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U.S. D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r
B u re a u of L ab o r S ta tis tic s
J a n u a ry 1983
<s, * 3
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S p e c ia l L a b o r h o r c e R e p o rt
Job Tenure and
O e c u p a tio n a i C h a n g e 5 1081
U.S. D e p a rtm e n t o f L ab o r
R a ym on d J. D o n o va n , S e c re ta ry
B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s
J a n e t L. N o rw o o d , C o m m is s io n e r
J a n u a ry 1983
B u lle tin 216 2
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington. D.C. 20402 - Price $4.50
Preface
This bulletin on job tenure and occupational change is
part of the Special Labor Force Report series. It
presents and analyzes data obtained from a special sup
plement to the January 1981 Current Population
Survey. The bulletin consists of two research summaries
originally published in the Monthly Labor Review in
iii
September 1981, additional tables providing more
detailed statistics, and an explanatory note.
Material in this publication is in the public domain
and may, with appropriate credit, be reproduced
without permission.
Contents
Page
Job tenure of workers in January 1981 .....................................................................................
Occupational changes and tenure, 1981.....................................................................................
Appendix A. Explanatory note...................................................................................................
Appendix B. Supplementary tables:
Job tenure, January 1981:
B- 1. Age: Tenure on current job, by sex........................................... .............................
B- 2. Race: Tenure on current job, by age and s e x ..........................................................
B- 3. Marital status of male workers: Tenure on current job, by full-time or
part-time status and age............................................................................... ...........
B- 4. Marital status of female workers: Tenure on current job, by full-time or
part-time status and age...........................................................................................
B- 5. Industry of men: Tenure on current job, by classof w o rk e r................................
B- 6. Industry of women: Tenure on current job, by class of worker...........................
B- 7. Occupation of men: Tenure on current j o b ..........................................................
B- 8. Occupation of women: Tenure on current jo b ......................................................
B- 9. Years of school completed: Tenure on current job, by age and sex......................
Occupational change and tenure, January 1981:
B-10. Employment status in January 1980 of persons 16 years and over employed
in January 1981, by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and school status ......................
B -ll. Employment status in January 1980 of persons employed in January 1981, by
age, sex, race, and marital s ta tu s ...........................................................................
B-12. Employment status in January 1980 of persons employed in January 1981,
by sex and occupation.............................................................................................
B-13. Occupational mobility rates by occupation: Sex, age, and race............................
B-14. Occupational mobility rates by educational attainment: Age, sex, and race . . . .
B-15. Occupational mobility rates by length of time on job: Occupation, age,
and sex ....................................................................... .............................................
B-16. Occupational tenure by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age..................................
v
1
4
9
14
16
17
19
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
Job tenure off workers
In January 1981
F r a n c is W . H o r v a t h
Table 1. Length of time on current job, workers 16 years
and older, by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, January 1981
Close to 30 percent of all workers during January 1981
had been on their jobs less than 1 year. At the same
time, however, nearly one-fourth had been at the same
job more than 10 years. (See table 1.) Overall, the medi
an job tenure was 3.2 years.
This report gives the most recent summary statistics
on job tenure derived from a special supplement to the
January 1981 Current Population Survey and reviews
some basic relationships in the data.1
Job tenure is a measure of the length of time an em
ployee has worked continuously for the same employer,
although not necessarily in the same occupation; contin
uous employment is broken only by interruptions other
than vacations, temporary illnesses, strikes, layoffs of
less than 30 days, or other short-term absences. A per
son terminates his or her tenure by quitting, being laid
off for 30 days or more, entering the Armed Forces, or
transferring to a job in a different company.
Measurement of job tenure is affected by many of the
same methodological issues which complicate other
[Numbers in thousands]
Both
s exes
M en
W om en
W hite
Black
Hispanic
origin
Total: Num ber.................
92,557
52,700
39,857
82,375
8,514
4,734
P ercent.................
1000
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6 months or less ............
7 to 12 months ...............
Over 1 to 2 years ..........
Over 2 to 3 years ..........
Over 3 to 5 years ..........
Over 5 to 10 y e a rs ..........
Over 10 to 15 years . . . .
Over 15 to 20 years . . . .
Over 20 to 25 years . . . .
Over 25 to 30 years . . . .
Over 30 to 35 years . . . .
Over 35 y e a rs .................
18.2
9.5
11.6
9.2
12.0
15.9
9.6
5.3
3.4
2.4
1.7
1.2
15.9
8.9
10.3
8.6
11.5
16.2
10.4
6.4
4.4
3.3
2.5
1.7
21.4
10.4
13.3
9.9
12.6
15.6
8.4
3.9
2.2
1.3
.7
.5
18.3
9.6
11.5
9.2
12.0
15.7
9.4
5.4
3.5
2.5
1.8
1.2
17.5
8.6
11.4
8.9
11.4
18.2
11.5
5.4
2.9
2.4
1.2
.6
23.2
11.3
13.6
10.0
13.3
14.5
7.6
3.0
2.0
.9
.4
.2
Median y e a rs ....................
3.2
4.0
2.5
3.2
3.6
2.2
Length o f tim e
on current job
' This report is based primarily on information from a supplementa
ry question, “When did . . . start working at his present job or busi
ness?” in the January 1981 Current Population Survey, conducted by
the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Most of
the data relate to persons who are 16 years old and over employed in
the civilian labor force in the week ending January 17, 1981. Sampling
variability may be large where numbers are small. Therefore, small
differences between estimates or percentages should be interpreted
with caution.
Employment figures in this study differ significantly from those re
ported in the regular Current Population Survey (CPS) for January
1981. The primary reason for this difference is that the job tenure
data are not adjusted for nonresponse as are the CPS figures. See The
Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology, Technical Paper
No. 40 ( U.S. Department of Commerce, 1978), for more information.
This is the seventh in a series of reports on this subject. The latest
contained data for January 1978 and appeared in the December 1979
Monthly Labor Review. It was reprinted with additional tabular data
and an explanatory note as Special Labor Force Report 235, “Job Ten
ure Declines as Work Force Changes.” There are no comparisons in
this report between 1978 and 1981 median tenure data, because of a
change in the procedure used to calculate the medians. The 1981 Job
Tenure Survey obtained more detail than earlier ones about persons
who had begun their jobs during the previous year. Such people were
asked the month in which they started work with their present em
ployers. Additional information can be obtained from the Division of
Labor Force Studies.
time-based indices such as unemployment duration. Just
as the average duration of unemployment is not a meas
ure of how long a person is likely to remain unem
ployed,2 job tenure is not a measure of how long a
person will stay with a single employer. Rather, it is an
index of how long one has been with an employer as of
a specific point in time. This is an important distinction,
which may be illustrated by comparing the average age
of a population with its life expectancy. The average age
tells nothing about completed life spans; it measures
only the age of those who are still living. Similarly, job
tenure is an index of accumulated time on the job for
those still working.
Job tenure should not be confused with occupational
mobility (discussed in more detail on page 29): Job ten
ure is a duration concept. On the other hand, occupa
tional mobility pertains to persons who change
occupations but not necessarily employers. Also, occu
pational mobility is more frequently discussed in terms
of rates of change, while job tenure is usually presented
as a length of time.
Job tenure is influenced by both voluntary and invol
untary choices. For example, the part-time and summer
jobs of most young persons are not intended to be per
manent. For others, especially those who work in indus-
Francis W. Horvath is an economist in the Division of Labor Force
Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2Norman Bowers, “Probing the issues of unemployment duration,”
Monthly Labor Review, July 1980, pp. 23-32.
1
tries such as construction or retail trade, regular cycles
of expansion and contraction in employment can reduce
the length of one’s tenure.
With the termination of the BLS Labor Turnover Sur
vey because of budget reductions, job tenure informa
tion has become an important official data source
relating to labor turnover. Even though the tenure sur
vey is conducted only every 3 to 5 years, it provides
valuable insights into the magnitude of job turnover
and stability in the economy.
Job tenure data can also be combined with mortality
projections to provide estimates of the proportion of
workers who will remain on the job for a specified
number of years. For example, the data may be used to
estimate how many of a company’s current employees
might be eligible to receive future benefits under exist
ing pension provisions.3
Not surprisingly, young workers have the lowest lev
els of job tenure. Fifty percent of all teenagers working
in January 1981 had been at their jobs for 6 months or
less. Almost 70 percent had started their jobs within
the previous year. In addition to the higher exposure to
layoffs or terminations that teenagers face, they are
more likely to be working in temporary jobs by choice,
as they attend school or sift through various jobs in
search of a suitable career. Even when teenagers hold
jobs that are career-oriented, their careers do not begin
until formal schooling or military service is completed.
For all demographic groups shown (except men over
65 years old) successively higher age intervals show
greater levels of job tenure. (See table 2.) The highest
medians occur for men age 55 to 64—exceeding 14
years. Approximately 30 percent of men in this group
have served the same employer for more than 25 years.
At the other extreme, a basic rate of job changing
seems to occur at every age level: close to 9 percent or
more of the workers of all age groups with jobs in Jan
uary 1981 had started them within the past year.
Men have higher overall median levels of tenure than
women, 4 years compared with 2.5. (See table 2.) Part
of this difference is because of the greater proportion of
working women who are under age 25. Another factor
is the greater likelihood of women leaving jobs to care
for young children. Sharp male-female contrasts in ten
ure by age do not appear until after the women’s prime
childbearing years.
Overall, black workers had more years of job tenure
than whites did in 1981. (See table 1.) White and black
men had identical median job tenure of 4 years, but
black women had worked longer than white women.
(See table 2.) This difference may be related to the work
patterns of those of childbearing age. White women
with children under age 6 were less likely to be working
Table 2. Median years on current job, by age, race, and
Hispanic origin, and sex, January 1981
All workers
Age
Total, 16 years old
and over ............
16
25
35
45
55
65
Both
sexes Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women
3.2
4.0
.8
.9
2.5
2.9
4.9
6.6
8.4 11.0
119 14.8
ro:2 ' 10.3 ‘
2.5
4.0
2.4
4.0
3.3
2.3
2.0
.8
2.0
3.5
5.9
9.1
TO.ff
.9
2.9
6.7
11.2
14.9
T0.T
.8
2.0
3.3
5.7
9.1
9.8
7
3.0
6.2
10.0
14.4
‘ 12 0
.8
2.7
5.2
8.1
10.3
TT.9
.9
2.4
3.7
6.4
8.6
P)
.9
1.9
3.2
4.4
5.8
V )
1 Median not shown where base is less than 75,000.
than black women, and significantly fewer of the former
were employed full time.4
Job tenure differences between sexes of the same race
were also observed. (See table 2.) For whites, men had
the longer tenure regardless of age. The largest relative
difference in medians for white men and women oc
curred in the 35-to-44-year age group, where the female
median was only about half that of men. Among
blacks, both sexes showed only slight dissimilarities in
tenure from the teens to middle age; the largest differ
ence was found among those age 55 to 64.
The inhibiting effect young children have on the
worklives of wives may help account for differences in
job tenure by marital status. (See table 3.) While single
men and women had small relative differences in years
on the job, wives had far fewer years than husbands.
Because single persons tend to be young, the typical
single man or woman has accumulated a limited num
ber of years on their current job. The median level of
job tenure for both single men and women is 1.2 years,
compared with about 3.1 for wives and 6 years for hus
bands. At most age levels below age 54, husbands have
more years on the job than single men, while wives
have fewer years than their single counterparts.
4 Allyson Sherman Grossman, “More than half of all children have
working mothers,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1981, pp. 44-46;
and unpublished tables from the March 1981 Current Population Sur
vey.
Tabled. Median years on current job, by age, marital
status, and sex, January 1981
Married, spouse
present
Single
Age
Total, 16 years old and over
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24 y e a rs ......................
to 34 y e a rs ......................
to 44 y e a rs ......................
to 54 y e a rs ......................
to 64 y e a rs ......................
years and older ............
2
Other marital
status1
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
1.2
1.2
6.0
3.1
4.3
3.4
.8
2.2
4.7
10.5
16.2
( 2)
.7
2,4
6.1
10.9
14.3
10.7
1.2
3.2
6.8
11.5
15.1
10.3
.9
2.0
3.4
6.2
9.4
9.8
1.0
2.4
5.2
6.7
10.7
10.9
.8
1.7
3.1
4.7
8.2
10.0
1Includes widowed, divorced, and separated persons.
2 Median not shown where base is less than 75,000.
' “Job Tenure of Workers, January 1973,” Special Labor Force Re
port 172 provided an example of how this might be done.
to 24 years . . . .
to 34 years . . . .
to 44 years . . . .
to 54 years . . . .
to 64 years . . . .
years ana o ld e r .
Hispanic
origin
Black
White
Table 4. Median years on current job, by occupation,
industry, and sex, January 1981
O ccupation and industry
Total, all w o rk e rs ..................................................................
M en
4.0
Table 5. Median years on current job of women by age,
marital status, and full- and part-time status, January 1981
W om en
■
M arried, spouse
present
Single
O ther marital
status’
A ge
2.5
Full
tim e
P ari
tim e
Full
tim e
Part
tim e
Full
tim e
Part
tim e
1.6
0.6
3.4
2.3
3.4
3.6
.8
2.6
6.2
11.9
15.3
( 2)
.6
.9
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
1.0
2.4
3.8
6.7
10.7
11.5
.5
1.2
2.4
4.8
5.8
7.4
.8
1.7
3.2
4.8
8.7
11.3
( 2)
1.2
2.3
3.8
5.5
8.5
O CC U PA TIO N
Professional, technical, and kindred w o rk e rs ....................
Managers and administrators, except fa r m ......................
S alesw orkers..........................................................................
Clerical and kindred w o rk e rs ...............................................
Craft and kindred workers .................................................
Operatives, except tra n s p o rt...............................................
Transport equipment operatives .......................................
Nonfarm la b o re rs ..................................................................
Service w o rk e rs .....................................................................
Farmers and farm m anagers...............................................
Farm laborers and supervisors ..........................................
4.9
5.7
3.4
3.4
4.4
3.5
3.7
1.8
2.1
17.5
2.3
3.1
3.3
1.7
2.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
1.9
1.8
9.9
4.1
Total, 16 years old and o v e r ..........
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24 years ...................................
to 34 years ...................................
to 44 years ..................................
to 54 years ...................................
to 64 years ...................................
years and o ld e r ...........................
1Includes widowed, divorced, and separated persons.
2 Median not shown where base is less than 75,000.
INDUSTRY
A g ricu ltu re ..........................................................................
7.3
4.4
Wage and salary w o rk e rs ....................................................
Self-employed w o rk e rs .........................................................
Unpaid family workers .........................................................
2.3
16.3
5.2
1.5
8.1
13.3
Nonagricultural industries ...............................................
3.9
2.5
Wage and salary w o rk e rs ....................................................
Mining ............................................................................
C onstruction..................................................................
M anufacturing................................................................
Transportation and public utilities ..............................
Wholesale and retail tr a d e ..........................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate ........................
Service ..........................................................................
Public administration ....................................................
Self-employed w o rk e rs .........................................................
Unpaid family workers .........................................................
3.7
2.6
2.4
5.2
5.6
2.2
4.1
3.1
6.8
6.2
(’ )
2.4
—
2.1
3.2
3.5
1.5
2.3
2.6
3.0
3.4
5.7
1Median not shown were base is less than 75 ,000 .
N o te:
Dashes indicate data not available.
Firms in growing industries usually hire new persons
as they expand, and these industries will thus show cor
respondingly low levels of job tenure. Other establish
ments, in areas which are stagnant or declining, do not
hire as often, letting positions expire as they become va
cant. If a reduction in personnel is required, it will gen
erally be concentrated among persons with the least
seniority. Each of these actions increases the observed
job tenure among those still in the industry.
In addition, job tenure will also be influenced by skill
level of the work force. Employers are less likely to lay
off or fire skilled workers, as it costs more in hiring and
training costs to replace them.5 Employers may try to
reduce voluntary terminations of more valuable employ
ees by linking vacation or pension benefits to increased
seniority.
By industry, self-employed men in agriculture had the
longest spells of job tenure. Self-employed workers in
nonagricultural industries also had a high level of job
tenure, although male wage and salary workers in pub
lic administration ranked highest. (See table 4.)
Since 1963, surveys have found farmers to have the
longest job tenure of any occupational group. They
tend to own their own farms, and remain at work re
gardless of cyclical fluctuations. In January 1981, medi
an job tenure for male farmers was 17.5 years, well
above that of all Other occupations. Managers and ad
ministrators have the next highest level of job tenure for
men, followed by professional workers. Laborers— both
farm and nonfarm— have the lowest tenure on their
current job. For women, the patterns by occupation are
similar except farm laborers have relatively high tenure;
probably these women work on family farms owned or
operated by their husbands.
Tabulations of years of tenure were also compiled by
full- or part-time status on one’s current job. In gener
al, part-time workers had less job tenure than full-time
ones. A typical pattern is displayed in table 5, which
lists job tenure for women by full- and part-time status.
For women who are widowed, divorced, or separated,
relatively little difference by job status is apparent, but
for wives, part-time work on the current job correlates
with fewer years of tenure. Again, it seems likely that a
desire to rearrange work schedules to facilitate child
care is a major factor behind the relationship.
One of the best treatments of these issues is Walter Y. Oi, “Labor
as a Quasi-Fixed Factor,” Journal of Political Economy, December
1962, pp. 538-55. Also see Donald Parsons, “Specific Human Capital:
An Application to Quit Rates and Layoff Rates,” Journal of Political
Economy, November-December 1972, pp. 1120-43.
Occupational diamg@§
and tesniiF©, 1981,
N a n c y F. R y t in a
The labor force is characterized by a relatively high de
gree of occupational change. Studies have shown that
most workers are employed in occupations which differ
from those of their fathers.1Occupational shifts are also
quite common over the course of a worker’s career. The
occupation held by a worker in midlife often differs
from the first occupation after leaving school.2
Although the volume of occupational mobility that
occurs within a given year is much smaller, it provides
an indication, on a current basis, of recent trends.
When assembled over time, data on 1-year mobility
shows changes that are important for purposes of devel
oping vocational and higher educational programs.
Studies of 1-year occupational mobility based on data
from the Current Population Survey ( c p s ) of January
1966, 1973, and 1978 indicated that about 1 in 10 of all
workers in each year were employed in a different occu
pation than in the previous year.3 Much of the occupa
tional change was concentrated among persons under
age 30 who tend to “job shop” as they obtain exposure
to various kinds of work.
This report presents an update of these previous stud
ies. The data shown are based on information obtained
in the January 1981 Current Population Survey and re
late to the occupations of workers in that month and in
January 1980. Workers who changed occupations are de
fined as those employed in both January 1980 and Jan
uary 1981, but in a different “three-digit” census
occupation in January 1981 than the occupation report
ed for January 1980. For example, a person employed
as a typist in 1981 and as a stenographer in 1980 would
be defined as having changed occupations, although the
change occurred within the major occupational group
ing—clerical workers. The occupational mobility rate
used in this report refers to the number of workers who
changed occupations as a proportion of the total num
ber employed in January of 1980 and 1981.4
This study also presents new information on occupa
tional tenure based on the years spent in the current
occupation. These data are limited to persons employed
in both January 1980 and 1981. Workers in the same
“three-digit” census occupation in January 1981 as in
January 1980 were asked how many years, altogether,
they had “been doing that kind of work.” Persons who
had changed occupations were assigned to the tenure
category of less than 1 year.
The data on both occupational mobility and tenure
are subject to a number of limitations. Besides those
normally associated with sample surveys (sampling vari
ability and nonresponse), there may be errors associated
with the retrospective reporting of the occupation a year
earlier and the number of years in the same occupa
tion.5 Because occupation is reported only for the
months of January 1980 and January 1981, any tempo
rary changes in occupation that occurred during the
year will not be reflected in the survey results. Since the
tenure question was asked only of persons in the same
occupation in January 1980 and 1981, the tenure data
exclude persons employed in January 1981 but not Jan
uary 1980, as well as any years spent in the occupation
prior to 1980 for persons not in the same occupation in
both January 1980 and 1981. Moreover, the information
1See Elton Jackson and Harry J. Crockett, “Occupational Mobility
in the United States: A Point Estimation and Trend Comparison,”
American Sociological Review, February 1964, pp. 5-15; Peter M. Blau
and Otis Dudley Duncan, The American Occupational Structure (New
York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1967); and David L. Featherman and
Robert M. Hauser, Opportunity and Change (New York, Academic
Press, 1978).
' See William H. Sewell, Robert M. Hauser, and Wendy C. Wolf,
“Sex. Schooling and Occupational Status,” American Journal of Soci
ology, November 1980, pp. 551-583; Rachel A. Rosenfeld, “Race and
Sex Differences in Career Dynamics,” American Sociological Review,
October 1980, pp. 583-609.
' For reports using earlier CPS data see Samuel Saben, “Occupa
tional mobility of employed workers” (January 1965-66), Monthly La
bor Review, June 1967, pp. 31-38, reprinted as Special Labor Force
Report 84; James J. Byrne, “Occupational mobility of workers” (Jan
uary 1972-73), Monthly Labor Review, February 1975, pp. 53-59, re
printed as Special Labor Force Report 186; and Carl Rosenfeld,
“Occupational mobility during 1977” (January 1977-78), Monthly La
bor Review. December 1979, pp. 44—48, reprinted as Special Labor
Force Report 231.
4This rate measures the proportion of workers who entered the oc
cupation, not the proportion leaving the occupation held in 1980.
This is only one of a number of possible measures of mobility, and it
was selected because it is the same measure used in the previous stud
ies. See footnote 3.
5See Paula J. Schneider, “Evaluation of the Occupation One-Year
Ago Item in the January 1973 CPS,” Proceedings of the Social Statis
tics Session of the American Statistical Association, 1977.
Nancy F. Rytina is a demographer in the Division of Labor Force
Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
4
on tenure was collected in a combination of single and
multiyear intervals, thus making it difficult to obtain re
liable estimates of mean or median tenure.6
Table 1. Occupational mobility between January 1980
and January 1981 of employed persons, by age, sex, race,
and Hispanic origin, January 1981
Total employed
in January 1981
Workers who changed occupations
Of the 88.3 million employed workers 18 years of age
and over and not in school in January 1981, 9.5 percent
reported employment in a different occupation in Janu
ary 1980. Eighty-one percent had been in the same oc
cupation and the remaining 9 percent had either been
unemployed or not in the labor force the previous Janu
ary. The occupational mobility rate stood at 10.5 per
cent. Both the distribution of labor force status in the
previous year and the mobility rate are not much dif
ferent from the CPS data reported for 1966, 1973, and
1978.
In 1981, as in earlier years, age was the factor most
associated with occupational change. Of the total 8.4
million workers who shifted occupations between Janu
ary 1980 and January 1981, 70 percent were under age
35, although this age group accounted for only 46 per
cent of the labor force in January 1981.
Not surprisingly, occupational mobility rates declined
sharply with age (table 1). The rate for workers age 35
to 44 was less than one-fourth as high as that for work
ers 18 and 19 years of age. High rates of occupational
mobility among young workers are accounted for by a
number of factors. Upon completion of school, young
persons often try several fields of employment before
settling into a career. Also, as many of them make
changes in residence and living arrangements, they also
change occupations. In contrast, occupational change
among older workers occurs less frequently because of
attachments to a particular occupation or the risks of
losing income, job security, and pension rights, which
might accompany an occupational shift.
Mobility rates by age were much the same as in the
earlier CPS surveys. Standardizing the mobility rates by
age in 1966 and 1981 suggests that the slightly higher
rate observed in 1981 (10.5 versus 8.8) was almost en
tirely a result of the increased proportion of young per
sons in the work force.7
Characteristic
Total. 18 years
and over,
not in
school . . . .
Occupational
Number
Same Different
Not in mobility
Unem
rate'
OCCU(in
Percent occulabor
pation pation ployed force
thousands)
88,334
100.0
81.0
9.5
3.3
6.1
10.5
Total, 18 years and
over, not in
school ...............
18 and 19 years . .
20 to 24 years . . .
25 to 34 years . . .
35 to 44 years .. .
45 to 54 years . . .
55 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
50,502
1,581
6,202
14,735
10,746
9,047
6,503
1,688
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
83.8
43.3
63.5
82.4
89.1
92.6
93.2
91.9
9.2
21.4
19.3
11.6
7.2
4.3
3.4
1.5
3.2
8.5
7.1
3.2
2.4
2.2
1.5
1.2
3.7
26.8
10.1
2.7
1.3
.9
1.8
5.5
9.9
33.1
23.3
12.4
7.4
4.4
3.5
1.6
W h ite ......................
B la c k ..........
Hispanic origin . ..
45,460
4,199
2,755
100.0
100.0
100.0
84.1
82.0
79.0
9.3
8.1
11.0
3.0
5.3
4.4
3.6
4.6
5.7
10.0
9.0
12.2
Total, 18 years and
over, not in
school ...............
18 and 19 years ..
20 to 24 years . ..
25 to 34 years . . .
35 to 44 years . . .
45 to 54 years . . .
55 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
37,832
1,449
5,754
10,916
7,970
6,526
4,212
1,005
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
77.2
37.8
61.9
73.8
82.3
87.5
91.9
90.1
10.0
21.8
18.0
11.9
8.1
5.4
2.6.
1.6
3.5
8.9
6.0
3.9
2.5
2.3
1.5
.7
9.3
31.4
14.2
10.4
7.1
4.8
4.1
7.6
11.4
36.6
22.5
13.9
8.9
5.8
2.7
1.8
W h ite ......................
B la c k ......................
Hispanic origin .. .
33,022
4,050
1,804
100.0
100.0
100.0
76.8
80.7
74.5
10.3
7.5
7.8
3.1
6.3
5.6
9.8
5.5
12.1
11.9
8.4
9.5
Men
Women
'Percent of persons employed in both January 1981 and January 1980 who were
employed in a different occupation in January 1981 than January 1980.
Differences in occupational mobility by sex are quite
small relative to age differences. For both men and
women, mobility rates decreased with age (table 1).
Women, however, have a slightly higher mobility rate
than men (11.4 versus 9.9 percent). Since 1966, the mo
bility rate for women has risen substantially, up from
6.6 percent. An increase is to be expected because of the
entry into the labor force of women from younger age
groups which have always had higher mobility rates.
However, standardizing for age indicates that over 70
percent of the increase was attributable to changes in
mobility within specific age groups.8The rise in the rate
of occupational change for women reflects their shift
into professional and managerial occupations as well as
their increased employment in clerical jobs where the
rate of occupational change has traditionally been high.
In contrast, the mobility rate for men in 1981 was at
the same level as in 1966. The 1981 male rate, however,
probably would have been slightly lower were it not for
the increase in the proportion of young men in the la
bor force.
*The categories included 1 up to 2 years, 2 up to 3 years, 3 up to 4
years, 4 up to 5 years, 5 up to 10 years, 10 up to 25 years, and 25
years or more.
The 1981 mobility rates by age were standardized on the 1966 age
distribution resulting in a standardized mobility rate of 9.3. Reversing
the procedure, the 1966 mobility rates by age were standardized on
the 1981 age distribution which resulted in a standardized mobility
rate of 10.8. The average of the “rate effect” and the “age effect”
shows that 97 percent of the difference between Jfie reported mobility
rates of 8.8 in 1966 and 10.5 in 1981 was due to differences in the age
distributions in the 2 years. See Evelyn M. Kitagawa, “Components
of the Difference Between Two Rates,” Journal of the American Statis
tical Association, December 1955, pp. 1168-94. Other standardization
techniques are discussed in Henry S. Shryock and Jacob Siegel, The
Methods and Materials o f Demography, Vols. I and II (Bureau of the
Census, 1971). Another possible source of difference between the 1966
and 1981 rates is that there were fewer three-digit occupations listed
in the 1966 CPS.
Status in January 1980
Based on age standardization. See footnote 5.
5
Table 2. Reasons for occupational change for persons employed in a different occupation in January 1981 than January
1980, by sex, age, race, and ethnicity
[Percentage distribution]
Num ber
(in thousands)
Total
Change from
jo b held
in school
B etter pay,
full-tim e w ork
Lost job,
laid o ff
Total, 18 years and over, not in
school .................................................
8,430
100.0
3.6
42.5
11.4
White .....................................................................
Black .....................................................................
Hispanic ................................................................
7,643
642
443
100.0
100.0.
100.0
3.7
3.3
1.6
42.2
45.0
42.0
Men, total ..............................................................
18 to 24 years ............................................
25 to 34 years ............................................
35 to 44 years ............................................
45 to 54 years ............................................
55 years and over .....................................
4,656
1,537
1,716
769
389
245
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.9
6.3
2.2
.3
.0
.0
Women, to ta l.........................................................
18 to 24 y e a r s ............................................
25 to 34 years ............................................
35 to 44 years ............................................
45 to 54 years ............................................
55 years and over .....................................
3,774
1,352
1,302
644
352
124
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.5
10.3
1.9
1.0
.0
.0
W o rkers w ho changed occupations
Occupational mobility rates do not differ much by
race and ethnicity. Among men, the rate is slightly
higher among Hispanics partly because they are youn
ger than either whites or blacks. The rate for white
women is higher than that for either black or Hispanic
women and this difference is evident among most age
groups.
The reason given for changing one’s occupation is
one factor which is not strongly related to age (table 2).
Close to 43 percent of all workers reported better pay
as the most important reason for shifting occupations.9
Better pay is cited more frequently than any other rea
son among all age, sex, race, and ethnic groups except
workers ages 55 and over. A larger percentage of older
workers cited “other” reasons (presumably retirement
from the previous occupation) than better pay. The re
cession of 1980 may have some bearing on the fact that
nearly 11 percent of all workers cited either job loss or
layoff as the reason for changing occupations.
In addition, the length of time spent with the current
employer is closely associated with occupational mobili
ty. About 90 percent of all workers who changed occu
pations had less than a year of tenure with their current
employer, compared with 10 percent of all workers who
remained in the same occupation. (See job tenure article
in this issue.)
An indication of how mobility rates varied by the oc
cupation of the employed in 1981 is provided in table 3.
For both sexes, mobility rates are generally highest in
those occupations with large percentages of young
workers. For example, nonfarm laborers have a high
mobility rate and over 50 percent of all workers moving
into that occupation were under age 25. Similarly, large
percentages of young workers shifted into the clerical
W orking
conditions
O ther
Not
answ ered
9.0
7.8
21.0
4.6
11.2
14.5
11.4
9.4
5.9
8.5
7.8
7.8
9.6
21.3
17.6
20.8
4.5
5.9
5.9
42.9
44.5
44.9
44.5
36.3
23.8
13.5
15.2
12.2
14.2
11.7
12.9
8.7
9.2
8.9
9.0
7.5
4.9
6.7
6.8
6.9
5.8
7.8
7.0
20.3
13.8
20.1
21.4
29.4
45.1
4.9
4.2
4.9
4.9
7.3
6.3
42.0
40.0
43.6
49.2
36.1
27.0
8.8
9.2
7.7
8.8
10.9
10.3
9.5
9.0
11.4
4.9
13.3
5.9
9.0
7.5
8.9
11.5
10.8
8.4
21.9
19.4
21.7
21.8
24.3
46.5
.
4.3
4.6
4.8
2.9
4.6
1.9
and service occupations. An exception is the high mo
bility rate for women employed as managers. Almost
one-fourth of women moving into this occupation were
35 to 44 years of age, in fact reflecting an expansion in
employment opportunities for women in management.
Some of the occupations with lower rates of mobility
are those requiring high levels of education (profession
al) or other specialized training (craft). Declining em
ployment opportunities in farming and the attachment
to the land of those who have remained in this occupa-
Table 3. Occupational mobility rates between January
1980 and January 1981 of employed persons, by
occupation and sex
[Numbers in thousands]
W om en
M en
O ccupational
m obility
ra te 1
N um ber
em ployed,
both
January
1980 and
1981
O ccupational
m obility
ra te ’
46,990
9.9
32,983
11.4
8,063
6.8
6,329
9.1
7,597
2,892
2,951
8.8
10.9
13.6
2,854
1,912
11,691
13.5
13.8
12.5
Craft and kindred workers . .
Operatives, except transport .
Transport equipment
operatives ...........................
Laborers, except farm ..........
10,069
5,174
8.3
12.7
626
3,294
10.8
9.6
2,631
2,477
9.4
18.6
225
354
8.5
16.6
Private household workers . .
Service workers, except
private household...............
Farmers and farm managers .
Farm laborers and
supervisors .........................
23
( 2)
616
9.6
3,504
1,108
12.3
2.5
4,814
115
11.5
1.6
503
13.0
152
7.8
O ccupation
Total, 18 years and
over, not in school
Professional, technical, and
kindred w o rk ers .................
Managers and administra
tors, except farm ...............
Sales workers .........................
Clerical and kindred workers .
N um ber
em ployed,
both
January
1980 and
1981
'Percent of persons employed in both January 1981 and January 1980 who were
employed in a different occupation in January 1981 than January 1980.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
"This category also includes changing occupations for advancement
opportunities and full-time work.
D issatisfied,
underutilized
6
60 percent of women in clerical work in January 1981
had come from that occupational group. This results
partly from the high degree of skill interchangeability
and employment turnover that occurs within clerical oc
cupations.
Also, most of the shifts between occupational group
ings tended to occur within the same broad fields, for
example, white-collar and blue-collar occupations.
About 80 percent of women and 66 percent of men em
ployed in white-collar occupations had been employed
in these occupations during the previous year. Similarly,
over 70 percent of men in blue-collar occupations were
employed in the same occupations a year earlier. In
contrast, the proportion of women employed in bluecollar occupations is comparatively low. Not surprising
ly, about one-half of women who shifted into blue-col
lar occupations came from the white-collar and service
occupations.
tion explain the very low mobility rates for farmers and
farm managers.
Evidence regarding the occupational origins and des
tinations of workers who changed occupations is pro
vided in table 4, which shows the occupational
distribution in January 1980 for each occupation in Jan
uary 1981. It is apparent that workers who changed oc
cupations came largely from the same occupational
grouping, that is, from related occupations. For exam
ple, among professionals, 43 percent of the men and 37
percent of women had been employed in a professional
occupation in January 1980: The degree of intraoccupational group shifting was also quite high for men
employed as managers, craftworkers, and operatives, ex
cept transportation equipment operatives. For women,
intraoccupational group shifting was particularly high
among clerical workers, operatives (except transporta
tion equipment operatives), and service workers. About
Table 4.
Persons who changed occupation: major occupational group in January 1981, by occupation in January 1980
[Percent distribution]
Sex and occupation
in January 1981
Different
occupation in
January 1980’
Number
(in
thousands)
Percent
Professional,
technical,
and
kindred
workers
4,383
100.0
11.0
Managers
and
administrators,
except
farm
Salesworkers
12.1
8.1
kindred
workers
Operatives,
except
transport
Transport
equipment
operatives
Laborers,
except
farm
Service
workers,
including
private
household
18.6
15.5
6.3
9.4
9.1
1.9
Clerical
Craft
kindred
workers
7.9
workers
MEN
Totai, 18 years and
over, not in
school .................
Professional, technical,
and kindred workers . .
Managers and administrators, except farm . . . .
Salesworkers .................
Clerical and kindred workers ................................
Craft and kindred workers
Operatives, except transp o r t................................
Transport equipment
operatives ....................
Laborers, except farm ..
Service workers, including
private household . . . .
Farm w orkers....................
514
100.0
42.8
13.6
5.7
9.1
9.9
630
298
100.0
100.0
15.8
6.4
32.4
23.4
14.1
24.1
8.8
12.4
9.8
10.0
383
781
100.0
100.0
7.6
5.0
10.0
6.7
7.8
5.2
26.6
5.2
6.6
2.0
3.7
5.8
.8
4.3
6.7
3.0
5.7
4.4
4.3
6.8
5.0
.5
2.0
16.4
34.8
7.8
17.5
8.8
6.5
7.0
11.4
7.8
6.4
.0
1.2
•
622
100.0
2.4
3.1
5.0
2.9
20.7
35.4
8.5
12.1
8.0
1.8
234
419
100.0
100.0
2.6
4.5
9.8
6.7
4.2
5.2
4.7
3.1
23.0
19.1
17.0
21.9
10.6
10.2
11.5
18.6
10.7
8.6
6.0
2.4
412
90
100.0
100.0
8.0
3.3
5.1
4.4
6.6
4.4
5.6
1.1
14.3
21.1
15.8
16.7
5.1
5.6
9.7
20.0
27.2
7.8
2.7
15.6
3,604
100.0
12.0
7.4
7.7
40.3
2.1
9.2
.6
2.1
18.0
.3
546
100.0
37.2
8.1
4.2
30.6
.9
3.5
.4
1.5
13.7
.0
367
257
100.0
100.0
15.2
9.7
20.0
12.8
12.8
10.5
38.3
39.3
1.4
.8
3.1
5.4
.0
.0
.8
3.1
8.4
18.3
.0
.0
1,388
100.0
6.5
4.9
7.6
59.8
1.8
. 4.5
.8
1.4
12.2
.6
WOMEN
Total, 18 years and
over, not in
school .................
Professional, technical,
and kindred workers ..
Managers and administrators, except farm . . . .
Salesworkers .................
Clerical and kindred workers ................................
Crafts, operatives including
transport, nonfarm
laborers, total2 ............
Operatives, except transp o r t................................
Service workers, including
private household . . . .
Farm w orkers....................
447
100.0
5.1
3.1
3.6
18.1
6.9
35.1
1.8
5.6
20.1
.4
306
100.0
2.3
2.6
2.6
14.0
6.9
42.1
2.0
5.6
21.7
0.3
585
14
100.0
( 3)
6.0
( 3)
5.5
( 3)
9.7
( 3)
23.1
( 3)
1.2
( 3)
11.4
( 3)
.3
( 3)
2.6
( 3)
39.7
( 3)
.7
( 3)
' Excludes a small number of workers with 1980 occupation not classified.
2 Craftworkers, transport equipment operatives, and nonfarm laborers not shown separately
because the base in each case is less than 75,000.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
7
Occupational tenure
An indication of occupational tenure is found by ex
amining the distribution of the number of years spent in
the January 1981 occupation for those who had been in
the same occupation in January 1980. It should be not
ed that because the data on occupational tenure in this
report are restricted to persons employed in January
1980 and January 1981, the occupational mobility rates
shown in previous tables are equivalent to the propor
tion of workers with less than 1 year in the occupation.
Of the 80 million workers employed in both January
1980 and 1981, over one-third had been in the same oc
cupation from 1 to 5 years (table 5). Adding to that
figure those in the occupation less than 1 year indicates
that close to one-half of all workers had been employed
in their January 1981 occupation less than 5 years.
Tenure in the occupation is strongly linked with age.
Workers under age 35 were concentrated in the 1 to 5
years category, while the majority of workers age 35
and over had been in the same occupation 5 years or
more.
Table 5. Occupational duration of persons employed in
both January 1980 and 1981 by age, sex, race, and
ethnicity
[Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic
Total employed
in both
January 1980
and 1981
Less 1 up
than
to 5
1 year years
5 up
to 10
years
10 up
to 25
years
25 years
or more
Number Percent
Total, 18 years
and over,
not in school
79,973
100.0
10.5
36.9
19.2
24.6
8.7
M e n ...................................
Women ...........................
46,990
32,983
100.0
100.0
9.9
11.4
32.5
43.4
19.0
19.5
27.2
20.9
11.4
4.8
W h ite ................................
B la c k ............... ............
H ispanic...........................
71,225
7,355
3,964
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.7
8.7
11.2
36.4
40.6
48.4
19.0
20.6
19.2
24.8
24.5
18.0
9.1
5.6
3.4
18
25
35
45
55
11,618
23,219
17,550
14,829
12,757
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
24.9
13.0
8.0
5.0
2.9
68.8
47.2
29.5
22.3
16.5
6.4
27.7
22.0
17.3
13.9
(’ )
12.0
38.7
38.9
33.9
(’)
(’)
1.6
16.5
32.9
to 24 years ...............
to 34 y e a r s ...............
to 44 y e a r s ...............
to 54 years ...............
years and over . . . .
1Rounds to zero.
Men had more years in the same occupation than
women. The sex difference is especially pronounced at
10 years or more in the occupation. Although women
have continued to gain on men in year-round employ
ment, they experience greater job turnover. This stems
partly from personal and family priorities, but also be
cause women have remained segregated in occupations
which have high rates of turnover.
In terms of race and ethnicity, the distribution of oc
cupational tenure is relatively similar between blacks
and whites compared to Hispanics. Among blacks and
whites, approximately 50 percent were in the same oc
cupation for less than 5 years, compared to almost 60
percent among Hispanics. The lower occupational ten
ure of Hispanics can be attributed to some degree to
their lower average age and greater likelihood of em
ployment in service, laborer, and farm occupations.
The number of years in the same occupation varied
by the January 1981 occupation. Much like the inci
dence of occupational change, tenure of less than 5
years is more common in occupations requiring less
training (operatives and laborers), transferable skills
(clerical work), or high employment growth (managers
for women). In contrast, tenure is relatively high in oc
cupations with either declining employment opportunites (farmers and farm managers) or where specialized
skills and lengthy training are involved (professionals
for both sexes and craftworkers for men).
This report has provided an update on patterns of oc
cupational change between 1980 and 1981 and de
scribed the distribution of occupational tenure among
various demographic groups. With the January 1981
CPS, it is also possible to examine how occupational
change and tenure relate more specifically to the eco
nomic status of workers. For example, the occupational
categories used here were broad and conceal sex, race,
and ethnic differences in employment that might be un
covered by focusing on detailed occupations. In terms
of earnings, findings from a recent study using these
data suggest that the lower tenure of women accounts
for just 4 percent of the male-female earnings gap.10The
January 1981 CPS data can be used to explore further
these and other labor force topics.
10See Nancy F. Rytina, “Tenure as a factor in the male-female
earnings gap,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1982, pp. 32-34.
Appendix A. Explanatory Note
“ Was . . . working a year ago, in January 1980?” If
“ N o,” the interviewer asked, “ Was . . . on layoff or
looking for work?” If “ Yes,” the interviewer asked,
“ You told me t h a t . . . is now working as a . . . (occupa
tion indicated in answer to a previous question about
kind of work done in the week ending January 16,
1981). Was . . . doing the same kind of work a year ago,
in January 1980?” If the answer was “ N o,” the inter
viewer asked a number of questions which described
that job or business. All persons were asked, “ When
did. . . start working at his present job or business?”
Estimates of occupational change, occupational
tenure, and job tenure in this report are based on sup
plementary questions in the January 1981 Current
Population Survey conducted and tabulated for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census.
Labor force concepts, sample design, estimating
methods, and reliability of the data are described briefly
in the material which follows.1
Definitions and explanations
Population coverage. In the January 1981 survey, infor
mation was collected by trained interviewers from a
sample of about 60,000 households in 629 areas in 1,148
counties and independent cities with coverage in 50
States and the District of Columbia. The information
was obtained from all persons 16 years and over in the
civilian noninstitutional population of the United States
in the calendar week ending January 16, 1981. The
estimates presented here for occupational change and
tenure generally relate to persons 18 years of age and
over not in school, and the estimates for job tenure in
clude persons 16 years of age and over.
Occupational changers. Persons employed both during
the survey week and in January 1980 were classified as
occupation changers or nonchangers according to
whether the detailed occupation in January 1980 was
different from or the same as the current occupation.
The determination of whether the occupation in
January 1980 was different was made on the basis of the
system of 441 occupation categories identified by 3-digit
number or single letter codes in the U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1970 Census of Population, Alphabetical Index
o f Industries and Occupations (1970).
Age. The age classification is based on the age of the
person at his/her last birthday.
Same or different occupation. Occupation is the same if
the kind of work done in both January 1980 and
January 1981 had the same U.S. Bureau of the Census
3-digit number or single letter code. Occupation is dif
ferent if the 3-digit number or single letter code was not
the same at both times.
Race. The population is divided into three groups on the
basis of race: white, black, and “ other races.” The last
category includes Indians, Japanese, Chinese, and any
other race except white and black.
Hispanic origin. This designation refers to persons who
identified themselves in the enumeration process as
Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South
American, or of other Hispanic origin or descent. Per
sons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence they
are included among the numbers for both whites and
blacks.
Occupational tenure. Tenure refers to the number of
years spent in the January 1981 3-digit occupation. This
information is available only for persons employed in
the same occupation in January 1981 and January 1980.
Persons in a different occupation in January 1981 than
in January 1980 (e.g., occupation changers) were assign
ed to the tenure category “ less than 1 year.” Persons
employed in the same occupation at both dates were
asked, “ Altogether, for how many years has . . . been
doing that kind of work?” Responses were coded direct
ly in the questionnaire into the following categories: 1
up to 2 years, 2 up to 3 years, 3 up to 4 years, 4 up to 5
years, 5 up to 10 years, 10 up to 25 years, and 25 years
or more.
Mobility status. Information on mobility status was ob
tained from all persons who were employed in the week
ending January 16, 1981, from responses to the follow
ing questions.
1 For a more complete description of the methodology, see Current Popula
tion Survey, Design and Methodology, Technical Paper 40 (U.S. Department of
Commerce, 1978).
9
Occupation and industry. The data on occupation and
industry refer to the job held in January 1981 and the
one held in January 1980. Persons employed at two jobs
or more at either date were classified in the job at which
they worked the most hours. The occupation and in
dustry categories used here are those used in the 1970
Census of Population.
Employed. Employed persons are all those who during
the survey week (a) did any work at all as paid
employees or in their own business or profession, or on
their own farm, or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid
workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the
family, or (b) did not work but had jobs or businesses
from which they were temporarily absent because of
illness, bad weather, vacations, labor-management
dispute, or personal reasons, whether or not they were
paid by their employers for the time off, or were seeking
other jobs.
Job. For wage and salary workers, a job is defined in
this survey as continuous employment with a single
employer, even though the person may have worked at
several different occupations for that employer. In
Government employment, different agencies or bureaus
are considered different employers. Different branches
of a company that maintain separate employment of
fices and payrolls are also different employers. For per
sons who regularly work for a number of employers
(such as private household and odd job workers), a job
is defined as continuous employment at the particular
type of work rather than work done for a particular
employer. For self-employed persons, a job is defined as
continuous employment in a particular type of business
or professional practice in the same locality, or on a
farm. For unpaid workers, a job consists of continuous
employment on the family-operated farm or business.
Unemployed. Unemployed persons are all those who
did not work during the survey week, made specific ef
forts to find a job within the preceding 4 weeks, and
were available for work during the survey week or
would have been available except for temporary illness.
Also included as unemployed are those who did not
work at all, were available for work, and (a) were
waiting to be called back to a job from which they had
been laid off, or (b) were waiting to report to a new
wage or salary job within 30 days.
N ot in labor force. All persons not classified as
employed or unemployed are defined as “ not in the
labor force.” Persons doing only incidental unpaid
family work (less than 15 hours) are also classified as
not in the civilian labor force.
Job tenure. Tenure is the length of time a person has
been employed continuously except for interruptions
for vacation, temporary illness, labor-management
dispute, short-term layoff (less than 30 days), and other
temporary reasons. Conditions under which tenure may
be broken are: entry into the Armed Forces, transfer to
another job or employer, a layoff of 30 days or more, or
withdrawal from the labor force for 30 days or more,
even if a person subsequently returned to work for the
same employer.
Major activity. Persons under 25 years of age who were
working at the time of the survey were classified by ma
jor activity as either in “ school” or “ other.” All
workers who said that most of the survey week they had
been going to school were classified as “ school major
activity.” The remainder of the younger workers were
classified as “ other major activity.”
Median years on job. Median years on current job is the
number of years which divides the workers into two
equal groups, so that 50 percent of the total lie below
the median and 50 percent above it. The medians as
shown in this report are estimates based on the entire
distributions of characteristics. Calculations of these
median estimates are made using distributions contain
ing more intervals than those shown in the tables of this
report.
Marital status. Persons were classified into the follow
ing categories according to their marital status at the
time of the interview: Single; married, spouse present;
and other marital status. The classification “ married,
spouse present” applies to husband and wife if both are
reported as members of the same household even
though one may be temporarily absent on business,
vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, and the like at the
time of interview. The term “ other marital status” ap
plies to persons who are married, spouse absent; widow
ed; or divorced.
Full-time and part-time workers. Full-time workers are
persons who worked 35 hours or more during the survey
week, plus those who worked 1 to 34 hours but usually
worked full time. Part-time workers are those who
worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey week and usual
ly worked only 1 to 34 hours. Persons with a job but not
at work during the survey week are classified according
to whether they usually worked full or part time.
Educational attainment. Educational attainment applies
only to years of school completed in “ regular” schools,
which include graded public, private, and parochial
elementary and high schools, college, universities, and
professional schools, whether day schools or night
schools.
Thus, “ regular” schooling is that which could be ex
pected to advance a person to an elementary certificate,
10
a high school diploma, or a college, university, or pro
fessional school degree. Schooling in other than regular
schools was counted only if the credits obtained were
regarded as transferable to a school in the regular school
system.
Sums o f distributions. Sums of individual items,
whether absolute numbers or percentages, may not
equal totals because of independent rounding of totals
and components. Percentage totals, however, are
always shown as 100 percent.
Reliability of the estimates
Estimating procedure. The estimating procedure used in
this survey inflates the weighted sample results to in
dependent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional
population by age, race, and sex. These independent
estimates are based on statistics from the 1970 Census of
Population and other data on births, deaths, immigra
tion, emigration, and size of the Armed Forces.
Variability. Since the estimates are based on a sample,
they may differ somewhat from the figures that would
have been obtained if a complete census had been taken
using the same schedules and procedures. As in any
survey, the results are also subject to errors of response
and reporting.
The standard error is primarily a measure of sampling
variability, that is, of the variations that might occur by
chance because a sample rather than the entire popula
tion is surveyed. As calculated for this report, the stan
dard error also partially measures the effect of response
and enumeration errors but does not measure any
systematic biases in the data. The chances are about 2
out of 3 that an estimate from the sample would differ
from a complete census by less than 1.6 times the stan
dard error, and the chances are about 95 out of 100 that
11
the difference would be less than twice the standard er
ror.
The figures shown in tables A-l and A-2 are approx
imations of the standard errors which can be applied to
the statistics presented in this report. They should be in
terpreted as indicators of the order of magnitude of the
standard errors rather than as the precise standard error
for any specific item.
The following examples illustrate their use. An
estimated 14,735,000 men aged 25 to 34 were employed
in January 1981. Table A-l shows the standard er
ror on an estimate of this size to be approximately
142,000. The chances are 68 out of 100 that the estimate
would have been a figure differing from a complete cen
sus figure by less than 142,000. The chances are 95 out
of 100 that the estimate would have differed from a
complete census figure by less than 284,000.
Of these 14,735,000 men, about 13,859,000 had been
employed in both January 1980 and January 1981. Ap
proximately 12.4 percent of these employed men had
changed detailed occupations between the two dates.
Table A-2 shows the standard error of 12.4 percent on a
base of 13,859,000 men to be approximately 0.39. Con
sequently, the chances are 68 out of 100 that the
estimated 12.4 percent would be within .39 percentage
points of a complete census figure, and chances are 95
out of 100 that the estimate would be within 0.78
percentage points of a census figure. For example, this
95-percent confidence interval would be from 11.6 to
13.2 percent.
The reliability of an estimated percentage, computed
by using sample data for both numerator and
denominator, depends upon both the size of the percen
tage and the size of the total upon which the percentage
is based. Estimated percentages are relatively more
reliable than the corresponding estimates of the
numerators, particularly if the proportions are large (50
percent or more).
Table
A -1 .
S ta n d a r d e r r o r s o f e s tim a te d n u m b e r s
(In thousands)
Characteristic
Labor force data other than agricultural employment, unemployment, occupation,
and job changers
Estimated
level
Agri
cultural
em
ployment
Male
Total
White
Nonwhite
Total
1 0 .................................................................
5 0 .................................................................
1 0 0 ...............................................................
250 ...............................................................
500 ...............................................................
750 ...............................................................
1,000 ............................................................
2,000 ............................................................
4 ,0 0 0 ............................................................
6 ,0 0 0 ............................................................
8,000 ............................................................
10,000 .........................................................
15,000 .........................................................
20,000 .........................................................
30,000 .........................................................
40,000 .........................................................
50,000 .........................................................
60,000 .........................................................
70,000 .........................................................
80,000 .........................................................
100,000 .......................................................
120,000 .......................................................
-
6
13
18
29
41
50
57
81
113
137
-
-
-
-
5
10
14
23
32
39
45
64
90
109
125
139
166
188
219
240
253
260
260
254
221
143
5
10
14
23
32
39
45
64
90
109
124
138
165
185
215
233
242
244
238
224
164
5
10
14
23
32
39
44
60
79
88
90
87
36
-
-
-
Data not available.
12
4
9
13
21
30
37
42
59
82
99
113
124
146
161
177
178
164
131
49
-
Unemployment,
occupation,
or job changers
Female
20 and
over or
white
4
9
13
21
30
37
42
59
82
99
112
123
143
157
168
163
137
75
Nonwhite
4
9
13
21
29
35
40
52
60
53
16
-
-
Total or
white
Nonwhite
4
9
12
20
28
34
39
55
77
93
105
116
137
152
171
177
172
155
4
9
12
19
27
33
37
56
61
61
51
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
-
-
“
•
Total
or
white
4
10
14
22
31
38
44
62
87
106
122
135
162
182
-
Nonwhite
5
11
15
24
33
40
46
63
83
93
-
-
-
T a b le A -2 . S t a n d a r d e r ro rs o f e s t im a t e d p e r c e n t a g e s
Estimated monthly base
or percentages (in
thousands)
Estimated percentage of monthly level
1 or 99
2 or 98
5 or 95
10 .....................................
50 .....................................
100 ...................................
250 ...................................
500 .........:........................
750 ...................................
1,000 ................................
2,000 ................................
4,000 ................................
6,000 ................................
8,000 ................................
10,000 ..............................
15,000 ..............................
20,000 ..............................
30,000 -..............................
40,000 ..............................
50,000 ..............................
60,000 ..............................
70,000 ..............................
80,000 ..............................
100,000 ............................
120,000 ............................
140,000 ............................
160,000 ............................
4.54
2.03
1.43
.91
.64
.52
.45
.32
.23
.19
.16
.14
.12
.10
:08
.07
.06
.06
.05
.05
.05
.04
.04
.04
6.38
2.85
2.02
1.28
.90
.74
.64
.45
.32
.36
.23
.20
.16
.14
7T2
.10
.09
.08
.08
.07
.06
.06
.05
.05
9.94
4.44
3.14
1.99
1.41
1.15
.99
.70
.50
.41
.35
.31
.26
.22
.18
.16
.14
.13
.12
.11
.10
.09
.08
.08
10 or 90
15 or 85
13.68
6.12
4.32
2.74 .
1.93
1.58
1.37
.97
.68
.56
.48
.43
.35
.31
.25
.22
.19
.18
.16
.15
.14
.12
.12
.11
16.28
7.28'
5.15
3.26
2.30
1.88
1.63
1.15
.81
.66
.58
.51
.42
.36
.30
.26
.23
.21
.19
.18
.16
.15
.14
.13
' To obtain standard errors of estimates for the following groups,
multiply above standard errors by : .93 for men, .86 for women, .97 for
20 or 80
18.23
8.15
5.77
3.65
2.58
2.11
1.82
1.29
.91
.74
.64
.58
.47
.41
.33
.29
.26
.24
.22
.20
.18
.17
.15
.14
30 or 70
25 or 75
19.74
8.83
6.24
3.95
2.79
2.28
1.97
1.40
.99
.81
.70
.62
.51
.44
.36
.31
.28
.25
.24
.22
.20
.18
.17
. .16
■
20.89
9.34
6.61
4.18
2.95
2.41
2.09
1.48
1.04
.85
.74
.66
.54
.47
.38
.33
.30
.27
.25
.23
.21
.19
.18
.17
35 or 65
21,74
9.72
6.88
4.35
3.07
2.51
2.17
1.54
1.09
.89
.77
.69
.56
.49
.40
.34
.31
.28
.26
.24
.22
.20
.18
.17
50
...22.79
10.19
7.21
4.56
3.22
2.63
2.28
1.61
1.14
.93
.81
.72
.59
.51
.42
.36
.32
.29
.27
.25
.23
.21
.19
.18
total or white occupation or job changers, and 1.04 for black occupation or
job changers.
13
Apperadix i . Supplementary Tables
Table B-1. Age: Tenure on current job, by sex, January 1981
(Percent distribution)
Tenure on current job
__________________________________________________________________________
. .
Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over
6
months
1 to
2 to
3 to
5 to 10 to 15 to 20 to 25 to 30 to
or
2
3
5
30
35
10
15
20
25
years
months
years years years years years years years years years
Median
less
Number (in
years
on job
Percent
Period when job started
thousands)
.
Jan. Jan. Jan, Jan.
Jan.
Jan. Jan. Prior
July
19801976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946to
JuneJan.
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1981
1977 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
Total employed
Age and sex
BOTH SEXES
Total, 16 years and o v e r.....................
92,557
100.0
18.2
9.5
11.6
9.2
12.0
15.9
9.6
16 and 17 ye a rs......................................
18 and 19 ye a rs......................................
20 to 24 y e a rs .........................................
25 to 34 y e a rs .........................................
25 to 29 y e a rs ......................................
30 to 34 y e a rs ......................................
35 to 44 y e a rs .........................................
35 to 39 y e a rs ......................................
40 to 44 y e a rs ......................................
45 to 54 y e a rs .........................................
45 to 49 y e a rs ......................................
50 to 54 y e a rs ......................................
55 to 64 y e a rs .........................................
55 to 59 y e a rs ......................................
60 to 64 y e a rs ......................................
65 years and over ..................................
65 to 69 y e a rs ......................................
70 years and o v e r................................
2,458
4,002
12,749
25,651
13,023
12,628
18,715
10,171
8,544
15,574
7,824
7,750
10,715
6,613
4,102
2,693
1,610
1,083
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.6
50.0
33.0
19.1
21.3
16.9
12.7
14.3
10.9
8.2
9.3
7.0
6.1
6.5
5.5
8.1
8.8
7.0
21.6
17.7
16.0
10.9
12.3
9.6
7.3
7.5
6.9
5.3
5.2
5.4
4.0
4.3
3.5
4.6
4.4
4.8
14.8
19.9
19.5
14.1
15.3
12.8
9.6
10.5
8.5
6.8
7.6
6.0
4.9
5.1
4.6
3.9
4.4
3.1
6.1
7.7
13.9
11.3
12.5
10.1
8.6
8,7
8.4
6.5
6.7
6.2
5.4
5.6
5.1
5.6
5.3
6.0
4.7
3.9
12.9
16.1
16.8
15.5
12.6
12.8
12.3
10.0
10.8
9.2
8.0
8.0
8.0
9.9
9.4
10.8
2.2
.9
4.4
20.9
19.3
22.5
20.7
21.2
20.0
18.0
18.3
17.6
15.0
15.0
15.1
16.5
16.5
16.5
.3
6.9
2.5
11.5
15.2
15.7
14.7
14.8
14.8
14.8
14.5
14:4
14.7
11.5
11.7
11.2
_
.6
.1
1.1
9.1
8.0
10.4
10.8
10.7
10.8
11.0
10.9
11.1
7.6
7.9
7.1
Total, 16 years and o v e r.....................
52,700
100.0
15.9
8.9
10.3
8.6
11.5
16.2
10.4
6.4
4.4
3.3
16 and 17 y e a rs ......................................
18 and 19 y e a rs ......................................
20 to 24 y e a rs .........................................
25 to 34 y e a rs .........................................
25 to 29 y e a rs ......................................
30 to 34 y e a rs ......................................
35 to 44 y e a rs .........................................
35 to 39 y e a rs ......................................
40 to 44 y e a rs ......................................
45 to 54 y e a rs .........................................
45 to 49 y e a rs ......................................
50 to 54 y e a rs ...................................
55 to 64 y e a rs .........................................
55 to 59 y e a rs ......................................
60 to 64 y e a rs ......................................
65 years and over ..................................
65 to 69 y e a rs ......................................
70 years and o v e r................................
1,262
2,069
6,650
14,735
7,409
7,326
10,746
5,911
4,834
9,047
4,477
4,570
6,503
4,008
2,495
1,688
988
700
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
48.4
46.5
32.4
16.4
19.1
13.6
10.5
11.7
9.0
6.4
7.3
5.6
6.0
6.2
5.7
8.2
9.0
7.1
22.5
18.1
15.8
10.3
12.0
8.7
6.8
7.1
6.4
4.7
4.0
5.4
3.4
3.5
3.2
4.2
4.7
3.5
15.3
20.3
18.7
13.2
14.7
11.6
7.6
8.4
6.7
5.2
6.1
4.4
4.6
4.5
4.6
3.9
4.7
2.8
6.9
8.6
14.8
11.1
12.4
9.7
7.2
7.8
6.6
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.3
4.4
4.3
5.5
4.9
6.4
4.0
5.4
13.5
16.8
17.6
15.9
10.7
11.5
9.8
8.4
9.1
7.7
6.7
6.5
6.9
10.3
8.9
12.4
2.9
1.1
4.6
23.3
21.1
25.5
20.8
22.5
18.9
15.5
16.0
15.0
12.6
12.5
12.7
15.9
15.6
16.3
-
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
5.3
3.4
2.4
1.7
_
.1
3.5
.7
.1
1.0
.2
6.5
.2
1.2
8.7
7.2
3.3
9.3
5.9
1.2
8.1
5.4
8.6
8.7
8.1
8.5
8:6 ... 8.2 - 8:8
8.8
7.9
7.9
8.4
5.4
5.2
8.9
6.0
4.7
7.6
5.9
4.5
1.2
-
3.2
.5
.2
.9
5.9
'4.7
7.9
13.4
11.9
15.6
.5
.5
1.1
2.5
2.1
3.1
4.9
4.3
5.6
8.4
7.5
9.3
11.9
""IT . 7
12.3
10.2
10.0
10.6
1.7
4.0
MEN
See footnotes at end of table.
14
-
.4
8.2
3.0
13.4
18.4
19.7
16.9
14.3
15.1
13.6
12.5
12.3
12.8
9.6
9.6
9.6
_
.8
.2
1.4
12.2
10.0
14.8
12.7
13.9
11.6
10.5
10.9
9.9
6.7
6.3
7.2
-
.1
.1
4.7
1.1
9.1
11.7
12.9
10.4
9.6
9.7
9.3
7.3
8.4
5.7
.9
.4
1.6
10.2
7.8
12.5
10.0
10.6
9.1
5.2
6.1
4.0
2.5
-
-
-
.1
.3
4.5
1.8
7.2
12.0
12.7
10.9
5.6
5.6
5.6
-
.7
.3
1.2
7.8
6.2
10.5
17.5
16.2
19.4
.5
.6
1.1
2.9
2.3
3.7
6.6
5.7
8.0
11.0
10.3
11.8
14.8
14.8
14.6
10.3
10.4
10.2
T a b le B -1. A g e : T e n u r e o n c u r r e n t jo b , b y s e x , J a n u a r y 1 9 8 1 — C o n t in u e d
(Percent distribution)
Total employed
Age and sex
Tenure on current job
6
Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over
months
1 to
2 to
3 to
5 to 10 to 15 to 20 to 25 to 30 to
oO
or
2
3
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
years
months
Median
less
years years years years years years years years years
Number (in
years
thouPercent
on job
Period when job started
sands)
.
.
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
July
Jan. Jan. Jan. Prior
19801976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946to
Jan.
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1981
1977 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
WOMEN
Total, 16 years and o v e r.....................
16 and 17 y e a rs ......................................
18 and 19 y e a rs......................................
20 to 24 y e a rs .........................................
25 to 34 y e a rs .........................................
25 to 29 y e a rs ......................................
30 to 34 y e a rs ......................................
35 to 44 y e a rs .........................................
35 to 39 y e a rs ......................................
40 to 44 y e a rs ......................................
45 to 54 y e a rs .........................................
45 to 49 y e a rs ......................................
50 to 54 y e a rs ......................................
55 to 64 y e a rs .........................................
55 to 59 y e a rs ......................................
60 to 64 y e a rs ......................................
65 years and over ..................................
65 to 69 y e a rs ......................................
70 years and o v e r................................
39,857
1,196
1,933
6,099
10,916
5,614
5,302
7,970
4,260
3,710
6,526
3,346
3,180
4,212
2,605
1,607
1,005
622
382
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
21.4
53.0
53.6
33.7
22.8
24.1
21.4
15.8
17.9
13.5
10.6
12.0
9.0
6.4
7.0
5.4
7.8
8.5
6.8
10.4
13.3
20.7
17.2
16.2
11.7
12.7
10.7
7.9
8.2
7.6
6.1
6.9
5.4
4.9
5.5
3.8
5.2
4.0
7.1
14.2
19.5
20.4
15.2
16.0
14.4
12.3
13.6
10.9
8.9
9.5
8.2
5.5
5.9
4.7
3.8
3.9
3.5
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
15
9.9
5.4
6.8
13.0
11.6
12.6
10.6
10.3
10.0
10.7
7.7
8.0
7.3
7.0
7.5
6.3
5.7
6.0
5.2
12.6
5.4
2.2
12.3
15.3
15.7
14.8
15.1
14.6
15.6
12.2
12.9
11.5
10.0
10.2
9.7
9.3
10.1
8.0
15.6
1.4
.6
4.2
17.6
16.9
18.3
20.4
19.4
21.5
21.5
21.4
21.5
18.7
18.8
18.7
17.5
18.0
16.7
8.4
3.9
2.2
1.3
0.7
0.5
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
.3
5.3
1.8
9.0
10.9
10.2
11.8
15.4
14.3
16.6
17.6
17.6
17.6
14.8
15.2
14.1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.4
.1
.8
5.0
5.3
4.7
8.0
6.4
9.8
11.7
11.1
12.8
9.1
10.4
6.8
1.9
.8
3.1
4.6
4.6
4.6
7.3
6.9
7.9
10.3
9.7
11.2
.3
-
-
-
-
-
.6
3.1
3.3
2.9
5.1
4.5
6.1
5.7
5.9
5.5
-
-
1.6
.5
2.8
3.0
2.8
3.3
4.4
3.2
6.4
.3
.1
.5
2.9
2.4
3.8
6.5
5.1
8.7
2.5
.5
.5
1.0
2.0
1.8
2.3
3.5
3.0
3.9
5.9
5.1
6.8
9.1
8.5
10.0
10.0
9.5
11.2
T a b le B -2. R a c e : T e n u r e o n c u r r e n t jo b , b y a g e an d s e x , J a n u a r y 19 81
(Percent distribution)
Total employed
Race, sex, and age
Number (in
thou
Percent
sands)
Period when current job started
July
1980Jan.
1981
Jan.June1980
Jan.Dec.
1979
Jan.Dec.
1978
Jan. Jan. Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan. Jan. Prior
1976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946to
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1977 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
Median
years
on job
BOTH SEXES
White, 16 years and o v e r ......................
82,375
100.0
18.3
9.6
11.5
9.2
12.0
15.7
9.4
16
25
35
45
55
65
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
and o v e r.................................
17,256
22,588
16,514
13,893
9,694
2,430
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
38.4
19.2
12.9
8.3
6.2
8.3
17.1
11.0
7.3
5.3
4.0
4.6
18.7
13.9
9.7
6.6
4.9
3.9
11.8
11.3
8.5
6.5
5.4
5.5
10.2
16.2
12.6
9.9
8.2
10.0
3.5
20.8
20.0
17.8
14.8
17.1
.2
7.0
15.2
14.4
14.1
10.9
Black, 16 years and over ......................
8,514
100.0
17.5
8.6
11.4
8.9
11.4
18.2
1,652
2,500
1,840
1,408
878
234
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
42.2
17.1
11.3
6.7
5.6
6.1
15.8
9.3
6.8
5.1
3.4
3.9
21.0
13.6
8.1
6.3
4.3
2.7
10.4
11.9
8.2
5.4
5.3
6.8
7.6
16.4
12.0
10.6
4.8
9.6
47,501
100.0
15.8
8.8
10.3
8.6
11.5
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
and o v e r.................................
5.4
3.5
2.5
1.8
1.2
_
_
-
3.7
8.9
8.7
8.1
_
.7
7.4
8.0
5.1
_
.1
3.5
8.6
5.2
_
.6
9.4
10.7
11.0
7.3
.6
6.1
13.9
.8
2.5
4.8
8.4
12.0
10.0
11.5
5.4
2.9
2.4
1.2
.6
3.6
2.7
23.8
26.3
18.7
16.0
10.5
.3
7.5
16.3
19.4
19.4
17.5
_
_
_
.5
8.3
12.2
11.5
9.3
-
-
_
-
2.1
7.3
9.0
12.7
.6
6.4
9.8
8.3
-
-
1.8
7.2
5.6
.2
3.8
7.0
.7
2.8
5.6
9.0
12.0
12.0
16.1
10.4
6.4
4.5
3.4
2.6
1.7
4.0
_
_
_
-
_
-
_
.8
8.1
18.1
.9
2.9
6.7
11.2
14.9
10.1
-
_
3.2
MEN
White, 16 years and o v e r......................
16
25
35
45
55
65
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
and o v e r.................................
8,996
13,193
9,653
8,177
5,937
1,544
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
36.8
16.3
10.5
6.4
6.0
8.6
17.0
10.2
6.6
4.7
3.4
4.0
18.5
13.0
7.6
5.2
4.5
3.9
12.7
11.0
7.1
5.6
4.3
5.3
10.9
16.8
10.6
8.1
7.0
10.5
3.8
23.4
20.4
15.3
12.3
16.6
.3
8.3
18.7
14.1
12.3
8.9
.8
12.4
12.7
10.3
6.3
.1
5.0
12.0
9.6
7.1
.9
10.4
10.0
5.0
Black, 16 years and over ......................
4,328
100.0
16.2
9.1
10.3
9.0
10.9
17.5
10.9
6.9
3.4
3.1
_
_
_
1.1
8.2
11.1
7.9
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
and o v e r.................................
831
1,244
915
735
477
126
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
41.6
15.5
9.9
6.0
4.9
3.8
17.6
9.5
7.6
5.0
3.0
6.5
19.0
13.0
7.0
5.4
4.4
2.5
.1
4.7
12.2
5.8
1.8
_
-
.9
4.0
_
.4
5.2
9.0
.7
3.0
6.2
10.0
14.4
12.0
.5
2.4
11.4
12.5
7.8
5.3
4.3
8.6
7.5
16.5
11.4
10.5
2.7
8.7
2.9
24.3
24.5
16.8
14.6
9.5
8.0
16.9
16.8
14.6
18.7
.8
11.9
13.8
13.8
9.5
_
2.0
9.0
10.8
10.6
12.7
15.2
8.1'
3.9
2.2
1.2
_
_
-
-
-
-
1.9
4.5
7.4
9.8
.3
3.0
4.8
5.1
-
-
1.7
3.0
4.2
.3
3.0
6.7
.8
2.0
3.3
5.7
9.1
9.8
1.8
.6
.3
3.3
-
2.8
10.6
4.7
WOMEN
White, 16 years and o v e r ......................
34,875
100.0
21.7
10.6
13.2
10.0
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
and o v e r.................................
8,259
9,395
6,861
5,716
3,757
886
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
40.2
23.3
16.3
11.0
6.3
7.8
17.3
12.0
8.2
6.3
4.9
5.8
19.0
15.2
12.8
8.7
5.6
3.9
10.8
11.6
10.5
7.9
7.2
5.9
9.5
15.2
15.3
12.4
10.1
9.1
3.2
17.1
19.4
21.4
18.7
18.1
.1
5.1
10.2
14.9
17.0
14.6
_
.5
5.1
7.8
12.1
9.0
Black, 16 years and over ......................
4,186
100.0
18.9
8.0
12.4
8.7
11.9
19.0
12.1
3.9
2.4
821
1,256
926
674
401
108
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
42.8
18.7
12.8
7.5
6.4
8.9
13.9
9.2
6.0
5.2
3.8
.8
23.0
14.2
9.1
7.2
4.3
2.9
9.4
11.3
8.7
5.4
6.3
4.7
7.7
16.3
12.5
10.7
7.4
10.7
2.5
23.2
28.1
20.6
17.6
11.7
.7
6.9
15.7
22.3
25.0
16.0
_
_
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
years .......................................
and o v e r.................................
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
16
.3
4.8
10.5
8.8
9.1
2.2 5.4
6.9
15.0
.7
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
.2
4.4
8.1
8.9
-
-
.7
3.2
6.6
.1
2.2
4.6
.8
2.7
5.2
8.1
10.3
11.9
T a b le B -3 . M a r it a l s t a t u s o f m a le w o rk e rs : T e n u r e o n c u r r e n t jo b , b y f u ll- t im e o r p a r t - t im e s t a t u s a n d a g e , J a n u a r y 19 81
(Percent distribution)
Period when current job started
Total employed
|
Full-time or part-time status, marital
status, and age
Number (in
Percent
thou
sands)
July
1980Jan.
1981
Jan.June1980
Jan.Dec.
T979
Jan.
Jan.
Jan. Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan. Prior
Jan.1976- 19717 '1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946to
Dec.
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1978
1977 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
Total, m e n ...........................................
52,700
100.0
15.9
8.9
10.3
8.6
11.5
16.2
10.4
S ingle...........................................................
11,695
100.0
31.2
15.0
16.7
11.1
11.6
8.3
2.9
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
7,398
3,071
590
342
229
66
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
39.6
20.3
10.9
8.0
4.7
(')
Married, spouse p re s e n t...........................
36,678
100.0
11.0
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
19.0
17.5
12.6
15.1
9.1 ■ 10:5
2.5
4.6
2.8
3.2
0
0
7.0
8.3
6.4
3.3
1.1
_
.6
2.5
.6
Median
years
on job
1.7
4.0
.3
1.2
.5
-
_
-
.4
6.3
11.8
15.7
0
_
.1
3.5
4.8
10.9
0
1.7
12.0
8.8
0
.9
6.3
12.4
0
1.3
8.9
0
.8
2.2
4.7
10.5
16.2
0
12.5
8.1
5.6
4.3
3.1
2.1
6.0
_
-
-
_
.7
8.2
17.7
1.2
3.2
6.8
11.5
15.1
10.3
4.3
11.6
11.5
9.3
5.3
3.4
(’)
9.4
17.2
12: T
10.3
6.2
0
2.8
.1
4.4
18.6
18.9 ' 16.9
16.1
17.0
7.8 15.3
(’)
0
7.9
11.5
18.6
16.9 15.1
12.5 11.1
7.3
7.1
5.1
5.5
4.4
4.2
3.6 • 6.2
14.5
16.9
10.6
8.2
6.5
10.3
6.0
25.2
21.3
15.3
12.7
15.4
.6
9.2
18.6
14.3
12.4
8.9
.9
12.8
13.0
10.4
6.6
.1
5.0
12.5
9.5
6.7
.9
10.5
10.4
5.5
_
.1
4.6
12.4
6.0
8.5
10.1
7.9
11.0
17.0
12.5
6.5
4.3
2.7
2.0
1.5
35.4
21.5
15.1
11.3
9.3
5.0
14.0
10.4
8.4
8.1
4.5
5.1
22.6
14.4
8.4
7.1
6.4
3.7
13.0
10.2
7.0
7.1
6.3
1.9
8.0
14.5
10.4
9.0
8.6
10.2
7.0
19.2
18.4
16.5
13.2
18.6
_
9.1
17.6
13.8
12.3
14.1
_
.7
10.0
10.1
9.9
6.6
_
3.6
7.0
9.8
11.9
-
_
-
_
.9
6.3
7.0
4.7
.2
3.4
8.5
3.0
.3
4.3
15.2
1.0
2.4
5.2
6.7
10.7
10.9
100.0
14.2
8.3
10.0
8.6
11.7
17.0
11.1
6.8
4.6
3.5
2.6
1.6
4.4
8,947
100.0
27.2
14.1
16.6
11.8
13.0
9.8
3.7
1.4
.7
.8
.6
.4
1.5
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
4,923
2,865
563
329
221
47
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
36.5
19.1
9.7
8.3
4.2
0
16.9
12.6
9.0
.2.1
2.9
0
19.6
15.2
10.6
. 4.8
3.2
0
12.9
11.8
9.7
.5.1
2.8
0
10.9
17.7
12.3
9.3
6.3
0
3.0
18.8
18.8
16.2
7.2
(’)
.2
4.5
17.0
17.7
15.6
1.7
11.7
8.5
(1)
_
1.0
6.5
12.8
0
Married, spouse p re s e n t...........................
35,339
100.0
10.7
6.9
8.3
7.9
11.5
18.8
12.7
8.2
4.3
3.1
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
2,267
10,181
8,949
7,753
5,406
783
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.8
14.3
9.7
5.7
5.2
7.7
16.0
9.5
6.4
4.4
3.3
1.8
17.1
12.4
7.4
5.0
3.8
2.0
15.6
11.1
7.1
5.5
4.0
4.5
14.8
17.0
10.6
8.3
6.3
8.1
6.1
25.4
21.4
15.4
1^.9
16.3
.6
9.3
18.7
14.3
12.7
8.9
_
_
.1
5.0
12.5
9.8
7.6
_
_
.9
12.8
13.1
10.7
7.3
-
-
.8
10.5
10.5
6.9
Other marital status2 ..................................
4,095
100.0
15.8
8.4
10.1
8.0
11.0
17.0
12.8
6.8
4.2
7.3
19.7
18.3
16.5
13.9
13.0
_
9.4
17.5
13.9
12.6
18.5
_
.7
10.2
10.4
10.3
9.6
_
3.5
6.9
10.3
14.4
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
2,370
10,348
9,041
7,853
5,675
1,391
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
30.6
14.5
9.9
5.8
5.7
8.9
16.2
9.7
6.4
4.4
3.3
4.0
Other marital status2 ..................................
4,327
100.0
16.0
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
214
1,316
1,114
852
599
231
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Usually work full tim e ............................
48,381
S ingle...........................................................
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
206
1,264
1,095
829
557
142
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
34.7
20.6
15.3
11.1
8.5
5.7
14.5
10.1
8.5
7.7
4.5
4.6
See footnotes at end of table.
17
21.8
14.5
8.5
6.9
5.4
2.2
13.4
9.9
7.1
7.3
6.0
.8
"
8.3
15.1
10.0
9.0
8.4
7.7
0
_
_
.4
.1
3.7
6.6
12.0 .... 4.9
16.1
11.3
0
0
5.7
_
-
-
_
.9
2.3
4.8
1.3 ■ 10.8
9.1
16.5
(’)
(’)
1.9
6.1
.1
4.6
12.7
7.2
_
.8
8.2
21.7
1.2
3.3
6.9
11.6
15.5
14.9
2.8
2.0
1.1
4.3
_
.9
6.5
7.3
6.8
_
.2
3.4
8.2
4.7
_
.4
4.6
12.0
1.0
2.5
5.1
6.8
11.4
14.4
T a b le B -3. M a r it a l s t a t u s o f m a le w o r k e r s : T e n u r e o n c u r r e n t jo b , b y f u ll- t im e o r p a r t - t im e s t a t u s a n d a g e , J a n u a r y
1 9 8 1 — C o n t in u e d
(Percent distribution)
Period when current job started
Total employed
Full-time or part-time status, marital
status, and age
Number (in
thou
Percent
sands)
July
1980Jan.
1981
Jan.June1980
Jan.Dee.
1979
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Prior
Jan.1976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946to
Dee.
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1978
1977 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
Median
years
on job
Usually work part time ..........................
4,320
100.0
34.8
14.9
14.6
8.6
8.6
6.7
S ingle...........................................................
2,748
100.0
44.3
18.0
17.2
8.9
7.0
3.7
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
2,475
206
27
14
8
18
100.0
100.0
(’)
(')
O
0
45.7
37.1
(’)
0
0
(’)
18.6
12.9
0
0
O
0
17.8
13.9
0
0
(’)
(’)
9.1
7.8
(’)
0
(’)
(')
6.5
9.9
0
(’)
0
0
2.4
16.1
0
0
O
O
2.2
0
0
(’)
0
Married, spouse p re s e n t...........................
1,339
100.0
17.9
9.5
9.6
8.4
11.4
11.1
7.6
5.1
4.1
4.4
3.6
7.3
3.8
20.9
20.7
11.1
7.4
4.5
6.8
12.5
14.4
1.6
12.3
16.0
5.8
4.2
11.1
11.1
8.2
7.1
8.5
8.2
11.7
14.8
4.6
9.8
13.2
4.6
9.7
8.8
11.2
8.5
14.1
1.8
3.5
9.3
13.5
6.6
9.0
13.8
9.3
4.4
5.7
1.4
8.9
4.0
5.5
_
4.1
8.8
8.4
3.8
_
2.2
6.9
4.5
.2
7.9
12.5
.6
1.0
3.3
7.3
4.0
6.6
2.2
7.8
3.6
(’)
(’)
O
0
(’)
20.2
0
0
0
(’)
0
7.1
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
3.0
1.8
.4
-
.1
1.6
1.5
.1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
(1)
0
0
0
0
(1)
0
0
0
0
0
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
103
167
92
100
269
608
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
47.7
28.9
24.1
13.3
16.0
10.5
Other marital status2 ..................................
233
100.0
19.2
9.3
11.5
7.0
11.1
16.4
7.1
1.8
5.4
1.2
7
52
19
23
42
89
0
0
0
(')
0
100.0
0
0
0
0
0
3.9
O
0
0
0
0
6.0
O
0
(')
0
0
6.2
0
0
0
(1)
0
3.6
(1)
0
(1)
0
0
14.1
O
O
0
0
0
27.5
0
0
(1)
0
0
7.1
0
0
(1)
(1)
(1)
1.9
(’)
0
(1)
0
0
7.9
0
O
(1)
0
(’)
1.3
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
1 Percent and median not shown where base is less than 75,000.
2 Includes widowed, divorced, and separated men.
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
18
1.3
2.8
1.0
.1
.7
.1
_
0
(1)
0
0
_
0
0
(’)
0
0
O
(')
0
0
.4
.6
1.0
0
0
(’)
0
T a b le B -4. M a r it a l s t a t u s o f f e m a l e w o rk e rs : T e n u r e o n c u r r e n t jo b , b y f u ll- t im e o r p a r t - t im e s t a t u s a n d a g e , J a n u a r y 19 81
(Percent distribution)
Period when current job started
Total employed
Full-time or part-time status, marital
status, and age
Number (in
thou
Percent
sands)
July
1980Jan.
1981
Jan.June1980
Jan.Dee.
1979
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Prior
Jan.1976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946to
Dee.
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1978
1977 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
Median
years
on job
Total, w o m e n .....................................
39,857
100.0
21.4
10.4
13.3
9.9
12.6
15.6
8.4
3.9
2.2
1.3
0.7
0.5
2.5
S ingle...........................................................
9,575
100.0
32.4
14.4
16.8
10.8
9.7
8.2
3.4
1.6
1.0
.8
.5
.4
1.2
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
6,194
2,099
556
356
260
110
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
42.0
19.2
9.0
8.8
3.3
6.8
17.6
11.3
6.4
2.4
2.7
3.5
19.7
13.9
8.6
9.1
3.5
3.6
10.7
13.6
8.4
5.9
2.5
7.6
7.8
15.6
11.8
8.4
6.3
4.6
2.1
20.6
19.0
12.4
19.2
17.8
.1
5.4
19.4
12.2
12.4
17.2
_
_
.3
11.8
10.5
13.9
8.5
4.6
11.4
10.4
4.7
_
1.1
13.7
6.0
6.6
-
-
5.4
9.4
6.4
-
10.4
12.7
.7
2.4
6.1
10.9
14.3
10.7
Married, spouse p re s e n t...........................
22,660
100.0
17.8
9.0
12.5
9.9
13.5
18.1 .
9.9
4.6
2.3
1.2
.7
.4
3.1
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
2,532
6,927
5,733
4,592
2,517
359
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
36.1
22.8
15.7
10.0
6.2
10.1
15.9
11.6
7.6
5.6
4.9
4.3
19.0
15.5
13.0
8.6
5.1
4.3
11.1
11.4
10.8
7.5
7.8
4.5
12.6
15.4
14.8
12.3
9.2
9.2
5.0
17.6
20.7
22.5
18.4
17.3
.4
5.3
10.5
16.3
18.2
15.4
_
_
.5
4.9
8.3
12.1
9.1
1.7
4.3
7.3
11.2
_
.3
2.7
5.0
4.7
-
-
1.6
3.0
3.8
.2
2.6
6.2
.9
2.0
3.4
6.2
9.4
9.8
Other marital status1..................................
7,622
100.0
18.0
9.5
10.9
8.7
13.7
17.4
10.5
4.8
3.1
1.8
.8
.9
3.4
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
502
1,891
1,681
1,578
1,435
536
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
42.2
26.9
18.6
12.6
7.2
6.5
14.8
12.8
9.6
8.7
5.1
6.2
17.2
15.6
11.3
9.5
6.4
3.4
9.8
10.3
9.4
8.4
6.5
6.1
10.6
14.6
17.0
12.8
11.9
10.3
5.1
14.5
19.8
20.5
19.3
17.6
.4
5.1
9.8
13.6
17.4
13.8
_
_
_
_
_
.3
3.1
6.8
10.6
9.2
1.4
3.9
6.6
10.8
-
-
.1
2.0
5.1
6.3
-
-
.8
1.8
4.4
.4
2.0
5.3
.8
1.7
3.1
4.7
8.2
10.0
Usually work full tim e ............................
30,457
100.0
18.9
9.9
12.9
9.9
13.3
16.6
9.2
4.3
2.3
1.4
.8
.5
2.8
S ingle...........................................................
6,820
100.0
27.1
13.2
16.6
11.6
11.2
10.2
4.2
2.2
1.4
1.1
.7
.5
1.6
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
3,743
1,926
519
333
236
63
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
38.2
17.4
8.7
8.1
1.9
(2)
17.2
10.9
6.2
2.6
1.9
(2)
20.7
14.1
8.6
9.1
3.8
(2)
12.3
13.5
8.0
6.3
2.7
(2)
9.1
16.5
11.9
7.7
6.1
(2)
2.5
21.5
18.7
11.3
19.5
(2)
.1
5.6
19.1
12.2
11.1
(2)
_
_
_
_
_
.4
12.6
10.7
14.7
(2)
-
-
-
-
5.0
11.7
11.0
(2)
Married, spouse p re s e n t...........................
17,050
100.0
16.1
8.7
12.2
9.8
14.0
18.7
10.7
4.9
2.4
1.4
_
_
_
_
_
-
1.7
3.3
6.0
-
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
_
-
-
_
-
-
5.8
10.3
(2)
2,105
5,232
4,223
3,515
1,810
164
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
33.4
19.8
14.0
8.7
5.4
8.4
16.7
10.7
_ 7.1
5.4
4.0
5.3
20.4
15.0
11.8
8.3
3.4
2.4
11.0
11.8
10.5
7.2
6.1
4.0
13.2
16.7
15.0
12.2
9.4
6.9
5.0
19.4
21.9
22.3
18.5
12.8
.4
6.1
11.7
17.6
19.5
20.2
.6
5.6
8.9
13.4
11.3
2.1
4.3
8.3
12.1
Other marital status1..................................
6,588
100.0
17.7
9.8
11.1
8.7
13.7
17.7
10.5
4.8
3.0
1.7
_
_
_
_
.3
2.9
7.3
11.7
9.1
1.6
4.0
7.3
10.4
-
-
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r....................................
455
1,720
1,539
1,416
1,209
249
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
40.6
25.9
18.1
12.3
6.0
5.2
14.9
13.1
9.7
8.6
5.0
8.2
18.2
15.3
11.1
9.4
6.0
2.3
See footnotes at end of table.
19
10.6
10.4
9.1
8.4
6.4
3.2
10.6
14.9
17.2
12.6
11.7
4.7
4.7
15.0
20.3
20.6
19.1
21.4
.4
5.1
9.9
13.3
17.9
16.7
.4
3.0
5.7
5.3
.1
2.2
5.3
5.5
_
-
10.3
(2)
.8
2.6
6.2
11.9
15.3
(2)
.4
3.4
.8
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
1.1
14.5
6.6
(2)
_
.8
.9
1.8
6.8
.3
3.0
5.5
1.0
2.4
3.8
6.7
10.7
11.5
.7
3.4
_
.4
1.8
6.6
.8
1.7
3.2
4.8
8.7
11.3
Table 3-4. Marital status of female workers: Tenure on current job, by full-time or part-time status and age, January
1981— Continued
(Percent distribution)
Total employed
Full-time or part-time status, marital
status, and age
Number (in
Percent
thou
sands)
Period when current job started
July
1980Jan.
1981
Jan.June1980
Jan.Dee.
1979
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Prior
Jan.1976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946to
Dee.
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1978
1960
1946
1977 1975 1970 1965
1955 1950
Usually work part tim e ..........................
9,400
100.0
29.2
11.8
14.4
9.6
10.4
12.3
6.0
2.7
1.7
0.9
S ingle...........................................................
2,755
100.0
45.5
17.3
17.3
8.7
5.9
3.2
1.3
.3
.2
.1
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs ................................ .........
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
2,451
173
37
23
24
47
100.0
100.0
(2)
47.9
38.6
(2)
18.1
15.7
(2)
O
(2)
(2)
18.3
12.2
(2)
(2)
(2)
8.2
14.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
5.9
5.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.6
10.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
_
3.7
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Married, spouse p re s e n t...........................
5,610
100.0
23.1
9.9
13.7
10.3
12.0
16.2
7.4
3.5
2.0
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
427
1,695
1,510
1,077
707
195
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
49.2
31.9
20.4
14.2
8.3
11.6
12.3
14.3
9.0
6.1
7.5
3.4
12.0
17.1
16.3
9.7
9.4
6.0
11.6
10.0
11.6
8.5
12.1
4.9
9.7
11.3
14.4
12.7
8.9
11.1
5.1
12.0
17.5
23.2
18.1
21.1
.2
3.0
7.1
12.3
14.9
11.4
_
.4
2.9
6.2
8.9
7.2
_
.7
4.4
4.9
10.5
Other marital s ta tu s '..................................
1,035
100.0
19.4
7.3
10.1
8.5
13.6
15.2
10.9
4.5
4.2
47
171
141
162
226
287
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
y e a rs .........................................
and o v e r...................................
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
36.4
23.4
15.0
14.1
7.7
(2)
9.9
8.6
9.4
5.4
4.4
1 Includes widowed, divorced, and separated women.
2 Percent and median not shown where base is less than 75,000.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
18.9
14.0
10.7
8.5
4.4
8.8
12.7
8.4
7.0
8.7
11.1
14.5
14.6
12.8
15.2
9.2
14.0
19.5
20.0
14.3
5.7
8.1
15.7
14.8
11.4
_
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
4.5
2.1
4.7
9.2
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
_
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.6
.2
.6
_
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
_
-
.6
.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
.6
.5
2.3
.1
1.5
3.3
4.1
_
1.1
2.3
1.9
_
.1
1.7
6.8
.5
1.2
2.4
4.8
5.8
7.4
2.9
1.1
2.1
3.6
_
-
(2)
-
.7
4.0
7.0
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
20
0.6
-
.9
(2)
.2
2.7
3.2
11.2
0.5
Median
years
on job
(2)
2.0
2.4
(2)
1.2
3.5
4.2
(2)
1.2
2.3
3.8
5.5
8.5
Table B-5. Industry of men: Tenure on current job, by class of worker, January 1981
(Percent distribution)
Period when current job started
Total employed
Number (in
Percent
thou
sands)
Industry and class of worker
July
1980Jan.
1981
Jan.June1980
Jan.Dec.
1979
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Prior
Jan.to
1976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946Dec.
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1978
1977 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
Median
years
on job
52,700
100.0
15.9
8.9
10.3
8.6
11.5
16.2
10.4
6.4
4.4
3.3
2.5
1.7
4.0
2,157
878
1,217
63
100.0
100.0
100.0
O
11.7
23.5
3.1
0
7.9
14.2
3.4
(’)
5.9
10.1
2.7
O
4.9
7.4
3.1
(’)
9.2
10.9
7.6
O
17.1
16.7
16.1
(’)
9.0
6.9
11.0
(’)
5.9
3.4
7.9
(’)
6.4
2.9
9.1
(’)
5.4
2.2
8.1
(’)
6.3
1.2
10.2
(’)
10.3
.7
17.7
(’)
7.3
2.3
16.3
O
50,543
100.0
16.1
8.9
10.5
8.8
11.6
16.1
10.5
6.4
4.3
3.2
2.3
1.3
3.9
46,253
870
3,907
13,604
8,909
178
458
326
465
994
1,063
2,121
1,249
1,510
757
753
288
258
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
16.6
22.7
24.0
12.3
12.1
12.8
24.4
12.7
12.1
10.0
12.7
12.3
12.6
8.1
6.9
9.2
11.1
16.3
9.0
10.8
13.0
6.9
6.9
7.7
5.8
8.2
8.6
6.4
6.1
7.2
7.5
6.7
5.3
8.1
5.1
7.9
10.8
11.3
9.9
9.9
9.6
11.9
6.4
11.8
6.0
5.4
11.2
12.1
9.2
9.0
4.7
13.3
8.2
13.5
8.9
8.3
8.2
8.5
8.5
5.4
6.8
8.8
9.0
5.3
9.0
7.8
11.0
8.1
6.3
9.9
15.3
9.9
11.5
12.9
11.3
11.4
11.2
6.7
12.7
13.9
11.1
10.4
11.8
12.1
11.0
8.5
7.5
9.6
12.5
15.2
15.9
14.0
13.6
16.6
16.7
11.2
19.0
14.4
14.9
19.6
20.1
16.8
12.3
16.0
17.7
14.4
23.1
14.2
10.4
7.5
8.0
11.8
11.6
14.5
11.9
7.1
14.7
13.5
9.1
11.3
12.2
12.8
16.3
9.3
9.1
8.7
6.3
3.4
5.0
7.8
8.6
6.3
5.8
7.8
9.4
10.6
5.9
7.9
9.2
12.3
15.2
9.5
5.1
2.3
4.2
2.9
3.4
4.9
5.0
8.1
3.3
4.6
6.4
4.1
4.4
4.6
5.6
6.6
7.3
5.9
4.2
2.4
3.2
2.6
2.0
5.0
5.0
11.6
2.1
5.2
3.7
7.8
4.2
3.7
4.1
7.6
8.8
6.4
2.1
3.6
2.1
2.5
1.0
3.3
3.3
3.0
1.2
4.5
2.6
5.1
3.7
2.5
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.4
2.3
3.5
1.1
1.2
.6
1.5
1.5
.7
.5
1.0
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.0
.9
1.1
1.9
2.4
3.7
2.6
2.4
5.2
5.4
7.5
4.0
4.2
5.7
7.9
4.8
4.7
4.7
8.1
10.8
5.0
4.5
3.2
4,695
1,128
41
351
274
486
849
924
161
382
100
100.0
100.0
0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.7
14.4
O
13.3
13.9
8.5
14.8
9.1
5.2
15.4
23.8
6.9
6.6
O
8.0
9.3
5.2
7.9
5.7
16.4
4.5
6.5
10.5
11.7
O
10.5
11.5
8.1
12.8
7.9
10.4
11.5
10.2
8.5
10.4
0
10.3
7.9
4.5
7.7
8.3
9.3
9.6
8.4
11.8
11.3
O
10.8
13.9
11.1
12.4
13.0
7.3
12.7
10.5
16.4
16.2
O
18.0
15.9
21.2
13.4
16.3
14.0
18.2
12.2
12.2
11.2
(’)
11.7
8.5
12.9
12.6
13.4
9.2
14.9
11.5
6.3
4.6
(’)
4.0
8.9
8.4
6.1
8.1
6.5
3.1
11.4
4.8
4.9
O
4.0
3.3
6.2
4.1
6.0
6.7
3.1
1.0
5.0
4.8
O
4.4
3.2
5.1
3.5
7.3
6.6
4.4
2.9
3.4
2.2
O
3.7
2.6
7.0
3.5
3.6
2.5
2.0
1.1
1.5
1.6
(’)
1.3
1.0
2.0
1.3
1.1
6.0
.5
.5
4.9
4.2
O
4.4
4.0
7.9
4.0
6.4
5.6
4.3
3.2
Transportation and public utilities
Railroads and railway express ..
Other transportation...................
Comm unications.........................
Other public u tilitie s ...................
4,275
469
1,983
767
1,056
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.1
6.4
14.4
13.6
9.2
7.9
4.8
9.6
7.2
6.6
9.2
4.5
10.2
9.4
9.0
8.6
5.9
9.7
7.5
8.6
10.3
10.1
11.7
10.0
7.9
16.4
16.3
15.6
16.1
18.2
13.3
16.9
12.6
13.4
13.0
7.2
5.9
7.1
6.2
8.8
4.7
3.1
3.8
4.8
7.2
4.3
7.7
2.6
5.4
5.3
3.9
9.2
1.8
4.3
5.3
2.1
9.3
.9
2.1
.9
5.6
10.2
3.9
5.8
7.3
Wholesale and retail trade ..........
Wholesale trade .........................
Retail trade .................................
9,009
2,550
6,458
100.0
100.0
100.0
22.9
15.6
25.8
11.5
9.0
12.5
13.1
12.3
13.5
10.2
10.6
10.0
11.7
12.3
11.5
13.3
16.8
12.0
7.1
9.6
6.2
3.8
4.9
3.3
2.6
3.7
2.2
1.5
2.2
1.2
1.3
1.8
1.1
.9
1.2
.8
2.2
3.4
1.9
Finance, insurance, and real estate ..
2,120
100.0
12.7
9.1
11.5
10.2
12.7
17.6
10.6
5.7
4.2
3.0
1.9
.8
4.1
Services .............................................
Private households ..........................
Business and re p a ir.........................
Personal service, excluding private
household..................................
Entertainment and recreation.........
Medical and other h e a lth ................
Educational services........................
Other professional service s............
Forestry and fisheries......................
9,222
108
1,946
100.0
100.0
100.0
19.1
49.6
23.9
9.3
11.2
12.8
11.9
5.7
12.8
9.1
9.8
9.9
11.8
10.2
12.0
16.2
2.8
13.2
10.2
3.4
6.5
5.6
.2
3.7
3.4
1.9
1.9
2.0
3.1
1.5
1.0
.4
1.3
.6
1.7
.6
3.1
.5
2.1
578
465
1,433
2,818
1,800
75
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.3
23.9
17.2
16.2
16.6
14.0
12.8
14.8
7.7
5.5
9.4
22.2
15.3
12.5
11.3
10.0
13.4
10.2
8.8
8.1
8.7
8.6
9.9
7.6
9.8
11.7
13.7
10.7
12.7
6.1
12.5
10.7
19.7
18.7
15.7
19.1
7.4
7.2
9.0
14.8
10.0
5.5
5.9
5.4
4.5
7.7
5.4
6.7
1.6
3.0
3.7
4.4
3.6
6.6
3.5
1.5
1.8
2.4
1.6
2.0
.9
.7
1.5
.8
.9
-
1.1
.6
1.1
.2
.6
-
2.2
1.9
3.6
4.8
3.1
2.5
3,247
100.0
8.6
6.6
7.7
6.7
11.2
21.1
14.3
10.0
7.8
3.5
1.9
.6
6.8
1,451
510
941
1,796
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.9
5.3
7.7
10.0
7.1
6.1
7.7
6.1
7.4
6.1
8.0
8.0
6.5
5.3
7.1
6.9
9.1
8.7
9.3
12.9
20.6
17.7
22.2
21.4
14.0
15.9
12.9
14.6
10.5
12.3
9.6
9.6
10.3
12.6
9.1
5.7
4.5
6.2 3.6
2.8
2.6
3.4
2.2
1.3
.5
.4
.5
.6
7.5
10.0
6.6
6.2
4,239
51
100.0
0
9.6
0
7.6
O
7.5
(’)
7.6
O
12.4
O
18.5
(’)
10.8
O
8.2
(’)
6.0
(')
4.1
(1)
3.5
O
6.2
O
All industry groups
Agriculture ...................
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed w orkers....
Unpaid family w orke rs.....
N ona gricu ltural industries
Total wage and salary workers ...
M in in g .................................................. .
Construction ........................................
M anufacturing......................................
Durable g o o d s ..................................
Ordnance ........................................
Lumber and wood products.........
Furniture and fixtures....................
Stone, clay, and glass products ...
Primary metal industries...............
Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts...........
Machinery, except electrical ........
Electrical m achinery......................
Transportation equipm e nt............
Autom obiles.................................
Other transportation equipm ent.
Instruments ....................................
M iscellaneous................................
Nondurable goods .............................
Food products .................................
Tobacco ............................................
Textile mill products........................
Apparel and other textile products
Paper products ................................
Printing and publishing ...................
Chemicals and allied products.....
Petroleum .........................................
Rubber and p la s tic s........................
Leather products .............................
Public administration ............................
Postal service and Federal public
administration .............................
Postal service ..................................
Federal public adm inistration.........
State and local public adminstration
Self-employed workers
Unpaid family workers .
/
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
' Percent and median not shown where base is less than 75,000.
4.1
O
21
T a b le B -6. In d u s tr y o f w o m e n : T e n u r e o n c u r r e n t jo b , b y c la s s o f w o r k e r , J a n u a r y 1 9 8 1
(Percent distribution)
Period when current job started
Total employed
Industry and class of worker
Number (in
Percent
thou
sands)
July
1980Jan.
1981
Jan.June1980
Jan.Dee.
1979
Jan.Dec.
1978
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Prior
Jan. Jan.
to
1976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1977 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
Median
years
on job
All industry groups.................................
39,857
100.0
21.4
10.4
13.3
9.9
12.6
15.6
8.4
3.9
2.2
1.3
0.7
0.5
2.5
Agriculture .............................................
Wage and salary w orke rs.........................
Self-employed w orkers..............................
Unpaid family w orke rs...............................
467
217
152
98
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
21.1
37.0
7.9
6.4
7.0
8.3
8.4
2.0
6.1
8.8
5.2
1.4
8.0
10.3
6.5
5.0
11.9
12.6
12.0
10.2
13.8
12.9
14.2
15.1
8.1
5.0
11.5
9.8
7.3
3.2
7.5
16.1
5.6
.8
10.1
9.4
4.0
5.6
10.5
2.7
.2
3.9
6.4
4.4
.9
7.2
7.8
4.4
1.5
8.1
13.3
N onagricuitural in d u s trie s ................
39,390
100.0
21.4
10.4
13.3
9.9
12.6
15.6
8.4
3.9
2.1
1.2
.7
.5
2.5
Total wage and salary workers1 .........
Construction ...............................................
M anufacturing.............................................
Durable goods2 ........................................
Ordnance ...............................................
Furniture and fixtures...........................
Stone, clay, and glass products.........
Primary metal industries......................
Fabricated metal p ro d u cts..................
Machinery, except electrical ...............
Electrical m achinery.............................
Transportation equipment ...................
Autom obiles........................................
Other transportation equipm ent.......
Instruments ...........................................
Miscellaneous .......................................
37,083
374
6,293
3,027
58
129
123
104
279
577
952
325
147
178
204
209
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(3)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
21.6
24.8
16.0
16.8
(3)
17.4
20.7
11.4
15.5
16.1
15.7
13.8
7.9
18.8
19.4
24.3
10.5
10.5
10.2
10.6
(3)
11.0
6.8
12.3
8.7
11.8
11.9
9.2
1.6
15.4
10.1
9.1
13.6
12.8
12.1
12.0
(3)
6.5
6.9
9.4
14.9
15.3
11.7
11.0
15.2
7.5
14.2
10.4
9.9
12.9
10.2
10.3
(3)
16.4
8.9
14.8
10.1
10.5
8.7
12.0
11.4
12.5
14.0
7.5
12.6
9.1
13.9
13.2
(3)
8.3
14.9
13.5
14.3
12.1
13.3
15.8
18.0
14.0
10.8
12.9
15.5
15.5
16.7
16.6
(3)
23.3
12.0
19.4
13.0
14.8
18.0
16.4
20.5
13.1
13.1
17.2
8.5
6.4
9.9
9.4
(3)
10.3
10.3
6.9
8.9
9.7
8.6
11.6
11.9
11.4
9.3
11.3
3.7
2.2
4.7
4.4
(3)
2.0
6.8
2.9
6.4
4.4
4.8
3.8
5.3
2.7
5.0
3.1
2.0
3.9
2.9
2.9
(3)
3.5
6.7
2.1
4.3
2.3
3.5
2.1
3.1
1.2
.9
2.3
1.2
1.1
1.9
2.1
(3)
3.0
2.1
1.2
1.7
2.7
2.0
2.3
1.7
1.7
.9
.6
.4
.9
.9
.4
.4
.6
.7
(3)
1.2
1.6
1.9
.3
.7
1.8
2.9
.8
1.5
.3
(3)
3.0
3.6
.6
.9
.4
.4
.8
.6
2.4
2.1
3.2
3.0
(3)
2.9
3.5
3.4
3.1
2.7
3.3
3.6
4.6
2.7
2.5
2.8
Nondurable goods4 .................................
Food and kindred products.................
Textile mill products.............................
Apparel and other textile products ....
Paper p ro d u cts.....................................
Printing and publishing ........................
Chemicals and allied products ...........
Rubber and p la stics.............................
Leather products ..................................
3,266
508
340
912
167
587
325
227
144
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
15.3
15.9
14.0
11.7
10.7
22.1
13.5
18.1
14.6
9.7
7.0
6.9
9.9
14.2
10.5
11.5
12.3
10.8
12.2
17.8
11.5
11.6
10.1
13.3
5.9
10.1
15.3
10.1
8.8
10.0
11.2
7.4
13.1
8.7
6.3
8.1
14.6
10.7
13.4
16.3
15.3
13.7
14.8
15.5
18.8
16.8
17.3
20.8
15.3
21.4
12.5
23.6
16.7
13.7
10.3
9.9
10.8
10.8
12.1
8.7
11.5
7.2
12.5
4.9
6.0
7.0
5.7
1.3
2.3
6.0
4.8
3.9
2.9
3.4
1.2
4.0
1.2
1.9
2.5
6.0
.9
1.7
1.4
2.6
1.5
5.4
1.2
1.6
1.9
1.3
0.9
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.0
.3
.5
1.0
-
0.5
.5
.4
.9
_
.3
_
_
-
3.3
3.1
3.9
3.7
4.0
2.3
4.3
3.3
3.1
Transportation and public u tilities............
Transportation .........................................
Communications......................................
Other public u tilitie s ................................
1,523
644
645
233
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.1
17.0
12.3
11.3
7.5
7.3
7.2
8.9
13.1
14.0
13.1
10.9
11.0
11.6
10.1
11.9
14.7
17.4
12.2
14.0
16.3
17.5
15.0
16.8
11.8
7.7
14.3
16.2
4.4
5.0
4.1
'3.7
2.7
.8
4.6
2.6
2.2
.5
4.0
2.2
1.0
.4
1.8
.2
1.1
.8
1.4
1.2
3.5
3.0
4.0
3.7
Wholesale and retail trade .......................
Wholesale trade ......................................
Retail trade ..............................................
7,901
906
6,995
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.4
20.6
30.5
12.9
9.7
13.4
14.8
15.1
14.7
9.7
10.8
9.5
10.6
15.2
10.1
11.8
15.5
11.3
5.5
5.8
5.4
2.7
3.3
2.6
1.3
2.7
1.1
.7
.7
.7
.5
.5
.5
.3
.1
.3
1.5
2.4
1.4
Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ........
3,267
100.0
21.0
11.0
14.8
11.2
14.2
14.7
6.8
2.9
1.8
.9
.5
.2
2.3
Services ....................................................
Private households .................................
Business and re p a ir................................
Personal service, excluding private
household.........................................
Entertainment and recreation................
Medical and other h e a lth .......................
Educational services...............................
Other professional services...................
Forestry and fisheries.............................
Public administration .................................
15,803
973
1,075
100.0
100.0
100.0
21.2
29.3
29.2
9.7
8.7
13.9
13.3
9.8
16.6
9.6
7.7
9.7
12.6
12.4
12.0
16.7
13.1
9.4
9.2
7.3
5.8
3.9
3.6
1.2
2.0
3.6
1.2
1.1
2.0
.5
.5
1.9
.2
.3
.6
.3
2.6
2.3
1.4
1,027
272
5,385
5,113
1,933
■ 27
1,795
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
100.0
25.0
35.7
18.2
19.2
21.7
(3)
17.7
12.2
15.9
11.3
5.8
11.2
(3)
8.9
12.2
12.9
14.1
11.5
15.8
(3)
13.9
11.5
9.7
9.7
8.9
11.1
(3) - '
9.2
11.4
9.3
13.3
11.7
14.1
(3)
13.7
13.9
9.1
17.8
20.1
13.7
(3) '
17.4
6.6
5.7
9.1
12.1
6.3
(3)
11.3
3.9
1.3
3.2
5.6
3.6
(3)
4.6
.9
.4
1.7
2.6
1.6
(3)
1.6
.5
1.0
.4
.4
.5
.2
.3
.1
2.1
1.0
2.6
3.7
2.1
(3)
3.0
Postal service and Federal public
administration ..................................
Postal service .......................................
Federal public administration..............
State and local public adm instration....
785
160
624
1,010
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.8
8.4
16.4
20.0
9.4
8.0
9.8
8.4
13.4
9.8
14.3
14.3
7.6
5.7
8.0
10.4
13.5
9.0
14.6
14.0
18.3
21.9
17.3
16.7
13.1
22.6
10.6
9.9
5.7
8.6
5.0
3.7
1.8
2.3
1.6
1.5
1.1
_
Self-employed w o rk e rs........................
Unpaid family workers .........................
2,017
290
100.0
100.0
18.2
13.0
10.0
4.7
10.2
5.4
9.0
10.7
12.8
11.6
16.1
24.2
7.7
12.8
5.6
8.6
3.8
4.7
Includes mining, not shown separately.
2 Includes lumber, not shown separately.
3 Percent and median not shown where base is less than 75,000.
1.1
_
.9
1.6
.3
(3)
.8
_
(3)
(3)
.9
1.4
.6
1.3
3.4
.7
.6
.1
.1
.1
-
3.7
7.2
3.2
2.7
2.3
1.9
1.7
1.4
2.4
1.1
3.4
5.7
4 Includes tobacco and petroleum, not shown separately.
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or .rounds to zero.
22
_
T a b le B -7. O c c u p a t io n o f m e n : T e n u r e o n c u r r e n t jo b , J a n u a r y 1 9 81
(Percent distribution)
Total employed
Occupation
All occupation g ro u p s.......................
Number (in
thou
Percent
sands)
Period when current job started
July
1980Jan.
1981
Jan.June1980
Jan.Dee.
1979
Jan.Dec.
1978
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan. Jan.
Jan. Jan. Prior
to
1976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1977 1975, 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
Median
years
on job
52,700
100.0
15.9
8.9
10.3
8.6
11.5
16.2
10.4
6.4
4.4
3.3
2.5
1.7
4.0
Professional, technical, and kindred
w o rk e rs ..........................................
Engineers ..............................................
Physicians, dentists, and related
practitioners ..................................
Teachers, except college ......................
Engineering and science technicians .
Other professional ...............................
8,626
1,392
100.0
100.0
12.1
10.1
7.4
6.9
10.7
8.7
8.5
9.8
12.0
9.9
17.2
16.7
12.5
10.8
7.5
9.5
5.1
6.7
3.5
5.8
2.1
3.5
1.3
1.5
4.9
6.2
934
951
828
4,522
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.3
10.8
13.5
13.0
5.23.7
12.4
8.0
7.7
6.6
14.4
12.1
6.4
7.5
10.7
8.4
12.9
11.3
9.6
13.0
19.9
20.1
13.6
16.8
11.6
19.9
9.9
12.0
6.9
10.1
6.4
6.7
5.4
5.5
4.4
4.7
5.8
3.2
2.4
2.5
3.3
.6
1.9
1.8
3.6
.7
.8
1.1
6.4
7.7
2.9
4.2
Managers and administrators, except
fa rm ................................................
Salaried .................................................
Self-employed.......................................
7,873
6,611
1,263
100.0
100.0
100.0
9.9
10.3
7.9
7.1
6.9
8.0
8.3
8.4
7.6
12.3
12.3
12.8
19.7
19.8
19.3
11.9
12.0
11.6
7.5
7.3
8.1
5.5
5.3
6.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.1
2.8
4.3
2.0
1.9
2.6
5.7
5.6
6.4
Sales w orke rs..........................................
Retail .....................................................
O th e r......................................................
3,234
1,019
2,215
100.0
100.0
100.0
17.6
26.8
13.4
9.1
11.0
8.1
10.6
10.6
10.7
9.8
11.1
9.2
13.1
11.8
13.6
16.0
12.5
17.5
8.2
6.2
9.1
5.9
3.7
6.9
3.7
2.0
4.5
2.6
1.5
3.1
1.9
1.0
2.3
1.6
1.7
1.5
3.4
2.1
4.2
Clerical workers ......................................
Bookkeepers .........................................
Office machine operators ...................
Stenographers, typists, and
secretaries.....................................
Other clerical workers .........................
3,418
155
224
100.0
100.0
100.0
18.1
10.9
18.4
9.6
5.4
11.9
11.8
10.5
14.9
8.3
9.4
8.3
9.8
13.1
13.4
15.0
21.2
14.8
9.7
9.5
10.3
6.0
5.0
3.3
4.5
5.9
1.9
3.5
.9
2.7
2.6
4.3
-
1.0
3.8
.2
3.4
5.1
2.6
68
2,971
0
100.0
(’)
18.3
(’)
9.7
(’)
11.6
O
8.5
O
9.4
(’)
14.9
O
9.7
(')
6.3
O
4.5
(’)
3.5
(’)
2.7
Craft and kindred w o rk e rs .....................
Carpenters ............................................
Other construction crafts ....................
Blue-collar supervisors........................
Machinists and jo b se tte rs...................
Metal craft workers, excluding
m echanics.....................................
Mechanics, automobile .......................
Mechanics, except autom obile...........
All other craft w orke rs.........................
10,891
1,043
2,252
1,538
556
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.4
25.2
19.3
7.9
11.3
9.5
14.2
12.2
6.5
7.5
9.3
8.9
9.7
7.2
9.3
8.3
9.0
8.7
6.9
8.2
11.2
10.0
9.8
11.0
11.2
16.3
15.1
13.7
16.1
18.9
11.2
6.7
9.9
14.4
9.6
6.9
3.7
6.7
10.6
7.6
4.6
2.6
4.2
6.1
5.3
4.0
2.3
2.8
5.7
6.3
575
1,163
1,968
1,796
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.8
18.6
10.4
11.1
5.5
11.8
8.6
7.4
10.0
11.4
9.8
8.4
6.5
8.4
8.8
8.8
9.7
14.5
12.3
10.8
17.5
14.9
16.8
19.6
12.6
8.6
12.8
12.6
7.7
4.8
6.2
7.7
4.4
3.2
5.9
4.2
Operatives, except tra nspo rt.................
Mine w o rk e rs ........................................
Motor vehicles and equipm ent...........
Other durable-goods ...........................
Nondurable goods ...............................
All o th e r.................................................
5,909
322
327
2,461
1,334
1,466
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
17.7
29.7
9.4
14.6
15.0
24.6
8.9
15.5
8.3
6.6
7.4
12.8
11.0
10.5
4.4
10.2
11.3
13.8
9.2
9.2
7.2
9.8
10.2
7.6
12.0
10.2
8.8
12.6
12.5
11.5
15.4
13.9
18.9
16.6
15.0
13.3
9.4
2.4
15.9
10.0
11.4
6.8
5.9
1.8
11.0
7.1
5.6
4.1
Transport equipment operatives...........
Delivery and route w orke rs.................
All o th e r.................................................
2,902
2,458
444
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.8
15.6
10.4
8.4
8.5
7.6
12.1
12.8
8.0
10.2
10.5
8.7
12.7
13.2
9.6
15.4
15.2
16.4
10.4
9.7
14.2
Nonfarm labo rers....................................
3,319
100.0
28.6
11.6
11.9
9.1
11.1
12.1
Service workers, including private
household......................................
Private household ...............................
Cleaning service...................................
Food s e rvice .........................................
Health service ......................................
Personal service...................................
Protective service ................................
4,709
37
1,511
1,366
181
343
1,270
100.0
0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
24.9
(')
22.9
37.5
27.8
24.0
13.5
11.5
0
10.6
16.8
9.7
7.7
8.3
12.6
(’)
12.7
16.6
13.7
10.1
9.0
8.8
O
9.9
8.2
12.6
10.5
6.8
Farmers and farm managers ................
Farm laborers and supervisors.............
1,138
680
100.0
100.0
2.4
24.0
2.9
14.2
2.1
9.0
2.8
8.2
Percent and median not shown where base is less than 75,000.
8.8
9.2 .
6.9
.9
O
3.4
2.9
1.0
1.9
5.2
4.2
1.4
1.3
1.2
2.4
6
4.4
2.2
3.0
7.9
5.6
5.3
1.0
5.0
4.9
6.6
1.6
2.0
3.3
2.6
1.0
1.3
1.2
6.5
3.0
5.0
6.0
3.6
.8
5.7
4.4
3.4
2.8
3.4
.9
6.8
3.9
4.7
1.2
2.3
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.4
.9
1.0
1.9
.5
1.2
1.1
.7
3.5
1.5
8.3
4.2
4.0
1.9
5.7
5.2
8.2
4.0
3.8
4.8
2.9
2.6
4.7
2.2
1.7
4.6
1.3
1.1
2.8
3.7
3.4
6.3
6.8
3.5
2.6
1.1
.8
.8
1.8
9.8
(’)
11.1
7.1
9.9
9.8
11.0
13.1
8.6
0
O
13.6
9.4
5.7
3.4
16.2 X 3.8
10.9
8.7
20.8 13.9
5.1
O
4.9
2.5
1.5
(’)
1.7
.3
1.0
2.3
2.2
1.2
O
.8
.6
.9
2.0
2.0
.4
7.5
8.3
2.6
O
2.2
1.1
3.2
4.1
4.1
.1
.1
1.2
2.4
.2
2.1
(1)
2.4
.9
1.9
2.8
5.3
7.1
11.6
16.7
17.5
7.8
3.4
9.3
3.1
8.5
. 1-9
11.0
.8
18.2
.9
17.5
2.3
11.1
5.4
-
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
O
(’)
T a b le B -8. O c c u p a t io n o f w o m e n : T e n u r e o n c u r r e n t jo b , J a n u a r y 19 81
(Percent distribution)
Period when current job started
Total employed
Occupation
Number (in
thou
Percent
sands)
July
1980Jan.
1981
Jan.June1980
Jan.Dee.
1979
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Prior
Jan.1976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946to
Dec.
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1978
1977 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
39,857
100.0
21.4
10.4
13.3
9.9
12.6
15.6
8.4
3.9
2.2
1.3
7,073
42
100.0
0
17.5
(’)
8.9
(')
13.0
O
9.8
O
12.9
O
18.1
(')
9.9
O
4.8
O
2.7
O
1.3
(1)
1,985
2,268
200
2,579
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
15.7
15.2
18.9
20.9
11.4
4.3
13.6
10.6
■13.7
10.1
16.7
14.6
11.5
8.5
12.2
9.4
13.8
11.3
10.3
13.8
17.9
21.7
13.2
15.6
8.2
14.2
10.6
7.4
3.9
6.8
1.1
4.1
2.5
3.9
2.2
1.8
.6
2.3
1.2
1.0
Managers and administrators, except
fa rm ................................................
Salaried .................................................
Self-employed.......................................
3,117
2,628
489
100.0
100.0
100.0
15.1
15.6
12.5
10.2
10.0
11.2
11.7
12.2
9.3
10.4
10.4
10.7
13.6
13.4
14.8
19.1
19.4
17.1
9.1
8.9
10.0
4.6
4.5
5.1
2.6
2.5
3.0
Sales w orkers..........................................
Retail .....................................................
O th e r......................................................
2,626
1,869
757
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.0
31.3
23.2
11.0
10.9
11.1
14.7
14.5
15.3
9.9
8.9
12.1
11.8
10.7
14.5
12.9
12.2
14.4
5.3
5.5
4.8
3.0
3.4
2.2
Clerical workers ......................................
Bookkeepers .........................................
Office machine operators ...................
Stenographers, typists, and
secretaries.....................................
Other clerical workers .........................
13,885
1,635
612
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.4
15.1
20.4
11.1 .
9.5
12.5
14.3
13.6
14.7
10.1
8.9
10.5
13.0
12.7
13.7
15.0
19.9
15.1
8.2
8.1
7.1
4,661
6,977
100.0
100.0
18.8
22.8
10.8
11.5
14.9
14.1
10.2
10.2
13.8
12.5
14.7
14.1
Craft and kindred w o rk e rs .....................
700
100.0
18.3
7.4
11.0
10.6
14.3
18.0
(’)
10.8
17.4
.. .1.5.7
27.2
9.0
(')
2.9
9.3
9.3
8.1
11.6
0
13.3
10.9
• 12.4
10.4
10.3
(1)
10.0
9.9
9,9
12.4
All occupation gro u p s.......................
Professional, technical, and kindred
w o rke rs ..........................................
Engineers ..............................................
Physicians, d e ntists, and related
practitioners ..................................
Teachers, except co lle g e ...................
Engineering and science technicians .
Other professional ...............................
Operatives, except tra nspo rt.................
Mine workers ........................................
Motor vehicles and equipm ent...........
Other durable goods ...........................
Nondurable goods. ............................
All o th e r.................................................
3,855 100.0
4
0
80 100.0
1,367 100.0
• 1,800 . 100.0604 100.0
0.7
0.5
2.5
.5
3.1
0
.5
.4
1.0
.3
2.8
5.1
2.1
2.4
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.1
.9
1.9
.7
.4
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.7
1.2
.9
1.7
.7
.6
.8
.4
.6
.2
.3
-
-
1.7
1.5
2.0
3.4
4.7
2.7
2.0
3.4
2.1
1.2
1.7
1.2
.8
1.2
-
.4
1.0
-
2.4
3.4
2.2
7.8
8.7
4.4
2.5
2.1
1.5
1.2
1.0
.9
.6
.4
.4
2.5
2.2
15.2
12.9
5.9
1.2
1.5
1.3
0.6
3.4
14.1
(’)
15.3
13.7
15.3
11.5
16.1
O
18.2
17.5
16.2
12.6
10.0
(’)
13.2
10.9
■9,7
8.6
5.0
(’)
7.4
4.2
5.6
5.1
2.9
1.5
.8
O
(')
(’)
3.6
2.0
3.1
3.2
1.5
.8
• 3.1 ..... 1.7 ....... .7
1.4
.9
.8
.7
3.1
(’)
4.8
3.3
3.3
2.3
8.2
7.2
(')
4.2
3.4
(’)
1.5
1.6
(')
.5
O
0
.4
.7
-
_
Transport equipment operatives...........
Delivery and route w orkers.................
All o th e r.................................................
259
243
16
100.0
100.0
(1)
18.5
19.5
(’)
6.0
5.7
O
13.8
14.7
0
10.3
10.4
0
16.2
16.5
(')
20.6
20.9
Nonfarm labo rers....................................
460
100.0
23.6
13.2
14.0
12.9
13.3
11.3
5.7
3.5
.9
1.2
.4
Service workers, including private
household......................................
Private household ................................
Cleaning ................................................
Food se rvic e .................... ....................
Health service ......................................
Personal service...................................
Protective service ................................
7,550
955
875
2,732
1,618
1,220
149
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
28.7
29.6
22.7
32.9
24.4
28.7
26.4
11.4
8.9
8.7
14.6
11.4
8.7
8.9
12.9
10.1
12.3
14.3
13.6
11.2
14.6
9.0
7.4
9.5
8.5
9.5
9.8
14.7
10.6
12.6
12.1
9.2
10.9
10.3
12.7
13.5
12.5
19.4
10.6
16.1
13.7
11.9
7.2
7.1
9.3
5.9
8.2
7.0
9.6
3.0
3.8
4.1
2.1
2.2
5.3
1.1
1.8
3.5
1.1
1.1
2.4
2.1
-
1.0
2.1
.7
.6
1.1
1.1
-
.4
1.9
.1
.2
.2
.5
-
Farmers and farm managers ................
Farm laborers and supervisors.............
130
201
100.0
100.0
7.8
26.3
7.2
7.4
6.1
5.2
4.1
6.7
10.9
9.6
13.7
13.3
13.5
6.9
8.6
7.6
10.6
4.3
5.0
5.1
4.6
3.3
1 Percent and median not shown where base is less than 75,000.
0
.7
0
-
(’)
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
24
Median
years
on job
(1)
.8
.5
1.1
•_
(’)
3.1
3.0
O
-
1.9
.4
.6
.2
1.4
-
1.8
2.2
2.7
1.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
7.9
4.4
9.9
4.1
-
T a b le
B-9. Y e a r s
o f s c h o o l c o m p le te d : T e n u r e o n c u r r e n t jo b , b y a g e a n d s e x , J a n u a r y 1 9 8 1
(Percent distribution)
Period when current job started
Total employed
Years of school completed, sex, and
age
Number
(in thou
sands)
Percent
July
1980Jan.
1981
Jan.June1980
Jan.Dee.
1979
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Prior
Jan.to
1976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946Dec.
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1978
1977 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
Median
years
on job
MEN
4.1
5.6
5.6
4.3
2.9
3.4
3.0
4.4
4.4
3.4
2.3
1.9
2.0
4.6
2.6
2.1
1.4
1.2
6.0
7.6
6.7
6.7
4.8
5.0
-
-
-
-
2.9
2.5
2.7
3.5
2.9
2.5
12.2
7.4
11.4
15.9
10.9
9.6
4.7
4.1
5.0
6.2
5.6
2.3
.9
.8
1.7
1.5
.4
.3
-
6.6
4.9
6.1
8.0
6.0
6.3
14.3
15.5
13.2
13.8
11.8
16.8
12.7
11.7
12.5
12.1
13.2
14.2
11.7
8.6
9.8
12.2
12.2
13.5
12.6
12.8
13.3
11.8
10.4
14.6
12.5
13.6
11.7
13.0
13.6
10.6
10.5
10.1
9.9
10.1
9.6
12.6
15.9
14.5
16.9
15.3
18.5
16.6
9.6
10.3
11.4
7.9
10.0
8.9
6.7
5.9
5.8
7.7
4.3
8.5
4 years or more .................
42,719
4,216
5,070
15,154
7,360
10,919
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.9
11.1
10.9
10.3
11.8
10.9
7.0
5.9
7.1
6.5
8.1
7.2
8.4
5.6
7.7
7.6
9.9
9.9
7.7
6.7
6.5
7.3
8.3
8.9
11.7
10.4
10.4
10.8
12.7
13.3
19.1
17.0
17.8
19.2
19.9
19.8
12.8
13.4
12.5
13.8
11.7
11.9
7.9
8.4
8.5
8.8
6.4
7.2
Total, 25 to 34 y e a rs ..............................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ..............
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 years ................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs .....................
4 years or more .................
14,735
555
1,235
5,371
3,326
4,248
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
16.4
20.7
19.2
15.1
16.3
16.7
10.3
10.4
10.3
9.4
11.1
10.9
13.2
13.1
13.1
10.8
13.8
15.8
11.1
11.4
10.3
11.1
9.9
12.1
16.8
18.6
15.3
14.7
16.7
19.7
23.3
17.7
21.8
26.3
23.8
20.3
8.2
7.0
9.0
11.5
7.8
4.2
.8
1.2
.9
1.0
.7
.4
Total, 35 to 44 ye a rs..............................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ..............
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 years ................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs .....................
4 years or m o re .................
10,746
777
1,252
3,937
1,768
3,010
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.5
16.9
12.3
9.9
10.0
9.1
6.8
6.6
8.8
5.8
7.7
6.7
7.6
6.6
7.9
6.7
8.6
8.4
7.2
8.3
6.2
6.1
8.5
8.1
10.7
12.2
9.9
10.4
10.8
10.9
20.8
20.2
20.5
19.2
18.9
24.4
18.4
16.3
16.2
18.0
18.5
20.4
Total, 45 to 54 y e a rs..............................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ..............
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 y e a rs ................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs .....................
4 years or m o re .................
9,047
1,270
1,299
3,180
1,262
2,036
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.4
8.2
6.3
5.8
7.3
5.8
4.7
5.1
6.4
5.0
4.0
3.4
5.2
4.2
5.1
5.5
6.2
5.0
5.6
5.6
4.6
5.1
6.0
7.0
8.4
8.3
8.8
7.6
9.3
8.8
15.5
19.5
15.0
13.0
17.5
15.7
Total, 55 to 64 ye a rs..............................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ..............
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 years ................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs .....................
4 years or m o re .................
6,503
1,125
1,011
2,258
816
1,293
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.0
7.1
5.5
6.3
5.3
5.4
3.4
4.3
3.2
3.5
3.8
2.5
4.6
3.6
5.0
5.0
4.8
4.0
4.3
4.4
5.2
3.1
6.2
4.6
6.7
7.8
7.5
6.4
5.8
6.2
Total, 65 years and o v e r .......................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ..............
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 years ................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs .....................
4 years or more .................
1,688
489
272
407
187
332
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
8.2
8.1
8.8
10.2
8.2
5.6
4.2
5.4
3.5
3.6
4.0
3.9
3.9
4.0
4.9
5.0
1.9
2.8
5.5
6.8
5.4
7.2
2.8
3.2
10.3
9.5
9.9
10.8
13.9
9.3
Total, 25 years and o v e r .......................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ..............
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 years ................................
-
See footnotes at end of table.
25
5.4
6.9
5.9
6.0
4.5
4.5
.1
.2
.1
.1
.5
.3
.1
.1
-
-
10.2
7.6
12.2
12.0
8.9
8.3
4.5
4.7
5.1
6.9
3.3
1.2
.7
1.0
1.1
1.0
.4
.1
11.0
9.6
10.9
12.7
9.9
10.7
9.6
10.2
8.7
10.3
7.6
9.7
10.0
9.4
8.9
8.9
10.4
13.0
12.0
9.1
13.3
11.8
14.3
12.6
7.8
7.7
7.6
9.8
8.3
4.3
14.8
13.3
14.2
15.2
15.1
15.5
7.3
7.3
6.6
6.9
8.6
7.5
5.2
5.2
6.0
3.5
3.9
7.6
5.6
4.0
6.1
6.8
6.7
5.5
17.5
19.1
14.8
15.2
17.2
20.5
10.3
10.3
9.9
8.9
9.8
14.2
Table B-9. Years of school completed: Tenure on current job, by age and sex, January 1981 — Continued
(Percent distribution)
Period when current job started
Total employed
Years of school completed, sex, and
age
Number
(in thou
sands)
Percent
July
1980Jan.
1981
Jan.June1980
Jan.Dec.
1979
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Prior
Jan.to
1976- 1971- 1966- 1961- 1956- 1951- 1946Dee.
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan.
1978
1977 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1946
Median
years
on job
WOMEN
2.8
4.7
3.3
2.9
1.9
2.4
1.6
2.7
2.1
1.7
1.1
1.3
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.0
.7
.5
0.7
1.0
1.1
.7
.4
.4
3.7
4.8
3.9
3.9
3.0
3.3
_
_
-
-
_
-
2.0
1.7
1.6
2.1
1.9
2.1
_
_
-
-
-
3.5
3.5
2.9
3.5
3.1
4.1
4.6
2.6
5.4
4.1
4.6
6.8
3.1
4.0
2.1
3.2
2.2
4.1
1.6
.9
1.4
2.2
1.3
.5
11.7
10.2
9.9
11.8
13.6
13.5
7.3
7.8
6.1
7.2
6.8
9.1
5.1
2.8
6.5
5.0
5.3
6.3
9.1
6.3
8.6
9.6
13.8
10.1
10.3
10.5
11.2
11.2
6.2
9.4
5.7
4.8
6.6
5.3
6.8
7.6
Total, 25 years and o v e r .......................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ..............
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 y e a rs ................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs .....................
4 years or m o re .................
30,629
2,069
3,325
13,955
5,424
5,856
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
15.6
12.2
17.5
14.8
16.9
16.5
8.4
8.5
7.4
8.1
10.4
7.6
11.4
8.4
9.8
11.0
12.8
13.0
9.6
8.5
9.5
9.5
9.7
10.3
13.6
13.6
12.3
13.5
14.0
14.5
19.3
20.1
18.8
19.4
18.8
19.5
10.9
12.6
11.5
12.1
8.7
9.3
Total, 25 to 34 y e a rs ..............................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ..............
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 years ................................
College:
1 to 3 years ......................
4 years or more .................
10,916
248
756
4,739
2,378
2,795
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
22.8
26.4
32.2
22.0
22.7
21.4
11.7
14.8
9.9
12.0
13.0
10.5
15.2
11.9
13.2
14.5
16.0
16.5
11.6
9.2
11.5
11.1
11.6
12.8
15.3
16.1
14.8
14.9
14.0
17.2
17.6
17.2
15.3
18.0
17.3
17.9.
5.3
4.3
2.7
7.0
4.8
3.6
Total, 35 to 44 ye a rs..............................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ..............
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 y e a rs ................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs .....................
4 years or m o re .................
7,970
349
903
3,739
1,425
1,553
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
15.8
16.2
18.5
16.0
15.5
14.2
7.9
7.1
8.9
7.0
11.0
6.8
12.3
11.3
12.8
12.4
12.2
12.3
10.3
9.7
10.4
10.8
10.1
9.5
15.1
17.9
13.6
15.6
15.8
13.3
20.4
19.9
21.0
19.5
20.9
22.0
10.9
11.2
10.7
10.5
8.5
14.3
5.0
4.2
2.9
5.2
4.7
6.0
1.9
1.9
.9
2.5
1.1
1.7
Total, 45 to 54 ye a rs..............................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ........;.....
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 years ................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs .....................
4 years or m o re .................
6,526
598
924
3,153
910
943
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.6
10.6
9.3
9.6
13.7
11.9
6.1
8.2
5.7
6.3
6.8
4.1
8.9
9.0
7.8
8.8
10.9
8.2
7.7
8.1
8.0
7.9
7.3
6.4
12.2
13.6
12.7
12.0
12.0
11.8
21.5
22.9
21.3
21.6
21.1
20.6
15.4
14.2
17.1
16.5
12.1
14.3
8.0
5.9
9.0
7.4
7.9
10.7
Total, 55 to 64 ye a rs..............................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ..............
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 years ................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs .....................
4 years or m o re .................
4,212
600
607
1,946
598
461
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.4
7.8
11.8
5.1
3.9
5.8
4.9
7.1
5.0
4.8
4.9
1.9
5.5
5.9
5.7
5.1
5.5
5.8
7.0
8.9
8.8
6.3
6.0
6.7
10.0
12.4
8.7
9.1
12.4
8.9
18.7
18.8
15.8
20.0
17.6
19.0
17.6
15.3
14.7
19.5
18.4
15.5
Total, 65 years and o v e r .......................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ..............
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ...................
4 years ................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs .....................
4 years or m o re .................
1,005
274
136
378
112
104
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.8
7.0
8.9
7.2
6.7
12.2
5.2
8.5
4.6
4.5
4.9
“
3.8
6.0
1.5
3.0
6.1
1.4
5.7
6.5
5.0
5.3
3.8
7.9
9.3
8.4
4.1
11.0
14.0
7.0
17.5
20.0
20.4
15.3
13.7
19.0
14.8
13.0
12.9
17.1
13.1
15.0
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
26
5.1
6.2
5.5
5.2
4.6
4.6
.4
-
.1
.3
.6
.6
.2
-
.3
.5
.2
.5
.2
-
.3
.1
.2
.4
.5
5.9
5.1
6.4
6.1
4.8
6.7
3.0
1.8
4.1
2.9
3.0
3.7
2.9
1.2
2.8
3.3
2.7
3.8
9.1
6.9
7.8
9.7
9.8
10.4
4.4
3.8
4.0
3.5
7.2
6.7
6.5
5.1
12.2
6.9
3.8
3.7
10.0
8.9
13.0
10.4
9.9
10.3
-
Table B-10. Employment status in January 1980 of persons 16 years and over employed in January 1981, by sex, race, Hispanic
origin, and school status
Men
Race, aae, e th nicity,
and school status
Women
Total employed in
January 1981
Number
(thou
sands)
Differ
Differ
Total employed in
Same
Same
ent
January 1981
Unem Not in
Unem Not in
ent
occuOccuoccuOcculabor
ployed
labor
occu ployed
pation
pation
pational
pational
pation in Jan force in
pation in Jan fjrc e in
in
mobility Number
in
mobility
in
uary January
uary January
in
Percent January
rate 1
Percent January
rate 1
(thou
1980
1980
January 1980
January 1980
1980
sands)
1980
1980
1980
A LL PERSONS
Total, 16 years
and over ......................
52,700
100.0
82.0
9.4
3.4
5.1
10.3
39,857
100.0
75.2
10.2
3.6
10.9
12.0
16 and 17 y e a rs ..................
School major a c tiv ity .......
“ Other” major activity .....
1,262
885
377
100.0
100.0
100.0
36.9
37.1
36.5
10.6
10.2
11.3
9.2
8.6
10.8
43.3
44.1
41.4
22.2
21.6
23.6
1,196
831
365
100.0
100.0
100.0
32.5
33.7
29.9
11.2
10.3
13.2
7.9
6.7
10.8
48.3
49.4
46.0
25.6
23.4
30.6
18 and 19 y e a rs ..................
School major a c tiv ity .......
“ Other” major activity .....
2,069
488
1,581
100.0
100.0
100.0
44.2
47.2
43.3
20.4
17.0
21.4
7.9
5.8
8.5
27.5
30.0
26.8
31.6
26.5
33.1
1,933
484
1,449
100.0
100.0
100.0
38.9
42.2
37.8
21.7
21.3
21.8
7.9
4.8
8.9
31.5
31.8
31.4
35.8
33.6
36.6
20 to 24 y e a rs .....................
School major a c tiv ity .......
“ Other” major activity .....
6,650
448
6,202
100.0
100.0
100.0
62.3
46.3
63.5
19.5
22.0
19.3
6.9
4.4
7.1
11.3
27.3
10.1
23.8
32.2
23.3
6,099
345
5,754
100.0
100.0
100.0
61.3
51.9
61.9
18.1
19.4
18.0
5.8
3.0
6.0
14.8
25.8
14.2
22.8
27.2
22.5
14,735
10,746
9,047
6,503
1,688
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
82.4
89.1
92.6
93.2
91.9
11.6
7.2
4.3
3.4
1.5
3.2
2.4
2.2
1.5
1.2
2.7
1.3
.9
1.8
5.5
12.4
7.4
4.4
3.5
1.6
10,916
7,970
6,526
4,212
1,005
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
73.8
82.3
87.5
91.9
90.1
11.9
8.1
5.4
2.6
1.6
3.9
2.5
2.3
1.5
.7
10.4
7.1
4.8
4.1
7.6
13.9
8.9
5.8
2.7
1.8
Total, 16 years
and over ......................
4,328
100.0
80.6
8.1
5.6
5.7
9.2
4,186
100.0
79.2
7.5
6.5
6.8
8.6
16 to 19 y e a rs .....................
School major a c tiv ity .......
“ Other” major activity .....
239
79
161
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.8
36.9
38.2
9.8
1.1
14.1
17.2
17.8
16.8
35.2
44.2
30.9
20.7
2.9
27.0
236
86
150
100.0
100.0
100.0
34.0
30.8
35.9
11.4
8.4
13.2
13.7
8.8
16.4
40.9
52.0
34.5
25.2
21.5
26.9
592
1,244
915
735
477
126
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
54.9
81.9
89.2
91.2
93.9
94.6
18.7
10.0
4.6
4.8
3.2
.7
11.9
4.8
4.4
2.9
1.3
3.9
14.5
3.4
1.8
1.1
1.7
.8
25.4
10.9
4.9
5.0
3.3
.7
585
1,256
926
674
401
108
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
58.8
79.6
85.9
91.8
94.7
91.7
13.1
9.6
6.5
3.5
.9
-
15.2
6.4
4.3
3.1
2.6
-
13.0
4.4
3.3
1.6
1.9
8.3
18.2
10.8
7.1
3.7
.9
.0
25
35
45
55
65
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
y e a rs .....................
y e a rs .....................
y e a rs .....................
y e a rs .....................
and o v e r...............
BLACK
20
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
y e a rs .....................
y e a rs .....................
y e a rs .....................
y e a rs .....................
y e a rs .....................
and o v e r...............
HISPANIC ORIGIN
Total, 16 years
and over ......................
2,856
100.0
77.2
10.9
4.5
7.5
12.4
1,878
100.0
73.2
7.8
5.8
13.1
9.6
16 to 19 y e a rs .....................
School major activity .......
“ Other” major activity .....
213
47
166
100.0
(2)
100.0
37.0
(2)
40.3
14.4
(2)
15.2
5.4
(2)
4.9
43.3
(2)
39.7
28.0
(2)
27.4
137
42
95
100.0
(2)
100.0
34.9
(2)
32.2
11.2
(2)
12.2
11.5
(2)
12.9
42.4
(2)
42.6
24.3
(2)
27.5
20
25
35
45
55
65
520
892
556
446
198
31
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
65.1
79.7
85.2
91.4
85.8
(2)
15.8
13.5
8.4
3.5
6.9
(2)
7.4
3.5
3.9
4.0
2.2
(2)
11.8
3.3
2.4
1.0
5.2
(2)
19.5
14.5
9.0
3.7
7.4
(2)
375
565
361
296
123
22
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
60.7
74.3
81.8
87.3
90.4
(2)
13.3
8.1
4.9
4.1
3.2
(2)
8.0
7.0
2.8
3.3
2.5
(2)
18.0
10.6
10.4
5.3
4.0
(2)
18.0
9.8
5.7
4.5
3.4
(2)
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
y e a rs .....................
y e a rs .....................
y e a rs .....................
y e a rs .....................
y e a rs .....................
and o v e r...............
1 Percentage of persons employed in both January 1980 and January
1981 who had a different occupation in January 1980.
2 Percentage and rate not shown where base is less than
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
27
75,000.
T a b le B -1 1 . E m p lo y m e n t s t a t u s in J a n u a r y 1 9 8 0 o f p e r s o n s e m p lo y e d in J a n u a r y 1 9 8 1 , b y a g e , s e x , r a c e , a n d m a r it a l s t a t u s
Women
Men
Race, age, and
marital status
Differ
Differ
Total employed in
Same
Same
Unem Not in
Unem Not in
January 1981
ent
ent
Occu
occuoccuOccu
labor
labor
occu ployed
occu ployed
pation
pational
pation
pational
pation in Jan force in
pation in Jan force in
in
mobility
in
mobility Number
in
uary January
in
uary January
rate '
rate 1
(thou
Percent January
Percent January
January 1980
1980
January 1980
1980
1980
1980
sands)
1980
1980
Total employed in
January 1981
Number
(thou
sands)
ALL PERSONS
Total, 18 years and
over, not in school .........
50,502
100.0
83.8
9.2
3.2
3.7
9.9
37,832
100.0
77.2
10.0
3.5
9.3
11.4
S ingle....................................
18 to 24 y e a rs ..................
25 to 44 y e a rs ..................
45 years and o v e r............
9,557
5,260
3,661
636
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
67.3
56.1
78.7
93.9
15.0
19.0
11.5
1.8
6.2
7.9
4.5
1.8
11.5
16.9
5.3
2.4
18.2
25.3
12.7
1.9
7,625
4,244
2,655
726
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
68.5
55.8
82.0
93.1
15.6
19.9
12.2
3.1
4.7
6.4
3.0
.9
11.2
17.9
2.8
2.9
18.6
26.3
13.0
3.2
Married, spouse p re s e n t....
18 to 24 y e a rs ..................
25 to 44 y e a rs ..................
45 years and o v e r............
36,624
2,316
19,389
14,919
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.1
66.3
86.9
93.1
7.7
21.7
9.2
3.7
2.4
5.8
2.5
1.6
1.8
6.2
1.4
1.6
8.1
24.6
9.6
3.8
22,594
2,466
12,660
7,468
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
79.3
59.0
77.3
89.5
8.1
17.0
8.9
3.8
3.0
6.6
3.0
1.8
9.6
17.4
10.8
5.0
9.3
22.4
10.4
4.0
Other marital s ta tu s ............
18 to 24 y e a rs ..................
25 to 44 y e a rs ..................
45 years and o v e r............
4,321
208
2,431
1,683
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
84.1
63.5
81.8
89.9
9.0
16.7
11.6
4.3
4.1
11.9
3.7
3.7
2.8
7.9
3.0
2.1
9.7
20.9
12.4
4.6
7,613
492
3,572
3,549
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
79.7
57.8
74.4
88.0
9.9
17.7
13.7
4.8
3.8
7.5
4.8
2.4
6.6
16.9
7.1
4.8
11.0
23.5
15.6
5.2
Total, 18 years and
over, not in school .........
4,199
100.0
82.0
8.1
5.3
4.6
9.0
4,050
100.0
80.7
7.5
6.3
5.5
8.5
S ingle....................................
18 to 24 y e a rs ..................
25 to 44 y e a rs ..................
45 years and o v e r............
978
511
397
70
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
67.2
49.9
84.3
(2)
10.4
16.5
4.3
(2)
10.7
15.0
6.8
(2)
11.7
18.7
4.5
(2)
13.4
24.8
4.9
(2)
1,014
467
459
87
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
68.1
51.1
80.5
94.0
13.0
16.4
11.3
3.5
10.3
16.1
5.9
2.5
8.6
16.4
2.3
-
16.0
24.3
12.4
3.6
Married, spouse p re s e n t....
18 to 24 y e a rs ..................
25 to 44 y e a rs ..................
45 years and o v e r............
2,578
178
1,433
967
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
86.8
62.6
86.1
92.4
7.0
20.0
7.4
4.1
3.7
6.8
4.5
2.0
2.4
10.6
2.0
1.5
7.5
24.2
8.0
4.2
1,757
164
1,054
538
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
83.6
61.5
82.5
92.6
5.3
7.3
6.9
1.6
5.4
14.6
5.3
2.7
5.6
16.6
5.2
3.1
6.0
10.6
7.7
1.7
Other marital s ta tu s ............
18 to 24 y e a rs ..................
25 to 44 y e a rs ..................
45 years and o v e r............
643
13
329
301
100.0
(2)
100.0
100.0
85.2
(2)
81.0
91.6
9.0
(2)
13.0
3.8
3.3
(2)
2.2
4.1
2.6
(2)
3.8
.5
9.5
(2)
13.8
4.0
1,280
54
669
556
100.0
(2)
100.0
100.0
86.7
(2)
83.1
> 92.7
6.0
(2)
8.4
2.8
4.4
(2)
5.4
2.6
3.0
(2)
3.1
1.9
6.5
(2)
9.2
2.9
BLACK
1 Percentage of persons em ployed in both January 1980 and January
1981 who had a diffe ren t occu pation in January 1980.
2 Percentage and rate not shown where base is less than 75,000.
28
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
T a b le
B -1 2 .
E m p lo y m e n t
s ta tu s
in
J a n u a ry
1980
of
p e rs o n s
e m p lo y e d
Total employed in
January' 1981
Sex and occupation
Number
(thousands)
Percent
in
J a n u a ry
1981,
Same
Different
occupation occupation
in
in
January
January
1980
1980
by
sex
Unem
ployed in
January
1980
and
o c c u p a t io n
Not in
labor force
in January
1980
Occupa
tional mo
bility
rate ’
MEN
Total, 18 years old and over, not in s c h o o l...........................
50,502
100.0
83.8
9.2
3.2
3.7
9.9
P rofessional, technical, and kindred w o rk e rs .......................
Engineers ....................................................................................
Physicians, d e ntists, and related p ra c titio n e rs ................
Other health w orke rs.................................................................
Teachers, except c o lle g e ..........................................................
Engineering and science technicians......................................
Other p rofession al— sa la rie d .................................................
O ther p rofession al— s e lf-e m p lo y e d .....................................
8,485
1,388
647
271
947
807
3,912
514
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1000
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.6
89.2
94.3
85.6
90.7
85.5
87.4
91.4
6.4
6.8
2.7
6.3
4.9
8.0
7.2
5.1
1.3
.8
1.7
.7
2.4
1.6
1.6
3.7
3.2
3.0
6.4
3.7
4.1
3.9
1.9
6,8
7.0
2.8
6.8
5.1
8.5
7.6
5.3
Managers and administrators, except fa rm ...............................
Sales w orke rs................................................................................
Retail sales workers ..................................................................
Other sales workers ..................................................................
Clerical and kindred w orke rs.......................................................
7,831
3,069
900
2,169
3,210 •
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.5
83.9
75.6
87.4
79.4
8.5
10.3
12.5
9.4
12.5
1.4
2.2
4.5
1.3
2.8
1.6
3.5
7.3
1.9
5.3
8.8
10.9
14.2
9.7
13.6
Craft and kindred w o rk e rs ...........................................................
Carpenters ..................................................................................
Construction craft workers, except carpenters......................
Blue-collar worker supervisors, not
elsewhere classified.................................................................
Machinists and job s e tte rs ........................................................
Metal craft workers, except machinists and
mechanics .................................................................................
Mechanics, autom obile..............................................................
Mechanics, except autom obile.................................................
Other craft and kindred w o rk e rs ..............................................
10,784
1,033
2,232
100.0
100.0
100.0
85.7
78.3
82.8
7.7
7.4
7.2
4.0
9.3
6.5
2.7
5.0
3.5
8.3
8.6
7.9
1,536
554
100.0
100.0
89.4
88.1
8.4
7.5
1.8
1.7
.4
2.8
8.6
7.8
574
1,147
1,932
1,777
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.3
83.4
86.9
87.5
3.6
8.0
8.6
8.2
2.1
4.6
2.0
2.5
2.0
3.9
2.5
1.8
3.8
8.8
9.0
8.6
Operatives, except tra nspo rt.......................................................
Mine workers ..............................................................................
Motor vehicle equipm ent...........................................................
Other durable g o o d s ..................................................................
Nondurable go o d s......................................................................
All o th e r.......................................................................................
Transport equipment operatives.................................................
Laborers, except fa r m ..................................................................
5,695
319
325
2,429
1,288
1,335
2,844
2,905
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
79.3
61.4
81.7
82.2
83.0
74.1
83.8
69.4
11.6
26.0
10.6
10.6
9.0
12.6
8.7
15.9
4.5
6.9
6.4
3.8
3.0
6.2
4.7
7.8
4.7
5.7
1.3
3.4
5:0
7.1
2.8
6.9
12.7
29.7
11.5
11.4
9.8
14.6
9.4
18.6
Private' household workers ..........................................................
Service workers, except private household ..............................
Cleaning service w o rk e rs ..........................................................
Food service w o rk e rs ................................................................
Health service w orke rs..............................................................
Personal service w orke rs..........................................................
Protective service w orke rs........................................................
27
3,928
1,313
905
163
306
1,242
(2)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
78.3
77.8
71.2
-74.7
79.3
84.1
(2)
10.9
11.5
12.6
15.8
9.4
8.8
(2)
4.4
5.0
5.6
4.6
3.5
3.0
(2)
6.4
5.7
10.6
4.9
7.8
4.1
(2)
12.3
12.9
15.0
17.5
10.6
9,5
Farmers and farm m anagers.......................................................
Farm laborers and supervisors ...................................................
1,131
591
100.0
100.0
95.5
73.9
2.4
11.1
.8
4.7
1.3
10.3
2.5
13.0
See footnotes at end of table.
29
,
T a b le B -1 2 . E m p lo y m e n t s t a t u s in J a n u a r y 1 9 8 0 o f p e r s o n s e m p lo y e d in J a n u a r y 1 9 8 1 , b y s e x a n d o c c u p a t i o n — C o n t in u e d
—
Total employed in
January 1981
Same
Different
occupation occupation
Sex and occupation
Number
(thousands)
N
Percent
January
1980
January
1980
Unem
ployed in
January
1980
Not in
Occupa
labor force tional moin January
bility
1980
rate 1
WOMEN
Total, 18 vears old and over, not in school ...........................
37,832
100.0
77.2
10.0
3.5
9.3
11.4
P rofessional, tech nical, and kindred w o rk e rs .......................
P hysicians, dentists, and related practitioners ...............
Other health w orke rs.................................................................
Teachers, except co lle g e ..........................................................
Other professional and technical w o rk e rs ..............................
6,967
112
1,850
2,254
2,750
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
82.6
83.5
84.3
87.7
77.2
8.3
4.9
6.0
4.9
12.7
1.9
1.4
1.5
1.4
2.6
7.2
10.2
8.2
6.0
7.5
9.1
5.6
6.7
5.2
14.2
Managers and administrators, except fa rm ...............................
Sales w orke rs................................................................................
Retail sales workers ..................................................................
Other sales workers ..................................................................
3,104
2,334
1,608
726
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
79.6
70.6
67.5
77.5
12.4
11.3
11.2
11.5
1.7
3.9
4.7
2.2
6.3
14.2
16.6
8.9
13.5
13.8
14.2
12.9
Clerical and kindred w orke rs.......................................................
Bookkeepers ...............................................................................
Office machine operators .........................................................
Stenographers, typists, and secretaries..................................
Other clerical and kindred w orkers..........................................
13,218
1,619
600
4,537
6,462
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
77.4
82.4
76.7
81.3
73.5
11.0
8.4
14.5
8.1
13.5
3.2
1.4
3.0
2.7
4.1
8.3
7.7
5.8
7.9
9.0
12.5
9.3
15.9
9.1
15.5
Craft and kindred w o rk e rs ...........................................................
Operatives, except tra nspo rt.......................................................
Transport equipment operatives...................... ..........................
Laborers, except fa r m ..................................................................
692
3,805
253
423
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.7
78.2
81.1
69.7
9.8
8.3
7.6
13.9
2.4
5.8
3.1
4.9
7.1
7.6
8.3
11.5
10.8
9.6
8.5
16.6
Private household workers ..........................................................
Service workers, except private household ..............................
Cleaning service w orke rs..........................................................
Food service w o rk e rs ................................................................
Health service w orke rs..............................................................
Personal service w orke rs..........................................................
Protective service w orke rs........................................................
805
5,919
834
2,253
1,538
1,146
148
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
69.1
72.0
74.8
68.2
75.5
72.3
73.8
7.4
9.3
8.7
12.1
7.7
6.8
7.2
3.8
5.2
6.3
5.8
4.4
4.0
5.7
19.7
13.5
10.1
13.8
12.3
16.9
13.3
9.6
11.5
10.5
15.1
9.3
8.6
8.9
Farmers and farm managers.......................................................
Farm laborers and supervisors...................................................
130
182
100.0
100.0
86.9
77.1
1.4
6.5
6.0
11.7
10.4
1.6
7.8
' Percentage of persons em ployed in both January 1980 and January
1981 who had a diffe ren t occu pation in January 1980.
2 Percentage and rate not shown where base is less than 75,000.
_
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
30
T a b le B -1 3 . O c c u p a t io n a l m o b i lit y r a te s 1 b y o c c u p a tio n : S e x , a g e , a n d r a c e , J a n u a r y 1 9 8 1
Occupation in January 1981
Age, sex,
and race
Total
Man
Profes
agers
Opera
sional,
and
Clerical Craft
tives,
tech
and
and
admin
Sales
except
nical,
istra workers kindred kindred
trans
and kin
workers workers
tors,
port
dred
except
workers
farm
Trans
port
equip
ment
opera
tives
Service
Farm
Farmers
Labor Private workers,
and
laborers
ers,
house except
farm
and
private
except
hold
man
super
farm workers house
agers
visors
hold
A LL PERSONS
Men
Total, 18 years and
over, not in school .................
18
25
35
45
55
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
years
years ............................
years ............................
years ............................
years ............................
and o v e r ......................
9.9
6.8
8.8
10.9
13.6
8.3
12.7
9.4
18.6
(2)
12.3
2.5
13.0
25.0
12.4
7.4
4.4
3.1
23.3
9.3
4.9
3.3
1.9
24.7
13.7
8.5
5.0
3.1
28.6
14.0
10.8
5.2
2.0
28.4
17.0
11.5
5.8
3.7
20.5
9.8
6.1
4.1
2.1
24.8
13.3
9.4
5.3
4.8
21.7
11.5
8.0
2.5
3.6
30.8
21.1
9.4
7.4
6.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
29.8
14.9
6.7
4.8
5.2
(2)
3.8
3.1
2.1
1.6
21.2
16.5
12.7
(2)
4.1
11.4
9.1
13.5
13.8
12.5
10.8
9.6
8.5
16.6
9.6
11.5
1.6
7.8
24.8
13.9
8.9
5.8
2.5
24.8
11.7
5.2
3;5
1.7
26.9
16.7
14.1
9.4
2.9
31.3
21.0
9.8
5.5
1.8
24.4
14.1
9.6
6.1
2.4
13.4
17.0
12.4
3.3
2.5
18.4
11.8
9.2
5.5
4.7
33.6
12.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
22.6
4.8
3.5
1.9
25.0
14.3
9.0
7.0
2.2
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
9.0
5.2
9.4
10.7
10.7
7.6
10.9
15.4
(2)
8.2
(2)
(2)
8.5
7.1
15.9
13.4
9.9
7.4
(2)
15.7
W omen
Total, 18 years and
over, not in school .................
18
25
35
45
55
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
years
years ............................
years ............................
years ............................
years ............................
and o v e r ......................
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
BLACK
Men
Total, 18 years and
over, not in s c h o o l.................
$
5.8
W omen
Total, 18 years and
over, not in school .................
1 Percentage of persons em ployed in both January 1980 and January
1981 who had a d iffe re n t occu pation in January 1980.
(2)
9.1
(2)
(2)
1.8
2 Percentage and rate not shown where base is less than 75,000.
31
T a b le B -1 4 . O c c u p a t io n a l m o b ility r a te s 1 b y e d u c a t io n a l a t t a in m e n t : A g e , s e x , a n d r a c e , J a n u a r y 1 9 8 1
Years of school completed
Women
Men
Age and race
Total
Elementary,
8 years
or less
High school
College
1 to 3
years
4 years
1 to 3
years
4 years
or more
Total
Elementary,
8 years
or less
High school
College
1 to 3
years
4 years
1 to 3
years
4 years
or more
ALL PERSONS
Total, 18 years old and
over, not in school ....................
18
25
35
45
55
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
years
ye a rs...................................
y e a rs...................................
y e a rs ...................................
y e a rs ...................................
and over ............................
9.9
5.4
10.4
10.8
11.7
8.5
11.4
4.5
10.7
11.5
14.0
11.1
25.0
12.4
7.4
4.4
3.1
21.8
10.8
6.5
3.2
2.7
27.3
12.3
8.1
4.7
3.5
24.9
11.4
7.2
4.8
3.6
23.8
14.0
8.5
5.0
3.1
25.3
12.6
7.1
4.1
2.5
24.8
13.9
8.9
5.8
2.5
13.0
8.3
7.3
3.3
2.7
27.7
14.9
11.1
5.9
3.8
24.4
12.8
8.7
6.3
2.6
24.0
16.3
10.5
6.4
2.1
27.8
13.9
7.1
5.0
1.1
9.0
3.3
5.9
12.3
11.2
9.3
8.5
3.3
7.2
8.3
11.4
10.7
15.7
7.7
2.2
3.6
4.1
29.4
10.5
7.5
5.9
2.8
23.3
12.0
4.4
10.1
(2)
(2)
14.1
7.5
(2)
(2)
19.8
10.8
7.1
3.7
.7
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.9
“
(2)
3.5
8.7
7.1
1.8
18.2
10.6
5.3
2.1
19.4
13.3
8.1
2.0
(2)
(2)
12.8
8.5
5.0
(2)
BLACK
Total, 18 years old and
over, not in school ....................
18
25
35
45
55
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
years
y e a rs ...................................
y e a rs ...................................
y e a rs...................................
y e a rs...................................
and o v e r ............................
24.9
10.9
4.9
5.0
2.7
(2)
(2)
-
4.5
2.3
1 Percentage o f persons em ployed in both January 1980 and January
1981 who had a d iffe re n t occu pation in January 1980.
2 Percentage and rate not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
T a b le B -1 5 . O c c u p a t io n a l m o b ilit y r a te s 1 b y le n g th o f t im e o n jo b : O c c u p a t io n , a g e , a n d s e x , J a n u a r y 19 81
Length of time with current employer
Women
Men
Occupation in January 1981 and age
Over
11
years
1 year
or less
Over
1 to 2
years
Over
2 to 5
years
11.4
53.3
2.6
1.5
1.0
0.7
.5
.6
.2
1.3
9.1
13.5
13.8
12.5
45.8
63.7
57.7
54.5
2.4
4.1
2.9
2.7
1.1
2.4
.9
2.0
.5
1.8
1.8
1.4
.2
.8
.0
.8
.9
1.7
.5
1.5
10.8
9.6
8.5
16.6
53.8
56.6
(2)
(2)
2.2
2.5
(2)
(2)
2.2
1.6
(2)
1.3
.2
.6
(2)
(2)
2.2
1.3
(2)
Total
1 year
or less
Over
1 to 2
years
Over
2 to 5
years
Total, 18 years old and
over, not in school ...............................
9.9
51.5
2.7
1.5
0.9
0.8
Professional, technical, and kindred
w orke rs...........................................................
Managers and administrators, except farm .
Sales workers .................................................
Clerical and kindred workers ........................
6.8
8.8
10.9
13.6
41.2
52.5
51.6
65.6
1.4
4.7
.6
5.3
1.1
2.0
1.2
2.0
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.7
Craft and kindred w orkers.............................
Operatives, except transport ........................
Transport equipment operatives...................
Laborers, except fa rm ....................................
8.3
12.7
9.4
18.6
40.3
62.6
54.0
70.1
2.7
2.5
3.1
2.0
1.6
2.3
.7
1.1
.5
2.0
.6
Over 5
to 11
years
Total
Over 5
to 11
years
Over
11
years
O C C U P A T IO N
Private household w orke rs............................
Service workers, except private household .
Farmers and farm m anagers........................
Farm laborers and supervisors.....................
O
(2)
(2)
12.3
2.5
13.0
54.9
(2)
46.9
1.8
(2)
(2)
1.5
1.4
“
.1
.5
“
.9
1.0
”
9.6
11.5
1.6
7.8
25.0
12.4
7.4
4.4
3.1
60.2
50.0
47.2
45.3
41.9
4.0
2.6
1.4
2.2
1.0
3.3
1.4
1.1
.6
.5
1.7
1.6
.6
.2
.2
(2)
1.6
1.0
.8
.6
24.8
13.9
8.9
5.8
2.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
_
49.7
49.9
(2)
(2)
1.7
(2)
(2)
2.0
.4
(2)
(2)
.3
.3
(2)
(2)
58.9
52.6
51.2
47.3
38.7
2.9
3.3
1.7
2.5
.4
2.8
1.5
1.3
1.1
.4
2.2
1.6
.5
1.1
(2)
_
.4
(2)
(2)
AGE
18
25
35
45
55
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
years
years ................................................
years ................................................
years ................................................
years ................................................
and o v e r..........................................
1 Percentage of persons em ployed in both January 1980 and January
1981 w ho had a d iffe re n t occu pation in January 1980.
2 Percentage and rate not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
33
-
(2)
1.2
1.2
.6
.4
T a b le B -1 6 . O c c u p a t io n a l te n u r e by s e x , r a c e , H is p a n ic o r ig in , a n d a g e , J a n u a r y 19 81
Sex, race, ethnicity , and age
T o tal employed in
both January 1980
and 1981
Occupational tenure
Less
than 1
year 1
1 year
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 to 9
years
10 to 24
years
25 years
or more
Number
Percent
Total, 18 years and over, not in s c h o o l..............
46,990
100.0
9.9
10.2
9.2
6.4
6.7
19.0
27.2
11.4
W h ite .....................................................................
18 to 24 years ..................................................
25 to 34 .............................................................
35 to 44 .............................................................
45 to 54 .............................................................
55 years and o v e r............................................
42,459
5,572
12,455
9,319
7,936
7,177
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.9
25.3
14.4
9.2
6.1
2.8
14.9
31.6
154
13.0
9.1
4.9
12.2
19.9
13.9
11.0
8.7
6.2
8.2
10.7
9.8
8.1
6.6
4.3
8.0
6.7
10.1
8.7
7.2
5.6
19.2
5.8
25.4
21.3
21.6
17.2
20.7
4.9
B la c k .....................................................................
18 to 24 years ..................................................
25 to 34 .............................................................
35 to 44 .............................................................
45 to 54 .............................................................
55 years and o v e r ............................................
3,784
495
1,143
858
705
583
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
8.5
19.8
10.8
7.1
3.7
.7
15.7
40.2
17.4
12.4
8.4
3.2
11.7
18.9
16.0
9.2
6.4
6.1
8.1
10.5
11.6
6.2
4.7
5.5
7.5
6.7
9.1
9.1
5.4
4.3
20.9
3.9
24.1
28.5
21.3
16.2
H ispanic................................................................
18 to 24 years ..................................................
25 to 34 .............................................................
35 to 44 .............................................................
45 to 54 .............................................................
55 years and o v e r............................................
2,478
493
831
520
423
210
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
9.5
19.7
9.8
5.7
4.5
4.1
20.0
39.9
21.5
12.4
11.6
4.1
15.3
21.1
18.6
14.3
8.4
7.3
9.4
8.2
11.6
11.8
7.5
2.8
8.7
7.9
8.6
5.9
12.1
10.7
19.6
3.3
23.5
25.1
22.5
24.5
-
-
6.4
24.4
30.1
30.2
.5
3.2
16.3
Total, 18 years and over, not in s cho ol..............
32,983
100.0
11.4
15.1
12.2
8.1
8.0
19.5
20.9
4.8
W h ite .....................................................................
18 to 24 years ..................................................
25 to 34 .............................................................
35 to 44 .............................................................
45 to 54 .............................................................
55 years and o v e r ............................................
28,766
4,912
8,027
6,183
5,286
4,357
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.0
24.9
12.4
7.7
4.4
3.1
9.7
28.3
11.6
5.8
4.2
3.3
9.1
20.5
12.4
5.8
4.3
3.8
6.4
11.2
9.8
4.5
3.1
2.8
6.6
7.7
10.8
5.1
3.8
3.4
18.9
7.3
29.8
21.1
14.0
11.4
27.5
13.1
47.5
43.3
30.4
11.9
2.4
22.9
41.7
B la c k .....................................................................
18 to 24 years ..................................................
25 to 34 .............................................................
35 to 44 .............................................................
45 to 54 .............................................................
55 years and o v e r............................................
3,571
471
1,121
855
642
482
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
9.0
24.9
10.9
4.9
5.0
2.7
14.1
40.3
15.8
9.2
6.9
4.7
10.3
17.7
15.5
6.4
5.8
5.2
6.6
8.7
9.3
4.7
6.8
2.0
7.3
4.8
11.4
8.5
4.5
3.4
20.2
3.6
25.9
28.8
16.1
15.3
25.5
11.2
35.8
41.8
39.9
7.0
1.8
13.2
26.7
H ispanic................................................................
18 to 24 years ..................................................
25 to 34 .............................................................
35 to 44 .............................................................
45 to 54 .............................................................
55 years and o v e r .............................. .............
1,486
305
465
313
270
132
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.2
21.1
14.5
9.0
3.7
7.3
16.7
37.4
15.9
10.8
7.3
5.6
12.0
19.4
13.4
10.3
6.2
5.6
8.2
10.9
10.3
6.5
5.3
3.9
8.2
7.5
11.4
6.7
6.5
3.9
19.0
3.6
25.3
22.6
21.0
16.7
19.6
9.3
32.6
38.0
36.4 .
MEN
-
-
10.9
28.0
31.7
38.4
.7
8.9
20.7
23.5
4.2
-
-
11.1
27.4
43.1
42.5
.1
7.0
21.5
15.3
2.1
-
WOMEN
1 Refers to persons whose occupation in January 1981 differed from
the occupation held in January 1980 and thus may include a number of
4.1
-
1.5
12.0
20.7
persons with one or more years in the January 1981 occupation,
NOTE: Dash (-) represents zero or rounds to zero.
U.S4G0VERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :1982
34
0 -3 8 1 -6 0 8
(4204)
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Regional Offices
R e g io n SV
1371 P eachtree S treet, N.E.
A tla n ta , Ga. 3 0 3 6 7
P hone: (404) 881-4418
Regions VSl and VISI
R e g io n V
9th F loo r
Federal O ffic e B u ild in g
230 S. D e a rb o rn S treet
C h ic a g o , III. 60604
Phone: (312) 353-1880
Regions SX and X
R e g io n II
S u ite 3400
1515 B ro a d w a y
N ew Y o rk, N.Y. 10036
P hone: (212) 944-3121
R e g io n ISS
3535 M a rke t S treet
P.O. B o x 13309
P h ila d e lp h ia , Pa. 19101
P hone: (215) 596-1154
R e g io n V I
S e co n d F lo o r
555 G riffin S q ua re B u ild in g
Dallas, Tex. 75202
Phone: (214) 767-6971
R e g io n i
1603 JF K Federal B u ild in g
G o v e rn m e n t C e n te r
B o ston , Mass. 02203
Phone: (617) 223-6761
911 W a ln u t S treet
Kansas C ity, M o. 64106
P hone: (816) 374-2481
450 G o ld e n G ate A ven u e
B o x 36017
San F ra ncisco, C alif. 94102
P hone: (415) 556-4678
@FedFRASER