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A 5 , 3 : L a t a and Material Requirements for C@mmer<gial Office Building 0®n®truei©n U.S. Department of Labor L a t a and material Requirements for Commercial Office Building Construction U.S. Department of Labor Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner March 1982 Bulletin 2102 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $3.25 Preface analysts and companies that manufacture equipment and supplies are interested in the data collected on the amount and kinds of materials used in construction. In addition, resurveys indicate trends in onsite labor requirements. The Bureau gratefully acknowledges the cooperation of the Bureau of the Census of the Department of Com merce in drawing an initial sample frame. The Bureau also wishes to thank the general and special trade con tractors and owners and developers who provided data for the survey. The study was prepared in the Bureau’s Office of Productivity and Technology by Barbara J. Bingham, assisted by Maurice G. Wright, under the supervision of Robert Ball in the Division of Technological Stud ies, John J. Macut, Chief. Karen J. Horowitz of the Office of Economic Growth assisted in the develop ment of indirect employee-hour estimates. Material in this publication is in the public domain and may, with appropriate credit, be reproduced with out permission. This bulletin presents the results of the first survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of labor and material requirements for commercial office building construc tion. The bulletin also presents estimates of the employ ment impact of commercial office building construction in 1980; the estimates are based on this survey of projects completed in 1974 and other data. It also describes re cent trends in construction design, technology, and man agement. A summary was published in the May 1981 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. The study is one in a series on the employment-gen erating effects of construction activities. Other pub lished studies cover civil works, highways, hospitals, college housing, schools, private one-family houses, pri vate multifamily housing, public housing, and Federal office buildings. Data from these studies are used to assess the impact of private and public construction expenditures on jobs and occupations. The Department of Labor uses the occupational information in projecting construction la bor requirements to help determine training needs and prevent labor shortages or surpluses. Market research iii y Contents Page I. Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1 Scope and methods of survey.......................................................... .............. ................. 1 II. Employee-hour requirements................................................................................................3 Summary........................................................................ 3 Onsite hours......................... 3 Distribution of time for onsite employment........................................... 4 Offsite and indirect hours................................................................................................. 8 III. Costs......................................................................................................................................9 Costs by project characteristic..........................................................................................9 Costs by building characteristic.........................................................................................9 Average project cost and components of cost................................................................ 10 Materials costs.................................................................................................................11 IV. Other characteristics.......................................... 16 Construction time........... .......................................... 16 Building size.................................................................................... 16 Hourly earnings........... .................................................................................................. 16 Contractors......................................................................................................................16 V. Recent trends in design, technology, and management...................................................... 19 Design and materials................................................. 19 Energy conservation................................................................................. 20 Management and management tools........................... 21 VI. Comparison with other construction studies...................................................................... 23 Commercial vs. Federal office building surveys ............................................................. 23 Comparison with other BLS construction surveys......................................................... 26 Chart: 1. Construction cost components, United States and regions, commercial office building construction, 1972-73....... 11 Tables: Commercial office building construction, 1972-73: 1. Percent distribution of onsite employee hours by occupation and region.............................5 2. Percent distribution of onsite employee hours by type of contractor and region................. 5 3. Onsite employee hours per $1,000 of contract cost and per 100 square feet by project type and region.............................................................................. 5 4. Onsite employee hours per $1,000 of contract cost and per 100 square feet by selected building characteristics and region......................... 6 v C o n te n ts C o n tin u e d Page 5. Onsite employee hours per $1,000 of contract cost and per 100 square feet by selected project characteristics and region.......................................................................... 7 6. Percent of onsite hours in each tenth of construction time by selected occupational group............................................................................................................... 7 7. Percent of onsite hours in each tenth of construction time by type of contractor.............................................................................................. ............................. 7 8. Number of projects and cost per square foot by selected project characteristics and region.................................................................................................................. ..........9 9. Number of projects and cost per square foot by selected building characteristics............... 10 10. Value of materials, equipment, and supplies per $1,000 of cost and per 100 square feet and percent distribution................................................................... 12 11. Incidence of use of major types of materials and equipment......................... ............... . 15 12. Incidence of use of types of materials and equipment in at least 80 percent of the commercial office building projects........................................................... .15 13. Average number of weeks of construction time by cost class and region............................. 17 14. Average hourly earnings for selected onsite construction workers by occupation and region.................................................................................. 17 15. Average number of contractors per project by type of contractor and region ........ . 18 16. Percent distribution of contract cost by type of contractor..................................................18 Commercial office building and Federal office building construction: 17. Employee hours per $1,000 and per 100 square feet.................................. .........................24 18. Onsite employee hours per $1,000 of contract cost (current dollars) by type of contractor...................................................... 24 19. Cost per square foot................................................................................................ 24 20. Components of cost.............................................................................................................. 25 21. Percent distribution of contract cost by type of contractor.................................... 25 All construction studies, 1958-76: 22. Employee hours per 1,000 current dollars of contract cost by industry.............................. 27 23. Percent distribution of onsite employee hours per 1,000 current dollars of contract cost by occupation.................................................... 28 24. Percent distribution of construction contract costs....................... 29 25. Percent distribution of cost of materials, supplies, and equipment by product group......................................................................................................................30 Appendixes: A . Survey scope and methods............................................................................................. .31 B. Forms used for data collection....................................................................... 33 C. Bibliography................................................................................................... 47 vi Chapter I. introduction Scope and m ethods of survey Commercial office building construction accounts for a significant portion of new construction activity in the United States. The amount of office space built each year depends on general economic conditions and on .an area’s outlook for growth, current occupancy rates, money market conditions, government incentives, and the availability of labor. Value put in place for commercial office buildings from 1972 to 1979', in millions of current dollars, was as follows: 1972 1973 1974 1975 ................ ............. ................ ............. ............ . ............. ................ ............. $5,269 5,984 6,118 4,973 1976 1977 1978 1979 ................ ............. ................ ............. ............ . ............. ................ ............. The BLS survey was based on a sample of commer cial office buildings completed between May 1, 1973, and August 31, 1974.3 Most of the value of construc tion was put in place during 1972 and 1973. Therefore data in the accompanying tables are shown as referring to 1972-73. The Bureau of the Census supplied a sample of 651 projects in the 48 contiguous States, which BLS re fined. A final sample of 83 projects was selected to rep resent a universe of 2,846 projects, with a total con struction value of approximately $2.7 billion.4The sam ple was stratified by cost class and broad geographic region. Data on onsite construction labor requirements were collected directly from owners, developers, and con tractors. Offsite construction labor requirements were estimated from the ratio of nonconstruction workers to total workers for general building and special trade $4,763 5,269 6,574 9,461 In 1972 constant dollars (current-dollar value adjusted for price change), commercial office building construc tion dropped from a high of $5,475 million in 1973 to $3,454 million in 1976. Since then, the value put in place has been increasing; it reached $4,834 million in 1979. From 1973 to 1975, most office construction was in the suburbs. Since that time, much of the increase in office space has been in low and mid-rise buildings con structed at the edges of large cities and in the suburbs. Most of this space has been occupied by expanding companies. There is likely to be a surplus of office space by 1983 when most of the larger buildings currently under construction will be completed.12 Many office buildings are now being designed for mixed use. Retail space, theaters, and even apartments, for example, may be found in buildings primarily de signed for office use. 3The length of time between the data year and the year o f publica tion is due to several factors. A considerable amount of time was needed to define and refine the universe, design and select the sam ple, and collect, compile, and verify the data. Each surveyed project required many visits to contractors and subcontractors. Additional time was required for preparation and publication o f the results. Nevertheless, the data presented indicate trends in labor requirements and are useful in analyzing changes in the factors over time. Data also serve as benchmarks to develop current estimates of employ ment-generating effects of construction expenditures. 4The total construction value o f projects in the universe of this sur vey is less than the value put in place for commercial office buildings as reported by the Bureau o f the Census for 1972 or 1973. Restric tions on the type of commercial office buildings and contract work included in the survey are a major reason for this difference. Some o f the items excluded are: Projects under $100,000, additions, reno vations, projects financed by public funds, certain “out-of scope” contract operations like installation o f public utilities, and buildings where office space accounted for less than 75 percent o f the square footage. In addition, this survey was designed so that its total con struction value would represent the building costs for projects com pleted after May 1, 1973 and before Aug. 31, 1974. Value put in place data, however, measure all construction activity that takes place dur ing a given year—regardless o f completion date. Survey data also include only the contract value specified in the sample provided by Census; in many cases finishing costs or customizing work was not part of the surveyed contract and therefore those costs were not included. 1Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Value of New Construction Put in Place, 1947 to 1974 (December 1975); and Construction Report, C30-80-5 (May 1980). Bureau of the Census data on the annual value of new construction represent value put in place, while F.W. Dodge data represent contract value. Annual Census val ues are usually greater than the corresponding data reported by F.W. Dodge. 2 “A Towering Rise in Downtown Construction,” Engineering News Record, Mar. 5, 1979, pp. 91-92, 97; and “Office Contracts Leap; New Trends Appear,” Engineering News Record, March 23, 1978, p. 39. 1 contractors in the contract construction industry.5 In direct labor data were developed by aggregating the materials, supplies, and equipment values by general type, and then deflating the dollar total for each type by the appropriate Producer Price Index. These constant-dollar values of materials, equipment, and supplies were processed through the Bureau’s input-output ta bles to generate estimates of final demand. Sector pro- ductivity factors were then applied to derive employee hours for the manufacturing industries; trade, transpor tation, and services industries; and mining and all other industries. These estimates are the indirect labor hours generated by construction activity. Employment gen erated by the spending of workers’ wages and salaries and contractors’ profits (employment multiplier or socalled ripple effect) is outside the scope of this report. 5 Offsite employee hours represent the builder’s administrative, esti mating, and warehousing activities. The following procedure was used to calculate offsite construction employee hours: (1) Employee hours worked by administrative personnel were subtracted from to tal onsite hours obtained in the survey. The number o f administrative hours was taken from survey data. (2) The percentage that these ad justed onsite hours were o f total hours was found in Employment and Earnings, United States, 1908-78, Bulletin 1312-11 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1979) and a total hours figure was calculated. (3) From this total hours figure, onsite hours (including administrative hours) were subtracted to obtain offsite hours. (Administrative hours were sub tracted from onsite hours only for calculation o f total hours because the administrative hours are not included in the construction worker employment figures in Bulletin 1312-11. Administrative hours worked onsite are included in all onsite hour data presented.) Employment and Earnings data from SICs 15 and 17 were used in the calculation o f offsite hours for building surveys. SIC 161 was used for highways; 162 for civil works; all contract construction for sewer works; and SIC 17 for housing surveys. However, some SIC series did not extend far enough to be used for several older surveys. Therefore, all contract construction data were used in older highways and civil works surveys and SIC 17 was used in some older building construction surveys. 2 © thupter SI. EmpB®y@®“[ra®yr ^©qjyirements struction industry.7 The Bureau estimates that a $1 bil lion expenditure in 1980 would have created 21,900 jobs, 9,800 in the construction industry. Sum m ary For every $1,000 of contract value for commercial office buildings completed in 1974, 97.5 employee hours were required. Of these, 42.0 were in the construction industry. The remaining hours were distributed throughout other industries as show in the tabulation below. Jobs per billion current dollars Hours per thousand current dollars In 1972-73 In 1980 All industries ......... 97.5 41.9 Construction .............. Onsite ....................... O ffsite....................... 42.0 37.2 4.8 17.9 15.9 2.0 Other industries......... Manufacturing ........ Trade, transportation, and services.......... Mining and all other industries .............. 55.5 33.0 24.0 13.9 16.6 7.5 5.9 2.6 In 1980 48,383 21,900 Construction .............. Onsite ....................... Offsite ....................... 23,067 20,667 2,400 9,800 8,800 1,000 Other industries......... Manufacturing ........ Trade, transportation, and services ........ Mining and all other industries ............. 23,316 15,752 12,100 6,700 8,066 4,200 2,498 1,300 Onsite hours By occupation. Skilled workers accounted for 68 per cent of all onsite construction hours. The percentage was higher than average in the West, at 77 percent, and lower in the South, at 65 percent (table l).8 Among the various skilled trades, carpenters ac counted for the largest percentage of onsite hours in all Onsite hours, which ranged from a low of 11.7 hours to a high of 72.4 hours, can be affected by many fac tors, including strikes, weather conditions, restrictive or changing building codes, the use of prefabricated or standardized building components, the availability of skilled labor, soil conditions, project size and design, and order time for materials. Estimates for 1980 indicate that approximately 41.8 employee hours would be required per 1,000 current dollars of contract value.6 An expenditure of $1 billion on commercial office building construction in 1973 would have created over 49,000 jobs, 23,000 in the con 7Employment-year estimates were computed using 1,800 hours for onsite construction and 2,000 hours for offsite construction. Average hours per job in 1973 for other industries were as follows: Agricul ture—2,374; mining—2,173; construction—2,028; manufactur ing—2,095; transportation—2,149; communications—2,080; public utilities—2,152; wholesale trade—2,136; retail trade—2,019; finance, insurance and real estate— 1,991; services— 1,862; and government enterprises—2,134. Average hours per job in 1979 for other industries are as follows: Agriculture—2,311; mining— 2.266; construction 1,912; manufactur ing— 2,068; transportation—2,050; communications—2,075; public utilities— 2,161; trade— 1,742; finance, insurance and real es tate— 1,899; services — 1,776; and government enterprises 2,087. 8Data were provided for the continental United States and 4 broad geographic regions: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, N ew York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Is land, and Vermont; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Dis trict o f Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; and West—Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 6 The 1972-73 onsite hours required for commercial office building construction were adjusted for price and productivity factors to es timate 1980 labor requirements. The 1980 estimates are based on 1972-73 commercial office building survey data and the rate of change in onsite hours between 1959 and 1973 for Federal office building construction. The price deflator used is the nonresidential building deflator or the average of the Census single-family housing deflator, the Turner Construction Co. deflator, and the Federal Highways Administration deflator: 1959 = 59.5, 1972=100, 1972-73 = 104.6, 1980=217.9 (pre liminary). The rate o f change was based on the 1973 Federal office building survey: -2 percent annually. From this rate a compound in terest factor for the 6-1/2 year span was derived and applied to the hours, which were adjusted by the cost index. In 1973 All industries ......... 3 ments were compared for buildings with different types of heating fuel, no consistent trend was evident: Oilheated buildings required more hours per 100 square feet than those using electricity, gas, or “other” types of fuel, but, per $1,000, “other” fueled buildings re quired the most labor. Data for buildings with different roof bases and types of roofing were also inconsistent. Projects with wood roofing and those with concrete roof base had higher labor requirements per $1,000, but buildings with built-up roofs and those with wood or plywood roof bases had higher requirements per 100 square feet. Buildings with central air-conditioning (as opposed to other types of air-conditioning) and build ings with elevators and escalators (as opposed to none), required more labor. Some of these differences in labor requirements undoubtedly reflect differences in each building’s cost or other project characteristics. four regions; their proportion ranged between 15 and 23 percent. Electricians were next highest, with a range of 5 to 11 percent. All other skilled worker groups ac counted for less than 10 percent each of total onsite hours. Semiskilled and unskilled workers averaged 24 per cent of the onsite hours, ranging from 18 percent in the Northeast to 28 percent in the South. Hours of profes sional and clerical workers ranged from 3 percent in the West to 14 percent in the Northeast. By type of contractor. General contractors consistently accounted for the largest percentage of onsite labor al though their proportion varied among the regions (ta ble 2). In the South, general contractors accounted for 40 percent of the onsite labor, much higher than the national average of 34 percent. Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) subcontractors claimed the next highest percentage of onsite hours in every region except the Northeast, where electrical subcontractors accounted for a larger percentage than heating, venti lating, and air-conditioning subcontractors. By location. On average, more labor was required to build a commercial office building in a nonmetropoli tan area than in a metropolitan area (table 5). This may reflect the fact that labor tends to be less expensive in nonmetropolitan areas and therefore is more readily substituted for equipment. In the Northeast, however, hours per $1,000 were slightly higher, and hours per 100 square feet were more than twice as high, in met ropolitan areas. By building characteristics. Except in the Northeast, the construction of buildings containing only offices re quired fewer employee hours per $1,000 of contract value than buildings containing a combination of offices and apartments or shopping facilities. Buildings con taining only offices had lower labor requirements per 100 square feet in the United States and in all four re gions (table 3). In a building containing only offices, some efficiencies may be realized because of the repeti tive design, which also allows for increased use of modular materials. On the average, concrete-framed buildings had higher labor requirements per $1,000 and per 100 square feet than buildings with other types of framing9 (table 4). Buildings with concrete exterior walls required more labor than those with masonry, wood, or other types of exteriors. Buildings with plaster walls and ceilings required more employee hours than those with any other type of interior wall or ceiling. When buildings with different floor base types were compared, those with concrete floors required the most labor. Terrazzo-floored offices required more hours per $1,000 and per 100 square feet than buildings which had vinyl or vinyl-asbestos flooring, carpet, or other floor coverings. Buildings heated with forced air had higher labor requirements than those heated by hot water, radiant, or other types of heat. When employee-hour require By number of floors and cost class. Employee-hour data stratified by project cost size and by number of floors above ground did not show any clear relationship be tween hours and cost, or hours and building height. However, hours per $1,000 did decline as the number of floors below ground increased. Buildings which had four to five floors below ground showed less than onethird the average labor requirement—11.7 hours per $1,000 contract value. Also, only 19.3 hours were re quired per 100 square feet for this group of build ings—less than one-fourth the average for all projects. Caution should be used in drawing any conclusions from these data, however, because the number of such buildings was small (four) and they were all located in one region (North Central). Distribution of time for onsite employment As a case study, a few projects were analyzed for the pattern of time spent on the site by various occu pational groups and types of contractors over the course of the entire construction period (tables 6 and 7). The results are likely to reflect the pattern for the majority of projects but are not based on a statistically valid sample. Seasonal fluctuations may influence some pat terns since the construction of large office buildings takes from 2 to 6 years. The construction period was divided into 10 equal parts. On average, the percentage of total hours ex- 9 Employee-hour requirements are affected by a number o f factors such as location, size of project, type of structure, labor skills, and local building codes and customs. The effects of these separate fac tors cannot be isolated. Therefore, caution should be used in making generalizations about the relationships between the type of building materials and onsite labor requirements. 4 T®bl® 1= Percent distribution ©f ©onsite employ®® hours by occupation and region, ©@mm@rci@i office building ©©nstrucfion, 1©72-?3 6c c u p a t i on All o c c u p a t i o n s United States 1/ ............... Northeast North Central South West 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Ski l i e d w o r k e r s .............................. Carpenters ...... .......................... Electricians .................. . Plumbers ............... .................... C e m e n t f i n i s h e r s ............................ S h e e t - m e t a l w o r k e r s ....................... Bricklayers ................................ I ron w o r k e r s , s t r u c t u r a l ............... Glaziers .................................... I ro n w o r k e r s , r e i n f o r c i n g .............. Other skilled workers ................... 68.4 19.2 6.4 4.7 4. 2 4.0 3.3 3.2 — - 68.1 18.0 10.8 7. C 3. 4 3.0 4.0 2. 3 68.6 15.3 6.5 4.7 5.6 5.0 4.5 4. 4 -• - 64.8 20.2 6.0 4.4 2.6 7 7. 0 22.5 4.6 4.0 6. 3 7 .8 4.8 Semiskilled and unskilled workers L ab o r e r s , h e l p e r s , a n d t e n d e r s ...... ....... 24.2 22.6 18.0 17.0 23.3 20.9 28 . 0 26 . 6 19.4 18.3 Professional and clerical workers ...... Superintendents and general supervisors 7.4 6.4 13.9 13.1 8.1 7. 1 7.2 5.8 3.6 3.1 - 1 For skilled w orkers, d a ta are show n sep arately only for the 7 occ upatio ns w ith th e highest percen tag e of on site hours in each - 2.7 3. 0 2.6 .— m, 4.8 region. For the oth er tw o groups, d a ta are show n s e p a ra te ly only for th e sing le largest occup a tio n . Table 2= Percent distribution of onsite employee hours by type of contractor and region, commercial office building construction, 1972-73 United States T y p e of c o n t r a c t o r N orth Central 100.0 South West 100.0 100.0 32.7 9.6 4.7 6.0 6.0 4.2 100.0 100.0 34. 1 28 . 0 40.2 10.8 6.8 5.4 5.4 4.3 4.0 12.2 13.9 7. 9 3.8 2.6 - 9.7 8. 0 7.4 8. 7 11.5 5.5 3.6 3.6 7.8 3.8 3.8 3.6 8.9 6. 8 S u b c o n t r a c t o r s 1 1/ Heating, ventilating, and aircondi ti oni ng Electrical ........................... Masonry ............................... Concrete work ................... . . . Plastering and lathing ........... S t r u c t u r a l st ee l .......... ........ Excavation, footings, foundation, a n d gradi ng ................ . Glass and glazing .......... . Carpentry ............................ Wallboard ............................ Plumbing .............................. Ro o f i n g , g u t t e r wo rk , f l a sh i ng , a n d si di ng .. ...................... CM ................. .................. eo NO All c o n t r a c t o r s General con t r a c t o r s Northeast 5.4 - 4.7 - 6.0 - “ 3.7 4.2 3. 1 - 7.6 4.8 - 2.0 ■* ” 3.7 1 D ata are show n only for the 8 types of contracto rs w ith the highest p e rcen tag e of on site hours in each region. Table 3= Onsite employee hours per $1,000 of contract cost and per 100 square feet by project type and region,'commercial office building construction, 1972-73 United States Project type Pe r $1,000 AH Northeast Per $1 , 0 0 0 Per 100 sq .ft. North Central Per $1,000 Per 100 sq.f t. South' Per $1,000 Per 100 sq.ft. West Pe r $1,000 Per 100 sq.ft. .... 37. 2 83.3 37. 0 129.8 3 2. 4 68.4 44.2 10 3.2 31.7 60.9 .............. 36.0 80.2 3 7 .3 127.6 30.5 65.8 4 3. 6 100.2 30.5 57.5 4 0 .9 92. 7 3 4 .9 146.7 37.7 75.2 45.4 110.6 36.7 75.6 projects Offices only Per 100 sq.f t. C o m b i n a t i o n of of f i c e s , apartments and shopping facilities ............. 5 Table 4. Onsst® employe® hours per $1,000 of contract ,cost and per 100 square feet by selected building characteristics and region, commercial office building construction, 1972-73 United C h a r a c t e r i sti c Per $1,000 All projects States Per 100 sq.ft. Northeast Per $1,000 Per 100 sq.ft. North Central Per $1,000 Per 100 sq.ft. South West Per $1,000 Per 10 0 sq.ft. Per $1,000 Per 100 sq.ft. 37.2 83.3 37.0 129.8 32.4 68.4 44.2 103.2 31.7 60.9 Fr am i ng: Steel ....... Concrete .... M a s o n r y ....... Wood .......... 35.5 43.6 31.6 35.3 87.3 83.9 66.8 58.8 36.3 1/ 72.4 39.5 123.1 1/ 328.7 128.1 30.0 44.2 27.2 42.4 69.9 73.6 54.2 132.9 44.1 43.5 57.7 2/ 13.9 91.4 107.3 2/ 24.0 44.8 33.5 33.7 46.0 150.8 97 . 1 49.3 Exterior walls: Concrete .. .. M a s o n r y (brick) Wood .......... Other ......... 42.1 35.4 35.2 34.1 101.9 69.5 57.7 86.3 27.2 38.0 32.2 1/ 220.2 85.7 101.2 1/ 37.6 29.2 47.2 29.0 . 68.0 60.8 188.7 82.4 47.5 39.5 45.5 43.2 117.6 77.7 80.9 114.4 36.2 39 . 1 30.9 27.8 118.0 62.4 43.4 60.5 37.2 47.2 82.3 104.9 36.5 55.6 128.0 197.2 31.2 43.7 62.7 97.7 43.9 46.2 102.5 96.0 32.8 2/ 63.4 2/ 2/ ,2/ 1/ 30.2 1/ 69.0 2/ 1/ 18.4 2/ 33.0 2/ Interior walls: Drywall ...... Plaster ...... Movable partitions . Other ......... 33.8 39 . 1 87.3 98.2 2/ 2/ 38.0 28.1 87.7 47.1 36.9 38.2 129.6 131.8 32.2 37.0 67.9 93.1 44.2 2/ 103.2 2/ 34.1 26.4 73.2 41.1 42.4 36.0 93.4 84.5 2/ 37.1 2/ 125.8 2/ 32.9 2/ 70.4 42.4 44 7.4 93.4 133.8 2/ 30.0 2/ 59.4 37.0 39.7 91.2 76.9 1/ 2/ 1/ 2/ 32.1 26.3 65.1 60.4 40 . 1 42.3 129.2 87.5 56.4 28.4 199.1 42.0 Cailing: Drywall ...... ....... Plaster Acousti cal tile Other ......... 30.6 38.7 37.8 35.4 53.4 99.4 87.1 55.4 2/ 2/ 37.0 2/ 2/ 2/ 129.8 2/ 28.4 38.7 33 . 1 2/ 53.1 99.4 71.5 2/ 32.9 2/ 44.9 35.4 85.6 2/ 107.6 55.4 35.6 2/ 31.4 2/ 44.7 2/ 62.8 2/ H e a t i ng : Forced air ... Hot w a te r Radiant ...... Other ......... 39.6 35.3 32.2 35.4 91.3 79.9 68.4 55.4 36.8 34.4 37.4 2/ 97.4 98.3 194.0 2/ 37.8 29.8 26.0 2/ 80.9 70.9 48.6 2/ 45.2 52.2 36.4 35.4 110.8 1 16.5 84.2 55.4 32.9 18.4 32.6 2/ 71.3 33.0 40.6 2/ H e a t i n g fuel: Electricity Gas ........... Oil ........... Other ......... 34.6 39.8 35.5 49.3 77.2 91.6 134.9 76.2 36.7 72.4 35 . 1 2/ 125.6 328.7 141.9 2/ 27.0 32.1 37.0 49.3 57.2 76.0 115.0 76.2 42.2 46.4 2/ 2/ 98.2 108.6 2/ 2/ 28.8 36.2 2/ 2/ 52.0 76.9 2/ 2/ Ai i— c o n d i ti on i ng : Central air Other ......... 37.4 33.2 85.6 51.8 36.7 45.8 130.4 115.8 32.4 37.6 68.3 92.7 44,2 40.9 104.0 68.8 32.0 30.5 65.2 45.1 Elevator/escalator: Elevator/ escalator None .............. 37.8 35.2 90.8 64.2 37.5 35.7 161.8 87.5 33 . 1 29.8 69.6 63.8 43.2 54.6 101.9 116.4 30.8 32.7 78.6 49.5 R o o f i ng: Asphalt/asbastos ....... Built-up Wood ............. Other ............ 29.5 38.1 39.5 38.6 60.3 90.8 58.0 65.6 53.6 36.7 37.4 2/ 119.6 130.4 110.4 2/ 27.7 34.6 6 1.0 2/ 54.3 75.7 121.2 2/ 1/ 43.6 2/ 51.3 1/ 102.3 2/ 116.4 42 . 1 29.9 38.6 31.7 138.9 66.5 54.0 47.3 R o of base: Steel decking Concrete ....... Wood/plywood Other ............ 38.8 40.5 30.2 1/ 98.6 94.4 51.0 1/ 37.8 1/ 34.3 2/ 145.2 1/ 79.7 2/ 33.2 37.7 29.4 1/ 78.5 63.9 55.3 1/ 44.6 43.9 2/ 2/ 100.0 104.9 2/ 2/ 42. 1 33.1 30.0 2/ 138.9 93.5 46.6 2/ 38.6 37.0 36.8 39.6 84.9 83.4 81.2 84.2 2/ 37.1 2/ 33.4 2/ 131.6 2/ 94. 1 49.3 28.4 31.4 1/ 76.2 66 . 1 66.2 1/ 46.2 44.4 44.6 40.8 146.0 106.5 79.1 82.6 27.8 30.0 44.5 2/ 75.5 46.6 141.0 2/ Floor base: Concrete . . .. W o o d 1 plywood Floor covering: Terrazzo . . .. Carpet ....... Vinyl/vinylasbestos Other ......... Parking 2/ 1/ facilities Indoor and No parki ng surfac .. .. 1 No projects in sample. 2 Fewer than 3 projects in universe. 6 Table 5. Onsite employee hours per $1,000 on eontraet cost and per 100 square feet by selected project characteristics and region, commercial office building construction, 1972-73 Un i t e d ‘S t a t e s C h a r a c t i r i st i c Per 100 sq. ft . Per $1,000 All projects North Northeast Per $1,000 Per 100 sq. ft. Central Per 100 sq . ft. Per $1,000 West South Per 100 sq. ft . Per $1,000 Per 10,0 sq. ft . Per $1,000 ......... 37.2 83.3 37.0 129.8 32.4 68.4 44.2 103.2 31.7 60.9 Locati o n 5 .......... Metropolitan area Nonmetropolitan area ...... 36.9 41.1 82. 1 96.2 37.2 34.3 144.2 66.9 31.2 37.2 62.8 97.7 43.5 57.2 102.8 109.6 31.7 1/ 60.9 1/ Construction $100,000 $250,000 $500,000 $1,000,000 $3,000,000 $5,000,000 value: 2/ $249,999 ---$499,999 ---$999,999 ---- $2,999,999 ... - $4,999,999 ... and over ......... 44.2 35.4 32.6 34.5 45.4 39.3 71.4 75.2 68.5 80.3 96.2 96.8 41.4 34.7 33.4 37.8 1/ 3/ 176.5 74.9 94. 1 160.3 1/ 3/ 44.6 40.9 24.5 28.0 1/ 36.1 98.8 95.4 48.4 57.2 1/ 78.4 53.9 47.2 43.1 40.1 45.4 ■46. 1 102.8 99.7 86.2 10 1.6 96.2 117.0 37.1 14.9 28.6 31.2 1/ 33.0 44.0 25.6 62.5 51.7 1/ 92.5 Floors above g r a d e 5 1 floor ........................ 2 to 3 f l o o r s ................ 4 t o 10 f l o o r s .............. ............. 11 t o 3 5 f l o o r s 36 to 60 f l o o r s ............. 37.7 33.2 38.4 40.5 38.9 74.4 70.8 96.0 88.6 106.9 35.6 37.6 3/ 1/ 1/ 81.7 149.5 3/ 1/ 1/ 31.2 30.0 28.1 40.6 3/ 71.8 62.5 52.4 78.8 3/ 57.4 42.6 41.8 45.2 45.9 135.3 83.8 110.2 96.5 117.9 39.2 26.7 42.1 33.0 1/ 60.0 45.4 138.9 92.5 1/ F l o o r s beloui grade-' 1 floor ........................ 2 to 3 f l o o r s ................ 4 to 5 f l o o r s ................ 37.9 35.8 11.7 82.2 99.4 19.3 37.1 3/ 1/ 125.8 3/ 1/ 34.6 3/ 11.7 71.2 3/ 19.3 43.8 46.5 1/ 102.2 108.9 1/ 31.2 33.0 1/ 53.1 92.5 1/ 1 No project in sample. 2 Does not include 1 sampled project under $100,000. 3 Fewer than 3 projects in universe. Table Percent of onsite hours In each tenth of construction time by selected occupational group, commercial office building construction Tenth of construction time Occupation First Second Th i r d Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Ei g h t h Ni n t h T enth Total -onsi t e hours 9.1 10. 1 10.4 12.4 13. 1 12.9 13.9 9.4 5.1 3.6 100.0 Supervisors 12.2 10.4 9.7 12.5 11.5 11.1 11.6 9.8 5.6 5.5 100.0 Professional, technical, and clerical workers 14.0 9.2 11.8 18.7 14.8 13.1 7.1 6.4 3.3 1.5 100.0 Skilled workers: Construction workers Operating engineers ... 6.7 20.0 8.7 14.4 9.6 11.5 11.6 12.4 14.3 10.9 14.'4 10.2 15.2 10.3 9.7 7.2 5.7 2.4 4.1 .8 100.0 100.0 Semiskilled and unskilled workers: Laborers, helpers, and tenders .............. .. Truckdrivers ............. Custodial workers ...... 10.5 65.8 1.3 12.4 7.6 7.2 11.8 19.0 12.2 14.6 3.8 10.4 11.2 2.5 8. 1 10.8 .4 8.2 14.2 8.3 10.2 2.8 .3 25.4 1.6 .6 19.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 All occupations . . .. NOTE: Data in this taoie are Dased on a small case study, not a sta tistical sample. Detail may not add to 100.0 percent due to rounding. Table 7. Percent of onsite hours In each tenth of construction time by type of contractor, comnraerciai office building construction Tenth Type of All General of construction time contractor contractors contractors .. .. Selected subcontractors5 Concrete work .......... St ructural steel ...... Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning Electrical .............. G l a s s a n d glazi ng . . .. First Second Third Fourth Sixth Seventh Ei q h t h Ninth Tenth Total onsi te hours ?. 1 10.1 10.4 12.4 13.1 12.9 13.9 9.4 5.1 3.6 100.0 13.2 13.5 13.2 16.8 13.4 11.7 9.3 7.0 1.4 .6 100.0 3.5 14.4 32 . 1 16.8 28.3 23.0 21.4 22.2 9.6 15.4 3.6 4.6 1.3 2.3 1/ 1.0 1/ .4 .1 1/ 100.0 100.0 3.3 5.2 1/ 5.8 6.3 1.7 6.7 7.4 6.6 8.7 12.0 3.1 24.4 12.6 6.3 25.0 15.0 15.8 10.5 24.8 18.6 8.1 11.4 13.2 4.8 3.4 3.4 2.7 1.8 31.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 Less than 0.1 percent. statistical sample. Detail may not add to 100.0 percent due to rounding. NOTE: Data in this table are based on a small case study, not a Fifth 7 Offsite construction hours were estimated from the ra tio of nonconstruction workers to total workers for general building and special trade contractors in the contract construction industry. Indirect hours represent the labor required to pro duce and distribute the materials, equipment, and sup plies used in construction.10 Indirect employee hours were developed in three broad industry groups; manu facturing; trade, transportation, and services; and min ing and all other industries. pended rose gradually over about two-thirds of the to tal time span and then declined rather quickly. By occupation. The onsite hours expended over time followed a generally expected pattern. Supervisory hours were spread more evenly over the duration of construction than hours of any other occupational group, a pattern consistent with the supervisory func tion: Supervisors in each craft are usually present even if only a few workers are at the site. Truckdrivers did most of their work at the beginning of construction, when dirt and materials are transported, as did operating engineers, who are used extensively in excavation and framing work. Custodial workers had an inconsistent pattern, though the large proportion to wards the end of the time period would be expected because they prepare the buildings for customizing and occupancy. Hours per $1,000 in 1973 By contractor. The general contractor, whose respon sibilities cover the entire construction period, had the most even distribution of hours, although they tapered off somewhat towards the end of the project as overall construction work wound down. As would be expected, hours spent on concrete work peaked early, and re mained fairly high until the fourth period, when they dropped sharply; most concrete work involves pouring the foundation, and sometimes the framing, which must be done early in the construction cycle. This was also generally true for structural steel work, though its peak was not as high and it came after the peak for concrete work (or after the pouring of concrete foundations or piles). The pattern of hours for heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning contractors reflected the fact that most of their work cannot be done until much of the steel and concrete work is completed. As expected, most electrical work was done after the rough-in plumbing, ductwork, and other heating and air-conditioning work were completed. Glass and glaz ing work also followed an expected pattern except for an unexplained rise at the end. 55.5 Manufacturing ................................. Trade, transportation, and services ............................................ Transportation .............................. Wholesale trad e.............. Retail trade ................................... Services .......................................... 33.0 Mining and all other industries ... Mining ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Construction ................................. Communications........................... Public utilities.......................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ............................................ Government enterprises ............ 5.9 1.6 .8 .6 .5 .4 16.6 3.9 5.3 4.9 2.5 1.4 .6 For every $1,000 of commercial office building con struction, an estimated 33 hours—or 59 percent of all indirect hours—were generated in the manufacturing industry. This large percentage is due to the nature of construction in that most labor not used onsite is used in the manufacture of building materials. As prefabri cation increases, the manufacturing industry’s percent age of hours should become even larger. The next largest industry group totaled 16.6 hours or 30 percent of all indirect hours. Of these, transportation accounted for 3.9 hours; wholesale trade, 5.3; retail trade, 4.9; and services, 2.5. Of the remaining hours, 1.6 were expended in mining, 1.4 in finance, insurance, and real estate, and less than 1 hour in each of the other industries. Estimates for 1980 show total indirect hours declined to 24 hours per $1,000; 13.9 in manufacturing; 7.5 in trade, transportation, and services; and 2.6 in min ing and all other industries. Offsite and indirect h©yrs Of the 97.5 employee hours required per $1,000 of commercial office building construction, 4.8 hours, or 5 percent, were for offsite construction (compared to 37.2 percent for onsite hours and 57 percent for indi rect hours). Offsite employee hours represent builders’ .administrative, estimating, and warehousing activities. Total indirect h ou rs................... 10 The Office of Economic Growth and Employment Projections, Bureau o f Labor Statistics, uses the input-output tables o f the Bureau o f Economic Analysis, U.S. Department o f Commerce, to generate the indirect hours from the materials, equipment, and supply cost data provided by this survey. 8 Chapter ill. Costs Data were available on the percent of the interior of the building that was completed under each contract (as surveyed). These data did not seem to relate con sistently in any way to cost on a square foot basis (or to onsite hours). The percent of the interior completed was as follows: C o sts by project characteristic Average cost per square foot for surveyed commer cial office buildings was $22.36 in 1972-73 dollars. (In 1980 dollars this cost would be $46.58.) The cost var ied considerably from the national average in two of the regions—the Northeast, where average cost was highest at $35.13; and the West, where it was lowest at $19.18 (table 8). Cost per square foot did not correspond in any way to average project cost. The average cost per square foot also did not vary much for the United States by building cost class, except that projects in the lowest cost class had the lowest cost per square foot—$16.16. Costs for projects stratified by number of floors above and below grade varied only slightly from the average, with three exceptions: The highest buildings and those with two to three floors below grade were relatively costly, at $27.51 and $27.80 per square foot, respec tively, while those with four to five floors below grade were much less costly, at $16.47 per square foot. Build ing characteristics other than the number of floors be low grade may have been more important determinants of costs in the latter case. For example, these projects were only in the North Central region which had the highest percentage of incomplete interiors, as indicated in the tabulation below.11 United North- North South States east Central West All buildings........... 78 94 65 79 89 Office buildings ----Combination of offices, apartments, and retail sp a c e----- 79 94 65 77 95 74 92 66 89 58 C o sts by building characteristic 11 In the construction of commercial office buildings, a separate con tract is often let for customizing work (completing the interior office space to tenant specifications). If customizing work was done under a separate contract, that contract was not surveyed. Cost per square foot was the highest for steel-framed buildings—the most common type of framing in the projects surveyed—at $2.21 above the average cost (ta ble 9). Buildings with wood frames cost only $16.64 per square foot, while concrete and masonry-framed buildings were near the average U.S. cost of $22.36. Buildings with the most common type of exterior wall— masonry (brick)—had a slightly lower than average cost, while buildings with wood exteriors cost even less. Projects with concrete and “other” types of walls had a higher than average cost. Building characteristics for which projects showed considerably lower than average cost were wood or plywood floors (24 percent of all projects), those with drywall ceilings (a small percent of the projects, since Table 8. Number ©f projects and cost per square foot by selected project characteristics and region, commercial office building construction, 1972-73 United C h a r a c t e r ) sti c Number of pro jects Northeast States Cost per square foot Number of projects North Cost per square foot Central i Cost Number per of square projects foot South Number of projects West Cost per square foot Number of projects Cost per square foot 2,846 $22.4 358 $ 3 5. 1 62 0 $21.1 846 $23.4 1, 021 $19.2 Loeation: Flotropol i t a n a r e a .... No nm et ro po li ta n area 2,326 519 22.3 23.4 269 89 38.7 19.5 446 173 20.1 26.3 59 0 25 6 23.6 19 .2 1, 021 0 19 .2 1/ Construction 5100.000 0250.000 0500,000 $1,000,000 $3,000,000 05,000,000 1, 143 36 6 485 595 35 68 16 .2 21.2 21.0 23.3 21.2 24.6 89 168 13 85 0 3/ 42.7 21.6 28.2 42.4 1/ 3/ 190 98 94 21 0 0 26 22.2 23.4 19 .8 20.5 1/ 21.7 38 0 41 154 215 35 21 19. 1 21.2 20.0 25.3 21.2 25.4 484 60 223 84 0 17 11 .8 1 7 .2 21.8 16.6 1/ 28.0 Fl o o r s a b o v e grade* 1 .......................... 2 to 3 ................... 4 to 10 .................. 11 to 3 5 ................ 36 t o 60 ................ 1, 0 4 7 1, 4 5 4 25 0 85 9 19.7 21.3 25.0 21.9 27.5 155 201 3/ 0 0 22.9 39.8 3/ 1/ 1/ 27 1 282 42 23 3/ 23.0 20.8 18.6 19 .4 3/ 22 1 378 196 44 8 23.6 19.7 26.4 21.3 25.7 40 0 594 9 17 0 15 .3 17.0 33.0 28.0 1/ Fl o o r s be l o w grade* 1 .......................... 2 t o 3 ..................... 4 to 5 ................... 2,«12 30 4 21.7 27.8 16 .5 356 3/ 0 33.9 3/ 1/ 61 4 3/ 4 20.5 3/ 16.5 839 8 0 23.4 23.4 1/ 1, 0 0 4 17 0 17 .0 28.0 1/ All projects value1 2/ $249,999 .. 0499,999 .. 0999,999 .. - 02,999,999 - $4,999,999 - and over . 1 No project in sample. 3 Fewer than 3 projects in universe. 2 Does not include one sample project less than $100,000. 9 Table 9. Number of projects and eost per square foot by selected building characteristics, commercial office building construction, 1972-73 Uni t e d C h a r a c t a r i sti c Number of projects States Cost per square ■foot North Northeast Number of projects Cost per square foot Number of projects Central Cost per square foot South Number of projects West Cost per square foot Number of projects Cost per square foot 2.846 622.4 35 8 63 5. 1 620 621.1 84 6 623.4 1, 021 519.2 F r am i n g • Steal ...................... Concrete .................. Masonry ................... Wood ....................... 1,241 346 56 5 69 4 2 4 .6 21.6 2 1 .1 16.6 22 8 1/ 26 102 3 4 .0 1/ 45.4 32.4 157 56 27 9 127 23.3 16.6 19.9 31.3 431 230 185 0 25.8 21.0 18.6 2/ 425 58 74 46 4 1 9 .2 33.7 29.0 14.6 E x t e r i o r walls: Concrete .................. M a s o n r y (brick) ........ Wood ....................... Other ...................... 45 3 1, 593 520 27 9 24.2 19.6 16.4 25.3 59 20 6 90 1/ 59.2 22.6 31.4 1/ 122 471 18 9 18.1 20.8 40.0 28.4 221 48 3 42 100 24.7 19.7 17 .8 26.4 51 433 37 0 167 32.6 16.0 14.0 21.8 Interior w a l l s 1 Drywall ................... Plaster ................... Movable partitions .... Other ...................... 2,600 119 48 78 22.2 22.2 25.8 25. 1 319 39 0 0 35. 1 35.5 2/ 2/ 507 35 1/ 77 2 0 .1 22.4 1/ 22.9 80 0 45 0 1/ 23.4 20.8 2/ 1/ 975 0 46 0 19 .3 2/ 17 .9 2/ F l o o r ba s e : Concrete ................ Wood/plywood ........... 2, 159 686 23.0 16.8 282 77 35.2 34.5 56 2 58 21.0 2 5 .1 84 6 0 23.4 2/ 470 552 21.4 15.6 Floor covering: Terrazzo ................ Carpet ................... Vinyl/vinyl-asbestos .................... Other 43 2, 126 288 38 9 22.0 23.5 24.6 19.4 0 356 1/ 0 2/ 33.9 1/ 2/ 0 377 20 1 42 2/ 21.4 20.2 22.9 43 45 4 77 272 22.0 28.0 32.2 20.5 0 940 7 74 2/ 19.8 35.3 14 .8 Ceiling: Drywall .................. Plaster .................. Acoustical tile ....... Other .................... 118 18 2,667 42 17.5 25.7 23. 1 15.6 0 0 35 8 0 2/ 2/ 35. 1 2/ 64 18 53 8 0 18.7 2 5 .7 21.6 2/ 24 0 781 42 26.0 2/ 24.0 15.6 31 0 990 0 12.6 2/ 20.0 2/ Heati n g : Forced air .............. Hot wa t e r ............... Radiant ................. Other .................... 1,901 251 65 2 42 2 3 .1 2 2 .6 21.2 15.6 23 4 26 99 0 26.4 28.6 51.9 2/ 365 88 167 0 21.4 23.8 18.7 2/ 667 90 46 42 24.5 22.3 2 3 .1 15.6 63 5 46 340 0 21.7 17.9 12.5 2/ Heating f u el1 ............ Electricity Gas ....................... Oi l ....................... Other .................... 1, 6 7 4 1, 10 3 54 14 22.3 23.0 3 8 .0 15.4 30 4 26 28 0 34.2 45.4 40.4 2/ 33 3 24 7 26 14 21.2 23.7 3 1 .1 15.4 572 275 0 0 23.0 23.4 2/ 2/ 46 5 55 6 0 0 18.0 21.3 2/ 2/ Ai i— co n d i ti oni n g ; C e n t r a l ail— c o n d i t i o n i n g O t h e r ail— c o n d i t i o n i n g 2,590 25 6 22.8 15.6 33 2 26 35.6 25.3 603 17 2 1 .1 24.6 78 6 61 23.5 16.8 869 152 20.4 14 .8 Elevators/escalators1 Elevator/escalator No e l e v a t o r / e s c a l a t o r 1, 017 1, 8 2 8 24.0 18.2 10 1 257 43.2 24.5 27 9 340 21.0 21.4 431 416 23.6 21.3 20 7 814 25.5 15. 1 Ro of i ng: Asphalt/asbestos shingles Built-up ................ Wood ...................... Other .................... 30 9 2,037 21 4 28 5 20.4 23.8 14.7 17.0 13 33 2 13 0 22.3 3 5 .6 29.6 2/ 28 5 317 18 0 19.6 21.9 19 .9 2/ 1/ 840 0 4 1/ 23.4 2/ 22.7 9 54 7 184 281 33.0 22.2 14.0 14.9 R o o f ba s e : Steel de ck in g ......... Concrete ................ Wood/plywood ......... .................... Other 82 0 726 1 , 29 8 1/ 25.4 23.3 16.9 1/ 190 1/ 166 0 38.4 1/ 23.2 2/ 345 62 211 1/ 23.6 17.0 18.8 1/ 27 6 57 1 0 0 22.4 23.9 2/ 2/ 9 91 920 0 33.0 28.2 15 .5 2/ Parking a r e a : Indoor ................... Surface ................ Indoor and surface No p a r k i n g .............. 39 2,497 250 60 22.0 2 2 .6 22 .1 2 1 .1 0 345 0 13 2/ 35.5 2/ 28.2 14 47 9 125 1/ 15.4 23.2 21.1 1/ 6 752 44 45 31.6 24.0 17.7 20.2 20 920 81 0 27.1 15.5 31.7 2/ Al l projects ....... 2 No projects in sample. 1 Fewer than 3 projects in universe. 94 percent of surveyed projects had acoustical tile ceil ings), noncentral air-conditioning (9 percent), wood roofing (only 8 percent), and wood or plywood roof base (46 percent). Generally, buildings that make ex tensive use of wood materials are likely to cost less per square foot than other buildings. Oil-heated buildings showed unusually high cost— $38 per square foot. However, only 1 percent of all projects used oil for heating. constructed in the West cost the least, at $584,299, while those in the Northeast were slightly higher, but still below the average, at $776,372. Both the North Cen tral and Southern projects showed higher than average costs at $1,264,162 and $1,224,771, respectively. Over 50 percent of all commercial office buildings surveyed cost less than $500,000. Seventy-five percent cost less than $1 million. Project costs were divided into five components, pro portions of which averaged as follows: Materials, 42.2 percent of total project costs; labor, 26.7 percent; equip ment, 2.7 percent; interest expense, 0.6 percent; and profit and overhead, 27.9 percent. (See chart 1.) Cost Average project cost and com ponents of cost The average total construction cost for surveyed commercial office buildings was $947,084. Buildings ■ 10 Chart 1. Construction cost components, United States and regions, commercial office building construction, 1972=73 1 United States Northeast f § I 1 1 -J % | :| j i : North Central ; nr jj ijjj ;|: f ygjB]hl^n3l South jji^B H B1 B B1I West S: 0 Labor i | 1 T T- c : 10 20 Materials 30 Equipment 60 1 Interest 70 80 : j Profit and overhead represented the greatest proportion of total costs were: Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products—23.9 percent (including window glass—4.0 percent, other precast concrete products—4.6 percent, and ready-mix con crete—7.2 percent); fabricated metal products—22.2 percent; primary metals—12.6 percent (including 8.4 percent for structural steel); machinery, except electri cal—11.4 percent (which includes elevators and esca lators at 4.2 percent, and air-conditioning equipment at 4.9 percent); lumber and wood products, except furni ture—7.6 percent; electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies—7.6 percent; and, construction equipment—6.0 percent (tables 10, 11, and 12). components in the North Central region and the South were close to the national average (although the South did have an appreciably lower proportion of profit and overhead) while projects in the Northeast and West differed considerably from the national average. Projects in the Northeast were relatively higher than average in labor cost and in profit and overhead (29.2 percent and 33.3 percent, respectively). Projects in the West were higher than average in profit and overhead and lower in materials cost. HatsiriaSs The materials and equipment or product groups that 50 Percent 40 11 TabS® 10. Walu® of matarSals, equipment, and supplies per $1s000 of <s@st and per 100 square feet and percent distribution, commercial office building construction, 1972-78_____________________________________________________ Value per $ 1 , 0 0 0 of contract cost Value per 100 square feet ................ $448.31 $1,002.38 100.00 ................ 421.48 942.38 94.01 Agricultural products ..................................................... N u rs er y p r o d u c t s including sod ..................................... .............................. Miscellaneous agricultural products 1.91 1.86 0.05 4.26 4.15 0.11 0.43 0.41 0.01 Mining Sand F i 11 a n d q u a r r y i n g of n o n m e t a l l i c mi ne ra ls , e x ce pt fu e l s and gravel ........................................................... ..................................................... di rt , t o p s o i l 3.01 2.21 0.79 6.73 4.95 1.78 0.67 0.49 0 . 18 Textile mill products ..................................................... Ca rp et in g, rugs, mats, and pa ds .................................... Mi sc e l l a n e o u s textile mill products .............................. 6. 18 6.13 0.05 13.82 13.72 0. 10 1.38 1.37 0.01 Apparel and other textile products ................................... Draperies and curtains ................................................. M i s c e l l a n e o u s appa re l and ot he r te x t i l e p r o d u c t s ........... 0.38 0.35 0.03 0.85 0.77 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.01 ....................... Lumber and w o od products, except fu rniture Kitchen cabinets, vanities, prebuilt ............................. Fabricated structural laminates .................................... .............. Dressed and rough boards, and dimension lumber Hardwood flooring and other hardwood ............................. Wooden shingles and excelsior ....................................... Plywood, softwood ........................................................ Treated lumber ............................................................ A c o u s t i c a l tile, cork .................................................. M i s c e l l a n e o u s l u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ........................... 33.87 0.34 4.34 13.94 0.40 0.39 6.90 6.08 0.28 0.23 0.98 75.72 0.76 9.70 31.17 0.89 0.88 15.42 13.59 0.63 0.52 2. 17 7.55 0.08 0.97 3.11 0.09 0.09 1.54 1.36 0.06 0.05 0.21 Furniture and fixtures .................................................... W o o d e n c a b i n e t s , r a d i o , TV, a n d m e d i c i n e ....................... Wooden cabinets, office ............................................... Wood partitions ........................................................... Metal partitions ......................................................... Venetian blinds, curtain and drapery rods ...................... Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures ............................. 1.92 0.47 0. 19 0.24 0.77 0.15 0.09 4.28 1 . 06 0.42 0.53 1.73 0.34 0.19 0.42 0.11 0.04 0.05 0. 17 0.03 0.01 Paper and allied products ................................................ Masking tape ............................................................... Wallpaper ................................................................... Construction paper ...................................................... Insulation, fiberboard ................................................. Insulation, asbestos board ........................................... A c ou st ic al tile, a s b e s t o s bo ar d .................................... A c o u s t i c a l tile, w o o d fi be r .......................................... Miscellaneous paper and allied products ........................ 4.15 0.17 0.56 0. 14 0. 18 0. 18 2.13 0.71 0.08 9.28 0.38 1.24 0.32 0.40 0.39 4.77 1.59 0. 19 0.93 0.04 0 . 12 0 . 03 0.04 0.04 0.48 0 . 16 0.01 Chemicals Oxygen, Adhesives ..................................... .............................. Miscellaneous chemicals and allied products ................... 4.44 0.21 2.10 0.75 0. 15 0.58 0.20 0.10 0.37 9.94 0.46 4.69 1.67 0.34 1.29 0.46 0.21 0.81 0.99 0.05 0.47 0.17 0.03 0.13 0.05 0.02 0.09 Petroleum refining and related products ........................... F u e l s , d i e s e l f u el , gas, oil, g r e a s e ............................. Asphalt paving ............................................................ Membrane waterproofing vapor barrier ............................. Asphalt tar and pitches ............................................... Miscellaneous petroleum refining and related products .. .. 8.88 0.70 4.71 1.58 1 . 81 0.09 19.86 1.57 10.53 3.53 4.04 0. 19 1.98 0.16 1.05 0.35 0.40 0.02 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products ........................ Rubber products ........................................................... Conduit and conduit fittings (plastic) .......................... Plastic pipe and tubing ............................................... Insulation, styrofoam and other plastic insulation ......... Vinyl tile .................................................................. Vinyl wall covering ..................................................... Laminated plastic panels and counter tops ...................... Plastic vapor barrier sheets ........................................ Misc el la ne ou s rubber and plastic products ...................... 4.71 0.44 0.32 0.69 1.09 0. 13 1.05 0.35 0.25 0.40 10.53 0.98 0.71 1.55 2.43 0.28 2.34 0.78 0.55 0.90 1.05 0.10 0.07 0. 15 0.24 0.03 0.23 0.08 0.06 0.08 Item All materials, Materials, built-in and allied acetelyne, equipment, equipment, products and other and and supplies supplies ....... .................................. industrial gases ................ Putty, calking, and glazing compounds ........................... Silicones .................................................................... ..................................... Concrete admixtures, hardeners See fo otnotes at end of table. 12 Percent di s t r i b u t i o n 1/ Table 10. Continued—Value of materials, equipment, and supplies per $1,000 of cost and per 100 square feet and percent distribution, commercial office building construction, 1 S ? 2 » 7 3 _________________________ ______________ Value per 100 square feet Percent di s t r i bution1 Gypsum products ........................................................... M a r b l e and other cut st on e ........................................... Asbestos cement pipe .................................................... Vinyl as be st os tile ..................................................... In su la ti on , a s b e s t o s ( i n c l u d i n g s p r a y e d on) ................... C r u s h e d rock, slag, m i s c e l l a n e o u s a g g r e g a t e ................... Insulation, vermiculite and perlite .............................. .............. In su la ti on , f i b e r g l a s s (m in er al or gl a s s wool) A c o u s t i c a l tile, f i b e r g l a s s (m in er al wool) .................... M i s c e l l a n e o u s stone, clay, glass, an d c o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s $107.14 18.12 0.20 2.00 2.72 1.91 0.41 0.80 1.90 7.12 0.27 20.79 0 . 15 32.48 0.26 5.66 1.42 0.24 0.67 0.39 3.81 0.10 2.77 2.51 0.42 $239.54 40.52 0.44 4.47 6.08 4.27 0.92 1.79 4.26 15.91 0.61 46.48 0.33 72.62 0.57 12.66 3.17 0.53 1.49 0.88 8.52 0.21 6.19 5.61 1 . 01 23.90 4.04 0.04 0.45 0.61 0.43 0.09 0.18 0.42 1.59 0.06 4.64 0.03 7.24 0.06 1.26 0.32 0.05 0.15 0.09 0.85 0.02 0.62 0.56 0.10 Primary metal industries ................................................. Stru ct ur al steel ......................................................... Steel, galvanized, and fe r r o u s n o nc as t iron pipe ............ Nails, wires, staples, fe r r o u s ..................................... Cable and wire, ferrous ............................................... Cast iron p r od uc ts ....................................................... Ca st iron pi pe an d f i t t i n g s .......................................... Copper pipe and tubing ................................................. Cable and wire, nonferrous ........................................... Miscellaneous primary metal industries .......................... 56.27 37.82 5.22 0.73 0.23 0.13 2.43 3.31 4.48 1.94 125.81 84.55 11.67 1.64 0.51 0.28 5.43 7.39 10.01 4.34 12.55 8.44 1. 16 0.16 0.05 0.03 0.54 0.74 1.00 0.44 Fabricated metal products ................................................ Builders' hardware ....................................................... P l u m b i n g fixtures, metal, an d en am e l e d iron ................... P l u m b i n g ac c e s s o r i e s , f i t t i n g s a n d trim, b r a s s .............. Radiators and heaters (nonelectric) .............................. Condensors .................................................................. P r e f a b r i c a t e d structural steel ..................................... Prefabricated structural aluminum ................................. Metal doors ................................................................. Metal windows .............................................................. Fabricated metal plate products .................................... Storage tanks .............................................................. Cooli ng t o w e r s .......................................... .................. Copper sheet metal ....................................................... Aluminum sheet metal .................................................... Galvanized sheet metal ................................................. Fa bricated sheet metal, all other ................................. Registers, grilles, diffusers ....................................... Metal acoustical suspension systems ............................... Ornamental and architectual metal work .......................... Prefabricated metal buildings, curtain walls ................. Metal reinforcing bars ................................................. Metal nuts, bolts, washers, screws, ri ve ts .................... Wi r e m e s h ................................................................... Clips, fasteners ......................................................... Safes and vaults ......................................................... Plumbing accessories, metal other than brass ................. Metal planking and ladders ........................................... Plumbing products unclassified ..................................... Miscellaneous fabricated metal products ........................ 99.57 5.26 2.69 1.88 0.78 2.38 17.55 2.97 3.94 3.64 0.79 0. 10 0.36 0.41 1.27 10.74 4.67 2.25 1.67 4.20 12.13 13.48 1.32 2.74 0. 18 0 . 10 1.26 0. 13 0.14 0.53 222.63 11.76 6.02 4.20 1.75 5.31 39.23 6.64 8.80 8.14 1.77 0.23 0.80 0.91 2.85 24.02 10.44 5.03 3.73 9.40 27.13 30.14 2.94 6.12 0.40 0.23 2.82 0.29 0.31 1.23 22.21 1.17 0.60 0.42 0.17 0.53 3.91 0.66 0.88 0.81 0.18 0.02 0.08 0.09 0.28 2.40 1.04 0.50 0.37 0.94 2.71 3.0 1 0.29 0.61 0.04 0.02 0.28 0.03 0.03 0.10 Machinery, except electrical Elevators, escalators, and 51.28 18.83 1. 07 0.68 1.59 1.40 4.42 114.64 42.09 2.40 1.51 3.55 3.14 9.87 11.43 4.20 0.24 0. 15 0.35 0.31 0.98 Value per $1,000 of contract cost Item Stone, clay, glass, and c o n c r e t e pr o d u c t s ........................ .............................................. ................ Window glass Brick (clay) ............................................................... ............................................................... Ceramic tile Clay sewer pipe ........................................................... ..................................... Other structural clay products Plumbing fixtures and accessories, vitreous china .......... Concrete block and brick ....................................... . ................................ .............................. Concrete pipe Other precast concrete products .................................... Ready-mix concrete ....................................................... ........................................... dumbwaiters ........................... Compressors ................................................................. Blowers, exhaust and ventilating fans ........................... S p r i n k l e r s y st em s (fire pr ev en ti on ) .............................. Warm air furnaces ........................................................... See fo otnotes at end of table. 13 Table 10. Continued—'Value of materials, equipment, and supplies per $8,000 of cost and per 100 square feet and percent distribution, commercial office building construction, 1972-73 V a lu e per $ 1 ,0 00 of contract cost Item Value per 100 square fee-fc Percent di s t r i b u t i o n 1/ $21.93 0.20 1. 16 $99.03 0.95 2.59 4.89 0.04 0.25 39.16 0.92 5.57 2.09 1.38 0.21 0.21 0.93 11.90 0. 13 1.89 9.97 1. 18 0.61 2.31 1.39 76.37 2.06 12.96 9.66 3.09 0.98 0.98 0.97 25.99 0.28 9.22 10.00 2.69 1.37 5. 16 2.99 7.62 0.21 1.24 0.47 0.31 0.05 0.05 0. 10 2.54 0.03 0.42 1.00 0.26 0. 14 0.52 0.27 Instruments and related products ...................................... .............. Gas an d w a t e r meters) gauges> ai r t h e r m o m e t e r s Temperature controls .................................................... Mi sc el la ne ou s instruments and related products .............. 2.27 0.13 1.90 0.25 5.08 0.28 9.29 0.55 0.51 0.03 0.42 0.05 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ............................. ........................................ Fire extinguishers) portable Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries ................. 1.35 0.10 1.25 3.03 0.23 2.80 0.30 0.02 0.27 5.99 Ail— c o n d i t i o n i n g e q u i p m e n t ........................................... Sewage disposal and water treatment equipment ................ Miscellaneous machinery) except electrical .................... Electrical machinery) equipment) and supplies .................... Transformers ............................................................... Electrical switchboards and panel boards ....................... Electrical motors and generators .................................... • Electric motor controls ................................................ Welding supplies .......................................................... Hous eh ol d hot water heaters * ........................................ Electric lamps and bulbs ........................... .................. Lighting fixtures and nonelectric lamps and bulbs .......... Emergency lighting systems ............. ............................... .............................................. Current-carrying devices Conduit and conduit fittings (metal) ............................. Noncurrent-carrying devices .......................................... Intercom) fire and burglar alarm systems .................... Electric heaters) nonhousehold .............................. ....... Mi scellaneous electrical machinery) equipment) and supplies ................ 26.83 60.00 ....................... 0.02 0.05 0.00 metal products ................................................ hand t o o l s ( n o n p o w e r ) .......................................... 2.93 0.90 1.45 5.93 2.01 3.24 0.54 0.20 0.32 Total Lumber and contractors' wood products) construction except equipment furniture Fabricated Small Scaffolding (metal)................................................................ Miscellaneous fabricated products ................................. Machinery, e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ........................................... Power c r a n e s , d r a g l i n e s , s h o v e l s ( p o w e r ) ....................... Tractors and bulldozers ................................................ Backhoes and trenchers ................................................. .................................................................. Drill rigs Scrapers, graders ........................................................ R o ll er s and all o t he r he av y co n s t r u c t i o n e q ui pm en t ......... Mixers, pavers, and related equipment ............................. Front-end loaders ........................................................ Hoists and monorails .................................................... Forklifts .................................................................... Power hand tools ......................................................... Compressors, pumps, jack hammers, and acce ss or ie s ............ M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a c h i n e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l 2/ ................ Transportation equipment ................................................. Trucks (highway) .......................................................... Wheelbarrows ........................ ...................................... 1 Percent distribution is the same for both value columns. 2 Contains “ Nonelectric engines and motors.” 0.08 ,0.18 0.02 22.18 6.05 1.82 1. 98 0. 15 0.69 1. 51 0.93 0.72 1 . 90 0.96 1.80 1.62 3.06 49.58 13.53 4.07 4.42 0.33 1.55 3.38 0.96 1.6 1 4.25 1.02 4.02 3.62 6.84 4.95 1.35 0.41 0.44 0.03 0. 15 0.34 0. 10 0.16 0.42 0.10 0.40 0.36 0.68 2.21 2.10 4.94 4.69 0.25 0.49 0.47 0.03 0.11 NOTE: All individual items under 10 cents are included in the last line item in each group. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. 14 Table 11. Ineidene® ©f yg@ ©f major types ©f material and e q u ip m e n t com m ercial office fey Hiding e@na!ruefi©ms 1§72=731 T y p e of m a t e r i a l P e r c e n t of N u m b e r of p r o j e c t s in t o t al cos t u n i v e r s e t ha t u s e d p r o d u c t or e q u i p m e n t All m a t e r i a l s a n d e q u i p m e n t 100.0 2,846 S t r u c t u r a l steal ............... Ready-mix concrete .......... Air-conditioning equipment "Other” precast concrete products .................. E l e v a t o r s , e s c a l a t o r s , an d dumbwaiters ............... Window glass ................ P r e f a b r i c a t e d s t r u c t u r a l steel D r e s s e d a n d r o u g h b o a rds, a n d d i m e n s i o n lumb e r .......... Metal reinforcing bars ...... Prefabbed metal buildings, c u r t a i n w a lls, an d p a r t s Lighting fixtures and nonelec tric lamps and bulbs ...... G a l v a n i z e d s h eet m e t a l ...... 9.0 7.7 5.2 2,077 2 , 746 2,297 4.9 1,488 4.5 4.3 4.2 850 2,260 895 3.3 3.2 2,731 2, 106 2.9 572 2.7 2.6 2, 193 2 , 633 1 Excludes items accounting for less than 2 percent of total cost. Table 12. incidence of u se of types of material and equipm ent in at least BO percent ©f the com m ercial office building projects, 1972=73 T y p e of m a t e r i a l or e q u i p m e n t H u m b e r of p r o j e c t s that used product P e r c e n t di s t r i b u t i o n of cos t All m a t e r i a l s a n d e q u i p m e n t 2,846 100.0 Ready-mix concrete ............. Dres s e d and rough boards, and dimension lumber ......... . Sand and gravel . ........... . Power cranes, draglines, shovels . ................ G a l v a n i z e d she e t m e t a l ........ Builders' hardware ........ . A s p h a l t a n d t ar p i t c h e s ..... ,s I n s u l a t i o n , f i b e r g l a s s ( m i n e r al or g l a s s w o o l ) ...... . Paint ............................. Powered handtools .............. Cement ..... . Backhoes and trenchers C o n c r e t e b l ock, b r i c k ........ R o l l e r s a n d all o t h e r h e a v y construction equipment ..... Membrane waterproofing vapor barrier ............... ........ Gypsum products .............. Putty, c a l k i n g , a n d g l a z i n g compounds .................. . Ail— c o n d i t i o n i n g e q u i p m e n t ... Fuels; d i e s e l fuel, gas, oil, grease ...... . 2,746 7.7 2,731 2,647 3.3 .5 2,6 3 6 2 , 6 33 2,593 2, 58 7 1.4 2.6 1.2 .4 2,475 2 , 4 74 2, 45 8 2,455 2,437 2 , 4 28 .7 .5 .4 .5 .5 1.7 2,426 .4 15 2, 36 7 2,30 1 .4 1.3 2,3 0 0 2,297 .2 5.2 2,2 9 6 .2 Chapter IV. Other Characteristics Construction time Nationally, the average length of time required to construct a commercial office building was 47.2 weeks. Projects in the South took considerably longer—60.0 weeks—while those in the West were completed 8.8 weeks faster than the national average. In the United States as a whole, projects costing less than $1 million took less than average time to complete. The next three cost classes each showed a substantial increase in time required for completion over the class below. Comple tion time for buildings costing at least $1 million ranged from a low of 58.2 weeks to a high of 115 weeks (table 13) . Regionally, the only consistency found in the data was that projects costing $5 million and over took longer to build than any other group of projects. (These projects had an average completion time of more than 106 weeks.) Regionally, construction time and project cost showed the same pattern—projects in high-cost regions took longer to build. The one exception was the North Central region where construction time was the same as the national average but project cost was higher. Building §ii@ Average square feet for all projects was 42,358. For the regions, the square foot average was as follows: Northeast, 22,103; North Central, 59,920; South, 52,421; and West, 30,460. These large regional variations in size may account for many of the differences noted in cost, time, and labor requirements. Hourly earnings The average wage for all occupations in this survey was $7.16 per hour. Earnings were highest in the West— at $7.99—followed closely by the North Central region and then the Northeast. Earnings in the South were 13 percent lower than the U.S. average—at $6.19 (table 14) . This relationship between wage rates in the South and in the other three regions is consistent with that observed in several other BLS construction surveys. The highest average hourly wage for occupations in 16 volved in the construction of commercial office build ings was $9.40, received by supervisors and general foremen. Others with earnings over $8 an hour were: Scraper operators, sprinkler fitters, sheet metal workers, plumbers, pipefitters, structural and ornamental iron workers, and bricklayers. Workers receiving the low est hourly pay were laborers, helpers and tenders, cus todial workers, and clerical workers. Skilled workers were paid between 4 and 10 percent more than the average for all occupations, and semi skilled and unskilled workers were paid between 20 and 30 percent less than the average. Contractors The number of contractors per project varied from 22 in the Northeast to 30 in the West; the national av erage was 26. Most projects had only one general con tractor and very few had prime contractors (table 15). General contractors accounted for the largest pro portion of construction cost in all four regions. Heat ing, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) contrac tors had the next highest proportion. In all regions ex cept the West, electrical contractors followed. (In the West, structural steel contractors followed.) A ranking by type of contractor in each region and in the United States as a whole is given in table 16. Nationally, 68 percent of the surveyed contractors had formal labor- management agreements. (Contrac tors on a single project are usually all union or all non union.) The tabulation below shows that, as expected, the lowest percentage of union contracts was in the South, 57. The highest percentage, about 86, was in the West. Percent United States........................................................ 68.2 Northeast..................................................... , .......... North Central .......................................................... S o u th ........ ........................................ W e st.......................................................................... 61.8 75.1 56.9 86.5 Table 13. Average number of weeks of construction time by cost c la ss and region, commercial office building construction, 1972-73 Uni te d S t a t e s Percent of projects Cost class All projects Less than $100,000 Number of weeks ...... 100.0 47 . 2 ..... 5.4 30.0 Northeast Percent of projects North Central Number of week s 100.0 1/ 42.3 South West Percent of projects Number of weeks Percent of pr o j e c t s Number of week s Percent of projects 100.0 47.2 10 0.0 60 . 0 Number of weeks 100.0 38.4 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 15.0 30.0 55.3 47.4 33 .6 $100,000 - $249,999 ____ 40.2 43.4 24.9 34.4 3 0. 7 48.5 44.9 $250,000 - $499,999 ____ 12.9 42.3 4 6 .8 39.9 15.8 48.2 4.8 53 . 0 5. 8 3 2. 0 $500,000 - $999,999 ____ 17.0 40.4 3.6 43 . 0 15.2 30.6 18.2 39.2 21.9 45.2 25.4 74.4 8.2 54. 1 4. 1 78.2 1/ 2. 5 13 1. 8 $1,000,000 - $2,999,999 2 0 .9 58.2 2 3 .9 53.3 34 . 0 45.4 $3,000,000 - $4,999,999 1.2 78.2 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 2. 4 115.0 Over $5,000,000 ......... 0.7 1 No projects in sam ple. 108.0 4.3 107.6 1/ 1.7 106.6 N O TE: D etail m ay not add to to ta l due to rounding. Table 14. Average hourly earnings for selected onsite construction workers by occupation and region, commercial office building construction, 1972-73 O c c u p a t i on All o c c u p a t i o n s United States ......... .......... $7. 16 Skilled workers .............................. Bo i l e r m a k e r s ............................... Bricklayers ............................... Carpenters .................................. Cement finishers .......................... Drywall applicators ...................... Drywall finishers ......................... Electricians ............................... Elevator constructors ................... Glaziers .................................... Insulation workers ....................... I ro n w o r k e r s , o r n a m e n t a l ................ I ro n w o r k e r s , r e i n f o r c i n g .............. Ir o n w o r k e r s , s t r u c t u r a l ................ Lathers ...................................... Machinists .................................. Marble setters ............................. Millwrights ................................. Painters .................................... Paperhangers ............................... Pipefitters ................................. Plasterers .................................. Plumbers .................................... Roofers ...................................... Sheet-metal workers ...................... Sprinkler fitters ......................... Soft floor layers ......................... Terrazzo workers .......................... Tile setters .............................. Skilled workers, other ................. Backhoe operators ....................... Bulldozer operators ..................... Crane-shovel-dragline operators ..... Front-end loader operators ............ Grader operators ......................... Pile driver operators .................. Pump and compressor operators ........ Roller operators ......................... Scraper operators ....................... Tractor operators ....................... Trencher operators ...................... O p e r a t i n g e n g i n e e r s , n . e . c .............. 7.66 6.83 8.12 7.30 7.68 7. 2 7 7.62 7. 6 7 7 .8 6 7.59 7.23 9.03 7.85 8.35 7.86 5.75 6.90 7.6 1 6.63 7.90 8 .4 0 6.88 8.05 7.52 8 .5 6 8.95 5.81 7.89 7.33 6.94 7. 0 6 7.50 7.78 7. 3 6 7. 18 7.6 1 5.57 6.28 8.74 7. 12 7.62 8.26 Semiskilled and unskilled workers .... Laborers, helpers, and tenders ...... Truckdrivers .............................. Custodial workers ....................... Other semiskilled workers ............. Professional and clerical workers ..... Clerical workers ......................... Professional and technical workers Superintendent and general supervisors Northeast $7 . 9 1 8.42 7. 15 7 .6 7 8.36 8.62 9.05 8.55 8 .4 1 8.46 8 .6 7 7.98 9.10 9.79 9. 14 8.81 3.6 1 North Central $7.97 South West $6.19 $7.99 8.74 6.98 6.72 8.18 10.21 8.42 10.19 9 .9 2 8.07 9.24 13.00 6. 7 7 14.00 7.48 8. 3 1 8.35 8 .7 1 7. 9 6 9. 0 4 7.51 8.05 8 .2 6 7 .7 6 8.09 6.83 10 . 13 8.25 9. 12 8.53 7. 5 6 8.35 8.12 6.93 7.76 8.72 8.29 7.57 8.85 8.43 9. 4 3 7.23 7. 8 0 8.09 8.19 8.25 8.23 8.58 8.22 8.16 10.67 8.06 8. 4 1 8.28 8.42 7.87 9.02 6.78 3.00 7. 3 0 6.6 1 6 . 07 5.97 6.44 6. 7 0 7.30 6. 9 6 6.94 8.59 7.05 6.78 6 .9 7 6.74 6 .7 7 7.60 5.78 6.83 7.92 6.42 7.67 6 . 12 7. 12 7.52 5.51 7.63 6.46 6.07 4.79 5.42 7.25 4.96 3.83 6.95 4. 8 6 3.48 6. 2 9 5.97 5. 5 3 7.31 8.23 9. 8 5 8.78 7.75 9 .3 8 7.30 9 .5 9 10 .9 5 8.15 9. 9 4 7.63 7. 17 8.53 8.57 9. 4 5 8.66 8.87 7.75 6.93 8.53 8.73 7.89 8.48 8.86 5 .2 0 5. 18 6 . 18 4. 8 4 5.38 5.93 5.92 6.20 5.01 8.03 6 .3 6 6.37 7.03 7.92 5. 14 4.45 4.43 4.21 3.01 5.70 5.6 1 5.61 6.58 4.49 3.49 8.87 3.80 7. 6 0 9.40 7.99 4.01 12. 17 7.98 9.76 4.04 7.95 10 .4 5 7.69 3.42 5 .5 9 8.39 13.77 5.79 14 .48 1 4. 04 7. 7 0 7.74 9.64 8 .7 1 8.55 8.51 8.91 8.46 7.19 8.33 8.61 7.74 7.44 7.13 8.80 8.64 9 .2 8 8.54 7.69 8.89 9. 18 9.84 8.32 6.50 - __„ N O TE: D ata not available. 17 Tabfi® 15= A verage num ber ©f ©©nftraetors p©r project by type ©f e@ntr@©t@r and r@gi@n5 @@snm®rei@l ©file© by Siding e@nstruets©rs5 1072-73 Type of c o n t r a c t o r All Prime Northeast North Central South West 26.2 29.7 1. 1 1. 1 1.2 1.2 .. .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 .... 22.A 17. 3 18.8 21.6 27.0 2. 6 3.2 3.5 3.3 1.4 . contractors contractors Subcontractors States 1.2 contractors General United Sub-subcontractors . 26.3 23.6 21.6 Table 16= Percent distribution of contract co st by type of contractor, com m ercial office building construction, 1072-73 Type Al l General of c o n t r a c t o r contractors contractors United States 10 0. 0 North Central ....................... 100.0 29.4 2 7 . 9 (D 2 4 . 0 (1) 3 4 . 0 (1) 12 .4 8.4 7. 0 5.5 5.5 12.8 10 . 2 3.8 7.4 2.5 (2) (3) (7) (5) (10) 1 3. 3 9. 6 9 .0 7.2 6.6 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 13.6 7.6 4.7 4.6 7.2 9.8 “ 3.0 4.0 3.6 " 15.0 (4) 4 .9 4.1 3.3 4.4 - (7) (9) (10) '8) 4. 0 3.7 3.2 3. 1 17.6 1 Data are shown separately only for the 10 types of contractors with the highest percentages of contract cost in each region. 100.0 South ........................ S u b c o n t r a c t o r s : 1/ H e a t i n g , v e n t i l a t i n g , a n d ail— conditioning ............................ ........... ...................... E l e c t r i ca l Structural steel .......................... Concrete work .............................. Glass and glazing ........................ Excavation, footings, foundation, and grading ................................... Elevators ................................... Plumbing ..................................... Masonry ...................................... ............... .................... Carpentry Plastering and lathing .................. Wallboard ................................... All ot h e r ................................... Northeast (9) (6) (8) 13.5 10 0 . 0 West 100.0 (2) (3) (6) (7) (4) 2 . 4 (9) 5 . 1 (5) - 4 . 1 (8) 2 . 0 (10)/ 14.7 2 9 . 5 (D 9.7 7.6 9.4 4.4 2.9 “ 5 .1 3 .0 6 .2 4.0 15.7 (2) (4) (3) (7) (10) (6) (9) (5) (8) NOTE: Numbers in parentheses indicate rank. Detail may not add! to total due to rounding. 18 Chapter V. Recent Trends in Design, Technology, and Management Modular construction. One common, but fairly new technology that has had a large impact is the module. A module is based on standardization of sizes of mate rials, designs, and client requirements, and its use often speeds up both design and construction. (Five feet is the most common module size.) Modules can be used extensively in structural framing, lighting, air-condition ing and heating, power supply and communications, partitions, and built-in or movable furniture. Construction contractors, materials manufacturers, developers, architects, and others involved in the con struction industry constantly search for ways to reduce building costs and construction time. However, tech nological changes normally are evolutionary rather than revolutionary. New ideas, which usually affect only one facet of construction, are continually being developed. The ideas are first tested on one or two projects; if suc cessful and accepted, they spread gradually throughout the industry. New ideas in design and construction that have saved time and cost have frequently involved lighter or stronger materials, new combinations of ma terials which are largely prefabricated offsite, increased use of modular systems in design and construction, in novative management techniques, and increased use of computers. In the 1970’s, the general trends and changes in com mercial office building design and construction included some that were basically technological, and others that were related to design, government regulations, tenant requirements, etc. Some of these trends and changes were: Increased environmental considerations; better techniques for programming and planning interior space; improved heating, ventilating, and air- condition ing systems; better insulation and increased use of heatreducing glass; improvements in the design and detail ing of glass curtain walls; design advances for rigid-framing; increased use of modules; and new solu tions to high-rise wind-load problems.12Several of these changes are discussed below. Precast concrete. The use of precast concrete, versus cast-in-place concrete, is another instance where inno vation saves labor and construction time (and in the following example also provides better quality control). An 8-million-dollar addition to a hotel, in which a modular precast concrete building system was used, was completed in 30 percent less time than would have been possible if cast-in-place concrete had been used.14 Another innovative application of precast concrete is the use of precast concrete bents which serve as pri mary architectural elements. Because bents are cast in one piece, they do not have the heavy joint lines of precast concrete. (These lines are usually very unat tractive so precast concrete components ordinarily can not be used as architectural elements.) Bents also elimi nate the need for shear walls because they are able to bear weight and resist moment forces. Besides being able to take wind loads, rigid bents reinforce the grav ity-load-carrying ability of the structure. The continu ity between beams and columns permits longer spans because they are less subject to cracking and deflection. A structural engineering firm developed these precast bents to fill a Dallas owner’s need for long, column-free areas in a building. (Another similar system is used in Switzerland.) During the planning of the building, prestressed double-Ts, beams, and columns were discovered to be the most cost-effective way of meeting the need for longspan, column-free space. Even though long spans were needed only in work areas, their use throughout the building became economically advantageous because of Design and materials High-rise design. High-rise towers present many chal lenges to engineers and architects—and one of the most difficult is designing a structure to resist wind loads. Some new designs, which reflect changes in technol ogy, have concentrated on this problem. They include the bundled-tube and truss-tube systems for steel struc tures up to 140 stories, and the framed-tube, tube-in tube, and modular-tube systems for similarly tall con crete structures.13 13Ibid. 14“System Cuts 30 Percent From ‘Building Time’,” Engineering News Record, May 31, 1979, p. 11. 12Mildred F. Schmertz., ed., Office Building Design (New York, McGraw-Hill 1975), p. viii. 19 Many passive conservation features are now routinely included in office building designs. These include so lar-oriented siting, double- glazed windows or tinted glass, reduction of window area, internal heat recovery systems, energy-efficient lighting, computerized heat ing and cooling systems, openable and recessed win dows, and earth berms. Most of these features do not add significantly to the cost of construction. An example of energy-conscious design is an $11 mil lion building in Michigan that will save $21,000 a year through its energy-conserving walls.19Only 20 percent of the wall area is glass; the rest is aluminum panel. The glass is double insulated and tilted. At the bottom of the windows, stainless steel sills bounce sunlight onto a second reflector inside to reduce requirements for in side light and heat. Some more innovative, expensive, and elaborate (and less common) designs emphasizing conservation are: Extensive atriums; low, broad building configurations (as opposed to office towers); special patented insulated curtain wall and ceiling systems; solar heating; elabo rate heat recovery systems (requiring no heating plant); well-water cooling; and underground buildings. A relatively low, broad building, for instance, can provide increased usable space and yet have less out side surface area than a tower building-which leads to energy savings. Such a design also reduces structural cost because not as much heavy steel or concrete fram ing is needed. One such building designed recently also made extensive use of atriums—there were three, stacked in heights from 7 to 12 stories.20Although build ing an interior curtain wall and an atrium wall incurs an additional cost, curtain wall is less expensive than exterior wall. It also provides an overall cost saving of 40 to 50 percent over an exterior wall because the in terior curtain walls do not need to be watertight, dou ble glazed, or wind resistant. Heating is another area of design innovation. A new 2-million-square-foot office building in Canada (where temperatures can drop to -40 degrees F.) does not have a conventional heating plant.21 The building’s heat re covery and storage system is fed by heat from the build ing’s machinery, its occupants, and the lights. Heat from the building core is transferred to the outer parts of the building; excess heat is stored. Other features of the building include insulated curtain wall and ceiling sys tems, a computer system with sensors that controls the heating and cooling system, and a glass curtain wall that is designed to reflect 85 percent of the solar heat. Its builders claimed that the structure would be the the benefits a system of repetitive structural elements could provide. Very few units were required because a beam and two columns were cast simultaneously in each bent. This also helped reduce construction time.15 Prefabricated brick panels. To save time and money, builders of a Baltimore office building used another new design, a prefabricated exterior wall system, which is a variation of existing techniques. The wall can bear its own weight and is almost structurally independent of the rest of the building. The wall system consists of over 1,000 brick panels attached to lightweight steel studs or channels. The load of the panels is transferred through the channels directly to the foundation; no ver tical load is on the frame.16 The panels, which are 12 feet high and 10 to 24 feet wide, are fabricated offsite. Another project used prefabricated brick panels, which doubled as formwork, to reduce cost. This ma sonry bearing wall system is very economical and flexi ble, and eliminates the need for several trades and con struction steps.17 The masonry contractor installs the brick, reinforcing steel, grout, insulation, and some win dows. As a result, fewer workers, carpenters, concrete workers, fireproofing ironworkers, and insulation workers are needed to build the wall. The panels also make long spans and cantilevers possible. The brick panel is the form into which a steel cage is placed; it is then pumped full of grout. The structural framing for this system is erected more slowly than a conven tional design, but the project as a whole can be com pleted faster because the inside wall requires no finish ing. The wall’s designers believe that for a brick ap pearance, this option is the least expensive. Energy conservation One concern that currently dominates the industry is energy conservation.18 Fuel shortages, the need to cut costs, and the emergence of energy conservation per formance standards have led to a myriad of new ideas and methods as well as increased implementation of older energy conservation techniques. Through build ing design and the choice of materials and mechanical systems, energy can be conserved in two basic ways— actively and passively. Active conservation systems like solar equipment are usually much more expensive, so the estimated payback period is examined closely be fore an owner will agree to such a system. The increas ing cost of energy, however, is generally making payback periods shorter. 15“Precast Bent Disguises Strength With Good Looks,” Engineer ing News Record, Dec. 13, 1979, pp. 40-41, 153. 16“Prefab Wall Bears Own Weight to Lighten Construction Costs,” Engineering News Record, Feb. 1, 1979, p. 14. 17 “Prefab Brick Panels Double as Formwork to Slash Labor Costs,” Engineering News Record, Oct. 13, 1977, pp. 28-29. 18“Energy Saving Paces Design as Technology Makes Gain”, En gineering News Record, Jan. 18, 1979, p. 88. 19 “Architect Clads Michigan Office Tower with Energy-conserv ing Wall,” Engineering News Record, Feb. 10, 1977, p.13. “ “Making Tower, Short, Broad Cuts Cost,” Engineering News Record, Jan. 11, 1979 p. 16. 21 “Building Without Boilers May Set Energy Record,” Engineering News Record, Feb. 8, 1979, p. 20. 20 most energy efficient building in the world, and would use only 35,000 British thermal units per square foot annually. (Btu’s are a measure of heating requirements or efficiency. The mean annual Btu consumption for New York City office buildings, for instance, is esti mated at 112,800. Single-purpose buildings with no pub lic areas such as retail space, however, consume many fewer Btu’s than those designed for mixed use.) A Minnesota office building incorporates another unique design feature, a well-water heat pump.22 The building costs nearly 50 percent less to operate than nearby conventional buildings. The solar orientation of the building also contributes to this cost savings. As in many large structures, cooling is required year round for the core of the building, To maximize savings in both energy and time, the construction of a 28-story building in New Orleans was speeded up through the use of fast tracking, a work scheduling technique. Working together closely on the fast-track schedule, the general contractor and the ar chitect-engineer saved at least 6 to 7 months of con struction time. The 1.1-million- square-foot building was designed to save as much energy as possible during construction, as well as during occupancy. The twoatrium design, which was used to expand the floor areas, resulted in a shorter building whose structural system required fewer materials and took fewer days to build. Atriums themselves can help reduce a building’s energy consumption 30 to 50 percent. This particular atrium design also reduced the energy required in materials fabrication, transportation, and construction.23 This building was designed to consume 30 to 50 per cent less energy when occupied than comparable build ings. Some specific energy-saving building features in cluded a low glass-to-floor area ratio of 1:10 (the ratio for a conventional building is 1:5), two atriums (solar heat gain with atriums is cut due to a reduction in out side walls and smaller lighting and air-conditioning needs), and a flexible mechanical system which allows for simultaneous heating and cooling in different parts of the building. combinations of these elements. Generally, this will re duce onsite labor requirements and increase offsite and indirect labor hours. Computer use. The increased use of computers has had a more limited impact on the industry. At first, the fairly small savings gained from single applications of large mainframe computers, coupled with the industry’s tra ditionally slow acceptance of change, resulted in lim ited computer use. Only a few larger firms fully real ized the potential of the computer in each of the phases of phases of the construction (planning, designing, man aging, and building) as well as its ability to integrate all of these functions.24 However, the recent advent of smaller, less expen sive and easier to use computers, plus the availability of prepackaged software programs, has made it easier for contractors to utilize computers, although they are still not commonplace. (Only about one-third of all civil engineers and two-fifths of contractors use small com puters.)25 Nevertheless, the growing complexity and cost of construction design and management will con tinue to increase the usefulness of computers even for smaller firms as they contend with an increasing num ber of environmental and energy regulations; local, State, and Federal laws; community group pressures; and labor demands. Growing client involvement and inflation must also be considered. These complex con straints emphasize the need to coordinate all available information and to make rapid responses, which a com puter can facilitate in most instances. Even small con struction contractors could use a computer for many offsite functions, such as accounting, preparing graphics, drafting, compiling bids, and calculating payrolls. Systems techniques. In general, prefabrication is most fully used in construction through systems techniques. Systems techniques is the term used for the process of combining prefabricated components into single inte grated units through the use of mass production and assembly. Systems techniques, or systems building, can be employed to erect or install exteriors, flooring, ceil ing, walls, mechanical and lighting elements, or several Management methods. Other innovations in construc tion which are more widespread and have been em ployed for a longer period of time than computers are in methods of managing. Critical Path Method (CPM), Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), and fast tracking (the overlapping of phases of con struction that are ordinarily sequential), all try to speed up the construction process through tight coordination and cooperation among the owners, architects, engi neers, and various contractors. This coordination often begins during the design phase; contractors are some times brought in for early consultations, some materials can be ordered far in advance of use, and actual con struction may even be started before the design is made final. Very often, systems building is used in conjunc tion with fast tracking. PERT and CPM tightly control this overlapping by providing a detailed time and cost 22“Latent Well Water Energy Cuts Heat, Cooling Cost,” Engineer ing News Record, Sept. 27, 1979, pp. 22,23. 23 “Speedy Erection Built in by Design,” Engineering News Record, Apr. 5, 1979, p. 24, 25. 24“Construction’s Newest Tool Is Small, Low Cost, Highly Pro ductive,” Engineering News Record, Aug. 4, 1977, p. 20. 25 “Optimizing the Construction Process” (Editorial), Engineering News Record, Aug. 4, 1977, p. 80. Management and management tools 21 manager. A construction manager (who can be a gen eral contractor or a specialized company) oversees and manages the entire project for the owner and is found most frequently on large construction projects. schedule and identifying the critical path. (The critical path is that sequence of events which, if delayed, would delay the entire project.) Another change is the emergence of the construction 22 Chapter VI. Comparison with Other Construction Studies Commercial vs. Federal office building su rveys Because this is the first BLS survey of commercial office buildings, no analysis of trends in labor require ments for this type of construction can be made. How ever, among its more recent surveys, the Bureau has completed one on Federal office building construcion. The following sections discuss some major points of interest in the two office building surveys.26 Buildings in both office building studies were con structed in a similar time period and had basic struc tural similarities.27 In both surveys a majority of the buildings had masonry exterior walls, drywall interior walls, concrete floor bases, acoustical tile ceilings, and built-up roof coverings. A majority in both also had central air-conditioning, forced-air heating, and outdoor parking lots. A majority of all Federal buildings sur veyed were one to three stories; over 85 percent of commercial office buildings were one or two stories high. Employee hours. Commercial office buildings required 5.5 fewer total hours per $1,000 (or 12 percent fewer hours) than all projects in the Federal office building survey (table 17). Commercial office building onsite construction labor requirements were also lower—by 13 percent (37.2 hours compared to 42.8 hours). How ever, offsite hour requirements for all types of Federal office buildings were slightly lower than for commer cial office buildings. A comparison of onsite hours required for commer cial office building construction and Federal office building construction more narrowly defined (i.e., ex cluding social security buildings, laboratory-office buildings and border stations) showed an even greater disparity; 37.2 hours versus 45.5 hours, respectively. Onsite hour requirements per 100 square feet were also lower for commercial office buildings than for Fed eral office buildings—53 percent lower. Onsite labor requirements of the various types of con tractors were widely disparate in the two surveys (ta 26John G. Olsen, “Decline Noted in Hours Required to Erect Fed eral Office Buildings,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1976, pp. 18-22. 27The Federal office buildings survey included social security build ings, “Federal office buildings”, laboratory-office buildings, and bor der stations. A majority o f the construction value for both surveys was put in place during the same time period— 1972-73. 23 ble 18.) In most cases percentage differences were very large, but absolute differences were not. One disparity of note was the difference in onsite employee hours for general contractors—12.7 for commercial office build ings and 16.1 for Federal office buildings. Cost. Average cost per project was $947,084 for com mercial buildings, compared to $2,780,000 for Federal office buildings. This disparity may account for some of the differences in onsite labor requirements between the two surveys. Cost per square foot also differed con siderably. Surveyed commercial office buildings cost over 45 percent less per square foot than Federal office buildings: $22.36 and $41.28, respectively. Commercial office buildings in nonmetropolitan areas had an even greater cost difference—53 percent. Commercial office buildings cost less than Federal buildings in every region; in the Northeast—41 percent less, in the North Central region—36 percent less, in the South—35 percent less, and in the West—51 per cent less. The relationship between each region’s cost, and the metropolitan, non-metropolitan projects’ aver age cost per square foot, and the average national cost within each survey was the same for the two surveys except in the South. Federal office building cost data seemed, however, to show much greater regional varia bility than commercial office building data did. In the South, commercial projects were slightly higher thar the national average in cost per square foot, while Fed eral office building projects were lower than average in cost. In both surveys buildings in the Northeast cos much more per square foot than those in the Nation a: a whole (57 percent greater for commercial office build ings and 44 percent greater for Federal office buildings (table 19). The proportion of costs attributable to the majo components of cost differed widely in the two studies The largest difference was in profit and overhead—12. percent less for Federal office buildings than for com mercial buildings (table 20). Costs of the various operations involved in offic building construction differed for a few types of cor tractors. In particular, heating, ventilating, and air-cor ditioning work and concrete work accounted for higher percentage, and plumbing a lower percentagi in commercial office building projects (table 21). Hov Table 1?. Employ®® bcurs per $1,000 cost and per 100 square feet, commercial office bulldioug and Federal building construction, 1972-73 Per Type of All office Federal Federal Per 1/ 100 square Onsi te Offsi te Onsi te 42.0 37.2 4.8 83.3 47.5 42.8 4.7 176.8 45.5 N.A. 195.6 Total Commercial $1,000 construction buildings buildings office 2/ .. N.A. buildings 1 Current dollars. 2Includes Federal office buildings, social security buildings, laboratory-office buildings, and border stations. n .A. = Not available. Table 1®. Onsite employee Incurs per $1,000 of contract- ©cat (current dollars) by type of contractor, commercial office building and Federal office building construction, 1972-73 Type General contractor contractors contractors .... Subcontractors: Heating, ventilating, a n d ail— c o n d i t i o n i n g Electrical .............. Masonry ................... Concrete work .......... Plastering and lathing Structural steel ...... Excavation, footings, foundation, and grading Plumbing ................. Carpentry ................. Commercial office buildings Federal office buildi ngs 37.2 CO All of 12.7 16. 1 4.0 2.6 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.5 2.7 1.4 1.4 1.1 2.6 1.3 5.9 4.2 1.2 .8 .9 .8 Table 19. Cost per square foot, commercial office building and Federal office building construction, 1072-73 Area All and region projects Commercial office buildi ngs Federal office b u ildi n g s ...... $22.36 $41.28 Area: Metropolitan ............ Nonmetropolitan ....... 22.26 23.45 38.69 49.53 Regi o n : Northeast ................ North Central ....... South ................ West ...... ................ 3 5 . 13 21.10 23.36 19. 18 59.63 33.08 3 6 . 17 39.42 24 feet Table 20= Components of cost, commercial office building and Federal office building construction, 1072-73 P e r c e n t of t o t a l Commercial office buildi n g s Component Total cont ra ct cost cost Federal office bu ildi n g s 100.0 100.0 .......... . 26 .7 34.0 Materials, equipment, and supplies ......... 44.8 5 0 .0 28.5 16.0 Onsite wages Profit and overhead ... 1/ 11ncludes interest expense. Table 21. Percent distribution of contractor cost by type of contractor, commercial office building and Federal office building construction, 1972-73 Commercial office bu il di n g s T y p e of c o n t r a c t o r All General contractors .... 100.0 100.0 29.4 38.6 12.4 8. 4 7.0 5.5 8.7 7.4 6.4 2.2 4.0 3.7 3.2 3. 1 3.1 2.2 17.8 3.2 2. 1 6.3 2.7 1.7 4.3 16.3 contractor Subcontractors! Heating, ventilating, and air-co nd it io ni ng Electrical ........... S t r u c t u r a l st ee l ....... ........... Concrete work Excavation, footings, foundation, and grading Elevators Plumbi ng ..... ............ Masonry ................... Carpentry ................. Plastering and lathing All o t h e r ................. NOTE: Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Federal office buildi n g s 25 commercial office buildings reveals that the proportion for onsite wage and salaries for public housing, college housing, and Federal office building construction was from 5 and 10 percent higher than in commercial office building construction. The proportion in private sin gle-family housing was more than 6 percent lower than commercial office buildings (table 24). Materials, supplies, and built-in equipment accounted for at least 5 percent more of the total cost of Federal office buildings, general hospitals, nursing homes, and college housing than of commercial office buildings. The overhead and profit components varied the most among the various types of construction. Federal office buildings, college housings hospitals, and nursing home construction all had overhead and profit components at least 10 percent lower than commercial office build ing construction. Private single-family housing, on the other hand, had a profit and overhead component that was over 7 percent greater than that for commercial office buildings. ever, the only large difference was in the general con tractors’ percentage of contract cost, which was higher for Federal office buildings than for commercial office buildings (38.6 versus 29.4 percent). This higher per centage corresponds to the higher labor requirement for general contractors working on Federal office buildings. Com parison with other BLS construction su rveys Onsite labor. Even though the various surveys were conducted over different time periods and data from each survey have not been adjusted for price change, broad comparisons can be made between the commer cial office building survey and the more recent con struction surveys28(table 22). Except for highways and public housing, commercial office building construction required fewer onsite employee hours per 1,000 current dollars (37) than any other type of construction sur veyed. More labor was required to construct elemen tary and secondary schools and Federal office buildings (42 and 43 hours per $1,000, respectively) than com mercial office buildings. The next group of surveys, which are in the 47 to 50 hours per 1,000 current dol lar range, include college housing, sewer works, and multifamily housing construction. Offsite employee hour data vary between 3 and 9 hours for all of the above surveys. Among the more recent building construction sur veys (i.e., excluding highways, sewer works, and civil works construction), the onsite employee hours attrib utable to the various occupations varied by more than 10 percentage points from the hours for commercial office buildings in only tw o instances (table 23). Car penters contributed 35 percent of all hours in private single-family housing (1969) compared to 19 percent for commercial office building construction (much more wood is used in single-family housing construction), and “other” skilled trades showed a much lower percent in public housing construction (1968)—7 percent versus 19 percent. Cost components. A comparison of the components of cost in building construction surveys with those for 28 The survey years referred to in table 22 are years during which most of the construction took place. Those are the years used in de veloping offsite data and for projecting labor requirements. In tables 23 to 25, the years refer to the completion date o f the surveyed projects. 26 Materials. Among the six building surveys, the per cent of cost for lumber and wood products and fabri cated metal products varied the most (table 25). Lum ber and wood products in commercial office buildings, elementary and secondary schools, and general hospi tals accounted for between 4 and 8 percent of cost, contrasted with 37 percent in single-family housing. The proportion spent for stone, clay, glass, and concrete products fell within a fairly narrow range, from a low of 18 percent for hospitals to 25 percent for public housing. Petroleum refining products and construction equipment accounted for less than 7 percent of cost in all building surveys. T h ree surveys had a cost of 9 p ercent for prim ary metal products. Among the other three, the percentage for single-family housing was lower, and for commer cial office buildings and schools higher than 9 percent. Single-family housing construction again had the low est percentage (13) for a product group—fabricated metal—though multifamily housing had only a slightly higher percentage (16). The other survey’s percentages in fabricated metals ranged between 22 (for commer cial office buildings) and 31 (for hospitals). The three housing surveys had the lowest cost percentages (2 to 4) for nonelectrical machinery, though the other three surveys were not much higher (8 to 12 percent). Per centages for electrical and electronic machinery were scattered over a range of 7 to 16 percent for the stud ies shown. Table 22. E m ployee h o u rs per 1,000 c u rre n t d o lla rs o f contract cost by Industry, all construction s tu d ie s , 1958-76 Co ns tr u c t i on Type of cons-truction and year Commercial office buildings: 1972-73 .................. Total, all indus tr i es 97.5 1/ Trade, t r a n s p o r t a t i on, and services Mining and all - other Onsi te Offsite 37.2 4.8 33.0 16.6 5.9 113.7 79.6 33.2 15.9 11.9 7 .1 65.3 47.3 3/ 36.9 26.7 3/ 14.2 8.8 3/ Manufacturing Public housing: 1960 2/ ............................. 1963 2/ ............................. 1975 ................................ 246.0 175. 1 3/ Elementary and secondary schools: 1959 2/ ............................. 1965 2/ ............................. 1971-72 ............................. 231.8 193.2 114.1 86.0 72.3 41.6 11.7 8.8 6 .0 78.0 65.8 40.8 41.4 34.4 18.8 14.8 12.0 6.8 Federally 1958 1976 a i d e d h i g h w a y s 12 2/ ............................. ................................. 250.7 80.5 97.3 32.2 9.0 3.3 66 . 1 22.8 52.5 15.4 25.3 6.9 Federal office b u il di ng s1 1959 2/ ............................. 1972 .................................. 235.8 3/ 97 . 1 42.3 10.9 4.7 79.2 3/ 35.7 3/ 12.9 3/ College housing: 1960-61 2/ ...................... 1 9 7 1 - 7 2 ................................ 236.3 3/ 93.6 48.3 14.1 3.1 77.5 3/ 37.2 3/ 13.8 3/ 3/ 47.4 3/ 3.9 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ Civil works, -t ot al : 19 6 0 ................................. 1971-72 ............................. Land projects: 1960 ................................. 1971-72 ............................. 213.4 3/ 84.7 43.2 4.5 2.5 53.2 3/ 46.9 3/ 24. 1 3/ Dredging projects: 1960 2/ ............................. 1971-72 ............................. 251.4 3/ 133.9 57.0 15.6 7.0 56.8 3/ 31.6 3/ 13.5 3/ 208.8 128.3 85.9 48.0 4.8 3.0 75.9 48.8 27.2 18.8 15.0 9.7 208 . 1 127.4 82.7 47.0 5.7 4.0 80.0 51.6 27 . 1 17.6 12.6 7.2 Private multifamily housing: 1971 2/ ............................. 137.5 50.0 6.5 46.9 26 . 1 8.1 Private single-family housing: 1962 2/ ............................. 1968-69 2/ ........................ 215.7 145.6 72. 1 51.9 11.0 8.2 68.6 47.2 48.7 29.6 16 . 1 8.7 General hospitals: 1 9 59 -6 0 2/ ........................ 1965-66 2/ ........................ 226.0 189.0 83.8 76. 1 12.3 9.8 78.0 64.0 34.2 29.6 12.7 9.5 Nu rs in g homes: 1965-66 4/ 192.7 73.7 8.4 66.6 33.6 10.4 Sewer w o r k s 1 Li ne s- ' 1963 2/ ............................. 1971 ................................. Plants: 1963 2/ ............................. 1971 ................................. ........................ 3/ 3/ 1 R evised. R evision based on a d ju s tm e n t to 1979 b e n c h m a rks of ing m ate ria ls throu gh im proved in p u t-o u tp u t ta b le s . 3 N ot a va ila b le . 4 E s tim a te d e x c e p t for o n site c o n s tru c tio n hours. B ased on cas e study. E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s series. S om e SIC g rou pin gs w ere not re v is e d for e arlie r years; th u s, d a ta on o ffs ite c o n s tru c tio n hours are not s trictly c o m p a ra b le . D iffe re n c e s , how ever, w o u ld be slig h t. See te x t fo o tn o te 5. 2 In d ire ct d a ta revised from o rig in a l study res u lts du e to rep ro ce s s N O TE: D eta il m ay not add to to ta l du e to rounding. 27 Table 23. Percent distribution of onsite employee hours per 1,000 current dollars of contract cost by occupation, all construction studies, 1958-76 Type of constructi on and year Commercial office buildings! 1974 ....................... Elementary and secondary schools! 1959 1965 1972 ....................... ....................... ....................... Federally aided highways: 1958 1976 ....................... ....................... Federal office buildings: 1959 1973 ....................... ....................... College housing! 1961 1972 ..................... ..................... Civil works! Land projects I9 6 0 1972 ......................... ........................ Dredging projects I9 6 0 1972 ........................ ........................ Sewer works/ total! Other sk ilied con struc tion trades 2.1 6.2 19.0 22.6 6.3 3.3 3.5 2.8 2.7 2.0 2.7 9.4 9.6 9.6 7.9 10 .1 16.9 29.1 30.9 22.3 2.8 3 .1 4.2 1/ 24.3 1/ .4 1/ 1/ .2 38.2 5.9 1/ 33.2 1/ 2.6 1.5 1/ 2.4 1/ 2 .1 1/ 3.8 1/ 8.7 1/ 1 1.8 1/ 32.5 1/ 4.2 1/ 6.6 1/ 1.1 1/ 1.7 1/ 3.6 1/ 3.4 1/ 9.7 1/ 7.8 1/ 31.8 1/ 3.9 1/ 1/ 3.1 1/ 24.1 1/ - — \/ 6.9 1/ 23.0 1/ 26.4 1/ 1/ 1. 1 1/ 1/ 1.7 1/ 1.7 1/ 4/ 90 .8 1/ 3 9 .1 3 0 .0 13.4 14.4 44.9 33.7 18.1 20.6 31.8 7.9 5.9 Brick layers 100.0 7.4 3.3 19.2 6.4 1.6 4.0 1.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.9 3.6 4.4 9.3 9.2 6.0 18.7 16.5 16.8 7.1 7.3 11.0 4.0 1.5 0.9 1 .9 2.7 2.4 100.0 100.0 10.4 6.3 1/ 1/ 5.7 1/ 1.2 2/ 5 1 .4 3/ 2 0 . 3 100.0 1/ 6.0 1/ 5.2 1/ 12.6 1/ 9.1 1/ 100.0 1/ 3.4 1/ 10.0 1/ 16.9 1/ 6.4 1/ All occupati ons 100.0 1/ i0 . 1/ 1 - 1/ Carpen ters Other occupa tions ( including truckdr ivers) Plumb ers and pi pe fitters Admi nistrati ve and supet— vi sory Elec tri cians 100.0 1/ 4.7 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ Iron workers Operati ng engi nears Pla s terers and Painters 1/ lathers 1/ 1/ 2.5 3.3 Laborers/ helpers/ and tenders 1963 19 7 1 ........................ ........................ 100.0 100.0 11.2 12.9 1.7 1.0 7.7 6.9 i.5 2.9 1 .9 1.9 17.4 20.4 1963 1971 ........................ . . ; .................... 100.0 100.0 1 1.6 13.5 1.3 .2 2.4 1.2 . 1 .4 .4 .2 19 .6 27.3 1963 19 7 1 ........................ ........................ 100.0 100.0 11.0 12.3 2.0 1.9 14.3 14.0 3.3 5.7 3.9 4.5 14.6 11.5 1.5 1.9 “ 5.1 7.2 100.0 5.8 5.0 25.4 5.9 2.3 2.9 4.0 1.7 7,6 11.3 25.8 2.3 .1 0 0 . 0 100.0 3.0 2.8 5.5 5.7 34.6 34.9 2.8 3.0 - 1.4 1.8 9.5 7.3 2.0 1.7 5.2 4.3 12.2 20.0 23.3 27.9 .5 .5 100.0 100.0 4.0 3.6 7.6 7.8 19 .1 20.3 4 .1 5.8 2.1 3.5 2.7 3 .1 4.4 4.9 6.8 3.0 7.8 9.3 6 .5 6 .6 30.9 30.2 4.0 1 .9 100.0 100.0 3.9 3.2 5.4 5.0 13.2 13.0 8.8 9.9 3.5 3.1 1.6 1.8 2.8 2.6 6.2 6.1 14.2 15.6 12 .0 13.1 26.7 25.7 1.7 .7 100.0 4.4 6.4 15.2 7.8 2.2 1.8 4.7 5.6 13.7 11.2 26.7 .4 Lines: Plants: Private multifamily housing! 19 7 1 ........................ Private single-family housi ng! 1962 196 9 ....................... ....................... Public housing: 1960 1968 ....................... ....................... General hospitals! I960 1966 ....................... ....................... N u r s i n g homes! 1966 5 / .................. available. 2Includes apprentices and on-the-job trainees and laborers, helpers, and tenders. 3Includes blue-collar worker supervisors. ** .4 - 1.2 “ 4Includes mostly ships’ masters, captains, mates, crew, and support personnel. ‘ Based on case study. 1 .7 .8 28 Table 24. Percent distribution of construction contract costs, all construction studies, 1058-76 Onsi te wages and salari es Materials, s u p p l i es, and built-i n equi p m e n t 100.0 26.7 42.2 2.7 28.5 ........................ ........................ . . . . ............. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.2 25.8 26.7 44.4 54.2 54.1 2.1 1.0 1.4 25.3 19.0 17.8 aided highways? ......................... ................. . 100.0 100.0 23.8 23.9 46.7 50.6 2/ 2/ 29.5 25.5 Federal office buildings? 1973 3/ .................... 1959 ......................... 100.0 100.0 34.0 29.0 50.0 51.4 4/ 1.9 16.0 17.7 College housing? 1972 3/ .................... 1961 ........................ 100.0 100.0 36.0 29.3 51.1 52.6 4/ 1.6 13.0 16.5 100.0 100.0 26.0 29.1 29.0 26.2 22.0 22. 1 22.0 22.6 100.0 100.0 25.0 26.0 32.0 35.0 20.0 19.3 24.0 19.7 100.0 100.0 30.0 32.3 24.0 17.3 28.0 24.9 19.0 25.5 100.0 100.0 24.7 25.3 40.7 46.6 11.5 9.9 23. 1 18.2 . . . . . ............. . .......................... 100.0 100.0 24.3 24.3 35.2 44.5 16.7 11.2 23.8 20.0 .......................... ............ 100.0 100.0 25.2 26.6 47.0 49.2 5.6 8.2 22.2 16.0 Private multifamily housing? 197 1 .......................... 100.0 27.9 44.2 3.0 24.8 Private single-family housing? 1969 5/ ..................... 1962 5/ ..................... 100.0 100.0 20.4 22.1 43.4 47.2 .9 1.0 35.3 29.7 Public housing? 1975 3/ ..................... 1968 .......................... 1960 .......................... 10 0 . 0 100.0 100.0 32.7 32.4 35.5 48.7 41.9 45.0 4.4 1.5 2.5 14.2 24.2 17.0 General hospitals? 1966 ........................ . 196 0 .......................... 100.0 100.0 29.6 28.2 50.4 53.2 1.3 1.2 18.7 17.4 Nursi ng homes? 1966 6/ ..................... 100.0 28.7 53.7 1.2 16.4 Type of construction and year Commercial 1974 office buildings? ........................ Elementary schools? 1972 1965 1959 and Federally 1976 1958 Total contract costs Construct ion equi pment Over head and p r o f i t 1/ secondary Civil works, total? 1972 3/ .................... 1960 ........................ Land projects? ......................... 1972 1960 ........................ Dredging projects? 1972 ........................ 1960 ................. ....... Sewer works, total? 1971 .................... 1963 ........................ Lines? 1971 1963 Plants? 1971 1963 11ncludes offsite wages, fringe benefits, construction financing costs, inventory, and other overhead and ad ministrative expenses as well as profit. 2 Equipment included with overhead and profit. 3 Estimated. 29 4 Equipment included in materials. 5 Includes selling expenses. 9 Estimated. Based on case study. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Table 25. Percent distribution of cost of materials, supplies, and equipment by product group, all construction studies, 1958-76 To t a l mat-rials, suppli es, and eq u ip m e n t Fe d e r a l o f f i c e b u i l d i n q s 1959 ............... 1973 ............... Elementary schools: 1959 1965 1972 Mini-nq an d qu a r r y i n q of n onmetallic minerals except fuel Lumber and^wood furniture Furniture and fixtures Chemi cal an d allied Petroleum refi ni nq and related products Stone, clay, g l a s s and c o n c r e t e products Electrical a n d e l ecPrimary met a l products Fabri cat e d metal products1 Machi n e r y ex c e p t e l e c t r ical machi nery, equip m e n t , and supplies Construc t ion e q u i p m e n t (rental v a l u e an d e?^on)a 100. 00 .67 7.55 .42 .99 1.98 23.90 12.55 22.21 11.43 7 .62 5.99 4.69 100.00 .41 3.31 2/ .34 2/ 1.03 2/ .88 2/ 21.60 2/ 7 .32 2/ 32.81 2/ 6.91 2/ 18.20 2/ 3.59 2/ 3.6 1 1 0 0 .0 0 100. 00 100.00 .83 9.90 9. 13 6.0 9 1.50 2.90 3.67 1.41 .96 1.41 2.02 2.27 1.72 24. 9 9 24.67 20. 1 5 13.07 11.68 11.03 26. 7 8 24.41 24.06 2.47 5.30 7.71 12.32 4.52 1.34 18.67 3 .89 2.21 1.74 22. 1 2 8.85 15.59 3.72 9.36 6.51 .79 40 . 0 5 2.22 1.82 2.30 1.80 23. 5 8 21.33 5.50 5 .05 12.90 1.90 6.77 2.00 1.70 2.20 2/ 27.10 24.70 2/ 8 .00 9.20 2/ 28.50 27.20 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ ind s e c o n d a r y ate multi f a m i l y riv a t e si n g l e housi ng: 1962 ... 1969 ... _ 3.28 P u b l i c housing: 1960 ..... 1968 ..... 1975 ...... .80 14. 10 .30 .30 2/ 1.80 2.00 G e n e r a l hospi t a l s : 1960 ......... 1966 ......... .42 4. 16 4.66 .86 .44 .81 .97 .80 18.98 18.40 6.82 8.6 1 35.05 31.11 12. 11 15.62 2.50 1 0 0. 00 .53 9.06 .27 1.24 1.82 20.16 6.23 33.32 11.03 10.78 2.15 100.00 .78 2/ 10.67 1.70 2/ 1.18 2/ 1.05 2/ 25.78 2/ 6.11 2/ 33.90 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ .80 17.09 17.58 16.77 14.04 3.87 2/ 12.65 2/ 9.09 2/ 1.33 2/ 3 .93 2/ 28.07 2/ 2/ 2/ 1.49 2/ 2/ 2/ .36 3.02 4 .82 55.87 40.77 8 .79 7 .38 2 .39 2.20 3.02 4.48 1.03 .98 1.85 1.25 16.78 15.62 14.48 1 1.22 13.87 33.51 6.72 C o l l e g e housing : 1961 ................ 1972 ................ Federally 1958 1976 ded h i g h w a y s ivil works: L and projects : 1960 ......... 1972 ......... Dredging projects 1960 ......... 1972 ......... 100.00 2/ 100.00 11.34 1.76 17.46 4.15 - - _ - 24 _ 19.48 21.22 “ 13.20 2/ 2/ 4.65 3.43 .79 1.53 2 .27 1.64 - 1 Includes vitreous china plumbing fixtures except for Federally aided highways, private office buildings, elementary and secondary schools (1971), and single-family and multifamily housing. 2 Not available. 1 Construction equipment estimate included in materials and supplies, n.e.c. 4 Based on case study. NOTE: Detail may not add to total due to rounding. 30 1.62 3/ 2/ 2/ 2.05 2/ 6. 13 2/ orks: - 3.4 1 32.22 10.59 Appendii A. Survey Scop© and Methods 6. The study was designed to develop estimates of the employee-hour requirements for the construction of all private commercial office buildings in the 48 contiguous United States. In refining the initial sample it was discovered that the number of subcontractors on a large project could run as high as several hundred. It was decided that, when there were more than 40 subcontractors, only a subsample of these subcontractors would be contacted. In most cases, all general and prime contractors and all subcontractors whose contract value was 4 percent or more of the total project value were scheduled for sur vey. The number of additional subcontractors surveyed was determined as follows: Subtract the total of gen eral, prime, and 4-percent contractors from the figure 25. Divide the resultant figure into the number of con tractors with less than 4 percent of the total project amount. This number is the sample interval number. The “start” number was determined by the last digit of the schedule number and the interval number. The interval number was then used to determine the remaining projects in the subsample. If additional con tractors were identified after subsampling was done, the first 20 encountered were scheduled. Two supplemental samples were drawn to ensure that a statistically acceptable number of projects would be in the final collection sample. The final number of projects in the sample was 83; 13 projects in the North east; 27 in the South; 30 in the North Central; and 13 in the West. Data on monthly labor hours were collected only on a subsample of eight projects because of time and cost considerations. As a result, data on monthly hours are to be considered a case study only and are not neces sarily representative of the universe. Weights for sample units within a cell were calcu lated by using the reciprocal of the probability of se lection. Nonresponse was compensated for within a cell by increasing the weights associated with all the responding units in that cell by a single factor. Indi vidual weights were multiplied by original sample weights provided by the Bureau of the Census. If data were missing partially or completely for a given subcontractor, the subcontractor was asked to Sample selection. The Bureau of the Census selected a sample of commercial office building projects valued at $100,000 or more which, based upon Census studies, had a high probability of completion between May 1, 1973 and August 31, 1974. A gross sample of 650 was selected to assure that at least 250 would have been completed in that period. Weights were assigned based upon the probability of selection. Sample information was based on data from the Bureau of the Census and F.W. Dodge Co. BLS then screened the sample by tele phone to eliminate as many out-of-scope projects as possible. A subsample of 100 projects was selected from the 250 projects that remained. This subsample was stratified by geographic location and cost class. The four geographic regions are defined in footnote 8. The cost classes were as follows: $100,000 to $249,999; $250,000 to $499,999; $500,000 to $999,999; $1,000,000 to $2,999,999; $3,000,000 to $4,999,999; and $5,000,000 and over. (After collection, one project was found to have a final contract cost of slightly under $100,000.) Exluded from the sample were the following types of office construction: 1. Additions to existing office buildings. 2. Renovations or remodeling of existing of fice buildings. 3. Office buildings whose construction cost $100,000 or less. 4. Any office building construction financed or guaranteed by Federal, State, or local governments.5 5. Office building construction not com pleted between May 1, 1973 and August 31, 1974. For this survey, the completion date was the date the building was ready for oc cupancy or the date on which all substan tive construction stopped. Any office building which had 25 percent or more of the above- grade square footage allocated to use other than commercial of fice space. 31 of assigned projects, data collectors usually contacted the owner-developers to secure their cooperation. They then verified that the work contractors performed was within the scope of the survey. The general contractors were telephoned and their cooperation sought. A re fusal by the general contractor usually resulted in that project being dropped from the sample. Visual inspec tion of the construction project and visits to the gen eral and prime contractors followed. At this time, the data collectors obtained all A-form data, some payrolls, the materials and equipment used by these contractors (for the B-forms) and a list of all subcontractors. Next, all subcontractors were contacted and their respective B-forms filled out. After all the data for a sample project were collected, they were checked for completeness and internal con sistency and forwarded to Washington, D.C. for editing, coding for computer processing and analysis. estimate the missing data. If the subcontractor was not available, an estimate was obtained from the general contractor. Except for nonresponding sample units and data es timated by the contractors, there are no known sources of nonsampling error. Data on sampling error will be available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics on request. Although overall estimates of employment are believed to be reasonably accurate, detailed data would have a wider margin of sampling error and may be sub ject to other limitations. Employee-hour and material requirements are affected by a number of factors such as location, size of project, type of structure, architec tural design, availability of certain materials or equip ment, labor skills, and local building codes and customs. The effects of these separate factors cannot be isolated. Data collection procedures. After receiving their lists 32 Appendix B. Forms Used for Data Collection Bureau o f Labor Statistics Survey o f Labor and Material Requirements fo r Private O ffice Building Construction U.S. Departm ent o f Labor General In fo rm atio n O.M .B. No. 4 4 R 1606 A pproval Expires September 30, 1977 The in fo rm a tio n c o lle c te d on this fo rm b y th e B ureau o f L a b o r S ta tistic s w ill b e a ccessib le o n ly to a u th o riz e d p e rso n s a n d w ill b e u se d o n ly fo r th e s ta tis tic a l p u r p o se s s ta te d a t th e tim e o f c o lle ctio n . N am e o f O ffic e B uilding Location (s tr e e t a d d ress) (c ity , c o u n ty , s ta te ) O ffic e Use O n ly Survey Id e n tific a tio n 0 SMSA (E n ter 1 d ig it code) Schedule Num ber (E n ter 3 d ig it c o d e ) 7 BLS 2 6 5 2 .0 7 A (D ecem ber 1 9 7 5 ) 33 State (E n te r 2 d ig it c o d e ) Region (E n ter 1 d ig it code) 2 1. T o ta l V a lu e o f C onstruction C ontract T h is w ill o rd in a rily agree w ith the sum of the general and prim e contracts adjusted fo r any and ali change orders. This m ust also include the value o f equipm en t and m aterials supplied by the project's sponsor. oat This m ust exclude speciality w o rk contracted by tenants and w o rk related to out-of-scope activities described in Technical M em o rand um N o . 7. (R o u n d to w h o le dollars.) 2. C onstruction Dates 2a. Beginning D ate o f C onstruction 2b. Ending D ate o f C onstruction 2c. T o ta l num ber o f weeks in construction (in clude d o w n /tim e ) 3 . T y p e o f C onstruction Th e building(s) is described as: Code 1 - O ffices only 2 - O ffices and apartm ents 3 - O ffices and o th er com m ercial areas (sp e cify) ____________ 005 I I 4 - O ffices, apartm ents, and oth er com m ercial areas (sp e cify) 4 . Square Footage 1111! W h at is the to ta l square footage o f the building(s) covered in this contract? 5. s q.ft. B uilding Characteristics 5a. N um ber o f stories above ground level. Code 1 - less than 2 2 - 2 b u t less than 4 3 - 4 b u t less than 11 5b. 4 5 - 11 b u t less than 3 6 3 6 b u t less than 61 6 - 61 or m ore !!!!!§! N u m b e r o f stories b elo w ground level. Code 1 - less than 2 008 2 - 2 b u t less than 4 3 - 4 b u t less than 6 4 - 6 or m ore 5c. A re elevators (including freig h t elevators) or escalators installed in the building(s)? Code 008 1 - Yes 2 - No 5d. Is air-co ndition ing provided? Code 1 - Yes, central air cond itio nin g 010 2 - Yes, oth er than central air cond itio nin g 3 - No 5e. Is auto m o b ile parking space provided? Code 1 - Yes, in o r under th e building. 2 - Yes, o u td o o r " o ffs tre e t parking." i l l 3 - Yes, bo th in or under the building and o u td o o r. 4 - No 34 3 5 f. W h at is th e m ajor ty p e o f heating provided? Code 1 - Forced air (d u c t h ea tin g ) 2 - H o t w ater 3 - R ad iant heating (e le c tr ic ) wm 4 - N o heat 9 - O th er (s p e c ify ; e.g., ste a m o r so la r) _______ 5g. W h at is the m ajor ty p e o f heating fuel provided? Code 1 - E le c tric ity 2 - Gas 3 - Oil 4 - Coal 5 - No fuel 9 - O th er (sp e c ify ; e.g., so la r) 6. ________________ B uilding M aterials For each building featu re listed b e lo w , select the pre d o m in an t ty p e o f m aterial (in term s o f d o lla r costs fo r th e entire project) w h ich best describes th a t featu re. 6a. Fram ing Code 1 - Steel 2 - Concrete; pre-cast, poured, etc. mm 3 - M asonry; block or brick 4 - W ood 9 - O th er (s p e c ify ) 6b. ______________ E x terio r Walls Code 1 - Steel 2 - Concrete; pre-cast, poured, etc. 3 - M asonry; block or brick III 4 - W ood 9 - O th er (sp e c ify ) 6c. ______________ In te rio r Walls Code 1 - D ry w a ll 2 - Plaster 0t8 3 - M ovable partitio n s 9 - O th er (s p e c ify ) 6d. __________________________ Floor Base Code 1 - Concrete 017 2 - W o o d /P ly w o o d 9 - O th er (s p e cify) 6e. ------------------------------------------- F lo o r Covering Code 1 - W ood 2 - T errazzo 3 - Carpet 4 - Vin yl/vinyl-asbestos tile III 5 - Linoleum 9 - O th er (sp e c ify ) 6 f. __________________________ Ceiling Code 1 - D ry w a ll 2 - Plaster 111 3 - Acoustical tile (in clu din g su sp en sio n ty p e ) 9 - O th e r (s p e c ify ) __________________________ 35 4 6g. R o o f Base Code 1 - Steel decking 2 - C oncrete £2i 3 - W o o d /P ly w o o d 9 - O th er (s p e c ify ) ________ 6h. R o o f Cover Code 1 - A sphalt/asbestos shingles 2 - B uilt-up 021 3 - W ood 9 - O th e r (s p e c ify ) ________ 7 . General C o n tra cto r In fo rm a tio n (D ata in this area are to b e o b ta in e d s o le ly fro m th e gen eral c o n tr a c to r.) If m ore than one general c o n tra cto r, rep o rt fo r the general c o n tra cto r having th e largest d o lla r p o rtio n o f the project am o u n t. R ep ort all percentages and dollars to th e nearest w h ole nu m b er. 7a. A p p ro x im a te ly w h a t percentage o f the building in terio r was fu lly com pleted in the co n tra ct cost? 7b. W h at percentage o f th e general contractor's 1 9 7 4 to ta l d o lla r volum e was fo r: W HOLE NUM BERS 023 % Private o ffic e building(s)? 024 % O th er com m ercial building(s)? 025 % Public o ffic e building(s)? 026 % O th e r (s p e c ify ) (T h e p e rc e n ta g e s in r e p o rtin g fie ld s 0 2 3 -0 2 6 ) T O T A L 100 % .027 7c. W hat was the general contracto r's a p p roxim ate 1 9 7 4 d o lla r volum e o f business in 7d. private office building construction? (R o u n d to w h o le dollars.) W hat factors can the general contracto r id e n tify as having c o n trib u te d to w ard raising or lowering em p loyee-hour requirem ents (p r o d u c ti $ v ity ) during construction o f this private o ffic e b u ild ing , as contrasted to a sim iliar project on which he participated during the past tw o years? Enter an (X ) in o n ly one box (1-raised requirem ents, 2 -low ered requirem ents, or 3 no e ffe c t) fo r each category listed. Lowered R eq uirem en t No E ffe ct 1. Strikes □ 2 □ 3 2. W eather □ 2 □ 3 3. □ 2 □ 3 Raised Category R equirem ents B uilding codes , □ 2 □ 3 5 , Prefabricated com ponents □ , □ 2 □ 3 6 . Standardized com ponents □ , □ 2 □ 3 7. S upply o f skilled w orkers □ , □ 2 □ 3 □ , □ 2 □ 3 q □ , □ 2 □ 3 10. □ , l___] 2 36 d U | 028. I 030 □ 4. A pprenticeship programs 028 • | i i l l i l l 032 033 . 034 035 ] % § § iiii 037 5 8. Number of Contracts How many of the following types of contracts were let for this project? 038 General 039 Prim© 040 Subcontracts 041 SMb-054bs®ntraets Remarks 37 >: 6____________ Remarks—Continued GPO 38 900-671 Bureau o f Labor Statistics Survey o f Labor and Material Requirements fo r Private O ffice Building Construction U.S. Departm ent o f Labor Contract Information O .M .B . N o. 4 4 R 1 6 0 6 A pproval Expires S eptem ber 3 0 , 1 97 7 The in fo rm a tio n c o lle c te d on th is fo rm b y th e B ureau o f L a b o r S ta tistic s w ill b e a ccessib le o n ly to a u th o riz e d p e rs o n s a n d w ill b e u se d o n ly fo r th e s ta tis tic a l p u r p o se s s ta te d a t th e tim e o f c o lle c tio n . N am e o f C ontracto r N am e o f Project Location o f Project (s tr e e t a d d ress) (c ity , c o u n ty , sta te ) O ffic e Use O n ly Schedule N um ber C o n tra ct N um ber M ajor O perations Code S uperior C o n tra ct N um ber (E n te r 3 d ig it c o d e ) (E n te r 3 d ig it c o d e ) (E n ter 2 d ig it c o d e ) (E n te r 3 d ig it c o d e ) BLS 2 6 5 2 .0 7 B (N ovem ber 1 9 7 5 ) 39 Fart I Contract Information Contract Amount a. Fo r th e id en tifie d pro jec t, w h a t was th e fin a l c o n tra ct a m o u n t, including all change orders? (R o u n d to w h o le d o lla rs.) b. 095 $ 096 H o w m uch interest expense, if a n y , d id th e co n tra cto r incur on m onies b o rrow ed fo r this contract? (I f n o n e, e n te r " 0l"J c. $ D id this co n tra cto r have fo rm a l labor m anagem ent agreem ent(s) covering a m a jo rity o f the C ode em ployees w h o perfo rm e d w o rk on th e contract? 1 - Yes 097 2 -N o d . Scope o f O perations B riefly describe th e w o rk p e rfo rm e d fo r th e co n tra ct. A lso, id e n tify the im p o rta n t kinds o f heavy e q u ip m e n t, m aterials, and occupations used or supplied under this co n tra ct. e. List o f Sub-subcontracts R ep o rt any sub-subcontractors w h o w o rk e d on th e id en tifie d pro jec t. F o r each sub-subcontractor, assign a c o n tra ct n u m b er. Fo r th e contract n u m b er, refer to th e S O -3 0 2 fo rm (fo rm e rly th e " C " fo rm ). C ontract N um ber V a lu e o f Sub-subcontract N am e , Address, and Phone $ f. Record o f Persons Supplying D ata D ate o f V is it Field E conom ist N am e and T itle o f Person C ontacted 2 40 Part li Construction Equipment a. Enter to ta l on-site equ ip m en t costs (sum o f all item s reported in colu m n C, lines 1 0 0 -1 0 9 and 1 1 0 -1 9 8 on th e c o n tin u a tio n sheets). If none, enter " 0 ." b. Instructions C om plete colum ns A through D as follow s: C olum n A — List all equ ip m en t used on-site as a to o l o f construction. (E x clu d e e quipm en t required solely fo r personal use.) R ecord each piece o f equ ip m en t separately. C olum n B — Enter th e e quipm en t code fo r each piece o f equ ip m en t listed in colum n A . (R efe r to th e Coding M anual fo r Labor and M aterials R equirem ents Surveys, N ovem ber, 1 9 7 2 .) C olum n C — E nter, in w h o le dollars, th e contracto r's depreciation cost o r th e rental cost fo r each piece o f e quipm en t. If this data cannot be ob tained, enter th e rental cost equivalent; refer to th e Technical M em o rand um fo r the R en tal Cost E qu ivalent procedure. C olum n D — Code fo r th e in fo rm a tio n reported in C olum n C as follow s: Code 1 - c o n tra cto r ow ned equipm en t 2 - c ontracto r ren ted equipm en t For addition al entries, use c o n tin u a tio n sheet(s) fo r C onstruction E q u ip m e n t BLS 2 6 5 2 B (Rev. N ov. 1 9 7 5 ). In the colu m n " O ffic e U se," begin the c o n tin u a tio n sheet w ith th e approp riate line ite m num ber. Explain in the spaces provided a t the b o tto m o f the page, any unusual entries. C olum n A C o lu m n B C olu m n C C olu m n D O ffic e Use D escription o f C onstruction E qu ipm ent E q u ip m e n t Code Depreciation or R en tal Cost E nter Code or 2 Line Item N um ber (express in w h o le dollars) $ 1 100 101 102 1 03 104 105 106 1 07 108 1 09 E nter Line Item N um ber Rem arks or W o rk Area 3 41 Part 111 Materials, Supplies, and Built-In Equipment Costs_________________________________________________________________________ Instructions Complete columns E through I as follows: Column E — Enter the building materials, supplies, or built-in equipment used in or during construction. Dissimilar items are to be reported separately (i.e., rivets should be reported separately from structural steel bar beam). Column F — Enter the materials code for the building material, supply, or built-in equipment listed in Column E. (Refer to the Coding Manual for Labor and Material Requirement Surveys, November, 1972.) Column G — Enter in whole dollars the cost of materials reported in Column E. (Include all taxes and delivery fees.) Column H — If the data in Column G does not include sales tax, enter the sales tax rate (to one decimal) in column H. Example: 5Va% — enter as 5% — enter as 3% Column I — Code for the material cost reported as follows: 0% Code 3 - material cost is absolute (hard data) 4 • material cost is estimated For additional entries, use continuation sheet(s) for Materials, Supplies, and Built-in Equipment BLS 2652B (Rev. Nov. 1975). In the column "Office Use," begin the continuation sheet with the appropriate line item number. a. In whole dollars, report the total cost of all materials and supplies used during construction (sum of all costs in Column G, lines 200-229 and 230-598 on the continuation sheet). Include all taxes and delivery fees. Column Enter Code 3 or 4 If none, enter "0." If "0 " is reported for material cost, leave Column I blank. $ Column E Column Column G F Material Item Materials Total Cost Including All Taxes Code and Delivery Fees 599 Column H Sales Tax Rate if Taxes not Included in Column G (report to one decimal) % $ Office Us® Line Item Number Column 1 Office Use Enter Code 3 or 4 Line Item Number 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 Enter Line Remarks or Work Area Stem Wurraber 4 42 Part III Materials and Supplies Costs—Continued Column E Column F Column G Material Item Material Code Total Cost Including All Taxes and Delivery Fees Column H Column Sales Tax Rate if 1 Taxes not Included Enter in Column G Code (r e p o r t to on e 3 or 4 d e c im a l) Office Use Line Item Number 215 % $ 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 fp 225 226 227 228 229 b. Referring to the list of materials and supplies reported in line item number 200-229 and 230-598 on the continuation sheets, record the sales tax rate for the greatest dollar amount of taxable materials purchased. E x p ress a fra c tio n a l p e rc e n ta g e as fo llo w s : 3% p e r c e n t as Enter Line Item Number Remarks or Work Area 5 43 098 % 3 3 % Part IV a. Labor Requirements Enter to ta l gross earnings (sum o f all earnings reported in C olum n L, lines 6 0 0 -6 5 1 and lines 6 5 2 to 9 9 7 on th e c o n tin u a tio n sheet). If none, en te r " 0 ." b. Instructions C om plete the fo llo w in g fo r all on-site labor: C olum n J — E n te r th e th re e-d ig it occupational code fo r each ty p e o f w o rk e r. (R efe r to Private O ffic e B uildings—C o n tra ct O perations and O ccupatio nal Codes Lists, August, 1 9 7 5 .) C ode jo u rn e y level w o rkers and apprentices separately. C olum n K — R e p o rt th e to ta l num ber o f hours w o rk e d on-site. D o N O T boost overtim e hours w o rked to ob tain average h o u rly earnings. D o N O T include travel tim e unless pay is received fo r this tim e . Use th e rem arks o r w o rk area at the b o tto m o f pages 6 and 7 to id e n tify th e nu m ber o f w h o le hours w o rk e d in overtim e status. C olum n L — R e p o rt to ta l gross earnings paid to em ployees. In clude in " to ta l gross earnings" the fo llo w in g : 1. O v e rtim e pay 3 . C ost-of-living additives 2 . S h ift d iffe re n tia l 4. E m plo yer paid fringe benefits w h ic h are paid d ir e c tly to th e em p loyee D o W O T include in " to ta l gross earnings," em p lo y e r fringe benefits paym ents m ade d ire c tly to adm inistered b e n e fit funds. Fo r ad d itio n al entries, use c o ntinuatio n sheet(s) fo r Labor R equirem ents B LS 2 6 5 2 B (R ev. N o v . 1 9 7 5 ). In th e colu m n " O ffic e U se," begin the c o n tin u a tio n sheet w ith th e app ro p riate line item num ber. C olu m n J C olu m n K C olu m n L O ffic e Use Occu pation Code Gross Earnings R elated to Hours Line Ite m N um ber W hole Hours (ex p ress in w h o le dollars) $ C olum n J O ccu pation Code 600 C olu m n K C o lu m n L O ffic e Use W hole Hours Gross Earnings R elated to Hours Line Ite m Num ber (ex p ress in w h o le dollars) 614 $ 601 615 602 616 603 617 604 618 605 619 606 620 607 621 608 622 609 .6 2 3 610 624 611 E nter Line Item N um ber 625 612 626 613 627 R em arks or W o rk A rea 6 Part IV Labor Requirements—Continued C o lu m n J C olu m n K Occu pation Code W hole Hours C olu m n L O ffice Use Gross Earnings R elated to Hours Line Item N um ber (ex p ress in w h o le d o lla rs) $ C olu m n J O ccu patio n Code 628 C olu m n K C olu m n L O ffic e Use W hole Hours Gross Earnings R elated to Hours Line Item Num ber (ex p ress in w h o le dollars) 640 $ 629 641 630 642 631 643 632 644 633 645 634 646 635 647 636 648 637 649 638 650 639 651 45 Part V Contract Reconciliation T o tal value o f subcontracts let by this contracto r T o ta l e quipm en t cost, (fro m line 1 9 9 , page 3) T o ta l m aterial cost, (fro m line 5 9 9 , page 4 ) T o tal labor cost fro m this " B " fo rm (fro m line 9 9 9 , page 6 ) T o ta l labor cost fro m attached payrolls (approx.) TOTAL ON-SITE COSTS (APPROX.) T o ta l co n tra ct a m o u n t, (fro m line 0 9 5 , page 2) T o ta l on-site costs (a p p ro x .), see above APPROXIMATE TOTAL PROFIT AND OVERHEAD A p p ro x , to ta l p ro fit and overhead T o ta l contract a m o u n t = % p ro fit and overhead E xplain any unusual p ro fit and overhead percentages (over 35% o r un der 10% ) or any unusual expense requirem ents. 8 46 GPO 900-672 Appendix C. Bibliograp Fed@ra!ly=aided highw ays C©n@trycti©n Labor Requirements Studies by BLS Office ©f Productivity and Technology Prier, Robert J., “Labor and Material Requirements for Federally-Aided Highways,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1979, pp. 29-34. Civil w orks construction A study of federally-aided highway projects completed in 1976. The article discusses trends in highway labor requirements since 1958, and provides data on minority employment, occupational distribu tion, and material usage. Estimates of labor requirements are shown for 1978. Bingham, Barbara J., “U.S. Civil Works Construction Shows Decrease in Required Labor,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1978, pp. 24-29. This study was based on a sample o f 45 projects completed in 1971 and 1972 under the supervision of the Corps of Engineers. It pro vided data on labor hours, material and labor costs, and other project characteristic data for both dredging and land projects. Also, a com parison was made with the data from an earlier civil works survey published in 1964. Finger, Diane S., “Labor Requirements for Federal Highway Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, De cember 1975, pp. 31-36. A study of labor and material requirements for federally-aided highway projects completed during 1973. The study examines the trends between 1958 and 1973. Labor and Material Requirements for Civil Works Con struction by the Corps o f Engineers (BLS Bulletin 1390), 1964, 28 pp. Ball, Robert, “Labor and Materials Required for High way Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1973, pp. 40-45. A statistical study of onsite and offsite employee-hour and wage requirements for dredging and land projects in the U.S. Corps of Engineer’s civil works program from 1959 to 1960. Discussion of labor and material trends in highway construction between 1958 and 1970. College housing construction Bingham, Barbara J., “Labor Requirements for Col lege-Housing Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1979, pp. 28-34. Labor and Material Requirements for Construction of Federally-Aided Highways, 1958, 1961, and 1964 (BLS Report 229), 1966, 17 pp. A 37-project sample was surveyed in this study of college housing projects constructed under the supervision of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and completed in 1973. The arti cle summarized the findings on employee-hour requirements, project costs, and other college housing characteristics and compared them to an earlier survey published in 1965. Study providing measures for 1958, 1961, and 1964 o f the labor and material requirements for federally-aided highways, with sepa rate measures of the requirements for onsite and offsite construction. For onsite construction, the study also provides a comparision of an nual labor requirements for 1947-64. Labor and Material Requirements for College Housing Construction (BLS Bulletin 1441), 34 pp. Wakefield, Joseph C., “Labor and Material Require ments: Highway Con struction, 1958 and 1961,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1963, pp. 394-98. A survey of 43 college housing projects which were administered by the Community Facilities Administration. The survey was de signed primarily to determine the employee hours required per $1,000 of college housing construction. A summary comparison o f the 1958 and 1961 highway surveys. Kutscher, Ronald E. and Waite, Charles A., “Labor Requirements for Highway Construction,” Monthly La bor Review, August 1961, pp. 858-61. Miller, Stanley F., “Labor and Material Required for College Housing,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1965, pp. 1100-1104. Summary of findings o f the 1958 highway survey. A summary of BLS Bulletin 1441. Commercial office building construction Federal office building construction Bingham, Barbara J., “Labor and Material Require ments for Commercial Office Building Projects,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1981, pp. 41-48. Olsen, John G., “Decline Noted in Hours Required to Erect Federal Office Buildings,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1976, pp. 18-22. A summary of BLS Bulletin 2102. 47 This report presents the results of a survey of 68 elementary and secondary school construction projects completed in 1972. The re port provides detailed data on employment requirements by occupa tion and type of contractor and information on contract costs and materials requirements. Survey results are compared with the find ings of two similar studies of school construction in 1959 and 1965. Study designed to measure employee hours required for each $1,000 o f new sewer facilities construction contract. The basis for this study was 138 contracts for new sewer works in the years 1962-63. Other Reports, Articles, and Summaries Ball, Claiborne M., “Employment Effects of Construc tion Expenditures,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1965, pp. 154-58. Olsen, John G., “Labor and Material Requirements for New School Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1979, pp. 38-41. A summary of Publication Number BLS/LA B Constr-72/81. Labor 'and Material Requirements for School Construc tion (BLS Bulletin 1586), June 1968, 23 pp. A summary of labor requirements for eight types of construction -broken down by offsite and onsite hours, by occupation, and by region. Finn, Joseph T., “Material Requirements for Private Multifamily Housing,” Construction Review, April 1976, pp. 4-10. A survey of selected elementary and secondary public schools con structed primarily during 1964-65. In addition to providing informa tion on labor requirements, the study also includes data on the types and values of materials used, wages paid, occupations, and use of apprentices. This article summarizes the results of the survey of labor and build ing materials requirments for private multifamily housing (BLS Bul letin 1892) with reference to the value o f the materials, supplies, and equipment used in this type of construction. A detailed listing of the cost of these materials, supplies, and equipment per $1,000 of con struction contract cost and per 100 square feet is included. In addi tion, comparisons are made betwen the results of this study and the public housing (BLS Bulletin 1821) and private one-family housing (BLS Bulletin 1755) studies. Finn, Joseph T., “Labor Requirements for School Con struction,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1968, pp. 40-43. A summary of BLS Bulletin 1586. Labor Requirements for School Construction (BLS Bul letin 1299), 1961, 50 pp. Ball, Robert, “The Contract Construction Industry,” Technological Trends in Major American Industries (BLS Bulletin 1474), 1966, pp. 32-38. A study of primary and secondary employee hours required per $1,000 of new school construction based on contracts awarded for 85 elementary and 43 junior and senior high schools throughout the United States. Discusses economic trends in the industry with emphasis on the impact of technological change on employment, occupations, job skill, and productivity. Epstein, Joseph and Walker, James F., “Labor Require ments for School Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1961, pp. 724-30. “Construction Labor Requirements,” reprint of Chap ter 33 of BLS Handbook of Methods (BLS Bulletin 1910), 1976. A summary of BLS Bulletin 1299. Description of tehniques o f construction labor requirements studies. Mark, Jerome A. and Ziegler, Martin, “Measuring La bor Requirements for Different Types of Construction,” Paper presented before the Conference on the Meas urement of Productivity in the Construcion Industry, sponsored by the National Commission on Productiv ity and the Construction Industry Collective Bargain ing Commission, Washington, D.C., September 14, 1972. Sewer works ©onstruetiom Labor and Material Requirements for Sewer Works Con struction (BLS Bulletin 2003), 1979, 55 pp. This report gives the results of a study of new sewer works con struction in the U.S. completed by August 31, 1973. Most o f the con struction was done in 1971. The sample consisted o f 145 contracts for sewer works: 82 sewer lines and 63 wastewater treatment plants. Data include onsite labor requirements per $1,000 o f contract cost by occupation at the national and regional levels, a detailed listing of the types and values o f the materials and equipment used, and the offsite labor hours required to manufacture and transport the mate rials. Comparision is made with an earlier 1963 study. Discussion o f the BLS program of labor and materials require ments and analysis of the potential of using data from the program to measure productivity by type of construction. Weinberg, Edgar, “Mechanization and Automation of Building Site Work,” National Response Paper for the Economic Commission for Europe, Committee on Housing, Building, and Planning, Third Seminar on the Building Industry, Moscow, October 1970. Ball, Robert and Finn, Joseph T., “Labor and Material Requirements for Sewer Works Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1976, pp. 38-41. Summarizes the 1971 study o f sewer works construction which updates a study done in 1962-63. Provides data on labor and material requirements for construction of sewer lines and plants for the United States. Discussion of current technology and labor requirements at the construction site. Weinberg, Edgar, “ Reducing Skill Shortages in Con struction,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1969, pp. 3-9. Labor and Material Requirements for Sewer Works Con struction (BLS Bulletin 1490), 1966, 31 pp. 48 Private single-family housing construction A statistical study of 26 new office building projects completed in 1973 under the jurisdiction of the General Services Administration. In addition to data on labor requirements, the study provides infor mation on building characteristics and contract operations. Labor and Material Requirements for Construction of Pri vate Single-Family Houses (BLS Bulletin 1755), 1972, 30 pp. Labor Requirements for Federal Office Building Con struction (BLS Bulletin 1331), 1962, 43 pp. A study of labor and material requirements for construction of sin gle- family housing in 1969. A statistical study of onsite and offsite labor requirements for 22 Federal office building projects in various localities of the United States over a 3-year period from the fall of 1957 to 1960. Ball, Robert and Ludwig, Larry, “Labor Requirements for Construction of Single-Family Houses,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1971, pp. 12-14. Murray, Roland V., “Labor Requirements for Federal Office Building Con struction,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1962, pp. 889-93. Summary of BLS Bulletin 1755, a study of labor and material re quirements for single-family housing construction in 1969. Labor and Material Requirements for Private One-Family House Construction (BLS Bulletin 1404), 1964, 37 pp. A summary o f BLS Bulletin 1331. S-tospItaS eonstryction A statistical study of onsite and offsite labor requirements for con structing single-family houses developed from a sample of one-family houses built in 1962 in various localities of the United States. Labor and Material Requirements for Hospital and Nurs ing Home Construction (BLS Bulletin 1691), 1971, 50 pp. Rothberg, Herman J., “Labor and Material Require ments for One-Family Houses,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1964, pp. 797-800. A study similar to the one done in 1962 but with data shown per square foot as well as per $1,000 o f construction contract cost. Covers hospitals and nursing homes constructed in 1965-66. A summary o f BLS Bulletin 1404. Public housing construction Riche, Martha Farnsworth, “Man-hour Requirements Decline in Hospital Construction,” Monthly Labor Re view, November 1970, p. 48. Frier, Robert J., “Labor Requirements Decline for Pub lic Housing Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, De cember 1980, pp. 40-44. Summary of BLS Bulletin 1691. Labor Requirements for Hospital Construction (BLS Bul letin 1340), 1962, 46 pp. A study of public housing projects completed in 1975. The article compares this study to the ones done in 1960 and 1968. It discusses trends in labor requirements and distribution of costs. A statistical study o f onsite and offsite labor requirements for con struction o f selected public and private, profit and nonprofit, general hospitals in various localities of the United States between mid- 1958 and mid-1959. Labor and Material Requirements for Public Housing Construction, 1968 (BLS Bulletin 1821), 1974, 20 pp. A study based on findings o f a survey o f 48 public housing projects sponsored by the Housing Assistance Administration o f the Depart ment o f Housing and Urban Development. Rothberg, Herman J., “ Labor Requirements for Hospi tal Construction, 1959-60,” Monthly Labor Review, Oc tober 1962, pp. 1120-24. Finn, Joseph T., “Labor Requirements for Public Hous ing,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1972, pp. 40-42. A summary of BLS Bulletin 1340. Private muStifamiiy housing construction Summary of a study of labor requirements for public housing con struction in 1968. Labor and Material Requirements for Private Multifamily Housing Construction (BLS Bulletin 1892), 1976, 69 pp. Labor and Material Requirements for Public Housing Construction (BLS Bulletin 1402), May 1964, 42 pp. Discusses labor and material requirements for the construction of private multifamily housing projects. Data were obtained from a sur vey based on a probability sample representing all privately owned structures of five units or more located in metropolitan areas where building permits were issued during 1969 for 500 units or more of this type. The survey covered 89 projects in 22 Standard Metropoli tan Statistical Areas. Most of the construction took place in 1971. A report based on findings of a survey o f 31 public housing projects which the Public Housing Administration administered. Projects were selected in various States to represent four broad geographic regions o f the conterminous United States. School construction Labor and Material Requirements for Elementary and Secondary School Construction (Publication Number BLS/LAB Constr-72/81), 1981, 47 pp. (Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Depart ment of Commerce.) Ball, Robert, “Labor and Material Requirements for Apartment Construction,” Monthly Labor Review, Janu ary 1975, pp. 70-73. Summarizes the first construction labor requirements study o f pri vate multifamily housing construction. 49 Discussion of methods for reducing occupational shortages. Bulletin 2003) with reference to the value of the materials, supplies, and equipment used in this type o f construction. A detailed listing of the cost of these materials, supplies, and equipment per $1,000 of construction contract cost and per 100 square feet is included. In ad dition, comparisons are made with the results of an earlier study of sewer works construction during 1963. Ziegler, Martin, “BLS Construction Labor Require ments Program,” Paper presented before the North American Conference on Labor Statistics, San Juan, Puerto Rico, June 1971. Ball, Robert, “Material Requirements for Private Of fice Buildings and Other Selected Types of Construc tion Activities,” A paper presented before the Con struction Marketing Seminar, Chicago, Illinois, Septem ber 28, 1978. Construction labor requirements program and objectives are discussed. Finn, Joseph T., “Material Requirements for Sewer Works Construction,” Construction Review, January 1979, pp. 4-13. Discusses material and equipment requirements for the construc tion of private office buildings and other types of building construc tion studied by BLS. This article summarizes the results o f the survey of labor and ma terial requirements for sewer works construction during 1971 (BLS 50 ♦U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1982 0-361-270/4909 Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Offices Region S 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Region IV 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E. Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Region V Region I8 Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 Region SSI 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Region VS Second Floor 555 Griffin Square Building Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Regions VSS and VII! 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 Regions IX and X 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678
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