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I- %, 3; Iff I labor and material requirements Dayton & Mont 10 :ffl Public: Lio . rj J U L 2 0 i9 o DOCUMENT CULL for college housing construction Bulletin No. 1441 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner | lb. t m labor and material requirements for college housing W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office Washington, D.G., 20402 - Price 30 cents P reface T h is stu dy o f tota l l a b o r and m a t e r i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g is the eighth in a s e r i e s o f s tu d ie s o f v a r i o u s t y p e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n that m ig h t be a f f e c t e d b y fu tu re g o v e r n m e n t a l a c t io n . S tu d ies w e r e p u b lis h e d p r e v i o u s l y f o r s c h o o l s , h ig h w a y s , F e d e r a l o f f i c e b u ild in g s , h o s p i t a l s , c i v i l w o r k s a c t i v i t i e s o f the A r m y C o r p s o f E n g i n e e r s , p u b lic h o u s in g , and p r iv a t e o n e - f a m i l y d w e llin g u n its . C u r r e n t l y in p r o g r e s s a r e a stu dy o f s e w a g e d i s p o s a l f a c i l i t i e s and a r e study o f s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e s tu d ie s a r e b e in g c o n d u c t e d in the B u r e a u ’ s D i v is io n o f P r o d u c t i v i t y M e a s u r e m e n t , L l o y d A . P r o c h n o w , C h ie f, u n d er the g e n e r a l d ire ctio n of L eon G re e n b e rg , A ssista n t C o m m is s io n e r fo r P rod u ctiv ity and T e c h n o l o g i c a l D e v e l o p m e n t s . T h is b u lle t in w a s p r e p a r e d b y Stanley F . M i l l e r u n d e r the s u p e r v i s i o n o f J a m e s F . W a l k e r . H e r m a n J. R o t h b e r g w a s in c h a r g e o f c o l l e c t i n g and ta bu la tin g the s t a t i s t i c a l data. T h e B u r e a u w i s h e s to a c k n o w le d g e the g e n e r o u s c o o p e r a t i o n o f the H o u s in g and H o m e F in a n c e A g e n c y and its c o m m u n it y F a c i l i t i e s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n in fu r n is h in g s o m e of the b a s i c data u s e d f o r this r e p o r t . T h e B u r e a u a l s o a p p r e c i a t e s the c o o p e r a t i o n o f m a n y g e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s and s u b c o n t r a c t o r s w ho s u p p lie d the m a t e r i a l s in f o r m a t i o n on w h ic h e s t i m a t e s fo r in d ire ct la b o r req u irem en ts are based. 1 CONTENTS Page I n t r o d u c t i o n .................................................................... 1 N a tu re o f the s u r v e y .................................................................................................. 2 G e n e r a l s u r v e y fin d in g s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ................................................. 4 P r o j e c t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .............................................................................................. 6 P r o j e c t c o s t s ............................................ * ............................................................... 8 O n -s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s ............................... . . . . . . . . . 10 R e q u ir e m e n ts b y o c c u p a t i o n .......................................................... 12 A p p r e n t ic e m a n - h o u r s ............................................................................................. 14 G e n e r a l and s p e c ia l t r a d e s c o n t r a c t o r s 1 m a n - h o u r s .............................. 14 C o s t o f d ir e c t w a g e s ........................................................................................ 18 O f f - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t .............................................................................. 21 B u i l d e r s ’ o f f - s i t e e m p l o y m e n t .................................. 23 E m p lo y m e n t in tr a n s p o r ta tio n , tr a d e , and s e r v i c e ................................... 23 ’ ’ L a s t m a n u fa c tu r in g s ta g e ” e m p lo y m e n t ............................................................. 24 E m p lo y m e n t in s e c o n d a r y a c t iv it ie s ................................................. 24 C o n s t r u c t io n t im e .................................................................... 24 E m p lo y m e n t b y c o n s t r u c t io n p e r io d s . ....................................... 25 M a t e r ia ls u s e d .................................. 25 .............................. .... 32 A p p e n d ix . S c o p e and m e th o d o f s u r v e y C h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f the u n iv e r s e and s e le c t io n o f the s a m p le . . . . 32 M a n -h o u r e s t i m a t e s .............................................................................. 32 C o lle c t io n o f o n - s i t e m a n -h o u r data ..........................................33 O f f - s i t e m a n - h o u r s ..................................................................... 33 P r i m a r y d is t r ib u t io n in d u s t r ie s e m p lo y m e n t . .............................................. 33 P r i m a r y m a n u fa c tu r in g e m p lo y m e n t . 34 S e c o n d a r y e m p lo y m e n t in a ll in d u s t r ie s ...................................................... 34 T o t a l m a n -h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s ................................................. 34 T a b le s : 1. N u m b e r o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g p r o je c t s and a v e r a g e c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t p e r s q u a r e fo o t, b y s e le c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and r e g io n , 196 0 -6 1 .................................. 2. O n -s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r c o lle g e h o u s in g p r o je c t s , b y s e le c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 ......................... 3. O n -s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o lle g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , and p e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n , b y o c c u p a t io n and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 .......................................................... 4 . O n -s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o lle g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , by p r o p o r t io n o f lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 ............................................................. 5. A p p r e n t ic e h o u r s as a p e r c e n t o f to ta l m a n -h o u r s w o r k e d on c o l l e g e h o u s in g p r o je c t s , by o c c u p a t io n and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 . . . . . . . . . . iii 9 11 13 15 16 C O N T E N T S - - C on tin u ed Page T a b l e s - -C o n tin u e d 6. P e r c e n t o f to ta l o n - s i t e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r c o lle g e h o u s in g p r o j e c t s , b y ty p e o f c o n t r a c t o r and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 ................................................................................................................. 7. A v e r a g e h o u r ly o n - s it e e a r n in g s and w a g e s a s a p e r c e n t o f c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t f o r c o lle g e h o u s in g p r o j e c t s , b y s e le c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 8. M a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , b y p r o d u c in g s e c t o r and s ta g e o f m a n u fa c tu r e , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 9. C o s t o f m a t e r ia ls p e r $ 1, 000 o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , b y typ e o f m a t e r ia l and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 C h a r ts : 1. D is t r ib u t io n o f 238 m a n -h o u r s f o r e a c h $ 1, 000 o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 ............................................. 2. P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n o f o n - s i t e w a g e s and m a t e r ia ls u s e d f o r e a c h $ 1, 000 o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 ................................................................................................................. 3. O n -s it e m a n -h o u r s f o r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , b y d e c ile o f c o n s t r u c t io n t im e , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 ................................................................................................................. IV 17 20 22 28 5 7 27 L A B O R A N D M A T E R I A L R E Q U IR E M E N T S F O R C O L L E G E HOUSING C O N S T R U C T IO N In tr o d u c tio n N ew c o n s t r u c t io n is a m a jo r c o m p o n e n t o f the N a tio n ’ s output o f g o o d s and s e r v i c e s and an im p o r ta n t s o u r c e o f e m p lo y m e n t . J o b s a r e c r e a t e d n ot o n ly at c o n s t r u c t io n s ite s but a ls o in m a n y m a n u fa c tu r in g , tr a d e s e r v i c e , and t r a n s p o r t a t io n in d u s t r ie s w h ich m a k e , s e ll, and d e liv e r m a t e r ia ls and e q u ip m e n t r e q u ir e d in c o n s t r u c t io n p r o c e s s e s . B e c a u s e o f its f a r - r e a c h i n g e m p lo y m e n t im p a c t, a v ig o r o u s c o n s t r u c t io n in d u s tr y is r e g a r d e d as a s ig n ific a n t a id in a v o id in g c y c l i c a l u n e m p lo y m e n t. T o p r o v id e fa c tu a l data on the e m p lo y m e n t g e n e r a tin g e f f e c t s o f c o n s t r u c t io n e x p e n d it u r e s , the B u re a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s h as a co n tin u in g p r o g r a m o f s tu d ie s to m e a s u r e la b o r and m a t e r ia l r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r v a r io u s s e g m e n ts o f the c o n s t r u c t io n in d u s tr y . C o n s t r u c t io n o f c o lle g e h o u s in g w a s s e le c t e d f o r stu d y b e c a u s e th is s e g m e n t is on e w h ich c o u ld be s ig n ific a n t ly a ffe c t e d b y g o v e r n m e n t a l a c t io n . U n d er the C o lle g e H ou sin g L o a n P r o g r a m , t itle IV o f the H ou sin g A c t o f 1950 (P u b lic L a w 8 1 -4 8 5 ), a p p r o v e d A p r i l 20, 1950, and s u b s e q u e n tly a m e n d e d , lo n g - t e r m lo a n s a r e m a d e at lo w in t e r e s t r a t e s to fin a n c e the c o n s t r u c t io n o f d o r m i t o r i e s , m a r r i e d stu den t and fa c u lt y h o u s in g , d in in g h a lls , c o l l e g e u n io n s , and in f ir m a r ie s w h e r e su ch a s s is t a n c e is n ot o t h e r w is e a v a ila b le on e q u a lly fa v o r a b le t e r m s . T h e p r o g r a m w a s e x p a n d ed in 1955 to in c lu d e stu den t u n io n s , d in in g h a lls and s im ila r s e r v i c e f a c i l i t i e s . It w a s e x p a n d e d a g a in in 1957 to in c lu d e lo a n s to h o s p ita ls f o r h o u s in g stu den t n u r s e s , in t e r n s , and r e s id e n t p h y s ic ia n s . T h e H o u sin g and H om e F in a n c e A g e n c y , in it s 17th annual r e p o r t , in d ic a t e s that a s o f the end o f 1963, a p p lic a t io n s f o r abou t 3 ,0 0 0 lo a n s had b e e n r e c e i v e d f r o m c o l l e g e s and u n iv e r s it ie s s in c e the b e g in n in g o f the p r o g r a m in 1950. T h e to ta l lo a n r e q u e s t s a m ou n ted to m o r e than $ 3 b illio n . O f t h e s e , 1, 992 h a d b e e n a p p r o v e d and t o t a le d $ 2. 1 b illio n . T h r e e q u a r t e r s o f the e lig ib le c o l l e g e s and u n iv e r s it ie s in the c o u n tr y h a v e p a r t ic ip a t e d in the p r o g r a m and t h e ir e n r o llm e n t s a c c o u n t fo r m o r e than 85 p e r c e n t o f the s tu d en ts in the e lig ib le in s titu tio n s . H o s p it a ls w ith n u r s in g s c h o o ls , in t e r n s , and r e s id e n t p h y s ic ia n s h a v e f ile d a to ta l o f 174 lo a n a p p lic a t io n s in the a m ou n t o f $ 107. 1 m illio n . O ne h u n d re d t h r e e o f t h e s e h av e b e e n a p p r o v e d f o r $ 5 8 . 1 m illio n . 1 z D u rin g 1963, u n d er the c o lle g e h o u s in g lo a n p r o g r a m , 231 lo a n s to ta lin g $ 2 7 5 m illio n w e r e c o m p le t e d p r o v id in g liv in g a c c o m m o d a t io n s f o r a lm o s t 5 9 ,0 0 0 stu d en ts and fa c u lt y m e m b e r s and 1 ,5 4 6 stu den t n u r s e s , in t e r n s , and r e s id e n t d o c t o r s . N atu re o f the S u rv e y T h is r e p o r t is b a s e d on the fin d in g s in a s u r v e y o f 43 c o lle g e h o u s ing p r o je c t s w h ich w e r e a d m in is t e r e d b y the C o m m u n ity F a c i l i t i e s A d m in is t r a t io n (C F A ). The p r o je c t s w e r e s e le c t e d f r o m a lis tin g o f 201 p r o je c t s r e p o r t e d a s b e in g s u b s ta n tia lly c o m p le t e d d u rin g c a le n d a r y e a r 1961. The p r o je c t s s e le c t e d w e r e in v a r io u s States r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f the fo u r b r o a d g e o g r a p h ic a l r e g io n s o f the c o n t e r m in o u s U nited S t a t e s .1 T h e s u r v e y w as d e s ig n e d p r im a r ily to d e t e r m in e m a n -h o u r s r e q u ir e d f o r a f i x e d - d o l l a r v o lu m e ($ 1 ,0 0 0 ) o f c o lle g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n . M a n -h o u r s , as d e fin e d f o r the s u r v e y , in c lu d e both o n - s it e and o f f - s i t e c o n s t r u c t io n e m p lo y m e n t and o f f - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t r e q u ir e d to p r o d u c e , s e l l , and d e liv e r m a t e r ia ls u s e d in c o n s t r u c t io n . D ata f o r o n - s i t e la b o r in clu d e m a n -h o u r s f o r s u p e r v is o r y , e n g in e e r in g , c l e r i c a l , and c u s to d ia l e m p lo y e e s at c o n s t r u c t io n s ite s and th o s e f o r w o r k e r s in the c o n s t r u c t io n t r a d e s . D ata w e r e a ls o o b ta in e d on w a g e s p a id and tim in g o f e m p lo y m e n t . In fo r m a tio n fo r o f f - s i t e la b o r in c lu d e s e m p lo y m e n t in a c t iv it ie s o f c o n t r a c t o r s su ch as o f f i c e and w a r e h o u s in g ; b u ild in g m a t e r ia ls and e q u ip m e n t m a n u fa c tu r e and d i s t r i bu tion ; and fin a lly e m p lo y m e n t in a ll o th e r in d u s t r ie s w h ich a r e a ffe c t e d d i r e c t l y o r in d ir e c t ly by p r o d u c t io n and d is t r ib u t io n o f b u ild in g m a t e r ia ls , f r o m ra w m a t e r ia ls to the fin a l m a n u fa c tu r in g s ta g e . C e r t a in ty p e s o f e m p lo y m e n t , h o w e v e r , a r e not c o v e r e d b y the s u r v e y . M a n -h o u r s e x p e n d e d on p r e p a r a t io n o f p la n s and s p e c if ic a t io n s f o r p r o je c t s a r e e x c lu d e d , as is la b o r tim e in v o lv e d in in s t a lla t io n s by p u b lic u tility e m p lo y e e s , site p r e p a r a t io n , la n d s c a p in g , and s t r e e t and s e w e r w o r k not in c lu d e d in the c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t s . 1 The S tates in c lu d e d in e a c h o f the r e g io n s a r e as f o llo w s : N o r t h e a s t - - C o n n e c t ic u t , M a in e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , N ew H a m p s h ir e , N ew J e r s e y , N ew Y o r k , P e n n s y lv a n ia , R h od e Is la n d , and V e r m o n t ; N orth C e n t r a l - - I l l i n o i s , In d ia n a , Io w a , K a n s a s , M ic h ig a n , M in n e s o ta , M is s o u r i, N e b r a s k a , N orth D a k ota , O h io , South D akota and W is c o n s in ; South - A la b a m a , A r k a n s a s , D e la w a r e , D is t r ic t o f C o lu m b ia , F l o r i d a , G e o r g ia , K e n tu c k y , L o u is ia n a , M a r y la n d , M is s i s s i p p i , N orth C a r o lin a , O k la h o m a , South C a r o lin a , T e n n e s s e e , T e x a s , V ir g in ia , and W e s t V ir g in ia ; W e s t - A r iz o n a , C a lifo r n ia , C o lo r a d o , Id a h o, M on ta n a , N e v a d a , N ew M e x ic o , O r e g o n , U ta h ,W a sh in g ton and W y o m in g . 3 E s t im a t e s w e r e m a d e o f la b o r g e n e r a te d b y m o n e y e x p e n d e d f o r c o n t r a c t o r s 1 o v e r h e a d . The m a jo r p o r t io n o f su ch o v e r h e a d c o n s is t s o f a d m in is tr a t iv e s a l a r i e s . E m p lo y m e n t f o r o th e r o v e r h e a d it e m s , su ch as r e n t, b o n d s , in s u r a n c e , ta x e s (in clu d in g p a y r o ll t a x e s ) , fr in g e b e n e fit p a y m e n t s , and o f f i c e s u p p lie s , w as e s tim a t e d f r o m s e c o n d a r y d ata. E m p lo y m e n t c r e a t e d by the r e s p e n d in g o f w a g e s and p r o fit s o f w o r k e r s and th e ir e m p l o y e r s - -th e m u lt ip lie r e f f e c t - - w a s not c o n s id e r e d w ith in the s c o p e o f th is stu d y . 4 General Survey Findings and Characteristics C o n s t r u c t io n o f c o lle g e h o u s in g p r o je c t s d u rin g 1 9 6 0 -6 1 2 c r e a t e d an e s tim a t e d 238 m a n -h o u r s o f e m p lo y m e n t f o r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t c o s t . E m p lo y m e n t at c o n s t r u c t io n s it e s a c c o u n t e d f o r 94 m a n h o u r s , w h ile 144 m a n -h o u r s w e r e r e q u ir e d f o r v a r io u s o f f - s i t e a c t iv it ie s . (S ee c h a r t 1 .) T h e la t t e r in c lu d e d a ll e m p lo y m e n t r e q u ir e d to p r o d u c e and d e liv e r m a t e r ia ls and eq u ip m e n t in s t a lle d b y o n - s i t e w o r k e r s , a s w e ll as e m p lo y m e n t r e q u ir e d b y c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t o r s f o r a d m in is t r a t iv e , w a r e h o u s in g , and c e r t a in o th e r o f f - s i t e o p e r a t io n s . O f f - s i t e m a n -h o u r s (e x c e p t th o s e f o r the c o n s t r u c t io n in d u stry ) a r e d e v e lo p e d f r o m c o s t data r e la t in g to the v a lu e o f m a t e r ia ls u s e d at c o n s t r u c t io n s it e s (in c lu d in g r e n ta l c o s t s o r d e p r e c ia t io n c h a r g e s f o r c o n s t r u c t io n e q u ip m e n t). T o t a l m a n -h o u r r e q u i r e m e n ts w e r e d is t r ib u t e d as f o llo w s : M a n -h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 c c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t T o ta l ................................................................... O n -s it e c o n s t r u c t i o n ....................................... O ff - s i t e ..................................................................... C o n s t r u c t i o n ...................................................... M a n u fa c t u r in g .................................................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n , t r a d e , and s e r v ic e . . . O th er in d u s t r ie s (in c lu d in g m in in g ) . . . N um ber P ercen t 238 94 144 13 73 42 16 100 39 61 5 31 18 7 L e n g th o f c o n s t r u c t io n tim e f o r the a v e r a g e p r o je c t w a s 58 w e e k s , p r o v id in g the e q u iv a le n t o f c o n tin u o u s w o r k f o r abou t 46 w o r k e r s (54 m a n y e a r s ) at c o n s t r u c t io n s it e s . O f f - s i t e a c t iv it ie s p r o v id e d on a v e r a g e the e q u iv a le n t o f 1 y e a r o f e m p lo y m e n t f o r 74 w o r k e r s . 3 2 C o n s t r u c t io n o f the p r o je c t s w a s a c c o m p lis h e d o v e r the p e r io d f r o m la te 1959 to e a r ly 1962, but the g r e a t e r p o r t io n to o k p la c e d u rin g 1 9 6 0 -6 1 . 3 T h e annual e m p lo y m e n t e s tim a te fo r c o n s t r u c t io n w o r k e r s is b a s e d on 50 t im e s the 1961 a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k o f 36 h o u r s f o r g e n e r a l b u ild in g and s p e c ia l tr a d e c o n t r a c t o r s , a c c o r d in g to the B u r e a u 's e m p lo y m e n t and e a r n in g s s e r i e s . F o r o th e r ty p e s o f e m p lo y m e n t, 2 ,0 0 0 h o u r s w e r e c o n s id e r e d as 1 y e a r 's e m p lo y m e n t. Chart 1. Distribution of 238 Man-Hours for Each $1,000 of College Housing Construction Contract, 1960-61 SECONDARY M A N -H O U R S (62) Transportation, Trade and Services M an ufacturin g Includes 3 m a n - h o u r s in m i n i n g an d o t h e r i n d u s t r i es . U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F LA B O R BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS A ll Other Industries 6 A t the 1963 r a t e , c o n str u c tio n o f c o lle g e h o u sin g h a s c r e a t e d ab o u t 14, 000 jo b s a n n u a lly fo r o n - s it e a c t i v it i e s an d a p p r o x im a te ly 20, 000 fo r r e la t e d o f f - s i t e w o rk . C u r re n t e s t im a t e s in d ic a te th at c o lle g e e n r o ll m e n ts w ill to ta l ab o u t 7 m illio n stu d e n ts (100 p e r c e n t in c r e a s e ) by 1975. T h e stu d y d is c lo s e d w ide v a r ia t io n s in m a n -h o u r and m a t e r ia l r e q u ir e m e n ts am o n g p r o je c t s , r e fle c t in g d if f e r e n c e s in type and s i z e of p r o je c t s , g e o g r a p h ic a l lo c a t io n s , and lo c a l c o n str u c tio n p r a c t i c e s . S ig n if i ca n t v a r ia t io n s w e re n oted in su ch r e la t e d ite m s a s a v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s an d s ite w a g e s a s a p e r c e n ta g e of c o n s tr u c tio n c o s t . M a t e r ia l p u r c h a s e s am o u n ted to ab o u t 54 p e r c e n t o f the c o n s tr u c tio n e x p e n d itu r e s , w h ile w a g e s fo r o n - s it e m a n - h o u r s w e re about 29 p e r c e n t. (S e e c h a r t 2 .) E a r n in g s fo r o n - s it e la b o r a v e r a g e d $ 3 . 13 p e r h ou r (1 9 6 0 -6 1 d a ta ). P r o je c t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s T h e 43 p r o je c t s s e le c t e d in the s a m p le f o r th is stu d y v a r ie d in s iz e fr o m one w ith ab o u t 5 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e fe e t to one co n tain in g 2 7 9 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e fe e t; the a v e r a g e w a s ab o u t 66, 000 s q u a r e fe e t. P r o je c t c o n str u c tio n c o s t s (e x c lu d in g s ite p r e p a r a t io n and p lan n in g c o s ts ) r a n g e d fr o m ab o u t $ 7 4 ,0 0 0 to a lm o s t $ 4 m illio n ; the a v e r a g e w a s a p p r o x im a te ly $1 m illio n . A m o st 91 p e r c e n t o f the p r o je c t s s u r v e y e d in v o lv e d c o n stru c tio n o f b u ild in g s co n tain in g only liv in g a c c o m m o d a tio n s fo r stu d e n ts. T h e r e m a in d e r w e r e fo r p r o je c t s co n tain in g dining f a c i l i t i e s o r stu d en t a c tiv ity a r e a s co m b in e d w ith liv in g a c c o m m o d a tio n s . L iv in g a c c o m m o d a tio n s fo r ab o u t 10, 600 stu d e n ts w e re p r o v id e d in 77 b u ild in g s - -7 a d d itio n a l b u ild in g s p r o v id e d on ly din in g f a c i l i t i e s o r s p a c e fo r stu d en t a c t i v it i e s . L o c a tio n s of p r o je c t s stu d ie d w e re d iv id e d a lm o s t e q u a lly betw een m e tr o p o lita n and n on m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s ; h o w e v e r, in the South a lm o s t th r e e - fo u r th s of the p r o j e c t s w e re in n o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s . T h e p r o je c t s stu d ie d w e re o f th re e m a jo r s t r u c t u r a l fr a m e ty p e s ; r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te (63 p e r c e n t), lo a d - b e a r in g m a s o n r y (16 p e r c e n t), and s t e e l (14 p e r c e n t). T h e re m a in in g 7 p e r c e n t w e re a co m b in a tio n o f r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te an d s t e e l. E a c h o f the ty p e s h a s a slig h tly d iffe r e n t d iv i sio n o f m a n -h o u r an d m a t e r i a l r e q u ir e m e n ts a s s o c i a t e d w ith i t s c o n s tr u c tio n . A ll p r o je c t s e x c e p t one h ad p r i m a r i l y m a s o n r y e x t e r i o r s - - t h e one e x c e p tio n u s e d c u r ta in w a ll e n t ir e ly fo r e x t e r io r fa c in g . A lm o s t t h r e e - fo u r th s o f the p r o je c t s w e re c o n s tr u c te d to p ro v id e p a r t i a l o r fu ll b a s e m e n t s . P r o je c t s w e re a lm o s t e q u a lly d iv id e d betw een th o se h av in g e l e v a t o r s and th o se not h av in g e le v a t o r s . B a s e s fo r f lo o r s on a l l p r o je c t s e x c e p t one w a s c o n s t r u c te d o f c o n c r e t e - - c o v e r s fo r th e se f l o o r s w e re r e s i l i e n t tile in a l l e x c e p t one p r o je c t w hich u s e d w ood. A bout 70 p e r c e n t o f the p r o je c t s w e re c o n s tr u c te d w ith c o n c r e te r o o f d e c k s . F o r ab o u t 90 p e r c e n t o f the p r o je c t s stu d ie d , b u ilt-u p ro o fin g w a s u s e d to c o v e r d e c k s . Chart 2. Percent Distribution of On-Site Wages and Materials Used for Each $1,000 of College Housing Construction Contract, 1960-61 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 8 P ro je c t C o sts C o n s t r u c t io n c o s t p e r s q u a r e foot f o r a l l p r o j e c t s a v e r a g e d $ 1 5 . 88. H o w e v e r, w ide d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e n oted in c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t s p e r s q u a r e foot a m o n g the in d iv id u al p r o j e c t s in the s u r v e y and by r e g io n . F o r in d iv id u a l p r o j e c t s , c o s t s p e r s q u a r e foot r a n g e d f r o m about $ 10 to a l m o s t $ 2 8 . A v e r a g e c o s t p e r s q u a r e foot in the N o r t h e a s t r e g io n w a s 21 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r than the U . S . a v e r a g e . C o n s tr u c t io n c o s t s p e r s q u a r e foot in a l l g e o g r a p h i c a l r e g i o n s w e r e g e n e r a l l y g r e a t e r fo r p r o j e c t s c o n s t r u c t e d in m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s , and o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t on t h e s e p r o j e c t s w e r e below a v e r a g e . D i f f e r e n c e s in c o s t p e r s q u a r e foot betw een r e g i o n s m a y r e s u l t f r o m i n t e r a c tio n of s e v e r a l f a c t o r s such a s d i s ta n c e of p r o j e c t s f r o m the s o u r c e s of su p p ly f o r v a r i o u s b u ild in g m a t e r i a l s , h ig h e r o r lo w e r w ag e c o s t s , s m a l l e r o r l a r g e r e x p e n d it u r e s f o r su ch i t e m s a s h e a tin g and i n s u la t in g m a t e r i a l s due to c l i m a t i c d i f f e r e n c e s . C o s t s a r e a l s o in flu e n c e d by the type of bu ild in g c o n s t r u c t e d , w hich i s r e f l e c t e d hot only by the b a s i c s t r u c t u r a l type, but by d i f f e r e n c e s in d e s ig n q u a l i t i e s and d u r a b ility . C o s t f i g u r e s p r e s e n t e d in t h is stu dy p e r t a in to c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s only. C o n s t r u c tion c o s t s p e r s q u a r e foot, by s e l e c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and by g e o g r a p h i c a l r e g io n , a r e shown in t a b le 1. T a b le 1. N u m b e r o f C o l le g e H o u s in g P r o j e c t s a n d A v e r a g e C o n s t r u c t i o n C o s t P e r S q u a r e F o o t , b y S e le c t e d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d R e g io n , 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 1 United S t a t e s N orth east N orth C e n tr a l South W est N u m be r A verage c o s t per sq u a r e foot N um ber A verage cost per square foot Num ber A verage co st per square foot Num ber A verage cost per square foot Num ber A verage c o s t per square foot A ll p r o j e c t s ...................... 43 $ 15.88 10 $ 19. 18 11 $ 15. 86 14 $ 1 4 .0 8 8 $ 1 4 . 69 L o c a tio n : M e t r o p o lita n a r e a ............. N o n m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a . . . 23 $ 16.67 14. 91 4 $ 19.71 17. 78 $ 16. 11 15. 38 4 10 $ 14. 23 14.01 5 3 $ 14.8 7 1 4 .4 6 C o n s t r u c t io n c o s t group: L e s s than $ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . . . $ 1 ,0 0 0 , 0 0 0 an d o v e r . . . . 26 17 16. 27 15.71 5 5 17. 29 19. 85 14. 90 13. 54 5 3 15. 63 1 4 .4 3 16.36 15. 10 6 4 1 9 .4 9 18. 62 14. 38 13. 76 3 5 15. 35 14. 21 C h aracte ristic With e l e v a t o r s ......................... Without e l e v a t o r s ................. l 20 20 23 6 5 6 5 18. 27 1 5 .0 9 5 1 6 6 6 C o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e p r o j e c t s e x te n d e d f r o m la t e 1 9 5 9 to e a r l y 1 9 6 2 , . 26 14. 69 10 4 6 8 but th e g r e a t e r p o r t io n to o k p la c e d u r in g 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 . 10 O n -S ite M a n -H o u r R e q u i r e m e n t s O n - s it e m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s v a r i e d f r o m a low of about 75 m a n - h o u r s to a high of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 140. T he a v e r a g e f o r a l l p r o j e c t s w a s 93. 6 (tab le 2) p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n t r a c t c o s t . Owing to the l i m i t e d n u m b e r of p r o j e c t s s e l e c t e d fo r the s a m p l e , it w a s i m p r a c t i c a l to m a k e an a n a l y s i s and a r r i v e at d efin ite c o n c lu s io n s r e l a t i v e to the w ide d i f f e r e n c e s in r e q u i r e m e n t s o b s e r v e d fo r m o s t of the v a r i o u s p r o je c t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . H o w e v e r, t h e r e d o e s a p p e a r to be a d efin ite r e l a t i o n s h ip betw een m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s and the s i z e a n d / o r lo c a tio n of p r o j e c t s . A s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e w a s noted in the g r e a t e r a v e r a g e n u m b e r of m a n - h o u r s r e q u i r e d fo r p r o j e c t s lo c a t e d in the South. R e q u i r e m e n t s in th is r e g io n w e r e r e p o r t e d at o n e -fifth g r e a t e r than the n a tio n a l a v e r a g e and a l m o s t o n e - th ir d g r e a t e r than the a v e r a g e fo r the W e st. In s o m e c a s e s , the g r e a t e r m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e p r o b a b ly due to the s i z e an d lo c a t io n of p r o j e c t s in th is r e g io n . A l m o s t t h r e e - f o u r t h s of the 14 p r o j e c t s in the South h ad a c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t b elo w the n a tio n a l a v e r a g e of $ 1 m i l lion . S e v e n ty -o n e p e r c e n t of the p r o j e c t s in the South w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d in n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s . I n d ic a tio n s f r o m oth er c o n s t r u c t io n l a b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s s t u d ie s m a d e by the B u r e a u a r e that s m a l l e r p r o j e c t s c o n s t r u c t e d in n o n m e t r o p o li tan a r e a s tend to r e q u i r e m o r e o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n s t r u c tion c o s t than do l a r g e r p r o j e c t s c o n s t r u c t e d in m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s . G e n e r a l l y , s m a l l p r o j e c t s c o n s t r u c t e d in n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s p r e s e n t l e s s o p p o rtu n ity to u t iliz e la b o r s a v in g eq u ip m e n t and p r o c e d u r e s . T h e r e i s a g r e a t e r te n d e n cy to u s e lo w e r s k il l e d w o r k e r s at low w ag e r a t e s in p l a c e of su ch e q u ip m e n t and p r o c e d u r e s . T h i s te n d e n c y i s in p a r t b o rn e out by the f a c t that in m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s , 63 p e r c e n t of the p r o j e c t s stu d ie d r e q u i r e d l e s s than the a v e r a g e n u m b e r of o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t , and a l m o s t 75 p e r c e n t of the p r o j e c t s r e p o r t e d h ig h e r than a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s . C o n v e r s e l y , in n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s w h e re 62 p e r c e n t of the p r o j e c t s r e q u i r e d m o r e than the a v e r a g e n u m b e r of m a n h o u r s , a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s w e r e lo w e r fo r about 60 p e r c e n t of the p r o j e c t s stu d ie d . C o m p a r i s o n of m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s fo r p r o j e c t s with e l e v a t o r s an d th o s e w ithout e l e v a t o r s r e v e a l s that th o se w ithout e l e v a t o r s r e q u i r e d c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e m a n - h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t . A n a l y s i s of t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s r e v e a l s , a g a in , that s i z e and lo c a t io n of p r o j e c t s a r e m o r e than lik e ly to be the dom in an t f a c t o r s r a t h e r than the in c lu s io n of e x c l u s i o n of e l e v a t o r s . T a b le 2 . O n -S i t e M a n - H o u r R e q u i r e m e n t s fo r C o l l e g e H o u s in g P r o j e c t s , b y S e le c t e d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d R e g io n , 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 1 United S t a t e s N ortheast $ 1 ,000 of cost sq u a r e feet $ 1 ,0 0 0 of cost square fe e t 93. 6 1,4 8 6 8 5 .0 1 ,6 3 0 8 6 .8 .9 1,447 1, 534 8 5 .0 8 5 .0 , 682 1 ,403 1,451 1,5 4 4 L o c a tio n : M e t r o p o lita n a r e a ............. N o n m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a . . . 1 0 2 C o n s t r u c t io n c o s t group: L e s s than $ 1 ,0 0 0 , 000 . . . $ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 an d o v e r . . . . 103. 3 89. 3 With e l e v a t o r s ......................... Without e l e v a t o r s ................. 8 8 . 7 102. 3 l 8 6 1 ,0 0 0 W est 1 $ 1,0 0 0 of cost square fe et $ 1 ,0 0 0 of cost square fe et $ 1 ,0 0 0 of cost square feet .9 1, 378 1 1 1 .5 1,571 84. 3 1, 239 1 ,6 7 6 1 ,5 1 2 8 3 .4 9 3 .9 1, 344 1 ,4 4 4 9 8 . 8 117. 9 1 ,4 0 7 1,651 8 4 .0 8 4 .8 1, 249 1 , 226 84. 7 85. 1 1 ,4 6 5 1 ,6 9 0 104. 5 80. 1 1, 909 1, 209 114. 7 109. 2 1,7 1 0 1 ,4 7 8 9 1 .4 82. 2 1 ,4 2 9 1, 185 8 6 . 2 82. 7 1,6 8 1 1 ,5 4 0 82. 6 100. 7 1, 344 1 ,4 7 9 125. 8 1,4 4 7 1,731 82. 1 8 6 . 1 1 ,0 0 0 C o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e p r o j e c t s e x te n d e d f r o m la t e 1 9 5 9 to e a r l y 1 9 6 2 , South On--s ite m an -■ hours p e r - - C h aracte ristic A ll p r o j e c t s ...................... N orth C e n tr a l 1 ,0 0 0 1 0 1 .0 1 ,0 0 0 1 ,0 0 0 , 261 1, 223 1 but th e g r e a t e r p o r t io n to o k p la c e d u r in g 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 . 12 M an -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts w e re the h ig h e st fo r p r o je c t s c o n s tr u c te d w ith lo a d - b e a r in g m a s o n r y fr a m in g ; r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te s t r u c t u r e s r e q u ir e d the n ex t h ig h e st n u m b er of m a n - h o u r s . S t r u c t u r e s u s in g s t e e l fo r fr a m in g r e q u ir e d the th ir d h ig h e st n u m b e r o f m a n - h o u r s . T h r e e p r o je c t s stu d ie d u s e d a c o m b in a tio n o f s t e e l an d r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te an d r e p o r te d the l e a s t n u m b e r of m a n - h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n str u c tio n c o s t . It i s not c l e a r , h o w e v e r, w h eth er the v a r ia t io n s a r e due to s t r u c t u r a l d if f e r e n c e s o r if s i z e s an d lo c a tio n s o f the p r o je c t s a r e the m a in c o n trib u tin g f a c t o r s . P r o je c t c o n str u c tio n c o s t s w e re g r e a t e r than a v e r a g e fo r th o se u s in g a co m b in a tio n o f fr a m in g m a t e r i a l s . A ll p r o je c t s (six ) c o n s t r u c t e d w ith s t e e l fr a m in g in d ic a te d c o s t s belo w a v e r a g e an d a l l e x c e p t one o f th e s e p r o je c t s w e re lo c a te d in n o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s . R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te w a s u s e d in c o n str u c tio n o f 50 p e rc e n t of the p r o je c t s lo c a t e d in n o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s an d fo r a lm o s t fo u r - fifth s o f th o se in m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s . O w ing to in s u ffic ie n t d a ta fo r so m e ty p e s of c o n stru c tio n in a l l r e g io n s , c o m p a r is o n s a r e not p r e s e n t e d by re g io n ; h o w e v e r, the fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n p r e s e n t s d a ta p e r ta in in g to the to ta l p r o je c t s su rv e y e d : T y p e of s t r u c t u r a l fr a m in g N u m b er of p r o je c t s M a n -h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o s t C o st p er s q u a r e fo o t A ll p r o j e c t s .................... R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e .......... L o a d - b e a r in g m a s o n r y . . S te e l .......................................... C o m b in a tio n ( s t e e l and r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te ) . . . 43 27 7 6 9 3 .6 9 6 .9 1 0 2 .0 92 . 2 $ 1 5 .8 8 1 6 .0 8 1 5 .4 7 17. 53 3 77 . 1 14. 88 R e q u ir e m e n ts by O ccu p atio n R e g io n a l v a r ia t io n s in m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts fo r d iffe re n t o c c u p a tio n s (ta b le 3) r e f le c t d iffe r e n c e s in d e s ig n , w o rk p r a c t i c e s , and w age r a t e s . T h e g r e a t e s t v a r ia tio n s a r e n o ted in the d iv is io n betw een s k ille d an d u n sk ille d o c c u p a tio n s. F o r p u r p o s e s of th is stu d y , l a b o r e r s , h e lp e r s , an d t e n d e r s w e re c l a s s i f i e d a s lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s . In the South , o v e r 40 p e r c e n t o f the o n - s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts w e re a c c o u n te d fo r by th e s e lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s , w h e r e a s , in the o th e r r e g io n s , the ra n g e w a s fr o m ab o u t 25 to 30 p e r c e n t. R e g io n a l v a r ia t io n s w ithin the s k ille d o c c u p a tio n s a r e r e la t e d m o s t d ir e c t ly to d iff e r e n c e s in s t r u c t u r a l ty p e s . D istin c tiv e d if f e r e n c e s a r e n oted fo r th o se p r o je c t s u s in g r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te fo r s t r u c t u r a l fr a m in g . M a n h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts on th e s e p r o je c t s a r e h igh fo r l a t h e r s , ir o n w o r k e r s , an d p lu m b e r s , but low fo r c a r p e n t e r s an d p a in t e r s . M an -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts , of c o u r s e , a r e h igh fo r b r ic k la y e r s on th o se p r o je c t s c o n s t r u c t e d w ith lo a d b e a r in g m a s o n r y . T a b le 3. On-Site Man-Hour R e q u ire m e n ts p er $ 1 ,0 0 0 of C o lle ge Housing C onstruction C ontract, and P e r c e n t Distribution, by Occupation and Region, 1960-61 1 United S t a te s O ccupation N o r th ea st North C e n tr a l South West M an -h ou rs M a n -h ou rs M an -h ou rs M a n -h o u rs Percent P e r c e n t M a n -h o u rs P e r c e n t Percent Percent worked worked w orked worked w orked A ll o c c u p a t i o n s ............................................. 9 3 .6 100.0 8 5 .0 100.0 8 6 .9 10 0.0 111.5 100.0 84. 3 100.0 G e n e r a l s u p e r v i s o r s ........................................ 2.4 2 .6 2. 1 2. 5 2. 2 2. 5 3 .0 2 .6 2. 2 2.6 P r o f e s s i o n a l , tec h n ica l, and c l e r i c a l . . . .8 .8 1. 1 1.3 .9 1 .0 .7 .6 (2/) (2/) C a r p e n t e r s ........................................................... B r i c k l a y e r s ......................................................... P l u m b e r s ................................................................ E l e c t r i c i a n s ......................................................... I r o n w o r k e r s ......................................................... R e in fo rc in g ...................................................... S t r u c t u r a l ........................................................... O rn a m en ta l ...................................................... P a i n t e r s .................................................................. C em e n t f i n i s h e r s ............................................... P l a s t e r e r s .............................................................. O p e ra tin g e n g i n e e r s ........................................ L a t h e r s .................................................................. S h e e t - m e t a l w o r k e r s ...................................... T i l e s e t t e r s and t e r r a z z o w o r k e r s .......... A s b e s t o s w o r k e r s ............................................. R o o f e r s .................................................................. Soft flo o r l a y e r s ............................................... G l a z i e r s .................................................................. E l e v a t o r m e c h a n ic s ........................................ 15.8 9 .4 9.1 6. 2 3.6 2. 2 .7 .7 3.3 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 .8 .7 .6 .5 .3 1 6.9 10.0 9 .7 6 .6 3 .9 2 .4 .8 .7 3 .6 1 .9 1 .8 1.7 1 .6 1.5 1 .3 .8 .8 .6 .5 .4 15. 2 9 .8 9 .4 7. 1 4. 3 2. 8 .4 1. 1 3 .0 1.6 .6 1.5 .7 2 .0 1.4 .7 .7 .6 .5 .3 17.9 11 .5 11. 1 8. 3 5. 1 3. 3 .5 1. 3 3 .5 1 .9 .7 1.7 .9 2 .4 1 .6 .7 .9 .7 .6 .4 1 2 .8 9 .5 9 .0 6 .0 3 .9 2. 2 .7 1. 1 2 .9 1 .4 2 .4 1 .4 2. 1 1 .5 1 .2 1.0 .9 .6 .4 .3 14 .7 1 0.9 10. 3 6 .9 4 .5 2. 5 .8 1 .2 3 .4 1 .6 2. 8 1 .6 2 .4 1 .8 1 .4 1 .2 15.5 9 .4 8 .3 5 .4 2 .6 1.8 .7 (2/) .7 .5 .4 17. 2 10. 5 9 .2 6 .0 2 .9 2.0 .8 (2/) 375 2. 1 2. 3 1.6 1.6 .7 1.4 .6 .6 .4 .6 .4 21. 3 4.9 8 .6 5. 2 3. 1 1.6 1. 2 .2 5.0 2.0 1. 3 1.9 1. 3 1. 3 .6 .7 .6 .9 .5 .2 2 5 .3 5 .9 10. 1 6. 2 3 .6 1.9 1.5 .3 5 .9 2 .4 1.5 2. 2 1.5 1.6 .7 .9 .8 L a b o r e r s 3 .............................................................. H e l p e r s and t e n d e r s 3 ............................... .. T r u c k d r i v e r s ...................................................... W a t c h m e n .............................................................. Other ....................................................................... 24. 2 5.6 .5 .3 .3 2 5 .8 6 .0 .5 .3 .3 17. 4. . . . 20. 1 4 .8 .4 .6 .4 20. 6 5 .0 .5 .1 .3 23. 8 5 .7 .5 .1 .3 3 7 .0 8. 1 .6 .3 .3 33. 2 7 .3 .5 .2 .2 16.4 4. 5 19.4 5 .3 1.2 .3 .7 1 1 3 5 3 1.0 37 1 1.9 2 .0 1.5 1.4 .6 1 .3 .5 .6 .4 .5 .4 1 C o n s tru c tio n of the p r o je c t s extended fro m late 1959 to e a r ly 1962, but the g r e a t e r portion took p la ce during 1960-61. 2 L e s s than 0 . 0 5 p erc en t. 3 L a b o r e r s , h e l p e r s , and ten d e rs a r e c o n s id e re d a s lower sk illed. N o te : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual i te m s m a y not add to t o t a ls. 1.0 .2 .6 1. 1 .6 .2 14 The r e la tiv e p r o p o r tio n s of lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d , a s show n in ta b le 4 , d ep en d s p a r t ly on the type of s t r u c t u r e , on the le v e l of w a g e s , and on w ork p r a c t i c e s . Low w age r a t e s m a k e it m o r e e c o n o m ic a l to u se g r e a t e r q u a n titie s of su ch w o r k e r s . If w ag e r a t e s a r e h ig h , th e re is a g r e a t e r in ce n tiv e to su b stitu te la b o r s a v in g e q u ip m en t an d te c h n iq u e s fo r lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s . T h e re i s m uch l e s s p o s s i b il i t y of r e p la c in g s k ille d w o r k e r s by su ch eq u ip m en t and te c h n iq u e s e v en if w age r a t e s a r e qu ite h igh . The p r e s e n t n a tu re of b u ild in g c o n stru c tio n i s su ch th at m e c h a n iz a tio n c a n not be c a r r i e d a s f a r a s in m o s t o th e r in d u s t r i e s . A p p re n tic e M a n -H o u rs A p p r e n tic e s in f o r m a l, r e g i s t e r e d a p p r e n tic e s h ip p r o g r a m s 5 a c c o u n te d fo r 4. 7 p e r c e n t of to ta l o n - s it e m a n - h o u r s and 7. 3 p e r c e n t of s k ille d m a n - h o u r s (tab le 5). A p p re n tic e e l e c t r i c i a n s , s h e e t - m e t a l w o r k e r s , and p lu m b e r s a c c o u n te d fo r a g r e a t e r p ro p o r tio n of s k ille d m a n - h o u r s fo r th e ir c r a f t than a ll o t h e r s - - 1 8 . 3, 1 6 .8 , and 1 2 .5 , r e s p e c t iv e ly . A p p re n tic e m a n - h o u r s w e re r e la t iv e ly high fo r th e s e o c c u p a tio n s in a l l r e g io n s . F o r m a l a p p r e n tic e s h ip tra in in g p r o g r a m s do not e x is t o r a r e ju s t e v o lv in g fo r th re e o c c u p a t i o n s - - a s b e s t o s w o r k e r s , e le v a t o r m e c h a n ic s , and o p e ra tin g e n g i n e e r s . T ra in in g in th e se o c c u p a tio n s i s u s u a lly a c c o m p lis h e d on an i n f o r m a l b a s i s th ro u gh a s s i s t i n g a jo u r n e y m a n in h is w o rk u n til the t r a in e e i s c o n s id e r e d fu lly q u a lifie d to p e r fo r m at the jo u rn e y m a n le v e l of p r o fic ie n c y . In so m e i n s t a n c e s , p r e d e te r m in e d tim e p e r io d s of o n - th e -jo b tr a in in g a r e r e q u ir e d to be e lig ib le fo r u p g ra d in g to jo u r n e y m a n s t a t u s . T h is c r i t e r i a h a s u s u a lly b een in fo r m a lly e s t a b lis h e d th ro u gh lo c a l w o rk p r a c t i c e s . W o rk e r s in a le a r n in g s t a t u s , w h eth er d e s ig n a te d a s " i m p r o v e r s '1 in the c a s e of a s b e s t o s w o r k e r s , " h e l p e r s 11 in e le v a t o r in s t a lla tio n , o r " o i l e r s " in c o n str u c tio n eq u ip m en t o p e r a tio n , w e re g ro u p e d w ith h e lp e r s and te n d e r s f o r th is r e p o r t . H igh r a t e s of a p p r e n tic e m a n - h o u r s a r e u s u a lly a s s o c i a t e d with so m e s m a l l e r c r a f t s o r w ith th o se c r a f t s w h e re th e re i s a s h o r ta g e of s k ille d jo u rn e y m e n , G e n e r a l an d S p e c ia l T r a d e s C o n t r a c t o r s 1 M a n -H o u rs E m p lo y e e s of g e n e r a l c o n t r a c to r s a c c o u n te d fo r a lm o s t 50 p e r c e n t of a l l o n - s it e m a n - h o u r s w o rk ed on c o lle g e h o u sin g p r o je c t s s u r v e y e d (tab le 6). T h is r a tio w a s so m ew h at lo w e r in the N o r th e a s t and N orth C e n t r a l r e g io n s and h ig h e r fo r the South and W e st. A g r e a t e r p e r c e n ta g e of 5 A bon a fid e a p p r e n tic e s h ip p r o g r a m r e g i s t e r e d w ith a S ta te A p p r e n tic e sh ip C o u n cil w hich i s r e c o g n iz e d by the F e d e r a l C o m m itte e on A p p r e n tic e sh ip , U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r , o r a p r o g r a m r e g i s t e r e d w ith the B u r e a u o f A p p r e n tic e sh ip and T r a in in g , U . S. D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r. 15 T a b le 4 . O n -S ite M an -H o u r R e q u ir e m e n ts p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of C o lle g e H o u sin g C o n stru c tio n C o n tr a c t, by P r o p o r tio n o f L o w e r S k ille d W o r k e r s E m p lo y e d 1 an d R e g io n , 1 960-61 2 P e r c e n t of to ta l w o rk ers lo w e r s k ille d M a n -h o u rs p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n tr a c t U n ited S ta te s N o r th e a s t N o rth C e n tr a l South W est A ll w o r k e r s ............. 93. 6 8 5 .0 8 6 .9 111. 5 84. 3 25. 0 an d u n d e r ............. 2 5 .1 - 3 5 .0 ....................... 35. 1 an d o v e r ............... 83. 3 8 8 .4 1 1 2 .4 8 4 .4 8 5 .4 7 9 .9 86 . 8 104. 6 87. 9 112. 2 113. 2 8 3 .5 85 . 2 -" — 1 F o r p u r p o s e s of th is c o m p a r is o n , l a b o r e r s , h e l p e r s , and t e n d e r s w e re c l a s s i f i e d a s lo w e r s k ille d , 2 C o n stru c tio n of the p r o je c t s ex te n d ed fr o m la te 1959 to e a r l y 1962, but the g r e a t e r p o rtio n took p la c e d u rin g 1 9 6 0 -6 1 . 16 T a b le 5 . A p p re n tic e H o u r s a s a P e r c e n t o f T o t a l M a n -H o u r s W o rked on C o lle g e H o u sin g P r o je c t s , by O cc u p a tio n an d R e g io n , 1960-61 1 U n ited S ta te s N o r th e a s t N o rth C e n tr a l South A ll w o r k e r s ......................... 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.7 6.4 S k ille d t r a d e s o n l y .................. 7. 3 6.7 6.0 8.4 9.0 B r i c k l a y e r s ................................ C a r p e n t e r s ................................ C e m e n t f i n i s h e r s .................... E l e c t r i c i a n s ................................ G l a z i e r s ................................ .. • . I r o n w o r k e r s ................................ O r n a m e n t a l .............................. R e i n f o r c i n g .............................. S t r u c t u r a l ................................ L a t h e r s .......................................... P a i n t e r s ........................................ P l a s t e r e r s ................................... P l u m b e r s ..................................... R o o f e r s ...................... • S h e e t - m e ta l w o r k e r s ............. S o ft - flo o r l a y e r s ...................... T ile s e t t e r s an d t e r r a z z o w o r k e r s ..................................... 5. 3 4.4 2. 3 18.3 6.7 3.5 5.5 .9 9.7 7. 1 4.5 2. 1 12. 5 8.8 16.8 5.9 5.4 2.9 6.4 14.9 11.7 1.6 5.4 (2/) IT 8 6.6 2.7 2.5 10.5 1.7 27. 3 8.5 3.3 5.4 (2/) 1478 6.6 3.6 2.0 6.1 .4 .8 8.0 5. 1 2.7 9.5 13.0 2.9 6.4 23. 6 1.9 7.5 3.4 1.0 23. 3 6.4 6.1 1. 2 16.5 13. 2 20.0 2. 2 8. 1 7. 2 5.0 24.4 22.0 5.0 .9 5. 8 4. 7 6. 2 3. 1 2. 6 14. 6 1. 3 14.4 5.8 6. 2 .8 5.9 11.2 6.8 O ccu p a tio n — — W e st 1 C o n str u c tio n o f the p r o je c t s e x te n d e d fr o m la t e 1959 to e a r l y 1962, but the g r e a t e r p o rtio n to o k p la c e d u rin g 1 9 6 0 -6 1 . 2 L e s s than 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t. 17 T a b le 6. P e r c e n t of T o t a l O n -S ite M an -H o u r R e q u ir e m e n ts fo r C o lle g e H o u sin g P r o je c t s , by T y p e of C o n tr a c to r an d R e g io n , 1 9 6 0-61 1 U n ited S ta te s N o r th e a s t N o rth C e n tr a l South W est A ll t y p e s ................................... 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 G e n e r a l ............................................. 4 9 .4 47. 2 42. 1 56 . 2 5 0 .4 S p e c ia l t r a d e s .............................. P lu m b in g an d h e a t i n g .......... E l e c t r i c a l ................................... M a so n r y .................... ................ P l a s t e r i n g and la t h in g .......... P a i n t i n g ........................................ T ile an d t e r r a z z o w o rk # # . S t r u c t u r a l an d o rn a m e n ta l i r o n w o r k ................................... R o o fin g an d sh e e t m e ta l . . . S ite p r e p a r a t io n an d e x c a v a t io n ................................ 50. 6 1 4 .5 7 .0 6 .6 4 .9 3 .4 3 .0 52. 8 14. 2 8 .4 7 .4 2 .0 3. 6 3 .7 5 7 .9 15. 2 6 .9 9 .7 7 .6 3 .4 3 .0 4 3 .8 1 4 .4 6. 1 3 .5 5 .0 3. 1 2. 9 49. 6 1 3 .5 6 .4 7 .5 4. 1 4 .0 1 .3 2 .7 1 .4 4. 3 1 .6 3 .0 1 .4 1 .9 1. 2 1 .9 1 .5 1. 2 1 .6 1 .4 1 .0 .5 A ll o th e r t y p e s ......................... 5 .9 6 .0 6. 3 4. 7 8 .9 T y p e of c o n tr a c to r 1 C o n stru c tio n o f p r o je c t s ex te n d ed fr o m la te 1959 to e a r l y 1962, but the g r e a t e r p o rtio n to o k p la c e d u rin g 1 9 6 0 -6 1 . 18 the p r o je c t s in the la t t e r two r e g io n s r e p o r te d c o n s tr u c tio n c o s t s lo w e r th an the a v e r a g e fo r the U nited S t a t e s . The s m a l l e r p r o je c t s iz e found in the m a jo r it y of South and W est p r o je c t s , u s u a lly e n ta ile d m o r e a c tiv ity by the g e n e r a l c o n t r a c to r , b e c a u s e fo r m an y b u ild in g t r a d e s , th e re w a s in s u f f i c ie n t w o rk to n e c e s s i t a t e the is s u in g of s u b c o n t r a c t s . P lu m b in g an d h e a tin g , e l e c t r i c a l , and m a s o n r y w e re the th re e s p e c ia l t r a d e s g r o u p s show ing the g r e a t e s t p e r c e n ta g e of to ta l m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts - - a b o u t 28 p e r c e n t. M an h o u rs r e p o r te d fo r t h e se th r e e s p e c ia l t r a d e s a c c o u n te d f o r o v e r 55 p e r c e n t o f a l l m a n - h o u r s r e p o r te d by s p e c ia l tr a d e s u b c o n t r a c t o r s . The a v e r a g e n u m b e r of s u b c o n tr a c t o r s e m p lo y e d p e r p r o je c t i s show n in the fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n : A v e r a g e n u m b e r of s u b c o n tr a c t o r s p e r c o lle g e h o u sin g p r o je c t _____ A ll p r o je c t s U n ited S ta te s N o r th e a st . . . N orth C e n tr a l S o u t h ............... W e s t .......... .. . 23 26 24 19 22 P r o je c t c o s t l e s s th an $ 1 , 0 0 0 , 000 P r o je c t c o s t $ 1, 000, 0 00 or over 20 19 19 20 21 28 32 32 18 26 C o s t of D ir e c t W a g e s6 W age p a y m e n ts fo r o n - s it e m a n - h o u r s a v e r a g e d 2 9 .3 p e r c e n t of c o n s tr u c tio n c o n tr a c t c o s t fo r a ll c o lle g e h o u sin g p r o je c t s s t u d ie s . The r a tio o f w ag e p a y m e n ts to c o n str u c tio n c o s t w a s r e m a r k a b ly c o n sta n t w hen r e g io n a l d iffe r e n c e s a r e c o n s id e r e d ; h o w e v e r, a w ide v a r ia t io n w a s n oted b etw een in d iv id u a l p r o je c t s , w h ere the r a tio ra n g e d fr o m a low of ab ou t 20 p e r c e n t to a high of ab ou t 37 p e r c e n t. E v e n w ith th e s e w ide d if f e r e n c e s n oted f o r in d iv id u a l p r o je c t s , a lm o s t tw o -th ird s of a l l p r o je c t s ra n g e d b e tw een 26 p e r c e n t and 32 p e r c e n t. The c o n sta n c y of th is r a tio in d ic a te s th at h igh m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts a r e a s s o c i a t e d w ith low w ag e r a t e s and v ic e v e r s a . In d ic a tio n s a r e th at c o n str u c tio n te c h n iq u e s a r e a d a p te d to r e g io n a l d if f e r e n c e s in la b o r co n d itio n s th ro u g h g r e a t e r o r l e s s e r u tiliz a tio n of m e c h a n iz e d e q u ip m en t. 6 E x c lu d e d a r e p a y m e n ts fo r v a c a tio n and h o lid a y p a y an d o th e r la b o r c o s t s su ch a s e m p lo y e r c o n trib u tio n s to s o c ia l s e c u r it y , u n e m p lo y m en t in s u r a n c e , w o r k m e n ’ s c o m p e n sa tio n , and n o n g o v e rn m e n ta l e m p lo y e e w e lfa r e and p e n sio n fu n d s. In clu d ed a r e w a g e s fo r a ll h o u r s w o rk e d and o v e r tim e w a g e s . 19 T a b le 7 sh ow s a v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s and to ta l w a g e s fo r o n - s ite e m p lo y m en t a s a p e r c e n t of c o n str u c tio n c o s t . A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s fo r p r o je c t s c o n str u c te d in the South w e re c o n s id e r a b ly lo w e r than fo r p r o j e c t s in o th er r e g io n s . T h e re a r e th re e s ig n ific a n t r e a s o n s fo r th is lo w e r a v e r a g e : (1) W age r a t e s a r e g e n e r a lly lo w e r in the South than in o th er r e g io n s , e s p e c ia lly fo r lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s ; (2) a l a r g e r p e rc e n t of o n s ite la b o r in the South is lo w e r s k ille d ; and (3) in a ll r e g io n s , w age r a t e s ten d to be lo w e r in n o n m e tro p o litan a r e a s , and the g r e a t e r p o rtio n of p r o je c t s c o n str u c te d in the South w e re lo c a te d in n o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s , w hile the m a jo r it y of the p r o je c t s in o th er r e g io n s w e re lo c a te d in m e tr o p o lita n areas. T a b le 7. A v e r a g e H ou rly O n -S ite E arnings and W ages as a P e r c e n t o f C on stru ction C ost fo r C o lle g e H ousing P r o je c t s , by S elected C h a r a c te r is tic s and R egion , 1960-61 1 U nited States C h a r a c te r is tic A verage h o u rly ea rn in g s W ages as p e rce n t of c o n s tr u c tion c o s t No rth east A verage h ourly earnings W ages as p e rce n t o f c o n s tr u c tion c o s t N orth C entral A verage h ou rly earn in gs W ages as p e rce n t of co n stru c tion c o s t South A v e ra g e h o u rly earn in gs W est W ages as p e rce n t o f c o n s tr u c tion c o s t A v e ra g e h ou rly earn in gs W ages as p ercen t of c o n s tr u c tion co s t A ll p r o je c t s ..................... $ 3 . 13 2 9 .3 $ 3 . 63 30. 8 $ 3 .4 5 3 0 .0 $ 2 . 51 2 8 .0 $ 3 . 28 27. 7 L oca tion : M e tro p o lita n a r e a ............ N on m etrop olita n a r e a . . . $ 3 .4 5 2 .7 7 3 0 .0 28. 5 $ 3 . 77 3. 21 32. 1 27. 3 $ 3 .5 6 3 .2 5 29. 7 3 0 .5 $ 2 . 78 2. 39 2 7 .5 28. 2 $ 3 . 33 3. 21 28 .0 27. 2 C on stru ction c o s t group: L e s s than $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . . . $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 and o v e r . . . . 2 .9 9 3. 21 3 0 .9 2 8 .6 3.81 3 .57 32. 2 3 0 .4 3 .0 7 3 .6 4 32. 1 29. 2 2. 56 2 .4 7 2 9 .4 26. 9 3 .4 4 3. 23 3 1 .4 26. 5 W ith e l e v a t o r s ........................ W ithout e l e v a t o r s ................. 3. 28 2 .9 0 29. 1 29. 7 3. 54 3.80 30. 5 3 1 .4 3 .6 0 3 .0 6 2 9 .7 3 0 .8 2. 73 2. 26 27. 6 28. 5 3. 27 3. 29 26. 8 28. 3 1 C o n stru ctio n o f the p r o je c t s extended fr o m late 1959 to e a r ly 1962, but the g re a te r p o rtio n took p la ce during 1960-61. 21 O ff-S ite E m p lo y m e n t F o r e ach 94 m a n - h o u r s of e m p lo y m e n t p e r f o r m e d a t c o n stru c tio n s i t e s of c o lle g e h o u sin g p r o je c t s , 144 a d d itio n a l m a n - h o u r s w e re r e q u ir e d to p ro d u c e and d is tr ib u t e n e c e s s a r y c o n str u c tio n m a t e r i a l s , s u p p lie s , and e q u ip m e n t. T h u s, a to ta l of 238 m a n - h o u r s w e re g e n e r a te d fo r each $ 1 ,0 0 0 e x p en d ed fo r c o n str u c tio n c o n tra c t c o s t s . O ff- s it e em p lo y m en t i s g e n e r a te d in m an y p l a c e s but can be c l a s s i fie d in the fo llo w in g c a t e g o r i e s : 1. C o n stru c tio n i n d u s t r y - - o f f - s it e ; a d m in is t r a t iv e , e s t im a t in g , c l e r i c a l , and w a re h o u sin g a c t i v it i e s . 2. M an u factu rin g a c t iv it ie s r e q u ir e d to p ro d u c e f a b r ic a t e d p r o d u c ts , raw m a t e r i a l s , and e q u ip m en t. 3. T r a n s p o r ta tio n , w a re h o u sin g , and d is tr ib u tio n of f a b r ic a t e d p r o d u c t s , raw m a t e r i a l s , an d eq u ip m e n t. 4. A ll o th e r in d u s t r ie s d ir e c t ly o r in d ir e c t ly a ffe c te d by p r o d u c tio n of f a b r ic a t e d p r o d u c t s , raw m a t e r i a l s , and e q u ip m e n t. V a r io u s i n t e r in d u str y t r a n s a c t io n s e v e n tu a lly a ffe c t a ll a d d itio n a l in d u s t r ie s such a s a g r ic u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , and m in in g . T h e re a r e o th er ty p e s of em p lo y m e n t a ffe c te d by c o n str u c tio n a c t iv it ie s w hich th is stu d y did not a tte m p t to e s t im a t e : E m p lo y e e s of a r c h it e c t u r a l f i r m s , u tility c o m p a n ie s , and S ta te and lo c a l g o v e r n m e n ts. T h e se e m p lo y e e s and th e ir fu n c tio n s w e re not g e n e r a lly in clu d e d in c o n str u c tio n c o n tr a c t c o s t s . A la r g e a r e a o f e m p lo y m e n t, a l s o e x c lu d e d fro m c a lc u la t io n s o f m a n - h o u r s r e q u ir e m e n ts , i s th at c r e a t e d by re sp e n d in g and in v e stin g of w a g e s and p r o fit s a r is i n g in v a r io u s a r e a s of e c o n o m ic a c tiv ity w ithin the sc o p e of th is stu d y . A lthough the r a tio of o n - s it e to o f f - s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts i s co m m o n ly u s e d in a n a ly z in g em p lo y m en t r e q u ir e m e n ts in the c o n stru c tio n in d u stry , an o th er type of d istin c tio n b a s e d upon the e co n o m ic r e la t io n s of la b o r - g e n e r a t in g a r e a s i s a ls o u s e fu l. T h e r e f o r e , em p lo y m e n t r e q u i r e m e n ts h av e a ls o b een d iv id ed into p r im a r y and se c o n d a r y m a n -h o u r n e e d s . A s show n in ta b le 8, p r im a r y m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n s tr u c tio n c o s t , e s t im a t e d at 1 7 5 .6 , a r e in a c t iv it ie s at the s ite , and th o se m o s t d ir e c t ly r e la t e d to c o n stru c tio n a c tiv ity . In clu d e d in th e s e , in ad d itio n to s ite e m p lo y m e n t, a r e o f f - s it e c o n stru c tio n e m p lo y m e n t, e m p lo y e e s of m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s t r ie s r e p r e s e n t e d at the ’’l a s t s ta g e of m a n u fa c tu r in g ” fo r m a t e r i a l s p r io r to sh ip m e n ts to c o n stru c tio n s i t e s , e m p lo y e e s in t r a n s p o rta tio n , t r a d e and s e r v i c e , and o th er in d u s t r ie s in clu d in g m in in g . 22 T a b l e 8. M a n - H o u r R e q u i r e m e n t s P e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f C o l l e g e H o u s in g C o n s t r u c t i o n C o n t r a c t , b y P r o d u c i n g S e c t o r and Stage o f M a n u fa c t u r e , 1960-61 Total m an h ou r s P rim a ry m an hours Secondary m an hours A ll s e c t o r s .................................................... Z37. 6 175. 6 6 1 .9 O n - s i t e c o n s t r u c t i o n ..................................... O th e r c o n s t r u c t i o n ........................................ A g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , and f i s h e r i e s . . M i n i n g ........................................................... .. M a n u f a c t u r in g .................................................. L u m b e r and l u m b e r p r o d u c t s ............ F u r n i t u r e ......................... ............................... P a p e r and p a p e r p r o d u c t s .................... P r i n t i n g ........................................................... C h e m i c a l s ....................................................... Stone, c l a y , and g l a s s p r o d u c t s . . . . P r i m a r y m e t a l s .......................................... F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s .................... M a c h i n e r y ...................................................... E l e c t r i c a l p r o d u c t s ................................... O th e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ................................ T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ................................................. W h o l e s a l e t r a d e ............................................... S e r v i c e s .............................................................. O th e r i n d u s t r i e s ............................................. 93. 6 1Z. 7 3. 6 3 .4 7 Z. 5 7. 9 1. 8 1 .7 1. Z 1 .8 15. 6 1 0 .0 16. 9 5. 8 5. 3 4. 7 9. 6 Z5. 4 7. Z 9 .4 93. 6 11. Z . 1 .4 43. 7 4. 8 1 .6 .Z Sector N ote: add to t o t a ls . B e c a u s e o f rou n d in g , .Z 13. 0 Z. 6 13. 7 3. Z 3. 3 1. 3 3 .9 18. 3 1 .6 Z. 8 1 .5 3. 5 3 .0 Z8. 8 3. 1 .Z 1 .5 1. Z 1 .5 Z. 6 7 .4 3. 1 Z. 7 Z.O 3 .4 5 .7 7. Z 5. 7 6. 6 s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y not 23 S e c o n d a r y m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s h av e b e e n d e fin e d as t h o s e a s s o c i a t e d w ith a ll o t h e r r e q u i r e m e n t s r e l a t e d i n d i r e c t l y to n e e d s at the s i t e s . Such a c t i v i t i e s , t o t a lin g 6 1 . 9 m a n - h o u r s o r about 26 p e r c e n t o f to ta l m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s , a f fe c t a ll p a r t s o f the e c o n o m y as the im p a c t o f p r i m a r y a c t iv it y is r e f l e c t e d in d e m a n d f o r b a s i c m a t e r i a l s and r e l a t e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t r a d e , and s e r v i c e s . 7 S o m e in d u s t r ie s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d in both p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y s e c t o r s . F o r e x a m p l e , the sand and g r a v e l in d u s t r y f u r n is h e s m a t e r i a l d i r e c t l y to the c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y and a l s o to the r e a d y - m i x e d c o n c r e t e in d u s t r y , w h ic h in tu rn s e l l s to the c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y . B u ild e r s 1 O ff-S ite E m p loy m en t An e x a c t study o f o f f - s i t e e m p l o y m e n t o f e a c h c o n t r a c t o r w a s not a t t e m p te d , s in c e it w a s a l m o s t i m p o s s i b l e to r e la t e a c c u r a t e l y s u c h e m p lo y m e n t to p r o j e c t s b e in g s tu d ie d . B u i l d e r s 1 o f f - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t w a s o c c u p i e d not o n ly w ith p r o j e c t s stu died , but a l s o w ith o t h e r c u r r e n t o r fu tu re p r o j e c t s . T h e e s t im a t e o f 1 1 . 2 o f f - s i t e m a n - h o u r s f o r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t is b a s e d on the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c o n s t r u c t i o n ow o r k e r e m p l o y m e n t and to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in the c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y . T h is e s t im a t e a l s o i n c l u d e s u n r e p o r t e d h o u r s f o r a f e w s e l f - e m p l o y e d c r a f t s m e n w ho m a y h a v e w o r k e d at c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e s . C o m b in in g this e m p lo y m e n t w ith o n - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t r e s u l t s in an e s t im a t e o f 1 0 4 .8 m a n - h o u r s o f e m p lo y m e n t in the c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y f o r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t i o n . E m p l o y m e n t in T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , T r a d e , and S e r v i c e D i s t r ib u t io n o f c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s f r o m p r o d u c i n g in d u s t r ie s r e q u i r e s e m p lo y m e n t o f w o r k e r s in t r a n s p o r t a t io n , t r a d e and s e r v i c e in d u s t r i e s . T h e e s t im a t e o f 23. 8 m a n - h o u r s o f p r i m a r y e m p lo y m e n t p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t is b a s e d on the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p r o d u c e r ’ s va lue 7 S e c o n d a r y m a n - h o u r s w e r e e s t i m a t e d on the b a s i s o f a study m a d e b y the O f f i c e o f B u s i n e s s E c o n o m i c s o f 1958 in t e r in d u s t r y r e l a t i o n s h i p s . See M . R . G o ld m a n , M . L . M a r im o n t , and B . N. V a c c a r d , ’ ’T h e I n t e r in d u s t r y S t r u c t u r e o f the U n ited S ta te s , ” S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u s i n e s s ( N o v e m b e r 1964), W a s h in g to n , D. C . , pp. 1 0 - 2 9 . F o r m e t h o d s e m p l o y e d , s e e a p p e n d ix . 8 A d m i n i s t r a t i v e , e n g in e e r in g , e s t im a t in g , and c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s a c c o u n t e d f o r abou t 14 p e r c e n t o f to ta l e m p l o y m e n t in the c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y . A b o u t o n e - f o u r t h o f this e m p lo y m e n t w a s i n v o l v e d at c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e s . E m p l o y m e n t and E a r n in g s S t a t is t ic s f o r the U n ited S ta te s, 1 9 0 9 -6 4 (B L S B u lle tin 1 3 1 2 - 2 , 19^4). 24 and d e l i v e r e d v a lu e o f m a t e r i a l s u s e d at c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e s . T h is e s t im a t e in c lu d e s o n ly d i s t r ib u t io n o f m a t e r i a l s f r o m p r o d u c e r s to c o n s t r u c t i o n s it e s and e x c l u d e s d i s t r ib u t io n o f m a t e r i a l s a m o n g in d u s t r ie s p r i o r to s h ip m e n t o f co m p le te d p rodu cts. " L a s t M a n u fa c t u r in g S t a g e 11 E m p l o y m e n t M a n u f a c t u r in g is the s e c t o r o f the e c o n o m y m o s t a f f e c t e d , o t h e r than the c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y , b y c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g . It is e s t i m a t e d that 44 p r i m a r y m a n - h o u r s w e r e r e q u i r e d f o r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f to ta l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t to p r o d u c e m a t e r i a l s u s e d in the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g p r o j e c t s . T h is e s t i m a t e , h o w e v e r , i n c l u d e s o n ly e m p l o y m e n t r e q u i r e d in the l a s t m a n u f a c t u r in g p r o c e s s o f m a t e r i a l s . 9 E m p l o y m e n t g e n e r a t e d b y th is a c t i v i t y is d i s t r ib u t e d in m a n y i n d u s t r i e s a f f e c t e d d i r e c t l y b y c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t iv it y . F o r e x a m p le , it i n c lu d e s s a w m i l l s cu ttin g r o u g h l u m b e r f o r f o r m s , and e s t a b lis h m e n t s m a k in g m i l l w o r k i t e m s f r o m l u m b e r , but d o e s not in c lu d e e m p lo y m e n t in s a w m i l l s p r o d u c i n g l u m b e r f o r m i l l w o r k p r o d u c t s . T h e la t t e r is in c lu d e d in e s t i m a t e s o f s e c o n d a r y e m p l o y m e n t d i s c u s s e d in the f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h . A g r i c u l t u r e , m in in g and o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s r e q u i r e d the r e m a i n i n g 3 p r i m a r y h o u r s . E m p l o y m e n t in S e c o n d a r y A c t i v i t i e s In a d d itio n to 44 m a n - h o u r s p r e v i o u s l y n o t e d f o r p r i m a r y e m p l o y m e n t f o r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t in f a c t o r i e s p r o d u c i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s , an a d d itio n a l 29 m a n - h o u r s w e r e r e q u i r e d in s e c o n d a r y m a n u f a c t u r in g a c t i v i t i e s . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t r a d e and s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s as a g r o u p r e q u i r e d 18 m a n - h o u r s f o r e a c h $ 1, 000 o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t to m e e t the n e e d s o f s e co n d a ry b u sin ess activity. O th e r b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t i e s , p r i n c i p a l l y a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , m in in g , and o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , a c c o u n t e d f o r the r e m a i n i n g 15 m a n - h o u r s o f s e c o n d a r y req u irem en ts. C on stru ction T im e A v e r a g e c o n s t r u c t i o n t im e f o r c o l l e g e h o u s in g p r o j e c t s s u r v e y e d w a s 58 w e e k s . In d iv id u a l p r o j e c t s r a n g e d f r o m a lo w o f 18 w e e k s to a high o f 96 w e e k s . F o r p r o j e c t s c o s t i n g l e s s than $1 m i l l i o n , the a v e r a g e c o n s t r u c t io n t im e w a s 50 w e e k s , w h ile t h o s e in the $ 1 m i l l i o n and o v e r c o s t c l a s s r e q u i r e d an a v e r a g e o f 71 w e e k s . C o n s t r u c t i o n t im e f o r p r o j e c t s in 9 I n c lu d e d in the b ill o f m a t e r i a l s w e r e s u p p lie s and the d e p r e c i a o r r e n t a l v a lu e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n e q u ip m e n t u s e d b y c o n t r a c t o r s . 25 the South and W e s t w a s g e n e r a l l y l o w e r than f o r c o m p a r a b l e p r o j e c t s in o t h e r r e g i o n s . M i l d e r c l i m a t e , p e r m it t in g a l m o s t y e a r - r o u n d c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t iv it y , w a s p r o b a b l y the c a u s e in m o s t c a s e s f o r this l o w e r t im e r e q u i r e m e n t . A v e r a g e n u m b e r o f w e e k s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n is p r e s e n t e d in the f o llo w in g ta b u la tio n b y c o s t c l a s s : A v e r a g e n u m b e r o f w e e k s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n t im e T o t a l ................................ U n d er $ 1 , 0 0 0 , 000 .......... $ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 and o v e r . . . U n ited States N orth east N orth C en tral South W est 58 50 71 63 50 74 62 59 68 54 48 71 51 39 71 E m p loy m en t by C on stru ction P e r io d s In o r d e r to m e a s u r e the d is t r ib u t io n o f e m p lo y m e n t , the c o n s t r u c tion t im e f o r e a c h p r o j e c t w a s d iv id e d into 10 eq u a l p e r i o d s . Data on the n u m b e r o f m a n - h o u r s w o r k e d w e r e ta b u la te d f o r e a c h o f th e s e p e r i o d s . T h is p e r m i t t e d the c o m b i n a t i o n o f m a n - h o u r s f o r p r o j e c t s r e q u i r i n g d iff e r e n t n u m b e r s o f w e e k s o f w o r k in o r d e r to ob ta in t y p ic a l e m p lo y m e n t p a t t e r n s . T h e t y p ic a l p a t t e r n is f o r e m p lo y m e n t to sta rt s lo w ly , b u ild to a p ea k in the m id d le p e r i o d , and then t a p e r o f f t o w a r d s the end o f c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e r e w e r e no r a d i c a l d e p a r t u r e s f r o m this p a t t e r n . C h art 3 s h ow s o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t b y d e c i l e . T h e p e r c e n t o f tota l m a n - h o u r s f o r all p r o j e c t s by d e c i l e , w e r e as f o l l o w s : 1 s t ......... 2 n d .......... 3 r d ......... 4 t h .......... 5 t h .......... .......... 3 .4 .......... 7 .0 .......... 9 .7 .......... 11.5 .......... 14.1 6 t h .......... 7 t h ......... 8 t h ......... 9 t h .......... 1 0 t h .......... ......... 16. 1 ......... 14.9 ......... 11.4 .......... 8. 1 ......... 3 .7 M a teria ls U sed E x p e n d it u r e s f o r m a t e r i a l s u s e d in the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g p r o j e c t s s tu d ie d a m o u n te d to abou t $ 5 4 2 (54. 2 p e r c e n t ) o f e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t c o s t (ta b le 9)* T h e s e e x p e n d it u r e s i n c lu d e d d e p r e c i a t i o n c h a r g e s o r r e n t a l c o s t s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n e q u ip m e n t u s e d , as w e l l as c o s t s f o r s u p p lie s c o n s u m e d and m a t e r i a l s o r f i x e d e q u ip m e n t i n c o r p o r a t e d in the s t r u c t u r e s . E x p e n d it u r e s r a n g e d f r o m $ 4 4 4 to $ 6 7 2 p e r p r o j e c t . T h e p e r c e n t o f p r o j e c t s r e p o r t i n g e x p e n d it u r e s f o r m a t e r i a l s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t f a llin g w ith in s e l e c t e d r a n g e s a p p e a r s in the f o l l o w i n g ta b u la tio n . 26 Percent expenditures for m aterials were of total construction costs Under 5 0 .0 ............................... 5 0 .0 to 54. 9 ............................ 5 5 .0 to 59. 9 ............................ 6 0 .0 and o v e r .......................... Percent of projects 2 5 .6 37. 2 2 0 .9 1 6.3 Total expenditures for the major m aterials groups presented for four broad geographical regions indicate that there was no great difference between regions; however, for some of the items listed in the major m aterials groupings, there were wide differences. M ajor types of m aterials used include metal products (excluding plumbing and heating) which represented 28 percent of the total; stone, clay, and glass products, about 27 percent; lumber and lumber products, almost 11 percent; and electrical equipment, including fixtures and w ire, and plumb ing products, each representing about 8 percent. Total expenditures for m aterials in these five major groupings amounted to approximately four-fifths of the total material expenditures in all regions. Differences in the amounts expended for the components making up group totals were quite noticeable in some instances and were due generally to the different structural types, location, and size of projects. Chart 3. On-Site Man-Hours for Each $1,000 of College Housing Construction Contract, by Decile of Construction Time, 1960-61 Man-Hours (Percent) Deciles of Construction Time UN ITED STA TES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Table 9. Cost of Materials per $1 ,000 of College Housing Construction Contract, by Type of Material and Region, 1960-61 1 United States North east North Central South West Total cost, all p rod u cts.............................................. $ 5 4 1 .6 0 $ 5 2 4 .7 0 $ 52 6. 90 $ 5 7 3 .0 0 $ 5 3 6 .4 0 Metal products (except plumbing and heating) . . . . $ 1 5 1 .9 0 $ 1 4 6 .9 0 $ 1 4 4 .5 0 $ 165.50 $ 147.40 Fabricated metal p rodu cts............................................ Reinforcing bars, rods, and j o i s t s ....................... Structural s t e e l ................................... ........................... Metal windows, fram es, and a c c e s s o r ie s .......... Sheet-m etal p r o d u c ts ................................................... Builder's h ardw are........................................................ Metal doors, fram es, and accessories .............. Ornamental m e t a l .......................................................... Metal l a t h ........................................................................... Metal lockers, partitions, and shelves .............. W ire m e s h ........................................................................ Curtain w a l l s .................................................................... Shower and bathroom accessories ....................... Metal case w o r k ............................................................ 137.30 36.60 23. 90 20.80 17.90 12.50 8 .8 0 8 .0 0 2. 60 1.90 1.80 1.40 .6 0 .5 0 133. 90 34. 60 27. 70 28. 30 16.00 10.40 5. 90 5. 90 2. 10 1.80 . 80 __ . 10 . 30 136.60 25.30 24. 20 19.40 21.20 13.60 10. 20 12.00 3 .5 0 1.60 2. 60 2. 30 .4 0 . 30 143. 00 33. 80 16. 70 19. 10 18. 50 14. 10 10.00 7. 10 2. 20 2 .4 0 2. 30 14. 80 . 90 1. 10 133.40 45. 50 32. 80 10.70 13.00 10. 10 8. 90 5. 50 2. 60 1.80 1.40 Other metal products 3 ................................................... Copper (sheet m etal and pipe) ................................. Aluminum sheet m e t a l ................................................. Galvanized sheet m etal . . . ........................................ 14.60 9 .8 0 2.80 1.60 13.00 8. 20 2. 60 1.70 7. 90 6 .0 0 .4 0 1.30 Selected products and product groups See footnotes at end of table. 22. 14. 6. 1. 50 50 20 50 1. 10 (2/) 14.00 11. 10 . 10 2. 30 Table 9. Cost of Materials per $ 1,000 of College Housing Construction Contract, by Type of Material and Region, 1960-61 ^-Continued Selected products and product groups United States North east North Central South West Stone, clay, and glass products ................................... $ 1 4 3 .8 0 $ 151.70 $ 1 3 9 .5 0 $ 150.40 $ 117.60 Cement, concrete, and gypsum products ............ R eady-m ix con crete..................................................... Concrete block and b r i c k .......................................... Gypsum products .......................................................... P recast concrete p ro d u cts........................................ C e m e n t............................................................................... L i m e ................................................. . . ............................ 7 0 .8 0 39.50 12.70 6 .4 0 5.90 4. 60 1.40 79. 20 49. 70 14. 70 1.40 6. 70 4 .9 0 1. 30 70. 20 40. 20 9. 70 8. 20 6 .6 0 4 .0 0 1.50 69. 10 36. 20 14. 70 5. 30 6 .0 0 5. 20 1.60 56. 30 21.50 10.30 16. 70 1.90 4. 30 1.00 Structural-clay p r o d u c ts ............................................... Brick .................................................................................. Ceram ic tile ................................................................... Structural t i l e ................................................................. Clay sewer pipe ............................................................ 3 2.60 19.00 7 .7 0 4 .9 0 1.00 30. 90 21. 20 8. 10 1.00 . 60 32.60 18. 20 6. 80 7. 10 . 50 35.00 16. 10 9 .0 0 8. 20 1. 70 30.40 23. 50 5. 50 . 30 1. 10 Other stone, clay, and glass p rod u cts................... Marble and other cut stone........................................ F iberglass insulation................................................... Vinyl and vinyl asbestos t i l e ................................... Sand and g r a v e l............................................................... Window glass ................................................................. Asphalt tile ...................................................................... Crushed rock and miscellaneous aggregate . . . A sbestos in s u la tio n ..................................................... T errazzo .......................................................................... M i r r o r s ............................................................................. Dirt fill ............................................................................. Other clay p ro d u c ts..................................................... 4 0 .4 0 11.40 6 .5 0 5. 10 4. 20 3 .8 0 3. 20 1.60 1.20 .90 .90 .4 0 1.20 4 1 .6 0 15. 10 6. 90 6 .0 0 3. 90 4. 60 1. 30 .40 1.30 . 10 . 80 . 50 . 70 36.70 9. 80 6 .9 0 3. 90 4 .0 0 2.40 4. 10 . 30 2. 10 1.00 1.70 46. 30 13. 90 5. 70 5. 90 4. 30 4. 60 2. 30 4. 20 . 50 1.70 .4 0 . 70 2. 10 30.90 . 80 6. 90 3. 50 5 .0 0 3. 50 7. 70 . 60 .90 .40 . 10 See footnotes at end of table. .50 1.50 T a b le 9. C o s t of M a t e r ia ls p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of C o lle g e H o u sin g C o n stru c tio n C o n tr a c t, by T y p e of M a te r ia l and R e g io n , 1960-61 x--C o n tin u e d S e l e c t e d p r o d u c t s and p ro d u ct g ro u p s U n ited States N orth east N o rth C en tral South W e st L u m b e r an d l u m b e r p r o d u c t s 3 ................. M i l l w o r k ....................................................................... .. • . • R ough and d r e s s e d lu m b e r .......................................... $ 5 7 .8 0 4 2 .7 0 13. 60 $ 4 8 .7 0 3 3 .0 0 14. 60 $ 4 8 . 30 4 0 .7 0 6. 60 $ 7 0 . 60 5 1 .3 0 1 8 .9 0 $ 7 0 .4 0 4 8 .5 0 15. 20 E l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t, f i x t u r e s and w ire 3 . . . . . . L ig h t in g f i x t u r e s .................... ........................................... Sw itch and p a n e l b o a r d s ............................................... C o n d u i t ............... ................................................... W ire an d c a b le .......... . ..................................................... N o n c u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g w ir e and d e v ic e s ............... C u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g w ir in g d e v i c e s .............................. I n t e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n and f i r e a l a r m s y s t e m s . . . 4 5 .0 0 12. 50 9. 80 7. 80 5 .8 0 2. 60 2. 20 2 .0 0 4 2 . 80 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .5 0 8. 30 6. 70 1 .4 0 2. 20 2 .4 0 4 0 . 20 1 2 .4 0 9 .6 0 6. 60 4 .4 0 1 .9 0 1 .6 0 1 .3 0 5 3 .0 0 1 5 .4 0 9 .0 0 8. 80 6. 80 4 .9 0 3 .0 0 1 .6 0 4 1 .5 0 1 1 .8 0 1 0 .4 0 6. 90 5 .0 0 1 .7 0 1. 10 2. 20 P lu m b in g p r o d u c t s 3 ...................................................... * . F i x t u r e s ................................................................................ S t e e l an d g a l v a n i z e d pipe . • ........................................ V a l v e s an d s p e c i a l t i e s ................................................... C a s t ir o n p ip e ..................................................................... 4 1 .0 0 1 4 .7 0 1 0 .7 0 7. 90 7 .0 0 35. 50 1 3 .5 0 7 .8 0 8 .4 0 5. 30 4 1 .3 0 1 3 .5 0 12. 60 5 .6 0 8 .7 0 4 2 . 30 1 5 .4 0 1 1 .0 0 8. 30 7. 60 4 9 .8 0 18. 30 1 2 .7 0 1 1 .3 0 5 .4 0 F i x e d e q u ip m e n t 3 ................................* ............................. E l e v a t o r s ............................................................................... F u r n i t u r e .............................................................................. K itc h e n e q u ip m e n t an d a p p l i a n c e s • . ....................... R e f r i g e r a t o r s .................................................................. R a n g e s an d o v e n s ................................................. .. . . • . I n c i n e r a t o r s . .................. .................................................. .. V e n e tia n b lin d s an d s h a d e s .................................. .. . . W ate r s o f t e n e r s y s t e m s ............................................ .... P la y g r o u n d e q u i p m e n t ................................................... 3 7 .6 0 1 0 .4 0 8 .6 0 8 .5 0 4 .0 0 2 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .6 0 . 20 3 5 .0 0 10. 10 7. 20 1 4 .9 0 1 .0 0 . 10 1 .0 0 .4 0 __ 4 7 .0 0 9. 80 1 2 .0 0 4 .8 0 9. 20 6 .5 0 . 70 . 20 1 .9 0 -- 3 1 .6 0 1 3 .7 0 9 .0 0 4 . 30 1 .0 0 (2 /) . 30 1 .5 0 3 6 .0 0 3 .8 0 2. 10 1 3 .5 0 6. 20 7 .4 0 1 .2 0 . 10 S e e fo o tn o te s a t end o f ta b le . — — 1 .3 0 T a b le 9. C o s t o f M a t e r ia ls p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of C o lle g e H o u sin g C o n stru c tio n C o n tr a c t, by T y p e of M a t e r ia l and R e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 ^ - C o n t in u e d U n ited S ta te s N orth east N o rth C en tral South W est H e a tin g an d v e n tila tin g e q u i p m e n t .............................. R a d i a t o r s , c o n v e c t o r s , b o i l e r s , an d hot w a t e r h e a t e r s ................................................................................. T e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l s .................................................... A i r c o n d itio n in g e q u i p m e n t .......................................... B l o w e r s a n d f a n s . . . ...................................................... U nit h e a t e r s an d v e n t i l a t o r s ....................................... P r n n p s ...................................................................................... S t o r a g e t a n k s ....................................................................... 3 $ 3 1 . 70 3 $ 3 5 . 50 3 $ 3 1 .2 0 $ 3 0 . 20 $ 2 7 . 60 13. 10 4 . 80 4 .5 0 3. 30 3 .0 0 1 .5 0 1. 20 1 3 .7 0 6. 20 4 . 30 3. 30 4 . 10 1 .7 0 1 .4 0 15. 30 4 . 20 3. 60 4 . 70 1 .6 0 1. 30 .4 0 9 .5 0 3. 10 7. 20 2. 60 4 .4 0 1. 30 2. 10 1 5 .0 0 7 .6 0 .4 0 1 .4 0 . 20 2. 30 . 70 P a i n t s a n d o th e r c h e m i c a l s 3 ....................................... P a i n t ......................................................................................... 6 .4 0 4 . 30 6 .9 0 4 .8 0 6 .0 0 3 .4 0 6 .7 0 4 . 80 5. 50 3 .6 0 P e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s 3 ........................................................ A s p h a l t an d t a r p itc h e s ................................................. A s p h a l t f e l t s ........................................................... .............. A s p h a l t p a v i n g ..................................................................... G a s o l i n e a n d d i e s e l fu e l ............................................... 5. 70 2. 10 1. 70 1 .0 0 . 60 5. 20 2 .0 0 1 .6 0 .7 0 .8 0 6 .0 0 2. 20 2 .0 0 .9 0 . 50 5 .4 0 2 .4 0 1. 70 . 80 .4 0 6 .7 0 1. 50 1. 50 2. 10 1. 30 A l l o th e r m a t e r i a l s 3 ........................................................... I n s u la t in g b o a r d .................................................................. L e a d ........................................................................................... R u b b e r p r o d u c t s . . . ........................................................ N u r s e r y p r o d u c t s ............................................................. C o n s t r u c t i o n p a p e r ........................................................ .. 4 . 80 1 .9 0 . 80 .4 0 .4 0 . 30 5. 10 2 .0 0 1 .2 0 . 60 . 10 . 10 3 .7 0 1 .8 0 . 50 . 10 . 10 . 20 5 .7 0 2. 30 . 70 . 30 . 10 . 80 8 .9 0 . 80 .5 0 .7 0 2 .9 0 . 20 C o n s t r u c t i o n e q u ip m e n t r e n ta l v alu e o r d e p r e c i a t i o n c h a r g e ........................................................ 1 5 .9 0 1 1 .4 0 19. 20 1 1 .6 0 2 5 .0 0 S e l e c t e d p r o d u c t s and p ro d u c t g r o u p s 1 C o n s t r u c t io n of so m e p r o j e c t s e x te n d e d f r o m e a r l y 1959 to l a t e 1962, but m o s t c o n s t r u c t io n to o k p l a c e in 1 9 6 0 -6 1 . 2 L e s s than $ 0 . 0 5 . 3 I n c lu d e s v a lu e of p r o d u c t s not shown s e p a r a t e l y . V a l u e s w e r e ro u n d ed to the n e a r e s t http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 10 c e n t s . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 32 A p p e n d ix . S c o p e and M eth od of S u r v e y T h i s study, d e s i g n e d to e s t i m a t e m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s a s s o c i a t e d with c o n s t r u c t i o n of c o lle g e h o u sin g p r o j e c t s , u t il i z e d d a ta o b tain e d f r o m o r r e l a t e d to a c t iv it y a t the c o n s t r u c t io n s i t e s a s w e ll a s s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s su ch a s the C e n s u s of M a n u f a c t u r e s . C o lle g e h o u sin g p r o j e c t s w hich w e r e not f e d e r a l l y a id e d w e r e not in clu d e d in th is study . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the U n i v e r s e and S e l e c t i o n of the S a m p le T he s a m p l in g f r a m e c o m p r i s e d a c o m p le t e l i s t i n g of a l l C F A a d m i n i s t e r e d c o l l e g e h o u sin g p r o j e c t s in d ic a te d a s b e in g s u b s t a n t i a l l y c o m p le t e d d u rin g 1961. T h i s l i s t i n g of 201 p r o j e c t s with a to ta l c o s t of about $ 2 0 7 m il l i o n p r o v id e d a b r i e f d e s c r i p t io n of e a c h p r o je c t , i t s lo c a t io n , an d c o s t . T h e p r o j e c t s w e r e s t r a t i f i e d by the fo u r b r o a d g e o g r a p h i c a l r e g i o n s p r e v i o u s l y n oted an d by c o s t c l a s s , a s fo llo w s: L e s s than $ 1 m illio n , and $ 1 m il l i o n and o v e r . P r o j e c t s in e a c h c o s t c l a s s w e r e then s e p a r a t e d into two g r o u p s - th o s e l o c a t e d in m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s an d th o s e l o c a t e d in n o n m e tr o p o lita n areas. A s a m p l e of 43 p r o j e c t s , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 in 5 f r o m the l i s t i n g , w a s s e l e c t e d . S in c e s a m p lin g within c e l l s w a s not u n ifo r m owing to the n u m b e r of p r o j e c t s within s o m e c e l l s , v a r i a b l e w e ig h ts w e r e a s s i g n e d to p r o j e c t s . C o n s tr u c t io n on the p r o j e c t s e x te n d e d f r o m la t e 1959 to e a r l y 1962, but the g r e a t e r p o rtio n too k p la c e d u rin g 1 9 6 0 -6 1 . M a n -H o u r E s t i m a t e s C u s t o m a r y p r e s e n t a t i o n o f e m p lo y m e n t d a ta fo r c o n s t r u c t io n p r o j e c t s in c lu d e s e s t i m a t e s fo r o n - s i t e and o f f - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t. Such a p r e s e n t a t i o n i s fo llo w e d in th is study. In ad d ition , h o w e v e r , t h e r e i s an e c o n o m ic d is tin c tio n w hich ca n be m a d e in a n a ly z in g m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r c o n s t r u c t io n . B a s i c g ro u p in g in th is in s t a n c e w ould be p r i m a r y an d s e c o n d a r y l a b o r e f f e c t s of c o n s t r u c t io n e x p e n d it u r e s , the p r i m a r y s e c t o r in clu d in g o n - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t p lu s the o f f - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to a c t i v it y at the jo b s i t e s . P r i m a r y m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s , f o r p u r p o s e s of t h is r e p o r t , in c lu d e , in ad d ition to a l l o n - s i t e l a b o r , c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t o r s 1 o ffic e e m p lo y m e n t, la b o r r e q u i r e d in th o se m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s w hich f a b r i c a t e c o n s t r u c t io n m a t e r i a l s u s e d on the s i t e - - t h a t i s , the l a s t s t a g e of m a n u fa c t u r in g , p lu s a l l t r a d e , d is tr ib u t io n , an d s e r v i c e s in v o lv e d in p la c in g c o n s t r u c t io n m a t e r i a l s and equ ip m en t at the jo b s i t e . S e c o n d a r y e m p lo y m e n t in c lu d e s a l l o th e r l a b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s n e c e s s a r y to p ro d u c e an d t r a n s p o r t ra w m a t e r i a l s and s e m if i n i s h e d p r o d u c t s to f a c t o r i e s which fin a lly p ro d u c e i t e m s u s e d at c o n s t r u c t io n s i t e s . 33 D a ta fo r o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e g e n e r a l l y c o l l e c t e d f r o m p a y r o l l r e c o r d s s u b m itt e d b y the v a r i o u s c o n t r a c t o r s , a s r e q u i r e d by law . A ll o th e r l a b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s d i s c u s s e d below , w h eth er c o n s i d e r e d p r i m a r y o r s e c o n d a r y , w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d by u s e of s e c o n d a r y d a ta . C o lle c t io n of O n -S ite M a n -H o u r D ata When c o l l e g e h o u sin g p r o j e c t s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d with the a i d of F e d e r a l fin a n c in g , e a c h p r i m e c o n t r a c t o r and s u b c o n t r a c t o r i s r e q u i r e d by l e g i s l a t i o n to su b m it to the s p o n s o r in g body an d C F A c o p ie s of e a c h w e e k ly p a y r o l l sh ow ing (with o th e r in fo rm atio n ) d a ily and w e e k ly h o u r s w o r k e d , g r o s s w e e k ly e a r n i n g s , an d the o c c u p a tio n of e a c h of the e m p l o y e e s w o r k in g on the p a r t i c u l a r p r o je c t . T h e s e p a y r o l l s p r o v id e d d a ta fo r c o m p ilin g o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s , a s w e ll a s d ata on w a g e s fo r a l l h o u r ly r a t e d w o r k e r s on the p r o j e c t s . D a ta fo r o n - s i t e s a l a r i e d e m p l o y e e s , not a c c o u n te d fo r on p a y r o l l s su b m itte d , w e r e o b tain e d f r o m c o n t r a c t o r s by f i e l d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the B u r e a u . In a few c a s e s , the p a y r o l l r e c o r d s r e q u e s t e d w e r e not a v a il a b l e , o r w e r e in a d e q u a te a s d a ta s o u r c e s . F o r t h e s e s it u a t io n s , a l t e r n a t e p r o j e c t s w e r e s u b s titu te d . O ff- S ite M a n - H o u r s F r o m c o n t r a c t o r s and s u b c o n t r a c t o r s c o o p e r a t in g in the study, a l i s t w a s o b ta in e d of the v alu e of e a c h type of m a t e r i a l u s e d in the c o n s t r u c t io n of s a m p l e p r o j e c t s . T h e s e m a t e r i a l l i s t i n g s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d into c a t e g o r i e s c o n s i s t e n t with 4 - d ig it S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l co de a s found in C e n s u s of M a n u f a c t u r e s p ro d u c t g r o u p s . F o r e a c h of t h e s e p ro d u c t g r o u p s , a v e r a g e a m o u n ts r e q u i r e d fo r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c tion c o s t w e r e d e t e r m in e d . Once a v e r a g e r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e c a lc u l a t e d , e a c h f i g u r e w a s r e d u c e d by a r a t i o r e p r e s e n t i n g the d if f e r e n c e betw een v a lu a tio n by the p u r c h a s e r an d v a lu a tio n by the p r o d u c e r . 10 S in c e a l l d a ta r e p o r t e d by c o n t r a c t o r s w e r e in p u r c h a s e r s ’ v a lu e , re d u c tio n to p r o d u c e r s ’ v alu e r e s u l t e d in f i g u r e s c o n s i s t e n t with C e n s u s d a ta p u b lis h e d on t h e s e v a r i o u s c o m p o n e n ts. P r i m a r y D is t r ib u t io n I n d u s t r i e s E m p lo y m e n t P r i m a r y m a n - h o u r s in the t r a d e , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s w e r e e s t i m a t e d f r o m the d if f e r e n c e b etw een p r o d u c e r and p u r c h a s e r v alu e fo r e a c h c o n s t r u c t io n m a t e r i a l . T he v alu e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e a llo t te d to t r a d e and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and p r i m a r y m a n - h o u r s fo r e a c h co m p o n en t of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t r a d e w e r e then e s t i m a t e d f r o m l a b o r f a c t o r s p r o v id e d by B L S . 10 T h i s r a t i o i s b a s e d on v a lu a tio n d a ta p r o v id e d by U . S . D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e , O ffic e of B u s i n e s s E c o n o m i c s . 34 P r i m a r y M a n u fa c tu r in g E m p lo y m e n t P r i m a r y e m p lo y m e n t in m a n u fa c t u r in g w a s c o n s i d e r e d to be that r e q u i r e d to p r o d u c e i t e m s in the c o n s t r u c t io n b i l l of m a t e r i a l s in th e ir fin a l s t a g e of f a b r i c a t i o n . In t h is s t a g e , m a n - h o u r s r e s u l t i n g f r o m c o l l e g e h o u sin g c o n s t r u c t io n w e r e d e v e lo p e d by m u ltip ly in g a v e r a g e v alu e of e a c h c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l by the r a tio of m a n u fa c t u r in g m a n - h o u r s to $ 1 , 0 0 0 of p ro d u c tio n . 11 S e c o n d a r y E m p lo y m e n t in A ll I n d u s t r i e s S e c o n d a r y e m p lo y m e n t i s d e fin e d a s the e m p lo y m e n t in a l l i n d u s t r i e s in v o lv e d in p ro d u c tio n and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of bu ild in g m a t e r i a l s and e q u ip m e n t, f r o m b a s i c e x t r a c t i o n to, but not in clu d in g, the fin a l m a n u f a c tu rin g s t a g e . T o c a lc u l a t e a l l s e c o n d a r y m a n - h o u r s in v o lv e d in c o n s t r u c t io n m a t e r i a l s and e q u ip m e n t, the 1958 in t e r i n d u s t r y stu d y w a s u s e d . F o r e a c h g ro u p of m a t e r i a l s , t h is study i n d i c a t e s the am o un t of s e c o n d a r y p ro d u c t r e q u i r e d of e a c h of i t s 78 in d u s t r y s e c t o r s . T he s u m m a tio n of t h e s e l a t t e r f i g u r e s an d l a b o r f a c t o r s f u r n is h e d by B L S p r o d u c e d the v o lu m e of s e c o n d a r y e m p lo y m e n t r e q u i r e d in e a c h of the 78 s e c t o r s . A d ju s t m e n t s fo r p r i c e and p r o d u c t iv ity w e r e m a d e to a r r i v e at d a ta f o r the y e a r c o n s i s t e n t w ith the b ill of m a t e r i a l s . T o t a l M a n -H o u r R e q u i r e m e n t s F r o m e a c h o f f - s i t e s t a g e ( p r i m a r y d is tr ib u t io n , p r i m a r y m a n u f a c tu rin g , and s e c o n d a r y i n d u s t r y ) , a m a n - h o u r f ig u r e p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o l l e g e h o u sin g c o n s t r u c t io n w a s o b tain e d . When t h e s e w e r e c o m b in e d with d i r e c t o r o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r s , the to ta l e m p lo y m e n t e ffe c t , w ithin the d efin itio n u s e d by the stu dy , w a s d e t e r m in e d . H o w e v e r, the p r o c e d u r e s u s e d in e s t i m a t in g e m p lo y m e n t g e n e r a t e d by c o n s t r u c t io n of c o l l e g e h o u s in g did not in clu d e a l l su c h e m p lo y m e n t. T e c h n iq u e s u s e d f o r e s t im a t i n g the o f f - s i t e s e g m e n t c o v e r only e m p lo y m e n t g e n e r a t e d by d i r e c t p u r c h a s e s of m a t e r i a l s and s u p p l ie s , and e m p lo y m e n t i m p l i c i t in the d e p r e c i a t i o n of c o n s t r u c t io n e q u ip m e n t. T he fo llow in g a r e a s of e m p lo y m e n t r e l a t e d to v o lu m e of c o n s t r u c t io n a c t iv it y w e r e not c o v e r e d : (1) A r c h i t e c t u r a l , s u r v e y in g , e s t im a t i n g , an d o th e r plan ning e m p lo y m e n t; (2) in s p e c t io n o r s u p e r v i s i o n by the a r c h i t e c t o r the g o v e rn m e n t d u rin g c o n s t r u c t io n ; (3) l a b o r t im e in v o lv e d in i n s t a l l a t i o n s by p u blic u tility e m p l o y e e s , a s w e ll a s an y s ite p r e p a r a t i o n not c o v e r e d by the c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t; (4) e m p lo y m e n t g e n e r a t e d by p u r c h a s e s of m o v a b le f u r n it u r e and e q u ip m e n t not in clu d e d in the c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t; (5) the f,m u l t i p l i e r n e ffe c t of r e s p e n d in g of w a g e s and p r o f i t s ; and (6) the c o n s t r u c t io n and e q u ip m e n t of new p ro d u ctio n f a c i l i t i e s , if n e e d e d to su p p ly c o n s t r u c t io n m ate rials. 11 M an u factu res. T h i s r a t i o w a s e s t a b l i s h e d by u s i n g the 1961 S u r v e y of U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE . 1965 0 - 7 7 3 - 7 6 2