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InternationalEconomicTrends
November 2012

This publication contains charts and tables
compiled by the Data Desk staff
of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
The data are from the G-7 countries, selected emerging markets,
and the euro area, including output, inflation, labor markets,
interest rates, government budgets, trade, and more.

Effective January 2012, all cover pages for the International Economic Trends, Monetary
Trends, and National Economic Trends publications have been discontinued. Cover pages
are now part of our Economic Synopses series.

Contents
Page
3
7
13
18
22
26
30
36
42
48
54
60
65
71
77
83

Reference Tables
Canada
Euro Area
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
United Kingdom
United States
Brazil
China
India
Korea
Mexico
Russia
Notes and Sources

Conventions used in this publication:
1. Charts and tables contain data that were current through October 2012. Unless otherwise indicated, data are quarterly.
2. The percent change refers to the percent change from the same period in the previous year. For example, the percent
change in x between quarter t – 4 and the current quarter t is: [(xt /x t – 4)–1] ×100.
3. All data with significant seasonal patterns are adjusted accordingly.

Dear Reader,
We welcome your comments addressed to:
Editor, International Economic Trends
Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P.O. Box 442
St. Louis, MO 63166-0442
or to:
stlsFRED@stls.frb.org
Thank you,
Chris Neely,
Editor, International Economic Trends

International Economic Trends is published by the Research Division of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; the annual edition is published in July. Visit the Research Division’s website
at research.stlouisfed.org/publications/iet to download the quarterly issue of this publication or register for e-mail notification updates. For more information on data in this publication, please
call (314) 444-8590.

International Economic Trends

Reference Tables
Real Gross Domestic Product
Percent change from year ago

Canada*
Euro Area
France*
Germany*
Italy*
Japan*
United Kingdom*
United States
Mexico*
Korea*
Brazil*
Russia*
India*
China**

09.3

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

-3.44
-4.36
-3.09
-5.05
-5.08
-5.55
-3.36
-3.34
-5.49
1.22
-1.47
-8.34
6.45
.

-1.37
-2.33
-1.04
-2.20
-3.52
-0.56
-0.87
-0.08
-2.14
6.33
5.27
-3.16
7.34
9.21

2.08
0.96
0.97
2.65
1.03
4.87
1.23
1.86
5.64
8.57
9.06
3.56
12.39
.

3.64
2.29
1.63
4.65
1.90
4.60
2.12
2.51
7.15
7.39
8.81
5.11
9.26
.

3.81
2.29
1.93
4.56
1.89
5.39
2.37
2.80
5.23
4.50
7.09
3.86
9.53
.

3.34
2.24
1.76
4.24
2.24
3.41
1.48
2.39
4.28
4.98
5.34
4.83
10.08
10.45

2.86
2.41
2.32
4.82
1.39
0.06
1.38
1.82
3.91
4.04
4.10
3.55
5.77
.

2.03
1.61
1.72
3.03
0.96
-1.69
0.73
1.88
3.76
3.48
3.36
3.64
8.83
.

2.53
1.31
1.55
2.68
0.37
-0.70
0.64
1.55
4.24
3.67
2.22
5.36
7.38
.

2.21
0.62
1.21
1.91
-0.53
-0.62
0.73
1.97
3.85
3.36
1.35
4.91
6.19
9.24

1.78
-0.04
0.38
1.18
-1.54
2.78
-0.08
2.45
4.55
2.90
0.67
4.57
5.31
.

2.46
-0.45
0.27
0.98
-2.60
3.27
-0.50
2.14
4.07
2.32
0.49
4.09
4.16
.

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).
** Annual data.

Nominal Gross Domestic Product
Percent change from year ago

Canada*
Euro Area
France*
Germany*
Italy*
Japan*
United Kingdom*
United States
Mexico*
Korea*
Brazil*
Russia*
India*
China*

09.3

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

-6.83
-3.59
-2.69
-3.67
-3.31
-5.48
-1.96
-3.08
-2.46
4.85
4.95
-9.44
11.13
6.50

-0.51
-1.86
-1.25
-0.81
-2.06
-2.95
0.28
0.37
3.36
9.77
13.13
1.85
17.18
8.43

5.54
1.50
1.27
4.10
1.05
2.39
3.74
2.49
10.03
12.35
17.36
15.42
26.41
17.02

6.90
3.10
2.62
5.68
2.64
2.29
5.49
3.80
10.97
10.73
17.57
15.85
20.51
16.72

6.28
3.32
3.47
5.26
2.37
3.15
5.13
4.47
9.21
8.00
16.61
14.10
18.69
.

6.39
3.25
3.23
4.92
2.63
1.43
3.92
4.26
8.57
9.73
14.22
20.07
19.04
.

6.00
3.57
3.64
5.42
2.60
-2.00
4.43
3.82
8.61
6.95
12.39
21.28
16.51
.

5.71
2.83
3.13
4.00
1.80
-4.06
3.84
4.09
9.15
4.79
12.50
22.01
18.26
.

6.40
2.51
2.77
3.58
1.80
-2.73
3.25
4.03
9.38
5.27
8.63
21.78
16.61
.

5.53
1.93
2.76
2.78
1.03
-2.41
3.23
3.97
11.06
4.80
6.42
18.51
14.67
.

4.01
1.20
1.84
2.31
-0.25
1.36
1.59
4.48
9.81
4.33
7.35
15.42
12.81
.

3.52
0.76
1.83
2.21
-1.52
2.33
2.11
3.88
8.55
3.46
5.48
11.91
12.03
.

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago

Canada*
Euro Area
France
Germany
Italy
Japan*
United Kingdom*
United States
Mexico*
Korea*
Brazil*
Russia*
India*
China*

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

12.3

-8.47
-7.15
-5.18
-9.22
-9.38
-4.97
-5.03
-5.69
-2.75
18.67
6.31
2.06
6.13
17.93

1.60
4.83
3.81
6.96
4.85
26.34
0.34
1.46
5.13
26.47
18.44
9.26
14.00
14.57

7.84
9.15
6.91
13.41
9.09
19.95
1.83
6.75
7.81
18.74
14.35
10.77
9.49
16.00

8.39
7.13
3.78
11.93
7.59
13.01
3.32
7.17
6.75
12.82
7.74
6.73
6.85
13.53

6.67
7.99
4.21
13.70
5.75
6.70
3.12
6.26
5.14
10.10
3.48
6.78
8.76
13.30

5.78
6.76
4.31
13.46
2.56
-1.79
1.86
5.46
5.05
10.83
2.85
5.99
7.74
14.87

2.45
3.81
1.35
9.59
1.96
-6.69
-0.66
3.57
3.79
6.54
0.55
4.83
6.97
13.93

2.99
3.79
2.17
9.37
-0.19
-0.88
-1.35
3.33
3.52
5.30
0.26
5.18
3.25
13.77

3.02
-0.17
0.04
3.75
-3.20
-0.14
-2.81
4.00
3.70
5.19
-1.65
3.39
1.23
12.80

0.62
-1.66
-1.83
1.63
-5.44
2.39
-2.81
4.43
3.12
2.87
-4.36
2.68
0.69
11.57

2.28
-2.35
-2.09
-0.73
-7.76
4.86
-2.51
4.81
3.59
2.32
.
2.15
-0.17
9.47

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.22
.
.
.
.
.
.

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3

International Economic Trends

Reference Tables
Employment
Percent change from year ago

Canada
Euro Area
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
United Kingdom
United States
Mexico*
Korea*
Brazil
Russia*

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

12.3

-1.45
-1.97
-1.24
-0.22
-2.65
-1.87
-2.45
-3.98
2.99
-0.02
0.21
.

0.33
-1.31
-0.28
-0.23
-1.50
-1.18
-1.85
-2.03
4.76
0.58
3.49
.

1.56
-0.63
0.19
0.48
-0.82
-0.53
-1.24
-0.75
6.21
1.81
4.54
.

1.90
-0.18
0.80
0.92
-0.74
0.01
-0.82
-0.07
4.53
1.54
4.11
.

1.69
0.11
0.84
1.13
-0.48
0.11
-0.63
0.54
2.25
1.53
4.72
1.00

1.92
0.33
1.16
1.47
-0.37
-0.02
-0.01
0.64
1.16
1.86
3.64
1.92

1.54
0.44
1.31
1.36
0.31
-0.12
-0.44
0.25
0.56
1.66
3.36
1.02

1.52
0.27
0.78
1.35
0.58
-0.57
-0.10
0.36
1.92
1.50
2.92
.

1.18
-0.10
0.51
1.35
-0.13
-0.12
0.85
1.07
5.14
1.98
2.43
.

0.86
-0.46
0.28
1.39
-1.13
0.08
1.22
1.69
3.80
2.01
1.96
.

1.15
-0.62
-0.08
1.24
-1.06
0.43
1.73
1.85
4.55
1.75
1.91
.

0.94
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.90
.
.
.
.

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).

Unemployment Rate
Percent

Canada*
Euro Area*
France*
Germany*
Italy*
Japan*
United Kingdom*
United States
Mexico*
Korea*
Brazil*
Russia*

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

12.3

8.40
10.03
9.97
7.70
8.23
5.20
7.70
9.93
5.53
3.53
7.20
8.03

8.20
10.13
9.90
7.50
8.47
5.07
7.93
9.77
5.40
4.27
6.83
8.80

8.03
10.17
9.70
7.17
8.57
5.10
7.80
9.63
5.37
3.53
6.67
7.43

8.03
10.10
9.67
6.93
8.27
5.03
7.70
9.53
5.23
3.60
6.00
6.80

7.67
10.07
9.70
6.70
8.33
5.00
7.77
9.57
5.50
3.40
5.80
6.90

7.67
9.93
9.60
6.33
8.00
4.77
7.70
9.00
5.20
3.83
5.83
7.50

7.47
9.93
9.60
6.00
8.03
4.67
7.90
9.03
5.40
3.40
5.70
6.57

7.27
10.20
9.60
5.83
8.47
4.43
8.27
9.07
5.30
3.23
6.00
6.20

7.47
10.60
9.80
5.67
9.20
4.47
8.30
8.70
5.00
3.10
5.07
6.27

7.40
10.90
10.00
5.60
10.03
4.53
8.13
8.27
5.10
3.43
5.17
6.53

7.27
11.30
10.27
5.53
10.60
4.43
7.93
8.17
4.93
3.27
.
5.53

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
8.10
.
.
.
.

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).

Hourly Earnings
Percent change from year ago

Canada*
Euro Area
France
Germany
Italy
Japan*
United Kingdom*
United States
Mexico*
Korea*
Brazil*
Russia*
China

09.3

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

-3.91
3.29
1.94
1.71
2.62
-5.83
0.89
3.07
4.65
-1.07
6.70
6.43
11.43

-4.64
-0.26
1.83
1.89
3.79
-5.86
2.21
2.49
3.52
6.04
4.84
8.65
10.87

1.58
1.34
1.80
2.45
3.12
3.49
6.37
2.05
4.66
9.39
7.58
11.88
12.86

3.21
0.26
1.78
2.35
3.29
5.21
3.71
2.22
3.64
8.22
9.09
12.87
12.55

7.81
0.62
1.81
1.87
3.00
4.14
4.27
1.77
2.86
12.38
11.17
12.66
14.46

6.87
1.42
1.79
2.04
1.82
3.50
2.74
1.98
3.18
5.99
11.51
13.41
13.64

4.30
2.02
2.21
1.75
2.51
2.12
0.89
2.36
2.27
0.70
9.85
9.27
14.22

5.87
3.87
2.46
2.57
2.49
1.30
1.67
1.93
3.03
0.09
10.78
11.14
14.79

-0.03
2.90
2.48
2.84
2.40
1.08
1.59
1.45
4.10
0.20
8.13
11.35
13.35

2.83
3.23
2.54
2.64
2.56
2.16
1.65
1.26
4.48
0.71
9.77
14.35
15.41

1.65
1.72
2.60
.
2.28
0.81
0.71
0.85
4.07
10.18
10.87
13.13
14.18

2.60
2.20
2.50
.
2.18
1.64
2.76
1.05
5.57
.
8.60
14.71
10.77

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).
Note: Data for Brazil, China, Japan, Korea, and Russia represent monthly earnings. Data for the United Kingdom represent weekly earnings.

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4

International Economic Trends

Reference Tables
Reserve Money
Percent change from year ago

Canada*
Japan*
United Kingdom*
United States
Mexico*
Korea*
Brazil*
Russia*
India*
China*

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

12.3

9.03
5.21
6.93
40.66
9.43
4.52
11.62
15.93
14.73
11.42

9.83
2.53
5.64
25.63
11.87
0.69
60.70
48.04
16.97
20.72

-1.93
3.47
5.69
15.35
8.70
12.70
92.27
44.84
23.36
24.45

-1.59
5.65
4.70
14.68
12.29
10.24
101.72
48.34
21.67
20.92

-0.92
7.07
3.93
-0.64
9.71
9.98
131.74
26.64
22.10
28.70

-3.14
17.45
3.60
7.36
6.28
8.55
68.06
18.08
19.13
28.35

4.07
16.73
3.76
27.70
9.94
8.24
41.29
2.99
15.99
31.92

5.13
16.46
5.36
33.77
9.17
3.80
31.97
3.96
15.41
31.54

5.73
13.63
5.80
31.77
10.10
7.39
10.78
5.54
12.27
21.22

9.57
0.06
5.43
19.86
14.04
21.74
2.20
3.64
3.66
17.72

5.27
5.77
4.81
2.05
17.86
13.83
-2.48
9.70
7.78
12.08

.
8.85
5.02
-1.07
.
.
.
.
.
.

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).

Narrow Money
Percent change from year ago

Canada*
Euro Area
Japan*
United Kingdom*
United States
Mexico*
Korea*
Brazil*
Russia*
India*
China*

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

12.3

12.84
12.70
1.04
5.50
6.45
8.35
17.54
12.31
6.39
17.74
33.28

13.40
10.43
1.03
6.34
0.83
8.48
13.59
19.39
20.83
18.49
28.63

13.10
9.70
1.64
5.40
-1.70
10.23
9.86
15.46
23.95
19.22
23.41

11.00
6.25
2.29
4.14
-0.79
11.37
8.26
19.62
29.51
15.99
22.21

9.47
4.56
3.29
3.91
1.41
14.04
10.17
12.79
26.59
19.36
20.47

9.21
3.14
4.32
2.85
3.49
13.22
10.96
9.83
22.60
10.13
16.63

8.23
1.04
4.88
3.23
6.56
14.20
5.78
8.37
18.80
7.24
14.82

8.82
2.20
5.26
3.22
8.92
19.66
5.01
2.40
19.63
4.24
9.27

9.97
1.78
5.19
2.90
8.93
13.47
2.58
1.62
18.07
6.55
9.11

9.49
2.87
4.33
3.30
9.88
16.99
3.08
1.95
15.46
5.91
4.08

10.12
3.78
3.30
3.48
8.62
17.99
4.19
3.86
15.64
13.17
4.39

.
.
.
.
7.22
.
.
.
.
.
.

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).

Broad Money
Percent change from year ago

Canada*
Euro Area
Japan*
United Kingdom*
United States
Mexico*
Korea*
Brazil*
Russia*
India*
China*

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

12.3

10.82
-0.59
3.16
5.40
5.27
6.96
9.94
15.73
8.31
18.00
27.63

7.46
-0.82
2.74
10.37
2.14
7.77
9.36
15.51
32.19
16.79
22.35

6.43
-2.02
2.84
11.31
1.95
10.71
9.24
13.65
34.57
15.16
18.36

5.59
-1.50
2.76
8.65
2.52
12.84
8.14
14.75
35.94
15.53
18.99

5.18
-0.67
2.41
5.48
3.28
12.80
6.99
15.55
32.51
18.03
19.55

5.10
0.10
2.65
-2.56
4.76
12.72
4.68
18.29
27.56
16.22
16.56

4.47
1.58
2.84
-2.04
5.53
13.22
3.31
19.69
23.24
17.43
15.82

4.54
2.38
2.72
-2.43
9.19
13.49
4.25
18.62
21.72
16.22
13.05

6.15
2.15
3.18
-3.20
9.67
16.02
4.54
18.86
20.66
15.95
17.17

6.55
2.74
2.99
-4.49
10.19
17.51
5.70
20.51
21.57
12.76
18.09

7.04
2.81
2.20
-4.53
9.59
18.33
6.22
20.43
20.21
14.96
18.44

.
.
.
.
6.99
.
.
.
.
.
.

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5

International Economic Trends

Reference Tables
Short-Term Interest Rates
Percent change from year ago

Canada*
Euro Area
Japan*
United Kingdom*
United States
Mexico
Korea*
Brazil
Russia*
India*
China*

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

12.3

0.38
0.72
0.23
0.59
0.22
5.05
2.80
9.36
8.77
4.30
1.92

0.39
0.66
0.20
0.60
0.21
5.04
2.87
10.90
6.93
4.67
1.90

0.72
0.69
0.16
0.65
0.42
5.03
2.50
10.62
4.87
5.30
2.48

1.10
0.88
0.14
0.75
0.34
4.99
2.63
10.88
4.23
6.50
2.49

1.18
1.02
0.13
0.75
0.28
4.94
2.73
11.32
4.60
9.58
3.69

1.18
1.10
0.13
0.78
0.28
4.89
3.13
12.51
4.57
8.37
4.61

1.17
1.41
0.12
0.82
0.22
4.88
3.47
12.29
4.70
8.28
4.70

1.15
1.56
0.12
0.91
0.29
4.84
3.60
11.68
5.57
8.95
5.59

1.15
1.50
0.12
1.05
0.42
4.81
3.60
10.17
7.13
9.58
5.66

1.15
1.04
0.12
1.10
0.33
4.80
3.53
9.39
7.27
11.40
5.63

1.16
0.69
0.12
1.01
0.30
4.77
3.50
8.03
7.30
9.40
.

.
.
.
0.73
0.27
4.80
.
.
.
.
.

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).

Long-Term Interest Rates
Percent change from year ago

Canada*
Euro Area
France
Germany
Italy
Japan*
United Kingdom*
United States
Mexico
Korea*
Brazil*
Russia*

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

12.3

3.42
3.65
3.53
3.19
4.06
1.32
3.74
4.10
4.10
5.40
6.00
9.20

3.48
3.69
3.49
3.18
4.03
1.33
4.06
4.32
4.32
5.20
6.00
8.23

3.47
3.60
3.18
2.78
4.03
1.28
3.81
4.07
4.07
4.93
6.00
7.63

3.02
3.44
2.78
2.42
3.90
1.05
3.26
3.46
3.46
4.63
6.00
7.67

3.01
3.74
3.02
2.60
4.19
1.05
3.32
3.67
3.67
4.37
6.00
7.83

3.31
4.32
3.55
3.14
4.78
1.25
3.77
4.18
4.18
4.67
6.00
8.03

3.17
4.51
3.54
3.10
4.81
1.18
3.54
3.95
3.95
4.33
6.00
8.03

2.54
4.30
3.01
2.26
5.49
1.05
2.84
3.25
3.25
4.00
6.00
8.07

2.13
4.53
3.19
1.93
6.61
1.01
2.33
2.70
2.70
3.83
6.00
8.10

2.04
4.39
3.05
1.83
5.71
0.99
2.20
2.75
2.75
3.87
6.00
8.20

1.92
4.27
2.77
1.42
5.79
0.89
1.96
2.52
2.52
3.77
6.00
8.20

.
3.99
.
1.36
.
0.80
1.67
2.33
2.33
.
5.50
.

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).

Consumer Price Index
Percent change from year ago

Canada*
Euro Area
France
Germany
Italy
Japan*
United Kingdom*
United States
Mexico*
Korea*
Brazil*
Russia*
India*
China*

09.4

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

12.1

12.2

12.3

0.76
0.42
0.43
0.35
0.71
-1.99
2.12
1.48
3.99
2.41
4.30
9.21
13.40
0.54

1.58
1.12
1.42
0.79
1.31
-0.89
3.22
2.35
4.73
2.94
4.87
7.22
15.14
2.05

1.43
1.60
1.83
1.02
1.52
-0.74
3.42
1.77
3.93
2.69
5.07
5.93
13.61
2.78

1.86
1.75
1.79
1.20
1.74
-0.98
3.11
1.24
3.69
2.89
4.62
6.21
10.36
3.23

2.23
2.02
1.88
1.58
1.99
-0.25
3.38
1.22
4.28
3.23
5.56
8.13
9.23
4.72

2.56
2.47
1.96
2.15
2.31
-0.58
4.09
2.14
3.44
3.80
6.10
9.52
8.91
5.15

3.40
2.76
2.23
2.49
2.93
-0.42
4.37
3.34
3.28
4.01
6.57
9.50
8.89
5.85

3.02
2.70
2.32
2.65
2.66
0.14
4.75
3.76
3.38
4.33
7.14
8.09
9.23
6.43

2.68
2.94
2.65
2.63
3.70
-0.27
4.71
3.34
3.52
3.95
6.71
6.68
8.45
4.59

2.31
2.67
2.55
2.38
3.55
0.27
3.46
2.82
3.87
3.03
5.79
3.87
7.14
3.82

1.61
2.46
2.33
2.10
3.60
0.19
2.74
1.90
3.86
2.43
5.01
3.83
10.03
2.81

.
2.58
.
.
.
.
.
1.71
.
.
.
.
.
.

* Copyright , 2012, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Main Economic Indicators (www.oecd.org).

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6

International Economic Trends

Canada
Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago

6

3

4

2

2

1

0

0

-2

-1

-4

-2
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

Consumer Price Index

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent

5

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

9

4
8
3

2

7

1
6
0

5

-1
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Hourly Earnings

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

12

4

8

2

4

0

0

-2

-4

-4

-8

11

2011

12

2012

13

-6
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7

International Economic Trends

Canada

Reserve Money

Interest Rates

Percent change from year ago

Percent

15

4

10-Year Government Bonds
12
3
9

6

2

3
1
0

90-Day Prime
Corporate Paper
-3

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

M1B

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Exchange Rate and Inflation Differential

Percent change from year ago

Percent

C$/US$

18

1.28

15

23.2

17.4

1.21

Foreign/US Inflation Differential
(right scale)

12
1.14

11.6

1.07

5.8

9

6
1.00

3

0.0

Exchange Rate
(left scale)

0

0.93
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

-5.8

2008

13

M2

2009

2010

2011

2012

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Percent change from year ago

Index 2005 = 100

18

130

15
120
12

9

110

6
100
3

0

90
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

8

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Canada
GDP
Percent change from year ago
12

Nominal
8
4

Real
0
-4
-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9

International Economic Trends

Canada

Hourly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
9

Hourly Earnings

6
3
0

Output per Worker

-3
-6
-9
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago

Percent

6

14

Employment
(left scale)
3

11

0

8

Unemployment Rate
(right scale)
-3

5
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

11

10

12

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
12

Producer Price Index
8

Consumer Price Index
4
0

|

-4
-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP, annual data

4

102

0

92

-4

82

Budget Balance
(left scale)

Gross Debt
(right scale)

-8

72

62

-12
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division

10

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Canada
International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
50

Exports
40

Imports
30

20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP
6

3

0

-3

-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Real Effective Exchange Rate
Index 2005 = 100
130

110

90

70
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

11

International Economic Trends

Canada

Reserve Money
Percent change from year ago
30

20

10

0

-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Monetary Aggregates
Percent change from year ago
20

M1B
15
10
5
0

M2
-5
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Interest Rates
Percent
10

10-Year Government Bonds
8
6
4
2

90-Day Prime Corporate Paper
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Stock Exchange Index - Toronto Stock Exchange
2005 = 100
150

120

90

60

30
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

12

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Euro Area
Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago

4

2

2

1

0

0

-2

-1

-4

-2

-6

-3
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Consumer Price Index

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent

5

12.0
11.5

4

11.0
10.5

3

10.0
9.5

2

9.0
1

8.5
8.0

0

7.5
7.0

-1
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Hourly Earnings

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

6

2.0
1.5

5
1.0
0.5

4

0.0
3
-0.5
-1.0

2

-1.5
1
-2.0
0

-2.5
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

13

International Economic Trends

Euro Area

M1

Interest Rates

Percent change from year ago

Percent

15

6

Weighted Average of 10-Year
Government Bonds

5

12

4
9
3
6
2
3

90-Day Deposits

1

0

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

M3

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Exchange Rate and Inflation Differential

Percent change from year ago

Euro/US$

Percent

0.81

12

19.8

Exchange Rate
(left scale)
9
0.76

13.2

0.71

6.6

0.66

0.0

6

3

0

Foreign/US Inflation
Differential (right scale)
-3

0.61
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

Stock Exchange Index - Dow Jones EURO STOXX

-6.6

2008

13

2009

2010

2011

2012

Real Effective Exchange Rate

SM

2005 = 100

Index 2005 = 100

150

120

130

115

110

110

90

105

70

100

50

95
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

14

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Euro Area
GDP
Percent change from year ago
9
6

Nominal

3
0

Real
-3
-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
6

3

0

-3

-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent
90
85
80
75
70
65
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

15

International Economic Trends

Euro Area

Hourly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
6

Hourly Earnings
3

0

Output per Worker
-3

-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago*, Percent
12

Unemployment Rate
9
6
3
0

Employment*
-3
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
8

Producer Price Index
4

Consumer Price Index

0

-4

-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP, annual data
110

8

Gross Debt
(right scale)

4

90

70

0

50

-4

Budget Balance
(left scale)
-8

30
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division

16

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Euro Area
International Trade - Goods
Percent of GDP
20
18
16
14

Exports
12

Imports
10
8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Real Effective Exchange Rate
Index 2005 = 100
120
110
100
90
80
70
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Monetary Aggregates
Percent change from year ago
20
15

M1
10
5

M3
0
-5
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Interest Rates
Percent
12

9

Weighted Average of 10-Year Government Bonds
6

3

90-Day Deposits
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

17

International Economic Trends

France

Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago

4

2

2

1

0

0

-2

-1

-4

-2

-6

-3
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Consumer Price Index

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent

5

10.5

4

10.0

3

9.5

2

9.0

1

8.5

0

8.0

7.5

-1
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Hourly Earnings

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

11

2011

12

2012

13

2

4

1

0

3

-1

2

-2

-3

1

-4
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

18

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

France
GDP
Percent change from year ago
9
6

Nominal
3
0

Real
-3
-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent
95
90
85
80
75
70
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

19

International Economic Trends

France

Hourly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
6

Hourly Earnings
4

2

0

Output per Worker
-2
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago

Percent
14

4

Employment
(left scale)
2

12

0

10

8

-2

Unemployment Rate
(right scale)
6

-4
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

11

10

12

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
8

Consumer Price Index

4

0

Producer Price Index
-4

-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP, annual data

9

110

6

100

Gross Debt
(right scale)

3

90

0

80

-3

70

Budget Balance
(left scale)

-6

60

-9

50
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division

20

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

France
International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
35

30

Exports
25

Imports
20

15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP
4

2

0

-2

-4
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
50

40

30

20

10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Stock Exchange Index - SBF 250
2005 = 100
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

21

International Economic Trends

Germany

Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago
2.0

6
4

1.5

2
1.0
0
0.5
-2
0.0
-4
-0.5

-6
-8

-1.0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Consumer Price Index

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent
8.5

4

8.0
3
7.5
2

7.0
6.5

1

6.0
0
5.5
5.0

-1
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Hourly Earnings

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

4

9

3

6

2

3

1

0

0

11

2011

12

2012

13

-3
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

22

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Germany
GDP
Percent change from year ago
8

Nominal
4

0

Real
-4

-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent
90
85
80
75
70
65
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

23

International Economic Trends

Germany

Hourly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
6

Hourly Earnings
3
0

Output per Worker
-3
-6
-9
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago*, Percent
12

Unemployment Rate
8

4

Employment*
0

-4
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
9
6

Consumer Price Index
3

|
|

0
-3

Producer Price Index
-6
97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP, annual data

8

100

Gross Debt
(right scale)

4

80

0

60
40

-4

Budget Balance
(left scale)

-8

20
0

-12
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division

24

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Germany
International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
55
50

Exports

45
40
35
30

Imports

25
20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP
10

5

0

-5
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
100

80

60

40

20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Stock Exchange Index - CDAX
2005 = 100
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

25

International Economic Trends

Italy

Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago

4

2

2

1

0

0

-2

-1

-4

-2

-6

-3

-8

-4
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

Consumer Price Index

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent

5

11

4

10

3

9

2

8

1

7

0

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

6
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Hourly Earnings

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

5

11

2011

12

2012

13

1

0
4
-1

3

-2

-3
2
-4

-5

1
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

26

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Italy
GDP
Percent change from year ago
10

Nominal
5

0

Real
-5

-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
6

3

0

-3

-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent
84
80
76
72
68
64
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

27

International Economic Trends

Italy

Hourly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
8

Hourly Earnings

4

0

Output per Worker
-4

-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago

Percent
14

4

Employment
(left scale)

2

12
10

0

8

-2

Unemployment Rate
(right scale)

-4

6

-6

4
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

11

10

12

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
8

Consumer Price Index

Producer Price Index

4

0

-4

-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP, annual data

0

140

120

-4

Gross Debt
(right scale)
-8

100

Budget Balance
(left scale)

80

-12
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division

28

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Italy
International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
35

30

Exports
25

Imports
20

15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
60

45

30

15

0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Stock Exchange Index - Milan Stock Exchange
2005 = 100
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

29

International Economic Trends

Japan

Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago

6

2
1

3

0
0
-1
-3
-2
-6
-3
-9

-4
-5

-12
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Consumer Price Index

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent

3

6.0

2

5.5

1
5.0
0
4.5
-1
4.0

-2

-3

3.5
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Monthly Earnings

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

6

11

2011

12

2012

13

6

4

5

2
4

0

3

-2
-4

2
-6
1

-8
-10

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

30

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Japan
Adjusted Monetary Base

Interest Rates

Percent change from year ago

Percent

20

2.0

10-Year Government Bonds
15

1.5

10

1.0

5

0.5

3-Month CDs
0

0.0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

M1

2008

08

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Exchange Rate and Inflation Differential

Percent change from year ago

Yen/US$

6

Percent
13.9

120.2

Foreign/US Inflation Differential
(right scale)
|
|
|

5
105.2

4

0.0

3
-13.9

90.2

2

Exchange Rate
(left scale)

1
0

-27.8

75.2

-1
60.2

-2
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

-41.7

2008

13

M2

2009

2010

2011

2012

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Percent change from year ago

Index 2005 = 100
140

4

130
3
120

110

2

100
1
90

0

80
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

31

International Economic Trends

Japan

GDP
Percent change from year ago
6

Real
3
0
-3

Nominal
-6
-9
-12
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
2005 = 100
110
100
90
80
70
60
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

32

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Japan
Monthly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
8

Monthly Earnings

Output per Worker

4
0
-4
-8
-12
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago*, Percent
8

Unemployment Rate

6
4
2
0
-2

Employment*
-4
-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
8

Consumer Price Index
4
0
-4

Producer Price Index
-8
-12
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP, annual data

6
3

215

Budget Balance
(left scale)

185

0

155

-3

125

-6

95

Gross Debt
(right scale)

-9

65
35

-12
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

33

International Economic Trends

Japan

International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
20

16

Exports
12

8

Imports
4
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
1500
1250
1000
750
500
250
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Real Effective Exchange Rate
Index 2005 = 100
185
170
155
140
125
110
95
80
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

34

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Japan
Adjusted Monetary Base
Percent change from year ago
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
95

96

95

96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Monetary Aggregates
Percent change from year ago
40
30
20

M1
10
0

M2
-10
95

96

95

96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Interest Rates
Percent
5
4

10-Year Government Bonds
3
2

3-Month CDs
1
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Stock Exchange Index - Tokyo Stock Exchange
2005 = 100
150

125

100

75

50
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

35

International Economic Trends

United Kingdom

Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago

6

2

4

1

2
0
0
-1
-2
-2
-4
-3

-6
-8

-4
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Consumer Price Index

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent

6

9.0
8.5

5
8.0
4

7.5

3

7.0
6.5

2
6.0
1

5.5

0

5.0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Weekly Earnings

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

8

11

2011

12

2012

13

1

0
6
-1

4

-2

-3
2
-4

0

-5
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

36

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

United Kingdom
Notes and Coins in Circulation

Interest Rates

Percent change from year ago

Percent

9

7
6

8

5
7

10-Year Government Bonds

4
6
3
5
2
4

1

3

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

M2

3-Month Interbank Loans
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Exchange Rate and Inflation Differential

Percent change from year ago

Pounds/US$

10

Percent

0.71

30.0

Exchange Rate
(left scale)
0.66

22.5

0.61

15.0

0.56

7.5

8

6

4
0.51

0.0

Foreign/US Inflation
Differential (right scale)
0.46

2
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

-7.5

2008

13

M4

2009

2010

2011

2012

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Percent change from year ago

Index 2005 = 100

20

105

15

100

10

95

5

90

0

85

-5

80
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

37

International Economic Trends

United Kingdom

GDP
Percent change from year ago
12

Nominal
8
4

Real
0
-4
-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
10

5

0

-5
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent
90
85
80
75
70
65
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

38

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

United Kingdom
Weekly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
8

Weekly Earnings
4

0

Output per Worker
-4

-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago*, Percent
12

Unemployment Rate
8

4

0

Employment*
-4
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
15

10

Consumer Price Index

5

0

Producer Price Index
-5
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP, annual data
110

24

Gross Debt
(right scale)

16

90

8

70

0

50

-8

30

Budget Balance
(left scale)

-16

10
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

39

International Economic Trends

United Kingdom

International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
38

34

Imports
30

26

Exports
22
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP
2

0

-2

-4

-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Real Effective Exchange Rate
Index 2005 = 100
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

40

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

United Kingdom
Notes and Coins in Circulation
Percent change from year ago
12
10
8
6
4
2
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Monetary Aggregates
Percent change from year ago
20
15

M4

M2

10
5
0
-5
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Interest Rates
Percent
12

10-Year Government Bonds
9

6

3

3-Month Interbank Loans
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Stock Exchange Index - Financial Times Stock Exchange
2005 = 100
150
125
100
75
50
25
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

41

International Economic Trends

United States

Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago
3

4

2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4

-6

-5
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

Consumer Price Index

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent

6

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

11
10

4

9
8

2
7
6

0

5
-2

4
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Hourly Earnings

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

4

0

3

-2

2

-4

1

-6

0

11

2011

12

2012

13

-8
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

42

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

United States
Adjusted Monetary Base

Interest Rates

Percent change from year ago

Percent

120

6

Composite of Long-Term
Government Bonds

100

5

|
|
|

80
4
60
3
40
2
20

3-Month CDs
1

0
-20

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

MZM

Exchange Rate and Inflation Differential

Percent change from year ago

TWEX, March 1973 = 100

18

87

13

Percent
18

Exchange Rate
(left scale)

15
12

82

12

77

6

72

0

9
6
3

Foreign/US Inflation
Differential (right scale)

0
-3

67
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

-6

2008

13

M2

2009

2010

2011

2012

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Percent change from year ago

Index 2005 = 100

12

110

10

105

8

100

6

95

4

90

2

85

0

80
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

43

International Economic Trends

United States

GDP
Percent change from year ago
9

Nominal
6
3

Real
0
-3
-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
10

5

0

-5

-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent
85
80
75
70
65
60
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

44

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

United States
Hourly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
6

Hourly Earnings
4

2

0

Output per Worker
-2
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago*, Percent
12
9

Unemployment Rate
6
3
0

Employment*
-3
-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
12
8

Consumer Price Index
4
0

Producer Price Index
-4
-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP, annual data
110

12

90

6

Budget Balance
(left scale)
70

0

50

-6

Gross Debt
(right scale)
30

-12
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

45

International Economic Trends

United States

International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
21
18

Imports
15
12
9

Exports
6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
60

50

40

30

20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Real Effective Exchange Rate
Index 2005 = 100
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

46

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

United States
Adjusted Monetary Base
Percent change from year ago
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Monetary Aggregates
Percent change from year ago
25
20

MZM
15
10
5

M2
0
-5
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Interest Rates
Percent
10

Composite of Long-Term Government Bonds
8
6
4

3-Month CDs
2
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Stock Exchange Index - New York Stock Exchange
2005 = 100
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

47

International Economic Trends

Brazil

Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago
6

12

5

9

4
6
3
3
2
0

1

-3

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

Consumer Price Index

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent

8

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

9

8
6
7
4
6
2
5

0

4
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Monthly Earnings

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

14

2

12

1

10

0

8

-1

6

-2

11

2011

12

2012

13

-3

4
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

48

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Brazil
Reserve Money

Interest Rates

Percent change from year ago

Percent
18

140
120

15

100

31-Day T-Bill

80
12
60
40
9
20
0

6

-20

Long Term Rate

-40

3
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

M1

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Exchange Rate and Inflation Differential

Percent change from year ago

Reias/US$

25

Percent

2.46

20

31.6

2.28

23.7

Foreign/US Inflation Differential
(right scale)

15
2.10

15.8

1.92

7.9

1.74

0.0

10

5

0

Exchange Rate
(left scale)
-5

1.56
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

-7.9

2008

13

M3

2009

2010

2011

2012

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Percent change from year ago

Index 2005 = 100

21

170

20

160

19

150

18
140
17
130
16
120

15

110

14
13

100
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

49

International Economic Trends

Brazil

GDP
Percent change from year ago
30

Nominal
20

10

0

Real
-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent
90
86
82
78
74
70
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

50

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Brazil
Monthly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
60

40

Monthly Earnings
20

0

Output per Worker
-20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago*, Percent
20

Unemployment Rate
16
12
8

Employment*

4
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
50
40

Producer Price Index
30
20
10
0

Consumer Price Index
-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP

2

64

0

62

-2

60

-4

58

Budget Balance
(left scale)

-6

56

Gross Debt
(right scale)

-8

54
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

51

International Economic Trends

Brazil

International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
20
17
14

Imports
11
8

Exports
5
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Real Effective Exchange Rate
Index 2005 = 100
160
140
120
100
80
60
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

52

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Brazil
Monetary Base
Percent change from year ago
150
120
90
60
30
0
-30
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Monetary Aggregates
Percent change from year ago
75

M1
60

M3
45
30
15
0
-15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Interest Rates
Percent
75

31-Day T-Bill
60
45
30
15

Long Term Rate
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Stock Exchange Index
2005 = 100
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

53

International Economic Trends

China

Real GDP

Industrial Production

Percent change from year ago, annual data

Percent change from year ago

15

25

12

20

9

15

6

10

3

5

0

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

Consumer Price Index

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

6

8
5
6

4

4

2
3
0

-2

2
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Monthly Earnings

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP, annual data

22

12

20

10

18

8

16

6

14

4

12

2

10

11

2011

12

2012

13

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

54

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

China
Adjusted Monetary Base

Interest Rates

Percent change from year ago

Percent

50

6

5

40

4
30
3
20
2
10

1

0

3-Month Bill

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

M1

2008

08

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Exchange Rate and Inflation Differential

Percent change from year ago

Yen/US$

40

Percent

13.2

6

10.2

3

35
30

Exchange Rate
(left scale)

25
20

7.2

0

4.2

-3

15
10

Foreign/US Inflation Differential
(right scale)

5
0

-6

1.2
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

2008

13

M2

2009

2010

2011

2012

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Percent change from year ago

Index 2005 = 100

33

135

30

130

27
125
24
120
21
115
18
110

15

105

12
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

55

International Economic Trends

China

GDP
Percent change from year ago
25

Nominal
20
15
10

Real*
5
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

* Annual data.

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
40
32
24
16
8
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent
90
87
84
81
78
75
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

56

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

China
Monthly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
35

Monthly Earnings

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent
5.0

Unemployment Rate

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
30

Consumer Price Index
20

10

Producer Price Index*
0

-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

* Annual data.

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP, annual data

6
3

35

Budget Balance
(left scale)

30

0

25

-3

20

-6

15

Gross Debt
(right scale)

-9

10
5

-12
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

57

International Economic Trends

China

International Trade - Goods
Percent of GDP
20

Exports
16

12

Imports
8

4
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Real Effective Exchange Rate
Index 2005 = 100
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

58

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

China
Adjusted Monetary Base
Percent change from year ago
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Monetary Aggregates
Percent change from year ago
40

30

M1
20

10

M2
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Interest Rates
Percent
7
6
5
4
3
2

3-Month Bill

1
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Shanghai Composite Index
2005 = 100
500
400
300
200
100
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

59

International Economic Trends

India

Real GDP

Industrial Production

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago

15

20

16
12
12
9
8
6
4

3

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

Consumer Price Index

Producer Price Index

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago

18

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

8

15

6
12
4
9
2
6

0

3

-2
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Share Price Index

Current Account Balance

Index 2005 = 100

Percent of GDP, annual data

300

11

2011

12

2012

13

0

250
-1
200

150

-2

100
-3
50

0

-4
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

60

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

India
Reserve Money

Interest Rates

Percent change from year ago

Percent

40

20

30

15

Bombay Interbank Money Market
20

10

10

5

0

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

M1

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Exchange Rate and Inflation Differential

Percent change from year ago

Rupee/US$

Percent

63.8

25

42.9

Foreign/US
Infl. Differential
(right scale)

20
55.8

28.6

15
47.8

14.3

10

Exchange Rate
(left scale)
39.8

0.0

5

0

31.8
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

-14.3

2008

13

M3

2009

2010

2011

2012

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Percent change from year ago

Index 2005 = 100
125

25

120

22

115
19
110
16
105
13

100

10

95
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

61

International Economic Trends

India

GDP
Percent change from year ago
25
20

Nominal
15
10
5

Real
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
20
16
12
8
4
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
20
15

Consumer Price Index
10
5
0

Producer Price Index
-5
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP, annual data

0

85

-3

80

-6

75

-9

70

Budget Balance
(left scale)

-12

65

Gross Debt
(right scale)

-15
95

96

97

98

99

60
00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division

62

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

India

International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
36
30
24

Imports
18
12

Exports
6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
400

300

200

100

0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Real Effective Exchange Rate
Index 2005 = 100
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

63

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

India
Monetary Base
Percent change from year ago
40

30

20

10

0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Monetary Aggregates
Percent change from year ago
30
25

M3

20
15
10

M1
5
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Interest Rates - Money Market
Percent
35
30
25
20
15

Bombay Interbank Market
10
5
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

Share Price Index

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

- Indian Stock Exchange

Index 2005 = 100
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

64

International Economic Trends

Korea

Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago

9

2.5
2.0

6
1.5
3

1.0
0.5

0

0.0
-3
-0.5
-6

-1.0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Consumer Price Index

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent
4.50

6

4.25

5

4.00
4
3.75
3
3.50
2

3.25

3.00

1
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Monthly Earnings

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

16

8

12

6

8

4

4

2

0

0

-4

-2

-8

11

2011

12

2012

13

-4
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

65

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Korea
Reserve Money

Interest Rates

Percent change from year ago

Percent

50

7

40

10-Year Government Bonds

6

30
5
20
4
10
3

0

91-Day CDs
-10

2
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

M1

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Exchange Rate and Inflation Differential

Percent change from year ago

Won/US$

20

Percent

1556

43.2

15
1406

32.4

10

Exchange Rate
(left scale)

1256

5
0

21.6

1106

10.8

-5
956

0.0

-10

Foreign/US Inflation
Differential (right scale)

-15

806
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

-10.8

2008

13

M3

2009

2010

2011

2012

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Percent change from year ago

Index 2005 = 100

18

110

15

100

12
90
9
80
6
70

3

0

60
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

66

International Economic Trends

Korea

GDP
Percent change from year ago
20

Nominal
15
10
5
0
-5

Real
-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent of Capacity
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

67

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Korea
Monthly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
25

Monthly Earnings

20
15
10
5
0

Output per Worker

-5
-10
-15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago*, Percent
9

Unemployment Rate
6
3
0
-3

Employment*
-6
-9
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
20
15
10

Consumer Price Index

5
0
-5

Producer Price Index
-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP, annual data

6

40

Budget Balance
(left scale)

4

35

2

30

0

25

-2

20

Gross Debt*
(right scale)

-4
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

15
05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

* Data for gross debt are on a non-consolidated basis.
* According to the OECD, the increasing budget surplus during 2004-2006 is related to the accumulated pension funds in the social security system.

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

68

International Economic Trends

Korea

International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
60

Exports
50

40

30

Imports
20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP
18

12

6

0

-6
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Real Effective Exchange Rate
Index 2005 = 100
110
100
90
80
70
60
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

69

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Korea
Monetary Base
Percent change from year ago
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Monetary Aggregates
Percent change from year ago
50
40

M1

30

M2

20
10
0
-10
-20

95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Interest Rates
Percent
24

91-Day CDs
20
16
12

10-Year Government Bonds

8
4
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

KOSPI Share Price Index - Korean Stock Exchange
2005 = 100
240
200
160
120
80
40
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

70

International Economic Trends

Mexico

Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago

9

7
6

6

5
3
4
0

3

-3

2
1

-6
0
-9

-1

-12

-2
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Consumer Price Index

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent
6.5

7

6.0
6
5.5

5

5.0

4.5
4
4.0

3

3.5
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Monthly Earnings

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

8

1.0

7

0.5
0.0

6

-0.5
5
-1.0
4
-1.5
3

-2.0

2

-2.5
-3.0

1
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

71

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Mexico
Reserve Money

Interest Rates

Percent change from year ago

Percent

25

10

90-Day CDs

9
20
8
7

15

6
10

5
4

5
3
0

2
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

M1

Composite of Long-Term
Government Bonds
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Exchange Rate and Inflation Differential

Percent change from year ago

Peso/US$

25

14.8

20

13.8

Percent
28.4

21.3

Exchange Rate
(left scale)
15

12.8

14.2

10

11.8

7.1

5

10.8

Foreign/US Inflation
Differential (right scale)

0

0.0

9.8
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

-7.1

2008

13

M3

2009

2010

2011

2012

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Percent change from year ago

Index 2005 = 100

20

110

105
15
100

10

95

90
5
85

0

80
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

72

International Economic Trends

Mexico

GDP
Percent change from year ago
40
30
20

Nominal
10
0

Real
-10
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent
75
73
71
69
67
65
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

73

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Mexico
Hourly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
20

Hourly Earnings
10
0
-10

Output per Worker
-20
-30
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01

02

01

02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago*, Percent
8

Unemployment Rate
6
4
2

Employment*
0
-2
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01

02

01

02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
70
60

Producer Price Index
50
40
30

Consumer Price Index

20
10
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01

02

01

02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP

Percent of GDP

6

140

Budget Balance
(left scale)

3

120

0

100

-3

80

||
-6

60

Gross Debt
(right scale)

-9

40
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

74

International Economic Trends

Mexico

International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
40

Imports
30

Exports
20

10

0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Real Effective Exchange Rate
Index 2005 = 100
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

75

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Mexico
Monetary Base
Percent change from year ago
20
17
14
11
8
5
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Monetary Aggregates
Percent change from year ago
50
40

M1

30

M3

20
10
0
-10
-20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Interest Rates
Percent
40

Composite of Long-Term Government Bonds
32
24
16

90-Day Treasury CDs
8
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

MSE IPC Share Price Index

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

- Mexican Stock Exchange

2005 = 100
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

76

International Economic Trends

Russia

Real GDP

Employment

Percent change from year ago

Percent change from year ago
4

12

8
2
4

0

0

-4
-2
-8

-12

-4
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

Consumer Price Index

Unemployment Rate

Percent change from year ago

Percent

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

9

17
15

8

13
11

7
9
7

6

5
3

5
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

Monthly Earnings

Current Account Balance

Percent change from year ago

Percent of GDP

36

10

30

8

24

6

18

4

12

2

6

11

2011

12

2012

13

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division

77

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Russia
Reserve Money

Interest Rates

Percent change from year ago

Percent

60

25

3-Month Interbank

50
20
40
30

15

20
10

10
0

|

5

10-Year Government Bonds

-10
-20

0
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

M1

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Exchange Rate and Inflation Differential

Percent change from year ago

Roubles/US$

36

Percent

40.2

42.0

Foreign/US Inflation Differential
(right scale)

30
36.2

31.5

32.2

21.0

28.2

10.5

24.2

0.0

24
18
12
6
0
-6

Exchange Rate
(left scale)
20.2

-12
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

-10.5

2008

13

M2

2009

2010

2011

2012

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Percent change from year ago

Index 2005 = 100
135

50
40

130

30
125
20
120
10
115
0
110

-10
-20

105
08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

08

2008

09

2009

10

2010

11

2011

12

2012

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

78

International Economic Trends

Russia

GDP
Percent change from year ago
40

Nominal

30
20
10
0

Real
-10
-20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Industrial Production
Percent change from year ago
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Retail Sales
Percent change from year ago
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Capacity Utilization
Percent
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

79

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Russia
Monthly Earnings and Output per Worker
Percent change from year ago
60

Monthly Earnings
40

20

0

Output per Worker
-20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Labor Force Indicators
Percent change from year ago*, Percent
16

Unemployment Rate
12
8
4
0

Employment*
-4
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Inflation
Percent change from year ago
125

Consumer Price Index
100
75

Producer Price Index

50
25
0
-25
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Gross Government Debt and Budget Balance
Percent of GDP, annual data

Percent of GDP

15

60

10

50

Budget Balance
(left scale)

5

40

0

30

-5

20

Gross Debt
(right scale)

-10

10

-15

0
95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

80

International Economic Trends

Russia

International Trade - Goods and Services
Percent of GDP
40

Exports
35
30

Imports
25
20
15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Current Account Balance
Percent of GDP
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Foreign Exchange Reserves
Billions of US$
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Real Effective Exchange Rate
Index 2005 = 100
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division

81

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

International Economic Trends

Russia
Monetary Base
Percent change from year ago
60
45
30
15
0
-15
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Monetary Aggregates
Percent change from year ago
120
100
80

M1

60
40
20

M2

0
-20
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Interest Rates
Percent
100

10-Year Government Bonds
80
60
40
20

3-Month Interbank
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Share Price Index
2005 = 100
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
95
95

96
96

97
97

98
98

99
99

00
00

01
01

02
02

03
03

04
04

05
05

06
06

07
07

08
08

09
09

11

10
10

11

12
12

13

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

82

Notes and Sources

International Economic Trends

Notes

are calculated by dividing an index of actual hourly compensation per worker
by a five-year moving average index of output per man-hour.

Euro-Area Data: Euro-area countries are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Spain. Data series are break
adjusted and include all euro area countries for the full sample, with these
exceptions: Series for interest rates are not break adjusted.

Employment data refer to civilian employment for Canada, Germany, Italy,
and the United States; industrial employment for France; total employment for
Brazil, the euro area, and the United Kingdom; and employment of all persons
15 years of age and older for Japan, Korea, Russia, and Mexico.

Euro-area interest rates prior to December 1998 are calculated on the basis of
national government yields weighted by GDP. Starting in 1999, short-term rates
are euro interbank offered rates. Long-term rates are calculated on the basis
of national government bond yields weighted by the nominal outstanding
amounts of government bonds in each maturity band.
The euro/dollar exchange rate used in the chart on page 14 is a synthetic rate
prior to January 1999. This is constructed by calculating a weighted average of
the exchange rates of the euro-area countries, excluding Greece and Luxembourg,
against the dollar. The weights are based on 1997 GDP shares.
German Data: As a result of reunification, data for all of Germany are now
incorporated in the statistical series. The starting periods for unified German
data are listed below. Care should be exercised when interpreting the data
around these break periods.
First quarter 1995: hourly earnings.
Capacity Utilization covers the manufacturing sector for Canada, China,
France, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States,
and the euro area; manufacturing excluding food, beverage, and tobacco for
Germany; mining and manufacturing for Italy; installed capacity utilization
for Brazil.
Consumer Price Index is for all items. The current index is based on goods
and services consumed by all individuals for Brazil, Canada, India, Mexico,
and Russia; all multi-person households excluding those mainly engaged in
agriculture, forestry, and fisheries for Japan; all households except pensioners dependent on state pension and high income households for the United
Kingdom; all households except farming and fishing for Korea; all urban
households for the United States; all urban and rural residents for China. Data
for the euro area, France, Germany, and Italy are based on the harmonized
index of consumer prices.
Current Account Balance is the sum of merchandise and service exports and
income receipts on domestic assets abroad minus the sum of merchandise and
service imports and income payments from foreign assets in the domestic
economy plus net unilateral transfers.
Earnings are based on hourly earnings in manufacturing for Canada,
Germany, the United States, and the euro area; hourly earnings in manufacturing excluding construction for France, hourly earnings in industry for Italy;
hourly earnings in manufacturing for Mexico; monthly earnings in manufacturing for Brazil, China, Japan, and Russia; monthly earnings for wage earners
in manufacturing for Korea, and weekly earnings in manufacturing for the
United Kingdom.
German real earnings data prior to 2007 are not strictly comparable with the
new figures: Before 2007, gross hourly earnings covered full-time wage earners
only. Since the first quarter of 2007, the data refer to the index of gross hourly
earnings (excluding extra payments) of full-time wage earners and salaried
employees.
The Exchange Rate for all countries except the United States is expressed as
units of local currency per U.S. dollar. For the United States the trade-weighted
exchange rate, TWEX, is used. This is a weighted average of the exchange
value of the U.S. dollar relative to the major international currencies—the euro,
Canadian dollar, Japanese yen, British pound, Swiss franc, Australian dollar,
and Swedish kronor. Prior to 1999, the currencies of the euro-area countries
(with the exception of Greece) are used instead of the euro.
Real Effective Exchange Rate uses normalized unit labor costs in manufacturing. The weighting scheme used to construct the rates, for all except the euro
area, is based on disaggregated data for trade among 21 industrial countries
in manufactured goods for 2005. For the euro area the weights relate to the
trade of the euro area with the other countries. The weights reflect the relative
importance of a country’s trading partners in its direct bilateral trade relations
and competition in third markets. Normalized unit labor costs in manufacturing
Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Foreign Exchange Reserve data are end of period. The dollar value of reserves
may fluctuate as a result of changes in reserve holdings and/or changes in the
value of the currencies held vis-à-vis the U.S. dollar.
Government Budget Balance is the difference between general government
current receipts and total outlays. Total outlays consist of current expenditures
and net capital expenditures. Gross Government Debt incorporates all financial liabilities of the general government sector. The general government sector
consolidates the accounts of the central, state, local, and social security sectors.
For China and India general government gross debt consists of all liabilities
that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to
the creditor at a date or dates in the future. This includes debt liabilities in
the form of SDRs, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance,
pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable.
Cumulative Inflation Differential is the cumulative change in the foreign
consumer price index (CPI) over the change in the U.S. CPI, in percentage terms.
The base period for the cumulative rate of change is taken to be the first period
of the chart. For example, if the base period is 2002:Q1, then the cumulative
inflation differential for Japan for 2006:Q3 is as follows:
J
⎛ P2006
⎞
Q3
J
⎜
⎟
P2002
Q1
inflationdifferential = 100 • ⎜ US
− 1⎟
⎜ P2006Q 3
⎟
US
⎜
⎟
P2002
⎝
⎠
Q1

J
is the Japanese CPI in the third quarter of 2006. For the U.S. chart
where P2006Q3
on page 41, foreign CPI is calculated as the weighted average of the CPIs of
countries whose currencies are used in the major currency trade-weighted
exchange rate index. Starting in 1999, the euro-area harmonized consumer
price index is used for the euro area. Prior to 1999, the price levels for the
individual euro area countries (excluding Greece and Luxembourg) are used.
The cumulative inflation differential is shown because the theory of purchasing
power parity states that exchange rate changes should be systematically positively related to this variable.

Industrial Production measures the change in the volume of output in the
mining, manufacturing, oil, electricity, gas, and water industries.
The Short-Term Interest Rate table on page 6 uses the relevant 3-month
interest rate shown in the country pages.
The Long-Term Interest Rate table on page 6 uses the government bond rate.
The government bond rate is a composite of yields on federal government
bonds with maturities of more than 10 years Mexico and the United States;
10-year benchmark bonds for France; 7- to 15-year public sector bonds for
Germany; 15- to 20-year government bonds through 1990 and 10-year government bonds starting in 1991 for Italy; and 10-year government bonds for
Canada, the euro area, Japan, Korea, Russia, and the United Kingdom.
The Reserve Money table on page 5 refers to the adjusted monetary base for
Japan and the United States; monetary base for Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Russia;
and M0 for the United Kingdom. Reserve Money is currency in circulation,
deposits of the deposit money banks, and demand deposits of other residents
(with the exception of the central government) with the monetary authority.
Adjusted Monetary Base
Japan: currency in circulation and current deposits at the Bank of Japan.
United States: the sum of currency in circulation outside Federal Reserve banks
and the U.S. Treasury, deposits of depository financial institutions at Federal
Reserve banks, and an adjustment for the effects of changes in statutory
reserve requirements on the quantity of base money held by depositories.
Notes and Coins in Circulation
United Kingdom: After reforming the rules governing bank reserves, the
Bank of England discontinued its M0 series in May 2006 because the data

83

International Economic Trends
would not be comparable to previous data. IET now presents a related series,
“Notes and Coins in Circulation,” in place of M0. The Bank of England
directs interested parties to “Publication of narrow money data: the implication of money market reform” in its Autumn 2005 Quarterly Bulletin
(http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/quarterlybulletin/qb050304.pdf).
M1
Japan: cash, currency in circulation, and deposit money.
Euro area: currency in circulation and overnight deposits.
Brazil: notes and coins held by public, and demand deposits.
China: currency in circulation, and demand deposits.
India: currency in circulation and demand deposits at monetary institutions.
Korea: currency in circulation and demand deposits at monetary institutions.
Mexico: notes, coins, cheque accounts held by public, denominated in Pesos
or in foreign currency, and interest accounts in Pesos.
Russia: money outside bank and demand deposits in the banking system.
M1B
Canada: currency outside banks, chartered bank checkable deposits, less
inter-bank checkable deposits.
MZM
United States: currency in circulation, travelers’ checks, total publicly-held
checkable deposits minus cash items in the process of collection and Federal
Reserve float, savings deposits, shares in retail money market mutual funds
(funds with initial investments of less than $50,000), net of retirement
accounts, and institutional money market mutual funds.
M2
Canada: currency outside banks, chartered bank demand and notice deposits,
chartered bank personal term deposits, adjustments to M2 (continuity
adjustments and inter-bank demand and notice deposits).
United Kingdom: currency in circulation and sterling retail deposits with the
U.K. banks and building societies.
United States: MZM less institutional money market mutual funds plus small
denomination (less than $100,000) time deposits.
Brazil: M1 plus open market funds, short-term fixed-yield funds, short-term
financial investment funds, remunerated special deposits and bonds of
the federal government, states, and municipalities, held by the non-financial public entities.
China: M1 plus quasi-money (time deposits and savings deposits and other
deposits).
Korea: M1 plus time and savings deposits and residents’ deposits in foreign
currency at deposit money banks.
Russia: M1 plus quasi-money (bank system deposits that cannot be directly
used for making payments and are less liquid than M1). This includes
time deposits in national currency and all deposits in foreign currency.
M2 + CDs
Japan: M1 plus private deposits, public deposits less demand deposits, and
certificates of deposit.
M3
Euro area: M1 plus deposits with a maturity up to 2 years, deposits redeemable
at notice up to 3 months, repurchase agreements, money market funds,
and debt securities up to 2 years.
India: M1 plus post office savings, bank deposits and residents’ deposits in
foreign currency at deposit money banks, and other time deposits with
banks.
Mexico: M1 plus residents’ possessions of other bank deposits, securities
issued by the Federal Government, securities issued by private entities
and the retirement saving funds, plus bank deposits and Federal Government securities in the hand of non-residents.
M4
United Kingdom: M2 plus wholesale deposits with the U.K. banks and building
societies.
Output Per Worker is the ratio of real GDP to employment.
Producer Price Index covers manufacturing for Canada and the United
Kingdom; and total industry for Japan and the United States. Data for the
euro area, France, Germany, and Italy are based on the harmonized index of
total industry excluding construction.

84

Notes and Sources
Retail Sales are based on a volume index.
Stock Exchange Index refers to all share prices except for the United
Kingdom, which excludes financial firms.
Unemployment Rate is the harmonized unemployment rate. Unemployment
rates represent unemployed persons as a percentage of the labor force (the
total number of people employed plus unemployed).

Sources
Abbreviations
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (BOG)
Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce (BEA)
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor (BLS)
International Monetary Fund,
International Financial Statistics (IMF)
World Economic Outlook (WEO)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,
Economic Outlook (OECD1)
Main Economic Indicators (OECD2)
National Accounts Quarterly (OECD3)
Canada
Bank of Canada: M1B and M2.
BOG: exchange rate.
IMF: foreign exchange reserves, merchandise and service trade, real effective exchange rate, and reserve money.
OECD1: gross government debt and budget balance.
OECD2: capacity utilization, consumer price index, current account balance,
GDP, hourly earnings, industrial production, interest rates, producer price
index, retail sales, stock exchange index, and unemployment rate.
Statistics Canada: employment.
Euro Area
European Central Bank: current account balance and employment .
Eurostat: capacity utilization, consumer price index, GDP, interest rates,
merchandise trade, producer price index, and retail sales.
Haver Analytics: synthetic euro exchange rate.
IMF: real effective exchange rate.
OECD1: gross government debt and budget balance.
OECD2: hourly earnings, industrial production, M1, M3, stock exchange index,
and unemployment.
France
BOG: exchange rate.
Eurostat: capacity utilization, consumer price index, and producer price index.
IMF: foreign exchange reserves, merchandise and service trade, and real
effective exchange rate.
Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques: employment.
OECD1: gross government debt and budget balance.
OECD2: current account balance, GDP, hourly earnings, industrial production,
retail sales, interest rates, stock exchange index, and unemployment.
Germany
BOG: exchange rate.
Bundesanstalt Fur Arbeit: employment.
Eurostat: capacity utilization, consumer price index, and producer price index.
IMF: foreign exchange reserves, merchandise and service trade, and real
effective exchange rate.
OECD1: gross government debt and budget balance.
OECD2: current account balance, GDP, hourly earnings, industrial production,
M1, M3, retail sales, interest rates, stock exchange index, and unemployment.
Italy
BOG: exchange rate.
Eurostat: capacity utilization, consumer price index, and producer price index.
IMF: foreign exchange reserves, merchandise and service trade, and real
effective exchange rate.
Instituto Nazionale di Statistica: employment.
OECD1: gross government debt and budget balance.
OECD2: current account balance, GDP, hourly earnings, industrial production,
long-term interest rates, retail sales, stock exchange index, and unemployment.
Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Notes and Sources
Japan
Bank of Japan: adjusted monetary base and long-term interest rate.
BOG: exchange rate.
IMF: foreign exchange reserves, merchandise and service trade, and real
effective exchange rate.
OECD1: gross government debt and budget balance.
OECD2: capacity utilization, consumer price index, current account balance,
employment, GDP, hourly earnings, industrial production, M1, M2, producer
price index, retail sales, short-term interest rate, stock exchange index,
and unemployment.
United Kingdom
BOG: exchange rate.
IMF: foreign exchange reserves, merchandise and service trade, and real
effective exchange rate.
OECD1: gross government debt and budget balance.
OECD2: capacity utilization, consumer price index, current account balance,
GDP, industrial production, interest rates, M2, M4, producer price index,
retail sales, stock exchange index, unemployment, and weekly earnings.
U.K. Office for National Statistics: employment and Notes and Coins in
Circulation.
United States
BOG: capacity utilization, exchange rate, industrial production index, M2,
and interest rates.
BEA: GDP, current account balance, merchandise and service trade, and
retail sales.
BLS: employment, consumer price index, and producer price index.
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: adjusted monetary base and MZM.
IMF: foreign exchange reserves and real effective exchange rate.
OECD1: gross government debt and budget balance.
OECD2: hourly earnings, stock exchange index, and unemployment.
Brazil
Banco Central Do Brazil: capacity utilization, employment, gross government
debt, and long-term interest rate.
BOG: exchange rate.
IMF: foreign exchange reserves, merchandise and service trade, monetary
base, producer price index, and short-term interest rate.
OECD1: budget balance.
OECD2: consumer price index, current account balance, GDP, industrial
production, M1, M3, monthly earnings, real effective exchange rate,
retail sales, stock exchange index, and unemployment.

International Economic Trends
India
IMF: foreign exchange reserves, reserve money, and short-term interest rate.
OECD1: budget balance.
OECD2: consumer price index, exchange rate, GDP, industrial production,
M1, M3, merchandise trade, producer price index, real effective exchange
rate, and stock exchange index.
WEO: current account as a percentage of GDP and government debt.
Korea
BOG: exchange rate.
IMF: foreign exchange reserves, merchandise and service trade, monthly
earnings, and reserve money.
OECD1: gross government debt and budget balance.
OECD2: capacity utilization, consumer price index, current account, employment, GDP, industrial production, interest rates, M1, M2, producer price
index, real effective exchange rate, retail sales, stock exchange index,
and unemployment.
Mexico
BOG: exchange rate.
IMF: budget balance, foreign exchange reserves, government debt, and
merchandise and service trade.
OECD2: capacity utilization, consumer price index, current account, employment, GDP, hourly earnings, industrial production, interest rates, M1, M3,
monetary base, producer price index, real effective exchange rate, retail
sales, stock exchange index, and unemployment.
Russia
BOG: exchange rate.
Central Bank of Russia: government debt.
IMF: foreign exchange reserves, monetary base, and merchandise and service
trade.
OECD1: budget balance.
OECD2: capacity utilization, consumer price index, current account, employment, GDP, industrial production, interest rates, M1, M2, monthly earnings,
producer price index, retail sales, stock exchange index, and unemployment.

China
IMF: foreign exchange reserves and reserve money.
OECD1: budget balance.
OECD2: capacity utilization, consumer price index, exchange rate, industrial
production, M1, M2, merchandise trade, monthly earnings, nominal GDP,
producer price index, real effective exchange rate, retail sales, short-term
interest rate, stock exchange index, and unemployment.
WEO: current account as a percentage of GDP, government debt, and real GDP.

Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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