3 6 .6

h
k

1
$

3 6.6

60.0

12.65

31.7

37

12.01

36.1*
21*. 8

2
37

(1/)
11*. 20

(1/)
3^.5

13.67

35.1

—

—

36
5

12. 31
10.61$

26.7
22.0

22
5

13.37
17.25
lit. 15

35.6
1$6.3
39.3

Insufficient data to warrant presentation.

N TE Construction work spanned the period 1958-60
O :
but the major portion was done in 1959.

12

Table 2.

On-site Man-hour Requirements for School Construction Projects, by Selected Characteristics and Region, 1959
United States

Characteristic

Northeast

North Central

South

West

Man-hours per—
$1,000 1,000
of
square Class­
room
cost
feet

Man-hours per—
$1,000 1,000
of
square Class­
room
cost
feet

Man-hours per—
$1,000 1,000
of
square Class­
room
feet
cost

Man-hours per—
$1,000 1,000
of
square Class­
room
cost
feet

Man-hours per—
$1,000 1,000
of
square Class­
room
cost
feet

All schools ...............................

8 *. 0
1

1,189

2 ,9 3 8

Elementary..................................
Secondary................................ .

86.7
82.6

1,150
1, 212

3,656

In a metropolitan area ...........
Not in a metropolitan area . . .

82.6
87.2

1,212
l, H t
O

3,092
2,636

71*. i*
7 9 .0

Construction cost group (in
thousands):
$200 and under......................
$201-$300 ...............................
$301-8500...............................
8501-1500...............................
$5oi-$i,ooo ...........................
$1,001-$2,000 .......................
$2,001 and over ....................

90.0
92.0
95.6
85.8
81.2
82.2
81.7

i,o ia
975
1,161
1,037
1,199
1,11*2
1,31*7

1,787
1,81*2
2,211*
2,029
2,1*1*9
3,1*27
l*,60l*

( 1/ )
a /)
85.2

Type o f framing:
Steel ......................................
Concrete .................................
Load-bearing masonry...........
Wood........................................

83.5
88.6
81.6
80.5

1,233
1,209
1,01*6
1,11*6

3,230
2, 876
2,212
2,91*9

71 0
*.
(1/)
• 7
/It.
—

1 story ......................................
2 or 3 stories .........................

85.0
82.8

1,116
1,287

Full or partial basement .......
N basement ...............................
o

82.5
81;. 8

1,301*
1,138

2 ,653

8 3 .2

1,172
1,379
1,163

2,870
3, 272
3,230

Exterior:
Masonry ..................................
Curtain w a ll.........................
Other.....................................

92.9
82.1

2 ,1 5 3

1,291

3 , 21*9

82.6

1,129

2,902

99.0

1,199

2,587

80.6

1 ,1 5 9

3,099

8 3 .3

1,1*17
1,233

2,697
3,61*6

78.9
85.7

1,126
1,131

2,136
3,586

105.1
9h. 3

1,122
1,272

2 ,0 0 6

75.6
82.6

1 ,0 1 3

1 ,9 8 6

3,527

1,206

3,865

3,1*99
2,891*

77.9
92.9

1,102
1,18U

3,007
2,727

9U.9
110.3

1 ,2 0 8

1,177

2, 778
2,225

82.1
77.1

1,220
1,001

3,197
2,875

(1/)

98.5
90.8
78.9
93.3
76.7
83.7
(1 /)

1,256
1,131
1,087
1,261*
1,097
1,089

2, 260
2,322

(V )

(V )

958
901
1,286
963
1,278
1,282
(3/)

1,650
1,526
2,380
1,678
2,512
3,915
U /)

77.7
79.0
80.5
75.1*
70.6
79.2
86.6

1,012
918
939
1,019
1,058
1,050
1,375

1 ,8 1 2

2, 991
2,231
3,623
(1/)

96.1
98.6
116.7
96.7
103.1
92.6

2,025
1,780
2,059
2,376
3,233
5,916

1,11*8
1,073
1,158
—

3,033
3,081
2,328
—

96.3
101.5
100.2
~

1,195
1,278
1,016
—

2,670
2,621
2,270
—

81 2
*.
79.5
68.6
80.5

1,335
1,038
783
1,156

5,172
2,558
1,999
2,959

72.6

(1/ )

79.1
7 *. 5
1
73.6

1, 307
1 ,2 6 6

(1 /)

(V )

(V )

1,265
(1/)
1,359
i,i5 i
1,389

2,576
(1 /)
2,'519
3,057
5,515

1,256

3,355
(1 /)

2 ,2 3 8

1,235
—

2 ,? 0 8

—

87.5
72.5
85.0
—

2,1*71*
3,750

78.1*
71 8
*.

1,232
1,326

2,811
3,551

83.8
81.6

1,152
1,111

2, 670
3, li*0

102.5
93.9

1,125
1,338

2,191
3,612

77.5
87.2

1,056
1,371

2, 536
5,229

3,707

78.2
71.0

1,399
1,079

3, 690
2,590

80.7
85.3

1,161*
1,103

3,251*
2, 668

1 0 8 .6

97.1

1,375
1,166

3,950
2,505

(1 /)
80.5

(1/)
1,153

(1 /)
2,551

76.0
73.7

1,293
1,167

3, 283
1,917

82.6

1,129
—

2, 902
~

98.3
10l*.2

1,211
1,109

2,629
2, 293

76.1
89.9
82.1

1 ,0 1 8

—

2,705
5,165
3,230

1/ Insufficient data to warrant presentation.




76.0

(V )

1,552
1,163

30

T a b le 3.
C on tra ct,

O n - s i t e M a n -h o u r R e q u ir e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n
b y P r o p o r t i o n o f L o w e r s k i l l e d L a b o r E m p lo y e d 1 / a n d R e g i o n , 1 9 5 9

U n ite d
S ta te s

N orth ea st

N o rth
C en tra l

S ou th

g r o u p s .............................

8U

76

83

99

81

a n d u n d e r ..................
- 2 ^ . 0 ..........................
- 3 0 . 0 ..........................
- 3 5 . 0 ..........................
- U O .O ..........................
- U 5 . o ..........................
a n d o v e r .....................

80

72
68

80

__

82
82

P e r ce n t grou ps o f
lo w e r s k i l l e d w o rk e rs
A ll
20. 0
2 0 .1
2 5 .1
3 0 .1
3 5 .1
U o .i
1 .5 . 1
4

75
85
80
92
n o
ill

1/
F or p u rposes o f t h is
c o n s id e r e d lo w e r s k ille d .

T a b l e U.

67
9U
95
89
—

87
70
—
—

116

c o m p a r is o n ,

la b o r e r s ,

h e lp e r s ,

—
86
91
9li
113
110

W est

79
70
—
91
—

and te n d e r s w ere

P e r c e n t D i s t r i b u t i o n o f S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n P r o j e c t s , b y N um ber o f
O n - s i t e M a n -h o u r s R e q u i r e d f o r E a ch $ 1 , 0 0 0 o f C o n s t r u c t i o n
C o n t r a c t , b y R e g io n , 1 9 5 9
U n ite d
S ta te s

N orth ea st

N orth
C e n tra l

S o u th

A v e r a g e m a n -h o u r s ...........

81i.O

7 6 .0

8 2 .6

9 9 .0

U n d e r 6 0 . 0 .............................

5 .5
1 2 .5
2 1 .8
2 1 .1
1 5 .6

b.6
2 2 .7
3 1 .7
9 .1
2 2 .7
U .6
U. 6
—

7 .7
1 1 .5
2 3 .1
1 9 .2

MM
a

P e r c e n t grou p

6 0 . 0 - 6 9 .9 ..........................
7 0 . 0 - 7 9 . 9 ..........................
8 0 . 0 - 8 9 . 9 ..........................
9 0 . 0 - 9 9 . 9 ..........................
1 0 0 . 0 - 1 0 9 . 9 .....................
1 1 0 . 0 - n 9 . 9 .....................
1 2 0 . 0 - 1 2 9 . 9 .....................
1 3 0 . 0 a n d o v e r ..................




9. U
6 .3
3 .1
U. 7

1 1 .5
1 1 .5
7 .7
3 .9
3 .9

1U. 6
1 7 .1
2 1 .9
1 7 .1
1 2 .2
7 .3
9 .8

W est

8 0 .6
1 0 .3
2 0 .5
2 3 .1
3 3 .2
7 .7
2 .6
—
—
2 .6

Table S .
>

O n-site Man-hour Requirements per $1,000 o f School Construction Contract, by Occupation and Region, 1959
United States

Occupation 1 /

Northeast

North Central

South

West

Man-hours
Percent
worked

Man-hours
Percent
worked

Man-hours
Percent
worked

Man-hours
Percent
worked

Man-hours
Percent
worked

A ll occupations .......................

81*. 0

100.0

76.0

100.0

8 2.6

100.0

99.0

100,0

8 0.6

100.0

General supervisors ...............
P rofession a l, te ch n ica l, and
c l e r i c a l ..................................

2.8

3.3

2.7

3 .5

2 .9

3 .5

3 .6

3 .6

2 .3

2.8

.5

.6

.5

.6

.8

1 .0

.6

.6

.1*

.5

B r ic k la y e r s ...............................
Carpenters .................................
Cement fin is h e r s .....................
E le c tricia n s . . . . .....................
G laziers .....................................
L a th e rs ...................................
Operating engineers ...............
Ornamental-iron workers . . . .
Painters ......................... ............
P lasterers .................................
Plumbers .....................................
Roofers ........................................
Sheet-metal workers ...............
S tru ctu ra l-iro n workers . . . .
Terrazzo workers and t i l e
s e tte r s ...................................

7.8
15.7
1 .5
6.0
.6
1.2
1 .6
.9
2 .8
1 .1
7 .9
1.2
2 .5
1.1*

9.3
18.7
1.8
7.1
.8
1.1*
1.9
1 .1
3.3
1 .3
9.1*
1 .5
2.9
1.7

8 .6
11.9
1 .2
5 .6
.5
1 .5
1 .7
1 .3
2.7
.7
7 .3
1 .1
1.8
1 .5

11.3
15.7
1 .6
7.3
.7
2 .0
2 .3
1 .7
3 .6
.9
9 .6
1 .5
2.1*
1 .9

1 0.6
11.7
1 .2
6.1*
.6
1 .0
1 .0
1 .1
2 .3
1 .0
9 .1
1 .6
2.9
2 .5

12.8
11*. 2
1 .5
7.7
.7
1 .2
1 .2
1 .3
2 .8
1 .2
1 1.0
1.9
3 .5
3 .0

9 .7
11*. 9
1 .6
5 .6
.9
..8
1 .6
.9
2 .7
.9
7.8
1 .3
1 .5
1 .3

9 .8
15.1
1 .8
5.7
.9
.8
1.7
.9
2 .8
.9
7.8
1 .3
1 .5
1 .3

1 2
*.
21.1*
1 .8
6.3
.6
1 .2
1 .9
.5
3 .0
1 .5
7 .9
1 .1
3.1*
.9

5.2
26.5
2.2
7 .8
.7
1 .5
2.3
.6
3.8
1 .9
9 .8
1.1*
1+.2
1 .1

.8

.9

1 .0

1 .3

.8

1 .0

.9

1 .0

.5

.6

Truckdrivers .............................
Laborers .....................................
Helpers and tenders ...............
Watchmen ......................................

.7
20,1
1*.3
.5

.8
2l*. 0
5.1
.6

.6
1 6.5
1 6
*.
.8

.8
21.8
6.0
1 .1

.5
20.0
2.1*
.2

.6
21*. 3
2 .9
.3

.7
32.8
5 .6
.8

.7
33.1
5 .6
.9

.8
11*. 3
1*. 2
.1

1 .0
17.7
5.3
.1

Other ............................................

2.1

2.6

1.8

2.1*

2 .1

2 .5

2.3

2.3

2.1*

2.9

1/

Working foremen and apprentices are inclu ded with journeymen,

NOTE:




Because o f rounding, sums o f ind ivid u al items may not add to t o t a ls .

32

T a b le

6.

P e r c e n t o f A p p r e n t i c e s E m p lo y e d o n S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n P r o j e c t s ,
O c c u p a tio n an d b y R e g io n , 1959

by

U n ite d
S ta tes

N o rth e a st

N o rth
C e n tra l

A l l w o r k e r s .........................................................

3 .7

1 .8

3 .0

k.3

5 .7

S k ille d

5 .8

2 .8

k.k

7 .7

7 .9

3 .8
3 .9
.k
1 5 .0
3 .9
3 .9

1 .9
2 .0
.2

3 .9
3 .0

5 .9
6 .6

.1
2 7 .8
6 .0

1 U .5
5 .6

(1 /)
2 .3
3 .8
2 .6
9 .7
8 .1
8 .0
2 .2
ii.2

—

O c c u p a tio n

tra d e s

o n l y ....................................

B r i c k l a y e r s ........................................................
C a r p e n t e r s ...........................................................
C em en t f i n i s h e r s ............................................
E l e c t r i c i a n s ......................................................
G l a z i e r s ................................................................
L a t h e r s ....................... ..........................................
O p e r a t i n g e n g i n e e r s ....................................
O r n a m e n t a l - i r o n w o r k e r s ..........................
P a i n t e r s ................................................................
P l a s t e r e r s ...........................................................
P lu m b e r s ................................................................
R o o f e r s ........................................ .........................
S h e e t - m e t a l w o r k e r s ....................................
S t r u c t u r a l - i r o n w o r k e r s ..........................
T e r r a z z o w o r k e r s and t i l e s e t t e r s .

1/

L e s s t h a n 0, Of? p e r c e n t ,




7 .5
.1
.6
—
1 .U
1 .1
5 .6
3 .1
2. k
1 .0
k.k

U. 6
2 .1
.2
1 0 .1
1 .7
.9
—
1 .9
.7
.6
6 .3
1 U .0
U .2
1 .U
1 .5

S ou th

1 0 .9
—
5 .7
5 .6
3 .0
111. 7
2 .3
1 3 .7
2 .7
1 .2

W est

.9

5 .3
(1 /)
3 .5
6 .5
U. 3
1 2 .0
1 2 .3
11. k
k9
.
13. U

33

T a b le

7.

A v e r a g e N um ber o f C o n t r a c t o r s p e r S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n P r o j e c t ,
C o s t G rou p and R e g io n , 1959

by

U n ite d
S ta tes

N orth ea st

N o rth
C en tra l

S ou th

W est

A l l g r o u p s .............................

19

25

18

15

21

$ 2 0 0 a n d u n d e r ..................
$ 2 0 1 - $ 3 0 0 ...............................
$ 3 0 1 -$ U 0 0 ...............................
$ U o i - $ 5 o o ...............................
$ 5 0 1 - $ 1 , 0 0 0 ..........................
$ 1 , 0 0 1 - $ 2 , 0 0 0 .....................
$ 2 ,0 0 1 a n d o v e r ........... ....

12
12
18
16
22

(1 /)
(T /)
21

9
15
22

10
n

(1 /)
"2 5
28
32

15
19
30

ll*
13
19
32

15
12
20

(1 /)

(1 /)

C o st grou p
( i n th ou sa n d s)

1/

In s u ffic ie n t

T a b le

29
33

19
23
26
37

d a ta t o w a rran t p r e s e n ta tio n .

8.
P e r c e n t o f T o t a l O n - s i t e M a n -h o u r R e q u ir e m e n t s f o r S c h o o l
C o n s t r u c t io n , b y T ype o f C o n t r a c t o r and R e g io n , 1959 1 /
U n ite d
S ta te s

N orth ea st

N o rth
C en tra l

S o u th

W est

A l l t y p e s .........................................................

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

G e n e r a l ..............................................................
E l e c t r i c a l ......................................................
M a s o n r y ..............................................................
P a i n t i n g ............................... ...........................
P l a s t e r i n g a n d l a t h i n g ........................
P lu m b in g a n d h e a t i n g .............................
R o o f i n g a n d s h e e t m e t a l .....................
S it e p r e p a r a tio n and e x c a v a tio n .
S t r u c t u r a l and o rn a m e n ta l m e ta l .
T i l e a n d t e r r a z z o w o r k .................. .. ..
A l l o t h e r t y p e s ..........................................

1*7.1*
7 .5
7 .2

1*3.5
7 .6
1 0 .8

3 .5
3 .2
l l * .2
2.1*
2.1*
3 .2
2 .0
7 .1

i* .7
.5
1 0 .9
2 .2

1*8.5
5 .9
1 0 .5
2 .6

1*6.5
8 .8
1*. 2
3 .8
1*. 8

Type o f c o n t r a c t o r

1/

B a s e d on d a ta fro m f e d e r a l l y

NOTE:




B e ca u s e o f r o u n d in g ,

1*. 9
2 .8
2 .8
9 .2

5 2 .1
7 .8
2 .1
3 .5
2 .3
18. U
3 .1
1 .5
3 .3
.7
5 .3

a id e d s c h o o l p r o j e c t s

3 .3
1 3 .5
2 .7
1 .2
3.1*
2 .5
6 .0

11*. 9
2 .1
2 .5
3 .1
1 .5
7 .7

o n ly .

sum s o f i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s may n o t a d d t o

100.

Table 9.

Average O n-site Hourly Earnings on School Construction P ro je cts, by S elected C h aracteristic and Region, 195>9 1 /
United States

Northeast

North Central

Wages as
percent
of
contract

Average
hourly
earnings

Wages as
percent
of
contract

2$. 1
*

$2.62

26.9

$3.27

26.0

$3.02
3.1*5

21*. 2
26.2

$2.2$
3.06

2$. 3
28.$

b . 26
3.28

2$. 1
*
26.3

( 2 /)
2F.$

3.1*8
2. 72

21*. 7
27.7

2 .8 0

2.21*

27.8
21*. 7

3.39
3.11*

26.3
2$. 7

( £ /)

( 2 /)

—

—

( 2 /)
(? /)
(? /)
(V )
(? /)
( 2 /)
(£ /)

( 2 /)
(? /
(? /)
( 2 /)
(V)
(V )
(3 0

2. 69
2. 29
2.26
2. 31
( 2 /)
3.19
—

27.3
25.9
2$. 7
21*. 2
( 2 /)
29.6
—

( 2 /)
2781
3.33
3.26
3. 33
( 2 /)
(f/)

( 2 /)
27.3
27.$
26.8
23.1*
( 2 /)
( 5 /)

( 2 /)
3.36
2.96

( 2 /)
27.0
27.8

2. 79
2.21*
2.1*8

27.$
26.0
21*. 9

3.17
2.99
( 2 /)
3736

26.0
22.8
( 2 /)
27.3

Wages as
percent
of
contract

Average
hourly
earnings

Wages as
percent
of
contract

Average
hourly
earnings

A ll schools ............................

$3.07

2$. 7

$3.32

21*. 0

$3.27

Elementary..............................
Secondary ................................

f 2. 80
3.28

2$. 3
26.1

|3.12
3.1*8

2$. 7
22.9

In metropolitan area ..........
Not in metropolitan area ..

3.21
2.87

2$. 8
2$. 6

( 2 /)
3.13

Construction cost group
(in thousands):
$200 and u n d er..................
$201-$300 ............................
$301-$1*00 ............................
$l*oi-$$oo .............................
$ $ o i - $ i . o o o ........................
$1, 001-$2.000 ....................
$2,001 and o v e r ................

2.69
2.$1*
2. 7U
2.8$
2.9$
3.31
3. 37

26.2
26.1
26.$
27.0
23.1*
28.2
21*. 3

Type o f framing:
S teel ....................................
Concrete ..............................
Load bearing masonry . . . .
W ood......................................

3.07
2.31*
3.01
3.37

2$. 6
2l*.9
2$. 0
27.3

1/
2/




Based on fe d e r a lly aided p ro je cts only.
In s u ffic ie n t data to warrant presentation.

West

Average
hourly
earnings

Average
hourly
earnings

C h aracteristic

South

( £ /)

( £ /)

—

—

3.1$
( 2 /)
(V
)

2$. 3
( 2 /)
(V)

3.38

23.$

—

- -

3.1$

2$. 3

Wages as
percent
of
con tract

35

T a b le 10.

T o t a l M a n -h o u r R e q u ir e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n
C o n tra ct, b y S e le c t e d I n d u s tr y C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s , 1959

T ota l

In d u stry

P r im a r y
1/

S econ d a ry
2/

T o t a l .........................................................................................................

212

C o n s t r u c t i o n ........................................................................................

9U
8U
10

9
h
8U
10

—

78

hi

31

15
ll
10
7

13
11
1

O n - s i t e ...............................................................................................
O f f - s i t e .............................................................................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .....................................................................................
N o n m e ta llic m in e r a ls a n d p r o d u c t s ( e x c l u d e s
p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l ) ..........................................................
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s .................................................
I r o n a n d s t e e l .............................................................................
L o g g i n g , s a w m i l l s , a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s .....................
I n s u la t e d w ir e and c a b le and e l e c t r i c a l
f i x t u r e s .......................................................................................
C u t le r y , t o o l s , v a lv e s , and o t h e r h ardw are . . .
P lu m b in g f i x t u r e s a n d h e a t i n g e q u ip m e n t .............
I r o n a n d s t e e l f o r g i n g s a n d c a s t i n g s .....................
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..................................................................................
R a ilr o a d s , t r u c k in g , and w a te r t r a n s p o r t a t io n
( e x c l u d e o v e r s e a s ) .............................................................. •

58

—

2
1

5

9
2

U
3
3
3

h
2

1
2

8

u

k

8

h

h

20

T r a d e a n d s e r v i c e s ........................................................................
T r a d e ....................................................................................................
B u s i n e s s s e r v i c e s .....................................................................

13
U

O t h e r .............................................................................................. ..

12

1/
d is tr ib u
2/
a ffe c te d
3/

15U

3
2

(3 /)
1

9
8
1

11

—

12

5
3

E m p loy m en t i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n ( l a s t m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s ) a n d
t io n o f th e c o n s t r u c t io n m a te r ia ls u sed.
E m p loym en t i n t h e i n d u s t r i e s s e r v i n g t h e i n d u s t r i e s p r i m a r i l y
a n d r e p r e s e n t s e m p lo y m e n t i n a l l s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n o m y .
L e s s t h a n 0 . 5 m a n -h o u r .

NOTE:




B e ca u se o f r o u n d in g ,

sums o f i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s may n o t e q u a l t o t a l s .

36

T a b le 11.

A v e r a g e N um ber o f W eek s R e q u i r e d f o r C o n s t r u c t i o n
C o s t G ro u p a n d R e g io n , 1 9 5 9

C o s t grou p
( i n th o u s a n d s)

A ll

g r o u p s ............................... ..

$ 1 0 0 a n d u n d e r ........................
$ 1 0 1 - $ 2 0 0 ....................................
$ 2 0 1 - 1 3 0 0 ....................................
$ 3 0 1 -$ U 0 0 ....................................
$ U o i - $ 5 o o ....................................
$ 5 o i - $ i , o o o ...............................
$ 1 , 0 0 1 - $ 2 , 0 0 0 ..........................
$ 2 ,0 0 1 a n d o v e r .....................

1/

U n ite d
S ta te s

53
31
37
U3
h
7
50
56
76
8U

N o rth e a st

68

(1 /)
(I /)
~h7
(1 /)
“ 60
83
98

I n s u f f i c i e n t d a ta t o w a rra n t p r e s e n t a t io n .




N o r th
C e n tra l

o f S c h o o ls ,

S ou th

55

hi

ia
50

25
37
37
50

h
9
I k
x
59
61
73
(1 /)

U3
53
76
(1 /)

by

W est

51

(1 /)
29
h
o
h
3
51
51
72
86

T a b le

12.

P ercen t

o f

O n -s it e

E m p lo y m e n t

fo r

Sch ool

C o n s tr u c tio n

in

E ach

T e n th

o f

T o ta l

C o n s tr u c tio n

T im e ,

b y

O c c u p a tio n ,

U th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

te n th

te n th

te n th

te n th

te n th

te n th

te n th

te n th

te n th

3 .9

8 .5

9 .5

1 2 .2

1 5 .2

1 5 .5

1 3 .9

1 1 .3

9 .U

1 1 .7

1 1 .1

1 1 .9

1 2 .0

n .7

1 0 .3

9 .9

..............................................................................

1 0 .8

1 7 .1

lit. 2

1 3 .1

1 1 .5

1 1 .0

8 .3

..........................................................................

1 .5

6 .0

1 0 .5

1 9 .8

2 6 .0

2 0 . it

1 1 .1

C a r p e n t e r s ..................................................... ........................

k .o

9 .3

9 .3

ll.lt

1 3 .0

lit. 6

lit. 5

1 s t
O c c u p a tio n

A ll

o c c u p a tio n s

G en eral

s u p e r v is o r s

P r o fe s s io n a l,
c le r ic a l
B r ic k la y e r s

C em ent

............................................................

G la z ie r s

R o o fe r s

it. 5

7 .3

3 .9

2 .9

3 .5

1 .1

.1

1 3 .2

8 .3

2 . it

8 . it

llt .lt

1 5 .0

1 3 .9

1 5 .2

1 2 .6

1 1 .2

7 .5

7 .2

l l . l

1 5 .2

1 6 .3

lit. 9

llt .0

1 2 .2

it . 2
3 .7

..............................................

—

..............................................................................

—

.5

2 .0

1 2 .5

2 lt. 7

2 3 .7

2 1 .2

1 1 .9

5 .1

3 .8

1 0 .i t

1 6 .3

2 6 .8

1 9 .7

lit. 8

1 .9

.1

2 2 .2

1 8 .9

1 0 .7

8 . it

7 .9

7 .3

7 .2

8 .0

7 .5

2 .0

.6

3 .6

1 0 .5

( 2 /)

( 2 /)

.2

1 .0

—

—

. U

s e tte r s .

.....................................................................................

9 .8

6 .2

3 .0

2 9 . 6

2 6 .7

8 .5

it . 2

1 1 .5

2 3 .8

2 9 .0

2 5 .5

1 5 .9

1 5 .2

1 1 .9

9 .7

( 2 /)

.9

1 .3

1 1 .8

2 5 .7

2 5 .6

2 2 .8

.3

1 .0

1 .9

7 .1

1 3 .7

1 9 .8

2 2 .8

.7

7 .3
—

1 9 .2

3 1 .3

1 8 .0

1 1 .3

7 .6

3 .0

1 . it

.3

.1

.2

3 .8

2 5 .7

3 8 . 0

2 3 .6

7 .9

.6

1 1 .7

lit. 5

1 2 .6

5 .9

5 .9

2 .9

................................

t i le

2 2 .2
1 9 .1

li t .l

..............................................

and

2 l t .5
1 1 .5

.it

........................................................................................

w orkers

3 . it

1 2 .9

2 .3

w orkers

1 9 .2

9 .8

....................................................................................

w orkers

.9

1. 2

w o r k e r s .................. ...

.....................................................................................

T r u c k d r i v e r s ................... ...................................................
L ab orers

7 .6

it . 2

S tr u c t u r a l-ir o n
T erra zzo

2 .6

.8

e n g in e e r s

S h e e t -m e ta l

7 . it

.6

....................................................................................

P la s te r e r s
P lu m b e r s

te n th

.........................................................

O r n a m e n t a l —i r o n
P a in te r s

L ast

and

........................................................................................

O p e r a tin g

3d

1 /

.......................................................................

fin is h e r s

E le c tr ic ia n s

L a th e rs

..............................................

te c h n ic a l,

2d

1959

—
1 3 .2

1 3 .5

6 .0

7 .2

7 .8

6 .2

1 2 .7

1 2 .2

1 2 .3

1 5 .8

7 . it
1 3 .1

1 0 .7

7 . it
1 8 .0

8 .3

5 . it
6 .0

.1
2 .1

3 .6

.7

1 1 .8

3 .7

t e n d e r s ........................................... ...

1 .1

2 .9

5 .9

1 2 .5

1 6 .6

2 1 .2

2 1 .3

1 3 .7

it. 3

.it

W a t c h m e n ....................................................................................

2 .7

8 .6

1 0 .6

1 3 .9

1 3 .7

1 3 .5

1 1 .8

1 3 . 0

1 0 .1

2 .2

O th e r

5 .9

11. U

1 0 .1

8 .0

8 .9

1 0 .2

1 1 .5

lit . 8

llt .o

5 .2

H e lp e r s

and

...............................................................................................

1 /

B ased

? /

L ess




on
th a n

d a ta
0 .0 5

fr o m

fe d e r a lly

p e rc e n t.

a id e d

s c h o o ls

o n ly .

T a b le

13.

P ercen t

o f

O n -s it e

M a n -h o u r

R e q u ir e m e n ts
by

Type

fo r
o f

S ch ool

C o n s tr u c tio n

C o n tra c to r,

1959

in

E ach

T e n th

o f

T o ta l

C o n s tr u c tio n

T im e ,

1 /

A ll

o f

6th

7th

8th

9th

te n th

te n th

te n th

te n th

te n th

te n th

te n th

3 .9

8 .5

9 .5

1 2 .2

1 5 .2

1 5 .5

1 3 .9

1 1 .3

5 .2

1 1 .0

1 1 .3

1 3 . 6

1 5 .0

lit . 8

1 1 .9

8 .9

6 .0

2 . it

2 .7

9 .6

1 2 .0

1 2 .9

1 5 .0

1 5 .2

1 2 .9

1 0 .6

6 .7

2 .3

1 3 .lt

..........................................................................

P lu m b in g

and

E le c tr ic a l
M ason ry

5th

te n th

1 s t

co n tra cto r

e m p l o y m e n t ..................................................

G eneral

k t h

te n th

Type

h e a tin g

.............................

................................................................

.7

..........................................................................

2d

1 .7

P a in tin g

.......................................................................

P la s te r in g

and

l a t h i n g ............... ......

S tru c tu ra l

and

3d

7 . it

L ast
te n th

2 .6

U. 8

7 .5

1 1 .5

1 5 .9

1 6 .3

lit .lt

ll.i t

!t .O

6 .3

9 .7

2 0 .0

3 3 .5

1 8 .9

7 .7

1 .9

.it

( 2 /)

—

( 2 /)

.3

“ “

( ? /)

.it

.9

3 .5

1 0 .5

1 7 r?

3 0 .6

2 8 .?

F .O

3 .9

1 0 .7

2 6 .8

2 9 .9

2 3 .lt

it . 7

( 2 /)

o rn a m e n ta l

m e ta l
R o o fin g
S ite

..........................................................................

.8

6 .9

llt .O

2 3 . 6

1 5 .6

1 3 .5

lit. 9

5 .5

3 .6

1 .5

and

..................

.1

.i t

1 .6

8 .7

2 3 .1

2 2 .?

2 5 .i t

1 2 .2

it . 8

1 .1

.........................................................

2 6 .5

2 1 .6

1 2 .lt

3 . It

—

—

sh eet

p r e p a r a tio n

e x c a v a tio n
T ile
A ll




and
o th e r

m e ta l
and

te rra z zo
ty p e s

1 /

B ased

? /

L ess

w ork

......................

...............................................

on
th a n

d a ta
0 .0 5

fr o m

fe d e r a lly

p e rc e n t.

5 .5

2 .7

a id e d

p r o je c ts

6 .8

2 .7

6 .2

8 .9

8 .0

.1

.i t

ii. 3

2 i t .9

3 9 .3

2 i t .lt '

6 .0

.6

5 .5

5 .3

1 0 .i t

1 3 . 0

1 7 .6

2 0 .7

lit. 2

5 .1

o n ly .

3 . it

T a b l e ll* .

T o t a l C o s t o f M a t e r i a l C om p on en ts f o r E a ch $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n
b y R e g io n , 1959

S e le c te d p rod u cts

U n ite d
S ta tes

and p r o d u c t g r o u p s

N o rth e a st

N orth
C en tra l

C o n tra ct,

S ou th

W e st

A l l p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................

$551*. 6 0

$521. 90

$571*. 70

$ 5 7 7 .8 0

$ 5 5 0 .9 0

S ton e,

a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ....................................

$ 1 3 8 .1 0

f 1 3 2 .0 0

$ 1 6 1 . 60

1 1 5 0 . 1*0

| 1 1 9 .80

C em en t, c o n c r e t e , a n d gypsum p r o d u c t s ................
R e a d y -m ix c o n c r e t e ..........................................................
C o n c r e t e b l o c k ....................................................................
P r e c a s t c o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s ......................... ...............
Gypsum p r o d u c t s .................. ...............................................
C em ent ........................................................................................
C o n c r e t e p i p e .......................................................................

76.1*0
38. 80

7 2 .6 0

81*. 3 0
31*. 8 0
1 7 .1 0
1 5 .5 0
6 .8 0
U. 60
1*. 3 0

81*. 50
1*1.00

6 8 .6 0
1*0. 20
6.1*0
6.1*0
5.1 0
8 .3 0
1 .5 0

cla y ,

1 3 . 20
7.1*0

37. 8 0
1 6 .2 0

1 5 . 70
8 .8 0
8.1*0
6 .0 0
3 . 70

6 .8 0

(1 /)
7 .6 0

6 .1 0
3 .2 0

1*. 7 0
3 .9 0

S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s ................................................
B r i c k a n d s t r u c t u r a l t i l e .........................................
C e ra m ic t i l e .........................................................................

2 3 .3 0
1 5 .5 0
6 .6 0

2 2 .7 0

3 2 .0 0

1 5 .2 5
5 .6 0

21*. 70
6.1*0

O th e r s t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ................
F i b r e g l a s s p r o d u c t s .....................................................
W indow g l a s s .........................................................................
A s p h a l t t i l e .......................................................... ..............
S a n d a n d g r a v e l ..................................................................
C ut s t o n e .................................................................................

38.1*0
1 3 .0 0
6 .3 0
5.2 0
3 .8 0

1*5. 30
1 6 .9 0
7 .3 0
6 .3 0
5 .1 0
1*. 30

3 6 .1 0
9 .6 0
6.1*0
6 .2 0
3.1*0
2 .5 0

3 7 .5 0
11*. 10
6 .0 0

3 .3 0

3 6 . 70
1 1 .8 0
6 .0 0
3 .0 0
2 .9 0
5.1*0

..

1 6 1 .0 0

151*. 5 0

155. 20

1 7 7 .1 0

1 5 6 .7 0

F a b r i c a t e d s t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d u c t s ..................
S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l ..........................................................
R e i n f o r c i n g b a r s and j o i s t s ....................................
F a b r i c a t e d s h e e t - m e t a l ................................................
M e t a l w i n d o w s .......................................................................
O r n a m e n ta l m e t a l ...............................................................
M e t a l d o o r s ............................................................................

1 1 7 .7 0
2 9 .6 0
23.1*0
2 0 .7 0
1 6 .1 0
11.1*0
8.1*0

1 2 0 .2 0
2 7 .8 0
26. 50
1 7 .1 0
1 7 .1 0
1 2 .9 0
11*. 1 0

1 1 2 .3 0
3 5 .8 0
2 1 .6 0
1 7 .1 0
1 0 .7 0
9 .0 0
9 .0 0

135. 1 0
3 0 .1 0
25.1*0
2 1 .6 0
2 5 .3 0
1 5 .7 0
7 .2 0

1 0 5 .2 0
2 7 .0 0
2 0 .5 0

M e t a l p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t p lu m b in g a n d h e a t i n g )

See fo o t n o t e



a t end o f ta b le .

2 9 .8 0
1 9 .0 0
9 .8 0

1 3 .7 0
7 .6 0
5 .1 0

5 .6 0

1*.00
1 .7 0

2 5 .1 0

. 1*0
8 .2 0
1*. 1*0

11

T a b le liu

T o t a l C o s t o f M a t e r i a l C om p on en ts f o r E a ch $ 1 ,0 0 0
b y R e g io n , 1 9 5 9 — C o n t in u e d

o f S c h o o l C o n s tr u c tio n

C on tra ct,

U n ite d
S ta te s

N o rth e a st

N orth
C en tra l

S ou th

$17. 60
1 2 .0 0

$ 1 3 .7 0
9 .U 0

$ 1 8 . U0
1 1 .6 0

$16. 20
1 1 .1 0

$ 2 1 .3 0

70
70
80
60

2 0 .6 0
7 .8 0

2 .5 0
k
1 2 . Uo

1 0 . 20
2 .1 0

3. 9 0
7 .0 0

25. 80
1 2 . 20
9 .9 0
2 .5 0

3 0 . 20
1 0 .9 0
6. U0
9 .9 0

P lu m b in g p r o d u c t s .................................................................................
S t e e l a n d g a l v a n i z e d p i p e ........................................................
P lu m b in g f i x t u r e s ............................................................................
C a s t - i r o n p i p e ....................................................................................

3 .20
k
1 0 .9 0
1 0 . ItO
8 .3 0

31. 50
1 0 . 20
7. 7 0
7 .3 0

3 6 .9 0
1 0 .6 0
10. 50
1 2 .0 0

3 3 .3 0
1 0 . 30
1 0 .9 0
7 .6 0

3 5 .5 0
12. 00
1 2 .0 0
7. 60

H e a t i n g a n d v e n t i l a t i n g e q u ip m e n t .........................................
R a d i a t o r s , c o n v e c t o r s , a n d b o i l e r s .................................
T e m p e r a tu r e c o n t r o l s ....................................................................
U n i t h e a t e r s a n d v e n t i l a t o r s ................................................
B lo w e r s , e x h a u s t a n d v e n t i l a t i n g f a n s ..........................
Warm a i r f u r n a c e s ............................................................................

5 1 .0 0
1U .U 0
12. 80
1 2 .1 0

5 1 .1 0
1 2 .6 0
1 2 . 70
1 1 .7 0
7 .0 0
3 .6 0

5 9 .2 0
20. 20
1 6 .8 0

5U.
18.
12.
12.

U 3 .3 0
9 .3 0
1 0 .9 0
1 0 .6 0
3 .6 0
2 .5 0

E l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t , f i x t u r e s , a n d w i r e .......................
L i g h t i n g f i x t u r e s ............................................................................
M o n c u r r e n t c a r r y i n g w i r i n g d e v i c e s .................................
S w i t c h b o a r d s a n d p a n e l b o a r d s ................................................
W ir e and c a b l e ....................................................................................
P ro g ra m e q u ip m e n t ............................................................................

5 8 .1 0
19. 20
1U. 9 0
6 .5 0
6 ,1 0

5 3 .6 0
1 5 .9 0
1U. 90
6 .2 0
6. 20
2 .9 0

65. 60
2 0 .9 0
1 7 .6 0
9 .0 0
5 .U 0

Lum ber a n d lu m b e r p r o d u c t s ..........................................................
M i l lw o r k ...................................................................................................
Rough a n d d r e s s e d lu m b e r ..........................................................
F l o o r i n g ...................................................................................................

i i 7 .9 0
2 3 .0 0
1 9 .5 0
3 .0 0

3 6 .1 0
22. 20
9 .1 0

S e le c te d p ro d u cts

M eta l p r o d u c ts

and p r o d u c t grou ps

( e x c e p t p lu m b in g a n d h e a t i n g ) — Con.

O t h e r f a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s .................... ...................
B u i l d e r s ' h a r d w a r e ....................................................................
O t h e r m e t a l p r o d u c t s ....................................................................
C o p p e r p r o d u c t s ............................................................................
P a r t i t i o n s , l o c k e r s , a n d s h e l v e s .................................
G a l v a n i z e d s h e e t - m e t a l ..........................................................

See f o o t n o t e



W e st

a t en d o f t a b l e .

25.
10.
7.
5.

li. 6 0
3 .2 0

3. 30

3 .1 0

H i. 7 0
2 .1 0
2 .6 0

80
U0
30
60

5 .1 0
k 20
.

H i. 9 0

5 8 .1 0
1 8 .3 0

2 .6 0

57. 20
2 2 .3 0
1 3 . U0
5 .5 0
7 .6 0
2 .7 0

H i. 5 0
6 .0 0
5 . Uo
U. 6 0

U 3 .6 0
2 1 . 50
1 7 . Ii0
U. 1 0

2 9 .5 0
1 9 .0 0
6. 6 0
2 .8 0

7li. 20
2 7 . 50
3 8 .9 0
2. 5 0

T a b l e l it .

T o t a l C o s t o f M a t e r i a l C o m p o n e n ts f o r E a ch $ 1 ,0 0 0
b y R e g i o n , 1 9 5 9 — C o n t in u e d

S e l e c t e d p r o d u c t s and p r o d u c t g ro u p s

P e tr o le u m
A s p h a lt
A s p h a lt
A s p h a lt

U n ite d
S ta te s

p r o d u c t s ...........................................................................
a n d t a r p i t c h e s ...........................................................
p a v i n g .................................................................................
f e l t s ....................................................................................

N o rth e a st

$ 1 1 . 20
it. 0 0
3 .0 0
3 .0 0

F i x e d s c h o o l e q u ip m e n t ..................................................................
C h a lk b o a r d s a n d t a c k b o a r d s ...................................................
K i t c h e n e q u ip m e n t .........................................................................

o f S c h o o l C o n s tr u c tio n

N o rth
C en tra l

$ 7 .9 0
3 .3 0
1. h
O
2 h
. 0

$9. 3 0
It. 1 0

1 6 .1 0
it. 1 0
5 . 30

1 9 .9 0
3 .9 0
8. ItO

13. 20
3 .7 0
3. UO

P a i n t s a n d o t h e r c h e m i c a l com pou n d s ..................................
P a i n t s .....................................................................................................

7 .8 0
it. 2 0

7 . ItO
h 30
.

A l l o t h e r ...................................................................................................
C o n s t r u c t i o n e q u ip m e n t .............................................................
I n s u l a t i n g b o a r d ............................................................................

2 9 .1 0
1 3 .9 0
it. 2 0




1/

I n s u f f i c i e n t d a ta t o w arran t p r e s e n t a t io n .

NOTE:

G rou p t o t a l s

i n c l u d e p r o d u c t s n o t show n s e p a r a t e l y .

(3 /)
2 .7 0

7 .9 0
3 h
. O

C o n tra ct,

S ou th

$n.
It.
3.
2.

5o
50
20
ItO

W e st

l i l t . 70
It. 20
5 .5 0
It. 2 0

It. 70
5 .8 0

1 3 .0 0
it. 0 0
3 .6 0

9 .1 0
It. Uo

7. 20
It. 70
2 8 . UO

1 8 .3 0

2 7 .8 0

2 2 .2 0

3 6 .5 0

(1 /)
2. 70

(1 /)
it. 3 0

(1 /)
8 .0 0

(1 /)
2 .5 0

42

APPENDIX

This
with

the

study,

which

project

data

information

as

A

of

complete

study

was

to

list

school

what

is

projects

Initially,

comprising

schools

tinued

separation

combining

and

mo r e

special

from

of

tors

so

to

to
of

wi th

It

from

schools

which

construction

Census

the

1- y e a r

necessary

sample

of

financial
later

in

the

associated

utilized

of

site,

as

Manufactures.

Sample

consisted

w a s

that

the

the

the

schools,

period

to

representative,

the

Federal

culminating

sample

a

schools

of

of

during

draw

sources

groups

be

at

as

therefore,

assisted.

samples,

such

started

requirements

secondary

activity

data

Survey

m a n - h o u r

and

Selection

was,

which

two

these

to

of

use
if

not

projects

of

two

w a s

not

128

to

measure

of

projects,

one

and

the

other

the

infor­

the

warranted.

data

con­

Furthermore,

created

various

survey

from

established

in

exhaustive,

for

universes,

assistance

analysis

selected

several

a

larger

regional

and

other

characteristics.

agents

of

involved

projects
Home

of

representative

Information
field

It

listing

these

the

and

considered

the

Me th od

develop

relating

schools

from

not

to

secondary

constructed

schools

derived

the

all

and

elementary

Universe

of

purposes.

representing

or
on

available.

obtain

m a t i o n

designed

from

the

Scope

public

based

list

not

sources
of

of

obtained

Characteristics

for

w a s

construction

well

A.

was

on

schools

the

in

Bureau

the

not

from

data

from

Federal
public

activities,
filed

by

assistance

officials

whereas

the

w a s

and

that

contractors

gathered

private

for

federally

with

the

by

co ntrac­
aided

Housing

and

Agency.

Schools

without

construction

developed

Finance

built

directly

Federally

Federal

assistance

was

started

during

12

the

geographical

regions

construction

contract

elementary
politan

or

months

ending

(Northeast,
cost.

secondary—

and

The

from

9/

sample

a

list

They

North

were

schools

These

located

in

of

we re

Central,

further

whether

in

a

constructed

1,500

about

1959 .

June

South,

of

of

and

sorted

new

without

public

schools

stratified
West)

by

and

type

me tr opolitan

of

or

by
by

four
total

s c h o o l -

nonmetro­

area.

9/

The

No rtheast—

States

included

Connecticut,

York,

Pennsylvania,

Iowa,

Kansas,

Michigan,

South

Dakota,

and

Columbia,

Island,

and

Minnesota,

Oklahoma,

South

Arizona,
Utah,

regions

Vermont;

we re

as

follows:

Hampshire,

North

N e w

Central—

Nebraska,

North

Delaware,

Carolina,

Louisiana,

Maryland,

Dakota,

Texas,

Virginia,

Colorado,

Idaho,

Montana,

Wyoming.

Ne w
Indiana,

Ohio,

District

Mississippi,

Tennessee,

and

Jersey,

Illinois,

Arkansas,

California,

Washington,

N e w

Alabama,

Kentucky,

We st—

the

Missouri,

Georgia,

Virginia;




Rh od e

each

Massachusetts,

South—

Florida,

Oregon,

Maine,

Wisconsin;

Carolina,

Mexico,

A i d e d .

selected

and

West

Nevada,

of

North

Ne w

43

A
for

sample

this

of

of

above

groupings,

which

information

Federally
aided
HH FA

schools

This

to

assure

Tests

of

in

results
did

also

the

data

by

to

the

were

deletions

14

of

Man-Hour
construction
Such
an

a

for

and

secondary

primary

sector

related

Primary
addition
the

to

labor

struction

to

turing"

companies,

placing

the

all

other

materials,
the

items

With

and
used

respect

were

me nt s

discussed
by

those

plus

the

to

generally

use




the

of

this
be

from

200

for

70

the

federally

compiled
to

groups
Any

from

those

schools

labor

of

of

collections

the

for

was

and

also

tested

obvious

for

the

any

that

differences

requirements

data

as

amounting

to

128

were

though

the

study.

presentation

at

of

The

small

independent

projects,

sample

the

all

trade,

in

off-site

addition,

this

employment

was

thus

the

however,

ma n-hour

instance

would

expenditures,

plus

the

data

for

employment.
there

be

the

with

off-site

is

require­

the

employment

site.

for

purposes

construction

site—

materials

In

employment

and

analyzing

construction

manufacturing

on

in

of

on-site

study.

grouping

the

the

for

ma d e

on-site

labor,

used

was

similar

indicated

sample,

course

effects

requirements

at

by

basic

semifinished

hours

lished

in

1959

about

field

separation

requirements,

construction

labor

the

sample

estimates

can

activity

materials

of

random

from

customary

The

on-site

required

The

labor

man-hour
all

the

universe.

which

including

adequate
from

characteristics

characteristics.

HH FA

the

followed

construction.

primary

directly

is

be

substitution.

combined

includes

distinction

to

random

approximately

groups

construct!on-site

The

Es timates.

of

into

at

other

June

sample

other

the

during

known

projects

presentation

economic

me nt s

the

and
the

involved.

some

in

of

at

represented.

ending

a

selected

continued

universes

1

and

determined

selected
that

listing

sorted

originating

regard

warrant

A
year

project

schools

reflected
about

aid

representation

aided

with

not

the

was

sure

properly

were

Federal

projects
projects,
ma k e

Sample.

projects

w a s

to

were

during

corrected

nonfederally

tested

School

sample

was

These

desired

without

proper

imbalance

and

Aided

school

then

was

These

built

chosen.

were

such

study.

the

completed

records.

schools

70

about

portion

of

this

industries

that

is,

report,

contractors'

the

which

"last

distribution,

and

Secondary

the

necessary
products

to

to

site.
produce

the

services

and

of

the

which

con­

ma nu fa c­

involved

employment

transport

factories

in

employment,

fabricate

stage

at

include,

office

the

in
includes

raw

finally

produce

site.

the

derivation

collected

below,

whether

secondary

from

of

man-hour

payroll

considered

data.

requirements,

data.

primary

All
or

other

data
labor

secondary,

for

on-site

require­

were

estab­

44

Collection

of

On-Site

Although
data

sought

projects,
case

of

local

the

was

the

the

nature

similar

sources

non-HHFA

governments,

boards,

files.

For

the

Access

detail

for

to

the

of

for

Data

the

for

construction

both

the

were

the

data

schools,

data

architects,

projects.

Man-Hour

files

and

by

other

and

by

the

various

the

in

collection
included

of

In

the

levels

of

school

these

available

from

some

federally

aided

construction

operations,

and

wh ic h

the

for

granting

HH FA

additional

requirements

of

This

from

participants
m a d e

school

previously.

representatives

were

requirements

HH F A

timing

relationships,

projects.

materials

indicated

direct

data

possible

and
aided

entirely

field

projects,
m a d e

as

financed

obtained

school

these

differed,

those

contractors,
HH FA

labor

nonfederally

information

on
by

wa ge
type

of

contractor.

Federal
assistance
School

legislation

for

Survey

the
and

Construction

and

subcontractor

on

the

administering

agency,

information)

the

the

occupation

the

cooperation

projects
wi th
for

in

lists

of

on-site

workers

on

available
projects

In
ments
work

the

the

force

of

the

of

covered:
ment;
the

( 2)

aided

reports.

Only

the

few

payrolls
the

jobs.

as

as

gross

for

the

the

for

HHFA,
other

earnings

project.

and

Through

aided

school

along

provided

the

hourly

rated

payroll

these

the

offices,

all

requested
For

to

(with

federally
HHFA

(the

contractor

weekly

payrolls

wages

sources.

submit
showing

particular

regional

These

well

cases,

data

the
the

areas

prime

files

situations,

data

we re

not

alternate

small

summary

number

for

schools,

from

of

specific

the

payroll

data

or

man-hour

on-site

cost

results,

contractors,
school

for

labor

by

whose

labor

records,

re qu ir e­

or

occupation,

daily
were

records

could

not

be

estimated

projects,

hours

and

materials

used

used.

Off-Site

procedures
did

not

employment

implicit

areas

a
as

derived

construction
only

In

nonfederally

data

and

on

on

to

payroll

worked,

from

each

project

weekly

laborer
the

requirements,

generally

a

The

of

requires

Federal

impacted

substituted.

the

Estimating

hours

obtained

federally

school

each

and

copies

inadequate

For

we re

of

in

1950 ) ,

of

aided

we ek ly

were

projects.

were

to

costs

and

mechanic

program

schools

Act

copy

contractors

required*
isolate

a

up

of

federally

HHFA,

sample

the

were

were

each

man-hour

or

a

daily

of

the

set

construction

in

the

employment
( 1)

Man-Hour

used

estimating

include

all

generated

employment

by

depreciation
related

to

Architectural,

"multiplier"

construction

and

materials.

of

equipment

the
of

such

the

direct
of

of

purchases
of

production

materials

construction

of

and

movable

wages

and

by

technique

equipment.

estimating,

respending
new

of

generated

The

purchases

construction

generation

by

employment

employment.

surveying,

generated

effect

construction




in

Data

and

The

school

if

supplies

we re

planning

not
employ­

equipment;

profits;

facilities,

school
covers

following

activity

other

new

used

and

needed

( 4)
to

( 3)
the

supply

45

F rom c o n t r a c t o r s
s t r u c t i o n stu d y *
m a te r ia l u sed in
c a te g o r ie s
F or each
con tra ct

and

su b con tra ctors

c o o p e r a tin g

in

a p r ic e l i s t w as o b ta in e d o f th e v a lu e
s c h o o ls .
T h ese m a t e r ia l l i s t i n g s w ere

c o n s i s t e n t w ith

5 -d ig it

th e

sch ool

con ­

o f each ty p e o f
c la s s if i e d in to

C ensu s o f M a n u fa ctu re s p r o d u c t

grou p s.

o f t h e s e p r o d u c t g r o u p s , t h e a v e r a g e am ou n t u s e d p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n w as d e te r m in e d .
O n ce th e a v e r a g e u s e w as c a l c u l a t e d ,

ea ch f i g u r e w as r e d u c e d by a r a t i o r e p r e s e n t in g th e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n v a lu ­
a t io n b y th e p u r c h a s e r and v a lu a t io n b y th e p r o d u c e r . 10/
S in c e a l l d a ta
r e p o r t e d by th e c o n t r a c t o r s w ere in p u rch a s e rs * v a lu e , th e r e d u c t io n to
p rod u cers'

v a lu e m ade

it

c o n s is t e n t w ith

d a ta

p u b lis h e d

on

th e s e v a r io u s

co m p o n e n ts.
T h e s e f i g u r e s o n a v e r a g e d o l l a r v a l u e , s t a t e d i n p r o d u c e r 's
v a l u e o f e a c h c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n t r a c t v a l u e w e r e n e c e s ­
sary

fo r

each

of

th e

s u c c e e d in g

ste p s.

P r im a r y D i s t r i b u t i o n

In d u s tr ie s

E m p lo y m e n t

T h e m a n -h o u r s i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n
w a r e h o u s in g , f r e i g h t fo r w a r d in g , e t c . )

in d u s tr ie s
a t p r im a r y

(t r a d e , tr a n s p o r ta tio n ,
le v e l w ith r e s p e c t t o c o n ­

s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y w e re d e te r m in e d b y u s in g th e v a lu e r e p r e s e n t e d b y th e
d i f f e r e n c e b etw een p r o d u c e r and p u r c h a s e r v a lu e f o r e a ch c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r ia l.
T h i s d i f f e r e n c e w a s sum m ed a n d a l l o t t e d t o e a c h o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s e c t o r s
by a r a tio

r e p r e s e n tin g

b le to each o f th e s e
a l l o t t i n g th e v a lu e ,

th e

tota l

p o r tio n

of

s e c t o r s in r e l a t i o n t o
t h e m a n -h o u r s f o r e a c h

m in e d b y m u l t i p l y i n g t h e v a l u e a l l o t t e d t o
n e e d e d t o p r o d u c e $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f p r o d u c t i n t h e
P r im a r y M a n u fa c t u r in g

c o n s tr u c tio n

a c tiv ity

a ttr ib u ta ­

th e ir t o t a l a c t iv it y . 11/
A fte r
d is t r ib u t io n s e c t o r w ere d e te r ­
t h i s s e c t o r b y t h e m a n -h o u r s
d is tr ib u tio n s e c to r s .

E m p lo y m e n t

P r i m a r y e m p lo y m e n t i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w a s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h a t r e q u i r e d
t o p r o d u c e th e ite m s in th e c o n s t r u c t i o n b i l l o f m a t e r ia ls in t h e i r f i n a l
sta g e o f fa b r ic a t io n .
I n t h i s s t a g e , t h e m a n -h o u r s r e s u l t i n g fr o m s c h o o l
c o n s t r u c t i o n w e r e fo u n d b y u s in g t h e a v e r a g e d o l l a r v a lu e o f e a c h c o n s t r u c t i o n
c o m p o n e n t a n d a p p l y i n g t h i s t o a r a t i o o f m a n -h o u r s t o $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f p r o d u c t i o n . 1 2 /
W henever th e a v e r a g e d o l l a r v a lu e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n com p on en ts u s e d w as s t a t e d
i n p r i c e s d i f f e r e n t fr o m t h e y e a r o f t h e m a n -h o u r r a t i o s , a n a d ju s t m e n t w a s
m ade f o r s u b s e q u e n t p r i c e a n d p r o d u c t i v i t y c h a n g e s i n t h e m a n -h o u r r a t i o s .

10/
r a tio

fo r

The r a t i o
th ese

u sed

fo r

com p on en ts

in

th is
new

r e d u c t io n w as th e
sch ool

pu rch aser

c o n s tr u c tio n ,

to

p rodu cer

as rep orted

in

th e

1947

I n t e r in d u s t r y In p u t-O u tp u t A n a l y s is .
11/
In su ch a r e a s a s r e t a i l t r a d e , i t w as n e c e s s a r y t o m ake a p r o d u c t b y - p r o d u c t e v a l u a t i o n , a s m any o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n it e m s a r e b o u g h t d i r e c t l y
fr o m

w h o le s a le r s o r m a n u fa c tu r e r s .
12/
T h is r a t i o w as e s t a b l is h e d

s p e c ia liz a tio n




ta b le s

fo r

p la n t s w ith

by u s in g
90

1958 C en su s o f M a n u fa ctu re s

p ercen t

or

g re a te r

s p e c ia liz a tio n .

46

S econ dary

E m p lo y m e n t I n A l l

S e c o n d a r y e m p lo y m e n t
in te r m e d ia te

in d u s tr ie s

In d u s tr ie s

is

to

th e

p r o d u c tio n

p rod u ce

an it e m

a n d e m p lo y m e n t n e c e s s a r y
in

it s

fin a l

fo r m ,

i.e .,

fr o m
th e

cok e,

ir o n o r e , c o a l, e t c . , n e ce ssa ry to p rod u ce s tr u c tu r a l s t e e l sh a p es.
I t a ls o
in c lu d e s a l l r e l a t e d s e r v i c e an d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n e c e s s a r y b etw een o r i g i n o f
raw m a t e r i a l s

and

To c a lc u la te

in t e r m e d ia t e m a n u fa c tu r in g
a ll

of

t h e m a n -h o u r s

back

p rocesses.
of

each

c o n s tr u c tio n

p rod u ct,

it

w a s n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m in e t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n fr o m e a c h o f t h e s e c t o r s o f t h e
econ om y t o th e c o n s t r u c t i o n b i l l o f m a t e r i a l s .
To o b t a in th e s e c o n t r ib u t io n s
fr o m e a c h s e c t o r , a n i n t e r i n d u s t r y i n v e r s e m a t r ix w a s u s e d .
The m a t r ix w as
c a l c u l a t e d b y t h e B u reau o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s f o r th e U n ite d S t a t e s econ om y in
1947. 13/
S in c e t h i s m a t r ix i s s t a t e d in 1947 p r i c e s , a l l p r i c e s o f th e c o n ­
s t r u c t i o n com p on en ts w e re d e f l a t e d t o 1947 and th e n g ro u p e d i n t o in d u s t r y
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s w h ic h w e re c o n s i s t e n t w it h t h e i n t e r i n d u s t r y s t u d y ’ s 5 7 - s e c t o r
a g g r e g a tio n .
T h is g a v e th e am ount o f c o n s t r u c t i o n g o o d s s t a t e d in 1947 p r i c e s ,
f o r each in te r in d u s t r y s e c t o r .
E ach o f t h e s e f i g u r e s w a s i n t u r n m u l t i p l i e d
by th e c o r r e s p o n d in g c o e f f i c i e n t s o f th e in v e r s e m a t r ix .
T h is p r o c e d u r e g a v e
t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n n e c e s s a r y fr o m e a c h o f t h e s e c t o r s t o p r o d u c e t h e s p e c i f i e d
c o n s t r u c t i o n ite m u s e d . 1 4 /
T h e s e p r o d u c t s w h ic h w e re s t a t e d i n 1947 p r i c e s
w e re th e n i n f l a t e d t o 1958 p r i c e s ( t h e y e a r c o n s is t e n t w ith th e b i l l o f
m a te r ia ls ).
The s e c t o r c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o e a ch o f th e s e p a r a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n ite m s w e re
t o t a l e d t o o b t a i n t h e t o t a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s fr o m e a c h s e c t o r o f t h e econ om y t o
th e

c o n s tr u c tio n

b ill

o f m a t e r ia ls .

To

tr a n s la te

th e

d o lla r s

of

p rod u ct

con ­

t r i b u t e d b y e a c h s e c t o r i n t o t h e e m p lo y m e n t r e q u i r e d b y t h i s s e c t o r , a r a t i o
o f m a n -h o u r s t o $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f p r o d u c t i o n w a s u s e d .
T h e s e r a t i o s w e re d e v e lo p e d
f o r e a ch o f th e 57 in t e r in d u s t r y s e c t o r s . 1 5 /
P rom e a c h s t a g e ( p r i m a r y d i s t r i b u t i o n , p r i m a r y m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d s e c o n d ­
a r y ) , a m a n -h o u r f i g u r e p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t w a s o b t a i n e d
W hen t h e s e w e r e surraned w i t h t h e d i r e c t o r o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r s , t h e t o t a l e m p l o y ­
m ent e f f e c t , w it h in th e d e f i n i t i o n u se d b y th e s tu d y , w as d e te r m in e d .
F or
s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n , i t w as n e c e s s a r y t o a d ju s t th e p r im a r y an d s e c o n d a r y
e m p lo y m e n t e s t i m a t e s t o r e f l e c t t h e s h i f t s i n p r o d u c t i v i t y b e t w e e n 1 9 5 8 a n d
1959.
13/

F or a fu r th e r

d e s c r ip t io n ,

th e I n t e r i n d u s t r y R e la t i o n s S tu d y f o r
V o l . X X X IV ( 1 9 5 2 ) , H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y
14/
The p r o d u c t o b t a in e d b y th e
fr o m f i c t i t
th e r e fo r e ,
red u ced by
red u ced by

see

W.

D uane E va n s a n d M a r v in H o f f e n b e r g ,

1 9 4 7 , R e v ie w o f E c o n o m ic s a n d S t a t i s t i c s ,
P ress.
in v e r s e m a t r ix c o n t a in e d d u p l ic a t io n s

i o u s tr a n s fe r s in o f se co n d a ry p r o d u c ts .
T h e u n i t m a n -h o u r r a t i o s ,
h a d t o c o n t a i n t h i s sa m e d o u b l e c o u n t i n g o r t h e p r o d u c t h a d t o b e
t h e am ount o f d o u b le c o u n t i n g .
In t h i s c a s e , th e p r o d u c ts w ere
r a t i o s d e v e lo p e d b y S id n e y J a f f e in u n p u b lis h e d d o c u m e n ts .

15/
B o th t h e p r i c e a n d u n i t m a n -h o u r r a t i o s w e r e a c t u a l l y
a 4 5 0 - o r d e r a g g r e g a t i o n a n d summed t o t h e 5 7 - o r d e r a g g r e g a t i o n .




c a lc u la te d

on

47
APPEN IX B.
D

Data Collection Schedule

U S. D P R M N O LA O
.
EAT E T F B R
Bureau o f Labor Statistics
Washington 2f>, D. C
.

B No. 26f?2(a)
LS

Budget Bureau U
lr-5>926
Approval Expires 12/31/60

LA O R Q IR M N S F R SC O L C N U TIO
BR EU E ET O
H O O STR C N
The data submitted on this schedule -will be seen only by sworn employees of the Bureau
o f Labor Statistics. The data w ill not be released in any form which permits
identification with any specific company.
I

Identification of Project (Please oheok all previous entries and oorreot those la error)
am
A. N e o f School___________
Type * Elementary
.

Secondary (including Jr# Sigh)

[J

/ “7

________ County__________________

B. Locations City_________ _

State

Completed: (actual or estimated)^

C Construction Started;
.

/date)

(date)
am
D Agency Awarding Contract: N e__
.
Address
Total Amount of Construction Contracts on this Project: $__
1. Does amount include any Federal-aid funds?

N
o

Yes /~7

[J

am
F. General or Principal Prime Contractor: N e_______________
(Strike out one)
Address
G Architect: N e___
.
am
Address
(street)

(city)

I I Characteristics
A. Number of Stories of main part of structure (above grade)_____________ __
1.

Basement:

Full

Partial /" 7

None

[~~f

B. Square Feet of flo o r area (gross)_______________________ , _____
_
C Frame:
.

Steel

Reinforced Concrete

f~ I

Load-bearing Masonry O

f~ 7

Other (specify)____________________________________ .
D Principal Materials Used for:
.
1. Exterior Walls. Masonry /~7 Curtain Wall f ~ ]
Other (specify)_
2. Floors.

Specify base and covering___________________________________________

3. Roof. Specify deck and covering____________________________________________ _
E. Number of Classrooms: General____________
Special: Shops____________ Laboratories____________
Other_________ Sped fy__________________________
F. Special Purpose Rooms: (check) Cafeteria f~~J Auditorium f~~f All Purpose Room
Kitchen

f~~]

Library

f~~J

Gymnasium

Health Unit

f~ J

Administration Offices

/~~J

f~ l

*

Others (specify)____________________ _____________________________

4 5

6 -9

10

m

&
£

u
$

Source |

1
(0

F e
ram

°1
•M

o «a

Code

Code

___
i

•
S
o
o
1
___________ i

| Floor
i Area

•
£

1
j

1 2-3

M
et#

Serial

g
1

%V&\9jL




----------------- !--- Code Box; (Leave Blank)
■ • I
|
.

__________ _______ _________
(position)
________________ __________
(date)
|Stories |

G Data Furnished p y : __________ ^
.
________________
(nam
e)
'
H Agent__________________ _____________________________
.
(nam
e)

i

1

11— 14 15-16 17 18-19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
13
(U reverse side for notes)
se

2652( b

III

)

Construction Contracts

Project No.

A. Enter data fo r general or principal prime contract as reported in 1-F, and fo r eveiy subcontract thereto.
a l prime construction contracts, i f any.
Contractors name

Contractors address

Operations performed

General or principal
prime contract

Subcontracts o f above

8. Check any o f the following operations included in contracts described above:




1, Site preparation

/~~J

2.

Paving £ 7

3. Landscaping /" 7

Approx,
value of
contract

Repeat procedure fo r addition­

Includes (check)
M tera
Labor
ia l

Construction dates
(estimate or aotual)
Starting

Completion

Project No.

3
CO

I

Type
of
work

26$2(c)
IV Labor and Materials Requirements

| rim
B e

k9

29 30-31 32 33-35
A. N e o f (sub) contractor for whom data are reported
am
B. Operations performed by this (sub) contractor

__________________

______ _____________________

C. 1. Work started

2. Completed (aotual or estimated)
(date)
D. Labor required fo r this (sub) contract, by occupation
1. Period covered by data reported below:

From

(date)
2. Number o f man-{jg^s on this (sub) contract in period covered:
Skill unspecified
Cede manJwuri
days
36-38
39-43

Occupation8

Asbestos workers ..........................................
Bricklayers, stone m
asons .................... .

001
002

Carpenters ........
Cem finishers .............................•••••...
ent
Electricians ••••••••........
Glaziers .......... ..........................................
Lathers .....................................................

_______
(date)
To

Journeymen
^kours
Code ®*°P
"days
36-38
39-43

(date)
Apprentices
^ iio u r s
Code
days
39-43
36-38

Operating engineers............... ....................
Ornamental iron workers ...••.............
Painters .............................................. .
Plasterers .............................................• •
••
Plumbers and pipe fitters ...............
R en ........... ............... ............ .
odm
Roofers
Sheet metal workers ........................ .
4
Structural iron workers.............................
Terrazzo workers ..........................................
Tile setters ................................................
Other building trades (speoify) ..........

003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
on
012

301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312

601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612

013
014
015
016
017
018
019

313
314
315
316
317
318
319

613
614
615
616
617
618
619

Superintendents and general formen..........
Professional and technical employees . . . . . .
Helpers and tenders (all trades) .............
Clerical employees ....................... .
Truckdrirers ...............................................
Laborers ........................................ ............ .
Custodial workers .......... ..........
All others ...................................................

130
131
500
032
734
835
933
039

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X




3.

XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X

I f above data are fo r man-days worked, estimate average number of hours
woiked per man-day during the reported period /
/.

U Source o f above data:
.

Payrolls

Welfare or. insurance reports

[~~1

Daily work force reports
Other

/~7

f~ J _________________________

(specify)

5o

2652( d)

Project No. ___________
E. Nam o f (Sub) contractor_________________________________________________________
e
F. Address of (Sub) contractor________________________________________________ _____
G. Materials required fo r this (sub) contract
1. Period covered by data reported below:
2.

From_____ ____________To_____
(date)
(date)

Quantities and costs o f materials, supplies, and school equipment required by
the (sub) contract:
Quan­
t it y

Item

3.

Source o f above data: Material "ta k e-off” sheets
records
Other

h.

f~~J

Materials invoices

f~~J

Unit of
measure

f~~J

Approx.
cost

Cost accounting

Ledger /~~7

__________________________________________________
(speoify)
Rental cost o f construction machinery and equipment, or equivalent
n

value $______________________________
(Enter actual rental cost, am
ount of depreciation oharged to this contract, or
estimated am
ount reasonably chargeable to this contraot.)
H Data furnished by_____________________________________
.
(nam
e)
I. Agent




________________________________________
(name)

________________________
(position)

_____________________________
(date)

☆ U .S . G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F I C E : 1961 O - 601250