View original document

The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.

I- %, 3;
Iff I

labor and material
requirements

Dayton & Mont 10 :ffl
Public: Lio . rj
J U L 2 0 i9 o
DOCUMENT CULL

for college housing
construction

Bulletin No. 1441

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Ewan Clague, Commissioner




| lb.

t

m




labor and material
requirements
for college housing

W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Ewan Clague, Commissioner

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office
Washington, D.G., 20402 - Price 30 cents







P reface

T h is stu dy o f tota l l a b o r and m a t e r i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g is the eighth in a s e r i e s o f s tu d ie s o f
v a r i o u s t y p e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n that m ig h t be a f f e c t e d b y fu tu re g o v e r n ­
m e n t a l a c t io n . S tu d ies w e r e p u b lis h e d p r e v i o u s l y f o r s c h o o l s , h ig h w a y s ,
F e d e r a l o f f i c e b u ild in g s , h o s p i t a l s , c i v i l w o r k s a c t i v i t i e s o f the A r m y
C o r p s o f E n g i n e e r s , p u b lic h o u s in g , and p r iv a t e o n e - f a m i l y d w e llin g
u n its . C u r r e n t l y in p r o g r e s s a r e a stu dy o f s e w a g e d i s p o s a l f a c i l i t i e s
and a r e study o f s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s .
T h e s tu d ie s a r e b e in g c o n d u c t e d in the B u r e a u ’ s D i v is io n o f
P r o d u c t i v i t y M e a s u r e m e n t , L l o y d A . P r o c h n o w , C h ie f, u n d er the g e n e r a l
d ire ctio n of L eon G re e n b e rg , A ssista n t C o m m is s io n e r fo r P rod u ctiv ity
and T e c h n o l o g i c a l D e v e l o p m e n t s . T h is b u lle t in w a s p r e p a r e d b y Stanley F .
M i l l e r u n d e r the s u p e r v i s i o n o f J a m e s F . W a l k e r . H e r m a n J. R o t h b e r g
w a s in c h a r g e o f c o l l e c t i n g and ta bu la tin g the s t a t i s t i c a l data.
T h e B u r e a u w i s h e s to a c k n o w le d g e the g e n e r o u s c o o p e r a t i o n o f
the H o u s in g and H o m e F in a n c e A g e n c y and its c o m m u n it y F a c i l i t i e s A d m i n ­
i s t r a t i o n in fu r n is h in g s o m e of the b a s i c data u s e d f o r this r e p o r t . T h e
B u r e a u a l s o a p p r e c i a t e s the c o o p e r a t i o n o f m a n y g e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s and
s u b c o n t r a c t o r s w ho s u p p lie d the m a t e r i a l s in f o r m a t i o n on w h ic h e s t i m a t e s
fo r in d ire ct la b o r req u irem en ts are based.




1




CONTENTS
Page
I n t r o d u c t i o n ....................................................................
1
N a tu re o f the s u r v e y ..................................................................................................
2
G e n e r a l s u r v e y fin d in g s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .................................................
4
P r o j e c t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ..............................................................................................
6
P r o j e c t c o s t s ............................................ * ...............................................................
8
O n -s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s ............................... . . . . . . . . .
10
R e q u ir e m e n ts b y o c c u p a t i o n ..........................................................
12
A p p r e n t ic e m a n - h o u r s .............................................................................................
14
G e n e r a l and s p e c ia l t r a d e s c o n t r a c t o r s 1 m a n - h o u r s ..............................
14
C o s t o f d ir e c t w a g e s ........................................................................................
18
O f f - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t ..............................................................................
21
B u i l d e r s ’ o f f - s i t e e m p l o y m e n t ..................................
23
E m p lo y m e n t in tr a n s p o r ta tio n , tr a d e , and s e r v i c e ...................................
23
’ ’ L a s t m a n u fa c tu r in g s ta g e ” e m p lo y m e n t
............................................................. 24
E m p lo y m e n t in s e c o n d a r y a c t iv it ie s
.................................................
24
C o n s t r u c t io n t im e ....................................................................
24
E m p lo y m e n t b y c o n s t r u c t io n p e r io d s . .......................................
25
M a t e r ia ls u s e d ..................................
25
.............................. ....
32
A p p e n d ix . S c o p e and m e th o d o f s u r v e y
C h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f the u n iv e r s e and s e le c t io n o f the s a m p le . . . .
32
M a n -h o u r e s t i m a t e s ..............................................................................
32
C o lle c t io n o f o n - s i t e m a n -h o u r data
..........................................33
O f f - s i t e m a n - h o u r s .....................................................................
33
P r i m a r y d is t r ib u t io n in d u s t r ie s e m p lo y m e n t
. .............................................. 33
P r i m a r y m a n u fa c tu r in g e m p lo y m e n t
.
34
S e c o n d a r y e m p lo y m e n t in a ll in d u s t r ie s
......................................................
34
T o t a l m a n -h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s .................................................
34
T a b le s :
1. N u m b e r o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g p r o je c t s and a v e r a g e c o n s t r u c t io n
c o s t p e r s q u a r e fo o t, b y s e le c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and
r e g io n , 196 0 -6 1 ..................................
2. O n -s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r c o lle g e h o u s in g p r o je c t s ,
b y s e le c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1
.........................
3. O n -s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o lle g e h o u s in g
c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , and p e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n , b y o c c u p a t io n
and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 ..........................................................
4 . O n -s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o lle g e h o u s in g
c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , by p r o p o r t io n o f lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s
e m p lo y e d and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1
.............................................................
5. A p p r e n t ic e h o u r s as a p e r c e n t o f to ta l m a n -h o u r s w o r k e d on
c o l l e g e h o u s in g p r o je c t s , by o c c u p a t io n and r e g io n ,
1 9 6 0 -6 1
. . . . . . . . . .




iii

9
11

13

15

16

C O N T E N T S - - C on tin u ed
Page
T a b l e s - -C o n tin u e d
6. P e r c e n t o f to ta l o n - s i t e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r c o lle g e
h o u s in g p r o j e c t s , b y ty p e o f c o n t r a c t o r and r e g io n ,
1 9 6 0 -6 1 .................................................................................................................
7. A v e r a g e h o u r ly o n - s it e e a r n in g s and w a g e s a s a p e r c e n t o f
c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t f o r c o lle g e h o u s in g p r o j e c t s , b y s e le c t e d
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1
8. M a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g
c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , b y p r o d u c in g s e c t o r and s ta g e o f
m a n u fa c tu r e , 1 9 6 0 -6 1
9. C o s t o f m a t e r ia ls p e r $ 1, 000 o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n
c o n t r a c t , b y typ e o f m a t e r ia l and r e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1
C h a r ts :
1. D is t r ib u t io n o f 238 m a n -h o u r s f o r e a c h $ 1, 000 o f c o l l e g e
h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 .............................................
2. P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n o f o n - s i t e w a g e s and m a t e r ia ls u s e d f o r
e a c h $ 1, 000 o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t ,
1 9 6 0 -6 1 .................................................................................................................
3. O n -s it e m a n -h o u r s f o r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g
c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t , b y d e c ile o f c o n s t r u c t io n t im e ,
1 9 6 0 -6 1 .................................................................................................................




IV

17

20

22
28

5

7

27

L A B O R A N D M A T E R I A L R E Q U IR E M E N T S
F O R C O L L E G E HOUSING C O N S T R U C T IO N

In tr o d u c tio n

N ew c o n s t r u c t io n is a m a jo r c o m p o n e n t o f the N a tio n ’ s output o f
g o o d s and s e r v i c e s and an im p o r ta n t s o u r c e o f e m p lo y m e n t . J o b s a r e
c r e a t e d n ot o n ly at c o n s t r u c t io n s ite s but a ls o in m a n y m a n u fa c tu r in g ,
tr a d e s e r v i c e , and t r a n s p o r t a t io n in d u s t r ie s w h ich m a k e , s e ll, and d e liv e r
m a t e r ia ls and e q u ip m e n t r e q u ir e d in c o n s t r u c t io n p r o c e s s e s . B e c a u s e o f
its f a r - r e a c h i n g e m p lo y m e n t im p a c t, a v ig o r o u s c o n s t r u c t io n in d u s tr y is
r e g a r d e d as a s ig n ific a n t a id in a v o id in g c y c l i c a l u n e m p lo y m e n t.
T o p r o v id e fa c tu a l data on the e m p lo y m e n t g e n e r a tin g e f f e c t s o f
c o n s t r u c t io n e x p e n d it u r e s , the B u re a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s h as a co n tin u in g
p r o g r a m o f s tu d ie s to m e a s u r e la b o r and m a t e r ia l r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r v a r io u s
s e g m e n ts o f the c o n s t r u c t io n in d u s tr y . C o n s t r u c t io n o f c o lle g e h o u s in g w a s
s e le c t e d f o r stu d y b e c a u s e th is s e g m e n t is on e w h ich c o u ld be s ig n ific a n t ly
a ffe c t e d b y g o v e r n m e n t a l a c t io n .
U n d er the C o lle g e H ou sin g L o a n P r o g r a m , t itle IV o f the H ou sin g
A c t o f 1950 (P u b lic L a w 8 1 -4 8 5 ), a p p r o v e d A p r i l 20, 1950, and s u b s e q u e n tly
a m e n d e d , lo n g - t e r m lo a n s a r e m a d e at lo w in t e r e s t r a t e s to fin a n c e the
c o n s t r u c t io n o f d o r m i t o r i e s , m a r r i e d stu den t and fa c u lt y h o u s in g , d in in g
h a lls , c o l l e g e u n io n s , and in f ir m a r ie s w h e r e su ch a s s is t a n c e is n ot o t h e r w is e
a v a ila b le on e q u a lly fa v o r a b le t e r m s . T h e p r o g r a m w a s e x p a n d ed in 1955 to
in c lu d e stu den t u n io n s , d in in g h a lls and s im ila r s e r v i c e f a c i l i t i e s . It w a s
e x p a n d e d a g a in in 1957 to in c lu d e lo a n s to h o s p ita ls f o r h o u s in g stu den t n u r s e s ,
in t e r n s , and r e s id e n t p h y s ic ia n s .
T h e H o u sin g and H om e F in a n c e A g e n c y , in it s 17th annual r e p o r t ,
in d ic a t e s that a s o f the end o f 1963, a p p lic a t io n s f o r abou t 3 ,0 0 0 lo a n s had
b e e n r e c e i v e d f r o m c o l l e g e s and u n iv e r s it ie s s in c e the b e g in n in g o f the p r o ­
g r a m in 1950. T h e to ta l lo a n r e q u e s t s a m ou n ted to m o r e than $ 3 b illio n . O f
t h e s e , 1, 992 h a d b e e n a p p r o v e d and t o t a le d $ 2. 1 b illio n . T h r e e q u a r t e r s o f
the e lig ib le c o l l e g e s and u n iv e r s it ie s in the c o u n tr y h a v e p a r t ic ip a t e d in the
p r o g r a m and t h e ir e n r o llm e n t s a c c o u n t fo r m o r e than 85 p e r c e n t o f the s tu ­
d en ts in the e lig ib le in s titu tio n s .
H o s p it a ls w ith n u r s in g s c h o o ls , in t e r n s , and r e s id e n t p h y s ic ia n s
h a v e f ile d a to ta l o f 174 lo a n a p p lic a t io n s in the a m ou n t o f $ 107. 1 m illio n .
O ne h u n d re d t h r e e o f t h e s e h av e b e e n a p p r o v e d f o r $ 5 8 . 1 m illio n .




1

z
D u rin g 1963, u n d er the c o lle g e h o u s in g lo a n p r o g r a m , 231 lo a n s
to ta lin g $ 2 7 5 m illio n w e r e c o m p le t e d p r o v id in g liv in g a c c o m m o d a t io n s f o r
a lm o s t 5 9 ,0 0 0 stu d en ts and fa c u lt y m e m b e r s and 1 ,5 4 6 stu den t n u r s e s ,
in t e r n s , and r e s id e n t d o c t o r s .
N atu re o f the S u rv e y
T h is r e p o r t is b a s e d on the fin d in g s in a s u r v e y o f 43 c o lle g e h o u s ­
ing p r o je c t s w h ich w e r e a d m in is t e r e d b y the C o m m u n ity F a c i l i t i e s A d m in ­
is t r a t io n (C F A ). The p r o je c t s w e r e s e le c t e d f r o m a lis tin g o f 201 p r o je c t s
r e p o r t e d a s b e in g s u b s ta n tia lly c o m p le t e d d u rin g c a le n d a r y e a r 1961.
The
p r o je c t s s e le c t e d w e r e in v a r io u s States r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f the fo u r b r o a d
g e o g r a p h ic a l r e g io n s o f the c o n t e r m in o u s U nited S t a t e s .1
T h e s u r v e y w as d e s ig n e d p r im a r ily to d e t e r m in e m a n -h o u r s r e ­
q u ir e d f o r a f i x e d - d o l l a r v o lu m e ($ 1 ,0 0 0 ) o f c o lle g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t io n .
M a n -h o u r s , as d e fin e d f o r the s u r v e y , in c lu d e both o n - s it e and o f f - s i t e
c o n s t r u c t io n e m p lo y m e n t and o f f - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t r e q u ir e d to p r o d u c e , s e l l ,
and d e liv e r m a t e r ia ls u s e d in c o n s t r u c t io n . D ata f o r o n - s i t e la b o r in clu d e
m a n -h o u r s f o r s u p e r v is o r y , e n g in e e r in g , c l e r i c a l , and c u s to d ia l e m p lo y e e s
at c o n s t r u c t io n s ite s and th o s e f o r w o r k e r s in the c o n s t r u c t io n t r a d e s . D ata
w e r e a ls o o b ta in e d on w a g e s p a id and tim in g o f e m p lo y m e n t . In fo r m a tio n fo r
o f f - s i t e la b o r in c lu d e s e m p lo y m e n t in a c t iv it ie s o f c o n t r a c t o r s su ch as o f f i c e
and w a r e h o u s in g ; b u ild in g m a t e r ia ls and e q u ip m e n t m a n u fa c tu r e and d i s t r i ­
bu tion ; and fin a lly e m p lo y m e n t in a ll o th e r in d u s t r ie s w h ich a r e a ffe c t e d
d i r e c t l y o r in d ir e c t ly by p r o d u c t io n and d is t r ib u t io n o f b u ild in g m a t e r ia ls ,
f r o m ra w m a t e r ia ls to the fin a l m a n u fa c tu r in g s ta g e .
C e r t a in ty p e s o f e m p lo y m e n t , h o w e v e r , a r e not c o v e r e d b y the
s u r v e y . M a n -h o u r s e x p e n d e d on p r e p a r a t io n o f p la n s and s p e c if ic a t io n s f o r
p r o je c t s a r e e x c lu d e d , as is la b o r tim e in v o lv e d in in s t a lla t io n s by p u b lic
u tility e m p lo y e e s , site p r e p a r a t io n , la n d s c a p in g , and s t r e e t and s e w e r w o r k
not in c lu d e d in the c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t s .

1 The S tates in c lu d e d in e a c h o f the r e g io n s a r e as f o llo w s :
N o r t h e a s t - - C o n n e c t ic u t , M a in e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , N ew H a m p s h ir e , N ew
J e r s e y , N ew Y o r k , P e n n s y lv a n ia , R h od e Is la n d , and V e r m o n t ; N orth
C e n t r a l - - I l l i n o i s , In d ia n a , Io w a , K a n s a s , M ic h ig a n , M in n e s o ta , M is s o u r i,
N e b r a s k a , N orth D a k ota , O h io , South D akota and W is c o n s in ; South - A la b a m a , A r k a n s a s , D e la w a r e , D is t r ic t o f C o lu m b ia , F l o r i d a , G e o r g ia ,
K e n tu c k y , L o u is ia n a , M a r y la n d , M is s i s s i p p i , N orth C a r o lin a , O k la h o m a ,
South C a r o lin a , T e n n e s s e e , T e x a s , V ir g in ia , and W e s t V ir g in ia ; W e s t - A r iz o n a , C a lifo r n ia , C o lo r a d o , Id a h o, M on ta n a , N e v a d a , N ew M e x ic o ,
O r e g o n , U ta h ,W a sh in g ton and W y o m in g .




3

E s t im a t e s w e r e m a d e o f la b o r g e n e r a te d b y m o n e y e x p e n d e d f o r
c o n t r a c t o r s 1 o v e r h e a d . The m a jo r p o r t io n o f su ch o v e r h e a d c o n s is t s o f
a d m in is tr a t iv e s a l a r i e s . E m p lo y m e n t f o r o th e r o v e r h e a d it e m s , su ch as
r e n t, b o n d s , in s u r a n c e , ta x e s (in clu d in g p a y r o ll t a x e s ) , fr in g e b e n e fit p a y ­
m e n t s , and o f f i c e s u p p lie s , w as e s tim a t e d f r o m s e c o n d a r y d ata. E m p lo y ­
m e n t c r e a t e d by the r e s p e n d in g o f w a g e s and p r o fit s o f w o r k e r s and th e ir
e m p l o y e r s - -th e m u lt ip lie r e f f e c t - - w a s not c o n s id e r e d w ith in the s c o p e o f
th is stu d y .




4
General Survey Findings and Characteristics
C o n s t r u c t io n o f c o lle g e h o u s in g p r o je c t s d u rin g 1 9 6 0 -6 1 2 c r e a t e d
an e s tim a t e d 238 m a n -h o u r s o f e m p lo y m e n t f o r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t io n
c o n t r a c t c o s t . E m p lo y m e n t at c o n s t r u c t io n s it e s a c c o u n t e d f o r 94 m a n ­
h o u r s , w h ile 144 m a n -h o u r s w e r e r e q u ir e d f o r v a r io u s o f f - s i t e a c t iv it ie s .
(S ee c h a r t 1 .) T h e la t t e r in c lu d e d a ll e m p lo y m e n t r e q u ir e d to p r o d u c e and
d e liv e r m a t e r ia ls and eq u ip m e n t in s t a lle d b y o n - s i t e w o r k e r s , a s w e ll as
e m p lo y m e n t r e q u ir e d b y c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t o r s f o r a d m in is t r a t iv e , w a r e ­
h o u s in g , and c e r t a in o th e r o f f - s i t e o p e r a t io n s . O f f - s i t e m a n -h o u r s (e x c e p t
th o s e f o r the c o n s t r u c t io n in d u stry ) a r e d e v e lo p e d f r o m c o s t data r e la t in g to
the v a lu e o f m a t e r ia ls u s e d at c o n s t r u c t io n s it e s (in c lu d in g r e n ta l c o s t s o r
d e p r e c ia t io n c h a r g e s f o r c o n s t r u c t io n e q u ip m e n t). T o t a l m a n -h o u r r e q u i r e ­
m e n ts w e r e d is t r ib u t e d as f o llo w s :
M a n -h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 c
c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t

T o ta l ...................................................................
O n -s it e c o n s t r u c t i o n .......................................
O ff - s i t e .....................................................................
C o n s t r u c t i o n ......................................................
M a n u fa c t u r in g ....................................................
T r a n s p o r t a t io n , t r a d e , and s e r v ic e . . .
O th er in d u s t r ie s (in c lu d in g m in in g ) . . .

N um ber

P ercen t

238
94
144
13
73
42
16

100
39
61
5
31
18
7

L e n g th o f c o n s t r u c t io n tim e f o r the a v e r a g e p r o je c t w a s 58 w e e k s ,
p r o v id in g the e q u iv a le n t o f c o n tin u o u s w o r k f o r abou t 46 w o r k e r s (54 m a n y e a r s ) at c o n s t r u c t io n s it e s . O f f - s i t e a c t iv it ie s p r o v id e d on a v e r a g e the
e q u iv a le n t o f 1 y e a r o f e m p lo y m e n t f o r 74 w o r k e r s . 3

2 C o n s t r u c t io n o f the p r o je c t s w a s a c c o m p lis h e d o v e r the p e r io d
f r o m la te 1959 to e a r ly 1962, but the g r e a t e r p o r t io n to o k p la c e d u rin g
1 9 6 0 -6 1 .
3 T h e annual e m p lo y m e n t e s tim a te fo r c o n s t r u c t io n w o r k e r s is
b a s e d on 50 t im e s the 1961 a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k o f 36 h o u r s f o r g e n e r a l
b u ild in g and s p e c ia l tr a d e c o n t r a c t o r s , a c c o r d in g to the B u r e a u 's e m p lo y ­
m e n t and e a r n in g s s e r i e s . F o r o th e r ty p e s o f e m p lo y m e n t, 2 ,0 0 0 h o u r s
w e r e c o n s id e r e d as 1 y e a r 's e m p lo y m e n t.




Chart 1. Distribution of 238 Man-Hours for Each
$1,000 of College Housing Construction Contract,
1960-61

SECONDARY
M A N -H O U R S
(62)
Transportation,
Trade and Services

M an ufacturin g
Includes 3 m a n - h o u r s

in m i n i n g an d o t h e r i n d u s t r i es .

U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F LA B O R

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS




A ll Other
Industries

6

A t the 1963 r a t e , c o n str u c tio n o f c o lle g e h o u sin g h a s c r e a t e d
ab o u t 14, 000 jo b s a n n u a lly fo r o n - s it e a c t i v it i e s an d a p p r o x im a te ly 20, 000
fo r r e la t e d o f f - s i t e w o rk . C u r re n t e s t im a t e s in d ic a te th at c o lle g e e n r o ll­
m e n ts w ill to ta l ab o u t 7 m illio n stu d e n ts (100 p e r c e n t in c r e a s e ) by 1975.
T h e stu d y d is c lo s e d w ide v a r ia t io n s in m a n -h o u r and m a t e r ia l
r e q u ir e m e n ts am o n g p r o je c t s , r e fle c t in g d if f e r e n c e s in type and s i z e of
p r o je c t s , g e o g r a p h ic a l lo c a t io n s , and lo c a l c o n str u c tio n p r a c t i c e s . S ig n if i­
ca n t v a r ia t io n s w e re n oted in su ch r e la t e d ite m s a s a v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s
an d s ite w a g e s a s a p e r c e n ta g e of c o n s tr u c tio n c o s t . M a t e r ia l p u r c h a s e s
am o u n ted to ab o u t 54 p e r c e n t o f the c o n s tr u c tio n e x p e n d itu r e s , w h ile w a g e s
fo r o n - s it e m a n - h o u r s w e re about 29 p e r c e n t. (S e e c h a r t 2 .) E a r n in g s fo r
o n - s it e la b o r a v e r a g e d $ 3 . 13 p e r h ou r (1 9 6 0 -6 1 d a ta ).
P r o je c t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
T h e 43 p r o je c t s s e le c t e d in the s a m p le f o r th is stu d y v a r ie d in
s iz e fr o m one w ith ab o u t 5 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e fe e t to one co n tain in g 2 7 9 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e
fe e t; the a v e r a g e w a s ab o u t 66, 000 s q u a r e fe e t. P r o je c t c o n str u c tio n c o s t s
(e x c lu d in g s ite p r e p a r a t io n and p lan n in g c o s ts ) r a n g e d fr o m ab o u t $ 7 4 ,0 0 0
to a lm o s t $ 4 m illio n ; the a v e r a g e w a s a p p r o x im a te ly $1 m illio n .
A m o st 91 p e r c e n t o f the p r o je c t s s u r v e y e d in v o lv e d c o n stru c tio n
o f b u ild in g s co n tain in g only liv in g a c c o m m o d a tio n s fo r stu d e n ts. T h e r e ­
m a in d e r w e r e fo r p r o je c t s co n tain in g dining f a c i l i t i e s o r stu d en t a c tiv ity
a r e a s co m b in e d w ith liv in g a c c o m m o d a tio n s . L iv in g a c c o m m o d a tio n s fo r
ab o u t 10, 600 stu d e n ts w e re p r o v id e d in 77 b u ild in g s - -7 a d d itio n a l b u ild in g s
p r o v id e d on ly din in g f a c i l i t i e s o r s p a c e fo r stu d en t a c t i v it i e s . L o c a tio n s of
p r o je c t s stu d ie d w e re d iv id e d a lm o s t e q u a lly betw een m e tr o p o lita n and n on ­
m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s ; h o w e v e r, in the South a lm o s t th r e e - fo u r th s of the p r o j ­
e c t s w e re in n o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s .
T h e p r o je c t s stu d ie d w e re o f th re e m a jo r s t r u c t u r a l fr a m e ty p e s ;
r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te (63 p e r c e n t), lo a d - b e a r in g m a s o n r y (16 p e r c e n t), and
s t e e l (14 p e r c e n t). T h e re m a in in g 7 p e r c e n t w e re a co m b in a tio n o f r e in ­
f o r c e d c o n c r e te an d s t e e l. E a c h o f the ty p e s h a s a slig h tly d iffe r e n t d iv i­
sio n o f m a n -h o u r an d m a t e r i a l r e q u ir e m e n ts a s s o c i a t e d w ith i t s c o n s tr u c tio n .
A ll p r o je c t s e x c e p t one h ad p r i m a r i l y m a s o n r y e x t e r i o r s - - t h e one e x c e p tio n
u s e d c u r ta in w a ll e n t ir e ly fo r e x t e r io r fa c in g . A lm o s t t h r e e - fo u r th s o f the
p r o je c t s w e re c o n s tr u c te d to p ro v id e p a r t i a l o r fu ll b a s e m e n t s . P r o je c t s
w e re a lm o s t e q u a lly d iv id e d betw een th o se h av in g e l e v a t o r s and th o se not
h av in g e le v a t o r s . B a s e s fo r f lo o r s on a l l p r o je c t s e x c e p t one w a s c o n s t r u c ­
te d o f c o n c r e t e - - c o v e r s fo r th e se f l o o r s w e re r e s i l i e n t tile in a l l e x c e p t one
p r o je c t w hich u s e d w ood. A bout 70 p e r c e n t o f the p r o je c t s w e re c o n s tr u c te d
w ith c o n c r e te r o o f d e c k s . F o r ab o u t 90 p e r c e n t o f the p r o je c t s stu d ie d ,
b u ilt-u p ro o fin g w a s u s e d to c o v e r d e c k s .




Chart 2. Percent Distribution of On-Site Wages and
Materials Used for Each $1,000 of College Housing
Construction Contract, 1960-61

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR




BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

8

P ro je c t C o sts
C o n s t r u c t io n c o s t p e r s q u a r e foot f o r a l l p r o j e c t s a v e r a g e d
$ 1 5 . 88. H o w e v e r, w ide d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e n oted in c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t s p e r
s q u a r e foot a m o n g the in d iv id u al p r o j e c t s in the s u r v e y and by r e g io n .
F o r in d iv id u a l p r o j e c t s , c o s t s p e r s q u a r e foot r a n g e d f r o m about $ 10 to
a l m o s t $ 2 8 . A v e r a g e c o s t p e r s q u a r e foot in the N o r t h e a s t r e g io n w a s
21 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r than the U . S . a v e r a g e .
C o n s tr u c t io n c o s t s p e r s q u a r e foot in a l l g e o g r a p h i c a l r e g i o n s
w e r e g e n e r a l l y g r e a t e r fo r p r o j e c t s c o n s t r u c t e d in m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s , and
o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t on t h e s e
p r o j e c t s w e r e below a v e r a g e .
D i f f e r e n c e s in c o s t p e r s q u a r e foot betw een r e g i o n s m a y r e s u l t
f r o m i n t e r a c tio n of s e v e r a l f a c t o r s such a s d i s ta n c e of p r o j e c t s f r o m the
s o u r c e s of su p p ly f o r v a r i o u s b u ild in g m a t e r i a l s , h ig h e r o r lo w e r w ag e
c o s t s , s m a l l e r o r l a r g e r e x p e n d it u r e s f o r su ch i t e m s a s h e a tin g and i n ­
s u la t in g m a t e r i a l s due to c l i m a t i c d i f f e r e n c e s . C o s t s a r e a l s o in flu e n c e d
by the type of bu ild in g c o n s t r u c t e d , w hich i s r e f l e c t e d hot only by the b a s i c
s t r u c t u r a l type, but by d i f f e r e n c e s in d e s ig n q u a l i t i e s and d u r a b ility . C o s t
f i g u r e s p r e s e n t e d in t h is stu dy p e r t a in to c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s only. C o n s t r u c ­
tion c o s t s p e r s q u a r e foot, by s e l e c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and by g e o g r a p h i c a l
r e g io n , a r e shown in t a b le 1.




T a b le 1.

N u m b e r o f C o l le g e H o u s in g P r o j e c t s a n d A v e r a g e C o n s t r u c t i o n C o s t P e r S q u a r e F o o t ,
b y S e le c t e d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d R e g io n , 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 1

United S t a t e s

N orth east

N orth C e n tr a l

South

W est

N u m be r

A verage
c o s t per
sq u a r e
foot

N um ber

A verage
cost per
square
foot

Num ber

A verage
co st per
square
foot

Num ber

A verage
cost per
square
foot

Num ber

A verage
c o s t per
square
foot

A ll p r o j e c t s ......................

43

$ 15.88

10

$ 19. 18

11

$ 15. 86

14

$ 1 4 .0 8

8

$ 1 4 . 69

L o c a tio n :
M e t r o p o lita n a r e a .............
N o n m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a . . .

23

$ 16.67
14. 91

4

$ 19.71
17. 78

$ 16. 11
15. 38

4
10

$ 14. 23
14.01

5
3

$ 14.8 7
1 4 .4 6

C o n s t r u c t io n c o s t group:
L e s s than $ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . . .
$ 1 ,0 0 0 , 0 0 0 an d o v e r . . . .

26
17

16. 27
15.71

5
5

17. 29
19. 85

14. 90
13. 54

5
3

15. 63
1 4 .4 3

16.36
15. 10

6

4

1 9 .4 9
18. 62

14. 38
13. 76

3
5

15. 35
14. 21

C h aracte ristic

With e l e v a t o r s .........................
Without e l e v a t o r s .................

l

20

20

23

6

5
6

5

18. 27
1 5 .0 9

5

1 6

6

6

C o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e p r o j e c t s e x te n d e d f r o m la t e 1 9 5 9 to e a r l y 1 9 6 2 ,




. 26
14. 69

10

4
6
8

but th e g r e a t e r p o r t io n to o k p la c e d u r in g 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 .

10

O n -S ite M a n -H o u r R e q u i r e m e n t s
O n - s it e m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s v a r i e d f r o m a low of about 75
m a n - h o u r s to a high of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 140. T he a v e r a g e f o r a l l p r o j e c t s
w a s 93. 6 (tab le 2) p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n t r a c t c o s t .
Owing to the l i m i t e d n u m b e r of p r o j e c t s s e l e c t e d fo r the s a m p l e ,
it w a s i m p r a c t i c a l to m a k e an a n a l y s i s and a r r i v e at d efin ite c o n c lu s io n s
r e l a t i v e to the w ide d i f f e r e n c e s in r e q u i r e m e n t s o b s e r v e d fo r m o s t of the
v a r i o u s p r o je c t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . H o w e v e r, t h e r e d o e s a p p e a r to be a
d efin ite r e l a t i o n s h ip betw een m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s and the s i z e a n d / o r
lo c a tio n of p r o j e c t s .
A s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e w a s noted in the g r e a t e r a v e r a g e n u m b e r
of m a n - h o u r s r e q u i r e d fo r p r o j e c t s lo c a t e d in the South. R e q u i r e m e n t s in
th is r e g io n w e r e r e p o r t e d at o n e -fifth g r e a t e r than the n a tio n a l a v e r a g e and
a l m o s t o n e - th ir d g r e a t e r than the a v e r a g e fo r the W e st. In s o m e c a s e s , the
g r e a t e r m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e p r o b a b ly due to the s i z e an d lo c a t io n
of p r o j e c t s in th is r e g io n . A l m o s t t h r e e - f o u r t h s of the 14 p r o j e c t s in the
South h ad a c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t b elo w the n a tio n a l a v e r a g e of $ 1 m i l ­
lion . S e v e n ty -o n e p e r c e n t of the p r o j e c t s in the South w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d in
n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s .
I n d ic a tio n s f r o m oth er c o n s t r u c t io n l a b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s s t u d ie s
m a d e by the B u r e a u a r e that s m a l l e r p r o j e c t s c o n s t r u c t e d in n o n m e t r o p o li­
tan a r e a s tend to r e q u i r e m o r e o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n s t r u c ­
tion c o s t than do l a r g e r p r o j e c t s c o n s t r u c t e d in m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s .
G e n e r a l l y , s m a l l p r o j e c t s c o n s t r u c t e d in n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s p r e s e n t
l e s s o p p o rtu n ity to u t iliz e la b o r s a v in g eq u ip m e n t and p r o c e d u r e s . T h e r e
i s a g r e a t e r te n d e n cy to u s e lo w e r s k il l e d w o r k e r s at low w ag e r a t e s in
p l a c e of su ch e q u ip m e n t and p r o c e d u r e s . T h i s te n d e n c y i s in p a r t b o rn e
out by the f a c t that in m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s , 63 p e r c e n t of the p r o j e c t s stu d ie d
r e q u i r e d l e s s than the a v e r a g e n u m b e r of o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of
c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t , and a l m o s t 75 p e r c e n t of the p r o j e c t s r e p o r t e d h ig h e r
than a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s . C o n v e r s e l y , in n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s w h e re
62 p e r c e n t of the p r o j e c t s r e q u i r e d m o r e than the a v e r a g e n u m b e r of m a n ­
h o u r s , a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s w e r e lo w e r fo r about 60 p e r c e n t of the
p r o j e c t s stu d ie d .
C o m p a r i s o n of m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s fo r p r o j e c t s with e l e v a t o r s
an d th o s e w ithout e l e v a t o r s r e v e a l s that th o se w ithout e l e v a t o r s r e q u i r e d
c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e m a n - h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t . A n a l y s i s
of t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s r e v e a l s , a g a in , that s i z e and lo c a t io n of p r o j e c t s a r e
m o r e than lik e ly to be the dom in an t f a c t o r s r a t h e r than the in c lu s io n of
e x c l u s i o n of e l e v a t o r s .




T a b le 2 .

O n -S i t e M a n - H o u r R e q u i r e m e n t s fo r C o l l e g e H o u s in g P r o j e c t s ,
b y S e le c t e d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d R e g io n , 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 1

United S t a t e s

N ortheast

$ 1 ,000
of
cost

sq u a r e
feet

$ 1 ,0 0 0
of
cost

square
fe e t

93. 6

1,4 8 6

8 5 .0

1 ,6 3 0

8 6

.8
.9

1,447
1, 534

8 5 .0
8 5 .0

, 682
1 ,403
1,451
1,5 4 4

L o c a tio n :
M e t r o p o lita n a r e a .............
N o n m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a . . .

1 0 2

C o n s t r u c t io n c o s t group:
L e s s than $ 1 ,0 0 0 , 000 . . .
$ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 an d o v e r . . . .

103. 3
89. 3

With e l e v a t o r s .........................
Without e l e v a t o r s .................

8 8 . 7
102. 3

l

8 6

1 ,0 0 0

W est

1

$ 1,0 0 0
of
cost

square
fe et

$ 1 ,0 0 0
of
cost

square
fe et

$ 1 ,0 0 0
of
cost

square
feet

.9

1, 378

1 1 1 .5

1,571

84. 3

1, 239

1 ,6 7 6
1 ,5 1 2

8 3 .4
9 3 .9

1, 344
1 ,4 4 4

9 8 . 8
117. 9

1 ,4 0 7
1,651

8 4 .0
8 4 .8

1, 249
1 , 226

84. 7
85. 1

1 ,4 6 5
1 ,6 9 0

104. 5
80. 1

1, 909
1, 209

114. 7
109. 2

1,7 1 0
1 ,4 7 8

9 1 .4
82. 2

1 ,4 2 9
1, 185

8 6 . 2
82. 7

1,6 8 1
1 ,5 4 0

82. 6
100. 7

1, 344
1 ,4 7 9

125. 8

1,4 4 7
1,731

82. 1
8 6 . 1

1 ,0 0 0

C o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e p r o j e c t s e x te n d e d f r o m la t e 1 9 5 9 to e a r l y 1 9 6 2 ,




South

On--s ite m an -■ hours p e r - -

C h aracte ristic

A ll p r o j e c t s ......................

N orth C e n tr a l

1 ,0 0 0

1 0 1 .0

1 ,0 0 0

1 ,0 0 0

, 261
1, 223

1

but th e g r e a t e r p o r t io n to o k p la c e d u r in g 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 .

12

M an -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts w e re the h ig h e st fo r p r o je c t s c o n s tr u c te d
w ith lo a d - b e a r in g m a s o n r y fr a m in g ; r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te s t r u c t u r e s r e ­
q u ir e d the n ex t h ig h e st n u m b er of m a n - h o u r s . S t r u c t u r e s u s in g s t e e l fo r
fr a m in g r e q u ir e d the th ir d h ig h e st n u m b e r o f m a n - h o u r s . T h r e e p r o je c t s
stu d ie d u s e d a c o m b in a tio n o f s t e e l an d r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te an d r e p o r te d
the l e a s t n u m b e r of m a n - h o u r s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n str u c tio n c o s t . It i s not
c l e a r , h o w e v e r, w h eth er the v a r ia t io n s a r e due to s t r u c t u r a l d if f e r e n c e s
o r if s i z e s an d lo c a tio n s o f the p r o je c t s a r e the m a in c o n trib u tin g f a c t o r s .
P r o je c t c o n str u c tio n c o s t s w e re g r e a t e r than a v e r a g e fo r th o se u s in g a
co m b in a tio n o f fr a m in g m a t e r i a l s . A ll p r o je c t s (six ) c o n s t r u c t e d w ith
s t e e l fr a m in g in d ic a te d c o s t s belo w a v e r a g e an d a l l e x c e p t one o f th e s e
p r o je c t s w e re lo c a te d in n o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s . R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te w a s
u s e d in c o n str u c tio n o f 50 p e rc e n t of the p r o je c t s lo c a t e d in n o n m e tro p o lita n
a r e a s an d fo r a lm o s t fo u r - fifth s o f th o se in m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s . O w ing to
in s u ffic ie n t d a ta fo r so m e ty p e s of c o n stru c tio n in a l l r e g io n s , c o m p a r is o n s
a r e not p r e s e n t e d by re g io n ; h o w e v e r, the fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n p r e s e n t s d a ta
p e r ta in in g to the to ta l p r o je c t s su rv e y e d :
T y p e of
s t r u c t u r a l fr a m in g

N u m b er of
p r o je c t s

M a n -h o u r s p e r
$ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o s t

C o st p er
s q u a r e fo o t

A ll p r o j e c t s ....................
R e in fo r c e d c o n c r e t e ..........
L o a d - b e a r in g m a s o n r y . .
S te e l ..........................................
C o m b in a tio n ( s t e e l and
r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te ) . . .

43
27
7
6

9 3 .6
9 6 .9
1 0 2 .0
92 . 2

$ 1 5 .8 8
1 6 .0 8
1 5 .4 7
17. 53

3

77 . 1

14. 88

R e q u ir e m e n ts by O ccu p atio n
R e g io n a l v a r ia t io n s in m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts fo r d iffe re n t o c c u ­
p a tio n s (ta b le 3) r e f le c t d iffe r e n c e s in d e s ig n , w o rk p r a c t i c e s , and w age
r a t e s . T h e g r e a t e s t v a r ia tio n s a r e n o ted in the d iv is io n betw een s k ille d
an d u n sk ille d o c c u p a tio n s. F o r p u r p o s e s of th is stu d y , l a b o r e r s , h e lp e r s ,
an d t e n d e r s w e re c l a s s i f i e d a s lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s . In the South , o v e r 40
p e r c e n t o f the o n - s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts w e re a c c o u n te d fo r by th e s e
lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s , w h e r e a s , in the o th e r r e g io n s , the ra n g e w a s fr o m
ab o u t 25 to 30 p e r c e n t.
R e g io n a l v a r ia t io n s w ithin the s k ille d o c c u p a tio n s a r e r e la t e d m o s t
d ir e c t ly to d iff e r e n c e s in s t r u c t u r a l ty p e s . D istin c tiv e d if f e r e n c e s a r e n oted
fo r th o se p r o je c t s u s in g r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te fo r s t r u c t u r a l fr a m in g . M a n ­
h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts on th e s e p r o je c t s a r e h igh fo r l a t h e r s , ir o n w o r k e r s , an d
p lu m b e r s , but low fo r c a r p e n t e r s an d p a in t e r s . M an -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts , of
c o u r s e , a r e h igh fo r b r ic k la y e r s on th o se p r o je c t s c o n s t r u c t e d w ith lo a d b e a r in g m a s o n r y .




T a b le 3.

On-Site Man-Hour R e q u ire m e n ts p er $ 1 ,0 0 0 of C o lle ge Housing C onstruction C ontract,
and P e r c e n t Distribution, by Occupation and Region, 1960-61 1
United S t a te s

O ccupation

N o r th ea st

North C e n tr a l

South

West

M an -h ou rs
M a n -h ou rs
M an -h ou rs
M a n -h o u rs
Percent
P e r c e n t M a n -h o u rs P e r c e n t
Percent
Percent
worked
worked
w orked
worked
w orked

A ll o c c u p a t i o n s .............................................

9 3 .6

100.0

8 5 .0

100.0

8 6 .9

10 0.0

111.5

100.0

84. 3

100.0

G e n e r a l s u p e r v i s o r s ........................................

2.4

2 .6

2. 1

2. 5

2. 2

2. 5

3 .0

2 .6

2. 2

2.6

P r o f e s s i o n a l , tec h n ica l, and c l e r i c a l . . .

.8

.8

1. 1

1.3

.9

1 .0

.7

.6

(2/)

(2/)

C a r p e n t e r s ...........................................................
B r i c k l a y e r s .........................................................
P l u m b e r s ................................................................
E l e c t r i c i a n s .........................................................
I r o n w o r k e r s .........................................................
R e in fo rc in g ......................................................
S t r u c t u r a l ...........................................................
O rn a m en ta l ......................................................
P a i n t e r s ..................................................................
C em e n t f i n i s h e r s ...............................................
P l a s t e r e r s ..............................................................
O p e ra tin g e n g i n e e r s ........................................
L a t h e r s ..................................................................
S h e e t - m e t a l w o r k e r s ......................................
T i l e s e t t e r s and t e r r a z z o w o r k e r s ..........
A s b e s t o s w o r k e r s .............................................
R o o f e r s ..................................................................
Soft flo o r l a y e r s ...............................................
G l a z i e r s ..................................................................
E l e v a t o r m e c h a n ic s ........................................

15.8
9 .4
9.1
6. 2
3.6
2. 2
.7
.7
3.3
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
.8
.7
.6
.5
.3

1 6.9
10.0
9 .7
6 .6
3 .9
2 .4
.8
.7
3 .6
1 .9
1 .8
1.7
1 .6
1.5
1 .3
.8
.8
.6
.5
.4

15. 2
9 .8
9 .4
7. 1
4. 3
2. 8
.4
1. 1
3 .0
1.6
.6
1.5
.7
2 .0
1.4
.7
.7
.6
.5
.3

17.9
11 .5
11. 1
8. 3
5. 1
3. 3
.5
1. 3
3 .5
1 .9
.7
1.7
.9
2 .4
1 .6
.7
.9
.7
.6
.4

1 2 .8
9 .5
9 .0
6 .0
3 .9
2. 2
.7
1. 1
2 .9
1 .4
2 .4
1 .4
2. 1
1 .5
1 .2
1.0
.9
.6
.4
.3

14 .7
1 0.9
10. 3
6 .9
4 .5
2. 5
.8
1 .2
3 .4
1 .6
2. 8
1 .6
2 .4
1 .8
1 .4
1 .2

15.5
9 .4
8 .3
5 .4
2 .6
1.8
.7
(2/)

.7
.5
.4

17. 2
10. 5
9 .2
6 .0
2 .9
2.0
.8
(2/)
375
2. 1
2. 3
1.6
1.6
.7
1.4
.6
.6
.4
.6
.4

21. 3
4.9
8 .6
5. 2
3. 1
1.6
1. 2
.2
5.0
2.0
1. 3
1.9
1. 3
1. 3
.6
.7
.6
.9
.5
.2

2 5 .3
5 .9
10. 1
6. 2
3 .6
1.9
1.5
.3
5 .9
2 .4
1.5
2. 2
1.5
1.6
.7
.9
.8

L a b o r e r s 3 ..............................................................
H e l p e r s and t e n d e r s 3 ............................... ..
T r u c k d r i v e r s ......................................................
W a t c h m e n ..............................................................
Other .......................................................................

24. 2
5.6
.5
.3
.3

2 5 .8
6 .0
.5
.3
.3

17.
4.
.
.
.

20. 1
4 .8
.4
.6
.4

20. 6
5 .0
.5
.1
.3

23. 8
5 .7
.5
.1
.3

3 7 .0
8. 1
.6
.3
.3

33. 2
7 .3
.5
.2
.2

16.4
4. 5

19.4
5 .3
1.2
.3
.7

1
1
3
5
3

1.0

37 1
1.9
2 .0
1.5
1.4
.6
1 .3
.5
.6
.4
.5
.4

1 C o n s tru c tio n of the p r o je c t s extended fro m late 1959 to e a r ly 1962, but the g r e a t e r portion took p la ce during 1960-61.
2 L e s s than 0 . 0 5 p erc en t.
3 L a b o r e r s , h e l p e r s , and ten d e rs a r e c o n s id e re d a s lower sk illed.
N o te : B e c a u s e of rounding, s u m s of individual i te m s m a y not add to t o t a ls.




1.0

.2
.6

1. 1

.6
.2

14

The r e la tiv e p r o p o r tio n s of lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d , a s
show n in ta b le 4 , d ep en d s p a r t ly on the type of s t r u c t u r e , on the le v e l of
w a g e s , and on w ork p r a c t i c e s . Low w age r a t e s m a k e it m o r e e c o n o m ic a l
to u se g r e a t e r q u a n titie s of su ch w o r k e r s . If w ag e r a t e s a r e h ig h , th e re is
a g r e a t e r in ce n tiv e to su b stitu te la b o r s a v in g e q u ip m en t an d te c h n iq u e s fo r
lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s . T h e re i s m uch l e s s p o s s i b il i t y of r e p la c in g s k ille d
w o r k e r s by su ch eq u ip m en t and te c h n iq u e s e v en if w age r a t e s a r e qu ite h igh .
The p r e s e n t n a tu re of b u ild in g c o n stru c tio n i s su ch th at m e c h a n iz a tio n c a n ­
not be c a r r i e d a s f a r a s in m o s t o th e r in d u s t r i e s .
A p p re n tic e M a n -H o u rs
A p p r e n tic e s in f o r m a l, r e g i s t e r e d a p p r e n tic e s h ip p r o g r a m s 5
a c c o u n te d fo r 4. 7 p e r c e n t of to ta l o n - s it e m a n - h o u r s and 7. 3 p e r c e n t of
s k ille d m a n - h o u r s (tab le 5). A p p re n tic e e l e c t r i c i a n s , s h e e t - m e t a l w o r k e r s ,
and p lu m b e r s a c c o u n te d fo r a g r e a t e r p ro p o r tio n of s k ille d m a n - h o u r s fo r
th e ir c r a f t than a ll o t h e r s - - 1 8 . 3, 1 6 .8 , and 1 2 .5 , r e s p e c t iv e ly . A p p re n tic e
m a n - h o u r s w e re r e la t iv e ly high fo r th e s e o c c u p a tio n s in a l l r e g io n s . F o r m a l
a p p r e n tic e s h ip tra in in g p r o g r a m s do not e x is t o r a r e ju s t e v o lv in g fo r th re e
o c c u p a t i o n s - - a s b e s t o s w o r k e r s , e le v a t o r m e c h a n ic s , and o p e ra tin g e n g i­
n e e r s . T ra in in g in th e se o c c u p a tio n s i s u s u a lly a c c o m p lis h e d on an i n f o r ­
m a l b a s i s th ro u gh a s s i s t i n g a jo u r n e y m a n in h is w o rk u n til the t r a in e e i s
c o n s id e r e d fu lly q u a lifie d to p e r fo r m at the jo u rn e y m a n le v e l of p r o fic ie n c y .
In so m e i n s t a n c e s , p r e d e te r m in e d tim e p e r io d s of o n - th e -jo b tr a in in g a r e
r e q u ir e d to be e lig ib le fo r u p g ra d in g to jo u r n e y m a n s t a t u s . T h is c r i t e r i a
h a s u s u a lly b een in fo r m a lly e s t a b lis h e d th ro u gh lo c a l w o rk p r a c t i c e s .
W o rk e r s in a le a r n in g s t a t u s , w h eth er d e s ig n a te d a s " i m p r o v e r s '1 in the
c a s e of a s b e s t o s w o r k e r s , " h e l p e r s 11 in e le v a t o r in s t a lla tio n , o r " o i l e r s "
in c o n str u c tio n eq u ip m en t o p e r a tio n , w e re g ro u p e d w ith h e lp e r s and te n d e r s
f o r th is r e p o r t . H igh r a t e s of a p p r e n tic e m a n - h o u r s a r e u s u a lly a s s o c i a t e d
with so m e s m a l l e r c r a f t s o r w ith th o se c r a f t s w h e re th e re i s a s h o r ta g e of
s k ille d jo u rn e y m e n ,
G e n e r a l an d S p e c ia l T r a d e s C o n t r a c t o r s 1 M a n -H o u rs
E m p lo y e e s of g e n e r a l c o n t r a c to r s a c c o u n te d fo r a lm o s t 50 p e r c e n t
of a l l o n - s it e m a n - h o u r s w o rk ed on c o lle g e h o u sin g p r o je c t s s u r v e y e d
(tab le 6). T h is r a tio w a s so m ew h at lo w e r in the N o r th e a s t and N orth C e n ­
t r a l r e g io n s and h ig h e r fo r the South and W e st. A g r e a t e r p e r c e n ta g e of

5
A bon a fid e a p p r e n tic e s h ip p r o g r a m r e g i s t e r e d w ith a S ta te
A p p r e n tic e sh ip C o u n cil w hich i s r e c o g n iz e d by the F e d e r a l C o m m itte e
on A p p r e n tic e sh ip , U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r , o r a p r o g r a m r e g i s t e r e d
w ith the B u r e a u o f A p p r e n tic e sh ip and T r a in in g , U . S. D e p a rtm e n t of
L ab o r.




15

T a b le 4 . O n -S ite M an -H o u r R e q u ir e m e n ts p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of C o lle g e
H o u sin g C o n stru c tio n C o n tr a c t, by P r o p o r tio n o f L o w e r S k ille d
W o r k e r s E m p lo y e d 1 an d R e g io n , 1 960-61 2

P e r c e n t of to ta l
w o rk ers
lo w e r s k ille d

M a n -h o u rs p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n tr a c t
U n ited
S ta te s

N o r th e a s t

N o rth
C e n tr a l

South

W est

A ll w o r k e r s .............

93. 6

8 5 .0

8 6 .9

111. 5

84. 3

25. 0 an d u n d e r .............
2 5 .1 - 3 5 .0 .......................
35. 1 an d o v e r ...............

83. 3
8 8 .4
1 1 2 .4

8 4 .4
8 5 .4

7 9 .9
86 . 8
104. 6

87. 9
112. 2
113. 2

8 3 .5
85 . 2
-"

—

1 F o r p u r p o s e s of th is c o m p a r is o n , l a b o r e r s , h e l p e r s , and
t e n d e r s w e re c l a s s i f i e d a s lo w e r s k ille d ,
2 C o n stru c tio n of the p r o je c t s ex te n d ed fr o m la te 1959 to
e a r l y 1962, but the g r e a t e r p o rtio n took p la c e d u rin g 1 9 6 0 -6 1 .




16

T a b le 5 . A p p re n tic e H o u r s a s a P e r c e n t o f T o t a l M a n -H o u r s W o rked
on C o lle g e H o u sin g P r o je c t s , by O cc u p a tio n an d R e g io n , 1960-61 1

U n ited
S ta te s

N o r th e a s t

N o rth
C e n tr a l

South

A ll w o r k e r s .........................

4.7

4.7

4.0

4.7

6.4

S k ille d t r a d e s o n l y ..................

7. 3

6.7

6.0

8.4

9.0

B r i c k l a y e r s ................................
C a r p e n t e r s ................................
C e m e n t f i n i s h e r s ....................
E l e c t r i c i a n s ................................
G l a z i e r s ................................ .. • .
I r o n w o r k e r s ................................
O r n a m e n t a l ..............................
R e i n f o r c i n g ..............................
S t r u c t u r a l ................................
L a t h e r s ..........................................
P a i n t e r s ........................................
P l a s t e r e r s ...................................
P l u m b e r s .....................................
R o o f e r s ......................
•
S h e e t - m e ta l w o r k e r s .............
S o ft - flo o r l a y e r s ......................
T ile s e t t e r s an d t e r r a z z o
w o r k e r s .....................................

5. 3
4.4
2. 3
18.3
6.7
3.5
5.5
.9
9.7
7. 1
4.5
2. 1
12. 5
8.8
16.8
5.9

5.4
2.9
6.4
14.9
11.7
1.6
5.4
(2/)
IT 8
6.6
2.7
2.5
10.5
1.7
27. 3
8.5

3.3
5.4
(2/)
1478

6.6
3.6

2.0
6.1
.4
.8
8.0
5. 1
2.7
9.5
13.0
2.9
6.4

23. 6
1.9
7.5
3.4
1.0
23. 3
6.4
6.1
1. 2
16.5
13. 2
20.0
2. 2

8. 1
7. 2
5.0
24.4
22.0
5.0
.9
5. 8
4. 7
6. 2
3. 1
2. 6
14. 6
1. 3
14.4
5.8

6. 2

.8

5.9

11.2

6.8

O ccu p a tio n

—

—

W e st

1 C o n str u c tio n o f the p r o je c t s e x te n d e d fr o m la t e 1959 to e a r l y
1962, but the g r e a t e r p o rtio n to o k p la c e d u rin g 1 9 6 0 -6 1 .
2 L e s s than 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t.




17

T a b le 6. P e r c e n t of T o t a l O n -S ite M an -H o u r R e q u ir e m e n ts fo r C o lle g e
H o u sin g P r o je c t s , by T y p e of C o n tr a c to r an d R e g io n , 1 9 6 0-61 1

U n ited
S ta te s

N o r th e a s t

N o rth
C e n tr a l

South

W est

A ll t y p e s ...................................

1 0 0 .0

100. 0

100. 0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

G e n e r a l .............................................

4 9 .4

47. 2

42. 1

56 . 2

5 0 .4

S p e c ia l t r a d e s ..............................
P lu m b in g an d h e a t i n g ..........
E l e c t r i c a l ...................................
M a so n r y .................... ................
P l a s t e r i n g and la t h in g ..........
P a i n t i n g ........................................
T ile an d t e r r a z z o w o rk # # .
S t r u c t u r a l an d o rn a m e n ta l
i r o n w o r k ...................................
R o o fin g an d sh e e t m e ta l . . .
S ite p r e p a r a t io n an d
e x c a v a t io n ................................

50. 6
1 4 .5
7 .0
6 .6
4 .9
3 .4
3 .0

52. 8
14. 2
8 .4
7 .4
2 .0
3. 6
3 .7

5 7 .9
15. 2
6 .9
9 .7
7 .6
3 .4
3 .0

4 3 .8
1 4 .4
6. 1
3 .5
5 .0
3. 1
2. 9

49. 6
1 3 .5
6 .4
7 .5
4. 1
4 .0
1 .3

2 .7
1 .4

4. 3
1 .6

3 .0
1 .4

1 .9
1. 2

1 .9
1 .5

1. 2

1 .6

1 .4

1 .0

.5

A ll o th e r t y p e s .........................

5 .9

6 .0

6. 3

4. 7

8 .9

T y p e of c o n tr a c to r

1 C o n stru c tio n o f p r o je c t s ex te n d ed fr o m la te 1959 to e a r l y 1962,
but the g r e a t e r p o rtio n to o k p la c e d u rin g 1 9 6 0 -6 1 .




18

the p r o je c t s in the la t t e r two r e g io n s r e p o r te d c o n s tr u c tio n c o s t s lo w e r
th an the a v e r a g e fo r the U nited S t a t e s . The s m a l l e r p r o je c t s iz e found in
the m a jo r it y of South and W est p r o je c t s , u s u a lly e n ta ile d m o r e a c tiv ity by
the g e n e r a l c o n t r a c to r , b e c a u s e fo r m an y b u ild in g t r a d e s , th e re w a s in s u f f i­
c ie n t w o rk to n e c e s s i t a t e the is s u in g of s u b c o n t r a c t s . P lu m b in g an d h e a tin g ,
e l e c t r i c a l , and m a s o n r y w e re the th re e s p e c ia l t r a d e s g r o u p s show ing the
g r e a t e s t p e r c e n ta g e of to ta l m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts - - a b o u t 28 p e r c e n t. M an ­
h o u rs r e p o r te d fo r t h e se th r e e s p e c ia l t r a d e s a c c o u n te d f o r o v e r 55 p e r c e n t
o f a l l m a n - h o u r s r e p o r te d by s p e c ia l tr a d e s u b c o n t r a c t o r s . The a v e r a g e
n u m b e r of s u b c o n tr a c t o r s e m p lo y e d p e r p r o je c t i s show n in the fo llo w in g
ta b u la tio n :
A v e r a g e n u m b e r of s u b c o n tr a c t o r s
p e r c o lle g e h o u sin g p r o je c t _____
A ll
p r o je c t s
U n ited S ta te s
N o r th e a st . . .
N orth C e n tr a l
S o u t h ...............
W e s t .......... .. .

23
26
24
19
22

P r o je c t c o s t
l e s s th an
$ 1 , 0 0 0 , 000

P r o je c t c o s t
$ 1, 000, 0 00
or over

20
19
19
20
21

28
32
32
18
26

C o s t of D ir e c t W a g e s6
W age p a y m e n ts fo r o n - s it e m a n - h o u r s a v e r a g e d 2 9 .3 p e r c e n t of
c o n s tr u c tio n c o n tr a c t c o s t fo r a ll c o lle g e h o u sin g p r o je c t s s t u d ie s . The
r a tio o f w ag e p a y m e n ts to c o n str u c tio n c o s t w a s r e m a r k a b ly c o n sta n t w hen
r e g io n a l d iffe r e n c e s a r e c o n s id e r e d ; h o w e v e r, a w ide v a r ia t io n w a s n oted
b etw een in d iv id u a l p r o je c t s , w h ere the r a tio ra n g e d fr o m a low of ab ou t 20
p e r c e n t to a high of ab ou t 37 p e r c e n t. E v e n w ith th e s e w ide d if f e r e n c e s
n oted f o r in d iv id u a l p r o je c t s , a lm o s t tw o -th ird s of a l l p r o je c t s ra n g e d b e ­
tw een 26 p e r c e n t and 32 p e r c e n t. The c o n sta n c y of th is r a tio in d ic a te s th at
h igh m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts a r e a s s o c i a t e d w ith low w ag e r a t e s and v ic e
v e r s a . In d ic a tio n s a r e th at c o n str u c tio n te c h n iq u e s a r e a d a p te d to r e g io n a l
d if f e r e n c e s in la b o r co n d itio n s th ro u g h g r e a t e r o r l e s s e r u tiliz a tio n of
m e c h a n iz e d e q u ip m en t.

6
E x c lu d e d a r e p a y m e n ts fo r v a c a tio n and h o lid a y p a y an d o th e r
la b o r c o s t s su ch a s e m p lo y e r c o n trib u tio n s to s o c ia l s e c u r it y , u n e m p lo y ­
m en t in s u r a n c e , w o r k m e n ’ s c o m p e n sa tio n , and n o n g o v e rn m e n ta l e m p lo y e e
w e lfa r e and p e n sio n fu n d s. In clu d ed a r e w a g e s fo r a ll h o u r s w o rk e d and
o v e r tim e w a g e s .




19

T a b le 7 sh ow s a v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s and to ta l w a g e s fo r o n - s ite
e m p lo y m en t a s a p e r c e n t of c o n str u c tio n c o s t . A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s
fo r p r o je c t s c o n str u c te d in the South w e re c o n s id e r a b ly lo w e r than fo r p r o ­
j e c t s in o th er r e g io n s . T h e re a r e th re e s ig n ific a n t r e a s o n s fo r th is lo w e r
a v e r a g e : (1) W age r a t e s a r e g e n e r a lly lo w e r in the South than in o th er
r e g io n s , e s p e c ia lly fo r lo w e r s k ille d w o r k e r s ; (2) a l a r g e r p e rc e n t of o n ­
s ite la b o r in the South is lo w e r s k ille d ; and (3) in a ll r e g io n s , w age r a t e s
ten d to be lo w e r in n o n m e tro p o litan a r e a s , and the g r e a t e r p o rtio n of p r o ­
je c t s c o n str u c te d in the South w e re lo c a te d in n o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s , w hile
the m a jo r it y of the p r o je c t s in o th er r e g io n s w e re lo c a te d in m e tr o p o lita n
areas.




T a b le 7.

A v e r a g e H ou rly O n -S ite E arnings and W ages as a P e r c e n t o f C on stru ction C ost fo r C o lle g e H ousing P r o je c t s ,
by S elected C h a r a c te r is tic s and R egion , 1960-61 1

U nited States
C h a r a c te r is tic

A verage
h o u rly
ea rn in g s

W ages as
p e rce n t of
c o n s tr u c ­
tion c o s t

No rth east
A verage
h ourly
earnings

W ages as
p e rce n t o f
c o n s tr u c ­
tion c o s t

N orth C entral
A verage
h ou rly
earn in gs

W ages as
p e rce n t of
co n stru c­
tion c o s t

South
A v e ra g e
h o u rly
earn in gs

W est

W ages as
p e rce n t o f
c o n s tr u c ­
tion c o s t

A v e ra g e
h ou rly
earn in gs

W ages as
p ercen t of
c o n s tr u c ­
tion co s t

A ll p r o je c t s .....................

$ 3 . 13

2 9 .3

$ 3 . 63

30. 8

$ 3 .4 5

3 0 .0

$ 2 . 51

2 8 .0

$ 3 . 28

27. 7

L oca tion :
M e tro p o lita n a r e a ............
N on m etrop olita n a r e a . . .

$ 3 .4 5
2 .7 7

3 0 .0
28. 5

$ 3 . 77
3. 21

32. 1
27. 3

$ 3 .5 6
3 .2 5

29. 7
3 0 .5

$ 2 . 78
2. 39

2 7 .5
28. 2

$ 3 . 33
3. 21

28 .0
27. 2

C on stru ction c o s t group:
L e s s than $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . . .
$ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 and o v e r . . . .

2 .9 9
3. 21

3 0 .9
2 8 .6

3.81
3 .57

32. 2
3 0 .4

3 .0 7
3 .6 4

32. 1
29. 2

2. 56
2 .4 7

2 9 .4
26. 9

3 .4 4
3. 23

3 1 .4
26. 5

W ith e l e v a t o r s ........................
W ithout e l e v a t o r s .................

3. 28
2 .9 0

29. 1
29. 7

3. 54
3.80

30. 5
3 1 .4

3 .6 0
3 .0 6

2 9 .7
3 0 .8

2. 73
2. 26

27. 6
28. 5

3. 27
3. 29

26. 8
28. 3

1 C o n stru ctio n o f the p r o je c t s extended fr o m late 1959 to e a r ly 1962, but the g re a te r p o rtio n took p la ce during 1960-61.




21

O ff-S ite E m p lo y m e n t
F o r e ach 94 m a n - h o u r s of e m p lo y m e n t p e r f o r m e d a t c o n stru c tio n
s i t e s of c o lle g e h o u sin g p r o je c t s , 144 a d d itio n a l m a n - h o u r s w e re r e q u ir e d
to p ro d u c e and d is tr ib u t e n e c e s s a r y c o n str u c tio n m a t e r i a l s , s u p p lie s , and
e q u ip m e n t. T h u s, a to ta l of 238 m a n - h o u r s w e re g e n e r a te d fo r each $ 1 ,0 0 0
e x p en d ed fo r c o n str u c tio n c o n tra c t c o s t s .
O ff- s it e em p lo y m en t i s g e n e r a te d in m an y p l a c e s but can be c l a s s i ­
fie d in the fo llo w in g c a t e g o r i e s :
1. C o n stru c tio n i n d u s t r y - - o f f - s it e ; a d m in is t r a t iv e , e s t im a t in g ,
c l e r i c a l , and w a re h o u sin g a c t i v it i e s .
2. M an u factu rin g a c t iv it ie s r e q u ir e d to p ro d u c e f a b r ic a t e d p r o ­
d u c ts , raw m a t e r i a l s , and e q u ip m en t.
3. T r a n s p o r ta tio n , w a re h o u sin g , and d is tr ib u tio n of f a b r ic a t e d
p r o d u c t s , raw m a t e r i a l s , an d eq u ip m e n t.
4. A ll o th e r in d u s t r ie s d ir e c t ly o r in d ir e c t ly a ffe c te d by p r o d u c ­
tio n of f a b r ic a t e d p r o d u c t s , raw m a t e r i a l s , and e q u ip m e n t. V a r io u s i n t e r ­
in d u str y t r a n s a c t io n s e v e n tu a lly a ffe c t a ll a d d itio n a l in d u s t r ie s such a s
a g r ic u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , and m in in g .
T h e re a r e o th er ty p e s of em p lo y m e n t a ffe c te d by c o n str u c tio n
a c t iv it ie s w hich th is stu d y did not a tte m p t to e s t im a t e : E m p lo y e e s of
a r c h it e c t u r a l f i r m s , u tility c o m p a n ie s , and S ta te and lo c a l g o v e r n m e n ts.
T h e se e m p lo y e e s and th e ir fu n c tio n s w e re not g e n e r a lly in clu d e d in c o n ­
str u c tio n c o n tr a c t c o s t s . A la r g e a r e a o f e m p lo y m e n t, a l s o e x c lu d e d
fro m c a lc u la t io n s o f m a n - h o u r s r e q u ir e m e n ts , i s th at c r e a t e d by re sp e n d in g
and in v e stin g of w a g e s and p r o fit s a r is i n g in v a r io u s a r e a s of e c o n o m ic
a c tiv ity w ithin the sc o p e of th is stu d y .
A lthough the r a tio of o n - s it e to o f f - s it e m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts i s
co m m o n ly u s e d in a n a ly z in g em p lo y m en t r e q u ir e m e n ts in the c o n stru c tio n
in d u stry , an o th er type of d istin c tio n b a s e d upon the e co n o m ic r e la t io n s of
la b o r - g e n e r a t in g a r e a s i s a ls o u s e fu l. T h e r e f o r e , em p lo y m e n t r e q u i r e ­
m e n ts h av e a ls o b een d iv id ed into p r im a r y and se c o n d a r y m a n -h o u r n e e d s .
A s show n in ta b le 8, p r im a r y m a n -h o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o n ­
s tr u c tio n c o s t , e s t im a t e d at 1 7 5 .6 , a r e in a c t iv it ie s at the s ite , and th o se
m o s t d ir e c t ly r e la t e d to c o n stru c tio n a c tiv ity . In clu d e d in th e s e , in ad d itio n
to s ite e m p lo y m e n t, a r e o f f - s it e c o n stru c tio n e m p lo y m e n t, e m p lo y e e s of
m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s t r ie s r e p r e s e n t e d at the ’’l a s t s ta g e of m a n u fa c tu r in g ”
fo r m a t e r i a l s p r io r to sh ip m e n ts to c o n stru c tio n s i t e s , e m p lo y e e s in t r a n s ­
p o rta tio n , t r a d e and s e r v i c e , and o th er in d u s t r ie s in clu d in g m in in g .




22

T a b l e 8. M a n - H o u r R e q u i r e m e n t s P e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f C o l l e g e H o u s in g
C o n s t r u c t i o n C o n t r a c t , b y P r o d u c i n g S e c t o r and Stage o f M a n u fa c t u r e ,
1960-61

Total
m an­
h ou r s

P rim a ry
m an­
hours

Secondary
m an­
hours

A ll s e c t o r s ....................................................

Z37. 6

175. 6

6 1 .9

O n - s i t e c o n s t r u c t i o n .....................................
O th e r c o n s t r u c t i o n ........................................
A g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , and f i s h e r i e s . .
M i n i n g ........................................................... ..
M a n u f a c t u r in g ..................................................
L u m b e r and l u m b e r p r o d u c t s ............
F u r n i t u r e ......................... ...............................
P a p e r and p a p e r p r o d u c t s ....................
P r i n t i n g ...........................................................
C h e m i c a l s .......................................................
Stone, c l a y , and g l a s s p r o d u c t s . . . .
P r i m a r y m e t a l s ..........................................
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ....................
M a c h i n e r y ......................................................
E l e c t r i c a l p r o d u c t s ...................................
O th e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ................................
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .................................................
W h o l e s a l e t r a d e ...............................................
S e r v i c e s ..............................................................
O th e r i n d u s t r i e s .............................................

93. 6
1Z. 7
3. 6
3 .4
7 Z. 5
7. 9
1. 8
1 .7
1. Z
1 .8
15. 6
1 0 .0
16. 9
5. 8
5. 3
4. 7
9. 6
Z5. 4
7. Z
9 .4

93. 6
11. Z
. 1
.4
43. 7
4. 8
1 .6
.Z

Sector

N ote:
add to t o t a ls .




B e c a u s e o f rou n d in g ,

.Z
13. 0
Z. 6
13. 7
3. Z
3. 3
1. 3
3 .9
18. 3
1 .6
Z. 8

1 .5
3. 5
3 .0
Z8. 8
3. 1
.Z
1 .5
1. Z
1 .5
Z. 6
7 .4
3. 1
Z. 7
Z.O
3 .4
5 .7
7. Z
5. 7
6. 6

s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y not

23
S e c o n d a r y m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s h av e b e e n d e fin e d as t h o s e
a s s o c i a t e d w ith a ll o t h e r r e q u i r e m e n t s r e l a t e d i n d i r e c t l y to n e e d s at the
s i t e s . Such a c t i v i t i e s , t o t a lin g 6 1 . 9 m a n - h o u r s o r about 26 p e r c e n t o f
to ta l m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s , a f fe c t a ll p a r t s o f the e c o n o m y as the im p a c t
o f p r i m a r y a c t iv it y is r e f l e c t e d in d e m a n d f o r b a s i c m a t e r i a l s and r e l a t e d
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t r a d e , and s e r v i c e s . 7
S o m e in d u s t r ie s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d in both p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y
s e c t o r s . F o r e x a m p l e , the sand and g r a v e l in d u s t r y f u r n is h e s m a t e r i a l
d i r e c t l y to the c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y and a l s o to the r e a d y - m i x e d c o n c r e t e
in d u s t r y , w h ic h in tu rn s e l l s to the c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y .
B u ild e r s 1 O ff-S ite E m p loy m en t
An e x a c t study o f o f f - s i t e e m p l o y m e n t o f e a c h c o n t r a c t o r w a s not
a t t e m p te d , s in c e it w a s a l m o s t i m p o s s i b l e to r e la t e a c c u r a t e l y s u c h e m ­
p lo y m e n t to p r o j e c t s b e in g s tu d ie d . B u i l d e r s 1 o f f - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t w a s
o c c u p i e d not o n ly w ith p r o j e c t s stu died , but a l s o w ith o t h e r c u r r e n t o r
fu tu re p r o j e c t s .
T h e e s t im a t e o f 1 1 . 2 o f f - s i t e m a n - h o u r s f o r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n ­
s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t is b a s e d on the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c o n s t r u c t i o n ow o r k e r
e m p l o y m e n t and to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in the c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y .
T h is
e s t im a t e a l s o i n c l u d e s u n r e p o r t e d h o u r s f o r a f e w s e l f - e m p l o y e d c r a f t s m e n
w ho m a y h a v e w o r k e d at c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e s .
C o m b in in g this e m p lo y m e n t w ith o n - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t r e s u l t s in an
e s t im a t e o f 1 0 4 .8 m a n - h o u r s o f e m p lo y m e n t in the c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y f o r
e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g c o n s t r u c t i o n .
E m p l o y m e n t in T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , T r a d e , and S e r v i c e
D i s t r ib u t io n o f c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s f r o m p r o d u c i n g in d u s t r ie s
r e q u i r e s e m p lo y m e n t o f w o r k e r s in t r a n s p o r t a t io n , t r a d e and s e r v i c e in d u s ­
t r i e s . T h e e s t im a t e o f 23. 8 m a n - h o u r s o f p r i m a r y e m p lo y m e n t p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0
o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t is b a s e d on the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p r o d u c e r ’ s va lue

7 S e c o n d a r y m a n - h o u r s w e r e e s t i m a t e d on the b a s i s o f a study m a d e
b y the O f f i c e o f B u s i n e s s E c o n o m i c s o f 1958 in t e r in d u s t r y r e l a t i o n s h i p s . See
M . R . G o ld m a n , M . L . M a r im o n t , and B . N. V a c c a r d , ’ ’T h e I n t e r in d u s t r y
S t r u c t u r e o f the U n ited S ta te s , ” S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u s i n e s s ( N o v e m b e r 1964),
W a s h in g to n , D. C . , pp. 1 0 - 2 9 . F o r m e t h o d s e m p l o y e d , s e e a p p e n d ix .
8 A d m i n i s t r a t i v e , e n g in e e r in g , e s t im a t in g , and c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s
a c c o u n t e d f o r abou t 14 p e r c e n t o f to ta l e m p l o y m e n t in the c o n s t r u c t i o n
in d u s t r y . A b o u t o n e - f o u r t h o f this e m p lo y m e n t w a s i n v o l v e d at c o n s t r u c t i o n
s i t e s . E m p l o y m e n t and E a r n in g s S t a t is t ic s f o r the U n ited S ta te s, 1 9 0 9 -6 4
(B L S B u lle tin 1 3 1 2 - 2 , 19^4).




24
and d e l i v e r e d v a lu e o f m a t e r i a l s u s e d at c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e s . T h is e s t im a t e
in c lu d e s o n ly d i s t r ib u t io n o f m a t e r i a l s f r o m p r o d u c e r s to c o n s t r u c t i o n s it e s
and e x c l u d e s d i s t r ib u t io n o f m a t e r i a l s a m o n g in d u s t r ie s p r i o r to s h ip m e n t o f
co m p le te d p rodu cts.
" L a s t M a n u fa c t u r in g S t a g e 11 E m p l o y m e n t
M a n u f a c t u r in g is the s e c t o r o f the e c o n o m y m o s t a f f e c t e d , o t h e r
than the c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y , b y c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g . It is
e s t i m a t e d that 44 p r i m a r y m a n - h o u r s w e r e r e q u i r e d f o r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f
to ta l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t to p r o d u c e m a t e r i a l s u s e d in the c o n s t r u c t i o n
o f c o l l e g e h o u s in g p r o j e c t s . T h is e s t i m a t e , h o w e v e r , i n c l u d e s o n ly e m p l o y ­
m e n t r e q u i r e d in the l a s t m a n u f a c t u r in g p r o c e s s o f m a t e r i a l s . 9 E m p l o y m e n t
g e n e r a t e d b y th is a c t i v i t y is d i s t r ib u t e d in m a n y i n d u s t r i e s a f f e c t e d d i r e c t l y
b y c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t iv it y . F o r e x a m p le , it i n c lu d e s s a w m i l l s cu ttin g r o u g h
l u m b e r f o r f o r m s , and e s t a b lis h m e n t s m a k in g m i l l w o r k i t e m s f r o m l u m b e r ,
but d o e s not in c lu d e e m p lo y m e n t in s a w m i l l s p r o d u c i n g l u m b e r f o r m i l l w o r k
p r o d u c t s . T h e la t t e r is in c lu d e d in e s t i m a t e s o f s e c o n d a r y e m p l o y m e n t d i s ­
c u s s e d in the f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h . A g r i c u l t u r e , m in in g and o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s
r e q u i r e d the r e m a i n i n g 3 p r i m a r y h o u r s .
E m p l o y m e n t in S e c o n d a r y A c t i v i t i e s
In a d d itio n to 44 m a n - h o u r s p r e v i o u s l y n o t e d f o r p r i m a r y e m p l o y ­
m e n t f o r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t in f a c t o r i e s p r o d u c i n g
c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s , an a d d itio n a l 29 m a n - h o u r s w e r e r e q u i r e d in
s e c o n d a r y m a n u f a c t u r in g a c t i v i t i e s .
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t r a d e and s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s as a g r o u p r e q u i r e d
18 m a n - h o u r s f o r e a c h $ 1, 000 o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t to m e e t the n e e d s o f
s e co n d a ry b u sin ess activity.
O th e r b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t i e s , p r i n c i p a l l y a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , m in in g ,
and o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , a c c o u n t e d f o r the r e m a i n i n g 15 m a n - h o u r s o f s e c o n d a r y
req u irem en ts.
C on stru ction T im e
A v e r a g e c o n s t r u c t i o n t im e f o r c o l l e g e h o u s in g p r o j e c t s s u r v e y e d
w a s 58 w e e k s . In d iv id u a l p r o j e c t s r a n g e d f r o m a lo w o f 18 w e e k s to a high
o f 96 w e e k s . F o r p r o j e c t s c o s t i n g l e s s than $1 m i l l i o n , the a v e r a g e c o n ­
s t r u c t io n t im e w a s 50 w e e k s , w h ile t h o s e in the $ 1 m i l l i o n and o v e r c o s t
c l a s s r e q u i r e d an a v e r a g e o f 71 w e e k s . C o n s t r u c t i o n t im e f o r p r o j e c t s in

9
I n c lu d e d in the b ill o f m a t e r i a l s w e r e s u p p lie s and the d e p r e c i a
o r r e n t a l v a lu e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n e q u ip m e n t u s e d b y c o n t r a c t o r s .




25
the South and W e s t w a s g e n e r a l l y l o w e r than f o r c o m p a r a b l e p r o j e c t s in
o t h e r r e g i o n s . M i l d e r c l i m a t e , p e r m it t in g a l m o s t y e a r - r o u n d c o n s t r u c t i o n
a c t iv it y , w a s p r o b a b l y the c a u s e in m o s t c a s e s f o r this l o w e r t im e r e q u i r e ­
m e n t . A v e r a g e n u m b e r o f w e e k s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n is p r e s e n t e d in the f o llo w in g
ta b u la tio n b y c o s t c l a s s :
A v e r a g e n u m b e r o f w e e k s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n t im e

T o t a l ................................
U n d er $ 1 , 0 0 0 , 000 ..........
$ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 and o v e r . . .

U n ited
States

N orth­
east

N orth
C en tral

South

W est

58
50
71

63
50
74

62
59
68

54
48
71

51
39
71

E m p loy m en t by C on stru ction P e r io d s
In o r d e r to m e a s u r e the d is t r ib u t io n o f e m p lo y m e n t , the c o n s t r u c ­
tion t im e f o r e a c h p r o j e c t w a s d iv id e d into 10 eq u a l p e r i o d s . Data on the
n u m b e r o f m a n - h o u r s w o r k e d w e r e ta b u la te d f o r e a c h o f th e s e p e r i o d s . T h is
p e r m i t t e d the c o m b i n a t i o n o f m a n - h o u r s f o r p r o j e c t s r e q u i r i n g d iff e r e n t n u m ­
b e r s o f w e e k s o f w o r k in o r d e r to ob ta in t y p ic a l e m p lo y m e n t p a t t e r n s . T h e
t y p ic a l p a t t e r n is f o r e m p lo y m e n t to sta rt s lo w ly , b u ild to a p ea k in the m id d le
p e r i o d , and then t a p e r o f f t o w a r d s the end o f c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e r e w e r e no
r a d i c a l d e p a r t u r e s f r o m this p a t t e r n . C h art 3 s h ow s o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r
r e q u i r e m e n t s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t b y d e c i l e . T h e p e r c e n t o f tota l
m a n - h o u r s f o r all p r o j e c t s by d e c i l e , w e r e as f o l l o w s :
1 s t .........
2 n d ..........
3 r d .........
4 t h ..........
5 t h ..........

.......... 3 .4
.......... 7 .0
.......... 9 .7
.......... 11.5
.......... 14.1

6 t h ..........
7 t h .........
8 t h .........
9 t h ..........
1 0 t h ..........

......... 16. 1
......... 14.9
......... 11.4
.......... 8. 1
.........
3 .7

M a teria ls U sed
E x p e n d it u r e s f o r m a t e r i a l s u s e d in the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c o l l e g e
h o u s in g p r o j e c t s s tu d ie d a m o u n te d to abou t $ 5 4 2 (54. 2 p e r c e n t ) o f e a c h
$ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t c o s t (ta b le 9)* T h e s e e x p e n d it u r e s i n ­
c lu d e d d e p r e c i a t i o n c h a r g e s o r r e n t a l c o s t s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n e q u ip m e n t
u s e d , as w e l l as c o s t s f o r s u p p lie s c o n s u m e d and m a t e r i a l s o r f i x e d
e q u ip m e n t i n c o r p o r a t e d in the s t r u c t u r e s . E x p e n d it u r e s r a n g e d f r o m
$ 4 4 4 to $ 6 7 2 p e r p r o j e c t . T h e p e r c e n t o f p r o j e c t s r e p o r t i n g e x p e n d it u r e s
f o r m a t e r i a l s p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t f a llin g w ith in s e l e c t e d
r a n g e s a p p e a r s in the f o l l o w i n g ta b u la tio n .




26
Percent expenditures for m aterials
were of total construction costs
Under 5 0 .0 ...............................
5 0 .0 to 54. 9 ............................
5 5 .0 to 59. 9 ............................
6 0 .0 and o v e r ..........................

Percent of
projects
2 5 .6
37. 2
2 0 .9
1 6.3

Total expenditures for the major m aterials groups presented for
four broad geographical regions indicate that there was no great difference
between regions; however, for some of the items listed in the major m aterials
groupings, there were wide differences.
M ajor types of m aterials used include metal products (excluding
plumbing and heating) which represented 28 percent of the total; stone, clay,
and glass products, about 27 percent; lumber and lumber products, almost
11 percent; and electrical equipment, including fixtures and w ire, and plumb­
ing products, each representing about 8 percent. Total expenditures for
m aterials in these five major groupings amounted to approximately four-fifths
of the total material expenditures in all regions.
Differences in the amounts expended for the components making up
group totals were quite noticeable in some instances and were due generally
to the different structural types, location, and size of projects.




Chart 3. On-Site Man-Hours for Each $1,000 of College
Housing Construction Contract, by Decile of Construction
Time, 1960-61
Man-Hours (Percent)

Deciles of Construction Time

UN ITED STA TES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR



BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Table 9.

Cost of Materials per $1 ,000 of College Housing Construction Contract,
by Type of Material and Region, 1960-61 1
United
States

North­
east

North
Central

South

West

Total cost, all p rod u cts..............................................

$ 5 4 1 .6 0

$ 5 2 4 .7 0

$ 52 6. 90

$ 5 7 3 .0 0

$ 5 3 6 .4 0

Metal products (except plumbing and heating) . . . .

$ 1 5 1 .9 0

$ 1 4 6 .9 0

$ 1 4 4 .5 0

$ 165.50

$ 147.40

Fabricated metal p rodu cts............................................
Reinforcing bars, rods, and j o i s t s .......................
Structural s t e e l ................................... ...........................
Metal windows, fram es, and a c c e s s o r ie s ..........
Sheet-m etal p r o d u c ts ...................................................
Builder's h ardw are........................................................
Metal doors, fram es, and accessories ..............
Ornamental m e t a l ..........................................................
Metal l a t h ...........................................................................
Metal lockers, partitions, and shelves ..............
W ire m e s h ........................................................................
Curtain w a l l s ....................................................................
Shower and bathroom accessories .......................
Metal case w o r k ............................................................

137.30
36.60
23. 90
20.80
17.90
12.50
8 .8 0
8 .0 0
2. 60
1.90
1.80
1.40
.6 0
.5 0

133. 90
34. 60
27. 70
28. 30
16.00
10.40
5. 90
5. 90
2. 10
1.80
. 80
__
. 10
. 30

136.60
25.30
24. 20
19.40
21.20
13.60
10. 20
12.00
3 .5 0
1.60
2. 60
2. 30
.4 0
. 30

143. 00
33. 80
16. 70
19. 10
18. 50
14. 10
10.00
7. 10
2. 20
2 .4 0
2. 30
14. 80
. 90
1. 10

133.40
45. 50
32. 80
10.70
13.00
10. 10
8. 90
5. 50
2. 60
1.80
1.40

Other metal products 3 ...................................................
Copper (sheet m etal and pipe) .................................
Aluminum sheet m e t a l .................................................
Galvanized sheet m etal . . . ........................................

14.60
9 .8 0
2.80
1.60

13.00
8. 20
2. 60
1.70

7. 90
6 .0 0
.4 0
1.30

Selected products and product groups

See footnotes at end of table.



22.
14.
6.
1.

50
50
20
50

1. 10
(2/)
14.00
11. 10
. 10
2. 30

Table 9.

Cost of Materials per $ 1,000 of College Housing Construction Contract,
by Type of Material and Region, 1960-61 ^-Continued

Selected products and product groups

United
States

North­
east

North
Central

South

West

Stone, clay, and glass products ...................................

$ 1 4 3 .8 0

$ 151.70

$ 1 3 9 .5 0

$ 150.40

$ 117.60

Cement, concrete, and gypsum products ............
R eady-m ix con crete.....................................................
Concrete block and b r i c k ..........................................
Gypsum products ..........................................................
P recast concrete p ro d u cts........................................
C e m e n t...............................................................................
L i m e ................................................. . . ............................

7 0 .8 0
39.50
12.70
6 .4 0
5.90
4. 60
1.40

79. 20
49. 70
14. 70
1.40
6. 70
4 .9 0
1. 30

70. 20
40. 20
9. 70
8. 20
6 .6 0
4 .0 0
1.50

69. 10
36. 20
14. 70
5. 30
6 .0 0
5. 20
1.60

56. 30
21.50
10.30
16. 70
1.90
4. 30
1.00

Structural-clay p r o d u c ts ...............................................
Brick ..................................................................................
Ceram ic tile ...................................................................
Structural t i l e .................................................................
Clay sewer pipe ............................................................

3 2.60
19.00
7 .7 0
4 .9 0
1.00

30. 90
21. 20
8. 10
1.00
. 60

32.60
18. 20
6. 80
7. 10
. 50

35.00
16. 10
9 .0 0
8. 20
1. 70

30.40
23. 50
5. 50
. 30
1. 10

Other stone, clay, and glass p rod u cts...................
Marble and other cut stone........................................
F iberglass insulation...................................................
Vinyl and vinyl asbestos t i l e ...................................
Sand and g r a v e l...............................................................
Window glass .................................................................
Asphalt tile ......................................................................
Crushed rock and miscellaneous aggregate . . .
A sbestos in s u la tio n .....................................................
T errazzo ..........................................................................
M i r r o r s .............................................................................
Dirt fill .............................................................................
Other clay p ro d u c ts.....................................................

4 0 .4 0
11.40
6 .5 0
5. 10
4. 20
3 .8 0
3. 20
1.60
1.20
.90
.90
.4 0
1.20

4 1 .6 0
15. 10
6. 90
6 .0 0
3. 90
4. 60
1. 30
.40
1.30
. 10
. 80
. 50
. 70

36.70
9. 80
6 .9 0
3. 90
4 .0 0
2.40
4. 10
. 30
2. 10
1.00
1.70

46. 30
13. 90
5. 70
5. 90
4. 30
4. 60
2. 30
4. 20
. 50
1.70
.4 0
. 70
2. 10

30.90
. 80
6. 90
3. 50
5 .0 0
3. 50
7. 70
. 60
.90
.40
. 10

See footnotes at end of table.



.50

1.50

T a b le 9.

C o s t of M a t e r ia ls p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of C o lle g e H o u sin g C o n stru c tio n C o n tr a c t,
by T y p e of M a te r ia l and R e g io n , 1960-61 x--C o n tin u e d

S e l e c t e d p r o d u c t s and p ro d u ct g ro u p s

U n ited
States

N orth ­
east

N o rth
C en tral

South

W e st

L u m b e r an d l u m b e r p r o d u c t s 3 .................
M i l l w o r k ....................................................................... .. • . •
R ough and d r e s s e d lu m b e r ..........................................

$ 5 7 .8 0
4 2 .7 0
13. 60

$ 4 8 .7 0
3 3 .0 0
14. 60

$ 4 8 . 30
4 0 .7 0
6. 60

$ 7 0 . 60
5 1 .3 0
1 8 .9 0

$ 7 0 .4 0
4 8 .5 0
15. 20

E l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t, f i x t u r e s and w ire 3 . . . . . .
L ig h t in g f i x t u r e s .................... ...........................................
Sw itch and p a n e l b o a r d s ...............................................
C o n d u i t ............... ...................................................
W ire an d c a b le .......... . .....................................................
N o n c u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g w ir e and d e v ic e s ...............
C u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g w ir in g d e v i c e s ..............................
I n t e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n and f i r e a l a r m s y s t e m s . . .

4 5 .0 0
12. 50
9. 80
7. 80
5 .8 0
2. 60
2. 20
2 .0 0

4 2 . 80
1 0 .0 0
1 0 .5 0
8. 30
6. 70
1 .4 0
2. 20
2 .4 0

4 0 . 20
1 2 .4 0
9 .6 0
6. 60
4 .4 0
1 .9 0
1 .6 0
1 .3 0

5 3 .0 0
1 5 .4 0
9 .0 0
8. 80
6. 80
4 .9 0
3 .0 0
1 .6 0

4 1 .5 0
1 1 .8 0
1 0 .4 0
6. 90
5 .0 0
1 .7 0
1. 10
2. 20

P lu m b in g p r o d u c t s 3 ...................................................... * .
F i x t u r e s ................................................................................
S t e e l an d g a l v a n i z e d pipe . • ........................................
V a l v e s an d s p e c i a l t i e s ...................................................
C a s t ir o n p ip e .....................................................................

4 1 .0 0
1 4 .7 0
1 0 .7 0
7. 90
7 .0 0

35. 50
1 3 .5 0
7 .8 0
8 .4 0
5. 30

4 1 .3 0
1 3 .5 0
12. 60
5 .6 0
8 .7 0

4 2 . 30
1 5 .4 0
1 1 .0 0
8. 30
7. 60

4 9 .8 0
18. 30
1 2 .7 0
1 1 .3 0
5 .4 0

F i x e d e q u ip m e n t 3 ................................* .............................
E l e v a t o r s ...............................................................................
F u r n i t u r e ..............................................................................
K itc h e n e q u ip m e n t an d a p p l i a n c e s • . .......................
R e f r i g e r a t o r s ..................................................................
R a n g e s an d o v e n s ................................................. .. . . • .
I n c i n e r a t o r s . .................. .................................................. ..
V e n e tia n b lin d s an d s h a d e s .................................. .. . .
W ate r s o f t e n e r s y s t e m s ............................................ ....
P la y g r o u n d e q u i p m e n t ...................................................

3 7 .6 0
1 0 .4 0
8 .6 0
8 .5 0
4 .0 0
2 .8 0
.7 0
.6 0
.6 0
. 20

3 5 .0 0
10. 10
7. 20
1 4 .9 0
1 .0 0
. 10
1 .0 0
.4 0
__

4 7 .0 0
9. 80
1 2 .0 0
4 .8 0
9. 20
6 .5 0
. 70
. 20
1 .9 0
--

3 1 .6 0
1 3 .7 0
9 .0 0
4 . 30
1 .0 0
(2 /)
. 30
1 .5 0

3 6 .0 0
3 .8 0
2. 10
1 3 .5 0
6. 20
7 .4 0
1 .2 0
. 10

S e e fo o tn o te s a t end o f ta b le .



—

—

1 .3 0

T a b le 9.

C o s t o f M a t e r ia ls p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of C o lle g e H o u sin g C o n stru c tio n C o n tr a c t,
by T y p e of M a t e r ia l and R e g io n , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 ^ - C o n t in u e d
U n ited
S ta te s

N orth ­
east

N o rth
C en tral

South

W est

H e a tin g an d v e n tila tin g e q u i p m e n t ..............................
R a d i a t o r s , c o n v e c t o r s , b o i l e r s , an d hot w a t e r
h e a t e r s .................................................................................
T e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l s ....................................................
A i r c o n d itio n in g e q u i p m e n t ..........................................
B l o w e r s a n d f a n s . . . ......................................................
U nit h e a t e r s an d v e n t i l a t o r s .......................................
P r n n p s ......................................................................................
S t o r a g e t a n k s .......................................................................

3 $ 3 1 . 70

3 $ 3 5 . 50

3 $ 3 1 .2 0

$ 3 0 . 20

$ 2 7 . 60

13. 10
4 . 80
4 .5 0
3. 30
3 .0 0
1 .5 0
1. 20

1 3 .7 0
6. 20
4 . 30
3. 30
4 . 10
1 .7 0
1 .4 0

15. 30
4 . 20
3. 60
4 . 70
1 .6 0
1. 30
.4 0

9 .5 0
3. 10
7. 20
2. 60
4 .4 0
1. 30
2. 10

1 5 .0 0
7 .6 0
.4 0
1 .4 0
. 20
2. 30
. 70

P a i n t s a n d o th e r c h e m i c a l s 3 .......................................
P a i n t .........................................................................................

6 .4 0
4 . 30

6 .9 0
4 .8 0

6 .0 0
3 .4 0

6 .7 0
4 . 80

5. 50
3 .6 0

P e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s 3 ........................................................
A s p h a l t an d t a r p itc h e s .................................................
A s p h a l t f e l t s ........................................................... ..............
A s p h a l t p a v i n g .....................................................................
G a s o l i n e a n d d i e s e l fu e l ...............................................

5. 70
2. 10
1. 70
1 .0 0
. 60

5. 20
2 .0 0
1 .6 0
.7 0
.8 0

6 .0 0
2. 20
2 .0 0
.9 0
. 50

5 .4 0
2 .4 0
1. 70
. 80
.4 0

6 .7 0
1. 50
1. 50
2. 10
1. 30

A l l o th e r m a t e r i a l s 3 ...........................................................
I n s u la t in g b o a r d ..................................................................
L e a d ...........................................................................................
R u b b e r p r o d u c t s . . . ........................................................
N u r s e r y p r o d u c t s .............................................................
C o n s t r u c t i o n p a p e r ........................................................ ..

4 . 80
1 .9 0
. 80
.4 0
.4 0
. 30

5. 10
2 .0 0
1 .2 0
. 60
. 10
. 10

3 .7 0
1 .8 0
. 50
. 10
. 10
. 20

5 .7 0
2. 30
. 70
. 30
. 10
. 80

8 .9 0
. 80
.5 0
.7 0
2 .9 0
. 20

C o n s t r u c t i o n e q u ip m e n t r e n ta l v alu e o r
d e p r e c i a t i o n c h a r g e ........................................................

1 5 .9 0

1 1 .4 0

19. 20

1 1 .6 0

2 5 .0 0

S e l e c t e d p r o d u c t s and p ro d u c t g r o u p s

1 C o n s t r u c t io n of so m e p r o j e c t s e x te n d e d f r o m e a r l y 1959 to l a t e 1962, but m o s t c o n ­
s t r u c t io n to o k p l a c e in 1 9 6 0 -6 1 .
2 L e s s than $ 0 . 0 5 .

3 I n c lu d e s v a lu e of p r o d u c t s not shown s e p a r a t e l y . V a l u e s w e r e ro u n d ed to the n e a r e s t
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
10 c e n t s .
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

32

A p p e n d ix .

S c o p e and M eth od of S u r v e y

T h i s study, d e s i g n e d to e s t i m a t e m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s a s s o c i ­
a t e d with c o n s t r u c t i o n of c o lle g e h o u sin g p r o j e c t s , u t il i z e d d a ta o b tain e d
f r o m o r r e l a t e d to a c t iv it y a t the c o n s t r u c t io n s i t e s a s w e ll a s s e c o n d a r y
s o u r c e s su ch a s the C e n s u s of M a n u f a c t u r e s . C o lle g e h o u sin g p r o j e c t s
w hich w e r e not f e d e r a l l y a id e d w e r e not in clu d e d in th is study .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the U n i v e r s e and S e l e c t i o n of the S a m p le
T he s a m p l in g f r a m e c o m p r i s e d a c o m p le t e l i s t i n g of a l l C F A
a d m i n i s t e r e d c o l l e g e h o u sin g p r o j e c t s in d ic a te d a s b e in g s u b s t a n ­
t i a l l y c o m p le t e d d u rin g 1961. T h i s l i s t i n g of 201 p r o j e c t s with a to ta l
c o s t of about $ 2 0 7 m il l i o n p r o v id e d a b r i e f d e s c r i p t io n of e a c h p r o je c t ,
i t s lo c a t io n , an d c o s t . T h e p r o j e c t s w e r e s t r a t i f i e d by the fo u r b r o a d
g e o g r a p h i c a l r e g i o n s p r e v i o u s l y n oted an d by c o s t c l a s s , a s fo llo w s:
L e s s than $ 1 m illio n , and $ 1 m il l i o n and o v e r .
P r o j e c t s in e a c h c o s t c l a s s w e r e then s e p a r a t e d into two g r o u p s - th o s e l o c a t e d in m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s an d th o s e l o c a t e d in n o n m e tr o p o lita n
areas.
A s a m p l e of 43 p r o j e c t s , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 in 5 f r o m the l i s t i n g ,
w a s s e l e c t e d . S in c e s a m p lin g within c e l l s w a s not u n ifo r m owing to the
n u m b e r of p r o j e c t s within s o m e c e l l s , v a r i a b l e w e ig h ts w e r e a s s i g n e d to
p r o j e c t s . C o n s tr u c t io n on the p r o j e c t s e x te n d e d f r o m la t e 1959 to e a r l y
1962, but the g r e a t e r p o rtio n too k p la c e d u rin g 1 9 6 0 -6 1 .
M a n -H o u r E s t i m a t e s
C u s t o m a r y p r e s e n t a t i o n o f e m p lo y m e n t d a ta fo r c o n s t r u c t io n
p r o j e c t s in c lu d e s e s t i m a t e s fo r o n - s i t e and o f f - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t. Such
a p r e s e n t a t i o n i s fo llo w e d in th is study. In ad d ition , h o w e v e r , t h e r e i s
an e c o n o m ic d is tin c tio n w hich ca n be m a d e in a n a ly z in g m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e ­
m e n t s f o r c o n s t r u c t io n . B a s i c g ro u p in g in th is in s t a n c e w ould be p r i m a r y
an d s e c o n d a r y l a b o r e f f e c t s of c o n s t r u c t io n e x p e n d it u r e s , the p r i m a r y s e c ­
t o r in clu d in g o n - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t p lu s the o f f - s i t e e m p lo y m e n t d i r e c t l y
r e l a t e d to a c t i v it y at the jo b s i t e s .
P r i m a r y m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s , f o r p u r p o s e s of t h is r e p o r t ,
in c lu d e , in ad d ition to a l l o n - s i t e l a b o r , c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t o r s 1 o ffic e
e m p lo y m e n t, la b o r r e q u i r e d in th o se m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s w hich f a b ­
r i c a t e c o n s t r u c t io n m a t e r i a l s u s e d on the s i t e - - t h a t i s , the l a s t s t a g e of
m a n u fa c t u r in g , p lu s a l l t r a d e , d is tr ib u t io n , an d s e r v i c e s in v o lv e d in
p la c in g c o n s t r u c t io n m a t e r i a l s and equ ip m en t at the jo b s i t e . S e c o n d a r y
e m p lo y m e n t in c lu d e s a l l o th e r l a b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s n e c e s s a r y to p ro d u c e
an d t r a n s p o r t ra w m a t e r i a l s and s e m if i n i s h e d p r o d u c t s to f a c t o r i e s which
fin a lly p ro d u c e i t e m s u s e d at c o n s t r u c t io n s i t e s .




33

D a ta fo r o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e g e n e r a l l y c o l l e c t e d
f r o m p a y r o l l r e c o r d s s u b m itt e d b y the v a r i o u s c o n t r a c t o r s , a s r e q u i r e d
by law . A ll o th e r l a b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s d i s c u s s e d below , w h eth er c o n s i d e r e d
p r i m a r y o r s e c o n d a r y , w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d by u s e of s e c o n d a r y d a ta .
C o lle c t io n of O n -S ite M a n -H o u r D ata
When c o l l e g e h o u sin g p r o j e c t s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d with the a i d of
F e d e r a l fin a n c in g , e a c h p r i m e c o n t r a c t o r and s u b c o n t r a c t o r i s r e q u i r e d
by l e g i s l a t i o n to su b m it to the s p o n s o r in g body an d C F A c o p ie s of e a c h
w e e k ly p a y r o l l sh ow ing (with o th e r in fo rm atio n ) d a ily and w e e k ly h o u r s
w o r k e d , g r o s s w e e k ly e a r n i n g s , an d the o c c u p a tio n of e a c h of the e m p l o y ­
e e s w o r k in g on the p a r t i c u l a r p r o je c t . T h e s e p a y r o l l s p r o v id e d d a ta fo r
c o m p ilin g o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s , a s w e ll a s d ata on w a g e s fo r
a l l h o u r ly r a t e d w o r k e r s on the p r o j e c t s . D a ta fo r o n - s i t e s a l a r i e d e m ­
p l o y e e s , not a c c o u n te d fo r on p a y r o l l s su b m itte d , w e r e o b tain e d f r o m
c o n t r a c t o r s by f i e l d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the B u r e a u . In a few c a s e s , the
p a y r o l l r e c o r d s r e q u e s t e d w e r e not a v a il a b l e , o r w e r e in a d e q u a te a s
d a ta s o u r c e s . F o r t h e s e s it u a t io n s , a l t e r n a t e p r o j e c t s w e r e s u b s titu te d .
O ff- S ite M a n - H o u r s
F r o m c o n t r a c t o r s and s u b c o n t r a c t o r s c o o p e r a t in g in the study,
a l i s t w a s o b ta in e d of the v alu e of e a c h type of m a t e r i a l u s e d in the c o n ­
s t r u c t io n of s a m p l e p r o j e c t s . T h e s e m a t e r i a l l i s t i n g s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d
into c a t e g o r i e s c o n s i s t e n t with 4 - d ig it S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l co de a s found
in C e n s u s of M a n u f a c t u r e s p ro d u c t g r o u p s . F o r e a c h of t h e s e p ro d u c t
g r o u p s , a v e r a g e a m o u n ts r e q u i r e d fo r e a c h $ 1 ,0 0 0 o f c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c ­
tion c o s t w e r e d e t e r m in e d . Once a v e r a g e r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e c a lc u l a t e d ,
e a c h f i g u r e w a s r e d u c e d by a r a t i o r e p r e s e n t i n g the d if f e r e n c e betw een
v a lu a tio n by the p u r c h a s e r an d v a lu a tio n by the p r o d u c e r . 10 S in c e a l l
d a ta r e p o r t e d by c o n t r a c t o r s w e r e in p u r c h a s e r s ’ v a lu e , re d u c tio n to p r o ­
d u c e r s ’ v alu e r e s u l t e d in f i g u r e s c o n s i s t e n t with C e n s u s d a ta p u b lis h e d on
t h e s e v a r i o u s c o m p o n e n ts.
P r i m a r y D is t r ib u t io n I n d u s t r i e s E m p lo y m e n t
P r i m a r y m a n - h o u r s in the t r a d e , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and s e r v i c e
i n d u s t r i e s w e r e e s t i m a t e d f r o m the d if f e r e n c e b etw een p r o d u c e r and
p u r c h a s e r v alu e fo r e a c h c o n s t r u c t io n m a t e r i a l . T he v alu e d i f f e r e n c e s
w e r e a llo t te d to t r a d e and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and p r i m a r y m a n - h o u r s fo r
e a c h co m p o n en t of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t r a d e w e r e then e s t i m a t e d f r o m
l a b o r f a c t o r s p r o v id e d by B L S .

10 T h i s r a t i o i s b a s e d on v a lu a tio n d a ta p r o v id e d by U . S . D e p a r t ­
m e n t of C o m m e r c e , O ffic e of B u s i n e s s E c o n o m i c s .




34

P r i m a r y M a n u fa c tu r in g E m p lo y m e n t
P r i m a r y e m p lo y m e n t in m a n u fa c t u r in g w a s c o n s i d e r e d to be that
r e q u i r e d to p r o d u c e i t e m s in the c o n s t r u c t io n b i l l of m a t e r i a l s in th e ir
fin a l s t a g e of f a b r i c a t i o n . In t h is s t a g e , m a n - h o u r s r e s u l t i n g f r o m c o l l e g e
h o u sin g c o n s t r u c t io n w e r e d e v e lo p e d by m u ltip ly in g a v e r a g e v alu e of e a c h
c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l by the r a tio of m a n u fa c t u r in g m a n - h o u r s to $ 1 , 0 0 0
of p ro d u c tio n . 11
S e c o n d a r y E m p lo y m e n t in A ll I n d u s t r i e s
S e c o n d a r y e m p lo y m e n t i s d e fin e d a s the e m p lo y m e n t in a l l i n d u s ­
t r i e s in v o lv e d in p ro d u c tio n and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of bu ild in g m a t e r i a l s and
e q u ip m e n t, f r o m b a s i c e x t r a c t i o n to, but not in clu d in g, the fin a l m a n u f a c ­
tu rin g s t a g e .
T o c a lc u l a t e a l l s e c o n d a r y m a n - h o u r s in v o lv e d in c o n s t r u c t io n
m a t e r i a l s and e q u ip m e n t, the 1958 in t e r i n d u s t r y stu d y w a s u s e d . F o r e a c h
g ro u p of m a t e r i a l s , t h is study i n d i c a t e s the am o un t of s e c o n d a r y p ro d u c t
r e q u i r e d of e a c h of i t s 78 in d u s t r y s e c t o r s . T he s u m m a tio n of t h e s e l a t t e r
f i g u r e s an d l a b o r f a c t o r s f u r n is h e d by B L S p r o d u c e d the v o lu m e of s e c o n d a r y
e m p lo y m e n t r e q u i r e d in e a c h of the 78 s e c t o r s . A d ju s t m e n t s fo r p r i c e and
p r o d u c t iv ity w e r e m a d e to a r r i v e at d a ta f o r the y e a r c o n s i s t e n t w ith the b ill
of m a t e r i a l s .
T o t a l M a n -H o u r R e q u i r e m e n t s
F r o m e a c h o f f - s i t e s t a g e ( p r i m a r y d is tr ib u t io n , p r i m a r y m a n u f a c ­
tu rin g , and s e c o n d a r y i n d u s t r y ) , a m a n - h o u r f ig u r e p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 of c o l l e g e
h o u sin g c o n s t r u c t io n w a s o b tain e d . When t h e s e w e r e c o m b in e d with d i r e c t
o r o n - s i t e m a n - h o u r s , the to ta l e m p lo y m e n t e ffe c t , w ithin the d efin itio n
u s e d by the stu dy , w a s d e t e r m in e d . H o w e v e r, the p r o c e d u r e s u s e d in e s t i ­
m a t in g e m p lo y m e n t g e n e r a t e d by c o n s t r u c t io n of c o l l e g e h o u s in g did not
in clu d e a l l su c h e m p lo y m e n t. T e c h n iq u e s u s e d f o r e s t im a t i n g the o f f - s i t e
s e g m e n t c o v e r only e m p lo y m e n t g e n e r a t e d by d i r e c t p u r c h a s e s of m a t e r i a l s
and s u p p l ie s , and e m p lo y m e n t i m p l i c i t in the d e p r e c i a t i o n of c o n s t r u c t io n
e q u ip m e n t. T he fo llow in g a r e a s of e m p lo y m e n t r e l a t e d to v o lu m e of c o n ­
s t r u c t io n a c t iv it y w e r e not c o v e r e d : (1) A r c h i t e c t u r a l , s u r v e y in g , e s t im a t i n g ,
an d o th e r plan ning e m p lo y m e n t; (2) in s p e c t io n o r s u p e r v i s i o n by the a r c h i t e c t
o r the g o v e rn m e n t d u rin g c o n s t r u c t io n ; (3) l a b o r t im e in v o lv e d in i n s t a l l a t i o n s
by p u blic u tility e m p l o y e e s , a s w e ll a s an y s ite p r e p a r a t i o n not c o v e r e d by
the c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t; (4) e m p lo y m e n t g e n e r a t e d by p u r c h a s e s of m o v a b le
f u r n it u r e and e q u ip m e n t not in clu d e d in the c o n s t r u c t io n c o n t r a c t; (5) the
f,m u l t i p l i e r n e ffe c t of r e s p e n d in g of w a g e s and p r o f i t s ; and (6) the c o n s t r u c t io n
and e q u ip m e n t of new p ro d u ctio n f a c i l i t i e s , if n e e d e d to su p p ly c o n s t r u c t io n
m ate rials.

11
M an u factu res.




T h i s r a t i o w a s e s t a b l i s h e d by u s i n g the 1961 S u r v e y of
U S

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE . 1965 0 - 7 7 3 - 7 6 2