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Jobs for Which
Junior College, Technical
Institute, or Other
Specialized Training
Is Usually Required
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
1976




fry

Jobs for Which Junior College,
Technical Institute, or Other
Specialized Training Is Usually
Required
A re y o u p la n n in g to c o n tin u e y o u r e d u c a ­
tio n a f te r h ig h s c h o o l? I f y o u a re w illin g to
sp e n d a n e x tr a y e a r o r tw o in a ju n i o r c o lle g e ,
te c h n ic a l in s titu te , o r tra d e s c h o o l, y o u r in te r ­
e s ts w ill b e w e ll s e rv e d . Y o u r jo b h o riz o n s
w ill w id e n , a n d y o u m a y b e a b le to q u a lify
fo r a g r e a te r v a rie ty o f jo b s a t h ig h e r le v e ls
o f skill a n d p a y .
H e re , s e le c te d fro m th e O c c u p a tio n a l O u t­
lo o k H a n d b o o k , a re lis te d a n u m b e r o f o c c u ­
p a tio n s fo r w h ic h ju n io r c o lle g e o r o th e r s p e c ia l­
iz e d tra in in g is u se fu l. In re fe rrin g to th is lis t,
re m e m b e r th a t tra in in g a n d q u a lific a tio n re q u ir e ­
m e n ts m a y b e m o re fle x ib le th a n in d ic a te d .
E m p lo y e rs m a y sa y th e y p re fe r a p p lic a n ts w ith
p o s t h ig h s c h o o l tra in in g fo r th e j o b s s h o w n ,
b u t th e y m a y s e ttle fo r le s s . O n th e o th e r h a n d ,
a fe w e m p lo y e rs m a y c o n s id e r o n ly a p p lic a n ts
w ith m o re e d u c a tio n . R e m e m b e r th a t, g iv e n a
c h o ic e , e m p lo y e rs w ill u su a lly c h o o s e th e a p p li­
c a n t w ith th e m o s t e d u c a tio n a n d tra in in g .
T h e s u m m a rie s w h ic h fo llo w g iv e o n ly h ig h ­
lig h ts o f j o b q u a lific a tio n s a n d e m p lo y m e n t
tre n d s d e s c rib e d in th e H a n d b o o k . F o r m a n y
o c c u p a tio n s , s p e c ia l ta le n ts , a p titu d e s , a n d p e r ­
so n a l c h a ra c te ris tic s n o t s p e c ific a lly m e n tio n e d
h e re m a y b e n e c e s s a ry . A lso , re m e m b e r th a t
th e c o m m e n ts in th e “ E m p lo y m e n t O p p o rtu n i­
tie s . . .” c o lu m n re fle c t c o n d itio n s fo r e s e e n
o v e r th e 1974 to 1985 p e rio d fo r th e e n tire
N a tio n . A s a re s u lt, th e c o m m e n ts d o n o t
n e c e s s a rily re fle c t e m p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n itie s in
a n y sin g le y e a r o r in a n y sp e c ific lo c a lity .
T h e 1976-77 e d itio n o f th e O c c u p a tio n a l
O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k c o n ta in s th e fo llo w in g in ­
fo rm a tio n fo r m o re th a n 850 o c c u p a tio n s :
N a tu r e o f th e w o rk
P la c e s o f e m p lo y m e n t
T ra in in g , o th e r q u a lific a tio n s , a n d a d v a n c e ­
m ent
E m p lo y m e n t o u tlo o k
E a rn in g s a n d w o rk in g c o n d itio n s
S o u rc e s o f a d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n




T h e H a n d b o o k is p u b lis h e d e v e ry 2 y e a rs b y th e
U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r ’s B u re a u o f L a b o r
S ta tis tic s . C o p ie s m a y b e p u rc h a s e d fo r $7 fro m
a n y re g io n a l o ffic e o f th e B u re a u o f L a b o r
S ta tis tic s . S e e b a c k c o v e r fo r a d d r e s s e s .
A list o f re p rin ts a b o u t jo b s fo r w h ic h j u n io r
c o lle g e , te c h n ic a l in s titu te , o r o th e r sp e c ia liz e d
tra in in g is u su a lly re q u ire d a p p e a rs a t th e e n d o f
th is p a m p h le t. Y o u m a y u s e th e listin g to o r d e r
re p rin ts .
R e p rin ts o f o th e r o c c u p a tio n s d e s c rib e d in th e
O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k a lso a re a v a il­
ab le s e p a ra te ly a t 350 e x c e p t r e p rin t n u m b e r 154
w h ic h is 450. A c o m p le te s e t o f th e 155 re p rin ts
m a y b e p u rc h a s e d fo r $55. F o r a fre e list o f all
re p rin ts , w rite to :
U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r
B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s
O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k S e rv ic e
G A O B u ild in g
W a s h in g to n , D .C . 20212

UNIVERSITY OF CIN

404-3Dfc, "111553

Occupations
(Employment 1974)

Qualifications
and Training

Employment Opportunities
and Trends to 1985

Office Occupations
Computer and Related Occupations
Computer Operating
Personnel
(500,000)

Training usually provided on the job.
For console operator, some college
training may be preferred.

Employment of keypunch operators
is expected to decline because of
advances in other data entry tech­
niques and equipment. Employment
of console and auxiliary equipment
operators should grow faster than the
average for all occupations, in re­
sponse to the expanding usage of
computer hardware, especially termi­
nals.

Programmers

Educational requirements vary by
type of organization. The Federal
Government and organizations that
use computers for science and engi
neering require college graduates;
graduate degrees may be needed
for some positions. Employers who
use computers to process business
records do not require college de­
grees but prefer technical training
beyond high school.

Employment is expected to grow
faster than the average for all occu­
pations, as computer usage expands,
particularly in medical, educational,
and data processing services. Best
opportunities for programmers with
some training in systems analysis.

Barbers
(130,000)

Almost all States require a license,
for which applicants usually must be
16 (in some cases, 18), have com­
pleted 8th grade, have graduated
from a State-approved barber school,
and have served a 1-2 year appren­
ticeship.

Little or no employment change with
most openings resulting from replace­
ment needs. Better opportunities for
hairsty Iists than for those offering con­
ventional services.

Cosmetologists
(500,000)

License required. Usually applicant
must be at least 16 and have com­
pleted at least 10th grade and a
State-approved cosmetology course.
In some States, an apprenticeship
may be substituted for the cosme­
tology course.

Employment is expected to grow
about as fast as the average for all
occupations, in response to the rise
in demand for beauty shop services.
Good opportunities for both new­
comers and experienced cosmetolo­
gists, including those seeking parttime work.

Funeral Directors
and Embalmers
(45,000)

Twenty-one is generally the minimum age required by law. All States
require embalmers to be licensed.
Graduation from a mortuary science
school and 1-2 year apprenticeship
required.

Little change in employment is ex­
pected. Nevertheless, prospects are
good for mortuary school graduates
due to openings created by replace­
ment needs.

(200,000)

Service Occupations
Personal Service Occupations




Occupations
(Employment 1974)

Qualifications
and Training

Employment Opportunities
and Trends to 1985

Protective and Related Service Occupations
Construction Inspectors
(Government)
(22 , 000 )

Occupational Safety and
Health Workers
(25,000)

Employers prefer those with at least
2 years study toward an engineering
or architectural degree, with courses
in construction technology, blueprint
reading, technical mathematics, and
building inspection. Most training
received on the job.

Employment is expected to increase
faster than the average for all occu­
pations. Best opportunities for those
with some college education and
knowledge of a specialized type of
construction.

Graduates of 2-year occupational
safety or health curriculums hired as
technicians. Continuing education
important.

Employment is expected to increase
faster than the average for all occu­
pations, as growing concern for occu­
pational safety and health and con­
sumer safety continues to generate
programs and jobs. Best prospects
for graduates of occupational safety
or health curriculums.

Education and Related Occupations
Library Occupations
Library Technicians and
Assistants
(135,000)

Formal post-high school training for
library technicians preferred. Some
learn on the job.

Employment is expected to grow
faster than the average for all occu­
pations. Best opportunities in large
public and college and university
libraries, particularly for graduates of
academic programs.

Occupations in Transportation Activities
Air Transportation Occupations
Air Traffic Controllers
(22 ,000 )

Must speak clearly and precisely,
have 3 years’ experience in the
aviation field or 4 years of college,
and pass a Federal civil service exam.

Although employment is expected to
grow about as fast as the average
for all occupations as the number
of aircraft increases, applicants may
face keen competition. Best oppor­
tunities for college graduates with
experience as controllers, pilots, or
navigators.

Airplane Mechanics
(130,000)

Most train in FAA-approved mechanics’ schools. Large airlines train
a few in 3- or 4-year apprentice­
ship programs. A license from the
FAA is frequently required.

Although employment is expected to
increase about as fast as the aver­
age for all occupations, opportunities
in various areas of aviation will differ.
Good opportunities in general avia­
tion; keen competition for airline jobs;
opportunities in the Federal Govern­
ment dependent upon defense spend­
ing.

Airplane Pilots
(79,000)

Written and physical exam required.
Must be licensed by FAA and meet
flight time requirements. For some
types of flying, instrument rating also
needed. License to fly in bad weather
is usually required. Most airlines
require 2 years or more of college.

Although employment is expected to
grow faster than the average for all
occupations, applicants are likely to
face keen competition. Best oppor­
tunities for recent college graduates
with flying experience.




Occupations
(Employment 1974)

Qualifications
and Training

Employment Opportunities
and Trends to 1985

Scientific and Technical Occupations
Conservation Occupations
Forestry Technicians
(10,500)




One or 2 years of training after high
school orexperience such as planting
trees and fighting fires.

Employment is expected to increase
faster than the average for all occu­
pations. However, due to the antici­
pated large numberof qualified appli­
cants, even those with specialized
post-high school training may face
competition.

Occupations
(Employment 1974)

Qualifications
and Training

Employment Opportunities
and Trends to 1985

Other Scientific and Technical Occupations
Drafters
(313,000)

Technical training usually required in
a junior college, technical institute,
or vocational school; also 3 - or 4-year
apprenticeship.

Employment is expected to increase
faster than the average for all occu­
pations, as more drafters will be
needed as supporting personnel for
a growing number of scientists and
engineers. Increasingly complex de­
sign problems also w ill require addi­
tional drafters. Best opportunities for
holders of associate degrees in draft­
ing.

Engineering and
Science Technicians
(560,000)

Technical training after high school
usually required. Many train on the
job.

Employment is expected to grow
faster than the average for all occu­
pations, as a result of industrial ex­
pansion and an increasingly impor­
tant role for technicians in research
and development. Favorable employ­
ment opportunities, particularly for
graduates of post-secondary school
technician training programs.

Surveyors
(55,000)

Usually special training following
high school plus training on the job.
Some specialties require a college
degree.

Employment is expected to increase
much faster than the average for all
occupations, in response to the rapid
development of urban areas. Best
opportunities for those with post­
secondary school training in survey­
ing.

Technical or vocational school train­
ing, correspondence courses plus
training on the job, or military ser­
vice courses. Some learn entirely on
the job.

Employment is expected to increase
faster than the average for all occu­
pations, in response to the growing
number of radios, television sets,
phonographs, tape recorders, and
other home entertainment products.

Dental Assistants
(120,000)

Post-high school courses in dental
assisting preferred. Some learnonthe
job.

Employment is expected to grow
faster than the average for all occu­
pations, in response to the increasing
use of assistants by dentists. Excel­
lent opportunities, especially for
graduates of approved programs.
Favorable outlook for part-time work.

Dental Hygienists
(23,000)

License necessary. Graduation from
2-year dental hygiene school re­
quired.

Employment is expected to grow
much faster than the average for
all occupations, in response to the
increasing use of hygienists by den­
tists. Very good prospects for grad­
uates of approved programs.

Mechanics and Repairers
Television and Radio
Service Technicians
(135,000)

Health Occupations
Dental Occupations




Occupations
(Employment 1974)

Qualifications
and Training

Employment Opportunities
and Trends to 1985

Medical Technologist, Technician, and Assistant Occupations
Electrocardiograph (EKG)
Technicians
( 11 , 000 )

Most train on the job, but some
colleges and universities offer EKG
courses.

Employment is expected to increase
faster than the average for all occu­
pations, because of growing reliance
on electrocardiograms in diagnosis
and physical examinations.

Electroencephalographic (EEG)
Technicians
(3,800)

Most qualify through on-the-job train­
ing, but formal training in colleges,
universities, and hospitals is avail­
able.

Employment is expected to grow
faster than the average for all occu­
pations, in response to the increased
use of electroencephalographs in sur­
gery and in diagnosing and moni­
toring patients with brain disease.

Medical Assistants
(220 ,000 )

Most receive training in a physician’s
office. Training may be obtained in
vocational high schools or institutes
and in junior colleges.

Employment is expected to increase
faster than the average for all occu­
pations in response to the growth in
the number of physicians. Excellent
opportunities, particularly for gradu­
ates of accredited junior college pro­
grams.

Medical Laboratory
Workers
(175,000)

A medical laboratory technician or­
dinarily needs one or more years of
training after high school. A medi­
cal technologist usually must com­
plete 4 years of college including
specialized training in medical tech­
nology. A medical assistant usually
needs only a high school education
and on-the-job training.

Employment is expected to increase
faster than the average for all occu­
pations, as physicians make wider
use of laboratory facilities. However,
applicants may face competition for
choice positions.

Medical Record
Technicians and
Clerks
(53,000)

Most employers prefer technicians
who are graduates of college or
hospital-based programs lasting 10
months to 2 years. High school d i­
ploma and on-the-job training are
usually adequate for clerks.

Very good outlook for clerks due to
the anticipated expansion in medical
facilities and recordkeeping. Favor­
able prospects for technicians with at
least an associate degree; those with
less education may face strong com­
petition.

Operating Room
Technicians
(28,000)

Training may be obtained on the job
in hospitals, vocational schools,
junior colleges, or in “ medic” pro­
grams of the Armed Forces.

Employment is expected to grow
faster than the average for all occu­
pations, as operating room techni­
cians increasingly assume more of
the routine nursing tasks in the op­
erating room. Good opportunities,
particularly for graduates of 2-year
junior college programs.

Optometric Assistants
(11,500)

Vocational or technical school programs becoming more important.
However, most train on the job.

Employment is expected to grow
much faster than the average for all
occupations, in response to greater
demand for eye care services. Excel­
lent opportunities for those who have
completed formal training programs.




Occupations
(Employment 1974)

Qualifications
and Training

Employment Opportunities
and Trends to 1985

Radiologic (X-Ray)
Technologists
(82,000)

Usually a 2-year post-high school
training program. Bachelor’s degree
important for teaching or administra­
tion.

Despite faster than average employ­
ment growth as X-ray equipment is
increasingly used to diagnose and
treat diseases, graduates of AMAapproved programs may face compe­
tition for choice positions. Part-time
workers will find the best opportuni­
ties in physicians’ offices and clinics.

Respiratory Therapy
Workers
(38,000)

Although training may be obtained on
the job, junior college programs are
stressed.

Employment is expected to grow
much faster than the average for all
occupations, owing primarily to the
many new uses for respiratory thera­
py. Favorable employment opportuni­
ties.

Three types of training available:
Diploma programs (3 years) mainly
in hospitals; associate degree pro­
grams (2 years) in junior and com­
munity colleges; and baccalaureate
degree programs (4-5 years)
in colleges or universities. License re­
quired for practice.

Favorable opportunities, especially
for nurses with graduate education
seeking positions as teachers and
administrators. Particular demand in
some southern States and many innercity locations.

Nursing Occupations
Registered Nurses
(860,000)

Therapy and Rehabilitation Occupations
Occupational Therapy
Assistants
(7,900)

Training may be received on the job,
in vocational and technical school
programs, or in junior college pro­
grams.

Employment is expected to grow
faster than the average for all occu­
pations, due to public interest in the
rehabilitation of disabled persons and
the success of established occupa­
tional therapy programs. Favorable
opportunities for graduates of ap­
proved programs.

Physical Therapist
Assistants and Aides
(10,500)

Most qualify through on-the-job training. Others learn their job in vocational, technical, or adult education
programs or in junior colleges.

Employment is expected to grow
much faster than the average for all
occupations, resulting in excellent
opportunities for both assistants and
aides.

Art, Design, and Communications-Related Occupations
Performing Artists
Actors and Actresses
(10 ,000 )

Dancers
(7,000)




Formal training in drama courses use­
ful; college degree increasingly
necessary. Experience, however, is
sometimes chief requirement. Talent
necessary.

Overcrowding in the acting field is
expected to persist, resulting in keen
competition. Moreover, many actors
are employed for only a part of the
year.

Training begins between ages 7 and
12, usually at a professional dancing
school. Talent essential.

Those seeking professional careers
in dance are likely to face keen
competition, despite an expected
faster than average rate of employ­
ment growth. Teaching offers the best
opportunities.

Occupations
(Employment 1974)

Qualifications
and Training

Employment Opportunities
and Trends to 1985

Musicians
(85.000)

Training through private study or in
a college or conservatory. For teach­
ing in public schools, a 4-year course
in a college or conservatory and a
State certificate usually required.
Musical talent necessary.

All but the highest caliber of sym­
phonic players are likely to face keen
competition. Better prospects for
those qualified as teachers as well
as musicians than for those quali­
fied as performers only.

Singers
(36.000)

Training through private lessons in a
conservatory or in a college. To teach
music in public school, a B.A. in
music education and a State certifi­
cate are required. Musical talent
necessary.

Keenly competitive field, despite an
expected faster than average rate of
employment growth. Some opportuni­
ties w ill arise from the expanded use
of TV satellites, cable TV, and wider
use of video cassettes, but the best
prospects are in teaching.

Commercial Artists
(64,000)

Usually 2 or 3 years of art school.
Vocational high school helpful. Artis­
tic talent necessary.

Talented and well-trained commer­
cial artists may face competition for
employment and advancement in
most kinds of work. Those with only
average ability and little specialized
training will encounter keen competi­
tion and have limited advancement
opportunities.

Interior Designers
(34,000)

Usually a 3-year course at a recognized art school or institute, or a 4year college course with a major in
interior design or decoration.

Competition for beginning jobs. Best
opportunities for talented college
graduates who majored in interior
design and graduates of professional
schools of interior design. Those with
less talent or without formal training
are likely to face increasingly keen
competition.

Photographers
(80,000)

Generally 2 or 3 years of on-thejob training. For some specializa­
tions, post-high school training is
needed.

Employment is expected to grow
about as fast as the average for all
occupations. Good opportunities in
technical fields such as scientific and
industrial photography. Portrait and
commercial photographers are likely
to face keen competition.

Design Occupations




Occupational Outlook Handbook Reprints
for Jobs Discussed in this Leaflet
Employment
Outlook for

Bulletin
No.

How
Many

Computer and Related Occupations
Computer Operating Personnel
Programmers
Systems Analysts

1875-23

________

Barbers, Cosmetologists

1875-40

________

Funeral Directors and Embalmers

1875-41

________

Health and Regulatory Inspectors
Construction Inspectors
Occupational Safety and
Health Workers

1875-47

________

Library Occupations
Librarians
Library Technicians and
Assistants

1875-49

Civil Aviation
Air Traffic Controllers
Airplane Mechanics
Airplane Pilots
Flight Attendants
Reservation, Ticket, and Passenger
Agents

1875-69

Conservation Occupations
Foresters
Forestry Technicians
Range Managers
Soil Conservationists

1875-74

Other Scientific and Technical
Occupations
Drafters
Engineering and Science Technicians
Surveyors

1875-80

Television and Radio Service
Technicians

1875-97

Optometrists, Optometric Assistants

1875-100

Dental Occupations
Dentists
Dental Assistants
Dental Hygienists
Dental Laboratory Technicians

1875-101




Total
Cost

Employment
Outlook for

Bulletin
No.

How
Many

Medical Technologists, Technicians
and Assistant Occupations
Electrocardiograph Technicians
Electroencephalographic Technicians
Medical Assistants
Medical Laboratory Workers
Operating Room Technicians
Radiologic (X-Ray) Technologists
Respiratory Therapy Workers

1875-105

_________

Nursing Occupations
Registered Nurses
Licensed Practical Nurses
Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and
Attendants

1875-106

_________

Therapy and Rehabilitation Occupations
Occupational Therapists
Occupational Therapy Assistants
Physical Therapists
Physical Therapist Assistants and
Aides
Speech Pathologists and Audiologists

1875-107

______ __

Medical Record Administrators
Medical Record Technicians and Clerks

1875-111

---------------

Performing Arts
Actors and Actresses
Dancers
Musicians
Singers

1875-120

_________

Commercial Artists

1875-122

_________

Interior Designers

1875-126

_________

Photographers
Photographic Laboratory Workers

1875-128

_________

Total
Cost

Orders for copies of this leaflet or for priced publications
should be sent to any regional office of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
1603 JFK Federal Building
Government Center
Boston, Mass. 02203

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450 Golden Gate Ave.
Box 36017
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☆ U. S. G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F I C E : 1976 O - 2 1 0 -8 8 2 (1 4 8 )