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Jobseeking Methods Used By American Workers Jobseeking Methods Used By American Workers U. S. Department of Labor John T. Dunlop, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 1975 Bulletin 1886 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.35 Stock Number 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 1 8 2 9 -1 Preface This bulletin analyzes the methods which persons used to find jobs during 1972. The basic data were obtained in a questionnaire prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the Manpower Administration (MA) in coopera tion with the Bureau of the Census. The Bureau of the Census collected the information as a supplement to its Current Population Survey, and tabulated the data according to specifications prepared by BLS and MA. This report was prepared by Carl Rosenfeld, Kopp Michelotti, and William V. Deutermann of the Division of Labor Force Studies, under the general direction of Sophia C. Travis (retired), Division Chief during the planning stages of the survey, and Robert L. Stein, Division Chief during the analytical stages. This study was financed by the Manpower Administration, U.S. Department of Labor Contents Page Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................... Job search methods............................................................................................................................................................ Employment and unemployment in 1972.................................................................................................................. Major findings and implications........................................................................................................................................ Characteristics of jobseekers............................................................................................................................................ Demographic ................................................................................................................................................................ Reason for job search................................................................................................................................................... Methods jobseekers u se d ................................................................................................................................................... Sex and marital status................................................................................................................................................... A ge....................................................................................................................................................................................... Occupation..................................................................................................................................................................... R ace................................................................................................................................................................................ Reason for seeking work ............................................................................................................................................. Method by which job was obtained............................................................................................................................... Effectiveness rates.............................................................................................................................................................. S e x .................................................................................................................................................................................. Occupation..................................................................................................................................................................... Work history and job search ................................................................................................................................................ Timing of job search............................................................................................................................................................. Duration of job search....................................................................................................................................................... Intensity of job search....................................................................................................................................................... Job refusal ......................................................................................................................................................................... Change in earnings................................................................................................................................................................. Suggestions for further study............................................................................................................................................... 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 5 5 6 6 7 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 17 Text tables: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Characteristics of jobseekers and reasons for looking for work.......................................................................... Methods used to look for work, by sex and race ................................................................................................ Method by which current job was obtained, by sex and ra c e ............................................................................ Ranking of methods by which current job was obtained, by selected characteristics.................................... Effectiveness rates of jobseeking methods, by sex and ra c e .............................................................................. Effectiveness rates by occupation: Methods which had rates of 20 percent or m ore.................................... Jobseekers who looked for work while still employed, by selected characteristics........................................... 3 4 7 8 10 11 12 Chart: Methods used to look for work by white and black jobseekers, selected occupational groups, January 1973........................................................................................................................................................ 18 Reference tables: A-l. Reason jobseekers looked for work: Age, sex, and race, January 1973 ................................................... B-l. Methods used to look for work: Age and sex, January 1973 ..................................................................... 19 20 Reference tables— Continued Page B-2. Methods used to look forwork: Occupation and sex, January 1973 .......................................................... 22 B-3. Methods white jobseekersused to look for work:Occupation,January 1973 ............................................ 25 B-4. Methods Negro and other minority race jobseekers used to look for work: Occupation, January 1973 .................................................................................................................................................... 25 B-5. Methods used to look for work: Residence and sex, January 1973 .......................................................... 26 B-6. Methods Negro and other minority race jobseekers used to look for work: Residence and sex, January 1973 ................................................................................................................................................... 26 B-7. Methods used to look for work: Reason for seeking work, January 1973 ............................................... 27 B-8. Methods used to look for work by persons who usually work full time: Usual weekly earnings, January 1973 ................................................................................................................................................... 28 B-9. Methods used to look for work: Educational attainment, January 1973 ................................................. 28 C-l. Method by which current job was obtained: Age, sex, and race, January 1973 ....................................... 29 C-2. Method by which current job was obtained: Occupation and sex, January 1973 ................................... 31 C-3. Method by which white jobseekers obtained current job: Occupation, January 1973 ........................... 34 C-4. Method by which Negro and other minority race jobseekers obtained current job: Occupation, January 1973 ................................................................................................................................................... 34 C-5. Method by which current job was obtained: Residence and sex, January 1973 ..................................... 35 C-6. Method by which current job was obtained: Reason for seeking work, January 1973 ............................ 36 C-7. Method by which current job was obtained by persons who usually work full time: Usual weekly earnings, January 1973 ...................................................................................................................... 37 C-8. Method by which current job was obtained: Educational attainment, January 1973 .............................. 37 C-9. Method used most often to look for work: Age, sex, and race, January 1973 ....................................... 38 C-l 0. Method used most often to look for work: Occupation, January 1973 .................................................. 39 D-l. Effectiveness rates of jobseeking methods: Occupation and sex, January 1973 ...................................... 40 D-2. Effectiveness rates of selected jobseeking methods: Race and occupation, January 1973....................... 41 D-3. Effectiveness rates of jobseeking methods: Educational attainment, January 1973 .............................. 42 E-l. Methods used to look for work, by date last worked on previous job, January 1973 .............. 42 E-2. Number of methods used to look for work, by date last worked on previous job and sex, January 1973 ................................................................................................................................................... 43 E-3. Method by which current job was obtained, by date last worked on previous job, January 1973 ......... 43 E-4. Methods used to look for work, by length of employment on previous job for persons who last worked in 1968 or later, January 1973 ......................................................................................................... 44 E-5. Method by which current job was obtained, by length of employment on previous job for persons who last worked in 1968 or later, January 1973 ......................................................................................... 44 F -l. Jobseekers who looked for work while still employed: Reason for seeking work, sex, age, and race, January 1973 .......................................................................................................................................... 45 F-2. Length of time before starting job search for jobseekers who did not look for work while still employed: Reason for seeking work, sex, age, and race, January 1973 ................................................. 45 F-3. Main reason for not looking for work within 1-2 days after leaving previous job: Reason for seeking work, sex, and race, January 1973 .................................................................................................. 46 F-4. Number of weeks looked for work while still employed: Reason for seeking work, sex, and race, January 1973 ................................................................................................................................................... 46 G-l. Duration of job search, by age and sex, January 1973 ................................................................................ 47 G-2. Methods used to look for work, by duration of job search, January 1973 ................................................ 47 G-3. Method by which current job was obtained, by duration of job search, January 1973 .......................... 47 G-4. Duration of job search, by reason for seeking work and race, January 1973 ............................................ 48 G-5. Number of methods used to look for work, by duration of job search and sex, January1973 .............. 48 G-6. Duration of job search, by number of weeks looked while still employed and sex, January 1973......... 49 Reference tables—Continued H -l. Number of methods used to look for work: Broad occupational group, sex, and race, January 1973 .................................................................................................................................................... H-2. Hours per week looked for work: Selected characteristics, January 1973 ............................................... H-3. Farthest distance traveled to look for work: Age, sex, and race, January 1973 .................................. H-4. Farthest distance traveled to look for work: Occupation, January 1973 ................................................. H-5. Farthest distance traveled to look for work: Residence, sex, and race, January 1973.............................. H-6. Farthest distance traveled to look for work: Duration of job search and sex, January 1973................. H-7. Distance of current job from residence at time of job search: Age and sex, January 1973 .................... H-8. Farthest distance traveled to look for work: Distance of current job from residence at time of job search and sex, January 1973.................................................................................................................... 1-1. Jobseekers who refused offers: Age and sex, January 1973 ........................................................................ 1-2. Jobseekers who refused offers: Occupation and race, January 1973 ........................................................ 1-3. Main reason for refusing job offer: Age and sex, January 1973 ................................................................ 1-4. Main reason for refusing job offer: Occupation and race, January 1973 ................................................... 1-5. Method of jobfinding resulting in offer refused: Occupation, January 1973 ........................................... J-l. Average hourly earnings on current and previous job for persons who last worked in 1971 or 1972: Method by which current job was obtained, sex, and race, January 1973 .................................. J-2. Change in hourly earnings between current and previous job for persons who last worked in 1971 or 1972: Method by which current job was obtained, sex, and race, January 1973 .................... Page 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 56 57 57 Appendix: Survey concepts and questionnaire.............................................................................................................. 58 Jobseeking Methods Used by American Workers Workers searching for jobs can use a variety of meth ods to obtain work. However, many jobseekers are not aware of all the possible methods available to them, nor are they informed about which method might be the most effective for their purposes. To investigate the job search methods workers used and their relative effective ness, a nationwide sample survey was conducted in January 1973. The survey covered nearly 16 million employed wage and salary workers 16 years old and over who were not in school and who had started their current job during 1972. About 5.5 million of these workers had not looked for work in 1972 because they returned to jobs held formerly, were offered jobs, entered a family business, or for other reasons did not seek employment. The 10.4 million persons who had looked for and found work during 1972 were asked to complete a questionnaire relating to their job search which included questions on all methods they had used to find work; the method by which they had obtained their jobs; the number of weeks they had looked for work; the average number of hours spent per week in looking; the distance traveled from home in their search; and job offers refused. (See appendix for questionnaire.) About half of the 10.4 million job finders were new entrants or reentrants to the labor force; the remainder had lost or quit their jobs or wanted to change jobs. Presented in the follow ing pages are, first, a general description of job search methods, followed by a brief summary of the economic climate in 1972, and highlights of the survey results and their implications. Job search methods. In general, job seeking workers have two broad categories of search methods available to them. First, workers can use informal methods, such as direct application to employers and asking friends, relatives, or teachers, in which the jobseeker expends most of the effort. Second, they can use formal meth ods, in which institutional intermediaries expend the effort on the jobseeker’s behalf. Formal methods in clude the State employment service, fee-type private employment agencies, school placement offices, labor union hiring halls, and advertisements in newspapers or journals. Although the last is classified as formal from the jobseeker’s point of view because employers, by placing ads, offer jobseekers a number of opportu nities from one source of information, it resembles in formal methods in its low cost to the applicant in money and time, and its casual mode of use. In a tight labor market, employers may increase their reliance on news paper advertisements and other formal methods to get the widest possible exposure of job openings.1 Formal methods can offer the greatest amount of information about job opportunities in general but may not yield much specific information about each job opening. On the other hand, informal sources of job leads, such as friends and relatives, may be able to pro vide more extensive or detailed information with respect to fringe benefits, prospects for promotion, working conditions, and training opportunities. In searching for job information, workers are faced with an optimization problem— they must balance the potential benefit of additional information against the costs incurred in obtaining it.2 The jobseeking methods used may vary, depending on the economic climate at the time. In a tight labor market, for example, workers might depend more on informal “grapevine” search methods. During periods of high unemployment, some may prefer to use more formal methods, such as private employment agencies, since the return may justify any fees paid. 3 Workers also may choose to search for a job while still employed or may quit their job, depend ing on general economic conditions. A job search intermediary such as the State employ ment service may generate job information and also provide counseling, aptitude tests, and preliminary con tact with employers. The nationwide system of State public employment service offices, which is affiliated 1 Peter B. Doeringer and Michael J. Piore, Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis, (Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company, 1971), pp. 96-97. George J. Stigler, “Information in the Labor Market,” Journal of Political Economy, October 1962. Denis R. Maki, Search Behaviour in Canadian Job Markets, Special Study No. 15, Economic Council of Canada (Ottawa, Information Canada, 1972), p. 4. with the U.S. Employment Service of the Manpower Administration, has applied computer technology to in crease its effectiveness and efficiency in matching job seekers with employer needs. Over 100 metropolitan areas in 43 States have computerized job banks which daily update and disseminate a listing of all job openings on file with the State employment service. These area listings are made available to placement interviewers on a statewide, regional, and nationwide basis. Through the job bank, a single job order can be exposed to a large pool of potential applicants; conversely, each applicant is exposed to a broad range of job possibilities. Thus the matching of workers to jobs is improved. Employment and unemployment in 1972. The survey results must be evaluated in the context of employment conditions prevailing during the year. Employment rose strongly and unemployment declined moderately during 1972. The unemployment rate was 5.9 percent (sea sonally adjusted) in January; it fell to 5.6 percent by midyear and to 5.1 percent by yearend. The overall jobless rate in 1972 averaged 5.6 percent, somewhat higher than the 4.9-percent rate in 1973, but substan tially below the rate of about 8.6 percent during the first half of 1975. The labor supply increased over the year as a result of the growth of the working age population, increased labor force participation rates of women and teenagers, and a net decrease in the size of the Armed Forces as U.S. participation in the Vietnam War drew to a close. Employment increased by about 2.3 million during the year, the largest annual expansion in a quarter of a century. In December, blue-collar and white-collar em ployment were each over 1 million higher than a year earlier. Major findings and implications Following are some of the major findings of this study and their implications. 1. Two out of three jobseekers applied directly to employers without suggestions or referrals by anyone. The next four methods used most frequently, but by much smaller proportions of workers, were: Asking friends about jobs where they work; answering local newspaper ads; asking friends about jobs at places other than where they work; and checking with the State em ployment service. 2. Thirty-five percent of the workers obtained jobs through direct application to employers, and 12 percent each by asking friends about jobs where they work and by answering local newspaper ads. About equal propor tions (5 to 6 percent) of the jobseekers obtained their jobs through the State employment service and through private employment agencies. 3. Of all persons who applied directly to employers for work, about half found their job that way— about double the percentage for the methods with the next two highest rates. 4. The four methods most commonly used and the method by which the largest proportion of workers obtained jobs were the same for men and for women, and, with minor exceptions, for most other characterisics by which jobfinders were grouped. 5. Greater proportions of blacks4 than whites asked friends and relatives about jobs where they work, took Civil Service tests, checked with the State employment service, and contacted local assistance organizations. Smaller proportions applied directly to employers or answered local newspaper ads, methods which have relatively high effectiveness rates. Blacks should be encouraged to use these two methods to a greater extent, now that government and industry programs are in force to eliminate discriminatory hiring practices. Continued high dependence on friends and relatives for job leads will limit the range of job opportunities for blacks. 6. Greater proportions of blacks than whites who contacted the State employment service and local organi zations found jobs through these methods. Smaller pro portions of blacks than whites who applied directly to employers, answered local newspaper ads, and checked with private employment agencies and school placement offices obtained jobs through these methods. 7. Before finding a job, the average jobseeker used four methods. The number tended to rise with the length of the search and to vary widely by occupation and demographic characteristics. Men used more methods than women. Many persons who did not find a job within relatively few weeks subsequently tried addi tional methods, which suggests that use of as many methods as possible early in the search could improve the chances of finding a job. 8. Of the 5.4 million jobseekers who were employed just before beginning their job search, nearly half started to look for a new job while still on the old one. Of those who did not look while still working, 2 out of 5 began their search within 1 or 2 days after leaving their old job. Among persons who waited more than 2 days, 2 out of 5 waited because they wanted to take some time off. It took about as long to find a job for persons who started to look for work after leaving their job as for 4 Data for all persons other than white are used to represent data for Negroes (blacks) since Negroes constitute about nine-tenths of all persons other than white in the United States. those who started their search while still employed. fourth of the jobseekers under age 25 had recently Some joblessness could be decreased, if not prevented, left or finished school, and about one-third of the if employers could notify employees well in advance of married women had been devoting full time to their a layoff and permit them to take off a few hours a week, families when they started their job search. Two out of with pay, to look for another job. five of those age 45 and over, compared with 1 out of 9. A majority of jobhunters found jobs within 4 5 for younger persons, looked for work after they had weeks, including time spent looking while still em lost their jobs. One out of five teenagers in the job ployed. Relatively fewer men than women found jobs market wanted to work while still in school. within 4 weeks. Duration of job search was generally about the same regardless of the method by which the Table 1. Characteristics of jobseekers and reasons job was found. In a given economic climate, finding a for looking for work job quickly depends more on many other factors, such as wage expectations, geographic location, experience (Percent distribution)_____________ and skills, motivation, and financial resources, than on methods used. Total: Number'(thousands)................... 10,437 10. Jobseekers searched for work comparatively few 100.0 Percent ........................................... hours a week and looked relatively close to home. About Sex two-thirds of the jobseekers spent 5 hours or less per week on their job search, and nearly 3 out of 4 traveled Men ..................................................................................... 55.1 no farther than 25 miles from home to look for work. Women ................................................................................ 44.9 Intensity or hours of job search a week apparently had Married ......................................................................... 23.8 Other marital s ta tu s .................................................... 21.1 no effect on the duration of the search. 11. One out of three jobseekers turned down an offer. Age Three out of 10 who declined offers did so because of low pay, and an equal proportion because the location, Under 25 y e a r s .................................................................. 47.4 hours, or other working conditions were unsatisfactory. 25 to 44 y e a rs ..................................................................... 39.1 A greater proportion of whites than blacks refused job 45 years and over .............................................................. 13.5 offers. Race Characteristics of jobseekers Demographic. Persons who had looked for and found work tended to be younger than the labor force as a whole at the time of the survey, and a greater propor tion were women. Nearly 50 percent of the jobseekers were under age 25, and 45 percent were women (table 1), compared to 22 and 39 percent, respectively, for the whole labor force. Young people and women tend to have higher unemployment rates than others in the labor force, not only as newcomers but also when they have had work experience. Somewhat over one-half of the female jobseekers were married. Reason for job search. Some persons look for work only after losing or quitting their job, some look while still employed because they want to change jobs, and others look upon entering or reentering the labor force. Over one-half of the jobseekers were already in the civilian labor force when they started to look for work— they had quit or lost their last job or were still working but looking for a different job. (See tables 1 and A-l.) This proportion was greater for men than for women but was about the same for whites and blacks. One White ................................................................................... Negro and other races .................................................... 89.1 10.9 Reason for looking Employed before current job: Quit j o b ......................................................................... Lost job1 ....................................................................... Wanted different job before q u ittin g ...................... 16.9 22.7 13.5 Not in labor force before current job: Left school .................................................................. Left military ................................................................ Wanted work while in s c h o o l.................................... Had family responsibilities and wanted j o b .......... All other reasons ......................................................... 15.0 2.6 5.5 9.1 14.8 Includes persons who sold, lost, or gave up a business. Methods jotiseekers used Workers generally used more than one method of jobseeking. Although substantial numbers used formal methods, more used informal methods. One researcher has characterized the typical job search as “fum bling and disorganized,” rather than “calculating and rational.” 5 Informal methods are generally easier to use than formal methods and have minimal or no cost. Under lying the importance of informal methods is the large proportion of jobseekers who used these methods during 1972. About two-thirds of all jobseekers applied directly to employers without suggestions or referrals from anyone— the highest proportion by far using any one method, regardless of sex, race, age, occupation, or other characteristics. (See tables 2 and B-l through B-9.) The next two most popular informal methods were asking friends about job openings at work or elsewhere. Relatives were asked less extensively than friends since jobseekers probably have more friends than relatives in the locality who might be of assistance.6 Among formal methods, answering local newspaper ads was used by the greatest proportion of jobseekers, close to one-half. The State employment service, another formal jobfinding source, was used by one-third of the jobseekers. A smaller proportion checked with private employment agencies. Persons applying for unemploy ment insurance benefits frequently are required to reg ister for a job at State employment offices. Also, the State employment office is uniquely attractive to some 5 Edward D. Kalachek, Labor Markets and Unemploy ment (Belmont, California, Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., 1973), p. 58. 6 To compare data for 1972 with methods used by unemployed persons in 1970 and 1971, see Thomas F. Bradshaw, “Jobseeking Methods Used by Unemployed Workers,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1973, pp. 35-39, reprinted with supplementary tables as Special Labor Force Report 150. Table 2. Methods used to look for work, by sex and race (Percent of jobseekers) Sex Method All Mil persons Men Race Women White Negro and other races Total (thousands)......................................................... 10,437 5,749 4,688 9,302 1,135 Applied directly to employer ........................................................... Asked friends: About jobs where they work .................................................... About jobs elsewhere .................................................................. Asked relatives: About jobs where they work .................................................... About jobs elsewhere .................................................................. Answered newspaper ads: Local ................................................................................................. Nonlocal .......................................................................................... Private employment agency ............................................................. State employment service ................................................................ School placement office .................................................................... Civil Service test ................................................................................... Asked teacher or professor ................................................................ Went to place where employers come to pick up people .......... Placed ads in newspapers: Local ................................................................................................. Nonlocal .......................................................................................... Answered ads in professional or trade journals ............................. Union hiring hall ................................................................................ Contacted local organization ........................................................... Placed ads in professional or trade jo u rn a ls .................................... Other ...................................................................................................... 66.0 67.3 64.4 66.6 60.7 50.8 41.8 53.8 45.9 47.2 36.6 49.9 41.6 58.4 43.5 28.4 27.3 31.0 30.1 25.1 23.9 27.4 26.8 36.5 30.9 45.9 11.7 21.0 33.5 12.5 15.3 10.4 1.4 44.6 14.2 19.9 37.1 12.0 15.4 9.2 2.0 47.5 8.6 22.4 29.2 13.0 15.2 11.8 .7 46.7 11.7 21.0 32.1 12.2 14.6 10.3 1.1 39.6 11.9 20.9 44.9 14.4 21.1 10.7 3.9 1.6 .5 4.9 6.0 5.6 .6 11.8 1.7 .7 6.7 9.9 5.5 .8 11.9 1.4 1.3 .5 4.7 5.7 4.0 .5 11.8 3.4 1.0 6.4 8.4 18.6 1.1 11.7 NOTE: The approximately 3.5 million persons in this survey who checked for jobs with the State employment service do not .2 2.6 1.1 5.7 .4 11.5 represent all persons who filed new or renewed job applications during 1972. groups of jobseekers because it can provide a variety of job search assistance— e.g., aptitude testing, job counseling— and no fee is charged the claimant for the services.7 Smaller proportions of persons residing in the largest metropolitan areas than those living outside these areas contacted the State employment service. However, per sons living in the largest population areas were twice as likely as jobseekers in smaller areas to use private employment agencies. This may reflect differences in the occupational distribution of workers in these areas, the size of the labor market, and availability of the agencies. Of the remaining formal sources used by jobseekers, comparatively greater proportions contacted school place ment offices or tried for jobs through Civil Service pro cedures than used union hiring halls, community organ izations, or professional and trade journals. Sex and marital status. Greater proportions of men than women jobseekers applied directly to employers, asked friends or relatives, and contacted the State employment service. 8 As shown in the following tabulation, men used a greater variety of methods to look for work than women: Average number o f methods used All persons .................................................... 4.0 Men .......................................................... W omen...................................................... Married women .................................. All other women ............................... 4.2 3.7 3.3 4.1 White ........................................................ 3.9 Black ........................................................ 4.5 On the other hand, larger proportions of women an swered local newspaper ads, visited private employment agencies, and asked teachers or professors for job leads. Fewer women than men responded to ads in out-of-area newspapers, probably because they are less free to move than men; also, very few checked labor union hiring halls, a reflection of the much smaller proportion of women who are members of labor unions. 9 Smaller proportions of married women than other women asked friends and relatives about jobs or checked with the State employment service and private employment agencies. Age. The proportions of jobseekers using some of the methods differed sharply by age. Younger workers, under 35 and particularly under 20, were more likely than workers age 45 and over to ask friends and relatives about jobs, two important informal jobseeking methods. Not unexpectedly, greater percentages of younger work ers contacted school placement offices or asked teachers or professors for job leads. Only a small proportion of jobseekers went to union hiring halls, but the proportion increased with age, which reflected in part the higher union membership rates among older workers. Smaller proportions of teenagers than older persons used the State employment service and private employment agencies. Age made virtually no difference in the proportions of workers who applied directly to employers for jobs or who used local news paper ads. Occupation. The proportions of jobseekers trying the most frequently used methods varied widely by occu pation, but the ranking of the methods varied little.10 For each occupational group except private household workers, the largest proportion applied directly to an employer without suggestions or referrals by anyone. For blue-collar and service workers,11 the next most common methods after direct application were asking friends about jobs where they work and elsewhere, and answering ads in local newspapers. On the other hand, white-collar workers were more likely to respond to local newspaper ads than to ask friends. Relatively more white-collar than blue-collar and service workers used private employment agencies, a reflection of the types of jobs on which private agencies tend to concentrate. The top three methods used by private household work ers were answering local newspaper ads, applying directly to employers, and asking friends about jobs where they work. The importance of the last two methods indicates that some persons who accepted jobs as private house hold workers may have looked for other kinds of work. 7 For an analysis of the effects of a State employment service on jobfinding success of male blue-collar workers, see Harold L. Sheppard and A. Harvey Belitsky, The Job Hunt, Job Seeking Behavior of Unemployed Workers in a Local Economy (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1966), p. 79. 5 See Sheppard and Belitsky, The Job Hunt, pp. 44-45, for proportions of male and female blue-collar workers using selected jobfinding techniques. Selected Earnings and Demographic Characteristics of Union Members, 1970, Report 417 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1972), table 1. 10 Close differences in the order of rankings should be in terpreted with caution since rankings are based on percentages which statistically may not differ significantly. In this article, all references to service workers exclude private household workers. Of the 20 possible methods, the State employment service ranked fourth for nonfarm laborers and private household workers, and fifth or sixth for each of the other occupational groups except professional and tech nical. Professional workers used the State employment system less than any other occupational group except sales and private household workers. Professionals were most likely by far to apply for jobs at a school place ment office or to ask teachers and professors about potential openings. Recent college graduates probably use these two jobfinding sources the most. A larger proportion of white-collar than blue-collar and service workers took Civil Service tests or applied for govern ment jobs; government agencies are staffed primarily by clerical and professional workers. Though a relatively small proportion of all jobseekers applied at labor union hiring halls, 20 percent of craft and kindred workers did so, over three times the aver age for all workers. Among union members who looked for work, 29 percent checked with hiring halls, which ranked sixth among the methods they used. The pro portion rose to 53 percent for unionized craft workers, about equal to the proportion who applied directly to an employer. Race. The most frequently used jobseeking methods were the same for blacks as for whites, but the order in which they were ranked varied, as shown in the tabulation below: Percent Applied to em ployer............................. Asked friends/work ............................. State employment service.................... Asked friends/elsewhere ...................... Newspaper ads ...................................... Asked relatives/work............................. Black White 61 58 45 44 40 36 67 50 32 42 47 27 Among blacks, the State employment service ranked third and newspaper ads fifth; these positions were reversed for whites. Even though the methods ranked the same, larger proportions of blacks asked friends and relatives about jobs where they work and a smaller proportion applied directly to employers. One jobfinding method was used by a substantial minority of black jobseekers, regardless of occupation, but by very few whites. One out of five black job seekers but only 1 out of 25 whites contacted a local area organization, such as a community action group or a wel fare agency. Apparently black workers were more famil iar with the services available from these organizations. Also, a larger proportion of blacks than whites took Civil Service tests or filed for a government job. Blacks may believe that they would have better job opportunities and be less subject to discrimination in government than in private industry. Occupational differences in the proportions of job seekers using each of the several methods also were evident between blacks and whites. (See chart on p. 18.) For example, the three most common methods used by black clerical jobseekers were asking friends about jobs where they work, applying directly to employers, and checking with the State employment service. White clerical workers applied directly to employers, answered local newspaper ads, and asked friends about jobs where they work. One-half of the black clerical workers but one-third of the whites contacted the State employment service, and the proportions of black clerical workers who sought jobs through Civil Service and school place ment offices were double those for white. Reason for seeking work. The proportions of workers using each of the several jobfinding methods varied widely by the major reason they looked for work. The State employment service was contacted by about 35 percent of the job leavers but 56 percent of the job losers (those who had been laid off indefinitely or had lost their jobs for reasons other than a temporary layoff or the end of a temporary job). Also, smaller proportions of job leavers than job losers asked friends and relatives about jobs and answered ads in local newspapers. Job leavers, on average, used fewer methods altogether— 3.8 compared with 4.8 among job losers. Job leavers might not have needed a job as badly as job losers and therefore did not look for work as extensively. Students and persons just leaving school differed from job losers in the extent to which they used some job finding methods. Smaller proportions of students and former students applied directly to employers, used the State employment service, answered ads, or checked with union hiring halls; larger proportions went to school placement offices or asked teachers and professors about jobs. Men who looked for work because they had left the Armed Forces used the State employment service to a greater extent than most other groups of jobseekers. Men who are about to be separated from the Armed Forces are given orientation about the job market and usually are advised to visit the State employment serv ice. Also, veterans are eligible for ex-servicemen’s un employment compensation which can be obtained from employment service offices. Veterans also tried for Civil Service jobs to a greater extent than other job seekers, most likely because they receive preference points on tests. Partly because they found a job sooner, women who devoted full time to their families before search ing for a job used an average of 2.8 methods compared with 4.4 methods for women who had lost their jobs. Contrasted with job losers, these entrants or reentrants to the labor market may not have looked as extensively because they did not have time or were less pressed financially. Also, persons who are new to the job market may be less informed about or unable to use some jobfinding approaches. Method by which job was obtained About 35 percent of the workers found their current jobs by applying directly to employers; another onethird, by asking friends or answering newspaper ads, the next two most frequently used informal methods. (See table 3.) As expected, a strong positive relation ship is evident among the rankings of the methods used by the largest proportions of workers, the methods used most often, and the methods by which jobs were obtained. For each of these rankings, applying to em ployers was first; asking friends and answering news paper ads, second or third. Table 3. Method by which current job was obtained, by sex and race (Percent of jobseekers) Sex Method All persons Men Race Women White Negro and other races Total: Number (thousands) ...................................... Percent ............................................... ............. 10,437 100.0 5,749 100.0 4,688 100.0 9,302 100.0 1,135 100.0 Applied directly to employer ........................................................... Asked friends: About jobs where they work .................................................... About jobs elsewhere .................................................................. Asked relatives: About jobs where they work ............................................... .... About jobs elsewhere .................................................................. Answered newspaper ads: Local ............................................................................................... Nonlocal ........................................................... .............................. Private employment agency ............................................................. State employment service ................................................................ School placement office .................................................................... Civil Service test ................................................................................... Asked teacher or professor ................................................................ Went to place where employers come to pick up p e o p le ............ Placed ads in newspapers: Local .................................................. .............................................. Nonlocal .......................................................................................... Answered ads in professional or trade journals ............................. Union hiring h a l l ................................................................................. Contacted local organization ........................................................... Placed ads in professional or trade journals ................................. Other ...................................................................................................... 34.9 35.1 34.6 35.7 27.7 12.4 5.5 13.8 6.2 10.7 4.8 12.0 5.7 16.4 4.0 6.1 2.2 6.9 2.7 5.1 1.7 5.7 2.3 9.3 1.9 1 2 .2 1.3 5.6 5.1 3.0 2.1 1.4 .1 10.3 1.4 3.8 5.0 3.1 1.6 1.2 .1 14.5 1.1 7.9 5.2 2.8 2.8 1.6 .2 12.8 1.3 5.8 4.4 3.0 2.0 1.4 .1 6.4 .8 3.8 10.8 2.3 3.3 1.6 .4 .2 <>> .4 1.5 .8 .1 .4 .2 .1 .5 2.6 .7 .3 .1 t1) .4 1.4 .4 .2 1.9 3.9 <‘ ) 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 Less than 0.05 percent. NOTE: The approximately 500,000 persons in this survey .9 (*> 5.3 who obtained jobs through the State employment service do not represent all persons who were helped to get a new job during 1972. One out of five workers obtained jobs through relatives, private employment agencies, or the State employment service. These three methods also ranked fourth, fifth, or sixth, but not necessarily in the same order, among methods used most often and methods used by the largest proportions of workers. Except for the two highest, the methods by which most jobs were obtained varied in rank by sex, age, race, and major occupational group. (See tables 4 and C-l through C-10.) Applying to employers held top position regardless of characteristic; asking friends about jobs where they work or elsewhere ranked second for nearly all groups. Answering newspaper ads and private employment agencies ranked higher for women than for men. The State employment office ranked higher and answering newspaper ads ranked lower for blacks compared with whites. There were few significant differences by age in the proportions who obtained jobs by each of the methods. Teenagers were less likely than persons age Table 4. Ranking of methods by which current job was obtained, by selected characteristics Characteristic Em ployer Friends1 Answered news paper Relatives1 ads2 State em p loy m ent m ent service agency ................. 1 2 3 4 M e n ........................................ ................ Women .................................................. 1 1 2 3 4 3 2 5 1 1 2 2 3 5 4 3 1 1 1 2 2 4 3 3 All persons Private em p loy O ther m ethod 6 - _ 5 _ 4 6 - 5 _ _ - 4 - 3 4 5 — 2 — — 6 6 — 5 Sex Race White Black .................................................... .................................................... Age 16 to 24 years .................................... .................................... 4 5 years and over ............................... 25 to 4 4 years 5 — - Occupation Professional........................................... Managerial............................................. Sales ...................................................... Clerical .................................................. Craft .................................................... Operatives, except tra n s p o rt............ Transport equipment operatives . . . Laborers, except f a r m ........................ Service, except private household . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3% _ 6 _ 3 2 5 4 — 2% 2% 3 4 - — 2 4 2 3 5 4 6 — 2 4 3 - 3 4 - 5 2 - - 2 4 3 - 5 2 3 4 — 5 Includes jobs where they work and elsewhere. Includes local and nonlocal ads. School placement office tied for third; asked teachers ranged fifth. Union hiring hall ranked fifth. 2 3 ^ - (3 ) — — — <4 ) - NOTE: Excludes methods which resulted in fewer than 5 percent of jobs in any group. Narrow differences in ranking below the top method should be viewed with caution since they may be based on percent differences which are too small to be significant. 35 and over to get jobs by applying directly to em ployers. The proportions of workers who obtained jobs through newspaper ads and labor union hiring halls tended to increase with age. The proportions who obtained jobs by asking relatives for leads decreased with age. Regardless of occupation, the largest proportions of workers who found jobs generally obtained them by applying directly to an employer, asking friends, and answering newspaper ads. These three methods pro vided 8 out of 10 jobs obtained by sales workers, 6 out 10 jobs of other white-collar workers, and 3 out of 4 jobs of service workers and blue-collar workers (except laborers). For each occupational group except private house hold workers, the largest proportion of workers obtained jobs by applying to employers, but this percentage varied widely, ranging from about 25 percent for managers and for clerical workers to 40 percent or more for sales workers and for blue-collar workers. Only about 8 per cent of private household workers obtained jobs by applying to employers. The proportions who obtained jobs by asking friends varied little by occupation, but the proportions who got jobs by answering newspaper ads ranged from 7 percent for nonfarm laborers to 19 percent for private house hold workers and managers. Methods ranked similarly for managerial, sales, and clerical workers but they differed for professional workers. Private employment agencies were an important source of jobs for white-collar workers but were far down on the list for blue-collar and service workers. On the other hand, the labor union hiring hall was an im portant source of jobs only for craft workers. For some occupational groups, the proportion of jobseekers who obtained jobs through a specific method differed widely between men and women. Among pro fessional and technical workers, a smaller proportion of men than women obtained their jobs by applying directly to employers but larger proportions by answering news paper ads and checking with private employment agen cies. More men than women clerical workers obtained jobs through friends, relatives, and school placement offices and fewer through newspaper ads, private em ployment agencies, and Civil Service procedures. A higher proportion of men than women service workers found jobs through friends, relatives, the State employ ment service, and Civil Service, and smaller proportions by applying directly to employers and from newspaper ads. In each occupational group for which comparisons could be made, relatively more blacks than whites obtained jobs through some methods. For example, among professional and technical workers, more blacks than whites obtained jobs through friends and Civil Service, and fewer through private employment agen cies or employers directly. Fewer black than white clerical or service workers or operatives (except trans port) found jobs by answering newspaper ads, but more were hired through the State employment serv ice. Local organizations also were an important source of jobs for black service workers (8 percent) and black operatives (5 percent). Effectiveness rates Earlier sections of this report presented the pro portions of workers who used each jobfinding method and the proportions who found jobs through each one. This section will examine the effectiveness of the various methods, i.e., how likely they are to result in a job. (See tables D-l through D-3.) Effectiveness may be expressed as a rate (percent) obtained by dividing the number of persons who found their current job through a particular method by the total number who used that method. The method with by far the highest effectiveness rate was application directly to employer— 48 percent of all persons who used this method reported that they had obtained their job that way. (See table 5.^ As indicated earlier, this method was also the one used by the greatest proportion of jobseekers (66 percent). Next in effectiveness were six other methods which had rates about one-half as large, ranging from 24 per cent down to 19 percent: Checking with private em ployment agencies, answering ads in local newspapers, checking with labor union hiring halls, asking friends about jobs where they work, contacting school place ment offices, and asking relatives about jobs where they work. Although the effectiveness rates were compara tively high for persons who used union hiring halls and school placement offices, comparatively few persons used these methods, 6 and 12 percent of all jobseekers, respectively. On the other hand, comparatively large proportions of jobseekers used three other methods, but relatively few obtained jobs in these ways. The effectiveness rates were 14 percent for workers who checked with the State employment service, 12 percent for those who asked friends about jobs other than where they work, and 7 percent for those who asked relatives about jobs other than where they- work. Relatively small propor tions used methods which had effectiveness rates be tween 10 to 13 percent— contacting community action and other local organizations, taking Civil Service tests, Sex Method Applied directly to employer ........................................................... Asked friends: About jobs where they w o r k ...................................................... About jobs elsewhere..................................................................... Asked relatives: About jobs where they w o r k ...................................................... About jobs elsewhere..................................................................... Answered newspaper ads: Local ................................................................................................. Nonlocal .......................................................................................... Private employment agency .............................................................. State employment service ................... ............................................ School placement office ..................................................................... Civil Service test ................................................................................... Asked teacher or professor ................................................................ Went to place where employers come to pick up p e o p le ............ Placed ads in newspapers: Local ................................................................................................. Nonlocal .......................................................................................... Answered ads in professional or trade journals ............................ Union hiring hall ................................................................................ Contacted local organization.............................................................. Placed ads in professional or trade jo u rn a ls .................................... Other ...................................................................................................... 1 Number of persons reporting method used to get job divided by total number of persons who used the method to placing ads in local newspapers, asking teachers or pro fessors for job leads, and answering ads in nonlocal papers. Sex. The effectiveness rate of a given method differed little between men and women, with two major ex ceptions. Rates of women were about double those of men for private employment agencies and Civil Service, reflecting in part the high rates for women clerical workers. Rates for married women were similar to those for all women. Occupation. In each occupational group, with one ex ception, the effectiveness rate was highest for persons who applied directly to employers— ranging from 35 percent for managers to 55 percent for operatives, except transport. Only among clerical workers did the rate for those who applied to employers (40 percent) fail to exceed the rate for any other method; 42 per cent of clerical workers who looked for jobs through private agencies found jobs that way. All persons Men Race Women White Negro and other races 47.7 47.0 48.5 48.8 38.1 22.1 11.9 23.2 12.1 20.5 11.7 21.9 12.5 23.4 7.7 19.3 7.4 20.1 8.0 18.2 6.4 19.0 7.7 21.3 5.1 23.9 10.0 24.2 13.7 21.4 12.5 12.1 8.2 20.9 9.1 17.1 12.1 23.0 9.2 11.9 4.3 27.5 11.9 31.9 16.2 19.6 16.6 12.5 (2 ) 25.0 10.5 25.3 12.6 22.5 12.4 12.1 7.9 13.6 5.9 15.2 20.1 13.5 13.0 12.4 (2 ) 12.9 (2 ) 7.3 22.2 12.7 (2 ) 39.7 5.1 (2 ) 6.5 23.7 11.0 (2 ) 38.5 (2 ) <2 ) 9.9 (2 ) 14.7 (2 ) 41.5 16.0 (2 ) 8.1 22.6 9 .9 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 18.9 1 7 .6 (2 ) 40.1 (2 ) 36.4 find a job. 2 Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000. In nearly all occupational groups, two additional methods (other than applying to employers) were highly effective, with rates of 20 percent or more. (See table 6.) Answering local newspaper ads had high effective ness rates in 8 of the 9 occupational groups for which data were developed; in 4 of the 8, the rates exceeded 25 percent. Rates for persons who asked friends about jobs where they work were above 20 percent in all occupational groups except professional and managerial, and exceeded 25 percent in two. For jobseekers who asked relatives about jobs where they work, rates were generally high for blue-collar and service workers; for workers using union hiring halls, rates were high for blue-collar workers, the only group to use this method in significant numbers. School place ment offices were highly effective for professional, clerical, and service workers, and private employment agencies for managers and clerical workers. The effectiveness rates for black workers exceeded those for whites for only two jobfinding sources, both of which were used by larger proportions of blacks Method Applied directly to employer ................. Answered local newspaper ads .............. Asked friends about jobs where they w o r k .................................................. Asked relatives about jobs where they w o r k .................................................. Union hiring hall ...................................... School placement office .......................... Private employment agency ................... Asked friends about jobs elsewhere___ State employment service........................ Contacted local organization ................. Double "x" Profes sional and techni cal workers Managers Sales workers Clerical workers Craft workers Opera tives, except trans port Trans port equip ment opera tives XX XX XX XX XX XX XX X XX XX X X X XX X X XX X X X XX XX XX Service workers, except private house hold XX XX X XX X X X X X X XX Labor ers, except farm X XX X X X indicates rate of 25 percent or more. than whites. For persons who used the State employ ment service, the rate for blacks was 20 percent com pared with 13 percent of whites; for those who con tacted local organizations, the comparable rates were 18 and 10 percent, respectively. All other rates for blacks were divided about equally between those which were lower than for whites and those which were about the same. Work history and job search Data on work histories of jobseekers were analyzed to find out if there were any differences in job search tech niques among those who had recent work experience, those who had been out of the labor force several years, and those who had never worked. (See tables E-l through E-5.) Jobseekers who had last worked in 1968 or earlier tended to use fewer job search methods than those with more recent work experience. A majority used only two methods. Only one-third used four methods or more compared to nearly one-half of those whose last job was as recent as 1970. The six methods used by the largest proportions of jobseekers with work experience ranked exactly the same regardless of the date they last worked. About two-thirds of the jobseekers in each category used direct application to employers as the primary method. The year jobseekers last worked also made little dif ference in the method by which they obtained their jobs. Regardless of the year, at least one-third had obtained jobs by applying directly to an employer; about 12 percent each had received job leads from friends about jobs where they worked and from news paper ads. The jobseeking pattern for those who had never worked was in some respects different from that for persons who had worked in recent years. Asking rela tives ranked higher for jobseekers who had never worked but local newspaper ads and the State employment serv ice ranked lower. The distribution of major methods by which persons with no work experience obtained jobs differed from that for recent workers. A larger pro portion of new workers obtained employment by asking friends and relatives about jobs where they work and fewer by answering local newspaper ads or going to private employment agencies. To determine whether jobseeking methods used varied by length of employment on the last job, jobseekers who had worked in 1968 or later were asked how long they had worked at their last job. Among persons who had worked fewer than 10 years on their last job, there were relatively minor differences by length of employment in the average number of methods used to look for work, in the proportions using the various methods, and in the distribution of methods by which they obtained their job. However, differences were significant between those who had worked 10 years or more and those who had worked fewer years. Jobseekers with the longest em ployment used an average of 3.2 methods in their job search compared with about 4 for those with fewer years. Smaller proportions of persons with the longest job tenure asked, friends and relatives about jobs or contacted private employment agencies. Also, much smaller proportions of persons who had worked 10 years or more on their last job than of those with fewer than 5 years’ tenure applied to school placement offices or asked teachers for jobs. This difference may reflect variations in both the occupational and age distributions of the two groups of jobseekers. Although jobseekers with 10 years or more on the same job checked newspaper ads to the same extent as workers with relatively short employment, they were not only more likely to use ads most often but a greater proportion obtained jobs through ads. Regardless of the duration of their previous job, over one-third of all workers obtained jobs by applying directly to employers. Timing of job search Nearly one-half of the 5.4 million jobseekers who were employed before beginning their job search started to look for a new job while still working on their old one. (See tables 7 and F-l through F-4.) Men and women were equally likely to seek new employment while still on their old jobs; a somewhat larger pro portion of whites than of blacks did so. The proportion who looked for jobs while still working declined with age. Many persons are dissatisfied with their jobs but do not leave until they get a different one. About one-fourth of all jobseekers who were still employed when they started their search reported that they wanted to get a different job before leaving the one they had. The proportion of employed jobseekers who started to look for work before their job ended varied widely by reason for their job search. Among jobseekers who quit their job, or who sold, lost, or gave up a business, about 4 out of 10 looked while still employed; for workers who had been laid off indefinitely, the proportion was only 2 out of 10. The number of weeks jobseekers looked for work while still employed varied, based on the reason for termination of their jobs. For those who quit their jobs or whose temporary jobs ended, one-half looked for only 1 or 2 weeks while still working and 1 out of 5 looked for 5 weeks or more. Among those who lost their jobs for reasons other than a layoff, equal proportions— 2 out of 5— looked for 1 or 2 weeks and for 5 weeks or more. The large proportion who searched more than a month before their jobs ended may have known or suspected that they would lose their jobs. Table 7. Jobseekers who looked for work while still employed, by selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) Characteristic T o ta l............................ Total jobseekers employed before job search Proportion who began search while still employed 5,390 48.7 3,544 1,846 49.5 47.1 4,794 596 49.3 43.7 2,168 2,377 543 302 51.2 50.9 38.0 31.3 1,714 448 91 974 641 39.5 33.9 37.4 17.9 22.3 150 43.3 1,373 100.0 Sex M e n ........................................... Women...................................... Race White ...................................... Negro and other ra c e s .......... Age 16 25 45 55 to 24 years ..................... to 44 y e a rs ........................ to 54 y e a rs ........................ years and over................... Reason for looking Quit job ................................. Temporary job ended .......... Laid off te m p o ra rily ............ Laid off indefinitely.............. Lost job for other reasons . . Sold, lost, or gave up business................................. Wanted different job before quitting..................... One-half of the jobseekers did not look for work until their jobs ended, either because they did not know that their jobs would terminate or because they did not have time to look. Two out of five of these persons started their job search within 1 or 2 days after their jobs ended. The proportion who started looking in 1 or 2 days jumped from 34 percent for 16- to 24-year-olds to 44 percent for older workers. Except for teenagers, more men than women began looking in 1 or 2 days. Overall, the proportions were 47 percent compared to 28 percent. The smaller percentage of young workers and women who started to look for work immediately after their job terminated reflects, in part, the fact that they are less likely than adult men to be the main family breadwinner. On the other hand, about 1 out of 5 workers waited 5 weeks or more before starting to look for work. Relatively twice as many women as men waited at least 5 weeks to look for new jobs— 32 percent compared with 15 percent. One-half of those laid off indefinitely or who lost jobs for reasons other than layoff began their job search within 1 or 2 days. Only 12 percent of those who sold, lost, or gave up a business began looking for work in 1 or 2 days; nearly one-third waited 9 weeks or more. This long delay may reflect these persons’ need to assess their situation before deciding to search for another job or business. Persons who quit jobs did not start to look for work as soon as those who lost jobs. Only 30 percent of the job leavers started to look within 1 or 2 days after leaving their last jobs, and 26 percent waited for at least 5 weeks. Persons who waited more than 2 days to start looking for work were asked the main reason for not starting their job search sooner. The largest proportion, 41 percent, delayed their job search because they wanted some time off. Among those who quit, nearly one-half gave this reason, and one-fourth gave moving. About 30 percent of the persons on indefinite layoff delayed the start of their job hunt because they expected to be called back to work, a proportion five times larger than for all other jobseekers. Women were more likely than men to give moving or having work to do around the house as reasons for delaying a job search. Whites were more likely than blacks to want time off and less likely to expect to be called back or to give own illness as the reason for delaying a job search. Duration of job search A majority of jobseekers found jobs in less than 5 weeks after beginning their search, including time spent looking while still employed at former jobs. (See tables G-l through G-6.) Relatively fewer men than women, particularly in the prime working ages (25 to 54 years), found jobs in less than 5 weeks: Percent Less than 27 weeks 5 weeks or more Men Women Men Women T o ta l................ . . . 57.7 16 to 19 y ears........... 20 to 24 y ears........... 25 to 44 y ears........... 45 to 54 y ears........... 55 years and over . . . ... ... ... ... ... 65.6 58.5 55.4 55.1 51.9 6.6 6.5 68.8 1.5 58.8 4.0 63.9 8.8 65.7 12.7 44.9 11.9 4.0 5.9 7.3 8.1 12.3 62.6 The proportion of men who found jobs in less than 5 weeks declined with age. Few jobseekers had to look for over half a year. The proportion who looked for 27 weeks or more increased with age and only among jobseekers age 45 and over did as many as 10 percent look that long. It generally takes older workers longer to find a job than younger workers. There was virtually no difference between blacks and whites in the number of weeks it took to find a job. The duration of the job search did not vary greatly between those who looked while still working and those who did not start their search until the job ended. Of those who looked while still working, 63 percent found a job within 4 weeks and 13 percent looked for 15 weeks or more. Among those who did not start their job search until the job ended, the proportions were 60 and 18 percent, respectively. A smaller pro portion of white-collar workers (57 percent) than of blue-collar or service workers (64 percent) found jobs within 4 weeks, but the proportions who looked for 15 weeks or more were about the same for each group. Of course, the 1.7 million persons who found another job while still working averted the loss of earnings experienced by those out of work for a period of time. The duration of the job search also varied by reason for looking for work. Persons who had been laid off indefinitely or had lost a job for cause had much more difficulty in finding a job quickly than workers who had quit their jobs. Fewer than one-half of the first group but about 7 out of 10 of the latter group found jobs within 4 weeks. Among persons who had not been in the labor force just before their latest job search, about one-half of those who had left school or the military service found jobs within 4 weeks compared with about two-thirds of those who wanted to work while in school and those who had been devoting full time to their families. Relatively fewer men who usually work full time rather than part time found jobs within 4 weeks. This tendency reflects, in part, the relatively high pro portion of teenagers among the part-timers; teenagers are probably less selective than more experienced workers in the kinds of jobs they accept. Among women, the duration of the job search was about the same for full-time and part-time workers. Duration of job search and methods used to find work did not appear related. The median number of weeks required to find a job was generally within a narrow range for the methods by which most of the jobseekers found employment. Only for persons who obtained jobs through Gvil Service procedures was the median much higher. This result is not surprising since many weeks may elapse between filing an application for a Civil Service examination, taking a test, and starting on the job. looked for a job the shortest time to 5.8 for those who looked the longest: Average number o f Weeks looked for a job methods used Intensity of job search 1 to 4 .......................................... 5 to 14 ....................................... 15 or more .................................. 15 to 2 6 ................................. 27 or m o re ............................ A number of limitations should be considered when the intensity of the job search is evaluated. (See tables H-l through H-8.) For example, a person who uses a larger number of jobfinding methods is not necessarily looking more intensively than someone who uses fewer methods. No information was obtained on the frequency with which a method was used; a jobseeker may go to many different employers but may ask a friend only once. A person living in a small, predominantly oneemployer town may exhaust all job possibilities within 1 or 2 hours, but someone living near a large city having many employment agencies and potential em ployers may find that 6 hours a day for 5 days a week only scratches the surface of potential job openings, since travel may consume much of the time spent looking each day. The amount of time spent may also be affected by the methods each jobseeker uses. For instance, direct application to an employer would probably consume more time than checking with friends or relatives. Although information is available on the distance traveled to look for work, no data were obtained on how far from home job applications were mailed nor on how many jobhunting trips were made. Place of residence also bears upon distance traveled. Workers in rural areas might have to travel longer distances than urban workers to investigate job opportunities. The following indicators of intensity should be evaluated within the framework of these data limitations. The number of methods used to find work generally tended to rise with the duration of job search. Apparently, some persons who could not obtain a job within a few weeks used additional methods to expand their search. One measure of this tendency is indicated by the proportions of jobseekers using specific numbers of methods. Overall, 38 percent of the jobseekers used one or two methods; the proportion declined from 42 percent of those who looked for less than 5 weeks to 14 percent for those who looked for 15 weeks or more. Among those who looked at least 15 weeks, 65 percent used five methods or more, about double the proportion for those who looked less than 5 weeks. A second measure relating the number of methods to weeks looked is the average number of methods used. The following tabulation shows that the average number of methods used increased from 3.6 for persons who 3.6 5.0 5.7 5.6 5.8 Women averaged fewer jobfinding methods than men. For each age group except the youngest and oldest, women used a much smaller number of methods: Men Women Total ........................ ......... 4.2 3.7 16 to 19 years.................... ____ 20 to 24 years.................... ......... 25 to 34 y ears.................... ......... 35 to 44 years.................. ......... 45 to 54 y ears.................. ......... 55 years and over.............. ......... 3.9 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.6 3.4 4.0 4.2 3.5 3.0 2.7 3.2 White-collar workers were most likely to use at least five methods (38 percent) and service workers were least likely (31 percent). The following tabulation shows the average number of jobfinding methods used by men and women within broad occupational groups: Men Women White-collar........................... 4.4 3.9 Blue-collar............................. 4.0 3.4 Service, except private household........................... 4.3 3.2 About 65 percent of the jobseekers usually looked for work 5 hours or less per week. This proportion was higher for women than for men but was the same in each of the broad age groups— 16 to 24 years, 25 to 44 years, and 45 years and over. Overall, 13 percent of the workers searched as much as 2 full days (16 hours) a week. A larger proportion of persons 25 and over than of younger workers searched 16 hours or more per week. A somewhat greater proportion of whites than of blacks looked for 5 hours or less, but about the same proportions for at least 16 hours. Part-time workers looked fewer hours than full-time workers, reflecting the more limited opportunities for part-time work. among women, about 18 percent of jobseekers in these two occupations traveled that distance. Among men, a greater proportion of service than of blue-collar workers restricted their job search to a short distance (10 miles or less). Among women, relatively more sales and service than blue-collar workers restricted their job search to this distance. Residence substantially affected the distance men traveled to look for work, but for women, residence was not a significant factor. Among residents of the largest metropolitan areas, a greater percentage of men living in central cities than of those living outside these cities looked for work within a short distance from their homes. This reflects the greater concentration of large employers in central cities and possible trans portation problems of central city residents. Men who did not reside in the largest metropolitan areas were as likely as those who did to look for work close _________ Percent__________ to home, but a larger proportion looked for jobs more Men Women White Black than 50 miles away, 24 and 16 percent, respectively. There was no strong relationship between duration of job search and the number of hours spent each week looking for work. However, those who looked for 5 weeks or more spent more time each week than persons who found a job in a shorter time. Both men and women jobseekers who were employed before starting their search spent more hours per week looking for work than those who had been out of the labor force.12 Another measure of job search intensity is the comparative distance jobseekers traveled to look for work. About 4 percent of the jobseekers searched for work from their homes, presumably relying on letters, the telephone, or recommendations. Of those who did go out to look, a majority of the men and nearly all of the women confined their search to within a relatively short radius from their homes: Total who went out to lo o k .................. 100 100 100 100 28 28 30 9 2 4 20 22 30 15 4 9 24 26 30 11 4 5 Farthest distance traveled: Under 5 m iles.............. 15 5 to 10 miles................ 18 11 to 25 miles.............. 30 26 to 50 miles ........... 19 51 to 100 miles........... 6 101 miles or more . . . . 12 Over 60 percent of the men and 85 percent of the women traveled 25 miles or less to look for work. Men 25 to 44 years old were most likely to travel over 100 miles to look for work. Among adult men, those age 55 and over, were least likely to look for a job that far from home. Among women, those 20 to 24 years old had the highest percentage who traveled so far. A higher proportion of white than black men traveled over 100 miles to look for work, but there was no difference by race for women. The distance traveled to look for work differed sharply by occupation. Among both men and women, much larger proportions of jobseekers who obtained jobs as professional workers or as managers traveled over 100 miles from home to look for work. Recruit ment and job search in these two occupational groups are much more likely than in other occupations to be on a regional or national basis. Among men, about one-third of the professionals and one-fourth of the managers went over 100 miles to look for work; Among women, the pattern of travel differed little by residence. Again a higher proportion of central city residents than of those in suburbs of large metropolitan areas limited their job search to 10 miles from where they lived. Although women living outside the largest areas were more likely than area residents to look for work within 5 miles of home, a larger proportion also traveled more than 50 miles. The proportion of men who traveled far from home increased as the duration of the search lengthened, but for women, this trend generally was not noticeable. Many men, after weeks of fruitless efforts close to home, apparently expanded their area of job search. Less than 10 percent of the men who looked for work 4 weeks or less, but 25 percent of those who looked for 27 weeks or more, traveled over 100 miles from home. Among women, those who searched less than 5 weeks traveled the shortest distance, but there was little difference in distances traveled after 5 weeks. As expected, a close relationship existed between the farthest distance jobseekers traveled to find a job and the distance from home of the job they found. For example, one-third of the men who looked for work from 26 to 50 miles from home obtained jobs within that distance, and nearly all others found jobs closer to home. Of the men who went over 200 miles, Lee D. Dyer, “Job Search Success of Middle Aged Managers and Engineers,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 26, No. 3, April 1973, pp. 969-79. Professor Dyer found that the most successful jobseekers were those who were most persistent in their search. one-half found jobs at least that far from home. Only 4 percent of women jobseekers went more than 100 miles to look for a job, and one-half of these found jobs that far from home. Most jobseekers found work relatively close to their residence. One-third of the men and one-half of the women found jobs less than 5 miles from home: Percent Both Men Women sexes T o ta l.................. ......... 100 Under 5 miles................ ......... 5 to 25 m iles................ ......... 26 to 50 m iles.............. ......... 51 to 100 m iles........... ......... 101 to 500 m iles......... ......... Over 500 miles ........... ......... 40 45 7 3 3 2 100 100 34 46 8 4 5 3 48 44 4 1 1 1 Job refusal One-third of all jobseekers turned down at least one job offer during their search. (See tables 1-1 through 1-5.) The proportion who turned down jobs is somewhat inflated because it includes persons who refused an offer only because they had already started to work on their new job rather than because they did not like some aspect of the proffered job. Men 20 to 44 years old were more likely than younger or older workers to reject an offer. A larger proportion of women under 35 than of older women turned down jobs. Older workers looked longer than younger workers before finding a job and apparently they were more willing to accept the first offer. In general, the pro portion within each age group who refused jobs differed little by sex. One-third of the white and over one-fifth of the black jobseekers refused jobs; The proportions of jobseekers who turned down job offers varied widely by occupation. Roughly onehalf of the professional and managerial workers turned down at least one job compared with fewer than onefifth of nonfarm laborers and private household workers. Overall, a greater proportion of white-collar than of blue-collar and service workers turned down jobs. The major reasons for turning down jobs varied little by age, sex, or race. The highest proportion of workers (30 percent, on average) refused work because of low pay, as shown below: Percent Both sexes Men Women Total ............................. 100 100 100 Low pay ................................. Location unsatisfactory......... Hours unsatisfactory............. Other conditions unsatisfactory......................... Job temporary or seasonal................................. Would not make use of skill or training .................... Did not want that kind of w o rk ................................. Other ..................................... 30 14 9 33 13 7 27 15 12 5 6 5 4 4 3 6 7 6 11 20 10 20 12 20 This proportion tended to increase with age and was higher for men than for women. The second most common reason was unsatisfactory location (14 percent). One out of 10 persons who refused a job did not want the kind of work offered; workers under age 45 gave this reason more frequently than older workers. Another 1 out of 10 refused because the hours were unsatisfactory. A higher proportion of women than men gave this reason. Many married women are re stricted in the hours they can work because they have school-age children. Among wives 35 to 44 years old who refused jobs, 1 out of 4 turned them down because the hours were unsatisfactory. Among persons who turned down jobs, low pay was given as the reason by at least one-third of the persons in each occupational group, except sales and service where it was one-fourth, and professional workers, nearly 1 in 5. Over 1 out of 5 of the last group turned down a job because the location was unsatisfactory. Greater proportions of white-collar than blue-collar workers turned down a job because they did not like the kind of work or because the job would not make use of their skill or training. The proportion of job offers turned down varied widely by the method which resulted in the offer. The job refusal rate (number of persons who turned down an offer from a particular source divided by the sum of persons who turned down and accepted offers) was lower for informal than formal sources: Percent o f job offers refused Informal methods Asked relatives about jobs where they w o rk ............................................. Applied directly to employer. . . . ___ Asked friends about jobs where they w o rk ............................................. Asked relatives about jobs elsewhere .. Asked friends about jobs elsewhere . . . 16 21 23 31 36 Formal methods Local newspaper a d s ............................. School placement office ....................... State employment service.................... Civil Service test .................................... Asked teacher or professor.................... Private employment agency.................. 37 40 42 43 44 46 The relatively low proportions who turned down jobs after applying directly to an employer and asking friends and relatives about jobs where they work may reflect the amount and detail of labor market informa tion which the jobseeker has. A jobseeker going to an employer for a job may know and be willing to accept the wage rates and working conditions. The low incidence of refusals from leads furnished by friends and relatives about jobs where they work undoubtedly reflects their detailed knowledge both about available openings and the jobseeker’s needs and abilities; they may tell jobseekers only about an opening they believed would be accepted. Newspaper ads may not give much information, and only after investigation will the jobseeker learn enough about the job to turn it down. Possibly jobs offered by private employment agencies and the State em ployment service do not meet all of the jobseeker’s requirements. The relatively high proportion who turned down Civil Service jobs may reflect the relatively long wait between filing an application and an actual offer; the applicant may already have a job when the offer comes. Change in earnings Hourly earnings of jobfinders on their current and former jobs were compared for those who last worked in 1971 or 1972.13 (See tables J-l and J-2.) Earnings averaged 12 percent more on the new job; 12 percent for men and 14 percent for women. Those who found employment by asking relatives about jobs other than where they work, by taking Civil Service tests, or by asking teachers had the greatest relative increases in hourly earnings— over 30 percent. Persons who found jobs through answering local ads or the State employ ment service averaged only a 7-percent increase. Only one group of jobseekers had a decrease in earnings— those who found jobs by answering nonlocal newspaper ads. A majority of workers who found jobs this way accepted less than their former earnings. On average, their hourly pay was 15 percent lower on their new job. This group contains persons who moved to a new location and could not find a job paying what they had earned, and persons who took jobs away from home because they could not find a suitable one where they resided. Overall, 61 percent of the jobseekers earned higher hourly pay in the new job than in the former job. A larger proportion of women than men received pay increases. The proportions of whites and blacks who improved their earnings were the same, although blacks averaged 17 percent higher pay compared with 12 percent for whites. Forty-one percent of the jobseekers improved their earnings by 20 percent or more. Over 50 percent of those who found jobs through Civil Service procedures, school placement officers, and relatives received such large pay increases. About 32 percent of the jobseekers earned less and only 7 percent earned exactly the same per hour on their new job. However, 37 percent of those who obtained jobs through union hiring halls experienced no change in pay, undoubtedly because of union wage scale requirements. Suggestions for further study Additional information is needed on job search methods. This survey covered a year in which un employment averaged 5.6 percent; higher unemploy ment rates might result in different findings. For example, does the use of formal methods increase in a loose labor market? Does the proportion of workers going beyond commuting range to look for a job change materially when unemployment is high? Additional information also is needed on the in tensity of the job search— the number of times each * 3 Earnings of nonagricultural production workers in private industry in January 197 3 were 6 percent higher than in January 1972 and 10 percent higher than the average for 1971. method is used and whether jobseekers exert effort each week to find a job. Is intensity related to financial resources, presence of other earners in the family, or number of dependents? This survey obtained information on job search methods only from persons who made a deliberate effort to find a job; it excluded persons who did not actively seek a job but took one when it was offered. The dynamics of the process by which information on job openings is made available to potential workers should be examined to supplement and enhance the findings of this survey. Methods used to look for w ork by white and black jobseekers, selected occupational groups, January 1973 Percent Professional and technical workers Direct application Ask friends about jobs where they work Ask friends about jobs elsewhere Clerical workers Direct application Ask friends about jobs where they work Answer local ads State employment service Operatives, except transport Direct application Ask friends about jobs where they work Answer local ads State employment service Service workers, except private household Direct application Ask friends about jobs where they work Answer local ads Ask relatives about jobs where they work 40 80 White (P e r c e n t d is trib u tio n ) A g e (in y e a r s ) R ea so n T o ta l: N u m ber ------------------------P e r c e n t ------------------------- E m p lo yed b e fo r e c u rren t jo b : Quit j o b ----------— ------------- ------ ------T e m p o r a r y jo b e n d e d -------------------L a id o ff t e m p o r a r ily --------------------L a id o ff in d e fin it e ly ----------------------L o s t jo b fo r o th er r e a s o n s ------------S o ld ,lo s t, o r ga ve up b u s in e s s ------W anted a d iffe r e n t jo b b e fo r e q u it t in g ---------------------------------------Not in la b o r fo r c e b e fo r e c u rren t jo b : L e ft sch o o l ----------------------------------L e ft m ilit a r y --------------------------------W anted w o rk w h ile in s c h o o l ---------R e c o v e r e d fr o m illn e s s o r d is a b ilit y ------------------------------- -----K eep in g house and wanted j o b ------ ~ R e tir e d and wanted to w o r k -----------O ther r e a s o n s ---------------------------------- 1 No one in c a te g o ry . T o ta l 10, 437 100. 0 16.9 4. 4 •9 9 .6 6. 3 1. 5 35 45 to 15 to to to and 24 34 44 54 over 16 20 to 19 1, 727 100. 0 3, 220 100. 0 2, 700 100. 0 1, 378 100. 0 920 100. 0 13. 7 5. 1 .4 4. 1 2. 8 .6 17. 0 3. 6 1.0 7. 7 5. 7 .5 18.9 4. 0 .9 10, 5 5.9 1. 6 18. 0 '4. 6 1. 1 12.9 6. 5 2. 4 15. 3 5. 6 1 .4 14. 2 13. 3 2. 9 Sex 55 M en 492 100. 0 5, 749 100. 0 15. 6. 1. 18. 11. 4. 18. 5. 1. 12. 7. 2. 3 6 1 9 5 9 3 3 2 9 9 3 R ace W om en W hite :• N e g ro and o th er m in o rity races 4, 688 100. 0 9, 302 100. 0 1, 135 100. 0 15. 1 3. 3 .6 5. 5 4. 4 .5 17. 0 4. 0 .7 9- 4 6. 1 1. 5 15. 8 7. 3 2. 2 10. 6 8. 4 1.0 13. 5 10.8 12.9 17. 3 15. 6 10. 5 5.9 15. 4 11.2 13. 9 9-8 15. 0 2. 6 5. 5 31. 3 ( X) 19. 4 22.8 5. 1 4 .9 8. 4 2.8 2. 4 2. 6 1.5 •. 5 1. 4 .8 .6 .4 .4 13. 7 4. 6 5. 9 16. 5 .2 5. 0 15. 3 2. 5 5. 6 12. 4 3. 9 4. 8 1.6 9- 1 .8 12. 4 .5 3. 6 (* ) 7. 7 1. 0 7. 2 1.6 11. 4 .1 14. 2 1.8 15. 7 .6 16. 1 3.8 12. 2 1 .4 16. 6 1. 7 .3 1. 2 9. 4 1. 5 19. 8 .5 16. 0 1. 5 9- 1 ■9 12. 5 2. 7 8. 7 .7 11. 5 (*> 10. 7 C) 5. 3 3. 6 13. 6 12. 3 T o ta l, 16 y e a rs and o v e r 16 to 19 y e a rs 20 to 24 y e a rs 25 to 34 y e a r s 35 to 44 y e a rs T o ta l jo b s e e k e r s (thousands) ------------------- 10, 437 1, 727 3, 220 2, 700 1, 378 920 492 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ----------------------------A sk ed fr ie n d s : About job s w h ere th ey w o rk --------------------------About job s e ls e w h e r e ------------------------------------A sk ed r e la tiv e s : About job s w h ere th ey w o rk --------------------------About job s e ls e w h e re -----------------------------------A n s w e re d new spaper ads: 66. 0 63. 6 67. 1 65. 4 69- 0 64. 0 64. 0 50. 8 41.8 62. 9 46. 3 55. 0 48. 4 48. 4 41. 0 43. 8 33. 9 35. 8 30. 3 41. 7 29. 1 28. 4 27. 3 40. 0 34. 7 34. 2 36. 5 25. 7 24. 5 16. 9 14. 5 16. 2 14. 1 18. 1 15. 9 45. 11. 21. 33. 12. 15. 10. 9 7 0 5 5 3 4 43. 8 8. 2 13. 8 25. 8 12. 3 9-8 14. 5 48. 12. 23. 36. 1919. 14. 45. 12. 23. 33. 12. 17. 9- 45. 12. 21. 32. 5. 13. 5. 1 9 3 9 8 7 6 44. 0 13. 2 18 5 33. 2 4. 2 11.8 2. 3 44. 8. 19 40. 6. 8. 2. 1. 4 1. 0 1 .4 1.6 2. 0 1. 1 .6 1.6 .5 1.6 .4 1. 2 .2 2. 0 •9 1 .4 .4 1. 6 .7 1.8 .8 4. 9 6. 0 5. 6 2. 0 2. 3 3. 1 3. 7 4. 3 7. 1 7. 4 7. 4 6. 7 7. 0 7. 5 4. 5 4. 6 9. 3 4. 0 2. 8 11.6 3. 7 O ther ----------------------------------------------------------------- .6 11.8 .3 11.5 .3 11.7 1. 1 11.0 1. 0 12. 5 .5 13. 8 11.4 A v e r a g e num ber o f m ethods used ---------------------- 4. 0 4. 0 4. 5 4. 0 3. 5 3. 2 3. 3 5, 749 878 1, 709 1,605 736 515 306 67. 3 64. 4 69- 1 66. 5 7L 2 66. 1 60. 8 53. 8 45. 9 65. 8 47. 7 59. 2 53. 6 50. 9 44. 5 46. 4 41. 1 39- 0 35. 3 44. 8 34. 0 31. 0 30. 1 42. 1 36. 0 40. 0 41.2 27. 7 28. 2 19. 3 17. 0 17. 1 16. 3 16. 7 14. 7 44. 14. 19. 37. 12. 15. 9. 37. 6. 927. 12. 7. 10. 1 6 7 3 1 7 2 46. 7 14. 7 18. 1 41.9 17. 1 18. 1 11.9 45. 16. 24. 36. 13. 18. 10. 47. 17. 23. 38. 4. 15. 5. 43. 18. 22. 36. 4. 13. 3. 44. 9. 21. 394. 9. 2. 2. 0 1. 1 2. 0 2. 2 3. 0 1-9 1. 0 1. 7 •7 2. 3 .6 1. 4 .4 1.9 1. 2 1 .4 .5 1. 6 .8 2. 0 1. 3 6. 7 9. 9 5. 5 2. 5 3. 6 2. 4 3. 7 7. 7 7. 1 10. 2 11.4 6. 9 11.8 12. 5 5. 0 7. 0 15. 5 3. 5 4. 6 16. 7 2. 9 .8 11.9 .5 12. 5 .2 10. 4 1. 2 11. 7 1.9 12. 4 .8 16. 3 11.8 4. 2 3. 9 4. 6 4. 3 4. 0 3. 6 3. 4 45 to 54 y e a rs 55 y e a rs and over BOTH SEXES N o n lo c a l -------------------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a gen cy -------------------------------State em ploym en t s e r v ic e ---------------------------------S chool placem en t o ffic e ------------------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e t e s t -----------------------------------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r -------------------------------Went to p la ce w h ere e m p lo y e rs co m e to pick up p eople -------------------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l ------------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l -------------------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ----------------------------------------------------------Union h irin g h a ll -----------------------------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n ----------------------------P la c e d ads in p ro fe s s io n a l o r tra d e 7 4 8 9 0 1 2 0 4 2 6 0 3 7 5 7 5 0 3 7 6 C) MEN T o ta l jo b s e e k e rs (thousands) ------------------A p p lie d d ir e c tly to e m p lo y e r ----------------A sk ed fr ie n d s : About job s w h ere they w o rk -------------About jo b s e ls e w h e re -----------------------A sk ed r e la tiv e s : About jo b s w h ere they w o rk -------------About jobs e ls e w h e re -----------------------A n s w e re d n ew spaper ads: L o c a l -----------------------------------------------N o n lo ca l -------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em ploym en t agen cy -------------------State em ploym en t s e r v i c e ----------------------School p lacem en t o f f i c e --------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ----------------------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r --------------------Went to p la ce w h ere e m p lo y e rs com e to pick up p eop le -------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l ------------------------------------------------N o n lo ca l -------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e Union h irin g hall -----------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n -----------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ----------------------------------------------O ther -----------------------------------------------------A v e r a g e num ber o f m ethods used See footn ote at end o f ta b le. 6 2 9 1 0 4 2 4 0 8 4 8 1 7 2 6 3 2 9 5 3 6 2 1 6 3 8 1 1 5 6 5 6 5 6 n (P e r c e n t o f jo b s e e k e r s ) M ethod T o ta l, 16 y e a rs and o v e r TV 75 35 15 ---------- n>-------- ---------- -------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------to to to to to 34 y e a rs 24 y e a rs 44 y e a rs 19 y e a rs 54 y e a rs 55 y e a rs and over WOMEN T o ta l jo b s e e k e r s (thousands) -------------------- 4, 688 849 1,511 1,095 642 405 186 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ----------------------------A sk ed frie n d s : About jo b s w h ere they w o r k --------------------------About jo b s e ls e w h e re -----------------------------------A sk ed r e la t iv e s : About jobs w h e re th ey w o r k --------------------------About job s e ls e w h e re -----------------------------------A n s w e re d n ew spaper ads: L o c a l -------------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l--------------------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a gen cy -------------------------------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e ---------------------------------School p lacem en t o ffic e ------------------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e t e s t ------------------------------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r -------------------------------Went to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to pick up p eople ------------------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -----------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l--------------------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls —-------------------------------------------------------Union h irin g h a ll -----------------------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n -----------------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ----------------------------------------------------------O t h e r ------------------------------------------------------------------ 64. 4 62. 8 64. 8 63. 7 66. 7 61. 2 69- 4 47. 2 36. 6 59. 7 44. 9 50. 1 42. 4 44. 7 36. 0 40. 7 25. 7 31. 6 24. 0 36. 0 21.0 25. 1 23. 9 37. 7 33. 5 27. 5 31. 1 22. 8 19. 1 14. 2 11. 7 15. 1 11. 6 20. 4 17. 7 47. 5 8. 6 22. 4 29- 2 13. 0 15. 2 11.8 40. 9. 18. 24. 12. 12. 18. 51.0 9- 9 30. 2 31. 2 21. 2 20. 1 16. 8 44. 7. 20. 299. 16. 8. 42. 5 7. 6 19- 2 26. 8 6. 9 11.5 5.9 44. 4 6. 7 13. 8 28.9 4. 2 9- 4 1. 2 45. 2 7. 5 16. 1 4 1 .4 9- 1 8. 1 2. 7 A v e r a g e num ber o f m ethods used ---------------------- 1 No one in c a te g o ry . 8 9 1 3 5 0 8 4 1 8 4 4 3 3 .7 •9 .7 .7 .6 n n 1. 4 .2 .8 .2 1. 0 1 .4 .3 2. 0 .5 1.6 (M 2. 1 .4 2. 6 1. 1 5. 7 1 .4 .8 3.9 3. 8 .5 7. 0 3. 3 1. 5 6. 5 1.6 1. 7 4. 0 1. 5 1.7 4. 7 2. 7 5. 4 .4 11. 5 .2 10. 4 .3 13. 1 .8 10. 0 12. 5 (M .5 10. 6 10. 8 3. 7 4. 0 4. 2 3. 5 3. 0 2. 7 3. 2 (M (*) n (P e r c e n t of jo b s e e k e r s ) P r o fe s s io n a l and tech n ica l w o rk e rs M ethods T o ta l Engi n e e rs T o ta l T each ers, ex cep t c o lle g e S ales w o rk e rs M a n a gE n g i e r s and n eerin g a d m in is and tr a to r s , scien ce ex cep t fa r m te c h nicians T o ta l R e ta il C le r ic a l w o rk e rs O th er T o ta l S ten og O ffic e ra p h ers, B o o k m achine ty p is ts , k e e p e rs o p e r a and to rs secre ta r ie s BOTH SEXES T o ta l (thousands) --------------------- 10. 437 1, 430 120 409 119 526 767 494 273 2. 272 214 105 782 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -----------A sk ed frie n d s : About jobs w h ere they w o rk --------About job s e ls e w h e r e -------------------A sk ed r e la tiv e s : A bout job s w h ere they w o r k ---------About job s e ls e w h e re ------------------A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads: L o c a l ------------------------------------------N o n lo ca l -------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t agen cy ------------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e ----------------School pla cem en t o ffic e -------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ----------------------------A sk ed tea ch er o r p r o fe s s o r ------------W en t to p la ce w h ere e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le ------ -—-------P la c e d ads in n ew sp ap ers: L o c a l ------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l -------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn als -------------------‘-- ------Union h irin g h all ------------’-----------------Contacted lo c a l org a n iza tio n —---------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r trade jo u rn a ls --------------------------------O ther ------------------------------------------------ 66. 0 66. 1 79.2 77. 0 62. 2 64. 3 70. 8 73. 7 65.6 58.5 52. 8 52. 4 50. 8 50. 8 41. 8 48.5 45. 2 53. 3 48. 3 49. 4 49. 1 58. 0 49. 6 45. 1 45. 6 44. 3 39. 4 46. 6 37. 7 40. 3 42. 5 48. 5 39.9 36.9 29. 0 48. 6 5 2 .4 47. 1 39. 8 28. 4 27. 3 18. 2 23. 4 23. 3 21. 7 19. 3 32. 8 31. 1 36. 1 23. 8 26. 8 2 0.2 24. 2 20. 0 23. 7 20. 1 25. 6 27. 7 27. 8 25. 2 25. 2 29.5 28. 6 27. 1 23. 7 45. 11. 21. 33. 12. 15. 10. 9 7 0 5 5 3 4 37. 1 13. 8 27. 1 24. 7 35. 0 22.2 31. 4 52. 5 30. 8 58. 3 36. 7 25. 8 22.5 23. 3 21.5 7. 8 19. 8 15.9 56. 7 13.0 45. 5 55.5 16. 8 31. 1 37. 8 21. 8 16. 0 17. 6 54. 2 21. 1 41. 1 36. 1 13.5 2 1.9 10. 3 51. 6 12. 8 23. 3 28. 0 12. 6 9. 8 8.9 50. 0 8. 7 16. 2 29. 1 11. 1 7 .9 7. 3 54. 20. 36. 26. 15. 13. 11. 55. 1 9 .9 33. 0 34. 2 12. 1 21. 3 10.0 51. 4 11.2 42. 1 32. 7 7. 9 16. 4 9. 3 60. 0 13. 3 34. 3 41. 0 19.0 36. 2 15. 2 58. 7. 40. 36. 12. 26. 10. 1. 4 1. 6 2. 5 1. 5 1.7 1. 5 1. 8 .6 3. 7 . 8 1. 6 .5 .5 (*) ( ‘) (*) 1.2 (l ) 0 .7 . 3 .6 ( 1) 3. 4 1.9 .7 .7 1. 5 .5 4 .9 6. 0 5. 6 11.9 1.7 8.2 38. 3 1. 7 4. 2 6. 1 1. 2 6. 4 10. 1 0 13. 4 16.9 3.0 4. 8 5 .6 2. 5 3. 4 2. 0 2. 2 3. 6 12. 5 2. 9 2 .9 2. 7 1.7 4. 8 2. 3 .6 11. 8 1.0 16.2 3. 3 9 .2 ( ‘) 19. 6 3. 4 14. 3 2. 3 17. 7 1.0 10. 6 . 8 9. 3 1. 5 12. 8 4. 0 4. 3 5. 3 4. 4 4. 8 4. 6 3. 7 3. 5 4. 1 A v e r a g e num ber o f m ethods used ----- . 0 6 1 3 4 8 2 7 3 4 5 7 0 1 5 4. 8 .4 6. 7 4. 8 1.9 . 3 4. 7 5. 7 6. 7 5. 7 2. 0 . 3 5. 6 .5 10. 6 0 9. 3 1. 9 10. 5 .9 9. 1 4. 0 3. 6 4. 8 4. 0 C) .9 .9 C) C r a ft w o r k e r s T o ta l C a rp e n te r s , and M ech an ics, M ech a n ics, oth er co n excep t au tom obile stru ction au tom obile w ork ers O p e ra tiv e s , excep t tra n s p o rt T ra n s p o rt equipm ent o p e ra tiv e s L a b orers, ex cep t fa r m P r iv a t e household w ork ers S e r v ic e w o rk ers, ex cep t p r iv a te household F arm w o rk e rs 1. 154 442 111 148 1. 722 389 639 99 1,374 265 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -----------A sk ed frie n d s : About job s w h ere they w o r k ---------About job s e ls e w h e re ------------------A sk ed r e la tiv e s : About jo b s w h e re th ey w o r k ---------About job s e ls e w h e re ------------------A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads: L o c a l ------------------------------------------N o n lo ca l -------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y -------------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e ----------------School p la cem en t o ffic e --------------- ---C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ----------------------------A sk ed te a c h e r or p r o fe s s o r ------------W ent to p la ce w h ere e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p eo p le ------------------.P laced ads in n ew sp ap ers: L o c a l ------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l -------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l or tra d e jo u rn a ls ------------------------------Union h irin g h a ll -----------------------------Contacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l or tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------------O ther ------------------------------------------------ 68. 7 65. 4 71. 2 68.9 70.2 66. 3 72. 0 35. 4 67.7 _ 48. 0 43. 8 46. 8 38. 9 45.9 55 .9 48. 0 48. 6 57. 3 39.5 55. 8 45. 0 60. 1 45. 9 34. 3 26. 3 51. 7 39. 4 - 28.2 24. 1 20. 4 20. 4 18. 9 17. 1 33. 8 22. 3 38. 8 31. 4 31. 1 30. 8 40. 8 35. 8 24. 2 28. 3 26.6 24. 4 39. 9 13. 3 13. 6 37. 1 3 .4 11.0 3. 3 37. 11. 10. 34. 2. 10. 2. 33. 3 11. 7 9 .9 37. 8 7. 2 8. 1 5. 4 38. 14. 19. 31. 4. 10. 5. 41. 9 10. 0 11. 3 36. 8 5 .9 9 .6 4 .4 48. 3 10. 8 12. 3 37. 5 5. 4 9 .5 2. 8 39. 11. 11. 42. 8. 12. 4. 50. 5 10. 1 19.2 31. 3 10. 1 6. 1 7. 1 46. 1 9 .0 11.9 31. 1 9 .5 13. 1 8. 4 A v e r a g e num ber o f m ethods used ----- T o ta l (thousands) --------------------- See footn otes at end o f table. 6 3 0 6 0 4 5 5 9 6 1 1 8 4 7 6 4 4 1 7 5 1. 0 .9 3. 6 ( ‘) 1. 2 1. 5 4. 4 3. 0 . 8 1. 5 .7 1. 4 .5 3. 6 1. 8 1.4 ( ‘) 1. 7 .5 2. 6 .5 1. 7 .9 16. 2 2. 0 1. 2 . 1 3. 6 20. 3 5. 4 3. 4 29. 4 5 .9 1. 8 11. 7 8. 1 2. 7 4. 7 4. 7 1. 6 6. 4 5 .2 1. 0 11. 1 2. 1 4. 1 12. 2 7 .0 2. 0 5. 0 10. 1 2. 8 3. 1 6. 3 .3 11.0 .5 12. 4 1. 8 12.6 16.2 .2 10.2 .5 11. 3 .9 10. 6 2 .0 12. 1 10. 3 3. 8 3.5 3. 7 3. 8 3. 8 3.9 4. 3 3. 4 3. 6 0 0 - Table B -2. M ethods used to look fo r work: Occupation and sex, January 1973—Continued (P e r c e n t of jo b s e e k e r s ) P ro te s s io n a L and tech n ica l w o rk e rs T o ta l T o ta l E n g i n e e rs T each ers, excep t c o lle g e E n g i n eerin g and scien ce te c h nicians Sales w o rk e rs M an age r s and adm in is tr a to r s , e x cep t fa r m T o ta l R e ta il O th er C le r ic a l w o rk e rs MEN T o ta l (thousands) A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -----A s k e d frie n d s : A b ou t jo b s w h ere they w o rk — A b ou t jo b s e l s e w h e r e ------------A s k e d r e la t iv e s : A b ou t job s w h ere th ey w o rk — A b ou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e ------------A n s w e r e d n ew sp ap er ads: N o n lo c a l ---------------- >-------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y -----State e m p lo y m en t s e r v ic e -------School p la cem en t o ffic e -----------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t --------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r -----W ent to p la c e w h ere e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le -----------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: Local 5,749 757 119 102 108 442 42 6 209 217 384 67.3 63. 1 78. 2 7 7 .4 62. 6 66. 5 65. 7 65. 1 65.9 62. 0 53. 8 45. 9 48. 3 4 6.6 52. 1 47. 1 46. 1 55.9 61. 7 55. 1 44. 8 46. 8 45. 5 4 4 .4 4 9.8 45. 0 41. 0 43.8 53. 6 50. 5 31. 0 30. 1 21. 4 24. 0 23. 5 21. 8 28 .4 3 1.4 32. 7 40. 2 24. 7 28.3 2 1 .4 29.3 22. 0 32. 5 20. 7 26. 3 31. 5 33. 3 44. 6 14.2 19. 9 37. 1 12. 0 15.4 9 .2 41. 1 17.8 32. 0 29.7 33. 0 26. 0 30. 1 52.9 31. 1 58. 8 35.3 26. 0 2 1.8 23. 5 13. 7 4 .9 17. 6 19. 6 51. 0 13. 7 40. 2 52. 3 18. 7 2 9.9 38. 3 24.3 16. 8 18. 7 52.9 23. 3 4 1.6 37. 1 13. 8 20. 4 10. 4 57.3 18. 5 32, 6 31.7 15. 7 12.2 9 .4 59.3 15. 8 22. 0 34. 4 16. 3 11. 5 6. 7 55.8 21.2 43.3 29. 0 15. 7 12.9 12. 0 46. 9 10. 9 24. 7 36. 5 15. 1 18.8 7 .6 2. 0 2 .2 (1) 1.9 1. 8 2.3 1.0 4. 1 1.8 1.7 .7 .5 2. 0 (') O 4. 1 2 .3 . 5 .5 ( ') l 1) .9 •9 1.3 .8 2. 5 A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l or tra d e jo u rn a ls -------------------------Union h irin g h a ll -----------------------C on tacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l or tra d e jo u rn a ls -------------------------O th er ------------------------------------------ C) (*) ( l) 6.7 9-9 5. 5 16.2 2 .4 7 .8 38.7 1.7 4. 2 7 .8 3 .9 6.9 11.2 (M 15. 0 18. 6 3. 6 4. 1 8.9 3. 8 3 .8 2 .9 3. 8 5. 3 14. 7 3 .7 2 .3 5.2 5. 7 4. 4 .8 11.8 1. 6 13.5 3. 4 8. 4 (*) 13. 7 3..7 13. 1 2. 7 18. 6 •9 11.3 (*) 9. 1 1.8 13.4 .5 10. 4 A v e r a g e num ber o f m ethods used— 4 .2 4. 6 5.3 4. 3 5. 0 4 .7 4. 2 4. 0 4. 3 4 .2 C ra ft and k in dred w o r k e r T o ta l T o ta l (thousands) A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r — -— A s k e d fr ie n d s : A b ou t jo b s w h e re th ey w o r k ----A b ou t job s e ls e w h e r e -------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : A b ou t job s w h e re they w o r k ----A bou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e -------------A n s w e re d n ew spaper ads: Local N o n lo c a l P r iv a t e em p loym en t agen cy — State em p loym en t s e r v i c e ----School p la c e m e n t o ffic e ------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r ---W en t to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ic k up p e o p le ---------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l --------------------------------N o n lo c a l A n s w e r e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------Union h irin g h a l l ------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u r n a ls ---------------------------Othe r -----------------------------------------A v e r a g e num ber o f m eth ods used— See footn otes at end o f ta b le. C a rp en t e r s and o th er con stru ction w o rk e rs M ech an ics, a u tom obile M ech an ics, excep t au tom obile O p e ra tiv e s , excep t tra n s p o rt T ra n s p o rt equipm ent o p e ra tiv e s L a b orers, excep t fa r m S e r v ic e w o rk e rs , excep t p riv a te household 1, 113 438 111 146 1,038 357 593 580 6 8 .4 65. 4 71.2 68. 5 69.2 67. 5 7 1.8 67. 8 46.2 39. 0 45. 9 55.9 47. 3' 47. 9 61.9 44. 1 56.3 46. 5 60. 9 46.9 60.2 4 6 .4 28. 5 24. 4 20. 5 20. 5 18.9 17. 1 32.9 22. 6 3 9 .6 35.8 30. 3 30. 5 4 1.8 36. 1 33. 1 30. 9 40. 1 13. 5 13.8 37. 6 3. 4 11.2 3 .3 3 7.8 11. 4 9 .8 34. 6 • 2. 0 10. 5 2 .5 '3 3 .3 11. 7 9 .9 37 .8 7.2 8. 1 5 .4 37.7 15. 1 19.9 30. 1 4. 1 11. 0 5. 5 42. 8 10. 8 12.4 37.9 7. 0 11. 0 5. 5 48. 2 11. 5 12.9 40. 1 5.3 9 .8 2. 0 39. 1 12.3 11. 5 43.3 8 .8 12. 1 4 .9 49. 0 12. 2 14. 0 39. 8 12.2 2 0.9 8 .4 48. 1 44.3 • 3. 6 (*) 1.9 1.7 4. 4 1. 4 1.5 .7 1 .4 . 5 3. 6 1.8 1. 4 ( l) 2 .4 .9 2 .8 . 6 1.9 1 .0 1.2 .3 3 .8 2 1 .0 5.3 3. 4 29. 6 5 .9 1.8 11.7 8. 1 2. 7 4 .8 4. 1 1.9 9 .4 4.2 1. 1 12. 0 1.7 4 .4 13.2 7. 1 5.2 5. 7 8 .8 .4 11.2 . 5 12. 5 1. 8 12. 6 16.4 .4 10. 1 . 6 11.8 1. 0 11.0 11.2 3 .8 3. 5 3.7 3.7 4. 1 3 .9 4. 3 4.3 .9 .9 ' C) (l) F a rm w o rk e rs 259 (P e r c e n t of jo b s e e k e r s ) P r o fe s s io n a l and tech n ica l w o rk e rs M ethod T o ta l T o ta l Teach ers, ex cep t c o lle g e M an age r s and a d m in is t r a to r s , ex cep t fa r m S ales w o rk e rs T o ta l C le r ic a l w o rk e rs R e ta il Book k e e p e rs T o ta l O ffic e m achine op era to rs S ten og ra p h e rs , ty p is ts , and secre ta r ie s WOMEN T o ta l (thousands) ---------------A p p lie d d ir e c tly to e m p lo y e r -------A sk ed fr ie n d s : About jo b s w h ere they w o r k -----About job s e ls e w h e re -------------A s k ed r e la t iv e s : About job s w h e re th ey w o r k ----About job s e ls e w h e r e --------------A n s w e re d new spaper ads: L o c a l ---------------------------------------N o n lo ca l ---------------------------------P r iv a t e em ploym en t a g e n c y ---------State em ploym en t s e r v ic e -----------School p lacem en t o ffic e ---------------C iv il S e r v ic e t e s t -------------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r ---------Went to p la ce w h ere e m p lo y e rs c om e to pick up p eop le -------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l ---------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------Union h irin g h a ll -------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n --------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------O th er ------------------------------------------A v e r a g e num ber o f m ethods u s e d -- 688 673 307 84 64. 4 69- 4 76. 5 52. 4 77. 47. 2 36. 6 48. 9 43. 8 50. 5 46. 9 46. 4 39- 3 42. 9 33. 5 44. 2 32. 3 25. 1 23. 9 14. 4 22. 7 16. 0 33. 2 19. 19. 0 0 18.8 17. 9 47. 5 8. 6 22. 4 29. 2 13. 0 15. 2 32. 7 9- 4 24. 1 2 1 .7 19- 0 60. 7 9. 5 39- 3 31.0 11.9 29.8 9 .5 44. 7 5. 6 20. 14. 58. 13. 47. 4, 11.8 8.8 37. 1 18. 0 32. 7 1 N o one in c a te g o ry . 0 2 11.8 23.8 8.8 6.8 8. 2 1,888 196 79 774 6 54. 4 51.0 47. 5 37. 7 37. 2 29. 6 51. 9 50. 6 46. 8 39. 4 18. 6 17. 2 26.9 26. 6 24. 5 25. 5 34. 2 35. 4 27. 4 23. 9 43. 3. 12. 25. 7. 5. 7. 56.8 9. 7 34. 6 33. 7 11. 4 52. 0 12. 2 39- 8 33. 7 7. 7 16. 3 10 . 2 63. 15. 32. 44. 16. 36. 17. 58. 4 7. 4 41.0 36. 8 11.8 26. 4 10. 6 285 80. 0 2 5 3 3 4 3 7 57. 8 52. 21.8 10. 5 3 2 9 3 5 7 7 •9 2. 0 (*) •9 .7 .6 (>) 2. 5 .4 1. 4 .2 .4 1. 0 (l ) .9 1. 1 (M (l ) 1. 5 .4 1. 0 1. 0 5. 1 2. 5 1. 9 (M (M l1) 5. 5 .7 6. 2 9. 5 0) 8. 3 1. 5 •9 2. 9 1. 1 1. 1 2. 1 2. 3 •9 4. 8 2. 6 2. 6 5. 1 6. 3 7. 6 2. 1 5. 7 7. 1 •9 8. 6 .4 11. 5 .3 19- 2 21. 5 (M 13. 1 1. 2 9- 7 1 .4 9- 5 10. 6 (l ) 9- 2 2. 5 11. 4 8. 9 3. 7 4. 1 4. 5 4. 0 3. 2 3. 1 4. 0 6 5. 0 4. 0 2. 6 1. 1 il ) O p e ra tiv e s , excep t tra n s p o rt T ra n s p o rt equipm ent o p e ra tiv e s Lab orers, e x cep t fa r m (* ) .5 3. S e r v ic e w ork ers, ex cep t p riv a te household P r iv a t e household 21 T o ta l (thousands) A v e r a g e nu m ber o f m ethods used — 6 6 .7 C ra ft w ork ers A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -------A sk ed frie n d s : A bout job s w h e re they w o r k -----Abou t job s e ls e w h e re --------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : A bout jobs w h e re th ey w o r k -----About jobs e ls e w h e re --------------A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads: L o c a l ---------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ----------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y ----------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e ------------S chool p la cem en t o ffic e ----------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t -------------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r ----------W en t to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p eo p le ---------- — P la c e d ads in n ew sp ap ers: L o c a l ---------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ----------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ----------------------------Union h irin g h a ll --------------------------Contacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n --------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------O ther --------------------------------------------- 5 7 341 67. 5 50. 3 32.6 34. 3 26. 3 45. 5 34. 4 37. 7 24 .6 24 .2 28. 3 2 1 .9 40.5 8.9 9 .4 35. 1 4. 4 7 .6 50. 5 10. 1 19.2 31. 3 10. 1 44. 0 6. 5 10. 3 24. 8 7. 4 7. 4 8 .4 . 3 (*) 2.0 6.6 0 .7 1 .2 10. 2 7. 1 19.6 3.0 .4 16.2 2. 0 1. 3 2.0 5 .0 10 . 1 2.0 .9 794_______________ 35 .4 6. 1 .3 5. 7 F a rm w ork ers 71.6 2. 6 .3 (1) 1.1.01 4 .4 12. 1 2 2 P ercent not shown w here base is le s s than 75. 000. z_6_ M ethod T o ta l (th o u s a n d s )-------------A p p lie d d ir e c tly to e m p lo y e r ----A s k e d fr ie n d s : A b ou t job s w h e re they w o r k — A b ou t job s e ls e w h e r e -----------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : A b ou t jo b s w h e re they w o r k — A b ou t job s e ls e w h e r e -----------A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads: L o c a l ------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo y m en t a g e n c y -----State e m p lo y m en t s e r v ic e --------School p la c e m e n t o f f i c e ------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t --------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r ----W ent to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le ----------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p er: L o c a l ----------------------------------N o n lo c a l -----------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l or tra d e jo u rn a ls ------------------------U nion h irin g h a ll --------------------C ontacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ----P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l or tra d e jo u rn a ls ------------------------O th er ---------------------------------------A v e r a g e num ber o f m eth ods u sed ---------------------------------------- P r o fe s s io n a l M a n a gers and a d m in i and s tr a to r s , tech n ica l e x cep t fa rm w ork ers Sales w ork ers C le r ic a l w ork ers C r a ft w ork ers O p e ra tiv e s , ex c e p t tra n s p o rt T ra n s p o rt equipm ent o p e ra tiv e s L a b o rers, e x cep t fa rm S e r v ic e w ork ers, exc e p t p riv a te household 1, 316 498 717 2,0 4 9 1, 059 1,515 351 528 1, 152 66. 6 65. 3 70.4 59. 0 69.5 70. 8 66.4 71. 8 69.6 47. 8 45. 1 44. 6 46. 2 42. 8 3 8 .5 47. 8 39. 6 47. 6 43.3 5 6.9 39. 6 57. 0 4 6 .7 58. 1 44. 9 50.2 38. 7 18. 7 23. 6 22.3 26. 1 18.3 23.4 26. 3 26. 9 2 7 .9 24.5 39. 1 32. 1 31. 1 31.3 4 1 .3 34. 1 23.3 2 2 .6 36. 6 14. 1 2 6.3 25. 0 35.3 22.2 31.4 56. 0 21. 9 4 2 .4 35. 7 13. 5 21. 1 9. 6 51. 6 11.9 22. 6 26. 6 11.9 9. 1 8.4 55. 9. 33. 32. 11. 41. 1 13.4 13. 0 35. 3 3. 7 10. 5 3 .4 42. 7 10. 2 11. 0 35. 0 5.3 8 .4 4 .2 51.3 10. 5 13. 1 38.2 6. 0 10. 5 3. 1 39.2 11.9 11. 9 41. 1 7 .4 13. 6 4 .4 47. 6 8.4 10. 8 29. 0 3 .4 6.2 2. 0 1.7 1. 0 1. 5 .5 .8 .9 .6 .3 0 3. 6 2. 0 .7 .3 1.3 .3 1.4 .8 1. 3 .6 2 .8 .6 .8 .8 1.0 .3 12.0 1.5 6. 8 16. 9 3. 2 3 .4 5.4 2. 6 2. 6 2 .4 1. 5 3. 5 3. 8 2 0 .0 4 .2 1.3 6.3 3. 0 1. 1 11. 1 1. 7 3 .4 11.4 6.2 1. 6 5.2 2 .9 .9 16. 1 2 .4 17. 3 1. 1 10. 5 .4 10. 9 .4 9.4 0) 10. 5 .6 11. 1 .8 11. 7 .3 5.4 4 .3 4. 5 3. 6 3. 9 3. 7 3. 8 3 .9 4. 2 3.3 6 5 5 2 1 19. 2 9. 7 4 .4 2. 0 1 N o one in c a te g o ry . Table B -4. M ethods Negro and other m inority race jobseekers used to look for w ork: Occupation, January 1973 (^ e r^ e n ^ ^ ^ ^ o b s ^ e e k e r^ M ethod T o ta l (thousands) ------------A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ----A s k e d frie n d s : A b ou t jo b s w h e re th ey w o rk — A b ou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e -----------A s k e d r e la t iv e s : A b ou t jo b s w h e re they w o rk — A b ou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e -----------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l -----------------------------------N o n lo c a l -------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo y m en t a g e n c y ------State e m p lo y m en t s e r v ic e --------School p la c e m e n t o f f i c e ------------C iv il S e r v ic e t e s t ---------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r -----W en t to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le ----------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l ----------------------------------N o n lo c a l -------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r trad e jo u r n a ls --------------------U nion h irin g h a l l -----------------------C on tacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ----P la c e d ads tra d e jo u rn a ls — --------------------Othe ---------------------------------------- in profession al or r A v e r a g e num ber o f m eth ods u s e d ----------------------------------------- M a n a g ers P r o fe s s io n a l and ad m in i and s tr a to r s , tech n ica l ex c e p t fa rm w ork ers C le r ic a l w ork ers C r a ft w ork ers Ope r a tiv e s , ex c e p t tra n s p o rt T ra n s p o rt equipm ent o p e ra tiv e s L a b o rers, ex c e p t fa rm Se r v ic e w o rk ers, ex c e p t p r iv a te household 150 223 95 207 1 38 111 222 60.5 _ _ 54. 7 60. 0 65.2 _ 73. 0 57. 7 57. 0 46. 5 - - 55. 6 42. 6 5 2.6 49. 5 60.4 39. 1 - 70. 3 51.4 58. 6 4 3.2 12.3 2 1 .9 - 4 0 .4 35. 0 31 .6 20. 0 37.2 26. 1 - 38. 7 43. 2 4 3 .7 33.3 43. 9 11.4 3 6. 0 20.2 31. 6 2 1 .9 30. 7 - _ - 50. 2 13. 5 28.3 52. 5 21. 1 4 0 .4 13. 5 2 7.4 12. 6 20 .0 56. 8 1. 1 15.8 2. 1 35. 7 8. 7 13.0 4 9.3 11. 1 18. 8 5.3 - 42. 3 9. 9 9 .0 48. 6 12. 6 9. 0 5 .4 38.3 12.2 17.6 42.3 9.9 17.6 9 .0 .9 - - 3. 6 3.2 3 .9 - 4. 5 2. 7 2. 6 - 3. 1 2 .2 2. 1 5.3 H - (*) ( 2) - 6 .3 ' 1. 8 2 .3 .9 10. 5 3 .5 25 .4 - - 5. 8 4. 0 16. 1 2. 1 22. 1 18.9 3 .4 7. 2 21.3 - 7 .2 17. 1 10. 8 8. 1 5 .9 2 1 .6 1.8 16.7 - - .9 7. 6 28 .4 1.9 7. 7 - - 1. 8 5 .4 10. 8 4. 6 " 4. 9 4 .3 4.2 ” 4 .7 4.4 114 *28 1 P e r c e n t not shown w h e re base is le s s than 75, 000. Sales w ork ers ” ft No one in category. 0 (P e r c e n t of jo b s e e k e rs ) M en Both sexes T o ta l (thousands) ------A p p lie d di r e c t ly to e m p lo y e r — A s k e d frie n d s : About job s w h e re they w o rk ---------------------------A bout job s e ls e w h e r e -----A sk ed r e la tiv e s : About job s w h e re th ey w o rk ---------------------------A bout job s e ls e w h e re ----A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l ----------------------------N o n lo c a l ------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo ym en t a g e n c y — State em p loym en t s e r v i c e ---S ch ool p la c e m e n t o ffic e -----C iv il S e r v ic e te s t --------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r — W en t to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le --------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l ----------------------------N o n lo c a l ------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn als ------------Union h irin g h a ll ----------------C ontacted lo c a l o rg a n ization -----------------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ------------O ther ---------------------------------A v e r a g e num ber of m ethods used --------------------------------- Outside cen tra l c ity N o t in SM SA of 250, 000 or m o re W om en ' In SM S A 1 o f 250, 000 o r m o re T o ta l Outside c e n tra l c ity In ce n tra l city N o t in SM SA of 250, 000 or m ore In S M S A 1 o f 250 o r m o re In c e n tra l c ity T o ta l o o o In c e n tra l c ity T o ta l o o o M ethod In S M S A 1 o f 25 0 o r m o re Outside ce n tra l c ity N ot in SM SA of 250, 000 or m ore 2. 884 3. 758 3. 795 3, 576 1. 537 2. 039 2, 173 3, 066 1. 347 1, 719 1, 622 63. 1 59.9 65. 6 70. 3 64. 1 60.2 67. 1 71. 7 61.9 59. 4 63. 8 68.5 50. 7 42. 1 51. 3 43. 2 50. 3 41. 3 50. 8 41. 9 54. 4 47. 0 53. 4 45. 7 55. 1 48. 0 54. 0 46. 5 46. 3 36. 3 48. 8 40. 3 44. 3 33. 1 46. 3 35. 5 27. 9 27. 4 29.2 27. 2 26.9 27. 5 28.6 26. 0 30. 7 30. 2 30. 2 27. 7 31. 1 32. 1 31.2 28. 9 24. 5 23. 9 28. 0 26. 6 21. 8 2 1.9 25. 2 22.0 51. 7 11. 8 25. 2 31. 8 13. 8 16.7 10.6 50. 8 9.9 27. 4 34. 5 15. 8 17. 8 12. 2 52. 4 13. 2 23. 6 29.7 12.2 15.9 9. 3 36. 3 11.7 13. 6 38. 1 11. 1 12.9 9. 8 51 .0 14. 1 24. 2 37. 1 13.5 17. 5 8. 8 5 1 .4 11. 7 23. 8 39. 0 14.4 16. 6 9 .9 50. 7 15. 8 24. 5 35. 6 12.9 18. 2 8. 0 34. 6 14. 8 13.4 38. 8 11. 0 12. 6 9. 3 52. 6 9 .0 26.5 25. 4 14. 1 15. 8 12. 7 50. 1 7. 8 31. 6 2 9.2 17. 4 19.2 14. 8 54. 6 10. 0 22. 5 2 2 .4 11.5 13. 1 11.0 38. 7. 13. 37. 11. 13. 10. 6, 642 6 5 8 1 3 3 6 1.2 1. 6 .9 1. 7 1. 7 2. 1 1. 4 2. 5 .6 .9 . 3 2. 1 .7 2. 7 . 8 1. 7 .6 1.5 .5 2. 6 1.0 3.2 1. 3 2. 1 . 8 1. 3 .7 1.6 . 3 2. 0 .2 1. 2 .4 1. 8 . 1 5. 8 6 .2 6. 1 6. 3 5. 6 6. 1 3. 8 6. 8 7. 9 10. 6 7. 4 10.7 8. 3 10. 6 5. 1 10. 4 3. 3 1.0 4 .5 1. 3 2. 3 .7 2. 1 1. 8 5.5 6.5 4. 7 5.5 5 .6 5. 8 5. 5 5. 3 5. 4 7. 4 3. 8 5 .9 .9 12. 3 1. 3 11.2 .6 13.2 . 3 11. 6 1.2 12. 7 1. 6 12.2 .9 13. 2 .4 12. 2 .5 11.9 .9 10. 1 . 1 13. 3 .3 10.9 4. 1 4. 2 4 .0 3. 8 4. 4 4. 3 4. 4 4. 0 3. 7 4. 0 3.5 3. 5 .6 Standard M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A r e a . Table B -6. M ethods Negro and o th er m inority race jobseekers used to look fo r w ork: M en Both Sexes In S M S A 1 o f 250, 000 o r m o re In c e n tra l c ity T o ta l Outside ce n tra l c ity N ot in SM SA of 250, 000 or m ore In S M S A 1 o f 250 or m ore T o ta l In c e n tra l c ity W om en o o o M ethod Residence and sex, J a n u a ry 1973 O utside c e n tra l c ity N ot in SM SA of 250, 000 or m o re In S M S A 1 o f 250, 000 or m ore T o ta l In c e n tra l c ity Outside c e n tra l c ity N o t in SM SA of 250, 000 or m o re T o ta l (thousands) --------- 817 585 232 318 446 315 131 175 371 270 101 143 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r — A s k e d frie n d s : A bout jobs w h e re th ey w o rk ----------------------------A bou t job s e ls e w h e re -----A s k e d r e la tiv e s : About job s w h e re they w o rk ----------------------------A bout jobs e ls e w h e re -----A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l -----------------------------N o n lo c a l -------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g en cy — State em p loym en t s e r v ic e ---S ch ool p la c e m e n t o ffic e ------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ----------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r — W en t to p la c e w h ere e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le --------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -----------------------------N o n lo c a l -------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------Union h irin g h a ll -----------------Contacted lo c a l o rg a n iz a t i o n --------------------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------O ther ----------------------------------- 55. 3 5 3 .9 58. 9 63. 3 55. 8 51. 4 66. 4 67. 0 54. 7 56. 6 49. 5 58. 8 57. 1 43. 9 5 5.9 42. 6 59. 7 47. 0 54. 9 38. 3 61. 6 49. 3 60. 6 46. 4 6 4.9 57. 3 64. 8 40. 3 51. 8 37. 5 5 0.9 38. 4 54. 3 34. 3 42. 6 35. 8 34. 5 2 9 .9 34. 6 26. 3 34. 7 39. 0 38. 9 30. 9 35.0 30. 8 33. 4 24. 0 38. 9 47. 3 39.2 33. 5 33. 9 28. 9 35. 8 29 .0 29 .5 2 8 .6 38. 5 28. 4 46. 11. 26. 46. 15. 24. 10. 47. 8 10. 6 25.5 46. 3 17.6 25. 5 12. 6 41. 9 15. 3 2 8 .0 46. 6 9. 7 20. 8 4. 2 25 .9 6. 8 16.0 4 5 .4 14. 5 14. 8 8. 3 46. 7 14. 7 24. 6 52. 5 14. 1 2 5 .9 9 .2 49. 2 10.4 20. 2 51. 1 14. 8 24. 6 10. 4 41. 2 25. 2 35. 1 55. 7 12.2 2 9 .0 5. 3 2 5.0 7 .4 13. 6 42. 0 14. 8 11. 4 6. 8 45. 6 8. 3 27. 9 39. 3 16. 9 2 1 .9 11. 7 46. 2 10. 8 31. 2 4 1.2 20. 8 26.5 15. 1 43. 8 1.9 19.0 35.2 6. 7 10.5 1.9 27. 0 6. 1 18. 9 5 0 .0 14. 2 18. 9 10. 1 A v e r a g e num ber o f m ethods U8ed ---------------------------------- 3 8 1 5 4 0 2 3.2 3.5 2. 5 5. 2 4 .2 4. 1 4. 6 8.5 1. 8 2 .5 ( 2) 1. 4 4. 3 1. 4 5. 5 2. 0 1. 3 ( 2) 4 .0 .6 5 .4 2 .0 6. 6 2. 8 2 .3 5. 1 ( 2) 3. 1 . 8 4. 3 1. 1 ( 2) 2. 7 1. 4 6 .5 7 .5 5 .9 7. 0 8.0 8. 5 7. 1 10.2 8. 0 11. 6 6 .0 10. 4 12.2 15. 3 6. 2 11.9 4. 7 2. 3 5. 7 3.2 1.9 ( 2) 8. 1 8. 1 17. 1 15. 8 20. 8 17. 6 15.2 12. 0 2 2 .9 14.2 19.3 20. 1 17. 1 20. 9 1.2 11. 5 1.7 11.2 2. 1 12. 3 1.5 13.9 1. 1 15. 4 1. 6 16. 1 ( 2) 13. 7 1. 7 15. 3 1. 3 7 .0 1. 8 6. 1 ( 2) 9 .5 1. 4 12.2 4. 5 4 .5 4. 6 4. 2 4. 8 4 .6 5. 5 4. 3 4 .2 4 .5 3. 4 4. 1 1 Standard M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A re a , ‘ ft 2 No one in c a te g o r y . T o ta l1 M ethod Q uit job T em p orary job ended L a id o ff t e m p o r a r ily L a id o ff in d e fin ite ly L o s t job fo r oth er rea son s Sold, lo s t, o r gave up business -----Wanted d iffe re n t job b e fo re quitting -------------------------------- 10, 437 1, 714 448 91 974 642 150 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ------------------------A s k e d frie n d s : A bou t job s w h e re th ey w o rk --------------------A bou t job s e ls e w h e r e -------------------------------A s k e d r e la t iv e s : A b ou t job s w h ere th ey w o rk --------------------A bou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e -------------------------------A n s w e r e d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l -------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l --------------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo ym en t a g e n c y -------------------------State em p lo ym en t s e r v ic e ----------------------------S chool p la cem en t o ffic e --------------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ----------------------------------------------------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r Went to place w h e re e m p lo y e r s com e to p ick up p eople -------------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n e w sp a p ers: L o c a l -------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l --------------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e ---------------------------------------------------jo u rn a ls Union h irin g h a ll -----------------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n ------------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------------------------------O ther ----------------------------------------------------------- 66. 0 68. 4 65. 4 69.2 70. 0 71. 5 71. 3 60. 3 50. 8 41. 8 47. 7 40. 5 56. 2 46. 0 46. 2 2 9.7 57. 5 49. 7 59. 6 50. 4 56. 7 43. 3 45. 3 37.8 2 8 .4 27. 3 2 5. 0 24.2 31.2 28. 6 27. 5 2 6 .4 36 .4 34. 5 38.2 36. 0 30. 0 30. 7 23. 1 20. 0 45. 9 11.7 21. 0 33. 5 12. 5 15. 3 10.4 50. 6 13. 0 24. 3 35. 1 5 .4 11.8 4 .9 38.8 9.8 13. 6 4 0 .4 10. 3 14. 5 10. 5 41. 8 11. 0 19.8 47. 3 3. 3 14. 3 5. 5 55. 5 17.8 24. 5 56. 1 6. 7 14.4 5. 3 62. 4 20. 6 27. 0 56. 9 5.6 20. 6 5. 6 52. 0 14.0 24. 7 30. 7 5. 3 17. 3 4. 0 41.2 10. 0 2 1.8 18. 4 7. 6 16. 2 5. 5 1. 4 1. 1 3. 6 3. 3 1. 7 2. 5 ( 2) 1. 1 1. 6 .6 1. 1 . 4 2 .2 ( 2) 1. 5 .8 2. 2 . 9 4. 0 2 .7 . 7 ( 2) 5. 6 4. 5 5 .4 5.2 4 .2 19. 0 9.2 3. 3 24. 2 7. 7 4. 3 17.4 5. 6 7. 6 9 .0 9.2 15. 3 5. 3 4. 0 6. 1 1. 9 1. 6 1 1.8 .8 10.8 .4 13.8 ( 2) 16. 5 . 5 11.3 . 3 9.2 2. 7 16. 0 .4 11. 6 4. 0 3 .8 4 .2 4. 3 3. 3 T o t a l (thousands) A v e r a g e num ber o f m ethods u sed ------------------ 1. 6 . 5 4. 9 . 6 0 .6 L e ft sch ool L e ft m ilit a r y 4. 0 W anted to w o rk w h ile in sch ool 4. 7 R ecovered fr o m illn e s s 5. 0 K eep in g house and w anted job R e tir e d and wanted to w o rk 1, 373 O ther ---------------------------------- 1, 522 265 557 165 924 86 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -------------------------A s k e d fr ie n d s : A b ou t job s w h e re th ey w o rk -----------------------A b ou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e ---------------------------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : A b ou t jo b s w h ere th ey w o rk -----------------------A b ou t job s e ls e w h e r e ---------------------------------A n s w e r e d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l ---------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l -----------------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo y m en t a g e n c y ---------------------------State em p lo ym en t s e r v ic e ------------------------------S ch ool p la cem en t o ffic e ---------------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t -----------------------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r ---------------------------W ent to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e r s com e to p ick up p eop le ----------------------------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n e w s p a p e rs : L o c a l --------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ----------------------------------------------------A n s w e r e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls Union h ir in g h a ll -------------------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n ---------------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls — O th er ------------------------------------------------------------- 66.2 70. 9 64. 8 64.8 65.8 73. 3 62. 7 58. 5 50. 5 58. 9 47. 9 62. 5 46. 7 43. 0 33. 9 39. 0 27. 3 26.7 16. 3 46. 0 39. 1 36. 1 37. 1 44. 9 42. 6 25. 5 27. 6 23. 6 2 2 .4 20. 2 17. 6 ( 2) ( 2) 24. 0 24. 1 40. 9 12.2 23 .8 2 9 .3 38.2 23. 7 34. 7 39. 6 12. 8 2 3 .4 63.4 14. 3 34. 3 6. 0 36. 6 4. 5 9.3 18.7 2 6 .6 6 .6 15.6 49. 7 15.8 17. 0 35.2 9.7 21. 2 4 .8 46. 2 5. 7 12. 3 22.2 3.8 9. 5 4. 1 T o t a l (thousands) A v e r a g e nu m ber o f m ethods used 1 Includes w as unknow n. som e ------------------- 26. 3. 16. 27. 7. 7. 3. 7 5 3 9 0 0 5 46. 10. 21. 32. 8. 12. 6. 2. . 3. 4. 6. . 16. 4 .2 .2 ( 2) 1.9 .7 8 .3 2. 3 6 .4 . 5 11.4 .8 ( 2) 6. 8 7. 5 7. 9 1. 5 9 .4 . 7 ( 2) 1. 1 1. 1 3. 6 .4 14.2 1.2 1.2 6. 7 7 .9 15.8 2 .4 14. 5 1. 3 . 6 ( 2) 1.2 5. 0 . 2 7. 1 ( 2) ( 2) 2. 3 3. 5 2. 3 ( 2) 7. 0 4 .8 4. 9 3 .7 4 .0 2. 9 2 .2 1. 9 p e rso n s fo r w hom re a s o n fo r look in g fo r w o rk ( 2) 1. 1 N o one in c a te g o ry . 1, 259 5 7 5 1 6 8 9 1. 0 9 3 3 5 5 8 4 3. 7 (P e r c e n t o f jo b s e e k e r s ) T o ta l (thousands) — P o ------to $99 Less than $ 80 M ethod --------------------------------- $Too to $ 124 $125 to $ 149 $ 150 to $ 174 $ 175 to $ 199 $200 to $249 $250 to $299 1, 468 1, 445 1, 759 1, 097 935 449 724 246 360 68. 9 67. 8 63. 4 63. 8 70. 2 65. 0 65. 2 58. 1 58.9 52.9 39.6 52. 3 40. 1 52. 2 43. 3 50. 4 44. 2 53.5 47. 9 51.9 48. 3 47. 2 43. 5 42. 7 37. 8 40. 3 41. 1 32. 6 29.2 31.5 30. 1 33. 3 31.6 30.5 28. 2 30. 4 31.2 28. 5 29.2 24. 2 21. 8 10. 6 12. 2 9.2 12. 8 41. 9 9 .0 12. 0 35. 6 8. 2 10. 0 8.0 50. 11. 20. 38. 8. 14. 7. 2 8 1 1 4 7 6 51. 4 11. 8 25. 8 40. 0 9 .6 17.9 7. 6 41. 12. 24. 38. 15. 19. 13. 45. 3 13.9 25. 7 35. 8 15. 3 22. 7 10. 7 49. 4 13. 4 2 3 .4 34. 3 20.0 22. 5 18.0 41.7 14. 5 25. 6 30. 1 18. 4 15. 1 13. 4 39. 13. 31. 26. 16. 11. 17. 4 4 3 4 7 8 1 39. 7 25. 0 29. 7 20. 0 9 .4 15. 8 8. 1 1.6 1. 4 . 8 1 .4 1. 7 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ------------------------A s k e d frie n d s : About job s w h ere they w o rk ---------------------A bou t job s e ls e w h e r e -------------------------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : A bout jo b s w h e re th ey w o rk ---------------------A b ou t job s e ls e w h e r e --------------------------------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l --------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y ---------------------------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e -----------------------------School p la c e m e n t o ffic e ---------------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ------------------------------------------A sk e d te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r ----------------------------W en t to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le --------------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l --------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -------------------------------------------------------Union h irin g h a ll -------------------------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n -------------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ------------------------------------------------------O ther -------------------------------------------------------------A v e r a g e num ber of m ethods used ------------------- 7 9 9 3 7 1 3 1. 8 1.0 1. 5 1.2 1.5 1. 3 1.7 2.2 .6 1.2 .4 1.3 .6 1.7 .5 2. 1 . 7 .7 ( 1) 1. 1 0 1. 8 2.2 6. 7 2. 8 2. 7 5. 1 2. 8 4.9 7. 0 4. 3 5. 6 4. 3 6. 1 6. 0 7 .9 9. 1 10.5 5. 6 11. 6 11. 3 4. 6 16. 2 2 6 .4 1. 6 21. 4 25. 8 1.7 .5 10. 2 . 3 9. 1 1. 6 10. 2 .7 11. 4 .4 14. 8 14. 0 1. 5 13. 7 n 15. 0 3.3 15. 8 3. 7 4. 0 4. 2 4. 1 4. 4 4. 5 4. 1 3. 8 3. 8 C) C) 1 No one in c a te g o ry . Table B -9. M eth od s used to look for w ork: Educational atta in m e n t, January 1973 (P e r c e n t o f jo b s e e k e r s ) Y e a r s o f s ch o o l c o m p leted M ethod T o ta l (thousands) E le m e n ta ry sch ool 8 o r le s s H igh sch ool 1 to 3 C o lle g e 4 1 to 3 4 or m o re ------------------------ 883 1,647 4, 470 1,790 1,647 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ----------------A sk ed fr ie n d s : About jo b s w h e re th ey w o r k ------------About jo b s e ls e w h e re ---------------------A sk ed r e la t iv e s : About jo b s w h e re th ey w o r k ------------About jo b s e ls e w h e r e ---------------------A n s w e re d new sp ap er ads: L o c a l ----------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y -----------------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e -------------------School p lacem en t o f f i c e ------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t --------------------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r ------------------Went to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p eop le -------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -----------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u r n a l s --------------------------------------------Union h irin g h a l l ---------------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ----------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -------------------------------------------O th er ---------------------------------------------------- 68. 9 67. 1 63. 9 65. 3 69. 4 47. 1 33. 2 53. 1 37. 2 51. 5 41.9 51. 2 44. 7 48. 0 47. 2 30. 0 22. 2 29- 9 25. 6 31.6 28. 5 23. 9 28. 9 21.8 26. 5 29. 4 6 .9 8. 5 33. 6 2. 0 4. 2 1.0 40. 7 8 .9 10. 6 31.9 6. 7 6 .9 6. 3 48. 10. 1935. 7. 14. 6. 53. 13. 29. 35. 12. 19. 9- 43. 16. 34. 29. 38. 27. 31. A v e r a g e num ber of, m ethods u s e d --------- $ 300 or m o re 9 9 1 1 3 5 4 4 7 6 0 0 4 6 3 9 1 1 4 0 0 2. 3 1-9 •9 1. 2 1.8 2. 2 .5 1.2 .5 1.9 .6 1. 3 .4 1. 1 .4 .8 12. 5 5. 0 2. 2 7.9 6. 0 2. 5 5. 6 5. 2 5. 2 5. 8 4. 1 15. 7 1.9 8. 1 .5 10. 8 .5 10. 7 .4 11. 7 .8 10. 7 1. 3 14. 6 3. 2 3. 6 3. 9 4. 2 4. 8 A g e (y e a r s ) M ethod T o ta l, 16 y e a rs and o v e r R a ce 16 20 25 35 45 55 to to to to to and 19 24 34 44 54 over N egro and oth er m in o rity ra c e s W h ite BOTH SEXES T ota l: N u m b er (thousands) -----P e r c e n t ------------------------ A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ------------A sk ed frie n d s : A bout job s w h e re th ey w o rk --------A bou t job s e ls e w h e r e -------------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : About job s w h e re th ey w o rk --------A bout job s e ls e w h e re -------------------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l -------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l --------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a gen cy -------------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e ----------------S ch ool p la c e m e n t o ffic e --------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ----------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r -------------W ent to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs co m e to p ic k up p e o p le -------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: N o n lo c a l --------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -------------------------------Union h irin g h a ll ------------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n ------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------------O ther ------------------------------------------------- 10, 437 100.0 1, 727 100.0 3, 220 100.0 2, 700 100. 0 1, 378 100. 0 920 100. 0 492 100.0 9, 302 100. 0 1, 135 100. 0 34. 9 32. 4 34. 6 34.0 38.6 35. 5 40. 0 35. 7 27. 7 12. 4 5 .5 18. 3 4. 6 10.6 5. 1 11. 5 6.2 12.9 5. 1 11. 5 8.6 10. 0 3. 7 12. 0 5. 7 16. 4 4. 0 6. 1 2. 2 10. 5 3 .9 7. 0 2. 9 5 .2 1. 8 3. 6 .4 2 .4 1.5 2. 4 .5 5. 7 2. 3 9. 3 1.9 12.2 1. 3 5. 6 5. 1 3 .0 2. 1 1 .4 9. 1 .5 4. 8 4. 0 3. 5 1. 3 1.9 10.2 1. 5 6 .4 5. 6 5. 1 2 .0 2 .0 13. 4 .7 6.2 5 .4 2. 3 3.0 1. 3 14. 2 2. 6 4. 6 5 .5 . 7 2. 2 .5 16. 8 1. 8 4. 8 3. 6 . 3 1. 8 ( X) 16. 6 1. 6 3. 4 5. 5 .5 .5 .5 12. 8 1. 3 5. 8 4 .4 3. 0 2 .0 1. 4 . 1 •1 .2 ( 2) . 1 l •1 .5 C) 0 4 8 8 8 3 3 6 . 1 .4 .2 . 1 .2 . 1 .2 ( 1) 0 .9 .5 ( 1) 0 C) . 1 .5 .9 .6 1. 8 . 8 1.2 2 .2 .5 . 3 3. 7 .7 ( 1) 6. 1 1. 3 .4 1.4 .4 .2 1. 9 3.9 3 .9 ( 1) 5. 3 . 1 5 .5 O 4. 6 C) n 6. 6 ( 2) 5.2 (*) 5. 1 878 100.0 1, 709 100.0 1, 605 100. 0 736 100.0 515 100.0 306 100. 0 5, 128 100.0 621 100. 0 (*> .4 1.5 . 8 ( 2) 5. 2 . 1 6. . 3. 10. 2. 3. 1. b . 1 .2 .6 C) 6.1 MEN N u m b er (thousands) -----P e r c e n t ------------------------ 5, 749 100. 0 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ------------A s k e d frie n d s : A bout job s w h e re th ey w o rk --------A bout job s e ls e w h e r e -------------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : About job s w h e re th ey w o rk --------A bout job s e ls e w h e r e -------------------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l ------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l --------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo ym en t a g e n c y ------------State em p lo ym en t s e r v ic e -----------------S ch ool p la c e m e n t o ffic e -----------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ---------------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r -----------W en t to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs co m e to p ic k up p e o p le ----------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -----------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -----------------------------Union h irin g h a ll ---------------------------Contacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n ------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -------------------O ther ----------------------------------- 35. 1 33. 8 35.9 32. 4 39.6 35.9 36.9 36. 0 27. 0 13. 8 6.2 21. 1 6 .0 13. 1 5. 3 11.9 6. 7 12.9 6 .9 12.2 8 .4 12. 7 2 .5 13. 1 6. 3 19.9 5. 1 6 .9 2. 7 10. 8 4. 3 9. 1 3. 7 5 .9 2. 3 3 .4 .4 2.9 1. 4 2. 5 . 8 6. 7 2. 8 8. 8 1. 8 10. 3 1. 4 3. 8 5.0 3. 1 1. 6 1.2 5 .9 .4 2. 1 5 .0 4 .0 . 3 .7 7. 8 1.7 3.0 5. 5 4. 9 1.6 1. 8 12. 6 . 8 5. 3 4 .9 3.0 2 .7 1.5 10. 6 2. 8 3. 6 6 .0 .6 1. 0 .9 16.0 2 .4 5. 3 1.0 0 1 .4 ( 1) 15. 7 1. 3 3. 0 5 .9 O . 8 11. 0 1. 4 3.9 4. 5 3.2 1.5 1.2 4. 1 1. 6 2 .9 8. 8 2. 0 2. 1 1. 4 ( X) 0 . 1 . 6 ( l) C) 0 . 1 . 3 C) .5 C) . 8 ( 1) . 1 ( 2) C) 0 ( 1) .9 1.1 .9 2. 8 .6 1.0 3.9 .6 .5 6 .7 (') ( l) 9. 7 ( X) .5 2. 5 . 3 .4 3. 3 3.9 ( l) 4. 6 ( l) 5. 5 ( l) 4 .9 ( l) 5. 3 ( X) 7. 6 T o ta l: See fo o tn o tes at end o f ta b le. . 1 b .5 2 .6 .7 ( l) 5. 1 b '. 3 . 3 . 7 0 4 .6 (*) C) C) . 1 C) 4. 9 .4 0 6 .6 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) A g e (y e a r s ) M ethod T ota l, 16 y e a rs and o v e r R a ce 16 20 25 35 45 55 to to to to to and 19 24 34 54 over 44 N egro and oth er m in o r ity ra c e s W h ite W OMEN N u m b er (thousands) ------------------P e r c e n t ------------------------------------- 4, 688 100. 0 849 100. 0 1, 511 100. 0 1, 095 100. 0 642 100. 0 405 100. 0 186 100. 0 4, 174 100. 0 514 100.0 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -------------------------A s k e d frie n d s : About jobs w h ere th ey w o rk ---------------------A bout job s e ls e w h e re --------------------------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : About job s w h e re th ey w o r k ----------------------Abou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e --------------------------------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l -------------------------------------------- ------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a gen cy --------------------------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e -----------------------------School p la cem en t o ffic e ---------------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t -----------------------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r --------------------------W en t to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs co m e to p ick up p e o p le -------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l or tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------------------------Union h irin g h all ------------------------------------------Contacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n -------------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------------------------O ther ------------------------------------------------------------- 34. 6 30. 9 33. 1 36. 5 37. 5 35. 0 45. 8 3 5.4 28. 3 10. 7 4. 8 15. 3 3. 1 7. 8 4 .9 10.9 5. 3 12. 8 2. 8 10. 6 8. 8 6. 3 5. 6 10. 6 5. 0 12. 2 3 .0 5. 1 1. 7 10. 4 3.5 4. 6 2. 1 4. 1 .9 3. 7 .4 1. 8 1. 2 1. 4 ( l) 4. 5 1. 7 9 .9 2. 1 18. 6 2. 4 6. 0 5. 0 .6 3.5 0 17. 6 1. 2 3. 8 6. 8 .6 2. 4 0 18. 2 1. 4 4 .2 4 .9 1. 4 0 1. 4 T o ta l: 1 N o one in c a te g o ry . 14. 5 1. 1 7 .9 5. 2 2. 8 2. 8 1.6 12. . 7. 3. 3. 2. 3. 2 7 7 1 0 4 1 13. 1. 10. 5. 5. 2. 2. 0 2 2 6 2 7 3 14. . 7. 6. 1. 3. 1. C) .2 . 3 . 1 .4 . 3 ( 1) . 1 (*) . 3 . 1 .9 ( 2) 5. 3 3. 3 C) C) 0C) (!) 0 (!) 0 1. 5 3. 5 0 0 0 4. 3 7. 1 5. 6 .4 0 .2 1. 8 C) 1. 1 ( 1) . 8 .2 .2 1. 1 6. 1 .2 5. 6 . 3 C) .5 C) ( l) 0 . 3 .5 5 7 7 0 4 4 0 0 0 .4 2 L e s s than 0.05 p e rc e n t. 15. 1. 8. 4. 2. 2. 1. 1 3 3 3 8 6 6 9.2 ( X) 4. 8 13. 1 2. 8 4. 6 1. 8 . 1 .5 .4 .2 i1) . 3 . 1 .6 . 1 5. 5 C) (') .5 3. 7 ( l) 3. 2 P r o fe s s io n a l and tech n ica l ____ w ork ers E n g i n e e rs C le r ic a l w o rk e rs S ales w o r k e r s M a n a gers and E n g in e e r a d m in i T e a c h e r s , ing and s tr a to r s , sc ie n c e ex cep t excep t te c h c o lle g e fa rm nician s B ook k e e p e rs O ffic e m achine op era to rs Stenog ra p h ers, ty p is ts , and secre t a r ie s 105 100. 0 782 100. 0 BOTH SEXES T o ta l: N u m b er (th o u s a n d s )-------P e r c e n t ---------------------------- A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -----A sk ed frie n d s : About jo b s w h e re they w o r k — Abou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e ------------A sk ed r e la tiv e s : About jobs w h ere they w o r k — About job s e ls e w h e r e -------------A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads: L o c a l --------------------------------------N o n lo ca l ---------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t agen cy -------State em p lo ym en t s e r v ic e ----------School p la cem en t o ffic e -------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ----------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r ------W ent to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le -----------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -------------------------------------N o n lo c a l----------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u r n a ls ---------------------------U nion h irin g h a l l -------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------O ther ------------------------------ •----------- 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 767 494 273 526 5. 2 5. 7 (*) 5. 5 7. 6 11. 1 12.3 5. 8 13.4 4. 3 10. o 8 .4 11. 8 3. 9 7. 7 2. 7 1. 8 3. 1 3. 7 0 3. 9 2. 7 3. 8 1. 9 4. 1 3. 0 3. 3 ( 1) 5. 1 2. 7 2. 1 1. 5 o 2 9-4 1 8 11. 0 4. 6 3. 7 3. 7 1. 8 16. 5 2. 5 10. 9 2. 5 1. 9 3. 1 .4 16. 8 1.3 4 .3 15. 5 .9 19-2 2. 1 8. 8 1. 3 2. 9 ( 1) 120 100 . 0 409 100. 0 8. 6 7. 8 12. 3 5. 7 2. 5 1.4 10.4 O "3b:r ~ 42. 8 9. 0 1. 2 5. 6 1. 6 10. 2 4. 0 5. 9 8. 5 . 2 8 13. 3. 12. 1. 3. O O (:! 1. 0 n 1. 0 1. 9 O ( 1) . 1 (') C) 9.2 . 2. 6 2 8 3 9 8 .8 18. 3 (') 5. 7 0 OC) (1) 00 .8 0 00 1. 0 ( X) .8 2. 1 (1) 3. 7 0 l 1) 12.4 l 1) 1.9 214 2, 272 119 1,430 100. 0 5. 5 0 2.2 1.9 ( 1) .6 .3 00 0 0 1. 8 2. 5 1.4 0 .8 0 0 8 8 15. 1. 28. 9. 1. 1. 1. 14. 5 .8 8 0 15. 1 6. 7 2. 7 4. 3 1.2 0 .9 0 0 .3 0 ( 1) ( ;> .3 .2 1. 1 .3 i? 1.1 0 0 . 1 5. 0 3. 8 0 5 .4 5. 0 T o ta l T o ta l: N u m b er (thousands) ---P e r c e n t ----------------------- A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -----j A s k e d frie n d s : A bout jo b s w h e re th ey w o rk ----------- _! i ) Abou t jo b s e l s e w h e r e -------------A sk ed r e la t iv e s : Abou t job s w h ere th ey w o rk — A bout job s e l s e w h e r e -------------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l ---------------------------------------N o n lo c a l----------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo ym en t a g e n c y --------State e m p lo y m en t s e r v i c e -----------School p la c e m e n t o f f i c e --------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ----------------------A s k e d te a c h e r or p r o f e s s o r -------W e n t to p la c e w h e r e T ra n s p o rt L a b o r e r s , equipm ent exc e p t o p e ra tiv e s fa rm 9.2 4. 7 0 5 .6 1.2 5. 1 0 0 2 1.4 16. 7 7. 1 10. 2 2. 0 7. 1 20.4 7.4 3.2 9. 1 1.4 0 . 1 0) 0 0 0 2 .0 0 P r iv a t e h ou se hold 8 0 .3 0 .3 3. 7 4. 1 S e rv ic e w o rk ers, e x cep t p riv a te h ou se hold F a rm w ork ers 65 442 100. 0 111 100. 0 148 100. 0 1, 722 100. 0 389 100. 0 639 100. 0 1, 374 100.0 99 100. 0 38.2 44. 9 35. 9 4 2 .4 37.7 40. 1 7. 7 38. 7 - 14.4 4. 8 14.2 2 .6 14. 1 14. 1 17.4 12. 2 13. 5 4. 0 14. 2 7. 1 15. 1 4. 3 6.4 12. 8 15.4 5. 6 _ 7. 1 1.9 7. 6 .5 2. 0 2. 0 7. 0 0 9.3 2. 2 6. 5 2. 5 9. 6 7. 1 3. 8 6.4 6 .9 1.2 _ 9.5 2.2 1. 5 4 .2 .6 .4 .2 12. 1 1. 8 12.2 3 .5 4.3 6. 1 0 0 0 9 .8 1.3 1. 0 7. 9 .6 .4 .6 15.6 2. 5 2.3 2. 8 3 .4 .6 ( X) 6.4 .4 .5 5. 9 1. 1 .7 15.4 3. 8 2. 6 11. 5 2. 6 14. 8 .8 1.3 5. 7 2.2 2. 0 .8 _ - 1, 154 100. 0 4 1 ,1 0 3.2 .3 .5 .5 8. 4. 0 2. 2. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 e m p lo y e r s com e to p ick up p e o p le -----------P la c e d ads in [n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l --------------------------------------N o n lo c a l----------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls U nion h irin g h a l l --------------------C ontacted lo c a l o rg a n iz a tio n — P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e j o u r n a ls ----------------------O th er --------------------------------------- . 1 0 .2 O .7 0 0 O O 0 0 0 0 0 ( X) n ( I} C) 0 0) 0 (') . 1 1. 7 1. 0 O 1. 7 0 ( X) 3 .4 1.2 0 4 .2 0 3 .4 3 .4 .5 .2 7 .5 ( X) 0 12.9 0 0 4 .2 0 5.3 0 0 0 0 7. 1 0 1.7 (') (') i 1) 0 C) ... 0 — - - - - - .2 - .2 _ 12. 8 ( X) C) - o 3. 8 .2 .4 1.4 _ - O 10.3 O 2.3 " See footn otes at end o f ta b le. O p e ra tiv e s , ex c e p t tra n s p o rt 24. 5 5. 1 0 C r a ft w o r k e r s C a rp en ters M ech a n ics, and oth er A u to e x cep t m o b ile co n s tru c auto m ech an ics tion m o b ile w ork ers 9 1 0 9 1 1 1 1. 0 5.2 "1^T3 2 3‘. T ' 8. 9 P r o fe s s io n a l and tech n ica l w ork ers E n g in eer s Teacher s , excep t c o lle g e E n g in e e r ing and s c ien ce te cli nician s M a n a gers and a d m in i s tra to rs , e x cep t fa rm Sales w o r k e r s C le r ic a l w o rk ers T o ta l R e ta il O ther MEN T o ta l: N u m b er (thousands) ------P e r c e n t ------------------------- A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ----A sk ed frie n d s : A bout jo b s w h ere they w o rk Abou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e ------------A sk ed r e la tiv e s : A bout jo b s w h ere they w o rk A bout job s e ls e w h e r e -----------A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads: L o c a l ------------------------------------N o n lo ca l P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y ------State em p loym en t s e r v i c e ---------School p la cem en t o f f i c e -------------C iv il S e r v ic e o ffic e -------------------A s k e d te a c h e r or p r o f e s s o r ------W ent to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ic k up p e o p le ----------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l ------------------------------------N o n lo c a l -------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p ro fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -------------------------Union h irin g h a ll ----;------- r--------Contacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n -----P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u r n a ls -------------------------O ther ------------------------------------------ 757 119 442 426 209 217 384 100 . 0 102 100 . 0 108 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 27.3 2 1. 9 51. 0 24. 7 25. 8 37. 5 38. 1 36. 9 24. 10.3 7.2 12 . 6 5. 8 4. 1 6. 1 7. 2 11. 5 8 .4 13. 6 6.3 9. 5 10. 5 17. 9 3 .4 3. 0 1. 1 10. 7 0 C) 3 .2 10 .2 8. 7 2. 9 13. 6 1. 9 12 . 6 1. 9 3.. 9 1. 7 7. 1 2. 1 9. 8 4. 8 5. 8 0 0 2 .0 2. 0 n 8.2 2. 0 13.3 ( !) 4. 1 0 (I) C) 8 0 i . i 1. 0 (*) 7.4 10 .2 4. 7 3. 0 2. 9 1. 8 2. 6 3 .7 31. 7 2. 1 9.3 5. 2 4. 1 4. 1 15.4 2. 0 10. 7 3. 0 2. 0 3.2 .5 15. 2 1. 6 7. 1 2. 9 2. 6 12 . 6 2. 1 (') C) 0 Q 0 1. 0 ( X) l 1) 4. 1 2. 0 8 (') 0 7. 1 1,9 . 4. 1 O C) (') 1. 9 i 1) n 0 6 2 0 4. 1 H 0 0 .5 8 .9 (') .5 .5 3. 1 4 .2 3. 1 O 1. 0 0 (') T o ta l T o ta l: N u m ber (thousands) ------P e r c e n t -------------------------- A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p l o y e r ----A sk ed fr ie n d s : About job s w h ere they w o r k — A b ou t job s e ls e w h e r e ------------A sk ed r e la tiv e s : A bout jo b s w h ere they w o r k — About job s e ls e w h e r e ------------A n s w e re d n ew spaper ads: L o c a l ------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ------------------- ------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t agen cy ------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e --------S chool p la cem en t o ffic e ------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t A sk ed te a c h e r or p r o f e s s o r ------W ent to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ic k up p eo p le ---------P la c e d ads in n ew sp ap ers: L o c a l ------------------------------------N o n lo c a l -------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p ro fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ------------------------U nion h irin g h a ll ----------------------C ontacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n ----P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -----------------------O ther ------------------------------------------ See footn otes at end [of ta b le. A u to m o b ile m ech an ics M e c h a n ic s , e x cep t auto m o b ile O p e ra t iv e s , ex cep t tra n s p o rt 17. 9 1. 1 11. 1 1. 6 2. 1 i 1) 0 1 . 1 ( 1) (l) (l) 1. 3 2. 6 ( l) (!) ( ‘) n 6. 3 (*) 7.3 5. 3 0 O ) (*) (') 0(') C ra ft w o rk e rs C a r p e n te r s , and other co n stru c tion w ork ers 0 Tran sp ort equipm ent o p e ra tiv e s L a b orers, e x cep t fa rm 0 S e r v ic e w o rk ers, exc ept p r iv a te h o u se hold 6 8.4 3. 1 10 . 1 1. 1 8. 1 5. 0 6. 7 .3 1. 7 0 . (') 6 1. 7 .6 C) 0 6 .7 F a rm w ork ers 1,113 438 1, 038 357 593 580 100 . 0 111 100 . 0 146 100.0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 59 ( 3) 40. 5 37. 9 45. 5 37. 2 41. 1 37. 0 4 0.2 30. 0 - 14. 1 5. 0 13. 8 2. 7 14. 1 14. 1 17. 7 12.4 14.4 5.4 15. 4 7. 1 15. 0 4. 2 18. 9 6. 5 7.4 1.9 7. 7 .5 2. 0 2. 0 7. 1 9. 1 2 .9 6. 2 2. 8 9 .8 7. 1 8.3 1. 6 9. 8 2. 0 1.3 4 .2 .6 .4 12 . 2 8. 1 8. 8 4. 0 ( 1) 2. 0 2. 0 O 14.2 2. 8 2. 5 3. 1 3. 1 . 6 6. 0 1. 9 12.4 3. 5 4 .4 4 .4 (J) (*) 9. 7 .8 2. 2 8. 1 3. 0 3. 7 .4 .2 0 (') .2 .2 7. 8 (') 0 4 .4 0 3. 2 .3 .5 .5 {') 0 0 ( 1) . 5 (j o O 13. 0 (?) (') (') 5. 3 0 0 (*) 7. 1 0 C) o o (*) <;> > (') 0 1 .8 .7 1. 1 7.3 1. 0 .3 .7 (*) 0 (>) (*) 2. 8 .6 0 3. 5 (') ( 1) .4 .6 6.3 1 .2 .8 (') .4 .4 o 00 1. 8 o 3 .7 (*) 1 .2 .4 1. 0 2. 0 3. 5 3 .2 (') (') (') 3. 7 0 _ . - _ _ _ _ _ i 1) 0 " _ - _ ■ (P e r c e n t d istrib u tion ) M ethod P r o fe s s io n a l and technical w ork ers M a n a g e rs , and ad m in i Teach ers, s tra to rs , T o ta l exc e p t excep t c o lle g e fa rm Sales w o rk e rs T o ta l C le r ic a l w o rk e rs R e ta il B ook k e e p e rs T o ta l O ffic e m achine o p e ra to rs S tenog ra p h ers , t y p is ts , and secre ta r ie s ;W OMEN T o ta l: N u m b er (thousands) -------P e r c e n t ----------------- — ---- A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -----A sk e d frie n d s : About job s w h e re they w o r k ---About job s e l s e w h e r e --------------A sk e d r e la tiv e s : A bout jo b s w h e re they w o rk — A bout jo b s e ls e w h e r e -------------A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads; L o c a l --------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y -------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e ----------School p la cem en t o f f i c e --------------C iv il S e r v ic e tests ---------------------A sk ed te a c h e r or p r o f e s s o r -------W ent to p la ce w h ere e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p eop le -----------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -------------------------------------N o n lo c a l----------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l or tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------Union h irin g h a l l -------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l or tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------O ther ------------------------------------------- 673 3 07 84 341 285 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 34. 5 37. 0 17. 1 49. 7 52. 6. 6 5. 2 5. 5 11. 0 12. 9 15. 9 2.4 12 . 9 2. 8 2 .4 3.4 1. 2 2. 0 4. 8 2. 4 18. 6 1. 0 .7 1.4 1. 0 17. 3 8.4 2. 2 1. 7 7. 6 . 6 3. 8 . 9 10. 7 3. 2 6. 0 1.4 22. 0 .7 .7 20 . 0 1 1 .0 .3 .7 0 N u m b er (th o u s a n d s )--------P e r c e n t --------------------------- A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -----A sk ed frie n d s : Abou t job s w h e re they w o r k ---About job s e l s e w h e r e -------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : Abou t job s w h e re th ey w o r k ---A bou t job s e ls e w h e re ------------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l --------------------------- --------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo ym en t a g e n c y -------State em p lo ym en t s e r v i c e -----------School p la cem en t o ffic e -------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t -----------------------A sk e d te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r ----------W ent to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs co m e to p ick up p e o p le ----------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u r n a ls -----------------------------------Union h irin g h a l l --------------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o rg a n iz a tio n -------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ----------------------------------O ther -------------------------------------------------------- 1 N o one in c a te g o ry . 2 L e s s than 0. 05 p erc e n t. 3. 7 H 2 .4 2 .4 0 6. 2 n n 0 .9 0 0 11. 2 0 .7 C) . 0 1.4 2 .4 o o 1. 0 2 .4 0 n (l) 8. 5 O p e ra tiv e s , ex cep t tra n s p o rt 684 100 . 0 (1) 0 .7 ( 1) 4. 1 T ra n s p o rt equipm ent o p e ra tiv e s 32 ( 3) 8 - _ - . - - . 9.7 1. 0 . (') .3 .2 - _ H - - - .3 - 1. 5 (!) 0 o 3. 2 L a b orers, excep t fa rm . 0 5.3 16. 5 26.4 4. 2 8. 9 4. 7 4. 3 1.9 3. 0 2. 8 0 5. 7 1. 2 15.4 .8 16. 6 7. 0 1. 8 5. 2 1. 1 14. 8 1. 2 29. 6 10 . 6 1. 2 1. 2 1. 2 23. 6 ( 1) 6. 9 11. 1 o 9.7 o 16. 9 n 20. 7 7. 2 2. 9 9. 2 1.4 . 1 . 2 C) - ( l) (') o 2. .4 1. 2 . 1 4. 7 O 3. 0 2. 8 P r iv a te h ou se hold w ork ers 0 n o 1 .3 O 8 (') C) .3 S e r v ic e w ork ers, excep t p riv a te h ou se hold .3 3. 7 F a rm w ork ers 99 794 6 100 . 0 100 . 0 ( 3) _ 6.4 12. 8 12. 7 5. 1 - - 3. 8 6.4 5. 1. 8 0 - 15.4 3. 8 2. 6 11. 5 2. 6 18. 7 .9 .9 3. 8 1. 5 . 7 _ - - - _ _ - . ( l) C) (') (l) C) 46 ( 3) - - _ - - o _ 12. 8 (') 0 3. 0 . . 1 .2 - ■ . 0 - . 1 O - ” 45. - C) - (* ) “ 9. 7 7. 7 3. 0 1 .2 _ ( !) O 22. 6 . . - _ - 6 10 . 6 7. 7 12.3 1. 8 11.3 2. 3 .8 8. 7 774 100 . 0 0 4 4 .4 _ 79 100 . 0 4. 0 .8 1. 6 (!) n (i) 14. 1 41 0 196 100 . 0 25. C) C) {') n C) 1 .1 5. 1 O n n 0 C ra ft w ork ers T o ta l: n 8 1 , 888 100 . 0 .3 . _ i 1) - 8 8 . 1 ( 1) O 10.3 1 0 . 6 3 P e r c e n t not shown w h e re base is le s s than 75, 000. . " M ethod P r o fe s sion al and tech n ica l w o rk e rs M a n a gers and a d m in is t r a t o r s , exc e p t fa r m S ales w o rk e rs N u m b er (th o u s a n d s )------------------P e r c e n t ------------------------------------- 1, 316 498 717 100.0 100 . 0 100.0 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -------------------------A s k e d frie n d s : A bout job s w h ere they w o r k ---------------------A bout job s e ls e w h e r e --------------------------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : Abou t job s w h ere they w o r k -----------•----------A bout jobs e ls e w h e r e --------------------------------A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads: L o c a l ------------------------------------- ---- — -------- - ■- 31. 7 25 .5 42. T o ta l: P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y ---------------------------State em p loym en t s e r v i c e -----------------------------S ch ool p la cem en t o f f i c e ---------------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e t e s t ------------------------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r --------------------------W ent to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p l e --------------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l --------------------------------------------------------N o n lo ca l --------------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e j o u r n a l s --------------------------------------------Union h irin g h a l l ------------------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n -------------------------P la c e d ads in p ro fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ----------------------------------------------------O t h e r ------------------------------------------------------------- 8 6 7. 7. 2.6 1.5 9 .0 1. 1 6. 0 1. 6 10. 5 3. 6 5. 7 2 . 1, 515 100 . 0 351 528 100.0 100.0 100 . 0 1 , 152 100 . 0 8 42. 9 43. 7 36.9 39.9 40. 3 6 8 13.2 4. 2 13. 1 7. 6 15. 3 5. 0 15.0 6. 3 25. 5 .4 4. 0 4. 1 2. 6 3. 5 1. 7 4. 7 2. 2 6. 5 2.0 9. 6 2. 3 6. 7 2. 8 9. 1 7. 0 5 .4 1. 3 17. 5 2. 6 10. 5 2. 6 2. 0 3. 1 16.5 1.4 4. 6 2.4 2. 0 15. 3 .9 15.5 5 .8 2. 7 4. 2 9 .9 10 . 6 16 . 8 1 .8 7. 0 .4 16. 3 .6 1. 3 4. 7 2. 1 1.9 0 . C) 0 6 .4 0 7 .9 1 1 .6 1 .2 13. 4. 2.0 1.5 1.0 6. 3 .6 . 1 1.5 4. 3 .6 .4 .2 .5 2 .4 2 .4 3. 7 .6 0 0 0 (!) ( 1) .3 (*) ( 1) .2 0 0 0 (') .4 .2 .2 .2 7. 6 (l) . 1 1.4 .4 1 .8 0 0 . 1 5. 1 3 .4 .3 2. 2 0 0 1.059 11.4 1. 1 9 .4 2,049 100 . 0 12. 6 C) (‘) .7 S e r v ic e w o rk e rs , ex cep t p r iv a te household C r a ft w o rk e rs 6. 8 .9 ( l) (|) 8 O p e ra tiv e s , L a b orers, T ra n sp o rt ex c e p t exc e p t o p e r a tiv e s tra n s p o rt fa rm C le r ic a l w ork ers 1. 1 5. 0 0 0 (J) 0 0 4. 2 H C) 3. 7 5 .4 .8 .8 (‘) . 8 1.0 1.0 (') (J) ( 1) .2 (*) (*) 2. 7 1.4 C) .5 .2 C) 3. 7 0 2. 7 No one in c a te g o r y . T ab le C -4 . M eth od by w hich N egro and o th e r m in ority race jobseekers obtained cu rren t job: O ccupation, Janu ary 1973 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) M ethod T o ta l: N um ber (thousands) P e rc e n t ---------------- A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p l o y e r ----A sk ed fr ie n d s : About job s w h ere th ey w o rk — About jo b s e l s e w h e r e -----------A sk ed r e la t iv e s : About job s w h e re th ey w o rk — About jo b s e l s e w h e r e -----------A n s w e re d new spaper ads: L o c a l ---------------------------------N o n l o c a l ------------- -----------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a gen cy -----State em ploym en t s e r v i c e --------School p lacem en t o f f i c e ------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t --------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r ------Went to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p l e ----------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p e rs: L o c a l ------------------------------------N o n lo c a l-------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -----------------------U nion h irin g h a l l ----------------------C ontacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n -----P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e j o u r n a l s ------------------------O th er ---------------------------------------- P r o fe s sio n a l and tec h n ic a l w o rk e rs 114 28 100 . 0 ..... Sales w o rk e rs C le r ic a l w o rk e rs C ra ft w o rk e rs O p e ra tiv e s , L a b o rers, T ra n s p o rt excep t except o p e r a tiv e s tra n s p o rt fa r m S e r v ic e w ork ers, except p riv a te household 50 223 95 207 n 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 n 111 100 . 0 222 100 . 0 38 8 - - 21.9 19- 5 33. 6 - 41. 2 29- 7 18. 8 8 .9 _ _ 15. 6 2. 2 - 12. 5 1.2 17. - 24. 3 5. 2 _ - 14. 2 2. 6 - - 7. 9 1. 6 13. 0 ( 2) 7. 0 1. 6 - 13. 8 7. 5 14. 8 .5 _ _ 6. 3 ( 2) 6. 5 2. 6 2. 5 ( 2) ( 2) - - 15. 3 2. 6 5. 8 2. 1 1. 3 5. 2 1. 3 ( 2) ( 2) 3. 2 ( 2) .5 19. 9 .5 2. 2 .5 6. 6 _ .5 18. 3. 0 ( 2) 9 .9 3. 0 1.0 1.0 6 .9 9-9 7.9 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 4. 0 ( 2) 6.9 1 P e r c e n t not shown w h e re base is le s s than 75, 000. M a n a gers and a d m in is tr a to r s , except fa r m _ _ _ - - _ _ - - . - - - - _ _ ■ 11. 6 1. 3 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 5. 2 ( 2) 3. 8 4.8 1. 1 2. 1 ( 2) 4. 7 ( 2) ( 2) 14. 3 2 No one in c a te g o ry . ( 2) 4. 3 _ _ _ _ - _ _ - _ " 8.8 3. 8 6 1.6 ( 2) 2. 2 11.0 ( 2) ( 2) 2. 7 2. 7 ( 2) ( 2) 1. 1 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 7. 5 ( 2) 8. 2 ( 2) 1.2 1. 1 ( 2) (* ) ( 2) (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) Both sex es M ethod In c e n tra l c ity T o ta l T o ta l: N u m b er (thousands) ---------P e r c e n t ---------- A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r — A sk ed £riends: About job s w h e re th ey w o rk --------------------------A bout job s e ls e w h e r e ----A s k e d r e la tiv e s : A bout job s w h e re they w o rk ---------------------------About job s e l s e w h e r e ----A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l ----------------------------N o n lo c a l ----------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y — State em p loym en t s e r v ic e — S ch ool p la cem en t o ffic e -----C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ---------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r — W ent to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p eo p le -------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l ----------------------------N o n lo c a l ------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ------------Union h irin g h a ll ----------------Contacted lo c a l o rg a n ization -----------------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ------------O ther ---------------------------------- Outside c e n tra l c ity N ot in SM SA of 250, 000 or m o re W om en In S M S A 1 o f 250, 000 o r m o re In c e n tra l c ity T o ta l Outside c e n tra l c ity N ot in SM SA of 250, 000 or m o re In S M S A 1 o f 250, 000 o r m o re In c e n tra l c ity T o ta l Outside c e n tra l c ity N o t in SM SA of 250, 000 or m o re 6, 642 100.0 2, 884 100 . 0 3, 758 3, 795 100 . 0 3, 576 100 . 0 1, 537 2, 039 2, 173 3, 066 1, 347 1, 719 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 , 622 100 . 0 30. 1 25. 4 33. 7 43. 1 2 9.7 24. 0 33.9 44. 1 30.6 27. 1 33. 3 41. 7 12. 8 5. 8 15. 2 6. 5 1 1 .0 5.2 11. 1 6. 1 14. 8 7 .0 17. 7 7. 6 12. 7 6 .4 11. 8 6. 3 10. 4 4. 3 12. 3 5.2 9 .0 3. 6 10 .2 5. 8 5 .9 2 .4 5. 2 2. 7 7 .0 1.7 6 .4 2 .9 7. 4 2. 7 5. 6 3.0 8 .2 1.7 5 .4 1. 8 6 .4 2 .0 4 .6 2. 3 5. 4 1.9 14. 6 1.4 7. 4 4. 5 2 .9 2. 3 1. 2 13. 1 .7 8. 6 5. 4 3. 8 1.9 1. 4 15. 7 1.9 6 .5 3. 8 2. 3 2. 6 1. 2 7. 8 1 .2 2. 1 12. 3 .4 4. 7 6. 1 4 .0 1. 2 13. 1 2. 0 4. 5 3.7 2.9 2 .4 1 .0 16. 7 1.5 10. 7 4. 4 2 .4 2 .9 1.4 13.9 1. 2 12.9 4. 7 3.5 2. 7 1. 6 10 .6 1 .2 5. 7 1. 8 2. 1 4. 6 2. 7 .9 1. 1 19 .0 1. 8 8. 8 1. 7 1. 2 12. 7 1. 3 4. 6 4. 7 3. 4 1.9 1. 1 4 .2 1. 5 3.0 1. 3 7. 3 2. 5 2. 6 1.5 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) .2 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) .2 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) .2 .2 ( 2) ' ( 2) 7 .0 1 5. 7 2 .6 ( 2) ( 2) .4 .1 1. 2 .4 1. 4 .6 1 .2 .3 1.9 .9 1 .4 .6 .7 .1 5. 5 .1 5. 7 ( 2) 5 .4 ( 2) 5. 1 .3 ( 2) .5 . 1 Standard M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A re a , M en In S M S A 1 o f 350, 000 o r m o re .4 ( 2) 2 .2 .7 . 8 ( 2) 5. 7 .3 ( 2) .4 2 .4 2. 1 1. 3 .5 ( 2) 6. 6 .9 ( 2) 5. 1 2 No one in c a te g o r y . 1 .2 . .4 3. 3 .4 ( 2) 1 .2 . 2 ( 2) .5 ( 2) .4 . 1 .5 .2 .6 1. 1 1 .4 .8 ( 2) 4 .5 .1 5 .4 .2 ( 2) 5.9 4. 7 . 3 ( 2) .4 2 .2 .7 ( 2) . . 2 1 .9 ( 2) 5. 8 (P e r c e n t d is trib u tion ) M ethod ....................... /<T , , A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r A s k e d frie n d s : A s k e d r e la t iv e s : A bou t job s w h ere th ey w o rk T em p ora ry job ended L a id o ff in d e fin ite ly L o s t job fo r oth er rea so n 10, 437 100 . 0 1, 714 100 . 0 448 91 974 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 642 lo o . 0 34. 9 38.2 33. 7 35.4 35.4 33. 3 32. 12.4 10 .2 10 . 9 6. 2 8. 1 1 2 .2 5. 4 4. 4 12 . 0 8. 1 17. 0 8. 1 14. 0 6. 9 6 .1 6. 1 2 .8 5.2 2. 7 8. 1 (z) 5.8 2. 3 4. 9 1. 5 6. 7 6. 9 1. 6 9. 7 #7 14. 9 2. 7 12. 3 16. 1 2. 9 4. 2 16. 3 4. 4 4. 4 1. 5 f 2} ------------------------ --------------------- 1 2 .2 13. 1. 7. 5. 1. 3 5 9 9 1 .8 .8 W ent to p la ce w h ere e m p lo y e r s com e to Union h irin g h a ll -----------------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n -— ■ — P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e 2 2 (z) (Z) 4* 4 L e ft sch ool ------------------------ — V/ V/ 5. 2 6 1. 0 .8 5. 2 1. 5 3. 0 . 9 1. 5 \) (2\ 10 .8 (z) 9 .4 . 5 1 (3\ \; A n s w e r e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e 3. 5 6. 5 . 7 (z) a\ V2 ) V ) 9. 5 (2) . P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: #5 (z) V2 ) (z) v/ L e ft m ilit a r y 5. 4 W anted to w o rk w h ile in sch ool 1 .2 5. 0 8! 3 .9 1. 1 . 6 Vf 2}/ ) l\ 8 #7 2. 4 \(z)1 . 2 ( 2) k ( 2\ .2 5! 0 97 l! 5 1. 0 )4 /2\ V^ 2. 4 v 4. R ecovered fr o m illn e s s m7 O ther 924 86 100.0 1, 259 100 . 0 66.7 33.8 7. 0 v ) (2\ V2) 11. 5 5. 5 12. 3 14. 0 .6 5. 2 5. 0 1. 6 2. 3 .6 6 33.7 31. 1 33.8 40 .2 12.4 5.8 14.0 6 6 15. 5 3. 5 11. 3 3.8 6.8 1 2 .0 2. 0 4 .8 2. 2 5. \ iz\) 6 6. 2 1. 2 4 .8 71• Q 7 15. 5 18.8 1. 4 5. 5 4 .6 .2 2. 3 .2 4 .4 1 . . 6 * j (2) p erso n s (z) 5 0 100 . 0 5. 5 som e . 3 .4 .2 165 (Z'} 1 Includes fo r w o rk . ( 2^ V 2/ 10 0.0 3. 0 — ) (z\ V) 7. 4 V V; 557 4. 8 A n s w e r e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls tt_ i » -11il U IUUU iill*uliig IW 1 5 f 2) t 100 . 0 8.8 - (z) (z\ ^2) 12.9 1. 3 7*/6 2 7 5 5. 1 . 9 265 6. 0 •8 5. 2 — 2 2) \ 6 100 . 0 3.8 ----- ^/ 32. 100.0 8 .0 19. 4. A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er a ds: W ent to place w h ere e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p eople ---- — P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: 6 1, 373 100 . 0 1, 522 31. -------------------------------------- ---------- 150 100 . 0 K eep in g R e tir e d house and and wanted to w o rk w anted job ' A s k e d r e la t iv e s ; State em p lo ym en t s e r v ic e u u iu u i viiiVfC Sold, lo st, ---- W anted----d iffe r e n t o r gave up job b e fo r e business quitting Quit job A n s w e r e d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l ^^ A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r A s k e d frie n d s : L a id o ff te m p o r a r ily T o ta l1 who did not re p o r t rea so n fo r lookin g .8 2 8.8 2.8 1. 6 .8 5. (z) (2) 1. 4 3. 0 14. 3 ( 2\ 3. o t4 (2) v/ 2 .8 !s 2) V I fV2^ [2 $ 1. 6 2 .8 2. 1 6. 3 7 ( 2) A ( 2) 2/ V 7. 5 2. 1 7. 7 v; 4 .2 2 N o one in c a te g o ry . 3 L e s s than 0. 05 p ercen t. (2) V ) (z) 3 5 ( 2) 3. 5 (z) v2/ I (V2}/ p> \) V s (2) i\4z\) 2. 0 (z\ 1. 9 4 .8 2. 3 .8 . 5 V 2 21 7. 0 .8 1. 0 \(*2\) 9.7 Table C-7. Method by which current job was obtained by persons who usually work full time: Usual weekly earnings, January 1973 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tion ) Less than $80 M ethod T o ta l: N u m b er (thousands) --------------------------------------------------P ercen t $80 to $99 — — to $124 to $149 to $ 174 $TT5 to $199 -------£7775— ------ £7775— to to $249 $299 1, 468 1, 445 1, 097 100 . 0 1 , 759 100 . 0 935 100 . 0 100 . 0 449 724 100 . 0 246 100 . 0 360 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 41. 7 37. 2 30. 6 31.4 34. 9 35. 9 32. 6 26.2 28. 4 14.8 5. 3 11. 5 3. 7 11. 1 13.8 5. 5 11. 1 6 .4 9. 6 4. 7 10. 7 9.8 17. 0 8. 5 7. 1 7. 5 6.2 1. 6 5. 6 2. 5 7 .9 3.2 6. 0 7.2 3. 0 7. 6 2. 9 6. 4 1. 8 (*) H . . 13. 6 . 6 7. 5 9.8 13. 3 2. 1 1 1 .8 2. 0 12 . 0 3. 6 1.8 2. 1 8 .7 1. 5 4. 6 3. 1 5. 7 1. 8 1. 5 11. 2 1.8 .8 2. 0 1. 0 9. 3 . 7 7 .2 4 .2 3. 0 2. 7 1. 6 7.2 . 9 2. 2 . 9 2 .7 4. 9 .6 1. 9 3. 9 1. 6 .2 . (*) (') . 9 (») .6 ( !) 3 .6 9. 9 (*) 1. 3 16.6 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ------------------------A s k e d fr ie n d s : A b ou t job s w h ere th ey w o rk --------------------A b ou t job s e ls e w h e re --------------------------------A s k e d r e la t iv e s : A b ou t job s w h ere th ey w o rk --------------------A b ou t jobs e ls e w h e re -------------------------------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l -------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l --------------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g en cy -------------------------State e m p loym en t s e r v ic e ----------------------------S ch ool pla cem en t o ffic e --------------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t -----------------------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r -------------------------W ent to p la ce w h ere e m p lo y e r s com e to p ick up p eople -------------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n e w sp a p ers: L o c a l -------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l --------------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------------------------------- — Union h irin g h a ll ------------------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n ------------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jou rn a ls ----------------------------------------------------Othe r ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 1 .2 1. 7 2 .4 6. 6 1.4 . 9 . 7 . 2 .4 O . 0 0 0 0 1 . 3 1.4 9.7 1. 1 8. 1 6. 1 8.0 5.7 4. 3 4 .4 1 .9 . 9 2 . .2 . 1 o .2 1. 2 .2 0 2. 6 (*) 5. 5 . 3 .2 o 5. 6 5 .9 1. 5 3. 7 3. 4 2. 5 (') (') n ( ') (') .8 1 .2 ( l) 2 .9 . 3 1 .2 4. 1 . 6 .2 (*) 4. 7 0 6.6 2 (') .4 .7 . 9 ( 1) 4 .2 5. 3 5 .9 l 1) i 1) l 1) ( x) .6 (') 6. 7 N o one in c a te g o ry . Table C-8. Method by which current job was obtained: Educational attainment, January 1973 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) Y e a r s o f sch ool c o m p leted M ethod T o ta l: N u m ber (th o u s a n d s )--------P e r c e n t ---------------------------- A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ---------------A sk ed fr ie n d s : About jo b s w h e re th ey w o rk -----------About jo b s e ls e w h e r e -----------------------A sk ed r e la t iv e s : About jo b s w h ere they w o rk ------------ About jobs elsewhere --------------------- A n s w e re d n ew spaper ads: L o c a l -----------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l -----------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y -----------------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e -------------------School pla cem en t o ffic e --------------------- — C iv il S e r v ic e t e s t ---------------------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r -----------------Went to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le --------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -----------------------------------------------N o n l o c a l -----------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e j o u r n a l s --------------------------------------------Union h irin g h a l l ----------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ----------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e j o u r n a l s ---------------------------------------------O ther --------------------------------------------------- 2 1 No one in c a te g o r y fJoo or m o re E le m e n ta ry s c h o o l, 8 o r le s s C o lle g e H igh sch ool 1 4 or m o re 1,790 to 3 4 I to 3 100 . 0 1, 647 100 . 0 4, 470 100 . 0 100 . 0 1,647 100 . 0 8 38. 3 33. 6 31.9 32. 3 10 . 8 3. 6 16. 0 4. 1 12. 5 5. 3 12 . 0 5. 5 10 . 1 8. 4 8. 6 7. 4 2. 5 7. 1 2. 4 4. 0 2. 4 3. 4 1. 9 13. 1 i. 0 1. 5 .3 .8 13. 8 1. 3 6, 2 6. 0 1. 4 2. 1 .6 14. 1 1. 4 8. 9 4. 2 4. 0 3. 4 1.8 6. 6 2. 0 8. 5 .4 .4 (M . 1 . .4 . . . H 2 (M n 883 46. 1. 5 8. 1 •9 .5 7. 5 (') ■9 n (* ) n 4. 1. 3 1 i1) 4. 7 1.8 5. 6 1 1 (M 2. 0 1. 1 (') 3.9 .3 n .2 1. 5 .9 ( X) 4. 8 .4 .8 i1) .1 4 .8 2 L e s s than 0. 05 p ercen t. 7. 1 1. 7 3. 1 4. 3 1 1. 3 .1 .8 n 8. 1 i 1) (') 6 6 9. 1 (Percent distribution) Method Total: Number (thousands)------Percent------------------------Applied directly to employer-------------Asked friends: About jobs where they w ork---------About jobs elsew here-------------------Asked relatives: About jobs where they w ork---------About jobs elsew h ere------------------Answered newspaper ads: Local------------------------------------------Nonlocal -------------------------------------Private employment agency--------------State employment service-----------------School placement office -------------------Civil Service te s t-----------------------------Asked teacher or professor----- --------Went to place where employers come to pick up people ------------------Placed ads in newspapers: Local -----------------------------------------Nonlocal -------------------------------------Answered ads in professional or trade journals -------------------------------Union hiring hall------------------------------Contacted local organization-------------Placed ads in professional or trade journals-------------------------------Other ---------------------------------------------1 No one in category. Total, 16 years and over 10, 437 100. 0 37. 2 9. 6 4. 3 3. 6 1. 5 17. 7 1. 6 5. 4 6. 2 2.9 1. 4 1.0 .1 .2 (M .6 1. 6 .6 .1 4. 6 16 to 19 1, 727 100. 0 35. 2 16. 0 4. 4 5. 5 3. 1 16. 5 •9 3. 4 5. 6 2.8 .8 1. 1 .1 .4 (M (M O .6 .1 3. 6 20 to 24 3, 220 100. 0 37. 5 8. 1 3. 7 4. 2 2. 1 16. 4 1. 6 n 6. 0 5. 2 1. 2 1. 6 (M n n .4 .3 .6 .1 4. 9 Age (in years) 25 33 to to 34 44 2, 700 1, 378 100. 0 100. 0 37. 9 37. 4 7. 7 9- 8 4. 9 3. 6 3. 3 1. 9 .8 (M 17. 7 20. 7 1. 2 3. 0 6. 8 4.9 6. 0 6. 6 2. 3 .7 1.8 2. 0 .8 •3 .4 (2) .2 .4 (M (l ) 1.3 .8 2.2 2. 6 .7 .3 .1 .2 4.4 4. 5 2 45 to 54 920 100. 0 36. 9 8. 9 6. 1 1.8 .9 19. 0 2. 8 5. 1 5. 6 .4 1. 1 O n .5 (M (M 4.2 .6 n 6. 0 55 and over 492 100. 0 38. 3 8. 5 2. 3 2. 3 (M 20. 4 1. 3 1. 3 10. 9 .5 1. 3 i1) (M .5 {') .5 6. 5 1. 0 i1) 4. 1 Less than 0. 05 percent. Sex Race Men Women White 5, 749 100. 0 37. 8 10. 2 4. 6 3. 8 1.8 15. 9 1. 8 3. 9 6. 3 2. 9 1. 0 .8 .1 .2 (M .8 2. 8 .4 (2) 5. 0 4, 688 100. 0 36. 4 8. 8 3. 9 3. 4 1. 1 20. 0 1. 4 7. 2 6. 0 2. 9 1• 9 1.2 .1 .3 n .4 .1 .8 .2 4. 0 9, 302 100. 0 37. 5 9- 3 4. 4 3. 4 1.4 18. 4 1.8 5. 6 5. 5 3. 0 1. 2 .9 (2) .2 (*) .6 1.6 .3 .1 4. 5 Negro and other races 1, 135 100. 0 34. 6 11.7 3. 3 5. 7 1.7 11.3 .2 3. 2 11.8 2. 1 3. 1 1. 1 .4 .1 (X) .2 1. 7 2. 9 (x) 4. 8 W hite M eth od T o ta l T o ta l T o t a l: P r o fe s s io n a l and tech n ica l w o rk e rs -1c o lla r w o r k e r s M a n a g e rs and a d m in is tra to rs e x c e p t fa r m S ales w ork ers C le r ic a l w o rk e rs N u m b er (thousands) -----------------P ercen t ----------------------------------- 10, 437 100. 0 4, 995 100. 0 1, 430 100. 0 526 100. 0 767 100. 0 2, 272 100. 0 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -----------------------A s k e d frie n d s : A b ou t job s w h ere th ey w o rk --------------------A b ou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e ---------------------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : A b ou t job s w h ere th ey w o rk -------------------A b ou t jo b s e ls e w h e re ----------------------------A n s w e r e d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l ------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ------------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo ym en t a g e n c y ------------------------State em p lo y m en t s e r v ic e ----------- r-------------S ch ool p la cem en t o ffic e ------------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ----------------------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r ------------------------W ent to p lace w h e re e m p lo y e r s com e to p ic k up p eople ------------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew s p a p e rs : 37.2 3 1 .7 34. 8 28. 1 39.7 27. 9 9. 6 4. 3 7. 9 4 .4 6. 0 4. 3 5. 1 6.8 10. 1 6. 3 9. 1 3. 2 3. 6 1. 5 1.8 1 .4 . 7 . 7 .8 2. 5 1.4 1. 0 2.8 1. 6 17. 7 1.6 5 .4 6.2 2. 9 1.4 1. 0 19.8 1.8 9.6 5 .0 4. 9 2. 1 1.6 12. 3 2 .8 6. 1 2. 8 10. 7 2. 5 4. 0 22. 3 2. 0 11. 3 2. 9 2. 0 1.4 .8 23. 1 1. 3 5.2 3. 2 2. 2 ( X) . 3 22. 8 1.2 12. 9 7. 5 2 .8 2. 6 . 7 . 1 N o n lo c a l -------------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------------------------------Union h ir in g h a ll ----------------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o rg a n iz a tio n ------------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------------------------------O th er ------------------------------------------------------------ . 3 (1 2) 0 0 ( X) ( X) . 1 ( x) ( X) ( X) ( X) 0 ( X) ( X) .6 1. 6 . 6 1.1 . 1 .8 2.2 ( X) 1. 3 2. 0 .4 . 8 .3 ( X) . 6 . 5 , 1 . 5 . 1 4. 6 .2 6. 0 8 .8 ( 1) 11. 1 . 4 4. 6 .2 3 .4 . 1 ( X) .2 ( X) B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s C r a ft w o r k e r s T o ta l T o ta l C a rp e n te rs O p e r a tiv e s , T r a n s p o r t and other ex cep t equipm ent con stru e tra n s p o rt ope ra tiv e s tion w o rk e rs L a b orers, e x cep t fa rm P r iv a t e household" w ork ers S e r v ic e w ork ers, ex cep t p riv a te household F arm w o rk e rs N u m b er (thousands) --------------P e r c e n t ---------------------------------- 3, 904 100. 0 1, 154 100. 0 442 100. 0 1, 722 100. 0 389 100. 0 639 100. 0 99 100. 0 1, 374 100. 0 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e jn p lo y e r --------------------A s k e d fr ie n d s : A b ou t jo b s w h e re th ey w o rk -----------------A b ou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e ---------------------------A s k e d r e la t iv e s : A b ou t jo b s w h e re th ey w o rk -----------------A b ou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e --------------------------A n s w e r e d n ew sp a p ers ads: Local -------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l --------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo y m en t a g e n c y --------------------State e m p lo y m en t s e r v ic e ------------------------S ch ool p la c e m e n t o f f i c e ----------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e t e s t ------ -------------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r --------------------W ent to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e r s com e to p ic k up p eop le ---------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew s p a p e rs : Local ------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l --------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ------------------------------------------------U nion h ir in g h a ll --------------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ---------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ------------------------------------------------Othe r ------------------------------------------------------- 43. 2 41 .2 37. 9 44. 2 44. 1 43. 3 14. 6 42:. 0 - 11.2 3 .8 11. 9 4,. 5 12. 6 1.8 10. 7 3. 5 c1. 5 3 12. 1 3.8 3. 7 7. 3 n .. 7 t. 8 _ 6. 0 1. 8 3,.7 .2 3. 3 1. 0 7. 9 1. 1 4.2 1. 7 6.2 5. 0 3. 7 3. 7 3i. 5 . 9 13.9 1.8 1. 3 7 .4 . 7 . 5 . 3 13,. 5 2 .8 1, 5,. 5 .4 (’1) .2 14.4 3. 1 . 5 3.8 ( X) ( X) ( x) 13. 7 1. 5 1. 3 8 .9 .4 .4 .4 20•• 9 . 6 2.2 4.2 3 .6 ( x) 11. 1 1.4 . 5 8. 5 . 3 1. 6 ( x) 31.7 2 .4 2 .4 12.2 2 .4 ( X) ( X) 20. 5 . 7 1. 5 6.. 5 1. 7 .6 . 7 ( X) ( X) ( x) . 5 ( X) . 3 O . 6 ( x) ( l) 15.9 . 3 . 1 1. 6 .4 1. 7 ( x) O 3 .6 T o ta l: 1 N o one in c a te g o r y . 2 L e s s than 0. 05 p e rc e n t 1 ,4 1 . 1 . .2 ( X) .2 ( X) . 1 4. 0 . 3 .2 9!. 7 . 1 ( X) 3. 4 ( X) 3..6 ( l) 5. 1 .4 4 65 (3) . - _ _ _ _ - ( X) .2 - ( X) ( X) 7. 3 ( X) . 3 ( X) - ( X) 2. 1 .7 ( X) ( X) 2 .4 (;x) ( 2) ( x) 3. 4 ( X) 2 .8 ( X) 6. 1 ( X) 2. 5 . 3 .2 .8 3 P e r c e n t not shown w h e re base is le s s than 75, 000. _ _ _ _ M ethod T o ta l P r o fe s sion a l, tech n ica l, and k in dred w ork ers M a n a gers and a d m in i s tr a to r s , ex cep t fa r m S ales w ork ers C le r ic a l and kin d red w ork ers C ra ft and k in d red w ork ers O p e ra tiv e s , ex cep t tra n s p o rt T ra n s p o rt L a b o r e r s , equipm ent ex cep t fa r m o p e ra tiv e s S e r v ic e w ork ers, exc e p t p r iv a te household BOTH SEXES A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ------A sk e d frie n d s : About job s w h ere th ey w o r k ----A bout job s e ls e w h e re -------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : A bout job s w h e re th ey w o rk ---A bout job s e ls e w h e re -------------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l -------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t agen cy --------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e -----------School p la c e m e n t o ffic e --------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r ---------W en t to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le -------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l --------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------U nion h irin g h a ll -------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n ------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------O th er --------------------------------------- — 47. 7 43. 6 34. 9 53. 4 39.5 52. 7 55. 4 51 .6 49. 1 49. 22 * 1 15. 6 22. 5 24. 4 12.9 22. 2 8. 8 2 6 .4 9. 7 2 1. 6 11.9 16.6 16. 1 9. 3 23. 0 14. 3 22. 1 8. 2 25. 8 12. 4 19. 3 7. 4 13. 1 5. 7 15. 2 9 .2 16. 8 7. 0 16. 7 7. 0 2 2 .2 6. 8 2 2 .0 6. 3 19. 0 7. 5 20. 7 17. 5 22. 4 4. 2 2 3 .9 10 . 0 24 .2 13. 7 21. 4 12. 5 12. 1 22. 8 8. 1 2 8. 1 10 . 8 2 3 .9 7. 6 41. 8 17. 8 2 1 .4 14. 3 9. 6 1 2 .2 8 .2 13.0 ( 3) 20.0 18. 6 1 1 .0 29. 3 ( 3) ( 3) 6. 8 ( 3) 3. 1 ( 3) 14.2 ( 3) H 12 . 2 ( 3) 4. 9 ( 4) 27. 9 24. 5 6. 3 28. 8 9 .2 7. 0 16.2 13. 4 ( 4) ( 3) 21. 1 19. 3 5 .9 27. 4 16. 7 17. 6 ( 3) ( 3) (*) ( 3) ( 3) 10 .0 19. 7 9. 8 3. 6 ( 3) 1 2 .0 ( 3) n 8. 2 ( 3) (4) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (4) ( 4) 12.9 ( 3) ( 4) ( 4) ( 3) ( 4) ( 4) (4) ( 3) ( 4) (4) ( 3) (4) I4) (4) (4) 7. 3 22. 2 12. 7 8. 2 1 1 .2 ( 4) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 6. 5 ( 3) 32. 5 ( 4) ( 3) 24. 3 16.9 (4) 12 . 0 ( 4) ( 4) ( 3) ( 3) 39. 7 ( 4) 53.2 (4) 46. 2 (4) 43. 2 ( 3) 43. 2 (4) 33.9 4 7.0 40. 4 35. 4 51. 1 37.0 23. 2 12 . 1 19.9 14. 4 14. 19. 6 8 22. 7 16.9 31. 1 20 . 1 8.0 13. 0 4 .4 17. 4 9 .6 12. 1 5. 6 24. 20 . 9 23. 2 8.9 20.7 6. 7 27. 6 17. 3 18.0 26.5 7. 8 23. 4 7. 3 ( 3) 14. 4 23. 8 7. 6 19. 4 8. 1 ( 3) 20.0 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 4. 3 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 5. 1 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 0 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (4) H ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 6. 5 6.5 ( 3) 9. ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 27. 6 ( 3) ( 3) (3 ( 3) ( 3) 32.5 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 24. 4 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 34. 4 ( 3) 32 .4 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 4) 6 8 .1 9. 8 15. 9 20 . 0 13. 3 8. 6 (4) M ( 4) ( 4) 24. 4 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 19 . 8 (4) 38. 3 ( 4) ( 3) ( 4) ( 3) (4) 19. 1 52 .0 54. 9 50. 2 49. 1 38. 7 6.2 25. 8 9. 9 21. 5 11. 4 24. 9 13. 9 2 1. 6 27. 5 12. 3 8 8.6 22 .7 7 .0 2 1.2 18.5 8. 3 20 . 6 21. 5 13. 3 8 .4 9. 8 18. 9 6. 2 8. 5 17. 8 26. 7 ( 3) 13. 4 ( 3) ( 3) 12 . 8 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) H ( 3) ( 3) H ( 3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 3 MEN A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r --------A s k e d frie n d s : A bou t jo b s w h e re th ey w o r k ----A bou t job s e ls e w h e r e -------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : About jobs w h ere th ey w o r k ----A bout job s e ls e w h e re -------------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l -------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo ym en t a gen cy --------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e -----------S ch ool p la cem en t o ffic e --------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r --------W en t to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le -------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------U nion h irin g h all -------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n ------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------O ther ----------------------------- ---- ---- See footn otes at end o f tab le. 9. 1 17. 1 12 . 1 23. 0 9 .2 11.9 23. 7 11. 0 (4) 38. 5 0 ( 3) 51. 0 8 ( 3) 43. 9 ( 3) 30.5 12.9 3 3. 2 7. 5 2. 6 ( 3) 7. 0 3 7. 9 17. 3 3 2 1 .9 4. 5 17. 3 ( 3) 13. 6 17. 7 (v3)/ 15 7 (3) 3 V/ (3) 3 (3) 0 ( 3) M ethod T o ta l P r o fe s sion al, tech n ica l, and k in dred w ork ers W OMEN A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ------A s k e d frie n d s : Abou t jo b s w h e re th ey w o r k ----A bout jo b s e ls e w h e re -------------A sk ed r e la tiv e s : A bout job s w h e re th ey w o r k ----A bout jo b s e ls e w h e re -------------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l -------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a gen cy --------State em p lo ym en t s e r v ic e -----------S ch ool p la cem en t o ffic e --------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t -----------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r -------W ent to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le -------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------Union h irin g h a ll -------------------------Contacted lo c a l o rg a n iz a tio n ------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls --------------------------O th e r -------------------------------------------- 48. 5 46. 9 20. 5 11.7 12 . 8 18. 2 6 .4 14. 4 7.2 27. 5 11.9 31.9 16.2 19.6 16.6 12.5 2 1. 8 (3) (3)(3) (3) (3) 9 .9 14. 7 41. 5 18.0 (3) 16.4 4. 7 27.2 16.5 17. 3 (3) h(3) (J (30) (3) 5 5.0 M a n a g ers and a d m in i s tr a to r s , ex cep t fa r m (3) (3)(3) (3) 0 ()0 ) (3)5 (4) <!(4)> 0(3)(j (4)(3) S ales w ork ers 55. 7 40. 2 20. 3 9. 6 (3) ( 3) ( 3) 3) 36.2 ( 3) (3) h(3)(3) 0 (3)(4) Q0 (3) (}(3) 4 .9 Effectiveness rates1 o f selected job seekin g m ethods: Method Applied directly to em p loyer----------------------------Asked friends: About jobs where they w o r k ------------------------About jobs e ls e w h e r e ----------------------------------Asked relatives: About jobs where they work -----------------------About jobs elsew h ere -------------------------------Answered newspaper ads: Local ----------------------------------------------------------Nonlocal -----------------------------------------------------Private em ploym ent agency ---------------- ---- -----State em ploym ent service ------------------------------School placem ent office ----------------------------------C ivil Service te st ------------------------------------------Asked teacher or p rofessor ——--------------— —-Union hiring hall ------------------------------------------Contacted local o r g a n iz a tio n --------------------------See footnote 1, table D- C ra ft and k in d red w ork ers 26 .0 6. 1 1 P ercent obtained by dividing number of persons reporting method used to get job by total number of persons who used the method to look for work. 2 R ates not shown for private household w orkers and farm w orkers either because the base was too sm all (under 75, 000) or no one used the method to find a job. T able D -2. C le r ic a l and k in dred w ork ers 6 6.6 14. 24 .6 7. 1 4 3 .4 18. 8 14.4 21.7 9 .5 (3) (3)(3) (3)(3) (3) 7. 8 39. 8 O p e ra tiv e s , T ra n s p o rt excep t equipm ent tra n s p o rt |o p e r a tiv e s (3) (3)(3) (3) (3)(3) (3) 56. 1 22. 1 4 .9 23. 3 3 .6 ( 3) ( 3) 0 25. 3 ( 3) hh 03) 22. 5 (3) (3) (4)(4) (4) (3)(> 0(3) S e r v ic e w ork ers, ex cep t p r iv a te household (3) (3)(3) 57. 6 24. 1 12. 8 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 23 .0 4. 5 (3)? 3) (3)(3)(3) (4) (4)(4) (4)(3)(4) (3)(4) (3) (4)(3)3) (4) (3) (4)(4) (4)(4)(3) (4)(3) ( 3) 36. 7 ( 3) (3) (3)(3) (3) (3) (3)(4) (*) (3)3) o(3) 3) L a b orers, excep t fa r m (3) (3)3) (3) (3) (3)(4) (3)(3)(3) (4) (3 7. 3 13.2 14.5 3 Rate not shown where base is le ss than 75, 000. 4 No one in category. Race and o ccupation, January 1973 Negro and other m inority races Service, A ll . except WhiteBlueoccupations collar private collar household 33.1 38.1 4 0.3 42.2 2 3.4 23.1 2 3 .6 2 4 .6 11.4 4 .6 7.7 3.1 IS. 5 2 1 .3 2 7 .8 22.2 5.1 3 .8 6.9 (a) 13.6 8 .4 14.1 15.9 5.9 (a) (2) (2) 15.2 21.3 (a) (a) 20.1 ' 2 2 .5 21.3 16.9 • 13.5 12.1 (a) (!) 13.0 16.3 *) 0 12.4 17.7 (a) (!) 18.9 (a) (a) (!) 17.6 11.8 12.3 (a) White A ll occupations 4 8 .8 2 1.9 12.5 19.0 7 .7 2 5 .0 10.5 2 5.3 12.6 2 2.5 12.4 12.1 2 2 .6 9 .9 Whitecollar 4 3 .5 19.9 13.3 15.8 7.2 25.7 9.1 3 1.5 11.5 2 4 .0 16.0 13.5 4 .7 10.7 Bluecollar 54.7 2 2.9 10.5 2 1 .4 9.1 2 2 .5 12.1 9 .4 12.9 16.8 3 .4 6.7 2 7 .0 9 .4 2 Rate not shown where base is le s s than 75,00 0. Service, except private household 50.7 26.1 14.3 20.4 5.0 30.1 10.3 10.5 14.1 19.6 13.5 10.4 (*) (a) Y e a r s o f sch ool co m p leted E le m e n ta ry sch ool, 8 o r le s s M ethod A p p lied d ir e c tly to e m p lo y e r ----------------A sk ed frie n d s : About job s w h ere th ey w o r k ------------About job s e ls e w h e r e -----------------------A sk ed r e la t iv e s : About jo b s w h e re th ey w o r k ------------About jo b s e ls e w h e r e -----------------------A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads: L o c a l -----------------------------------------------N o n l o c a l -----------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y -----------------State em p loym en t s e r v i c e --------------------School p lacem en t o ffic e ------- •---------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t --------------------------------A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r —---------------Went to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p eop le -—----------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l ------------------------- :-------------------N o n l o c a l -----------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls —--------------------------------— Union h irin g h a l l ----------------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o rg a n iz a tio n —-------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e j o u r n a l s ---------------------------------- — O t h e r ---------------------------------------------------- C o lle g e H igh sch ool 1 1 to 3 4 or m o re to 3 4 57. 2 49. 3 47. 3 45. 3 44. 3 19 . 2 9- 2 26. 1 9. 5 21.9 11. 4 21. 7 11. 4 20 . 0 24. 2 5. 6 2 1 .3 8. 6 20 . 1 15. 4 7. 7 15. 0 6 .9 23. 1 ( 2) 5. 3 18. 9 ( 3) ; ( 3) 27. 9 9.6 14. 4 15. 0 20 . 0 3. 5 11.6 25. 4 10 . 9 29. 2 15. 4 17. 2 12 . 8 8. 0 24. 5 9- 3 27.8 15. 6 9. 4 18. 5 6. 5 2 1. 0 10 . 8 13. 1 ( 2) ( 2) ( 3) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 3) ( 2) ( 2) 15. 7 ( 3) ( 2) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 29. 1 ( 2) ( 3) 22. 3 15. 3 8. 1 24. 9 16. 3 6. 5 12 . 6 8. 1 ( 3) ( 2) 9. 7 ( 3) 36. 8 ( 3) 31. 1 ( 3) 36. 9 ( 2) 4 1 .4 ( 3) 52. 5 1 S ee footn ote 1, ta b le D - l . 2 P e r c e n t not shown w h e re base is le s s than 75, 000. 7. 5 17. 0 1 1 .2 31. 2 16. 1 16.9 3 No one in. c a te g o ry . T ab le E-1. M eth o d s used to look fo r w o rk , by d ate la s t w orked on previous jo b , Jan u ary 1973 (P e r c e n t o f jo b s e e k e r s ) Date la s t w o rk ed 1968 o r e a r lie r Jan. 1972 to Jan. 1973 1971 (th o u s a n d s )------------------------------ 6,852 1,525 A p p lie d d ir e c tly to e m p lo y e r -----------------------A s k e d frie n d s : A b ou t job s w h ere they w o r k --------------------A bou t job s e ls e w h e r e ------------------------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : A b ou t job s w h ere they w o r k --------------------A b ou t job s e l s e w h e r e -----------------------------A n s w e r e d n ew spaper ads: L o c a l -----------------------------------------------------N o n lo ca l ------------------------------------- — ------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y ------------------------State em p loym en t s e r v i c e ----------------------------School p la cem en t o ffic e ---------------------- -------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t --------------------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r -----------------------W en t to p la c e w h ere e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p eo p le ------------------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -----------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ----------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -------------------------------------------------Union h irin g h a ll ---------------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n ----------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -------------------------------------------------O th er --------------------------------------------------------- 66. 7 65. 1 65. 51.2 43.8 28. 0 27. 7 M ethod T o ta l: A v e r a g e num ber o f m ethods u s e d ---------------- 4 7 .6 12 . 6 23. 0 34. 1 12. 5 15.8 9 .9 1970 1969 T o ta l 343 202 6 69.3 65. 51.2 42. 3 50.7 4 0 .8 29 .8 2 8 .9 48.2 12. 1 21. 0 4 1 .4 14. 5 17.2 11.5 1968 1963 to 1967 1962 Never w ork e d or e a r lie r 517 12 1 225 171 653 6 69 .4 70.7 56. 1 62. 5 47. 5 34.7 44. 1 31.3 56.2 46.3 4 4 .4 31. 6 3 5. 1 20. 5 55.9 36. 1 28.3 27. 1 24.3 2 3 .8 19.7 17.2 2 6 .4 21. 5 2 4 .4 23. 1 8.8 3 6 .4 3 0 .5 47.2 13.4 16.3 28.3 47. 0 7 .9 23.3 33.2 15.8 19.3 8 .9 3 9.8 8. 5 13.3 2 6 .7 5.8 13. 0 5 .0 43. 8 7 .4 15.7 35. 5 42.2 8 .9 14.7 36. 0 4 .4 12.9 2 .7 33 .9 12 .8 14. 0 14.3 6.6 21 .5 8.3 6 .4 8.8 33. 1 5.7 9.9 8 .2 1 1 .8 2 2 .2 7 .0 7 .0 5 .8 14.5 9 .2 16. 1 1. 5 1. 0 2 .9 . 5 1 .0 2. 5 .9 (*) 1. 1 1.5 .5 2. 1 2. 0 1.7 1.7 .4 .6 .6 . 5 .8 0 2 .7 .9 .6 1 .2 1 .2 .8 5.3 5 .5 2. 0 4 .7 2 .5 3. 5 8 .4 2 .7 4 .8 4 .8 4. 1 5 .0 9.1 1.3 7 .6 5 .8 3. 5 1 .4 1 .2 .6 2. 1 5. 1 5. 1 6. 0 7 .8 .7 11.7 .5 11. 5 .6 1 2 .2 13.4 .4 14.9 (*) 24. 0 .9 12.9 11. 1 (‘ ) .3 9 .8 4. 1 4 .2 3 .9 3 .9 3 .2 4 .0 3 .5 2 .3 3. 6.8 (l) 5.2 6 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) Date la s t w ork ed N u m b er o f se a rc h m ethods used and sex T o ta l1 Jan. 1972 to Jan. 1973 1968 or e a r lie r 1971 1970 1969 T o ta l 1968 T9TT3 to 1967 r w or e a r lie r N ever w ork ed BOTH SEXES N u m ber (thousands)— P e r c e n t -------------------- 10, 437 100 . 0 6,852 100 . 0 1, 525 343 653 100 . 0 121 100 . 0 171 100 . 0 202 100 . 0 225 10 0.0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 1 m e t h o d --------------------------------------2 m e t h o d s -----------------------------------3 m e t h o d s -----------------------------------4 m e t h o d s -----------------------------------5 m ethods o r m o r e ---------------------- 19.8 18.3 14.0 36. 1 18. 5 18.3 13. 7 11.7 37. 8 17. 0 16.7 13. 6 13. 6 39. 1 25. 7 15. 7 12. 5 13. 7 3 2 .4 25. 7 17.8 14.4 6 .4 3 5.6 31. 22. 13. 7. 25. 1 4 3 5 5 16. 5 19. 8 14.9 9 .9 39.2 26.2 2 0 .4 15. 1 8. 0 30.2 48.2 26. 9 9. 9 5.3 9. 4 19. 4 19. 0 18. 9 14. 4 2 8 .4 N u m ber (thousands)— P e r c e n t -------------------- 5, 749 100 . 0 4 ,210 100 . 0 703 122 100 . 0 90 168 100 . 0 100 . 0 59 (2) 75 100 . 0 100 . 0 34 ( 2) 100 . 0 1 m ethod -----------------------------------2 m ethods ------------------------------------ 17.9 17.3 13.2 11. 6 3 9.9 18.2 17.4 13. 1 11. 5 39. 8 _ _ 19 .2 2 1 .6 1 1 .8 14. 1 45. 1 688 100 . 0 2, 642 100 . 0 100 . 0 22. 1 19. 1 19.7 14. 6 12. 1 34. 6 T o ta l: 1 1 .8 517 MEN T o ta l: 3 m e t h o d s -----------------------------------4 m e t h o d s -----------------------------------5 m ethods o r m o r e ------------------------ 12 . 1 16 . 6 12 . 1 19.7 12.3 16.4 45.3 17.8 4 .4 8.9 11. 1 57. 8 221 100 . 0 112 100 . 0 29. 0 20 . 8 12. 7 30. 28. 6.6 17. 3 22. 0 17.3 6. 5 37.2 255 - 17.3 21.3 21. 3 8. 0 32. 0 62 (2) 150 137 398 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 31. 0 53. 6 2 1.9 19.4 17.4 23. 5 13.9 25. 5 . _ _ - 15. 3 3 2.4 W OMEN T o ta l: N u m b er (thousands)— P e r c e n t -------------------- 1 m e t h o d -------------------------------------2 m ethods ----------------------------------3 m ethods ----------------------------------4 m ethods ----------------------- ----------5 m ethods o r m o r e ------------------------ 4, 19.5 15.0 11.9 3 1 .4 822 2 1.2 16.8 14. 7 13.3 34. 0 1 2 .2 6 6 19 .6 3. 6 25. 0 17.9 349 100 . 0 3 8 .4 22.3 11.7 8. 0 19. 8 _ _ _ - 20 . 0 12. 0 8. 0 29.3 10 .2 6. 6 8. 0 2 P e r c e n t not shown w h ere base is le s s than 75, 000. 1 Includes som e p ers o n s f o r w hom date la s t w o rk e d w as not known. T ab le E -3 . M eth o d by w h ich c u rre n t jo b w as o b tain ed , by d a te la s t w o rked on previous jo b , Ja n u a ry 1973 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) Date la s t w ork ed M ethod Jan. 1972 to Jan. 1973 1968 or e a r lie r 1971 1970 1969 T o ta l 1968 1963 to 1967 1962 N ever w ork ed or e a r lie r N u m ber (th o u s a n d s )----------------P e r c e n t ----------------------------------- 6,852 100 . 0 1,525 343 653 100 . 0 12 1 100 . 0 171 100 . 0 202 100 . 0 225 10 0.0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p l o y e r ----------------------A s k e d frie n d s : A b ou t jo b s w h ere th ey w o r k -------------------A b ou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e ------------------------------A s k e d r e la t iv e s : A b ou t jo b s w h ere th ey w o r k ---- ------------ — A b ou t jo b s e l s e w h e r e -----------------------------A n s w e r e d n ew sp ap er ads: L o c a l -----------------------------------------------------N o n l o c a l ------------------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo y m en t a g e n c y ------------------------State em p lo ym en t s e r v i c e ---------------------------School p la c e m e n t o ffic e -----------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e t e s t ---------------------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r ------------------------W ent to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e r s com e to p ick up p eop le ------------------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l ----------------------------------------------------N o n l o c a l -----------------------------------------------A n s w e r e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------------------------------U nion h irin g h a l l ---- ——-------------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n ---------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e j o u r n a l s ---------------- *------------------- ---- --------— O t h e r --------------------------------------------------------- 35. 0 32 .5 3 6.8 38. 1 36. 6 30 .4 38. 6 38. 5 35. 0 1 2 .2 5. 8 11.9 5. 3 8 .7 5. 0 12.4 5.3 15. 0 3 .8 11. 6 10. 4 5. 0 24. 5 1.4 17.9 4. 7 5. 6 2 .3 5 .9 1. 8 9 .9 .6 1 .2 6. 0 .4 8 .9 (*) 7 .4 2 .4 1.4 1. 4 9 .5 4 .3 12 . 6 1. 6 6.0 12.4 16. 0 (*) 4. 1 4. 1 ( l) 2 .4 15.2 (*) 10. 4 1. 0 4. 0 8 .9 22.3 1. 4 2 .9 7 .8 .3 2 .9 4. 0 4. 0 2 .4 1. 6 T o ta l: 1 2 .2 1 .4 6. 1 4 .4 3. 1 1.9 1.3 7 .9 3. 1 3 .0 1 .8 2 .2 3 .4 7. 1 1. 5 1.9 1.9 (') C) 1 .3 .2 .3 l 1) .5 .4 1 .8 . 6 1 .2 1. 1 1 .2 (2) 5 .4 0 (*) . C) 3. 5 .6 (') .9 6.2 517 4. 5 C) 1 .8 15.2 .9 3. 1 7.3 .7 1. 5 .9 (*) (*) (*) (') C) 0 (*) .9 ( x) 1 .8 1. 0 C) (') i1) ( X) (‘ ) 2 .4 (*) 10 . 1 .4 .9 (*) 6.6 1 .8 10. 7 2 .7 .9 3 .6 (*) (|> (*) ( X) 8. 0 2. 0 ( x) 2 .2 ( X) 1.4 ( X) 0 C) h .3 .2 C) (') C) ( x) l 1) 2. 0 ( x) 1 .4 (l) 1 .2 0 ( 1) 1.4 ( X) 3. 6 9 .4 (Percent of jobseekers) Method Total (thousands) -----------------------------Applied directly to employer-------------------------Asked friends: About jobs where they work---------------------About jobs elsewhere -----------------------------Asked relatives: About jobs where they work---------------------About jobs elsewhere ----------------------------Answered newspaper ads: Local ---------------------------------------------------Nonlocal--------------------------------------------------Private employment agency --------------------------State employment service ----------------------------School placement office -----------------------------Civil Service test --------------------------------------Asked teacher or professor --------------------------Went to place where employers come to pick up people ------------------------------------------Placed ads in newspapers: Local -----------------------------------------------------Nonlocal -------------------------------------------------Answered ads in professional or trade journals----------------------------------------------------Union hiring hall ----------------------------------------Contacted local organization ------------------------Placed ads in professional or trade journals -------------------------------------------------Other --------------------------------------------------------Average number of methods used ---------------- Total1 9,043 66.5 51.2 43.3 28.2 27.7 47.7 12.4 22.4 35. 1 12.8 16. 1 10.3 1.4 1.6. 5 5.2 6.4 5.7 .6 11.9 4. 1 Under 1 year 5,329 67.6 54.3 45. 6 30. 8 30.4 49.7 13.1 21.3 36.9 14. 6 16. 1 11.7 1.5 1.9 .5 4.3 67.1. 6 .4 11.3 4.3 Length of employment on previous job 3 to 5 to 4. 9 9. 9 years years years Total 1to 2.9 2,086 63. 5 48.4 42.1 25.2 25.5 46.4 12.0 25.3 31.5 756 65.6 45. 5 38. 5 25. 8 24.7 43.4 8.9 24. 5 30.7 11.9 17.2 10. 1 1.5 1.3 .3 5.2 4. 1 4. 8 11.6 16.0 9.3 1.5 .8 .3 7.2 4.6 4. 1 .9 11.3 3.9 1 Includes some persons for whom length of employment on last job was not known. .8 16. 1 3.8 2 457 71. 1 48.6 40.7 21.7 20.8 38.7 12.9 23. 6 36. 1 6. 6 17.1 6.1 1.3 2.6.9 85.7 6.. 51 1.3 13.8 3.8 10 years or more 10 to 14. 9 135 61.5 37.0 29.6 24.4 17.0 46.7 11.1 13.3 28. 1 3.0 5.2 .7 1.5 1.5 (2) 5.2 5.2 3.0 (2) 10.4 3.0 367 64.0 34.3 26.4 18. 5 16 .1 45. 5 11.2 15.3 37.3 4.4 12.3 .8 .5 1.1. 5 7.1 8.2 3.3 1.4 13.6 3.2 15 or more 232 65. 5 32.8 24. 6 15. 1 15.5 44. 8 11.2 16.4 42.7 5.2 16.4 .9 (2) .9 .9 8.2 9.9 3.4 2.2 15.5 3.3 No one in category. Table E-5. Method by which current job was obtained, by length of employment on previous job for persons who last worked in 1968 or later, January 1973 (Percent distribution) 21.to9 years Method Total1 Under 1 year Total: Number (thousands) ------------------Percent -----------------------------------Applied directly to employer -----------------------Asked friends: About jobs where they work ---------------------About jobs elsewhere -------------------------------Asked relatives: About jobs where they work ---------------------About jobs elsewhere -----------------------------Answered newspaper ads: Local ----------------------------------------------------Nonlocal -----------------------------------------------Private employment agency -------------------------State employment service -----------------------------School placement office --------------------------------Civil Service test ---------------------------------------Asked teacher or professor -------------------------Went to place where employers come to pick up people --------------------------------------------------Placed ads in newspapers: Local -----------------------------------------------------Nonlocal -----------------------------------------------Answered ads in professional or trade journals --------------------------------------------------Union hiring hall -----------------------------------------Contacted local organization -------------------------Placed ads in professional or trade journals ---------------------------------------------------Other -------------------------------------------------------- 9,043 100.0 5,329 2,086 34.6 100.0 12.0 5.6 34.2 12.6 5.4 6.0 2.4 12.2 1.5 34.0 12.6 5.4 5.8 2.2 12.4 1.4 5.9 5.2 3.0 2.1 1.4 .1 .2 (3) .4 4.9 5. 5 23.6 .1 1.5 (3) .2 (2) .4 1.6.8 1.8 1.0 (3) 5.3 (2) 4.7 1 Includes some persons for whom length of employment on last job was not known. Length of employment on previous job 5 to 3 to 10 years or more 4. 9 9. 9 10 to 15 or years years Total 14. 9 more 135 367 232 756 457 100.0 5.8 2.0 12.5 • 1.3 7.9 4. 6 2.2 2.3 1.5 .3 .2 1.0.6 .1 .5 .1 5.2 100.0 100.0 37.4 6. 1 7. 8 5.9 36.8 11.5 7.2 4.6 1.6 13.3 .6 7. 5 3.9 3.0 2.0 1.0 (2) .3 (2) (2) 1.4 .3 (2) 8.2 2.2 9.4 1.9 6.0 5.0 1.4 2.9 1.9 (2) .5 (2) .5 1.0 1.0 6(2). 5 No one in category. 32 Less than 0.05 percent. 100.0 35.5 12.7 4.3 2.7 (2) 19.4 1.3 4.3 5.4 .7 .7 (2) (2) .7 (2) .7 4.3 (2) (2) 7.4 100.0 34.6 15.8 7.5 4.2 (2) 19.2 3.3 / 4.2 2.5 (2) (!) (2) (2) 1.7 (2) 0 (!) i2) (2) 6.7 100.0 36.0 10.6 2.2 1.7 (2) 19.6 (2) 4.5 7.3 1.1 1.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) 1. 1 7.3 (2) (2) 7.8 (N u m b ers in thousands) M en Both sexes R eason fo r seekin g w o rk , age, and ra c e T o ta l jo b s e e k e rs re p o rtin g ---------------------------------------------------- 5. 363 2 . 610 Quit job ---------------------------------------------------------T e m p o r a r y job ended ------------------------------------L a id o ff te m p o r a r ily -------------------------------------------------------------------------L a id o ff in d e fin ite ly L o s t job fo r oth er rea so n s ----------------------------Sold, lo s t, o r gave up bu sin ess -------------------W anted d iffe r e n t job b e fo r e qu itting -------------- 1, 703 443 91 970 633 150 1, 373 673 150 34 174 141 65 1, 373 2, 153 2, 916 294 4, 770 593 T o ta l 48. 7 39. 33. 37. 17. 22. 43. 100 . 5 9 4 9 3 3 W om en L o o k ed fo r w o rk w h ile em p loyed T o ta l P e r c e n t of jo b s e e k e rs N u m ber re p o rtin g total re p o rtin g L ook ed fo r w o rk T o ta l w h ile em p loyed P e r c e n t of jo b s e e k e rs N u m ber re p o rtin g total re p o rtin g L ook ed fo r w o rk w h ile em p loyed P e r c e n t of N u m ber total re p o rtin g 3. 525 1. 744 49. 5 1. 838 866 47. 1 1 , 016 458 87 45. 1 29. 7 687 150 26 250 195 31. 3 42. 0 509 215 63 14 30 30 5 509 100 . 0 0 293 65 720 438 129 864 1 , 102 1, 415 93 51.2 4 8 .4 31. 6 1 , 29 2 2, 034 199 1 , 008 69 51. 6 49. 6 34. 7 861 882 95 435 407 24 50. 5 46. 1 25. 3 2, 351 259 49. 3 43. 7 3, 156 369 1, 591 153 50. 4 41.5 1, 614 224 760 47. 1 47. 3 20 (*) 20 . 0 144 111 25. 3 46. 5 100 . 0 60 864 21 ( l) 12 . 0 15. 4 C) Age 16 to 24 y e a rs -----------------------------------------------25 to 54 y e a rs -----------------------------------------------55 y e a rs and o v e r ------------------------------------------ 667 Race W h ite ------------------------------------------------------------N e g r o and oth er m in o r ity ra c e s ----------------------------- 106 1 P e r c e n t not shown w h e re base is le s s than 75, 000. Table F-2. Length of time before starting job search for jobseekers who did not look for work while still employed: Reason for seeking work, sex, age, and race, January 1973 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) T o ta l R ea so n fo r seek in g w ork , sex, a g e , and ra c e N u m ber (thousands) Len gth of tim e b e fo r e sta rtin g to look fo r w o rk (in w eek s) P e rc e n t 1 to 2 days 1 3 days to to 1 w eek 2 3 to 4 5 to 9 or m o re 8 BOTH SEXES Quit j o b ----------------------------------------------------T e m p o r a r y jo b ended -------------------------------L a id o ff t e m p o r a r ily ---------------------------------L a id o ff in d e fin it e ly ----------------------------------L o s t jo b fo r o th er rea son s ----------------------Sold, lo s t, o r ga ve up business ----------------- 2, 754 100 . 0 40. 2 14. 7 13. 9 10 . 6 6. 7 14. 0 1, 030 293 57 796 493 85 100 . 0 100 . 0 30. 2 39. 6 15. 4 16. 5 14. 9 16. 5 14. 0 7. 4 8. 5 6. 0 17. 1 14. 0 (M 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 48. 7 49. 7 12. 5 15. 1 12 . 1 10 . 0 12. 4 13. 3 17. 5 8. 6 8.0 12. 5 5. 0 4. 9 16. 2 10. 3 11.9 31. 2 4. - _ _ _ _ _ MEN ----------------------------------------------- 1,782 100 . 0 46. 9 15. 3 13. 9 9- 4 6 9- 9 Quit jo b ----------------------------------------------------T e m p o r a r y jo b ended -------------------------------L a id o ff t e m p o r a r ily ---------------------------------L a id o ff in d e fin it e ly ----------------------------------L o s t jo b fo r o th er r e a s o n s ------------------------- 558 206 46 577 326 69 100 . 0 100 . 0 37. 9 47. 8 17. 3 15. 9 13. 5 18. 4 11.7 6. 0 4. 0 3. 5 15. 5 8. 5 52. 4 55. 6 16. 5 11.4 " 13. 0 13. 6 7 .6 9- 0 ~ 4. 0 4. 6 6. 5 T o t a l --------------------------------------------- .972 100 . 0 27. 7 13. 4 13. 9 12 . 8 10 . 6 2 1 .4 Quit jo b ------------------------------------------------T e m p o r a r y jo b e n d e d -----------------------------L a id o ff t e m p o r a r ily ------------------------------L a id o ff in d e fin ite ly ------------------------------L o s t jo b fo r o th er r e a s o n s ---------------------Sold, lo s t, o r ga ve up bu siness -------------- 472 87 100 . 0 100 . 0 2 1 .2 21.4 13. 1 16. 7 16. 5 11.9 16. 7 11.9 13. 7 11.9 19- 1 28.6 219 167 16 100 . 0 100 . 0 39. 2 37.8 11.3 13. 4 10 . 8 13. 4 " 11. 3 6. 1 “ 7. 5 5. 5 20. 3 23. 8 1, 052 1, 500 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 33. 6 44. 2 44. 2 16. 6 13. 6 11.6 16. 0 1 1 .8 18. 1 14. 2 202 6. 5 6. 9 6. 0 14. 5 16. 1 2, 419 335 100 . 0 100 . 0 40. 5 37. 4 14. 4 16. 3 14. 4 10. 7 10. 5 6. 5 8. 3 16 . 0 T o ta l S o ld , lo s t , o r g a v e up b u s i n e s s ---------------------- (? ) 100 . 0 100 . 0 C) - _ _ _ _ _ 5. 9 W OMEN 11 n ( x) _ " _ ~ _ _ Age 16 to 24 y e a r s --------------------------------------25 to 54 y e a r s --------------------------------------55 y e a r s and o v e r --------------------------------- 8.8 4. 0 12.8 R ace W h ite ------------------------------------------N e g ro and o th er m in o r ity ra c e s — 1 P e r c e n t not shown w h ere base is le s s than 75, 000. 1 1 .0 13. 7 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tion ) T o ta l R eason fo r seekin g w o rk , sex, and ra ce R ea so n fo r not look in g fo r w o rk W anted tim e o ff E xp ected c a ll back to job W o rk to do at hom e Illn e s s in fa m ily N u m ber (thousands) P ercen t --------------------------------------------------- 1 , 621 100 . 0 41. 0 14. 7 11.4 8 .7 4 .7 2. 0 17. 5 Quit job --------------------------------------------------T e m p o r a r y job e n d e d -----------------------------L a id o ff t e m p o r a r i l y --------------------------------L a id o ff i n d e f i n i t e l y ---------------------------------L o s t job fo r oth er rea son s ----------------------Sold, lo s t, o r gave up b u s in e s s ------------------ 710 172 23 401 246 69 100 . 0 100 . 0 47. 9 39.7 30.9 35.3 2 3 .4 0 .3 1 1 .8 14. 7 _ 10.9 7 .9 - 4 .8 4. 1 3 .4 1 1 .2 6. 7 13.2 18.2 _ 19.4 2 7 .0 - ________________________________________________ W om en --------------------------------------------------------- 930 691 100 . 0 100 . 0 W h ite -----------------------------------------------------------N e g r o and oth er m in o r ity r a c e s -------------------- 1,417 204 100 . 0 100 . 0 Both sex es 2vjen (') 100 . 0 100 . 0 (') M o ved _ _ 5 .0 9. 1 - 28. 5 13.7 42.9 38.7 1 1 .8 18. 6 1 2 .2 10 .2 4 2 .4 31.7 1 1 1 .8 10 . 1 - 15. - Own illn e s s 3 .5 _ 1. 5 6.2 .8 - - 2 .2 1 .8 20 . 1 12.3 4 .9 4. 6 8. 1 1 1 .8 4. 1 9 .4 2. 1 18. 6. 0 20 .7 _ _ O th er rea son s 1. 5 13.8 1 1 2 .8 P e r c e n t not shown w h e re base is le s s than 75, 000. Table F-4. Number of weeks looked for work while still employed: Reason for seeking work, sex, and race, January 1973 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tion ) W eek s look ed T o ta l R eason fo r seek in g w ork , sex, and ra c e N u m ber (thousands) P ercen t 2 1 3 to 4 5 to 7 8 or m ore ---- 2 , 610 100 . 0 29.7 21. 1 22. 8 7. 6 18.7 Quit job --------------------------------------------------------T e m p o r a r y jo b ended -----------------------------------L a id o ff t e m p o r a r i l y -------------------------------------L a id o ff i n d e f i n i t e l y ---------------------------------------L o s t job fo r oth er rea so n s ----------------------------Sold, lo s t, o r gave up bu sin ess — — W anted d iffe r e n t jo b b e fo r e q u i t t i n g --------------- 673 150 34 174 141 65 1,373 100 . 0 100 . 0 34. 5 19.4 2 9 .6 7 .4 5. 6 8 .7 17. 5 7. 1 14.5 14.4 7 .4 22. 1 M en ------------------------- -----------------------------------------W om en -------------------------------------------------—— ------- 1, 744 24.2 W h ite ----------------------------------------------------------------N e g r o and oth er m in o r ity r a c e s ------------------------- Both sexes — — — ---- — ------ - 100 . 0 19.3 30. 0 18.8 18. 4 21. 0 24.2 31.2 42. 0 2 3.7 19.9 866 100 . 0 100 . 0 28.3 32. 3 21. 1 2 1. 1 20 . 1 7. 6 7 .8 18.8 18. 6 2,351 259 100 . 0 100 . 0 2 9 .4 31.9 21.7 15.7 2 2 .2 29. 0 7 .7 7 .6 19. 1 15.7 1 P e r c e n t not shown w h ere b a se is le s s than 75, 000. (X) 100 . 0 100 . 0 i1) 19 .2 - 2 2 .8 - 2 1.1 - Table G-1. D u ratio n o f jo b search, by age and sex, Janu ary 1973 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) A g e (irl y e a r s ) T o ta l W eeks look ed fo r w o rk 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 and over BOTH SEXES N u m ber (thousands) P e r c e n t ------------------ 10,437 100 . 0 1,727 100 . 0 3, 220 100 . 0 2, 700 100 . 0 1, 378 920 492 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 L e s s than 5 w e e k s ---------------------5 to 10 w e e k s ----------------------------11 to 14 w e e k s --------------------------15 to 19 w e e k s ---------------------------20 to 26 w e e k s ---------------------------27 to 39 w eeks --------------------------40 w eek s o r m o r e ---------------------- 59.9 18. 4 6. 6 3.8 4 .9 2. 7 3.9 67. 2 18. 4 6. 4 58. 7 20 . 0 7. 2 3.9 5. 4 2. 4 2. 5 59- 1 17. 9 6. 9 3. 4 4 .6 3. 0 5. 2 58. 6 16.9 5. 1 3. 7 7. 2 3. 3 5. 0 5914. 5. 5. 4. 4. 5. 49- 5 19. 6 6. 5 7. 0 5. 6 3.8 8. 3 1,709 100 . 0 1, 605 100 . 0 736 515 306 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 55. 17. 5. 5. 4. 5. 7. 20 . 9 6. 0 2. 6 6. 4 3. 8 8. 1 T o ta l: 2.8 2.6 1. 1 1 .6 9 9 5 2 0 6 9 MEN 878 N u m ber (thousands) P e r c e n t ----------------- 5, 749 100 . 0 100 . 0 L e s s than 5 w eeks --------------------5 to 10 w e e k s ----------------------------11 to 14 w e e k s --------------------------15 to 19 w e e k s ---------------------------20 to 26 w e e k s ---------------------------27 to 39 w eek s --------------------------40 w eek s o r m o r e --------------------- 57. 7 19. 5 6 .9 4. 1 5. 1 2. 5 4. 1 65. 6 20 . 8 6. 4 2. 2 3. 4 .3 1. 2 688 100 . 0 100 . 0 T o ta l: 1 4 2 5 4 2 5 6 55. 4 17. 7 6. 0 4.9 8. 2 3. 5 5. 4 1, 511 100 . 0 1,095 100 . 0 642 405 186 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 58. 8 19- 8 6. 5 3. 1 6. 0 3. 0 2.9 64. 7 15. 7 5. 8 2. 6 4. 0 2. 6 4. 6 62. 6 16. 1 5. 2 2. 4 6. 0 3. 0 4. 6 65. 7 11. 6 6. 1 4. 9 3. 6 3. 9 4. 2 44. 9 17. 4 7. 2 14. 5 3. 6 3. 6 8. 7 58. 5 20 . 1 7. 8 4. 7 4. 8 1.8 2. 2 55. 197. 3. 5. 3. 5. 4 3 6 9 0 2 51.9 W OMEN T o ta l: 4, N u m ber (thousands) P e r c e n t ----------------- 62. 6 16.9 6. 1 3. 5 4. 5 2. 8 3. 7 L e s s than 5 w eek s --------------------5 to 10 w e e k s ----------------------------1 1 to 14 w eek s --------------------------15 to 19 w eek s -------------------------20 to 26 w eek s --------------------------27 to 39 w eek s --------------------------40 w eek s o r m o r e ---------------------- 849 68.8 15. 8 6. 4 3. 4 1. 7 2. 0 2. 0 Table G -2 . M eth o d s used to look fo r w o rk, by d uration o f jo b search, January 1973 d uration o f jo b search, January 1973 (P e r c e n t o f .jo b seek ers) (P e r c e n t d is trib u tio n ) M ethod T o t a l (thousands) ----- T5— to 26 1 to 4 w eek s ------5----to 14 5, 239 2 , 180 62.8 72. 2 73. 48.8 38. 5 — T able G -3. M eth od by w h ich cu rren t jo b w as obtained, by Zt— or m ore 757 575 6 79. 7 60. 0 52. 3 63. 7 60. 0 64. 7 57. 4 25. 2 24. 2 35. 0 36. 1 41. 43. 6 6 42. 4 38. 1 43. 3 9 .0 18.8 29. 1 10 . 2 12. 3 8. 2 56. 17. 28. 43. 18. 60. 4 18.8 34. 1 55.9 2 1. 1 23.8 18. 5 63. 5 24. 5 33.6 56. 7 19. 1 30. 4 18. 1 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r --------A sk ed fr ie n d s : About jo b s w h e re th ey w o rk —— About jo b s e ls e w h e r e — — — A sk ed r e la t iv e s : About jo b s w h e re th ey w o r k -----About jo b s e ls e w h e re A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads: Local ---— — N o n lo c a l----------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a g e n c y ------ — State em p loym en t s e r v i c e ------------School p la cem en t o f f i c e ---------------C iv il S e r v ic e t e s t -------------------------A sk e d te a c h e r o r p r o f e s s o r ---------Went to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs co m e to p ick up p e o p l e -------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l ---------------------------------------N o n l o c a l --------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e j o u r n a l s ---------------------------U nion h irin g h a l l -------------------------C on tacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n --------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls —-------------------------O t h e r -------------------------------------------- 10 . 0 1. 0 12 . 2 .5 15.7 1. 4 15. 3 A v e r a g e num ber o f m ethods used — 3 .6 5 .0 5 .6 5.8 1 7 3 2 6 2 1.8 15. 5 1. 2 1. 6 2. 5 2. 4 1. 4 .4 1. 5 .5 2. 5 3. 5 .7 3. 0 5 .3 4. 2 8. 5 6. 7 10 . 0 .5 7 .8 .8 7. 7 10 . 2 11. 7 9-9 11. 5 — n — to 26 5 to 14 N u m b er (thousands)— P e r c e n t ------------------- 5, 239 100 . 0 2 , 180 100 . 0 757 575 100 . 0 100 . 0 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -------A s k e d fr ie n d s ; About job s w h e re th ey w o r k ---About jo b s e ls e w h e r e -------------A sk ed r e la t iv e s : About job s w h e re th ey w o r k ----About jo b s e ls e w h e r e --------------A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads: L o c a l ------------------------------------N o n lo c a l --------------------------------P r iv a t e em p loym en t a gen cy --------State em p loym en t s e r v i c e ----------School p lacem en t o f f i c e --------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t —■ ------------- —-----A sk ed te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r ---------Went to p la ce w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ick up p e o p le -------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l --------------- ---------------------N o n lo ca l --------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u r n a l s --------------------------Union h irin g h a l l ------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u r n a l s --------------------------O th er ------------------------------------------ 35. 9 31. 7 28. 3 31. 7 12. 7 5. 2 12 . 6 10. 4 5. 3 11.9 6. 6 5 .9 2. 3 6. 0 1.8 8. 0 7. 0 2. 4 13.0 11.7 1.9 5. 3 5. 4 3. 4 3. 4 1.9 10 . 2 1 .8 6. 4 6. 4 T o ta l: 1 .2 6. 7 4 .9 2 .9 1. 3 1.3 6 .9 2. 5 (l ) (M .3 O .4 (M .3 3. 2 1. 1 3. 4 . n b .4 1. 3 .7 1. 1 .8 2. 0 n 3.9 .1 5. 2 8. 5 .7 12 . 1 2. 1 1. 1 1 2 or m o re .7 2. 2 5 .0 3. 5 4. 0 2. 2 .3 ( 2) . ----- T7 1 to 4 w eeks M ethod n .4 .4 (M 8. 6 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) D u ration o f jo b s e a rc h (in w e e k s ) T o ta l R ea so n fo r seek in g w o rk and ra c e N u m ber (thousands) 5 1 P ercen t -n n to 4 10 to 14 26 27 or m o re 6.6 8 .6 6.6 to 15 to T o t a l -------------------------------------------------- 10, 437 100 . 0 59.9 18.4 E m p loyed b e fo r e c u rre n t jo b , t o t a l ---- ———---- 5,392 10 0 .0 6 1.0 17.8 5 .9 8 .4 6.9 Q u i t --------------------------------------------------------L o s t jo b , t o t a l ----------- — ——..... — ----------- 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 10 0.0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 10 0.0 68.7 51.2 64.2 84. 6 43.7 49.3 55.3 68. 6 17.3 20 . 0 4 .8 7 .0 5 .8 11.4 5.2 5.7 14.4 3 .5 10.4 5 .2 L a id o ff t e m p o r a r ily — ------------------------L a id o ff in d e fin it e ly -------------------------- ---L o s t jo b fo r o th e r rea so n s -------------------Spld, lo s t o r g ave up b u sin ess —---------— W anted d iffe r e n t jo b b e fo r e quitting ---------- 1,714 2, 305 448 91 974 642 150 1,373 1 1 .0 12.9 7 .3 5. 1 N o t in la b o r fo r c e b e fo r e c u rre n t jo b , to ta l---- 4,778 100 . 0 58. 6 18.9 7 .5 8.8 L e ft s c h o o l-------------------------------- — -----------L e ft m ilit a r y s e r v i c e --------------------------------W anted w o rk w h ile in s c h o o l --------------------R e c o v e r e d fr o m illn e s s o r d is a b ilit y ---------K eep in g house —— ------------------— ------ -----R e t ir e d ---------------------------------------------- ---- — O t h e r ---- ;------------------------------------------ ----- ---- 1, 522 265 557 165 924 48 .5 47.2 66. 5 59.3 70.2 51.3 63. 1 2 3 .4 1 1 .2 32 .7 9 .7 8 .3 5.9 3 .4 4 .2 4. 1 1.259 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100.0 16 .2 8 .0 9.302 1,135 100 . 0 100 . 0 60. 1 18.4 17.9 6. 5 86 19 .2 10 . 0 20 .0 2 1 .4 22. 0 14. 6 2 2 .2 18.0 22 . 0 1 2 .2 6.0 (') 9 .7 5 .4 1. 6 5.3 13.8 6. 4 0 1 2 .2 6.2 7. 1 8 .7 1.9 13.9 7 .6 5. 1 8. 5 ( 1) 5.9 1 2 .2 6. 6 8 .5 9 .6 6 .4 7 .9 10 .2 5 .0 Race W h i t e -----------------------------------------------------------N e g r o and oth er m in o r ity r a c e s — — ------------- 57.9 6.7 1 N o one in c a te g o r y . T able G -5 . N um ber o f m ethods used to look fo r w o rk , by d uratio n o f jo b search and sex, Jan u ary 1973 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tion ) D u ration o f jo b s e a rc h (in w e e k s ) Sex and num ber o f m ethods used 1 T o ta l 15 to 5 to 14 to 4 26 27 or m o re BOTH SEXES N u m b er (th o u s a n d s )----------P e r c e n t ---------------------------- 10, 437 5, 239 575 100.0 2 , 180 100.0 757 100.0 100.0 100.0 j m e t h o d _____________________________________ 19. 8 18. 3 14. 0 11. 8 36. 1 20 . 8 2 1 .4 16.2 12.9 28. 7 8. 5 13.0 11.9 14. 3 52. 3 6. 1 9 .0 12. 4 8. 1 64. 3 6. 3 6 .4 9 .9 N u m b er (th o u s a n d s )----------P e r c e n t ---------------------------- 5, 749 2 , 806 100.0 1, 284 447 324 10 0.0 100.0 100 . 0 1 m ethod ---------------------------------------------2 m ethods --------------- ----------------------------- 17.9 17. 3 13.2 18. 9 21. 3 15. 2 12 . 8 31. 7 7 .4 11.4 11. 8 13.6 55. 8 5 .4 8.5 8. 5 8 .5 68. 8 688 100 . 0 2, 433 896 100.0 310 251 100.0 100.0 22. 1 2 2.9 2 1.5 17.2 13.0 25. 3 7. 1 9 .7 18. 1 7 .7 57.7 4 .4 10.4 10 . 8 T o ta l: 2 m ethods --------------------------------------------3 m ethods --------------------------------------------4 m ethods --------------------------------------------5 m ethods o r m o r e -------------------------------- 1 2 .0 65 .4 MEN T o ta l: 3 m ethods -----------------------------------------•— 4 m ethods ______-__ — -------------- —----- ——-— 5 m ethods o r m o r e -------------------------------- 100.0 1 1 .6 39.9 8.0 3 .4 9 .3 12.4 6 6.9 WOMEN ! T o ta l: N u m b er (th o u s a n d s )----------P e r c e n t ---------------------------- 1 m e t h o d ----------------------------------------------2 m ethods --------------------------------------------3 m ethods __ ____ _—__ —---------------------- — 4 m ethods --------------------------------------------5 m ethods o r m o r e -------------------------------- 4, 19.5 15.0 11.9 3 1 .4 100.0 10 .2 15.0 12. 1 15. 3 4 7.3 1 1 .2 63. 3 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) T o ta l W eeks look ed fo r w o rk w h ile s t ill em p lo y e d and s ex N u m b er (thousands) D u ration o f jo b se a rc h (in w e e k s ) P ercen t 1 5 n 15 Z75 27 to to to to to to or 4 10 14 19 26 39 m o re 4. 7 1 .4 3. .3 1. 1 1 .4 4 .9 8. 5 (') . 5 1.4 8. 5 19. 0 .3 .5 1.4 4. 5 16. 7 4. 5 1 .8 4. 4 40 BOTH SEXES T o t a l --------------------------------------------------- 2 , 610 10 0.0 62. 6 1 w eek -------------------------------- ------------------------2 w eek s ------------------------------------------------------- 655 467 504 169 413 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 96.3 8 8 .4 68. 0 o 3 o r 4 w eeks ------------------------------------------------5 to 7 w eek s -------------------------------------------------8 w eek s o r m o r e ------------------------------------------ 0 6. 2 2. 7 2.3 .3 6.8 20 .2 1 .8 6. 6 .5 .7 79.9 31.2 20 . 2 6 6. 4 2 .8 3. 0 .5 .7 .8 0 .7 (*) 9.3 18. 0 18. 6 5. 5 .8 1 .2 8 C) MEN --------------------------------------------------- 1, 744 100 . 0 61. 1 w eek --------------------------------------------------------2 w eek s --------------------------------------------------------- 418 312 357 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 95.2 87.5 65.8 (‘) T o ta l 3 o r 4 w e e k s -------------------------------------------------5 to 7 w eeks -------------------------------------------------8 w eek s o r m o r e ------------------------------------------ 112 277 6 18. (') 8.8 2 1. 6 8 .2 0 7 5.4 27.8 7. 5 19.2 1 .2 5. 6 9. 0 5.9 2. 5 (*) .7 .5 1.7 2. 0 1 .2 6. 4 1.9 (') 19.9 5.3 .4 2. 5 (*) .9 W OMEN --------------------------------------------------- 866 10 0.0 64.9 18.5 1 w eek --------------------------------------------------------2 w eek s -------------------------------------------------------- 237 155 147 57 136 100 . 0 10 0.0 10 0.0 98.2 9 1 .0 73.0 .9 T o ta l 3 o r 4 w eeks -----------------------------------------------5 to 7 w eek s -----------------------------------------------8 w eek s o r m o r e ----------------------------------------- 1 No one in ca te g o ry . (2) 100 . 0 _ ( l) 2 .8 8 ( X) 4.2 2. 1 _ 2. 8 (‘) 4 .9 C) C) 2 .8 37.7 2 1. 6 7. 5 2 1. 6 1.5 10. 4 16. _ ( X) (l) _ 2 P e r c e n t not shown w e r e base is le s s than 75, 000. (*) (!) _ (P e r c e n t distrib u tion ) T o ta l O ccu pation al group, sex, and ra c e N u m b er o f m ethods used 5 or m o re N u m b er (thousands) P ercen t 10,437 100.0 19. 8 18. 3 14. 0 1 1 .8 36. 1 4, 995 3, 904 99 1, 374 65 100.0 100 . 0 100.0 100 . 0 17. 8 21.4 25. 5 2 2 .4 13. 7' 13. 5 17. 3 15.9 - 12 . 1 11. 6 38.0 35. 8 2 1.4 31. 3 - 18.4 17. 7 30. 6 19 . 0 - T o t a l ------------------------------------------------------ 5, 749 100.0 17.9 17. 3 13. 2 11. 6 39.9 W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ------------------------------------B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------F a r m w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------- 2 , 009 100.0 100.0 100.0 ( 1) 15. 6 19.7 17. 1 16. 7 17.9 16 . 1 12. 7 13. 3 13. 7 12. 1 1 1 .8 4 2 .9 3 7.4 43. 3 - - " 688 100.0 22. 1 19.5 15.0 11.9 31.4 2, 986 803 99 794 19 .2 19.5 16. 7 30. 6 14.4 14.4 17. 3 17. 5 12 . 2 1 1 .0 12 . 8 34. 6 29 . 6 2 1.4 22.4 6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 " " - - T o t a l ------------------------------------------------------ 9, 302 100.0 20 . 2 18.7 13.9 12. 0 35. 3 W h ite - c o lla r w o r k e r s ------------------------------------B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s --------------------------------------P r iv a t e h ousehold w o r k e r s ----------------------------S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------F a r m w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------- 4, 580 3,453 60 1, 152 57 100.0 100 . 0 0 100.0 18. 22. 1 1 18.7 17.9 13. 7 13. 2 12. 5 11.9 37. 1 34.9 T o t a l ------------------------------------------------------ 1 , 135 100 . 0 16. W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ------------------------------------B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------P r iv a t e household w o r k e r s ----------------------------S e r v ic e w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------F a r m w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------- 415 451 39 100.0 100.0 222 8 100.0 1 2 3 4 ALL PERSONS T o t a l ----------------------------------------------------W h ite - c o lla r w o r k e r s --------------------------------------B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------P r iv a t e household w o r k e r s ----------------------------S e r v ic e w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------F a r m w o r k e r s -------------------- ----------------------------- (') 5. 1 1 1 .6 - - MEN 3, 101 580 59 9 .9 - W OMEN T o t a l ------------- ---------------------------------------W h ite - c o lla r w o r k e r s ------------------------------------B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------P r iv a t e household w o r k e r s ----------------------------S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------F a r m w o r k e r s -------------------------------------------------- 4, 28. 3 25.5 26 . 1 “ 2 1 .0 5. 1 W h it e _ - 22. 8 _ - - 19.9 - 16. 7 - 1 1 .2 6 15.4 15. 2 9 .9 42. 9 14.0 16.4 15. 7 15. 3 14. 3 16 . 6 8. 2 47. 7 42. 1 n - 2 9.5 - N e g r o a n d o th e r m in o r ity ra c e s 1 P e r c e n t not shown w h e re base is le s s than 75,000. (*) ( l) - 19 .8 “ - 14. 0 " - 11. 7 “ 9 .5 - 13. 5 " - 40. 8 “ (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) N u m b er o f hours look ed p e r w eek T o ta l C h a r a c te r is tic s N u m b er (thousands) P ercen t 11 6 5 or le s s to 10 21 16 to to 15 20 26 or m o re to 25 10. 437 100 . 0 64. 9 16. 1 6.0 4. 6 2. 3 6. 1 5, 749 4, 688 100 . 0 100.0 59.9 71. 1 16.9 15. 2 7. 1 4 .6 5. 3 3. 6 2 .9 1 .6 7 .9 3. 8 4, 947 4, 07 8 1, 412 100 . 0 100.0 100.0 64. 6 65. 3 64. 8 17. 4 14. 7 15. 6 6. 3 5. 8 5. 3 3.9 5. 0 5. 8 2. 3 2. 3 2. 2 5. 4 6.9 6. 1 9, 302 1, 135 100 . 0 100 . 0 65. 3 61. 5 15.7 19.9 6.0 6. 3 4. 7 3. 8 2. 2 6. 2 3. 2 5. 4 8, 805 100.0 100 . 0 63. 2 74. 2 16. 7 12. 7 6. 4 3. 6 4. 7 3. 8 2. 4 1.9 6. 5 1, 632 5, 392 100 . 0 62.5 16.2 6.6 5.0 2. 6 7. 1 2 , 861 1, 111 66. 7 50. 6 53. 1 48.1 15.9 18.2 20 . 6 20 . 6 5 .5 10 . 0 5 .2 11. 3 3.9 7. 3 8. 0 8. 4 1 .6 5. 6 3. 6 6. 3 8. 1 393 323 100.0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100.0 2. 3 9. 3 9 .6 ------- 4, 778 100.0 67. 7 16. 1 5 .4 4. 2 1. 8 4. L e s s than 5 w eek s ------------------------------------5 to 14 w eek s -------------------------------------------15 to 26 w eek s ------------------------------------------27 w eek s o r m o r e ------------------------------------- 2, 336 1, 048 353 248 100 . 0 100 . 0 100.0 100 . 0 71. 0 55. 8 59. 0 58. 1 13. 22 . 6 8 19 .2 4 .5 3.9 4. 9 7. 4 3. 6 1.7 3.0 2. 7 ( 1) 5. 3 5. 1 4. 4 6. 0 S ex M en ---------------------------------------------------------------W om en ----------------------------------------------------------Age 16 to 24 y e a r s -----------------------------------------------25 to 44 y e a r s -----------------------------------------------45 y e a r s and o v e r ------------------------------------------R ace W h ite -------------------------------------------------------------N e g r o and oth er m in o rity r a c e s --------------------W o r k s c h e d u le U s u a lly w o rk ed fu ll tim e -------------------------------U su a lly w o rk e d p a rt tim e -------------------------------- 3. 9 W e e k s lo o k e d E m p lo y ed b e fo r e look in g: T o t a l --------------------- L e s s than 5 w eek s ------------------------------------5 to 14 w eek s — •----------------------------------------15 to 26 w eek s ------------------------------------------27 w eek s o r m o r e ------------------------------------N o t in la b o r fo r c e b e fo r e look in g: T o ta l 8.6 7. 1 7. 3 25. 0 8 1 N o one in c a te g o ry . Table H -3 . Farthest distance traveled to look fo r w ork: Age, sex, and race, January 1973 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) Sex A g e (in y e a rs ) D ista n ce tr a v e le d T o ta l T o ta l, 16 to 24 16 20 25 35 45 55 to to to to to and 44 54 over 19 24 34 M en R ace W om en W hite N egro and oth er m in o r ity races T o ta l re p o rtin g (thousands) ------------------- 10. 070 4. 818 1. 674 3. 144 2 , 626 1. 316 856 454 5, 562 4. 508 9. 008 1 . 062 D id not go out to lo o k f o r w ork : N u m b er (thousands) ----------------------------------P e r c e n t o f to ta l re p o rtin g -------------------------- 398 4. 0 134 56 3. 3 78 2. 5 123 4. 7 83 6. 3 30 3. 5 28 2. 8 6. 2 197 3. 5 201 4. 5 357 4. 0 41 3.9 W en t out to lo o k fo r w ork : N u m b er (thousands) ----------------------------------P e r c e n t ----------------------------------------------------- 9, 672 100 . 0 4, 684 1 , 618 100 . 0 3, 066 100 . 0 2, 503 100 . 0 1, 233 100 . 0 826 426 100 . 0 100.0 5, 365 100 . 0 4, 307 100 . 0 8, 651 100 . 0 1 , 021 100 . 0 20. 7 2 2 .4 21. 3 2 3.9 30. 7 13. 6 3.5 2. 6 2. 8 1. 7 27. 1 18.2 29 .2 28. 6 10 . 9 2 1. 1 31. 8 17.9 19.7 29.3 15. 7 5. 6 3. 1 3. 3 5 .4 20. 20. 30. 14. 5. 2. 1. 5. 25. 3 24. 3 23. 6 14. 5 3 .9 2. 3 1.9 4 .2 23. 24. 30. 13. 2. . 2. 2. 15. 0 18. 3 29. 7 18.6 6. 4 3. 6 3.5 4 .9 2 7.9 27. 6 29. 6 9 .0 1. 7 20. 3 24. 3 26. 2 29. 8 11. 0 4. 2 U n d er 5 m ile s -----------------------------------------------5 to 10 m ile s -------------------------------------------------1 1 to 25 m ile s -----------------------------------------------26 to 50 m ile s -------------------------■ ---------------------51 to 100 m ile s --------------------------------------------------------101 to 200 m ile s -----------------------------------------------------201 to 500 m i l e s ------------------------------------------------------O v e r 500 m ile s --------------------------------------------------------- 29 .6 14. 4. 2. 2. 3. 4 3 5 7 3 100.0 1. 9 1 .2 .6 .6 15. 0 4. 4 3. 3 3.9 2. 3 5 5 1 5 5 2 7 1 0 4 3 8 8 5 3 8 1. 1. 2 6 1. 3 22. 0 29 . 6 14. 7 4. 3 2. 7 2 .9 3. 4 1. 0 .6 3. 1 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) Occupation T o ta l -------------------------------------- P r o fe s s io n a l, tech n ica l, and k in dred w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------M a n a g e rs and a d m in is tra to rs , ex cep t fa r m — ------------------------------------------S ales w o r k e r s ---------------------------------C le r ic a l w o r k e r s -----------------------------C r a ft and k in dred w o r k e r s --------------O p e ra tiv e s , excep t t r a n s p o r t -----------T ra n s p o rt equipm ent o p e ra tiv e s ------L a b o r e r s , ex cep t fa r m -------------------P r iv a t e household w o r k e r s -------------S e r v ic e w o r k e r s , ex cep t p riv a te household -------------------------------------F a r m w o rk e rs ---------------------------------- D id not go out to look T o ta l P ercen t re p o rt T o ta l of N u m b er ing N u m ber total (thou (thou (th ou P e r c e n t sands) r e p o r t sands) ing sands) D istan ce tr a v e le d (in m ile s ) Under 5 5 11 26 51 101 201 to to to to to to 100 200 500 10 25 50 398 4. 0 9, 672 100 . 0 20. 7 22. 4 29 . 6 14. 4 1, 394 82 5 .9 1, 312 100.0 11. 6 13. 5 28. 0 15. 0 502 734 2, 203 1, 113 1 , 681 374 619 91 20 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 10 . 8 13. 23. 29. 20 . 22. 21. 21. 21. 9 3 5 26. 3 24. 6 33. 0 32. 2 29. 4 32. 7 29 . 0 15. 2 17. 13. 9. 19. 17. 13. 20 . 8. 8 13 4. 0 6. 0 2. 7 3.9 2. 6 3. 5 1. 3 14. 3 1, 296 63 67 5. 2 6 27. 7 10 . 2 1. 1 1. 1 " " " 10, 070 44 59 43 43 13 8 6 482 690 2, 144 1, 070 1, 638 361 611 78 1, 229 57 0 100 . 0 C) 23. 9 24. 3 14. 4 22. 3 16. 1 2 1 .4 44. 3 29. 6 - 27. 1 3 2 1 0 ' * 2. 5 2. 7 3. 3 6. 7 7. 1 6. 5 11. 7 9. 3 4. 5 2. 2 6. 0 4. 5 8. 6 3. 3 5. 3. . 2. 1. 3. 2. 5. 7. 3. . 3. 1. 2. . 2. 4. 3 2 3 7 4 3 8 9 O ver 500 “ 4 0 6 2 6 0 0 1 9 9 7 5 7 8 7 5 .9 “ 9. 3. . 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 3 3 8 9 2 7 6 5 2. 0 " 1 P e r c e n t not shown w h e re base is le s s than 75, 000. Table H -5. Farthest distance traveled to look for w o rk : Residence, sex, and race, January 1973 ^ P e rc e n t d istrib u tio n ) Both :s exes D istan ce tr a v e le d and ra c e M en In SM SA 1 o f 250, 000 o r m o re T o ta l N ot in SM SA of Outside 250, 000 c e n tra l or c ity m o re In cen tra l city W om en In SM S A 1 o f 250, 000 o r m o re T o ta l In ce n tra l c ity Outside c e n tra l c ity N o t in SM SA of 250, 000 or m o re N ot in SM SA of Outside 250, 000 c e n tra l or c ity m o re In S M S A 1 o f 25 0, 000 o r m o re In c e n tra l c ity T o ta l ALL PERSONS T o ta l re p o rtin g (thousands) ------------------- 6, 397 2, 757 3, 640 3, 627 3, 500 1, 490 2 , 010 2, 105 2, 897 1. 267 1, 630 1, 522 D id not go out to look fo r w ork: N u m b er (thousands) ----------------------------------P e r c e n t o f to ta l re p o rtin g -------------------------- 251 3.9 105 3. 8 146 4. 0 125 3. 4 115 3. 3 58 3. 9 57 2. 8 73 3. 5 136 4. 7 47 3. 7 89 5. 5 52 3 .4 W ent out to lo o k fo r w ork: N u m b er (thousands) ----------------------------------P e r c e n t ----------------------------------------------------- 6, 146 100 . 0 2, 652 100 . 0 3, 494 100 . 0 3, 502 100 . 0 3, 385 100 . 0 1, 432 100 . 0 1, 953 100 . 0 2, 032 100 . 0 2, 761 100 . 0 1 , 220 100 . 0 1, 541 100 . 0 1, 470 100 . 0 U n der 5 m ile s -----------------------------------------------5 to 10 m ile s -------------------------------------------------11 to 25 m ile s -----------------------------------------------26 to 50 m ile s -----------------------------------------------51 to 100 m ile s ----------------------------------------------101 to 200 m ile s -------------------------------------------201 to 500 m ile s -------------------------------------------O ver 500 m ile s ----------------------------------------------- 17. 8 25. 8 32. 1 13.0 3. 5 1. 8 2. 3 3. 6 12. 5 32.9 17. 0 5. 2 2. 5 3. 0 5. 1 16. 4 26. 1 30. 6 12. 5 4. 6 1. 8 3. 3 4. 6 9. 6 18. 7 34. 6 20 . 2 5. 7 2 .9 2. 9 5. 5 18. 0 13. 8 24. 0 20 . 6 8. 9 5. 4 4. 2 5. 1 24. 4 30. 7 31. 1 8. 3 1 .4 .9 1 .4 1.9 25. 0 33.9 2 9 .6 5. 4 1. 5 .9 1. 5 2. 3 23. 9 28. 2 32. 3 10.5 1. 3 1. 0 1. 3 1. 6 33. 9 21. 4 27. 6 8 .4 3. 2 2. 0 2. 5 294 432 305 127 151 355 260 95 143 16 3. 7 8 2. 6 8 6. 3 6 4 .0 14 3. 9 7 2. 7 7 7. 4 1. 4 88 100 . 0 100 . 0 20. 29. 30. 9. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4 7 1 2 15. 9 22. 9 33. 6 2 4 5 5 15. 9 3. 8 2. 1 2. 2 3. 7 24. 17. 25. 15. 6. 4. 3. 3. 7 0 5 5 5 0 5 4 2 1. 8 1 .0 N e g r o a n d o th e r m in o r ity ra c e s T o ta l re p o rtin g (th o u s a n d s )-------------------- 787 565 222 D id not go out to look f o r w ork : N u m ber (thousands) ----------------------------------P e r c e n t o f tota l r e p o rtin g -------------------------- 30 3. 8 15 2. 7 15 8 6. 8 2. 7 W ent out to look f o r w ork : N u m b er (thousands) ----------------------------------P e r c e n t ----------------------------------------------------- 757 549 207 286 416 297 119 145 341 253 100.0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 U nder 5 m ile s -----------------------------------------------5 to 10 m ile s -------------------------------------------------11 to 25 m ile s -----------------------------------------------26 to 50 m ile s -----------------------------------------------51 to 100 m ile s ----------------------------------------------O v e r 100 m ile s ----------------------------------------------- 23. 1 29. 1 30. 8 9 .0 3. 4 4 .6 26 .0 30. 7 28. 1 7. 3 3. 6 4. 6 15.5 24. 6 38.9 13.0 2 .9 4. 8 35.4 17. 5 30. 4 5. 2 5. 6 5. 6 17. 1 29. 3 32. 9 10 . 6 4. 8 5 .5 20 . 9 31. 8 2 8 .4 9.5 5. 4 4. 1 7. 6 22. 7 44. 2 13. 4 3. 4 8 .4 26 . 9 17.2 29. 7 30. 28. 28. 6. 1. 3. 32. 29. 27. 4. 1. 5. 6 .2 1 1 .0 9 .0 5 7 4 7 8 8 0 2 7 7 6 1 26. 1 27. 3 31.5 12. 5 2. 3 (*) 2 141 44. 0 18.4 30.5 5 .0 ( 2) 2. 1 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) Both sexes D istan ce tra v e le d T o ta l Under 5 w eeks 5 to 14 w eek s T5i to 2 6 'w eek s 27 or m ore M en W om en T o ta l re p o rtin g (th o u s a n d s )-------------------- 10, 070 5,205 2 , 162 749 570 5, 562 4, 508 Did not go out to lo o k fo r w ork : N u m ber (thousands) ----------------------------------P e r c e n t of total r e p o r t in g --------------------------- 398 4. 0 150 2 .9 37 1. 7 12 1. 6 7 1 .2 197 3. 5 201 W ent out to look fo r w ork : N u m ber (thousands) ----------------------------------P e r c e n t ---------------------------------------------------- 9, 672 100 . 0 5,055 100 . 0 2, 125 100 . 0 737 563 100 . 0 100 . 0 5,365 100 . 0 4,307 100 . 0 20.7 22. 4 2 3 .8 25. 1 2 9 .8 12.3 3.3 12.7 18. 0 33.2 17. 5 9 .6 19.4 30. 1 8 .7 16.3 29.3 6.8 2 1 .0 2 .2 4 .2 3. 7 4. 5 7.2 2 1 .0 6.2 2 7 .9 27. 6 29. 6 9. 0 1.7 3.2 3 .9 4.7 15. 0 18. 3 29 .7 18. 6 6 .4 3. 6 3. 5 4 .9 U nder 5 m ile s -----------------------------------------------5 to 10 m ile s -------------------------------------------------11 to 25 m ile s -----------------------------------------------26 to 50 m ile s -----------------------------------------------51 to 100 m ile s ---------------------------------------------101 to 2 00 m ile s -------------------------------------------201 to 500 m ile s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 500 m ile s Table H-7. 29 .6 14.4 4.3 2. 5 2. 7 ,3 1. 7 1.9 3 .7 3. 5 9. 1 4. 5 1 .2 1. 6 1.3 Distance o f curren t job fro m residence a t tim e o f job search: A g e and sex, Jan u ary 1973 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) T o ta l T o ta l 19 ---------55------- 25 35 to to to 24 y e a rs 34 y e a r s 44 y e a r s 3, 220 100 . 0 2, 700 100 . 0 100 . 0 50. 9 24. 5 17. 0 5. 6 •9 .7 .4 (M 38. 4 25. 5 2 1. 2 6. 9 2. 2 1. 6 2. 4 35. 3 22. 4 23.9 6. 8 3. 7 1.7 2. 8 3. 3 38. 0 22. 5 21. 4 7. 8 4. 7 1. 2 .4 3.9 878 1,709 100 . 0 1,605 100 . 0 736 515 306 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 35. 8 25. 2 21. 4 7. 8 2. 6 2. 5 3. 1 .1 . 6 27. 3 20. 7 26. 0 8 .9 5. 6 2. 6 4. 4 4. 4 25. 3 22. 4 24. 2 11. 1 8. 3 1. 9 .8 6. 0 30. 8 24. 3 24. 9 10 . 1 3. 4 642 405 186 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 54. 23. 17. 2. n 1. 57. 8 20 . 2 16 to 24 y e a rs D istan ce and sex re to y e a rs 1 55 y e a r s to and 54 y e a r s over ALL PERSONS T o ta l: N u m ber (thousands) -P e rc e n t -------------------- U nder 5 m ile s ------------------------------5 to 10 m i l e s --------------------------------11 to 25 m i l e s ----------------— -----------26 to 50 m ile s ---------------------- --------51 to 100 m i l e s -----------------------------101 to 200 m i l e s ---------------------------201 to 500 m i l e s ---------------------------O v e r 500 m ile s ----------------------------- 10, 437 100 . 0 40. 24. 21. 6. 2. 1. 1 0 3 7 7 4 1.8 2. 1 4, 947 100 . 0 42. 7 25. 2 19- 8 6. 4 1. 7 1. 3 1. 7 1 .2 1, 727 100 . 0 1.8 1, 378 920 100 . 0 41 .2 24. 1 21. 5 6. 7 1.9 1 .6 1. 2 1. 7 492 100 . 0 44. 9 24. 5 2 1. 9 4.9 1. 5 •9 1. 1 .6 MEN N u m ber (thousands) P e rc e n t ---------------- 5, 749 100 . 0 U nder 5 m ile s --------------------------5 to 10 m i l e s -----------------------------11 to 25 m i l e s ---------------------------26 to 50 m ile s --------------------------51 to 100 m ile s ------------------------ 34. 0 23. 3 T o ta l: 22.8 8. 5 2, 587 100 . 0 8 6 19 -8 40. 24. 100 . 0 50. 3 23. 3 16. 8 6. 7 1. 5 4. 1 2. 0 2. 6 2. 8 7. 4 2. 2 1. 9 2. 2 1. 1 688 100 . 0 2, 360 100 . 0 849 1, 511 100 . 0 100 . 0 1, 095 100 . 0 47. 8 24.8 19. 5 4. 4 .9 .6 44. 9 25.8 19. 7 5. 3 1. 2 .6 1. 2 1.2 51. 6 25. 8 17. 2 4. 4 .2 .6 .4 n 41. 2 25. 9 2 1. 1 5. 9 1.8 .6 1. 7 1.9 47. 1 25. 1 20 . 8 3.8 .9 .3 .3 1. 7 101 to 200 m i l e s ------------------------------ 201 to 500 m i l e s -----------------------O v e r 500 m i l e s --------------------------- .8 .5 (!) 1 .6 1 .6 3. 0 37. 26. 24. 6. 1. . 1. 1. 2 5 5 4 7 7 7 0 W OMEN T o ta l: N u m ber (thousands) P e r c e n t ----------------- U nder 5 m i l e s ---------------------------5 to 10 m ile s ----------------------------11 to 25 m ile s --------------------------26 to 50 m ile s --------------------------51 to 100 m ile s ------------------------101 to 200 m ile s -----------------------201 to 500 m i l e s -----------------------O v e r 500 m i l e s -------------------------- 1 No one in c a te g o r y . 4, .8 1. 2 52. 8 22. 6 18. 4 4. 0 .5 .3 ( X) 1. 5 3 7 3 3 5 17. 9 1. 7 1. 2 1. 2 .8 (M i 1) (P e r c e n t d istrib u tion ) T o ta l F a rth e s t distan ce tr a v e le d N u m b er (thousands) P ercen t D istan ce o f c u rre n t job fr o m r e s id e n c e at tim e o f jo b s e a rc h — (in m ile s ) ---------5------- -------- n ------- ------- Z E ------- ------- 5T------- ------ n n — Z75T to to to to to to 25 100 50 10 200 500 Under 5 O ver 500 BOTH SEXES ----------------------- 10, 437 100 . 0 40. 1 24. 0 U nder 5 m ile s -----------------5 to 10 m ile s --------------------11 to 25 m ile s -----------------26 to 50 m ile s -----------------51 to 100 m ile s ---------------101 to 2 00 m ile s --------------201 to 500 m ile s --------------O v e r 500 m ile s ---------------- 2 , 006 89. 1 40. 5 24. 1 20 . 6 18. 0 11. 0 2 0 .4 13. 9 6. 3 2, 171 2, 865 1, 388 417 245 258 323 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100.0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 53. 23. 15. 12 . 13. 11. 9. 398 100 . 0 T o ta l D id not go out to lo o k ------- 21. 3 6. 7 2. 7 1.4 1.8 2. 1 2 .8 1. 0 1. 0 2. 2 .2 .2 .2 .4 . 5 34. 3 7 .8 1. 9 1. 0 2 .4 41.2 9. 3 .4 . 1 . 1 . 7 ( 2) 2 .9 9 4 7 4. 1 49. 0 26. 6 2 2 1 .8 1 0 6 2 0 .4 10 . 6 7. 1 34. 6. 7. 5. 3. 2 7 3 5 7 . 1 . 1 . 6 1. 7 39. 6 8. 6 2. 7 5. 9 4 9 .4 22 . 0 9. 5 5. 6 2 .4 1. 9 3. 2 6. 3 (') . 3 . 1 .2 .8 6 48. MEN --------------- 5, 749 100 . 0 34. 0 23. 3 U n d er 5 m ile s --------5 to 10 m ile s -----------11 to 2 5 m ile s ---------26 to 50 m ile s ---------51 to 100 m ile s --------101 to 200 m ile s ------201 to 500 m ile s ------O v e r 500 m ile s -------- 804 983 1, 591 1 , 000 344 192 187 265 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100.0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 84. 0 39. 3 25. 3 19. 6 17. 7 9 .9 17. 1 8. 9 52.7 24. 0 16.2 12. 5 14. 7 1 2 .8 D id not go out to lo o k - 197 100 . 0 42. 3 100 . 0 47.8 24. 100 . 100 . 100 . 100 . 92. 5 41. 6 22 . 6 23. 1 - T o ta l 22 .8 8. 5 4. 1 2. 0 2. 6 2.8 1. 5 1. 2 2. 3 33. 5 6.7 .2 .2 . 1 . 5 . 3 . 3 . 1 .8 .2 . 1 .8 10. 9 3.8 5.7 46.7 26. 9 22 . 1 18. 3 9. 6 7 .2 19. 0 12. 7 8 19. 5 4 .4 . 9 . 4. 5 54. 9 2. 1 . 7 .2 2 .7 52. 0 25. 5 - .8 2. 1 ( 2) ( 2) .2 . 5 _ _ 12.8 . 3 6.8 6. 4 1. 0 2 .2 39. 0 11. 0 1. 1 4. 5 7.2 36. 0 9.6 1. 5 9.0 3. 7 1. 6 .6 .6 .6 1 .2 ( 2) 1. 0 43. 3 10 . 6 2 .6 ( 2) 45. 1 4 .2 7 .4 .8 1 .2 W OMEN T o ta l ------------ 4, 688 1 , 202 1 , 188 U nder 5 m i l e s ---------5 to 10 m i l e s -----------11 to 25 m i l e s ---------26 to 50 m ile s - ---------51 to 100 m ile s — — 101 to 200 m i l e s -----201 to 500 m ile s —----O v e r 500 m i l e s -------- 1, 274 388 73 53 71 58 201 D id not go out to look 0 0 0 0 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 100 . 0 22 .8 14. 0 _ _ - - 56.6 24. 9 1 L e s s than 0 .05 p erc e n t. 2 N o one in c a te g o ry . 35.8 _ _ - - - 6. 3 1. 6 1. 1 6 .2 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) . 5 _ _ ( 2) .2 ( 2) _ _ 2. 1 ( 2) .2 . 5 - _ _ - - 2. 1 5.3 3 P e r c e n t not shown w h ere base is le s s than 75,000. Table 1-1. Jobseekers w h o refused offers: A ge and sex, January 1973 (N u m b ers in thousands) Job o ffe r s and sex T o ta l, 16 y e a rs and o v e r --------- rz --------to 19 y e a r s Z6 to 24 y e a r s --------- 23--------- --------- 33--------to to 34 v e a r s 44 y e a r s 43 to 54 y e a r s 55 y e a r s and over BOTH SEXES T o ta l r e p o r t in g ----------------------------------------- 10,193 1. 685 3, 185 2, 645 1,337 885 456 R efu sed jo b o f f e r ---------------------------------------------P e r c e n t o f total re p o rtin g --------------------------------- 3, 292 32.3 470 27.9 1,099 34.5 983 37. 2 402 30. 1 224 25.3 114 25.0 T o ta l r e p o r t i n g ---------------------------------------- 5. 613 847 1 , 686 1.578 716 500 286 R efu sed job o f f e r ----------------------------------------------P e r c e n t o f total re p o rtin g --------------------------------- 1,830 32. 6 191 22 . 6 600 35.6 596 37. 8 239 33.4 130 26.0 74 25.9 MEN W OMEN T o ta l r e p o rtin g ----------------------------------------- 4, 580 838 1.499 1,067 621 385 170 R efu sed jo b o ffe r --------------------------------------------P e r c e n t o f total re p o rtin g --------------------------------- 1,462 31.9 279 33. 3 499 33.3 387 36.3 163 26.2 94 24.4 40 23. 5 (N u m b ers in thousands) T o ta l R e fu sed job o ffe r T o ta l re p o rtin g O ccupation and ra ce ------------------------------------ P r o fe s s io n a l, tech n ica l, and k in dred w o r k e r s --------------------------------------M a n a g ers and a d m in is tra to rs , exc e p t fa r m --------------------------------S a les w o r k e r s ------------------------------C le r ic a l w o r k e r s --------------------------C ra ft and k in dred w o rk e rs ------------O p e ra tiv e s , ex c e p t tra n s p o rt --------T r a n s p o r t equipm ent o p e ra tiv e s ----L a b o r e r s , e x cep t fa r m -----------------P r iv a t e h ousehold w o rk e rs ------------S e r v ic e w o r k e r s , e x cep t p riv a te household -----------------------------------F a rm w ork ers -----------------------------W hite ------------------------------------N e g r o and oth er m in o r ity r a c e s N u m ber 10, 193 P ercen t of to ta l re p o rtin g 3, 2 92 32. 3 1, 417 658 46. 4 512 746 2, 232 1, 123 1 , 682 367 628 97 277 281 778 315 402 92 124 14 54. 1 37. 7 34. 9 28. 0 23. 9 2 5. 1 19.7 14. 4 1, 326 63 339 2 5. O 9, 100 1, 093 3, 049 243 12 6 33. 5 22 . 2 1 P e r c e n t not shown w h ere base is le s s 000. than 75, Table 1-3. M ain reason fo r refusing job offer: Age and sex, January 1973 (P e r c e n t d istrib u tio n ) R ea so n and sex T o ta l, 16 y e a rs and o v e r 75 71 ----------rs--------- ---------- 5------- ----------- ---------to to to 24 y e a r s 34 y e a r s 1 9 yea rs ---------- ^ --------to 44 y e a r s --------- 45------to 54 y e a rs 55 y e a r s and over BOTH SEXES T o t a l refu sin g jo b o f fe r : N u m ber (thousands) —— P e r c e n t -----------------------L o w p a y ---------------------------------------------L o c a tio n u n s a tis fa c to r y ----------------------H ours u n s a tis fa c to ry ---------------------------O th er conditions u n s a tis fa c to r y -----------Job t e m p o r a r y o r sea son a l ---------------W ould not m ake use o f s k ill o r tra in in g D id not want that kind o f w o r k ------------O th er r e a s o n s -------------------------------------- 3, 292 100 . 0 470 1,099 983 402 224 114 100 . 0 100.0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 30. 4 13. 7 9. 2 5. 5 3. 6 6. 4 10 . 9 20. 4 25.9 17. 0 12 . 1 5. 5 4. 4 2. 6 11. 7 20. 5 27. 7 13. 4 7. 6 6. 0 4. 0 6. 6 12. 3 22. 4 31. 2 12. 7 9- 0 5. 0 3. 0 8. 1 9- 9 33. 8 13. 6 13. 1 6. 2 36. 7 12 . 8 8. 3 9- 2 2 1 .0 14. 1 40. 7 13. 4 4. 2 1-9 5. 1 7. 9 7. 9 19- 0 1,830 100 . 0 191 600 596 239 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100.0 30. 7 15. 7 30. 7 11. 9 6. 4 7. 0 4. 9 6. 0 12 . 6 20 . 8 31.2 11. 7 7. 0 5. 6 3. 4 9- 2 9- 3 22. 6 37. 5 15. 0 8. 2 6. 4 4. 7 2. 6 9- 4 15. 9 41. 1 16. 4 ( 2) 2.8 4. 4 1 1 .8 1.8 8. 3 5. 5 17. 4 MEN T o t a l refu sin g jo b o ffe r : N u m b er (thousands) P e rc e n t ------------------L o w pay ---------------------------------------------L o c a tio n u n s a tis fa c to ry ---------------------H ou rs u n s a t is fa c t o r y --------------------------O th er con dition s u n s a t is fa c t o r y ----------Job te m p o r a r y o r s e a s o n a l-----------------W ould not m ake use o f s k ill o r tra in in g Did not want that kind o f w o r k ------------O th er rea son s — :--------------------------------- 32. 7 13. 0 7. 0 6. 0 4. 2 6. 7 10 . 0 20. 5 21.9 1,462 100 . 0 100 . 0 1 1 .8 5. 6 5. 1 2. 2 6. 7 130 74 .( ' ) _ - 1.6 3. 9 9- 4 7. 8 19- 5 W OMEN T o ta l re fu s in g jo b o f fe r : N u m ber (thousands) P e r c e n t -------------------L o w pay ---------------------------------------------L o c a tio n u n s a tis fa c to r y ----------------------H ou rs u n s a t is fa c t o r y --------------------------O th er con dition s u n s a t is fa c t o r y ----------Job te m p o r a r y o r s e a s o n a l-----------------W ould not m ake use o f s k ill o r tra in in g Did not want that kind o f w o r k ------------O th er rea son s ------------------------------------- 27. 5 14. 6 1 1 .8 4. 8 3. 0 6. 0 12 . 0 20. 3 279 22. 5 17.8 12. 7 5. 5 4. 0 2 .9 14. 9 19.6 499 387 163 94 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 31. 3 14. 3 12 . 2 4. 0 2. 1 6. 4 10 . 9 18. 6 28. 7 11. 5 20. 4 5.7 ( 2) 7. 0 15. 3 11. 5 39- 8 9- 1 10 . 2 2. 3 6. 8 5. 7 8. 0 18. 2 24. 15. 94. 3. 7. 11. 24. 2 3 1 6 2 3 9 4 4,9, ( ) _ - ' (Percent distribution) Occupation and race Total -----------------------------Professional, technical, and kindred workers --------------------Managers and administrators, except farm ---------------------------Sales workers --------------------------Clerical workers ----------------------Craft workers --------------------------Operatives, except transport ----Transport equipment operatives — Laborers, except farm -------------Private household workers -------Service workers, except private household -------------------Farm workers --------------------------White --------------------------------------Negro and other minority races ------------------------------------ Total refusing job offer Number (thousands) Pe rcent Low pay Location unsatis factory Reason for refusing job Other Hours working Job was unsatis - conditions temporary or factory unsatis - seasonal factory Would not Did not make use want that of skill or kind of work training Other reason 3, 292 100. 0 30. 4 13. 7 9.2 5. 5 3. 6 6. 4 10. 9 20. 4 658 277 281 778 315 402 92 124 14 339 12 3, 049 243 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 (2) 100. 0 (2) 100. 0 100. 0 17. 7 37. 3 24. 2 33. 3 37. 3 40. 0 36. 4 34. 2 2 6. 6 30. 2 32.2 22.2 10. 3 14.8 13. 0 11.8 7. 4 13. 3 12. 6 10. 0 13.8 12.8 6. 6 2. 2 11. 6 10. 5 6. 9 8. 7 14. 4 12. 6 13. 6 9. 0 11. 5 6. 9 4.8 3. 2 4. 3 5. 9 3.8 11. 1 8.4 “ 7.2 " 5. 6 3.8 1.8 2. 2 0 2. 7 7. 9 6. 9 C) 7. 6 * 5. 7 3. 3 7. 7 9.8 7. 7 7. 2 6. 4 6. 9 1. 5 8. 9 5. 0 “ 3. 3 " 6. 4 5. 6 9. 1 15. 9 21. 3 12. 0 5. 9 7. 7 5. 6 8.4 " 11.2 " 10. 9 11. 1 25. 6 19. 6 17. 7 17.8 17. 7 23. 8 10. 0 10. 9 " 22. 1 " 20.8 15. 0 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75, 000. No one in category. Table 1-5. Method of jobfinding resulting in offer refused: Occupation, January 1973 (Percent distribution) Occupation Total ----------------------------------------------Professional, technical, and kindred workers -------------------------------------------------Managers and administrators, except farm -------------------------------------------------------Sales workers -------------------------------------------Clerical and kindred workers --------------------Craft and kindred workers --------------------------Operatives, except transport --------------------Transport equipment operatives------------------Laborers, except farm -------------------------------Service workers, except private household -------------------------------------------------- ------------- Total------------- Applied offers refused 1 directly Number Percent to (thousands) employer 4, 328 100. 0 20. 5 886 424 389 983 375 487 113 207 410 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 24.2 12.4 2 0. 4 18. 1 22. 9 27. 0 26. 4 15. 5 19. 6 1 Includes some private household workers and farm laborers not shown separately. Since some persons turned down more than one job offer, total represents number of job offers turned down and not num- Asked friends about jobs— Answered Private Where newspaper employ ment they Elsewhere ads agency worked 8. 2 6.9 19. 3 11. 0 7.3 7.5 9.4 7. 6 9.9 8.8 15. 5 5.2 8.9 7.2 10.9 9. 4 4.8 8. 5 5.2 1.8 5.2 8.4 12.3 24. 6 23. 8 20.4 22. 4 20. 6 30. 9 8.8 18.8 10. 7 11.4 15. 0 19.3 5. 7 5.4 (2) 5.7 6.4 ber of persons who turned down job offers, 2 No one in category, State employ ment service All other 8. 5 25. 5 2.9 5.4 1. 3 8. 0 11.3 16. 3 10.9 15. 5 16. 0 35.2 27. 6 20. 6 21. 7 19. 3 16. 5 14. 5 44.4 21. 6 Table J-1. Average hourly earnings on current and previous job for persons who last worked in 1971 or 1972: Method by which current job was obtained sex, and race, January 1973 A v e r a g e hou r ly earn in gs M ethod, sex, and ra c e On la s t job Change On cu rren t job Am ount P ercen t ---------------------------------------------------- $3. 03 $3. 40 $ 0.37 12. 2 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r ------------------------A s k e d fr ie n d s : A bou t jo b s w h e re th ey w o rk ---------------------A b ou t job s e ls e w h e re --------------------------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : A bout jo b s w h e re they w o rk ----------------------A b ou t job s e ls e w h e re --------------------------------A n s w e re d n ew sp ap er ads: L o c a l --------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ---------------------------------------------------P r iv a t e e m p lo y m en t a gen cy --------------------------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e -----------------------------S ch ool p la c e m e n t o ffic e ---------------------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ------------------------------------------A sk e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r ---------------------------W ent to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e rs com e to p ic k up p e o p le --------------------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: L o c a l -------------------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l --------------------------------------------------A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -------------------------------------------------------Union h irin g h a ll ------------------------------------------Contacted lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n --------------------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls -----------------------------------------------------O ther ------------------------------------------------------------- 2. 85 3. 15 . 30 10. 5 2 . 89 3. 38 3. 78 .4 9 17. 0 3. 78 2. 74 2. 53 3. 12 3. 42 . 38 . 89 2.9 6 3. 63 3. 18 2. 55 3. 06 2.91 2. 76 3. 17 3.07 3. 58 2. 74 3. 55 3. 85 3. 63 -. 56 ' .4 0 . 19 .49 .9 4 . 87 (*) ( 1) ( 1) (1 2) ( 1) O 6.29 O 7. 17 ( ‘) T o ta l 0 3. 44 2. 45 W h ite -------------------------------------- -------------------N e g r o and oth er m in o r ity r a c e s --------------------- 2 . 80 7. -15. 12. 7. 16 . 32. 31. 0 1 4 6 5 0 3 5 H C) (*) C) O ( 2) . 88 ( 1) ( l) 14. 0 O ( X) . 50 o 15. 1 2 . 79 . 41 . 34 11. 9 13. 9 3. 42 3. 28 . 37 . 48 12. 1 C) 3. 31 _ 13. 9 35. 2 .2 1 0 C) M en ---------------------------------------------------------------W om en ----------------------------------------------------------- _ 3. 81 3. 85 3.05 17. 1 2 N o one in c a te g o ry . Data not shown w h e re b ase is le s s than 75, 000. Table J-2. Change in hourly earnings between current and previous job for persons who last worked in 1971 or 1972: Method by which current job was obtained, sex, and race, January 1973 (P e r c e n t d is trib u tio n ) In c re a s e d by— T o ta l M ethod, sex, and ra c e T o t a l 1 ----------------------------------------A p p lie d d ir e c t ly to e m p lo y e r -------------A s k e d fr ie n d s : About job s w h e re th ey w o r k -----------Abou t jo b s e ls e w h e r e --------------------A s k e d r e la tiv e s : A bout job s w h e re th ey w o rk ----------Abou t job s e ls e w h e r e --------------------A n s w e re d n ew sp a p er ads: L o c a l --------------------------------------------N o n lo c a l ----------------------------------------P r iv a t e em p lo ym en t a g e n c y --------------State em p loym en t s e r v ic e ------------------School p la c e m e n t o ffic e ---------------------C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ------------------------------A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r ---------------W ent to p la c e w h e re e m p lo y e r s com e to p ic k up p e o p le ------------------------------P la c e d ads in n ew sp a p ers: N o n lo c a l ________________________________ A n s w e re d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------------Union h irin g h a ll --------------------------------C ontacted lo c a l o rg a n iza tio n -------------P la c e d ads in p r o fe s s io n a l o r tra d e jo u rn a ls ---------------------------------O ther -------------------------------------------------- Men __________________ W om en ------------------------------------------------ W h ite ------------------------------------------------N e g r o and o th er m in o r ity r a c e s ---------- N u m b er (th ou sands) P ercen t No change 10 T o ta l p e rc e n t D e c r e a s e d by— 10 to 2 0 p e rc e n t 19.9 p e rc e n t or m o re 8.5 7. 8 15.4 33.9 8. 0 16.6 9 .5 7. 2 45. 2 43.2 31. 3 31.9 7. 6. 6 2 8. 5 8. 1 15. 3 17. 8 9. 4 50.5 51.2 27. 7 10 . 6 8. 6 4. 3 7. 5 14. 7 11.9 12.9 12. 0 17.0 14. 7 9 .4 8.9 8. 9 36 .4 26. 0 41. 5 36. 7 54. 0 61.6 43. 6 33. 2 59. 0 27. 6 31.9 30. 0 17. 1 31. 7 9 .5 15. 0 8. 8 10. 3 3. 3 8. 2 8.9 8. 5 16. 0 9 .0 9 .7 2. 8 10. 3 10.9 7.2 8. 0 1 .4 9 .9 15. 3 28. 0 12. 7 14. 7 18. 8 7. 5 12.9 - - - - - - - _ 40 .9 2, 510 100 . 0 11. 1 37. 894 419 100 . 0 100 . 0 4. 2 6. 7 64. 4 61.5 9 .7 11. 1 423 165 100 . 0 100 . 0 3. 8 3. 1 68. 3 75. 6 8. 4 14.4 890 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 100 . 0 6. 5 ( 2) 5. 1 6.9 4. 2 2. 1 4 .0 60. 41. 67. 61. 65. 80. 64. 11. 0 2. 0 8 ( 3) - 16 ( 2) ( 3) K 33 124 50 0 100 . 0 2 368 ( 3) ( 3) 100.0 - 1 7 8 4 - 6 .2 - - - 5 .7 - 14. 8 - 4. 1 - 2 .5 - 8 .2 6.6 11. 8 40. 8 31.0 5 .5 11.5 14. 1 9 .6 1 2 .6 39. 8 42. 3 32.5 30. 7 7. 8 9 .5 8. 1 7 .4 16.6 13. 7 4 0 .6 4 2 .9 31. 7 8.5 7 .9 ■ 15.2 4 8 .4 - 9 .2 59.5 1 1 .0 - 4, 593 3, 291 100.0 100.0 4 .9 59. 1 64. 4 9 .7 9 .5 7, 125 100.0 100.0 7.0 5 .7 61. 3 61.5 9 .7 759 1.9 - 16.4 - _ 2 1.2 2 6.2 - - 36.9 - 8. 3 or m o re 9 .2 10 . 9 9 .4 153 106 20 p e rc e n t 31. 7 9 .6 58. 1 221 10 to 19. 9 p e rc e n t 6 61. 3 8.0 4 0 5 10 p e rc e n t 6.9 io o ‘ 459 378 U n der T o ta l 100.0 7, 884 1 In clu des som e p e rso n s f o r w hom m ethod w as unknown. 2 N o one in c a te g o ry . 3 P e r c e n t not shown w h e re base is le s s than 75, 000. U nder 8. 8 - 9 .9 " N O T E : T h is ta b le in clu d es and s a la r y w o r k e r s on both jo b s. - ■ on ly p e rso n s who w e r e w age Appendix: Survey Concepts and Questionnaire Estimates in this report are based on supplementary questions in the January 1973 Current Population Survey conducted and tabulated for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. The basic labor force concepts, sample design, estimating methods, and reliability of the data are described briefly in the following sections.1 The questionnaire used in the survey is appended for reference. Definitions and explanations Population coverage. Each month trained interviewers collect information from a sample of about 47,000 households located in 461 areas in 923 counties and independent cities with coverage in 50 States and the District of Columbia. The estimates in this report are for persons 16 years of age and over not in school and in the civilian noninstitutional population during the calendar week ending January 13, 1973. The civilian noninstitutional population excludes all members of the Armed Forces and inmates of institutions, such as homes for the aged and correctional institutions. Persons employed in the survey week were asked the question: “When did---- start working at his present job or business?” Wage and salary workers who had started on their current jobs between January 1972 and January 1973 were asked to answer a series of questions on how they found their jobs. The questionnaire for this survey was designed for self-enumeration and mail return. Information was obtained directly from the person if he was at home at the time the interviewer was visiting the household. If the person was not at home, the schedule was left to be completed and mailed to the Bureau of the Census. Nonrespondents were followed up by mail, phone, or personal visit. Approxi mately 90 percent of the schedules were eventually returned. About 5 percent of the questionnaires were returned by respondents who had switched jobs between the CPS interview week in January 1973 and the time of returning the questionnaire. Since data on these questionnaires did not correspond to “current job” information obtained on the basic CPS questionnaire, these cases were omitted from the estimates. For this reason, the number of jobfinders shown in this report is under estimated by about 5 percent. Estimated proportions of jobfinders in the various categories may be less affected by these omissions. However, the cases omitted tend to be persons who change jobs more frequently than those persons who were included in the estimates. Employed. Employed persons are all those who, during the survey week, (a) did any work at all as paid employees or in their own business or profession, or on their own farm, or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family or (b) did not work but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-manage ment dispute, or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid by their employers for the time off, and whether or not they were seeking other jobs. Unemployed. Unemployed persons are all those who did not work during the survey week, made specific efforts to find a job within the preceding 4 weeks, and were available for work during the survey week or would have been available except for temporary illness. Also included as unemployed are those who did not work at all, were available for work, and (a) were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, or (b) were waiting to report to a new wage or salary job within 30 days. Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises all civilian persons classified as employed or unemployed according to the above definitions. Not in civilian labor force. Persons not classified as employed or unemployed are defined as not in the labor force. Persons doing only incidental unpaid family work (less than 15 hours) are also classified as not in the labor force. 1 For a more complete description of the methodology, see Concepts and Methods Used in Manpower Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Report 313 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967). Length o f employment on last job. Length of employ ment is the number of years a person had been employed continuously except for interruptions for vacation, temporary illness, labor-management dispute, short-term layoff (less than 30 days), and other temporary reasons. Conditions under which continuous employment may be broken are entry into the Armed Forces, transfer to another job or employer, a layoff of 30 days or more, or withdrawal from the labor force for 30 days or more, even if a person subsequently returned to work for the same employer. Full-time and part-time workers. Full-time workers are persons who worked 35 hours or more during the survey week, and those who worked 1 to 34 hours but usually worked full time. Part-time workers are those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey week and usually worked only 1 to 34 hours. Persons with a job but not at work during the survey week are classified according to whether they usually worked full or part time. Wage and salary workers. Wage and salary workers are persons working for a wage, salary, commission, tips, payment in kind, or at piece rates for a private employer or any government unit. Occupation. The data on occupation refer to the job held in the survey week. Persons with two jobs or more were classified in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours in the survey week. The occupation categories in this report are those used in the 1970 Census of Population. “White-collar” workers are employed in professional and technical, managerial, sales, and clerical occupations. “Blue-collar” workers are employed in craft, operative, and laborer (except farm) occupations. interview. The term “other marital status” applies to women who are married, husband absent; widowed; or divorced. Duration o f job search. Duration is the total number of weeks a jobseeker looked for work before finding the current job, including weeks looked while still employed at a previous job. Hourly earnings. Hourly earnings were obtained by dividing usual weekly earnings (including tips and commissions, but excluding overtime pay), before any deductions, by the number of hours usually worked per week, excluding overtime. Metropolitan areas. The population residing in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA’s) constitutes the metropolitan population. Except in New England, an SMSA is a county or group of contiguous counties which contains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more, or “twin cities” with a combined population of at least 50,000. In addition to the county, or counties containing such a city or cities, contiguous counties are included in an SMSA if, according to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, SMSA’s consist of towns and cities rather than counties. The metropolitan population in this report is based on SMSA’s as defined in the 1970 Census. “Large metropolitan areas” are defined as SMSA’s with populations of 250,000 or more. Sums o f distribution. Sums of individual items, whether absolute numbers or percentages, may not equal totals because of independent rounding of totals and com ponents. Percentage totals, however, are always shown as 100 percent. Reliability of the estimates Race. The population is divided into three groups on the basis of race: white, Negro, and “other races.” The last category includes Indians, Japanese, Chinese, and any other race except white and Negro. Estimating procedure. The estimating procedure used in this survey inflates weighted sample results to independent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race. These independent estimates are based on statistics from the 1970 Census of Population and other data on births, deaths, immi gration, emigration, and strength of the Armed Forces. Marital status. Women were classified into the following categories according to their marital status at the time of interview: Single; married, husband present; and other marital status. A woman was classified “married, husband present” if her husband was reported as a member of the same household even though he may have been temporarily absent on business, vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, and the like at the time of Variability. Since the estimates are based on a sample, they may differ somewhat from figures that would have been obtained if a complete census had been taken using the same schedules and procedures. As in any survey, the results are also subject to errors of response and reporting. These may be relatively large in the case of persons with irregular attachment to the labor force. Particular care should be exercised in the Age. The age classification is based on the age of the person at his last birthday. interpretation of figures based on relatively small esti mates as well as small differences between figures. The standard error is primarily a measure of sampling variability; that is, of the variations that might occur by chance because a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed. As calculated for this report, the standard error also partially measures the effect of response and enumeration errors but does not measure any systematic biases in the data. The chances are about 68 out of 100 that an estimate from the sample would differ from a complete census by less than the standard error. The chances are about 95 out of 100 that the difference would be less than twice the standard error. Appendix tables 1 through 4 show approximations of the standard errors of various estimates in this survey. The approximations should be interpreted as indicators of the order of magnitude of the standard error, rather than a precise standard for any specific item. The following examples illustrate their use. As of Janu ary 1973, an estimated 10,437,000 persons were working on jobs they obtained at sometime since January 1972 Appendix table 1. Standard errors of estimated number of persons, all races (both sexes) or white race (both sexes) errors of estimated number of persons, total or white, male only or female only characteristics Appendix table 3. Standard errors of estimated number of persons, Negro and other races (68 chances out of 100) (68 chances out of 100) (68 chances out of 100) Size of estimate 50,000 100,000 250,000 500,000 1,000,000 2,500,000 5,000,000 10,000,000 25,000,000 50,000,000 75,000,000 100,000,000 Appendix table 2. Standard Size of estimate Standard error ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 8,500 12,100 19,000 27,000 38,100 59,500 83,800 116,000 171,000 211,000 213,000 179,000 50,000 100,000 250,000 500,000 1,000,000 2,500,000 5,000,000 10,000,000 25,000,000 40,000,000 50,000,000 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ .... ___ ___ ___ Standard error Size of estimate 7,500 10,600 16,700 23,600 33,300 51,800 72,200 98,000 134,000 137,000 123,000 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 250,000 500,000 1,000,000 2,500,000 5,000,000 10,000,000 Standard error .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... .......... .......... 5,600 8,100 9,900 11,400 17,800 25,100 34,800 51,800 64,800 60,900 Appendix table 4. Standard errors of estimated percentages (68 chances out of 100) Estimated percentage 1 or 9 9 ......................................................... 2 or 9 8 ......................................................... 5 or 9 5 ......................................................... 10 or 9 0 ...................................................... 15 or 85 .................................................... 20 or 80 .................................................... 25 or 75 .................................................... 30 or 70 ....................................................... 35 or 65 .................................................... 40 or 60 .................................................... 45 or 55 .................................................... 5 0 ................................................................ Base of estimated percentage (000) 75 100 250 500 1,000 2,500 5,000 10,000 25,000 1.2 1.7 1.1 1.6 2.4 3.3 3.9 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.5 0.7 1.0 0.5 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 .6 .6 .7 .7 .7 .8 .8 .8 0.1 .2 .2 .3 .4 .4 .5 .5 .5 .5 .6 .6 0.1 .1 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 0.2 .3 .5 .7 0.2 .2 1.5 2.1 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 0.4 .5 .8 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.6 3.5 4.2 4.7 5.1 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9 .3 .5 .2 .2 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .4 .4 after a period of jobseeking. Appendix table 1 shows the standard error on this estimate to be approximately 117,600. The chances are about 2 out of 3 that the difference between the sample estimate and a complete census count would be less than 117,600. The chances are about 19 out of 20 that the difference would be less than 235,200. An estimated 34.9 percent of the jobseekers got their jobs by applying directly to employers without suggestions or referrals by anyone. Appendix table 4 shows the standard error of 34.9 percent with a base of 10,437,000 to be about 0.5 percent. Consequently, the chances are 2 out of 3 that a complete census would have disclosed the figure to be between 34.4 and 35.4 percent, and 19 out of 20 that the figure would have been between 33.9 and 35.9 percent. The reliability of an estimated percentage that is based on sample data for both the numerator and the denominator depends on the percentage and the total upon which the percentage is based. Estimated per centages are relatively more reliable than the corre sponding absolute estimates of the numerator of the percentage, particularly if the percentage is large (50 percent or greater). CPS-615 - Your report to the C ensus Bureau is confidential by law (T itle 13, U.S. C ode). It may be seen only by sworn C ensus em ployees and may be used only for sta tistic a l purposes. U.S. D E P A R T M E N T O F C O M M E R C E S O C I A L A N D E C O N O M IC S T A T I S T I C S A D M ' N . BUREAU OF TH E C ? JS fo rm (12- 8-7 2 ) N O T IC E JOB FINDING SURVEY Dear The U.S. Department of Labor has asked the Bureau of the Census to obtain information on the ways people find jobs. This information will be used by government agencies and private organizations concerned with counseling people who are looking for work, guiding them to the methods which have brought other people the best results. You are asked to answer the questions on the inside portion of this form and mail the completed form within FIVE DAYS in the enclosed pre addressed envelope. Since this study is based on a scientific sample of the total population, it is important that each person return a completed questionnaire. Your cooperation in this voluntary survey will be greatly appreciated. The Bureau of the Census treats as confidential all the information you provide, and the results of the survey will be issued only in the form of statistical totals. Thank you for your cooperation. Sincerely, GEORGE H. BROWN Director Bureau of the Census Enclosure CENSUS USE 0 NLY a. Interviewer code b. CC 6 c. CC13 d. CC18 e. CC 20 iaw 2D N 3n o f. CC 21 1 □ M 2Q F g. NR 1. When did you start to work for the employer you had the week of January 7-13? If you were working at more than one job, refer to your main job. If you worked for the same employer more than once, give the date you started your present employment. ((HO) 1□ January 1973 7. Here is a list of the ways people try to find jobs. What methods did you use to look for work before you got your present job? . Mark “Y es” or “No” for each method listed Did you A. Apply directly to an employer without suggestions or referrals by any one? 2 E l October — December 1972 3 EH July — September 1972 4 EH April — June 1972 (0?6) 5 E ] January — March 1972 © ) 1□ Yes 2 | |No B. Ask relatives about jobs where they work? 6 EH Before January 1972 1□ Yes 2□ No C. Ask relatives about jobs elsewhere? 2. Are you still working for that employer? (0?8) © 1□ Yes 2 □ (For example: teacher secretary, salesperson carpenter) (019) 2 1 INo 1 EH Yes 2 | |No E. Ask friends about jobs elsewhere? @ How many hours do you usually work per week on your job, excluding overtime? 013; Yes D. Ask friends about jobs where they work? No 3. What kind of work are you doing? , , 4. 1□ _____________ Hours 5. How much do you usually earn per week, before any deductions? Include tips and commissions, but exclude overtime pay. If your earnings vary, please estimate your weekly earnings. 1 □ Yes ___________ 2 □ No__________ Did you F. Check with State employment service? m 1 EH Yes 2 | |No G. Check with private employment agency? H. Answer ads in local newspaper? Per week 14) 6 . Did you spend any time looking for work before starting on your present job? j)l5) 1 E ] Yes — Go to Question 7 Skip to >question 35 2 E l No — I was on layoff 1 waiting to be called back to work J 3EH No — without I was offered a job ^ looking for it I held once before 5 EH N o — I went into the family business Yes____________ 2 E ] No 1 E l Yes (Explain) Skip to y question 34 2 | |No Did you J. Place ads in local newspaper? 1 EH Yes 4 EH No — I returned to a job 6 EH No — Other reason 1□ A n s w e r a d s in n e w s p a p e r fro m o u t s id e y o u r lo c a lity ? 2 | |No K. Place ads in newspaper outside your locality? 1 EH Yes 2 I I No Please continue with the list on the next page. J 9. 7 .(Continued) Did you L. Check with labor union hiring hall? © □ 1 Yes 2□ Which ONE method in this list was most useful in getting your present job? Enter in this space the letter of the ONE method which was most useful in getting your job* No M. Take civil service test or file application for a government job, Federal, State or local? (028) 1 □ Yes 2 10. □ No Mark the box next to the letter of each method which helped N. Contact an organization, such as a community action group, Urban League, welfare agency, etc.? © © 1□ Yes______________2 □ No 1□ Yes 2□ No © P. Ask teacher or professor for job leads? © 1□ Yes 2 □ No Did you Q. Answer ads in professional or trade journals or periodicals? © i□ Yes No R. Place ads in professional or trade journals or periodicals? ,033) S. s034) T. (035) 1 □ Yes 2 □ □ Yes____________ 2 D No 04 12. Yes 2Q No — Go to question 8 / 04 Explain Go to question 8 g. Looking back at methods A through T, listed in item 7, which ONE method did you use most often? Enter in this space the letter of the ONE method you used most often . 1 □ P □ J □ Q D □ K □ R □ E □ L □ s □ F □ M □ T □ G □ N □ B □ □ c □ No other method helped Did you get any job offers which you did not take? 1Q Go to question 12 Yes — 2 Q No — Skip to question 14 Which of the methods A through T in item 7 resulted in a job offer which you did not take? Mark the box next to the letter of each method which resulted in a job offer . No Use any other method to find a job? 1□ o A (042) W Q 11. Go to any special place or street where employers come to pick up people? 1 © © 2□ □ □ _ O. Contact school placement officer? © Which of the other methods, A through T in the list in item 7, also helped you to get your job? . □ A □ B © © (047) □ H □ ! D O □ p □ c □ J □ Q □ D □ K □ R □ E □ L □ S □ F □ M □ T n G □ N 13. What was the MAIN reason you did not take the job? If you received more than one offer, refer to the most recent. . Mark only one reason 1Q Low pay 2 Q Location unsatisfactory 3Q Hours unsatisfactory 4 O Other working conditions unsatisfactory 5n Job was temporary or seasonal 6 d l Would not make use of my skill or training 7 Q 8O 17. Who gave you this advice? 18. Why did you start looking for work? Was it because you quit or lost a job or business, or was there some other reason? (Mark all that apply) (052) 1 □ Friends 2 Q Relatives 3 O Community action group, Urban League, or welfare agency 4 Q School placement office 5 O Teacher or professor 6 □ State employment service (653) 7 □ Private employment agency 8 n Labor union 9 I I Other (Explain) Did not want that kind of work Other reason (E xplain) _______ (Mark only ONE) (054) 14. (049) ^ 15. @) While you were looking for your present job, were you given any tests to see what kind of work you can do or how well you can do it? Yes - Go to y f question 15 i □ 2□ Skip to question 16 No - Who gave you these tests? (Mark all that apply) □ Quit job 02 Q Temporary job ended 03 □ Laid off temporarily (less than 30 days) Go to ► question 04 □ Laid off indefinitely 19 (30 days or more) 0 5 O Lost job for other reason 06 □ I sold, lost, or gave up my business J 01 1 Q ] Employer 2 Community action group, Urban League, or welfare agency 3□ State employment service 4□ Private employment agency 5□ School placement office 6O Other 07 □ Left or finished school 09 □ Left m ilitary service 10 □ Wanted or needed to work 08 w hile in school (Explain) ________ ______ 11 16. (05l) While looking for your present job, were you given any advice about training or the kind of work to look for? — Go to question 17 1 CH Yes 2 Skip to question 18 Q N 0 - Q] Wanted to get a different ]1 Skip to job before quitting the -> question one I had J [ 22 Q Recovered from illness or accident and was able to Skip to k question start working 23 12 □ Was keeping house and decided to get a paid job 13 □ Was retired and decided to. go back to work 14 | | Other (Explain) J 19. Did you start to look for work while still working on your last job? (055) 20. — Skip to question 22 1□ — Go to ^ q u e s t io n 20 Yes 2 EH No How long after losing or leaving your last job did you start looking for another one? EH First or second day 1L Skip to after leaving J [ question 23 2 EH 5 days to 1 week ^ 3 EH 1 t0 2 weeks * Go to 4 EH 3 to 4 weeks question 21 5 EH 5 to 8 weeks 6 EH 9 weeks or more ^ / 1 (056) 21. start to look for work within 1 or 2 days? © 25. Did you get any unemployment insurance benefits while you were looking for work? (06l) 26. Weeks (062) 27. Did you use up all your benefit rights while you were out of work? (063) 28. |064) EH Had work to do around the house 4 EH Own illn e s s EH Illn e ss 6 EH Moved 7 in fam ily 29. EH Other (E xplain) (Skip to question 23) © 23. © 24. How many hours a week did you usually look for work during this period? (PM) 1 EH 5 hours or less 2 EH 6 to 10 hours 3 EH 11 to 15 hours 4 Q 16 to 20 hours 5 EH 21 25 hours 6 [ ] 26 hours or more to EH No 3 EH Don’t know 1 EH Under 5 m iles 2 EH 5 to 10 m iles 3 EH 1 1 to 25 m iles 4 EH 26 to 50 m iles 5 EH 51 to 100 m iles 6 EH 10 1 t0 200 m iles 7 EH 201 to 500 m iles 8 EH Over 500 m iles 9 EH Did not go out to look for work EH Under 5 miles 2 EH 5 to 10 m iles 1 EH 1 1 to 25 m iles 4 EH 26 to 50 m iles EH 51 to 100 m iles EH 10 1 to 200 m iles 7 EH 201 to 500 m iles 8 EH Over 500 m iles 5 6 Weeks Weeks 2 3 How many weeks did you look for work while still working? After you started to look for work, how many weeks did you look before finding your present job? EH Yes How far away from where you lived is the job you took? Please estimate if you do not know exact mileage. P6?) 22. 1 What was the farthest distance from where you lived that you went to look for work? Please estimate if you do not know exact mileage. 2 EH Wanted to take some time off 5 — Skip to question 28 EH No 2 For how many weeks did you receive the benefits? 1 EH Expected to be called back to job 3 — Go to ^ q u e s tio n 26 EH Yes 1 >s—^ 30a. Did you take any occupational or educational training courses or programs during the time you were looking for work? (O66) EH Yes — Go to y / q u e s t i o n 30b 1 2 EH N o — Skip to question 35 b. Did you (or your fam ily) pay for this training? (06?) v—' 1 EH Yes - Go to y S q u e s tio n 30c 2 EH No - Skip to question 31 c. How much did the training cost? (068 00 31. What kind of training did you get? (For example: typing, auto repair, nurse’s aide, reading and writing) 37. How many times were you out of work AND looking for work during 1972? (075) 1 EH None — Skip to question 39 2 EH 1 time 3 32. Did this training help you to get your present job? @ ) 33. Yes 2 | | No Do you use any of this training on your job? (071) 34. 1 □ 1 □ Yes 2 □ Skip to question 35 No What were you doing before starting to work on your present job? (072) 1 EH Working 2 EH Working at a different job and not in school 3 EH In school and not working 4 EH T akin g care of home and fam ily 5 EH Retired 4 EH 3 times or morej 38. What was the longest stretch of time that you were out of a job AND looking for work in 1972? (076) EE January 1973 ° 2 EH October — December 1972 03 EH JuE — September 1972 04 EH A pril — June 1972 05 EE January — March 1972 (077) 01 at a different job and in school □ 8□ 35. 1 □ 1 □ Other (Explain) Yes EH 19 71 07 EH 1970 08 EH 1969 09 EH 1968 1 0 □ 1 9 6 3 -1 9 6 7 _______________ 11 Q 12 2 | | No 3D2 4D3 Q ] 4 or more ^ 1962 or earlier EH Never worked before present job for two weeks or more . END QUESTIONS J Now we would like to ask about your last job, that is, the job you held before your present one. 40. How long did you work at that job or business? (078) 1 EH L e ss than 4 months EH 4 to 6 months 3 EH 7 to 11 months 4 EH 1 year hut le ss than 3 5 EH 3 years but le ss than 5 6 EH 5 years but le ss than 10 7 EH 10 years but le ss than 15 8 EH 15 years or more 2 None 2 [HI 5 Go to . question 40 In m ilitary service 36. How many different jobs did you have during 1972? Do not count as a separate job a second job held at the same time as your main job. 074) ^ 06 Before starting on your present job, were you a member of a labor union? @ ) Weeks 39. Before starting on your present job, when did you last work at a job or business, either full or part time, for two weeks or more? 6 EH 111 or disabled 7 V Go to question 38 EH 2 times 41. Please describe your last job. (Name o f company , business, organization, or other employer) a. For whom did you work? 41 e. Were you - 1 (p8l) Q An employee of a private' company or individual? 2□ 3□ b. What kind of business or industry was this? (For example: retail shoe store, State Labor Department, building contractor) 4□ r a tio n Federal government employee? I ^ State or local government] employee? J | Self-employed? 5 r n Working without pay in family business | or farm? J (079) c. What kind of work were you doing? (For example: salesperson, secretary, carpenter) 42. How many hours did you usually work per week, excluding overtime, just before you left that job? Hours (082) @ ) 43. d. What were your major activities or duties on this job? (For example: sell shoes, take dictation, build forms) QUESTIONS How much did you usually earn per week, before any deductions, just before you left that job? Include tips and commis sions, but exclude overtime pay. If your earnings varied, please estimate what your weekly earnings were. $ • ...Q®L Per week THIS COMPLETES THE QUESTIONNAIRE. PLEASE PUT THE FORM IN THE PREADDRESSED ENVELOPE PROVIDED AND MAIL IT TO US. THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION. U S C O M M -D C ☆ U. S. GOVERNMENT PR IN TIN G OFFICE : 1975 210-882/61