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AUG 2 i
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A
LA B O R REQUIREMENTS FOR
SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
Bulletin No. 1299
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Ewan Clague, Commissioner
LA BO R
R E Q U IR E M E N T S
SC H O O L
FOR
C O N S T R U C T IO N
Bulletin No. 1299
J u ly
1961
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary
BUREAU
E w an
O F
LABOR
C la g u e ,
S T A T IS T IC S
C o m m is s io n e r
For s a l e b y t h e S u p e r in t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , U . S . G o v e r n m e n t P r in tin g O f f i c e , W a s h i n g t o n 2 5 , D . C .
P r ic e 3 5 c e n ts
P r e f a c e
N ew
c o n s t r u c t i o n
a n d
s e r v i c e s
n o t
o n ly
a n d
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n
a t
a n d
t h e
a n
s i t e
s t r u c t i o n
a
m a jo r
o f
p r o j e c t s
e m p lo y m e n t
B e c a u s e
a r e
c o m p o n e n t
s o u r c e
i n d u s t r i e s
p r o c e s s .
s t r u c t i o n
i s
im p o r t a n t
o f t e n
b u t
w h ic h
o f
o f
o f
a l s o
i n
f u r n i s h
t h e i r
t h e
N
m
t h e
a s
a
T h e
m a n y
a t e r i a l s
f a r -r e a c h i n g
r e g a r d e d
a t i o n 's
e m p lo y m e n t .
m e a n s
o u t p u t
j o b s
m
o f
g o o d s
c r e a t e s
a n u f a c t u r i n g ,
r e q u i r e d
e m p lo y m e n t
o f
i t
im
i n
t h e
p a c t ,
c o u n t e r a c t i n g
o c c u r
t r a d e ,
c o n
c o n
c y c l i c a l
u n e m p lo y m e n t.
T h i s
i s
t h e
t y p e s
s t u d y
f i r s t
o f
s t u d i e s
u n d e r w a y
p r o j e c t s ,
T h e
p u b li c
s e r i e s
a lk e r .
a n d
H e rm a n
a n d
la b o r
r e q u i r e m
T h e
R o n a ld
f e d e r a l l y
w it h
t h e i r
a id e d
m ig h t
t h e
s t u d i e s
b e i n g
E .
b e
a f f e c t e d
b y
la b o r
h ig h w a y s ,
c o v e r
a l l
b y
m a jo r
t h e
t y p e s
B u r e a u
D e v e lo p m e n t s ,
w a s
i n
t h e
o f
o f
o f
t h e
t h e
8 6 t h
C o n g r e s s ,
e n t s
o f
a c t i o n .
v a r i o u s
A d d i t i o n a l
h o s p i t a l s ,
p u b lic *
a n d
h o u s i n g ,
p u b li c
s e w e r
i s
g r a t e f u l
e x c e l l e n t
s c h o o l
t o
t h e
s t a f f
c o o p e r a t i o n
p r o j e c t s ,
w h ic h
o f
a n d
t h e
f o r
c o m p r is e
S t a t i s t i c s ,
D i v i s i o n
o f
t h e
s u p e r v i s i o n
o f
F .
o f
s t a t i s t i c a l
d a t a
g r o u p
i
H o u s in g
m a k in g
a n
a n d
c o n s t r u c t i o n .
L a b o r
u n d e r
c o l l e c t i o n
c h a r g e
b y
r e q u ir e m
G o v e r n m e n t
t o
s t u d y .
t h e
o f
e x p e c t e d
d i r e c t e d
K u t s c h e r
a u t h o r i z e d
d e t e r m in e
a r e
m a d e
R o t h b e r g
t o
c o n s t r u c t i o n
e v e n t u a l l y ,
T e c h n o l o g i c a l
J .
c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
d e t e r m in in g
J a m e s
t h e
i n
a n d
H om e
a v a i l a b l e
im p o r t a n t
F in a n c e
t h e
p a r t
o f
t h e
t o t a l
e n t s .
B u r e a u
f o r
a r e
s c h o o l
d e s ig n e d
t h a t
d e a l
a n d ,
s t u d i e s
f i e l d
A g e n c y
a
S u b s e q u e n t
P r o d u c t i v i t y
W
o n
c o n s t r u c t i o n
b u i l d i n g s .
w a t e r
o f
d a t a
t h i s
o n
C O N TEN TS
£SS®
I n t r o d u c t i o n .................................................................................................................................................
N a t u r e
G e n e r a l
o £
s u r v e y
S c h o o l
L a b o r
O
f i n d i n g s
m a n -h o u r
R e g i o n a l
O t h e r
G e n e r a l
b y
o f
O
f f - s i t e
"L a s t
i n
C d n t r a c t o r
a t e r i a l s
i n
.
.
..............................................
.
.
.
e
1 1
1 1
1 2
s h a r e s
..................................................................................
.
.
.
1 4
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1 8
e m p lo y m e n t
...........................................................................................................................................................................
1 9
.
.
.
s t a g e "
.
.
.
.
.....................................
.
t r a d e ,
a n d
e m p lo y m e n t
a c t i v i t i e s
.
.
s e r v i c e
.
.
.
.
.
.
...........................................................................................2 0
.......................................................
.....................................
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 0
2 0
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
e m p lo y m e n t
b y
b y
c o n s t r u c t i o n
c o n s t r u c t i o n
p e r i o d s
p e r i o d
.
.........................................................................
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 2
.
.
2 2
.....................................
.................................................................................................
m
9
1 0
1 7
d i f f e r e n c e s
C h a n g e s
•
......................................
e m p lo y m e n t
u s e d
R e g io n a l
•
.................................................................................................
.
s e c o n d a r y
t i m
O c c u p a t io n a l
•
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ,
i n
C o n s t r u c t i o n
...................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................
c o n t r a c t o r s
w a g e s
m a n u f a c t u r in g
E m p lo y m e n t
M
t r a d e
s h a r e s
o f f - s i t e
E m p lo y m e n t
p a s t
o c c u p a t i o n ...............................................................................
e m p lo y m e n t
B u i l d e r s '
3
p a r i s o n s ..........................................................................................................
d i r e c t
1
1
7
t h e
s p e c i a l
O c c u p a t io n a l
.
.
.....................................................................................................................
c o m p a r is o n s
c o m
a n d
c o s t
i n
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
.......................................................................... .
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................
r e q u ir e m e n t s
g r o u p
g r o u p
R e q u ir e m e n t s
T h e
a n d
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
r e q u ir e m e n t s
n - s i t e
........................................................................................ .........
s u r v e y .............................................................................................................................. .
i n
a t e r i a l s
m
a t e r i a l s
2 4
2 5
c o n s u m p tio n
.
.............................................................................................................
.
.......................................................
..............................................
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 6
.
.
.
2 6
A P P E N D IX E S
A .
S c o p e
a n d
m e th o d
o f
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
C o l l e c t i o n
o f
E s t i m
o
a t i n g
P r im a r y
P r im a r y
D a ta
r v e y ...............................................................................
t h e
o n - s i t e
f f - s i t e
m a n -h o u r
c o l l e c t i o n
a n d
d a t a
e m p lo y m e n t
i n
s c h e d u le
a l l
4 2
s e l e c t i o n
.
d a t a
i n d u s t r i e s
m a n u f a c t u r in g
e m p lo y m e n t
u n i v e r s e
m a n -h o u r
d i s t r i b u t i o n
S e c o n d a r y
B .
s u
o f
.
.
.
o f
.
.....................................
e m p lo y m e n t
.
.
.
.
i n d u s t r i e s
t h e
.
.
.
.
.
.
s a m p le
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.....................................
.
.
.
.
4 2
.
.
4 4
...........................................................................................
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.........................................................................
................................................................
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4 5
.
.
4 5
.
4 6
.
.
.
4 4
.
4 7
T A B L E S
1 .
N u m b e r
a n d
c o s t
s e l e c t e d
2 .
O
n - s i t e
3 .
O
n - s i t e
m a n -h o u r
s e l e c t e d
s u r v e y e d
c o n t r a c t ,
b y
1 9 5 9
s c h o o l
a n d
r e q u ir e m e n t s
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
m a n -h o u r
r e g i o n ,
o f
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
p r o p o r t i o n
f o r
a n d
r e q u ir e m e n t s
o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n
r e g i o n ,
s c h o o l
r e g i o n ,
p e r
lo w e r
1 9 5 9
c o n s t r u c t i o n
1 9 5 9
$ 1 ,0 0 0
i i i
.
.
.
b y
p r o j e c t s ,
.........................................................................
o f
s c h o o l
s k i l l e d
...........................................................................................
p r o j e c t s ,
.............................................. ........ ............................................
la b o r
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 9
c o n s t r u c t i o n
e m p lo y e d
.
2 8
b y
.
a n d
................................................................
3 0
C O N T E N T S --C o n tin u e d
P a g e
T A B L E S --C o n tin u e d
4 .
P e r c e n t
o f
d i s t r i b u t i o n
o n - s i t e
c o n t r a c t ,
5 .
O
n - s i t e
6 .
P e r c e n t
7 .
A v e r a g e
8 .
P e r c e n t
9 .
A v e r a g e
b y
b y
b y
o f
b y
o c c u p a t i o n
n u m b e r
a n d
o f
g r o u p
o f
b y
s e l e c t e d
1 1 .
A v e r a g e
1 2 .
P e r c e n t
o f
t e n t h
o f
t o t a l
1 3 .
P e r c e n t
o f
o n - s i t e
i n
b y
g r o u p
e a c h
a n d
t e n t h
T o t a l
c o s t
o f
s t r u c t i o n
m
o n
m a n -h o u r
t o t a l
1 9 5 9
s c h o o l
n u m b e r
...........................................................................................
c o n s t r u c t i o n
f o r
r e g i o n ,
1 9 5 9
o f
.
3 3
c o n
.
.
.
.
.
3 3
p r o j e c t s ,
.........................................................................
s c h o o l
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
f o r
.
c o n s t r u c t i o n
r e g i o n ,
$ 1 ,0 0 0
s ,
1 9 5 9
c o n s t r u c t i o n
t i m
s c h o o l
e ,
b y
r e q u ir e m
o f
•
•
.
•
s c h o o l s ,
c o n s t r u c t i o n
o c c u p a t i o n ,
e n t s
c o n s t r u c t i o n
f o r
t i m
e ,
i n
.
c o n t r a c t ,
c o m p o n e n ts
b y
r e g i o n ,
f o r
e a c h
t y p e
1 9 5 9
$ 1 ,0 0 0
3 6
.
.
.
.
.
3 7
c o n s t r u c t i o n
o f
..........................................................................................................................................................................
a t e r i a l
3 5
b y
e a c h
1 9 5 9
s c h o o l
b y
3 4
c o n s t r u c t i o n
............................................................................................................................................... .........
f o r
3 2
p r o j e c t ,
s c h o o l
1 9 5 9
3 1
p r o j e c t s ,
c o n s t r u c t i o n
s c h o o l
3 0
c o n s t r u c t i o n
..............................................................................................................................
a n d
o n
i n d u s t r y
c o n s t r u c t i o n
s c h o o l
r e q u ir e m e n t s
a n d
1 9 5 9
b y
c o n s t r u c t i o n
..............................................................................................................................
p e r
e m p lo y m e n t
o f
s c h o o l
1 9 5 9
o f
......................................................................................................................
1 9 5 9
p e r
r e q u i r e d
r e g i o n ,
o f
.
p r o j e c t s ,
$ 1 ,0 0 0
$ 1 ,0 0 0
c o n t r a c t o r
w e e k s
1 9 5 9
.
e a c h
r e g i o n ,
e a r n i n g s
s e l e c t e d
o f
o n - s i t e
c o n t r a c t o r ,
1 4 .
o f
r e q u ir e m e n t s
n u m b e r
.
p e r
m a n -h o u r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
m a n -h o u r
c o s t
r e g i o n ,
h o u r ly
T o t a l
c o n t r a c t ,
a n d
f o r
.
r e g i o n ,
o n - s i t e
1 0 .
c o n s t r u c t i o n
e m p lo y e d
b y
t y p e
o n - s i t e
.
c o n t r a c t o r s
a n d
t o t a l
s t r u c t i o n ,
b y
1 9 5 9
r e q u ir e m e n t s
a p p r e n t i c e s
o c c u p a t io n
c o s t
s c h o o l
r e q u i r e d
r e g i o n ,
m a n -h o u r
c o n t r a c t ,
o f
m a n -h o u r s
o f
3 8
s c h o o l
c o n
............................................................................................................
3 9
C H A R TS
1 .
D
i s t r i b u t i o n
o f
c o n t r a c t ,
1 9 5 9
2 .
P e r c e n t
3 .
O
n - s i t e
4 .
O
n - s i t e
5 .
O
n - s i t e
m
o f
s c h o o l
m a n -h o u r
o n - s i t e
s k
f o r
i l l
$ 1 ,0 0 0
o f
w a g e s
o f
s c h o o l
b y
d e c i l e
m
1 9 5 9
r e g i o n
o f
s c h o o l
la b o r
o f
a t e r i a l s
$ 1 ,0 0 0
e a r n in g s
c o n s t r u c t i o n
c o n t r a c t ,
e a c h
a n d
$ 1 ,0 0 0
h o u r ly
a n d
c o n t r a c t ,
f o r
l e v e l
e a c h
a v e r a g e
m a n -h o u r s
c o n s t r u c t i o n
e a c h
c o n s t r u c t i o n
b y
m a n -h o u r s
b y
o f
r e q u ir e m e n t s
c o n t r a c t ,
u l t i p l i e d
f o r
c o n s t r u c t i o n
.............................................. ............................................ ........ ..........................................................................................................
d i s t r i b u t i o n
$ 1 ,0 0 0
t i o n
m a n -h o u r s
.
o f
.
.
.
f o r
.
s c h o o l
.
.
.
.
...........................................................................................
e a c h
.
c o n s t r u c t i o n
t im e
6
1 3
c o n t r a c t
...............................................
$ 1 ,0 0 0
4
e a c h
c o n s t r u c
c o n s t r u c t i o n
..............................................
f o r
u s e d
o f
.
1 6
s c h o o l
.
.
.
.
2 3
LABOR REQUIREM
ENTS FOR SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
I n t r o d u c t i o n
P u b li c
s c h o o l
c o n s t r u c t i o n
i t
r e p r e s e n t s
w id e s p r e a d
s c h o o l
f o r
T h e
n e e d e d
o n e - s i x t h
n e e d
o f
i n t o
t h e
f a
N ew
l e c t e d
s t u d y
fr o m
i s
1 2 8
t h e
s c h o o l s
s t u d i e d ,
p r o j e c t s ,
1 /
in c lu d e d
5
t h i s
a n d
$ 2 .5
s e r i e s
b i l l i o n
o u t l a y s
i n
a n d
f o r
o f
t h e
p u b l i c
I 9 6 0 ,
w e r e
o f
p r o p o r t i o n
b e c a u s e
E x p e n d it u r e s
b e e n
d
e m p h a s iz e d
M o r e
t h a n
t o
e s t i m
n e e d s ,
a c c o u n t e d
s e c o n d
e f i c i t ,
t h e
O
I f
t h a t
O
b a c k lo g
r e s u l t
i n
c u r r e n t
f f i c e
r e c e n t
i n
o f
5 - y e a r
p e r i o d
o f
n ew
p u b l i
c la s s r o o m
f f i c e ,
a n
a t
a lm
a n n u a l
w
i l l
E d u c a t io n
w o u ld
a t
a s
o s t
w e r e
2 0 0 ,0 0 0
o s t
b e
d e f i c i t
c o n s t r u c t i o n
a lm
s
w h ic h
a c c u m u la t e d
c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
w o u ld
8 0 ,0 0 0 .
b y
t h e
o f
i n
4 2 7 ,0 0 0
a t e s
a n d
r a t e
y e a r s ) ,
o f
s u c c e e d i n g
e s t i m
a t e
c l a s s
y e a r .
f o r
m o s t
r e s u l t e d
u s e
o r
a d d i t i o n s
b a s e d
c o n s t r u c t e d
t o
o f
s u b s t a n t i a l
fr o m
t o
fr o m
t h e
c la s s r o o m
c o n v e r s i o n s
p r o v i s i o n
e x i s t i n g
o f
o f
s
c r e a t e d
f a c i l i t i e s
t e m p o r a r y
f a
i n
n o t
1 9 5 8 - 5 9 .
o r i g i n a l l y
c i l i t i e s ;
so m e
w e r e
s c h o o l s .
S u r v e y
t h r o u g h o u t
o r d e r
n e x t
t o t a l
a c c o u n t e d
c la s s r o o m
a c c o r d i n g
e n t
t h i s
n u m b e r
h a s
a n n u a l
a
a
s p a c e
E d u c a t i o n .
c u r r e n t
n e x t
3 8 ,0 0 0
t h r o u g h
T h i s
s c h o o ls
i n a t e
i n a t e
o f
t h e
t o
t h e
o v e r
s .
c o n s t r u c t i o n
r e p la c e m
T h e
f o r
o f
f i r s t
t h e
e x p e n d i t u r e s
c la s s r o o m
r a t e
p u b li c
y e a r s ,
o v e r
n ew
t h e
o f
h ig h w a y s .
c u r r e n t
e l i m
f o r
o f
5
f o r
b e c a u s e
c o n s t r u c t i o n
f o r
a n n u a l
f f i c e
1 9 6 0 .
a b o u t
a n
t o t a l
s e l e c t e d
s t u d i e s
c la s s r o o m
O
n e x t
b u i l d i n g
p r o v id e d
N a t u r e
n ew
3 4 7 ,0 0 0
t o
n e e d
f o r
c u m u la t in g
i n d e t e r m
p la n n e d
o f
e n t s
o r
a t
w a s
e n t s
p u b l i c
o f
o f
U .S .
a c c o u n t
( o r
r o o m s ,
f o r
t h e
l l
i n c r e a s e d
t h e
n e w
t h o s e
t h e
1 6 ,0 0 0 ,
r e q u ir e m
A n
t o
o v e r
7 0 ,0 0 0
o f
a l l
e x p r e s s i o n
o n ly
c a t i o n s
t a k e
o f
r e q u ir e m
c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
a b o u t
v o lu m e
o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n
la b o r
U n it e d
b u i l t
F o r
i n
a
m o r e
e a c h
( 8 5
s u r v e y
o f
r e g i o n s
s e l e c t e d
o f
e le m e n t a r y
T h e y
c o n t r a c t s
m a x im u m
p r o j e c t s
e x c lu d i n g
a
S t a t e s .
u n d e r
a
o n
v a r i o u s
p r o j e c t s
e s t a b l i s h
t h e
i n
i n c lu d e d
i n
a n d
w e r e
o f
4 3
j u n i o r
a s
b e tw e e n
c o m
a
d e t a i l e d
s e e
d e s c r i p t i o n
a p p e n d ix
A .
1
o f
w e r e
a n d
s e c o n d a r y
D a t a
s e n i o r
w e r e
h ig h
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
J u l y
p a r a b i li t y
s u r v e y
a n d
S t a t e s .
i n
m e th o d
l i m
1 9 5 8
t h e
i t e d
a n d
c o l
s c h o o l s )
s a m p le
J u n e
o f
1 9 5 9 .
a n d
t o
f o r
I n
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
1 /
r e g i o n ,
t h e
e le m e n t a r y
U n it e d
c h o s e n
a w a r d e d
d e g r e e
a d d i t i o n s .
t h e
n e w ,
a
l i s t
w h o le
o f
s c h o o l
S t a t e s
2
T h e
a
f i x e d
f o r
t h e
s i t e
s t u d y
s u r v e y ,
P r o j e c t
T h e
la w s
n o t
w a s
e m
m
o f
i s s i o n
n e c e s s a r y
s m
a u t h o r i t i e s ,
e x c lu d e d
u
t i l i t y
t h e s e
fr o m
t h e
e m p lo y e e s
c o v e r e d
b y
p r o d u c e
s c h o o l
t o
t h e
t h e
s c h o o l
c o n t r a c t o r s ,
t h e
a n d
s c o p e
a s
w
w a s
e l l
t h e
w e r e
i n
o f
a s
w id e
ow n
l a r g e l y
t h e
la b o r
a n y
s i t e
w a s
s u c h
p r o j e c t s ,
i n
t h e
e t r o p o li t a n
a n d
n o n
s c h o o l s .
t h e
f a c i l i t i e s
v a r i e s
a p p l i c a t i o n
b y
w it h
o f
c o s t s ,
t h e
a n d
d i r e c t i o n
p e r fo r m e d
b y
i n v o lv e d
o r
a d d i t i o n ,
e x c lu d e d .
o r
o f
a m o n g
a r c h i t e c t u r a l
b la c k b o a r d s
s u r v e y .
l o c a l
t h e
o f
s u r v e y
e s t i m
1 3 ,0 0 0
f u l l - t i m
e n g i n e e r i n g
o f
s i n g l e
p a r t - t i m
i n
N o
s c h o o l s .
t h e
t h o u s a n d s
p r e p a r a t i o n
I n
t h e
d e s i g n i n g
v a r i a t i o n s
s ,
t im e
g e n e r a l l y
a s
a n d
u n d e r
a r e
c o n t r a c t .
w o r k e r s
t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n
c o v e r e d
s y s t e m
t h e i r
o r
o f f
c o n
d i f f e r e n c e s .
n o t
t h e
m
s c h o o l
i n s t a n c e s ,
e n t s
t h e
i n
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
b e tw e e n
n ew
a n d
u s e d
i n
d e f i n e d
f o r
o f
s e c o n d a r y
o f
p l i c i t
a s
e m p lo y m e n t.
v a r i o u s
a n d
p la n n in g
s o m e tim e s
f u n c t i o n s
s u r v e y
b u i l d i n g ,
e
la n d s c a p i n g
la b o r
S o m e
w a r d r o b e s
s c h o o l
e
d e p a r t
s c h o o l
w o r k e r s .
i n s t a l l a t i o n s
t h e
w o r k
t im e
e q u ip m e n t ,
i n s t a l l e d
a t e
T h i s
A l s o
b y
p u b li c
n o t
r e q u i r e d
i f
t o
a t t a c h e d
b y
b u i l d i n g
o f
t h e
i n c lu d e d .
c r e a t e d
t h e i r
s ,
f o r
a t e r i a l s
h a l f
o f
i m
M a n -h o u r s ,
m a n -h o u r s
i n g
r e g i o n s ,
so m e
l o c a l
m a n -h o u r s
e m p lo y m e n t
m
a b o u t
t i m
b u i l d i n g
i n
l a r g e r
a i n t a i n
f u r n i s h i n g s
w a s
o f
m
s y s t e m
c o n s t r u c t i o n
E m p lo y m e n t
w o r k e r s
u s e d
T h e
sh o w
r e q u ir e m
s u c h
b e c a u s e
c o u n t r y .
a l le r
a n d
e m p lo y m e n t
e m p lo y m e n t
a n d
t h e
t o t a l
F o r
e le m e n t a r y
la b o r
r e f l e c t
o f
t o
A lt h o u g h ,
a f f e c t
f r e q u e n t l y
I n
b e t w e e n
s .
i n c lu d e d
w a g e s
t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n
d e l i v e r
g e o g r a p h ic
d e v e lo p i n g ,
t o
t y p e s
t h e
p lo y e e s ,
e n t s .
a n d
s y s t e m
t h e
w a s
o f
o n
d e v e lo p e d
a r e a s ,
a n d
p r o j e c t .
b r o a d
d e s ig n e d
s y s t e m s
o b t a i n e d
d e t e r m in e
c o n s t r u c t i o n .
o n - s i t e
la b o r
t h e
f o u r
C e r t a i n
o m
o n
w e r e
p r o c e d u r e s
m a d e
o n - s i t e
w e r e
p la n n i n g ,
a n d
t h e
t o
s c h o o l
p r o d u c e
d a t a
a m o n g
w a s
f o r
t o
a r i l y
o f
a m o n g
e t r o p o l i t a n
g r e a t l y
b o t h
u t i l i z e d
d a t a
d i f f e r e n c e s
m
i n c lu d e
D a t a
p r i m
( $ 1 ,0 0 0 )
r e q u i r e d
o c c u p a t i o n
a d d i t i o n a l
d e s ig n e d
v o lu m e
e m p lo y m e n t
s t r u c t i o n .
e a c h
w a s
d o l l a r
b y
t h e
e m p lo y e r s —
s t u d y .
r e s p e n d in g
t h e
m
o f
u l t i p l i e r
t h e
w a g e s
e f f e c t —
w a s
a n d
n o t
p r o f i t s
c o n s i d e r e d
w
i t h i n
3
G e n e r a l
E a c h
t a r y ,
$ 1 ,0 0 0
j u n i o r ,
e m p lo y m e n t .
O f
i n d u s t r y .
A
t o
a n d
p r o d u c e
t r a c t o r s ,
( S e e
t h e s e ,
c o n t r a c t
s c h o o l s
i n
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
i n v o lv e d
1 9 5 9
h o u r s
w e r e
f o r
1 2 8
o f
h o u r s
w e r e
m
a t e r i a l s
e m p lo y m e n t
m a n -h o u r s
o f
o n - s i t e
a n d
i n
f o r
b y
e m p lo y m e n t
b u i l d i n g
i n
2 1 2
e m p lo y m e n t
v a r i o u s
e q u ip m e n t
r e q u i r e d
t h e
r e s u l t e d
r e q u i r e d
t h e
o f f - s i t e
T h e
h ig h
a n d
8 4
d e l i v e r
1 . )
F i n d in g s
c o n s t r u c t i o n
s e n i o r
t o t a l
p l u s
c h a r t
o f
a n d
S u r v e y
u s e d
t h e
w e r e
i n
o
b y
o f
e le m e n
m a n -h o u r s
t h e
f f - s i t e
o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n
a c t i v i t i e :
c o n s t r u c t i o n
c o n s t r u c t i o n
a l l o c a t e d
a s
c o n
i n d u s t r y .
f o l l o w
s :
M a n -h o u r s
p e r
$ 1 ,0 0 0
o f
c o n t r a c t
P e r c e n t
N u m b er
T o t a l
m a n -h o u r s
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 1 2
1 0 0
* . * * . , . , . . * * * . , ,
8 4
3 9
C o n s t r u c t i o n :
O
n - s i t e
O
f f - s i t e
.
.
.
M a n u f a c t u r in g
.
T r a d e
t h e
a n d
O t h e r
O n
a v e r a g e ,
c o n s t r u c t i o n
s t r u c t i o n
t h e
s i t e
a n d
b u i l d i n g
4 3
m
R e c e n t l y ,
p u b l i c
o f
m o r e
f o r
t h a n
a n d
t h e
w o u ld ,
t im
h o u r s
y e a r 's
f o r
b u i l d i n g
o f
a n n u a l
t h e
1 9 5 9
w e e k .
F o r
e m p lo y m e n t.
.
4
1 0
3 7
8
a
A n y
i n
1 9 5 9
t o o k
f o r
c o s t
8 1
h a v e
b e e n
i n c r e a s e
I n
3 8
i n
s p e n t
w o r k
i n
t h e
t h i s
t o
i n
b u i l d .
d i r e c t
r e q u i r e d
o n
t o
b e e n
t h e
o f
a n d
s c h o o l
o f
s o u r c e
c o n s t r u c t i o n
a t e r i a l s
l e v e l
f u r n i s h
2 /
c o n s t r u c t i o n
h a s
t h e
m
T h i s
c o n
c o n s t r u c t i o n .
b u i l d i n g
s u p p ly in g
$ 7 3 0 ,0 0 0
y e a r
i n d i r e c t l y
u s e d
s c h o o l
o n - s i t e
a
w o r k e r s —
s u p p l i e s
t h a t
a b o u t
a b o u t
a c t i v i t i e s
f o r
in d u s
s e r v i c e s
c o n s t r u c t i o n
c o m m e n s u r a te ly .
e s t i m
o f
6
a n d
y e a r
e m p lo y m e n t
t y p e s
4
9
• ..
a c t i v i t i e s
e m p lo y m e n t
o t h e r
.
a n d
i n d i c a t e
e m p lo y m e n t
a v e r a g e
.
o t h e r
a n n u a lly
o f f - s i t e
r a i s e
.
c o s t s )
b i l l i o n
w o u ld
j o b s
.
2 0
e q u ip m e n t,
o p e r a t i o n s .
c o u r s e ,
T h e
e s
a
1 1 5 ,0 0 0
.
e m p lo y m e n t
v a r i o u s
$ 2 .5
T h is
.
c o n s t r u c t e d
y e a r 's
t h e
.
. +
p la n n in g
a
a b o u t
1 6 0 ,0 0 0
2 /
5 0
i n
.
e m p lo y m e n t
s c h o o l s
a t e r i a l s ,
s c h o o l s .
t r y
s e r v i c e
a n d
c r e a t e d
.
f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i n d u s t r y
o f
.
...............................................................
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
( e x c l u s i v e
.
a t e
i n
o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n
c o n t r a c t
e m p lo y m e n t,
w o r k e r s
c o n s t r u c t i o n
2 ,0 0 0
h o u r s
w e r e
i s
w o r k
b a s e d
o f
o n
3 5 .8
c o n s i d e r e d
a
4
Chart 1 Distribution of M
.
an-Hours for Each
$1,000 of School Construction Contract, 1959
©
On-site
Construction
O ff-site
Construction
I
L
□
PRIMARY
MAN-HOURS
Transportation
and Trade
Last M anufacturing
Stage
SECO N D A RY
MAN-HOURS
Other
Manufdcturing
Transportation,
Trade and
Services
All O th e r ,
Industries
5
The s u r v e y d i s c l o s e d t h a t , a lth o u g h more th a n h a l f o f th e p r o j e c t s w it h in
th e sco p e o f th e s tu d y had o n - s i t e la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts r a n g in g from 75 t o 95
m an-hours p er $1,000 o f c o n t r a c t , t h e r e was s u b s t a n t i a l v a r i a t i o n among i n d i
v id u a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s .
Some o f th e v a r i a t i o n r e f l e c t e d d i f f e r e n c e s in ty p e and
s i z e o f s c h o o ls and d i f f e r e n c e s betw een m e t r o p o lit a n and n o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s ,
and g e o g r a p h ic l o c a t i o n .
The v a r i a t i o n i n u n i t manpower r e q u ir e m e n ts a s s o c i
a te d w ith t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p lu s o t h e r s in v o l v i n g s p e c i f i c c o n s t r u c t io n
f e a t u r e s ( s e e t a b l e 2) a r e d is c u s s e d i n more d e t a i l in a l a t e r s e c t i o n o f t h i s
r e p o r t.
M an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts p er $ 1,000 o f c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t f o r s e c o n d a ry
s c h o o ls (83 h o u rs) w ere 4 l e s s th a n th e a v e r a g e f o r e le m e n ta ry s c h o o l s .
The
a v e r a g e re q u ire m e n ts f o r m e t r o p o lit a n l o c a t i o n s (83 h o u rs) w ere s i m i l a r l y
lo w e r th an f o r n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s ( 8 7 ) .
S c h o o ls c o n s tr u c t e d in th e n o r th
e a s t e r n p a r t o f th e c o u n tr y a v e r a g e d 76 m an-hours compared w ith 99 in th e S o u th .
L a r g e p r o j e c t s t y p i c a l l y r e q u ir e d few er m an-hours p er $1,000 o f c o n t r a c t th an
sm a ll o n e s.
Th ese o b se r v e d v a r i a t i o n s in tu r n r e f l e c t e d
a f f e c t i n g manpower r e q u ir e m e n ts such a s —
1.
2.
3.
b a s i c u n d e r ly in g f a c t o r s
E x te n t o f u se o f m e c h a n ic a l equipm ent i n c lu d in g c r a n e s , e l e v a t o r s ,
and c o n v e y o r s ;
Amount o f p r e f a b r i c a t e d com ponents u sed i n c o n s t r u c t i o n ; and
The p r o p o r tio n o f s k i l l e d a s compared t o u n s k i l l e d la b o r em p loyed .
D if f e r e n c e s in group a v e r a g e s c i t e d may r e f l e c t v a r y in g c o m b in a tio n s o f
th e se f a c t o r s .
F or exam p le, some o f th e low er u n it m an-hours o b se r v e d f o r
m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s c h o o ls m ig h t be a t t r i b u t e d t o th e f a c t t h a t th e s t r u c t u r e s
w ere o f s u f f i c i e n t s i z e to e n a b le th e c o n t r a c t o r t o ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f th e
b u i l d i n g equipm ent f r e q u e n t ly a v a i l a b l e in l a r g e c i t i e s .
In a d d i t i o n , p r o j e c t s
i n m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s g e n e r a l l y had a c c e s s t o a more h i g h l y s k i l l e d la b o r
fo rc e .
In some in d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s , th e p a r t i c u l a r co m b in a tio n s o f t h e s e
f a c t o r s ca u sed w id e v a r i a t i o n i n m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts .
High m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts ten d ed to be a s s o c i a t e d w ith low er a v e r a g e
wage r a t e s .
The p r o p o r tio n o f t o t a l c o n t r a c t r e p r e s e n te d by o n - s i t e w ages
(w ages p er hour tim e s h o u rs) was f a i r l y c o n s ta n t among v a r io u s s c h o o l p r o j e c t s ,
a b o u t 26 p e r c e n t .
M a t e r i a l s c o s t s , i n c lu d i n g s u p p lie s and d e p r e c i a t i o n o f equ ip m en t, a v e r
aged ab o u t 56 p e r c e n t o f th e c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , o r ab o u t $555 p er $ 1,0 0 0 .
(S e e c h a r t 2 and t a b l e 1 4 . )
V a r i a t i o n s from t h i s p r o p o r tio n w ere r e l a t i v e l y
s m a ll.
In n e a r l y 70 p e r c e n t o f th e p r o j e c t s s t u d ie d , m a t e r i a l s c o s t s a c c o u n te d
f o r 52 t o 62 p e r c e n t o f th e c o n t r a c t .
O f th e p r o p o r tio n a s c r ib e d t o m a t e r i a l s ,
a l i t t l e more th a n $100, o r 18 p e r c e n t o f th e $555 was a l l o c a t e d to th e t r a n s
p o r t a t i o n , w a re h o u sin g , and t r a d e i n d u s t r i e s .
The re m a in in g $455 r e p r e s e n t s
th e p ro d u ce rs* v a lu e o f th e m a t e r i a l s u s e d , d i s t r i b u t e d among m a n u fa c tu r in g ,
m in in g , s e r v i c e s , and o th e r i n d u s t r i e s .
The r e s i d u a l 18 p e r c e n t , w h ile n o t
s t u d ie d , w ould h a ve c o v e r e d such ite m s a s overh ead and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o s t s ,
t a x e s , an d su p p lem en ta ry wage b e n e f i t s .
6
Chart 2. Percent Distribution of On-Site Wages
and Materials Used for Each $1,000 of School
Construction Contract, 1959
7
The s tu d y o f la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts e v e n t u a l l y p r o v id e d s e v e r a l t y p e s o f
in fo r m a tio n r e l a t i n g to th e k in d s o f m a t e r i a l s u s e d , th e t y p e s o f employment
g e n e r a t e d , th e t im in g o f em ploym ent, and th e sh a re o f t o t a l employment u sed b y
th e v a r io u s s p e c i a l - t r a d e s c o n t r a c t o r s .
Th ese a r e d is c u s s e d in d e t a i l i n
l a t e r s e c t i o n s o f th e r e p o r t .
School C h a r a c t e r is tic s
The s i z e and c o s t o f th e s c h o o ls s t u d ie d a v e r a g e d a s f o l l o w s :
A verage
F lo o r s p a c e .................... ..
C o s t p e r sq u a re f o o t ..............
Number o f c la s s r o o m s .............
C o s t p e r cla ssr o o m ..................
S ch o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t . . .
5 1 . 4 th ou san d squ are f e e t
$ 1 4 .1 6
21
$35,000
$730,000
The s i z e and c o s t o f i n d i v i d u a l s c h o o ls , o f c o u r s e , v a r i e d c o n s id e r a b ly b y
t y p e o f s c h o o l, l o c a t i o n , and t y p e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n .
(S e e t a b l e 1 . )
I f e le m e n ta r y s c h o o ls a r e c o n s id e r e d s e p a r a t e l y from seco n d a ry s c h o o ls ,
i t becomes a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e l a t t e r a r e more c o s t l y , h a ve more room s, and c o s t
more p e r room, r e f l e c t i n g a d d i t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s r e q u ir e d f o r h ig h e r l e v e l s o f
e d u c a tio n .
A verage c o s t per—
A verage
............... — .....■ — - ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ — —■ ■ —
number o f
S ch o o l
Sq u are f o o t
C lassroom
c la s s r o o m s
E lem en ta ry . . .
Seco n d ary . . . .
$370,000
1 ,4 3 3 ,0 0 0
$ 1 3 .2 6
1 4 .6 7
$24,800
44,300
15
32
S c h o o ls c o n s tr u c t e d i n m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s — ab o u t 55 p e r c e n t o f th o s e
s t u d ie d — w ere g e n e r a l l y l a r g e r and more e x p e n s iv e in t o t a l c o s t , c o s t p er
sq u a re f o o t , and p e r cla ssr o o m th a n th o s e b u i l t i n n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s .
D e s p it e c e r t a i n d i f f e r e n c e s n o te d i n th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e s c h o o ls ,
th e g r e a t m a j o r i t y had many s i m i l a r f e a t u r e s .
A bout 80 p e r c e n t o f th e s c h o o ls
w ere o n e - s t o r y s t r u c t u r e s , w ith o u t b a sem en ts.
E x t e r i o r w a l l s w ere g e n e r a l l y
o f m asonry and th e f l o o r s w ere poured c o n c r e t e c o v e r e d w it h some t y p e o f s o f t
t i l e , u s u a lly a s p h a lt.
D if f e r e n c e s i n
c o n s t r u c t io n o f th e
fr a m e s ; 15 p e r c e n t ,
w ere a lm o st e q u a l l y
m asonry s t r u c t u r e s .
c o n s t r u c t i o n w ere n o te d i n th e t y p e
ro o f d eck.
A bout 40 p e r c e n t o f th e
a l l l o c a t e d i n th e N e s t , had wooden
d iv id e d b etw een r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e te
o f fr a m in g , and th e
s c h o o ls had s t e e l
fra m e s.
The rem ain d er
and lo a d - b e a r in g
8
The m ajo r r e g i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e was r e f l e c t e d i n t h e more f r e q u e n t u s e o f
wood p r o d u c t s i n t h e West and a c o r r e s p o n d in g ly s m a lle r u s e o f c l a y p r o d u c ts *
O th er r e g i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s w ere m inor o r r e s t r i c t e d t o s p e c i f i c l o c a l i t i e s ,
f o r exam p le , r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t e r u s e o f s t o n e i n q u a r r y a r e a s *
M ost o f th e s c h o o ls (83 p e r c e n t ) had c a f e t e r i a s w it h c o o k in g f a c i l i t i e s *
A u d ito r iu m s and gymnasiums w ere g e n e r a l l y found o n ly i n se c o n d a ry s c h o o l s ;
o th e r s c h o o ls g e n e r a l l y had a m u ltip u r p o s e room t h a t s e r v e d f o r a s s e m b lie s a s
w e l l a s o t h e r p u rp o se s*
9
L abor R eq u irem en ts in th e P a s t
I t w ould be o f c o n s id e r a b le i n t e r e s t t o compare la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r
c u r r e n t s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t io n w it h re q u ir e m e n ts f o r p a s t p e r i o d s .
U n f o r t u n a t e ly ,
o n ly a l i m i t e d amount o f in fo r m a tio n i s a v a i l a b l e and i t ca n n o t r e a d i l y be
u se d f o r com p arison w ith c u r r e n t d a t a .
The two m a jo r problem s a r e th e ch ange
i n c o s t ( p r i c e ) o f c o n s t r u c t i o n and ch a n ge s in p h y s i c a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s .
Changes i n c o s t s o f m a t e r i a l s and o f la b o r , and o f th e r e l a t i v e p ro p o r
t i o n s o f e a c h , a f f e c t th e t o t a l p r i c e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n .
A d eq u ate p r i c e in d e x e s
a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r a d j u s t i n g th e d o l l a r v a l u e s o f s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s
in two tim e p e r i o d s .
However, a v e r y rou gh a d ju stm e n t f o r p r i c e ch an ge i n d i
c a t e s t h a t t o t a l m an-hours p e r $ 1,0 0 0 ( i n c o n s t a n t p r i c e s ) o f s c h o o l con
s t r u c t i o n h ave d e c lin e d b y a p p r o x im a te ly o n e - t h i r d in t h e p a s t 20 y e a r s , 3/
w ith a g r e a t e r d e c l i n e o c c u r r in g f o r o n - s i t e
employment th a n f o r o f f - s i t e
em ploym ent.
P a r t o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e , p o s s i b l y a l l o f i t , m e r e ly r e f l e c t e d th e
t r a n s f e r o f work from o n - s i t e t o o f f - s i t e o p e r a tio n s a s a r e s u l t o f g r e a t e r
u se o f p r e f a b r i c a t e d u n i t s and ch a n g e s in t y p e o f p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e .
The d e c l i n e i n t o t a l la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts r e f l e c t s n o t o n ly in c r e a s e d
e f f i c i e n c y b u t a l s o ch a n ge s i n p h y s i c a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n .
V ery few d e t a i l s o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r th e s c h o o ls s u r v e y e d 20 y e a r s ago a r e a v a i l a b l e .
However,
s c h o o ls b u i l t a t t h a t tim e w ere g e n e r a l l y m u l t i s t o r i e d i n c o n t r a s t to th e
c u r r e n t s i n g l e - s t o r i e d s t r u c t u r e s ; i n t e r n a l f i n i s h i n g was u s u a l l y p l a s t e r i n
c o n t r a s t t o c u r r e n t p a in t e d c in d e r b lo c k .
M ethods o f l i g h t i n g , h e a t i n g , and
v e n t i l a t i o n h a ve im proved, r e q u i r i n g d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s and d i f f e r e n t t e c h
n iq u e s o f i n s t a l l a t i o n .
The u s e o f p r e f a b r i c a t e d com ponents h a s a l r e a d y been
m e n tio n e d .
(Changes f o r s p e c i f i c k in d s o f m a t e r i a l s a r e shown in th e s e c t i o n
on M a t e r i a l R e q u ir e m e n ts .)
3/
B ased on u n p u b lis h e d d a ta f o r p u b l i c w orks p r o j e c t s b u i l t
l a t e 19 3 0 * 8 .
i n th e
10
O n - S it e Man-Hour R eq u irem en ts
M an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e a v e r a g e d 84 p e r $ 1,0 0 0 o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t , w ith more th an h a l f o f th e i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s r a n g in g
b etw een 75 and 95 h o u r s .
However, t h e o v e r a l l r a n g e was much w id e r , r e f l e c t i n g
s p e c i a l c ir c u m s ta n c e s a s s o c i a t e d w ith t h e p r o j e c t s w h ich ten d ed t o in c r e a s e o r
d e c r e a s e u n i t la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts .
A p a r t from th e v a r i a t i o n in la b o r r e q u i r e
m ents e x h i b i t e d by a r a n k in g o f i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s , t h e s u r v e y a l s o d i s c l o s e d
th e e x i s t e n c e o f marked d i f f e r e n c e s in group a v e r a g e s when th e d a t a w ere
a n a ly z e d b y v a r io u s c r i t e r i a such a s t y p e o f s c h o o l, s i z e , l o c a t i o n , o r
c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f c o n s tr u c tio n .
(S e e t a b l e 2 . )
I t sh o u ld be n o te d t h a t man
hour r e q u ir e m e n ts p er d o l l a r f r e q u e n t ly do n o t p a r a l l e l r e q u ir e m e n ts p e r sq u a re
fo o t.
D i f f e r e n c e s i n d e s ig n , m a t e r i a l s , and r e l a t i v e c o s t s w i l l a f f e c t th e
co m p a r iso n s, e s p e c i a l l y b etw een r e g i o n s .
L a r g e p r o j e c t s , se c o n d a ry s c h o o l s , and t h o s e b u i l t in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s
and i n th e n o r th e a s te r n p a r t o f th e c o u n tr y ten d ed t o show lo w e r m an-hour
r e q u ir e m e n ts p e r $ 1,0 0 0 o f c o n t r a c t f o r s i t e l a b o r .
U n d e r ly in g much o f th e v a r i a t i o n i n la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts o f i n d i v i d u a l
p r o j e c t s and group a v e r a g e s a r e th e t h r e e m ajo r f a c t o r s d is c u s s e d b e lo w .
A lth o u g h i t seemed im p r a c t ic a l t o a tte m p t t o m easure p r e c i s e l y t h e im p act o f
any o f t h e s e f a c t o r s on manpower r e q u ir e m e n ts , t h e i r in f l u e n c e w as c l e a r l y
a p p a r e n t i n many o f t h e p r o j e c t s o r gro u p s w h ich r e q u ir e d few er m an-hours th a n
o th e rs.
Th ese f a c t o r s a r e :
1.
Use o f equipm ent such a s c r a n e s , e l e v a t o r s , and c o n v e y o r s .
I t was
f r e q u e n t ly o b se r v e d t h a t t h e l a r g e p r o j e c t s and th o s e b u i l t i n m e t r o p o lit a n
a r e a s made g r e a t e r u se o f m e c h a n ic a l eq u ip m en t.
In g e n e r a l, th e se p r o je c ts
ten d ed to show low er u n i t m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts .
Sm all p r o j e c t s , o r th o s e
some d i s t a n c e from a v a i l a b l e equ ip m en t, w ere a b l e to t a k e a d v a n ta g e o f t h e s e
d e v ic e s .
The d e g re e o f m e c h a n iz a tio n v a r i e d , a l s o , by r e g i o n .
2.
Amount o f p r e f a b r i c a t e d com ponents u se d i n c o n s t r u c t i o n .
An exam i
n a t io n o f th e d a ta f o r i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s shows t h a t th e amount o f p r e f a b r i
c a t e d com ponents u se d i s one o f th e more im p o rta n t f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g m an-hour
r e q u ir e m e n ts .
P r e f a b r i c a t i o n i s u sed a t v a r io u s s t a g e s i n c o n s t r u c t i o n .
Some
p r o j e c t s u sed p r e f a b r i c a t e d c o n c r e t e u n i t s i n th e c o n s t r u c t io n o f t h e fram e,
o t h e r s u se d p r e f a b r i c a t e d w a l l p a n e ls , and many u sed p r e f a b r i c a t e d u n i t s i n
th e i n t e r i o r f i n i s h such a s i n window and door fra m e s, t a c k and c h a lk b o a r d s ,
and w a rd r o b e s.
A lth o u g h o n - s i t e la b o r i s re d u ced th ro u gh t h i s p r a c t i c e , i t i s p o s s i b l e
t h a t much o f th e d i f f e r e n c e i n m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts b etw een p r o j e c t s w it h a
h ig h d e g r e e o f p r e f a b r i c a t i o n and o th e r p r o j e c t s may m e r e ly be due t o t r a n s f e r
from th e s i t e to more rem ote sh op s and f a c t o r i e s .
11
3*
Employment o f l a r g e r p r o p o r tio n o f s k i l l e d r a t h e r th a n u n s k i l l e d
l a b o r * In g e n e r a l , low m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts on a p r o j e c t w ere f r e q u e n t ly
a s s o c i a t e d w ith g r e a t e r th a n a v e r a g e u s e o f s k i l l e d c r a fts m e n *
In m ost c a t e
g o r i e s shown in t a b l e 3 , lo w er p r o p o r tio n s o f l a b o r e r s and h e lp e r s w ere
r e l a t e d t o low er m an-hour re q u ire m e n ts p e r $1,0 0 0 o f c o n t r a c t .
R e g io n a l Group Com parisons
The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o j e c t s b y o n - s i t e m an-hour re q u ire m e n ts v a r i e d by
r e g io n .
(S e e t a b l e 4 . )
The g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f p r o j e c t s in th e N o r th e a s t
r e q u ir e d few er th an th e 84 m an-hours r e q u ir e d n a t i o n a l l y on th e a v e r a g e .
The
r e l a t i v e l y low a v e r a g e i n t h a t r e g io n , 76 m an-hours p er $ 1,0 0 0 , i s b e l i e v e d
to r e f l e c t th e g r e a t e r u se o f equ ipm en t, p r e f a b r i c a t i o n , and s k i l l e d c r a fts m e n .
(S e e c h a r t 3 . )
The same f a c t o r s w ere a l s o n o ted f o r p r o j e c t s c o n s t r u c t e d in
th e W est, w here 70 p e r c e n t o f th e s c h o o ls r e q u ir e d few er th an 84 m an-hours p e r
$ 1,0 0 0 o f c o n t r a c t and th e r e g i o n a l a v e r a g e was 8 1 .
More th a n 80 p e r c e n t o f th e s c h o o l p r o j e c t s in th e South f e l l in th e
upper ra n g e o f m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts and, in g e n e r a l , r e f l e c t e d more f r e q u e n t
u se o f la b o r e r s and h e l p e r s .
The a v e r a g e p r o j e c t in th e South r e q u ir e d 99
m an-hours p e r $1,000 o f c o n t r a c t .
D ata from th e N orth C e n t r a l r e g io n p r o j e c t s la c k e d t h e c o n c e n t r a tio n
n o te d in o th e r r e g io n s and m an-hour re q u ir e m e n ts f o r i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s
e x te n d e d o v e r a w id e r a n g e .
The a v e r a g e f o r t h i s r e g io n , 83 m an-hours p er
$ 1,0 0 0 , was c l o s e to th e n a t io n a l a v e r a g e .
O th er Group C om parisons
E lem en ta ry s c h o o ls r e q u ir e d more o n - s i t e m an-hours f o r each $1,000 o f
c o n t r a c t th an seco n d a ry s c h o o ls , 87 compared w it h 8 3 .
T h is r e l a t i o n s h i p ,
h ow ever, was n o t c o n s i s t e n t in th e d i f f e r e n t r e g io n s and may be a r e f l e c t i o n
o f o t h e r f a c t o r s , such a s th e s i z e o f p r o j e c t o r d i f f e r e n c e s in d e s ig n .
A bout th e same d i f f e r e n t i a l was n o te d in u n i t m an-hour r e q u ire m e n ts
b etw een s c h o o ls c o n s tr u c t e d i n n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s and th o s e in m e t r o p o lit a n
areas.
The few er h ou rs r e q u ir e d f o r p r o j e c t s i n th e m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s , e x c e p t
in th e W est, a r e p r o b a b ly a t t r i b u t a b l e to th e f a c t t h a t m ost o f them a r e l a r g e r
and more e x p e n s iv e p e r sq u a re f o o t , th u s m aking i t f e a s i b l e f o r b u i l d e r s to
ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f th e econom ies in la b o r tim e o f f e r e d by th e u se o f more h e a v y
equipm ent a v a i l a b l e i n m ost m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s , a s w e l l a s p r e f a b r i c a t e d com
p o n en ts and h i g h l y s k i l l e d la b o r f o r c e s .
The d i f f e r e n c e s in th e la b o r r e q u i r e
m ents betw een t h e s e two gro u p s w ere m ost n o t i c e a b l e in th e South and N orth
C e n tra l r e g io n s .
In g e n e r a l , th e s m a lle r p r o j e c t s r e q u ir e d more o n - s i t e m an-hours p er
$1,000 o f c o n t r a c t , b u t th e d i f f e r e n c e s in a v e r a g e s w ere u s u a l l y s m a ll.
The
v a r i a t i o n in m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts o f i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h i n
12
r e g io n s * w ould i n d i c a t e t h a t * in th e a b s e n c e o f p r o c e d u r e s f e a s i b l e w ith
l a r g e p r o j e c t s to re d u c e manpower r e q u ire m e n ts* o th e r f a c t o r s r e f l e c t i n g
l o c a l c o n d i t io n s a r e more im p o rta n t th an p r o j e c t s i z e in d e te r m in in g m an-hour
r e q u ir e m e n ts per d o l l a r o f c o n t r a c t .
The ty p e o f fra m in g used in th e p r o j e c t s had no c o n s i s t e n t e f f e c t on th e
la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts .
On th e a v e r a g e * c o n c r e t e fram ed s c h o o ls had th e h ig h e r
o n - s i t e man-hour r e q u ire m e n ts* b u t t h i s was n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t r u e when d a ta
w ere compared on a r e g i o n a l b a s i s .
M u l t i s t o r i e d s c h o o ls r e q u ir e d s l i g h t l y few er m an-hours p er $1*000 o f
c o n t r a c t th a n th e more common o n e - s t o r y b u i ld i n g s * e x c e p t in th e W e st.
The
m u l t i s t o r i e d b u i l d i n g s w ere u s u a l l y se c o n d a ry s c h o o l s , l a r g e r on th e a v e r a g e *
and f r e q u e n t l y l o c a t e d in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s .
As such* m an-hour re q u ir e m e n ts
w ere more l i k e l y t o r e f l e c t t h e s e o th e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a l l o f w h ich w ere
g e n e r a l l y low er th a n th e n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e .
No c o n s i s t e n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n u n i t m an-hour re q u ir e m e n ts w ere a p p a r e n t
b etw een s c h o o ls w it h o r w ith o u t b a se m e n ts.
The e x t e r i o r f i n i s h o f th e sc h o o l
a l s o d id n o t ap p ear t o be an im p o rta n t f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g th e m an-hour r e q u ir e
m ents o f sc h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n .
On an o v e r a l l n a t io n a l b a s i s , t h e r e was an in v e r s e c o r r e l a t i o n betw een
c o s t p e r sq u a re f o o t and m an-hour r e q u ir e m e n ts .
In p a r t * t h i s r e f l e c t e d th e
i n f l u e n c e o f c o n s t r u c t io n in th e South* w here h ig h manpower r e q u ir e m e n ts w ere
a s s o c i a t e d w ith low c o s t p er sq u a re f o o t o f s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n .
H ow ever,
m an-hour re q u ir e m e n ts p er sq u a re f o o t w ere h ig h e r on th e more e x p e n s iv e
p r o j e c t s * w hich f r e q u e n t ly in c lu d e d more e l a b o r a t e f a c i l i t i e s .
R eq u irem en ts by O c c u p a tio n
The employment o f d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f s k i l l e d w o rk e rs on th e c o n s t r u c t io n
s i t e v a r i e d b e ca u se o f s e v e r a l f a c t o r s .
Among t h e s e f a c t o r s w ere th e t y p e s
o f c o n s t r u c t io n and m a t e r i a l s u s e d , th e e x t e n t t o w h ich la b o r e r s w ere used*
and t h e number o f d i f f e r e n t c r a f t u n io n s in th e a r e a .
C a r p e n te r s a r e th e m ost commonly em ployed s k i l l e d c r a fts m e n i n sc h o o l
c o n s tr u c tio n .
(S e e t a b l e 5 . )
A t th e tim e o f th e s tu d y * th e y a c c o u n te d f o r
1 8 .7 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l o n - s i t e m an -h ou rs.
Many o f th e d u t i e s t h e y now perform
a r e t a s k s w hich h a v e r e p la c e d t h e i r form er w ork.
I n s t a lla t io n o f flo o r t i l e ,
m e ta l form s* and o th e r jo b s n o t a s s o c i a t e d w ith lumber a r e f r e q u e n t ly p e r
form ed b y c a r p e n t e r s .
C a r p e n te r s w e re , t h e r e f o r e , found on th e p a y r o l l s o f
many d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f s p e c i a l t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s .
Plum bers and b r i c k l a y e r s * th e n e x t m ost f r e q u e n t ly em ployed s k i l l e d
w o rk ers* each r e p r e s e n te d s l i g h t l y l e s s th a n a te n th o f t o t a l em ploym ent.
E l e c t r i c i a n s * r a n k in g f o u r t h , a c c o u n te d f o r j u s t o v e r 7 p e r c e n t .
13
Chart 3. On-Site Man-Hour Requirements for
Each $1,000 of School Construction Contract
By Skill Level and Region
Man-Hours
100
ALL
O CCU PATIO N S
Journeymen
Helpers
and
Laborers
All O ther
O ccupations
14
Laborers* the la r g e s t s in g le occupational c la s s if ic a t io n * performed many
d iffe re n t types o f work and were reported on the p a y r o lls o f almost every type
o f contractor. They accounted fo r n e arly one-fourth of to ta l o n -site man-hours;
helpers and tenders accounted fo r a twentieth.
The use of labore rs and workers in other occupations varie d considerably
by area and region. In the South* laborers* helpers* and tenders accounted
fo r almost tw o -fifth s o f to ta l man-hours* whereas in the West* they represented
le s s than one-fourth.
The greater than average use o f lumber products on the West Coast brought
carpenter employment there to more than one-fourth o f to ta l o n -site man-hours*
the la r g e s t proportion of a l l regions* and the sm allest proportion o f employ
ment o f b ric k la y e rs. Conversely* the North Central re gio n used the h ig h e st
proportions o f b ric k la y e rs and plumbers and the lowest share o f carpenters.
The occupational d is tr ib u tio n in the Northeast was very s im ila r to th at in the
North Central except fo r a lower proportion of labore rs.
The employment o f operating engineers was r e la t iv e ly high in both the
West and Northeast and was in d ic a tiv e of the use of lab o rsavin g equipment. In
both the South and North Central regions* where to ta l man-hour requirements were
higher* the employment of operating engineers was lower than in the West and
Northeast.
Apprentices* employed under formal tr a in in g programs* accounted fo r 3.7
percent o f to ta l man-hours. Use of apprentices was gre ate st in the West and
South and lowest in the Northeast. When only s k ille d trades were considered*
apprentices represented 5.8 percent. (See table 6 .)
General and Sp ecial Trade Contractors Shares
Employees of general co n tractors accounted fo r n early h a lf ( 47.4 percent)
o f the to ta l man-hours required on the co n structio n site * the proportion
ranging from a high o f 52.1 percent in the North Central regio n to a low of
43.5 percent in the Northeast. (See table 8 .) They frequently did most of the
concrete and carpentry work and subcontracted other operations.
In ad d itio n to the general or prime contractor* the average school
required 18 subcontractors. The number o f contractors used varie d by size of
the project and a ls o by area. (See ta b le s 7 and 8 .) Fewer subcontractors were
used in the South and a greater number were used in the Northeast. Subcon
tr a c tin g was a lso more common in m etropolitan areas.
Plumbing and heating co n tractors were the la r g e s t employers among the
subcontractors* and in many areas* frequently held separate prime con tracts.
They accounted fo r over 14 percent o f the to ta l man-hours and were the major
subcontractor in each region. E le c t r ic a l contractors were respon sible for
7.5 percent of the o n -site man-hours. T h is proportion did not vary g re a tly by
region.
15
Masonry con tractors averaged about the same proportion of man-hours
n a tio n a lly ( 7.2 percent) but exhibited much greater re gio n a l v a ria tio n . They
represented over 10 percent o f the employment in the Northeast and South.
However, in the North Central region, they represented on ly 2.1 percent of
employment, most masonry work being done by the general contractor. In the
West, the low proportion of masonry c o n tra c to rs' employment, 4.2 percent, was
due to the infrequent use o f b ric k s in construction. P a in tin g contractors,
com prising 3.5 percent n a tio n a lly , varied l i t t l e among the regions.. P la s
te rin g contractors w ith a n atio n al average of 3.2 percent, had a la r g e r pro
p ortion of the work in the West, 4.8 percent, as a r e s u lt of the frequent use
o f stucco e x te rio rs.
Other sp ecial trade contractors each ge n e ra lly represented about 3 percent
or le s s o f to ta l employment.'
The Cost of D ire ct Wages
Wage payments to o n -site labor represented a l i t t l e more than one-fourth
of the to ta l contract amount, r e fle c t in g the combined e ffe c t o f man-hour
requirements and wage ra te s. Although both man-hour requirements and wage
ra te s varied considerably among in d iv id u a l p ro je cts, the to ta l proportion
paid to o n -site labor remained rather constant. In general, on an in d iv id u a l
project b a sis , higher wage ra te s were asso ciate d with lower man-hour req uire
ments. Th is i s re fle cte d in the re gio n al averages.
Average hourly
earnings
Percent of contract
paid in wages
United State s . . . . . .
$3.07
25.7
N o r t h e a s t ........
North C e n t r a l ........
South .................
W e s t ......................
3.32
3.27
2.62
3.27
24.0
25.4
26.9
26.0
S im ila r comparisons were made for co n tracts in m etropolitan and nonmetro
p o lita n areas, by types of framing, and by types of schools. (See ta b le 9 .)
Although the average wages and man-hour requirements varie d , the proportion
wages represented o f the to ta l contract value remained clo se to a fourth.
A few in d iv id u a l school pro je cts d iffe re d s u b s ta n tia lly in the r a t io o f
wages to to ta l construction contract. In most cases, these p ro je cts involved
sp e cial co ndition s such as a la rg e proportion o f prefabricated p a rts, sp e cial
Chart 4. On-Site Man-Hours for Each $1,000 of School Construction
Contract Multiplied by Average Hourly Earnings
...Result in Wages Which Are a Relatively Constant
Proportion of the Contract Dollar
17
s it e problems, or unusual labor arrangements, such as tra v e l time included a t
re g u la r hourly ra te s. The range of wages as a percent of contract fo r which
a d is tr ib u tio n of school p ro je cts could be made was as fo llo w s:
Percent wages
were of contract
Under 20.0 . . . . . . . . . . .
20.1 - 22.5 ..............
22.6 - 25.0 ..............
25.1 - 27.5 ..............
27.6 - 30.0 ..............
30.1 - 32.5 ..............
......
32.6 and over
Percent of
schools studied
7.5
24.2
15.6
18.1
18.1
9.0
7.5
Overtime work on schools was rare . Only 1 percent of the to ta l hours
reported was at overtime ra te s. The proportion of time at o'vertime ra te s
was almost the same in each region, ranging from 0.8 percent in the Northeast
to 1.1 percent in the North Central and West.
Occupational Shares
Carpenters, re c e iv in g 4.6 cents, were paid the b igg e st share of the con
stru c tio n contract d o lla r . Laborers received 4.3 cents. Other occupations
each re c e iv in g more than 3 cents o f the co n structio n d o lla r were b ric k la y e rs,
plumbers, and e le c tr ic ia n s .
Occupational shares of the contract d o lla r vary by region, r e fle c t in g the
r e la t iv e s k i l l s , numbers, and wage ra te s of the workers, as w ell as the
d iffe re n ce s in construction methods. In the West, the wide use of lumber
products increased the share received by carpenters to 6 percent and reduced
the share received by b ric k la y e rs. In the North Central region, both b ric k
laye rs and plumbers were paid a bigger share of the contract d o lla r than
carpenters. Laborers in the South were paid 5.6 cents of the contract d o lla r ,
whereas in the West, they received only 3.2 cents.
The proportion each c r a ft ge ts of the contract d o lla r depends a lso on the
d iv is io n of tasks among the several labor unions. These agreements vary by
area and depend frequently on the quantity of con struction a c t iv it y . In la rge
m etropolitan areas;, a number o f sp e cial trade unions sometimes develop. In
sm aller communities, several kinds of s k ille d work are frequently performed
by the same workers. For example, c e ilin g and flo o r t i l e s may be in s t a lle d
by sp e cial tradesmen in some areas, but in others are frequently in s t a lle d by
carpenters.
18
O ff-S ite Employment
For each man-hour o f employment performed on the con struction s it e , an
a d d itio n a l 1.5 man-hours of work are required to produce and d is tr ib u te the
necessary construction m a te ria ls, su p p lie s, and equipment used in con struction.
School construction pro je cts, thus, gave r is e to 128 man-hours o f such employ
ment per $1,000 of contract, compared w ith 84 hours o n -site . (See table 10.)
The o f f - s it e employment i s generated in many places, but can be c la s s if ie d
in the fo llo w in g catego rie s:
1 . Construction in d u stry— o ff s it e :
warehousing functions.
a d m in istrative , estim ating, and
2 . Manufacturing a c t iv i t i e s producing m a te ria ls, in gre d ie n ts, and
equipment.
3 . Transportation, warehousing, and d is tr ib u tio n of con struction mate
r i a l s , in gre d ie n ts, and equipment.
4 . A l l other in d u strie s which are d ir e c t ly or in d ir e c tly affected by the
production of m a te ria ls and in gre d ie n ts. Various in te rin d u stry tra n sa ctio n s
eve ntually a ffe c t a l l a d d itio n a l in d u strie s such as a g ric u ltu re , fo re stry , and
m ining.
There are, of course, other people affected which t h is study did not
attempt to cover. Some of these are mentioned on page 2 , in the introductory
section. Of those omitted, the most num erically important groups who would be
d ir e c t ly affe cted by a school con struction program are employees in a rch ite c
tu ra l firm s, u t i l i t y companies, and lo c a l government. A large area of employ
ment a lso excluded from the c a lc u la tio n s of man-hour e ffe c ts, as mentioned
e a r lie r , i s that created by the respending and in v e stin g of wages and p r o f it s
a r is in g in v a rio u s areas of economic a c t iv it y w ith in the scope of t h is study.
Although the r a t io o f o n -site to o f f - s i t e employment requirements i s
commonly used in analyzing employment requirements in the con struction in dustry,
another type of d is t in c t io n based upon the economic r e la tio n s of the lab o r
generating areas i s a lso u se fu l. Therefore, in t h is study, employment req uire
ments have a lso been divided in to primary and secondary man-hour needs. As
shown in the succeeding ta b u la tio n and chart 1 , the primary man-hour req uire
ments, estimated a t 154, a r is e in the a c t iv i t i e s at the s it e and those r i g i d l y
re la te d to the volume of construction a c t iv it y . Included in these, in a d d itio n
to s it e employment, are o f f - s i t e construction employment, employees of manufac
tu rin g in d u strie s represented at the " l a s t stage of m anufacturing" fo r m a te ria ls
p rio r to shipment to the s it e , as w ell as those in tran sp ortatio n , trade, and
se rvice o rgan izatio n s dealin g in m a te ria ls used a t the s ite .
19
Secondary man-hour requirements have been defined as in clu d in g those
asso ciate d with a l l other requirements in d ir e c t ly re la te d to the needs a t the
s it e . Such employment, to ta lin g 58 hours or 27 percent o f to ta l man-hour
requirements, spreads to a l l p a rts o f the economy as the impact of primary
a c t iv it y i s re fle cte d in the demand for b a sic m a te ria ls and re late d transpor
ta tio n , trade, and services. 4/ The fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n shows man-hours o f
employment associate d with $1,000 of school construction.
Total
Primary
a c t iv i t i e s
Secondary
a c t iv i t i e s
Total .........................
154
58
O n-si te:
Construction ...........
84
—
70
10
47
4
9
58
O f f - s it e .....................
Construction ...........
Manufacturing ..........
Transportation ........
Trade and service . . .
Other ................
«•••
*
•
m
m
31
4
11
12
Some business employment i s represented in both the primary and secondary
man-hour needs since some commodities or se rvice s are used in support of
e ith e r s it e a c t iv it y or manufacturers producing items fo r s it e a c t iv it y . For
example, the sand and gravel in dustry furnished sand and gravel d ir e c t ly to
the construction industry and a lso to the ready-mix concrete in dustry which
s e l l s to the construction industry. Metal producers may s e ll d ir e c t ly to the
construction in d u stry— in which case they engage in primary a c t iv it y or they
may s e ll to metal fa b ric a to rs which produce other construction m a te ria ls— in
the la t t e r instance, the metal sa le s would be included under secondary a c t iv it y .
B u ild e rs* O f f - s it e Employment
An exact study of the o f f - s it e employment of the contractors was not
attempted, since i t was almost im possible to re la te accurately such employ
ment with the p roje cts being studied. B u ild e rs* o f f - s it e employment was hot
only concerned with the project studied but was a lso occupied w ith work
in v o lv in g other current or future pro je cts of the b u ild e rs.
4/ Secondary man-hours were estimated on the b a s is of a study made by
the Bureau of 1947 in te rin d u stry r e la tio n sh ip s. See W. Duane Evans and
M arvin Hoffenberg, In te rin d u stry R e la tio n s Study fo r 1947, Review of Economics
and S t a t is t i c s , Vol. XXXIV ( 1952) , Harvard U n iv e rsity Press. For methods
employed, see appendix A.
20
The estim ate o f 10 man-hours o f such work fo r each $1,000 o f contract i s
based on the differen ce between co n structio n worker employment and to ta l
employment in the contract con struction in d u stry. 5/ T h is estim ate a ls o
includes self-em ployed craftsmen who may have worked a t the s it e .
Combining t h is employment w ith o n -s ite employment r e s u lt s in an estim ate
of 94 hours of employment in the co n structio n in d u stry fo r each $1,000 o f
school construction.
Employment In Transportation, Trade, and Service
The d is tr ib u tio n o f con struction m a te ria ls from the producing in d u str ie s
requires the employment o f workers in the tra n sp o rta tio n , warehousing, and
trade in d u strie s. The estim ate of 13 hours of primary employment per $1,000
o f school contract i s based on the d iffe re n ce between prod ucer's value and
delivered value of the m a te ria ls used a t the s it e . T h is estim ate covers only
the d is t r ib u t io n o f the m a te ria ls from the producers to the co n structio n s it e
and does not include the d is tr ib u tio n , etc. of m a te ria ls among in d u strie s p r io r
to the shipment o f the completed products.
"L a st Manufacturing Stage” Employment
The sector o f the economy most affe cted by school con struction , other
than the construction in d ustry, i s manufacturing. An estimated 47 man-hours
were required fo r each $1,000 o f to ta l contract fo r the production o f the con
stru c tio n m a te ria ls used in the b u ild in g o f schools. Th is estim ate, however.
Includes only the employment required in the l a s t manufacturing process o f the
m a te ria ls. 6/ The employment generated by t h is a c t iv it y i s d istrib u te d in
many in d u strie s which are d ire ctly affected by a c t iv it y in the con struction
industry. For example, i t in clu d e s saw m ills c u ttin g rough lumber fo r forms
and establishm ents making m illw ork items from limber, but does not include the
employment in saw m ills producing lumber fo r m illw ork products. The la t t e r i s
included in the estim ate of secondary employment discussed below.
Employment in Secondary A c t iv it ie s
In a d d itio n to the 47 man-hours p re vio u sly noted fo r primary employment
fo r each $1,000 of school co n structio n contract in the fa c to r ie s making con
stru c tio n m ate ria ls, an a d d itio n a l 31 hours were required in secondary manu
fa c tu rin g a c t iv it ie s .
5/ A dm in istrative, engineering, estim atin g, and c le r ic a l workers accounted
fo r about 14 percent of to ta l employment in the co n structio n in d ustry. About
one-fourth of t h is employment was involved at the s it e .
6/ Included in the b i l l of m a te ria ls were the su p p lie s and the expended
value o f the equipment used by con struction co n tractors.
21
T h e
t r ansportation
the
m a t e r i a l s
for
each
Tra d e
to
a nd
and
service
$1,000
of
industries
from
the
industries
school
r e quired
industries
as
a
c o n s t r u ction
4
hours
indirectly
group
to
of
r e q uired
m e e t
the
employment
to
transport
affected.
11
n e eds
hou r s
of
of
employment
secondary
business
activity.
Other
acco u n t e d
business
for
the
activities,
rema i n i n g
12
primarily
h o urs
of
agriculture,
secondary
forestry,
m a n p o w e r
and
mining,
requirements.
22
C o n s truction
The
excess
ave r a g e
of
however,
size
of
1
v a r i e d
The
schools
to
almost
Reg i o n a l
also
2
time
m o r e
than
(See
to
p rojects
t h e n
70
T h e
percent
first
m a d e
laborers.
sheet
p e r c e n t
in
the
of
the
m o r e
reflect
longer
than
a
w e r e
the
slightly
n o t e d
in
projects,
not
onl y
by
vari o u s
1
year
climatic
the
to
smallest
all
Schools
in
constr u c t i o n
industry,*
of
the
complete.
conditions.
time.
average
for
N e a r l y
the
Schools
the
in
N o r t h
time.
In
average
the
school
shorter.
Periods
dis t r ibution
into
m o n t h s
ones.
than
year-round
C o n s t r u c t i o n
10
of
equal
sizes
to
employment,
periods.
o b t a i n
started
slowly
the
Th i s
typical
in
the
of
on-site
employment
in
the
the
and
sharply
to
are
o p e r a t i n g
special
of
the
last
last
built
two
c o nstruction
per m i t t e d
employment
up
to
a
periods.
oc c u r r e d
p e riod
or
sixth
and
the
is
fell
one
building
workers,
in
to
the
time
co m b i
patterns.
peak
(See
the
less
program
truckdrivers,
follow
in
plumbers,
finally,
in
the
chart
sixth
5.)
fourth
through
the
th a n
percent
of
3
is
divided
period
of
peak
M a n y
of
into
the
tile
10
contracts
carpenters,
occupations
roofers,
setters,
equal
in
a n d
w a v e s —
bricklayers,
employment
the
after
succeeding
glaziers,
time
performed.
and
periods,
w h i c h
at
r e a c h
m o s t
least
their
20
peak
period.
laborers
rem a i n e d
trades
periods
truckdrivers.
h a v e
a
skills,
and
c o n s t r u c t i o n
w o r k
Oth e r
other
plasterers,
trades
employment
for
from
engineers,
s t r uctural-iron
the
their
fifth
benefit
employment
W h e n
struction.
of
largest
off
workers,
C a r penters
m o s t
several
the
took
u s u a l ly
w o r k m e n
finishers,
the
of
of
w e e k s
Employment
Pea k
m e tal
painters.
of
b y
w a s
individual
employment.
been
cement
f ew
employment
periods.
ha v e
from
of
m i l l i o n
is
divided
dropped
eighth
total
a
for
12.)
N e a r l y
the
r a nged
some
r e q u i r e d
m e a s u r e
w a s
Generally,
period,
span
for
to
w a s
studied
time
differences
c o nstruction
school
of
Significant
appe a r e d
c o n s t ruction
order
table
schools
w e e k s
Employment
n a t i o n
all
region.
$1
68
Occupational
In
for
C o n s t r u c t i o n
differences
time
each
11.)
ave r a g e d
con s t r u c t i o n
for
b y
years
g e nerally
w h e r e
per iod
table
also
c o n s t ruction
N o r t h e a s t
South,
but
costing
Central
(See
considerably.
proj e c t
projects
the
con s t r u c t i o n
year.
Time
w e r e
w e r e
e m ployed
comp a r a tively
w h i c h
cement
w e r e
almost
the
employed
finishers,
same
in
constantly
a n d
d u ring
p e riods
about
the
electricians,
all
same
their
degree
plumbers,
share
of
and
c o n
dur i n g
Chart 5. On-Site Man-Hours of Construction Labor for
Each $1,000 of School Construction Contract
By Decile of Construction Time
Man-Hours
Deciles of Construction Time
24
Con tractor
T he
Employment
p a t t e r n
contractors
path
and
of
e x c avation
time,
Other
in
h e a t i n g
sixth,
level
con t r a c t o r
w h e r e a s
in
fourth
contractors
to
the
also
w e r e
e xpended
that
the
features
expected,
completed
f i nishing
part
in
w e r e
(See
in
work,
of
the
normal
periods.
exh i b i t e d
they
Wages
w a s
per f o r m e d
others.
c o n s t r u c t i o n
be
latter
ind icating
the
m i g h t
seventh
Pe r i o d
employment,
specific
the
the
respectively),
than
for
As
contractors
the
C o n s t r u c t i o n
contractors
c o n c entrated
peak
of
used
development.
struction
w a s
w e r e
by
particularly
of
the
m a j o r
part
the
first
third
such
w i t h
general
patterns
of
peak
in
all
special-trade
followed
of
the
of
p a inting
sequence
A l t hough
total
and
a
wor k
logical
of
site
c o n
plastering,
cycle.
m o s t
and
activity
periods
activities
plumbing
(the
at
a
fifth
m o r e
at
and
and
uniform
13.)
at
about
the
average
skill
requi r e m e n t s
period.
as
c o nstruction
r e p resented
table
w h e r e
construction,
same
rate
that
m a n - h o u r s
r e m ained
almost
w e r e
used,
c o nstant
during
25
M a t e r i a l s
Costs
sented
of
55.5
m a t erials,
percent
a v e r a g e
w e r e
b e t w e e n
e l e mentary
proj e c t s
total
studied
One
and
h a d
p r o p o r t i o n
an
inverse
of
rep r e s e n t e d
overhead,
survey
secondary
m a t e r i a l s
w e r e
of
the
of
a nd
pro p o r t i o n a t e l y
N e a r l y
r a n ging
project,
a ssigned
the
total
planning,
regions
schools.
costs
cos t
bet w e e n
between
products
but
size
of
$200,000
to
62
appear
to
of
did
to
related
to
varia t i o n
In
general,
cost.
off-site
on
m o r e
and
the
The r e
w e r e
activities
costly
p r oportion
contract
value
covered
also,
this
projects.
as
percent
contract
cost
59.3
57.7
...
53.9
schools,
w h i c h
amounting
the
55.1
56. 4
to
m a j o r
w h i c h
m a t e r i a l s
structural
w i n d o w s
to
the
higher
contracts.
Th e
larger
project
cost
For
schools
costs
but
brackets,
h a d
elementary
frequently
did
not
had
always
costs.
the
items)"
8/
in
of
percent.
a dded
used,
h e a t i n g
costs.
g e n erally
percent
m a t e r i a l s
a n d
cons t r u c t i o n
m e t a l
.
w e r e
to
g y m nasiums
plum b i n g
ove r
a v e r a g e d
costs
a nd
a nd
in
w a s
m a t e
55.6
c o m p r i s e d
pr o d u c t s
that
indications,
not
a nd
pro p o r t i o n a t e l y
A m o n g
there
55.8
c o sts
(excluding
school
be
materials.
.
Secondary
ad d
the
their
$2,000,000
such
this
and
of
$l,000,000-$2,000,000
schools,
from
r e gions
percent
.........
$400,000-$1,000,000
audi t o r i u m s
r e p r e
project
$200,000-$400,000
m a t e r i a l s
14,
w i t h i n
percent
of
Under
also
70
project
contract
other
h i g h e r
of
table
Variations
52
from
M a t e r i a l s
Cost
in
contracts.
7/
size
total
significant
c onstruction
o n l y
contracts.
r e l a t i o n
for
total
not
characteristic,
the
ria l s
shown
the
small,
cons t r u c t i o n
in
that
v e r y
of
Used
W i t h i n
general
grouping
repre s e n t e d
16
this
about
a n d
r e i n f o r c i n g
a n d
doors
w e r e
group,
steel.
other
"metal
percent
the
one-third
Fabricated
important
products
of
total
of
the
sheet-metal
items
w i t h i n
this
group.
M a t e r i a l s
T J
cha r g e
for
w e r e
small
a
8
m a j o r
Each
/
costs
i n c l u d e d
c o n s t r u c t i o n
p r o p o r t i o n
" percent
of
of
c o n s t r u c t i o n
annual
e x p e n ditures
for
of
school
con s t r u c t i o n
(e.g.,
16
percent).
estimate
us e d
for
on
the
the
rental
job.
In
or
depreciation
total,
such
costs
costs.
of
the
an
equipment
con s t r u ction
$224
contract"
m a t e r i a l s
m i l l i o n
of
represents
at
m e tal
the
almost
current
products
is
$14
annual
m i l l i o n
r a t e
repr e s e n t e d
by
26
Stone,
for
13.8
concrete,
b e c o m e
a
a nd
ditioning
the
for
o n l y
T h e
in
for
m u c h
of
the
c a r d b o a r d
or
reu s a b l e
In
to
A
general,
p roblems
in
or
m e t a l
of
use
percent
of
percent
w a s
for
costs).
brick
c o ntract
w a s
r e a d y - m i x
total
of
importance,
this
a n d
spent
accou n t e d
o n
cement,
co n c r e t e
Its
other
has
growing
c l a y
products,
costs.
the
contracts,
equipment,
an d
pl u m b i n g
plumbing
one - t h i r d
including
p r oducts
being
air
to
c o n
3 . 4
fixtures.
C o n s u mption
m a t erial
use s
b e t w e e n
the
area
w h e r e
only
u s e d
u sed
m o r e
lumber
years,
ventilating
5.1
of
pri m a r i l y
of
use d
considerably
the
for
for
r e g i o n s
lumber
less
brick
m i l l w o r k
expenditures
concrete
w o r k
for
h a s
w a s
in
lumber
continued
an d
lumber
appear
stone.
items,
b e e n
to
In
w h i c h
products.
r e p l a c e d
by
forms.
dressed
the
West,
lumber
m o r e
amounted
than
twice
to
the
3.9
percent
p r oportion
of
the
use d
in
total
any
of
the
the
a
periods,
bility,
study
if
T he
fix t u r e s
limited
of
of
about
total
a n d
of
m a t e r i a l s
m a n y
marble,
of
from
52
ago
cost
to
of
at
classifications
these
the
shows
h a s
55
time
that
changed
percent.
alone,
differences
showed
w e r e
only
probably
however,
of
a nd
brick
has
increased.
total
granite,
m a s k
stone
a
the
present
pro p o r t i o n
v e r y
T h i s
diminished
The
m a t e r i a l
a nd
w o u l d
of
the
study
and
m a t e r i a l s
little
b e t w e e n
the
r e lative
overall
sta
sharply,
p r o portion
costs
has
ha s
considerable
m o r e
almost
w h e r e a s
electrical
than
change
doubled;
disappeared,
that
w i r i n g
in
except
in
two
materials.
has
areas.
costs
years
use
lumber
r e p r e s e n t
local
a nd
gla s s
20
c o n s t r u c t i o n
only
c o n sidered
use
of
of
a n d
con s t r u c t i o n
m a d e
m e t h o d s
concrete,
m a j o r i t y
reg i o n s
classification.
i n c reasing
stru c t i o n
u se
of
c o m p a r i s o n
of
great
bet w e e n
M a t e r i a l s
rep r e s e n t e d
the
w a s
a n d
in
dif f e r en c e s
Cha n g e s
that
rou g h
to
schools,
h a l f
form
5.8
w h i c h
in
of
general
regions.
m i n o r
due
about
percent
a n d
M a t e r i a l s
lumber
Eve n
v a l u e
of
region,
in
acc o u n t e d
other
totaled
difference
regions,
of
r e c e n t
perc e nt
a m o u n t e d
W e s t e r n
quantities
U se
In
in
H e a t i n g
one- t h i r d
largest
contract
2.3
pro d u c t s
fixtures.
equipment,
other
products.
4
Differences
large
hal f
reduced
R e g i o n a l
in
in
tha n
(approaching
about
T he
second
M o r e
r e f l e c t e d
percent,
products.
products,
costs.
item
a c c o u n t e d
lighting
glass
total
b e e n
h a s
Electrical
for
and
of
c oncrete
m a j o r
imp ortance
w h i c h
clay,
percent
of
c o n
metal,
and
contrast,
in
27
M a n y
r e f l e c t
of
or
amounts
to
be
h a l f
pr ice
a n
of
changed
used;
rise
of
all
decades,
of
of
r e f l e c t s
w h e r e a s
as
in
substantial
the
use
crete
h as
also
taken
ca ted
not
o n l y
by
decline
The
total
in
changes
in
for
the
and
s h ows
the
use
of
amounts
dollar
glass
of
the
other
and
of
as
a
and
steel
H e a t i n g
a nd
its
P l u m b i n g
Structural
steel
lost
the
and
time.
used
group
the
bee n
and
but
.................
supplies
....
.......................
This
also
is
by
m a t e r i a l s
A s
stated
for
price
m o v e m e n t s
construction.
20
years
ago
38.5
33.6
8.8
12.2
6.6
5.5
5.3
5.A
M e t a l
.....................................
4. 4
2.7
and
glass
conc r e t e
products
products
.....
26.5
......
12.4
B r i c k ...............................................
Forest
and
P l a n n i n g
Electrical
R o o f i n g
timber
m i l l
................
p r o d u c t s ................
m a t e r i a l s .......................
P a i n t s ..............
..........................
prod u c t s
26.4
6.2
3.0
10.2
8.9
p r o d u c t s ...........
Lumber
sharp
represented
3.3
and
In
c o n
indi
the
previously,
5.7
clay,
two
sharp
noted.
...........................
Cement
A
precast
steel
Stone,
has
past
R e i n f o r c i n g
doors
about
sharpest
gravel.
differential
m a t e r i a l s
a
products.
already
stone,
selected
of
as
construction.
.............
and
form
continues
group
pro d u c t s
fixtures
ha v e
over
ready*<nix
a n d
sand,
of
has
of
other
whi c h
costs
component
stones
percent
effect
v e n t i l a t i n g
below
product
exhibiting
study
Iro n
in
M i l l w o r k
whole,
Current
M aterial
tabulation
change
despite
products,
brick
periods
of
text
a
factors.
m a t e r i a l s
among
cement,
two
both
importance
school
com b i n e d
r e l a t i v e
an d
the
dim i n i s h e d
bel o w
costs
include
the
in
in
the
items.
changes
m a r b l e
in
reflect
products,
p r o portion
p u rchases
tabulation
com p a r i s o n s
clay,
r i s e
place
the
separate
m a t e r i a l
m a t e r i a l
a
of
forest
of
con s t r uction
substantial
addition,
others
c o m b i nation
stone,
co n t r a c t i o n
a
a
the
steady
indicated
m o v ements;
b uilding
p o s i t i o n
r e latively
are
item
share
p r o p ortions
pri c e
some
important
their
The
be e n
the
differential
15.9
3.5
8.5
5.3
7.4
10.5
5.1
1.7
2.8
1.1
1.1
of
these
and
Table 1.
Number and Cost of Surveyed School Construction Projects, by Selected Characteristics and Region, 1959
Characteristic
North Central
Northeast
United States
Cost per—
Class
Number
Square room
foot
( thou
sands)
Cost per—
Class
N ber
um
Square room
( thoUffoot
sands)
South
West
Cost per—
Class
Number
Square room
(thou
foot
sands)
Cost per—
Class
Number
Square room
foot
(thou
sands)
Cost per—
Class
Number
Square room
foot
( thou
sands)
All schools ..............................
128 $ii*. 16
$35.0
22 $16.99
$1*2.7
26 $13.67
$35.1
1 1 $12.11
$
$26.1
39 $11$. 25
$38.1*
Elementary................................
Secondary......................... ........
85 $13. 26
.
1 3 1U 67
$
$21*. 8
i$I$.3
13
. 02
9
16.97
$32.1*
50.2
18 $H*. 27
8 13.35
'127.1
1$2.3
29 $10.67
12 13.1*9
$19.1
36.1*
25 $13.1*0
1 $ H*. 61
1
$26.3
l$6.8
In a metropolitan area ...........
Not in a metropolitan area . . .
70
58
1U.68
13.11
37.5
30.5
10
12
17.58
16.01
1*7.1
13
13
H*. 15
12.71*
3 8 .6
29.1$
22
19
12.73
10.67
29.3
20.2
25
1$
1
11*. 86
12.97
38.9
37.3
Construction cost group (in
thousands):
$200 and under . . . . . ...........
$201-$300 ..............................
$301-$l$00 ...............................
$l*oi-$5oo ...............................
$5oi-$i,ooo ...........................
$1,001-$2,000 ........................
$2,001 and o v e r ....................
22
16
2$
1
15
2l$
17
10
11.57
10.60
12.15
(1 /)
( I /)
27.U
(1 /)
35.1
1*0.9
61.3
5
lit. 77
13.89
16.1*8
1
1
1
$
1
7
5
3
(1 /)
(V )
15702
12.08
19.9
20.0
23.2
23.6
30.2
ia.7
56.3
3
5
3
2
12.76
12.1*6
13.77
13.56
H*. 31
13.01
(1 /)
23.0
25.6
28. k
32.1
29.1
1$3.3
<2/>
9
7
10
5
5
1
$
1
9.97
9.13
11.02
9.96
12.1*0
13.85
(1/)
17.2
15.5
20.1*
17.1*
21*. 1
*
1*2.3
(1/)
7
1
$
6
6
7
5
1
$
13.01
11.62
11.66
13.52
lit. 86
13.1U
15.86
23.3
25.6
22.1
27.3
33.7
1$0.8
56.8
Type o f framing:
Steel ......................................
Concrete .................................
Load-bearing masonry...........
Wood........................................
51
29
28
20
H 77
*.
13.65
12.81
H 2*
*. 1
38.7
32.5
27.1
36.6
1$
1
1
7
—
16.98
16751*
—
1*5.1*
( l /)
27.6
--
12
6
8
—
13.12
11*. 80
13.79
—
3$ 7
1.
1$2.5
27.7
—
17
1$
1
10
—
12.1*1
12.60
10.11*
—
27.7
25.8
22.6
—
8
8
3
20
15.81*
13.07
11.1*2
H*. 25
1$9.5
32.1
29.1
1 story ......................................
2 or 3 stories .........................
101
27
13.13
15.53
29.1
1$5.3
13
9
15.72
17.71*
35.9
1*7.5
20
6
13.75
13.61
31.9
38.5
33
8
10.97
1 $ 25
1.
21.1*
38.5
35
1
$
13.63
15.72
32.7
Pull or partial basement.......
N basement ...............................
o
101
27
15.81
13.1*2
l$5.o
31.3
12
10
17.90
15.20
1*7.2
3 5.1
9
H*. 1*3
13.09
1$0.3
17
U*. 09
H*. 81*
H*. 15
31$. 5
35.2
39.3
21
17.01
O /)
1*3.2
(1/)
26
—
Exterior:
Masoniy..................................
Curtain w a ll.........................
Other ......................................
1/
105
11
12
1
i n
(V )
17719
15.1*5
18.88
(V )
3 6 .6
h
k
1
$
3 6.6
60.0
12.65
31.7
37
12.01
36.1*
21*. 8
2
37
(1/)
11*. 20
(1/)
3^.5
13.67
35.1
—
—
36
5
12. 31
10.61$
26.7
22.0
22
5
13.37
17.25
lit. 15
35.6
1$6.3
39.3
Insufficient data to warrant presentation.
N TE Construction work spanned the period 1958-60
O :
but the major portion was done in 1959.
12
Table 2.
On-site Man-hour Requirements for School Construction Projects, by Selected Characteristics and Region, 1959
United States
Characteristic
Northeast
North Central
South
West
Man-hours per—
$1,000 1,000
of
square Class
room
cost
feet
Man-hours per—
$1,000 1,000
of
square Class
room
cost
feet
Man-hours per—
$1,000 1,000
of
square Class
room
feet
cost
Man-hours per—
$1,000 1,000
of
square Class
room
cost
feet
Man-hours per—
$1,000 1,000
of
square Class
room
cost
feet
All schools ...............................
8 *. 0
1
1,189
2 ,9 3 8
Elementary..................................
Secondary................................ .
86.7
82.6
1,150
1, 212
3,656
In a metropolitan area ...........
Not in a metropolitan area . . .
82.6
87.2
1,212
l, H t
O
3,092
2,636
71*. i*
7 9 .0
Construction cost group (in
thousands):
$200 and under......................
$201-$300 ...............................
$301-8500...............................
8501-1500...............................
$5oi-$i,ooo ...........................
$1,001-$2,000 .......................
$2,001 and over ....................
90.0
92.0
95.6
85.8
81.2
82.2
81.7
i,o ia
975
1,161
1,037
1,199
1,11*2
1,31*7
1,787
1,81*2
2,211*
2,029
2,1*1*9
3,1*27
l*,60l*
( 1/ )
a /)
85.2
Type o f framing:
Steel ......................................
Concrete .................................
Load-bearing masonry...........
Wood........................................
83.5
88.6
81.6
80.5
1,233
1,209
1,01*6
1,11*6
3,230
2, 876
2,212
2,91*9
71 0
*.
(1/)
• 7
/It.
—
1 story ......................................
2 or 3 stories .........................
85.0
82.8
1,116
1,287
Full or partial basement .......
N basement ...............................
o
82.5
81;. 8
1,301*
1,138
2 ,653
8 3 .2
1,172
1,379
1,163
2,870
3, 272
3,230
Exterior:
Masonry ..................................
Curtain w a ll.........................
Other.....................................
92.9
82.1
2 ,1 5 3
1,291
3 , 21*9
82.6
1,129
2,902
99.0
1,199
2,587
80.6
1 ,1 5 9
3,099
8 3 .3
1,1*17
1,233
2,697
3,61*6
78.9
85.7
1,126
1,131
2,136
3,586
105.1
9h. 3
1,122
1,272
2 ,0 0 6
75.6
82.6
1 ,0 1 3
1 ,9 8 6
3,527
1,206
3,865
3,1*99
2,891*
77.9
92.9
1,102
1,18U
3,007
2,727
9U.9
110.3
1 ,2 0 8
1,177
2, 778
2,225
82.1
77.1
1,220
1,001
3,197
2,875
(1/)
98.5
90.8
78.9
93.3
76.7
83.7
(1 /)
1,256
1,131
1,087
1,261*
1,097
1,089
2, 260
2,322
(V )
(V )
958
901
1,286
963
1,278
1,282
(3/)
1,650
1,526
2,380
1,678
2,512
3,915
U /)
77.7
79.0
80.5
75.1*
70.6
79.2
86.6
1,012
918
939
1,019
1,058
1,050
1,375
1 ,8 1 2
2, 991
2,231
3,623
(1/)
96.1
98.6
116.7
96.7
103.1
92.6
2,025
1,780
2,059
2,376
3,233
5,916
1,11*8
1,073
1,158
—
3,033
3,081
2,328
—
96.3
101.5
100.2
~
1,195
1,278
1,016
—
2,670
2,621
2,270
—
81 2
*.
79.5
68.6
80.5
1,335
1,038
783
1,156
5,172
2,558
1,999
2,959
72.6
(1/ )
79.1
7 *. 5
1
73.6
1, 307
1 ,2 6 6
(1 /)
(V )
(V )
1,265
(1/)
1,359
i,i5 i
1,389
2,576
(1 /)
2,'519
3,057
5,515
1,256
3,355
(1 /)
2 ,2 3 8
1,235
—
2 ,? 0 8
—
87.5
72.5
85.0
—
2,1*71*
3,750
78.1*
71 8
*.
1,232
1,326
2,811
3,551
83.8
81.6
1,152
1,111
2, 670
3, li*0
102.5
93.9
1,125
1,338
2,191
3,612
77.5
87.2
1,056
1,371
2, 536
5,229
3,707
78.2
71.0
1,399
1,079
3, 690
2,590
80.7
85.3
1,161*
1,103
3,251*
2, 668
1 0 8 .6
97.1
1,375
1,166
3,950
2,505
(1 /)
80.5
(1/)
1,153
(1 /)
2,551
76.0
73.7
1,293
1,167
3, 283
1,917
82.6
1,129
—
2, 902
~
98.3
10l*.2
1,211
1,109
2,629
2, 293
76.1
89.9
82.1
1 ,0 1 8
—
2,705
5,165
3,230
1/ Insufficient data to warrant presentation.
76.0
(V )
1,552
1,163
30
T a b le 3.
C on tra ct,
O n - s i t e M a n -h o u r R e q u ir e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n
b y P r o p o r t i o n o f L o w e r s k i l l e d L a b o r E m p lo y e d 1 / a n d R e g i o n , 1 9 5 9
U n ite d
S ta te s
N orth ea st
N o rth
C en tra l
S ou th
g r o u p s .............................
8U
76
83
99
81
a n d u n d e r ..................
- 2 ^ . 0 ..........................
- 3 0 . 0 ..........................
- 3 5 . 0 ..........................
- U O .O ..........................
- U 5 . o ..........................
a n d o v e r .....................
80
72
68
80
__
82
82
P e r ce n t grou ps o f
lo w e r s k i l l e d w o rk e rs
A ll
20. 0
2 0 .1
2 5 .1
3 0 .1
3 5 .1
U o .i
1 .5 . 1
4
75
85
80
92
n o
ill
1/
F or p u rposes o f t h is
c o n s id e r e d lo w e r s k ille d .
T a b l e U.
67
9U
95
89
—
87
70
—
—
116
c o m p a r is o n ,
la b o r e r s ,
h e lp e r s ,
—
86
91
9li
113
110
W est
79
70
—
91
—
and te n d e r s w ere
P e r c e n t D i s t r i b u t i o n o f S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n P r o j e c t s , b y N um ber o f
O n - s i t e M a n -h o u r s R e q u i r e d f o r E a ch $ 1 , 0 0 0 o f C o n s t r u c t i o n
C o n t r a c t , b y R e g io n , 1 9 5 9
U n ite d
S ta te s
N orth ea st
N orth
C e n tra l
S o u th
A v e r a g e m a n -h o u r s ...........
81i.O
7 6 .0
8 2 .6
9 9 .0
U n d e r 6 0 . 0 .............................
5 .5
1 2 .5
2 1 .8
2 1 .1
1 5 .6
b.6
2 2 .7
3 1 .7
9 .1
2 2 .7
U .6
U. 6
—
7 .7
1 1 .5
2 3 .1
1 9 .2
MM
a
P e r c e n t grou p
6 0 . 0 - 6 9 .9 ..........................
7 0 . 0 - 7 9 . 9 ..........................
8 0 . 0 - 8 9 . 9 ..........................
9 0 . 0 - 9 9 . 9 ..........................
1 0 0 . 0 - 1 0 9 . 9 .....................
1 1 0 . 0 - n 9 . 9 .....................
1 2 0 . 0 - 1 2 9 . 9 .....................
1 3 0 . 0 a n d o v e r ..................
9. U
6 .3
3 .1
U. 7
1 1 .5
1 1 .5
7 .7
3 .9
3 .9
1U. 6
1 7 .1
2 1 .9
1 7 .1
1 2 .2
7 .3
9 .8
W est
8 0 .6
1 0 .3
2 0 .5
2 3 .1
3 3 .2
7 .7
2 .6
—
—
2 .6
Table S .
>
O n-site Man-hour Requirements per $1,000 o f School Construction Contract, by Occupation and Region, 1959
United States
Occupation 1 /
Northeast
North Central
South
West
Man-hours
Percent
worked
Man-hours
Percent
worked
Man-hours
Percent
worked
Man-hours
Percent
worked
Man-hours
Percent
worked
A ll occupations .......................
81*. 0
100.0
76.0
100.0
8 2.6
100.0
99.0
100,0
8 0.6
100.0
General supervisors ...............
P rofession a l, te ch n ica l, and
c l e r i c a l ..................................
2.8
3.3
2.7
3 .5
2 .9
3 .5
3 .6
3 .6
2 .3
2.8
.5
.6
.5
.6
.8
1 .0
.6
.6
.1*
.5
B r ic k la y e r s ...............................
Carpenters .................................
Cement fin is h e r s .....................
E le c tricia n s . . . . .....................
G laziers .....................................
L a th e rs ...................................
Operating engineers ...............
Ornamental-iron workers . . . .
Painters ......................... ............
P lasterers .................................
Plumbers .....................................
Roofers ........................................
Sheet-metal workers ...............
S tru ctu ra l-iro n workers . . . .
Terrazzo workers and t i l e
s e tte r s ...................................
7.8
15.7
1 .5
6.0
.6
1.2
1 .6
.9
2 .8
1 .1
7 .9
1.2
2 .5
1.1*
9.3
18.7
1.8
7.1
.8
1.1*
1.9
1 .1
3.3
1 .3
9.1*
1 .5
2.9
1.7
8 .6
11.9
1 .2
5 .6
.5
1 .5
1 .7
1 .3
2.7
.7
7 .3
1 .1
1.8
1 .5
11.3
15.7
1 .6
7.3
.7
2 .0
2 .3
1 .7
3 .6
.9
9 .6
1 .5
2.1*
1 .9
1 0.6
11.7
1 .2
6.1*
.6
1 .0
1 .0
1 .1
2 .3
1 .0
9 .1
1 .6
2.9
2 .5
12.8
11*. 2
1 .5
7.7
.7
1 .2
1 .2
1 .3
2 .8
1 .2
1 1.0
1.9
3 .5
3 .0
9 .7
11*. 9
1 .6
5 .6
.9
..8
1 .6
.9
2 .7
.9
7.8
1 .3
1 .5
1 .3
9 .8
15.1
1 .8
5.7
.9
.8
1.7
.9
2 .8
.9
7.8
1 .3
1 .5
1 .3
1 2
*.
21.1*
1 .8
6.3
.6
1 .2
1 .9
.5
3 .0
1 .5
7 .9
1 .1
3.1*
.9
5.2
26.5
2.2
7 .8
.7
1 .5
2.3
.6
3.8
1 .9
9 .8
1.1*
1+.2
1 .1
.8
.9
1 .0
1 .3
.8
1 .0
.9
1 .0
.5
.6
Truckdrivers .............................
Laborers .....................................
Helpers and tenders ...............
Watchmen ......................................
.7
20,1
1*.3
.5
.8
2l*. 0
5.1
.6
.6
1 6.5
1 6
*.
.8
.8
21.8
6.0
1 .1
.5
20.0
2.1*
.2
.6
21*. 3
2 .9
.3
.7
32.8
5 .6
.8
.7
33.1
5 .6
.9
.8
11*. 3
1*. 2
.1
1 .0
17.7
5.3
.1
Other ............................................
2.1
2.6
1.8
2.1*
2 .1
2 .5
2.3
2.3
2.1*
2.9
1/
Working foremen and apprentices are inclu ded with journeymen,
NOTE:
Because o f rounding, sums o f ind ivid u al items may not add to t o t a ls .
32
T a b le
6.
P e r c e n t o f A p p r e n t i c e s E m p lo y e d o n S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n P r o j e c t s ,
O c c u p a tio n an d b y R e g io n , 1959
by
U n ite d
S ta tes
N o rth e a st
N o rth
C e n tra l
A l l w o r k e r s .........................................................
3 .7
1 .8
3 .0
k.3
5 .7
S k ille d
5 .8
2 .8
k.k
7 .7
7 .9
3 .8
3 .9
.k
1 5 .0
3 .9
3 .9
1 .9
2 .0
.2
3 .9
3 .0
5 .9
6 .6
.1
2 7 .8
6 .0
1 U .5
5 .6
(1 /)
2 .3
3 .8
2 .6
9 .7
8 .1
8 .0
2 .2
ii.2
—
O c c u p a tio n
tra d e s
o n l y ....................................
B r i c k l a y e r s ........................................................
C a r p e n t e r s ...........................................................
C em en t f i n i s h e r s ............................................
E l e c t r i c i a n s ......................................................
G l a z i e r s ................................................................
L a t h e r s ....................... ..........................................
O p e r a t i n g e n g i n e e r s ....................................
O r n a m e n t a l - i r o n w o r k e r s ..........................
P a i n t e r s ................................................................
P l a s t e r e r s ...........................................................
P lu m b e r s ................................................................
R o o f e r s ........................................ .........................
S h e e t - m e t a l w o r k e r s ....................................
S t r u c t u r a l - i r o n w o r k e r s ..........................
T e r r a z z o w o r k e r s and t i l e s e t t e r s .
1/
L e s s t h a n 0, Of? p e r c e n t ,
7 .5
.1
.6
—
1 .U
1 .1
5 .6
3 .1
2. k
1 .0
k.k
U. 6
2 .1
.2
1 0 .1
1 .7
.9
—
1 .9
.7
.6
6 .3
1 U .0
U .2
1 .U
1 .5
S ou th
1 0 .9
—
5 .7
5 .6
3 .0
111. 7
2 .3
1 3 .7
2 .7
1 .2
W est
.9
5 .3
(1 /)
3 .5
6 .5
U. 3
1 2 .0
1 2 .3
11. k
k9
.
13. U
33
T a b le
7.
A v e r a g e N um ber o f C o n t r a c t o r s p e r S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n P r o j e c t ,
C o s t G rou p and R e g io n , 1959
by
U n ite d
S ta tes
N orth ea st
N o rth
C en tra l
S ou th
W est
A l l g r o u p s .............................
19
25
18
15
21
$ 2 0 0 a n d u n d e r ..................
$ 2 0 1 - $ 3 0 0 ...............................
$ 3 0 1 -$ U 0 0 ...............................
$ U o i - $ 5 o o ...............................
$ 5 0 1 - $ 1 , 0 0 0 ..........................
$ 1 , 0 0 1 - $ 2 , 0 0 0 .....................
$ 2 ,0 0 1 a n d o v e r ........... ....
12
12
18
16
22
(1 /)
(T /)
21
9
15
22
10
n
(1 /)
"2 5
28
32
15
19
30
ll*
13
19
32
15
12
20
(1 /)
(1 /)
C o st grou p
( i n th ou sa n d s)
1/
In s u ffic ie n t
T a b le
29
33
19
23
26
37
d a ta t o w a rran t p r e s e n ta tio n .
8.
P e r c e n t o f T o t a l O n - s i t e M a n -h o u r R e q u ir e m e n t s f o r S c h o o l
C o n s t r u c t io n , b y T ype o f C o n t r a c t o r and R e g io n , 1959 1 /
U n ite d
S ta te s
N orth ea st
N o rth
C en tra l
S o u th
W est
A l l t y p e s .........................................................
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
G e n e r a l ..............................................................
E l e c t r i c a l ......................................................
M a s o n r y ..............................................................
P a i n t i n g ............................... ...........................
P l a s t e r i n g a n d l a t h i n g ........................
P lu m b in g a n d h e a t i n g .............................
R o o f i n g a n d s h e e t m e t a l .....................
S it e p r e p a r a tio n and e x c a v a tio n .
S t r u c t u r a l and o rn a m e n ta l m e ta l .
T i l e a n d t e r r a z z o w o r k .................. .. ..
A l l o t h e r t y p e s ..........................................
1*7.1*
7 .5
7 .2
1*3.5
7 .6
1 0 .8
3 .5
3 .2
l l * .2
2.1*
2.1*
3 .2
2 .0
7 .1
i* .7
.5
1 0 .9
2 .2
1*8.5
5 .9
1 0 .5
2 .6
1*6.5
8 .8
1*. 2
3 .8
1*. 8
Type o f c o n t r a c t o r
1/
B a s e d on d a ta fro m f e d e r a l l y
NOTE:
B e ca u s e o f r o u n d in g ,
1*. 9
2 .8
2 .8
9 .2
5 2 .1
7 .8
2 .1
3 .5
2 .3
18. U
3 .1
1 .5
3 .3
.7
5 .3
a id e d s c h o o l p r o j e c t s
3 .3
1 3 .5
2 .7
1 .2
3.1*
2 .5
6 .0
11*. 9
2 .1
2 .5
3 .1
1 .5
7 .7
o n ly .
sum s o f i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s may n o t a d d t o
100.
Table 9.
Average O n-site Hourly Earnings on School Construction P ro je cts, by S elected C h aracteristic and Region, 195>9 1 /
United States
Northeast
North Central
Wages as
percent
of
contract
Average
hourly
earnings
Wages as
percent
of
contract
2$. 1
*
$2.62
26.9
$3.27
26.0
$3.02
3.1*5
21*. 2
26.2
$2.2$
3.06
2$. 3
28.$
b . 26
3.28
2$. 1
*
26.3
( 2 /)
2F.$
3.1*8
2. 72
21*. 7
27.7
2 .8 0
2.21*
27.8
21*. 7
3.39
3.11*
26.3
2$. 7
( £ /)
( 2 /)
—
—
( 2 /)
(? /)
(? /)
(V )
(? /)
( 2 /)
(£ /)
( 2 /)
(? /
(? /)
( 2 /)
(V)
(V )
(3 0
2. 69
2. 29
2.26
2. 31
( 2 /)
3.19
—
27.3
25.9
2$. 7
21*. 2
( 2 /)
29.6
—
( 2 /)
2781
3.33
3.26
3. 33
( 2 /)
(f/)
( 2 /)
27.3
27.$
26.8
23.1*
( 2 /)
( 5 /)
( 2 /)
3.36
2.96
( 2 /)
27.0
27.8
2. 79
2.21*
2.1*8
27.$
26.0
21*. 9
3.17
2.99
( 2 /)
3736
26.0
22.8
( 2 /)
27.3
Wages as
percent
of
contract
Average
hourly
earnings
Wages as
percent
of
contract
Average
hourly
earnings
A ll schools ............................
$3.07
2$. 7
$3.32
21*. 0
$3.27
Elementary..............................
Secondary ................................
f 2. 80
3.28
2$. 3
26.1
|3.12
3.1*8
2$. 7
22.9
In metropolitan area ..........
Not in metropolitan area ..
3.21
2.87
2$. 8
2$. 6
( 2 /)
3.13
Construction cost group
(in thousands):
$200 and u n d er..................
$201-$300 ............................
$301-$1*00 ............................
$l*oi-$$oo .............................
$ $ o i - $ i . o o o ........................
$1, 001-$2.000 ....................
$2,001 and o v e r ................
2.69
2.$1*
2. 7U
2.8$
2.9$
3.31
3. 37
26.2
26.1
26.$
27.0
23.1*
28.2
21*. 3
Type o f framing:
S teel ....................................
Concrete ..............................
Load bearing masonry . . . .
W ood......................................
3.07
2.31*
3.01
3.37
2$. 6
2l*.9
2$. 0
27.3
1/
2/
Based on fe d e r a lly aided p ro je cts only.
In s u ffic ie n t data to warrant presentation.
West
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
hourly
earnings
C h aracteristic
South
( £ /)
( £ /)
—
—
3.1$
( 2 /)
(V
)
2$. 3
( 2 /)
(V)
3.38
23.$
—
- -
3.1$
2$. 3
Wages as
percent
of
con tract
35
T a b le 10.
T o t a l M a n -h o u r R e q u ir e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n
C o n tra ct, b y S e le c t e d I n d u s tr y C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s , 1959
T ota l
In d u stry
P r im a r y
1/
S econ d a ry
2/
T o t a l .........................................................................................................
212
C o n s t r u c t i o n ........................................................................................
9U
8U
10
9
h
8U
10
—
78
hi
31
15
ll
10
7
13
11
1
O n - s i t e ...............................................................................................
O f f - s i t e .............................................................................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .....................................................................................
N o n m e ta llic m in e r a ls a n d p r o d u c t s ( e x c l u d e s
p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l ) ..........................................................
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s .................................................
I r o n a n d s t e e l .............................................................................
L o g g i n g , s a w m i l l s , a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s .....................
I n s u la t e d w ir e and c a b le and e l e c t r i c a l
f i x t u r e s .......................................................................................
C u t le r y , t o o l s , v a lv e s , and o t h e r h ardw are . . .
P lu m b in g f i x t u r e s a n d h e a t i n g e q u ip m e n t .............
I r o n a n d s t e e l f o r g i n g s a n d c a s t i n g s .....................
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..................................................................................
R a ilr o a d s , t r u c k in g , and w a te r t r a n s p o r t a t io n
( e x c l u d e o v e r s e a s ) .............................................................. •
58
—
2
1
5
9
2
U
3
3
3
h
2
1
2
8
u
k
8
h
h
20
T r a d e a n d s e r v i c e s ........................................................................
T r a d e ....................................................................................................
B u s i n e s s s e r v i c e s .....................................................................
13
U
O t h e r .............................................................................................. ..
12
1/
d is tr ib u
2/
a ffe c te d
3/
15U
3
2
(3 /)
1
9
8
1
11
—
12
5
3
E m p loy m en t i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n ( l a s t m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s ) a n d
t io n o f th e c o n s t r u c t io n m a te r ia ls u sed.
E m p loym en t i n t h e i n d u s t r i e s s e r v i n g t h e i n d u s t r i e s p r i m a r i l y
a n d r e p r e s e n t s e m p lo y m e n t i n a l l s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n o m y .
L e s s t h a n 0 . 5 m a n -h o u r .
NOTE:
B e ca u se o f r o u n d in g ,
sums o f i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s may n o t e q u a l t o t a l s .
36
T a b le 11.
A v e r a g e N um ber o f W eek s R e q u i r e d f o r C o n s t r u c t i o n
C o s t G ro u p a n d R e g io n , 1 9 5 9
C o s t grou p
( i n th o u s a n d s)
A ll
g r o u p s ............................... ..
$ 1 0 0 a n d u n d e r ........................
$ 1 0 1 - $ 2 0 0 ....................................
$ 2 0 1 - 1 3 0 0 ....................................
$ 3 0 1 -$ U 0 0 ....................................
$ U o i - $ 5 o o ....................................
$ 5 o i - $ i , o o o ...............................
$ 1 , 0 0 1 - $ 2 , 0 0 0 ..........................
$ 2 ,0 0 1 a n d o v e r .....................
1/
U n ite d
S ta te s
53
31
37
U3
h
7
50
56
76
8U
N o rth e a st
68
(1 /)
(I /)
~h7
(1 /)
“ 60
83
98
I n s u f f i c i e n t d a ta t o w a rra n t p r e s e n t a t io n .
N o r th
C e n tra l
o f S c h o o ls ,
S ou th
55
hi
ia
50
25
37
37
50
h
9
I k
x
59
61
73
(1 /)
U3
53
76
(1 /)
by
W est
51
(1 /)
29
h
o
h
3
51
51
72
86
T a b le
12.
P ercen t
o f
O n -s it e
E m p lo y m e n t
fo r
Sch ool
C o n s tr u c tio n
in
E ach
T e n th
o f
T o ta l
C o n s tr u c tio n
T im e ,
b y
O c c u p a tio n ,
U th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
te n th
te n th
te n th
te n th
te n th
te n th
te n th
te n th
te n th
3 .9
8 .5
9 .5
1 2 .2
1 5 .2
1 5 .5
1 3 .9
1 1 .3
9 .U
1 1 .7
1 1 .1
1 1 .9
1 2 .0
n .7
1 0 .3
9 .9
..............................................................................
1 0 .8
1 7 .1
lit. 2
1 3 .1
1 1 .5
1 1 .0
8 .3
..........................................................................
1 .5
6 .0
1 0 .5
1 9 .8
2 6 .0
2 0 . it
1 1 .1
C a r p e n t e r s ..................................................... ........................
k .o
9 .3
9 .3
ll.lt
1 3 .0
lit. 6
lit. 5
1 s t
O c c u p a tio n
A ll
o c c u p a tio n s
G en eral
s u p e r v is o r s
P r o fe s s io n a l,
c le r ic a l
B r ic k la y e r s
C em ent
............................................................
G la z ie r s
R o o fe r s
it. 5
7 .3
3 .9
2 .9
3 .5
1 .1
.1
1 3 .2
8 .3
2 . it
8 . it
llt .lt
1 5 .0
1 3 .9
1 5 .2
1 2 .6
1 1 .2
7 .5
7 .2
l l . l
1 5 .2
1 6 .3
lit. 9
llt .0
1 2 .2
it . 2
3 .7
..............................................
—
..............................................................................
—
.5
2 .0
1 2 .5
2 lt. 7
2 3 .7
2 1 .2
1 1 .9
5 .1
3 .8
1 0 .i t
1 6 .3
2 6 .8
1 9 .7
lit. 8
1 .9
.1
2 2 .2
1 8 .9
1 0 .7
8 . it
7 .9
7 .3
7 .2
8 .0
7 .5
2 .0
.6
3 .6
1 0 .5
( 2 /)
( 2 /)
.2
1 .0
—
—
. U
s e tte r s .
.....................................................................................
9 .8
6 .2
3 .0
2 9 . 6
2 6 .7
8 .5
it . 2
1 1 .5
2 3 .8
2 9 .0
2 5 .5
1 5 .9
1 5 .2
1 1 .9
9 .7
( 2 /)
.9
1 .3
1 1 .8
2 5 .7
2 5 .6
2 2 .8
.3
1 .0
1 .9
7 .1
1 3 .7
1 9 .8
2 2 .8
.7
7 .3
—
1 9 .2
3 1 .3
1 8 .0
1 1 .3
7 .6
3 .0
1 . it
.3
.1
.2
3 .8
2 5 .7
3 8 . 0
2 3 .6
7 .9
.6
1 1 .7
lit. 5
1 2 .6
5 .9
5 .9
2 .9
................................
t i le
2 2 .2
1 9 .1
li t .l
..............................................
and
2 l t .5
1 1 .5
.it
........................................................................................
w orkers
3 . it
1 2 .9
2 .3
w orkers
1 9 .2
9 .8
....................................................................................
w orkers
.9
1. 2
w o r k e r s .................. ...
.....................................................................................
T r u c k d r i v e r s ................... ...................................................
L ab orers
7 .6
it . 2
S tr u c t u r a l-ir o n
T erra zzo
2 .6
.8
e n g in e e r s
S h e e t -m e ta l
7 . it
.6
....................................................................................
P la s te r e r s
P lu m b e r s
te n th
.........................................................
O r n a m e n t a l —i r o n
P a in te r s
L ast
and
........................................................................................
O p e r a tin g
3d
1 /
.......................................................................
fin is h e r s
E le c tr ic ia n s
L a th e rs
..............................................
te c h n ic a l,
2d
1959
—
1 3 .2
1 3 .5
6 .0
7 .2
7 .8
6 .2
1 2 .7
1 2 .2
1 2 .3
1 5 .8
7 . it
1 3 .1
1 0 .7
7 . it
1 8 .0
8 .3
5 . it
6 .0
.1
2 .1
3 .6
.7
1 1 .8
3 .7
t e n d e r s ........................................... ...
1 .1
2 .9
5 .9
1 2 .5
1 6 .6
2 1 .2
2 1 .3
1 3 .7
it. 3
.it
W a t c h m e n ....................................................................................
2 .7
8 .6
1 0 .6
1 3 .9
1 3 .7
1 3 .5
1 1 .8
1 3 . 0
1 0 .1
2 .2
O th e r
5 .9
11. U
1 0 .1
8 .0
8 .9
1 0 .2
1 1 .5
lit . 8
llt .o
5 .2
H e lp e r s
and
...............................................................................................
1 /
B ased
? /
L ess
on
th a n
d a ta
0 .0 5
fr o m
fe d e r a lly
p e rc e n t.
a id e d
s c h o o ls
o n ly .
T a b le
13.
P ercen t
o f
O n -s it e
M a n -h o u r
R e q u ir e m e n ts
by
Type
fo r
o f
S ch ool
C o n s tr u c tio n
C o n tra c to r,
1959
in
E ach
T e n th
o f
T o ta l
C o n s tr u c tio n
T im e ,
1 /
A ll
o f
6th
7th
8th
9th
te n th
te n th
te n th
te n th
te n th
te n th
te n th
3 .9
8 .5
9 .5
1 2 .2
1 5 .2
1 5 .5
1 3 .9
1 1 .3
5 .2
1 1 .0
1 1 .3
1 3 . 6
1 5 .0
lit . 8
1 1 .9
8 .9
6 .0
2 . it
2 .7
9 .6
1 2 .0
1 2 .9
1 5 .0
1 5 .2
1 2 .9
1 0 .6
6 .7
2 .3
1 3 .lt
..........................................................................
P lu m b in g
and
E le c tr ic a l
M ason ry
5th
te n th
1 s t
co n tra cto r
e m p l o y m e n t ..................................................
G eneral
k t h
te n th
Type
h e a tin g
.............................
................................................................
.7
..........................................................................
2d
1 .7
P a in tin g
.......................................................................
P la s te r in g
and
l a t h i n g ............... ......
S tru c tu ra l
and
3d
7 . it
L ast
te n th
2 .6
U. 8
7 .5
1 1 .5
1 5 .9
1 6 .3
lit .lt
ll.i t
!t .O
6 .3
9 .7
2 0 .0
3 3 .5
1 8 .9
7 .7
1 .9
.it
( 2 /)
—
( 2 /)
.3
“ “
( ? /)
.it
.9
3 .5
1 0 .5
1 7 r?
3 0 .6
2 8 .?
F .O
3 .9
1 0 .7
2 6 .8
2 9 .9
2 3 .lt
it . 7
( 2 /)
o rn a m e n ta l
m e ta l
R o o fin g
S ite
..........................................................................
.8
6 .9
llt .O
2 3 . 6
1 5 .6
1 3 .5
lit. 9
5 .5
3 .6
1 .5
and
..................
.1
.i t
1 .6
8 .7
2 3 .1
2 2 .?
2 5 .i t
1 2 .2
it . 8
1 .1
.........................................................
2 6 .5
2 1 .6
1 2 .lt
3 . It
—
—
sh eet
p r e p a r a tio n
e x c a v a tio n
T ile
A ll
and
o th e r
m e ta l
and
te rra z zo
ty p e s
1 /
B ased
? /
L ess
w ork
......................
...............................................
on
th a n
d a ta
0 .0 5
fr o m
fe d e r a lly
p e rc e n t.
5 .5
2 .7
a id e d
p r o je c ts
6 .8
2 .7
6 .2
8 .9
8 .0
.1
.i t
ii. 3
2 i t .9
3 9 .3
2 i t .lt '
6 .0
.6
5 .5
5 .3
1 0 .i t
1 3 . 0
1 7 .6
2 0 .7
lit. 2
5 .1
o n ly .
3 . it
T a b l e ll* .
T o t a l C o s t o f M a t e r i a l C om p on en ts f o r E a ch $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f S c h o o l C o n s t r u c t i o n
b y R e g io n , 1959
S e le c te d p rod u cts
U n ite d
S ta tes
and p r o d u c t g r o u p s
N o rth e a st
N orth
C en tra l
C o n tra ct,
S ou th
W e st
A l l p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................
$551*. 6 0
$521. 90
$571*. 70
$ 5 7 7 .8 0
$ 5 5 0 .9 0
S ton e,
a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ....................................
$ 1 3 8 .1 0
f 1 3 2 .0 0
$ 1 6 1 . 60
1 1 5 0 . 1*0
| 1 1 9 .80
C em en t, c o n c r e t e , a n d gypsum p r o d u c t s ................
R e a d y -m ix c o n c r e t e ..........................................................
C o n c r e t e b l o c k ....................................................................
P r e c a s t c o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s ......................... ...............
Gypsum p r o d u c t s .................. ...............................................
C em ent ........................................................................................
C o n c r e t e p i p e .......................................................................
76.1*0
38. 80
7 2 .6 0
81*. 3 0
31*. 8 0
1 7 .1 0
1 5 .5 0
6 .8 0
U. 60
1*. 3 0
81*. 50
1*1.00
6 8 .6 0
1*0. 20
6.1*0
6.1*0
5.1 0
8 .3 0
1 .5 0
cla y ,
1 3 . 20
7.1*0
37. 8 0
1 6 .2 0
1 5 . 70
8 .8 0
8.1*0
6 .0 0
3 . 70
6 .8 0
(1 /)
7 .6 0
6 .1 0
3 .2 0
1*. 7 0
3 .9 0
S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s ................................................
B r i c k a n d s t r u c t u r a l t i l e .........................................
C e ra m ic t i l e .........................................................................
2 3 .3 0
1 5 .5 0
6 .6 0
2 2 .7 0
3 2 .0 0
1 5 .2 5
5 .6 0
21*. 70
6.1*0
O th e r s t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ................
F i b r e g l a s s p r o d u c t s .....................................................
W indow g l a s s .........................................................................
A s p h a l t t i l e .......................................................... ..............
S a n d a n d g r a v e l ..................................................................
C ut s t o n e .................................................................................
38.1*0
1 3 .0 0
6 .3 0
5.2 0
3 .8 0
1*5. 30
1 6 .9 0
7 .3 0
6 .3 0
5 .1 0
1*. 30
3 6 .1 0
9 .6 0
6.1*0
6 .2 0
3.1*0
2 .5 0
3 7 .5 0
11*. 10
6 .0 0
3 .3 0
3 6 . 70
1 1 .8 0
6 .0 0
3 .0 0
2 .9 0
5.1*0
..
1 6 1 .0 0
151*. 5 0
155. 20
1 7 7 .1 0
1 5 6 .7 0
F a b r i c a t e d s t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d u c t s ..................
S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l ..........................................................
R e i n f o r c i n g b a r s and j o i s t s ....................................
F a b r i c a t e d s h e e t - m e t a l ................................................
M e t a l w i n d o w s .......................................................................
O r n a m e n ta l m e t a l ...............................................................
M e t a l d o o r s ............................................................................
1 1 7 .7 0
2 9 .6 0
23.1*0
2 0 .7 0
1 6 .1 0
11.1*0
8.1*0
1 2 0 .2 0
2 7 .8 0
26. 50
1 7 .1 0
1 7 .1 0
1 2 .9 0
11*. 1 0
1 1 2 .3 0
3 5 .8 0
2 1 .6 0
1 7 .1 0
1 0 .7 0
9 .0 0
9 .0 0
135. 1 0
3 0 .1 0
25.1*0
2 1 .6 0
2 5 .3 0
1 5 .7 0
7 .2 0
1 0 5 .2 0
2 7 .0 0
2 0 .5 0
M e t a l p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t p lu m b in g a n d h e a t i n g )
See fo o t n o t e
a t end o f ta b le .
2 9 .8 0
1 9 .0 0
9 .8 0
1 3 .7 0
7 .6 0
5 .1 0
5 .6 0
1*.00
1 .7 0
2 5 .1 0
. 1*0
8 .2 0
1*. 1*0
11
T a b le liu
T o t a l C o s t o f M a t e r i a l C om p on en ts f o r E a ch $ 1 ,0 0 0
b y R e g io n , 1 9 5 9 — C o n t in u e d
o f S c h o o l C o n s tr u c tio n
C on tra ct,
U n ite d
S ta te s
N o rth e a st
N orth
C en tra l
S ou th
$17. 60
1 2 .0 0
$ 1 3 .7 0
9 .U 0
$ 1 8 . U0
1 1 .6 0
$16. 20
1 1 .1 0
$ 2 1 .3 0
70
70
80
60
2 0 .6 0
7 .8 0
2 .5 0
k
1 2 . Uo
1 0 . 20
2 .1 0
3. 9 0
7 .0 0
25. 80
1 2 . 20
9 .9 0
2 .5 0
3 0 . 20
1 0 .9 0
6. U0
9 .9 0
P lu m b in g p r o d u c t s .................................................................................
S t e e l a n d g a l v a n i z e d p i p e ........................................................
P lu m b in g f i x t u r e s ............................................................................
C a s t - i r o n p i p e ....................................................................................
3 .20
k
1 0 .9 0
1 0 . ItO
8 .3 0
31. 50
1 0 . 20
7. 7 0
7 .3 0
3 6 .9 0
1 0 .6 0
10. 50
1 2 .0 0
3 3 .3 0
1 0 . 30
1 0 .9 0
7 .6 0
3 5 .5 0
12. 00
1 2 .0 0
7. 60
H e a t i n g a n d v e n t i l a t i n g e q u ip m e n t .........................................
R a d i a t o r s , c o n v e c t o r s , a n d b o i l e r s .................................
T e m p e r a tu r e c o n t r o l s ....................................................................
U n i t h e a t e r s a n d v e n t i l a t o r s ................................................
B lo w e r s , e x h a u s t a n d v e n t i l a t i n g f a n s ..........................
Warm a i r f u r n a c e s ............................................................................
5 1 .0 0
1U .U 0
12. 80
1 2 .1 0
5 1 .1 0
1 2 .6 0
1 2 . 70
1 1 .7 0
7 .0 0
3 .6 0
5 9 .2 0
20. 20
1 6 .8 0
5U.
18.
12.
12.
U 3 .3 0
9 .3 0
1 0 .9 0
1 0 .6 0
3 .6 0
2 .5 0
E l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t , f i x t u r e s , a n d w i r e .......................
L i g h t i n g f i x t u r e s ............................................................................
M o n c u r r e n t c a r r y i n g w i r i n g d e v i c e s .................................
S w i t c h b o a r d s a n d p a n e l b o a r d s ................................................
W ir e and c a b l e ....................................................................................
P ro g ra m e q u ip m e n t ............................................................................
5 8 .1 0
19. 20
1U. 9 0
6 .5 0
6 ,1 0
5 3 .6 0
1 5 .9 0
1U. 90
6 .2 0
6. 20
2 .9 0
65. 60
2 0 .9 0
1 7 .6 0
9 .0 0
5 .U 0
Lum ber a n d lu m b e r p r o d u c t s ..........................................................
M i l lw o r k ...................................................................................................
Rough a n d d r e s s e d lu m b e r ..........................................................
F l o o r i n g ...................................................................................................
i i 7 .9 0
2 3 .0 0
1 9 .5 0
3 .0 0
3 6 .1 0
22. 20
9 .1 0
S e le c te d p ro d u cts
M eta l p r o d u c ts
and p r o d u c t grou ps
( e x c e p t p lu m b in g a n d h e a t i n g ) — Con.
O t h e r f a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s .................... ...................
B u i l d e r s ' h a r d w a r e ....................................................................
O t h e r m e t a l p r o d u c t s ....................................................................
C o p p e r p r o d u c t s ............................................................................
P a r t i t i o n s , l o c k e r s , a n d s h e l v e s .................................
G a l v a n i z e d s h e e t - m e t a l ..........................................................
See f o o t n o t e
W e st
a t en d o f t a b l e .
25.
10.
7.
5.
li. 6 0
3 .2 0
3. 30
3 .1 0
H i. 7 0
2 .1 0
2 .6 0
80
U0
30
60
5 .1 0
k 20
.
H i. 9 0
5 8 .1 0
1 8 .3 0
2 .6 0
57. 20
2 2 .3 0
1 3 . U0
5 .5 0
7 .6 0
2 .7 0
H i. 5 0
6 .0 0
5 . Uo
U. 6 0
U 3 .6 0
2 1 . 50
1 7 . Ii0
U. 1 0
2 9 .5 0
1 9 .0 0
6. 6 0
2 .8 0
7li. 20
2 7 . 50
3 8 .9 0
2. 5 0
T a b l e l it .
T o t a l C o s t o f M a t e r i a l C o m p o n e n ts f o r E a ch $ 1 ,0 0 0
b y R e g i o n , 1 9 5 9 — C o n t in u e d
S e l e c t e d p r o d u c t s and p r o d u c t g ro u p s
P e tr o le u m
A s p h a lt
A s p h a lt
A s p h a lt
U n ite d
S ta te s
p r o d u c t s ...........................................................................
a n d t a r p i t c h e s ...........................................................
p a v i n g .................................................................................
f e l t s ....................................................................................
N o rth e a st
$ 1 1 . 20
it. 0 0
3 .0 0
3 .0 0
F i x e d s c h o o l e q u ip m e n t ..................................................................
C h a lk b o a r d s a n d t a c k b o a r d s ...................................................
K i t c h e n e q u ip m e n t .........................................................................
o f S c h o o l C o n s tr u c tio n
N o rth
C en tra l
$ 7 .9 0
3 .3 0
1. h
O
2 h
. 0
$9. 3 0
It. 1 0
1 6 .1 0
it. 1 0
5 . 30
1 9 .9 0
3 .9 0
8. ItO
13. 20
3 .7 0
3. UO
P a i n t s a n d o t h e r c h e m i c a l com pou n d s ..................................
P a i n t s .....................................................................................................
7 .8 0
it. 2 0
7 . ItO
h 30
.
A l l o t h e r ...................................................................................................
C o n s t r u c t i o n e q u ip m e n t .............................................................
I n s u l a t i n g b o a r d ............................................................................
2 9 .1 0
1 3 .9 0
it. 2 0
1/
I n s u f f i c i e n t d a ta t o w arran t p r e s e n t a t io n .
NOTE:
G rou p t o t a l s
i n c l u d e p r o d u c t s n o t show n s e p a r a t e l y .
(3 /)
2 .7 0
7 .9 0
3 h
. O
C o n tra ct,
S ou th
$n.
It.
3.
2.
5o
50
20
ItO
W e st
l i l t . 70
It. 20
5 .5 0
It. 2 0
It. 70
5 .8 0
1 3 .0 0
it. 0 0
3 .6 0
9 .1 0
It. Uo
7. 20
It. 70
2 8 . UO
1 8 .3 0
2 7 .8 0
2 2 .2 0
3 6 .5 0
(1 /)
2. 70
(1 /)
it. 3 0
(1 /)
8 .0 0
(1 /)
2 .5 0
42
APPENDIX
This
with
the
study,
which
project
data
information
as
A
of
complete
study
was
to
list
school
what
is
projects
Initially,
comprising
schools
tinued
separation
combining
and
mo r e
special
from
of
tors
so
to
to
of
wi th
It
from
schools
which
construction
Census
the
1- y e a r
necessary
sample
of
financial
later
in
the
associated
utilized
of
site,
as
Manufactures.
Sample
consisted
w a s
that
the
the
the
schools,
period
to
representative,
the
Federal
culminating
sample
a
schools
of
of
during
draw
sources
groups
be
at
as
therefore,
assisted.
samples,
such
started
requirements
secondary
activity
data
Survey
m a n - h o u r
and
Selection
was,
which
two
these
to
of
use
if
not
projects
of
two
w a s
not
128
to
measure
of
projects,
one
and
the
other
the
infor
the
warranted.
data
con
Furthermore,
created
various
survey
from
established
in
exhaustive,
for
universes,
assistance
analysis
selected
several
a
larger
regional
and
other
characteristics.
agents
of
involved
projects
Home
of
representative
Information
field
It
listing
these
the
and
considered
the
Me th od
develop
relating
schools
from
not
to
secondary
constructed
schools
derived
the
all
and
elementary
Universe
of
purposes.
representing
or
on
available.
obtain
m a t i o n
designed
from
the
Scope
public
based
list
not
sources
of
of
obtained
Characteristics
for
w a s
construction
well
A.
was
on
schools
the
in
Bureau
the
not
from
data
from
Federal
public
activities,
filed
by
assistance
officials
whereas
the
w a s
and
that
contractors
gathered
private
for
federally
with
the
by
co ntrac
aided
Housing
and
Agency.
Schools
without
construction
developed
Finance
built
directly
Federally
Federal
assistance
was
started
during
12
the
geographical
regions
construction
contract
elementary
politan
or
months
ending
(Northeast,
cost.
secondary—
and
The
from
9/
sample
a
list
They
North
were
schools
These
located
in
of
we re
Central,
further
whether
in
a
constructed
1,500
about
1959 .
June
South,
of
of
and
sorted
new
without
public
schools
stratified
West)
by
and
type
me tr opolitan
of
or
by
by
four
total
s c h o o l -
nonmetro
area.
9/
The
No rtheast—
States
included
Connecticut,
York,
Pennsylvania,
Iowa,
Kansas,
Michigan,
South
Dakota,
and
Columbia,
Island,
and
Minnesota,
Oklahoma,
South
Arizona,
Utah,
regions
Vermont;
we re
as
follows:
Hampshire,
North
N e w
Central—
Nebraska,
North
Delaware,
Carolina,
Louisiana,
Maryland,
Dakota,
Texas,
Virginia,
Colorado,
Idaho,
Montana,
Wyoming.
Ne w
Indiana,
Ohio,
District
Mississippi,
Tennessee,
and
Jersey,
Illinois,
Arkansas,
California,
Washington,
N e w
Alabama,
Kentucky,
We st—
the
Missouri,
Georgia,
Virginia;
Rh od e
each
Massachusetts,
South—
Florida,
Oregon,
Maine,
Wisconsin;
Carolina,
Mexico,
A i d e d .
selected
and
West
Nevada,
of
North
Ne w
43
A
for
sample
this
of
of
above
groupings,
which
information
Federally
aided
HH FA
schools
This
to
assure
Tests
of
in
results
did
also
the
data
by
to
the
were
deletions
14
of
Man-Hour
construction
Such
an
a
for
and
secondary
primary
sector
related
Primary
addition
the
to
labor
struction
to
turing"
companies,
placing
the
all
other
materials,
the
items
With
and
used
respect
were
me nt s
discussed
by
those
plus
the
to
generally
use
the
of
this
be
from
200
for
70
the
federally
compiled
to
groups
Any
from
those
schools
labor
of
of
collections
the
for
was
and
also
tested
obvious
for
the
any
that
differences
requirements
data
as
amounting
to
128
were
though
the
study.
presentation
at
of
The
small
independent
projects,
sample
the
all
trade,
in
off-site
addition,
this
employment
was
thus
the
however,
ma n-hour
instance
would
expenditures,
plus
the
data
for
employment.
there
be
the
with
off-site
is
require
the
employment
site.
for
purposes
construction
site—
materials
In
employment
and
analyzing
construction
manufacturing
on
in
of
on-site
study.
grouping
the
the
for
ma d e
on-site
labor,
used
was
similar
indicated
sample,
course
effects
requirements
at
by
basic
semifinished
hours
lished
in
1959
about
field
separation
requirements,
construction
labor
the
sample
estimates
can
activity
materials
of
random
from
customary
The
on-site
required
The
labor
man-hour
all
the
universe.
which
including
adequate
from
characteristics
characteristics.
HH FA
the
followed
construction.
primary
directly
is
be
substitution.
combined
includes
distinction
to
random
approximately
groups
construct!on-site
The
Es timates.
of
into
at
other
June
sample
other
the
during
known
projects
presentation
economic
me nt s
the
and
the
involved.
some
in
of
at
represented.
ending
a
selected
continued
universes
1
and
determined
selected
that
listing
sorted
originating
regard
warrant
A
year
project
schools
reflected
about
aid
representation
aided
with
not
the
was
sure
properly
were
Federal
projects
projects,
ma k e
Sample.
projects
w a s
to
were
during
corrected
nonfederally
tested
School
sample
was
These
desired
without
proper
imbalance
and
Aided
school
then
was
These
built
chosen.
were
such
study.
the
completed
records.
schools
70
about
portion
of
this
industries
that
is,
report,
contractors'
the
which
"last
distribution,
and
Secondary
the
necessary
products
to
to
site.
produce
the
services
and
of
the
which
con
ma nu fa c
involved
employment
transport
factories
in
employment,
fabricate
stage
at
include,
office
the
in
includes
raw
finally
produce
site.
the
derivation
collected
below,
whether
secondary
from
of
man-hour
payroll
considered
data.
requirements,
data.
primary
All
or
other
data
labor
secondary,
for
on-site
require
were
estab
44
Collection
of
On-Site
Although
data
sought
projects,
case
of
local
the
was
the
the
nature
similar
sources
non-HHFA
governments,
boards,
files.
For
the
Access
detail
for
to
the
of
for
Data
the
for
construction
both
the
were
the
data
schools,
data
architects,
projects.
Man-Hour
files
and
by
other
and
by
the
various
the
in
collection
included
of
In
the
levels
of
school
these
available
from
some
federally
aided
construction
operations,
and
wh ic h
the
for
granting
HH FA
additional
requirements
of
This
from
participants
m a d e
school
previously.
representatives
were
requirements
HH F A
timing
relationships,
projects.
materials
indicated
direct
data
possible
and
aided
entirely
field
projects,
m a d e
as
financed
obtained
school
these
differed,
those
contractors,
HH FA
labor
nonfederally
information
on
by
wa ge
type
of
contractor.
Federal
assistance
School
legislation
for
Survey
the
and
Construction
and
subcontractor
on
the
administering
agency,
information)
the
the
occupation
the
cooperation
projects
wi th
for
in
lists
of
on-site
workers
on
available
projects
In
ments
work
the
the
force
of
the
of
covered:
ment;
the
( 2)
aided
reports.
Only
the
few
payrolls
the
jobs.
as
as
gross
for
the
the
for
HHFA,
other
earnings
project.
and
Through
aided
school
along
provided
the
hourly
rated
payroll
these
the
offices,
all
requested
For
to
(with
federally
HHFA
(the
contractor
weekly
payrolls
wages
sources.
submit
showing
particular
regional
These
well
cases,
data
the
the
areas
prime
files
situations,
data
we re
not
alternate
small
summary
number
for
schools,
from
of
specific
the
payroll
data
or
man-hour
on-site
cost
results,
contractors,
school
for
labor
by
whose
labor
records,
re qu ir e
or
occupation,
daily
were
records
could
not
be
estimated
projects,
hours
and
materials
used
used.
Off-Site
procedures
did
not
employment
implicit
areas
a
as
derived
construction
only
In
nonfederally
data
and
on
on
to
payroll
worked,
from
each
project
weekly
laborer
the
requirements,
generally
a
The
of
requires
Federal
impacted
substituted.
the
Estimating
hours
obtained
federally
school
each
and
copies
inadequate
For
we re
of
in
1950 ) ,
of
aided
we ek ly
were
projects.
were
to
costs
and
mechanic
program
schools
Act
copy
contractors
required*
isolate
a
up
of
federally
HHFA,
sample
the
were
were
each
man-hour
or
a
daily
of
the
set
construction
in
the
employment
( 1)
Man-Hour
used
estimating
include
all
generated
employment
by
depreciation
related
to
Architectural,
"multiplier"
construction
and
materials.
of
equipment
the
of
such
the
direct
of
of
purchases
of
production
materials
construction
of
and
movable
wages
and
by
technique
equipment.
estimating,
respending
new
of
generated
The
purchases
construction
generation
by
employment
employment.
surveying,
generated
effect
construction
in
Data
and
The
school
if
supplies
we re
planning
not
employ
equipment;
profits;
facilities,
school
covers
following
activity
other
new
used
and
needed
( 4)
to
( 3)
the
supply
45
F rom c o n t r a c t o r s
s t r u c t i o n stu d y *
m a te r ia l u sed in
c a te g o r ie s
F or each
con tra ct
and
su b con tra ctors
c o o p e r a tin g
in
a p r ic e l i s t w as o b ta in e d o f th e v a lu e
s c h o o ls .
T h ese m a t e r ia l l i s t i n g s w ere
c o n s i s t e n t w ith
5 -d ig it
th e
sch ool
con
o f each ty p e o f
c la s s if i e d in to
C ensu s o f M a n u fa ctu re s p r o d u c t
grou p s.
o f t h e s e p r o d u c t g r o u p s , t h e a v e r a g e am ou n t u s e d p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n w as d e te r m in e d .
O n ce th e a v e r a g e u s e w as c a l c u l a t e d ,
ea ch f i g u r e w as r e d u c e d by a r a t i o r e p r e s e n t in g th e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n v a lu
a t io n b y th e p u r c h a s e r and v a lu a t io n b y th e p r o d u c e r . 10/
S in c e a l l d a ta
r e p o r t e d by th e c o n t r a c t o r s w ere in p u rch a s e rs * v a lu e , th e r e d u c t io n to
p rod u cers'
v a lu e m ade
it
c o n s is t e n t w ith
d a ta
p u b lis h e d
on
th e s e v a r io u s
co m p o n e n ts.
T h e s e f i g u r e s o n a v e r a g e d o l l a r v a l u e , s t a t e d i n p r o d u c e r 's
v a l u e o f e a c h c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n t r a c t v a l u e w e r e n e c e s
sary
fo r
each
of
th e
s u c c e e d in g
ste p s.
P r im a r y D i s t r i b u t i o n
In d u s tr ie s
E m p lo y m e n t
T h e m a n -h o u r s i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n
w a r e h o u s in g , f r e i g h t fo r w a r d in g , e t c . )
in d u s tr ie s
a t p r im a r y
(t r a d e , tr a n s p o r ta tio n ,
le v e l w ith r e s p e c t t o c o n
s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y w e re d e te r m in e d b y u s in g th e v a lu e r e p r e s e n t e d b y th e
d i f f e r e n c e b etw een p r o d u c e r and p u r c h a s e r v a lu e f o r e a ch c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r ia l.
T h i s d i f f e r e n c e w a s sum m ed a n d a l l o t t e d t o e a c h o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s e c t o r s
by a r a tio
r e p r e s e n tin g
b le to each o f th e s e
a l l o t t i n g th e v a lu e ,
th e
tota l
p o r tio n
of
s e c t o r s in r e l a t i o n t o
t h e m a n -h o u r s f o r e a c h
m in e d b y m u l t i p l y i n g t h e v a l u e a l l o t t e d t o
n e e d e d t o p r o d u c e $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f p r o d u c t i n t h e
P r im a r y M a n u fa c t u r in g
c o n s tr u c tio n
a c tiv ity
a ttr ib u ta
th e ir t o t a l a c t iv it y . 11/
A fte r
d is t r ib u t io n s e c t o r w ere d e te r
t h i s s e c t o r b y t h e m a n -h o u r s
d is tr ib u tio n s e c to r s .
E m p lo y m e n t
P r i m a r y e m p lo y m e n t i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g w a s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h a t r e q u i r e d
t o p r o d u c e th e ite m s in th e c o n s t r u c t i o n b i l l o f m a t e r ia ls in t h e i r f i n a l
sta g e o f fa b r ic a t io n .
I n t h i s s t a g e , t h e m a n -h o u r s r e s u l t i n g fr o m s c h o o l
c o n s t r u c t i o n w e r e fo u n d b y u s in g t h e a v e r a g e d o l l a r v a lu e o f e a c h c o n s t r u c t i o n
c o m p o n e n t a n d a p p l y i n g t h i s t o a r a t i o o f m a n -h o u r s t o $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f p r o d u c t i o n . 1 2 /
W henever th e a v e r a g e d o l l a r v a lu e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n com p on en ts u s e d w as s t a t e d
i n p r i c e s d i f f e r e n t fr o m t h e y e a r o f t h e m a n -h o u r r a t i o s , a n a d ju s t m e n t w a s
m ade f o r s u b s e q u e n t p r i c e a n d p r o d u c t i v i t y c h a n g e s i n t h e m a n -h o u r r a t i o s .
10/
r a tio
fo r
The r a t i o
th ese
u sed
fo r
com p on en ts
in
th is
new
r e d u c t io n w as th e
sch ool
pu rch aser
c o n s tr u c tio n ,
to
p rodu cer
as rep orted
in
th e
1947
I n t e r in d u s t r y In p u t-O u tp u t A n a l y s is .
11/
In su ch a r e a s a s r e t a i l t r a d e , i t w as n e c e s s a r y t o m ake a p r o d u c t b y - p r o d u c t e v a l u a t i o n , a s m any o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n it e m s a r e b o u g h t d i r e c t l y
fr o m
w h o le s a le r s o r m a n u fa c tu r e r s .
12/
T h is r a t i o w as e s t a b l is h e d
s p e c ia liz a tio n
ta b le s
fo r
p la n t s w ith
by u s in g
90
1958 C en su s o f M a n u fa ctu re s
p ercen t
or
g re a te r
s p e c ia liz a tio n .
46
S econ dary
E m p lo y m e n t I n A l l
S e c o n d a r y e m p lo y m e n t
in te r m e d ia te
in d u s tr ie s
In d u s tr ie s
is
to
th e
p r o d u c tio n
p rod u ce
an it e m
a n d e m p lo y m e n t n e c e s s a r y
in
it s
fin a l
fo r m ,
i.e .,
fr o m
th e
cok e,
ir o n o r e , c o a l, e t c . , n e ce ssa ry to p rod u ce s tr u c tu r a l s t e e l sh a p es.
I t a ls o
in c lu d e s a l l r e l a t e d s e r v i c e an d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n e c e s s a r y b etw een o r i g i n o f
raw m a t e r i a l s
and
To c a lc u la te
in t e r m e d ia t e m a n u fa c tu r in g
a ll
of
t h e m a n -h o u r s
back
p rocesses.
of
each
c o n s tr u c tio n
p rod u ct,
it
w a s n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m in e t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n fr o m e a c h o f t h e s e c t o r s o f t h e
econ om y t o th e c o n s t r u c t i o n b i l l o f m a t e r i a l s .
To o b t a in th e s e c o n t r ib u t io n s
fr o m e a c h s e c t o r , a n i n t e r i n d u s t r y i n v e r s e m a t r ix w a s u s e d .
The m a t r ix w as
c a l c u l a t e d b y t h e B u reau o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s f o r th e U n ite d S t a t e s econ om y in
1947. 13/
S in c e t h i s m a t r ix i s s t a t e d in 1947 p r i c e s , a l l p r i c e s o f th e c o n
s t r u c t i o n com p on en ts w e re d e f l a t e d t o 1947 and th e n g ro u p e d i n t o in d u s t r y
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s w h ic h w e re c o n s i s t e n t w it h t h e i n t e r i n d u s t r y s t u d y ’ s 5 7 - s e c t o r
a g g r e g a tio n .
T h is g a v e th e am ount o f c o n s t r u c t i o n g o o d s s t a t e d in 1947 p r i c e s ,
f o r each in te r in d u s t r y s e c t o r .
E ach o f t h e s e f i g u r e s w a s i n t u r n m u l t i p l i e d
by th e c o r r e s p o n d in g c o e f f i c i e n t s o f th e in v e r s e m a t r ix .
T h is p r o c e d u r e g a v e
t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n n e c e s s a r y fr o m e a c h o f t h e s e c t o r s t o p r o d u c e t h e s p e c i f i e d
c o n s t r u c t i o n ite m u s e d . 1 4 /
T h e s e p r o d u c t s w h ic h w e re s t a t e d i n 1947 p r i c e s
w e re th e n i n f l a t e d t o 1958 p r i c e s ( t h e y e a r c o n s is t e n t w ith th e b i l l o f
m a te r ia ls ).
The s e c t o r c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o e a ch o f th e s e p a r a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n ite m s w e re
t o t a l e d t o o b t a i n t h e t o t a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s fr o m e a c h s e c t o r o f t h e econ om y t o
th e
c o n s tr u c tio n
b ill
o f m a t e r ia ls .
To
tr a n s la te
th e
d o lla r s
of
p rod u ct
con
t r i b u t e d b y e a c h s e c t o r i n t o t h e e m p lo y m e n t r e q u i r e d b y t h i s s e c t o r , a r a t i o
o f m a n -h o u r s t o $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f p r o d u c t i o n w a s u s e d .
T h e s e r a t i o s w e re d e v e lo p e d
f o r e a ch o f th e 57 in t e r in d u s t r y s e c t o r s . 1 5 /
P rom e a c h s t a g e ( p r i m a r y d i s t r i b u t i o n , p r i m a r y m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d s e c o n d
a r y ) , a m a n -h o u r f i g u r e p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t w a s o b t a i n e d
W hen t h e s e w e r e surraned w i t h t h e d i r e c t o r o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r s , t h e t o t a l e m p l o y
m ent e f f e c t , w it h in th e d e f i n i t i o n u se d b y th e s tu d y , w as d e te r m in e d .
F or
s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n , i t w as n e c e s s a r y t o a d ju s t th e p r im a r y an d s e c o n d a r y
e m p lo y m e n t e s t i m a t e s t o r e f l e c t t h e s h i f t s i n p r o d u c t i v i t y b e t w e e n 1 9 5 8 a n d
1959.
13/
F or a fu r th e r
d e s c r ip t io n ,
th e I n t e r i n d u s t r y R e la t i o n s S tu d y f o r
V o l . X X X IV ( 1 9 5 2 ) , H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y
14/
The p r o d u c t o b t a in e d b y th e
fr o m f i c t i t
th e r e fo r e ,
red u ced by
red u ced by
see
W.
D uane E va n s a n d M a r v in H o f f e n b e r g ,
1 9 4 7 , R e v ie w o f E c o n o m ic s a n d S t a t i s t i c s ,
P ress.
in v e r s e m a t r ix c o n t a in e d d u p l ic a t io n s
i o u s tr a n s fe r s in o f se co n d a ry p r o d u c ts .
T h e u n i t m a n -h o u r r a t i o s ,
h a d t o c o n t a i n t h i s sa m e d o u b l e c o u n t i n g o r t h e p r o d u c t h a d t o b e
t h e am ount o f d o u b le c o u n t i n g .
In t h i s c a s e , th e p r o d u c ts w ere
r a t i o s d e v e lo p e d b y S id n e y J a f f e in u n p u b lis h e d d o c u m e n ts .
15/
B o th t h e p r i c e a n d u n i t m a n -h o u r r a t i o s w e r e a c t u a l l y
a 4 5 0 - o r d e r a g g r e g a t i o n a n d summed t o t h e 5 7 - o r d e r a g g r e g a t i o n .
c a lc u la te d
on
47
APPEN IX B.
D
Data Collection Schedule
U S. D P R M N O LA O
.
EAT E T F B R
Bureau o f Labor Statistics
Washington 2f>, D. C
.
B No. 26f?2(a)
LS
Budget Bureau U
lr-5>926
Approval Expires 12/31/60
LA O R Q IR M N S F R SC O L C N U TIO
BR EU E ET O
H O O STR C N
The data submitted on this schedule -will be seen only by sworn employees of the Bureau
o f Labor Statistics. The data w ill not be released in any form which permits
identification with any specific company.
I
Identification of Project (Please oheok all previous entries and oorreot those la error)
am
A. N e o f School___________
Type * Elementary
.
Secondary (including Jr# Sigh)
[J
/ “7
________ County__________________
B. Locations City_________ _
State
Completed: (actual or estimated)^
C Construction Started;
.
/date)
(date)
am
D Agency Awarding Contract: N e__
.
Address
Total Amount of Construction Contracts on this Project: $__
1. Does amount include any Federal-aid funds?
N
o
Yes /~7
[J
am
F. General or Principal Prime Contractor: N e_______________
(Strike out one)
Address
G Architect: N e___
.
am
Address
(street)
(city)
I I Characteristics
A. Number of Stories of main part of structure (above grade)_____________ __
1.
Basement:
Full
Partial /" 7
None
[~~f
B. Square Feet of flo o r area (gross)_______________________ , _____
_
C Frame:
.
Steel
Reinforced Concrete
f~ I
Load-bearing Masonry O
f~ 7
Other (specify)____________________________________ .
D Principal Materials Used for:
.
1. Exterior Walls. Masonry /~7 Curtain Wall f ~ ]
Other (specify)_
2. Floors.
Specify base and covering___________________________________________
3. Roof. Specify deck and covering____________________________________________ _
E. Number of Classrooms: General____________
Special: Shops____________ Laboratories____________
Other_________ Sped fy__________________________
F. Special Purpose Rooms: (check) Cafeteria f~~J Auditorium f~~f All Purpose Room
Kitchen
f~~]
Library
f~~J
Gymnasium
Health Unit
f~ J
Administration Offices
/~~J
f~ l
*
Others (specify)____________________ _____________________________
4 5
6 -9
10
m
&
£
u
$
Source |
1
(0
F e
ram
°1
•M
o «a
Code
Code
___
i
•
S
o
o
1
___________ i
| Floor
i Area
•
£
1
j
1 2-3
M
et#
Serial
g
1
%V&\9jL
----------------- !--- Code Box; (Leave Blank)
■ • I
|
.
__________ _______ _________
(position)
________________ __________
(date)
|Stories |
G Data Furnished p y : __________ ^
.
________________
(nam
e)
'
H Agent__________________ _____________________________
.
(nam
e)
i
1
11— 14 15-16 17 18-19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
13
(U reverse side for notes)
se
2652( b
III
)
Construction Contracts
Project No.
A. Enter data fo r general or principal prime contract as reported in 1-F, and fo r eveiy subcontract thereto.
a l prime construction contracts, i f any.
Contractors name
Contractors address
Operations performed
General or principal
prime contract
Subcontracts o f above
8. Check any o f the following operations included in contracts described above:
1, Site preparation
/~~J
2.
Paving £ 7
3. Landscaping /" 7
Approx,
value of
contract
Repeat procedure fo r addition
Includes (check)
M tera
Labor
ia l
Construction dates
(estimate or aotual)
Starting
Completion
Project No.
3
CO
I
Type
of
work
26$2(c)
IV Labor and Materials Requirements
| rim
B e
k9
29 30-31 32 33-35
A. N e o f (sub) contractor for whom data are reported
am
B. Operations performed by this (sub) contractor
__________________
______ _____________________
C. 1. Work started
2. Completed (aotual or estimated)
(date)
D. Labor required fo r this (sub) contract, by occupation
1. Period covered by data reported below:
From
(date)
2. Number o f man-{jg^s on this (sub) contract in period covered:
Skill unspecified
Cede manJwuri
days
36-38
39-43
Occupation8
Asbestos workers ..........................................
Bricklayers, stone m
asons .................... .
001
002
Carpenters ........
Cem finishers .............................•••••...
ent
Electricians ••••••••........
Glaziers .......... ..........................................
Lathers .....................................................
_______
(date)
To
Journeymen
^kours
Code ®*°P
"days
36-38
39-43
(date)
Apprentices
^ iio u r s
Code
days
39-43
36-38
Operating engineers............... ....................
Ornamental iron workers ...••.............
Painters .............................................. .
Plasterers .............................................• •
••
Plumbers and pipe fitters ...............
R en ........... ............... ............ .
odm
Roofers
Sheet metal workers ........................ .
4
Structural iron workers.............................
Terrazzo workers ..........................................
Tile setters ................................................
Other building trades (speoify) ..........
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
on
012
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
Superintendents and general formen..........
Professional and technical employees . . . . . .
Helpers and tenders (all trades) .............
Clerical employees ....................... .
Truckdrirers ...............................................
Laborers ........................................ ............ .
Custodial workers .......... ..........
All others ...................................................
130
131
500
032
734
835
933
039
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3.
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
I f above data are fo r man-days worked, estimate average number of hours
woiked per man-day during the reported period /
/.
U Source o f above data:
.
Payrolls
Welfare or. insurance reports
[~~1
Daily work force reports
Other
/~7
f~ J _________________________
(specify)
5o
2652( d)
Project No. ___________
E. Nam o f (Sub) contractor_________________________________________________________
e
F. Address of (Sub) contractor________________________________________________ _____
G. Materials required fo r this (sub) contract
1. Period covered by data reported below:
2.
From_____ ____________To_____
(date)
(date)
Quantities and costs o f materials, supplies, and school equipment required by
the (sub) contract:
Quan
t it y
Item
3.
Source o f above data: Material "ta k e-off” sheets
records
Other
h.
f~~J
Materials invoices
f~~J
Unit of
measure
f~~J
Approx.
cost
Cost accounting
Ledger /~~7
__________________________________________________
(speoify)
Rental cost o f construction machinery and equipment, or equivalent
n
value $______________________________
(Enter actual rental cost, am
ount of depreciation oharged to this contract, or
estimated am
ount reasonably chargeable to this contraot.)
H Data furnished by_____________________________________
.
(nam
e)
I. Agent
________________________________________
(name)
________________________
(position)
_____________________________
(date)
☆ U .S . G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F I C E : 1961 O - 601250
