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labor and material requirements for public housing construction Bulletin No. 1402 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner labor and material requirements for public housing construction Bulletin No. 1402 May 1964 U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR W . W illa r d W i r t z , Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTIC S Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 30 cents P r e fa c e T h is study o f la b o r and m a te r ia l re q u ire m e n ts fo r co n s tr u c tio n of p u b lic hou sing is the fifth in a s e r ie s o f stu dies o f v a rio u s types o f c o n s t r u c tion that m ight be a ffe cte d by g o v e rn m e n t a ctio n . P r e v io u s stu dies have b een m ade o f la b o r and m a te r ia l re q u ire m e n ts fo r s c h o o ls , h ig h w a ys, F e d e r a l o ffic e b u ild in g s, and h o s p ita ls . C u rre n tly in v a rio u s sta g es o f p re p a ra tio n a re studies o f c iv il w o rk s a c tiv itie s o f the C o rp s o f E n g in e e rs (su ch as c o n s tru ctio n o f dam s and le v e e s , and d redgin g o f ch a n n els) and oth er seg m en ts o f the hou sing in d u stry (su ch as p riv a te o n e -fa m ily and c o lle g e student h o u s in g ). O ther stu dies a re in planning sta g e s. The studies a re being con d u cted in the B u reau o f L a b o r S ta tis tics , D iv is io n o f P r o d u c tiv ity M e a su re m e n t, under the g e n e ra l d ir e c t io n o f L eon G r e e n b e r g , A s s is ta n t C o m m is s io n e r fo r P r o d u c tiv ity and T e c h n o lo g ic a l D e v e lo p m e n ts. T his b u lletin w as p r e p a r e d b y Stanley F . M ille r and P h ilip Jaynes under the s u p e r v is io n o f Ja m es F . W a lk e r. H erm an J. R oth berg w as in ch a rg e o f c o lle c tin g and tabulating the s ta tis tic a l data. The B ureau w ish e s to a ck n ow led ge the g e n e ro u s c o o p e r a tio n o f the H ousing and H om e F in a n ce A g e n cy , the P u b lic H ousing A d m in istra tio n , and the lo c a l housing a u th o ritie s o f the s e v e r a l States f o r m aking a v a ila b le data fo r tabu lation to d e te rm in e o n -s ite la b o r re q u ir e m e n ts . The B ureau a lso w ish es to thank the v a rio u s c o n tr a c to r s who su p p lied data on m a te r ia ls and equipm ent u se d , fr o m w h ich o f f - s it e la b o r re q u ir e m e n ts w e r e ca lcu la te d . i CO NTENTS Page I n t r o d u c t io n ............................................................................................................. N ature o f the s u r v e y ...................................................................................... G en era l su rv e y fin din gs and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ........................................... B uilding c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ....................... B uilding c o s t s ................................................................................................. O n -s ite m a n -h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s .............................................................. * R e q u ire m e n ts by o c c u p a t i o n ...................................................................... A p p re n tice m a n - h o u r s .................................................................................. G e n e ra l and s p e c ia l tra d e s c o n tr a c to r s m a n - h o u r s .......................... The c o s t o f d ir e c t w a g e s .............................................................................. O ff-s it e e m p l o y m e n t .......................................................................................... B u ild e r s 1 o f f - s it e e m p lo y m e n t .................................................................. E m p loy m en t in tra n sp o rta tio n , tra d e , and s e r v i c e ......................... " L a s t m a n u fa ctu rin g sta g e 1 e m p l o y m e n t ........................................... ' E m p loy m en t in se co n d a ry a c t i v i t i e s ............................... C o n stru ctio n t i m e ......................................................................................... E m p loy m en t by co n s tr u ctio n p e r i o d s ................................................... M a te ria ls u s e d ................................................................................................. 1 2 4 6 9 11 14 17 17 20 24 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 A pp en d ix. S cop e and m eth od o f s u r v e y ................................................... C h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f the u n iv e rse and s e le c tio n o f the sa m ple . . M a n -h ou r e stim a te s . .................................................................................. C o lle c tio n o f o n -s ite m a n -h o u r d a t a ....................................................... O ff-s it e m a n - h o u r s .............................................................. S econ d a ry em p loy m en t in a ll i n d u s t r i e s ............................................... T ota l m a n -h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s .................................................. 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 T a b le s: 1. C ost p er squ are fo o t and p e r d w ellin g unit fo r p u blic h ou sin g p r o je c t s , by s e le c te d c h a r a c t e r is tic s and r e g io n , 1959-60 .................................................................................. 2. O n -s ite m a n -h o u r re q u ire m e n ts fo r pu blic h ou sin g p r o je c t s , by s e le c te d c h a r a c t e r is tic s and r e g io n , 1959-60 ................ 3. O n -s ite m a n -h o u r re q u ire m e n ts p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 fo r p u b lic h ou sin g p r o je c t s , by p ro p o r tio n o f lo w e r s k ille d m a n h o u rs , re g io n ,a n d type o f s tru ctu re , 1959-60 ........................ 4 . O n -s ite m a n -h o u r re q u ire m e n ts p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f p u blic h ou sin g co n s tr u c tio n c o s t and p e rce n t d istrib u tio n , by occu p a tio n and r e g io n , 1959-60 ................................................... 5. O n -s ite m a n -h o u r re q u ire m e n ts p er $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f pu b lic h ou sin g c o n s tr u c tio n c o s t and p e rce n t d istrib u tio n , by occu p a tio n and type o f stru ctu re , 1959-60 ............................ 6. A p p re n tice m a n -h o u rs as a p e rce n t of tota l m a n -h o u rs w o r k e d on p u b lic h ou sin g co n s tru ctio n , by o ccu p a tio n , re g io n ,a n d type o f s tru ctu re , 1959-60 ....................................... in 8 12 13 15 16 18 C O N T E N T S - - C o n tin u e d T a b le s --C o n tin u e d 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Page A v e r a g e nu m ber o f s u b co n tr a c to r s p e r p u b lic h ou sin g p r o je c t , by s e le c te d c h a r a c t e r is t ic s and re g io n , 1959-60 ................... P e r c e n t o f tota l o n -s ite m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts fo r pu b lic hou sin g co n s tr u ctio n , by type o f c o n t r a c t o r , re g io n , and type o f s tru ctu re , 1959-60 ................................................... A v e r a g e o n -s it e e a rn in gs fo r p u b lic h ou sin g co n s tr u ctio n p r o je c t s , by s e le c te d c h a r a c t e r is t ic s and re g io n , 1959-60 ...................................... A v e r a g e nu m ber o f w eek s r e q u ir e d fo r co n s tr u ctio n o f p u b lic h ou sin g p r o je c t s , by s e le c te d c h a r a c t e r is t ic s and r e g io n , 1959-60 .......................................................................... P e r c e n t o f o n -s it e em p loy m en t fo r p u blic h ou sing co n s tr u ctio n in each tenth o f total co n s tr u ctio n tim e , by r e g io n and type of stru ctu re, 1959-60 ............................... C ost o f m a te r ia ls p e r $ 1,000 o f p u blic hou sing co n s tr u ctio n co n tra ct, by type o f m a te r ia l and re g io n , 1959-60 ................................................................................. C ost o f m a te r ia ls p e r $ 1 ,000 o f p u blic hou sing co n s tr u ctio n co n tra ct, by m a jo r m a te r ia ls group and type o f s tru ctu re , 1959-60 C h a rts: 1. D istrib u tion o f 236 m a n -h o u rs fo r ea ch $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f pu b lic hou sing c o n s tr u ctio n co n tra ct, 1959-60 ................................... 2. P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n o f o n -s ite w a g es and m a te r ia ls u se d fo r ea ch $ 1 ,000 o f p u blic hou sin g co n s tr u ctio n co n tra ct, 1959-60 .............................................................................. 3. P e r c e n t o f o n -s ite m a n -h o u rs w o rk e d in e a ch d e c ile o f co n s tr u ctio n tim e , 1959-60 IV 19 22 23 29 30 32 36 5 7 31 L A B O R AN D M A T E R IA L REQ U IREM EN TS F O R P U B L IC HOUSING CONSTRUCTION In trod u ction N ew c o n s tr u ctio n is a m a jo r com p on en t o f the N a tio n 's output o f goods and s e r v ic e s and an im p orta n t s o u r c e o f e m p lo y m e n t. J ob s a re c r e a t e d not o n ly at c o n s tr u c tio n s ite s but a ls o in m a n y m a n u fa ctu rin g, tra d e , s e r v ic e , and tra n sp o rta tio n in d u strie s w hich m a k e, s e ll, and d e liv e r m a te r ia ls r e q u ire d in c o n s tr u ctio n p r o c e s s e s . B e ca u se o f its fa r -r e a c h in g em p loy m en t im p a ct, a v ig o r o u s c o n s tr u c tio n in d u stry is re g a r d e d as a sig n ifica n t a id in a v oid in g c y c lic a l u n em p loym en t. The B u reau o f L a b o r S ta tistics has un dertaken a s e r ie s o f stu d ies in o r d e r to m e a s u r e la b o r re q u ir e m e n ts fo r v a rio u s seg m en ts o f the c o n s t r u c tion in d u stry . C o n stru ctio n o f p u b lic h ou sin g w a s s e le c te d fo r study b e ca u se this seg m en t r e p r e s e n ts one w h ich co u ld be sig n ifica n tly a ffe c te d by g o v e r n m en ta l a ctio n . The P u b lic H ousing A d m in istra tio n in its 16th annual r e p o r t in d ica te s that a s s is ta n c e had b een p ro v id e d , fr o m 1937 through 1962, to m o r e than 1 ,8 0 0 co m m u n itie s fo r co n s tr u ctio n o f about 6 4 5 ,0 0 0 d w ellin g units to p r o vid e su itable liv in g q u a rte rs f o r lo w -in c o m e fa m ilie s . A t the end o f 1962, som e 11 9,0 00 a d d ition al units w e r e in planning o r c o n s tr u ctio n sta g e s. E x p en d itu res fo r c o n s tr u c tio n o f p u blic h ou sin g (F e d e r a l p r o g r a m s plus State and lo c a l p r o g r a m s ) am ounted to a p p ro x im a te ly $840 m illio n during 1961. D u ring the y e a r , about 52, 000 new p u b lic h ou sin g units w e r e sta rte d . Annual ex p en d itu res fo r new , p riv a te re s id e n tia l units a v e ra g e d $ 1 5 . 6 b illio n o v e r the p ast 5 y e a r s . P u b lic h ou sin g ex p en d itu res o v e r the sam e p e r io d a v e ra g e d $ 800 m i l l i o n .1 T he 1 9 6 0 's w ill be y e a r s o f u n p re ce d e n te d p opu lation grow th. H ousing n eed s w ill in c r e a s e t r e m e n d o u s ly --it is e stim a te d that b y 1969, the annual net gain in h ou se h o ld fo rm a tio n m a y re a c h 1 .3 m illio n . By 1970, the count o f h ou seh old s m a y show a net gain fo r the d eca d e o f 9. 2 m illio n . 2 W ith the e x p e c te d a c c e le r a t io n o f p r o g r a m s fo r highw ay co n s tr u ctio n and fo r u rban re n e w a l, lo s s e s to the p r e s e n tly e x istin g h ou sin g supply can be e x p e cte d to e x c e e d the 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 a y e a r a v e ra g e fo r the 1 9 5 0 's. Som e p o rtio n o f 16 m illio n fa m ilie s who w e r e ill-h o u s e d in I960 w ill o f n e c e s s it y be r e h o u se d d u rin g the d e ca d e . C ontinuation o f the v olu m e o f h ou sin g p ro d u ctio n at the I960 le v e l w ou ld le a v e the co u n try fa r sh ort o f its n e e d s. T o m ake any ^ . S . D ep a rtm en t o f C o m m e r c e , C o n stru ctio n R e v ie w , J u ly 1962. 2H H FA, 16th Annual R e p o rt, 1962, p. 13. 2 sig n ifica n t p r o g r e s s to w a rd m e e tin g th ese n e e d s, it is e stim a te d that p r o d u c tion m u st re a ch the annual rate o f 2 m illio n dw ellin g units b y the end o f the d e ca d e . P u b lic h ou sin g , shou ld it m ain tain its h is t o r ic a l sh a re o f th is ra te , w ou ld be p rod u cin g 10 0,0 00 units a n n u a lly .3 T he m a jo r sh are o f our in c r e a s in g hou sing n eed s w ill have to be p r o v id ed by new co n s tr u c tio n . T h is new c o n s tr u ctio n w ill in v o lv e b u ild e rs , p r e fa b r ic a t o r s , m a te r ia l p r o d u c e r s , m o rtg a g e le n d e r s , and o th e rs , as w e ll as F e d e r a l, State, and lo c a l g o v e rn m e n ts. N ature o f the S u rv ey T h is r e p o r t is b a se d on fin d in gs o f a su rv e y o f 31 pu b lic h ou sin g p r o j e c ts w h ich w e r e a d m in is te re d by the P u b lic H ousing A d m in istra tio n . P r o je c t s w e r e s e le c te d in v a r io u s States to be re p re s e n ta tiv e o f fou r b ro a d g e o g ra p h ica l r e g io n s o f the co n te rm in o u s U nited S t a t e s .4 T he su rv e y w a s d e sig n e d p r im a r ily to d e te rm in e m a n -h o u rs r e q u ir e d b y a fix e d d o lla r volu m e ($ 1, 000) o f pu b lic h ou sin g c o n s tr u ctio n . M a n -h o u rs , a s d efin ed by the su rv e y , in clu d e both o n -s it e co n s tr u ctio n em p loy m en t and o f f - s i t e em p loy m en t r e q u ir e d to p ro d u ce and d e liv e r m a te r ia ls u se d in c o n stru c tio n . Data fo r o n -s it e la b o r in clu d e m a n -h o u r s fo r s u p e r v is o r y , e n g i n e e rin g , c le r ic a l, and cu sto d ia l e m p lo y e e s at c o n s tr u c tio n site s and th ose fo r w o r k e r s in ea ch co n s tr u ctio n tra d e . Data w e r e a ls o obtain ed on w a g es p a id and tim in g o f e m p lo y m e n t. In fo rm a tio n fo r o f f - s it e la b o r in clu d e s e m p loy m en t in a c tiv itie s o f c o n t r a c t o r s such as o ffic e and w a re h o u sin g ; building m a te r ia ls and equipm ent m a n u fa ctu re and d istrib u tio n ; and fin a lly , e m p lo y m en t in a ll oth er in d u strie s w h ich a re a ffe c te d d ir e c t ly o r in d ir e c tly by p r o d uction and d istrib u tio n o f bu ildin g m a te r ia ls fr o m raw m a te r ia ls to the fin al m a n u fa ctu rin g sta g e. C erta in ty p es o f em p loy m en t, h o w e v e r, a re not c o v e r e d by the su rv e y . M a n -h o u rs expen ded on p re p a ra tio n o f plans and s p e c ific a tio n s fo r p r o je c t s a re ex clu d ed , as is la b o r tim e in v o lv e d in in sta lla tio n s b y p u b lic u tility e m p lo y e e s , site p re p a ra tio n , la n d sca p in g , and stre e t and se w e r w o r k not c o v e r e d 3H HFA, 14th Annual R e p o r t , I960, p . 16. 4The States in clu d e d in each o f the r e g io n s a re as fo llo w s : N o rth e a st- C on n ecticu t, M a in e, M a ssa ch u se tts, New H a m p sh ire , N ew J e r s e y , New Y o rk , P en n sy lv a n ia , R hode Isla n d , and V e rm o n t; N orth C e n t r a l--I llin o is , Indiana, -Io w a , K a n sas, M ich ig a n , M in n esota , M is s o u r i, N eb ra sk a , N orth D akota, O h io, South Dakota, and W is c o n s in ; S o u th --A la b a m a , A rk a n s a s , D e la w a re , D is tr ic t o f C olu m b ia , F lo r id a , G e o r g ia , K entucky, L o u isia n a , M a ry la n d , M is s is s ip p i, N orth C a ro lin a , O klahom a, South C a ro lin a , T e n n e s s e e , T e x a s , V irg in ia , and W est V irg in ia ; W e s t --A r iz o n a , C a lifo rn ia , C o lo r a d o , Idaho, M ontana, N evada, N ew M e x ic o , O re g o n , Utah, W ashington, and W y om in g . 3 by c o n s tr u ctio n c o n t r a c t s . E stim a te s w e r e m ade o f la b o r g e n e ra te d by m on ey expen ded fo r c o n t r a c t o r s 1 o v e rh e a d . The m a jo r p o r tio n o f such o v e r head c o n s is ts o f a d m in istra tiv e s a la r ie s . O v erh ea d it e m s , such as ren t, b on d s, in s u ra n ce , ta xes (including p a y r o ll ta x e s ), w e lfa r e p a y m e n ts, and o ffic e su p p lies g e n e ra te r e la tiv e ly little e m p lo y m e n t. E m p loy m en t cre a te d by the resp en d in g o f w a g es and p r o fits o f w o r k e r s and th e ir e m p lo y e r s - the m u ltip lie r e f f e c t - - w a s not c o n s id e r e d w ithin the sco p e o f th is study. A lthough the p r im a r y o b je c tiv e o f this study w as the d e te rm in a tio n of la b o r re q u ire m e n ts f o r co n s tr u ctio n o f p u b lic h ou sin g p r o je c t s in the United S tates, ex a m in a tion o f re g io n a l d iffe r e n c e s w as u n dertaken . P u b lic hou sing co n s tr u ctio n in e v e r y r e g io n o f the cou n try is fa c e d with the sam e b a s ic p r o b le m , but it is dealt with in d iffe re n t w a y s. The p r o b le m is to p ro v id e the d e s ir e d nu m ber and quality o f dw ellin g units at the lo w e s t p o s s ib le c o s t . T h is r e q u ir e s that d e sig n and co n s tr u c tio n o f p r o je c t s be adapted to the p a r tic u la r c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f ea ch lo c a lit y - - t h e c o s t s o f la b o r and m a te r ia ls , the am ount o f sp a ce a v a ila b le , and o th e r fa c t o r s such as clim a te and t o p o g raphy. Since a ll o f th ese c h a r a c t e r is t ic s v a r y fr o m re g io n to r e g io n , the type o f p r o je c t co n s tr u cte d w ill d iffe r . In the N orth ea st re g io n , fo r in sta n ce , the p r im a r y need is f o r la r g e n u m b ers o f dw ellin g units lo ca te d in co n g e ste d m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s . T h is re q u ir e m e n t, co m b in e d w ith high w age r a te s , has lea d to the c o n s tr u ctio n o f m u ltis to r y r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e b u ild in g s. Such bu ild in gs a re m o s t e c o n o m ic a l b e ca u se they use a m in im u m am ount o f sp a ce and p e r m it m a xim u m u se o f la b o r saving tech n iqu es in c o n s tr u ctio n . In a d iffe re n t re g io n , such as the South, the r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te stru ctu re m a y not be the m o s t e c o n o m ic a l. L o a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y o r w ood stru c tu re s a re fa v o r e d fo r sou th ern p r o je c t s b e ca u se th ere is le s s n eed to c o n s e r v e s p a c e , w age ra tes a re lo w e r , and a v e ra g e p r o je c t s iz e is s m a ll. In oth er re g io n s o f the cou n try , th ere is a m o r e even d istrib u tio n o f s tru ctu ra l ty p e s , r e f l e c t ing m o r e lo c a l v a ria tio n in hou sing re q u ir e m e n ts and c o n s tr u c tio n co n d itio n s . B eca u se o f v a ria tio n s in m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts b etw een re g io n s and w ithin re g io n s by s tru ctu ra l ty p e , cau tion m u st be u se d in p r o je c tin g the r e sults o f this study to future y e a r s . If the re g io n a l o r stru c tu ra l d istrib u tio n o f p r o je c t s chan ges in the fu tu re , then a v e ra g e m a n -h o u r re q u ire m e n ts w ou ld a ls o ch an ge. A m o r e d eta iled d e s c r ip t io n o f the sco p e o f the su r v e y and m eth od o f sa m p le s e le c tio n is g iv en in the appendix. 4 G e n e ra l S u rvey F in din gs and C h a r a c t e r is t ic s C on stru ctio n o f p u b lic housing p r o je c t s in 19 59 -6 0 c r e a te d 236 m a n h ou rs o f em p loy m en t fo r ea ch $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s tr u c tio n co n tra ct c o s t . E m p lo y m ent at the co n s tr u ctio n site s a cco u n te d f o r 114 m a n -h o u r s , w h ile 122 m a n h ou rs w e re re q u ir e d fo r v a rio u s o f f - s it e a c t iv it ie s . (See ch a rt 1 .) The la tte r in clu d ed a ll em p loy m en t re q u ir e d to p ro d u ce and d e liv e r m a te r ia ls and e q u ip m ent in s ta lle d by o n -s it e w o r k e r s in add ition to the em p loy m en t re q u ir e d by c o n s tr u ctio n c o n t r a c t o r s fo r a d m in istra tiv e , w a re h o u sin g , and c e rta in oth er o f f - s it e o p e r a tio n s . O ff-s it e m a n -h o u rs (e x ce p t th ose fo r the co n s tr u ctio n in d u stry) a re d e v e lo p e d fr o m c o s t data rela tin g to the value o f m a te r ia ls u sed at co n s tr u ctio n site s (including ren tal c o s t s o r d e p r e c ia tio n ch a rg e s fo r c o n stru c tio n eq u ip m en t). T ota l m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts w e r e d istrib u te d as fo llo w s : M a n -h o u rs p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n s tr u c tio n co n tra ct N um ber P ercen t 236 100 O n -s ite c o n s t r u c t i o n .............................. 114 48 O f f - s i t e .......... . .............................................. C o n stru ctio n . ................................. .. . . . M anufacturing . . ...................................... T ra n s p o rta tio n , tr a d e , and s e r v ic e O ther in d u strie s (including m inin g) 122 12 64 36 10 52 5 28 15 4 T ota l . . . . . . . ............................... A v e r a g e co n s tr u c tio n c o s t (exclu d in g site p re p a ra tio n and planning co s ts ) o f p u b lic housing p r o je c t s studied w as about $ 1 .3 m illio n . C o n s tr u c tion o f th ese p r o je c t s w as a c c o m p lis h e d during the p e r io d fr o m e a r ly 1959 to m id d le 1961; h o w e v e r , the g r e a te r p o r tio n took p la ce during 1 9 5 9 -6 0 . Length o f c o n s tr u ctio n tim e f o r the a v e ra g e p r o je c t studied w as 58 w e e k s , thus p r o viding the equivalent o f continuous w o rk f o r about 74 w o r k e r s (83 m a n -y e a r s ) at co n s tr u ctio n s it e s , and fo r a slig h tly l e s s e r am ount o f e m p loy m en t in o f f - s it e a c t i v i t i e s .5 5The annual em p loy m en t e stim a te o f c o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r s is b a se d on 50 tim e s the 1959 a v e ra g e em p loy m en t in co n tra ct building co n s tr u ctio n w o rk o f 3 5 .8 h ou rs p e r w eek as re p o r te d in the B u re a u 's E arn in g s and H ours S e r ie s . F o r oth er types o f e m p lo y m e n t, 2 ,0 0 0 h o u rs w e r e c o n s id e r e d as 1 y e a r fs e m p loy m e n t. Chart 1 Distribution of 236 Man-Hours for Each $1,000 . of Public Housing Construction Contract, 1959-60 PRIMARY > MAN-HOURS Transportation, Trade and Services (192) t Last Manufacturing Stage SECONDARY *■ Transportation, Manufacturing UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Trade and Services > MAN-HOURS All Other Industries (44) 6 D uring re ce n t y e a r s , about $800 m illio n have b e e n expended annually f o r co n s tr u ctio n o f p u b lic h ou sin g . At the cu rre n t ra te , t h e r e fo r e , such c o n s tru c tio n has cre a te d about 5 1 ,0 0 0 jo b s annually f o r o n -s it e a c tiv itie s and a p p ro x im a te ly 4 9 ,0 0 0 fo r re la te d o f f - s it e w o rk . In o r d e r to m e e t the a n t ic i pated annual need fo r p u b lic h ou sin g , co n s tr u ctio n and re la te d em p loy m en t w ou ld need to be su b sta n tia lly g r e a te r than cu rre n t le v e ls . The study d is c lo s e d w ide v a ria tio n s in m a n -h o u r and m a te r ia ls r e q u irem en ts am ong p r o je c t s , r e fle ctin g d iffe r e n c e s in s iz e o f p r o je c t , g e o g ra p h ica l lo c a tio n , and lo c a l p r a c t ic e s . M ark ed d iffe r e n c e s w e r e noted in such re la te d item s as a v e ra g e h o u rly e a rn in gs and site w a g es as a p e r c e n t age o f co n s tr u ctio n c o s t . M a te ria l p u rch a s e s am ounted 4 7 .5 p e rce n t o f the c o n s tr u ctio n d o lla r expen ded , w h ile w a g es fo r o n -s it e m a n -h o u rs w e re 3 5 .5 p e r c e n t. (See ch art 2 .) E arn in gs fo r o n -s it e la b o r f o r a ll p r o je c t s a v e ra g e d $ 3. 14 p e r h ou r. Building C h a r a c te r is tic s The 31 housing p r o je c t s s e le c te d fo r study v a r ie d in s iz e fr o m one w ith 10 d w ellin g units to one containing a lm o st 1 ,0 0 0 . Square fe e t o f f lo o r a re a ranged fr o m 9 ,0 0 0 to o v e r 1 m illio n . C o n stru ctio n co n tra ct co s ts ranged fr o m $ 1 1 3 ,0 0 0 to about $11 m illio n . C o n stru ctio n c o s ts p e r square fo o t and p e r d w ellin g unit ranged fr o m about $ 8 to $15 and a p p ro x im a te ly $ 8 ,0 0 0 to $ 1 3 ,0 0 0 , r e s p e c t iv e ly . C osts p e r square fo o t and p e r dw ellin g unit by re g io n and by s e le c te d c h a r a c t e r is t ic s a re p re s e n te d in table 1. A v e r a g e siz e and c o n s tr u ctio n c o s t o f p r o je c t s studied w e r e as fo llo w s : A verage N um ber o f d w ellin g units ........................................................................ F lo o r a rea (sq u a re f e e t ) ........................................................ . . . . . . . . C on stru ction co n tra ct c o s t .............. ....................................................... C o n stru ctio n c o s t p e r d w ellin g u n i t ................................................... C on stru ction c o s t p e r square f o o t ........................................................ 125 124, 000 $ 1 ,3 2 4 , 000 $ 1 0 ,5 98 $ 10. 68 P r o je c t s can be c la s s ifie d by stru ctu ra l type into th ree c a t e g o r ie s : r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e , lo a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y , and w o o d . E ach o f the th ree typ es has a slig h tly d iffe re n t m ix tu re o f m a n -h o u r and m a te r ia ls r e q u ir e m en ts a s s o c ia te d w ith its co n s tr u ctio n . R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e is g e n e ra lly u sed fo r co n s tr u ctio n o f m u ltis to r y , e le v a to r -e q u ip p e d b u ild in g s. A ll o f the r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te p r o je c t s w e r e lo c a te d in m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s , c o m p a re d to 50 p e rce n t o f the w ood and 38 p e rce n t o f the lo a d -b e a r in g m a s o n ry p r o je c t s . R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te p r o je c t s r e p re s e n te d 45 p e r c e n t o f a ll dw ellin g u n its, fo llo w e d by lo a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y , 30 p e r c e n t, and w o o d w ith 13 p e r cen t. P r o je c t s containing a m ix tu re o f s tru c tu ra l typ es w e r e co n s tru cte d o f Chart 2. Percent Distribution of On-Site Wages and Materials Used for Each $1,000 of Public Housing Construction Contract, 1959-60 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS T a b le 1. C ost p e r Square F oot and p e r D w elling Unit f o r P u b lic H ousing P r o je c t s , b y S e le c te d C h a r a c te r is tic s and R e g io n , 1 9 5 9 -6 0 1 South United States O ther r e g io n s 2 C o st p e r - - C h a r a c t e r is t ic Square fo o t D w elling unit Square fo o t D w ellin g unit Square fo o t D w ellin g unit ...................... $ 1 0 .6 8 $ 1 0 ,5 9 8 $ 9 . 36 $ 9 ,4 0 2 $ 1 1 .5 1 $ 1 1 ,3 4 1 C o n s tru c tio n c o s t g rou p : U nder $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ................. $ 1 ,0 0 0 , 0 0 0 -$ 1 ,9 9 9 , 999 . . . $ 2, 000, 000 and o v e r ............ $ 1 0 .9 2 10 .7 3 1 0 .6 5 $ 1 0 ,1 5 5 1 0 ,9 6 6 10,661 $ 1 0 .0 4 1 0 .2 4 7. 60 $ 9 ,4 6 2 1 0 ,2 4 9 8 ,4 9 5 $ 12. 07 1 1 .0 6 1 1 .5 7 $ 1 1 ,7 2 2 1 1 ,4 5 8 11,221 1 1 .3 2 9 .6 3 10. 12 1 1 ,1 8 8 9 ,9 6 2 9 ,7 9 2 9. 13 9 .9 8 9 ,4 0 9 9 ,3 8 5 1 1 .3 2 11.21 1 0 .4 5 1 1 ,1 8 8 1 1 ,8 3 3 1 0 ,8 4 8 A ll p r o je c t s . . T ype o f s t r u c t u r e :3 R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e . • 0 • < . > L o a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y • . . • WOOd............ .. • O0 • • OO. . 0 . • O 1A lthough c o n s tr u c tio n on som e p r o je c t s extended into 1961, m o s t c o n s tr u c tio n w as p e r fo r m e d in 1 9 5 9 -6 0 . in s u f f ic ie n t data to w a rra n t sep a ra te p re se n ta tio n b y c h a r a c t e r is t ic s f o r the oth er th ree r e g io n s . 3D o e s not in clu d e tw o p r o je c t s having a m ix tu re o f d iffe re n t ty p es o f s tr u c tu r e s . 9 m ix tu re s o f w oo d and r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te u n its. T he N orth ea st r e g io n had a p re p o n d e ra n ce o f r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te p r o je c t s , lo c a te d n ea r such c it ie s as New Y o r k and P h ila d elp h ia . In the N orth C en tra l and W e ste rn r e g io n s , the th ree stru ctu ra l ty p e s w e r e m o r e ev en ly d istrib u te d . T h e r e w e r e no r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e p r o je c t s in the South; m o s t o f the d w ellin g units w e r e c o n s tr u cte d o f lo a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y . T he type o f stru ctu re u se d by p r o j e cts in the d iffe re n t r e g io n s is s tro n g ly dependent on the extent to w h ich co n s tr u ctio n takes p la ce in m e tro p o lita n a r e a s . In the South, 79 p e rce n t o f a ll p r o je c t s studied w e r e lo ca te d in n on m etrop olita n a r e a s ; in re g io n s ou tside the South, on ly 12 p e rce n t o f the p r o je c t s w e r e in such a r e a s . A bou t o n e -fifth o f a ll p r o je c t s c o n s is te d o f bu ildin gs co n s tru cte d w ith w ood flo o r in g (m o s tly fo r se co n d s to r y f lo o r s in t w o -s t o r ie d b u ild in g s). C o n cre te c o v e r e d with r e s ilie n t tile w as u se d in a ll b u ild in g s, e x ce p t in two p r o je c t s , fo r ground le v e l f lo o r s . B uildings in about 50 p e rce n t o f the p r o je c t s w e r e co n s tr u cte d w ith b u ilt-u p ro o fin g p la ce d on c o n c r e te o r w o o d . T h o s e in the oth er h a lf had w ood en r o o fs c o v e r e d w ith a s b e s to s sh in g le s. R o o fin g on b uildings in one p r o je c t w as c la y tile p la ce d on c o n c r e t e . A r e a s fo r a d m in istra tiv e a c tiv itie s o r com m u n ity s e r v ic e s w e r e p ro v id e d fo r in o n e -s ix th o f the p r o je c t s . B uilding C osts T a b le 1 p re se n ts two d iffe re n t m e a s u r e s o f building c o s t , e x p r e s s e d as c o s t p er square fo o t and c o s t p er dw ellin g unit. T he re la tio n sh ip s shown v a ry slig h tly b e ca u se o f d iffe r e n c e s fr o m the national a v e ra g e o f 992 square fe e t p e r d w ellin g unit. The fo llo w in g tabu lation s show la b o r and m a te r ia ls c o s t s p e r squ are fo o t by re g io n s and b y stru ctu ra l ty p e s. L a b o r and m a te r ia ls c o s t p e r square fo o t b y - ______________________ re g io n _______________________ United N o rth - N orth States ea st C en tra l South W est T o t a l ...................................... L a b o r c o s t ............................... M a te r ia ls c o s t . ..................... O v erh ea d and p r o f i t s .......... $ 1 0 .6 8 3 .7 9 5 .0 7 1 .8 2 $ 1 0 .9 1 4 .0 1 4 .8 6 2 .0 4 $ 1 2 .2 5 4 .5 6 5 .6 3 2 .0 6 $ 9 .3 6 3 .1 4 4 .7 4 1 .4 8 $ 1 2 .9 0 4 .6 0 6 .6 2 1 .6 8 __________________T ype o f stru ctu re ______________ R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te T o t a l ...................................... L a b o r c o s t ............................... M a te ria ls c o s t ........................ O v erh ea d and p r o f i t s .......... L o a d -b e a r in g m ason ry W ood $ 1 1 .3 2 4 . 19 5 .0 0 2. 13 $ 9 .6 3 3 .4 5 4 .8 2 1 .3 6 $ 1 0 .1 2 3 .1 8 5. 11 1 .8 3 10 The d iffe r e n c e in c o s t b etw een re g io n s p r o b a b ly re s u lts fr o m the in te ra ctio n o f s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . H igh er c o s t s in the W e ste rn and N orth C e n tr a l re g io n s m a y be due in p art to g r e a te r d ista n ce s fr o m s o u r c e s o f supply fo r so m e m a t e r ia ls , w ith con sequ en t h ig h e r shipping c o s t s . L o w e r c o s ts p e r sq u a re fo o t in the South cou ld re su lt fr o m a co m b in a tio n o f lo w e r w age c o s t s and s m a lle r ex p en d itu res fo r such ite m s as in su la tion and heating p la n ts, b e ca u se o f the m ild e r clim a te . C ost is in flu e n ce d by the type o f building c o n s tr u c te d , as r e fle c t e d not on ly by the b a s ic s tru c tu ra l ty p e , but by d iffe r e n c e s in d e s ig n q u a lities and d u ra b ility . C o sts p e r dw ellin g unit by r e g io n a re as fo llo w s : C ost p e r dw ellin g unit United S t a t e s ............ N o r t h e a s t ................... N orth C e n t r a l .......... S o u t h ............................ W e s t.......................... . . $ 1 0 ,5 9 8 1 1 ,1 9 2 1 1 ,3 6 7 9 ,4 0 2 11,951 C ost fig u r e s show n in this study apply to c o n s tr u c tio n c o s t o n ly . T h ey do not in clu d e e x p e n se s f o r planning, a c q u is itio n o f lan d , o r site p re p a ra tio n . A ls o , th ese fig u r e s r e f e r to in itia l c o s t . In o r d e r to m ake c o m p a r is o n s b e tw een d iffe re n t s tru c tu ra l types as to w h ich is m o s t e c o n o m ic a l, one w ould a ls o have to c o n s id e r lo n g -r a n g e f a c t o r s . The p r o je c t type w h ich is ch e a p e st to c o n s tr u ct m a y not be the b e st v a lu e , b e ca u s e o f l e s s e r d u ra b ility o r h ig h er m ain ten a n ce c o s t s in the long run. 11 O n -S ite M a n -H ou r R e q u ire m e n ts M a n -h ou r re q u ir e m e n ts p er d o lla r o f co n s tr u ctio n c o s t a re ob tain ed by d ividin g tota l o n -s it e m a n -h o u rs r e p o r te d by total c o n s tr u ctio n c o s t . T h is re s u lt is in turn m u ltip lie d by 1, 000 in o r d e r to d e te rm in e re q u ir e m e n ts fo r ea ch $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f co n s tr u ctio n c o s t . F o r p r o je c t s studied, m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m en ts v a r ie d fr o m a low o f 64 to a high o f 192. T he United States a v e ra g e w as 114 (tab le 2). The m o s t sig n ifica n t re g io n a l v a ria tio n w as the high nu m ber o f m a n h ou rs r e q u ir e d fo r p r o je c t s in the South. T h e re w e r e at le a s t th ree r e a s o n s fo r th is. F ir s t , sou th ern p r o je c t s had a sm a ll a v e ra g e s iz e . T h is m ean t that th ere w a s le s s op p ortu n ity to u se la b o r s a v in g equipm ent and p r o c e d u r e s . S econ d , m o s t o f the p r o je c t s co n s tr u c te d in the South w e r e built o f lo a d b e a rin g m a s o n r y . T h is stru ctu ra l type tends to have h ig h er m a n -h o u r r e q u irem en ts than w o o d o r r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e . T he S ou th 's in c r e a s e d u t ili zation o f la b o r to o k p la ce m o s tly in the u n sk illed and s e m is k ille d c a t e g o r ie s (table 3). In this re g io n , th e re w as le s s ten d en cy to u se m o r e la b o r on southern p r o je c t s in sk ille d c a t e g o r ie s , such as ca rp e n try o r b rick la y in g , p o s s ib ly b e ca u se it is m o r e d ifficu lt to substitute equipm ent fo r sk ille d la b o r , w h e re a s a d itch d iggin g m a ch in e can be substituted fo r an u n sk ille d d itc h d ig g e r. W hen la b o r re q u ir e m e n ts a re e x p r e s s e d as m a n -h o u rs p e r 1 ,0 0 0 square fe e t o r p e r dw ellin g unit, the p ictu re is slig h tly d iffe re n t. R e g io n a l v a ria tio n s a re in the sam e d ir e c tio n but o f le s s e r m agn itu de. M a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts in the South a re 43 p e rce n t h ig h er p er $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s tr u c tio n co n tra ct c o s t ; 17 p e rce n t h ig h er p er 1 ,0 0 0 squ are fe e t; and 19 p e rce n t h igh er p e r sw e llin g unit than the a v e ra g e fo r the r e s t o f the U nited S tates. M a n -h ou r re q u ir e m e n ts appear to be lo w e r fo r la r g e r p r o je c t s . The re a s o n fo r th is is that such p r o je c t s a ffo r d g re a te r op portu n ity fo r the u se o f la b o rs a v in g equipm ent, such as c r a n e s , h o is ts , and c o n v e y o r s . A ls o , o r g a n i zation and m an agem en t m a y be m o r e e ffic ie n t on the la r g e r p r o je c t s . It a p p e a r s that the fa c to r o f p r o je c t siz e e x e rts it s e lf m o s t s tro n g ly on the v e r y sm a ll p r o je c t s , w h ich have quite high m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts , and on the v e ry la r g e p r o je c t s , w h ere substantial sa vin gs in m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts a re a ch ie v e d . F o r p r o je c t s in the in t e r m e d ia te -s iz e ran ge th e re is not as stron g a re la tio n sh ip betw een siz e and m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts . A n oth er s o u r ce o f v a ria tio n s in m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts is type o f stru c tu re . R e q u ire m e n ts a re lo w e s t fo r r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e , next h ig h est fo r w ood , and h ig h est fo r lo a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y . It is not c le a r , h o w e v e r , w heth er th ese v a ria tio n s a re due to inherent stru ctu ra l d iffe r e n c e s , o r if they a re m a in ly a r e s u lt o f adju stm en ts to re g io n a l v a ria tio n s in w age r a te s . W here c o m p a r is o n s w ithin the sam e re g io n a re p o s s ib le , lo a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y has slig h tly h ig h er m a n -h o u r re q u ire m e n ts than the oth er stru ctu ra l ty p e s . A c o m p a r is o n o f m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts betw een w o o d and r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te T a b le 2. O n -S ite M a n -H ou r R e q u ire m e n ts fo r P u b lic H ousing P r o je c t s , by S e le c te d C h a r a c te r is tic s and R e g io n , 1 9 5 9 -6 0 1 U nited States O ther re g io n s 2 South M a n -h o u rs p e r - - C h a r a c t e r is t ic $ 1 ,0 0 0 of cost 1,000 D w e ll $ 1 ,0 0 0 square ing of fe e t unit cost 1,000 D w e ll $ 1 ,0 0 0 squ are ing of fe e t unit cost 1, 000 D w e ll squ are ing fe e t unit A ll p r o j e c t s .......................... 113. 7 1, 214 1, 205 142. 1 1, 331 1, 336 99. 1 1, 140 1, 124 C o n s tru c tio n c o s t group: U nder $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 .............. $ 1 ,0 0 0 , 0 0 0 - $ 1 , 9 9 9 ,9 9 9 . . $ 2, 0 0 0 ,0 0 0 and o v e r .......... 1 3 9 .8 116. 1 99. 2 1 ,4 9 2 1,2 4 6 1,0 5 7 1 ,4 1 9 1, 273 1 ,0 5 8 160. 3 1 2 7 .9 121. 6 1 ,6 0 9 1, 309 924 1, 516 1, 311 1 ,0 3 3 1 0 2 .4 1 0 8 .9 94. 8 1, 236 1, 204 1 ,0 9 6 1, 200 1, 247 1 ,0 6 4 T y p e o f s t r u c tu r e :3 R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e .......... L o a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y . . . W o o d ....... ................................... 94. 2 137. 9 12 4.5 1,0 6 6 1, 326 1, 260 1 ,0 5 4 1, 374 1, 219 143. 6 138. 5 1, 311 1, 382 1, 351 1, 300 94. 2 122. 7 9 3 .0 1 ,0 6 6 1 ,3 7 6 971 1 ,0 5 4 1 ,4 5 2 1 ,0 0 8 — — 1A lthough c o n s tr u c tio n on som e p r o je c ts extended into 1961, m o s t c o n s tr u ctio n w as p e r fo r m e d during 1 9 5 9 -6 0 , in s u f f ic ie n t data to w a rra n t separate p resen ta tion b y c h a r a c t e r is t ic s fo r the oth er th ree r e g io n s . 3D oes not in clu d e tw o p r o je c t s having a m ix tu re o f d iffe re n t ty p es o f s tr u c tu r e s . 13 T a b le 3. O n -S ite M a n -H ou r R e q u ire m e n ts p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 fo r P u b lic H ousing P r o je c ts , b y P r o p o r t io n o f L o w e r S k ille d M a n -H o u rs, R e g io n yand T yp e o f S tru ctu re, 1 9 5 9 -6 0 1 P e r c e n t lo w e r s k ille d m a n -h o u r s o f total M a n -h o u rs p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s tr u c tio n c o s t A ll types R e in fo r c e d con crete L oadb e a rin g m a s o n ry W ood 113. 7 94. 2 137. 9 124. 5 9 6 .0 115.0 13 8.7 1 6 0 .4 8 5 .8 1 0 8 .4 8 9 .5 1 0 6 .4 1 3 8 .5 -- 122. 7 1 3 4 .4 138. 9 1 6 0 .4 .......................... 142. 1 _- 1 4 3 .6 138. 5 and t i n d e r .......................... to 3 5 .0 ............................... to 4 5 .0 ............................... and o v e r ............................ 1 3 4 .4 1 3 8 .7 1 6 0 .4 1 3 8 .5 -- 1 3 4 .4 1 3 8 .9 1 6 0 .4 O ther r e g io n s , 2 to ta l . . . . 9 9 .1 94. 2 122. 7 93. 0 9 6 .0 1 0 8 .2 85. 8 1 0 8 .4 122. 7 8 9 .5 1 0 6 .4 -- -“ — U nited S tates, t o t a l ............ 2 5 .0 25. 1 35. 1 45. 1 and u n d e r .......................... to 3 5 .0 ............................... to 4 5 .0 .............. ............... and o v e r . . . . ............ .. . . South, tota l 2 5 .0 2 5 .1 35. 1 4 5. 1 2 5 .0 25. 1 35. 1 45. 1 and u n d e r ............................ to 3 5 .0 ................... ............. to 4 5 .0 ................................. and o v e r ............................... — 1A lthough c o n s tr u ctio n on som e p r o je c t s extended into 1961, m o s t c o n s tr u ctio n w as p e r fo r m e d in 1 9 5 9 -6 0 . in s u ffic ie n t data to w a rra n t sep a ra te p re se n ta tio n b y c h a r a c t e r is t ic s fo r the oth er th ree r e g io n s . 14 is not as d efin ite . F o r the United States as a w h o le , r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e has lo w e r m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts , but this is due la r g e ly to the in flu en ce o f high m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts fo r w o o d stru ctu re s in the South. T he two ty p es have v e r y s im ila r la b o r re q u ir e m e n ts ou tsid e the South. It is in te re s tin g to note the sharp d iffe r e n c e s in m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts fo r w o o d stru ctu re s betw een the South and the r e s t o f the U nited S ta tes. The lo w e r m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts in r e g io n s oth er than the South a re p a rtly due to g re a te r u se o f p r e fa b r ic a te d w a ll and r o o f s e c t io n s . T h e r e is le s s d iffe r e n c e betw een r e g io n s in m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts fo r lo a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y s tr u c tu r e s . T h is su g g ests that th e re m a y be le s s sco p e fo r the in tro d u ctio n o f la b o r saving tech n iq u es in the c o n s tr u ctio n o f th ese b u ild in g s. It m a y be m o r e d ifficu lt to m ake u se o f such in n ovation s as p r e fa b r ic a tio n in the c o n s tr u ctio n o f lo a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y s tr u c tu r e s . C o m p a r is o n o f m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts by r e g io n s is show n in the fo llo w in g ta bu lation : R e g io n a l c o m p a r is o n s o f m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts U nited States M a n -h o u rs p e r - $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n tr a c t c o s t . . . 1, 000 squ are f e e t ................. D w ellin g u n it .......................... N o rth ea st 1 1 3 .7 1, 214 1, 205 9 5 .9 1 ,0 4 6 1 ,0 7 3 N orth C en tra l South W est 10 6.0 1, 299 1, 205 142. 1 1, 331 1, 336 9 8 .4 1, 270 1, 176 R e q u ire m e n ts by O ccu p a tion R e g io n a l v a ria tio n s in m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts fo r d iffe re n t tra d e s (table 4) r e fle c t d iffe r e n c e s in d esign , w o r k p r a c t ic e s , and w age r a t e s . The sh a rp est c o n tr a s ts a re n oted in the d iv isio n betw een sk ille d and u n sk ille d w o r k e r s . The South had about 45 p e rce n t o f a ll m a n -h o u rs p e r fo r m e d by u n sk illed and s e m is k ille d w o r k e r s , as co m p a r e d w ith 25 to 28 p e r c e n t fo r the oth er r e g io n s . W ithin the s k ille d c a te g o r y , re g io n a l v a ria tio n s a re m o s t d ir e c t ly re la te d to d iffe r e n c e s in stru ctu ra l ty p e s. The d istin ctiv e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e co n s tr u ctio n a re high m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts fo r la th e r s , ir o n w o r k e r s , and p lu m b e rs; with low re q u ir e m e n ts fo r c a r p e n te r s and p a in te rs . L o a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y co n s tr u ctio n has high re q u ir e m e n ts fo r b r ic k la y e r s . W ood co n s tr u ctio n has high re q u ir e m e n ts fo r ca r p e n te r s and p a in ters and lo w re q u ir e m e n ts fo r e le c t r ic ia n s and p lu m b e rs (table 5). T he re la tiv e p r o p o r tio n s o f sk ille d and u n sk ille d la b o r u se d depend p a rtly on the type o f stru ctu re being built and p a r tly on the le v e l o f w a g e s. L ow w a g es m ake it e c o n o m ic a l to u se g re a te r quantities o f u n sk ille d la b o r . Table 4. On-Site Man-Hour Requirements per $ 1,000 of Public Housing Construction Cost and Percent Distribution, by Occupation and Region, 1959-601 Occupation United States Man-hours Percent worked Northeast Man-hours Percent worked North Central Man-hours Percent worked South Man-hours Percent worked West Man-hours Percent worked All o c c u p a tio n s ....................... 113.7 100.0 95.9 100.0 106.0 100.0 142. 1 100. 0 98.4 100.0 General su p e rv iso rs ................ 2. 8 2.5 1.9 2.0 3. 6 3.4 3. 7 2. 6 2.1 2.1 P ro fessio n a l, technical, and cle r ic a l ...................................... 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.8 2. 2 2. 1 1. 2 •8 2.0 2.0 A sb esto s w o r k e r s ....................... B r i c k l a y e r s .................................. C a r p e n t e r s .................................... Cement f i n i s h e r s ....................... E le c tr ic ia n s .................................. Elevator m e c h a n i c s ................ . G l a z i e r s ......................................... L a t h e r s ........... ............................... Operating e n g i n e e r s .................. Ornamental ironworkers . . . . . P a i n t e r s ......................................... P l a s t e r e r s ........................... .. P l u m b e r s ...................................... Reinforcing ir o n w o r k e r s ......... R o o f e r s ........................................... Sheet-metal w o r k e r s ......... .. Soft floor l a y e r s ......................... Structural i r o n w o r k e r s ............ Tile s e t t e r s .................................. T r u c k d r i v e r s .............................. Helpers and t e n d e r s ......... .. L a b o r e r s . ......................... .. Custodial w o r k e r s .................... O th e r .................................. .. .5 8.6 21.8 3.5 4.7 .3 .4 3.6 3. 1 1.0 5.0 4. 1 8.9 1. 1 .9 1. 1 .3 .2 .2 1.0 5.4 29.9 1.4 2. 2 .4 7.6 19.1 3. 1 4.1 .3 .4 3.2 2.7 .9 4.4 3.6 7.8 1.0 .8 1.0 .3 .2 .2 .9 4.7 26.2 1.2 1.9 .7 7. 1 15.9 3.4 4 .9 .7 .4 6.4 2. 1 1.9 4.0 4 .6 10.4 1.3 .7 .7 .2 (2/) .1 .7 5.2 17. 1 2.7 .7 7 .4 16.6 3. 6 5. 1 .7 .4 6. 7 2. 2 2.0 4. 2 4. 8 10.8 1.4 .7 .7 .2 (2/) .1 .7 5 .4 17. 9 2. 8 .8 6.8 21. 6 3. 1 5. 2 .4 .8 2.4 3. 7 1. 2 4. 1 3.7 11.5 1. 3 .3 2.4 (2 /) 1.0 .1 1.0 4 .9 2]. 9 1. 1 .2 13. 2 25.8 3.5 4. 3 (2/) ” .1 1.7 3.8 .1 6. 5 3.9 6 .2 .7 1.5 .7 .6 .1 .4 1. 1 6.6 51.6 .4 4 .2 1 9*. 3 18. 1 2. 5 3. 0 1. 1 .8 6.4 20.4 2.9 4 .9 .4 .8 2. 3 3.5 1. 1 3.9 3.5 10.8 1.2 .3 2. 3 (2/) .9 .1 .9 4 .6 20.7 .9 .9 .3 1. 6 31.9 4. 1 4. 7 .1 .7 1. 2 3.6 .2 5. 3 3. 2 7. 3 1. 8 .8 1. 3 .6 .4 .1 1. 3 2.8 18. 9 .8 1. 3 .3 1.6 32.5 4. 2 4 .8 .1 .7 1.2 3.7 .2 5.4 3. 3 7.4 1.8 .8 1.3 .6 .4 .2 1.3 2.8 19.2 .8 1.3 1.0 1.0 1Although construction on some projects extended into 1961, m ost construction was perform ed in 1959-60. 2L e s s than 0 .05 percent. ( 21) . 1 1. 2 2. 7 .1 4. 6 2. 7 4. 4 .5 1. 1 .5 ,4 .1 .3 .8 4. 6 36. 2 ,3 3. 0 16 Table 5. On-Site Man-Hour Requirements per $ 1,000 of Public Housing Construction Cost and Percent Distribution, by Occupation and Type of Structure, 1959-601 Occupation Wood Reinforced concrete Load-bearing m asonry Man-hours Percent Man-hours Percent Man-hours Percent All occupations ....................... 94. 2 100.0 137.9 100.0 124.5 100.0 General superv isors ................ 2. 2 2. 3 3. 3 2.4 4 .0 3. 2 Professional, technical, and c l e r i c a l ...................................... 2. 1 2. 2 1.3 .9 .9 .7 A sb estos w orkers ....................... B rick lay ers . ............................... C a r p e n te r s .................................... Cement f i n i s h e r s ...................... E l e c t r i c i a n s ............................. Elevator m e c h a n i c s .................. G la z iers ........................................ L a t h e r s .......................................... Operating e n g in e e r s .................. Ornamental ironworkers . . . . . P a i n t e r s ........................................ P l a s t e r e r s ................................... Plum bers ............................. Reinforcing ir o n w o r k e rs......... R o o f e r s ................................. .. Sheet-metal w o r k e r s ................ Soft floor l a y e r s ........................ Structural ir o n w o r k e r s ........... Tile s e t t e r s ................................. T r u c k d r i v e r s ............................... Helpers and t e n d e r s .................. L a b o r e r s ........... .......................... Custodial w o r k e r s .................... O th e r........... ................... .6 6.6 13.0 4 .0 5. 1 .8 .4 6.0 2. 5 2.0 3.4 4 .4 11. 3 1.5 .5 .6 .2 .1 .1 .6 6. 3 16.6 2. 6 .8 .6 7.0 13. 8 4. 2 5.4 .8 .4 6.4 2.6 2.1 3. 6 4 .6 12.0 1.6 .5 .6 .2 .1 .1 .6 6. 7 17. 6 2. 8 .8 .4 13.8 26. 1 3.0 4 .8 -.1 2. 3 3. 3 .1 6. 1 4 .7 7.8 .8 1.5 1.2 .5 .1 .4 1.3 6.9 44.5 .8 2.9 .3 10.0 18.9 2. 2 3.5 .1 6. 9 33. 3 3.0 2.8 -.1 .4 4. 2 .1 8. 1 1. 8 5.5 .1 1. 1 .9 .8 (2/) .4 1.3 1.8 4 1 .8 .1 5.0 .1 5.5 26.7 2.4 2. 2 .1 1.7 2.4 .1 4 .4 3.4 5.7 .6 1. 1 .9 .4 .1 .3 .9 5.0 32. 3 .6 2. 1 .1 .3 3.4 .1 6. 5 1.4 4 .4 .1 .9 .7 .6 (2/) .3 1.0 1.4 33.6 .1 4.0 1 Although, construction on some projects extended into 1961, m ost construction was perform ed in 1959-60. 2L e s s than 0.05 percent. 17 If w age r a te s a re h ig h er th ere is a stro n g e r in cen tiv e to substitute la b o r saving equipm ent and tech n iqu es fo r u n sk ille d w o r k e r s . T h e r e is p ro b a b ly le s s s co p e fo r the re p la ce m e n t o f s k ille d w o r k e r s , even if w a g es a re quite high. T he p re s e n t nature o f bu ildin g c o n s tr u c tio n is such that m e c h a n iz a tion cannot be c a r r ie d as fa r as it can in m an y oth er in d u s tr ie s . F uture ex p a n sion in the co n s tr u c tio n in d u stry m a y c r e a te a n eed fo r m o r e m e c h a n i zation in o r d e r to s a tis fy h ou sin g dem and at low c o s t . A p p re n tice M a n -H o u rs A p p r e n tic e s in fo r m a l, r e g is t e r e d a p p re n tice sh ip p r o g r a m s 6 a cco u n te d fo r 3 .7 p e rce n t o f tota l o n -s it e m a n -h o u r s and 6 .0 p e r c e n t o f sk ille d m a n h ou rs (table 6). A p p re n tice g la z ie r s and e le c t r ic ia n s a cco u n te d fo r a g re a te r p r o p o r tio n o f s k ille d m a n -h o u r s fo r th eir c r a ft than a ll o t h e r s - - 1 2 .9 and 120 2 p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t iv e ly . The g re a te s t p r o p o r tio n o f a p p re n tice m a n -h o u rs w e r e r e p o r t e d in the W e st. F o r m a l a p p re n tice tra in in g p r o g r a m s do not e x is t o r a re ju s t ev o lv in g fo r th ree o ccu p a tio n s w ork in g on p u b lic h ou sin g p r o j e c t s - a s b e s to s w o r k e r s , e le v a to r m e c h a n ic s , and o p e ra tin g e n g in e e r s . T ra in in g in th ese occu p a tio n s is u su a lly a c c o m p lis h e d on an in fo r m a l b a s is by a s s is tin g a jou rn ey m a n in his w o r k until the tra in e e is c o n s id e r e d as fu lly q u a lified to p e r fo r m at jo u rn e y m a n le v e l o f p r o fic ie n c y . In som e in s ta n c e s , p re d e te rm in e d tim e p e r io d s o f o n -t h e -jo b tra in in g a re re q u ir e d to b e co m e e lig ib le fo r u p g ra d ing to jou rn ey m a n statu s. T h is c r it e r ia has u su a lly b een in fo r m a lly e sta b lish e d through lo c a l w o r k p r a c t ic e s . W o rk e rs in a le a rn in g status, w hether d esig n a ted as " im p r o v e r s " in the c a s e o f a s b e s to s w o r k e r s , " h e lp e r s ’ 1 in e le v a to r in s ta lla tion , o r " o i l e r s " in equipm ent o p e ra tio n , a re g rou p ed w ith h e lp e r s and te n d e rs fo r this r e p o r t . H igh r a te s o f a p p ren tice m a n -h o u r s a re u su a lly a s s o c ia t e d w ith som e s m a lle r c r a ft s o r with th ose c r a fts w h e re th e re is a sh orta ge o f s k ille d jo u r n e y m e n . G e n e ra l and S p e cia l T r a d e s C o n tr a c to r s M a n -H o u rs E m p lo y e e s o f g e n e ra l c o n t r a c t o r s a cco u n te d f o r about o n e -h a lf o f a ll m a n -h o u rs w o r k e d . T h is ra tio w as som ew h at lo w e r in the N o rth e a ste rn and N orth C en tra l r e g io n s , and h ig h er in the South and W e st. P r o je c t s w e r e on the a v e ra g e s m a lle r in the two la tte r r e g io n s . S m a lle r p r o je c t siz e m eant that m o r e o f the w o r k w a s done by the g e n e ra l c o n t r a c t o r , b e ca u se in m any lin e s th ere w as in s u fficie n t w o rk to m ake iss u in g s u b co n tra cts w orth w h ile . L a rg e p r o je c t s on the a v e ra g e use m o r e s u b c o n tr a c to r s and have a s m a lle r p r o p o r tio n o f the w o r k done by the g e n e ra l c o n t r a c t o r . T h is is illu s tra te d in table 7 and in the fo llo w in g tabu lation , w h ere the a v e ra g e n u m ber o f su b co n t r a c t o r s in c r e a s e s fr o m 15 fo r the s m a lle s t s iz e c la s s to 33 fo r the la r g e s t . M u ltis to r y r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te p r o je c t s u se d m o r e su b co n tr a c to r s fo r a given p r o je c t s iz e . T h is m a y be due to d iffe re n t stru ctu ra l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , o r p erh a p s the p r a c t ic e o f su b co n tra ctin g is m o r e h ig h ly d e v e lo p e d in la r g e m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s w h e re the m u ltis to r y p r o je c t s a re lo c a te d . 6A bona fid e a p p re n tice sh ip p r o g r a m r e g is t e r e d with a State A p p r e n t ic e ship C ou n cil w h ich is r e c o g n iz e d by the F e d e r a l C om m ittee on A p p re n tice s h ip , U. S. D ep artm en t o f L a b o r , o r a p ro g ra m r e g is t e r e d with the B ureau o f Aforp re n tice s h ip and T ra in in g , U. S. D epartm en t o f L a b o r . Digitized p FRASER T a b le 6. A p p re n tice M an -H ou rs as a P e r c e n t o f T o ta l M a n -H o u rs W ork ed on P u b lic H ou sin g C o n stru ctio n , by O ccu p ation , R e g io n , and T y p e o f S tru ctu re, 1 9 5 9 -6 0 1 R e g io n O ccu p a tio n N orth C en tra l U nited States N orth east A ll w o r k e r s ............................ 3. 7 4 .0 3 .9 S k ille d tr a d e s o n ly . . . 0 . • . . . B r i c k l a y e r s ................................. C a r p e n te rs ................. < ................ > C em en t f i n i s h e r s ...................... E l e c t r i c i a n s ............ G l a z i e r s .......................... ............. L a t h e r s ........................................... O rn a m en ta l ir o n w o r k e r s . . . . P a i n t e r s ......................................... P la s t e r e r s . , . . ................. .. . . . P l u m b e r s ................. . . . . o . . . . R e in fo r c in g ir o n w o r k e r s . . . . R o o fe r s ........................................... S h eet-m eta l w o r k e r s . . . . . . . S oft f lo o r la y e r s . . . . . . . . . . . S tru ctu ra l ir o n w o r k e r s . . . . . T ile s e tte r s . ............ .. » 6 .0 4. 8 4 .9 8. 1 12. 2 1 2 .9 8 .7 3. 0 3 .9 4. 8 9.0 3. 0 8. 7 9.6 5.7 7. 0 4 .4 5 .9 5 .9 7. 1 12. 3 .5 29. 8 6. 7 3. 5 4 .9 4. 3 7.9 5 .9 4 .6 5 .0 8 .7 1 0 .2 2. 2 1 3 .6 1. 7 7 .4 5. 2 7.5 -8 .9 3.8 21.9 8.8 — — 3 .9 2. 1 2. 2 T y p e o f stru ctu re South W est 2 .9 6 .0 5. 6 8 .5 4. 1 7. 8 3. 1 5 .9 2. 1 1 1 .0 12. 8 2 8 .7 1 .8 5 .8 1 2 .6 1 5 .0 -1. 6 7 .0 1 .3 3 .4 13.4 8.5 21.4 12. 2 3. 0 12 . 4 .4 30.6 5.6 3 . 9 , 17 . 4 __ 4.5 5 .8 -- R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te L oadb e a rin g m ason ry 4. 1 3. 7 6. 5 7. 2 5 .7 4 .5 3 .4 26. 6 6 .5 1 2 .4 -4 .0 5.7 10. 6 1 1. 9 1 2. 4 20. 7 6.4 4.5 7. 2 1 1 .0 2. 8 26. 3 9 .0 3. 5 4 .4 4. 3 8.8 .1 — 5. 1 3. 0 -- — 5 .8 A lt h o u g h c o n s tr u c tio n on som e p r o je c t s extended into 1961, m o s t c o n s tr u c tio n w as p e r fo r m e d in 1 9 5 9 -6 0 . W ood 2 .0 3 .4 3 .7 1 .8 7. 1 29. 2 — — ~1. 1 3. 6 6.8 1 3. 4 7.3 — -- 19 T a b le 7. A v e r a g e N um ber o f S u b co n tra cto rs p e r P u b lic H ousing P r o je c t , by S e le c te d C h a r a c te r is tic s and R e g io n , 1 9 5 9 -6 0 1 C h a r a c te r is tic United S ta te s South O ther r e g io n s 2 A ll p r o j e c t s ...................................... 20 14 28 C o n stru ctio n c o s t group: Under $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 .......................... $ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 - $ l , 9 9 9 ,9 9 9 .............. $ 2, 000, 000 and o v e r ................. .. . 15 27 33 14 31 30 37 Type of s tr u c tu r e :3 R e in fo rc e d co n cre te . . . ............... L o a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y ................. W ood....................................................... 33 17 15 15 13 22 22 33 1 lthough c o n s tr u ctio n on som e p r o je c t s extended into 1961, m o s t A co n s tru ctio n w as p e r fo r m e d in 1 9 5 9 -6 0 . in s u ffic ie n t data to w a rran t sep a ra te p re se n ta tio n by c h a r a c t e r is tic s fo r the oth er th re e r e g io n s . 3D oes not include two p r o je c t s having a m ix tu re o f d iffe re n t types of s tru c tu re s . 20 A v e r a g e nu m ber o f s u b c o n tr a c to r s p er p u b lic h ou sin g p r o je c t by re g io n U nited S t a t e s ........................................ N o r t h e a s t ............................................... N orth C e n t r a l ...................................... S o u t h .............................. W e s t ........... ............................................ 20 29 28 14 26 M a s o n r y , p lum bing and heating, and p la s te r in g and lathing w e r e the th ree la r g e s t su b co n tra ctin g g ro u p s, a ccou n tin g fo r about 54 p e r c e n t o f the tota l m a n -h o u r s fo r s p e c ia l tr a d e s su b co n tr a c to r s (table 8). P r o je c t s with w o o d b u ild in g s had a s m a lle r p r o p o r tio n o f tota l m a n -h o u rs fo r ea ch o f th ese th ree tra d e s than did the oth er stru ctu ra l ty p e s . On the oth er hand, m a n h ou rs o f painting su b co n tr a c to r s w e r e r e la t iv e ly m o r e im p orta n t fo r the w o o d stru ctu ra l ty p e. T he South u s e d fe w e r s u b co n tr a c to r s than did the oth er r e g io n s fo r co m p a r a b le p r o je c t s , p o s s ib ly b e ca u se m o s t o f the southern p r o je c t s w e r e lo c a t e d in n on m e tro p o lita n a r e a s . T he C ost o f D ir e c t W a ges W a g es paym ents fo r o n -s ite m a n -h o u rs a v e ra g e d 3 5 .5 p e r c e n t o f c o n tr a c t c o s t fo r a ll p u b lic h ou sin g p r o je c t s stu d ied . T o ta l w age paym ents a re the p ro d u ct o f m a n -h o u rs w o rk e d and a v e ra g e w age r a t e s . T he ra tio o f w age paym en ts to co n tra ct c o s t w as re m a rk a b ly con sta n t, not on ly in te r m s o f re g io n a l a v e r a g e s , but fo r individual p r o je c t s as w e ll. H alf o f the p r o je c t s studied had a ra tio betw een 32 p e rce n t and 37 p e r c e n t. The c o n sta n cy o f th is ra tio m e a n s that high m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts a re a s s o c ia t e d w ith low w a g es and v ic e v e r s a . T h is in d ica te s that c o n s tr u c tio n tech n iqu es a re adapted to re g io n a l d iffe r e n c e s in la b o r co n d itio n s through use o f m o r e o r le s s m e ch a n iz e d equipm ent. T a b le 9 show s a v e ra g e h o u rly ea rn in gs fo r o n -s it e m a n -h o u rs w o r k e d . P r o je c t s co n s tr u c te d in the South had a m a rk e d ly lo w e r a v e ra g e . T h e re w e r e two sig n ifica n t r e a s o n s fo r th is. F ir s t , w age le v e ls a re g e n e ra lly lo w e r in the South than in oth er r e g io n s . S econ d, w a g es tend to be lo w e r in n o n m e tr o p olita n a r e a s o f a given g e o g ra p h ic r e g io n . T he m a jo r it y o f the sou th ern p r o j e c ts w e r e lo c a te d in n o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s , w h ile m o s t p r o je c t s in oth er r e g io n s w e r e in m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s . So the usual d iffe r e n c e in w age ra te s is a ccen tu a ted . A co m p a r is o n o f h o u rly ea rn in g s b y re g io n is as fo llo w s : 21 R e g io n a l c o m p a r is o n o f h o u rly ea rn in gs U nited States A v e r a g e h o u rly ea rn in gs . . W ages as a p e rce n t o f c o n tra ct c o s t .............. .. o . . N o rth east N orth C en tra l South W est 3. 14 3 .8 4 3 .5 1 2. 36 3. 63 3 5 .5 36. 8 37. 2 3 3 .5 35. 7 W age ra te s a p p e a re d h igh er fo r m u ltis to ry , r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te p r o je c t s , c o m p a r e d to oth er type p r o je c t s in the sam e r e g io n s . T h is m a y be b e ca u se a ll o f the r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te p r o je c t s w e r e lo c a te d in m e t r o politan a r e a s , w h ile som e o f oth er type p r o je c t s w e r e n ot. T h e re m a y a lso be d iffe r e n c e s in the a v e ra g e sk ill le v e ls r e q u ir e d fo r co n s tr u ctio n o f the v a rio u s stru ctu ra l ty p e s, lea d in g to d iffe r e n c e s in a v e ra g e w age ra te s . T a b le 8. P e r c e n t o f T o ta l O n -S ite M an -H o u r R e q u ir e m e n ts fo r P u b lic H o u sin g C o n stru c tio n , by T y p e of C o n tra c to r , R e g io n ,a n d T y p e o f S t r u c t u r e , 1959-6Cr Region T yp e of s t r u c t u r e United States North east North Central South West Reinforced concrete Loadbearing m asonry Wood A l l t y p e s ............................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 G e n e r a l ...................................................................... 49. 2 42. 6 38.9 56. 9 57.0 39. 8 52.2 60.0 S p e c i a l t r a d e s ..................... . . ............................ C o n c r e t e .................................................................. E l e c t r i c a l ............................................................ M a s o n r y .................................................................. P a i n t i n g .................................................................. P l a s t e r i n g a n d l a t h i n g .................................. P l u m b i n g a n d h e a t i n g ..................................... R o o f i n g a n d s h e e t m e t a l .......................... . S i t e p r e p a r a t i o n a n d e x c a v a t i o n ............. S t r u c t u r a l a n d o r n a m e n t a l i r o n ............. A l l o t h e r t y p e s .................................................. 50.8 2.4 4. 3 8. 3 4. 1 7. 1 12. 3 1. 3 2. 3 1.4 7.4 57.4 61.1 3.9 5.1 8.8 4.4 6.9 16.0 .7 4. 7 1.7 8.9 43. 1 3. 1 3.3 7.6 3.8 4.8 10.0 1.7 1.4 .2 7. Z 43.0 .7 5.0 2.7 5.5 4. 1 10.8 1.7 1.7 2. 3 8. 3 60. 2 2.4 5. 2 11.9 3. 6 10.6 14. 7 .6 2.9 2. 8 5. 6 47.8 2.5 3.8 8.8 3.7 6.6 11.6 2.0 3.7 .2 4.8 40.0 3.6 2. 6 2.7 6.1 .2 8. 6 .9 1.6 .1 13.5 T y p e of c o n t r a c t o r . 1 1 5. 1 10. 3 4.0 10. 9 13.8 .9 2. 3 2.5 6.6 A l t h o u g h c o n s t r u c t i o n on s o m e p r o j e c t s e x t e n d e d int o 1 9 6 1 , m o s t c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s p e r f o r m e d in 1 9 5 9 - 6 0 . T a b le 9. A v e r a g e O n -S ite E arn in gs f o r P u b lic H ousing C o n stru ctio n P r o je c t s , by S e le c te d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s and R e g io n , 1 9 5 9 -6 0 1 C h a r a c t e r is t ic A v e ra g e h o u rly ea rn in gs W ages as percen t of c o n tr a c t O ther r e g io n s 2 South U nited States A verage h o u rly ea rn in gs W a ges as percen t of c o n tra ct A verage h o u rly ea rn in gs W ages as p e rce n t o f co n tra ct A ll p r o j e c t s ............................ $ 3 . 14 3 5 .5 $ 2 . 36 3 3 .5 $ 3 .71 36. 8 C o n s tr u c tio n c o s t group: U nder $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . . . . . . . . $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 - $ 1, 999, 999 . . . $ 2, 0 0 0 ,0 0 0 and o v e r ............ $ 2 .4 8 3 .0 7 3. 65 3 4 .7 3 5 .6 36. 2 $2.14 2 .5 5 2 .7 1 34. 3 32. 6 3 2 .9 $ 3 .4 7 3 .4 4 3 .8 8 35. 6 3 7.5 37. 3 T y p e o f s tru c tu re : R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e . . . . . . . L o a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y . . . . W o o d • o . o .......................... *. . • 3. 93 2. 61 2 .5 2 3 7 .0 3 5 .9 3 1 .4 2 .4 1 2. 22 -34. 6 30. 8 3 .9 3 3. 22 3 .5 2 3 7.0 3 9 .5 3 2.7 - - A lt h o u g h co n s tr u c tio n on som e p r o je c t s exten ded into 1961, m o s t c o n s tr u c tio n w a s p e r fo r m e d in 1 9 5 9 -6 0 . in s u f f ic ie n t data to w arran t sep a ra te p re se n ta tio n b y c h a r a c t e r is t ic s fo r the oth er th re e r e g io n s . 3D o e s not in clu d e two p r o je c t s having a m ix tu re o f d iffe re n t ty p e s o f s t r u c tu r e s . 24 O ff-S ite E m p loy m en t F o r ea ch 114 m a n -h o u rs o f em p loy m en t p e r fo r m e d at co n s tr u ctio n s ite s o f p u b lic hou sin g p r o je c t s , 122 addition al m a n -h o u r s w e r e r e q u ir e d to p ro d u ce and d istrib u te n e c e s s a r y co n s tr u ctio n m a te r ia ls , su p p lies and e q u ip m en t. Thus a tota l o f 236 m a n -h o u rs w e r e g en era ted fo r e v e r y $ 1, 000 e x pended fo r c o n s tr u ctio n c o s t . O ff-s it e e m p loy m en t is g en era ted in m a n y p la c e s , but can be c l a s s i fie d in the fo llo w in g c a t e g o r ie s : 1. C o n stru ctio n in d u s t r y - - o f f- s it e : a d m in istra tiv e , estim a tin g , c le r ic a l, and w a re h o u sin g a c t iv it ie s . 2. M a n u factu rin g a c tiv itie s p ro d u cin g fa b r ic a te d p ro d u cts , raw m a te r ia ls , and equipm ent. 3. T ra n s p o rta tio n , w a reh ou sin g, and d istrib u tio n o f fa b r ic a te d p r o d u c ts , raw m a te r ia ls , and equipm ent. 4 . A ll oth er in d u strie s d ir e c t ly o r in d ir e c tly a ffe c te d b y p ro d u ctio n o f fa b r ic a te d p ro d u cts , raw m a te r ia ls , and equ ip m en t. V a r io u s in te rin d u s t r y tra n s a ctio n s even tu a lly a ffe ct a ll additional in d u strie s such as a g ricu ltu re , fo r e s t r y , and m in in g . T h e r e a re other ty p es o f em p loy m en t re la te d to c o n s tr u c tio n a c t iv i tie s w h ich this study did not attem pt to c o v e r . G rou p s o f w o r k e r s who w ou ld be a ffe c te d by co n s tr u ctio n o f p u blic h ou sing p r o je c t s , but w e r e not c o n s id e r e d fo r this r e p o r t, w ou ld include e m p lo y e e s o f a r c h ite c tu r a l f ir m s , u tility co m p a n ie s , and State and lo c a l g ov ern m en t. T h e se e m p lo y e e s and th e ir fu n c tion s w e r e not g e n e ra lly in clu d ed in co n s tr u ctio n c o n tr a c t c o s t s . A la r g e a re a o f em p loy m en t, a ls o e x clu d e d fr o m ca lcu la tio n s o f m a n -h o u r e ffe c t s , is that c r e a t e d by resp en d in g and in v estin g o f w a g es and p r o fits a r is in g in v a rio u s a re a s o f e c o n o m ic a ctiv ity w ithin the sco p e o f this study. A lthough the ra tio o f o n -s ite to o f f - s it e em p loy m en t re q u ir e m e n ts is c o m m o n ly u se d in a n a lyzin g em p loy m en t re q u ir e m e n ts in the c o n s tr u ctio n in d u stry , another type o f d istin ctio n b a se d upon the e c o n o m ic re la tio n s o f la b o r -g e n e r a t in g a r e a s is a ls o u se fu l. T h e r e fo r e , em p loy m en t re q u ir e m e n ts have a ls o been d iv id ed into p r im a r y and s e co n d a ry m a n -h o u r n e e d s. A s shown in the fo llo w in g tabu lation , p r im a r y m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f co n s tr u ctio n c o s t , e stim a te d at 192, a r is e in a c tiv itie s at the site and th ose m o s t d ir e c t ly r e la te d to the co n s tr u ctio n a ctiv ity . In clu d ed in th e se , in a d d i tion to site em p loy m en t, a re o f f - s it e co n s tr u ctio n em p loy m en t, e m p lo y e e s o f m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u strie s r e p r e s e n te d at the nla st stage o f m a n u fa ctu rin g ” fo r m a te r ia ls p r io r to shipm ent to c o n s tr u ctio n s ite s , and e m p lo y e e s in t r a n s p orta tion , tra d e , and s e r v ic e o rg a n iz a tio n s d ealin g in m a te r ia ls u se d at th ese co n s tr u ctio n s ite s . 25 M a n -h o u rs p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s tr u ctio n c o n tra ct c o s t T o ta l T otal . .................................................................. O n -s ite c o n s tr u ctio n ••••••.......................... O f f - s i t e .................................................................... C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................................... M a n u fa ctu r in g ..................... ............................. T ra n s p o rta tio n , tra d e , and s e r v ic e s . . . A ll oth er (in clu d in g m in in g )........................ 236 114 122 12 64 36 10 P r im a r y S e co n d a ry 192 114 78 12 39 27 -- 44 44 25 9 10 S econ d a ry m a n -h o u r re q u ire m e n ts have been d efin ed as th ose a s s o cia ted with a ll oth er re q u ire m e n ts re la te d in d ir e c tly to n eed s at the s ite s . Such a c t iv itie s , tota lin g 44 m a n -h o u rs or a p p ro x im a te ly 19 p e rce n t o f total m a n -h ou r r e q u ir e m e n ts , a ffe c t a ll p a rts o f the e co n o m y as the im p a ct o f p r im a r y a ctiv ity is r e fle c t e d in dem and fo r b a s ic m a te r ia ls and r e la te d tra n sp orta tion , tra d e , and s e r v i c e s . 7 Som e in d u strie s a re s e c t o r s . F o r ex a m p le, the d ir e c t ly to the co n s tr u ctio n in du stry w h ich in turn s e lls r e p r e s e n te d in both p r im a r y and s e co n d a ry sand and g ra v e l in d u stry fu rn ish e s m a te r ia l in d u stry and a lso to the r e a d y -m ix e d c o n c r e te to the co n s tr u ctio n in d u stry . B u ild e rs ' O ff-S ite E m p loy m en t An ex a ct study o f o f f - s it e em p loym en t o f c o n t r a c t o r s w as not a t tem pted, sin ce it w as a lm o st im p o s s ib le to re la te a c c u r a te ly such e m p lo y m ent to p r o je c t s b ein g stu d ied . B u ild e rs ' o f f - s it e em p loy m en t w as o c c u p ie d not on ly w ith p r o je c t s studied but a lso w ith oth er cu r re n t o r future p r o je c t s . The estim a te o f 12 o f f - s it e m a n -h o u rs fo r ea ch $ 1,000 o f co n s tr u ctio n co n tra ct is b a se d on the d iffe r e n c e betw een c o n s tr u ctio n w o r k e r em p loy m en t and tota l em p loy m en t in the co n s tr u ctio n in d u stry. 8 T h is estim a te a ls o in clu d es u n re p o rte d h ou rs fo r a few s e lf-e m p lo y e d cr a fts m e n who m a y have w o rk e d at co n s tr u c tio n s ite s . 7S econ d a ry m a n -h o u rs w e re e stim a te d on the b a s is o f a study m ade by the B u reau o f 1947 in te rin d u stry re la tio n s h ip s . See W . Duane E vans and M a rv in H offe n b e rg , "T h e In terin d u stry R e la tio n s Study fo r 1947, " R e v ie w o f E c o n o m ic s and S ta t is t ic s , V o l. X X X IV (M ay 195 2), C a m b rid g e , M a s s , pp. 9 7 -1 4 2 . F o r m eth od s em p lo y e d , see appendix. A d m in is t r a t iv e , en g in eerin g , estim a tin g , and c le r ic a l w o r k e r s a ccou n ted fo r about 14 p e rce n t o f total em ploym en t in the c o n s tr u ctio n in d u s tr y . A bout o n e -fo u r th o f this em p loym en t w as in v o lv e d at c o n s tr u ctio n s ite s . E m p loy m en t and E a rn in g s S ta tistics fo r the United States 1 9 0 9 -6 0 , (B LS B ulletin 1312, 1961). 26 C om bin in g th is em p loy m en t with o n -s it e em p loy m en t r e s u lts in an estim a te o f 126 m a n -h o u rs o f em p loy m en t in the c o n s tr u c tio n in d u stry fo r ea ch $ 1, 000 of p u b lic h ou sin g c o n s tr u ctio n . E m p loy m en t in T ra n s p o rta tio n , T ra d e , and S e r v ic e D is trib u tio n o f co n s tr u c tio n m a te r ia ls fr o m p ro d u cin g in d u strie s r e q u ire s em p loy m en t o f w o r k e r s in tra n sp o rta tio n , w a reh ou sin g , and tra d e in d u s tr ie s . The e stim a te o f 27 h o u rs o f p r im a r y em p loy m en t p er $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s tr u c tio n co n tr a c t is b a se d on the d iffe r e n c e betw een p r o d u c e r 's value and d e liv e r e d value o f m a te r ia ls u se d at c o n s tr u ctio n s it e s . T h is estim a te in clu d e s on ly d istrib u tio n o f m a te r ia ls fr o m p r o d u c e r s to co n s tr u ctio n site s and e x clu d e s d istrib u tio n o f m a te r ia ls am ong in d u strie s p r io r to shipm ent o f c o m p le te d p r o d u c ts . " L a s t M a n u factu rin g S tage" E m p loy m en t M a n u factu rin g is the s e c t o r o f the e co n o m y m o s t a ffe cte d , oth er than the co n s tr u ctio n in d u stry , by co n s tr u ctio n o f pu b lic h ou sin g . It is e stim a te d that 39 m a n -h o u rs w e r e r e q u ir e d fo r each $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f total co n s tr u ctio n c o n t r a c t to p ro d u ce co n s tr u c tio n m a te r ia ls u se d in building p u b lic hou sin g p r o j e c t s . T h is e stim a te , h o w e v e r , in clu d e s on ly em p loy m en t r e q u ir e d in the la s t m a n u fa ctu rin g p r o c e s s o f m a t e r i a l s .9 E m p loy m en t g en era ted b y this a ctiv ity is d istrib u te d in m any in d u strie s a ffe c te d d ir e c t ly by co n s tr u ctio n a ctiv ity . F o r ex a m p le, it in clu d e s sa w m ills cutting rough lu m b e r fo r fo r m s , and e sta b lish m en ts m akin g m illw o r k ite m s fr o m lu m b e r, but d oes not in clu d e em p loy m en t in sa w m ills p ro d u cin g lu m b e r fo r m illw o r k p ro d u cts . The la tte r is in clu d ed in e stim a te s of se co n d a ry em p loy m en t d is c u s s e d b e lo w . E m p loy m en t in S e co n d a ry A c tiv itie s In addition to 39 m a n -h o u rs p r e v io u s ly n oted fo r p r im a r y em p loym en t fo r ea ch $ 1,0 0 0 o f p u b lic h ou sin g co n s tr u ctio n co n tr a c t in fa c t o r ie s p ro d u cin g co n s tr u ctio n m a te r ia ls , an additional 25 m a n -h o u rs w e r e re q u ir e d in s e c o n d a r y m an u fa ctu rin g a c t iv it ie s . T ra n s p o rta tio n , tra d e , and s e r v ic e in d u strie s re q u ir e d 27 m a n -h o u rs to m a n u fa ctu re and tra n sp o rt m a te r ia ls to and fr o m the in d u strie s a ffe c te d in d ir e c tly . T h ese in d u strie s as a group r e q u ir e d 9 m a n -h o u rs fo r each $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s tr u ctio n co n tra ct to m e e t the n eed s o f se co n d a ry b u sin e ss a ctiv ity . O ther b u sin e ss a c tiv itie s , p r in c ip a lly a g r ic u ltu r e , fo r e s t r y , and m in in g, a ccou n te d fo r the rem a in in g 10 m a n -h o u rs o f se co n d a ry re q u ir e m e n ts . in c lu d e d in the b ill o f m a te r ia ls w e r e su p p lies and the expended value o f c o n s tr u ctio n equipm ent u se d by c o n t r a c t o r s . 27 C on stru ction T im e A v e r a g e c o n s tr u c tio n tim e fo r the p r o je c t s su rv e y e d w as 58 w e e k s. Individual p r o je c t s v a r ie d fr o m a lo w o f 30 w eek s to a high o f 122 w e e k s. The s tro n g e s t in flu en ce on co n s tr u ctio n tim e a p p e a re d to be p r o je c t s iz e . It took an a v e ra g e o f 47 w eek s fo r co n s tr u ctio n o f p r o je c t s in the s m a lle s t c o s t c a te g o r y , w hile th ose p r o je c t s in the la r g e s t c a te g o r y r e q u ir e d 94 w eek s (table 10). P r o je c t s co n s tr u cte d o f w ood a p p ea red to have a sh o rte r a v e ra g e co n s tr u ctio n tim e than did r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e o r lo a d -b e a r in g m a son ry p r o je c t s of the sam e s iz e . T h is m a y be due to g re a te r use o f p r e fa b r ic a tio n and fa s te r e r e c t io n o f the b a s ic building fr a m e . C o n stru ctio n tim e fo r co m p a r a b le p r o je c t s w as g e n e ra lly sh o rte r in the South, p ro b a b ly b e ca u se the m ild e r clim a te p e rm itte d co n s tr u ctio n to continue y ea r round. A v e r a g e n u m ber o f w e e k s re q u ir e d fo r co n s tr u ctio n fo llo w s : U nited States . ......................... N orth ea st ......................... . . N orth C en tra l .......................... S o u t h ........................... W e s t ............................................. 58 78 85 46 61 E m p loy m en t by C o n stru ctio n P e r io d s In o r d e r to m e a s u re the d istrib u tio n o f e m p loy m en t, the co n s tr u ctio n tim e fo r ea ch p r o je c t w as d iv id ed into 10 equal p e r io d s , and data on the nu m b er o f m a n -h o u rs w o rk e d w e r e tabu lated fo r ea ch o f th ese p e r io d s . T h is p e rm itte d the co m b in a tio n o f m a n -h o u rs fo r p r o je c t s o f v a rio u s s iz e s in o r d e r to obtain ty p ica l em p loy m en t p a tte rn s. T he ty p ica l p attern is fo r em p loym en t to sta rt slo w ly , build to a peak in the m id d le d e c ile s , then ta p er o ff tow a rd s the end (table 11). T h e r e w e r e no r a d ic a l d e p a rtu re s fr o m this pattern , a l though co n s tr u ctio n o f w o o d fra m e bu ild in gs ca m e to a fa s te r peak, with 30 p e rce n t o f tota l em p loy m en t in the th ird and fourth d e c ile s . R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te m a n -h o u rs stayed at a high le v e l la te r than did th o se o f the other s t r u c tu ra l ty p e s. C hart 3 show s o n -s it e m a n -h o u r re q u ir e m e n ts p er $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f co n s tr u ctio n c o s t by d e c ile . M a te ria ls U sed C o st o f m a te r ia ls (table 12) re p r e s e n te d a p p ro x im a te ly 4 7 .5 p e rce n t o f tota l co n s tr u c tio n c o s t fo r all p u blic h ou sin g p r o je c t s su rv e y e d . T h e se c o s t s a ls o in clu d e d e p re c ia tio n c h a rg e s o r ren ta l c o s t s fo r co n s tr u ctio n equipm ent, as w e ll as c o s t s o f s m a ll am ounts o f su p p lies co n su m e d and m a t e r ia ls o r fix e d equipm ent in c o r p o r a te d in s tr u c tu r e s . A bou t 61 p e rce n t o f the p r o je c t s fe ll w ithin 5 p e rce n t o f the a v era g e fo r a ll p r o je c t s . The p e r centage o f p r o je c t s w ithin c e rta in ra n g e s is as fo llo w s : 28 P e r c e n t m a te r ia ls c o s t o f total c o n s tr u c tio n c o s t 4 0 .9 4 5 .0 5 0 .0 5 5 .0 to to to to 4 4 .9 49. 9 5 4 .9 5 7 .8 P ercen t of p r o je c t s ..................................... ...................... ..................................... ..................................... 20 35 35 10 T he d iffe r e n c e betw een tota l c o n s tr u c tio n c o s t and the sum o f m a te r ia ls and o n -s it e w age c o s t s fo r a ll p r o je c t s am ounted to about 17 p e r c e n t. T h is d iffe r e n c e r e p r e s e n t s the to ta l o f th ose o v e rh e a d c o s t s w h ich cannot be a ttrib u ted to s p e c ific p r o je c t s - - s u c h a s a d m in istra tiv e o f f - s it e s a la r ie s , e x p e n se s o f ce n tra l o ffic e and y a rd o p e ra tio n s , in su ra n ce and ta x e s , plus oth er o v e rh e a d , and p r o fit . T a b le 13 p r e s e n ts c o s t s o f m a jo r m a te r ia ls grou p s b y type o f s t r u c tu r e . M a te r ia ls c o s t is e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s o f d o lla r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c tion c o n tr a c t ex p e n d itu re . T h is m a y be tra n sla te d into p e rce n ta g e t e r m s if the r e a d e r p r e f e r s . F o r in sta n ce , $475 o f c o s t p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f ex pen ditu re is eq u iva len t to 4 7 .5 p e r c e n t o f tota l c o n s tr u c tio n e x p e n d itu re . A lthough m a te r ia ls re q u ir e m e n ts a re e x p r e s s e d as a ra tio o f c o s t in the ta b le s , in som e w a y s this is not a tru e m e a s u r e o f m a te r ia ls r e q u ir e m e n ts . F o r a p r o je c t w ith a given n u m ber o f d w ellin g u n its, m a te r ia ls c o s t as a p e rce n ta g e o f tota l c o s t w ill be a ffe c te d by w h eth er la b o r c o s t s a re high o r lo w , s in ce la b o r c o s t s a re a ls o a com p on en t o f the to ta l. M a te r ia ls re q u ir e m e n ts a re e x p r e s s e d b e lo w in te r m s o f c o s t p e r 1, 000 sq u a re fe e t, so that the e le m e n t o f la b o r c o s t w ill not a ffe c t c o m p a r is o n s . Re gion U nited S t a t e s ................................... N o r t h e a s t ........................................... N orth C e n t r a l ................................. S o u t h ................................................... W e s t ............................................... .. . M a te r ia ls c o s t p e r 1 ,0 0 0 squ are fe e t $ 10, 680 1 0 ,9 1 0 1 2 ,2 5 0 9, 360 12, 900 T y p e o f stru ctu re R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e ..................... L o a d -b e a r in g m a s o n r y .............. W o o d .......................... ......................... 11, 320 9, 620 1 0 ,1 2 0 29 T able 10. A v e r a g e N um ber o f W eek s R e q u ire d fo r C on stru ction o f P u b lic H ousing P r o j e c t s , by S e le c te d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s and R egion , 1 9 5 9 -6 0 1 C h a r a c t e r is t ic United States South Other r e g i o n s 2 A ll p r o j e c t s ................................... 58 46 78 C on stru ction c o s t group: Under $ 1 ,0 0 0 , 000 ....................... $ 1 ,0 0 0 , 0 0 0 - $ l , 9 9 9 , 999 ......... $ 2, 000, 000 and o v e r ................... 47 73 94 43 61 64 60 90 102 T ype of s t r u c t u r e :3 R e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e ................... L o a d - b e a r in g m a s o n r y .............. W o o d ................................................... 84 54 46 48 42 84 76 58 1 Although c o n s tr u c tio n on som e p r o je c t s extended into 1961, m o s t c o n s tr u c tio n w as p e r f o r m e d in 1 9 59-60. i n s u f f i c i e n t data to w a rran t separate p resen ta tion by c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s fo r the other three r e g io n s . 3D oes not include two p r o je c t s having a m ix tu re o f d ifferen t types o f str u c tu r e s . T a b le 11. P e r c e n t o f O n -S ite E m p lo y m e n t fo r P u b lic H o u sin g C o n s tr u c tio n in E a c h T e n th o f T o t a l C o n s t r u c t io n T im e , b y R e g io n an d T y p e o f S t r u c t u r e , 1 9 5 9 - 6 0 1 R eg io n and type of s t r u c t u r e P e r c e n t of o n -site m a n -h o u rs in -F irst ten th Second te n th T h ird te n th F o u rth te n th F ifth tenth S ix th ten th Sev en th ten th E ig h th ten th N in th te n th L ast ten th R eg io n U n i t e d S t a t e s .............................. N o r t h e a s t ...................................... N o r t h C e n t r a l ........................... S o u t h ................................................. W e s t ................................................. 3. 6 4. 1 3. 6 3 .5 2. 7 8. 7 7. 7 8. 2 9 .7 8. 7 12. 0 9 .9 1 2 .4 1 3 .4 1 1 .5 13. 2 1 1 .7 13. 5 14. 2 13. 5 13. 8 13. 9 13. 8 13. 5 1 5 .5 1 4 .0 13. 5 16. 7 13. 1 1 4 .9 1 2 .4 13. 2 14. 3 10. 7 13. 7 10. 5 1 2 .4 10. 3 9. 1 11. 1 7. 5 9. 1 5 .4 7. 3 5 .9 4. 3 4 .6 1 .8 5 .4 2 .4 T y p e of s tr u c tu r e :2 R e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e .............. L o ad -b e arin g m aso n ry . . . W o o d ................................................. 3. 6 3. 3 4 .9 7. 1 8 .4 12. 5 1 0 .4 1 1 .5 16. 7 12. 0 1 4 .0 1 4 .4 13. 7 14. 3 1 2 .0 1 4 .6 1 4 .0 1 0 .6 13. 6 1 2 .5 8 .5 12. 3 9 .8 8. 7 8 .5 7 .4 6. 2 4. 1 4 .8 5 .4 A l t h o u g h c o n s t r u c t i o n o n s o m e p r o j e c t s e x t e n d e d in to 1 9 6 1 , m o s t c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s p e r f o r m e d in 1 9 5 9 - 6 0 . 2D o e s n o t i n c l u d e tw o p r o j e c t s h a v i n g a m i x t u r e o f d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f s t r u c t u r e s . N ote: B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g, s u m s of in d iv id u al i t e m s m a y not e q u a l 1 0 0 .0 . Chart 3. Percent of On-Site Man-Hours Worked in Each Decile of Construction Time, 1959-60 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS T a b le 12. C o st o f M a te ria ls p e r $ 1,0 0 0 o f P u b lic H ousing C o n stru ction C on tra ct, by T ype of M a te ria l and R e g io n , 1 9 5 9 -6 0 1 S e le c te d p r o d u c t s and p rod u ct groups United State s T o t a l c o s t , a ll p r o d u c t s ................................... $ 4 7 5 .0 0 $ 4 4 5 .7 0 $ 4 6 0 . 00 $ 5 0 6 .7 0 $ 5 1 3 . 30 Stone, cla y , and g la ss p r o d u c t s ....................... $ 1 3 2 .5 0 $ 1 18.80 $ 1 1 6 .6 0 $ 1 5 5 . 10 $ 13 8.6 0 C em en t, c o n c r e t e , and gypsum p rodu cts . . R e a d y - m i x c o n c r e t e .......................................... G y p su m p r o d u c t s ............................................... C o n c r e t e b lo c k and b r i c k .............................. C e m e n t .................................................................... C o n c r e t e pipe ...................................................... P r e c a s t c o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s ............................ L i m e ......................................................................... 84. 90 47. 50 14. 90 11.4 0 5. 10 2 .4 0 1 .9 0 1 .7 0 74. 20 4 7 .0 0 12.50 7. 20 4 .0 0 1 .3 0 . 60 1 .5 0 69. 70 47. 20 10. 80 3. 70 5 .0 0 (2 /) . 80 1 .90 9 8 .5 0 43. 60 17. 60 2 1 .6 0 5 .6 0 4. 90 3 .0 0 2. 20 11 0.5 0 64. 30 23. 30 7. 10 8 .4 0 1 .9 0 5. 00 ( 2 /) S tru ctu ra l c la y p r o d u c t s ................................... B r i c k and s t ru c tu ra l c la y tile ..................... C la y s e w e r pipe ................................................. C e r a m i c tile ........................................................ 28. 30 22. 70 2. 20 1 .7 0 28. 70 25.4 0 .9 0 1.00 31.5 0 2 6 .0 0 5. 10 (2 /) 31.5 0 23. 60 1 .9 0 3. 20 8. 50 1 .0 0 2. 80 1 .0 0 O ther stone, c la y , and g la ss p rodu cts . . . . A sp h a lt tile ........................................................... Sand and g r a v e l ................................................... F ib e r g la ss in su la tion (including a c o u s t ic a l t i l e ) ................................................. W indow g la s s ........................................................ C ru sh e d r o c k , slag, and m is c e lla n e o u s a g g r e g a t e ............................................................. 19. 30 5. 20 3. 70 16. 00 6 .0 0 1 .4 0 15. 50 4. 50 3. 20 2 5 .0 0 5. 20 6. 30 19. 60 4. 00 4. 80 3. 10 2. 80 4. 20 2 .5 0 2. 70 2 .4 0 2. 90 3 .4 0 . 50 3. 20 2. 60 1 .20 1 .90 4. 20 4. 00 See fo o tn o te s at end o f ta b le . N orth east N orth C en tra l South W est T a b le 12. C ost of M a te ria ls p e r $ 1, 000 o f P u b lic H ousing C o n stru ctio n C on tra ct by T ype of M a te ria l and R e g io n , 1 9 5 9 -6 0 1--C o n tin u e d United States N orth east N orth C entral South W est $ 1 0 8.4 0 $ 1 19.20 $ 11 4.7 0 $ 9 7 . 60 $ 9 0 . 80 F a b r ic a t e d stru ctu ra l m eta l p r o d u c t s ......... R e in f o r c i n g b a r s , ro d s , and j o i s t s . ......... M eta l w in d o w s, f r a m e s , and a c c e s s o r i e s ..................................................... O rn a m en ta l m e t a l ............................................ M eta l d o o r s , f r a m e s , and a c c e s s o r i e s . . F a b r ic a t e d sh eet m eta l, fo r m e d m e ta l r o o f , and f l o o r d ecks and m eta l f o r m s . M eta l l a t h ............................................................. S tru c tu ra l s t e e l ................................................. W ir e m e s h ............................................................. 80. 20 28. 70 9 5 .8 0 42. 70 84. 80 31. 30 66. 20 13. 70 5 7 .4 0 23. 10 15. 10 8. 60 7. 90 14.4 0 12.40 8 .5 0 14. 60 5. 20 6. 60 17. 90 7. 90 8. 10 8. 80 2 .5 0 7. 80 20 80 70 10 5 .9 0 9. 20 1 .80 .9 0 6. 50 4. 00 1 .9 0 4. 20 O ther m e t a l p r o d u c t s .......................................... C o p p e r (sh e e t m e ta l and p i p e ) ..................... N a i l s ......................................................................... G a lv a n iz e d sheet m e t a l ................................... M eta l c a s e w o r k ................................................. 17. 50 10. 50 2 .4 0 1 .9 0 1 .6 0 13. 20 10. 20 1 .7 0 .9 0 (2 /) O ther f a b r ic a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................... B u ild e r 's h a r d w a r e .......................................... 10. 70 10. 60 10. 10 10. 10 67. 26. 26. 8. 5. 5 0 .7 0 19. 60 24.9 0 1 .20 3 .4 0 S e le c t e d p ro d u cts and p rod u ct groups M eta l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t plumbing and h e a t i n g ) ............................................................. L u m b e r and lu m b e r p r o d u c t s ............................ R ough and d r e s s e d l u m b e r .............................. M ill w o r k ................................................................. F a b r ic a t e d stru ctu ra l l a m i n a t e s ................... P l y w o o d .................................................................... See fo o tn o te s at end o f ta b le. 7. 5. 2. 2. 20 60 10 60 00 10 10 50 30 10. 30 1. 30 1.40 2. 30 23. 30 10. 10 1 .7 0 2. 70 7. 60 19. 80 11.2 0 3 .5 0 2. 70 . 50 15. 30 10.40 2. 80 1.70 (2 /) 6. 60 6. 60 11.6 0 1 1 .4 0 18. 10 18. 10 85. 35. 28. 13. 8. 9 6 .4 0 4 9 .4 0 40. 80 3. 50 2. 20 5 3. 14. 16. 18. 3. 20 30 50 20 90 8. 4. 4. 2. 60 10 80 20 30 T a b le 12. C ost o f M a te ria ls p er $ 1,0 0 0 o f P u b lic H ousing C o n stru ction C on tra ct, b y T ype o f M a teria l and R e g io n , 1 9 5 9 -6 0 1--C o n tin u e d U nited States N o rth east N orth C en tra l P lu m b in g p r o d u c t s ...................................................... F i x t u r e s ...................................................... .................. S teel and g a lv a n ize d p i p e ..................................... C a s t -ir o n p ip e . .......................................... ............. .. V a lv e s and s p e c ia lt ie s .......................................... $ 4 7 . 70 17 .4 0 1 1 .7 0 9 .9 0 8 .0 0 $ 4 4 .5 0 15. 30 1 0 .5 0 1 1 .3 0 6. 60 $48. 13. 13. 7. 12. F ix e d h ou se e q u i p m e n t ............................................ R e f r i g e r a t o r s ............................................................. E le v a t o r s and m o v in g s t a i r s .............................. R a n g e s ........................................................................... V en etia n b lin d s . . . . . . . 0 ....................... .. ............ 28. 80 10. 20 9 .9 0 5. 80 1 .5 0 E le c t r ic a l equipm ent, fix tu r e s , and w ire . . . . C o n d u it...................................... .. . . . .......................... L ig h tin g fix tu r e s ................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S w itch b oa rd s and p a n e l s ....................................... W ire and c a b l e .......................................................... O ther n o n c u r r e n t -c a r r y in g w ir e d e v ice s . . . C u r r e n t -c a r r y in g w ir in g d e v i c e s ..................... E le c t r ic it y g en era tin g u n it s ................................. S e le c te d p ro d u cts and p rodu ct groups H eating, v en tila tin g , and a ir-co n d itio n in g e q u i p m e n t .................................................................... R a d ia to r s , c o n v e c t o r s , b o ile r s , and hot w a ter ta n k s........................................................ Unit h e a te rs and v e n t ila t o r s ................................. S tora g e ta n k s .......................... .................................... W a rm a ir fu r n a c e s ................................................... P u m ps ........................................................................... See fo o tn o te s at end o f ta b le . South W est 20 90 60 70 70 $ 5 1 .3 0 22 .0 0 1 1 .6 0 8 .9 0 8. 10 $46. 15. 12. 12. 4. 70 30 90 60 50 3 6 .4 0 8 .7 0 19 .4 0 4 .5 0 1. 10 32. 70 1 0 .4 0 11. 10 7. 10 2 .4 0 19 .9 0 12 .0 0 (2 /) 6". 40 1 .5 0 22. 9. 4. 6. 1. 70 80 10 20 80 22. 80 5 .9 0 4 .0 0 3. 60 3 .4 0 2. 10 1. 60 1. 30 2 3 .0 0 5 .9 0 3 .5 0 3 .9 0 3. 10 1 .8 0 1 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 5 .4 0 7 .0 0 5. 30 4 .4 0 3. 10 1. 30 1. 30 1 .4 0 19.00 4 .5 0 3. 30 2. 20 3. 80 2. 60 1 .3 0 (2 /) 30. 90 8. 60 6. 20 5 .4 0 3. 30 2. 60 3 .5 0 (2 /) 17. 30 18 .5 0 28. 80 1 1 .9 0 9 .4 0 11 .0 0 (2 /) 2. 90 .6 0 1 .2 0 1 1 .5 0 . 80 2. 70 5 .4 0 3 .0 0 2 .9 0 7 .9 0 . 60 (2 /) (2 /) 2. 50 . 60 (2 /) 4 .9 0 (2 /) 7. 2. 1. 1. 1. 60 90 80 70 10 T a b le 12. C ost o f M a te ria ls p e r $ 1, 000 o f P u b lic H ousing C o n stru ctio n C on tra ct, by T ype o f M a te ria l and R e g io n , 1 9 5 9 -6 0 l - -C on tin u ed U nited State s N o rth ea st N orth C en tra l P a in ts and oth er c h e m ic a l c o m p o u n d s .............. P a in t ......................................................................... P utty, ca u lk in g , and gla zin g p r o d u c t s ............ $ 8 . 60 6 .0 0 .9 0 $ 6 . 10 4 . 30 .7 0 $ 9 . 20 7 .0 0 1. 20 P e tr o le u m p r o d u c t s ................................................. T A sp h a lt p a v i n g .......................................................... A sp h a lt and ta r p i t c h e s .............................. T. t . , A sp h a lt fe lt s ....................................................7 t t t f 5 .4 0 2 .4 0 1. 20 1. 10 3 .5 0 1. 10 1 .3 0 .9 0 A ll o t h e r ........................................................................... N u r s e r y p ro d u cts . ........................................TTr t A sp h a lt s h i n g le s ...............................................Tf t 11. 10 5. 10 2. 60 C o n stru c tio n equipm ent ren tal value or d e p r e c ia tio n c h a r g e ................................................. 25. 20 S e le c te d p ro d u cts and p rodu ct grou p s South $ 1 1 . 10 7 .0 0 1. 10 $ 9 . 50 7. 20 . 60 80 80 60 30 8. 90 4 . 70 1 .5 0 1 .8 0 5 .4 0 2 .4 0 . 90 1.00 6 .9 0 5 .0 0 (2 /) 6. 80 2. 60 . 80 18.80 6. 60 7. 20 9. 70 4. 90 (2 /) 18. 20 2 1 .6 0 2 7 .5 0 53. 10 2. . . . 1A lthough co n s tr u ctio n on som e p r o je c t s extended into 1961, m o s t co n s tr u ctio n w as p e r fo r m e d in 1 9 5 9 -6 0 . 2L e s s than $ 0 .5 0 . N ote: G rou p tota ls include value o f p ro d u cts not shown s e p a ra te ly . rou n d ed to the n e a r e s t tenth o f one d o lla r . W est V alu es w e r e T a b le 13. C o st o f M a te ria ls p e r $ 1, 000 o f P u b lic H ousing C o n stru ction C on tra ct, by M a jo r M a te ria ls G roup and T yp e o f S tru ctu re , 1 9 5 9 -6 0 1 M a te r ia ls group R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te L o a d -b e a r in g m ason ry W ood T o ta l c o s t , a ll p r o d u c t s .............................................. $ 4 4 2 . 10 $ 5 0 1 . 30 $ 5 0 4 . 90 S tone, cla y , and g la ss p r o d u c t s .............. .................... Cjement, c o n c r e t e , and gypsum p r o d u c t s ................ S tru ctu ra l c la y p r o d u c t s ................................................... O th er ston e, c la y , and g la ss p r o d u c t s ....................... M eta l p ro d u cts (e x c e p t plum bing and heating) 0 « . . . F a b r ic a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c ts ............................................ O th er m e ta l p r o d u c t s ........................................................ O th er fa b r ic a t e d m e ta l p ro d u cts ................................. L u m b e r and lu m b e r p r o d u c t s ........................................ P lu m b in g p ro d u cts ............................................................. F ix e d hou se e q u ip m e n t ..................................................... E le c t r ic a l equ ip m en t, fix tu re s and w ire ................ H eating, v en tila tin g , and a ir -c o n d itio n in g e q u ip m e n t............................................................................. P a in ts and oth e r c h e m ic a l co m p o u n d s....................... P e tr o le u m p ro d u cts ............................................................. A ll o t h e r .................................................................................. C o n stru c tio n e q u ip m e n t ................................................... $ 12 3.5 0 7 6 .6 0 33. 50 1 3 .4 0 124. 60 1 0 0 .2 0 1 5 .0 0 9 .4 0 32. 30 47. 70 3 9 .4 0 24. 90 $ 1 5 1 .8 0 9 8 .4 0 27. 30 26. 10 96. 70 65. 70 19. 30 1 1 .7 0 90. 30 4 6. 00 19. 30 20. 90 $ 12 7.5 0 7 7 .0 0 28. 70 2 1 .8 0 8 3 .0 0 4 7 . 30 2 1 .0 0 14. 70 117.40 5 1 .2 0 2 1 .1 0 18 .8 0 1 9 .4 0 5. 90 3 .0 0 4 .5 0 18. 50 14. 10. 8. 13. 24. 10 20 60 90 20 1A lthough c o n s tr u c tio n on som e p r o je c t s exten ded into 1961, m o s t c o n s tr u ctio n w as p e r fo r m e d in 1 9 5 9 -6 0 . 15. 20 10 .5 0 7 .5 0 2 6 .4 0 3 2 .8 0 37 C osts appear h ig h er in the N orth C en tra l and W e ste rn r e g io n s . A p o s s ib le r e a s o n fo r this is g r e a te r d ista n ce fr o m m a jo r s o u r c e s o f supply fo r som e m a te r ia ls , with con sequ en t h ig h er tra n sp o rta tio n c o s t s . H o w e v e r, th ere m a y be oth er r e a s o n s , such as a r c h ite c tu r a l d e sig n v a ria tio n s , w h ich cannot be id en tified fr o m the data at hand. A lthough th ere is little d iffe r e n c e in tota l m a te r ia ls re q u ir e m e n ts , v a ria tion s in the am ount spent on subgrou ps and individual p ro d u cts a re quite p ron ou n ced fo r the d iffe re n t stru ctu ra l ty p e s. The fo u r m o st im p o r tant p rod u ct g rou p s a re ston e, c la y , and g la ss p r o d u c ts ; m eta l p ro d u cts; lu m b er and lu m b er p ro d u cts; and plum bing p r o d u c ts . On the a v e ra g e , these fou r grou p s a ccou n t f o r 75 p e rce n t o f total m a te r ia ls c o s t s . Stone, cla y , and g la ss p ro d u cts a ccou n ted fo r about 28 p e rce n t o f m a te ria ls c o s t . L o a d -b e a rin g m a s o n ry stru c tu re s had h ig h er c o s ts fo r these p r o d u c ts , b e ca u se o f g re a te r ex p en d itu res fo r c o n c r e te b lo c k and b r ic k . E xp en d itu res fo r this p rod u ct g rou p w e re h ig h er in the South b eca u se o f the p re p o n d e ra n ce o f lo a d -b e a r in g m a s o n ry stru c tu re s lo ca te d th e re . The W est had h ig h er c o s ts in this c a te g o r y , p a r tic u la r ly fo r cem en t. The m eta l p ro d u cts g rou p , next la r g e s t , c o m p r is e d 23 p e rce n t of total m a te r ia ls c o s t. R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te stru c tu re s had the g re a te s t exp en d itu res fo r m eta l p ro d u cts . T his w as due to high expen ditu res fo r fa b rica te d m eta l p r o d u c ts , p a r tic u la r ly the r e in fo r c in g r o d s , b a r s , and jo is t s w h ich this type o f stru ctu re r e q u ir e s . This m a te r ia ls grouping d oes not r e p re s e n t the total con trib u tion o f m e ta lw o rk in g in d u strie s, sin ce m eta l p ro d u cts shown s e p a ra te ly in equipm ent c a t e g o r ie s a re not included h ere. L u m b er and lu m b e r p ro d u cts , the th ird la r g e s t c a te g o r y , am ounted to 14 p e rce n t o f total m a te r ia ls c o s t . Not s u r p r is in g ly , w ood stru ctu re s had the h igh est expen ditu res fo r lu m b e r p ro d u cts . R e in fo r c e d co n c r e te stru ctu re s had low exp en d itu res in this c a te g o r y , le s s than o n e -th ir d as m uch as w ood . R egion a l v a ria tio n s a re a ls o in te re s tin g . High expen ditu res fo r lu m b er in the W est w e re p ro b a b ly e n co u ra g e d by n e a rn e ss o f lu m b er m ills and oth er supply s o u r c e s . L ow ex p en d itu res in the N orth ea st and N orth C en tral re g io n s a re in flu en ced both by g r e a te r d ista n ce fr o m supply s o u r c e s , and by the fa ct that the dom inate stru ctu ra l types b u ilt, r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te and lo a d -b e a r in g m a s o n ry , do not re q u ire as m uch lu m b e r. P lu m bin g p ro d u cts a ccou n ted fo r 10 p e rce n t o f tota l m a te ria l ex p en d itu res. T h ere w as v e r y little v a ria tio n by r e g io n o r stru ctu ra l type. A p p a ren tly expen ditu res fo r plum bing p ro d u cts a re m o r e o r le s s a fix e d fa c to r in p u b lic housing co n s tr u ctio n . 38 R em ain ing p ro d u ct c a te g o r ie s w ill not be d is c u s s e d in d e ta il, but so m e o f the m o r e in te re s tin g re la tio n sh ip s can be noted. E xp en d itu res fo r heating and ventilating p r o d u c ts , fo r e x a m p le , a re h ig h e r in the N ortheast and N orth C en tra l re g io n s b e ca u se o f m o r e s e v e r e c lim a t ic con d ition s than in the South. Som e o f the ex p en d itu res fo r heating equ ip m en t, such as d u cts, a re a ls o in clu d ed under fa b r ic a te d s h e e t-m e ta l p r o d u c ts , o r under g a lv a n ized sh eet-m eta l p r o d u c ts . E xp en d itu res f o r fix e d h ou se equipm ent a re h ig h er fo r r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te bu ildin gs b e ca u se th ese bu ildin gs have e le v a to r s o r e s c a la t o r s and the oth er types do not. In su m m a ry , ea ch stru ctu ra l type has a p a r tic u la r M ix M o f p ro d u ct m ex p en d itu res a s s o c ia t e d w ith it. In som e p ro d u ct c a t e g o r ie s , such as plum bing p r o d u c ts , there is no g re a t d iffe r e n c e betw een d iffe re n t stru ctu ra l ty p e s; in oth er c a t e g o r ie s , such as lu m b e r and lu m b e r p ro d u cts, the v a ria tio n is c o n s id e r a b le . R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e s tru c tu re s have high re q u ir e m e n ts fo r m e ta l p ro d u cts and fix e d hou se equipm ent. L o a d -b e a r in g m a s o n ry stru ctu re s have high re q u ire m e n ts fo r ston e, cla y , and g la s s p r o d u c ts ; w ood stru ctu re s have high re q u ire m e n ts fo r lu m b e r and lu m b e r p r o d u c ts . M a te ria ls re q u ire m e n ts v a r y fr o m r e g io n to r e g io n b e ca u se o f d iffe r e n c e s in the kind o f stru ctu ra l types being b u ilt, the c o s t and a v a ila b ility o f m a te r ia ls , and oth er fa c t o r s such as clim a te . 39 Appendix. Scope and Method of Survey This study, designed to develop estimates of man-hour require ments associated with construction of public housing projects, utilized data obtained from or related to activity at the construction sites as well as secondary sources such as the Census of Manufactures. Public housing projects which were not federally aided were not included in this study. Characteristics of the Universe and Selection of the Sample A complete listing of all public housing projects administered by the Public Housing Administration, as of June 30, I960, was secured. This publication, titled Consolidated Development Directory (Report S-11A), indicates location, number of dwelling units, construction starting dates, and other pertinent data for all projects as of that date. The universe for sampling purposes consisted of all projects (approximately 130 containing about 14, 000 dwelling units) on which construction was indicated as having been started during 1959. These projects were stratified by four broad geographical regions described previously under Nature of the Survey and by number of dwelling units in each project. A sample of 31 projects, approximately 1 in 4 of the universe, was selected. As sampling within cells was not uniform owing to the number of projects within some cells, variable weights were assigned to projects. Unless otherwise noted, all information presented in this report is based on weighted data. Although construction on some projects extended into 1961, most construction on projects studied took place during 1959 and I960. Man-Hour Estimates Customary presentation of employment data for construction projects includes estimates for on-site and off-site employment. Such a presenta tion is followed in this study. In addition, however, there is an economic distinction which can be made in analyzing man-hour requirements for con struction. Basic grouping in this instance would be primary and secondary labor effects of construction expenditures, with the primary sector including on-site employment plus the off-site employment directly related to activity at the job sites. Primary man-hour requirements, for purposes of this report, include, in addition to all on-site labor, construction contractors1 office employment, labor required in those manufacturing industries which fabri cate construction materials used on the site--that is, the last stage of manu facturing companies, plus all trade, distribution, and services involved in placing construction materials at the site. Secondary employment includes all other labor requirements necessary to produce and transport raw mate rials and semifinished products to factories which finally produce items used at construction sites. 40 Data for on-site man-hour requirements were generally collected from payroll records. All other labor requirements discussed below, whether considered primary or secondary, were established by use of secondary data. Collection of On-Site Man-Hour Data Under the U. S. Housing Act of 1937, as amended, the Public Housing Administration is responsible for administering the low-rent public housing program. The act provides for a program of locally owned and operated low-rent public housing under which local governments, pursuant to State enabling legislation, establish independent legal entities (local housing authorities) to develop, own, and operate the housing projects. PHA provided financial and technical assistance through 1962 to about 1,370 local housing authorities for development of housing projects. It reviews administration of projects after construction is completed to determine that they are operated and maintained in a manner to promote serviceability, efficiency, economy, and stability and that the low-rent character of the projects is maintained. When a public housing project is constructed with Federal assistance, each prime contractor and subcontractor engaged on the project is required by legislation to submit to local housing authorities a copy of each weekly payroll showing (with other information) daily and weekly hours worked, the gross weekly earnings, and the occupation of each of his employees working on the particular project. Through the cooperation of the Federal Housing Administration and local housing authorities of the several States, copies of payrolls for projects included in the sample, along with lists of contractors working on the projects, were made available to the Bureau. These payrolls provided data for estimating on-site man-hour requirements, as well as data on wages for all hourly rated workers on the projects. Data for on-site salaried employees, not accounted for on payrolls submitted, were obtained from contractors by field representatives of the Bureau. In a few cases, payroll records requested were not available or were inadequate as data sources. For these situations, alternate projects were substituted. Off-Site Man-Hours From contractors and subcontractors cooperating in the study, a price list was obtained of the value of each type of material used in construc tion of sample projects. These material listings were classified into cate gories consistent with 4-digit Census of Manufactures product groups. For each of these product groups, average amounts required per $ 1,000 of contract construction were determined. Once average requirements were calculated, each figure was reduced by a ratio representing the difference 41 between valuation by the purchaser and valuation by the producer,1 Since 0 all data reported by contractors were in purchasers1 value, reduction to producers1 value resulted in figures consistent with Census data published on these various components.1 Secondary Employment in All Industries Secondary employment is defined as the employment in all industries involved in production and transportation of building materials and equipment, from basic extraction to, but not including, the final manufacturing stage. To calculate all secondary man-hours involved in each construction material and equipment, a newly prepared 200-interindustry system of clas sification was used which incorporated a 200-order interindustry system of classification, replacing the previous 57-order interindustry analysis. The 200-order interindustry analysis, while principally based on the 1947 inter industry analysis, is now adjusted to I960 prices and productivity levels. The newly prepared 200-interindustry system is also constructed on a sixsector determination of associated employment needed to produce a given bill of goods. Each of the six sectors--agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation, trade, and all other--has an individual employment factor for each product group. By multiplying the value of each component by the six individual employment factors, it was possible to determine amount of employment required in the six sectors to produce each given material. Price adjustments and productivity adjustments were made to arrive at data for the year consistent with the bill of materials. Total Man-Hour Requirements From each off-site stage (primary distribution, primary manufactur ing, and secondary industry), a man-hour figure per $1, 000 of public housing construction was obtained. When these were combined with direct or on-site man-hours, the total employment effect, within the definition used by the study, was determined. However, procedures used in estimating employment gen erated by public housing construction did not include all such employment. Techniques used for the off-site segment cover only employment generated by direct purchases of materials and supplies and implicit in depreciation of con struction equipment. The following areas of employment related to volume of construction activity were not covered: (1) architectural, surveying, estimat ing, and other planning employment; (2) inspection or supervision by the archi tect or the government during construction; (3) the labor time involved in 10The ratio used for this reduction was the purchaser-to-producer ratio for these components in new construction as developed for use in the 1947 study of the industrial interrelationships of the American economy. u This ratio was established by using the 1959 Survey of Manufactures. 42 installations by public utility employees, as well as any site preparation not covered by the construction contract; (4) employment generated by purchases of moveable furniture and equipment; (5) the "multiplier1 effect of respending 1 of wages and profits; and (6) construction and equipment of production facilities , if needed to supply construction materials. ☆ U . S. G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F I C E : 19 64 O - 7 3 1 -4 7 3