The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
£/S<f Lafe®r and Maternal ^©qyorements for IHespntaQ and Murenng Irfem© Construction U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics January 1983 Bulletin 2154 °o , % aV % ! „ fio f % % <> Labor and material Requirements for Hospital and Nursing Home Construction U.S. Department of Labor Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner January 1983 Bulletin 2154 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $5.00 This bulletin presents the findings of a Bureau of La bor Statistics survey of labor and material requirements for hospital and nursing home construction. The bulle tin provides data on employee hours, building charac teristics, costs, and material requirements for hospitals and nursing homes completed in 1976. Estimates are also provided on the 1981 level of employee-hour re quirements and the number of jobs generated by hos pital construction per billion dollars of expenditure. A summary was published in the March 1982 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Congress established the Bureau of Labor Statistics Construction Labor and Material Requirements pro gram in 1959 to determine the impact on employment of various construction activities. This is the third study of hospital construction, and the second to include data on nursing homes. Other published studies in the series include highways, civil works, college housing, private single-family housing, private multifamily housing, pub lic housing, Federal office buildings, and commercial office buildings. The results of the studies serve several purposes in addition to providing information on total employment requirements. Data on occupational requirements are used to determine training needs; information on the types and costs of materials used are valuable to mate rial manufacturers and market research analysts; data from resurveys of various types of construction are used to develop cost indexes and to provide estimates of trends in onsite labor productivity. The Bureau gratefully acknowledges the coopera tion of the general and special trade contractors, owners, and developers who provided data for the survey. The Bureau also acknowledges the assistance of the Office of Facilities Engineering within the Office of Federally Assisted Construction of the former Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in drawing the sample frame. The study was prepared by Dawn E. Dougherty, as sisted by Barbara J. Bingham, under the supervision of Robert Ball in the Bureau’s Office of Productivity and Technology, Jerome A. Mark, Assistant Commissioner. Karen J. Horowitz and Margaret Long of the Office of Economic Growth assisted in the development of indirect employee-hour estimates. Material in this publication is in the public domain and may, with appropriate credit, be reproduced with out permission. m C®rat®nfs Page Chapters: I. Introduction............................................................................................................. . . ...................... 1 Scope and methods of survey........................................................................................................... 1 Highlights................................................................................................... . . . . . .............. .............2 II. Employee-hour requirements............................................................................................................... 4 Onsite ........................................................................................................................... 4 Offsite and indirect................................................... ............................................ , .................... . 7 III. Components of cost and contractor costs.................................................................... 9 Material and equipment costs........................................................................................................... 9 Wages and salaries.......................................................................... ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ______ 9 Profit and overhead......................................................................................... 14 Contractor costs.......................................................................................................................... .14 IV. Labor requirements and costs by region........................................................... Onsite employee-hour requirements........................................................................................... Wages and salaries................................................................................................................ .15 15 20 V. Project characteristics and trends in hospital design.................................................. 21 Project characteristics........................................................................ ........... ..................... . . . . . . 2 1 Building characteristics..................................................................................................................... 21 Trends in hospital construction............................................................................................. 24 VI. Comparison of BLS construction surveys.............................................................................................26 Heavy construction.............................................................................................................................. 26 Residential construction.......................................................................................................................26 Nonresidential building construction ..................................................................................................26 Comparison of types of nonresidential buildings.................................................................................30 Charts: 1. 2. Percent distribution of material costs for selected products,all construction surveys......................... 27 Ranking of nonresidential building surveys by factors affecting costs per square f o o t......................31 Tables: 1. 2. * 3. 4. 5. 6. Onsite and indirect employee-hour requirements per $1,000 of contract cost for hospital construction by industry, 1960,1966, and 1975 ............................................................................. 3 ^ Onsite employee-hour requirements per $1,000 of contract cost for hospital and nursing home construction by occupation, 1960, 1966, and 1975.......................................................................... 5 Percent distribution of onsite employee-hour requirements per $1,000 of cost for hospital and nursing home construction by type of contractor, 1960,1966, and 1975 ................................ 5 Employee-hour requirements by cost group for hospital construction, 1975 ....................................... 6 Indirect employee-hour requirements per $1,000 of contract cost for hospital and nursing home construction by industry, 1960, 1966, and 1975 ................................................ 6 Percent distribution of contract costs for hospital construction,1960, 1966, and 1975 ......................10 IV Comitsmfts— C o n tin u e d Page 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Distribution of costs of materials, built-in equipment, and supplies for hospital construction, 1960, 1966, and 1975 ........................................................................................................................10 Value of materials, built-in equipment, and supplies per $1,000 of contract cost and percent distribution for nursing home construction, 1975 .......................................................................... 13 Average onsite hourly earnings for hospital and nursing home construction by selected characteristics, 1960, 1966, and 1975............................................................................................... 13 Percent distribution of contract cost by type of operation, for hospital and nursing home construction, 1975 ............................................................................................................................ 14 Onsite employee-hour requirements per $1,000 of contract cost for hospital construction by occupation and region, 1975 ....................................................................................................... 16 Percent distribution of onsite employee hours per $1,000 of costs for hospital construction by type of contractor and region, 1975 ........................................................................................... 16 Onsite employee-hour requirements for hospital construction by selected characteristics and region, 1975 ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Average onsite hourly earnings and wages as a percent of contract cost for hospital construction projects by selected characteristics and region, 1975 ...................................................18 Average hourly earnings for selected onsite construction workers by occupation and by region, for hospital construction, 1975.......................................................................................................... 19 Selected project characteristics for hospital construction, 1960,1966, and 1975 ................................. 22 Selected project characteristics for hospital construction by region, 1975 .......................................... 22 Percent distribution of hospital and nursing home construction projects by selected building characteristics, 1960, 1966, and 1975................................................................................................ 22 Number and costs for hospital construction projects by selected characteristics and region, 1975 .. 23 Selected project characteristics for the most recent BLS nonresidential building construction surveys................................................................................................................................................28 Selected building characteristics for the most recent BLS nonresidential building construction surveys................................................................................................................................................28 Appendixes: A. B. C. D. Comparison of all BLS construction studies, 1958-76 ......................................................................... 32 Scope and methods of survey ................................................................................................................37 Forms used for data collection..............................................................................................................39 BLS publications on construction labor requirements......................................................................... 63 v Chapter D= Introduction Construction activity has a major impact on employ ment in the United States. Construction expenditures provide thousands of jobs, both in the construction in dustry and in industries which produce and deliver equipment and materials used in construction. Informa tion concerning the employment-generating effects of public and private hospital construction is useful to Federal and State governments as well as private industry. Expenditures for hospital construction, which grew steadily throughout the 196Q’s and early 1970’s, reached a peak in 1972. Since that time, however, the volume of hospital construction (measured in constant dollars) has declined. In 1980, the value put in place for public and private hospital construction was $5.83 billion.1In constant dollars, the 1980 figure represents only about 64 percent of the value put in place in 1972.12 Hospital construction accounted for approximately 12 percent of total expenditures for nonresidential building con struction in 1972; in 1980, it represented only 8 percent. The decline in new hospital construction can be at tributed to a growing emphasis on controlling hospital costs through the elimination of excess bed space. Un der the Health Planning Act of 1974, individual health planning agencies were created to coordinate planning efforts in each State. Since then, proposals for new hos pitals have been subject to a more stringent review. As part of the effort to contain costs, planners have en couraged modernization and consolidation of existing facilities over new construction. 90 hospitals and 16 nursing homes.4 All projects were stratified by cost class, and hospital projects were fur ther stratified by broad geographic region.5Because the nursing home sample contained only 8 projects, data on nursing homes are presented for the United States only. All projects in the study were funded under the Hill-Burton program of the former Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.6 The survey included both public and privately owned facilities, and covered additions to existing facilities as well as new construc tion. Projects primarily designed to serve as living quar ters for either students or staff and projects involving a large amount of rehabilitation work were outside the scope of this study. A more detailed description of sam pling techniques and a discussion of sample variances are included in appendix B. BLS personnel obtained data on onsite employee-hour requirements, costs, and project characteristics through visits with general and special trade contractors. Offsite employee hours were estimated from the ratio of (eonconstruction) employees to total employees for special 3The length o f time between the data year and the year o f publica tion is due to several factors. A considerable amount o f time was needed to define and refine the universe, design and select the sam ple, and collect, compile, and verify the data. Each surveyed project required many visits to contractors and subcontractors. Additional time was required for preparation and publication o f the results. Nevertheless, the data presented indicate trends in labor requirements and are useful in analyzing changes in the factors over time. Data also serve as benchmarks for updating estimates o f the employ ment-generating effects o f construction expenditures to the current years. 4Data on certain project characteristics are not published due to the small sample size. 5Data were provided for the United States and four broad geo graphic regions. States included in each region were: Northeast-Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, N ew Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; North Central-\\linois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, N e braska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; South-Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District o f Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Caro lina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; and F/est-Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, N ew Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 6The Hospital Survey and Construction (or Hill-Burton) A ct was passed by Congress in 1946. It provides funds to construct and mod ernize hospitals and other types o f health care facilities. S©@p© and m©flh@di ©f survey The survey was designed to measure labor and ma terial requirements for hospitals and nursing homes com pleted during 1976.3 Most of the construction occurred during 1974-75; therefore, survey data refer to 1975. The survey was based on a sample of 34 hospitals and 8 nursing homes, which represented a universe of 1See table 1 o f Bureau o f the Census, U.S. Department o f Com merce, Construction Report, C30-80-5 (May 1980). 2See table 2 o f Bureau o f the Census, U.S. Department o f Com merce, Construction Report, C30-81-3 (May 1981) and table 1A of Bureau o f the Census, U.S. Department o f Commerce, Construction Report, C30-78-5 (May—issued July 1978). 1 trade contractors in the contract construction industry.7 Indirect labor requirements were developed from the material and equipment cost data obtained in the sur vey. Material and equipment values were first grouped by type, and dollar amounts for each group were ad justed by the appropriate producer price index. Ad justed data were then processed through the Bureau’s input-output tables to generate estimates of final de mand. Industry productivity factors were applied to determine the number of employee hours required per S1,000 of contract cost for manufacturing industries; trade, transportation, and service industries; and min ing and all other industries.8Employment generated by the spending of wages, salaries, or profits (the multi plier effect) is not within the scope of this study. cate that in 1981, each $1,000 of expenditure for hos pital construction generated 48 hours of work.9Of these, 22 were in the construction industry (20 onsite and 2 offsite). Employee-hour requirements for related indus tries were distributed as follows: 15 for manufacturing; 8 for trade, transportation, and services; and 2 for min ing and all other industries. (Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.) Survey results indicate that each $1 billion spent on hospital construction in 1975 would provide an esti mated 45,800 jobs—21,500 in construction alone.10The Bureau estimates that in 1981, $1 billion of expenditure would create 12,100 jobs in construction and 13,100 in related industries. The following tabulation compares job estimates for 1975 and 1981 by industry: Jobs per billion 1981 1975 Labor requirements. For each $1,000 of contract cost for hospitals completed in 1976, 87.7 employee hours were required. Of that total, 39.2 hours were in the construction industry-34.7 for onsite construction work and 4.5 for builders’ offsite activities. The remaining 48.5 hours were in industries that manufacture and de liver materials, equipment, and supplies used in hospi tal construction: 29.3 in manufacturing; 15.1 in trade, transportation, and services; and 4.1 in mining and all other industries. Estimates based on survey data indi 45,800 Construction........................... Onsite .................................... O ffsite.................................... Manufacturing....................... Trade, transportation, and services ................................... Mining and all other ........... 21,500 19,300 2,200 25,300 12,100 10,800 1,200 14,100 7,300 8,100 2,000 4,800 1,100 Data for nursing home construction show that 87.1 employee hours were required per $1,000 of expendi ture in 1975. The distribution of employee hours by in dustry is as follows: 34.4 for construction (31.3 onsite and 3.1 offsite); 32.2 for manufacturing; 15.5 for trade, transportation, and services; and 5.0 for mining and all other industries. Based on these data, each $1 billion spent on nursing home construction in 1975 would generate an estimated 45,300 jobs—18,900 in construc tion and 26,300 in other industries. 7Offsite hours in the construction industry, which represent builders’ office, warehousing, and administrative duties, were developed from survey data. First, hours worked by administrative personnel were subtracted from the onsite hour figure obtained from the survey. To calculate total hours, the ratio o f nonconstruction employees to total employees for special trade contractors in the contract construction industry, as reported in Employment and Earnings, United States 190878, Bulletin 1312-11 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1979), was applied to the adjusted hour figure. Onsite hours were then subtracted from this total hour figure to obtain the offsite hour estimate. Hours worked by administrative personnel were subtracted from onsite hours be cause they are not included in the construction employee figures in Em ploym ent and Earnings. These hours are included in tables show ing onsite hour data. Employment and Earnings data from SIC’s 15 and 17 were used to calculate offsite hours for building surveys. SIC 161 was used for highways; 162 for civil works; all contract construction for sewer works; and SIC 17 for housing surveys. However, some SIC series did not extend back far enough to be used for several older surveys, including both o f the earlier hospital studies. Because o f this, all con tract construction data were used for older highways and civil works surveys, and SIC 17 was used in some older building construction surveys. 8The Office o f Economic Growth and Employment Projections, Bureau o f Labor Statistics, uses the input-output tables o f the Bureau o f Economic Analysis, U.S. Department o f Commerce, to generate indirect hours from material and equipment cost data obtained in the survey. T o ta l...................................... Changes in employee-hour requirements. These survey results, when compared with previous BLS studies of hospitals built in 1960 and 1966, show that em9Employee-hour estimates for 1981 were based on 1975 onsite em ployee-hour data adjusted for price and productivity change. The deflator used to adjust onsite hours for price change was the Bureau o f the Census’ cost index for nonresidential buildings (1972 = 100): 1965-66 = 65.6 I 974.75 = 134.65 1981 = 224.7 Productivity change was calculated from the change in onsite hours, adjusted for price change, between the 1966 study and the latest study. The average annual rate o f change used was 0.7 percent. 10Employment estimates were derived using 1,800 hours per year for onsite construction and 2,(XX) hours per year for offsite construc tion. Average hours per job in 1974-75 for other industries were as follows: 2,074 for manufacturing; 1862 for trade, transportation, and services; and 2,031 for mining and all other industries. 2 Table 1= Onsite and indirect employee-hour requirements per $1,000 of ©ontraet cost for hospital construction by industry, I960, 1066, and 1975 Current dollars Constant (1972) dollars Industry 1966 1975 134.1 124.7 118.1 39.2 34.7 4.5 60.0 52.7 7.3 57.1 49.9 7.2 52.8 46.7 6. 1 48.5 29.3 15. 1 4.1 74.1 46.3 20.3 7.5 67.6 42.0 19.4 6.2 65.3 39.5 20.3 5.5 1960 1966 1975 1960 ......................... 226.0 190.2 87.7 Constr u c t i on Onsite ............................................ Offsite ........................................... 101.1 88.8 1/12.3 87.1 76 . 1 1/11.0 O t h e r i n d u s t r i e s 2/ ............................ Manufacturing .................................. Trade, transportation, and services Mining and other .............................. 124.9 78.0 34.2 12.7 103.1 64.0 29.6 9.5 All industries 1 Revised based on adjustment to 1979 benchmark of 2 Data revised from original study due to reprocessing of material items through improved input-output tables. Employment and Earnings series. ployee-hour requirements have declined.11 Each $1,000 of contract cost for hospitals constructed in 1960 and 1966 required 226.0 and 190.2 employee hours, respec tively, compared with 87.7 hours in 1975 (table 1). In constant (1972) dollars, employee-hour requirements decreased from 134.1 in 1960 to 124.7 in 1966, and to 118.1 in 1975. Onsite hours decreased from 88.8 per 1,000 current dollars in 1960 to 34.7 in 1975. This de cline is due to a number of factors, including changes in onsite labor productivity, project characteristics, and construction techniques. Onsite employee hours per 1,000 current dollars of expenditure for nursing home construction decreased from 73.7 in 1966 to 31.3 in 1975. Because the 1966 study of nursing homes was based on a case study of 12 projects, the two studies may not be strictly compa rable. However, data indicate the downward trend in labor requirements for nursing home construction. "T he first two studies are referred to as the 1960 and 1966 studies; however, most o f the construction value was put in place during 1959/60 and 1965/66, respectively. 3 Ohupftdr I I Empfldydd-toyr ^ © q u S rs m e n ts creased between the two nursing home surveys: In 1966, 73.7 hours were required. Employee hours generated by hospital construction fall into two major categories: Direct and indirect. Di rect labor requirements are further divided into onsite and offsite hours. Onsite hours represent hours expended directly at the construction site, while offsite labor re quirements represent builders’ office, administrative, and warehousing activities. Indirect hours were devel oped from survey data for the following industry groups: 1) Manufacturing; 2) trade, transportation, and services; and 3) mining and all other industries. These hours represent the labor required to produce and de liver materials, equipment, and supplies used in construction. Factors contributing to the decline in onsite employee hours include: Improved construction methods, changes in types of materials used, differences in project char acteristics, and increased productivity. Although onsite hours cannot be used as an exact measure of produc tivity, changes in onsite hours indicate productivity trends in the construction industry. Nursing homes required fewer onsite hours than hos pitals. Nursing homes built in 1975 required 31.3 em ployee hours per $1,000, 3.4 fewer hours than that re quired for hospitals. Onsite labor requirements also de By occupation. Hospital survey data show that skilled workers contributed 68.6 percent of all hours in 1975, compared with 67.8 percent in 1960 and 70.3 percent in 1966 (table 2). Plumbers (including pipefitters and steamfitters), carpenters, and electricians accounted for the largest proportion of skilled employee hours in all three studies. The proportion of hours contributed by electricians increased with each study, reflecting a growing sophistication and complexity in the electrical equipment and lighting systems used by hospitals. Semiskilled and unskilled workers accounted for 22.4 percent of all hours in 1975; in 1960 and 1966 they rep resented 28.4 percent and 26.4 percent, respectively. Among semiskilled and unskilled workers, the propor tion of hours contributed by laborers, helpers, and tenders decreased from 26.7 percent in 1960 to 20.6 percent in 1975. This is due to several factors, includ ing the increased complexity of hospital equipment and the mechanization of materials handling, excavation, and other jobs. The proportion of hours worked by professional, technical, clerical, and supervisory workers, which was 3.9 percent in 1960 and 3.2 percent in 1966, increased to 8.7 percent in 1975. Accounting for most of this in crease was the proportion of hours contributed by su pervisory workers, which jumped from 3.1 percent in 1960 to 7.4 percent in 1975. The distribution of onsite hours by occupational group for nursing homes built in 1975 was similar to that for hospitals. Skilled workers accounted for 66.6 percent of all onsite hours. Carpenters contributed the largest proportion of skilled hours, followed by plumbers and electricians. Semiskilled and unskilled workers contributed 22.3 percent of all hours, and pro fessional, technical, clerical, and supervisory workers accounted for 11.1 percent. In the 1966 survey, onsite hours were distributed as follows: 68.6 percent for skilled workers; 27.1 percent for semiskilled and un skilled workers; and 4.4 percent for professional, tech nical, clerical, and supervisory workers. 12Imputation was not done for missing detailed data when the con tract value was less than 0.3 percent o f the total project amount. The effect on survey data, particularly employee-hour ratios and compo nent cost percentages, is not significant. By type o f contractor. General contractors accounted for the greatest proportion of onsite hours with 26.6 percent. In comparison, general contractors contributed Onsite Approximately 89 percent of the 39.2 employee hours required in the construction industry were expended at the construction site. Each $1,000 of contract cost for hospitals built in 1975 required 34.7 onsite hours.12 In comparison, hospitals built in 1960 and 1966 required 88.8 and 76.1 onsite hours, respectively. In constant (1972) dollars, onsite hours declined at an average an nual rate of 0.8 percent between 1960 and 1975 and 0.7 percent between 1966 and 1975, as shown below: Study year Onsite hours per $1,000 (1972 dollars) 1960................................................................... 1966................................................................... 1975................................................................... 52.7 49.9 46.7 4 Table 2. Onsite employee-hour requirements per $1,000 of contract cost for hospital and nursing home construction by occupation, 1960, 1966, and 1975 Nursing Hospitals Employee hours per $1,000 O c c u p a t ion All occupations ...... Employee hours per $1,000 Percent di s t r i b u t io n Employee hours per $1,000 Percent di s t r i b u t io n homes 1975 1975 1966 1960 Percent di s t r i buti on Employee ho u r s per $1,000 Percent di s t r i b u t ion 100.0 34.7 100.0 31.3 100.0 3.8 9.9 5.0 13.0 1.2 4.3 3.5 12.5 2.3 4.3 7.3 13.7 0.4 1.5 ( 1/ ) 8.8 0.7 0.6 0.3 1.0 ( 1/) 7.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 1.4 ( 1/) 9.9 0 .9 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.4 4. 1 0.2 0.2 0.4 2.5 1 .0 11.9 0.7 0.5 0. 1 0.3 0.3 3.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.9 11.1 0.6 0.5 ( 1/ ) 1. 5 2.7 1.4 2.5 C 1/) ( 1/) 2.9 12.7 1.4 0.6 4.3 ( 1/ ) 1.7 3.0 1.6 2.8 ( 1/) ( 1/ ) 3.2 14.3 1. 6 0.7 4.8 ( 1/ ) 1.5 2.2 1.4 2.0 ( 1/) ( 1/) 2.5 11.9 1.2 0.5 4.2 ( 1/) 1.9 2.9 1.8 2.6 ( 1/) ( 1/ ) 3.2 15.6 1. 6 0.6 5.5 0 .1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0. 1 2.1 0.5 2.3 0.5 0.2 1.9 0.4 2.2 2. 1 2.1 1.6 0.2 6.0 1.5 6.6 1.6 0.6 5.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.1 — 1.5 0.2 2.7 0 .1 0.5 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.3 3.5 88.8 100.0 4.8 11.7 5.4 13.2 0.4 1.3 ( 1/) 7.8 0.6 0.5 76 . 1 Skilled workers: Brickmasons Carpenters ..................... Carpet and soft tile installers .................. Concrete finishers ......... Drywall installers ......... Electricians .................. Elevator mechanics ......... Glaziers ........................ Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics Insulation workers ......... Lathers .......................... Operating engineers ........ Painters ........................ Paperhangers .................. Pipefitters and steamfitters Plasterers ..................... Plumbers ........................ Reinforcing ironworkers .......................... Roofers Sheet-metal workers ......... Structural metal and ornamental ironworkers Tile setters and terrazzo workers ........................ Other skilled workers ...... 1.7 2.0 1.1 1.5 0.9 2.6 0.5 1. 7 1.4 ( 1/ ) 1.6 ( 1/ ) 1.2 0.3 1.7 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.6 2.1 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.8 Semiskilled and unskilled workers Laborers, helpers, and tenders Truckdrivers .................... Other .............................. 23.7 0.6 0.8 26.7 0.7 1.0 19.6 0.4 0. 1 25.7 0.5 0.2 7.2 0 .1 0.5 20.6 0.4 1.4 6.8 0 .1 0.1 21.7 0.2 0.4 0.7 2.8 0.8 3.1 1.3 7.4 0 .1 3.4 0.4 10.7 Office and administrative workers Professional, technical, and clerical workers ........... Supervisors ..................... - 0.9 2.3 0.8 1. 7 1 Not available = No data reported. j 0.5 2.6 4.9 0.7 8.5 0.3 1 .6 3.0 Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Table 3. Percent distribution of onsite employee-hour requirements per $1,000 of cost for hospital and nursing home construction by type of contractor, 1960, 1966, and 1975 Nursing Hospi tals Type of homes contractor 1960 1966 1/ 1975 1966 1975 ................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 General contractor ....................... Excavations, footings, foundations, and grading .............................. Concrete reinforcement ................. Concrete work .............................. S t r u c t u r a l steel a n d o r n a m e n t a l iron Structural steel ....................... O r na me nt al iron ........................ Masonry ........................................ Carpentry ..................................... Plumbing and heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning ................. Plumbing ................................... H e a t i n g , v e n t i l a t i n g , a n d aii— conditioning .......................... Electrical ................................... Insulation ................................... Plastering and lathing ................. Wallboard .................................... Sheet-metal work and roofing ........ Sheet-metal work ....................... Roofing .................................... Elevators .................................... Glass and glazing ........................ Painting and wallpapering ............ Ceramic tile and terrazzo work . . .. Linoleum, vinyl tile, and vinyl/asbestos tile .................. Building equipment installation ... Other ........................................... 39.1 36.5 26.6 37.0 24.8 0.8 (2/) (2/) 2.7 (2/) (2/) 4. 1 (2/) 1.3 (2/) 0.5 2.2 1.5 0.7 2. 1 0.2 22.1 (2/) 24.7 (2/) 23.7 4.9 21.3 (2/) 24.0 14.0 (2/) 9.2 (2/) 8. 1 (2/) 1.3 (2/) (2/) (2/) (2/) 2.5 4.0 (2/) 10.1 (2/) 8.5 (2/) 1.1 (2/) (2/) (2/1 0.5 2.5 3.1 18.8 13.0 1.1 6.5 2.1 2.3 1.2 1. 1 1.2 0.6 1.9 1.7 (2/) 8.7 (2/) 7.5 10.0 14.3 0.7 2.2 6.7 2.5 0.3 2.2 1. 0 1.5 2.6 1.4 (2/) (2/) 6.0 0.8 1.9 4.0 0.6 0.7 2.3 Total 1 Based on data from federally aided hospital projects only. 2 Not available. 1.4 0.4 4.4 2.2 1. 9 0.3 5.5 1. 6 1.0 (2/) 0.5 1.8 1.5 0.3 4.7 0 .1 (2/) 2.3 (2/) (2/) (2/) 0.7 4.7 3.9 0.9 0.8 4. 1 Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. 5 0.4 0.4 2.6 0 .9 0.4 0.5 8.4 1.7 1. 0 0.2 2.7 Table 4 D Em ployee-hour rsq u iram erts hospital construction, 197S by o©st group for Employee Cost All groups $1 , 0 0 0 of cost hours 100 per: square feet ......... 90 34.7 17 2 1,999,999 .. 4,999,999 .. 9,999,999 .. - 14,999,999 .. - 19,999,999 .. and over ...... 15 27 19 8 18 4 41.3 38.5 36.2 31.1 32.1 39.2 214 216 208 124 156 192 74 13 27 13 4 16 C 1/3 33.1 42.8 38.5 36.9 25.4 30.4 C 1/3 170 218 216 213 97 152 C 1/3 16 C 1/3 — 6 4 2 2 39.0 ( 1/3 -34.7 36.0 42.8 42.2 177 C 1/> -197 147 177 196 projects $1,000,000 $2,000,000 $5,000,000 $10,000,000 $15,000,000 $20,090,000 Number of projects Hospital additions: All p r oj ec ts ......... $1,000,000 1,999,999 .. $2,000,000 4,999,999 .. $5,000,000 9,999,999 .. $10,000,000 - 14,999,999 .. $15,000,000 - 19,999,999 .. $20,000,000 and over ...... Hew hospitals: All p r o j e c t s ......... $1,000,000 1,999,999 .. $2,000,000 4,999,999 .. $5,000,000 9,999,999 .. $10,000,000 - 14,999,999 .. $ 1 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 -■ 1 9 , 9 9 9 , 9 9 9 .. $20,000,000 and over ...... 1 Insufficient data. See text footnote 4. -- Survey had no sample projects in this cell. Detail may not add to totals due to N ote : rounding. Table 5* Indireet ©mpl©^e©“b©yr rsqoiremsmits p@r $1,000 ©f ©©nfraet e©st f®r hospital and norsing b@m® ©©nstruetion by industry, 1®SQ, 1®8S, and 1®?5 Hospitals ' "Running homes Industry 1960 1966 1/ 1/ 1975 1975 hours. 124.9 103.1 48.5 52.7 ................ 78.0 64.0 29.3 32.2 Trade, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and services .................... 34.2 29.6 15.1 15.5 T rade ....................... Wholesale trade ........... Retai1 trade .............. Transportation .............. Services .................... 22.3 13. 1 9.2 S .3 3.6 19.5 10.2 9.3 6.0 4.1 8.7 4.8 3.9 3.3 3.1 8.7 5.3 3.4 3.5 3.3 Mining and other .............. Agri c u l t u r e ................. Mining ...................... Communications .............. Public utilities ............ Finance, insurance, and real es t a t e ............... Government enterprises ...... Construction ................ 12.7 1.6 4.1 1. 1 1. 1 9.5 0.9 2.8 0.9 0.8 4.1 0.3 1.1 0.4 0.4 5.0 0.5 1. 6 0.4 0.5 2.7 1.2 0.9 2.2 1. 1 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.4 1. 1 0.5 0.4 Total indirect Manufacturing employee 1 Data revised from original study due to reprocessing of material items through improved input-output tables. N o te : 6 Detail may not add to totals due to rounding, 39.1 percent in 1960 and 36.5 percent in 1966 (table 3). This decline indicates that general contractors are sub contracting more onsite duties to special trade contrac tors. Of special trade contractors, plumbing and heat ing, ventilating, and air-conditioning contractors had the largest proportion of onsite hours in all three stud ies. This reflects the extensive amount of plumbing work required in hospital construction. Electrical contractors had the second greatest pro portion of onsite labor requirements for special trade contractors in all three studies. The proportion of hours contributed by electricians increased from 9.2 percent of all hours in 1960 to 13.0 percent in 1975, another in dication of the increasing complexity of the electrical systems used by hospitals. Other changes include a de creased proportion of hours contributed by plastering and lathing contractors, which is probably due to the increasing use of drywall for interior walls. The major ity of hospitals built in 1975 had drywall interior walls, while plaster was used most commonly in both of the earlier studies. Although general contractors accounted for the largest proportion of onsite hours for nursing homes built in 1975, the proportion of hours contributed by general contractors decreased between the two studies. Plumbing and heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning contractors had the highest proportion of hours for the special trade contractors, followed by electrical con tractors. Nursing homes built in 1975 differed from hos pitals in that masonry contractors contributed the third largest proportion of onsite hours. Masonry was the major type of material used in nursing home construc tion for both exterior and interior walls. hours per 100 square feet. Projects costing from $2 to $5 million required 216 employee hours, while projects in the $10 to $15 million range required 124 hours. The majority of projects in the survey were additions to existing hospitals. These projects required 33.1 em ployee hours per $1,000, compared to the 39.0 hours for new hospitals. Employee-hour requirements per 100 square feet for additions and new hospitals were 170 and 177, respectively. Nursing homes required an average of 31.3 onsite hours per $1,000 of cost. Approximately one-half of the nursing home projects cost between $1 and $2 million. On average, these nursing homes required 39.1 onsite hours per $1,000, which is similar to the average num ber of hours required for new hospital buildings. On site hours per 100 square feet for nursing homes were also lower than those for hospitals. Every 100 square feet of nursing home construction required 129 em ployee hours. Offsite aodl Indirect Builders’ offsite employment. Offsite hours in the con struction industry represent builders’ estimating, warehousing, administrative, maintenance, and office activities. Offsite construction hours were estimated from the ratio of nonconstruction workers to total workers for special trade contractors in the contract construction industry. Builders’ offsite labor re quirements averaged 4.5 hours per $1,000 of contract costs for hospitals constructed in 1975. In comparsion, builder’s offsite hours for hospitals built in 1960 and 1966 were much higher at 12.3 and 11.0, re spectively. Although offsite construction hours per $1,000 decreased between the last two studies, the pro portion of total hours that they represent declined only slightly. Builders’ offsite employee-hour requirements accounted for 5.1 percent of all hours in 1975, com pared with 5.8 percent in 1966. Indirect employee hours. Indirect employee-hour re quirements represent the labor required to produce and distribute the materials, equipment, and supplies used in construction. Indirect employee hours declined at about the same rate as onsite hours between the first and most recent studies. Each $1,000 of contract cost for hospitals built in 1975 required 48.5 indirect employee hours, compared with 124.9 in 1960 and 103.1 in 1966 (table 5). Indirect hours accounted for approximately 55 percent of all hours in 1975. This means that for each hour spent at the construction site, almost 1.4 addi tional hours were required to produce and deliver the materials and equipment used in construction. This ratio was about the same in the previous studies. The manufacturing sector accounted for the largest proportion of indirect labor requirements in all three studies. Hospital construction generated 29.3 employee By selected project characteristics. Onsite employee hours by cost class show that requirements per $1,000 were highest for the least expensive projects (table 4). Projects that cost between $1 and $2 million required 41.3 employee hours, while projects in the $10 to $15 million range required 31.1 hours. The number of em ployee hours decreased as cost increased, except for the two highest cost classes. Several projects in the high est cost classes included rehabilitation work, which is relatively labor intensive. These hospitals, which re quired more employee hours than any other project surveyed, raised the average for the two cost classes. Approximately one-third of the projects cost between $2 and $5 million. Projects in this class had labor re quirements of 38.5 hours per $1,000 of expenditure. On a square foot basis, the distribution of em ployee-hour requirements by cost class followed the same general pattern as the distribution of hours per $1,000. Onsite employee-hour requirements per 100 square feet were higher for less expensive projects, and decreased up to projects in the $15 to $20 million range. Overall, surveyed hospitals required 172 employee 7 hours in manufacturing industries in 1975, or 60 percent of total indirect hours. Although the hours required in manufacturing decreased between the three studies, manufacturing hours as a proportion of total hours de clined only slightly—from 34.5 percent in 1960 to 33.4 percent in 1975. In the trade, transportation, and service sectors, la bor requirements decreased from 34.2 hours in 1960 to 15.1 hours in 1975. However, as a proportion of the total, the hours required in these industries increased from 15.1 percent in 1960 to 17.2 percent in 1975. Most of this increase occurred in the service industries. 8 The third industry group includes agriculture, min ing, communications, public utilities, finance, in surance, real estate, government enterprises, and maintenance construction. These sectors accounted for 8.5 percent of all indirect hours in the 1975 survey, com pared with 10.2 percent in 1960. Indirect labor requirements were greater for nursing homes than for hospitals. The largest difference was in manufacturing. Because material requirements were greater for nursing homes than for hospitals, each $1,000 of nursing home construction expenditure generated al most 3 additional employee hours in manufacturing. Chapter 111. ©©mpomsoit© of Cost and ©@ntra©t®r <S@sts studies; however, several shifts occurred within this product group. For example, decreased use of clay brick and marble and other cut stone was offset by increased use of precast concrete products. Electrical machinery and equipment had the third highest cost per $1,000 of construction value for hos pitals built in 1975. The proportion of total material cost for electrical products increased by over 6 percent between 1966 and 1975, replacing built-in equipment and nonelectrical machinery as the third most impor tant product group. Communication and transmitting devices, electric light fixtures, and current-carrying de vices had the largest cost in this group. The cost of materials, built-in equipment, and sup plies per $1,000 of nursing home construction was slightly higher than that for hospitals (table 8). As in hospitals, fabricated metal products had the highest cost per $1,000 of nursing home construction value, followed by stone, clay, glass, and concrete products. Built-in machinery and nonelectrical equipment accounted for the third largest proportion of total material cost for nursing homes. Because hospitals generally require more complex electrical equipment, material require ments for electrical products and measuring instruments were higher for hospitals than for nursing homes. On the other hand, building items (such as lumber and wood products and stone, clay, glass, and concrete products) accounted for a larger proportion of materials cost for nursing homes than for hospitals. Construction contract costs include material and la bor costs, equipment and overhead expenses, and con tractors’ profit. Survey data show that materials, built-in equipment, and supplies accounted for the largest pro portion of total contract cost for hospitals built in 1975 (table 6). This held true for both of the earlier studies; however, the proportion of cost for materials decreased from 53.2 percent in 1960 to 42.2 percent in 1975. The proportion of total hospital contract cost represented by onsite wages and salaries declined between 1966 and 1975, after increasing between the first and second stud ies. The proportion of hospital cost for contractors’ equipment continued to increase between the second and most recent studies, while profit and overhead jumped from 17.4 percent in 1960 to 27.7 percent in 1975. The proportion of materials and supplies to total con tract cost was greater for nursing homes than for hos pitals, but the proportions for labor and profit and over head were both smaller. Contract costs for nursing homes built in 1975 were distributed as follows: 48.3 percent for materials, built-in equipment, and supplies; 24.5 percent for onsite wages and salaries; 2.2 percent for contractors’ equipment; and 25.0 percent for over head and profit expenses. Material and (equipment eosts Of the materials used in hospital construction, fabri cated metal products had the highest cost per $1,000 in all three studies (table 7). Three items, fabricated sheet-metal products, prefabricated structural steel, and metal reinforcing bars, accounted for over half of the fabricated metal products used in 1975. Between the 1966 and 1975 studies, the proportion for metal rein forcing bars and metal doors and windows decreased, while the proportion for fabricated sheet-metal prod ucts increased. Prefabricated structural steel, which was not found in either of the earlier studies, accounted for almost 4 percent of the total material cost in 1975. Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products accounted for the second largest proportion of material cost in all three studies. The proportion represented by stone, clay, glass, and concrete products was similar for the three Wages and salaries In 1975, the average hourly wage for hospital con struction workers was $7.99 (table 9). Survey data show that onsite wages and salaries, excluding employer-paid benefits, accounted for 27.7 percent of hospital contract cost in 1975, a slight decrease from the previous stud ies. As in both of the earlier studies, average hourly earnings were higher for additions and for projects built in metropolitan (rather than nonmetropolitan) areas. Data for the latest study differ from previous survey results in that the ratio of wages to contract cost did not necessarily correspond with wage rates. In both the 1960 and 1966 studies, higher average hourly wages were generally accompanied by a higher ratio of wages 9 Table 6. Percent distribution of ©©infract ©osts for hospital ©©instruction, 1980, 1988, and 1975 T y p e of c o s t Total .............................. C o n s t r u c t i o n e q u i p m e n t ........ . 1960 1966 1975 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.2 1.3 2.4 Materials, built-in equipment, and supplies .............................. 53.2 50.4 42.2 Onsite wages and salaries ......... 28.2 29.6 27.7 ................. . 17.4 18.7 27.7 Overhead and profit Table 7. Distribution of costs of materials, built-in equipment, and supplies for hospital construction, 1980, 1988, and 1975 Percent Item 1960 ........... All materials, equipment, and supplies Materials, built-in equipment, and supplies .......... . Agricultural products ..................................... 1966 100.00 100.00 1975 Value per $1,000 of contract cost, 1975 100.00 $442.24 97.86 97.50 94.48 417.84 — — .09 .40 — — .51 .51 .33 .28 .05 1.44 1.24 .20 Textile mill products ..................................... Carpeting, rugs, mats, and pads ......................... Miscellaneous textile mill products ..................... — — .29 — .29 .24 .23 .01 1.06 1.0 1 .05 Apparel and other textile products — — — Lumber and wood products, except furniture ................ Kitchen cabinets, vanities, prebuilt .................... Dressed and rough boards, and dimension lumber .......... Hardwood flooring and other hardwood ............... . Wood shingles and excelsior ............................. Millwork ................................... ............ Plywood, softwood ....................................... Acoustical tile, cork ................................... Miscellaneous lumber and wood products ................... 4.22 — .99 — -2.99 .18 — .05 4.81 — 1.55 — — 2.88 .20 — .18 2.98 .14 .81 .04 .09 1.42 .09 .33 .06 13.18 .64 3.60 .16 .40 6.30 .41 1.46 .21 Furniture and fixtures .................................... Household furniture and fixtures ........................ Office furniture and fixtures ........................... Public buildings furniture and fixtures ................. Store furniture and fixtures ............................ Venetian blinds, curtain and drapery rods ............... Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures .................... 3.19 — 2.49 — .69 — 2.82 — 2.39 — 2.28 .24 10.06 1.07 1.96 3.87 2.46 .16 Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Sand and gravel ........................................ Miscellaneous mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals ........................ See footnotes at end of table. 10 .42 .42 — .4 4 — .4 4 .87 .56 .04 .12 .02 .5 4 Table 7. Continued-—Distribution of costs of materials, built-in equipment, and s u p p l i e s for hospital construction, 1960, 1966, and 1975 Percent Item 1960 1966 Paper and allied products ................................. Masking tape ........................................... Construction paper and building board products .......... Miscellaneous paper and allied products ................. .09 ““ .09 — _ — — — Chemicals and allied products ............................. Paint and allied products ............................... Miscellaneous industrial organic chemicals .............. Adhesives, sealants, and caulking ....................... Chemicals and chemical preparations, n.e.c................ Miscellaneous chemicals and allied products ............. .81 .46 ““ — .35 — Petroleum refining and related products ................... Fuels, diesel fuel, gas, oil, grease .................... Asphalt paving .......................................... Asphalt tar and pitches ................................. 1975 Value per $1,000 of contract cost, 1975 .39 .03 .35 .01 $1.73 .15 1.5A .0A .77 .77 — — — — 1.01 .A2 .0A .23 .26 .07 A.A8 1.8 A . 18 1.02 1. 13 .31 .90 .23 .27 .A0 .80 .09 .30 •A0 1.12 .18 .30 .6A A.96 .80 1.3A 2.82 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ................ Fabricated rubber products .............................. ........... Miscellaneous plastics products ........... Miscellaneous rubber and plastics products .............. .11 — .11 — .15 — .15 — 1.05 .09 .96 — A.65 .39 A.25 .0 1 Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products ................. Wi ndow glass ........................................... Pressed and blown glass ................................. Mi rrors ........................... .................... 18.9A .59 — — .7 1 2.2A 1. A9 .20 — 1.13 .77 5. 15 .1A 1.62 1.28 1. A7 .A0 1.76 -— 18. AO .51 — — .56 1.96 1.25 .13 — 1.27 1.A2 18.52 .A2 .05 .1A .A7 .81 .82 .08 1.15 .99 3.38 5.62 .07 1.A7 .36 .5A .7A 1.31 .06 .05 81.90 1.8A .23 .61 2.08 3.57 3.63 .3A 5.08 A.36 1A .95 2A.8A .31 6.52 1.60 2.37 3.26 5.81 .26 .2A 12.05 7.57 — — 1.07 .09 1.53 .3A 12.35 9.89 5.38 .17 .21 .86 .0A 1.15 .0A .11 1.75 .11 .07 A3.73 23.77 .75 .92 3.80 .16 5.10 .19 .50 7.7 A .A 9 .31 23.80 1.63 .7A .3A .85 3.98 105.26 7.26 3.26 1.52 3.75 17.58 Brick (clay) ........................................... Ceramic tile ........................................... Clay sewer pipe ......................................... Plumbing fixtures and accessories, vitreous china ....... Concrete block and brick ................................ Precast concrete products ......................... Ready-mix concrete ...................................... Gypsum products ........................................ Marble and other cut stone .............................. Asbestos cement products ................................ Crushed rock, slag, miscellaneous aggregate ............. Mineral and glass wool products ......................... Nonmetallic mineral products, n.e.c....................... Miscellaneous stone, clay, glass, and concrete products Primary metal industries .................................. Structural steel ........................................ Seamless steel pipe and tubing .......................... Nails, staples, cable, and wire, ferrous ................ Cast iron products ...................................... Copper pipe and tubing .................................. Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil ......................... Nonferrous rolled, drawn, and extruded metal.............. Cable and wire, nonferrous .............................. Primary metal products, n.e.c............................. Miscellaneous primary metal products .................... Fabricated metal products ............................. Builders' hardware ...................................... Plumbing fixtures, metal and enameled iron .............. Plumbing accessories, fittings, and trim, brass ......... Radiators and heaters (nonelectric) ..................... Prefabricated structural steel .......................... See fo o tn o te s at end of table. 11 5.53 .12 1.10 .7A 1.00 — 2.19 .A 9 .13 5. 53 .9A .23 .29 — — 1.50 .38 1.5A .5A 1.61 1.06 .20 — 2A.25 1.9 A 2.8 A — 3.A5 21.75 2.01 2. A9 .A 1 2.81 — Table 7. Continued— Distribution off costs of materiais5built-in equipment, and supplies for hospital construction, 1080, 19®6, and 1075 Percent Item 1960 1966 1975 Value per $1,000 of contract cost, 1975 $8.67 3.49 19.81 6.23 2.51 16.7 1 1.01 .49 10. 13 2.22 .66 14.48 4.16 .38 — .85 16.81 4.57 .91 — 1.35 .88 — 3.93 1.96 2.32 .90 — 4.08 2.99 2.01 13.29 3.03 .61 .15 .66 .05 .89 .85 5.72 1.06 .26 58.77 13.41 2.70 .68 2.93 .22 3.94 3.77 25.30 4.68 1. 14 Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies .............. Transformers ............................................ Electrical switchboards and panel boards ................ Electrical motors and generators ......................... Electric motor controls ................................. Welding supplies .......... ....................... . Electric housewares and fans ............................ Household appliances, n.e.c............................... Electric lamps and bulbs .......... ..................... Lighting equipment, n.e.c.................................. Current-carrying devices ................................ Noncurrent-carrying devices ........................... . Commercial, industrial, and institutional light fixtures Radio and TV receiving sets .................. . Radio and TV communication and transmitting devices ...... X-ray and photofluorographic equipment ............... . Miscellaneous electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies 13.44 .60 1. 96 1.06 — — — — — — .53 1.99 2.83 .35 1. 10 2.36 .67 14.14 .21 1.95 .78 — — — — — — .74 1.72 3.02 .24 2.08 2.97 .43 15.09 .79 1.65 1.34 .15 .03 .04 .07 .20 .48 2.00 1.64 2. 18 .05 2.24 1.69 -53 66.74 3.50 7.28 5.94 .68 . 13 .19 .29 .90 2. 14 8.83 7.25 9.64 .23 9.92 7.46 Z .36 Instruments and related products .......................... Engineering, laboratory, and research instruments ....... Temperature controls ............................ . Industrial measuring and controlling instruments ........ Electrical meters and measuring equipment ........... . Measuring and controlling devices, n.e.c.................. Surgical supplies and equipment ......................... Photographic supplies and equipment ..................... Miscellaneous instruments and related products .......... 4.70 .54 1.91 — — — 2.24 — — 3.44 .28 1.48 -— — 1.68 — — 3.42 .07 .92 .20 .04 .15 1.92 .07 .04 15.11 .30 4.08 .90 .16 .67 8.50 .32 .18 .26 .44 .98 4.34 2. 14 2.50 5.52 -- — — — Machinery, except electrical .......................... . Elevators, escalators, and dumbwaiters ............... .. Conveyors and conveying equipment .................... . Special industry machinery, n.e.c......................... Compressors ............................................. Blowers, exhaust and ventilating fans ................... Sprinkler systems Cfire prevention) ..................... Ais— conditioning equipment .............................. Service industry machines, n.e.c.......................... Miscellaneous machinery, except electrical .............. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries products ..... . Total contractors5 construction equipment Lumber and wood products, except furniture Fabricated metal products ................ .................... ........ . Machinery, except electrical .............................. Electrical machinery and equipment Transportation equipment ........... ..... .................. .................................. Measuring, analyzing, and controlling instruments Miscellaneous construction equipment ...................... Note: All individual items under 10 cents are included in the last line in each group. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. ......... 12 — — — .14 .85 . 4.11 Q 1.96 .79 4.48 1.41 .57 3.78 .23 .11 2.29 .50 .15 3.60 .33 2.63 .73 <se\i 6.76 — — 1.83 .15 — 2.43 — 2.70 .79 “ 4.52 .48 — 1. 92 -1. 18 Metal doors and windows ................................. Fabricated metal plate products ......................... Fabricated sheet metal products ......................... Ornamental and architectural metal work ............... .. Prefabricated metal buildings, curtain walls ......... . Metal reinforcing bars ................................. Metal nuts, bolts, washers, screws, rivets .............. Metal stampings, n.e.c........................... ....... Plumbing accessories, metal other than brass ............ Miscellaneous fabricated wire products .................. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products ................. .64 3.75 18.17 — .10 .45 — — .25 1 .12 -- — .03 .12 — .04 .15 Table 8. Value of materials, built-in equipment, and supplies per $1,000 of contract cost and percent distribution for nursing home construction, 1975 Type of material All materials, equipment, and supplies Materials, built-in equipment, supplies Agricultural products .... Value per $1,000 of contract cost Percent di stri but ion $491.99 100.0 470.35 95.6 0.68 0. 1 ........ ........................ ... 4. 13 0.8 ........................ 1.22 0.2 33.28 6.8 Mining of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Textile mill products Lumber and wood products, except furniture Furniture and fixtures .... ......... ............. Paper and allied products .................... Chemicals and allied products ................ Petroleum refining and related products ...... 9.71 2.0 2.13 0.4 8.11 1.6 10.50 2. 1 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .... 6.79 1.4 Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products ..... 95.35 19.4 Primary metal products ....................... Fabricated metal products .................... Machinery, except electrical ................. Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies 54.13 11.0 114.24 23.2 61.01 12.4 60.06 12.2 Measuring, analyzing, and controlling instruments 7.51 1.5 Other materials and supplies ................. 1.49 0.3 ......................... 21.64 4.4 Construction equipment N ote : Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Table 9. Average onsite hourly earnings for hospital and nursing home construction by selected characteristics, I960, 196®, and 1975 Hospi tals Characteri sti c Average hourly wage Nursing homes 1966 1960 Wages as percent of contract Average hourly wage 1975 Wages as percent Average of hourly contract wage 1966 1975 Wages Wages as as percent Average percent Average of hourly of hourly contract wage contract wage Wages as percent of contract $3. 18 28.8 $3.89 29.6 $7.99 27.7 $3.48 25.6 $7.84 24.5 Hew ................ Additions .......... 3. 15 3.26 27.8 31.6 3.75 3.99 28.0 30.8 7.40 8.25 28.9 27.3 3.48 — 25.6 — 7.84 — 24.5 — In metropolitan area ... In nonmetropolitan area 3.31 2.94 30.6 25.6 4. 10 3.39 30.5 27.2 8.39 6.96 27.7 27.8 3.53 3.43 26.5 24.9 9.60 5.33 26.6 20.4 Type of framing-' Steel ............... Reinforced concrete ... Load bearing masonry 3.20 3. 14 3.35 26.2 30.6 28.9 4.04 3.85 3.74 27. 1 30.7 30.8 8.29 7.81 (1/) 25.5 30.9 (1/) 3.68 (1/) 3.09 25.3 ( 1/) 24. 1 6.23 10.52 — 21.9 27.7 — 1-story ............. 2-4 stories ......... 5 or more stories .... 2.94 3.11 3.29 24.8 30 .1 29.7 3.28 3.75 4.06 25.0 29. 1 30.5 8.41 7.52 7.79 19.6 28.4 29.8 3.22 (1/) 24.7 C1/) 5.33 8.50 10.78 25. 1 28. 1 All projects ........ 1 Insufficient data. -- Survey had no sam ple projects in this cell. 13 20.4 to contract cost. In 1975, however, the proportion of hospital contract cost for wages and salaries appears to have been affected more by employee-hour require ments than by wage rates. Thus, the ratio of wages to contract cost was greater for new hospitals than for additions even though the wage rate was lower. Average hourly earnings for nursing home construc tion workers were similar to those for hospital con struction employees. As a percent of contract cost, however, wages and salaries accounted for a much smaller proportion for nursing homes (24.5 percent) than for hospitals. Nursing homes’ lower labor require ments may explain this difference. As in hospital con struction, employees in metropolitan areas received higher hourly wages than those in nonmetropolitan areas. cost as wages and salaries. Higher interest rates and in creases in both offsite salaries and supplemental bene fits were major factors contributing to this rise. Contractor General contractors accounted for the largest pro portion of total hospital contract cost in 1975 (table 10). Plumbing and heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning contractors had the second greatest share, followed by electrical contractors. These contractors alone ac counted for over 65 percent of total hospital construc tion value. The distribution of contract cost by type of contractor differed slightly from the distribution of on site employee hours. Concrete, elevator, and building equipment contractors accounted for a greater propor tion of total contract cost than of labor requirements, whereas masonry, plastering and lathing, and wallboard contractors had a smaller proportion of contract cost than of onsite hours. General, electrical, and plumbing, heating, ventilat ing, and air-conditioning contractors accounted for the largest proportion of nursing home construction value as well. Compared with hospitals, masonry and wallboard contractors accounted for a much greater pro portion of nursing home contract cost, while the pro portions of nursing home cost for concrete and struc tural steel contractors were much lower. The distribu tion of contract cost followed the same pattern as the distribution of onsite employee hours: Labor require ments for masonry and wallboard contractors were greater for nursing homes than for hospitals, while on site hours for concrete and structural steel contractors were lower. Profit and ®w©rh©ad The profit and overhead component of contract cost includes items such as interest expenses, salaries of offsite workers, supplementary wage benefits, taxes, employer-paid insurance, office and other overhead ex penses, and profits. Of the four components of hospital contract cost, the proportion for profit and overhead changed the most between the three studies. Although profit and overhead’s share increased only 1.3 percent age points to 18.7 percent between the first two stud ies, it increased to 27.7 percent in 1975 (table 6). This increase is significant: In both of the earlier studies, the proportion of hospital construction value for profit and overhead was much smaller than the proportion for on site labor. In the latest study, however, profit and over head accounted for the same proportion of contract Table 10. Percent distribution of contract cost by type of operation for hospital and nursing home construction, 1975 Type of operation Hospitals Nursing homes ......................... 100.0 100.0 General contractor ............................ Plumbing and heating, ventilating, and airconditioning ............................... Electrical ................................... Concrete and stucco work ...................... Plastering and lathing ........................ Masonry ...................................... Structural steel erection ..................... Building equipment installation ............... Carpentry .................................... Elevators .................................... Excavation, footings, foundations, and grading Wallboard .................................... Sheet-metal work ............................. Painting ..................................... Roofing, gutter work, flashing, and siding ..... Glass and glazing ........................... Ceramic tile and terrazzo ..................... Acoustical ................................... Linoleum, vinyl tile, and vinyl/asbestos tile ... Insulating ................................... All other .................................... 28.5 28.6 24.2 12.6 5.3 3.8 3.3 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.4 1.2 1. 1 1.0 0.8 1. 1 0.6 0.6 0.5 3.9 24.7 12.9 3.0 0.9 6.3 0.2 1.6 2.4 1.8 1. 1 4.2 0.3 0.8 2.2 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.4 3. 1 All operations N ote : Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. 14 ©Hnapter IV. Late®r ^©qjySremints and] 0©sts by Region Onsite ®mpl@y®e-hour requirements all hours. In comparison, supervisory workers contrib uted only 5.7 percent in the Northeast. Survey data show that employee-hour requirements per $ 1,000 of hospital contract cost were highest in the South (table 11). Hospitals built in the South required 36.3 onsite hours per $1,000, compared with 34.7 for the United States as a whole. These results are consis tent with those found in other BLS construction stud ies, which all show that construction methods tend to be more labor intensive in the South. In comparison, hospitals in the Northeast required the lowest number of onsite hours with 32.0 per $1,000. One reason for the lower-than-average labor requirements may be that the majority of hospital projects in the Northeast were located in metropolitan areas, where the pool of skilled labor is usually greater. Onsite labor requirements for hospitals in the North Central and West were close to the national average at 33.8 and 35.4, respectively. By type of contractor. The proportion of onsite labor requirements contributed by general contractors ranged from a high of 32.9 percent in the South to a low of 17.6 percent in the North Central region (table 12). In all four regions, plumbing and heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning contractors accounted for the largest proportion of hours for the special trades, followed by electrical contractors. Because masonry was used for a greater proportion of projects in the Northeast and North Central regions, masonry contractors accounted for more hours in these regions than in the South and West. In the latter two regions, the proportion of hours for plastering and lathing contractors was higher than that for masons. Although carpenters had a large share of total onsite hours, the proportion of hours contrib uted by carpentry contractors was rather small because many special trade contractors (such as acoustical tile, concrete formwork, roofing, and insulation contractors) employ carpenters to perform certain carpentry-related tasks. By occupation. Overall, skilled workers contributed 68.6 percent of the total onsite employee-hour require ments for hospital construction. On a regional basis, hospitals built in the West required the largest number of skilled employee hours, while those built in the South required the least. Skilled workers, who accounted for 75.9 percent of all onsite hours in the West, contributed only 63.9 percent in the South. In the North Central and Northeast, skilled workers represented 71.0 percent and 72.3 percent, respectively. In both of these regions, plumbers (including pipefitters and steamfitters) ac counted for the greatest proportion of onsite skilled hours. Carpenters had the largest share of onsite skilled labor requirements in the West, and were tied with electricians for the greatest proportion in the South. Projects in the South required a larger proportion of semiskilled and unskilled employee hours than any other region. Although laborers, helpers, and tenders ac counted for almost 25 percent of all hours in the South, they represented only 16.5 percent in the West. The proportion of hours contributed by office and adminis trative workers was also highest in the South, where supervisory workers accounted for over 8 percent of By selected project characteristics. Data on selected project characteristics reveal that labor requirements for hospital construction differ depending on the type of construction involved, the type of owner, project location, and project size.13 Labor requirements were lower for additions than for new hospitals in all regions except the North Central (table 13). In all but the South ern region, publicly owned hospitals required fewer construction hours than privately owned facilities. The majority of hospital projects had two to four stories. These hospitals required more employee hours than those with one floor; however, only 6 percent of the projects were one-storied buildings. In all regions, em ployee-hour requirements were greater for projects built in nonmetropolitan areas, which is probably due to the 13Employee-hour requirements may vary because o f a combination o f these factors. N o data are available to prove which characteristic had the greatest effect on onsite labor requirements. 15 Table 11. Onsite employee-hour requirements per $1,000 of contract cost for hospital construction by occupation and region, 1975 United O c c u p a t i on All occupations N o r t h e a st States Percent di s t r i b u t ion Employee hours per $1,000 34.7 100.0 1. 2 4.3 0. 1 0.9 0.4 4. 1 0.2 0.2 Employee hours per $1,000 Skilled workers: ................... Brickmasons Carpenters ..................... Carpet and soft file installers .................. Concrete finishers .......... Drywall installers .......... E l e c t r i ci a n s ................... Elevator installers ......... Glaziers ......................... H e a t i n g , air— c o n d i t i o n i n g , and refrigerator mechanics Insulation workers .......... Lathers ........................... ......... Operating engineers Painters ......................... Paperhangers ................... Pipefitters and steamfitters Plasterers ...................... Plumbers ......................... Reinforcing ironworkers ... ........................... Roofers Sheet-metal workers ....... Stonemasons ................... Structural metal and or na m e n t a l iron w o r k e r s Tile setters and terrazzo ..................... workers Welders and cutters ...... Other skilled workers ... Semiskilled and unskilled workers: Laborers, helpers, and tenders Truckdrivers .................. Other ............................ Office and administrative workers: Professional, technical, and clerical workers Supervi sors ............... North Central Percent di s t r i bu ti on Employee hours per $1,000 32.0 100.0 3.5 12.5 1. 5 4.3 0.4 2.5 1.0 11.9 0.7 0.5 South Percent di s t r i buti on Employee hours per $1,000 33.8 100.0 4.6 13.5 1. 3 3.8 0.2 2.2 0.7 2.9 0.3 0.2 0.7 7.0 2.0 9.0 0.9 0.6 0. 1 0.5 0.3 4.4 0.2 0.2 0 .1 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.5 0 .1 2.3 0.4 2.9 0.5 0.3 1.3 0.2 2.2 0.6 2.0 1. 4 0.4 7.3 1. 4 9.2 1.5 0.8 — West Percent di s t r i buti on Employee hours per $1,000 Percent di s t r i b u t ion 36.3 100.0 35.4 100.0 3.8 11.4 1. 2 4.4 3.3 12.2 0.3 6.7 0.9 18.8 0.2 1.6 1.0 13.0 0.6 0.5 0 .1 0.7 0.3 4.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.9 0.8 12.2 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.2 3.6 0.3 0.2 1.1 1 .9 0.5 10.2 0.9 0.4 ___ __ 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0 .1 3. 1 0.5 1. 8 0.6 0.3 1. 9 2.4 2.3 1. 5 0.3 9.2 1. 5 5.4 1. 7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.7 — 1. 1 0.5 2.4 0.5 0.2 0.9 2.2 2.2 2. 1 1. 8 — 3.0 1.4 6.5 1. 4 0.4 0 .0 1. 2 1.2 0.4 0.6 0 .1 2.2 0.7 3. 1 0.7 0.2 4.0 -- 2.4 0 .1 6.9 0.3 1.6 0.0 4.2 0 .1 2.6 0 .1 0.0 3.3 3.4 1.2 1.6 0.4 6.3 2.0 8.9 1 .9 0.7 7.3 0. 1 0. 1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0. 1 2. 1 0.5 2.3 0.5 0.2 1.9 0. 1 0.4 2.2 2. 1 2.1 1.6 0.2 6 .0 1.5 6.6 1.6 0.6 5.4 0.2 0.9 2.6 0.7 2.2 1. 1 3.3 0.8 2. 1 0.7 2.0 0.2 0. 1 0.5 0.6 0.2 1. 7 0.1 0. 1 0 .1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0. 1 0. 1 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.3 0. 1 1. 0 0.7 0.3 3.0 0.2 0. 1 0.4 0.6 0.3 1. 2 7.2 0 .1 0.5 20.6 0.4 1.4 5.9 0 .1 0. 1 18.5 0.3 0.2 5.8 0.2 0.5 17.3 0.5 1.6 8.9 0. 1 0.6 24.7 0.3 1. 7 5.8 0.0 0 .1 16.5 0. 1 0.5 1. 3 7.4 0.8 1 .9 2.4 5.7 0.4 2.5 1.2 7.4 0.4 2.2 0.9 6.2 0.5 2.6 - No data reported. 0.3 3.0 1. 0 8.1 Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Table 12. Percent distribution of onsite employee hours per $1,000 of cost for hospital construction by type of contractor and region, 1975 Type Total of contractor .............................. General contractor ..................... Excavating, footings, foundations and grading ............................ Concrete reinforcement ............... Concrete work ............................ Stru ct ur al steel ...................... Masonry ..................................... Carpentry .................................. Plumbing .................................... H e a t i n g , v e n t i l a t i n g , a n d ail— conditioning ........................... Electrical ................................. Insulation ................................. Plastering and lathing ............... Wallboard .................................. Sheet-metal work ......................... Ornamental ironwork ................... Roofing and gutter work ............. Elevators .................................. Glass and glazing ...................... Painting and wallpapering .......... Ceramic tile and terrazzo work ... Linoleum, vinyl tile, and vinyl/asbestos tile ................ Acoustical tile ......................... Building equipment installation Other ........................................ United States Northeast Central South West 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 26.6 27.0 17.6 32.9 1.4 0.4 4.4 1 .9 5.5 1.6 4.9 1.6 ( 1/) 2.8 1. 8 6.8 3.5 9.3 1. 7 0.6 8.4 3.2 7.5 1.5 4.3 1.2 0. 1 2.0 1. 2 4. 1 1.0 2.7 0.6 2.3 1.8 0.6 1.8 2. 1 14.0 18.8 13.0 1.1 6.5 2. 1 1. 2 0.3 1.1 1.2 0.6 1. 9 1. 7 15.2 11.0 1. 8 1. 2 6.6 0.4 1. 0 1.3 1. 2 0.6 1 .9 1. 1 22.2 14.1 0.8 5.2 2.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.2 0.6 1. 8 2.5 18.6 13. 1 1.1 9.0 0.9 1.8 0. 1 1.1 1. 2 0.5 2.0 1. 4 10.6 10.9 1.6 7.6 2. 1 2.6 ( 1/) 1.3 1. 7 0.5 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 1.6 0.8 0.9 0.3 1. 8 0.4 0.8 0 .9 1. 9 1. 5 0.7 0.2 1.3 1 Insufficient data. See text footnote 4. North 0.4 0.8 0.6 1.1 Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. 16 100.0 32.0 Table 13. Onsite employee-hour requirements for hospital construction by selected characteristics and region, 1975 Uni t e d States Employee hours per: Characteristic Northeast North • Employee hours per • $1,000 of cost 100 square feet $1,000 of cost hours 1/ $1,000 of cost 100 square feet Central Employee per 10 0 square feet South West Employee hours per s $1,000 of cost 100 square feet Employee hours per • $1,000 of cost 100 square feet Project characteristics All hospital Additions Publicly Privately 172 17 7 17 0 ............ 42.1 203 ........... 31.7 159 32.0 ........ 33.0 159 31.4 40.0 214 34.5 ................ owned owned Metropolitan area Nonmetropolitan 32.0 (2/) 31.8 34.7 39.0 33. 1 projects: area ... N u m b e r of stories-’ 1 ............................ 2 - 4 ........................... 5 and above ............. 239 (2/) 242 33.8 31.3 35.0 — 31.1 239 34.7 242 32.6 229 40.8 — ___ 36.3 52.6 32.2 17 4 22 1 160 35.4 35.9 34.7 19 5 187 207 15 6 48.8 225 34.7 211 14 7 27.3 134 35.6 191 14 1 34.0 159 33.0 202 212 43. 1 222 36.2 19 2 -- 28.1 36.6 — 17 2 198 149 138 155 _ ... 23.4 37.8 33.5 162 19 8 160 (2/) 34.0 32.5 (2/) 221 255 35.2 33. 1 180 137 43.0 34.2 213 162 34.8 30.7 45.9 33.9 17 0 242 212 168 32. 1 31.8 (2/1 32.8 232 284 (2/) 270 33.8 — — 33.8 149 — — 14 9 36.3 — (2/) 34 . 1 (2/) 16 5 36.6 28.1 — 35.4 19 8 172 — 19 5 32.8 36.2 39.8 155 19 5 16 9 32.7 31.2 35.2 248 233 250 33.0 34.4 — 138 16 0 — 32.4 43.3 (2/) 15 2 242 (2/) 35.6 35.2 C2/) 202 219 (2/) T y pe of fuel: Electricity ............. Gas ......................... Oil ......................... 41.1 34.3 35.7 247 16 4 186 (2/) 32.3 30.8 (2/) 224 227 (2/) 33 . 1 35.6 (2/) 144 149 — 34.9 44.3 — 16 6 219 — 35.4 — 195 — Air-conditioning: Central air-conditioning 35.1 17 3 32.0 239 34.6 15 0 36.5 174 35.4 19 5 Frami n g : Steel ...................... Concrete: p r e c a s t or poured 30.7 14 5 32.0 243 28!. 1 114 31.6 137 33.1 17 4 39.6 210 32.3 224 37.9 18 0 43.3 245 37.4 213 Exterior wall: Concrete: p r e c a s t or poured Load bearing masonry Curtain wall ............ 34.5 34.6 35.5 16 5 16 7 208 (2/) 31.9 31.5 (2/) 282 171 28.3 36.2 (2/) 1 16 16 0 (2/) 40.3 34.3 (2/) 212 15 3 (2/) 35.1 — 37.3 213 Interior wall: Drywall ..................... Plaster ..................... Masonry: brick or block 33 . 1 37.9 39.0 16 7 170 282 31.0 (2/) 34.9 231 (2/) 292 32.4 34. 1 (2/) 151 13 4 (2/) 34.1 47.8 — 161 244 — 33.8 36.7 — 203 18 9 — Floo r base: Concrete 34.7 172 32.0 239 33.8 149 36.3 17 4 35.4 19 5 — Building characteristics Conveyor systems: Elevators ................ No e l e v a t o r s ............ No escalators .......... Other .................. See footnotes at end of table. 17 17 4 — — 18 4 — Table 13. Continued— Onsite employee-hour requirements for hospital construction by selected characteristics and region, 1975 Uni t e d Employee per Characteristic Northeast States hours hours North Central • Employee per • Employee hours per • 100 square feet $1,000 of cost 100 square feet $1,000 of cost South West Employee hours per • Employee per hours • 1/ $1,000 of cost 100 square feet $1,000 of cost 100 square feet $1,000 of cost 100 square feet Floor co ve ri ng1 .................. Terrazzo Carpet ..................... Vinyl/vinyl asbestos tile 35.6 39.6 34.1 155 236 16 8 (2/) — 32.8 (2/) — 270 (2/) — 32.5 (2/) 144 41.0 35.6 254 165 36.9 34.3 207 18 5 Ceiling: Acoustical — — — __ — ....... 34.4 16 9 32.0 239 33. 1 144 36.3 174 35.0 190 R o of base: Steel decking .......... Concrete .................. 37.7 34.4 180 17 0 — 32.9 — 244 32.7 34.0 16 6 14 6 47.0 34.9 199 17 0 28.1 36.6 17 2 19 8 Roof cover! Built-up 35.0 17 3 32.0 239 34.6 15 0 36.3 174 35.4 195 ............... ............. 33.7 37.2 15 5 227 31.7 32.3 189 304 33. 1 38.2 143 200 34.3 40.7 157 217 37. 1 32. 1 196 191 P a r k i ng : Outdoor ................... None ........................ 33.7 38.7 17 0 17 5 31.3 35.5 227 306 35.0 28.6 157 1 13 33.3 47.8 16 4 208 35.0 (2/) 19 0 (2/) tile .................. Basement: Basement No b a s e m e n t 1 Table shows only characteristics for which there were 2 or more projects in sample. See table 19 for complete listing of project characteristics. 2 Insufficient data. See text footnote 4. -- Survey had no sample projects in this cell. Table 14. Average onsite hourly earnings and wages as a percent of contract cost for hospital construction projects by selected characteristics and region, 1975 Uni t e d States Northeast North Central Average hourly wage Wages as percent of contract 27.5 (2/) 27.7 $8.70 8.96 8.59 (2/) 8.22 8.55 (2/) 28.0 27.0 27.7 27.4 31.8 27.4 8.51 9.11 (2/) 8.57 8.22 7.48 27.7 27.8 P a r k i ng: Outdoor ................... None ........................ 7.99 7.85 Ty pe of heat: Forced air ............... Hot wa te r ................ Other ..................... 7.87 8.15 7.87 Average hourly wage 29.4 28.1 30.0 $ 7 . 18 5.70 7.79 26. 1 30.0 25.1 $8.29 8.41 8.10 29.4 30.2 28.1 8.36 8.90 29.4 31.1 6 . 12 6.27 26.3 29.7 8.38 8.28 — 23.6 30.3 — 27.3 29.0 (2/) 28.2 8.70 — — 8.70 29.4 — — 29.4 7 . 18 26.1 8.28 8.38 (2/) 7.34 (2/) 25.0 8.29 30.3 23.6 — 29.4 8.42 8.74 26.7 28.2 8.91 7.52 29.5 28.7 7.43 6.72 25.5 27.4 8.24 8.41 30.6 26.9 26.9 30.4 8.44 9.30 26.4 33 . 1 8.61 8.81 30.2 25.2 7.21 7.10 24.0 33.9 8.41 (2/) 29.4 C2/) 25.8 29.5 31.3 8.47 8.6 1 8.87 27.7 26.9 31.2 8.30 9.02 27.4 31.0 7.45 6.78 (2/) 24. 1 29.4 (2/) 8.33 7.49 (2/) 29.7 26.4 (2/ ) 27.7 28.9 27.3 $8.60 (2/) 8.73 8.41 7.51 7.79 19.6 28.4 29.8 Co nveyor systems! Elevators ................ No e l e v a t o r s ............ Escalators ............... No e s c a l a t o r s .......... 7.97 8.92 6.93 8.10 Basement: Basement .................. No b a se me nt All hospital projects! ......................... New Additions ................ $7.99 7.40 8.25 N u mb er of stories! 1 ............................ 2 - 4 ........................... ............. 5 and above 1/ See footnotes at end of table. West Average hourly wage Average hourly wage Average hourly wage Characteristic South Wages as percent of contract Wages as percent of contract Wages as percent of contract 18 — — Wages as percent of contract Table 14. C ontinued— Average onsite hourly earnings and wages as a percent of contract cost for hospital construction projects by selected characteristics and region, 1975 United Oil of South West Wages as percent of contract Average hourly wage Wages as percent of contract Average hourly wage (2/) 29.7 32.1 $7.39 6.25 25.8 27.7 — $8.29 — 29.4 Average hourly wage Average hourly wage $ 7 . 15 7.99 8.05 29.3 27.4 28.8 (2/) $8.87 8.39 28.7 25.8 (2/) $8.97 9.03 8.29 25.5 8.52 27.2 8.95 25. 1 7.78 24.6 8.51 28.2 7.81 30.9 8.87 28.7 8.96 34.0 6.53 28.3 8.12 30.3 7.64 8.26 7.45 26.4 28.6 26.4 (2/) 8.76 8.62 (2/) 27.9 27.2 8.99 8.68 (2/) 25.5 31.4 (2/) 6.46 7.72 (2/) 26.0 26.5 (2/) 8.51 -7.99 29.8 ..................... brick or block 7.77 8.34 8.90 25.7 31.6 34.7 8.67 (2/) 8.92 26.9 (2/) 31.1 8.34 9 . 18 (2/) 27.0 31.3 (2/) 7. 17 7.19 24.5 34.4 8.11 8.41 27.4 30.9 .................. ......................... F r a m i ng : Steel ...................... Concrete: p r ec as t or poured Exterior wall: Concrete: p r e c a s t or poured .. Load bearing masonry Curtain wall ............ (2 /) — — wall: Plaster Masonry: Wages as percent of contract Wages as percent of contract 1/ fuel: Interior Central Wages as percent of contract Characteristic Type North Northeast States F l o o r base: Concrete Average hourly wage 29.8 7.99 27.7 8.60 27.5 8.70 29.4 7. 18 26 . 1 8.29 29.4 Floor covering: Terrazzo .................. Carpet ..................... Vinyl/vinyl asbestos tile 8.88 7.56 7.90 31.6 29.9 26.9 (2/) — 8.57 (2/) — 28.2 (2/1 — 8.68 (2/) — 28.2 — 7 . 18 7. 18 — 29.5 25.6 — 8.32 8.26 — 30.7 28.3 Ceiling: Acoustical ....... 7.97 27.4 8.60 27.5 8.69 28.7 7. 18 26.1 8.41 29.4 R o o f base: Steel decking .......... .................. Concrete 6.45 8.25 24.3 28.4 — 8.60 — 28.3 7.45 9.00 24.4 30.6 5.20 7.53 24.4 26.3 8.38 8.28 23.6 30.3 Roof cover: Built-up Metropolitan tile .................. area ....... 7.97 27.9 8.60 27.5 8.7 1 30 . 1 7 . 18 26. 1 8.29 29.4 8.39 27.7 8.71 27.3 9.04 29.5 7.68 26.1 7.84 25.9 8.24 28.4 Nonmetropolitan area ... 6 . 96 27.8 Publicly ............ 6.57 27.7 — .......... 8.75 27.7 8.60 Privately owned owned — 27.5 1 Table shows only characteristics for which there were 2 or more projects in sample. See table 19 for complete listing of project characteristics. 2 Insufficient data. See text footnote 4. 7.00 28.6 6.03 26.0 8.42 30.5 8.65 26.9 5.77 28. 1 7.79 27.0 8.72 30.3 9.0 1 24.6 8.41 30.0 Survey had no sample projects in this cell, Table 15. Awerage hourly earnings for selected onsite construction workers by occupation and region for hospital construction, 1975 Uni t e d O c c u p a t ion Skilled workers: Brickmasons .............................. Carpenters .............................. Carpet and soft tile installers ........................... Concrete finishers .................. Drywall installers .................. E l e c t r ic i a n s ........................... Elevator installers ................ Glaziers ................................. Insulation workers .................. Lathers .................................. Operating engineers ................ Painters ................................. Pipefitter and steamfitters .. . . Plasterers .............................. Plumbers ................................. Reinforcing ironworkers .......... Roofers .................................. Sheet-metal workers .................. Structural metal and ornamental iro nw o r k e r s ......................... Tilesetters, hard ................... States Northeast North Central South West $8.83 8.30 $8.80 8.98 $9.67 8.98 $8.04 7.66 $8.98 7.87 8.06 8 . 18 8.11 8.91 9.37 7.93 9.68 8. 16 8.53 7.75 9.05 8.32 8.43 8. 18 7.28 8.50 9.06 8.06 8.85 10.04 9.89 7.59 9.10 8.76 9.41 8.64 9.01 9.44 8.86 8.62 8.28 8.27 7.76 9.32 8.77 9.37 9.72 8.66 10.00 9.22 9.05 8.85 9.32 9. 14 9.37 9.09 8.01 8.89 7.50 7.51 6.77 8.24 8.88 7.00 9.85 7.08 7.85 6.72 8.30 7. 10 7.43 6.98 5.51 7.98 7.82 8.51 8.58 8.88 9.20 10.17 8.74 8.68 7 .9 9 8.37 9.35 9. 15 9.23 8.79 8. 16 9.41 9.20 7.91 10.11 8.34 9.01 8.42 9.33 7.44 7.95 8.30 Semiskilled and unskilled workers: Laborers .................................. Helpers .................................... Truckdrivers, heavy and light .. . . 5.52 6.32 6.25 6.23 7.25 3.89 6.48 7.25 6.87 4.73 5.35 5.82 6.25 6.78 12.00 Office and admini st ra ti ve workers: Clerical workers ...................... Professional and technical workers Supervi sors .............................. 3.94 8.09 9.48 4.25 9.26 11.23 3.93 7.41 9.92 3.48 8.11 8.87 4.99 9.41 9.06 19 Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. was tied with the West for the greatest ratio of wages to total cost. Throughout the United States, average hourly earnings were greater for projects constructed in metropolitan than in nonmetropolitan areas. The extent of unionization within a region often af fects regional wage rates. Survey data show that aver age hourly earnings were higher in regions where a large proportion of contractors were unionized. In the Northeast and West, over 90 percent of the contractors who reported data on labor agreements were unionized, compared with only 73.5 percent in the South. The fol lowing tabulation shows the percentage of union and nonunion contractors in each region:14 greater use of unskilled labor and less intensive capi talization in these areas. By selected building characteristics. Labor requirements varied more between regions when arrayed by selected building characteristics than when arrayed by project characteristics. In all regions, labor requirements were lowest for hospitals with steel frames and drywall in terior walls. Only in the North Central region did projects without elevators require more employee hours than those with elevators. Data for other building char acteristics, however, were not as consistent. The distri bution of hours by type of heat, exterior wall material, and floor covering varied by region, with no general trend evident. The regional distribution of onsite employee hours per 100 square feet differed from the distribution of hours per $1,000. Although employee hours per $1,000 were lowest in the Northeast, requirements per 100 square feet were the highest. Because onsite employee hours per 100 square feet may be affected by other project characteristics, such as size, cost, and location, they are not necessarily comparable to hours per $1,000. For example, the difference in the Northeast between requirements per $ 1,000 and requirements per 100 square feet may be due to the average size of these projects, which was smallest in the United States (on a square foot basis). United North States east South Contractors having formal agreements ... 83.6 94.2 84.5 73.5 Contractors not having formal labor agreem ents................. 16.4 5.8 15.5 26.5 By occupation. Overall, the highest wage rates for all occupations were in the Northeast and North Central regions, while the lowest were in the South (table 15). This was especially true for laborers: The average hourly wage for laborers in the South was approxi mately 14 percent less than the national average. For the United States as a whole, insulation workers, ele vator installers, and structural and ornamental iron workers received the highest hourly wage among skilled workers; roofers and painters received the lowest. Wag©! aodl suSurtos The South had the lowest average hourly earnings for hospital construction workers and the smallest ra tio of wages to contract cost (table 14). These low wage rates are thought to be responsible for the South hav ing the smallest wage to cost ratio, even though em ployee-hour requirements were highest. The North Cen tral region had the highest average hourly wage, and North Cen tral 14 The proportion o f contractors in each region who did not provide data on labor agreements is as follows: 5.5 percent in the Northeast, 15.3 percent in the North Central, 21.7 percent in the South, and 9.4 percent in the West. 20 Chapter V. Project Charaeteristies and Trends in Hospital Design Project characteristics (1972) dollars, however, the cost per bed remained rela tively unchanged between the two surveys. The fol lowing tabulation shows the average project size and costs for nursing homes built in 1966 and 1975: Hospitals completed in 1976 were larger and cost more to build than those previously studied (table 16). Between the first and most recent surveys, the average number of square feet per project increased twice as much as the number of beds. Although cost per square foot nearly doubled between the first and latest studies, cost per bed more than tripled. Even on a constant (1972) dollar basis, the average cost per bed increased 40 percent between 1960 and 1975. This suggests that newer hospitals contain more space for equipment and special purpose areas (such as diagnostic and therapy rooms, laboratories, and X ray rooms) than hospitals in earlier studies. Largely because of this increase in size, the average length of construction time grew from 77 weeks in 1960 to 154 weeks in 1975. Additions to existing hospitals continued to outnum ber new hospital buildings. Survey data show that the number of additions increased from 57.4 percent of all projects in 1966 to 81.9 percent in 1975. This trend re flects the increasing use of additions and rehabilitation as a method of cutting hospital costs: Overall construc tion costs for renovations and additions are lower than those for new hospitals, even though cost per square foot may be higher. Hospital projects also shifted in lo cation. In the 1975 study, hospitals were evenly divided between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas; in 1966, the majority of projects were located in metro politan areas. Nursing homes constructed in 1975 cost almost 75 percent less and had 70 percent less floor space than hospitals built the same year. They also took approxi mately 85 fewer weeks to build than hospitals. Even though nursing homes were much smaller than hospi tals, they contained almost as many beds. The average cost per bed for hospitals was over three times greater than that for nursing homes, while cost per square foot was similar. Because nursing homes generally contain less equipment than hospitals, more space is devoted to beds; thus, the large cost-per-bed differential. Nursing homes built in 1975 were larger and more expensive than those constructed in 1966. In constant 1966 Floor space (in thousand square fe e t)........................... 29.5 Cost per square f o o t ........... S20.89 Average total cost: Current dollars .................. . 615,388 Constant (1972) dollars ... . 938,091 Number o f beds ................... 65 Cost per bed (thousands): Current dollars .................. 9.4 Constant (1972) dollars ... 14.4 1975 48.9 $41.35 2,023,268 1,502,613 104 19.4 14.4 By region. Survey data show regional differences in hospital design, size, and cost (table 17). On average, the largest projects were in the South. Hospitals built in the South had the highest average project cost, the most floor space, and took longer to build than hospi tals in all other regions. Hospitals in the Northeast were the smallest and most expensive per square foot. Sev eral projects in the Northeast were small additions to existing hospitals which contained relatively little floor space, and one included extensive rehabilitation work. (Cost per square foot is generally higher for additions than for new hospitals, because extensive alterations to the original building are often required before new con struction can begin.) Fewer hospitals were built in the West than in any of the other regions, which may ex plain the difference between the proportion of additions and new buildings for that region and the United States as a whole. Building characteristics Reinforced concrete was the principal type of fram ing material used in all three studies; however, the pro portion of hospitals with concrete frames decreased be tween 1966 and 1975 (table 18). In comparison, the pro portion of hospitals with steel frames increased from 30 percent in both of the earlier studies to almost 40 per cent in 1975. The proportion of hospitals with masonry frames increased slightly between 1966 and 1975, after 21 Table 16. Selected project characteristics for hospital construction, 1960, 1966, and 1975 Character!sti c 1960 1966 Number of projects ..................... Additions ............................... New hospitals ......................... Me tr opolitan area ................... Nonmetropolitan area ............... 46 14 32 20 26 6 1 35 26 38 23 F l o o r s p a c e (in t h o u s a n d s q u a r e feet) ..................................... 56.5 63.5 163.6 A v e r a g e to ta l cost: Current dollars ...................... Cons ta nt (1972) doll ar s .......... $ 1,463,723 $2,466,256 $1,811,459 $2,761,370 $8,097,826 $6,013,981 $25.93 $28.51 $49.48 86 82 Cost per Number Cost square of per beds bed (in Average number construction Table 17. Selected foot per .................. project ......... thousands) ....... of week s of ......................... United A v er ag e number of square feet per p r o j e c t (in h u n d r e d s q ua re feet) .................................. 1,636.4 $8,097,826 Average cost per square foot New ..................................... Additions ............................ $49.48 $45.29 $ 5 1 . 18 per project 90 74 16 45 45 12 8 $22.2 $63.4 91 Northeast States ....... cost 77 project^ characteristics for hospital C h a r a c t e r i sti c Average $16.9 1975 859.5 $6,400,883 $74.48 ( 1/) $76.31 construction, North Central 1,798.9 $7,963,530 $44.27 $43.93 $44.44 by region, South 2,091.1 $10,009,634 $47.87 $41.97 $49.65 1975 West 990.0 $5,435,938 $54.91 $52.14 $59.63 128 15 9 10 3 $63.4 $79.5 $50.2 $78.5 $52.6 Additions as p e r c e n t of all projects ............................. 81.9 87.7 85.7 84.3 49.5 New buildings as percent of all pr oj ec ts ................... 18.3 12.3 14.6 15.7 49.5 P e r c e n t o f p r o j e c t s in ............... metropolitan areas 49.9 62.6 44.5 48.9 49.5 P e r c e n t o f p r o j e c t s in n o n metropolitan areas ............... 50.1 37.4 55.5 51.1 49.5 Number Cost of per beds bed per (in Average number construction project thousands) ...... . .. . of w e e k s of ........................ 80 15 4 12 8 154 14 5 14 9 17 4 121 1 Insufficient data. See text footnote 4. Table 18. Percent distribution of hospital and nursing home construction projects by selected building characteristics, 1960,1966, and 1975 Hospi t a ls Nursing homes C h a r a c t e r i sti c 1 9 60 1966 1975 1966 1975 Number of stories: 1 story .................................. 2 - 4 ......................................... 5 and above ............................ 52.2 23.9 23.9 19.7 36. 1 44.3 5.8 58.3 36.0 75.0 25.0 63.5 28.8 8.3 Type of framing: Steel ..................................... Reinforced concrete ................ Load bearing masonry ............... Wood and other ........................ 30.4 37.0 28.3 4.3 29.5 59.0 8.2 3.3 39.9 47.7 12.5 — 41.7 8.3 41.7 8.3 80.8 19.9 84.8 10.9 90.2 1.6 — 100.0 83.3 -17.3 — — — CM E x t e r i o r wall: Masonry .................................. Curtain wall .......................... Concrete ................................ Other ..................................... — 63.5 17.7 17 . 1 1.7 Co nv ey or systems: Elevators ............................... No e l e v a t o r s .......................... 63.0 37.0 85.2 14.8 91.9 8.2 50.0 50.0 44.9 55. 1 Basement: Basement ................................ No b a s e m e n t ............................ 60.9 39.1 72.1 27.9 51.7 48.5 33.3 66.7 34.0 66.0 — 00 4.3 - Survey had no sample projects in this cell. 22 — — — Table 19. Number and costs of hospital construction Number of projects Square foot Bed (thou sands) 90 $49.48 $63.4 All hospital projects Conveyor systems: by selected characteristics Bed (thou sands) $79.5 34 $44.27 $50.2 30 $47.87 $78.5 9 $54.91 $52.6 ( 1/7 48.6 102.4 — 24 10 — 51.18 41.55 — 46.9 52.0 — 16 14 — 49.43 47.39 — 54.7 91.2 3 6 6 1.04 54.05 — 85.9 49.6 — 6 3 9 54.05 6 1.04 -54.91 49.6 85.9 -52.6 17 $74.48 88.6 49.9 72.2 2 6 9 Bed (thou sands) Cost per: Square foot Bed (thou sands) 69.21 52.43 47.81 West Cost per: Number of projects Square foot 5 53 32 1975 South Cost per: Number of projects ( 1/7 64.84 78.28 and region, North Central Cost per: Cost per: Number of stories: 1 ................... 2-4 .................. 5 and above ......... projects -------- ITjrtheast United States Number Square of projects foot Number of Square projects foot — Bed (thou sands) No elevators ........ No escalators ....... 83 7 3 87 48.88 78.74 46.28 49.73 62.7 95. 1 362.7 59.9 13 4 2 15 72.29 89.40 ( 1/7 82.37 76.7 99.6 ( 1/7 68.2 34 — — 34 44.27 — — 44.27 50.2 — — 50.2 30 — 1 29 47.87 — (1/7 48.5 9 78.5 — ( 1/7 72.4 ......... 47 44 45.99 61.21 63.6 63. 1 9 9 59.49 94. 19 74.7 84.0 21 13 43.24 52.37 49.0 59.7 13 18 45.79 53. 16 98.5 54.4 5 5 52.86 59.55 46.0 73.7 Parking area: Outdoor ............. In or under building 73 50.47 62.3 13 72.52 84.5 29 44.93 46.0 23 49. 13 76.6 8 54.23 64.2 2 15 ( 1/7 45.27 c1/) 66.4 4 86.21 61.3 2 2 ( 1/7 39.53 ( 1/7 64.2 7 43.62 86.7 2 ( 1/7 ( 1/7 50 30 10 47. 16 53.89 42.46 72.6 57.3 47.6 6 6 4 75.72 74.52 70.96 84.5 105.9 28.6 24 9 — 41.76 46.54 — 59.8 44.4 — 15 11 5 '47.0 6 55.88 (1/j £3.7 7 .0 ( 1/7 5 3 2 56.77 62.30 ( 1/7 60.5 25.0 ( 1/7 Gas ................. Oil ................. Other ............... 13 60 16 1 60.20 47.79 52.13 ( 1/) 58.5 68.4 55.6 ( 1/) ( 1/7 69.40 73.84 — ( 1/7 38.9 110.3 — 11 17 4 1 ( 1/7 43.64 41.82 ( 1/7 ( 1/7 55.5 41.8 ( 1/7 28 3 — 47.61 49.36 90.8 44.5 9 — 2 6 9 54.91 — — 52.6 — — Ai r-condi ti oni ng: Central air-conditioning Other than central None ................ 87 2 1 49.34 ( 1/) ( 1/) 64.0 C 1/7 ( 1/7 17 — — 74.48 — — 79.5 — — 32 — 1 43.42 — ( 1/7 49.2 — ( 1/7 28 2 47.68 ( 1/) 80.5 ( 1/7 — 9 — 54.91 — — 52.6 — — Frami ng: Steel ............... Concrete: pre-cast or poured ............ Load bearing masonry 36 47.16 82.0 11 75.94 109.8 6 40.59 63.2 14 43.37 89.3 5 52.49 75.5 43 11 52.98 ( 1/7 49.4 ( 1/) 69.40 — 38.9 — 16 11 47.43 ( 1/7 42.6 ( 1/7 16 — 56.56 — 66.6 — 5 — 6 57.06 — 42.2 — Exterior Mall: Concrete: pre-cast or poured ............ Load bearing masonry Curtain Mall ........ Other ............... 16 57 16 2 47.97 48.32 58.73 ( 1/) 56.3 68.9 55.5 ( 1/) 2 11 4 — ( 1/7 88.43 54.36 — ( 1/) 77.6 92.3 — 4 29 1 — 40.99 44.30 ( 1/7 — 64.6 45.3 ( 1/7 — 7 18 6 — 52.74 44.52 ( 1/) — 45.9 114.3 ( 1/7 — 3 — 5 2 52.59 — 56.95 ( 1/7 69.9 — 36.5 ( 1/7 Interior Mall: DryMall .............. Plaster .............. Masonry: brick or block 68 14 8 50.39 44.67 72.25 65.4 58.2 66.8 9 2 6 74.64 ( 1/) 83.78 90.5 ( 1/7 56.8 26 6 1 46.67 39.32 ( 1/7 50.6 46.5 ( 1/7 — 28 3 47.30 51.10 — 74.7 107.4 — 6 3 — 60.01 51.51 — 45.7 59.6 Floor base: Concrete ............ 90 49.48 63.4 17 74.48 79.5 34 44.27 50.2 30 47.87 78.5 9 54.91 52.6 — 55.2 83.9 — 3 6 — 56 .10 53.99 — — 55.7 50.3 — — — 78.5 Basement: No basement None ................ Type of heat: Other ............... Type of fuel: Floor covering: Terrazzo ............ Carpet .............. Vinyl/vinyl-asbestos tile Other ............... 6 8 76 1 43.52 59.72 49.29 ( 1/) 48.2 55.4 68.2 ( 1/7 2 — 15 — ( 1/7 — 82.37 — ( 1/7 — 68.2 — 3 — 29 1 (1/7 — 44.23 ( 1/7 ( 1/7 — 55.8 ( 1/7 — 5 26 — — 6 1.97 46.27 — Ceiling: DryMall ............. Plaster ............. Acoustical tile ..... 2 1 88 ( 1/) < 1/) 49.17 C 1/7 (1/7 64.1 — — 17 — — 74.48 — — 79.5 — 1 32 — ( 1/7 43.41 — ( 1/7 48.9 — — 30 — -47.87 Roof base: Steel decking ....... Concrete ............ Other ............... 19 69 2 $47.79 49.54 ( 1/) S49.7 66.0 (1/7 — 15 2 — $74. 13 ( 1/7 — $78.8 ( 1/7 12 21 — $50.76 42.93 $53.9 49.4 4 27 -- $42.37 <♦8.70 — $41.5 89.0 -- Roof cover: Asphalt/asbestos-shi ngles Built-up ............ 1 89 ( 1/) 49.40 (1/7 63.7 17 74.48 79.5 1 32 < 1/7 43.42 ( 1/7 49.2 30 .47.87 Metropolitan area 45 48.33 68.3 11 77.03 104.6 15 43.26 50.8 15 46.76 ..... .. .. — — — — — — — — 2 ( 1/7 ( 1/7 8 54.23 64.2 3 6 $61.04 54.05 $85.9 78.5 9 54.91 52.6 92.8 5 6 1.25 36.3 53.16 ... 45 53.53 51.9 6 66.48 42.5 19 51.95 46.6 16 51.40 54.2 5 Publicly oMned ........ 31 48.12 57.3 56.3 18 46.23 6 1.3 3 60.70 33.8 59 50.05 66.3 79.5 50.35 ....... — 74.48 10 Privately OMned — 17 24 42.44 48.3 12 49. 13 93 7 6 53.58 61.5 Nonmetropolitan area ’ Insufficient data. See text footnote 4. -- Survey had no sample projects in this cell. N ote: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. 23 decreasing between the first two studies. The use of masonry for exterior walls decreased between the sec ond and most recent studies. Although masonry was the primary wall material used in all studies, the pro portion of hospitals with masonry exterior walls fell from 90.2 percent in 1966 to 63.5 percent in 1975. One reason for this decline was the introduction of precast and cast-in-place-concrete as an exterior wall material. While concrete was not used for exterior walls in ei ther of the earlier surveys, 17.1 percent of the hospitals built in 1975 had concrete exterior walls. Building characteristics of nursing homes constructed in 1975 differed from those of hospitals built at the same time. Over 80 percent of the surveyed nursing homes had steel frames, compared with 40 percent of hospi tals. The remaining 20 percent of nursing homes had concrete frames. Although masonry was not used for framing, the proportion of nursing homes with masonry exterior walls was greater than that for hospitals. In addition, the majority of nursing homes were one-sto ried buildings, while the majority of hospitals had two to four floors. the 1980’s, since many new hospitals contain features which make remodeling easier and less costly. Other trends reflect changes in society’s health care needs. Health care is becoming more specialized, and so are health care facilities. An increasing elderly popu lation, for example, needs more extended care facilities (such as nursing and convalescent homes and hospices). Special short-term care facilities, such as ambulatory care centers, offer an alternative to the traditional out patient care in hospitals. In addition, emphasis is being placed on improving the hospital’s physical surround ings. Greater attention to lighting, color schemes, and space allocation results in better conditions for both pa tients and staff. Hospital design. One design feature employed to fa cilitate remodeling is the use of interstitial space. Inter stitial space is the area between floors which contains all of the hospital’s mechanical systems. This space is usually large enough for workers to repair or replace equipment without disrupting activities on the floors above or below. Although material requirements are usually greater for buildings with interstitial space, over all construction costs are often lower due to reduced labor requirements for installation of the mechanical systems.16 Potentially higher initial costs often are off set by savings in cost and time for maintenance and re modeling (if needed). Another trend involves using de sign to reduce energy consumption. Because of the type of services they provide, hospitals use three times more energy per square foot than large office or apartment buildings.17 Furthermore, hospital energy systems (par ticularly heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning sys tems) must comply with strict codes and standards de signed to insure a sterile environment.18 These include air exchange standards for operating rooms, and regu lations covering air and water temperatures and light ing levels. Skyrocketing energy costs have compelled hospital planners to develop methods for decreasing energy usage without sacrificing patient safety. The majority of conservation methods that are cur rently being used are passive, which are generally less expensive than active conservation methods. A greater focus on building orientation and window placement helps to reduce heating and/or cooling requirements. Other design features include: Reduction of glass on exterior walls; improved insulation; double- and tri ple-glazed windows; special window treatments such as overhangs, recessed and clerestory windows, and By region. Hospital building characteristics also var ied by region (table 19). Projects in the Northeast, which had the highest cost per square foot, differed from the other projects in certain characteristics. Even though almost half of the hospitals in the North Central, South, and West had concrete frames, only 35 percent of the projects in the Northeast used concrete for framing. The Northeast had the largest number of projects with masonry interior walls, whose cost per square foot was almost 40 percent greater than the U.S. average for hospitals with drywall. In addition, the cost per square foot for buildings with five or more stories in the North east was over $30 greater than the national average. Project characteristics in other regions differed as well. For example, only in the North Central region was ma sonry used as a framing material. And although 36 per cent of the surveyed projects had five or more stories, no hospital in the West contained more than four floors. Trends in h@spiteS <s®nstru©ti@n Because medical technology changes rapidly, hospi tals must continually update their facilities. At the same time, they are faced with tight budgets and increasing costs. Most of the current trends in hospital construc tion are attempts to meet these two challenges. The most visible result of rising construction costs and budget constraints is a change in the type of health care construction taking place. Hospitals are increas ingly relying on renovations and additions (as opposed to new construction) to replace obsolete facilities. Throughout the 1970’s, additions to existing facilities represented approximately 50 percent of total contract value, while construction of new hospitals decreased from 45 to 35 percent.15 This trend should continue in 15Phillip E. Kidd, “Finding Opportunities in Health Care Construc tion,” Architectural Record, June 1980, p. 59. 16“Interstitial Space Cuts Costs,” Engineering News Record, June 11, 1981, p. 22. 17Ronald L. Skaggs, “Energy Savings Opportunities in Facility D e sign,” Hospitals, October 16, 1980, p. 85. 18Marvin F. Gough, and James V. McLarney, “Planning Is Key to Energy Management,” Hospitals, October 16, 1980, p. 80. 24 skylights; and construction materials that reflect or at tract sunlight. Many of the active conservation systems are expen sive to install; therefore, they are not as widespread as the features previously mentioned. Once installed, how ever, features such as solar-generated and heat recov ery systems help to reduce energy costs. A 126,000square-foot hospital in Prince Frederick, Maryland, con tains both types of conservation systems.19 Solar panels are used to heat both hot water and patient rooms. The heat recovery system collects and recycles much of the heat emanating from equipment, kitchen appliances, and 19 “All-electric Hospital Uses Energy-saving Systems,” Hospitals, October 16, 1980, p.47. hospital occupants. The building also has double-glazed windows and energy saving light fixtures. The hospital consumed only 169,479 Btu’s per square foot during its first year, which is 54,521 fewer than the annual na tional average for all hospitals.20 (The Btu, or British thermal unit, is the standard measure of heating require ments or efficiency.) Although construction of new hospitals has declined in recent years, health care construction remains an im portant sector of the construction industry. It should continue to play a major role, as health care facilities adapt to changes in medical technology and population needs. 20Ibid., p.48. 25 Chapter ¥ 1. Comparison of BLS Consfrootion Surveys The BLS series of construction labor and material requirements studies covers three different categories of construction activity—heavy, residential, and nonresidential. Heavy construction surveys include high ways, civil works (land and dredging projects), and sewer works (lines and plants). Residential construction studies cover single-family housing, multifamily hous ing, and public housing. The third and largest category is nonresidential building construction which includes hospitals, Federal office buildings, commercial office buildings, schools, and college housing.21 The difference between residential and nonresidential construction is less apparent but just as important. Be cause they are designed as primary residences, sin gle-family, multifamily, and public housing construc tion projects have many characteristics (such as indi vidual kitchen and bathroom facilities) not found in nonresidential buildings. Material requirements for the two kinds of building construction also differ. More lumber and wood products were used in surveyed resi dential construction than in nonresidential (and heavy) construction projects; accordingly, the proportion of hours for carpenters was greater for residential con struction projects than for projects in the other two categories. Heavy e©nstrueti©n The processes used to dredge and to construct sewer lines and plants, civil works land projects, and high ways are very different from those used in residential and nonresidential building construction. One major dif ference is the amount of machinery and equipment re quired. The proportion of total contract cost spent on contractors’ equipment was much greater for heavy construction projects than for the other two types sur veyed. This, in turn, had an impact on occupational re quirements: The proportion of hours for operating en gineers and supervisory workers was much greater for heavy construction projects than for residential and nonresidential buildings. Heavy construction projects also required several trades not found in the other sur veys, such as dredge operators and oilers. The types of materials used for heavy construction also varied con siderably from those used in building construction. For example, highway and dredging projects required a large amount of petroleum products, while sewer plants required a large amount of machinery and built-in equipment. WonressdentsaS building construction Because hospital construction is included in the non residential category, the remainder of this chapter will focus on comparisons among the most recent nonresi dential building surveys.22 (See tables 20 and 21.) Data for all BLS construction surveys are given in ap pendix A. commercial office buildings, schools, and college dor mitories appear to have little in common. However, these buildings share several characteristics which set them apart from projects in the other categories.23 One important similarity is that all of these buildings are constructed in the same manner. The construction proc ess—excavation, pouring of the foundation, framing, placement of exterior walls, installation of mechanical systems, and finishing—is the same regardless of build ing type. These buildings are constructed with the same basic construction materials and by the same kinds of workers. Because of this common construction process, cost components and labor and material requirements for the five surveys were very close compared with those for heavy and residential construction studies (Chart 1 and tables A-l through A-4). Primary and fab ricated metal products and stone, clay, glass, and con crete products accounted for the greatest proportion of Residential construction Projects in the residential construction category ranged from small single-family homes to large public and private multifamily housing units. The difference between residential and heavy construction is obvious. 21 College housing is usually considered residential construction; however, college housing projects differ from those in the residen tial category in that they are nonpermanent or nonhousekeeping resi dences. Because characteristics o f the surveyed projects are closer to those o f nonresidential buildings, college housing is classified as non residential in this study for purposes o f comparison. 26 22Because surveys cover different time periods, all cost data are given in constant (1972) dollars. 23Although not included in construction labor and material require ments studies, hotels and motels and military barracks would also fit in this category. Chart 1. Percent distribution of material costs for selected products, ali construction surveys1 Percentage of material cost 0 5 10 15 Built-in equipment and nonelectrical machinery 20 25 30 35 H e a v y C o n s tr u c tio n Highways Sewer works—plants Sewer works—lines Civil works—dredging Civil works—land R e s id e n tia l B u ild in g s Public housing Single-family housing M ultifam ily housing IM o n re s id e n fia l B u ild in g s College housing2 Hospitals Schools Federal office buildings Commercial office buildings Lumber and wood products H e a v y C o n s tru c tio n Highways Sewer works—plants Sewer works—lines Civil works—dredging Civil works—land R e s id e n tia l B u ild in g s Public housing Single-family housing Multifamily housing N o n re s id e n iia l B u ild in g s College housing2 Hospitals Schools Federal office buildings Commercial office buildings Primary and fabricated metal products H e a v y C o n s tru c tio n Highways Sewer works—plants Sewer works—lines Civil works—dredging Civil works—land R e s id e n tia l B u ild in g s Public housing Single-family housing Multifamily housing H o n re s id e n tia l B u ild in g s C ollege ho u s in g 2 Hospitals Schools Federal office buildings Commercial office buildings Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products H e a v y C o n s tru c tio n Highways Sewer works—plants Sewer works—lines Civil works—dredging Civil works—land R e s id e n tia l B u ild in g s Public housing Single-family housing Multifamily housing N o n re s id e n tia ! B u ild in g s College housing2 Hospitals Schools Federal office buildings Commercial office buildings 'Data are from the latest survey for which material cost information is available. ’ Classified with nonresideniial for purposes of this chart. See text. 27 40 45 Table 20= Selected project characteristics for the most recent BLS nonresidentiai building con struction surveys Hospitals 1974-75 C h a r a c t e r ! sti c A v e r a g e n umber of square feet per project ............................ Cost per square foot Average total cost Average number construction Metropolitan 1/ 163,600 ......... 1/ ............. of weeks of ..................... area 22 6, 100 13,883 Schools 1971-72 81,200 College h o u s i ng 1971-72 74,796 $36.75 $34.87 $21.38 $24.47 $28.40 $9,278,070 $905,434 $1,985,823 $2,123,725 154 130 47 67 74 50 (2/) 82 56 52 50 (2/) ............ Onsite employee hours per $1,000 C o m m e r c i al office buildi ngs 1972-73 $6,013,981 ................. Nonmetropolitan area Federal office buildi ngs 1976 25.8 1/ 21.8 1 In constant (1972) dollars. 18 44 47 35.6 42.5 49.6 2 Not available.1 Table 21= Selected building characteristics for the most recent BLS nonresidentiai building con struction surveys C h a r a c t e r i sti c N u m b e r of f l o o r s for the g r e a t e s t n u m b e r of p r o j e c t s ............. Hospi t a l s 1974-75 Federal of fi ce buildi ngs 1976 2-4 4 or m o r e Percent C o m m e r c i al off i ce buildi ngs 1972-73 Schools 1971-72 College housi ng 197 1-72 1 2-4 1-3 ef all projects C o n v e y o r systems! Elevators ......................... No e l e v a t o r s ..................... 92 8 72 28 36 64 C 1/) ( 1/) 3& 62 T y p e of framing! Steel .............................. Concrete .......................... ............................ Masonry Wood ................................ Other .............................. 40 48 12 — — 77 20 4 44 12 20 24 65 11 14 10 8 35 41 — 16 Ex t e r i o r walls! Concrete .......................... Masonry ............................ Curtain wall ....................... Wood ................................ Other .............................. 17 63 18 — 2 37 28 13 — 22 16 56 — 18 10 4 84 2 2 9 22 59 5 5 8 76 16 91 4 2 3 — — 39 11 — 66 7 6 6 9 6 41 — 9 ( 1/) C 1/) C 1/) ( 1/) ( 1/) ( 1/) 15 66 17 1 49 35 6 10 59 39 2 1 33 53 13 2 ( 1/) ( 1/) ( 1/) C 1/) Interior walls: Drywall ............................ Plaster ............................ Partitions ........................ Other .............................. Masonry ............................ Metal .............................. H e a t i n g fu e l : Electricity ....................... Gas ................................. Oil ................................. Other .............................. — — — 9 1 Not available. — - Survey had no sample projects in this cell. 28 material cost for all nonresidential buildings surveyed. Nonresidential buildings also required a large amount of built-in equipment and machinery; only sewer plants required more built-in equipment than these five build ing types. From the outside, there is not much to differentiate a Federal office building from a commercial one, or a dormitory from a hospital building because the exterior, or building shell, is fundamentally the same. Their rec tangular or “ box-like” design differs considerably from that of a single-family home or a sports arena. Thus, the five surveyed buildings share a common design—an other factor which distinguishes nonresidential con struction projects from those in the other two categories. Nonresidential buildings included in the surveys—of fice, health, and educational buildings—have several features which distinguish them from other nonresiden tial buildings. Unlike buildings for storage or produc tion purposes, such as warehouses and manufacturing plants, all surveyed buildings were designed primarily for people rather than machinery and equipment. This has an impact on both project characteristics and ma terial requirements. Of course, differences exist between individual projects within each category. Despite the many simi larities among Federal office buildings, commercial of fice buildings, hospitals, schools, and college housing projects, their costs, characteristics, and labor and ma terial requirements do vary, in part because each build ing is designed to provide a different type of service. A hospital, for example, offers health care, which re quires more complex equipment than does a school or office building. In addition, both hospitals and dor mitories require additional plumbing and other support systems because they are used 24 hours a day. Although exteriors of these buildings are similar, in teriors often differ according to building type. The amount of fixed wall space (compared with open, un divided space) has a major impact on costs and con struction requirements, as does the amount of finishing work included in the original contract. One major dis tinguishing factor is the degree to which interiors vary. Commercial office building projects were the most di verse: Surveyed buildings ranged from nothing more than finished shells to completely finished buildings with a large percentage of fixed-wall space. The amount of interior finishing included in the construction contract for commercial office buildings often depends on whether the project was built for a particular owner or for speculation. Speculative buildings usually contain fewer fixed walls as much of the finishing is completed at a later date by contractors of occupants. Federal of fice buildings constructed under contract for the Gen eral Services Administration (GSA) are more homoge neous, contain more fixed walls, and vary more in room size than commercial office buildings. In addition, most finishing work is included in the contract let by GSA. Health and educational buildings in BLS surveys are more uniform than both Federal and commercial office buildings. Although office buildings usually contain rooms of varying sizes, health and educational build ings are made up of repetitive, uniform units or cells with more fixed-wall space. Because they contain a large amount of specialized equipment and other fea tures not found in office buildings (such as gymnasium and laboratory equipment, intercom systems, and chalk boards), health and educational buildings require more finishing. These factors affecting nonresidential buildings all relate to building use. However, other factors which affect costs and requirements are unrelated to use. The effects of these factors (building size or height, build ing amenities, geographic location, and changes in the construction process) found in all nonresidential build ing surveys are responsible for data variation within each survey. The first factor, building size and height, has an im pact on both construction costs and labor and material requirements. In all building surveys, the average num ber of contractors per project was much greater for larger, more expensive and complex projects than for smaller, less costly ones. Cost per square foot generally decreased as building height increased (except for the tallest buildings), reflecting economies of scale in large projects and excessive “wrap” in many small buildings. (Wrap is ratio of exterior wall area to total square foot age.) In addition, fast-track construction methods, which are often used in taller buildings, reduce con struction time and cost. Another factor which influenced costs and require ments without regard to building type was a variation in the percentage of building space for special-use, or ancillary areas (such as cafeterias, auditoriums, lobbies, operating rooms, libraries, or gyms). In general, costs were much higher for buildings which contained sev eral of these amenities. For example, cost per square foot was above average for hospitals, Federal office buildings, and combination dormitory/student union/dining hall buildings in which special use areas were usually a significant portion of the building. Conversely, small, inexpensive projects (such as most dormitories and commercial office buildings) contained relatively few amenities and were less costly per square foot. In all studies, projects in the Northeast had charac teristics which differed significantly and fairly uniformly from those in the other three regions. On average, build ings in the Northeast are taller and more expensive per square foot than buildings in the other regions. Wage rates, and thus labor costs, also tend to be higher in the Northeast. These differences are due to many factors, including a dense population and a high concentration of metropolitan areas. 29 Thus, these buildings required larger proportions of steel contractors, structural metal workers, and primary metal products than other buildings. Only 28 percent of the Federal office buildings had masonry exterior walls, which was the primary wall type in all other surveys. The majority of Federal office buildings had concrete exterior walls. Several projects used relatively expensive wall materials, such as limestone panels and ceramic tile, which added to project costs. Although 80 percent of the projects were “Federal” and Social Security Administration office buildings, the survey did include border stations, correctional facili ties, and other Federal buildings whose characteristics differed from the majority of projects.24 For example, one very small border station, which probably had too much “wrap”, cost over $80 per square foot. Federal office buildings, unlike commercial office buildings, gen erally contain a high percentage of fixed-wall space, more special features such as large lobbies, auditoriums, libraries, and cafeterias, and sometimes even courtrooms and postal stations. Since all five building types are constructed similarly, deviations from the usual construction process resulted in differences in labor and material requirements. For example, costs and requirements for a new, freestand ing building are quite different from those for an addi tion to an existing building. Additions are usually more expensive and difficult to build due to constraints placed on the design and construction by the existing building. Only the hospital survey included additions, but this would hold true for the other building types as well. Cost differences due to building use and to factors unrelated to use usually are not separable because they often occur in combination. In addition, each of the five surveys often was dominated by projects that fell into one size class or region or had a similar number of amenities which obscured their fundamental link. None theless, selected data for the five nonresidential surveys show how various factors affect project characteristics, costs, and requirements (Chart 2). Comparison ©If ttyp@s of m®nir(isSdl@inftiafl buildings Commercial office buildings. The commercial office building survey consisted primarily of small professional offices and headquarters for local companies and banks. Commercial office building projects were the smallest and the least expensive, on both a square foot and project basis, of all surveyed buildings. Surprisingly, only 4 per cent of the projects cost more than $3 million, while 40 percent cost less than $250,000. Commercial office buildings required the fewest contractors per project (although the number of contractors per project increas ed as cost increased). The majority of projects were under 3 stories (85 percent contained only 1 to 2 floors), and only 36 percent had elevators. The low building height was responsible for the commercial office building survey having the greatest proportion of pro jects in the nonresidential category with wood frames and wood exterior walls. Commercial office buildings also required a larger proportion of wood products and carpenters than any of the other buildings. Because the majority of projects in this survey were built for a particular owner, most finishing work was in cluded in the construction contract. Nonetheless, com mercial office buildings took less time to build than any of the other projects. Commercial office buildings, par ticularly the small projects, generally contained little “ special use” areas. Of the buildings surveyed, at least 75 percent of the available space was for office use; however, some commercial office buildings, especially office-apartment complexes, contained retail stores and banks on the ground floor. These larger combination Hospitals. Hospitals were larger and had a higher av erage contract cost than any other type of project ex cept Federal office buildings. On a square footage basis, however, hospital projects were the most costly, per haps because 82 percent of the projects were additions to existing hospitals: Cost per square foot for additions was much higher than that for new hospital buildings. Also, hospitals usually contain many amenities and an cillary areas (such as operating rooms, cafeterias, and laboratories), which add to project costs. The design requirements for medical care services had a major impact on labor and material requirements for hospitals. Approximately 92 percent of the surveyed projects had elevators, which are a necessity in hospi tals with more than one floor. Because complex and sophisticated mechanical systems are needed, hospitals required a greater proportion of electricians and elec trical products than other building types. The hospital survey had the smallest proportion of semiskilled and unskilled workers, and was the only study in which plumbers accounted for the largest proportion of onsite skilled hours. Because hospitals require a great deal of built-in equipment, finishing work is much more in volved than that for other projects. This factor, com bined with their large size, may explain why hospitals took longer to build than any other building.. Federal office buildings. Federal office buildings were larger, taller, more expensive, and had a higher num ber of contractors per project than any other building. Several buildings cost more than $45 per square foot. Almost 55 percent of the surveyed projects had 4 or more floors, including one 44 story building. Because of their height, 77 percent of projects were steel-framed. 24 The 1973 Federal office building survey included “Federal office buildings,” Social Security office buildings, laboratory-office build ings, and border stations. 30 Clhart 2. banking ©f TOoresidteiifeS building surveys by fectors affecting e@st per sqyair© f©©!!11 Least Cost Per Square Foot Size of Project Complexity of Required Machinery and Built-In Equipment s s Number of Amenities Amount of Decorative or Non-Functional Materials Employed Degree of Finishing . A . 03 I1 CD ^» A i ^ 03 03 Most iIT; 0k s 0 cm kgSssk 1 JjlT, ^ m K©y Commercial Office Buildings Federal Office Buildings A A IU J s Schools College Housing Hospitals H ’Rankings for size of project and cost per square foot are based on survey data. Rankings for all other factors are based on judgement. walls, included projects with concrete block interior walls. Newer school buildings contain several features usually not associated with school buildings, such as carpeting and central air-conditioning. In 1972, for ex ample, 70 percent of the school projects had central airconditioning, compared with only 27 percent in 1965. projects, which also had amenities such as cafeterias and large lobbies, required more hours per $1,000 than buildings which contained offices only. Schools. Data on costs and requirements for school con struction fell between those for other buildings primari ly due to design characteristics of most school buildings. Schools usually contain several amenities (74 percent of the projects had libraries and 37 percent had multipur pose gyms) which added to project costs. Even with in creased use of demountable partitions and open-space classrooms, most school buildings still contain the tradi tional fixed-wall classrooms which require a greater degree of finishing work (in the original contract) than commercial office buildings. On the other hand, schools are much smaller and more uniform than Federal office buildings and do not require the additional plumbing and mechanical systems found in college dormitories or hospitals. Most schools were one-story buildings, although the survey did include several multistory secondary schools. The average secondary school contained 134,900 square feet, while elementary schools averaged only 51,600 square feet. Despite their low height, the majority of school buildings were steel-framed. Steel framing may have been necessary to support the wide gym and cafeteria areas, and to meet fire safety codes at a reasonable cost. Only the school survey, which had the largest proportion of projects with masonry exterior College housing. The college housing survey consisted of three types of projects: Dormitories, student union/dining halls, and combination projects. The least expensive were dormitories (at $22 per square foot) which contained few amenities and took less time to build than the other two types. The repetitive design of college dormitory rooms lends itself to the use of systems building techniques. Modular components, such as walls with built-in beds and desks, often save con struction time. In contrast, larger combination projects took the most time to build. The most expensive projects ($34 per square foot) were the student union-dining hall buildings which generally contain more amenities (in cluding kitchens, cafeterias, and meeting rooms) and less uniform, repetitive rooms than dormitory buildings. The average square footage for college housing projects was very similar to that for schools; however, the average total cost and cost per square foot were much higher. This may be due to the fact that because they are in use 24 hours, college housing projects re quire more plumbing facilities and kitchen equipment than schools. 31 Appendix A. Comparison ©f all BIS ©©nstrueti©n studies, 1958=7® Employment and cost data for all of the BLS con struction studies are given in tables A-l through A-4. Table A-l shows employee-hour requirements per 1,000 current dollars of contract cost by industry. The sur vey years in table A-l refer to the time period when most construction took place. Those are the years used to develop offsite employee-hour data and to project labor requirements. In the remaining tables, years refer to the time when the survey projects were completed. Table A-2 shows the percent distribution of onsite employee hours per 1,000 current dollars of contract cost by occupation. The percent distribution of con struction cost is given in table A-3, and the distribution of materials, supplies, and equipment by product group is shown in table A-4. 32 Table A-1. Employee hours per 1,000 current dollars of contract cost by industry, all construction studies, 1958-76 C o n s t r u c t i on Type of construction and year Total, all ind u s t r i es General hospitals: 1959-60 2/ ......................... 1965-66 2/ ......................... 1975 .................................. 226.0 190.2 87.7 88.8 76. 1 34.7 Nursing homes: 1965-66 4/ ......................... 1975 .................................. 194.0 87.1 73.7 31.3 97.5 Commercial office buildings: 1972-73 ................. Offsite Onsi te 1/ Manufacturi ng T rade, transportation. and services Mining and all other 78.0 64.0 29.3 34.2 29.6 15.1 12.7 9.5 4.1 9.7 3. 1 66.6 32.2 33.6 15.5 10.4 5.0 37.2 4.8 33.0 16.6 5.9 113.7 79.6 33.2 15.9 11.9 7.1 65.3 47.8 3/ 36.9 26.7 3/ 14.2 8.8 3/ 12.3 11.0 4.5 Public housing: 1960 2/ ............................ 1968 2/ ............................ 1975 .............................. 246.0 175. 1 3/ Elementary and secondary schools: 1959 2/ ............................ 1965 2/ ............................ 1971-72 ............................ 231.8 193.2 114.1 86.0 72.3 41.6 11.7 8.8 6.0 78.0 65.8 40.8 41.4 34.4 18.8 14.8 12.0 6.8 Federally-aided highways: 1958 2/ ............................ 1976 ................................. 250.7 80.5 97.3 32.2 9.0 3.3 66.1 22.8 52.5 15.4 25.8 6.9 Federal office buildings: 1959 2/ ............................ 1972 ................................. 1976 ................................. 235.8 3/ 81.5 97 . 1 42.8 29.8 10.9 4.7 4.7 79.2 3/ 26.0 35.7 3/ 16.5 12.9 3/ 4.5 College housing: 1960-61 2/ ....................... 1971-72 ............................ 236.3 3/ 93.6 48.3 14 . 1 8.1 77.5 3/ 37.2 3/ 13.8 3/ 3/ 47.4 3/ 3.9 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ Civil works, total: 1960 ................................. 1971-72 ............................ Land projects: 1960 ................................. 1971-72 ............................ 213.4 3/ 84.7 43.2 4.5 2.5 53.2 3/ 46.9 3/ 24.1 3/ Dredging projects: 1960 2/ .............................. 1971-72 .............................. 251.4 3/ 133.9 57.0 15.6 7.0 56.8 3/ 31.6 3/ 13.5 3/ 208.8 128.3 85.9 48.0 4.8 3.0 75.9 48.8 27.2 18.8 15.0 9.7 208. 1 127.4 82.7 47.0 5.7 4.0 80.0 51.6 27.1 17.6 12.6 7.2 Private multifamily housing: 1971 2/ .............................. 137.5 50.0 6.5 46.9 26.1 8.1 Private single-family housing: 1962 2/ .............................. 1968-69 2/ ......................... 215.7 145.6 72.1 51.9 11.0 8.2 68.6 47.2 48.7 29.6 16 . 1 8.7 Sewer 3/ 3/ works: 1963 2/ .............................. 1971 .................................. Plants: 1963 2/ .............................. 1971 .................................. 1 Revised due to adjustment to 1979 benchmarks of E m p loy m en t an d series. Some SIC groupings were not revised for earlier years; thus, data on offsite construction hours are not strictly comparable though differences would be slight. See text footnote 5. E arnings 2 Indirect data revised from original study results due to reprocessing materials through improved input-output tables. 3 Not available. 4 Estimated except for onsite construction hours. Based on case study. Note: Detail may not add to total due to rounding. 33 Table A-2. Percent distribution of onsite employee hours per 1,000 current dollars of contract cost by occupation, all construction studies, 1958-76 1 Based on case study. 2 Not available. 3 Includes apprentices and on-the-job trainees and laborers, helpers, and tenders. 4 Includes blue-collar worker supervisors. 3 Includes mostly ships' masters, captains, mates, crew, and support personnel. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. 34 Table A-3. Percent distribution of construction contract costs, ail construction studies, 1958-76 Total contract costs Onsite wages and salaries Materi als, suppli es, and bu i11-i n equ ipment Con struc tion equ ipment General hospi t a l s : .......... ......... 1976 1966 .................... .................... 1960 100.0 100.0 100.0 27.7 29.6 28.2 42.2 50.4 53.2 2.4 1.3 1.2 27.7 18.7 17.4 Nursing homes! 1976 .................... ................ 1966 2/ 100.0 100.0 24.5 28.7 48.3 53.7 2.2 1.2 25.0 16.4 Commercial office buildings! 1974 ................... 100.0 26.7 42.2 2.J 28.5 Elementary schools! 1972 1965 1959 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.2 25.8 26.7 44.4 54.2 54.1 2. 1 1 .0 1.4 25.3 19.0 17.8 Federally-aided highways! 1976 ........... . 1958 .................. «00.0 100.0 23.8 23.9 46.7 50.6 3/ 3/ 29.5 25.5 Federal office buildings! 1973 4/ ............... 1959 ................... 1976 ................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 34.0 29.0 25.8 50.0 51.4 42.5 5/ 1.9 2.9 16.0 17.7 28.8 College housing: 1972 4/ ................ 196 1 ................. . . 100.0 100.0 36.0 29.3 51.1 52.6 5/ 1.6 13.0 16.5 100.0 100.0 26.0 29.1 29.0 26.2 22.0 22. 1 22.0 22.6 100.0 100.0 25.0 26.0 32.0 35.0 20.0 19.3 24.0 19.7 100.0 100.0 30.0 32.3 24.0 17.3 28.0 24.9 19.0 25.5 Type of construction and year O v er head and profit 1/ and secondary ................... ................. . . ................. Civil works, total: ............... 1972 4/ 1960 ................... Land projects: 1972 ................... 1960 ................... Dredging projects: 1972 ................... 1960 ...... ............ Sewer works, total: 1971 . ...... ........... 1963 ................... Lines: 1971 ................... . .................... 1963 Plants: 1971 .................... 1963 ... ................ 100.0 100.0 24.7 25.3 40.7 46.6 11.5 9.9 23.1 18.2 100.0 100.0 24.3 24.3 35.2 44.5 16.7 1 1.2 23.8 20.0 100.0 100.0 25.2 26.6 47.0 49.2 5.6 8.2 22.2 16.0 Private multifamily housing: 1971 .................... 100.0 27.9 44.2 3.0 24.8 Private single-family housing: 1969 6/ ................ 1962 6/ ................ 100.0 100.0 20.4 22. 1 43.4 47.2 .9 1.0 35.3 29.7 Public housing: 1975 4/ ................ 1968 .................. . . I960 .................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.7 32.4 35.5 48.7 41.9 45.0 4.4 1.5 2.5 14.2 24.2 17.0 Includes offsite wages, fringe benefits, construc financing costs, inventory, and other overhead administrative expenses as well as profit. Estimated. Based on case study. 3 4 5 6 1 tion and 2 35 Equipment included with overhead and profit. Estimated. Equipment included in materials. Includes selling expenses. Table A-4. Percent distribution of cost of materials, supplies, and equipment by product group, all construction studies, 1958-76 Type of construction and year Total materi als, suppli es, and equ ipment Mining and Petro quarryi ng Lumber leum of nonand wood Chemical and refining metallic products and minerals except Furni ture allied prod except furni- and fix related fuel ture tures ucts products Stone, clay, glass,and concrete products Primary metal products Elec Con trical struct ion and elec Fabritronic ment cated Machi ner^ machi nery, (rental Materi al metal and except equ ipvalue and prod elec- ment, and depreci a- suppli es, ucts 1/ tri cal suppli es tion) General hospitals: 1960 ............ 1966 ............ 1976 ............ 100.00 100.00 100.00 .42 .51 .33 4.22 4.81 2.98 3.19 2.82 2.28 .81 .77 1.0 1 .90 .80 1.12 18.94 18.40 18.52 12.05 12.35 9.89 24.25 21.75 23.80 14.48 16.81 13.29 13.44 14. 14 15.09 2.14 2.50 5.52 5. 16 4.32 6 .17 Nursing homes: 1966 2/ ......... 1976 ............ 100.00 100.00 .53 .84 9.06 6.76 .27 1.97 1.24 1.65 1.82 2. 13 20.16 19.38 6.23 11.00 33.32 23.22 11.03 12.40 10.78 12.21 2.15 4.40 3.41 4.04 Commercial office buildings: 1974 ............ 100.00 .67 7.55 .42 .99 1.98 25.90 12.55 22.21 11.43 7.62 5.99 4.69 Federal office buildings: 1959 ............ 1973 ............ 1976 ............ 100.00 3/ 100.00 .41 3/ .49 3.31 3/ 2.31 .34 3/ .41 1.03 3/ 1.10 .88 3/ 1.11 21.60 3/ 22.61 7.32 3/ 20.82 32.81 3/ 19.33 6.91 3/ 10.65 18.20 3/ 10.11 3.59 3/ 6.52 3.61 3/ 4.56 100.00 100.00 100.00 .83 1.62 .85 9.90 9. 13 6.09 1.50 2.90 3.67 1.41 .96 1.41 2.02 2.27 1.72 24.99 24.67 20.15 13.07 11.68 11.03 26.78 24.4 1 24.06 2.47 5.30 7.71 9.27 8.78 12.32 4.04 4.45 4.52 3.74 3.83 6.47 100.00 1.34 18.67 3.89 2.21 1.74 22.12 8.85 15.59 3.72 9.36 6.51 6.00 100.00 .79 .89 40.05 37.40 2.22 1.82 2.30 1.80 23.58 21.33 5.50 5.05 14.60 12.90 .46 1.90 6.49 6.77 2.03 2.00 1.99 4.87 100.00 .80 .80 3/ 14. 10 14.40 3/ .30 .30 3/ 1.80 2.00 ' 3/ 1.70 2.20 3/ 27.10 24.70 3/ 8.00 9.20 3/ 28.50 27.20 3/ 2.30 2.50 3/ 8.40 11.30 3/ 5.30 3.50 3/ 1.80 1.80 3/ 100.00 .78 3/ 10.67 3/ 1.70 3/ 1. 18 3/ 1.05 3/ 25.78 3/ 6.11 3/ 33.90 3/ 2.92 3/ 11.36 3/ 2.94 3/ 1.62 3/ 100.00 100.00 11.34 12.42 1.76 .85 — .80 .97 17.09 17.58 16.77 14.04 — 19.48 21.22 4/ 4/ 32.75 32.92 Civil works: Land projects: 1960 ........... 1972 ........... Dredging projects: 1960 ............ 1972 ........... 100.00 3/ 17.46 3/ 4. 15 3/ — 3/ 3.87 3/ 9.09 3/ 1.33 3/ 13.20 3/ .59 3/ .24 3/ 35.39 3/ 2.05 3/ 100.00 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3.93 3/ 12.65 3/ 28.07 3/ 3/ 3/ 1.49 3/ 1.40 3/ 3/ 58.98 3/ 6. 13 3/ Sewer works: Li nes: 1963 ............ 1971 ............ Plants: 1963 ............ 1971 ............ 100.00 100.00 4.65 3.43 .79 1.53 — — .36 1. 14 3.02 4.82 55.87 40.77 8.79 7.38 2.39 2.20 3.02 4.48 .74 1.03 20.19 32.22 .20 1.00 100.00 100.00 2.27 1.11 1.64 2.46 — .98 .87 1.85 1.25 16.78 15.62 14.48 11.22 13. 16 13.87 22.34 33.51 9.51 6.72 14.25 10.59 2.75 2.54 Elementary and secondary schools: 1959 ........... 1965 ........... 1972 ........... Private multifamily housi ng: 1971 ............ Private single-family housi ng: 1962 ............ 1969 ............ Public housing: 1960 ............ 1968 ............ 1975 ............. College housing: 1961 ........... 1972 ........... Federally-aided highways: 1958 ............ 1976 ............ _ 3.28 __ .22 ' Includes vitreous china plumbing fixtures for Federally-aided highways, commercial office buildings, elementary and secondary schools (1971), and singlefamily and multifamily housing. 2 Based on case study. _ 3 Not available, 3 Construction equipment estimate included in materials and supplies, n.e.c. Note: Detail may not add to total due to rounding. 36 Appends! B. Seep© and Methods ©f Survey their subcontractors. Field representatives then visited each subcontractor to obtain labor, material, and equip ment cost data. After collection, regional offices reviewed data for completeness and accuracy. Data were then sent to the national office in Washington, D.C. for final review, computer processing, and analysis. Sampling techniques The survey was designed to measure labor and ma terial requirements for hospital and nursing homes funded under the Hill-Burton program and completed during 1976. The Office of Facilities Engineering within the Office of Federally Assisted Construction (under the former Department of Health, Education, and Wel fare) provided the Bureau with a list of projects which met these specifications. A refined sampling frame of 137 projects was constructed from this list. All projects were stratified by cost class, and hospital projects were further stratified according to geographic location. (The four geographic locations are given in footnote 4.) Cost classes are as follows: Under $1,000,000; $1,000,000 to $1,999,999; $2,000,000 to $4,999,999; $5,000,000 to $9,999,999; $10,000,000 to $14,999,999; and $20,000,000 and over. A sample of 74 projects was randomly se lected from the refined frame. Several projects in the initial sample were found to be outside the scope of the study. These included projects which were designed to serve as living quar ters for students and/or staff, those which consisted of rehabilitation work only, and projects not completed by December 31, 1976. A number of projects were not surveyed because the general contractor refused to co operate or could not be located. The final sample con sisted of 34 hospitals and 8 nursing homes—including a 17 project supplement to the original sample. The number of responding projects in each region was as follows: 8 in the Northeast, 11 in the North Central, 9 in the South, and 6 in the West. The average weighted response rate for the survey was 73 percent. Non response factors, which represent the inverse of the weighted response rates, were calculated for each stra tum. Final sample weights consisted of the inverse of the probability of selection and the nonresponse factor. Limitations of data Subcontractors were asked to estimate if equipment, material, or payroll cost records were missing. When a subcontractor refused to cooperate or could not be lo cated, the general contractor was asked to estimate missing data. Where an estimate could not be obtained, the missing data were imputed by matching the con tract with one for a similar operation. (Imputation was not done for contracts whose total value was less than 0.3 percent of the total project amount.) Except for nonresponding sample projects and data estimated by contractors, there are no known sources of sampling error. No statistical evidence is available to prove that the nonresponding units had characteristics which were similar to those of the responding units. In addition, some projects which met survey requirements may have been inadvertently excluded from the sampling frame. Detailed data have a wider margin of sampling error and may be subject to other limitations. Labor and ma terial requirements may be affected by many factors, such as location and size of the project, the type of building, architectural design, the availability of certain materials or equipment, labor skills, and local building codes or customs. The effects of these separate factors cannot be isolated. Sample variances Variances for the hospital and nursing home con struction survey were calculated by the balanced half sample replication technique. Table B-l shows the stand ard errors and coefficients of variation for material, equipment, and labor costs per $1,000 and cost per 100 square feet for hospitals and nursing homes, by region. Table B-2 shows the standard deviations and coeffi cients of variation for hospitals and nursing homes by selected contract operations. A complete description of the method used to calculate sample variances is avail able from BLS upon request. Data collection procedures Field representatives received a list of projects con taining the names and addresses of the projects’ owners and/or developers. After contacting the owner to de termine whether the project was within the scope of the study, field representatives visited the building con struction site and met with the general contractor. The general contractor provided data on project character istics; labor, material and equipment costs; and a list of 37 Table B-1. Standard errors and coefficients of variation for hours, labor eosts, materials costs, equipment costs, and cost per 100 square feet for hospitals and nursing homes, 1975 Hospi tals Measure Ho ur s per $1,000= Standard error .................. Coefficient of variation (percent) ...................... Labor costs per $1,000= Standard error (dollars) ... Co ef fi ci en t of variation (percent) ...................... M a te ri al s costs per $1,000= Standard error (dollars) ... Coefficient of variation (percent) ...................... Equipment costs per $1,000= Standard error (dollars) Coefficient of variation (percent) ..................... C o s t p e r 100 s q u a r e f e e t : Standard error (dollars) ... Coefficient of variation (percent) ...................... United States North Central N o r t h e a st Nursing South 0.57 2.47 0.26 0.99 1.65 1.6 7.7 0.8 2.7 4.7 4.35 21.68 3. 15 10. 1 6.40 4.32 10.52 1. 6 7.9 2.2 1. 7 3.6 2.0 4.60 10.36 10.88 11.65 13.90 1. 1 2.9 2.5 0.7 2.9 2.9 1. 16 2.05 1.89 1.92 4.6 7.9 7.3 8.9 0.99 4.1 133.81 2.7 2. 17 12.2 107.62 191.83 1. 4 3.23 221.73 4.3 homes Llest 4.81 111.70 4.6 250.76 2.0 6 .1 Table B-2. Standard errors and coefficients of variation for hours, labor costs, materials costs, equipment costs, and cost per $1,000 by selected contract operations, 1975 Measure General contractor Ho ur s per $1,000= Standard error .................. Coef fi ci en t of variation (percent) Labor costs per $1,000= Standard error (dollars) ... Coefficient of variation ...................... (percent) M a te ri al s costs per $1,000= Standard error (dollars) ... Co ef fi ci en t of va ri at io n (percent) ...................... Equipment costs per $1,000= Standard error (dollars) ... Co ef fi ci en t of variation (percent) ...................... Heati ng, v e n t i l a t ing, a n d a i i— c o n d i ti o n i n g 0.60 0.25 0. 15 6.5 3.8 3.3 Plasteri ng and lathi ng 0.24 10.7 3.73 1.92 1.32 5.7 3.4 3.3 7.64 5.15 2.28 0.98 7.3 7.0 3.9 8.8 0.95 0.19 0.05 9.7 8.3 6.3 Note: The high coefficients of variation for plastering and lathing, masonry and plumbing may be due to the fact that general contractors Electri cal 1.82 10.4 0.07 11.5 Masonry 0.36 18.7 1.62 11.5 2.76 27.7 0. 14 12.9 Plumbi ng 0.21 12.1 2.00 13.7 3.01 15.0 0 .08 16.2 Concrete 0. 10 6.6 0.74 6. 1 2.50 8.7 0.10 4.8 provided the materials or performed these operations for some of the pro jects surveyed. 38 Appendix C. Forms us@d for data e©ll©eti©n Bureau o f Labor Statistics Survey o f Labor and Material Requirements fo r Building Construction The information collected on this form by the Bureau of Labor Statistics will be held in confidence and w ill be used for statistical purposes only. U.S. Department o f Labor Name of Building(s) Building(s) Location Form Approved O.M.B. No. 44R-1381 This r e p o r t is 'a u th o r iz e d b y la w 2 9 U .S .C .~2. Y o u r v o lu n ta ry c o o p e ra tio n is n e e d e d to m a k e th e results o f th is su rvey co m p re h en sive , a c c u ra te , a n d tim e ly . Survey (s tre e ta d d re s s ) (c ity , c o u n ty , sta te ) Survey Identification Schedule Number SMSA State (E n te r 2 d ig it c o d e ) (E n te r 3 d ig it c o d e ) (E n te r 3 d ig it c o d e ) (E n te r 2 d ig it c o d e ) (E n te r 1 d ig it code) „ I____ I | ____ J_____L..... 83 BLS 2652.05A (Revised March 1978) 39 Census Region I 84 85 2 S e c tio n 1: T y p e o f C o n s tru c tio n (See the survey T e chnical M e m o ra n d u m fo r ty p e o f c o n s tru c tio n codes.) 001 1a______________________________________________________________________ 00 2 1b. 003 1c. 004 1d. 005 1e. S ectio n 2: T o ta l V a lu e o f C o n s tru c tio n C o n tra c t E n t e r t h e t o t a l v a lu e o f all g e n e r a l a n d p r i m e c o n t r a c t s o n t h i s p r o j e c t , a d j u s t e d f o r a n y c h a n g e o r d e r s . I n c l u d e t h e v a l u e o f e q u i p m e n t a n d m a t e r i a l s s u p p l i e d b y t h e p r o j e c t ' s s p o n s o r . E xclu d e , w h e n p o s s i b l e , t h e v a lu e o f o u t - o f - s c o p e a c t iv itie s d e s c r i b e d in t h e su r v e y T e c h n i c a l M e m o r a n d u m . (R o u n d to w h o le d o lla rs .) S ectio n 3: C o n s tru c tio n D ate s ( R e p o r t f o r in - s c o p e a c t i v i t i e s o n l y . E n t e r d a t e s t o t w o dig its ; f o r e x a m p l e , J u l y 4 , 1 9 7 6 w o u l d b e r e p o r t e d M onth 0 I7 0 I4 7 I6 Year Day 007 , i , 3a. B e g in n in g d a t e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n 00 8 3 b . E n d in g d a t e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n 009 3c. T o t a l n u m b e r of w e e k s in c o n s t r u c t i o n (in clu d e d o w n /tim e ) S e c tio n 4 : Wks. Square F o o tag e W h a t is t h e t o t a l s q u a r e f o o t a g e o f all in - s c o p e f l o o r s p a c e in t h e b u ild in g (s )? (E n te r to the nearest square fo o t.) T e chnical M e m o ra n d u m .) R e m arks (F o r a d e fin itio n o f square footage, see the survey 010 Sq. ft. 3 Ssctsom 5: Byildsrsg C haracteristics 5a. H o w m a n y s t o r i e s a r e t h e r e a b o v e g r o u n d level in t h e m a j o r b u i l d i n g ? ( G r o u n d level is t h e h ig h e s t level a t w h i c h t h e g r o u n d i n t e r s e c t s t h e b u i l d i n g , t h e p o i n t a t w h i c h e x c a v a t i o n b egin s. T h e m a j o r b u i l d i n g is t h e o n e t h a t c o s t 011 t h e m o s t.) S tories 5b. A r e e l e v a t o r s in s ta ll e d in t h e m a jo r b u ild in g ? Code 1 - Y es 01 2 2 - No 5c. A r e e s c a l a t o r s in s ta ll e d in t h e m a jo r b u ild in g ? Code 1 - Y es 01 3 2 - No 5d. Is t h e r e a b e l o w g r o u n d b a s e m e n t in t h e m a j o r b u i l d i n g ? (A b a s e m e n t is t h e a r e a i m m e d i a t e l y b e l o w g r o u n d level.) Code 1 - Yes 2 - No 5e. Is a u t o m o b i l e p a r k i n g s p a c e p r o v i d e d ? Code 1 - Y es, in o r u n d e r t h e b u ild in g 2 - Y es, o u t d o o r s 3 - Yes, b o t h in o r u n d e r t h e b u i l d i n g a n d o u t d o o r s 01 5 4 - No 5f. W h a t is t h e m a j o r t y p e o f h e a t i n g p r o v i d e d ? Code 1 - F o r c e d a ir ( d u c t h e a tin g ) 2 - H o t w a t e r ( e x c l u d e s te a m ) 3 - R a d i a n t h e a t i n g (e le c tr ic ) 4 - No heat 01 6 9 - O t h e r t y p e o f h e a t i n g ( s p e c i f y , e.g. s t e a m , s o la r, etc .) 5g. W h a t is t h e m a j o r t y p e o f h e a t i n g fue l u se d ? Code 1 - E le c t r i c i t y 2 - Gas 3 - Oil 4 - Coal 5 - N o fu el 01 7 9 - O t h e r (sp e c if y , e.g. , s o la r, e t c . ) _____________________ 5h. Is a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g p r o v i d e d in t h e m a jo r b u i ld in g ? Code 1 - Y es, c e n t r a l air c o n d i t i o n i n g 2 - Yes, o t h e r t h a n c e n t r a l air c o n d i t i o n i n g 3 - No Remarks 01 8 4 S e c tio n 6: B u ild in g M a te ria ls F o r e a c h b u i l d i n g f e a t u r e listed b e l o w , s e le c t t h e p r e d o m i n a n t t y p e o f m a t e r i a l (in t e r m s o f d o l l a r c o s t s f o r t h e e n t i r e p r o j e c t ) w h i c h b e s t describes th a t feature. 6a. F r a m i n g Code 1 - S te e l 2 - C oncrete: p r e -c a s t, p o u r e d , e tc . 3 - L o a d b e a r in g m a s o n r y : block or brick 019 4 - W ood 9 - O t h e r ( s p e c i f y ) ___________________________ 6 b . E x t e r i o r Walls Code 1 - St eel 2 - C oncrete: p r e -c a s t, p o u r e d , e tc . 3 - L o a d b e a r i n g m a s o n r y : b l o c k o r b ric k 4 - W ood 5 - S tucco 020 6 - C u r t a i n w all ( a n y m a te r ia l) 9 - O t h e r ( s p e c i f y ) _________________________ 6c. I n t e r i o r Walls Code 1 - D r y w a ll 2 - P la ste r 3 - M asonry: b lo ck o r brick 4 - W ood 5 - M etal 6 - P la sti c 7 - G la ss 021 8 - M o v a b le p a r t i t i o n s 9 - O t h e r ( s p e c i f y ) __________ 6 d . F l o o r Ba se Code 1 - C oncrete 022 2 - W o o d /P ly w o o d 3 - O ther (specify). Remarks 42 5 S e c t i o n S: B u ild in g fVlaterialls—C o n t i n u e d 6e. F l o o r C o v e rin g Code 1 - W ood 2 - T errazzo 3 - C arpet 4 - V i n y l / v i n y l - a s b e s t o s til e 5 - L in o l e u m 8 - N o f l o o r c o v e r in g 9 - O ther 023 ( s p e c i f y ) ____________________________ 6f. Ceiling Code 1 - D ryw a ll 2 - P la ste r 3 - A c o u s t i c a l t i l e (in c lu d in g s u s p e n s i o n ty p e ) 9 - O ther 024 ( s p e c i f y ) ____________________________ 6g. R o o f Base Code 1 - Ste el d e c k i n g 2 - C oncrete 3 - W ood/P lyw ood 9 - O ther 025 ( s p e c i f y ) ____________________________ 6h. R o o f Cover Code 1 - A s p h a l t / a s b e s t o s s h in g le s 2 - Built-up 3 - W o o d sh in g le s 02 6 4 -T ile 9 - O ther ( s p e c i f y ) ____________________________ Plemsrks 6 S ection 7: G eneral C o n tra c to r In fo rm a tio n ( O b t a i n d a t a f o r th i s s e c t i o n so le ly f r o m t h e ge ne ra l c o n t r a c t o r , if po ss ib le .) If t h e r e is m o r e t h a n o n e g e n e ra l c o n t r a c t o r t o t h e p r o j e c t , r e p o r t fo r t h e g e n e ra l c o n t r a c t o r h a v in g t h e la rg est d o lla r p o r t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t a m o u n t . (See th e survey T e chnical M e m o ra n d u m fo r the ye a r a n d ty p e o f b u ild in g c o n s tru c tio n .) R e p o r t all p e r c e n t a g e s a n d d o l l a r s t o t h e ne a r e s t w h o le nu m ber. 7a. W h a t p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e g e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r ' s . total dollar v o lu m e of business w as f o r. (y e a r) tion? . building c o nstruc( t y p e o f b u ild in g ) (E n te r to three digits. F o r e x a m ple 50% w o u ld be e n te re d 0 5 0 ; one t h ir d w o u ld be e n te re d 0 3 3 .) 027 7 b . W h a t d o e s t h e g e n e ra l c o n t r a c t o r e s t i m a t e to b e t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t o t a l c o n t r a c t v a l u e " p u t in p l a c e " d u r i n g e a c h o f t h e c a l e n d a r y e a r s the p r o je c t w a s u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n ? O B e gin w i t h t h e y e a r t h e p r o j e c t w a s s t a r t e d ( e n t e r in b o x 0 2 8 ) a n d w o r k d o w n t o t h e y e a r t h e p r o j e c t w a s c o m p l e t e d . O E n t e r t h e f o u r d ig it y e a r in c o l u m n A. O E n te r t h e p e r c e n t a g e t o t h r e e d ig its in c o l u m n B. F o r e x a m p l e , 5 0% w o u l d b e e n t e r e d 0 5 0 ; o n e - t h i r d w o u l d b e e n t e r e d 0 3 3 . O T h e total p ercen tag e m u st equal 100. C o lu m n A (Y ear) C o lu m n B (%) 028 % J a n u a r y 1 t o D e c e m b e r 31 029 % J a n u a r y 1 t o D e c e m b e r 31 03 0 % J a n u a r y 1 t o D e c e m b e r 31 031 % J a n u a r y 1 t o D e c e m b e r 31 032 % J a n u a r y 1 t o D e c e m b e r 31 033 % J a n u a r y 1 t o D e c e m b e r 31 034 % J a n u a r y 1 t o D e c e m b e r 31 Total = S e ctio n 8 : 100% (Slumber o f C o n tra c ts H o w m a n y of t h e f o l lo w in g t y p e s o f c o n t r a c t s w e r e let f o r t h i s p r o j e c t ? ( T h e t o t a l m u s t e q u a l t h e n u m b e r o f B - f o rm s s u b m i t t e d . ) 03 5 General 03 6 P rim e 037 Subcontract 038 S ub-subcontract 039 TOTAL R em arks 44 7 S e ctio n 9 : P re fa b ric a tio n I n d i c a t e t h e t y p e s o f p r e f a b r i c a t e d c o m p o n e n t s u s e d in t h i s p r o j e c t b y a n s w e r i n g q u e s t i o n s 9 a , 9 b , a n d 9 c . M o r e t h a n o n e b o x m a y b e c h e c k e d ( \ / ) f o r e a c h q u e s t io n 9a. W h ic h in te g ra te d assemblies ( p r e f a b r i c a t e d c o m p o n e n t s w h o s e in s t a l l a t i o n r e q u i r e s m o r e t h a n o n e t r a d e ) w e r e use d in t h i s p r o j e c t ? (C heck as m a n y boxes as necessary.) 040 ' 1 - B a th ro o m s 041 2 - K itchens 042 3 - P re -e n g in e e re d b u i l d i n g s 04 3 4 - S o la r h e a t i n g u n i t s 044 5 - __________________________ 045 6 - ______________________________________ 046 7 - __________________________ 047 8 - __________________________ 048 9 - None 049 10 - O t h e r ( sp e c if y ) ________ 9 b . W h ic h special p re fa b ric a te d c o m p o n e n ts (single c o n s t r u c t i o n u n i t s —m o r e t h a n o n e t r a d e m a y b e e m p l o y e d ) w e r e u s e d in t h e p r o j e c t ? (C heck as m a n y bo xes as necessary.) 050 1 - P re -c a st c o n c r e t e w a ll s 051 2 - P re -a s s e m b le d b r i c k p a n e ls 052 3 - A ir h a n d l i n g d u c t s 053 4 - A ir c o n d i t i o n i n g e q u i p m e n t 054 5 - P re -c a st c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r a l b e a m s o r c o l u m n s 055 6 - E le v a t o r s a n d e s c a l a t o r s 05 6 7 - P l u m b i n g p i p e " t r e e s " or e le c tr ic a l c o n d u i t " t r e e s " 057 8 - C o m m u n ic a tio n a n d alarm system s 05 8 9 - None 059 10 - O t h e r ( s p e c i f y ) ------------------------------------------------------- ( N o te : I t e m s 1 -6 a r e f a b r i c a t e d o f f s i t e ; ite m s 7 a n d 8 a r e f a b r i c a t e d o n s i t e f r o m s t o c k p a r ts .) R em arks 45 8_________________________________________________________________________ Ssstoom 9 : P re fa b ric a tio n —C o n tin u e d 9 c . W h ic h s to c k p re fa b ric a te d c o m p o n e n ts w e r e u s e d in t h e p r o j e c t ? (C heck as m a n y boxes as necessary.) 060 1- T oilet p a rtitio n s 061 2 - S te e l j o is ts 06 2 3 - W indow s 083 4 - C oncrete form s 064 5 - M o v a b le o r r e m o u n t a b l e w all p a r t i t i o n s 065 6 - H u n g c eil in gs 066 7 - C o n c r e t e o r m e ta l r o o f a n d f l o o r d e c k s 067 8 - U nderfloor d u ct 06 8 9 - None 069 10 - O t h e r ( sp e c if y ) _______________________ (N ote: I t e m s 1-4 a r e f a b r i c a t e d o f fs i t e ; ite m s 5-8 a r e f a b r i c a t e d o n s i t e f r o m s t o c k pa r ts .) ReeKcrks T U R N T O P A G E 11 F O R S E C T IO N 1 0 46 9 Remarks 47 48 11 S ection 1 0 : Factors A ffe c tin g P ro d u c tiv ity O ffic e Use O n ly W h a t f a c t o r s c a n t h e g e n e ra l c o n t r a c t o r id e n t i f y as h a vin g c o n t r i b u t e d t o w a r d raising l or lo w e r in g e m p l o y e e - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s ( p r o d u c t i v i t y ) d u r i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of th i s b u ild in g p r o j e c t , as c o n t r a s t e d t o a s im il a r p r o j e c t o n w h i c h t h e c o n t r a c t o r p a r t i c i p a t e d d u r i n g t h e p a s t t w o ye a rs? List b e l o w e a c h f a c t o r c i t e d b y t h e g e n e ra l c o n t r a c t o r . E x p la in w h y t h e f a c t o r s id e n t i f i e d rais ed o r lo w e r e d r e q u i r e m e n t s . E x a m p le s of f a c to rs : s tr ik e s , w e a t h e r , f l o o d in g , b u i l d i n g c o d e s , a p p r e n t i c e s h i p p r o g r a m s , u n i o n p r a c t i c e s , s u p p l y of sk ille d w o r k e r s , g o v e r n m e n t specifications, p refa b ricated c o m p o n e n ts , sta n d ard ized c o m p o n e n ts , unusual building c o n d itio n s (such as a d v e r s e a n d u n e x p e c t e d g r o u n d c o n d i t i o n s f o r f o u n d a t i o n ) , o th e r fa c to rs . List o f F a c t o r s : 49 S u rv e y I.D. Schedule N um ber 12________________ R e m a rk s —C o n tin u e d GPO 50 928 695 SURVEY: Hospital and Nursing Home Construction Fiscal 1979 Name of Building(s)° Schedule No. Labor and Material Requirements — Section 11 - Additional Items 11a. Type of Ownership This hospitals, hospital addition, nursing home, or nursing home addition is Code llbo L Public (A public hospital or nursing home is one owned by a government or public agency) 2. Private (A private hospital or nursing home is one owned by persons or corporations) Number of Beds NOTE: Enter the number of beds for the hospital, hospital addition, nursing home, or nursing home addition as designed, not the actual number of beds present. Include wards under semiprivate rooms. a. b. 11c. In private rooms (Designed for one patient) 071 In semiprivate rooms (Designed for 2-4 patients) ______ 072 Is there a separate building or separate wing of the hospital, hospital addition, nursing home, or nursing home addition which is devoted primarily to living facilities for students, nurses, doctors, or staff? Code 1. 2. l Yes No L 073 If yes, (code 1), is entered above, what approximate percentage does the general contractor estimate that this type of construction comprises of total contract costs? (Enter to three digits. For example-twenty-five percent must be entered as 025;’one-third must be entered as 033; etc.) 074 51 - 2 lld0 Special Purpose Areas Indicate whether or not the following special purpose areas are included in the hospitals, hospital additions nursing home9 or nursing home addition* Combination special purpose areas are to be coded by "majority of expected use." Code 1= Included 2. Not included Area a. Library (A facility that provides books for staff and/or patient use)oo#o b. Auditorium .............................................. . c. Cafeteria ............ .............. .................. ........... d. Cafeteria-auditorium ............................................ e. Emergency room ............ ....... .................... . f. Intensive care unit o .. .„. .o. .. o„o. o. .. „„ .. .0 .. ... . „. .„„. .„ ...„ „. g- Delivery room . .„0„ „............... .......... ................. . h. Operating room .................... ...... ......................... 075 076 077 078 079 080 081 082 . X-ray room ...................................................... j • Laboratory (All types of laboratories included) ....... ......... . .......... 087 k. Diagnostic and therapy r o o m ............ .......... . 088 1. Other (specify in Remarks).................. . 089 i 086 REMARKS: 52 - 3 - lie. Building Characteristics = Ground Conditions See the technical memorandum for detailed instructions0 Code life lo Stable (normal) 2. Unstable 090 Building Characteristics - File Footings Were driven pile footings of woods steels or concrete used in the foundation to support the hospital9 hospital additions nursing homes or nursing home addition? Code Yes lo llg. Building Materials - Foundation Select the predominant type, of material (interns of dollar costs) which best describes this feature. The foundation is the substructure below first floor and includes the footings upon which the building rests„ Code 1 2 3 4 9 Masonry: block or brick Concrete: pre-cast, poured, etc. Metal Treated wood Other (specify) _________________ 53 092 54 U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Labor and Material Requirements for Buildings Construction_______________ C o n tr a c t In f o r m a t io n T h e i n f o r m a t i o n c o l l e c t e d o n th is f o r m b y t h e B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s will b e h e ld in c o n f i d e n c e a n d will be used f o r sta ti s tic a l p u r p o s e s o n l y . Form Approved This re p o rt is a u th o riz e d b y la w 2 9 U.S.C. 2 Y o u r v o lu n ta ry c o o p e ra tio n is needed to m ake the results o f this survey com prehensive, accurate, a n d tim e ly . O.M .B. N o. 4 4 R - 1 3 8 1 S u rv e y N a m e of C o n t r a c t o r N am e of Project L o c a t i o n o f P r o j e c t (street address) (c ity , c o u n ty , state) B F©rm O ffic e Use O n ly Schedule N um ber (E n te r 3 d ig it code) I M a jo r O p e r a t i o n s C o d e (E n te r 2 d ig it code) C ontract N um ber (E n te r 3 d ig it code) | _____ 1______1______ 1 1 093 B L S 2 6 5 2 .0 5 B (M a rc h 1 9 7 8 ) 55 S uperior C o n tract N um ber (E n te r 3 d ig it cod e) 1 094 Status Code (E n te r 1 d ig it code) Part I C ontract Inform ation Contract A m ount a. F o r t h e id e n t i f i e d p r o j e c t , w h a t w a s t h e final c o n t r a c t a m o u n t , in c lu d in g all c h a n g e o r d e r s ? (R o u n d to w hole d o lla rs.) b. 095 $ 096 H o w m u c h i n t e r e s t e x p e n s e , if a n y , d i d t h e c o n t r a c t o r in c u r o n m o n i e s b o r r o w e d f o r th is c o n t r a c t ? ( I f none, e n te r " 0 . " ) c. $ Did th i s c o n t r a c t o r ha v e f o r m a l la b o r m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t ( s ) c o v e r in g a m a j o r i t y o f t h e em ployees w ho p erform ed w ork on the contract? Code 1 - Yes 097 2 - No d. Scope of O perations B ri efl y d e s c r i b e t h e w o r k p e r f o r m e d f o r t h e c o n t r a c t . A ls o , i d e n t i f y t h e i m p o r t a n t k in d s of h e a v y e q u i p m e n t , m a t e r ia ls , a n d o c c u p a t i o n s used or supplied u n d e r this c o n tra c t. e. List of S u b - s u b c o n t r a c t s R e p o r t a n y s u b - s u b c o n t r a c t o r s w h o w o r k e d o n t h e id e n t i f i e d p r o j e c t . F o r e a c h s u b - s u b c o n t r a c t o r , assign a c o n t r a c t n u m b e r . F o r t h e c o n t r a c t n u m b e r , r e fe r t o t h e S O - 3 0 2 f o r m . C ontract N um ber N a m e of C o n t r a c t o r V alue of S u b -s u b c o n tra c t $ f. R e c o r d of P e r s o n s S u p p l y i n g D a ta D a te of V isit F ie ld R e p r e s e n t a t i v e N a m e a n d T it le of P e r s o n C o n t a c t e d 56 Part II Construction Equipm ent a. E n te r t h e t o t a l o n - s i t e e q u i p m e n t c o s t s (s u m of all i t e m s r e p o r t e d in c o l u m n C, lines 1 0 0 - 1 0 9 a n d 1 10-198 on th e c o n tin u a tio n sheets). If n o n e , e n t e r " 0 . " b. Instructions C o m p l e t e c o l u m n s A t h r o u g h D as fo llo w s : C o l u m n A — List all e q u i p m e n t u s e d o n -sit e as a t o o l o f c o n s t r u c t i o n . ( E x c l u d e e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e d s o le ly f o r p e r s o n a l use.) R e c o r d e a c h p ie c e o f e q u i p m e n t s e p a r a te ly . C o l u m n B — E n t e r t h e e q u i p m e n t c o d e f o r e a c h p ie c e o f e q u i p m e n t listed in c o l u m n A . ( R e f e r t o t h e C o d i n g M a n u a l f o r L a b o r a n d M a te ri a ls R e q u i r e m e n t s S u rv e y s). C o l u m n C — E n te r , in w h o l e d o lla r s , t h e c o n t r a c t o r ' s d e p r e c i a t i o n c o s t o r t h e re n ta l c o s t f o r e a c h p i e c e o f e q u i p m e n t . If th i s d a t a c a n n o t be o b t a i n e d , e n t e r t h e r e n t a l c o s t e q u i v a l e n t ; re fe r t o t h e T e c h n i c a l M e m o r a n d u m f o r t h e R e n ta l C o s t E q u iv a le n t p r o c e d u r e . C o l u m n D — C o d e f o r t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e p o r t e d in C o l u m n C as f o l lo w s : Code 1 - co n tracto r ow ned equipm ent 2 - c o n tracto r rented e q u ip m en t F o r a d d itio n al entries, use c o n tin u a tio n sheet(s) for C o n s tru c tio n E q u ip m e n t BLS 2 6 5 2 B . In t h e c o l u m n “ O f fic e U s e , " b egin t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n s h e e t w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e line i t e m n u m b e r . In t h e s p a c e s p r o v i d e d a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e p a g e , e x p l a i n a n y u n u s u a l e n tr ie s . C olum n A C olum n B D escription of C o n s tru c tio n E q u ip m e n t E q u ip m en t Code C olum n C D e p r e c i a t i o n o r R e n ta l C o s t (express in w hole d o lla rs) $ C olum n D O f f ic e Use E n te r C o d e 1 or 2 Line Ite m N um ber 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 E n t e r Line Ite m Num ber R e m a r k s o r W o r k A re a 57 Part I I I Materials, Supplies, and B uilt-In Equipm ent Costs Instructions C o m p l e t e c o l u m n s E t h r o u g h I as f o llo w s : C o l u m n E — E n te r t h e b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s , su p p lie s , o r b u ilt-in e q u i p m e n t u s e d in o r d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n . R e p o r t dis s im ila r ite m s s e p a r a t e l y (i.e., rivets s h o u l d b e r e p o r t e d s e p a r a te ly f r o m s t r u c t u r a l steel ba r b e a m ) . C o l u m n F — E n te r t h e m a t e r i a l s c o d e f o r t h e b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l , s u p p l y , o r b u ilt-in e q u i p m e n t lis te d in C o l u m n E. ( R e f e r t o t h e C o d in g M a n u a l f o r L a b o r a n d M a te ri a l R e q u i r e m e n t S u rv e y s ) . C o l u m n G — E n t e r in w h o l e d o l l a r s t h e c o s t o f m a t e r i a l s r e p o r t e d in C o l u m n E. ( I n c l u d e all ta x e s a n d d e liv e r y fee s.) C o l u m n H — If t h e d a t a in C o l u m n G d o e s n o t in c lu d e sa les t a x , e n t e r t h e sa les t a x r a t e ( to o n e d e c i m a l ) in c o l u m n H. E x a m p le : C olum n 5%% — e n t e r as 3% 5% — e n t e r as I — C o d e f o r t h e m a t e r i a l c o s t r e p o r t e d as f o llo w s : 0% Code 3 - m a t e r i a l c o s t is a b s o l u t e ( h a rd d a t a ) 4 - m a t e r i a l c o s t is e s t i m a t e d F o r a d d i t i o n a l e n t r i e s , use c o n t i n u a t i o n s h e e t ( s ) f o r M a te ri a ls , S u p p l i e s , a n d B uilt-in E q u i p m e n t B L S 2 6 5 2 B . In t h e c o l u m n " O f f i c e U s e , " b egin t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n s h e e t w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e line i t e m n u m b e r . a. In w h o l e d o lla r s , r e p o r t t h e t o t a l c o s t o f all m a t e r i a l s a n d s u p p lie s use d d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n ( su m o f all c o s t s in C o l u m n G , lines 2 0 0 - 2 2 9 a n d 2 3 0 - 5 9 8 o n t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n s h e e t ) . I n c l u d e all t a x e s a n d d e liv e r y fees. If n o n e , e n t e r " 0 . " If " 0 " is r e p o r t e d f o r m a t e r i a l c o s t , leave C o l u m n I b l a n k . C o lu m n 1 O ffic e Use E n te r Code 3 or 4 L in e I te m N um ber 599 Colum n E C o lu m n F M a te ria l I te m C o lu m n G M a te ri a ls T o ta l C o s t I n c lu d in g All T a x e s a n d D eli very F e e s Code $ C o lu m n C o lu m n H Sale s T a x R a t e if 1 T axes n o t Included E n te r in C o l u m n G Code (re p o rt to one 3 or 4 de cim al) % O ffic e Use L in e I te m N um ber 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 E n te r L in e Ite m Num ber R e m a r k s o r W o r k A re a 58 P a rt t i l M a t e r ia ls a n d S u p p lie s C o s ts —C o n t in u e d C o lu m n E C o lu m n F M a te ria l C ode M a terial Ite m C o lu m n G T o ta l C o s t In c lu d in g All T a x e s a n d D e liv e ry " F e e s ' C o lu m n H Column S ales T a x JR a te if t ■ T a x e s n o t I n c lu d e d E n te r in C o lu m n G C ode (r e p o r t to one 3 or 4 d e c im a l) O ffic e U se L ine Ite m N um ber % $ 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 b. R e fe rrin g to t h e list o f m a te r ia ls a n d s u p p lie s r e p o rte d in lin e ite m n u m b e r 2 0 0 - 2 2 9 a n d 2 3 0 - 5 9 8 o n th e c o n tin u a tio n s h e e ts , re c o rd t h e sales ta x r a te fo r th e g r e a te s t d o lla r a m o u n t o f ta x a b le Express a fra c tio n a l pe rc e n ta g e as fo llo w s : 3% p e rc e n t as E n te r L ine Item N um ber R e m a rk s o r W o rk A re a 098 % m a te ria ls p u r c h a s e d . 59 3 3 % Part IV Labor Requirements R e p o rt, b y o c c u p a tio n , m o n th ly d a ta fo r w h o le ho urs a n d gross earnings fo r each m o n th th a t w o rk was p e rfo r m e d o n the p r o je c t's c o n s tru c tio n site. a. E n te r to ta l g ro ss e a rn in g s (su m o f all e a rn in g s r e p o r te d in C o lu m n M , lines 6 0 0 - 6 5 3 a n d lines 6 5 4 to 9 9 7 o n t h e c o n tin u a tio n s h e e t). $ 999 If n o n e , e n te r " 0 . " b. in s tru c tio n s C o m p le te t h e fo llo w in g fo r all o n -s ite la b o r: C o lu m n J — E n te r t h e m o n th a n d y e a r a s fo llo w s: Ja n u a ry 1 9 7 6 — 01 76 C o lu m n K— E n te r th e th r e e -d ig it o c c u p a tio n a l c o d e f o r e a c h ty p e o f w o r k e r. (R e fe r t o C o n tr a c t O p e r a tio n s a n d O c c u p a tio n a l C o d e s L ists). C o d e jo u r n e y level w o r k e rs a n d a p p r e n tic e s s e p a ra te ly . C o lu m n L— R e p o r t t h e to ta l n u m b e r o f h o u r s (in c lu d in g o v e r tim e h o u rs ) w o r k e d o n -s ite . D o N O T b o o s t o v e r tim e h o u rs w o r k e d to o b ta in a v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s. D o N O T in c lu d e tra v e l tim e unless p a y is re c e iv e d f o r th is tim e . U se th e r e m a rk s o r w o rk a re a t o id e n tify th e n u m b e r o f w h o le h o u r s w o r k e d in o v e r tim e s ta tu s . C o lu m n M — R e p o r t to ta l g ro ss e a rn in g s p a id to e m p lo y e e s . In c lu d e in " t o t a l g ro ss e a r n in g s " t h e fo llo w in g : 1. O v e r tim e p a y 3 . C o st-o f-liv in g a d d itiv e s 2 . S h if t d if f e r e n tia l 4. E m p lo y e r p a id frin g e b e n e f its w h ic h a r e p a id d ire c tly to t h e e m p lo y e e D o M O T in c lu d e in " t o t a l g ro ss e a r n in g s ," e m p lo y e r frin g e b e n e f its p a y m e n ts m a d e d ir e c tly to a d m in is te r e d b e n e f it f u n d s . F o r a d d itio n a l e n tr ie s , u se c o n tin u a tio n s h e e t(s ) fo r L a b o r R e q u ir e m e n ts b y M o n th a n d Y e a r. In t h e c o lu m n " O f f ic e U s e ," b e g in t h e c o n tin u a tio n s h e e t w ith t h e a p p r o p r ia te lin e ite m n u m b e r. c. R e p o r t t h e to ta l n u m b e r o f o v e r tim e h o u r s f o r all o c c u p a tio n s liste d in c o lu m n K (lin e s 6 0 0 - 6 5 3 a n d 6 5 4 - 9 9 7 o n t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n sh e e ts.) If n o n e , e n t e r " 0 . " C o lu m n J M o n th Y ear (2 -d ig it) (2 -d ig it) C o lu m n K C o lu m n L C o lu m n M O ffic e Usa O cc. Code G ro ss E a rn in g s R e la te d t o H o u rs (express in L in e Ite m N um ber (3 -d ig it) W h o le H o u rs w h o le d o lla rs ) 600 $ 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 60 R e m a rk s o r W o rk A re a P art I V C o lu m n J M onth (2-digit) L a b o r R e q u ire m e n ts —C o n tin u e d C o lu m n K C o lu m n L Year Occ. (2-digit) C ode (3-digit) W hole H ours C o lu m n M O ffice Use G ross E arnings R elated to H ours (express in whole dollars) Line Item N um ber $ 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 61 R e m a rk s o r W ork A rea P a rt V C o n t r a c t R e c o n c ilia t io n T o ta l v a lu e o f s u b c o n tr a c ts le t b y th is c o n tr a c to r T o ta l e q u ip m e n t c o s t, (fro m lin e 1 9 9 , p a g e 3) T o ta l m a te ria l c o s t, (fro m lin e 5 9 9 , p a g e 4) T o ta l la b o r c o s t fro m th is " B " f o rm (fro m lin e 9 9 9 , p a g e 6) T o ta l la b o r c o s t f ro m a tta c h e d p a y r o lls (a p p ro x .) T O T A L O N -S IT E COSTS (A P P R O X .) T o ta l c o n t r a c t a m o u n t , (fro m lin e 0 9 5 , p a g e 2) T o ta l o n -s ite c o s ts ( a p p r o x .) , see a b o v e (su btra ct) A P P R O X IM A T E T O T A L P R O F IT A N D O V E R H E A D A p p r o x , to t a l p r o f it a n d o v e rh e a d --------- t - ,------- -— ------------- --------- = % p r o f it a n d o v e rh e a d T o ta l c o n t r a c t a m o u n t E x p la in a n y u n u s u a l p r o f it a n d o v e rh e a d p e r c e n ta g e s (o v e r 3 5 % o r u n d e r 10% ) o r a n y u n u s u a l e x p e n s e r e q u ire m e n ts . GPO 62 8 0 2 S43 Appendix 0. ULS (Pu!b!i<gatii@[n@ ©m ©@n@tiry©tD©n Labor R©quir@m@nt8 Resent Publications Other Publications Labor and Material Requirements for Federal Office Building Construction (BLS Bulletin 2146), 1982, pp. Civil works construction Discusses the employment impact of the labor and material requirements for Federal building construction based on a 1976 survey; includes estimates for 1980. In addition to the direct and indirect employment impact, the summary also presents data on labor requirements by occupation and type of contractor, cost components, and material requirements. Comparisons are made with two previous similar surveys. Dougherty, Dawn E. “Labor and Material Require ments for Hospital Construction,” Monthly Labor Re view, March 1982, pp. 34-37. Summary of a survey of 90 hospitals constructed in 1976. The article provides data on labor requirements, material costs, and project characteristics. Data are compared with similar studies of hospital construction in 1960 and 1966. Bingham, Barbara J. “U.S. Civil Works Construction Shows Decrease in Required Labor,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1978, pp. 24-30. This study was based on a sample of 45 projects completed in 1971 and 1972 under the supervision of the Corps of En gineers. It provided data on labor hours, material and labor costs, and other project characteristics for both dredging and land projects. Also, data were compared with an earlier civil works survey published in 1964. Labor and Material Requirements for Civil Works Con struction by the Corps o f Engineers (BLS Bulletin 1390), 1964, 28 pp. A study of onsite and offsite employee-hour and wage re quirements for dredging and land projects in the U.S. Corps of Engineers’ civil works program from 1959 to 1960. College housing construction Labor and Material Requirements for Commercial Of fice Building Construction (BLS Bulletin 2102), March 1982, 50 pp. Bingham, Barbara J. “Labor Requirements for Col lege Housing Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1979, pp. 28-34. Presents the results of a survey of commercial office build ings completed in 1973-74. The projects surveyed represent $2.7 billion in construction value put-in-place. Data include onsite labor requirements per $1,000 of contract cost at re gional and national levels, a detailed listing of the types and valu es of m aterials and equip m ent used, and the offsite labor hours required to manufacture and transport the materials. A discussion of the recent trends in design, technology and man agement o f office building construction is included. A 37-project sample was surveyed in this study o f college housing projects constructed under the supervision of the D e partment of Housing and Urban Development and completed in 1973. The article summarized and compared the findings on employee-hour requirements, project costs, and other col lege housing characteristics to an earlier survey published in 1965. Labor and Material Requirements for College Housing Construction (BLS Bulletin 1441), 1965, pp. 34. Ball, Robert. “Employment Created by Construction Expenditures,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1981, pp. 38-44. A survey of 43 college housing projects administered by the Community Facilities Administration. The survey was designed primarily to determine the employee hours required per $1,000 of college housing construction. Discusses the direct and indirect employment impact of 13 different construction activities surveyed by BLS between 1959 and 1976. The article shows estimates of jobs generated by $1 billion of construction expenditures in 1980 as well as summary statistics on cost components, average annual rates of decline in onsite labor requirements, and related data. Miller, Stanley F. “Labor and Material Required for College Housing,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1965, pp. 1100-1104. A summary of BLS Bulletin 1441. Olsen, John G. “Labor and Material Requirements for Federal Building Construction,” Monthly Labor Re view, December 1981, pp. 47-51. A summary o f BLS Bulletin 2146. 63 Commercial office building construction Bingham, Barbara J. “Labor and Material Require ments for Commercial Office Building Projects,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1981, pp. 41-48. A summary of BLS Bulletin 2102. Murray, Roland V. “Labor Requirements for Fed eral Office Building Construction,” Monthly Labor Re view, August 1962, pp. 889-93. FeduraSly-aidedi highways Frier, Robert J. “Labor and Material Requirements for Federally-Aided Highways,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1979, pp. 29-34. A study o f federally-aided highway projects completed in 1976. The article discusses trends in highway labor require ments since 1958, and provides data on minority employment, occupational distribution, and material usage. Estimates labor requirements for 1978. A summary of BLS Bulletin 1331. Hospital construction Labor and Material Requirements for Hospital and Nursing Home Construction (BLS Bulletin 1691), 1971, 50 pp. A study similar to one published in 1962 (see BLS Bulletin 1340 below) but with data shown per square foot as well as per $1,000 o f construction contract cost. Covers hospitals and nursing homes constructed in 1965-66. Finger, Diane S. “Labor Requirements for Federal Highway Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, De cember 1975, pp. 31-36. Riche, Martha Farnsworth. “Man-hour Requirements Decline in Hospital Construction,” Monthly Labor Re view, November 1970, p. 48. A study of labor and material requirements for feder ally-aided highway projects completed during 1973. The study examines the trends between 1958 and 1973. Summary of BLS Bulletin 1691. Labor Requirements for Hospital Construction (BLS Bulletin 1340), 1962, 46 pp. Ball, Robert. “Labor and Materials Required for Highway Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1973, pp. 40-45. Discussion o f labor and material trends in highway con struction between 1958 and 1970. A study o f onsite and offsite labor requirements for con struction of selected public and private, profit and nonprofit, general hospitals in various localities of the United States be tween mid-1958 and mid-1959. Labor and Material Requirements for Construction of Federally-Aided Highways, 1958, 1961, and 1964 (BLS Report 299), 1966, 17 pp. Rothberg, Herman J. “Labor Requirements for Hos pital Construction, 1959-60,” Monthly Labor Review, Oc tober 1962, pp. 1120-24. Study providing measures for 1958, 1961, and 1964 of the labor and material requirements for federally-aided highways, with separate measures of the requirements for onsite and offsite construction. For onsite construction, the study also compares annual labor requirements for 1947-64. Wakefield, Joseph C. “Labor and Material Require ments: Highway Construction, 1958 and 1961,” Mon thly Labor Review, April 1963, pp. 34-98. A summary of BLS Bulletin 1340. Private muStifasnily housing construction Labor and Material Requirements for Private Multi family Housing Construction (BLS Bulletin 1892), 1976, 69 pp. Discusses labor and material requirements for the construc tion of private multifamily housing projects. Data were ob tained from a su rv ey based on a probab ility sam ple rep resent A summary comparison o f the 1958 and 1961 highway surveys. ing all privately owned structures o f five units or more lo cated in metropolitan areas where building permits for 500 units or more o f this type were issued during 1969. The sur vey covered 89 projects in 22 Standard Metropolitan Statis tical Areas. Most of the construction took place in 1971. Kutscher, Ronald E. and Waite, Charles A. “Labor Requirements for Highway Construction,” Monthly La bor Review, August 1961, pp. 858-61. Ball, Robert. “Labor and Material Requirements for Apartment Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, Janu ary 1975, pp. 70-73. Summary o f findings of the 1958 highway survey. Federal office building ©®nstructi@n Olsen, John G. “Decline Noted in Hours Required to Erect Federal Office Buildings,” Monthly Labor Re view, October 1976, pp. 18-22. Summarizes the first construction labor requirements study o f private multifamily housing construction. A study of 26 new office building projects completed in 1973 under the jurisdiction of the General Services Admin istration. In addition to data on labor requirements, the study provides information on building characteristics and contract operation. Private singl©=famsly housing construction Labor and Material Requirements for Construction of Private Single-Family Houses (BLS Bulletin 1755), 1972, 30 pp. A study of labor and material requirements for construc tion of single-family housing in 1969. Labor Requirements for Federal Office Building Con struction (BLS Bulletin 1331), 1962, 43 pp. Ball, Robert and Ludwig, Larry. “Labor Require ments for Construction of Single-Family Houses,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1971, pp. 12-14. A study of onsite and offsite labor requirements for 22 Fed eral office building projects in various localities o f the United States over a 3-year period from the fall o f 1957 to 1960. 64 Summary of BLS Bulletin 1755, a study of labor and ma terial requirements for single-family housing construction in 1969. Labor and Material Requirements for Private One Family House Construction (BLS Bulletin 1404), 1964, 37 pp. A study of onsite and offsite labor requirements for con structing single-family houses developed from a sample of one-family houses built in 1962 in various localities of the United States. Rothberg, Herman J. “Labor and Material Require ments for One-Family Houses,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1964, pp. 797-800. A summary of BLS Bulletin 1404. Labor and Material Requirements for School Construc tion (BLS Bulletin 1586), June 1968, 23 pp. A survey of selected elementary and secondary public schools constructed primarily during 1964-65. In addition to providing information on labor requirements, the study in cludes data on the types and values of materials used, wages paid, occupations, and use of apprentices. Finn, Joseph T. “Labor Requirements for School Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1968, pp. 40-43. A summary of BLS Bulletin 1586. Labor Requirementsfor School Construction (BLS Bul letin 1299), 1961 50 pp. A study o f primary and secondary employee hours required per $1,000 of new school construction based on contracts awarded for 85 elementary and 43 junior and senior high schools throughout the United States. Public housing construction Frier, Robert J. “Labor Requirements Decline for Public Housing Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1980, pp. 40-44. Epstein, Joseph and Walker, James F. “Labor Re quirements for School Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1961, pp. 724-30. A study of public housing projects completed in 1975. The article compares this study to others conducted in 1960 and 1968. It discusses trends in labor requirements and distribu tion of costs. A summary o f BLS Bulletin 1299. Labor and Material Requirements for Public Housing Construction, 1968 (BLS Bulletin 1821), 1974, 20 pp. Sewer w orks e@r&strueti©n A study based on findings of a survey of 48 public housing projects sponsored by the Housing Assistance Administration of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Labor and Material Requirements for Sewer Works Construction (BLS Bulletin 2003), 1979, 55 pp. Finn, Joseph T. “Labor Requirements for Public Housing,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1972, pp. 40-42. Summary of a study of labor requirements for public hous ing construction in 1968. Labor and Material Requirements for Public Housing Construction (BLS Bulletin 1402), May 1964, 42 pp. A report based on findings of a survey of 31 public hous ing projects which the Public Housing Administration admin istered. Projects were selected in various States to represent four broad geographic regions of the conterminous United States. School construction Labor and Material Requirements for Elementary and Secondary School Construction (Publication Number BLS/LAB Constr-72/81), 1981, 47 pp. (Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce.) This report presents the results of a survey of 68 elemen tary and secondary school construction projects completed in 1972. The report provides detailed data on employment requirements by occupation and type of contractor and in formation on contract costs and materials requirements. Sur vey results are compared with the findings of two similar studies of school construction in 1959 and 1965. Olsen, John G. “Labor and Material Requirements for New School Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1979, pp. 38-41. A summary of above publication. 65 This report gives the results of a study of new sewer works construction in the United States completed by August 31, 1973. Most of the construction was done in 1971. The sample consisted of 145 contracts for sewer works: 82 sewer lines and 63 wastewater treatment plants. Data include onsite la bor requirements per $1,000 o f contract cost by occupation at the national and regional levels, a detailed listing of the types and values of the materials and equipment used, and the offsite labor hours required to manufacture and transport the materials. Comparison is made with a 1962-63 study. Ball, Robert and Finn, Joseph T. “Labor and Mate rial Requirements for Sewer Works Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1976, pp. 38-41. Summarizes the 1971 study of sewer works construction which updates a study done in 1962-63. Provides data on la bor and material requirements for construction of sewer lines and plants for the United States. Labor and Material Requirements for Sewer Works Construction (BLS Bulletin 1490), 1966, 31 pp. Study designed to measure employee hours required for each $1,000 of new sewer facilities construction contract. The basis for this study was 138 contracts for new sewer works in the years 1962-63. Other reports* articles, and summaries Ball, Claiborne M. “ Employment Effects of Con struction Expenditures,” Monthly Labor Review, Febru ary 1965, pp. 154-58. A summary of labor requirements for eight types of con struction broken down by offsite and onsite hours, occupa tion, and region. Finn, Joseph T. “Material Requirements for Private Multifamily Housing,” Construction Review, April 1976, pp. 4-10. the Economic Commission for Europe, Committee on Housing, Building, and Planning, Third Seminar on the Building Industry, Moscow, October 1970. This article summarizes the results of the survey of labor and building materials requirements for private multifamily housing (BLS Bulletin 1892) with reference to the value of the materials, supplies, and equipment used in this type of construction. A detailed listing of the cost of these materials, supplies, and equipment per $1,000 of construction contract cost and per 100 square feet is included. In addition, com parisons are made between the results of this study and the public housing (BLS Bulletin 1821) and private one-family housing (BLS Bulletin 1755) studies. Discussion of current technology and labor requirements at the construction site. Ball, Robert. “The Contract Construction Industry,” Technological Trends in Major American Industries (BLS Bulletin 1474), 1966, pp. 32-38. Discusses economic trends in the industry with emphasis on the impact of technological change on employment, oc cupations, job skill, and productivity. “Construction Labor Requirements,” reprint of Chapter 33 of BLS Handbook of Methods (BLS Bulle tin 1910), 1976. Description of techniques of construction labor require ments studies. Mark, Jerome A. and Ziegler, Martin. “Measuring Labor Requirements for Different Types of Construc tion.” Paper presented before the Conference on the Measurement of Productivity in the Construction In dustry, sponsored by the National Commission on Pro ductivity and the Construction Industry Collective Bar gaining Commission, Washington, D.C., September 14, 1972. Weinberg, Edgar. “Reducing Skill Shortages in Con struction,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1969, pp. 3-9. Discussion of methods for reducing occupational shortages. Ziegler, Martin. “BLS Construction Labor Require ments Program.” Paper presented before the North American Conference on Labor Statistics, San Juan, Puerto Rico, June 1971. Construction labor requirements program and objectives are discussed. Finn, Joseph T. “Material Requirements for Sewer Works Construction,” Construction Review, January 1979, pp. 4-13. This article summarizes the results of the survey o f labor and material requirements for sewer works construction dur ing 1971 (BLS Bulletin 2003) with reference to the value of the materials, supplies, and equipment used in this type of construction. A detailed listing of the cost of these materials, supplies, and equipment per $1,000 of construction contract cost and per 100 square feet is included. In addition, com parisons are made with the results of an earlier study of sewer works construction during 1963. Discussion of the BLS program of labor and materials re quirements and analysis of the potential of using data from the program to measure productivity by type of construction. Ball, Robert. “Material Requirements for Private Of fice Buildings and Other Selected Types of Construc tion Activities.” Paper presented before the Construc tion Marketing Seminar, Chicago, Illinois, September 28, 1978. Weinberg, Edgar. “Mechanization and Automation of Building Site Work.” National Response Paper for Discusses material and equipment requirements for the con struction of private office buildings and other types of build ing construction studied by BLS. I.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1982 0 -3 8 1 -6 0 8 (4 2 1 2 ) lureau ©f L a ta Statistics legsonaS Offices legion I 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 legion ll Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 Region SIS 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Region IV 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E. Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Regions VII and VSII 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 Region ¥ Regions IX and X 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Region VS Second Floor 555 Griffin Square Building Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678
@FedFRASER