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ALLEGf:' -· r-: t :~u t...LEGE
LIBRARY
feb27'33
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU, NO. 99
THE INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
OF TOILET FACILITIES
IN PLACES OF EMPLOYMENT
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[PUBLIO-No. 259-66TH CONGRESS]
[H. R. 13229]
AN ACT To establish in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women's Bureau
Be it enacted by the Sen{J)te and H 01JJSe of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be
established in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women's Bureau.
SEO. 2. That the said bureau shall be in charge of a director, a
woman, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensation of
$5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate standards
and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage-earning women,
improve their working conditions, increase. their efficiency, and
advance their opportunities :for profitable employment. The said
bureau shall have authority to investigate and report to the said
department upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of women in
industry. The director of said bureau may from time to time publish the results of these investigations in such a manner and to such
extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe.
SEc. 3. That there shall be in said bureau an assistant director, to
be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an annual
compensation of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as shall be
prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary of Labor.
SEC. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be employed by said
bureau a chief clerk and such special agents, assistants, clerks, and
other employees at such rates of compensation and in such numbers
as Congress may from time to time provide by appropriations.
SEo. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish
sufficient quarters, office furniture, and equipment for the work of
this bureau.
SEc. 6. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and
after its passage.
Approved, June 5, 1920.
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. N. DOAK, SECRETARY
WOMEN'S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN OF
THE WOMEN'S BUREAU,
No. 99
THE INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
OF TOILET FACILITIES
IN PLACES OF EMPLOYMENT
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON: 1933
For s a le by the Superinte ndent of Documents, Washington, D. C.
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Price 25 Cen ts
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CONTENTS
....
Letter of transmittaL _______ _______________________________________ _
Foreword_· ---------------------------------------------------------Introduction
____________________ ______ ___________ __ __________________ _
Sources of data presented ________ __ ______ ____ ________ __ _________ _
Summary of data presented _______ ___ ___________ ______ ___ __ _____ _
Part !.-Standards for installation and maintenance of toilet facilities __
Adequacy of equipment __ ________ ___ ______ ___ ____ ____ ____ _______ _
Privacy ____________________________ __ __________ ____ ___ ____ __ __ __
Sanitation ______ _________ _______ __ __ ___ __ ____ ____________ ______ __
Walls and floors __ ____ ____ _________ _______ __________________ _
Fixtures ___ ______ __________ _________________ __ _____________ _
Ventilation-------------------------------------------------Lighting
____ __ ___ ___ ___ _________ __ __ ____ _______ ___ _________ __
Heating ______ ______ ___ ____ __ _____ ___ ____ ____ ___ ____ ______ __ _
Cleaning _____ _____________________________________________ _
Part 11.-Women's Bureau findings in various States surveyed ________ _
Adequacy-----------------------------------------Privacy ________ ______________ ____ __ _________ __ ______------------____ _______ _
Sanitation ____ ______________ __ ______ ____________________________ _
Part 111.-Types of regulation of sanitary facilities, establishments cov. ered, and definiteness of requirements ______ __ _____ ____ __________ ___ _
Types of regulatory measures in effect_ __________________________ _
Statutes_____________________ _______ ______ __ ___ ______ __ ___ ___
Rules, regulations, or orders ______________ __ __ __ ______________
Recommendations _______________________ __ ______ ____ _______ __
Other legislative provisions that affect the enforceability of
statutes and regulations__________________________ _______ __ _
Types of regulatory measures in various States ___ ____ ___ _____ ____ _
States having labor statutes only _____________ __________ _____ __
States having only rules, regulations, or orders issued by the
labor authority ____________ __ __________________________ ___ _
States having labor statutes plus other t ypes of regulation affecting women issued by the labor authority ___ __ ______ _______ _
States having some or all regulations under health authority __
Establishments
covered by some type of regulation in the various_
States________________________________________________________
Summary
of the__________________________________________________
comprehensiveness and definiteness of State sanitary_
requirements
Pa.rt IV.-Summary charts of requirements as to adequacy, privacy, and
sanitation of toilet facilities __ __ ___________________________ ________ _
Chart !.-Adequacy-State requirements as to number and location
of toilet seats in establishments where women are employed _____ _
Chart 11.-State requirements as to- privacy of toilet facilities in
establishments employing women-1 to 6 ___ _:: -________ facing page __
Chart 111.-Requirements as to sanitation of toilet equipment in
establishments employing women-7. to 14 __________ facing page__
Part V.-State regulations as to toilet facilities ______________________ _
Appendix A.-List of labor and health authorities contributing information in the various States ______________ __ _________________________ _
Appendix B.-Form of inquiry sent to States ______ __ ____ _____________ _
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
UNI'l'ED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
WoME 's BuREAu,
Washing ton, JIilay 31, 1931/Z .
Srn: I have the honor to submit a report on the installation and
maintenance of toilet facilities in places of employment, one of the
series of handbooks being prepared by this bureau on standards and
practices in working conditions for women.
This report has been prepared in the hope that enforcement officials will find it helpful in formulating recommendations, since there
is as yet no sanitary code for work places to which they can turn for
help in drawing up standards.
The importance of a standard recommended by the enforcement
officials in a State can not be overemphasized, even though voluntary
action on the part of employers must be depended upon for its
consummation. Moreover, it is the duty of State officials to provide
such a guide for those employers who desire to equip their establishments with facilities that meet accepted practices.
Grateful acknowledgment is made of the courteous cooperation of
State officials in replying to the questionnaire on regulation and enforcement, especially that of Mr. Joel I. Connolly, chief of the Bureau of Sanitary Engineering in the Department of Health of
Chicago, who has given the report a critical reading and has written
a foreword.
The report has been prepared by members of the bureau staff.
Respectfully submitted.
MARY ANDERSON, Director.
Hon. W. N. DoAK,
Secretary of Labor.
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FOREWORD
:ti
It is just as important to life to get rid of waste products as to
secure the food and drink which are generally recognized as being
vitally necessary. Individuals who do not or can not respond at
proper times to the urge of nature to eliminate body wastes will
sooner or later suffer as a result. Establishments not equipped to
remove and dispose of body wastes will become menaces to the
health of the occupants, as well as nuisances to all around. Towns
and cities have suffered from epidemics of disease because the wastes
from sick persons, or from healthful-appearing carriers of infection,
have been allowed to enter the water or milk supplies.
The provision of sanitary and adequate toilet facilities in places
of employment is therefore highly important. It is perhaps needless
to say that although many, probably most, employers wish to make
proper provisions in this respect, yet there are always some who,
perhaps through lack of information, negligence, or for financial
reasons, fail to provide suitable toilet accommodations for their employees until required to do so. Therefore laws and regulations have
been formulated to protect the health and comfort of the workers by
setting up standards which must be met.
In order to serve their purpose, however, it is not sufficient for
toilets merely to be provided. It is necessary that they be properly
installed, be equipped to fulfill their purpose in an adequate manner,
and be cleanly maintained. Improper installation of flushing equipment may result in serious contamination of the drinking water in the
pipes, with resultant grave danger of the spread of such diseases as
typhoid fever, dysentery, and the diseases characterized by diarrhea,
which may be so important to th~ health of children in particular. .
It occasionally happens that measures intended to improve conditions are found to have unexpected drawbacks. An example is the
use of valves for flushing toilets directly connected to the watersupply pipes of the building. Such direct flushing valves have the
advantage of giving a supply of water without the delay caused by
waiting for a flush tank to fill. On the other hand, such valves may
constitute a menace to the purity of the water supply unless those who
install the fixtures guard against the siphonage of the contents of the
toilet bowl into the water pipes during periods of low-water pressure,
which occur from time to time, owing to a great variety of causes.
Aside from the danger to health from improper installations, questions of comfort, separation of sexes, seclusion, and convenience are
also of outstanding importance. It obviously does little good to have
a toilet conveniently located, if it is so poorly maintained, so lacking
in privacy, or so unclean that the employees will not use it, but
preferably will_ go to distant toilet rooms instead. Neither is a
toilet of much use if the supply of water for flushing purposes is so
inadequate in amount or so variable in pressure that there are frequent occasions when the contents of the bowl can not be flushed out.
People often will delay attention to the needs of their bodies under
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FOREWORD
such circumstances, resulting in a tendency to auto-intoxication by
the poisonous by-products contained in the lower part of the alimentary canal which would be eliminated if the toilet were in proper
working condition. Few conditions give rise to such vehement complaint as toilets that can not be flushed, either because of lack of
water or on account of disrepair of the flushing mechanism. From
the standpoint of health, comfort, and decency, a toilet in such
condition is worse than none; for, if there were no toilet, people
could not use it and would go elsewhere, thus preventing the creation of the nuisance which an unflushed fixture presents.
Neither will a self-respecting person willingly use a toilet where
the demands of decency are not met. This condition also fosters a
tendency to forego the relief demanded by the normal processes of the
body, with the attendant evils of auto-intoxication and the formation
of habits of irregularity which too frequently become habits of
constipation. Thus it is evident that the health of the worker is
affected in varying degrees by the character of toilet facilities provided, particularly with respect to the installation, adequacy, convenience, freedom from indecent exposure, and separation of the
sexes, including marking as well as screening.
There is far from unanimity of opinion or of legal requirements
relative to these characteristics of sanitary equipment, if one may
judge by existing laws and supplementary rules, regulations, and
recommendations in effect in various States.
Perhaps it was as well, at the beginning, that there was not entire
agreement in the standards of widely separated localities, for the
reason that uniformity in such respects is too often the result of lack
of study and initiative on the part of those who are content to copy,
unchanged, the requirements in effect elsewhere, regardless of how
good or how bad they might be. Where each individual State has
drafted its own requirements according to its necessarily somewhat
different local situation, one would naturally expect that a few would
perhaps shoot somewhat wide of the mark. Those best able to judge
of the needs of the workers, by experience, should indicate, however,
what is a reasonable standard, and the study of all the requirements
should reveal what is both desirable and practicable as a nationwide minimum for toilet facilities.
It is with this idea in mind that the task was undertaken of preparing this publication. It is confidently expected that the careful
perusal of the content ·, collected from every State in the Union as
well as from the District of Columbia, will prove to be of assistance
to those who are in doubt whether the standards of their own State
upon this important subject are in line with good practice and the
best thought of the present day. It is hoped that this study may be
of assistance in timulating more widespread and more enthusiastic
attainment of the proper standards, in addition to the formulation
of proper requirements wherever they now are lacking and their
revision wherever they are beneath the reasonably good level of
adequacy and protection of health of the workers.
JOEL
I.
CoNNOLL Y,
Ohief, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering,
Oity Department of H ealth, Chicago.
CmcAao, ILL., February 17, 193~.
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•
THE INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET
FACILITIES IN PLACES OF EMPLOYMENT
INTRODUCTION
Not only do the physical surroundings of the work place affect
the comfort of employees and their satisfaction with the jobs they
hold, but the relation of such surroundings to health is very close.
For this reason, the conditions under which people work are a major
concern of the Women's Bureau. Throughout its existence the bureau has surveyed conditions in estab1ishments in which women are
employed and has made public the facts ascertained.
The inspections made by the bureau have disclosed very great
differences in standards and practices. Numerous establishments
have been found in which the conditions of employment meet the
very highest standards, while in numerous other places the opposite
is true. The great differences from establishment to establishment
are particularly noticeable in respect to toilet :facilities. One reason
for this is that many States have not set effective legal standards to
which employers are required to adhere in providing toilet facilities
for their employees.
Research has revealed the complete absence in some States 0£ any
statutory regulation of toilet facilities. Where there is such regulation, it is in many cases made ineffective by certain weaknesses in the
provisions of the laws. In the first place, in some States the laws are
jncomplete in that the points covered are not all that experience has
shown to be essential. For example, some States have requirements as to the cleaning and ventilation of toilet rooms but have
nothing concerning the number of facilities to be provided or the
construction of the rooms and compartments. In a few States practically the only requirement is that there be separate toilet facilities
for each sex.
Another serious weakness that makes the laws of many States
ineffective lies in the fact that the wording of the requirements is
so indefinite that they are practically worthless as a set of standards
that can be enforced. Such terms as " adequate," " sufficient," " suitable," "properly inclosed," etc., are very commonly used. In some
State laws this is not a weakness, since authority to set up specific
standards in the form o~ rules and regulations defining such terms
has been delegated by statute to some specified agency, frequently an
industrial commission.
Finally, the fact that numerous establishments do not come under
the provisions of the law makes a serious situation in some States.
In a number of cases on]y factories and mercantile establishments
are covered by the law; in others, only establishments in which food
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
is produced; and while some laws apply to all establishments, those
that include office buildings are comparatively few.
In addition to the points of weakness in the law or regulation
itself, just discussed, another very important matter often is overlooked, namely, that the difficulty of enforcing many laws is largely
caused by an understaffed inspection department. Regular and frequent inspection is necessary in order to be sure that the requirements of the law are being complied with, and this is not possible
in States where the number of inspectors provided is insufficient
for the duties involved. However, it has not been the purpose .of
this study to go into the matter of administration of laws.
Sources of data presented.
In view of the importance of the establishment by law of comprehensive and well-defined standards for sanitary facilities necessary
to the health and comfort of workers, the bureau presents this bulletin, the material for which was compiled chiefly from two primary
sources : First, the statutes, rules or orders, and other regulations
showing what standards prevail in each State as regards toilet facilities in places of employment were examined in detail; second, correspondence was carried on with the authorities in each State to
ascertain whether any provisions existed in addition to those found,
and, in cases where the wording of the law was uncertain, what
was the interpretation of administering agencies. The interested
and ready response from most State agencies was of inestimable assistance in the preparation of the report and added much important
material. Unfortunately, not all the agencies responded, and in a
few cases the information supplied has been found incomplete.
Summary of data presented.
The bulletin first discusses in detail (Part I) the various matters
of importance in the provision of suitable toilet facilities, indicating
to what extent the States have recognized these points by some type
of regulation. Next is set :forth (Part II) the extent to which, in
actual practice, the toilet facilities in establishments in States that
have been surveyed by the Women's Bureau met the necessary requirements. In Part · III the various types of regulation in effect
are explained-statutes, rules, regulations or orders, and recommendations-and the extent to which each type applies in the various
St~tes is described. While the activities delegated to boards of
health are referred to, they are not considered in great detail, since
their focus is not specifically toward protection of the worker but
rather concerns itself with the welfare of the general public, usually
in only one type of establishment-food handling.
·
Because of this .limitation, additional State regulations are necessary that pertain specifically to conditions for workers regardless
of whether or not the public is affected. Due to the chief interest of
t.he Women's Bureau, this report does not go into the same detail in
regard to the authority of health departments as in regard to the
authority of departments of labor. Unless otherwise stated, the
types of regulation considered are those under authority of the State
labor agencies. As explained, the bulletin does not attempt to describe enforcement facilities, except as provided within the law, and
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INTRODUCTION
3
no presentation o:f enforcement methods can form a part of such
a study as the present one.
The regulations in effect in the various States are given in brief
form for convenient reference. Part IV comprises three summary
charts classifying the provisions of the States in regard to adequacy,
privacy, and sanitation, and Part V contains for each State a summary setting forth in detail the various types of regulation of toilet
facilities. In these summaries, statutes are considered first, then
regulations ( orders or rules) , and finally recommendations. The
establishments covered, the requirements, the party responsible :for
compliance, the penalty for violation, and the administering agency
are listed for each statute or regulation.
The labor and health authorities corresponded with in the various
States, referred to in only general terms throughout the report, are
listed by name in Appendix A. In Appendix Bis given the form of
inquiry first sent out to the States in order to verify and supplement
the information obtainable from legal sources, published reports of
the States, and other such places.
'i
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Part 1.-STANDARDS FOR INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
There are certain principles commonly accepted as essential to the
establishment of decent and hygienic conditions that should be taken
into consideration in drawing up any law or regulation pertaining to
the installation of toilet facilities. These principles already are the
basis of numerous State laws and regulations and of the standards
set by private corporations and establishments, but a number of States
have failed to set up standards adequate for the needs of workers.
Although there are found in all States employers who provide
adequate sanitary arrangements for their workers, there remain many
places of employment where such provisions are lacking. In some
instances this is due to lack of legislation, and in others it may be
laid at the door of inadequate inspection by State officials. Whatever
the cause, the re ults are the same and create unfavorable conditions
for many thousands of workers. In respect to toilet facilities, adequacy of equipment, privacy, and sanitary construction and maintenance should be insisted upon by interested persons.
The term" administering agency" as used here does not necessarily
indicate specific authority or duties but simply names the agency in
each State that can be referred to for additional information in regard to the scope and extent of authority involved and the policies,
practices, and methods of enforcement : ( 1) Whether the agency is
without funds or personnel to make routme inspections of sanitary
facilities in industrial establishments in the State, or whether inspections are made only on complaint and, if so, how promptly; (2)
whether reinspection and a check-up is made in regard to compliance
with orders issued for new installations or other improvements
deemed necessary by the inspector; (3) the number of inspectors
having duties in this field of work, and information about any other
resl?onsibilities that they carry; ( 4) whether the agency depends on
police or public to report the need of inspection and improvements
with regard to sanitary facilities in industrial establishments and
limits its own activities in this connection to public places and places
visited by the public.
In the following the States are grouped according to the type of
agency concerned with the development and formulation of regulations and the enforcement of regulations or laws or both:
States in which the State labor agency is designated as, tlie administering a,qency-California, Connecticut, Dela ware, Florida, Illinois,
Kansas, Ma sachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,
Nevada, New Ham_pshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota,
Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia.
States in whic-h the State or munic-ipal health agency is designated as the a,dministe1·ing agency-District of Columbia, Maine,
Maryland, Montana, and Vermont.
4
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STANDARDS FOR INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
5
States in which the State labor agency and State or municipal
health agency appeM to have joint jurisdiotio~Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
States in which some other agency, such as department of ohild
welfare or of public welfare, is designated as administering
agenoy-Alabama, Idaho,1 North Carolina, and South Dakota.
State in which control is shared by State labor agency and some
other organiz.ati~Indiana.
States in which no regulations ewist p·e rtafoing to the provision or
equipment of sanitary facilities in work places-Arizona, Georgia,
Mississippi, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.
ADEQUACY OF EQUIPMENT
First of all it is essential, in order to prevent crowding and delay,
that an adequate number of toilets in relation to the number of
workers should be provided. The importance of this hardly needs
to be argued and should be easy to accept. Failure to make such
provision not only affects the com:fort of workers but may have a
direct bearing on their health and efficiency. While the relation
that inadequate facilities bear to constipation among workers has
not b~en verified by objective study, it seems more than probable
that it exists, since hygienists include the regular evacuation of
the bowels as one of the main principles of personal hygiene. A
physjcian who not only believes that constipation brings serious
results but is very emphatic about the necessity of adequate toilet
facilities for workers in order to prevent this condition, makes the
following statement :
* * * . Many workmen leave home too soon after breakfast in the morning to have been able to secure a movement of the bowels, which of course
should take place daily as an absolute essential to health. Employers should
have the importance impressed upon them of the necessity for a sufficient number of toilets for all the workmen. * * * Fatigue is often dependent upon
the absorption of toxins from the intestinal tract, and toxins are generated
by retained accretions in the bowels. ·
* * * A worker who delays having a movement of the bowels absorbs a
large amount of toxins, particularly indol, which reduces muscular efficiency
to a very marked degree. 2
In connection with adequacy of equipment, it is important to consider convenience of location, for adequacy is greatly affected by
this. Toilets should be located as near as possible to the work place
of those who use them, though it is always desirable to make the
entrance inconspicuous from the workroom.
Standards of adequacy usually are expressed in the :form of a
required ratio of toilet seats to persons employed. Using the best
provision found in each State's regulations, Chart I (pp. 28 to 32)
classifies the· States according to whether they fix a specific ratio,
use an indefinite term in this connection, or ( see :footnote) have no
requirement. The chart shows for each State the provision as to
ratio where one exists, with any accompanying requirement as to location, another important point in adequacy; what establishments
1 The department of public welfare in Idaho carries duties in re the soldiers' home,
State sanitariums, vital statistics, etc., and is responsible for dairy, food , and sanitary
inspections.
2
Darlington. Thomas. Health and Hygiene •in Industry. International Clinics, Vol. II.
Thirty-fourth Series, June, 1924, pp. 289-290.
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
are covered; and whether the provision is in the :form o:f a statute,
rule or order, or recommendation. Where the health authority instead o:f the labor authority is responsible, or where the only regulation exists in a plumbing code, this :fact also is indicated.
From :footnote 1 o:f Chart I it is clear that, in addition to the
six States having no regulation-Arizona, Georgia, Mississippi, New
Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming-five States-Florida, Nevada, North
Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington-have no provision as to
ratio. Eight make such provision in general terms only. 3 The
remaining 29 and the District of Columbia specify definite ratios,
although in five the ratio is only recommended.4 (For details see
pp. 28 to 32.)
First-hand information in regard to the general condition in
establishments has obligated the Women's Bureau to recommend
the ratio of 1 seat to every 15 women employed, regardless of size of
establishment.
Further analysis of the chart shows that only 25 States have
requirements as to location, and in 2 of thes~Idaho and Maryland 5-the application is only to food-handling establishments.
Seven of these States limit the distance at which toilets may be
located to one floor below or above the workers who are to use them.
Eleven employ only indefinite terms, such as" conveniently located"
or " easily accessible."
Twenty-three States and the District o:f Columbia either have no
regulation at all in regard to toilets or have none as to their location.
It should be said in passing that no analysis is made of regulations concerned with privies.
PRIVACY
Almost as essential as adequate equipment is privacy, not only
for each sex but for each individual. To insure such privacy, it
is necessary first of all to provide separate toilets for men and women.
It is desirable that the two be remote :frOIIIl one another, though
this is not always practicable. I:£ toilet rooms for the two sexes
adjoin one another, the separating wall should be of solid construction. Also, in cases where toilet-room entrances adjoin, employees
generally prefer having them separated by a T-shaped or an Lshaped screen. Moreover, even when the entrances do not closely
adjoin, they should be protected in some way so that the interior
of the rooms can not be seen when the doors are opened.
For the sake of privacy as well as to prevent contamination of
the air in the workroom, the walls of all toilet rooms should extend
to the ceiling or the rooms should be independently ceiled over. This
3
Arkansas, Idaho, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and West
Virginia. In Arkansas a board of health regulation requires a "sufficient" number of
"privy accommodations."
4 In Kentucky the wording of the law is indefinite but the department of labor and the
State board of health recommend ratios. In New Jersey the department of labor and in
Connecticut the department of labor and factory inspection recommends standards for
enforcing indefinite provisions of the law. In North Carolina and in Tennessee the law
has no provision as to ratio, but one is recommended by the child welfare commission and
the department of labor, respectively.
5 Laws; covering food-handli,ngi establishments, which exist also in other States, usually
require that toilets shall be apart from the place of production, but in Maryland (no
requirement as to ratio and so not on chart) and Idaho this is the only reference to
location.
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STANDARDS FOR INSTALLATION AND MAINTEN ANOE
7
regulation is necessary because of the tendency to install toilets in
corners of workrooms with only dwarf partitions separating the
two.
Entrances should be plainly marked to show for whose use the
room~ are intended. In establishments frequented by the public,
such as stores, public use of employees' toilets should be prohibited
in order to prevent serious overcrowding and annoyance to the
workers, and toilets should be provided for public use in all such
places. The bureau considers designation of toilet entrances important. Such designation should protect employees with regard to
public use, which under no circumstances should be allowed.
To insure that each individual shall have a reasonable amount
of privacy, the placing of toilet seats in separate compartments is
important. For this purpose, each unit should be inclosed on four
sides and have a door provided with a fastener. The area inclosed
should be sufficient for comfort and convenience and the partitions
separating the compartments should be of sufficient height to permit
privacy, though for the purpose of ventilation it is considered advisable that they extend neither to the ceiling nor to the floor. Chart II
is a summary of the requirements in each State pertaining to privacy.
In addition to the six States having no toilet statute or regulation ( see p. 5), Idaho and Vermont fail to require separate
toilets for each sex. Vermont does require proper and suitable
toilets. These facts should be borne in mind throughout the ensuing
discussion, as well as the fact that there is great variation among
the States in the types of establishments to which existing regulations
apply. 6
In the 39 States and the District of Columbia where separate
toilet rooms are required, there are great differences in the standards
for privacy. Where toilet rooms for persons of opposite sexes are
permitted to adjoin one another, 11 States require that the walls
separating the rooms shall be of solid construction and shall extend
from floor to ceiling. In addition to these, Kentucky requires that
the rooms be "entirely separate"; New Hampshire, that the partitions extend to the floor; and Wisconsin that partitions separating
the rooms shall not be of wood but as nearly soundproof as possible.
Seventeen of the remaining States use some general phrase that might
be interpreted to cover this point. Sixteen States and the District
of Columbia require that toilets be completely separate from workrooms, while a general or indefinite phrase is applicable in l8 other
States.
As to designation of entrances, 20 States and the District of
Columbia either have no laws or do not require definitely that
entrances be designated, although in 6 of these there is a general
provision for proper or suitable facilities.
The screening of toilet-room entrances is considered advisable
where accommodations for the two sexes adjoin, and also where it
is possible to see the interior of the toilet room when the door is
opened. There are various ways of screening entrances effectively,
but some regulations are much ~ore definite and specific than others
6 Establishments to which toilet regulations apply in the various States are discussed
on pp. 24-25.
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
as to the method to be used. In addition to the States with no
toilet laws or regulations, 20 States and the District of Columbia
make no specific mention of the screening of entrances. Nine others
use the indefinite term" properly screened," but 3 States-California,
Minnesota, and Montana-are somewhat more specific, having some
such requirement as that doors to toilet rooms be placed so that no
compartment shall be visible from the adjoining room, or that the
door shall be screened unless there are compartments within. The
1·equirements of 9 States are so definite as to specify the dimensions
of the screens.
The matter of separate compartments within the room is closely
related to screening, six States requiring screens only if separate
compartments are not provided. In Indiana the industrial board
has ruled, as a requirement of the "proper " screening required by
law, that each seat should be in a separate compartment, dimensions
for which are given. Fourteen States and the District of Columbia
have definite requirements as to the placing of toilet seats in separate
compartments, some of these making sp~cifications as to the height
and size of partitions and the floor area of each compartment. Ohio,
while not providing specifically for separate compartments, requires
that all interior doors and partitions shall be raised 6 inches from
the floor. Oregon, in its hop picking, fruit picking, and fruit,
vegetable, and fish packing order, requires separate compartments
"where possible." Sixteen of the remaining States make the indefinite requirement for suitable and proper construction.
SANITATION
A number of other points that always should be covered have, for
convenience, been grouped under the general heading of sanitation.
These concern the kinds of materials used in the walls and floors, the
type of fixtures, the ventilation, heating, lighting, and maintenance
of toilet rooms and compartments. A summary of State requirements on these points is given in Chart III.
Walls and floors.
In the interest of sanitation, it is important that walls and floors
of toilet rooms be of material that is as nearly nonabsorbent as
possible. Wooden floors absorb moisture and their use generally is
discouraged; nor is Portland cement nonabsorbent unless treated
with a hardening process. Some States advise the use of such materials as marble, tile, or glazed brick in both walls and floors but
permit wooden walls and ceilings if these are painted with several
coats of light-colored~ nonabsorbent paint. Floors may be made of
asphalt, concrete, tile, or Portland cement, if treated with a hardening process to make them more nearly impervious to moisture.
In 17 States there is no reference whatsoever to the material
to be used in the construction of walls and floors, by either statute
or other regulation. In addition, 13 States and the District of
Columbia have only such very general requirements as that toilets
be " suitable " or " proper," that they be " constructed in clean,
sanitary, and healthful manner," or that proper facilities be used
and sanitary and hygienic conditions be observed. Three States
require only that toilets be constructed " in an approved manner."
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,;. ;:,
STANDARDS FOR INSTALLATION AND MAINTEN ANOE
9
In the remaining 15 States there are effective requirements about
the materials to be used in walls and floors.
Fixtures.
With the great improvements that have been made in sanitary
equipment in recent years, it has been found possible to produce
toilet fixtures that combine a number of features that make for
sanitation-material that under a very exacting test 7 has been found
to be relatively nonabsorbent, from which toilet bowls can be cast;
flushing devices that remove all particles quickly and thoroughly;
seats constructed to prevent all unnecessary contact; and methods of
ventilation through the fixture itself helping to prevent the escape
of odors into the room. Certain standards regarding some of these
points are included in the minimum requirements for plumbing
recommended by the Bureau of Standards of the United States
Department of Commerce, though most of the recommendations have
to do with the way in which fixtures and pipes are installed. Certainly it should be possible for all establishments to have fixtures of
the type recommended· by this Government agency, since they are
being manufactured by numerous firms.
As to materials, though toilets of vitreous earthenware are recommended, other substances are considered permissible by the Bureau
of Standards which recommends thatAll receptacles used as water-closets, urinals, or otherwise for the disposal
of human excreta, shall be vitrified earthenware, hard, natural stone, or caAt
•
iron white enameled on the insicle.8
As to the type of bowl, the following is recommended:
Water-closet bowls and traps shall be made in one piece and of such form
n.s to hold sufficient quantity of water, when filled to the trap overflow, to prevent
fouling of surfaces, and shall be provided with integral flushing rims constructed
so as to flush the entire interior of the bowl. 11
A matter of primary importance is the construction of the plumbing system in such a way as to preclude any cross connection that
should entail the flow of sewage water, at a time of stoppage or other
emergency, into the source of the drinking supply. Section· 73 of
the Bureau of Standards code last mentioned states thatNo plumbing fixture, device, or construction shall be installed which will provide a cross connection between a distributing system of water for drinking
and domestic purposes and a drainage SJ'Stem, soil, or waste pipe so as to
permit or make possible the back-flow of sewage or waste into the water-supply
system.
In 19 States there is no definite rule as to type of fixture. In
nine States there is a general requirement that toilets be suitable.
Montana and New Hampshire merely require the flush type to be
used, and in addition Minnesota's law states only that fixtures are to
be connected with a. sewer where such is available. Seven States
and the District of Columbia have plumbing rules that demand a
certain type of fixture. The District requires that bowls be
made of glazed earthenware, with properly formed flushing
7
U. S. Department of Commerce, Bur-eau of Standards. Simplified Practice Recommendation
No. 52, Staple Vitreous China Plumbirng Fixtures. 19·27. Red ink test, p. 3 .
8
. Ibid.
Recommended Minimum Requirements for Plumbing. 1929. Sec. 80, Materials, p. 30.
9
Ibid. Sec. 82, Water-closet bowls, p. 30.
12390~ --33-2
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INSTALLATION AND MAI TE A CE OF TOILET FACILITIES
rim, and prohibits range and trough closets and pan, hopper, or
plunger types ; the seven States name the typ~ . of mate.rial 0£
which toilet bowls are to be made, generally reqmrmg an approved
flushing device, specifying the minimum flushing capacity, prohibiting the use of pan, plunger, and long hopper closets, and requiring that water-closet bowl and trap shall be made in one piece,
of such form as to hold a sufficient quantity of water to prevent
fouling of surfaces, and provided with integral. flushing rims.
As would be expected, the six States with industrial codes or
regulations have the most complete specifications as to fixtures.
All these require bowls of vitreous china, cast iron porcelain enameled, or other approved. material that is nonabsorbent, and seats
of some kind of nonheat-absorbing material finished with varnish or
other waterproof substance. Mame, New York, and Pennsylvania
require rim-flu h bowls and specify the number of gallons flushing
capacity of cistern. California and Wisconsin specify that adequate
and effective facilities for flushing be provided, and Massachusetts
that the supply of water be ample.
In addition to these States, the labor authorities in Connecticut,
Kentucky, New J ersey, and Tennessee and the child welfare authorities in Alabama and North Carolina recommend certain types of
fixtures.
Ventilation.
For proper ventilation, a certain amount of window space opening
directly to the outside air is considered desirable, though artificial
ventilation may be adequate and generally is permitted if certain
specifications are followed. Where direct outside ventilation is
required and details are specified, the minimum window space or
skylight area considered essential for a toilet room with one seat
varies from 4 to 6 square feet, and for each additional toilet seat an
additional square foot 0£ window space usually is required. Windows and skylights usually must be capable of being opened to onehalf their area. The lack of definite specifications as to ventilation
is very noticeable; 17 States have no requirements whatsoever,
and 22 others use very general terms, such as "properly ventilated," "outside window or other proper ventilation," or "ventilated to outside air." Only nine States and the District of Columbia have any definite requirement as to ventilation. In three of
these-Indiana, Maine, and Wisconsin-the plumbing regulations,
instead of specifying window-space area, require that the air in the
toilet room be changed at stated periods, at least six times every
hour in two and four times hourly in the third. The District of
Columbia and eight States specify how large the window or other
open area must be.
Lighting.
Satisfactory lighting is important to the comfort of workers and
the cleanliness of the room is greatly affected by it. Though natural light always should be arranged for, it is not sufficient unless
all parts of the room and compartments are easilv visible at all
times, which is hardly possible without some form of artificial light.
In order that toilet rooms may be adequately lighted, a standard as
to the level of illumination should be fixed. The code o~ lighting
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STANDARDS FOR INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
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11
for work places prepared by the Illuminating Engineering Society 10 includes a standard for the illumination of toilet rooms that
considers 1 foot-candle the necessary minimum of illumination.
This standard is recommended in Kentucky and New Jersey, and
required in Maryland, Oregon, and Pennsylvania, while six States
require and one, Ohio, recommends only 0.5 foot-candle. Four of
these States, California, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin, have
the added requirement that if the intensity of natural light, under
normal conditions, is not twice the amount specified, artificial light
must be provided.
Thirteen other States and the District of Columbia have somewhat less definite standards for the lighting of toilet rooms. Connecticut and the District of Columbia require artificial lighting,
Illinois, Maine, Minnesota, and West Virginia make this requirement only if the natural light is not sufficient, and Dela ware, Idaho,
Texas, and Montana provide that toilet rooms in the establishments
covered by the law must be "well lighted." North Carolina and
Tennessee recommend respectively "proper artificial lights" and
natural or artificial light so that all parts of the room are easily
visible at all times. New Hampshire requires pr per facilities and
reasonably sanitary and hygienic conditions, and in Rhode Island
conditions must meet the requirements of health and propriety. The
remaining 23 States make no reference to the lighting of toilet
rooms.
Heating.
The heating of toilet rooms is necessary to the comfort of workers
in winter. A few States require specific temperatures. Connecticut,
Maine, and New York require or recommend, as the case may be, not
less than 50° F. Eight of the remaining States use such indefinite
terms as well heated, facili~ies for heating, adequately heated, properly heated during cold weather, and proper facilities and reasonably
sanitary and hygienic condition . As many as 37 States and the
District of Columbia make no mention of the matter of heating.
Cleaning.
The responsibility for the cleaning of toilet rooms should be delegated to special employees, and the cleaning should take place at
regular and frequent intervals. Hot water and soap should be used.
Frequent use of disinfectants in addition to soap is conducive to a
sanitary condition, but disinfectants alone should not be relied upon.
Though many State laws have some general requirement in regard
to the cleaning of toilet rooms, few specify how often it should be
done. In most States no one is made definitely responsible for the
'work, and the method to be used seldom is specified. California's
sanitary order requires that floors be washed daily and scrubbed at
least weekly and fixtures be cleaned at least daily. Maine and
New York require that walls, floors, and fixtures be kept in good repair, odorless and sanitary. Alabama requires that bowls and floors
show evidence of systema.tic scrubbing with soap and water. In
1
°Code of Lighting: Factories, Mills, and Other Wot·k PlaC'eS. American Standard,
approved Aug. 18, 1930, by American Standards Association. Prepared under the direction of and published by Illuminating Engineering Society, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street,
New York, N. Y., 1930. Seep. 36 for illumination required in toilet rooms.
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Massachusetts, regulations demand thorough cleansing, disinfection
not being enough, and that one or more persons shall be designated
by the employer to have charge 0£ sanitary appliances. The same
provisions are found in the recommendations of Tennessee. In Wisconsin and Connecticut walls, floors, ceilings, and fixtures must be
kept clean, efficient, and in good repair, and North Carolina recommends thorough cleaning 0£ room and fixtures daily. Colorado and
Kentucky require that floors in food establishments be scoured daily.
Twenty States use some such expression as "kept in clean condition." In 17 States and the District of Columbia there are no
provisions in laws or regulations £or the cleaning 0£ toilet rooms. In
Montana and Rhode Island, however, there is a maintenance
requirement.
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•
Part II.-WOMEN'S BUREAU FINDINGS IN VARIOUS
STATES SURVEYED
·•
~
....
Each of the points discussed under adequacy, privacy, and sanitation should be taken into consideration by anyone responsible for
conditions under which people have to work. There are many
establishments, however, in which several or all of them are disregarded. In 16 States in which the Women's Bureau ha made general
surveys of woman-employing industries, the sanitary conditions of
work J?laces have been investigated. The first study was conducted
in Indiana in 1918. Surveys were made in Iowa, Rhode Island, and
Virginia in 1920; in Georgia in 1920 and 1921; in Kentucky and
Maryland in 1921; in South Carolina in 1921-22; in Alabama and
Arkansas in 1922; in Delaware, Oklahoma, and Illinois in 1924; in
Mississippi and Tennessee in 1925; and in Florida in 1928-29. In
making studies of the industries of these States, the bureau has taken
as nearly as possible a cross section of the woman-employing industries in each, and the results of its investigations, therefore, give a
fairly representative picture.
In each of the States surveyed, a considerable number of establishments met fully the bureau's standards of adequacy, privacy, and
sanitation. If it is possible to meet a high standard of sanitation
in some establishments, it should be possible in other . However,
the number that did not meet the minimum standards of decency was
much too large. Establishments were not always deficient in every
respect, but it was noticeable that those deficient in one respect were
most likely to be so in several. It is largely because of the conditions
found to exist in many establishments in these State that the bureau
has felt compelled to urge the adoption of sanitary tandard for the
installation of toilet facilities.
Inadequate and improper equipment was :found in many plants,
and probably no very marked changes have taken place since the
studies were made.
ADEQUACY
In nine of the States surveyed, adequacy may be judged by the
Women's Bureau standard, and in these States the proportions of
establishments reported as having inadequate 1 facilities for ome or
all of the women varied from about one-fourth to two-thirds. Frequently there would be but a single seat for 16 to 25 women or for
25 to 35; sometimes only one was provided for 40 or 50 women. In
one State, one seat for 65 women was found; in another, one for 75;
jn another, one for 89; and in still another there was but one for
100. The worst case of all, with the exception of more than 20
establishments where no facilities whatsoever were provided, was a
plant in which one seat was provided for 128 women.
1 Based on th e 1 to 15 standard of the Women's Bureau.
Some establishments that did
not meet this standard rnel the standard fixed by th eir own State law.
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Inadequacy of equipment was felt in stores where the public
had access to the same toilets used by workers. In one such estab1:ishment the girls had put on the door a placard reading " closed;
out of order " and in addition they kept the door locked.
.
Besides having an inadequate number of seats, many toilet
rooms were :inconveniently located. A particularly aggravated case
was a large plant where the women had to descend an outside flight
of stairs and walk nearly a block to an outside toilet.
PRIVACY
In numerous establishments, furthermore, toilet facilities failed to
insure privacy. Not only were there places with one toilet for both
sexes, but there were many whose entrances were not designated nor
screened.
In 11 of the 16 States surveyed, from about 3 per cent to nearly
18 per cent of the establishments visited had toilet facilities used by
both sexes. In one State, five of these were restaurants or cafes,
where toilets separate for men and women were not a requirement of
the law at the time of study. " The fact that in two of these five
cases the women sought places elsewhere," says the report, " shows
that this la;w does not attain the standard of decency which some of
the women employees demand for themselves." 2 In another State,
in an establishment where separate facilities were not provided, the
toilet consisted of a dilapidated room, with no window and no artificial light, situated in an alleyway.
In a larger proportion of establishments the entrances were
not designated. In 10 States ·in which this point .was reported on,
this condition existed in from one-fourth to approximately threefifths of the plants visited.
In the surveys of 10 States, lack of screening of toilet-room entrances was reported on. The plants without screening ranged
from about one-seventh to over one-third of the establishments
visited.
Toilet seats that were not inclosed were numerous, as were toilet
rooms not completely separated from the workrooms. The .first
condition was reported on in seven States and the other in nine.
Fi·om one-tenth to over two-fifths of the establishments visited in
seven States had toilet rooms in which the seats were not inclosed in
separate compartments and from about one-eighth to one-half of the
establishments visited in nine States had toilet rooms not completely
separated from the workrooms.
SANITATION
In all cases, the points included under this subject were taken into
consideration by agents of the bureau when inspecting the conditions
of toilet facilities, and special attention was given to ventilation,
lighting, and the general maintenance of toilet rooms and equipment.
Lack of sufficient ventilation was much too prevalent. It was not
unusual to find toilet rooms provided with window space that was
2
Bulletin of the Women's Bureau , No. 19. "Iowa Women in Industry," p. 51. Since
that time (1920) the State law has been amended to include "mercantile establishments,"
which is interpreted by the commissioner of labor as covering " restaurants."
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WOMEN'S BUREAU FINDINGS IN STATES SUR,V EYED
15
entirely inadequate. Frequently also toilet rooms were found that
had no outside windows and little or no artificial ventilation. In a
few cases toilet rooms were ventilated into the combined lunch and
cloak room. In one State, not far from one-fourth of the toilet
rooms provided for white women and over three-fifths of those
provided for negro women were ventilated only through some other
room-workroom, cloakroom, or stockroom. In another State, in
one-fourth of the toilet rooms all ventilation came from other rooms,
and of those that had some outside ventilation there were over onethird that derived part of their air supply from the workroom,
since they were either unceiled or without a door. Similar conditions were found in numerous establishments in the other States surveyed. In one case a brick had been knocked out of the inclosing
wall of the toilet room " for ventilation."
It was not uncommon to find that the only means of ventilation was
air from the workroom, over the partition or through the doorway.
This condition was particularly bad in toilet rooms provided in
connection with certain public restaurants. In several such establishments in one State the only ventilation was from the restaurant.
The importance of light toilet rooms has been presented. The
inspections showed that lack of sufficient lighting was common. In
many cases artificial lighting necessary to insure light rooms on dark
days was not provided. Though this is a serious situation, it was
especially exaggerated in some cases. Nine establishments visited
in one State had neither natural nor artificial light. One toilet
room used by the women employees was so situated that the only
light and air in the room came over a 10-foot partition that separated
it from the men's toilet. Two other toilet rooms were reported as
so dark that it was impossible to judge of their cleanliness.
One of the most serious situations found was the filthy and insanitary condition of some of the rooms. and equipment inspected.
Frequent, regular, and thorough scrubbing of toilet-room floors and
fixtures with soap and hot water is essential, yet in many establishments there was evidence of a total disregard of this matter. In
addition, the supervision of workers employed to do this often was
lacking. A very common arrangement that can not £ail to be unsatisfactory is that the workers themselves, employed to do something
else, must take their turns at cleaning the toilets. The exa1nples
following are from bureau reports on conditions found in some localities. In one factory where food products were handled, a worker
stated that the toilet was in such bad condition that she never entered
it. In another, it was reported that" the girls sweep the toilet whenever it needs cleaning; it is never scrubbed "; and in a third, the
toilet '~ is scrubbed once a week by a janitor when he has time."
Instances of such insanitary conditions could be multiplied greatly.
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Part 111.-TYPES OF REGULATION OF SANITARY FACILITIES, ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED, AND DEFINITENESS
OF REQUIREMENTS
All places where people are employed should be provided with
toilet facilitie that meet certain fundamental standards of sanitation. In the first section of this report each of these general requirements was discussed separately, and in connection with each point
were listed the various State standards that have been established
by law or regulation and now are in force. The findings as to sanitary condition in States surveyed by the Women's Bureau have been
summarized in Part II, where it is pointed out that in many establishments the highest standards of sanitation were found, but that in
far too many others inexcusably crowded and unhealthful sanitary
conditions prevailed. No doubt this lack of uniformity in conditions of sanitation exists in the States where the bureau has not
made surveys.
In some States, new legislation is necessary before improved conditions can be attained. But in others, where the principal weakness
of the law is indefiniteness, it is probable that great improvement in
conditions can be brought about by enforcement officials. The effectiveness of any law is determined largely by the way in which it is
administered. Alert and conscientiou. enforcement officials can
make a general law the basis of a very thorough inspection program
by recommending specific standards to supplement the provisions of
the law. Obviously, if such indefinite terms as "sufficient,"
"proper," "suitable," and "convenient" are used, they must be defined before they can be enforced. If this is left either to employers
or to individual inspectors without any regulations designed to
develop uniformity, the results naturally will be unsatisfactory. If
officials who are responsible for enforcement of the law develop a set
of standards for all inspectors to use objectively, as has been done in
a few States, such variations will be greatly reduced even though
they are not entirely eliminat ed.
The development of definite standards, whether or not as high as
might seem desirable, is fundamental to a thorough program of inspection, and it is hoped that in more States the enforcement officials will draw up such standards and recommend them to employers
for voluntary action. This report has been prepared in the hope
that such officials will find it helpful in formulating recommended
standards, since there is as yet no sanitary code for work places to
which they can turn for help in drawing them up. The importance .
of standards recommended by the enforcement officials in a State can
not be overemphasized. It is important to have them even if voluntary action on the part of employers must be depended upon.
Moreover, it is the duty of State officials to provide such a guide
for those employers who desire to equip their establishments with
16
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TYPES OF REGULATION ; ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED
17
facilities that meet accepted practices. Fortunately there are many
employers who are glad to cooperate with inspectors merely at the
suggestion of better methods of sanitation; it is this group that will
follow the leadership of the State department of labor and with
whom standards of this sort prove especially helpful. However,
though in all States are to be found employers who cooperate voluntarily, there are always some who continue to neglect to do so and
many who refuse to conform except under coercion.
That any standard is difficult to enforce, unless it is specific in requirement and cleat in wording, already has been indicated in this
discussion. In addition, enforceability is aided greatly by endowing
standards with the force of law. For real effectiveness, therefore.
where complete sanitary standards are not established directly by act
of legislature, the labor authority of the State. should have the backing
of a statute clearly delegating to it the duty of formulating specific
standards to supplement those embodied in the law, endowing such
standards with the force of law and granting the labor authority the
power to require compliance. The fact that this has been done in
some States and not in others 1 gives rise to considerable differences
among States in the enforceability of their sanitary standards. For
this reason, a brief discussion of the various types of regulatory
measures follows.
TYPES OF REGULATORY MEASURES IN EFFECT
There are three kinds of regulatory measures applying to toilet
facilities : Statutes, regulations ( also termed rules or orders), and
recommendations. The first named, of course, are those that are law
by direct act of the legislature. The second are those that have the
force of law because their adoption is authorized by some act of the
legislature designating the body to take action and defining the extent of its authority. The measures known as recommendations
are adopted by the body charged with enforcing the law, but their
adoption is not specifically enjoined by law. Some of the inspection
standards that come under the last named have proven very effective
in practice.
Statutes.
Although all statutes have the same standing as acts of the State
legislature, those affecting toilet facilities may be divided into two
groups on the basis of the authority to which the regulation of sanitary conditions in work places i delegated. The more important as
regards the health and comfort of employees are those administered
by departments of labor,2 for the sake of brevity refened to in this
report as "labor laws." On the whole, the laws of this type are the
more comprehensive in provision, although many of them are quite
indefinite on some important points. In the other group are laws
administered by the State health agencies designed to be of importance to the public rather than to workers. Most of these apply
only to establishments that handle food and are intended primarily,
in the interest of the public, to prevent contamination of food;
whereas the field covered by "labor laws" is not restricted to estab1
See discussion on pp. 2,2 -23.
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2
Child welfare and industrial commissions included.
18
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
lishments having any particular type of product, but includes factories and workshops of all sorts, stores, and numerous other kinds of
establishments, though there is, naturally, considerable variation
from State to State.
Though the prevention of contamination of food is important to
the health of workers as consumers of food and may incidentally add
to their comfort as employees, it is significant that laws on sanitation
pertaining to food-handling establishments generally contain no reference to the provision of separate toilet facilities for employees or
of a sufficient number of toilet seats, two points of primary importance to the health and comfort of workers. Moreover, health
authorities ordinarily do not have inspectors charged with the duty
of visiting places of employment in the interest of the workers, except that in th.e District of Columbia, where the enforcement of the
8-hour law for women is a duty of the health department, the inspectors are instructed to give attention to the sanitary facilities for
employees in the establishments visited by them and to report insanitary conditions for attention by the plumbing inspectors.
State boards of health in many cases are without funds or personnel to make inspections of sanitation in industrial establishments,
and in at least some States their authority does not extend to inspectio!1s on private property unless the condition becomes a public
nuisance.
Rules, regulations, or orders.
Rules, regulations, and orders are the terms used in different
States to indicate a type of regulatory measure not directly created
by act of the legislature but adopted by some State administrative
group or official under authority of an act of the legislature and frequently having the force of law.
Though rules and regulations of this sort are adopted under authority o:f some enabling act, there is considerable variation :from
State to State in the provisions of these enabling acts. Such authority has been granted in many States to departments of health;
in others it has been given to departments of labor, for the express
purpose of regulating sanitary conditions for employees. As was
true of statutes administered by these two departments-the one
created to contribute to public health, the other to specialize on the
needs of workers-rules and regulations issued by State labor agencies are, on the whole, more important from the point of view of the
workers than are those issued by the State health agencies, and the
reasons for this are similar. Moreover, there is much variation in
comprehensiveness and definiteness in the rules issued by the various
State departments of labor. Requirements are indefinite and incomplete in some; in others, they are not only very comprehensive but
very detailed and definite. On the whole, the standards drafted by
State labor officials under ·legislative authority seem more progressively practical and satisfactory than do the highest standards
defined by statute; naturally, they can be more specific in detail
since they usually develop as a result of special investigation.
In addition to the rules of labor and of health authorities, another
type of regulation authorized _by statute is coming to be advocated.
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TYPES OF REGULATION; ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED
19
Power is given to a commission composed of persons representing
the interests of employer and employee as well as the State. The
advantage claimed for such an arrangement lies in the representation of all these interests in the group that is responsible for formulating such standards, and in the type of procedure usually prescribed by law to be followed by such groups prior to the adoption
of standards. An important part of this procedure is the holding
of public hearings where all who wish to do so may state their approval or disapproval of the proposed standards before their final
adoption. By this method, it is thought, better cooperation with
employers is secured.
The adoption of standards by specially appointed groups such
as commissions is now accepted as better than the legislative method
·of adoption, because it gives more flexibility in meeting changing
conditions. Various reasons are given for this opinion, but perhaps
the strongest argument is the fact that a much greater proportion of
regulations formulated under such authority and procedure than
of the statutes on this subject are fairly comprehensive in their specific details and application. Nevertheless, the standards adopted
under such authority in some States are no improvement on statutes
in other States. This goes to prove that the method by which regulations are adopted is not a criterion of sanitary conditions but only
a vehicle to enable their development. Certainly it has been demonstrated beyond a doubt that when the officials desire to protect
workers from insanitary work conditions, the authority to supplement statutes by regulations proves of great value.
As to the regulations commonly issued by State health authorities,
they are of two types that have to do with toilet facilities in work
places: Regulations pertaining to toilets in food-handling establishments similar to the statutes pertaining to such establishn1ents,
and those having to do with the plumbing work done in all buildings, including, of course, places of employment. In only one State
(Maine) has the department of health issued " sanitary regulations" 3 that apply to work places other than food-handling establishments and that really are comprehensive in respect to toilet
facilities.
With one or two exceptions, the sanitary regulations issued by
State health agencies for food-handling establishments have no provision in regard to the number of toilet seats, and the matter of
privacy also is disregarded. Unless a regulation of this sort has
some such provision, it has been omitted from this report. As was
true of the health statutes, the main purpose of the health department in adopting rules or regulations of this sort is to guard against
contamination of food.
The plumbing regulations, which likewise, in the few States in
which they exist, are administered by the health authority, ordinarily cover the field for which they are intended much more
thoroughly than do the health authority's rules governing toilets
3 This term as used here applies to regulations other than plumbing regulations and
applying to factori'es and mercantile establishments.
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INSTALLATIO
A D fAINTE
ANOE OF TOILET FACILITIES
in food-handling establishments. In several cases the plumbing
regulation fixes ratio and requires separate toilets. The regulation of
plumbing practices is as important a phase of the regulation of sanitary conditions as is the provision for adequacy, privacy, and sanitation, and standardization is equally important to each. It was to encourage the adoption of standard plumbing practices that the Bureau
of Standards of the United States Department. of Commerce in 1923
adopted plumbing standards which it published . under the title
" Recommended Minimum Requirements for Plumbing in Dwellings
and Similar Buildings." The revis1on 4 published in 1929 applies to
all types of buildings. This is known popularly as the " Hoover
Code." But as important as it is to have comprehensive and specific
requirements regarding plumbing work done within any State, there
are surprisingly few that have any state-wide regulations of this
sort.
Recommendations.
Recommendations is the term ordinarily used to designate standards adopted without the authority of some specific enabling act.
They are listed as such in Part V for the few States where they
exist. 5 The importance of having such standards for the guidance of
employers as well as for the use of inspectors in enforcing the provisions of a general law has been discussed. Even though their
adoption is not specifically authorized by law, their value as suggestive standards can not be overemphasized and they are of great assistance both to employers and to labor inspectors.
Other legislative · provisions that affect the enforceability of
statutes and regulations.
In line with this discussion of types of regulatory measures, it
may be best before listing the States according to type of measure to
mention certain other points that greatly influence the effective enforcement of any law or regulation. Every such measure should be
supported by legislative provisions that make some official or group
of officials directly re ponsible for enforcing it, and failure in this
sometimes reduce very greatly the possibility of fully enforcing
sanitary requirements. Enforcing agents should be authorized by
law to investigate sanitary conditions and to order changes in equipment that are necessary to meet the requirement of the law, and in
addition provision should be made for the administrative machinery
necessary to force compliance when this becomes necessary.
When two or more agencies are given authority in the same fieldfor example, the State labor and the State health agencies-the
enabling acts should pecify the duties of each more definitely than
usually is done. Dual jurisdiction sometimes serves as an excuse for
inacti veness on the part of one or both agencies. Further, the administrative funds to be allowed for the work sometimes are limited
because the other agency has jurisdiction.
Another matter that should be emphasized in this connection is
that it is useless to fix responsibility for enforcing the law unless
4
U. S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Standards. Recommended Minimum
Requirements for Plumbing. 1929.
"Connecticut, Kentucky, New .Jersey, North Carolina, Obio, Oklahoma, and Tennessee.
Unpublished standards used in Alabama and Indiana are shown in footnotes.
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TYPES OF REGULATION; ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED
21
this provision is accompanied by an appropriation of State funds
adequate to employ a staff 0£ inspectors thoroughly qualified and
large enough to make frequent and thorough inspection of work
places. Choice 0£ the right type 0£ personnel to do the job is as
important in this kind 0£ work as in others, for the best law may be
ineffective _i£ not wisely enforced and the amount of salary that a
State can offer obviously has some influence on the type of official it
is able to employ. While the State summaries show, in relation to
each measure, the name of the agency that has been made responsible
by law for administration, no attempt can be made in this report to
evaluate the effectiveness 0£ State standards of enforcement.
The summaries by State ( see Part V) carry some information on
two additional points important in connection with enforceability 0£
regulations-responsibility for compliance and penalty for refusal to
comply. In the case 0£ all standards the law should specify clearly
just who is to be held responsible for compliance. In more than
half the States the law, either explicitly or by implication, fixes
responsibility on the employer, though in several of these he may,
in some cases and under some conditions, go to court and collect from
the owner of the building. However, confusion may arise from a
number of causes. For example, in regard to a building not owned
by an employer whose business is located there, it can be seen easily
that it would be difficult for the enforcing authorities to determine
whom to hold responsible unless the law clearly designated whose
duty it is to comply. The majority of States fix responsibility upon
either the owner or the employer in such manner that the responsibility would seem clear for rented buildings where occupied by one
establishment. In those occupied by more than one establishment,
such as office buildings,6 where toilets may be used jointly-by tenants,
responsibility for compliance with the law seldom is clearly placed.
This point is considered in detail in both the labor law and the industrial code of New York, and Minnesota also has a clear statement
0£ responsibility for compliance in such a situation.
Practically all laws and regulations make provision for some sort
0£ penalty for noncompliance, but the possibility of a fine does not
always make the law effective. In some cases the fine is so small
that its imposition would cause no inconvenience whatsoever, and
in others it is so severe that officials are very likely to hesitate to
enforce it except in the most extreme cases. The consensus of
opinion seems to be that in order to be effective penalties should
be reasonably severe, but it is agreed also by experienced agents that,
as a matter of effective practice, other means of securing compliance should be tried before resorting to the imposition of a fine.
The State summaries in Part V provide information as to the penalties fixed in relation to each statute and regulation.
TYPES OF REGULATORY MEASURES IN VARIOUS STATES
Some States have a variety of types of regulatory measures and
others have only one kind. Statutes are the only form in a number
of States and regulations in others, while in some there are several
6
Furthermore, as is pointed out later, the law frequently is not applied to office buildings. See pp. 24-25.
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INSTALLATION A D MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
different types-statutes plus rules and regulations of various sorts,
statutes plus recommendations, etc.
In the following paragraphs, States are grouped and discussed
according to the type or types of regulatory measure. It must be
remembered that there is great variation among the States in the
establishments covered. The lighting codes mentioned in Part V
are not discussed here.
States having labor statutes only.
In 14 States 7 laws administered by the department of labor are
the only type of regulatory measure. These laws are not by any
means uniformly comprehensive or definite. The majority of them
are indefinite and could, no doubt, be made more effective if inspection
standards such as have been discussed were developed by the officials
responsible for administering the laws.
In addition to the 14 States named, South Dakota has a labor law
which does not name the labor department as the administering
agency. Information received from the State says that the State's
attorney is the prosecutor of these laws when a complaint is made.
States having only rules, regulations, or orders issued by the labGr
authority.
In K~nsas, North Dakota, Oregon, and Washington the only requirement on this subject is some kind of rule, regulation, or order
issued by the labor authority.
States having labor statutes plus other types of regulation affecting women issued by the labor authority.
In each of 13 States 8 the law administered by the department of
labor or authorized labor agency is supplemented by some other type
of regulation issued by the same authority.
In seven of these, 9 rules having the force of law are issued by the
labor department. Those in California, Massachusetts, New York,
and P ennsylvania are the most comprehensive. In all these the rules
issued apply to factories throughout the State. In Massachusetts
they apply, in addition, to workshops, bakeries, mechanical estab~ishments, laundries, foundries, tenement-house workrooms, and mercantile establishments. In New York, besides covering factories throughout the State, the rules issued apply to certain types of establishments in all towns of 3,000 or more as well as to women employed on
street railroads and to elevator operators. California has two orders, one covering all occupations, trades, and industries except the
motion-picture industry, and the other the extras in motion pictures
when working on location. The regulations in Ohio 10 and New
Hampshire are less complete, although they also apply to factories
and mercantile establishments. In Alabama both law and rules
7 For women: Delaware, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada,
Oklahoma, Rhode I sla nd, South C_a rolina, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. For
minors only : Florida.
8
Alabama (minors), California, Connecticut, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee.
Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio have regulations by another agency also.
9 For women: California, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. li"or minors only : Alabama.
1° For additional information on Ohio see the section on health r egulations.
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TYPES OF REGULATION; ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED
.
23
apply only to establishments in which minors are employed~ but the
results reach women.
In seven States 11 the labor law is supplemented by a set of suggested standards or recommendations. In some cases these have been
set up as inspection standards, and are not always in published form;
in some cases there is every likelihood that they may be considered
as more than merely recommendatory and that their legal force can
be maintained as effectively as that in the States discussed in the
preceding paragraph. The most comprehensive of these recommendations are in Connecticut, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Tennessee. In Kentucky they cover ratio, construction, fixtures, and
location; in Indiana, ventilation and screening. In Alabama,
where the statute applies only to places employing minors, the
rules of the child-welfare department cover ratio and location, and
in addition recommendations have been issued as to type of fixture.
In Indiana, besides the statute and the rules of the industrial
board, a set of plumbing regulations that apply specifically to places
of employment is provided. The administrative committee of the
State building council is the administering agency.
States having some or all regulations under health authority.
In 13 States and the District of Columbia some regulations are
contained in laws administered by or rules made by the health authorities. In seven 12 of these the health regulations are in addition
to the labor law or regulation, while four-Maine, Maryland, Montana, and Vermont-and the District of Columbia have only health
regulations. Idaho might be included in this latter group, since its
law applies to slaughtering and meat-packing establishments, but
the administering agency is a department of public welfare. (See
footnote 8, p. 43.)
In Maine the industrial code promulgated by the department of
health for factories and mercantile establishments is used by the
department of labor in its inspection of these work places. ( See
p. 50.) In this State and in Colorado the labor authority is endowed by statute with the right to enforce all laws regulating the
' employment of women and minors, under which legislation in regard
to toilet facilities undoubtedly comes.
In Wisconsin the board of
health has adopted the general orders of the labor authority, which
are most comprehensive and detailed. In Arkansas the rules of the
health authority in regard to toilets apply to work places in general.
Five States 13 have statutes administered by the health department
that apply only to establishments handling food, and of these the
statute in Idaho, as already stated, applies only to slaughtering and
meat-packing establishments. In Kentucky, where the department
of labor has issued recommendations to supplement a labor statute,
the board of health also has supplemented its law by its recommendations regarding toilets in establishments handling food.
In Montana a rule of the health authority is the only provision
concerning toilets, and it applies specifically to canneries.
11 Connecticut, Indiana, K entucky, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
minors only, Alabama. Indiana and Kentucky have additional requirements.
12 Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky , Louisiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
13 Colorado, Idaho, Kentucky, Maryland, and Vermont.
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For
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24
INSTALLATION AND MAINTEN ANOE OF TOILET FACILITIES
In eight States 14 the health authority has adopted or is by law
charged with the administration of a plumbing code. In three of
these-Indiana, Iowa, and Maine-the plumbing codes adopted are
based on the standard code issued by the United States Bureau of
Standards.
In the District of Columbia there is no department of labor, and
the inspection of sanitary condition~ in workshops is left to inspectors in the department of health. Sanitary standards, which are
issued as regulations by the Commissioners of the District, include
a general regulation pertaining to toilets in work places and a
plumbing code applying to all buildings or establishments.
ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY SOME TYPE OF REGULATION IN
THE VARIOUS STATES
For the protection of workers, sanitary conditions need to be
regulated by law as much in one type of establishment as in another.
Every establishment in the State should be under the provisions of
a regulatory measure. However, at the pre..'>ent time the large
majority of statutes or regulations are restricted in application
according to type or size of establishment, with the result that a
great number of workers are unprotected by su h provisions. According to the text of the regulations or statements by officials, only
in six States 15 and in the District of Columbia are sanitary conditions in all establishments clearly covered, regardless of sex, by some
type of regulation-whether under health or labor authority--except
that plumbing codes, ordinarily administered by health authorities,
usually apply to all establishments. 16
In four other States, California, Kentucky, Oregon, and Pennsylvania, toilets in all establishments employing women, or women and
children, are regulated in some way. In one additional State, Oklahoma, all places where women work are covered with the exception
of bank buildings.17 In still another State, Nebraska, though the
wording of the law seems to cover all establishments very clearly,
the term " other building where one or more persons are employed "
apparently is not construed to cover office building .18 In this connection it is well to state that, as to the application of laws in the
various States to office buildings, the information obtained by the
bureau through its questionnaires is not complete, and as far as actual practice in regard to their inspection is concerned, this lies outside the scope of the present study. However, any information that
has been secured on the application of the law to office buildings has
been included in the State summaries (see Part V). Because of
the great numbers of workers in clerical occupations, a large per14
15
Colorado, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
Illinois, Minnesota, Ohio, Texas, West Vi1•ginia, and Wisconsin.
Though Ohio's labor law applies only to establishments where women are employed,
there is a building code applying to all establishments which is administered 'by one of
the divisions of the department of labor that really ta'kes the place of a fairly comprehensive and definite "labor Jaw" because of the kind of provisions it contains. In
Pennsylvania, though the labor statute on toilets applies only to places where women
work, there is an industrial sanitary code including this subject and applying to all
factories.
17 This statement is based on an opinion of the Criminal Court of Appeals in the State.
18 The Secretary of Labor, in reply to a question in regard to office buildings, statpc'l
that he " can not read anything into this section that is not there." Similar cases may
exist in other States, but not all regulations have been checked with this in view.
16
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TYPES OF REGULATIONS; ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED
25
centage of whom are employed in office buildings, such places of
employment should be included specifically in the law, and inspections certainly should be made in buildings of this sort.
In addition to the 6 States covering all employees in all establishments, there are 12 19 in which all factories in the State come under
the provisions of the law. In all these, with the exception of Oklahoma and Pennsylvania, mercantile establishments also are covered,
although in New York this applies to mercantile establishments,
restaurants, and telegraph or messenger companies only in towns
of 3,000 or more; factories are covered in all places. In most of
these States-though not all-other types of establishment in addition to factories and stores are covered by the statutes. In Delaware
practically all those employing women are covered, and in South
Dakota all factories employing women and children.
In a considerable group of States, the great majority of the work
places are covered by statutes that apply to establishments employing
more than a certain number-usually quite a small number being
fixed-of men and women, of women, or of women and children.
This group comprises at least 12 States. 20
In 3 of these States-California, New Hampshire, and South
Carolina-the law covers all places employing numbers ranging
from 5 or more persons to 3 or more persons; in 4 others-Iowa,
Louisiana, Michigan, and Missouri-the specific types of establishment are listed (see Part V) ; and in the remaining 5 all places,
with certain exceptions, are included. In the last mentioned, the
exception in North Carolina is of certain counties and all towns of
under 1,000; in Arkansas and Colorado the State authorities either
do not inspect or do not consider office buildings as covered by the
law. In Nevada and Virginia office buildings having facilities easily
accessible are excluded from. the law, the latter excepting, in addition, stores and office buildings in towns under 5,000 population when
commissioner of labor so decides.
The remaining States are as follows :
vVashington, public housekeeping, an order issued by the labor
authority. (See note in lowe,r half of p. 79.)
Idaho, slaughtering and meat packing; Montana, canneries; and
Maryland and Vermont, food-handling establishments.
Alabama 21 and Florida, only establishments employing minors.
The 6 States in which there is no regulation whatever in regard
to toilet facilities. ( See p. 5.)
SUMMARY OF THE COMPREHENSIVENESS AND DEFINITENESS OF
STATE SANITARY REQUIREMENTS
The foregoing has given a general summary of the types of regulatory measures found, and the extent to which all places of employment are covered. Since the definiteness and comprehensiveness of
such measures are of primary importance to their effectiveness-a
•
19
Connecticut, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, New
York, 01'-1.ahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Tennessee.
20
.Arkansas, California, Colorado, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, New
Hampshire, North Carolina, South Carolina. and Virginia.
21
.Alabama has also a statute covering stores employing women or girls, but since no
provision is made for enforcement its application is doubtful.
123908°-33- 3
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
fact that has been dwelt upon in several places through the text-it
may be well to include at this point a word as to the extent to which
measures in the various States may be considered specific and
complete.
As a basis for determining how far these regulations present a
general compliance with such a standard, the points discussed in
the first section of this report were used, and the requirements of the
States were carefully considered with these points in mind.
Ten States were found to have comprehensive and detailed requirements. Provision of such requirements was made by the labor
authority in 9 of these-in California, Massachusetts, New York,
Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin by rules promulgated as authorized
by statute;22 in Connecticut, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Tennessee by recommendations adopted and used, at least in New Jersey,
as the regular standards for inspection. In the tenth State-Mainethe rules were adopted by the health authority, under a statute conferring that power, and they are used by the labor department in
its inspections.
While most of the standards fixed vary in the different State ,
and while the establishments covered also vary-to an extent that
has been discussed-the regulations in effect in each of these 10 States
cover, with provisions that are fairly specific in most cases, the
following points_:
.Speoifi,ca,tion of a ratio.-None specify for all women the 1 to 15 r ecommended
by the Women's Bureau. Tennessee recommends 1 t o 12.
Looation in relatiori to workrooms/ that is, the workrooms of per sons for
whose use they are intended.
Privaoy.-Separate toilets for the sexes, with designated and scr eened
entranc-es, and separate compartments.
Construction regulations, including types of walls, compartments, and fixtures.
V entilation.-Each State specifies that artificial ventilation is to be provided
when the specified natural ventilation is lacking; California, Connecticut, and
Pennsylvania are less specific than the other seven States.
Lighting.-Intensity of illumination is specified in all but Connecticut, Maine,
North Carolina, and Tennessee, which require, however, that artificial light
be provided and that all parts of the room must be plainly vi ible.
Mai ntenance.-Regular cleaning is required, though only California and North
Carolina specify how frequently.
•
In addition to the 10 States just discussed, 7 States and the District
of Columbia have fairly detailed regulations, although all in this
group omit some of the points enumerated or are too indefinite to be
effective on some points. In Kentucky, Minnesota, New Hampshire,
and Ohio administration is under the labor authority; in Marylanu
~nd Montana 23 it is under the health authority and applying only to
certain food-handling establishments; and in Alabama it is under
the child-welfare authority. Since none of these States includes in
clear and specific form all the necessary provisions, their regulations
vary considerably, and, in addition, the inclusiveness of their application varies; a matter that has been discussed.
Seventeen States have been considered, and six others (Arizona,
Georgia, Missi~sippi, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming) have no
requirements for toilets. The provisions in the remaining 2p apply
22 Rules having the force of law; for explanation of the status of such rnles see p. 18.
23 In connection with the latter, it will be remembered tbat tbe application is only to
canneries. (See p. 23,)
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'.rYPES OF REGULATIONS; ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED
27
only to certain of the important points, and in some cases their
terms are indefinite in addition. In at least 15 of these States 24
it would appear that the wording of the statute is sufficient to
enable the labor authority to specify a fairly comprehensive set of
definite standards. For example, requirements stated in such terms
as "sufficient," "suitable," "convenient," "properly lighted and
ventilated," and "kept clean," which never would be enforced uniformly without definition, could be made the basis of standards
covering ratio, location, etc. In a few States, commissions that
have been authorized by law to issue standards apparently have
not taken advantage of the opportunity to set high sta:p.dards of sanitation for the work places of the State.
24
Colorndo, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri,
Nebraska, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.
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tv
Part IV.-SUMMARY CHARTS OF REQUIREMENTS AS TO ADEQUACY, PRIVACY, AND
SANITATION OF TOILET FACILITIES
CHART
!.-Adequacy-State requirements as to number and location of toilet seats in establishments where women are employed
00
1
A. STATES IN WHICH A SPECIFIC RATIO HAS BEEN ADOPTED
State
Alabama ____________
Location convenient to
employees
Ratio required
1 to 20 workers
in small establishments. 1 to 30
workers in large establishments.
California ______ _____ 1 to 20 women and female
minors or majority fraction thereof up to 200
women; thereafter 1 to 30
women and female minors or fraction thereof.
Average number based
on number of women
and female minors employed during the peak
season of the establishment.
1 to 20 women ___ ________ _
Located on each floor
where workers are employed. Recommends a
number of small installations rather than 1
large one.
Not more than 1 floor
above or below work
place unless employees
permitted to use elevator.
Colorado ____________ 1 to20malesorless. 1 to 15
females or less.
On at least every second
floor.
Connecticut_ ________ 1 to 25 or fraction thereof
of employees up to 200.
1 to 30 when more than
200 employees are employed.
Delaware ____________ 1 to 15 where 15 or less females are employed. 1
to 25 where 15 or more
females are employed.
rot more than 300 feet
from regular place of
work unless permitted
to use elevators.
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L
Establishments covered
2
Source of authority
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Where minors are employed _________________ __ Standard adopted by the
child welfare department as authorized by
sec. 3520 for enforcing
the law.
Child welfare department.
Any occupation, trade, or industry except
motion-picture industry.
Industrial welfare commission order No. 18.
Department of industrial relations, division of industrial
welfare.
Motion-picture industry extras, i. e. , women
who act, sing, dance, or otherwise perform
at a wage of not more than $15 a day or $65
a week. Applies to women on location.
Workshop or manufactory. (Covers all places
of employment including office buildings.)
Industrial welfare commission order 1 o. 16---A.
Do.
Board of health regulation State board of health.
o. 73. (Known as the
plumbing code.)
Factories and mercant.ile establishments _____ _ Sanitary code recommended by the department of
labor and factory inspection.
Easily accessible ______ ___ _ Mercantile, mechanical, transportation, or
manufacturing establishment, laundry, baking, or printing establishment, dressmaking
establishment, place of amusement, telephone or telegraph office or exchange, hotel,
restaurant, or office in which females are employed.
Statute ___________ ___ __ ___ Labor commission.
District of Columbia_ 1 to 15 persons or less ______ ----------------- --- -------- Every store, warehouse, manufacturing estab- Plumbing regulations
adopted bytbe Commislishment, or other structure where workmen
sioners of the District.
or workwomen are or will be employed.
Illinois ______________ 1 to 30 males. I to 25 fe- Within reasonable access __ Factory, mercantile establishment, mill, or Statute ____________________
msles.
workshop. (Covers all places of employment
including office buildings.)
Indiana ____ ___ _______ 1 to 25 persons and 1 seat ---------------------------- Manufacturing or mercantile establishment, _____ do _____________________
for each fraction thereof
mine or quarry, laundry, renovating works,
above 10.
bakery, or printing office.
Iowa _______ ___ ______ 1 to 20 employees __________ ---------------------------- Every manufacturing, mercantile establish- _____ do _____ ______ __________
ment, workshop or hotel where 5 or more
persons are employed.
Kansas ______________ 1 to 20 females employed Convenient toilets _______ _ Manufacturing and mercantile establishments_ Industrial welfare orders
at one time or major
of the commission of labor and industry Nos. 2
fraction thereof.
and 3.
Kentucky ___________ 1 to 15 persons. 1 to 25 per- As near as possible to large Factories and workplaces ____ __________ ___ __ Recommendations of the
sons where large nummass of workers. Male
department of labor.
bers are employed.
and female may be accommodated on alternate floors.
1 to 25 men. 1 to 15 women_ Separate from room where Food-handling establishments ____________ __ ___ Recommendations of the
State board of health.
manufacturing process
is carried on.
Louisiana ____________ 1 to 25 employees ___ _____ __ Reasonable access ________ _ Where 5 or more young persons or women or 2 Statute ____________________
or more children, young persons, or women
are employed in factory, mill, manufactur•
ing establishment, workshop, warehouse,
mercantile establishment or store, mine and
packing house, hotel, restaurant, laundry,
millinery, or dressmaking establishment,
theater, concert ball, any place of amusement
where intoxicating liquors are made or sold,
bowling alley, and bootblacking establishment, elevators, transmission of messages or
merchandise or any other occupation deemed
unhealthful or dangerous.
Maine _______________ 1 to 15 persons and chang- Not more than 1 floor Factories and mercantile establishments ____ _ Industrial code of the
ing ratio up to 1 to 30
above or below unless
State department of
permitted to use elevahealth .
for more than 190 emtors. Recommends locaployees.
tion on same floor if possible and a number of
small rather than a few
large installations.
Maryland ___________ 1 to 20 women or fraction
All places of employment_ ____________________ Plumbing code of the
(3)
thereof. 1 to 25 men or
State board of health.
fraction thereof.
For footnotes see end of chart.
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Commissioners of the
District.
Department of labor.
Industrial board, department of women
and children.
Commissjoner of labor.
Commission of labor
and industry.
Commissioner of labor
and industrial statistics and city factory
inspector of board of
health.
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CHART
!.-Adequacy-State requirements as to number and location of toilet seats in establishments where women are employed 1-Continued
C>.j
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A. STATES IN WHICH A SPECIFIC RATIO HAS BEEN ADOPTED-Continued
H
State
Ratio required
Massachusetts__ __ ___ 1 to 25 persons or fraction
thereof.
Michigan ____________
Minnesota _______ ____
Montana________ ____
Nebraska ____________
New Hampshire _____
New Jersey ________ __
New York__________ _
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Location convenient to
employees
Establishments covered
2
Source of authority
Not more than 300 feet Factories, workshops, bakeries, mechanical es- Regulations issued by the
division of industrial
from regular place of
tablishments, laundries, foundries, tenework of employees unment-house workrooms, and all other buildsafety of the departless permitted to use eleings where manufacturing is carried on, and
ment oflabor and indusvators.
mercantile establishments.
tries.
1 to 25 persons employed __ Reasonable acc;ess ________ _ Manufacturing establishment, workshop, ho- Statute ___________________ _
tel, or store in which 5 or more persons are
employed, and every institution in which 2
or more children, young persons, or women
are employed. (Covers office buildings.)
1 to 20 for 100 persons or Convenient and easily ac- Every place of employment_ _____ __ _____ ____ _ _____ do __ _________________ __
less and changing ratio
cessible from all places
up to 1 to 40 for more
where persons are emthan 1,000.
ployed.
Foundries ___ _______ ____________________ ____ __ __ ___do _________________ ___
1 to 10 for 10 or less and
changing ratio up to 1 to
25 for more than 80
women.
1 to 20 employees__ _______ ____ ______ ________________ __ Canneries_-----------------------------____ ___ State board of health regulation No. 81.
1 for 20 persons or less of Reasonable access _______ __ Factory, mill, workshop, mercantile or me- Statute __________ ___ __ ____
&ither sex.
chanical establishment or other building
where one or more persons are employed.
1 to 25 persons or fraction
Factories, mills, workshops, or other manufac- Standard No. 5 issued by
thereof.
the commissioner or
turing or mercantile establishments in which
labor.
3 or more persons are regularly employed.
(Covers all places of employment, including
office buildings.)
1 to 20 for 100 or less and Easily accessible ____ : ___ __ Manufacturing and mercantile establishments_ Standards recommended
changing ratio up to 1 to
by the bureau of hygiene
40 for 1,000 to 5,000 emand sanitation of the deployees.
partment of labor.
1 to 15 persons and chang- Not more than 1 floor Factories in all towns, mercantile establish- Industrial code of the ining ratio up to 1 to 30 for
above or below unless
dustrial board.
ments, restaurants, telegraph, or messenger
more than 190 employees.
permitted to use elevacompany in towns of 3,000 or more populators. Recommends lotion, and stations, terminals, or car barns
where women employees of a street, surface,
cation on same floor if
possible and a number of
electric, subway, or elevated railroad report
small rather than a few
for duty and elevator operators in buildings
where freight or passenger elevators are operlarge installations.
ated.4
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Department of labor
and industries, division of industrial
safety.
Department of labor
and industry.
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North Carolina _____ _ 1 to 9 and changing ratio
up to 1 to 25 in places
where 80 to 125 persons
are employed.
Ohio ______________ --- 1 for every 25 females or
less and on in same ratio.
1 for every 25 persons_____
1 to 25 males or fraction
thereof. 1 to 20 females
or fraction thereof.
Oregon _____________ _ 1 to 20 women or minors or
majority fraction thereof.
1 to 20 women ____________ _
Pennsylvania________ 1 for every 25 females___ ___
1 to 10 and changing ratio
up to 1 to 25 in places
where 80 to 125 persons
are employed, and thereafter at the rate of 1 for
every 45 or fraction
thereof.
(This ratio
does not supersede that
given above.) See State
summary.
Rhode Island_______ _ 1 to 25 when not more than
that number of persons
are employed. 1 to 40 or
majority fraction thereof
when more than 25 persons are employed.
Tennessee __________ _ 1 to 12 persons or fraction
thereof.
Te~--------------- 1 }~~~ ::ales and 1 to 20
1
Wisconsin ___________ 1 to 20 persons or fraction
thereof, of either sex.
For footnotes see end of chart,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
All manufacturing establishments and other Recommendations of the
State child welfare combusinesses employing more than 2 males and
mission.
females in towns of 1,000 or more population.
(Exclusive of 9 counties.)
On same floor or on floor All places where females are employed ___ ____ _ Statute_____ __________ _____ Chief inspector of workshops and factories.
immediately above or
below.
Located inside or at least Tenement, dwelling, or building used for _____ do ___ __________ ______ _
Do.
making wearing apparel or manufacturing
20 feet u;om the building.
cigars, cigarettes, and tobacco goods.
On same floor or on floor Workshops, factories, mercantile and office Special requirements isDo.
sued by the department
buildings.
immediately above or
of industrial relations.
below.
Convenient toilets ________ Any establishment where women or minors State welfare commis- State welfare commisare employed.6
sion order No. 22.
sion.
Except in packing houses Hop yard, berry field, orchard, or packing State welfare comruisDo.
~ion order No. 49.
house where women or minors are employed.
must be in separate
building from the men's
toilets.
Accessible_________________ Establishments employing females____ _____ ___ Statute_._________________ Department of labor
and industry.
Not more than 1 floor Factories. (Does not apply to laundries or Regulations for industrial
Do.
restaurants which frequently are covered by
above or below, unless
sanitation adopted by
this term.)
the department of labor
use of elevators perand industry.
mitted. Shall not communicate with room in
which food is handled.
Factory, manufacturing, or mercantile establishments.
Not more than · 300 feet
from regular place of
work unless permitted
to use elevators.
On each occupied floor if
possible, especially in
factories.
Statute____________________ Factory inspection department.
Manufacturing and mercantile establishments_ Recommendations of the
department of labor.
Factory, mill, workshop, mercantile establish- Statute __________________ _ Commissioner of labor
ment, laundry, or other establishment.
statistics.
All places of employment_ ____________________ General orders on sanita- Industrial
commistion adopted by the
sion, safety
and
industrial commission.
sanitation
department.
CHART
!.-Adequacy-State requirements as to number and location of toilet seats in establishments where women are employed 1-Continued
B. STATES HAVING INDEFINITE REQUIREMENTS AS TO RATIO
State
Ratio required
Location convenient to
employees
Establishments covered
2
Source of authority
Arkansas ____________ Sufficient, and having re- ------- -- ------------------- Any trade, occupation, or business _____ ~------ State board of health regulation No. 323.
gard to the number employed.
Idaho ______________ __ Ample and sufficient_ _____ Separate from compart- All slaughtering, packing, meat canning, salt- Statute ____________________
men ts in which carcasses
ing, rendering, or similar establishments.
are dressed, etc.
Missouri__ ___________ Sufficient number _________ Reasonable access ________ _ Factory where 3 or more persons are employed _____ do _____________________
or workshop where 3 or more children, young
persons, or women are employed. (Covers
office buildings.)
Oklahoma___________ Adequate ________________ _ ______ ____ ___ _____ ___ ____ __ _ Manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile es- _____ do ________ _____________
tablishment or workshop, laundry, printing
office, dressmaking or millinery establishment, hotel, restaurant, or theater or telegraph or telephone establishment and office
or any other establishment employing females. (Banks not covered.)
South Carolina _____ _ Sufficient number ____________________________________ _ Factory, mercantile, or other establishment or _____ do ___ ___ __.____________ _
office where 2 or more males and 2 or more
females are employed together.
Vermont_____________ Adequate ____________________________________________ _ Food handling establishments ________________ _ _____ do ___ _____ __ _____ __ ___ _
Virginia _____________ Sufficient number _________ Reasonable access ________ _ Establishments in which 5 or more persons _____ do ____________________ _
are employed, and every factory, workshop,
mercantile or other establishment, or office,
in which 2 or more children under 18 years
of
age or women are employed.6
West Virginia_______ Sufficient_ ____________ _____________________________ ___ _ Factory,
mercantile establishment, mill, or _____ do____________________ _
workshop. (Covers all places of employment including office buildings.)
Administering agency
(i3ee p . 4)
State board of health.
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Department of labor
and industrial inspection.
Commissioner of labor.
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State board of health .
Commissioner of labor
in the department of
labor an<! industry .
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For complete details in regard to each State, see summaries on pp. 33 to 83. In Connecticut, Kentucky, New Jersey, North Ca,rolina, and Tennessee the locations and ratios
listed are the recommended standards. In Alabama the law covers only establishments employing minors. The following States have no laws on the subject of toilets : Arizona,
Georgia, Mississippi, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; in addition the following States have no requirements as to ratio and location: Florida, Nevada, North Dakota, South
Dakota, and W asbington.
2 In view of the increasing numbers of women in clerical occupations, the question of facilities in office buildings seems important. On this account, any definite information that
was available as to their being covered or not covered bas been added in this column.
3 The regulation for all places makes no requirement for location of toilet rooms. The law for food-handling occupations makes such stipulation but does not specify a ratio,
therefore this has not been included.
4 In factories and mercantile establishments structural changes and alterations are required only where 6 or more persons are employed.
6 Where less than 4 women are employed the State welfare commission may release the employer from compliance with the requirements of order No. 22.
e Does not apply in office buildings used exclusively for offices, if separate toilets are conveniently accessible. Enforced in stores and office buildings in towns and cities of 5,000
or less at discretion of commissioner.
1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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CHART
II.-State requirements as to privacy of toilet facilities in establishments employing women
Privacy for each sex
State
Designation of en•
trances
Separation of toilets for each sex
1
Privacy for individuals
Requirements as to screening of entrances to toilet rooms
Requirements as to construe- Requirements as to inclosure of toilet seats in comtion of partitions between
partments
~1~~~~to!~t~~ns used by
Requirements as t o separation of toilet rooms from
workroom
E stablishments covered 2
Source of aut hority
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Alabama ____ ...... Required- ........ Required -- . •····· E ffectively screened by partition or Suitable water-closets 3• • • - -. Suitable water•closets 3•••• - . Suitable water-closets a-.-· -· Where minors are employed ......... . ... Statuto.-.-·•········ · ·· Child welfare department.
vestibule.
Do .. •-········ ··········· ······-·· . ··-·········-· · · ·- · · - -· ··--·- -·- ········ · ··· · -- ······ -··· -·- ··- · ·· · ·-- -·---- -- -----·----··-·····-· -· ---·· ----· - -·· -· · ·-··-········ Stores and shops where girls or women ...... do . _··· · -·· · ····-·-· No department desig•
nated.
are employed as clerks or saleswomen.
Arkansas .. •-····-· ·-·· .do .. -· · ..... . . •·-··· · ...... -....... . .. -· •···-··· · · •··- ··- ·-- ··- · · · ········ •··· · · -···· · ·· · · · ·· · · · ·· ·-·· -- • · ··········· ·····- · -· ····· -·· --· •·· ······ ·· · ········· · ·-··· F~t~isb~~n~~ct~ ;nJ ~~:b!t~:e~~; ..... do __·· ·- ··-·· -· -· · · · Commissioner of labor.
1
Do . . · -······-· Suitable privy ac•
commodations.a
Suitable privy accommodations
3••• •••
Suitable privy accommoda• Suitable privy accommoda•
tions. 2
tions. 3
Suitable privy accommoda•
tions. 3
more men and women are employed.
(Office buildings not covered.)
Any trade, occupation, or business ...... State board of health
regulation No. 323.
State board of health.
C alifornia_-· ..... . .. . .. do ........ --.. Required ......... .. .. . ... .. .. . .. ..... . . ........... . ..... .... ........ .•..... . .............. . ........... . ......... . .... . .... . ..... .. . . . ............ __ Factory, workshop, mercantile, or other St.atute . _-·- -· ·· · ... ... . Department of industrial
establishment where 5 or more persons
relations, division of
are employed. (Office buildings covlabor statistics and law
ered .)
enforcement.
Each seat to be in a separate Toilet rooms to be complete- Any occupation, trade, or industry in Industrial welfare com• Department of industrial
Required where 5 Required where 5 Doors to be so located or protected by
compartment provided
ly partitioned off from
fixed solid screen that no watcr•closet
which women or minors are employed
relations, division of
mission order No. 18.
or more persons
or more persons
with a door. Dimensions
workroom.
compartment shall be visible from
except the motion•picture industry,
industrial welfare.
are employed.
are employed.
of compartments specified;
adjoining room.
height of partition between
compartments and clearance between bottom of
partition and floor, etc.
To be screened between
Do.
Motion-picture industry-Extras on lo- Industrial welfare com•
seats and in front.
mission order No.
cation. Women and minors. (Re•
16-A.
quirements for toilets on studio lots
are those of the sanitary order of the
commission.)
Colorado...... . . .. Required.......... Required ......•. - Properly screened __ ..•..•.... . .. ... . . . . . ..... ...........•..•. . .... .. ............ · ···· · · · ·- ... . ......... . . __ . · ···- ..... . . . . . .. . _. Fact.ory, workshop, office, bakery, laun• Statute __ · ·· · ··-· · ·. . .. . Bureau of labor statistics
department of factory
dry, store, hotel or other building in
inspection.
which 4 or more persons are employed.
(Office buildings not inspected.)
Separate and apart from Food-handling establishments..... . .. . . .... . . do __ ·· --·-·-·-·----· State board of health,
room where process of prodivision of food and
duction is carried on.
drugs.
Do•••••............ do ... . ........ ........ .... . · -·· ....... . ...... . ..... . .. . ..... . ............... ..... . . . . .. ........ . .... . ... . . . . ... . . . . . . ...... . . ... . ..... ... . . .... . Workshop or manufactory. (CoveN all Board of health regnla• State board of health.
places of employment including office
tion No. i3. (Known
buildings.)
as the plumbing code.)
lV[anufacturing, mechanical, and mer- Statute .-· ··· · ····- · · -- · Commissioner of labor
Connecticut. .. . . .. . . ... do._ .......... . . . . . do ._ . ..... . . . . Arranged to secure reasonable privacy Partition solidly constructed
from floor to ceiling when
cantile establishments, and public resfor both sexes employed.
and factory inspection.
accommodations for both
taursnts. (Office buildings covered.)
sexes adjoin.
Do............ .. . .. do .. ... ...... . In existing installations, toilet roorris Partitions separating com• Detailed specifications given Outside partitions of toilet Factories and mercantile establishments. Sanitary code recomfor compartments, size,
partments tL'led by the two
rooms and compartments
opening directly into workrooms to
mended by the de•
height of walls, etc.
~exes to extend to the ceilto extend to the ceiling or
have entrances screened by a vesti•
partment of labor and
ing, to be of solid plaster or
bule or stationary screen to height of
ro~m to be independently
factory inspection.
celled over; a hove the level
metal covered and without
at least 6 feet and of sufficient \vidth
any door or opening be•
of 6 feet translucent but
to prevent a view of the interior of
tween.
not transparent glass may
the compartment or toilet room.
be used.
When entrances to toilets used by
different sexes are within IO feet of
each other, to be separated by a stationP.ry T•shaped or L-shaped screen
between them and in front of the
doors. In new installations every
compartment should be located in
a toilet room or built with a vestibule and door.
Delaware .. .. ...... Required where 4 ...•. do ...•........ Suitable water-closets or privies a.. .. . . Suitable water-closets or Suitable water-closets or Suitable water-closets or Mercantile, mechanical, transportation, Statute ._ · · -·-··-· · · · · . . Labor commission
privies.a
privies. a
privics.3
or manufacturing establishment,
persons
more
or
laundry, baking, printing, or dress•
llre employed.
making establishment, place of amusement, telephone or telegraph office or
exchange, hotel, restaurant, or office
in which females are employed.
District of Co- Required . (Sep• ... . ......•.•.•..• · - .•. -··. ·-- .••.. -... · ·-·-... -· -· -- -. . - . -. .. . -..... - -•...• •·-· .......... -• • • • -• • • • •· •. •. -. •- ... . -. .... . . -.. -.. -• •- . . --. - . - . - - -- . - - - - Store, factory, workshopi or other struc- Order of Commissioners Commissioners of the
District .
of the District.
ture or place of emp oyment where
arate privies for
lumbia .
workmen or workwomen are emmale and feployed for wages.
m a l e employees.)
Do.
Required .... __-· ..•. ·-· _•. ·-......•... ........... . ........ ......... . .... .......... · -. . .. ·-. · -- . . • ..... . - . - -. Specifications given for Toilet room to be inclosed Any building or establishment.·- ······· Plumbing regulations
within a tight partition.
adopted by the Com•
height of compartment
missioners of the Diswalls, size of comparttrict.
ments, etc.
123908°-33 (Face p. 32.) No . 1
For footnotes see o. 6.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I
CHART II.-State requirements as to privacy of toilet facilities in establishments employing women 1-Continued
Privacy for each sex
St.ate
Separation of toi•
lets for each sex
Designation of en·
trances
Requirements as to screening of en•
trances to toilet rooms
Privacy for individuals
Requirements as to construe- Requirements as to inclo•
tion of partitions between
sure of toilet seats in com•
partments
~Ylr~~:to!~~ins used by
Requirements as to separa•
tion of toilet rooms from
workroom
Florida .. ... . .... . . Required . . ... .... Suitable and Properly screened. _. ---·-··--·--·-··.. Suitable and proper water• Suitable and proper water• Suitable and proper water•
closets.3
closets.a
closets.3
proper water•
closets.a
Idaho ..... ... .... . . .. . . . . . . .... . ............... . ......... . • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · - - -· · · · -· - - -· -· -· -· · · · · · -· -· · · -· · -· · · -· -· · · · -- · Separate from compart•
ments in which carcasses
are dressed, etc.
Illinois.-······ ·· ·- Required .. -...... _ Required ..... . . _.. Constructed in an approved manner Constructed in an approved Constructed in an approved Constructed in an approved
and properly inclosed .3
manner and properly in•
manner and properly in•
manner and properly inclosed.a
closed.a
closed .3
Indiana ................. do ...•. ....... . Suitable and
proper water•
closets.a
Properly screened ........... . ..... . _.. Suitable and proper water•
closets.a
Required that toilet seats
be inclosed in compart•
ments for which specific
dimensions are given.•
Iowa ...... ... ·· · -· ..... do ..... ........ '· · .............. ···- . . ... do ........ ··-·- .. ·- ... .. .... _.. _... _.. ............ . ....... . . ..... . . . -· ··- .. __ .. -·-- ........ __ ..
Kansas .. . .... . ....... _.do ........... . . Required ...•...... Properly screened and not entered by
a common approach.
Do ................................ ·· ·· ···-·······--········-··········· · ·· Suitable toilets. a··--· · ····-· Suitable toilets. a...... . ......
Kentucky ..•........... do.•........... Entrances en•
tirely distinct
and separate.
Properly screened................ ..... Rooms entirely separate..... Suitable and proper water•
closets.a
/
For footnotes see No. 6.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Partitions between rooms
used by different sexes to
extend from floor to ceiling
with no direct connection
and to be at least 2½
inches thick. In existing
installations, wooden partitions to be covered with
metal or tile to height of at
least 7 feet.
Detailed specification given
as to size of compartments,
height of walls, doors of
compartments, etc. Com•
partments used by women
to have door not less than
48 inches high and not less
than 60 inches from floor.
Doors to have latches.
All manufacturing establishments where
persons under 16 are employed.
Source of authority
Separate from room where
process of production is
carried on.
Outside partitions to be of
solid construction extend•
ing from floor to ceiling or
independently ceiled over.
May be of translucent but
not transparent glass
above level of 6 feet.
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Statute...... . ....... ___ . State labor inspector.
All slaughtering, packing, meat-canning, . ... . do.................. _ Department
salting, rendering, or similar estab•
lishments.
Factory, mercantile establishment, mill, . . . .. do ....... ·--··-······
or workshop. (Covers all places of
employment including office build·
ings.)
Suitable and proper water- Manufacturing or mercantile establish· ..... do...................
closets.a
ment, mine or quarry, laundry, ren•
ovating works, bakery, or printing
office.
___ ... .. . .... . ............... . Every manufacturing, mercantile es• __. __ do ...................
tablishment, workshop, or hotel where
5 or more persons are employed.
Laundries (includes dyeing, dry-clean- Industrial welfare order
of the commission of
ing, and pressing establishments).
labor and industry,
No.1.
Suitable toilets. a...... . ...... Manufacturing and mercantile establish- Industrial welfare orders
ments.
of the commission of
labor and industry,
Nos. 2 and 3.
Suitable and proper water• Every person, firm, or corporation em- Statute................. .
closets.a
ploying females.
Suggests t h a t
Closets inclosed in individ•
males and fe•
ual stalls.
males may be
accommodated
on alternate
•
floors.
Recommended .... Recommended .... . . ... · ···-·-- -·------ ·-·-·-·--· _________ ·-·-·-·--------------------- .. . . . . . . ...... .. . . .. ......... . .. Separate from room where
process of production is
carried on.
Louisiana.......... Required ....... ~.. Required...... .... Proper water-closets or privies. a...... _ Proper water-closets or Proper water-closets or Proper water•closets or
privies.a
privies.3
privies.a
Maine •................. do ••••.••........... do............. Water-closet seats not to be visible
from place where workers of other
sex work or pass even when door is
open and doors to have effective self.
closing device. For existing instal•
lations the entrances to toilet rooms
opening into workroom to be
screened by vestibule or screen to
height of at least 6 feet; screen to be
2 feet wider than door . If entrances
to toilets for different sexes are within 10 feet of each other, a T-shaped or
L-shaped screen 6 feet high to be
placed between. In new installa•
tions entrances to be remote from
one another and toilets to be in compartments or the toilet rooms built
with vestibule and door.
E stablish:nents covered 1
welfare.
of public
Department of labor.
Industrial board, depart•
ment of women and
children.
Commissioner of labor.
Commission of labor and
industry.
Do.
Bureau of agriculture,
labor, and statistics,
department of labor.
Food-handling establishments .... . .. . .. . . .... do_···-·· -········· · - State board of health.
Factories and work places........ . ...... Recommendations of
the department of
labor.
Food•handling establishments .......... . Recommendation of
the State board of
health.
Where 5 or more young persons or Statute........ _·-_. ___ .
women or 2 or more children, young
persons, or women are employed in
factory, mill, manufacturing estab•
lishment, workshop, warehouse, mercantile establishment or store, mine,
packing house, hotel, restaurant,
laundry, millinery or dressmaking establishment, theater, concert hall, or
in or about any place of amusement
where intoxicating liquors are made or
sold, bowling alleys, boot.blacking establishments, elevators, transmission
of messages or merchandise, or any
other occupation deemed unhealthful
or dangerous.
Factories and mercantile establish• Industrial code of the
ments .
State department of
health.
123908°-33
Commissioner of labor
and industrial sta•
tistics, and city factory
inspector of board o
health.
State department
health.
(Facep. 32.)
No. 2
0
CHART II.-State requirements as to privacy of toilet facilities in establishments employing women 1-Continued
Privar.y for individuals
Privacy for each sex
State
Separation of toilets for each sex
Designation of entrances
Requirements as to screening of entrances to toilet rooms
Requirements as to construe- Requirements as to inclotion of partitions between
sure of toilet seats in com~ii~r:!~toie~,~~ns used by
partments
Requirements as to separation of toilet rooms from
workroom
Maryland.________ Required.____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ----------------------------- Separate or partitioned from
the room where production is carried on.
o0 ______ ______
Source of authority
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Food•handling establishments........... Statute __ ._ ... --····.... State department
health.
of
Do.
All places of employment _______________ Plumbing code of the
State board of health.
Factories, workshops, bakeries, me- Statute ___ -------------- Department of labor and
industries, division of
chanical establishments, laundries,
industrial safety_
foundries, tenement·house workrooms, all other buildings where manufacturing is carried on, and mercantile
establishments.
Do.
Inclosing walls, to be sub- _.... do_ ._ -· __ ·-------------_·-------- ... Regulations issued by
division of industrial
stantially constructed and
safety
of
department
designed to insure privacy.
of labor and industries.
_____ _________ ______ --------------- ------------ -------- ----- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------------------------- - - -
Massachusetts __________ do. _______ ____ Required _________ According to rules and regulations
adopted by the department of labor
and industries.
According to rules and regu·
lations adopted by the
department of labor and
industries.
According to rules and regulations adopted by the
department of labor and
industries.
In new installations (after Dec. 31,
1914) compartments to be located in
To extend from floor to
ceiling and be of solid
plaster or metal covered.
Compartments used by
females to have door at
least 42 inches high and
set 12 inches from floor,
having suitable fastener.
Detailed specification as
to size of compartments,
height of partitions, etc.,
of all installations made
after Dec. 31, 1914.
Proper water-closets or privies.a
toilet rooms or built with a vestibule.
In existing installations (before
Dec. 31, 1914) entrances to be
screened to height of at least 6 feet.
Michigan .... ___ ._. Required where 2
or more persons
1 of whom is a
female are employed.
Establishments covered 2
Required where 2
or more persons
1 of whom is a
female are employed.
Proper water-closets or privies a________ Proper water-closets or privies. a
Required _________ When toilet is not located in a separate
compartment within toilet room,
entrance must have screen of sufficient height and width to insure
privacy.
According to rules and regulations adopted by the
department of labor and
industries.
Proper water-closets or pri vies. 3
Manufacturing establishment, work- Statute ... ·-·---·-·----· Department of labor and
shop, hotel or store in which 5 or more
industry.
persons are employed and every
institution in which 2 or more children, young persons, or women are
employed. (Covers office buildings.)
Every place of employment ............... -.. do .. _-·---·-·---·--· Industrial COIIl.IIllss10n,
division of women and
children.
When toilet is not located Outside partition to be of
in a separate compartsolid construction extendment within toilet room,
ing from floor to ceiling or
entrance must be screened.
independentlyceiled over;
may be opaque or translucent but not transparent.
Required. ___________ ___ ____________ ___ _.. ___ ___ ... ___________________________ .......... _. ____ . ___ ------ ---- ------- --- ---- ------ - ----- --- - --. -- --- -- ------ -- ---- --- ----- Foundries .. ...... -........................ -.. do_ .. ··-·····---·-·Do.
Missouri. _____ . ________ do ___ ____________ __ .. __ ----------- ____ .. ___ .... _.. ______ . ___ . __ . _____________ . ___ .. ____ . ______________________________________________
.. _______________________ ____ _ Manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, ___ .. do ... -·············· Department. of labor and
industrial inspection.
and other establishment where per•
sons of both sexes are employed.5
(Covers office buildings.)
Do ____________ Required ____ _____ Proper water-closets, earth closets, or Proper water-closets, earth Proper water-closets, earth Proper water-closets, earth Factory where 3 or more persons are em- .. -.. do .. - -··········-···
Do.
closets, or privies.a
privies.a
closets, or privies.a
closets, or privies.3
ployed or workshop where 3 or more
children, young persons, or women are
employed. (Covers office buildings.)
Montana ............... do . . -· -····-·· .................... Doors arranged so that seats can not ··-·····················- ..... Each seat preferably in a ··----·········-·-·--······-·- Canneries . .... ............. _.... _... .. -· State board of health State board of health.
be seen from outside.
regulation No. 81.
separate compartment;
partition not less than 5½
feet high and at least 1 foot
above floor. Doors to be
self-closing.
Nebraska ............... do .. _-- -······ Required_.·-····· Properly inclosed.a The department Properly inclosed.s The Properly inclosed.a The de- Properly inclosed. 3 The de- Factory, mill, workshop, mercantile or Statute __ --·-··········· Department of labor.
of labor may require such change as
department of labor may
partment of labor may
mechanical establishment, or other
partment of labor may
"may serve to the best interest of
require such changes as
building where one or more persons are
require such changes as
require such changes as
morals and sanitation."
"may serve to the best
employed.
"may serve to the best
"may serve to the best
interest of morals and
interest of morals and
interest of morals and
sanitation."
sanitation."
sanitation."
Nevada .. _........ ····-do_._ ......... ···-·do. - _-··· ...................... _........................... _. _........ _.................. ___ ...... _..... _·-·- .... _____ ......... . _... _... _...... . Any person, firm, association, or cor- . ... . do_._·-·--·····-···· Commissioner of labor.
poration employing 5 or more males
and 3 or more females, except those
located in office buildings where toilet
rooms are reasonably accessible in the
building.
New Hampshire ... Proper facilities Proper facilities Proper facilities and reasonably Proper facilities and reason• Proper facilities and reason- Proper facilities and reason- Factories, mills, workshops, or other
Do.
and reasonably
and reasonably
sanitary and hygienic conditions.a
ably sanitary and hygienic
ably sanitary and hygienic
ably sanitary and hygienic
manufacturing or mercantile estabsanitary and hysanitary and hyconditions.a
conditions.a
conditions.a
lishments in which 3 or more persons
gienic condigienic condiare regularly employed. (Covers all
tions. a
tions. a
places of employment including office
buildings.)
Required _________ Required ........ . Entrances, when located in part of To be metal-clad and e.:::- . . .. . . ... - -- .... ·- ·-·. _. _....... _.................... -... _.......
Do .
do._ .... _.-· .. __ .. -. -. ·-. --· -. -- ... . Standard No. 5, issued
building frequented by both men
by the commissioner
tended to the floor.
and women, to be vestibuled or
of labor.
fitted with slatted doors, neither of
them less than 6 feet high and with·
in 4 inches of floor. Recommends
rearrangement in case compartments for males and females are
situated within the same toilet
room or vestibule and does not permit this in new installations.
For footnotes see No. 6.
123908°-33 (Face p_ 32.) No. 3
Minnesota.~------- Separate where 5
or more of opposite sexes are
employed.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Soundproof partitions; neither transparent nor translucent nor having any
opening between rooms
used by the different sexes.
CHART
II.-State requirements as to privacy of toilet facilities in establishments employing women 1-continued
Privacy for each sex
State
Separation of toilets for each sex
Designation of entrances
New Jersey ____ __ __ Required ____ _____ Suitable waterclosets.a
Requirements as to screening of entrances to toilet rooms
Privacy for individuals
Requirements a~ to conS t ruc- Requirements as to inclotion of partitions between
sure of toilet seats in comused by
partments
~?~~~gt!~~ins
Properly screened _______ __ ____________ Suitable waler-closets
3_____ _
Requirements as to separation of toilet rooms from
workroom
Establishments covered 2
Source of authority
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Statute __ __ __ ____ ____ ____ Department of labor,
bureau of hygiene, sanitation, and mine inspection.
_____ do _________ ____________ _____----- ---_ Standards recommended by the bureau of
hygiene and sanitation of the department
oflabor.
Suitable water-closets a______ Suitable water-closets ~-- ____ Manufacturing and mercantile establishments. (Office buildings not covered.)
Do ________ ____ Required ________ __ Recommends that when water-closet
is not placed in a separate screened
compartment within a toilet room ,
a 6-foot screen be placed at the entrance to the toilet room, within 9
inches of floor and not less than
2 feet wider than door if space permits.
New York _________ _____ do _________ __ __ Constructed in ac- Constructed in accordance with rules
cordance with
of the ind us trial board.
rules of the industrial board.
Soundproof partitions
neither transparent nor
transluc.ent nor having
any opening are to be at
least 2 inches thick.
Water-closets to be placed
in separate compartments
for which detailed specifications are given as to size,
height of walls, materials,
etc. Must have door.
Outside partitions of solid
construction extending to
ceiling or independently
ceiled over, opaque or
translucent but not transparent.
Constructed in accordance
with rules of the industrial
board.
Constructed in accordance
with rules of the industrial
board.
Do___ __________ Required _________ _ Water-closet seats not to be visible
from place where workers of other
sex work or pass even when door is
open and doors to have effective selfclosing device. For existing installations the entrances to toilet rooms
opening into workroom to be
screened by vestibule or screen to
height of at least 6 feet. Screen to be
2 feet wider than door. If entrances
to toilets for different sexes are within 10 feet of each other a T-shaped or
L-shaped screen 6 feet high to be
placed between. In new installations entrances to be remote from
one another and toilets to be in compartments or toilet rooms to have
vestibule and door.
North Carolina ____ Required but does Required but does
not apply when
not apply when
facilities are not
facilities are not
on premises.
on premises.
Partitions between rooms
used by different sexes to
extend from floor to ceiling
with no direct connection
and to be at least 2½ inches thick. In existing installations wooden partitions to be covered with
metal or tile to height of at
least 7 feet.
Detailed specifications given
as to size of compartments,
height of walls, doors of
compartments, etc. Compartments used by women
to have door not less than
48 inches high, top not less
than 60 inches from floor.
Doors to have latches.
Factories in all towns; mercantile estab- Statute__________________ Commissioner of labor.
lishments, restaurants, telegraph or
messenger company in towns of 3,000
or more population; and stations, terminals, or car barns where women
employees of a street, surface, electric,
subway, or elevated railroad report for
duty and elevator operators in buildings where freight or passenger elevators are operated.&
Outside partitions to be of _____ do ________ --- - ------- - ___________ -- -- Industrial code of the
Do.
solid construction extendindustrial board.
ing from floor to ceiling or
independently ceiled over.
May be of translucent but
not transparent glass
above level of 6 feet.
Screens placed to obstruct any view of
toilets and anchored in position.
Detailed specifications suggested for
size of screens, material from which
they should be made, etc.
Suitable toilets a __ Suitable toilets 3 _____________________ _
Constructed in accordance
with rules of the industrial board.
All manufacturing establishments and Statnte __________________ Child welfare commis•
other businesses employing more than
sion.
2 males and females in towns of 1,000 or
more population. (Exclusive of 9
counties.)
Detailed specifications given Recommends that outside ___ __do _____ ________ ________ _____________ _ Recommendations of the
partitions extend from
as to size of compartments,
State child welfare
floor to ceiling. Detailed
height of partitions, and
commission for enforcspecifications as to matematerial. Door with latch
ing above statute.
rial to be used.
required.
Suitable toilets a ___________ _ Suitable toilets a ________ ___ _ Suitable toilets a __ _________ _ Public housekeeping, manufacturing, Minimum-wage depart- Workmen's compensamercantile, and laundry occupations;
tion bureau.
ment orders Nos. 1 to
telephone exchanges in towns of 1,800
5.
or more.
In buildings already erected,
toilet rooms for males and
females to be separated by
substantial walls or brick
or timber.
North Dakota ___ __ Where 3 or more
women employed (restriction does not apply to telephone).
Ohio _________ ____ __ Required _________ ____ ______ _________ _ Suitable toilet rooms a_ - - - ------ ------- Suitable toilet rooms a_______ Suitable toilet rooms a______ _ Suitable toilet rooms 3 _ ______ All places where females are employed____ Statute__ __ ______________ Chief inspector of workshops and factories.
Entrances screened and traveling dis- To be soundproof, extending Interior doors and partitions Of solid construction ex- All public or private institutions, sani- Statute.
(Plumbing Department of health,
tending to the ceiling or
code.)
tance not less than 20 feet between.
to ceiling.
tariums, hospitals, schools, prisons,
bureau of plumbing.
to be raised at least 6 inindependently ceiled over;
factories, workshops or places where
ches above floor. • o room
the upper part may be of
men, women, or children are or might
containing water-closets to
translucent glass.7
be employed .
be less than 7 feet high.
When there are 10 -- - ----------------- Suitable arrangements for each sex 3 ____ Suitable arrangements for Suitable arrangements for Suitable arrangements for Tenement, dwelling, or building used Statute__________________ Chief inspector of workor more persons
each sex.a
shops and factories.
each sex. a
each sex.a
for making wearing apparel, or manuand 3 or more to
facturing cigars, cigarettes, and tobacthe number of
co goods.
25 are of either
sex separate
water-closets
must be provided for each
sex.
Required ____ ___ __ _ Required __ ________ Screened or secluded. Distance beWorkshops, factories, mercantile, and Special requirements isDo.
tween entrances not less than 20 feet
office buildings.
sued by the departand arranged so that females will
ment of industrial renot need to pass through parts of the
lations.
building occupied by males only.
For footnotes see No. 6.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
123908°-33
(Face p. 32.)
No. 4
CHART IL-State requirements as to privacy of toilet facilities in establishments employing women 1-Continued
Privacy for each sex
State
Separation of toiJets for each sex
Designation of entrance5
Requirements as to screening of entrances to toilet rooms
Privacy for individuals
Requirements as to construe- Requirements as to inclotion of partitions between
sure of toilet seats in com~T~~~gt~e~"Cti~ns used by
partments
Requirements as to separation of toilet rooms from
workroom
Establishments covered'
Source of authority
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Oklahoma___ ______ Required __________ ___ ___ __________________________ _________ _____________ ______ ___________________________ -- _ ___ __ _____ ___ ___ ____ ___________________________ ___ _____ ______ Every factory, manufacturing estab- Statute ____ ________ ______ Commissioner of labor.
lishment or workshop, where men
and women are employed. (Office
buildings not covered.)
Suitable toilet fa- Suitable toilet fa- Suitable toilet facilities 3___________ ___ _ Suitable toilet facilities 3__ _ _ _ Suitable toilet facilities 3____ _ Suitable toilet facilities 3____ _ :M anufacturing, mechanical or mercan- _____ do ____ ____ _-- -- _____ _
Do.
cillties.a
cilities.3
tile establishment or workshop, laundry printing office, dressmaking or
milfinery establishment, hotel, restaurant, or theater or telegraph or telephone establishment and office or
any other establishment employing
females. (Banks not covered.)
Oregon____________ Required____ __ ____ Suitable toilets 3_ _ Suitable toilets 3____________ ______ __ __ Suitable toilets 3_ _ _ _______ __ Suitable toilets 3_____ _____ _ __ Suitable toilets 3_____ ____ _ __ _ Any establishment where women or State welfare commis- State welfare commisminors are employed. B
sion.
sion order No. 22.
Do_____________ __ ________________ _ Except in packing houses,mustbein
Do.
Where possible a separate -- --------- - --- --- -- -- ---- -- -- Hop yard, berry field, orchard, or pack- State welfare commisseparate buildings from the men's
compartment for each seat.
ing house where women or minors are
sion order No. 49.
toilets.
employed.
Pennsylvania _______ ___ _do _____________ Suitable toilets 3 _ _ Entrance screened by partitions at Suitable toilets 3_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ Suitable toilets a_____ _______ _ Separated from workrooms Establishments employing females ____ __ Statute ______ ____ ___ _____ Department of labor and
least 6 feet high.
by partitions extending
industry.
from floor to ceiling.
Do ____________ Required ______ __ __ Vestibuled or screened entrances for Partitions between rooms Every closet hereafter to be Outside partitions to be of Factories. (Does not apply to laundries Regulations for indusDo.
installed in a compartused by different sexes
opposite sexes should be remote
solid construction or of
or restaurants which frequently are
trial sanitation adoptto extend from floor to
ment within a toilet room.
from each other but if within 10 feet
opaque or translucent but
covered by this term.)
ed by the department
of each other to have stationary Tceiling and to have no diHeight of compartment
not transparent material;
of labor and industry.
shaped or L-shaped screen placed
rect connection between.
door specified; also clearextending from floor to
between; dimensions of screen given.
In existing shops with
ance between bottom of
ceiling or independently
Door fitted with self-closing device.
high ceilings, rooms may
door and floor.
ceiled over.
be ceiled over at height of
at least 9 feet. Partitions
to be soundproof and of
materials not transparent nor translucent.
Rhode Island ______ ___ __do ____________ _ _____ do _____________ Built to insure privacy 3______________ _ Built to insure privacy 3____ _ Built to insure privacy 3____ Built to insure privacy 3_____ Factory, manufacturing or mercantile Statute __________________ Factory inspection deestablishments.
partment.
Do.
Must meet the requirements of health Must meet the require-. Must meet the require- Must meet the require- All places other than those listed above ___ __do___________________
ments of health and promen ts of health and proments of health and prowhere women and children are emand propriety according to the judgployed.
ment of inspectors.
priety according to the
priety according to the
priety according to the
judgment
of inspectors.
judgment ______
of inspectors.
judgment of_____
inspectors.
____________
__ ________ __ ___________
_____ _____ _ ______________
________ ___ Factory, mercantile or other establish- _____ do ___________________ Commissioner of agriSouth Carolina ________ _do ________ ________ __do ____ ______ _________ __________ ___________________ ___ __ ________
ment or office where 2 or more males
culture, commerce, and
and 2 or more females are employed
industries.
together.
South Dakota ________ __ do _______ _____ _ ______ ___ ___ _____ ___ __________________ ___ ____ _______ _____ ___ ______ ____ ______ ____ ______ _____ _______ ____ __ __ ____ _______ __________________ ______________ _ Factory,
mill, or workshop where wo- _____ do _____ _______ _______ State's attorney on commen, girls, or children are employed.
plaint.
(Mercantile establishments, office
buildings and restaurants not covered.)
Tennessee _______ -- ____ .do _____ ____ -- ___ __ -- _- - -- -- ____ --- - - -- -- --- -- - -- -- - - -_- -- -- -- -- -- ----- _-- __ -- -- --- ___ -- __ _______ -- ___ -- - _ ______ -- ______ ______ ___ ______ _ ___ _______________ ___ ________ _ Any manufacturing or mercantile busi- _____do __ ___ ___ ____ _______ Department of labor,
division of factory inness or establishment where females
spection.
are employed.
Recommended ____ Recommended ___ _ In new installations compartments To extend from floor to Compartments used by fe- Inclosing walls to be sub- Manufacturing and mercantile estab- Recommendations of deto be located in toilet rooms or built
ceiling and be of solid
males to have door at least
stantially constructed and
lishments.
partment of labor.
with a vestibule. In existing in42 inches high and set 12
designed to insure priplaster or metal covered.
stallations entrances to be screened
vacy.
inches from floor having
to height of at least 6 feet.
suitable fastener. Detailed
specifications as to size of
compartments, height of
partitions, etc., of all installations made.
Texas __ ____________ Required ____ ______ ---- -- -- - --- - -- ----- Constructed in an approved manner Constructed in an approved Constructed in an approved Constructed in an approved Factory, mill, workshop, mercantile es- Statute ____ ___ ______ __ ___ Commissioner of labor
and properly inclosed. 3
manner and properly inmanner and properly intablishment, laundry, or other estabstatistics.
manner and properly inclosed. s
closed.3
lishment.
closed.3
Vermont_ __ ___ ____ Proper, suitable Proper, suitable Proper, suitable toilets 3__ ______ ___ __ __ Proper, suitable toilets 3____ _ Proper, suitable toilets 3___ __ Proper, suitable toilets 3_____ Food-handling establishments _____ _____ _ _____ do __ __________ ___ ____ State board of health.
toilets.a
toilets -3
Virginia ___________ Required. (When Required ____ ______ ----------- ---- - -- - -- - ------- ---------- - To extend from floor to ceilEstablishments in which 5 or more per- ___ __do __ _____ ___ _________ Commissioner of labor
installed after
in the department of
ing.
sons are employed, and every factory,
July 1, 1922.)
labor and industry.
workshop, mercantile, or other establishment or office in which 2 or more
children under 18 years of age or women are employed. 9
Washington- ______ Required _____ __--- __ _______ ____________ _________ ______ ______ __ ______ __ ________ ________ ________________ ____ __ _____ ___ __ __ ___ _____ ___ ___ __ __ ______ _____ ____________ ______ _ Public housekeeping industry where Industrial welfare com- Department of labor and
industries.
mittee order No. 23 .
any female over the age of 18 years is
employed. 10
For footnotes see No. 6
123908°-33 (Face p. 32.) No. 5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHART IL-State requirements as to privacy of toilet facilities in establishments employing women 1-Continued
- Privacy for individuals
Privacy for each sex
State
Separation of toilets for each sex
Designation of entrances
Requirements as to screening of entrances to toilet rooms
Requirements as to construe- Requirements as to inclot ion of partitions between
sure of toilet seats in comaccom modations used by
partments
different sexe.s
Reriuirements as to sepamtion of toilet rooms from
workroom
Constructed in an approved
manner and properly inclosed.3
West Virginia ____ _ Required _____ ____ _ Required ______ ___ Constructed in an approved manner
and properly inclosed. 3
Constructed in an approved
manner and properly inclosed.3
Constructed in an approved
manner and properly inclosed. 3
Wisconsin ____ _____ Required.
(Ex- ____ _do_ - ---------- Separated by screens or otherwise, and
ception may be
where possible entrances to be at
madeoffirmsemleast 20 feet apart.
ploying not
more than 5 persons.)
In new installations (after
Sept. 15, 1914), partitions
separating toilets used by
the opposite sexes not to
be of wood but as nearly
soundproof as possible.
Detailed specifications given Toilet rooms to be comfor compartments, size,
pletely inclosed and so arheight, and material of
ranged as to insure privacy.
walls, etc., in which toilet
seats are to be placed.
Doors to open inward; to
have spring that keeps
them open when not in
use and need to be latched
when occupied.
1
Establishments covered i
Source of authority
Administering egency
(Seep. 4)
Factory, mercantile establishment, mill, Statute ______ ____ ________ Commissioner of labor_
or workshop. (Covers all places of
employment including office buildings.)
All plsces or employment_ __ __ __________ General orders on sanita- Industrial commlSS10n,
safety and sanitation
cion adopted by the
department_
industrial commission.
For complete details in regard to each State, se.e summaries on pp. 33 to 83. In addition to the six States-Arizona, Georgia, Mississippi, New Mexico, U tah and Wyoming-that have no laws or regulations whatsoever, the law in Alabama and in Florida covers only establishments
emp!~~i~Ye1!i~r°f~e increasing numbers of women in clerical work, the question of facilities in office buildings seems important. On this account, any definite information that was available as to their being covered or not covered has been added in this column.
3 This phrase is used in the Jaw only once, but could be interpreted as applying to this point.
4 This is not a requirement of the statute but is a ruling of the industrial board (unpublished) for enforcing the indefinite requirements of the law "properly screened."
1 This law does not apply to mercantile establishments that employ less than 10 persons and are located in towns and cities that have 3,000 inhabitants or less.
' In factories and mercantile establishments structural changes and alterations are required only where 6 or more persons are employed.
7 See footnote 36 on p. 68.
a Where less than 4 women are employed, the State welfare commission may release the employer from compliance with the requirements of order No. 22.
e Does not apply in buildings used exclusively for offices, if separate toilets are conveniently accessible. Enforced in stores and office buildings in towns and cities of 5,000 or less at discretion of commissioner
10 See note in lower half of p. 79.
123908°-33 (Face p . 32.)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
No. 6
CHART
State
Construction materials for toilet
rooms to make them impervious to moisture
III.-Requirements as to sanitation of toilet equipment in establishments employing women 1
Types of fixtures
Heating
Ventilation
Lighting
Maintenance
Establishments covered
2
Source of authority
IAdministering
agency
(SeP- p. 4)
l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - -l·- - - - - - - - -1- - - - - - - - - - - -1·- - - - - - - - - - - - - 11- - - - - - - - -
Alabama___________ Suitable water-closetss _________ _ Suitable water-closets s______ ___ __ _____ Properly ventilated_-------------- ____________________ __ ____ __________ ___ _____ Kept in a sanitary condition
Where minors are employed__ Statute ____ _____ ___ ___ Child welfare department.
Unpublished standards used by the
child welfare department for enforcing
the statute.
Seats to be of composition, or if of ------------------------------------ ____________________________________ _______ _ Bowls and floors to show _____ do ________________________
evidence of systematic
wood, to be varnished and conscrubbing with soap and
structed with a space of 5½ inches
between the front ends. Bowls to
water; floors kept in good
have individual flushing rims;
repair; wall in good condimust be flushed periodically every
tion and free from writing.
1
few minutes, automatically every
by the user.
time used, or________________________________________________________________________________________________________
California __________________________________________________________
_
Kept in a cleanly state and Factory, workshop, mercantile, or other establishment
free from effluvia.
where five or more persons
are employed.
(Office
buildings covered.)
Walls to be covered with a light Seat to be of wood or other non heat- Room to be "adequately ventiAdequate natural or Floors to be washed daily Any occupation, trade or inlated" and only to the outside
colored nonabsorbent paint
absorbing material coated with
dustry in which women or
and scrubbed at least once
artificial light.
unless made of marble or
of the building.
waterproof substance. Bowl to be
minors are employed except
a week. Bowls and seats
some glazed material. In
of vitreous china or other approved
to be thoroughly washed
the motion-picture industry.
new installations floors and
material. Adequate facilities for
at least once daily.
side walls to height of not less
Kept in a clean and sanitary Motion-picture industryflushing required. Fixture to be set
than 6 inches to be of material
condition.
free from inclosing woodwork.
Extrasonlocation. Women
impervious to moisture such
and minors. (Requirements
as asphalt, tile, etc.; in existfor toilets on studio lots are
ing inst!lllations if wood is
those of the sanitary order
used, to be kept well :painted
of the commission.)
with nonabsorbent pamt.
0.50 foot-candle of artiWorking or traversed spaces
ficial illumination
in buildings or grounds of
places of employment durrequired in compartments and toilet
ing the time of use.
rooms where illumination by natural
light is less than
twice this amount. _
Colorado ___________________________________________________ • _______________________________ _ Properly ventilated __________________________________________________________
Kept in a clean and good Factory, workshop, office,
sanitary condition.
bakery,laundry,store, hotel,
or other building where 4 or
more persons are employed.
(Office buildings not inspected.)
Floors to be of cement, tile,
wood, brick, or other nonabsorbent material.
Floors to be washed and
scoured daily.
Adequately ventilated _____ __ _____ ___ ________________________________________ _ Kept in such cleanly and
wholesome condition as
not to be offensive and
dangerous to health.
Connecticut.______ __ ______ __ __ ____ __ ______ ________ __ _____ ___________ ____ __________ __________ Adequately ventilated to outside
Convenient means for To be maintained in good
air.
artificial lighting.
repair and in a clean and
sanitary condition.
Walls and ceilings to be kept Seats should be of wood or other non
well painted with a light colheat-absorbing material, painted or
ored nonabsorbent paint, varvarnished to make it nonabsorbent.
nish, or other substance imperFixtures should be of vitreous china
or of first quality cast iron porcelain
vious to water unless conenameled inside and outside, or of
structed of marble, cement,
plaster, tile, galvanized iron,
other approved material. Rim-flush
glazed brick, or other glazed
type of bowl should be used. Fixmaterial or concrete with a
ture should be set free from inclosing
mixture of waterproofing mawoodwork. Long hopper closet reterial. Floor and side walls to
quires written permission of the
height of 6 inches to be concommissioner.
structed with sanitary base of
material other than wood
which is impervious to moisture and has a smootl-i surface.
Marble, Portland cement, tile,
glazed brick, or other approved water-proof material
is recommended and the angle
formed by the floor and base
should be covered.
For footnotes see No. 14.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In existing installations, toilet
rooms or compartments should
be ventilated to the outdoor air
by window, skylight, or ventilating duct. In new installations,
every toilet room or compartment should have a window
opening to the outer air, unless
necessary to have toilet room in
basement in which case a ventilating duct should be installed.
Heated to 50° F.
during working
hours between
ov. 1 and Apr.
1.
Toilet rooms and comp art men ts to be
lighted so that all
parts are visible. If
natural light is not
sufficient, artificial
light must be provided. Approaches
to be well lighted.
Toilet rooms and compartments, including walls,
floors, ceilings, and fixtures, to be kept in good
repair and in a clean and
sanitary condition. Walls
to be kept free from indecent writing and marking.
Statute _______________ Department of industrial relations, division of labor statistics
and law enforcement.
Industrial welfare com- Department of indusmission order No.
trial relations, divi18.
s ion of industrial
welfare.
Ind us trial welfare
commission order
No. 16-A.
General lighting safety
orders issued by industrial accident
commission.
Do.
Department of industrial relations, division of industrial accidents and safety.
Statute_______________ Bureau of labor statistics, department of
factory inspection.
Food-handling establishments. _____ do ________________ State board of health,
division of food and
drugs.
Workshop or manufactory. Board of health regu- State board of health.
(Covers all places of em1 at ion No. 73.
ployment, including office
(Known as plumbbuildings.)
ing code.)
Manufacturing, mechanical Statute _______________ Commissioner of labor
and factory inspecand mercantile establishtion.
ments and public restaurants. (Office buildings covered.)
Factories and mercantile es- Sanitary code recommended by the detablishments.
partment of labor
and factory inspection.
123908°-33
(Face p. 32.)
No. 7
CHART lll.-Requirements as to sanitation of toilet equipment in establishments employing women 1 -Continued
Construction materials for toilet
rooms to make them impervious to moisture
State
Types of fL--ctures
Heating
Ventilation
Lighting
Maintenance
Establishments covered
2
Source of authority
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Mercantile, mechanical, trans- Statute ____ __ __ ______ __ Labor commission.
portation or manufacturing
establishment, laundry,
baking, or printing establishment, dressmaking establishment, place of amusement, telephone or telegraph
office or exchange, hotel,
restaurant, or office in which
females are employed.
_. _.. .. --- -- --- - ---- .. -- -- -- -- --------- ----- ______________________ _______ _ Any premises or building __ __ __ Orders of Commis- Commissioners of the
sioners of the DisDistrict.
trict.
____ ____ __ _____ ___ __ Suitable means for
Do.
Any building or establish- Plumbing regulations
artificial lighting to
ment.
adopted by the
be provided.
Commissioners of
the District.
Delaware __ ________ Suitable water-closets ~------- --- Suitable water-closets a_____ _____ _____ _ Open to the outer air or ventilated ---- - ----------- -- -- Properly lighted ____ __ Kept in repair, clean, saniby means of a shaft or air duct to
tary and free from all
the outer air.
obscene writing or marking.
District of Col umbia.
Proper water-closets or privies.__ Proper water-closets or privies . . _--- - - - -- . ---- _. -- - -- . --- ----- ---- --- -- -- --
Opening to outside air to be 10 per
cent of floor area and not less
than 4 square feet, 50 per cent of
which is made so that it can be
opened. Must not open directly into any covered area nor
nearer any structure than 3
feet.
I
Florida____________ Suitable and proper water- Suitable and proper water-closets a__ _. . Properly ventilated _____________ __ --- --- ___________ __ -- ---------------------- Kept in a clean condition All manufacturing establish- Statute____ _____ ____ ___ State labor inspector.
closets. a
at all times, and free from
ments where persons under
16 are employed.
obscene writing and marking.
Idaho _____ ______ _____ ___ ______ ___ _______ ___ . _____ __ __ __ ---- ---------------------- - - -- ----- --- Suitably ventilated ___ -- - ---- -- - - - ______ ________ __ ____ Properly lighted______ _ Kept in sanitary condition ___ All slaughtering, packing, _____ do ___ ~ - --- ---- - --- Department of public
welfare.
meat canning, salting, rendering, or similar establishments.
To be properly lighted To be kept in a clean and Factory, mercantile establish- _____ do. __________ ______ Department oflabor.
Illinois ________ ____ Constructed in an approved ----- - ------------ ---- ------------- - --- -- Direct ventilation to outside air
manner.
where practicable. Otherwise,
by artificial light exsanitary condition. Propment, mill or workshop.
placed in an inclosure and
erly and effectively discept when natural
(Covers all places of employseparately ventilated.
light is sufficient.
infected.
ment including office buildings.)
Indiana ____________ Suitable and proper water- Suitable and proper water-closets a____ _ Properly ventilated 1----- - ---- - --- __ _ ___ _ _______ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _____ _____ Kept in a clean condition Manufacturing or mercantile ___ __do ___________ ______ Industrial board, de
partment of women
at all times and free from
closets. a
establishment, mine or
and children.
quarry, laundry, renovating
obscene writing and markworks, bakery, or printing
ing.
office.
Every place of employment_ __ _ Plumbing rules and State building council.
Bowls to be of vitrified earthenware, Air in room to be changed at least
bard natural stone, or cast iron,
6 times every hour either by
regulations adopted
outside window or other proper
white enameled on the inside; made
by the administrain one piece; to have integral flushmeans. Ventilation pipes from
tive building couning rims that will flush the entire
toilet rooms must have no concil.
nection with other such pipes
surface of the bowl; bowl to hold sufor ducts in building.
ficient water to prevent fouling of
surfaces; supplied with approved
tank or flush valrn of at least 4 gallons flushing capacity. Installed
free from inclosing woodwork.
Water-closets having invisible seals
or unventilated space or walls not
thoroughly washed at each flush,
forbidden. Long hopper closets
forbidden hereafter.
Iowa ______________ __ ________ - - -- -- ---- --- --- - --- - --- . - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - Properly ventilated _______________________________________________________ ____ To be kept in a clean condi- Every manufacturing, mer- Statute ___ ____________ _ Commissioner of labor
cantile establishment, worktion and free from obscene
shop, or hotel where 5 or
writing and marking.
more persons are employed.
Bowls to be of vitrified earthenware, To have outside window or "other ________________________________________ __ __ ---- ---- ---- ------------------ Any building in towns of State plumbing code State department o
hard natural stone, or cast iron,
adopted by the
proper ventilating system."
health.
6,000 or more population.
Ventilation pipes from toilet
white enameled on the inside; made
State department of
rooms must have no connection
in one piece; to have integral flushhealth.
ing rims that will flush the entire
with other such pipes or ducts
surface of the bowl; bow 1 to hold sufin building.
ficient water to prevent fouling of
surfaces; supplied with approved
tank or flush valve of at least 4 gallons flushing capacity. Installed
free from inclosing woodwork.
Water-closets having invisible seals
or unvent ilated space or walls not
thoroughly washed at each flush,
forbidden . Long hopper closets
forbidden hereafter.
For footnotes see No. 14.
123908°-33 (Face p. 32.)
o. 8
I
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bowls of glazed earthenware with
properly formed flushing rim required.
No pan, hopper valve,
plunger, offset washout, or 2-piece
water-closet nor water-closet with
vent born into trap, nor range, nor
trough closets permitted.
I
CHART
State
Construction materials for toilet
rooms to make them impervious to moisture
!IL-Requirements as to sanitation of toilet equipment in establishments employing women 1-Continued
Types of fixtures
Ventilation
Kansas ________ ____ Suitable toilets 3________________ Suitable toilets 3______________________ Thoroughly ventilated and open
to outside air.
Heating
Lighting
Maintenance
To be kept in clean and sanitary condition.
E stablishments covered
2
Source of authority
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Manufacturing and mercantile Industrial welfare or- Commission of labor
ders of the commisestablishments.
and industry.
sion of labor and inos. 2 and
dustry
3.
Every person, firm, or corpora- Statute _______ __ __ __ __ Bureau of agriculture,
tion employing females.
labor, and statistics,
department of labor.
Food-handling establishments. ___ __ do ______ __ _____ ___ State board of health.
Suitableandproperwater-closets 3_____ Properly ventilated _____ __________ -- ---- - ----- - -- ---- - -- -- --- -- ------- - ----- - - Kept clean at all times .
Free from obscene writing
and marking.
Floors to be of cement, tile, -- -- ---- -- -- -- ---- ------------- - -------- Separate ventilating flues and _____ ______ ________ _ - -- - - -- -- - - ---- --------- Floors to be washed and
scoured daily.
pipes discharging into soil pipes.
wood, brick, or other nonabsorbent material.
cleaned__ ___ __ __ _____ Factories and work places__ ___ _ Recommendations of
Easily
______
____
lighted
Well
_______
heated
Well
------_----ventilated
Well
in
lips
Walls of light color and of mate- Siphon-jet closets with extended
the department of
rial that can be washed.
front; large water area; cut-out rear
labor.
seat.
to
cover
no
rim and having
Floors of concrete, having no
cracks, sloped to drain into
floor drain and having some
arrangement for flushing.
Fixtures that can be flushed with Direct ventilation to the outside
Room or compartment Kept in good repair, clean Food-handling establishments_ Recommendations of
air.
and sanitary; openings
the State board of
water to thoroughly cleanse them.
well lighted at all
health .
screened against flies.
times.
1 foot-candle minimum --- - --------- ------- -- -- ------ Factories, mills, and other Recommendations of
work places.
bureau of agriculof illumination.
ture, labor, and statistics .
Louisiana _______ ____ --- --- - -- ----------------- -- - --- w:;:[~~::e~:!n~~:!tir~~fi~z~ ----- ------ - ---------------- -- - --- -- ------- r--- - - -- -- - -- -- ------------------ -- -- -- - --- ----- - ----------- -- - ____ BY1f:tg or structure of any Sanitary code, State of State board of health.
Louisiana, Ch. VII,
Plumbing.
made in one piece and not in closed in
woodwork. Hereafter, only tank
closets permitted. Pan, plunger,
long-hopper closets or any having an
unventilated space or whose walls
are not flushed at each discharge are
not permitted. Tank of water-closet
to hold at least 3½ gallons of water.
Proper water-closets or privies 3__ Proper water-closets or privies a___ _____ __ _______________________ __ ___ ____ __ __ __________ ___ ___ _____ ______________ __ _____ __________ ____ ___ __ ______ __ __ _ Where 5 or more young per- Statute _______________ Commissioner of labor
and industrial statissons or women or 2 or more
tics and city factory
children, young persons, or
inspector of board of
women are employed in fachealth.
tory, mill, manufacturing
establishment, workshop,
warehouse, mercantile establishment, or store, mine, and
packing house, hotel, restaurant, laundry, millinery, or
dress-making establishment,
theater, concert hall, or in or
about any place of amusement where intoxicating liquors are made or sold, bowling alley, boot-blacking establishment, elevators, transmission of messages or merchandise or any other occupation deemed unhealthful
or dangerous.
Maine _____ ________ Detailed specifications as to Bowl to be of rim flush type; vitreous Specifications as to window area, Heated to not less Lighted by natural or Walls, floors, fixtures, kept Factories and mercantile es- Industrial code of State department of
health.
St a te board of
in good repair; clean, odortablishments.
air shafts, size of open space on
artificial light so
china or porcelain enameled cast
than 50° F. from
type of material to be used in
health.
to which windows or skylights
iron; set free from inclosing woodless and sanitary condithat every p art of
Nov. I toApr . l.
walls, floors, and compartopen, etc. Also specifications
work; flushing cistern to have at
tions, free from obscene
the room is easily
ment walls, so that they will
writing and marking.
for ventilation without direct
visible.
least 3 gallons at each discharge.
be impervious to moisture.
connection with outside air.
Seat to be of wood or other non-heatWindows to be openable oneabsorbing material finished with
half their area.
varnish. Pan, plunger, washout
and offset closet not permitted to be
installed.
Do.
Every building intended for Plumbing regulations
Bowls to be of vitrified earthenware Air in rooms to be changed at least
adopted by the dehuman habitation located
6 times every hour either by outor other approved nonabsorbent
partment of health .
on street with sewer or withside window or other proper
water-tight material, made in one
in 100 feet of sewer.
piece; to h ave integral flushing rims
means. (Specifications given.)
Ventilation pipes from toilet
that will flush the entire surface of
the bowl; bowl to hold sufficient
rooms must h ave no connection
water to prevent fouling of surfaces;
with other such pipes or ducts
supplied with approved tank or
in building.
flush valve of at least 4 gallons
flushing capacity. Installed free
from inclosing woodwork. Water
closets having invisible seal, or unventilated space or walls not thoroughly washed at each flush forbidden. Long bopper closets forbidden
hereafter.
123908°-:33 (Face p. 32.) No. 9
For footnotes see No. 14.
Kentucky _________ Suitable and proper water-closets.3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CH.ART !IL-Requirements as to sanitation of toilet equipment in establishments employing women 1-Continued
State
Construction materials for toilet
rooms to make them impervious to moisture
Types of fixtures
Ventilation
Heating
Lighting
Maintenance
Maryland _____________________ ___ __________________________________________ _______________ -- -------- - _-------- -- -------- ---- --- _ ------ -------------- ----- ---- --- _____ __ _____ Floor and all parts to be
kept clean.
Bowls to be of siphon action or siphon- Ventilated directly to outside air
either by window or air shaft
jet pattern made in one piece of porwith area of at least 4 square
celain or vitreous earthenware, supfeet.
plied with sufficient water to flush
thoroughly; :fixture set free and open.
Pan, plunger, offset washout, long,
or short hopper water closet forbidden.
1 foot-candle of illumination minimum
requirement.
Lighted in accordance Maintained in accordance
Massachusetts _____ Constructed in accordance with -------------------------------- Ventilated in accordance with
with the rules and regurules and regulations adopted
with rules and regrules and regulations adopted
lations adopted by the
by the department of labor and
ulations adopted by
by the department of labor
department of labor and
industries.
the department of
and industries.
industries.
labor and industries.
Walls to be painted with light
colored, nonabsorbent paint or
m ade of glazed brick, etc.
Floors and side walls to height
of 9 inches to have smooth
surface and be of material impervious to moisture.
Ample water for flushing to be provided. Individual bowls of porcelain or vitreous earthenware. Seats
to be of wood or other non-heatabsorbing material coated with waterproof substance. Bowl set free
of inclosing woodwork.
Detailed specifications given for
ventilating room to outside air
by window or shaft. Windows
to be openable half their area;
minimum area 4 square feet
with 1 square foot increase for
each additional fixture.
Facilities for heating.
Lighted by natural or
artificial light so
that all parts are
easily visible at all
times.
0.50 foot-candle of illu-
mination required
in toilet rooms and
water-closet compartments.
Michigan __ ___ ____ _ Proper water-closets, earth closets or privies.a
Proper water-closets, earth closets, or
privies.a
Minnesota _________ Walls and ceiling tight and of
material that can be cleaned
easily. Floors to be tight,
smooth, and of material that
can be kept in sanitary condition.
Fixtures must be connected with sewer To be adequately ventilated to
systemwhereoneisavailable.
outside air byarti:ficialmeansif
windows do not open easily.
Missouri_ __________ Proper water-closets, earth closets, or privies.a
Proper water-closets, earth closets, or
privies.a
A d e q u a t e 1y
heated at all
times wherever
practicable.
Properly heated
during cold
weather.
Adequately lighted by
natural or artificial
light.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
Source of authority
Rooms and fixtures to be
kept in a clean condition;
obscene writing forbidden
and employer to see that
it is removed from the
walls; room to be adequately protected from
flies.
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Food-handlingestablishments_ Statute ________________ State department of
health.
Do.
All places of employment______ Plumbing code of the
State board of health.
Extrahazardous employments.
(Coversmostemployments.)
Regulation approved State industrial acciby State industrial
dent commission.
accident commission.
Statute _________ ___ ____ Department of labor
and industries, division of industrial safety.
Factories, workshops, b akeries, mechanical establishments, laundries, foundries,
tenement-house workrooms
and all other buildings
where manufacturing is carried on and mercantile establishments.
Walls to be free from ob- _____ do ________________________ _ Regulations issued by
the department of
scene writing. One or
labor and industries.
more employees designated to have charge of
sanitary appliances; regular and thorough cleaning
required; disinfection
alone not be be relied on.
Factories, workshops, manu- Lighting code adopted
facturing, mechanical and
by department of
mercantile establishments.
labor and industries.
Do.
Do.
Manufacturingestablishment, Statute ________________ Department of labor
workshop, hotel, or store in
and industry.
which 5 or more persons are
employed and every institution in which 2 or more
children, young persons, or
women a re employed.
(Covers office buildings.)
Every place of employment_ _______ do ________________ Industrial commission.
Foundries _____________ ___ __________ do ________________ _
Do.
Factory where 3 or more per- _____ do _________________ Department of labo
and industrial in
sons are employed or workspection.
shop where 3 or more children, young persons, or
women are employed. (Covers office buildings.)
Ventilated to outside air___________ __________________ __ Well lighted_______ ___ _ Screened against flies _______ _ Canneries ____________________ _ State board of health State board of health.
regulation No. 1.
Montana __________ Floors tight and made of mate- Sanitary water-flushed toilets required
where there are sewage-disposal facilrial that can be washed an d
ities.
kept clean. Walls, partitions,
and toilet seats, if constructed
of wood shall be covered with
nonabsorbent light colored
paint__or_____________________________
varnish.
Nebraska ______ ___ _________
__________________________________ _ Properly ventilated_______________ _____ ___ ____________ _____ ______ ___ __________ To be kept in clean and sanitary condition.
For footnotes see No. 14
Establishments covered
Factory, mill, workshop, mercantile or mechanical establishment, or other building
where one or more persons
are employed.
Statute________________ Department of labor .
123908°-33
(Face p. 32.)
No. 10
CHART
State
Construction materials for toilet
rooms to make them impervious to moisture
New Hampshire ___ Proper facilities and reasonably
sanitary and hygienic conditions.a
New Jersey________ Suitable water-closets s__________
Walls and materials tight and of
material that can be cleaned
easily; walls not to be transparent. Floors tight and
smooth and or material impervious to moisture.
New York_________ In accordance with the rules of
the board.
Detailed specifications as to
type of material to be used in
walls, floors, and compartment walls so that they will be
impervious to moisture.
North Carolina ____ ----------- -- ---------------------
Recommends use of materials
that are impervious to moisture. Lists materials that
might be used.
For footnotes see No. 14.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
!IL-Requirements as to sanitation of toilet equipment in establishment employing women 1-Continued
Types of fixtures
Ventilation
Heating
Lighting
Maintenance
Establishments covered
2
Source of authority
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Factories, mills, workshops, or Statute ________________ Commissioner of
labor.
other manufacturing or mercantile establishments in
which 3 or more persons are
regularly employed. (Covers all places of employment,
including office buildings.)
Flush type of toilet required where Ventilated to outside air by win- ____________________ ----- ------ ------------- To be kept clean and in _____ do ________ -- -- --- _____ ---·· Standard No. 5 issued
Do.
practical to take precautions against
dow or other suitable opening
proper repair.
by the commission
freezing.
inclosed in a toilet room, itself
of labor.
vented to the outside air.
Suitable water-closets a_ _______________ Properly ventilated_______________ ________________ ___ _ __ ____ __________________ Kept clean_________________ _ Manufacturing and mercan- Statute ________________ Department of labor,
bureau of hygiene,
tile establishments. (Office
sanitation , and
buildings not covered.)
mine inspection.
Individual closets of siphon action, U not lighted by windows that Adequately Adequately lighted by Occupier shall be responsi- __ __ _do _______________________ _ Standards recomopen
easily,
shall
be
adequately
natural or artificial
ble for maintenance in
mended by the
porcelain type. Bowls of smooth
heated all times.
ventilated to the outside air by
light.
clean and sanitary condibureau of hygiene
material, impervious to moisture.
artificial means. Required wintion.
and sanitation of
Seats finished with waterproof subdow area at least 6 square feet
the department of
stance.
with 1 square foot increase for
labor.
each additional fixture and specifications for artificial system of
ventilation given also.
1 foot-candle of illumiFactories, mills, and other Lighting code issued
by the department
nation minimum rework places. (Mercantile
not inspected.)
of labor. (Recomquirement.
mended.)
In accordance with the rules of the In accordance with the rules of In
accordance In accordance with In accordance with the Factories in all towns or cities, Statute ______________ . Commissioner of labor.
the rules of the
rules of the board.
mercantile establishments,
board.
with the rules
the board.
restaurants, telegraph or
board.
of the board.
messenger company in towns
of 3,000 or more population,
stations, terminals, or car
barns, where women employees of a street, surface,
electric, subway, or elevated
railroad report for duty, and
elevator opera tors in
buildings where freight or
passenger elevators are
operated.4
_____
do ________________________ _ Industrial code of the
Do.
Bowl to be or rim flush type; vitreous Specifications as to window area, Heated to not less To be lighted by natu- Walls, floors, fixtures kept
industrial board.
air shafts, size of open space on
than 50° F. from
ral or artificial light
in good repair, clean, odorchina or porcelain enameled cast
so that all parts are
less, and sanitary con.diiron; set free from in.closing woodto which windows or skylights
Nov. 1 to Apr. 1.
visible. Approaches
tions, free from obscene
work; flushing cistern to have at
open, etc. Also specifications for
to be well lighted.
writing and marking.
least 3 gallons at each discharge.
ventilation without direct conSeat to be of wood or other non heatnection with outside air. Winabsorbing material finished with
dows to be open.able one-half their
varnish. Pan, plunger, washout,
area.
and off-set closet not permitted to
be installed.
Do.
O.SO foot-candle of il- ------------------------------ Factories and mercantile es- ____ __do ________ ________ _
tablishments.
lumination in toilet
rooms and watercloset compartments. ·
. --------------------------------------- -------------------------- -- - ------ - ____________________ -------------------- -- -- Kept in a cleanly condition __ All manufacturing establish- Statute ___________ ____ Child welfare commission.
ments; other businesses
employing more than 2
males and females in towns
of 1,000 or more population.
(Exclusive of 9 counties.)
Bowls of vitreous porcelain or china Window area one-sixth that of
Proper artificial lights Recommends that walls, _-- __ do ___ -- - --- -- ______ --- -- - Recommendations of
the State child welfloor area and 50 per cent of this
suggested; individually flushed by
floors, windows, c.eilings,
recommended.
fare commission.
flush tank, flush valve of flush meter
and all exposed pipes,
open.able; the glass translucent
type or seat-acting flush valve; not
and non.actinic to admit the
fittings, and fixtures be
less than 4 gallons of water nor more
ultra-violet rays of the sun. If
washed and scoured at
than 8 gallons to be used for flushing.
least every 24 hours. An
natural ventilation is not suffiapproved deodorant
cient, suggests an approved
Seats of non heat-absorbing material, impervious to moisture and
should be used on toilets
artificial ventilating system.
constructed so that front ends are
and floors.
5½ inches apart.
123908°-33 (Facep. 32.) No.11
Proper facilities and reasonably sanitary and hygienic conditions.a
Proper facilities and reasonably
sanitary and hygienic conditions.a
Proper farilities
and reasonably
sanitary and hygienic
conditions.a
Proper facilities and
reasonably sanitary
and hygienic conditions.a
Proper facilities and reasonably sanitary and hygienic
conditions.a
CHART III.-Requirements as to sanitation of toilet equipment in establishments employing women 1-Continued
State
Construction materials for toilet
rooms to make them impervious to moisture
North Dakota__ __ Suitable toilets
3 ________________
Ohio ______________ Suitable toilet rooms
3_____ _ _____
Floors to be waterproof, and
base not less than 6 inches high
with sanitary cove at floor
level.
Floor and base of nonabsorbent
material.
Types of fixtures
Suitable toilets
Ventilation
Heating
Lighting
Oregon ____________ Suitable toilets 3_________________
For footnotes see No. 14.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
Thoroughly ventilated (applies ____________________ ------ ------------------ Clean and sanitary (applies
only to telephone).
only to telephone).
mum intensity of
illumination.
3_________
Establishments covered
Public housekeeping, manufacturing, mercantile, and
laundry occupations; telephone exchanges in towns of
1,800 or more.
Suitable water-closets 3 _______ _ ________ Properly ventilated ______________ _ _____ ________________________________ _______ · ----- - --- - ------------------ All places where females are
employed.
Bowl of vitrified earthenware, hard
All public or private institunatural stone, or cast iron porcelain
tions, sanitariums, hospitals,
enameled inside and painted outschools, prisons, factories,
side; bowls and traps to be made in
workshops, or places where
one piece and of such shape as to hold
:'.Ilen, women, or children
a sufficient quantity of water to
are or might be employed.
clean it thoroughly; to have flushing
rims constructed to flush entire
surface of bowl; set free from interior
inclosing woodwork; low-down tanks
to be of syphon pattern; tank of at
least 4 gallons flushing capacity.
Pan, valve, plunger, off-set washout
and other water-closets having invisible seals or an unventilated space
or walls not thoroughly washed at
each flush forbidden. Long hopper
closets forbidden; range closets
allowed and specifications given.
Workshops, factories, mercantile and office buildings.
3 ____ __ ________________
0.50 foot-candle mini-
Oklahoma _________ Suitable toilet facilities
Maintenance
Factories, mills, and other
work places.
Source of authority
Administering agency
(Seep.4)
Minimum wage department orders
Nos. 1 to 5.
Workmen's compensation bureau.
Statute _______________ Chief inspector of work
shops and factories.
Statute (plumbing
Department of health,
code).
bureau of piumbing.
Special requirements Chief inspector of
workshops and facissued by the detories.
partment of industrial relations.
Industrial
lighting
code issued by industrial commission.
(Recommended.)
Statute _______________ _ Commission of labor
Suitable toilet facilities a_____________ __ --------------------- ------- --- - ---- __________ __ ________ ----------- ------ ------- ------------------------------ Manufacturing, mechanical,
or mercantile establishment
or
workshop,
laundry,
printing office, dressmaking
or millinery establishment,
hotel, restaurant, or theater
or telegraph or telephone
establishment and office or
any other establishment employing females . (Banks
not covered.)
0.50 foot-candle of ilDo.
Factories and mercantile es- Industrial code rules
lumination
miniissued by departtablishments.
mum requirement
ment of labor.
in toilet rooms and
water-closet compartments.
Suitable toilets 3_________ _ ____________ _ Thoroughly ventilated and open
To be kept in a clean and Any establishment where State welfare com- State welfare commission.
mission order No. 22.
to outside air.
sanitary condition.
women and minors are employed.6
1 foot-candle of artiPlaces of employment, in- Code governing indus- Commissioner of labor.
trial lighting issued
ficial illumination
cluding factories, mills, ofby bureau of labor.
fices, and other work places.
required in toilets
and
water-closets
when illumination
by natural light is
not twice this
amount.
123908°-33 (Face p. 32.) No. 12
CHART
State
Construction materials for toilet
rooms to make them impervious to moisture
Pennsylvania ______ Suitable toilets
3___________ ____ __
Walls and ceilings to be of substance that can be cleaned
easily. Floor and side walls
to height of 6 inches to be of
smooth surface and of material that is impervious to
moisture.
UL-Requirements as to sanitation of toilet equipment in establishments employing women-Continued
Types of fixtures
Suitable toilets
3----- --- ---------- -- ---
Bowls to have flushing rims. Seats
to have open front except integral
type, and if of absorbent material to
be covered with varnish. Trough
closets permitted and must be made
of smooth material impervious to
moisture unless the department of
labor and industry approves the
use of cast iron, galvanized iron,
sheet metal, or steel. Pan, plunger,
washout, faucet, and long hopper
closets prohibited except when frostproof or floor-type closets are approved. Not to be supplied with
water direct from pipes unless closet
provided with flush meters, volumeters, or similar devices. Automatic or siphon tanks to bold 5 gallons for each closet; where supplied
from special tanks or cisterns closets
to have 6 gallons flushing capacity.
A group of closets on the same floor
may be flushed from 1 tank but not
those on other floors unless flush
meters, etc., are used.
Ventilation
Heating
Lighting
Maintenance
Properly lighted ______ _ Kept clean, sanitary, and
free from obscene writing
and marking at all times.
When adequate natu- Walls to be kept free from
ral light not availobscene writing or markable, to be artificiing. Poster asking for
ally lighted in accooperation of employees
cordance with regurequired to be posted.
lations for industrial
lighting issued by
the department of
labor.
Compartments to have sufficient
direct outside ventilation by
window or other means.
Window or skylight opening to
outside is required or artificial
ventilation. (The kind is not
specified.)
Establishments covered
2
Source of authority
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Establishments employing females.
Statute________________ Department of labor
and industry.
Factories. (Does not apply
to laundries or restaurants
which frequently are covered by this term.)
Regulations for industrial sanitation
adopted by the department of labor
and industry.
Do.
I foot-candle of illumi- ----------------------------- - Every establishment _________ _ Regulations for indus-
Do.
trial lighting adopted by the department of labor and
industry.
------------------------ ------------------------------ Factory, manufacturing, and Statute _______________ _ Factory inspection demercantile establishments.
partmen t.
Must meet the require- Mustmeettherequirements All places other than those _____ do ________________ _
Do.
ments of health and
of health and propriety aclisted above where women
propriety according
cording to the judgment of
and children are employed.
to the judgment of
the inspectors
the inspectors.
nation.
Rhode Island ______ -- ------ ------------------------- - __________________ ____________________ __ Effectively trapped and ventilated. --------------------
Must meet the requirements of
health and propriety according
to the judgment
of the inspectors.
South Carolina ________________ -- _-- _-- -- - - -- - ______ _ -- -- -- --- . -- - -- -- -- - -- -- - --- - -- - -- - - -- - - -- - -- - - -- - -- - -- - -- -- -- -- - --- - --- - - -- - -- -- -- -- - -- - -- - -- -- -- - -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- - -- To be kept clean and free
from disagreeable odors.
Must meet the requirements of
health and propriety accorcl.ing to the judgment of the
inspectors.
Must meet the requirements of health
and propriety according to the judgment of the inspectors.
Must meet the requirements of
health and propriety according
totbejudgmentoftheinspectors.
South Dakota _____ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Properly ventilated _______________ ----------------------------------- - -------- Kept in sanitary condition
and free from effluvia.
Tennessee ____ ____ _ Walls to be painted with light
colored, nonabsorbent paint or
made of glazed brick, etc.
Floors and side walls to height
of 9 inches to have smooth surface and be of material impervious to moisture.
Ample water for flushing to be provided. Individual bowls of porcelain or vitreous earthenware. Seats
to be of wood or other non-heat-absorbing material coated with waterproof substance. Bowl set free of
inclosing woodwork.
Detailed specifications given for
ventilating room to outside air
by window or shaft. Windows
to be openable half their area;
minimum area 4 square feet
with 1 square foot increase for
each additional future.
Facilities for heating.
Lighted by natural or
artificial light so that
all parts are easily
visible at all times.
Walls to be free from obscene
writing. One or more employees designated to have
charge of sanitary appliances; regular and thorough cleaning required;
disinfection alone not to
be relied on.
Effectively ventilated ___________ _______________________ At all times properly Kept in clean and sanitary
Texas ____ ______ ____ Constructed in an approved
lighted.
condition and effectively
manner.
disinfected.
Vermont __________ Constructed in clean, sanitary, Proper and suitable toilets a__________ __ _________________________________ __ ___ ___ _________ __ _____________ ___ __ ______ __ _ Maintained in a clean, sanitary, and healthful manand healthful manner.
ner.
Virginia. _________ _ -----. -------------------- -- ---- -- - -- - ------- ----- ---------------------- -- ------ -- -- -------- --- -------- -- -- · - · · -- · - ----- - · --- - · - · · -- - --- · · ---- · --- --- · · · -- To be kept clean and free
from effluvia.
For footnotes sre No. 14.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Factory, mercantile or other _____ do_________________ Commissioner of agriestablishment or office where
culture, commerce,
2 or more males, 2 or more
and industries.
females are employed together.
_____
do
___
__
____________
State's
attorney o n
Factory, mill, or workshop,
where women, girls, or chilcomplaint.
dren are employed. (Mercantileestablishments, office
buildings, and restaurants
not covered.)
Manufacturing and mercantile Recommendations of
es~ablishments.
department ofla bor.
Factory, mill, workshop, mer- Statute________________ CoIDIDissioner of labor
cantile establishment, launstatistics.
dry or other establishment.
Food-handlingestaolishments _______ do _________________ State board of health.
Establishments in which 5 or _____ do____ _________ ____ CoIDIDissioner of labor
more persons are employed,
in department of laand every factory, workbor and industries.
shop, mercantile or other establishment or office in
which 2 or more children
under 18 years of age or
women are employed.?
123908°--'.l:3
(Facf'p. ~2.)
No. 13
CHART
State
Construction materials for toilet
rooms to make them impervious to moisture
III. -Requirements as to sanitation of toilet equipment in establishments employing women 1 -Continued
Types of fixtures
Ventilation
Heating
Lighting
Maintenance
Washington s_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 0.50 foot-candle of artificial illumination
where illumination
by natural light is
less than twice this
amount.
West Virginia _____ Constructed in an approved ---------------------------------------- To have direct ventilation to outProperly lighted by To be kept in a clean and
side air when practicable; otherartificial light except
sanitary condition.
manner.
wise to be placed in an inclosure
when influx of natuseparately ventilated.
ral light makes this
unnecessary.
Wisconsin ________ _ Walls, ceilings, and partitions Individual closets of porcelain or vitre- Windows to outside air required Heated so that fix- Lighted by natural or Walls, floors, ceiling, and fuwhere possible and definite limitures will be in
artificial light so that
to be completely covered with
ous chinaware; seats of wood or other
tures to be kept clean, effitations given for exceptions. In
good condition
all parts of the room
smooth cement or gypsum
non heat-absorbing material and
cient, and in good repair;
new installations 4 square feet of
are visible.
at all times.
plaster, glazed brick or tile,
covered with varnish to make them
obstructions to be rewindow area required for room
nonabsorbent, required of all new
galvanized or enameled metal,
moved at once.
containing 1 fixture and 2 addior other smooth nonabsorbent
installations. Closet to be provided
tional square feet for each addiwith an effective flushing devioe.
material; if of wood, enameled.
tional fixture. A vent flue in adWalls and partitions to be of
dition to windows is required in
light color. Floors and base to
rooms having more than 3 fixbe made of material other than
tures. Additional detailed specwood which does not readily
ifi.cations are given for air-shaft
absorb moisture, though wood
dimensions, etc.
may be used under certain
conditions if allowed in writing by industrial commission.
All water-closets to be made of porce- All toilet rooms shall have at least -------------------- ------------------------ -----------------------------1 outside window or be provided
lain or vitreous china. Bowl and
with local vents or air shafts so
trap must be in one piece. Shall
as to insure 4 changes of air per
bold sufficient water and be of such
hour. Vents and shafts shall not
shape and form that no waste will
be connected with plumbing syscollect on surface of bowl. Equipped
tem and must provide adequate
with adequate flushing rims. Flush
tanks or flushometer valves to have
ventilation.
flushing capacity of not less than 3
gallons for water-closets.
0.5 foot-candle of artificial illumination
required in toilet
rooms when illumination by natural
light is less than
twice this amount.
1 For complete details in regard to each State, see summaries on pp. 33 to 83. In addition to the 6 States-Arizona, Georgia, Mississippi,
New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming-that have no laws or regulations whatsoever, Arkansas and Nevada have no provisions pertaining to
sanitation and in Alabama and Florida only establishments employing minors are covered.
2 In view of the increasing numbers of women in clerical work, the question of facilities in office buildings seems important. On this account,
any definite information that was available as to their being covered or not covered bas been added in this column.
3 This phrase is used in the law only once but could be interpreted as applying to this point.
• An unpublished standard of the industrial board holds that to be "properly ventilated" a toilet room must be ventilated directly to the
outside by means of a window or indirectly by means o! some mechanical device,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Establishments covered
2
Where the place of work or the
nature of the operation
causes a hazard to exist due
to insufficient illumination.
Source of authority
Administering agency
(Seep. 4)
Safety standards
adopted by the department of labor
and industries.
Department of labor
and industries, division of safety.
Factory, mercantile establish- Statute__ ______________ Commissioner of labor
ment, mill, or workshop.
(Covers all places of employment, including office
buildings.)
All places of employment_ ___ _ 0 eneral orders on san- Industrial commission,
itation adopted by
safety and sanitation
the industrial comdepartment.
mission.
All buildings in the State___ __ Plumbing code adopted by State board of
health.
State board of health.
Factories, mills, offices, and
other work places.
Industrial commission,
safety and sanitation
department.
Industrial
lighting
code issued by the
industrial commission.
In factories or mercantile establishments structural changes and alterations are required only where 6 or more persons are employed.
Where less than 4 women are employed, the State welfare commission may release the employer from compliance with the requirements of order No. 22.
7 Does not apply in buildings used exclusively for offices, if separate toilets are conveniently accessible. Enforced in stores and office
buildings in towns and cities of 5,000 or less at discretion of commissioner.
s See note in lower half of p. 79.
6
6
123908°-33
(Face p. 32.)
No. 14
Part V.-STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
DECEMBER 31, 1931
[In a number of States later codes than a re here cited have become available since these
summaries were prepared, but in the interest of economy they have been substituted
only where important changes are involved]
ALABAMA
STATUTES
Alabama Code of 1928 (Michie ), secs. 3518, 3520-3522, pp. 579-580
Establishments oovered.-Every person, firm, or corporation, owning or con-
trolling any establishment wherein minors are employed.
( Sec. 3520.)
(Sec. 3520.)
As · authorized, the child welfare department uses the following ratios in
enforcing sec. 3520: At least 1 stool for each 20 workers in small establishments and 1 stool to every 30 workers in establishments employing large
numbers of people.
Pr-ioo,cy.-Separate for each sex. Separate compartments for females, to be
used by them exclusively and notice to that effect painted on the outside of
such compartments.
Entrance effectively screened by partition or vestibule.
( Sec. 3520.)
Sanitation.-Shall keep such establishment in a sanitary condition.1
Properly ventilated.
.
Suitable and convenient water-closets or privies.
( Sec. 3520.)
Adequacy.-ln such number as may be re'}uired by the inspector.
Other requirements:
Location.-Located in such place or places as may be required by the
inspector; water-closets shall be maintained inside such establishments,
except where, in the opinion of the inspector, it is impracticable. (Sec.
3520.)
As authorized, the child welfare department requires that toilets be
located on each floor where workers are employed. It recommends
a number of small installations rather than one large unit.
Responsibility.-Every person, firm, or corporation, owning or controlling
any establishment. ( Sec. 3520.)
Penalty.-Any person who refuses to comply with any order issued under
authority of sec. 3520 of this code shall be fined not less than $50 nor
more than $100, and on subsequent conviction shall be fined not less than
$200. ( Sec. 3522.)
Administer-ing agency.-Child welfare department. ( Secs. 3518, 3521.)
Awbama Gode of 1928 ( M whie), sec. 3991, p,. 650
Establishments oovered.-Any person owning or controlling a store or shop in
which any girl or woman is employed as a clerk or saleswoman.
( Sec. 3991.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Privacy.-Separate water-closets for the use of such girls or women.
( Sec.
3991.)
1
Additional unpublished standards used by the child welfare department for enforcing
sec. 3520 are: Seats preferably of composition material; if of wood, varnished so that
they are impervious to moisture; constructed with 5½ inches between the front ends.
Bowls with individual flushing rims; flushed periodically every few minutes, automatically
every time it is used, or by the user ; trough type discouraged. The other standards are
less specific, including the provision that floors be in good repair; that floors and bowls
show evidence o! systematic scrubbing with soap and water ; that the room be well
ventilated; and that walls be in good condition and free from writing.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
33
34
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Other requirements:
Location.-Water-closets to be located in building where girls or women
work or conveniently thereto.
"Conveniently thereto" is interpreted by the county solicitor, according
to chief child labor inspector.
Responsibility.-Any person owning or controlling a store or shop. ( Sec.
3991.)
Penalty.-Fined on conviction not less than $50 nor more than $500. (Sec.
3991.)
Ad,ministering agency.-No department designated. ("Any person who would
make affidavit" is statement of chief child labor inspector.)
ARIZONA
No regulation.
ARKANSAS
STATUTES
Digest of Statutes of Arkamsas, 1921 ( Crawford and, Moses), secs. 1116-1118,
pp. 1859-1860
Establishlmen..ts covered,.-Every factory, manufacturing establishment,. work-
shop or other place where six or more men and women are employed.
( Sec.
7116.)
( Office buildings not covered, according to deputy commissioner of labor.)
Adequac-y.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Privacy.-Separate toilet and wash rooms for men and women.
(Sec. 7116.)
Other requirem ents:
Responsibility.-The commissioner of labor shall enforce the provisions
of this act and shall give notice in writing to employers violating same;
and upon failure to comply with the provisions of this act after 30 days
from Ruch notice, such employers shall be liable to penalties provided
by this act. (Sec. 7117.)
.
Penalty.-Upon conviction a fine of not less than $10 nor more than $JOO;
each day to constitute a separate offense. ( Sec. 7118.)
Administering agency.-Commissi-oner of labor. ( Sec. 7117.)
REG ULA TIO NS
Rules cincl R egulat-ions, Sta,te board of heaUh, .1928, regulaUon 323, p. 49, issued
by State board of h ealth undfJ't' authority of sec. 6 of act 96, 1913, ivllAch
states: "Power is conferred on * * * board of h ealth to make all necessary and reas onable rules and regulations- for * * * the general amelioration of sanitary and hygienic corlAlitions * * *." Digest of Statutes of
Arlcam,sas, 1921 (Crawford arn,d Moses), secs. 5129, 5130, 5146, pp. 1384, 1388
Establishments covered.-Where persons are employed or intended to be em-
ployed in any trade, occupation, or business.
Terms "sufficient" and "having regard to the
number of persons employed or in attendance" are indefinite.
Priv-aoy.-Separate privy accommodations for each sex.
Suitable privy accommodations.
Other requirements.-Penalty.-Fine of not less than $10 nor more than $100
or imprisonment not exceeding one month or both. ( Sec. 5146.)
Administering a-genoy.-State board of health. (Secs. 5129, 5130.)
(Local
health officials in cooperation with State board of health and also sheriffs
and police officers, according to State health officer.)
AdeqUQ,C1J.-Ratio not specified.
CALIFORNIA
STATUTES
Session La-ws 1889, ch. 5, sec. 1, p. 3; Session Laws 1901, ch. 176, sec. 2, p. 512
Esta,b lish,m ents covered.-Every factory, workshop, mercantile, or other estab-
lishment in which five or more persons are employed. ( Sec. 1.) ( Applies
to office buildings, according to director of department of industrial relaf:i_ons.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified.
35
The term "sufficient number" (sec. 1) is
indefinite.
Privacy.-A sufficient number of separate and distinct water-closets or privies
plainly designated. ( Sec. 1.)
Sanitation.-Kept in a cleanly state and free from effluvia, etc. ( Sec. 1.)
Ofher requirements:
Location.-Within reasonable access. (Sec. 1.)
Responsibility.-Any person or corporation violating any of the provisions
of the act is guilty of a misdemeanor. (Sec. 2, ch. 176, Session Laws
1901.)
.;;
Penalty.-Upon conviction, punishment by a fine of not
more than $300 or imprisonment in county jail for not
nor more than 90 days or by both, for each offense.
Session Laws 1901.)
Administering agen.c y.-Department of industrial relations,
statistics and law enforcement. 2
less than $50 nor
less than 30 days
( Sec. 2, ch. 176,
division of labor
REG ULA TIO NS
Order No.18 (secs. 4 and 16), effective February 26, 1932 (rescinding orders Nos.
4, amended, and 13, of 1919), of the industrial welfwre commission, issued by
virtue of the authority vested, in it by sec. 6 of ch. 324, Session L<J/Ws 1913,
to fix "the standwrd conditions of labor demanded by the health and welfare
of the women md minors engaged in any occupation, trade, or industry in
this State"; 3 and Se,~sion Laws 199!,7, ch. 248, sec. 3.
Establishments covered.-Any occupation, trade, or industry in which women
or minors are employed except the motion-picture industry.
Adequacy.-Not less than 1 to every 20 women and female minors or majority
fraction thereof up to 200 women; thereafter at the rate of 1 for every 30,
based on the average number employed during the peak season of the
establishment.
Pr'ivacy.-Separate and designated toilets required for women where five or
more persons are employed.
Doors must be located or screened so that no compartment will be visible
from adjoining room. Toilet rooms completely partitioned off from workrooms.
Each closet to be in a separate compartment provided with a door; compartment partitions not less than approximately 6 feet high and not nearer
to ceiling nor floor than approximately 1 foot; compartment and doors to
permit easy entrance and exit, former at least 27 inches wide, minimum clearance of 18 inches between front edge of seat and compartment wall or closed
door directly in front of seat.
Swnita.tion.-Kept clean; floors washed daily, scrubbed at least once a week;
bowls and seats cleaned at least once a day.
Walls covered with light-colored nonabsorbent paint, etc., if not constructed
of marble, cement, plaster, tile, glazed brick, or other glazed material. Floors
and side walls to height of not less than 6 inches hereafter installed to be
constructed with sanitary base and of mate1ial impervious to moisture, of
smooth surface, with angle coved. Material to be asphalt, Portland cement,
tile, glazed brick, or other approved material. . In existing installation, floor
may be of wood if kept well painted with a nonabsorbent paint.
Bowl of vitreous china or other approved material; adequate facilities for
flushing ; set entirely free from inclosing woodwork and installed so that surrounding space can be easily cleaned ; seat of wood or other non-heat-absorbing material coated with varnish or other waterproof substance. .
2 Session Laws 1889, ch. 5, sec . 7 , makes the commissioner of the bureau of labor statistics responsible for enforcing the provisions of the act. By acts of May 21.i 1921, and
May 12, 1927, the departm ent was reorganized. In 1927 the department or industrial
relations was created, with five divisions under it, including the division of labor statistics
and law. enforcement. (Session Laws 1927, ch. 440, pp. 733-738.)
8 By act of May 12, 1927, the industrial welfare commission was recreated within the
division of industrial welfare of the department of industrial relations and was made
r esponsible to the department. The industrial welfare commission, therefore, does not
tlx: standards and enforce them independently but its former powers are assumed by the
department. However, the standards already established by the industrial welfare commission are in fo1·ce under the department of industrial relations. (Sessio Laws :!,9!F,
ch. 440, pp. 733-738.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
36
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Toilet rooms to be adequately ventilated and only to outside of building.
Adequate natural or artificial light so that every part of the room and interior of each compartment is easily visible.
Other requirements:
Location.-N ot more than one floor above or below the regular place of
work of persons using same, except where passenger elevators are provided in sufficient numbers and their use permitted in taking employees to
toilet room floors.
Miscellaneous.-Adequate supply of toilet paper in every compartment;
sanitary napkins obtainable at reasonable price and metal receptacles
with hinged cover provided.
Responsibility.-Every employer or other person who either individually
or as an officer, agent, or employee of a corporation or other person, requires or causes to be required any such employee to work under conditions of labor prohibited by said order shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
( Sec. 3, ch. 248, Session Laws 1927.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction to be punished by fine of not less than $50 or by
imprisonment for not less than 30 days or by both. ( Sec. 3, ch. 248,
Session Laws 1927.)
Adt1ninistering agenoy.-Department of industrial relations, division of indu::;trial welfare. 4
Order No. 16-A (s ecs. 4 and 8), effective April 11, 1931 (rescinding order No.
16, of 19~6). See authority quoted for foregoing regulation
Establishments covered.-Motion-picture industry-Extras, i. e., women or
minors who act, sing, dance, or otherwise perform at a wage of $15 or under
per day or $65 or under per week. (Applies to conditions on location. Toilet
facilities on studio lots must meet the requirements of the sanitary order of
the industrial welfare commission.)
.1ldequaoy.-At least 1 seat to every 20 women.
Privacy.-To be screened between seats and in front.
Sani tation.-To be kept in a clean and sanitary condition.
Other requirements:
Miscellaneous.-Toilet paper must be supplied. Sanitary napkins must be
obtainable.
Responsibility.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
Penalty.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
Administering auenoy.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
General lighting sa.fety orders (effecUve December 1, 1919). Issued by the
1.ndustrial accident commission, under authorUy of s-ec. 39, ch. 586, Sessfon
LCIIWS 1917, p. 863.
Ibid., seos. 49, 50, p. 865
Establishments covered.-Working or traversed spaces in buildings or grounds
of places of employment during the time of use.
(Order 1501.)
Sanitation.-Not less than 0.50 foot-candle of artificial illumination to be pro-
vided for water-closet compartments and toilet rooms when the natural
light is less than twice this intensity. ( Order 1503 (a).)
·'
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Every e~ployer, employee, or other person who, either
individually or acting as an officer, agent, or employee of a corporation or
other person. ( Sec. 49.)
Penalty.-No definite penalty fixed for noncompliance with orders of the
commission. Failure or refusal to comply is made a misdemeanor and in
case of continued violation each day constitutes a separate offense.
( Sec8. 49 and 50.)
Administering agency.-Department of industrial relations, division of indu::;trial accidents and safety.
4
The industrial welfare commission was created by act of May 26, 1913, giving it
power to fix standards of conditions of labor as well as wages and hours. An amendment
in 1919 ch. 204, gave the commission power to enforce the standards it fixed. By act of
May 12, 1927, the industrial welfare commission was recreated within the division of
industrial welfare in the department of industrial relations. The powers and duties
originally vested in the industrial welfare commission succeeded to the department of
industrial relations and are administered through the division of industrial welfare.
( Session Laws 1927, ch. 440, pp. 733-738.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
37
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
COLORADO
STATUTES
Session Laws 1'929, ch. 95, secs. 5, 10, 11, pp. 341, 348-349
Establishments covered.-Every factory, workshop, office, bakery, laundry, store,
hotel or other building in which four or more persons are employed. ( Sec.
10.)
( Office buildings not inspected, according to commissioner.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified. Term "suffici.ent number" (sec. 10) indefinite.
Privaay.-Separate and apart for the use of each sex and plainly so designated.
Properly screened.
( Sec. 10.)
Sanitation.-Kept in a clean and good sanitary condition.
Properly ventilated.
( Sec. 10.)
Other requirements:
Location.-Within reasonable access. ( Sec. 10.)
Responsibility.-It shall be the duty of every occupant, whether owner or
lessee of any premises so used a · to come within the provisions of this
act to carry out the same and to make all the changes and additions
necessary therefor. In case such changes are made upon the order of
a factory inspector by the lessee of the premises, he may at any time
within 30 days after the completion thereof bring an action before any
justice of the peace, county or district court, having competent jurisdiction against any person having an interest in such premises and may
recover such portion of the expenses of making such changes and in
addition as the court adjudges should be borne by such defendant. ( Sec.
10.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction before any court of competent jurisdiction to be
punished by fine of not less than $50 nor more than $100 or imprisoned
in county jail not to exceed 90 days for each and every offense. ( Sec.
11.)
Administering agency.-Department of factory inspection of the bureau of labor
statistics.
( Sec. 5.)
Compiled, Laws of Coloraao, 11921, secs. 1019, 102<0, 1023, 1025, pp.
443-444
Etda-blishments covered.-Every such building, room, basement, inclosure, or
premises occupied, used or maintained for the production, preparation, manufacture, canning, packing, storage, sale, or distribution of such food. ( Sec.
1019.)
Adequaay.-Ratio not specified. Term "adequate" (sec. 1019) indefinite.
Privacy.-Separate and apart from room or rooms where the process of production is conducted. ( Sec. 1019.)
Sanitation.-Floors of cement, tile, wood, brick, or other nonabsorbent material;
washed and scoured daily. ( Sec. 1019.)
Other requirements:
Location.-Convenient toilet rooms. ( Sec. 1019.)
Responsibility.-Whoever unlawfully maintains or allows or permits to
exist a nuisance as herein defined shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and
on conviction thereof, shall be punished as herein provided. ( Sec. 1020.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction shall be punished for the first offense, by a
fine of not more than $200. Subseque11t offenses, not more than $200
or imprisonment in county jail not more than 90 days, or both, in discretion of the court. Each day after time limit set for abating insanitary
<:onditions as ordered by inspectors to constitute a distinct and separate
offense. ( Sec. 1025.)
Administering agency.-State food commissioner and food and- drug inspectors
of State board of health. ( Sec. 1023.)
REG ULA TIO NS
La.i,;s and Regulations, State board of health, 1927, pp. 2.51:3-27"'1, regulatfon 73,
Colorado pliurnhing code, adopted September 2, 1921, by virtite of authority
granted in sec. 4829 of Compiled Laws of Colorado, 1921, which rea'4s: "The
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
State board of health, * * * is hereby authorized and empowered to make,
prescribe, enforce, Mrl.end and repeal rules and regulations goverrwng the
plumbing, drainage, sewerage, and plumbing ventilation of aiz buildings in this
State, and thereby to establish and maintain m'i nimum standards which shall
be uniform through-Out the State whfoh rules and regulations shall halve the
force and effect of law, * * *." Ibid., secs. 4830, 4851, pp. 133'6, 1339.
Establishments covered.-Every person who shall be the owner, lessee, keeper,
or manager of any tenement house, boarding house, lodging house, workshop,
or manufactory. (Sec. 27 of Regulation 73.)
(Applies to all places of employment, including office buildings, according
to secretary, State board of health.)
Adequacy.-ln places of employment, water-closets shall be provided for every
20 males or less number and one water-closet shall be provided for every
15 females or less number. ( Sec. Z7 of regulation 73.)
Privacy.-Separate and sufficient water-closets for males and females, plainly
marked. ( Sec. 27 of regulation 73.)
Sanitation.-Kept in such cleanly and wholesome condition as not to be offensive and dangerous or detrimental to health.
Adequately ventilated. ( Sec. 27 of regulation 73.)
Regulation 73 includes requirements as to methods of installing pipes and
fixtures, sizes of pipes and drains, quality and weight of materials used,
etc., in addition to the requirements specified in section 27.
Other requirements:
Location.-Furnished upon at least every second floor.
Responsibility.-Every person who shall be the owner, lessee, keeper, or
manager shall provide or cause to be provided. (Sec. 27 of regulation 73.)
Penalty.-Fine of not less than $10 nor more than $50 or imprisonment in
county jail not more than 30 days for each and every offense, each day
to constitute a separate offense. ( Sec. 4851.)
Adrninistering a.genoy.-State board of health and deputy commissioner of
bureau of labor statistics.G ( Sec. 4830 states that the governor is to appoint
a chief plumbing inspector and such deputy inspectors as the State board
of health may deem necessary to carry out these regulations.)
"The justices of the peace in the several counties of the State are hereby
given jurisdiction in the premises." ( Sec. 4851.)
CONNECTICUT
STATUTES
Sewion Laics 19M, ch,. 90, secs. 1, 2,
4,
pp. 3855-3856
Establishments covered.-Every manufacturing, mechanical, and mercantile es-
tablishment and · public restaurant. ( Sec. 1.)
( Applies to office buildings, according to commissioner.)
Adequacv.-Ratio not specified. Term "adequate :fixtures" (sec. 1) is
indefinite.
Privacy.-Arranged to secure reasonable privacy for both sexes employed or
engaged in any such establishment; distinctly marked; partition solidly constructed from floor to ceiling when accommodations for the two sexes are
adjoining. ( Sec. 1.)
Sanitation.-Maintained in good repair and in a .c lean and sanitary condition.
Adequately ventilated with windows or suitable ventilators opening to the
outside.
Convenient means for artificial lighting.
Constructed inside when commissioner thinks such toilet accommodations
shall be nece~sary and iriside construction shall be practicable.
(Sec. 1.)
G Sec. 4200. Compiled Laws of Colorado, 1921, states that it shall "be the duty ot
the deputy labor commissioner to cause to be enforced all laws regulating the employment of children, minors, and women ; all laws established for the protection of the health,
lives and limbs of all operators in factories, mills, mines, workshops, offices, bakeries,
laundries, stores, hotels, railroads, or any public or private works where labor is employed or machinery used; and all laws enacted for the protection of wage workers."
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
39
Other requA.rements:
Responsibility.-The owner of any building occupied by one or more of
any such establishments, shall be required to furnish accommodations
and the ventilation thereof subject to the provisions of this act, and the
occupant of any such building shall maintain the same, subject to the
provisions of this act. ( Sec. 2.)
Penalty.-Fine of not more than $50 for each offense. (Sec. 4.)
Administering agenoy.-Commissioner of labor and factory inspection. ( Sec. 1.)
RECOMMENDATIONS
Sani-tatfon of factories an<Z mercantile establislvments. (Sanitary cod-e for the
use of inspectors in enforcing the sta.tutes quoted above.) In eighth biennial
report of the factory inspeotiOn department for the two years ending June .'130,
1922, pp. 15-19
Establishments covered.-Factories and mercantile establishments.
Adeqit,a,oy.-1 to 25 or fraction thereof of employees up to 200, and thereafter
at rate of 1 to 30.
·
Privaoy.-Separate water-closet compartments or toilet rooms for each sex.
Entrances to be designated . .
Existing installations.-Toilet rooms with entrances opening directly into
workrooms should be screened by a vestibule or stationary screen extending to height of at least 6 feet and of sufficient width to prevent a
view of the interior of the water-closet compartment or toilet room.
When entrances to toilets used by different sexes are within 10 feet of
each other, a stationary T or L shaped screen should be placed between
the two and in front of the doors.
Partitions separating .c ompartments used by the two sexes should
extend to the ceiling and there should be no direct connection between
them by door or other opening.
Outside partitions of toilet rooms and water-closet compartments not
located in a toilet room to be of solid construction extending to the
ceiling or to be independently ceiled over. Above the level of 6 feet
translucent but not transparent glass may be used in the partitions.
Windows when open should be screened to prevent a view of the interior
from surrounding buildings.
Partitions between compartments to be provided, with dimensions as
nearly as possible those prescribed for new installations. Compartment
and vestibule doors to have self-closing device.
New installations.-Every compartment hereafter installed should be located in a toilet room or built with a vestibule and door to screen the
interior from view. Door of every compartment not so located to be
fitted with effective self-closing device.
Partitions separating water-closets used by the two sexes to be of
solid plaster or metal covered, extending from floor to ceiling.
Where there is more than one water-closet installed in a toilet room,
partitions should be provided between them and they should extend forward not less than 15 inches further than the fixture. They should be
not less than 6 feet high and should not extend nearer the ceiling or
floor than 1 foot and should be at least 28 inches apart. In each compartment there should be at least 10 square feet of floor space and 80
cubic feet of air space per fixture. '
Sanitation.-Toilet rooms and compartments, including the :floors, walls, ceilings, and fixtures, to be kept in good repair and in a clean and sanitary condition. Walls to be kept free from indecent writing or marking and when
found should be removed by the employer.
Existing installations.-Toilets not to be maintained in connection with
rooms in which food products are manufactured, etc., unless separated
by a ventilated vestibule with door. Windows to have screens of wire
not coarser than 14 mesh between May 1 and November 1.
Walls and ceilings to be kept well painted with a light-colored nonabsorbent paint, varnish, or other substance impervious to water unless
constructed of marble, cement plaster, tile, galvanized iron, glazed brick,
or other glazed material or concrete with a mixture of waterproofing
material.
Toilet rooms or compartments should be ventilated to the outdoor air
by window, skylight; or ventilating duct.
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTEN ANOE OF TOILET FACILITIES
New installations.-All partitions and walls of compartments should be
made of waterproof material. If made of wood, they should be covered with a nonabsorbent paint. Floors and side walls to height of not
less than 6 inches should be constructed with sanitary base and of material other than wood which is impervious to moisture and which has a
smooth surface. Marble, Portland cement, tile, glazed brick, or other
approved waterproof material is recommended, and the angle formed
by the floor and the base should be covered.
Toilet fixtures should be made of vitreous china or of first quality
cast iron porcelain enameled inside and outside or of other approved
material; rim flush type should be used and bowl should be set free from
inclosing woodwork so that the space behind and below can be cleaned
easily. The seat should be made of wood or other nonheat-absorbing
material and painted with varnish or other substance to make it nonabsorbent. Long hopper closet permitted only where there is unavoidable exposure to frost and only ·w ith the written approval of the commissioner of labor and factory inspection.
Privies to be installed only when commissioner permits and requirements for such are given in this code also.
Every toilet room or compartment should have a window opening to the
outer air and kept open except where it is necessary to have a toilet
room installed in a basement, in which case a ventilating duct should
be provided.
All installations.-Toilet rooms and compartments to be lighted so that
all parts of the room are easily visible during working hours. Artificial
light to be provided if daylight is not sufficient. Approaches to all
water-closets to be well lighted and free from encumbrances.
Toilet rooms should be heated to 50° F. during working hours between
November 1 and April 1 and heating facilities should be arranged hereafter to permit thorough cleaning of floors and ,vans.
Other requirements:
Location.-To be located not more than 300 feet from the regular place
of work of the persons for whose use they are designed unless employees are allowed to use elevators. In tenant factories, mercantile or office
buildings, it is recommended that separate toilets be provided by the
owner within reasonable access according to the same standard, for the
common use of the tenants.
Miscellaneou ....:._Adequate supply of toilet paper to be provided and of type
that will not obstruct fixtures.
DELAWARE
STATUTES
Session Laws 1911, ch. 231, sec. 9, p. 748; Session Laws 1921, ch. 187, secs. 1, 12,
pp. 613-615
Establishments co-uerea.-Every mercantile, mechanical, transportation, or
manufacturing establishment, laundry, baking, or printing establishment,
dressmaking establishment, place of amusement, telephone or telegraph
office or exchange, hotel, restaurant, or office in which fema1es are employed
or permitted to work. (Sec. 1, ch. 187, Session Laws 1921.)
Adequa01/.-At least 1 water-closet or privy where 15 or less females are
employed; 1 to every 25 where 15 or more are employed. ( Sec. 1, ch. 187,
Session Laws 1921.)
Pr'WlW1/.-Separate water-closets or privies for each sex where four or more
persons are employed, and plainly marked.
Suitable.
( Sec. 1, ch. 187, Session Laws 1921.)
Sanitation.-At all times kept in repair, clean, sanitary, and free from all
obscene writing or marking.
Properly lighted.
Compartments open to the outer air or ventilated by means of a shaft or
air duct to the outer air.
Suitable.
( Sec. 1, ·h. 187, Se. sion Laws 1921.)
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
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Other requirements:
Location.-Easily accessible.
Responsibility.-In the enforcement of the prov1s10ns of this act, the
inspectors shall give proper notice in regard to violation of this act to
the person or corporation owning, operating, or managing any such
establishment. If found necessary to make changes in or additions to
any establishments named in section 1 for water-closets or plumbing,
the inspectors shall require the owner of the building in which such
establishment is situated to provide the necessary changes, addition,
or improvement if they are of a permanent character and will become the
property of the owner of the building in which such establishment is
located. (Sec. 2, ch. 187, Session Laws 1921.)
Penalty.-Fine for first offense not less than $10 nor more than $50;
subsequent offenses not less than $25 nor more than $200. ( Sec. 9,
ch. 231, Session Laws 1917. )
Administering agency.-Labor commission appoints inspectors. ( Sec. 2, ch. 187,
Se~sion Laws 1921. )
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
REG ULA TIO NS
Regulations of Commissioners of the District of Columbia pertaining to the use
and occupancy of buildings, adopte,d April 212, 1897, and amended July 28,
1922, under authority of act of Congress ( Code of the District of Columbia
1929, p. 193, sec. 34) which states th,at the Com1nissioners "* * * are
authorized a.rid empowered to make and enforce all 8'/Wh reasona ble and u,sual
police regulations * * * necessatJ·y for the vrotection of lives, limbs,
health, comfort atJi.d quiet of all persons * * * ." La,ws a;nd regulations
relating to public health in the District of Col1,tmbia., 1930, pp. 24.6-1249, secs.
1, 3, 12; Code of the District of Columbia, 1929, sec. 981, p. 267
Establishments ooverecl.-Any premises or building. (Sec. 1, order of 1897.)
Adequaoy.-Ratio not specified. Term "sufficient" (sec. 1, order of 189-7) is
indefinite.
Privacy.-Proper water-closets or privies.
Other requirements:
(Sec. 1, order of 1897.)
Responsibility.-That it shall be and is hereby made the duty of the
owner to provide proper and i;;ufficient water-closets. ( Sec. 1, order of
1897.)
Penalty.-Violator guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction fined not
less than $5 nor more than $45. ( Sec. 12, order of 18!:1'7.)
Adnninistering agen.oy.-Commissioners of the District of Columbia, through
the health officer. (Sec. 981, D. C. Code.)
See reference for foregoing regula.tion
Establishments covered.-Any store, factory, workshop, or other place of em-
ployment where workmen or workwomen are employed for wages. ( Sec.
3, order of 1897.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified. Term "sufficient" (sec. 3, order of 1897)
is indefinite.
Pri1;acy.-Separate privies for male and female employees. ( Sec. 3, order of
1897.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
Penalty.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
Adminlistering agenoy.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
Regu,lations governiln.g the installa,tion of plumbing and gas-fitting in the District of Columbia ad.opted February 15, 1893 ( with amendments to date,
Marrch 1, 19127), 1Jy the Corn;m;issioners of the District, under authority of act
of Congress, approved April 24, 1892, which states: "Commissioners * * *
are au,thorized and empowered to make, modify, atJid enforce re{!Ulations
governing plumbing * * *." Plumbing Regulations, secs. 1, 3, 1112, 113,
pp. 22, 2B, 91-98; Code of the D istrict of Columbia (oomplete to Mwroh 4,
1929) secs. 61, 63, p. 195
12390 °-33-4
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Establishments oovered.-These regulations shall be held to include and govern
all work done and materials used in introducing, maintaining, and extending
a supply of water through a pipe or pipes, or any appurtenance thereof, in
any building, lot, premises, or establishment, whether from a public or private
source of supply. ( Sec. 1, Plumbing Regulations.)
Adequaoy.-One water-closet for every 15 persons or less in every store, warehouse, manufacturing establishment, or other structure where workmen or
workwomen are, or will be employed. (Sec. 113 (a), Plumbing Regulations.)
Privacy.-Separate rooms for each sex are required. (Sec. 113 (a).)
Every water-closet to be located within a room arranged exclusively for
use as a toilet room, and the room is to be inclosed within a tight partition.
Dwarf partitions in toilet rooms where several water-closets are installed
to have at least 1 foot between floor and lower edge of partitions and the same
space at the top and so arranged that access may be had from any one
entrance of the room, to each closet therein.
( Sec. 112 (a).)
No water-closet to be set in any space less in horizontal dimensions than
12 inches in the clear to each side from center line of bowl, nor with less
space directly in front than 18 inches from the front of the bowl and nothing
to be allowed to encroach upon this space. When water-closets are in battery
or inclosures, the above 12 inches is to be increased to 15 inches. ( Sec.
113 (b) .)
Sanitation.-Bowls of glazed earthenware with properly formed flushing rim.
(Sec. 113 (b).) No cast iron, pressed steel, or enameled iron or steel watercloset bowls to be used for interior water-closets. ( Sec. 113 (f) .)
No pan, hopper valve, plunger, offset washout, or 2-piece water-closet nor
any closet with a vent horn into trap shall be instaUed, and existing ones, jf
complained of, to be removed. ( Sec. 113 ( c).)
No range or trough water-closets permitted. (Sec. 113 (f).)
Toilet room to have direct communication with the external air by means
of a glazed window whose area ( sash size) is equal to 10 per cent of floor
area of the room and 50 per cent of the window area able to be opened for
ventilation purposes. No window area to be less than 4 square feet. Fifty
per cent of its area able to be opened directly into a space open from ground
to sky. No window to open directly into any covered area nor nearer any
structure than 3 feet. ( Sec. 112 (a).)
Additional specifications are given in detail for ventilation and lighting of
toilet rooms through air shafts. (Sec. 112 (b), (c), (d), and (e).) ·
R ooms provided with suitable means for artificial lighting. (Sec. 112 (f).)
In addition, the plumbing regulations pertain to the method of installing
pipes and fixtur~s, the .·ize of pipes and drnins, the quality and weight of
materials, etc.
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Sh9uld the owner or agent of the premises ordered to be
repaired neglect or refuse to comply with the order within a reasonable
time, after 10 days notice, it shall be the duty of the inspector of plumbing to report the same to his immediate superior. ( Sec. 3, Plumbing
Regulations.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction punishable by a fine of not more than $200 for
each and every offense, or in default of payment of fine, imprisonment
not to exceed 30 days. ( Sec. 61 of District of Columbia Code.)
Administering agency.-Oommissioners of the District through the plumbing
in spector. 6 ( Sec. 63 of District of Columbia Code.)
FLORIDA
STATUTES
Compiled General Laws of Floriaa, 192"1, secs. 5952, 5955, "/9"19, pp.1942, 1943, 242 l
Establishments aovered.-All manufacturing establishments · where any person
under 16 years of age is employed. ( Sec. 5955.)
A.dequacy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
6
According to a statement of the inspector of plumbing, periodical inspections of places
of employment are made by the department of health. When insufficient toilet accommodations are found, it informs the plumbing inspection division, which sees that they are
properly installed.
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
43
Privacy.-If girls under 16 are employed, water-closets must have separate ap-
proaches and be kept separate and apart from those used by the men.
Properly screened.
Suitable and proper water-closets.
( Sec. 5955.)
Sanitation.-Kept at all times in a clean condition and free from obscene writing
and marking.
Properly screened and ventilated.
Suitable and proper water-closets.
( Sec. 5955.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Whoever employs a minor child in violation of any of the
provisions. ( Sec. 7979.)
Penalty.-Fined not more than $50 and for every day of violation after
notification, not less than $5 nor more than $20. ( Sec. 7979.)
Administering agency.-State labor inspector. (Sec. 5952.)
GEORGIA
No regulation.
IDAHO
STATUTES
Compiled Statutes of Idaho, 1919, vol. 1, secs. 1755, 1760, 1780, 1782, pp. 503,
504, 508, 509
Establishments covered.-All slaughtering, packing, meat-canning, salting, ren-
dering, or similar establishments. ( Sec. 1755.)
Terms "ample and sufficient toilet rooms"
( sec. 1760) are indefinite.
S.ani-tation.-Kept in sanitary condition.
Separateu from compartments in which carcasses are dressed., etc.
Properly lighted. 7
Suitably ventilated.
( Sec. 1760.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not spedfied.
Other r equi-rements :
Responsibility.-Any person or persons, corporation or corporations violating this act. ( Sec. 1782.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction punished by a fine of not less than $25 nor more
than $300 or by imprisonment in county jail for not more than six months
or by both. ( Sec. 1782.)
Administering agency.-Department of public welfare. 8 (Sec. 1780.)
ILLINOIS
STATUTES
Revised, Statutes of ILUnois, 1929 (Ga.hill),
1216
en. 48,
seos. 162, 164, 168, pp. 1275-
Establishments covered.-Every factory, mercantile establishment, mill, or work-
shop. ( Sec. 162.) ( Applies to all places of employment including restaurants and office buildings, according to director of labor.)
Adequacy.-At least 1 to every 30 male persons and 1 to every 25 female persons. ( Sec. 162.)
Privacy.-Separate and apart for the use of each sex and plainly marked by
which sex they are to be used.
Constructed in an approved manner and properly inclosed.
(Sec. 162.)
7 The Idaho State Chamber of Commerce has a division of All-Idaho Safety Council
that suggests the use of the Code of Lighting Factories, Mill ' , and Other Work PlacesAmerican Standard approved Aug. 18, 1930.
8 This agency carries duties in re soldiers' home, State sanitariums
vi,t~l statistics,
etc., and is responsible for dairy, food, and sanitary inspections.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Sa,nitation.-Kept in a clean and sanitary condition.
Constructed in an approved manner.
Properly lighted by artificial light, except when influx of natural light
makes this unnecessary.
Direct ventilation with outside air where practicable; otherwise placed in
an inclosure and properly and effectively disinfected and separately ventilated.
(Sec. 162.)
Other requirements:
Location.-Within reasonable access. (Sec. 162.)
Responsibility.-It shall be the duty of every person, :firm, or corporation
to which the provisions of this act may apply, to carry out the same, and
make all the changes and additions necessary therefor, and in every
way to comply with all the provisions of this act, and it shall be the duty
of the owner of the building in which is located any such factory, mercantile establishment, mill or workshop, to permit any alterations or
additions to such building as may be necessary to comply with the provisions of this act. ( Sec. 164.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction punished by fine of not less than $10 nor more
than $50 for first offense; subsequent offenses not less than $25 nor more
than $200. ( Sec. 168.)
·
Administering agenoy.-Department of labor. 0
INDIANA
STATUTES
Burns's Annotated Indiana Statutes, 1926 (Watson's Revision), Vol. III, secs.
9416, 9418, 9429, pp. 22, 26, 28
Estal.Jlishments coverecl.-Owner, agent, or lessee in each establishment above
enumerated. ( Sec. 9418.)
" Above enumerated " refers to sec. 9416, which lists manufacturing or
mercantile establishments, mine or quarry, laundry, renovating works,
bakery, or printing office.
A.dequacy.-One seat for each 25 persons and 1 seat for each fraction thereof
above 10 employed in such establishment. ( Sec. 9418.)
Privacy.-Accomrnodations for females are to have separate approaches and
be separate and apart from those used by the men.
Properly screened.10
Suitable and proper water-closets.
( Sec. 9418.)
Sanitation.-Kept at all times in a clean condition.
Free from obscene writing and marking.
Properly ventilated. 1 0
Suitable and proper water-closets.
( Sec. 9418.)
9
The chief factory inspector was originally responsible for the enforcement of sec. 162.
By act of Mar. 7, 1917, the department of labor wa given power to exercise the rights,
powers, and duties vested by law in chief factory inspector and State factory inspection
service. (Revised Statutes of Illinois, 1929 (Cahill), ch. 48, sec. 167 and ch. 24a,
sec. 44 ( 4) . )
" Whenever any inspection of machinery_ ways, means, instruments, or appliances in,
on, about, or connected with any factory , mill, mercantile establishment, or "orkshop, is
required to be made by the ordinances of any city, town, or village of a standard equal
to that of this act, and the inspection r equired by .,,ucb ordina11ces has been made, then
and in every such case, such in spec tion shall be accepted by the chief State factory inspector, * * * as a compliance in that respect with the provisions of this act; and
it shall be the duty of the person for whom such inspection has been made to furnish
the chief State factory inspector, or his assistant or deputies, with a COP'f of the report
of inspection made under such ordinances." (Revised Statutes of Illinois, 1929 (Cahill).
ch. 48, sec. 169.)
10 The industrial board has issued an unpublished ruling defining a "properly ventilated" toilet room a s one ventilated either directly to the outside by means of a
window or indirectly to the outside by means of some mechanical device. To be " properly screened" the board also ruled that each seat be inclosed in a separate compartment
equipped with a door, having partition extending not less than 6 feet from the floor and
the door not less than 5 feet, and the clearance between the floor and the bottom of the
door or partition not to exceed 12 inches.
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
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Other requitreme-nts:
Responsibility.-;-Owner, agent or lessee in each establishment. ( Sec.
9418.)
Penalty.-Fined for first offense not more than $50, and not more than $100
for second offense to which may be added not more than 10 days imprisonment. For third offense, fined not less than $250 and not more
than 30 days in jail. ( Sec. 9429.)
Administering agency.-Industrial board through department of women and
children. 11
REG ULA TIO NS
Plwmbing Rules andJ Regulations 12 adopted, by the Administrative BuiitUng
Council of Indiana, May 26, 1925, (revised and reprinted December 15,
1927), under authwity of Session Laws 1923, ch. 64, sec. 4 of w'hich states
that "It shali be the duty of the administrative committee and it shali hOIVe
power, jurisaiotion, wnd authority * * * to asoertain, fix, and, ord,er
such reasonable stanoords, rules, regulations, <flassifi,cations, approval of
plans, and speoifi,cations of p-Laces of employment and 1nibUc buiidings as
shall be necessary to carry out the purpose of this act." Session Laws 1923,
ell,. 64, secs. 6-8, 12, 13, pp. 197-200
Establishments oovered.-Every employer and every owner of a place of
employment. ( Sec. 6.)
" Place of employment" shall mean and include every place, whether
indoors or out or under ground and the premises appurtenant thereto where
either temporarily or permanently any industry, trade, or business is carried
on, or where any process or operation, directly or indirectly related to any
industry, trade, or business is carried on, and where any person is directly
or indirectly employed by another for direct or indirect gain or profit, but
shall not include any place where persons are employed in agricultural
pursuits. ( Sec. 13.)
Adequaoy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Sanitation.-Water-closets to be made of vitrified earthenware, hard natural
stone, or cast iron, white enameled on the inside. (19-7-1.)
Installed free and open in a manner to afford access for cleaning. (19-7-2.)
Water-closet bowls and traps to be made in one piece and of such form as
to hold a sufficient quantity of water to prevent fouling of surfaces and
provided with imegral flushing rims constructed so as to flush the entire
interior of the bowl. (19-7--3.)
Pan and valve plunger, offset washout, and other water-closets having
invisible seals or unventilated space or walls not thoroughly washed at each
flush are forbidden. Long hopper closets not to be installed hereafter.
(19-7-5.)
Every water-closet to be flushed by means of an 9_pproved tank or flush
valve of at least 4 gallons flushing capacity. (19----6---4.)
Trapped plumbing fixtures not to be located in any room which does not
have an outside window or other proper means of ventilation by which the
air in the room is changed at least 6 times per hour. (19--8-1.)
Ventilation pipes from toilet rooms must have no connection with other
ventilating pipes or ducts in the building. ( 19-8-2.)
In addition, the plumbing regulations pertain to the method of installing
pipes and fixtures, the size of pipes and drains, the quality and weight
of materials, etc.
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Every employer and every owner of a place of employment.13 ( Sec. 6.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction fined $10 to $100 for each offense. (Sec. 12.)
AdJministering agenoy.-Administrative committee of the State building council
with cooperation of local officials. (Secs. 7, 8.)
11 Sec. 9418 was originally enforced by a department of inspection whose powers and
duties succeeded in turn to the State bureau of inspection and the industrial board.
The department of women and children was established in the industrial board by act of
Mar. 11, 1919.
12 These regulations are based on the Recommended Minimum Requirements for Plumbing issued by the Bureau of Standards of the U. S. Department of Commerce.
13 These rules are also binding on architects, engineers, or other persons who design
buildings for places of employment or public buildings, according to sec. 6.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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46
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
IOWA
STATUTES
Code of Iowa, 1927, ch. 73, secs. 1482, 1483, 1491, 1494, pp. 237, 238
Establishments covered.-Every manufacturing or mercantile establishment,
workshop, or hotel in which five or more persons are employed. 14
(
Sec. 1483.)
Adequacy.-At least 1 to every 20 employees. (Sec. 1483.)
Prwaoy.-Toilets used by women to have separate approaches and be separate
and apart from those used by the men and boys.
Properly screened.
(Sec. 1483.)
Sanitation.-Kept in a clean condition and free from obscene writing and
marking.
Properly ventilated.
( Sec. 1483.)
Other requirem ents:
Responsibility.-When the comm1ss10ner or his inspector shall discover
or have reason to believe that any provision of the eight preceding sections (includes sec. 1483) is being violated, he shall give to the person,
company, corporation, or the manager or superintendent thereof, a notice
in writing to comply with such provision within a reasonable time to be
fixed in said notice and which time shall be of not less than 7 nor more
than 30 days duration except that such time may be extended by tp.e
commissioner for good cause. ( Sec. 1491.)
Penalty.-Fine not exceeding $10 for each offense. ( Sec. 1494.)
A dmi nistering agency.--Commissioner of labor, mayor, and chief of police.
( Sec. 1482.)
REGULATIONS
State Plitmbi ng Code, 15 1925. Drafted by plumbing code committee u n der authority of secs. 2192-2194, Code of Iowa 1924, and adopted by the department
of health under autlwri.ty of sec. 2191 ( 8), which states that the department
of health, shall "Establi sh,, pub:Ush, and enforce a code of r u les< gove rning the
installation of plumbi ng i n cities an d towns and amend the sarne when deemed
n ecessary * * *." Code of Iow a 1931, secs. ~191 (1), 2214, 2217, 2/!334,
5775, 5777, pp. 324, 326-328, 750
B stablishments covered.-Any building (sec. 5775) in towns of 6,000 or more
population.
( Sec. 5777.)
.ridequacy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Sanitalion.-Water-closets to be made of vitrified earthenware, or cast iron,
white enameled on the inside. ( Sec. 80.)
Installed free and open in a manner to afford access for cleaning.
(Sec. 81.)
Water-closet bowls and traps made in one piece and of such form as to
hold a sufficient quantity of water to prevent fouling of surfaces and provided with integral flushing rims constructed so as to flush the entire interior of the bowl. ( Sec. 82.)
Pan and valve plunger, offset washout and other water-closets having
invisible seals or unventilated space or walls not thoroughly washed at each
flush, forbidden. Long hopper closets not to be installed hereafter.
(Sec. 84.)
Every water-closet to be flushed by means of an approved tank or flush
valve of at least four gallons' :flushing capacity. ( Sec. 73.)
Trapped plumbing fixtures shall not be located in any room which does
not have an outside window or other proper ventilation. (Sec. 88.)
Ventilation pipes from toilet rooms must have no connection with other
ventilating pipes or ducts in building. ( Sec. 89.)
14
Enforced in office buildings. Commissioner interprets restaura nts as covered by this
statute under "mercantile establishments."
15 '.rbis code is based on the " Recommended Minimum Requirements for Plumbing,"
issued by the Bureau of Sta ndards of the U. S. Department of Commerce.
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
47
In addition, the plumbing regulations pertain to the method of installing
pipes and fixtures, the sizes of pipes and drains, and the quality and weight
of materials used, etc.
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person who violates rules of the department or any
lawful order is guilty of a misdemeanor. ( Sec. 2217.)
Penalty.-Oities and towns prescribe penalties for violation. ( Sec. 5775.)
Administeri;n,g agerwy.-State department of health (sec. 2191 (1)) through
local boards (sec. 2234) and peace officers. (Sec. 2214.)
IUNSAS
REG ULA TIO NS
lndlustrial welfare orde1·s of the oommission of labor and indlustry 16 Nos. 1, 2,
and 3. Revised Statutes of Kansas 19123, sec. 44-649, p. 708
Establisl•ments covere<Z.-Laundries.
(Order No. 1.) The term" laundry occupation " includes laundering, dyeing, dry-cleaning and pressing establishments.
Manufacturing establishments. (Order No. 2.)
"Manufacturing occupation" shall include all processes in the production
of commodities, such as work performed in florists' shops, candy-making
departments of confectionery stores and bakeries ; and in millinery workrooms, dressmaking establishments, hemstitching and button shops, alteration,
drapery, and upholstery departments, unless wh.e n connected with mercantile
establishments these are permitted to be operated under the mercantile order.
Mercantile establishments. (Order No. 3.)
The term "mercantile occupation " shall include the work of those employed
in establishments operated for the purpose of trade in the purchase or sale of
any goods or merchandise, and includes the sales force, the wrapping employees, the auditing and checking force, the shippers in the mail-order
department, the receiving, marking, and stock-room employees, sheet-music
saleswomen and demonstrators, and all employees in such establishments in
any way directly connected with the sale, purchase, and disposition of goods,
wares, and merchandise, except regularly registered pharmacists.
Adequaoy.-Ratio not specified in any way. (Order No. 1.)
One to every 20 female persons employed at one time or major fraction
thereof. ( Order No. 2.)
Same as order No. 2. (Order No. 3.)
Privacy.-Separate toilets for each sex to be provided and plainly so designated.
(Order No. 1.)
Doors must be properly screened and must not be entered by a common
approach. ( Order No. 1.)
Separate from those used by the opposite sex. (Orders Nos. 2 and 3.)
Suitable toilets. (Orders Nos. 2 and 3.)
Sanitation.-Kept in clean and sanitary condition.
Thoroughly ventilated and open to the outside air.
Suitable toilets.
( Orders Nos. 2 and 3.)
Other requirements:
Location.-Oonvenient toilets. ( Orders Nos. 2 and 3.)
Responsibility.-Any employer who employs any woman or minor, learner,
or apprentice in any occupation. (Sec. 44-649.) (Orders Nos. 1, 2,
and 3.)
Penalty.-Fined not less than $25 nor more than $100 for each offense in
violation of standards set by commission. ( Sec. 44-649.) ( Orders Nos.
1, 2, and 3.)
18 By act of Mar. 6, 1915 (Session Laws 1915, ch. 275) an industrial welfare commission was created. Sec. 2 reads : " It shall be unlawful to employ women, learners, and
apprentices and minors in any industry or occupation within the State of Kansas under
conditions of labor detl'imental to their health or welfare * * * ." Sec. 3 stated
that the industrial welfare commission was cl'eated " * • * to establish such standards of • * * conditions of labor for women, learners and apprentices, and minors
employed within this State as shall be held hereunder to be reasonable and not detrimental to health and welfare." The powers given to the industrial welfare commission
have succeeded in turn to the court of industrial relations, the public service commission,
and by act of Mar. 12, 1929, to the commission of labor and industry. (Session Laws
1929, ch. 258.)
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48
INSTALLATION AND MAINTEN ANOE OF TOiLET FACILITIES
Administering agency.-Oommission of labor and industry, through division of
women's work.17
(Orders Nos. 1, 2, and 3.)
KENTUCKY
STATUTES
Carroll's Kentucky Statutes, 1930, secs. 33a-6, 48661>-4, 4866b-"/, pp. 158, 2497
Establishments covered.-E.very person, firm, or corporation employing females.
( Sec. 4866b-4.)
Adequaoy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Privacy.-lf male persons employed, to be provided with closets in a room
entirely separate from and having an entrance entirely distinct and separate
from that to the room containing the women's closets.
Properly screened.
Suitable and proper water-closets.
( Sec. 4866b-4. )
Sanitation.-Kept clean at all times and free from obscene writing and marking.
Suitable and proper water-closets.
Properly ventilated.
( Sec. 4866b-4. )
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person, firm, or corporation who or which violates
any of the provisions of this act, or suffers or permits any female
to be employed in violation of any of the provisions of this act. ( Sec.
4866b--7.)
Penalty.-On conviction to be fined for first offense not less than $25 nor
more than $50; for subsequent offenses not less than 10 nor more than 90
days' imprisonment or not less than $50 nor more than $200 fine or both.
( Sec. 4866b-7.)
Administering agenoy.-Department of labor of the bureau of agriculture, labor,
and statistics. ( Sec. 33a-6.)
( State, county, and city health departments also have jurisdiction, according to the chief inspector.)
Carroll's J(entuck11 Statu,tes, 193'0, secs. 2060b-5, 20607>--11, 2060b-13, pp.
10'91-1093
Establishments covered.-Every such building, room, basement, inclosure, or
premises occupied, used or maintained for the production, preparation, manufacture, canning, packing, storage, sale, or distribution of such food. ( Sec.
2060b--5.)
Adequaoy.-Ratio not specified. Term "adequate" (sec. 2060b-5) indefinite.
Privacy.-Separate from room where process of production, etc., is carried on.
( Sec. 2060b-5.)
Sanitati<>n.-Floors shall be of cement, tile, wood, brick, or other nonabsorbent
material and shall be washed and scoured daily.
Separate ventilating flues and pipes discharging into soil pipes. ( Sec.
2060b-5.)
Other requirements:
Location.-Oonvenient toilet rooms. ( Sec. 2060b--5.)
Responsibility.-Person, firm, or corporation violating. ( Sec. 2060b-11.)
Penalty.-On conviction to be fined not less than $10 nor more than $100
or by imprisonment not to exceed 30 days or both. Subsequent offenses,
not less than $50 nor more than $200 fine or imprisonment for not more
than 90 days or both. Each day after expiration of the time limit to
constitute a separate and distinct offense. ( Sec. 2060b--13.)
Administering agency.-State board of health officials, county and city health
officers. ( Sec. 2060b-11.)
17 The responsibility for enforcement was originally vested in the department of labor
and industry. (Session Laws 1913, ch. 217, sec. 5.) By act of Mar. 12, 1929 (Session
Laws 1929, ch. 258) this responsibility succeeded to the commission of labor and
Industry.
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49
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
RECOMMENDATIONS
[nd,ustrial Housekeeping, Bulletin 31, department of labor, 1927. Recommended
standards for toilets in factories and work places, pp. 94-96
Establishments covered.-These recommendations are offered by the department
of labor for factories and work places.
Adequacy.-One toilet seat to every 15 persons. In plants that employ a large
number of individ.uals, 1 seat to every 25 persons.
Privacy.-Closets inclosed in individual ·stalls and in a room separate from the
washing facilities.
Sanitation.-Walls to be of light color and of material that can be washed.
Floors to be made of concrete, having no cracks, sloped to drain into floor
drain and having some arrangement for flushing.
Siphon-jet closet bowls with extended lips in front; large water area, cut
out rear rim, and no cover to the 8eat.
Toilet rooms should be constructed so that they will be well ventilated,
lighted, heated, and easily cleaned.
Other requirements:
Location.-Located as near the large mass of workers as possible.
and females may be accommodated on alternate floors.
Males
Kentucky Laws and Rules of Interest and Pertaining to Chiildren--LaborSafety-Jndustry, B1tUeti.n 32, department of labor, 1929. Industrial hygiene
recommendations of State board of health, pp. 45-50
Establishments covered.-These recommendations are offered by the State board
of health only in connection with food-handling establishments.
Awequacy.-One toilet to every 25 or less male employees and 1 to every 15 or
less females.
Privacy.-Separate water-closets or priYies for each sex with entrances that are
entirely distinct and separate; plainly marked by which sex they are to be
used.
Sanitation.-Kept in good repair, clean and sanitary; openings screened against
flies.
Toilet rooms separate from rooms where manufacturing processes are
going on.
Direct ventilation to the outside air.
Fixtures that can be flushed with water to thoroughly cleanse them.
Code of Lighting for Factories, Mills, wnd Other Work Plaaes, America,n Standards Assoc-iation, recommended by the bureau of agriculture, labor, and
statistics
Establishments coverett.-Factories, mills, and other work places.
Sanitation.-Minimum of illumination recommended for toilet rooms is one
foot-candle.
LOUISIANA
STATUTES
Sessil()n L(JIU)s 1908, Act 301, secs. 3,
14,
VP- 456, 459
Establishments covered.-Every factory, mill, manufacturing establishment,
workshop, warehouse, mercantile establishment ol' store and all other occupations and establishments herein above mentioned 18 in which five 01· more
young persons or women are employed and every such institution in which
two or more children, young persons or women are employed. ( Sec. 14.)
18 Refers to the title of act 301, Session Laws 1908, which was amended by sec. 1, act
176, 1926, which mentions " mills, factories, mines and packing houses, hotels or restau- ,
rants, manufacturing establishments, workshops, laundries, millinery or dressmaking
stores or mercantile establishments, theater, concert ball, or in or about any place of
amusement where intoxicating liquors are made or sold, or in any bowling alley, bootblacking establishment, freight or passenger elevators, or in the transmission or distribution of messages, either telegraph or telephone, or any other messages, or merchandise,
or in any other occupation, not herein enumerated, which may be deemed unhealthful or
dangerous * * *,"
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50
INSTALLATION AND MAINTEN ANOE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Adequacy.-One for each 25 employees. (Sec. 14.)
Privaoy.-Suffi.cient number of separate and distinct water-closets, earth closets
or privies for the use of each sex and plainly so designated.
Proper water-closets or privies.
(Sec. 14.)
Other reqwirements·:
Location.-Reasonable access. (Sec. 14.)
Miscellaneous.-Not locked during working hours. (Sec. 14.)
Penalty.-Fine not less than $25 nor more than $50 or imprisonment in
parish jail (New Orleans) for not less than 10 days nor more than 30
days or both. (Sec. 14.)
Admini,stering agency.-Commissioner of labor and industrial statistics and
city factory inspector of board of health. ( Sec. 3.)
REG ULA TIO NS
Sanitary Code, State of Louisiana (Ch,. VII, Plumbing) vrepared by State
board of health,, under Act 79, Louisiana Laws, Ewtra Session, 1921. Sec. 6
states that tne State boardJ of health, " shall prevare, or cause to be prevared,
a sanit<11r11 oode for the State of Louisiana, whti.ch oode shall c-onta;i!YI, and
vrovide rules, regulations and ordina;n,ces of a general as well as a specific
nature for th,e improvement and amelioration of the hygiene and sanitary
condUions of the State." Ibid,., secs. 7, 9, pp. 111-112.
Establisl1,ments covered.-Building or structure of any kind. (Art. 95 (a).)
Adequacy.-Ratiq not specified in any way.
Sanitation.-Every water-closet to be supplied with a separate tank or cistern
of at least 3½ gallons capacity for each water-closet. (Art. 109.)
Water-closets to be glazed with earthenware or enameled iron in one piece
all exposed; the woodwork to .consist of seat and back only, wood casing not
allowed. (Art. 110.)
Only tank closets permitted hereafter. Pan, plunger, long hopper, direct
supplies of any kind, or closet having any unventilated space, or whose walls
are not :flushed at each discharge, not to be used. (Art. 111.)
In addition, plumbing regulations pertain to the method of installing pipe::;
and fixtures, the size of pipes and drains, the quality and weight of materials,
etc.
Other require1nents:
Penalty.-Fine for the first offense, not less than $10 nor more than $50 or
20 days' imprisonment or both, for the second $50 to $100 or 20 to 60 days
or both, and for the third $100 to $500 or 60 clays to 6 months or both.
(Sec. 7.)
Adtnvinistering agency.-State board of health, sheriffs, police, and other
police officers. · ( Sec. 9.)
MAINE
REGULATIONS
Industria,l Code, Rules and Regulations R elating to Sanitation of Jl'actories and
Mercantile Establ'ishments, approved by the public health council, December
29, 1925, and promulgated by the State department of health by virtue of the
power vested in it by ch. 197, Sessi:JJn Laws 1917, as amended by ch. 172,
Session Laws 1919, which says, " The State department of health shall from
time to time make a.nd publish such orders and regulation,s as they shall
think necessary and prover for the protection of life and health and the
successful operation of the health laws of this State, which said orders and
regulations snall be published in such manner as said department of health
directs * * * ." Revised Statutes of Maine, 1930, ch,. 22, secs. 3, 13, 31,
pp. 448, 450, 454; ch. 54, sea. 14, p. 831
Establishments covered.-Factories and mercantile establishments.
"Factory" is defined as any premises where steam, water, or other
mechanical power is used in aid of any manufacturing process there carried
on. ( Ch. 54, sec. 14.)
(Laundries and restaurants covered, according to commissioner of labor.)
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51
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
Adequacy:
Number
employed
1 to
16 to
36 to
56 to
15 ________________
35 ________________
55 ________________
80 ________________
Ratio
1-15
1-17½
1-181/2
1-20
Number
employed
Ratio
81 to 110______________ 1-22
111 to 150 ______________ 1-25
151 to 190______________ 1-27 ½
and thereafter at the rate of 1 to every 30 persons.
(Rule 3.)
Requirements.-Requirements are identical with those adopted by the Industrinl
Board of New York State given in detail on pages 64-66.
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Whoever violates. (Oh. 22, secs. 13, 31.)
Penalty.-According to rule 70 of the industrial code, two penalties are
provided for violation of the rules and regulations of the department of
health : A fine of $10 to $100 for each offense ( sec. 13) and a fine of not
more than $500, or imprisonment of not more than six months, or both
(sec. 31).
Administering agency.-State department of health (ch. 22, sec. 3) and department of labor and industry.10
Rules and Regulations of the State Department of Health of Maine in Relation
to Plumbing Work Done Withdn the State,20 approved by public health cO'ltncil,
December 29, 1925, amendments a.pproved May 13, 1926, under (]Atthority of
statute quoted for foregoing regulation
EstabUshments covered.-Every building intended for human habitation or
occupancy on premises abutting on a street in which there is a public sewer
or within 100 feet of a public sewer. (Rule 1.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Sanitation.-Water-closets to be made of vitrified earthenware or other approved
nonabsorbent water-tight material. (Rule 90.)
Installed free and open in a manner to afford access for cleaning. (Rule
91.)
Water-closet bowls and traps made in one piece and of such form as to
hold a sufficient quantity of water to prevent fouling of surfaces and provided with integral flushing rims constructed so as to flush interior surface
of the bowl. (Rule 92.)
Pan and valve plunger, offset washout and other water-closets having invisible seals or unventilated space or walls not thoroughly washed at each
flush, forbidden. Long hopper closets not to be installed hereafter. (Rule
97.)
Every water-closet to be flushed by means of an approved tank or flush
valve of at least 4 gallons flushing capacity. (Rule 82.)
Trapped plumbing fixtures not to be located in any room which does not
have an outside window or other system of ventilation. (Rule 101.)
Ventilation pipes from toilet rooms must have no connection with other
ventilating pipes or ducts in building. (Rule 102b.)
Every toilet room or compartment to be provided with a suitable system
of exhaust ventilation which will change the air at a normal temperature at
least six times per hour or ventilated directly to outer air by a window or
other opening not less than 1 foot wide and having area of not less than 6
square feet and an additional square foot for each additional water-closet.
(Rule 102.)
Rule 102 also contains specifications for mechanical systems of ventilation.
In addition, the plumbing regulations pertain to the methods of installing
pipes and fixtures, the sizes of pipes and drains, and the quality and weight
of materials used, etc.
19 Sec. 10, ch. 54, Revised Statutes 1930, p. 830, states that " the commissioner of labor
and industry shall cause to be enforced all laws regulating the employment of minors
and women; all laws established for the protection of health, lives, and limbs of operators
in workshops and factories, on railroads, and in other places * * *." Sec. 12 states
that "The commissioner, as State factory inspector and any authorized agent of the
department of labor and industry may enter any factory or mill," etc., to examine the
sanitary conditions "in and around such buildings."
20 These rul es and regulations are based on the Recommended Minimum Requirements
for Plumbing issued by the Bureau of Standards of the U. S. Department of Commerce.
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Othm· requirements:
Responsibility.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
Penalty.-See this section of foregoing regulation .
.A,dministervn.g a,.genoy.-State department of health requires every city, town,
or other subdivision in the State to enforce the department of health's detailed code or adopt a code of its own subject to the approval of the State
department of health and not in conflict with the basic plumbing principles
and these rules and regulations of the State department of health. (Rule 7.)
MARYLAND
STATUTES
A.n,notated Code of MaryiandJ (Bagby), 1924, Vol. I , art. 43, secs. 203, 203 (c)
and (i), 204, 205, pp. 1615- 1618
Establishments covgred.-Every building, room, basement, cellar, or other place
occupied or used for the preparation, manufacture, packing, canning, sale, or
distribution of food. ( Sec. 203 ( c) . )
Adequacy.-Not specified in any way.
Privaoy.-Separate toilet rooms for male and feniale employees.
Separate or partitioned from the room where production is carried on.
( Sec. 203, ( c) and (i) .)
Sawitation.-Floor and all parts kept clean. ( Sec. 203, ( c) and ( i).)
Oth,gr requilrements:
Location.-Convenient toilet o,r to net rooms. ( Sec. 203, ( c) and ( i).)
Responsibility.-Every person, :firm, a ssociation, or corporation engaged in
the handling of food and food products, shall be governed by the following rules and r egulation s which are hereby made the law of this State.
(Sec. 203.)
Penalty.-Fine for first offense not more than $50, second offense not more
than $100, and third offense not more than $300. ( Sec. 205.)
.Aclm,vn1stering agency.-State department of health. ( Sec. 204.)
REGULATIONS
Maryland Plwmbvng Coile, pp. 14, 15. Adopted by State board of health, March
17, 1921 (amended Ma.y 31, 1923, and; Septem;ber 24., 1925), by vi1•tue of
authority vested in it by ch. 675, Session La.w s 1914, seo. 1 of which states
that "T'he State board, of health shaU hCIIVe the general care of the sanitary
in,terests of the people of this State * * *. They shall have tne power
* * * to make rules ana regulatiOns not inconsistent with law r egulating
the character and location of pl1.t m,bing, drainage, water supply, d;isp,osal of
sewage, garbage, or other waste mat61fial * * * ." Annotated Code
(Bagby) 1924, Vol. I, art. 43, secs. 3, 10, 47, 98. pp. 1542, 1545, 1561, 1579
Establishments covered.-All places of employment.
(According to chief engineer, department of health.)
Adequacy.-One for every 20 women or fraction thereof.
One for every 2--5 men or fraction thereof.
Privacy.-Separate for the two sexes.
Sanitation.-Water-closet bowls of siphon action or siphon-jet pattern made in
one piece, of porcelain or vitreous earthenware.
Provided with sufficient supply of water to thoroughly and adequately
flush.
Pan, plunger, off-set washout, long or short hopper water-closet to be used
in no building.
Set free and open from all inclosing woodwork.
At least one outside window; otherwise air shafts having area of at least
4 square feet; no water-closet in any room or vault not in direct connection
with outside air.
In addition, the plumbing regulations pertain to the method of installing
pipes and fixtures, the sizes of pipes and drains, the quality and weight of
materials, etc.
Other requirements.-Penalty.-No rule or regulation to carry a higher penalty
than $100 for each offense. ( Sec. 3.)
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
53
Adtministering agency.-State department of health except in incorporated
towns that have provided local inspection.
( Secs. 3, 10, 47, 98.)
Oode of Lighting far Factories, Mills, and Other Worlo Places, American Standar<Is Association, approved by State industrial accident commission, 192"1,
revised J(]Jnuarry 15, 1930, under authority of workmen's compensation law in
Annotated Oode of Mwryland (Bagby), 1929 supplement, art. 101, sec. 55,
PfJ. 649-650. Ibid., secs. 32, 55a, 55b, pp. 642-645, 650
Estab.lisluments covered.-Extrahazardous employments.
( Sec. 32.) ( Is interpreted to cover most employments.)
Sanitation.-Minimum of illumination recommended for toilet rooms is 1 footcandle.
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person, :firm, or corporation except such corporation
as may be under the jurisdiction of the public service commission.
(Sec. 55a.)
Penalty.-Fine of $50 to $500. (Sec. 55a.)
A.dtm;inf.stering agency.-State industrial accident commission. ( Sec. 55b.)
MASSACHUSETTS
STATUTES
General Laws of Ma.11sachusetts, 1921, Vol. II, ch. 14.9, sec8. 1, 1"1, 133-135, pp.
1554, 155"1, 1582
Establishments covcred.-Every industrial establishment.
( Sec. 133.)
Industrial establishments are defined by law as factories, workshops,
bakeries, mechanical e tablishments, laundries, foundries, tenement house
workrooms, all other buildings or parts thereof where manufacturing is carried on and mercantile establishments. ( Sec. 1.)
Mercantile e. tablishment is defined as any premises used for the purpose
of trade in the purchase or sale of any goods or merchandise, and any
premises used for a restaurant or for publicly providing and serving meals.
( Sec. 1.)
Adequacy.-Adequate water-closets of such number as may be determined by
such reasonable rules and regulations as the department may adopt. ( Sec.
133.)
Privacy.-Separate toilets for each sex plainly designated.
Suitable water-closets.
Arranged in accordance with rules and regulations adopted by the department of labor and industries.
( Sec. 133.)
Sanitation.-Constructed, lighted, ventilated, and maintained in accordance
with rules and regulations adopted by the department of labor and industries.
Other reqitir.ements:
'
Location.-Located in accordance with rules and regulations adopted by
the department.
Convenient water-closets.
If located where sewer system is, in the opinion of the department,
impossible or impracticable, the establishment is to provide such facilities as the department may require.
( Sec. 133.)
Responsibility.-The owner, lessee, or occupant of every such establishment shall make the changes necessary to conform thereto. If such
changes are made upon the order of an inspector by the occupant or
lessee, he may, within 30 days after completion, bring an action against
any other person having an interest in such premises, and may recover
such proportion of the expense of making such changes as the court
adjudges should justly and equitably be borne by the defendant.
(Sec. 134.)
Penalty.-Criminal prosecution not to be started for four weeks after
notification. ( Sec. 135.) ( Penalty not specified in law.)
Administering agenoy.-Department of labor and industries, division of industrial safety. ( Sec. 17.)
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54
INSTALLATION A D MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
REG ULA TIO NS
Rules and, Regulations for Toilets in Industt-ial Establishments, 1923. Adopted
by the department of labor and industries December 31, 1914, in accordance
with sec. 133, ch. 149, General L(JIWs of Massachusetts 1921, whlich states
that: "In every industrial establishment there shall be provided * * *
water-closets * * * arranged and maintained as may be determined by
such reasonable rules and regulations as the department may adopt "
Establishments covered.-See this ection of foregoing statute.
Adeq,u acy.-One to every 25 persons or fraction thereof. (II.)
Priva01J.-Separate for each sex and plainly designated (I) ; partitions separat-
ing rooms used by different sexes to extend from floor to ceiling and be
made of solid plaster or be metal covered. ( IV c.)
For exi ting installations, entrances to be screened to height of at least
6 feet. (IVa.)
In new installations, compartments to be located in toilet rooms or built
with a vestibule (IVb), and partitions between seats to be not less than
6 feet high nor nearer ceiling or floor than 1 foot; at least 28 inches apart.
(Xa.) Men's compartments to have doors hereafter. (Xlla.)
Inclosing walls to be substantially constructed and designed to secure
privacy. (Xb.) Compartments used by females to have doors at least 42
inches high, set 12 inches from the floor and having suitable fastener.
(Xllb.)
Sanitn-tion.-Regular and thorough cleansing; disinfection alone not to be
relied upon; one or more persons in every establishment designated by employer to have charge of sanitary appliances. (XVI.) Walls to be kept
free from indecent pictures, etc. (XV.)
Outside walls painted with light-colored nonabsorbent paint or enamel
unless constructed of glazed tile, brick, etc. ( Xb.)
In new installations at least 10 square feet of floor space and 80 cubic
feet of air space to be allowed per seat. (VIL) Partitions between seats
to be installed; may be of wood if covered with paint, or other nonabsorbent
material. (Xa.) Floors and side walls to height of 9 inches constructed
hereafter of material which has smooth surface and is impervious to moisture.
(Xla.)
Provided with ample water for flushing. (VIII.)
Hereafter to have individual bowls made of porcelain or vitreous earthenware; seats of wood or other non-heat-absorbing material and coated with
varnish or other waterproof substance. (VIII.)
In existing installations, inclosing woodwork to be removed and space
within compartments painted with nonabsorbent paint. (IXa.) Hereafter,
bowl to be free so that space behind and below is readily cleaned. (IXb.)
In existing buildings every compartment to be ventilated directly to outside unless inclosed in a compartment or room entirely ceilecl over at height
of 8 feet at least and ventilated by adequate exhaust system. Where department thinks practicable, toilets may be relocated to have direct ventilation to outside light and air. (Va.) Window constructed so that upper
or lower sash can readily be opened for at least half their total area. ( Vlb.)
In future installations, eYery compartment to be ventilated directly to
outdoor air; when ventilated into an air shaft the area of shaft in square feet
to be not less than 20 per cent of height of shaft in feet. If shaft is covered
with skylight, net area of opening at top to be one and one-half times the area
required for shaft. (Vb.) Minimum amount of window space in room where
one fixture is located to be 4 square feet and for each additional fixture, 1
square foot additional window space to be provided. ( Vla) .
Every toilet room or compartment lighted by natural or artificial light so
that all parts are easily visible at all times. ( VIb.)
Facilities for heating, hereafter, arranged to permit thorough cleaning of
walls and floors. (XIV.)
Other requirements:
Location.-Not more than 300 feet from regular place of work except where
service elevators accessible to employees are provided. (III.)
Miscellaneous.-Adequate supply of paper in every compartment. (XV.)
Responsibility.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Penalty.-See this section of foregoing statute.
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
55
A.clrninistering agency.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Lighting Code for Faotories, Worksh<Y[Js, Mooufacturing, Mechan:ical, and M er cootile EstabliSlJ/fYl,er,;ts, Industrial Bulletin No. 18, issued, by the division ot
industrial safety of the department of labor and. industries, March, 19f£3,
under aiuthority of General Lmws of Massachusetts, 1921, Vol. II, ch. 149, secs.
6, 113, pp. 1555, 1579; Ibid., sec. 180, p. 1592
covered.-Factories, workshops, manufacturing, mechanical,
and mercantile establishments. (Title.)
Working or traversed spaces in buildings or grounds and all work place
during the time of use. (Rule I (a).)
·SanitatiOn.-Minimum intensity of illumination required for toilet rooms and
water-closet compartments is 0.50 foot-candle at the floor level. (Rule II.)
Establishments
Other reqwirements:
Responsibility .-Whoever violates. ( Sec. 180.)
Penalty.-Fine of not more than $100. (Sec. 180.)
Aclrninistering agenoy.-See this section of foregoing statute.
MICHIGAN
STATUTES
Compiled Laws, 1'915, Vol. II, secs. 5338, 5344, 5375, pp. 2030, 2031, 2033, 204J
Establishments cove11ed.-Every manufacturing establishment, WQrkshop, hotel,
or store in which five or more persons are employed, and every institution in
which two or more children, young persons, or women are employed. ( Sec.
5338.)
(Includes office buildings according to department of labor and industry.)
Adequacy.-At least 1 for each 25 persons employed. ( Sec. 5338.)
Privacy.-For two or more persons one of which is a female a sufficient number
of separate and distinct water-closets for each sex shall be provided and
plainly so designated.
Proper water-clo ets, earth closets, or privie .
( Sec. 5338. )
Sanitation.-Proper water-closets, earth closets, or privies. ( Sec. 5338.)
Other requirements:
Location.-Reasonable access. ( Sec. 5338.)
Responsibility.-Any person, firm, or corporation, or any agent or foreman
thereof, or any contractor or othe1· person who has control over such
conditions, may be prosecuted at the instance of the factory inspector.
( Sec. 5338. )
Factory inspectors shall have power to order all improvements herein
specified such as the installment of water-closets. When such improvements are found necessary, orc.lers for same shall be served on the
owner of the building or premises: Provided, That whenever the owner
of such buildings or premises as mentioned in this act be a nonresident
of this State said order may be made on his resident agent, or the
tenant of such buildings or prerni es. If the tenant be required to make
such improvements, he may deduct the cost thereof from the amount
of rent for use of such buildings or premiseK ( Sec. 5344.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction, fined not less than $10 nor more than $100
or not less than 10 days nor more than 90 days in jail or both. ( Sec.
5375.)
21
through factory
Administering aoency.-Department of labor and industry
inspectors.
21 Sec. 5338 was originally enforced by the department of labor.
According to act 43
of Apr. 12, 1921, the powers and duties of the department of labor, plus those of other
boards, were transferred to the department of labor and industry,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
56
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
MINNESOTA
STATUTES
General Statu,tes, 1923, ch. 23, secs. 4111, 4171, 4179-4182, 4188, 4192,
VP- 5'98-600
Establishments coveretZ.-Every place of employment. (Sec. 4177.)
The term " all places of employment" shall mean any place, either inside or
outside, where any business or industry is carried on and in which
persons are employed and shall include factories, mills, workshops, laundries, dy,eing and cleaning establishments, mercantile establishments,
offices and office buildings, hotels, restaurants, theaters and other places
of amusement, transportation systems, public utilities, engineering works,
the erection of buildings, and yards; but shall not be construed to apply
to domestic service or agricultural labor. ( Sec. 4171.)
Adequao-y:
e~~::fobye:a
Ratio
100 or les::; __ __ ___ __ __ ____ 1-20
100 to 500 _____ ___ ___ ____ 1-.30
I
c~~lo~:d
Ratio
500 to 1,000 ______ __ ______ 1-35
fore than 1,00Q __________ 1--40
( Sec. 4182.)
Pri'Vacy.-Separate for each sex where five or more of opposite sexes are employed ; designated. ( Sec. 4179.)
When water-closet h; not located jn a separate compartment within a
toilet room, entrance to be screened and of sufficient height and width to
insure privacy.
Soundproof partitions, neither transparent nor translucent, nor having any
opening, between rooms used by different sexes.
Outside partitions of solid construction; opaque or translucent but not
transparent; extend from floor to ceiling or be independently ceiled over.
( Sec. 4180.)
S(llnitation.-Rooms and fixtures kept in clean condition (sec. 4181) ; obscene
,vriting forbidden and to be removed by employer (sec·. 4177); adequately
protected from flies ( sec. 4181).
Floors tight, smooth, and of material that can b,e kept in sanitary condition;
walls and ceiling tight and of material that can be scrubbed and cleaned.
( Sec. 4180.)
Connected with sewer system where one is available. (Sec. 4177.)
If lighted by windows that do not open easily, to be adequately ventilated
to outside air by artificial means.
Adequately lighted by natural or artificial light.
Adequately heated at all times, wherever practicable.
( Sec. 4181. )
0 ther requiirements:
Location.-Convenient and easily accessible from all places where persons
are employed. ( Sec. 4177.)
Responsibility.-Any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. ( Sec. 4192.)
Whenever any building is occupied by more than one place of employment and the halls, stairs, toilets, or other portions of the building are
used jointly by more than one tenant, or in which conditions prohibited
by this act are jointly created by more than one tenant, it shall be the
duty of the owner of such building to carry out the provisions of this act:
Provided,, That the owner of any such building may arrange by agreement with one or more of his tenants to assume responsibility for carrying out the provisions of this act. ( Sec. 4188.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction, punished by fine of not less than $25 nor more
than $100 or by imprisonment for not less than 30 days nor more than
90 days or by both. ( Sec. 4192.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
57
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
Administering agency.-Industrial commission through division of women and
children, 22 and men inspectors from division of accident prevention, according
to assistant superintendent, division of women and children.
General Statutes, 1923, ch. 23, secs. 4068; 4069, 4083, pp. 58"1, 588.
Establishlments covered.-Every foundry. 23 (Sec. 4068.)
.A.dequacy.-Water-closets to be provided for each sex in the following ratios:
Number
employed
Ratio
1 to 10 ____ ____________ 1-10
11 to 25 __ ______________ 1-12½
26 to 50_______________ 1-16 2/a
Number
employed
Ratio
51 to so _________________ 1-20
81 to 125________________ 1-25
( Sec. 4069.)
PrivaOJ).-Separate for each sex. (Sec. 4069.)
Sanitation.-Properly heated during cold weather. (Sec. 4068.) .
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person, firm, or corporation violating. (Sec. 4083.)
Penalty.-If after written notice of violation by the commissioner of labor
or his assistants, such person, fl.rm, or corporation does not comply with
said notice in 30 days, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punished
by a fine not exceeding $100 or by imprisonment of not more than 90
days. ( Sec. 4083.)
.Administering agenoy.-See this section of foregoing statute.
MISSISSIPPI
No regulation.
MISSOURI
ST~TUTES
Revised Statutes of Missouri, 1929, Vol. II, secs. 13161, 13283, 13286, 1328"1, pp.
3442, 3466-346"1
Establishments covered.-Every person employing three or more persons in a
factory, or employing children, young persons, or women, three or more in
number in a workshop. ( Sec. 13283.)
(Includes restaurants and office buildings, acco,r ding to commissioner of
labor and industrial inspection.)
The expression " factory" means any premises where steam, water, or
other mechanical power is used in aid of any mianufacturing process there
carried on. ( Sec. 13287.)
The expression " workshop " means any premises, room, or place, not being
a factory as above defined, wherein any manual labor is exercised by way of
trade, or for purposes of gain, in or incidental to any process of making,
altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, or adapting for sale any article
or part of any article and to which or over which premises, room, or place
the employer of the persons working therein bas a right of access or controL
( Sec. 13287.)
.A.dequacy.-Ratio not specified. Term " sufficient number" ( sec. 13283)
indefinite.
Privaey.-Separate and distinct for the use of each sex, and plainly so
designated.
Proper water-closets, earth closets, or privies.
{ Sec. 13283.)
22 The department of labor and industries, composed of several bureaus, including the
bureau of women and children, was created in 1913. The department was under the
direction of a commissioner of labor, and the bureau of women and children bad authority to enforce all laws relating to the general welfare of women and minors. (Sec. 8,
ch. 518, Session Laws 1913.) In 1921 (ch. 81, Session Laws 1921) the office of commissioner of labor was abolished and the management of the department was transferred
to an industrial commission. The bureau of women and children was continued under
the title "division of women and children."
28 " Except as otherwise specified, the provisions of this act shall, as to the subjects
covered herein, exempt foundries from the laws relating to factories and work shops."
( Sec. 4055.)
123908°-33-5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
58
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Sanitation.-Proper water-closets, earth closets, or privies.
Other requirements:
( Sec. 13283.)
Location.-Reasonable access. (Sec. 13283.)
Responsibility.-Any person employing labor in a factory or workshop and
violating any provision of this article, shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor, but no criminal prosecution shall be made until four weeks
after written notice by the commissioner of labor and industrial inspection
or bis assistant, or deputy, of the change necessary to be made to comply
with the provisions of this article, has been sent by mail or delivered
to such person, nor then, if in the meantime such changes have been
made in accordance with said notification. A notice shall be a sufficient
notice under this article to all the members of a firm, company, or
corporation, when given to one member of such firm or company, or to
the clerk, cashier, secretary, agent, or any other officer having charge of
the business of such corporation, or its attorney; and in ca e of a foreign
corpor~tion, notice to the officer having charge of such factory or workshop shall be sufficient. ( Sec. 13286.)
Penalty.-Fined not less than $50 nor more than $200. ( Sec. 13286.)
Administering a,g ency.-Department of labor and industrial in spection. ( Sec.
13167.)
Revised Statutes of Missouri 1929, Vol. II, secs. 13218, 13231, 13241, 13242,
pp. 3451-3452, 3456, 3458
Establishments covered.-Manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, and other
establishments in this State where persons of both sexes are employed.
( Sec. 13231.) Does not apply to mercantile establishments employing less
than 10 persons that are located in towns and cities of 3,000 inhabitants or
less. ( Sec. 13218.)
( Office buildings and restaurants covered, according to commissioner of
labor and industrial inspection.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Privacy.-Ssparate water-closets shall be provided for u se of either sex. ( Sec.
13231.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person or persons, firm or corporation, being the owner,
agent, lessee, or occupant who shall violate. ( Sec. 13241.)
When any of the provisions of this article are violated by a corporation,
proceedings may be had against any of the officers or agents of such
corporation who in any way participated in such violation . ( Sec. 13242.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction fined for the fir t offense, not less than $25 nor
more than $200. Subsequent offenses not less than $100 nor more than
$500 and imprisonment on failure to pay till paid. ( Sec. 13241.)
Administering agency.-See this section of foregoing statute.
MONTANA
REGULATIONS
P.ood and, arug la,ws, rules and regulations, board, of health, revision of April 1,
1927. R egulations for ca,nneries, Nos. 65 ana 81, pp. 39 and 43, Issued under
authority of sec. 2591, Revised; Codes of Montana 1921, Vol. I, pp. 1015-1016
which states that " The State board of health, * * * shall adopt and promulgate rules arid r egulations relative to the sanitary management of all
places designated in seo. 2589 of this aot * * *." 24 Ibid., secs. 2589, 2591,
2595,
1J1).
1014-1017
Establishments covered.-Canneries only.
The term " cannery " as used in the regulations of the State board of health
is held to mean a factory including all buildings, premises, and stations where
food for human consumption, except milk and milk products, is prepared
commercially, sterilized by heat and preserved in hermetically sealed containers. (Regulation 65.)
24
Sec. 2589 li sts the following places: Restaurant, cafe, lunch counter, dining car,
manufacturing bakery, manufacturing confectionery, meat market, cannery, soda foun•
tain, ice-cream parlor, soft-drink establishment, and bottling works.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
·t
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
Adequaoy.-At least 1 seat "for every 20 factory employees.
Privaay.-Separate toilets for each sex.
59
(Regulation 81.)
Each toilet seat shall preferably be in a separate compartment, the partition
not less than 5½ feet high and shall be at least 1 foot above the floor. Door:s
shall be self-closing and arranged so that the seats can not be seen from
outside.
( Regulation 81.)
Sanitation.-Where sewage-disposal facilities are available sanitary waterflushed toilets shall be provided.
Ventilated to outside air.
(Regulation 81.)
Well lighted.
Screened against flies.
Floors tight and of material that can be washed and kept clean.
Walls, partitions, and toilet seats, if constructed of wood, shall be covered
with a nonabsorbent light-colored paint or varnish.
( Regulation 81.)
Other requirements:
•
Responsibility.-Any person, firm, or corporation violating. ( Sec. 2595.)
Penalty.-State board of health has power to revoke licenses. ( Sec. 2589.)
Miscellaneous.-Sanitary toilet paper shall be provided. ( Regulation 81.)
Administering agenoy.-State board of health, through local and county health
officers. ( Sec. 2591.)
NEBRASKA
STATUTES
Compiled Statutes of Nebraska, 1922, seas. 7682, 7101, pp. 2369-2370, 2372
Establishments oovered.-Every factory, mill, workshop, mercantile or mechani-
cal establishment, or other building where one or more persons are employed.
( Sec. 7682.)
Adequaoy.-One to every 20 persons or less of either sex. ( Sec. 7682.)
Privaay.-Separate and apart for use of each sex and plainly so designated.
Properly inclosed.
( Sec. 7682.)
Sanitation.-K.ept in clean and sanitary condition.
Properly ventilated.
( Sec. 7682.)
Other requirements:
Location.-Reasonable access. ( Sec. 7682.)
Responsibility.-Every person who shall violate any of the provisions of
this article shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. ( Sec. 7701.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction fined not less than $10 nor more than $100.
( Sec. 7701.)
Miscellaneous.-Department may require such changes in the placing of
such closets or other changes which may serve the best interest of morals
and sanitation. ( Sec. 7682.)
Administering agenoy.-Department of labor. ( Sec. 7682.)
NEVADA
Sess-ion Laws
STATUTES
1925, oh. 49, secs. 1-4,
p. 63
Establishments oovered.-Any person, firm, association, or corporation employing in the same building or on the same premises five or more males and
three or more females. ( Sec. 1.)
Does not apply to persons, firms, · associations, or corporations located
in office buildings where toilet rooms for each sex are reasonably accessible
in the building. ( Sec. 2.)
Adequaoy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Privacy.-Separate toilet 1·ooms for each sex and plainly designated. ( Sec. 1.)
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person, firm, association, or corporation employing.
( Sec. 1.)
Penalty.-Fined not more than $100 or 30 days in jail or both. ( Sec. 3.)
Adlministering agency.-Commissioner of labor and peace officers. (Sec. 4.)
NEW HAMPSHIRE
STATUTES
PubUc Laws of New Hwmpshtire, 1926, Vol. I, ch. 171, secs. 1, 6, 32,
.
684-685, 688
34,
pp.
Establishments covered.-Factories, mills, workshops, or other manufacturing
or mercantile establishments in which three or more persons are regularly
employed. ( Sec. 1.)
(Apulies to all places of employment including restaurants and office
buildings, according to the commissioner.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified. Term "reasonable facilities" (sec. 6) is
indefinite.
Sanitation.-Reasonable and proper toilet facilities.
Reasonably sanitary and hygienic conditions.
( Sec. 6.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any employer who shall omit or neglect to obey, observe,
or ,comply with any lawful order, rule, or regulation shall be fined.
(Sec. · 32.)
Penalty.-Not less than $25 nor more than $200. ( Sec. 32.)
Ad,m;i,nistering agency.-Commissioner of labor. ( Sec. 34.)
REGULATIONS
Standard No. 5 of bureau of labor, issued by the commissioner by virtue of
the power given him in sec. 15, ch. 177, Public La.ws of New Hampshire, 1926,
p. 686, whioh states, " Commissioner shall lwJve like power and it shaii be
his duty; by general or special oirders, rules or regulations~ to require oompliance with sec. 6 'With respect to toilet facilities and sanitary and hygienic
oonditions in any such place of employment"
Establishments covered.-See this section of foregoing statute .
.A.dequacy.-One to every 25 persons or fraction thereof. (a.)
Priva01J.-Separate compartments or toilet rooms for each sex and plainly so
~~pa~~
.
Partitions separating compartments used by females from those used by
males to be metal-clad and extended to floor.
Entrance for every compartment located in part of building frequented by
both men and women to be vestibuied or fitted with slatted doors ; doors or
vestibules not less than 6 feet high, and within 4 inches of floor, doors with
suitable inside fasteners. In future installations, compartments for males
and females not to be allowed within the same toilet room or vestibule; for
such existing installations, rearrangement recommended and may be required.
( C.)
Sanitation.-Kept clean, and in proper repair.
(e.)
Each compartment ventilated to ·outside air by window or other suitable
opening, or inclosed in toilet room vented to the outside air. ( d.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Penalty.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Miscellaneous.-Toilets of flush _type where practical to take precautions
against freezing. (b.)
.
Privies to be eliminated wherever practical. (f.)
Administering agency.-See this section of foregoing statute.
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61
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
NEW JERSEY
STATUTES
CompUed Statutes of New Jersey, 1709-1910, Vol. III, seos. 38,
45,
59, pp. 3028,
3030, 3033---3034
Esta blishnwnts coverea.-Every factory, workshop, or mill.
~
( Sec. 38.)
(Applies to manufacturing establishments only, according to commissioner
of labor.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified. Term "sufficient" (sec. 38) indefinite.
Privacy.-Separate for each sex. Water-closets used by women to have separate approaches.
Properly screened.
Suitable water-closets.
( Sec. 38.)
Sanitaticm.-Kept clean.
Properly ventilated.
Suitable water-closets.
(Sec. 38.)
Other requirements:
.
Location.-Convenient water-closets. ( Sec. 38.)
Responsibility.-Owner or owners, person or persons, or any of them, owning the place or operating the business wherein the alleged violation of
the law has taken place. (Sec. 59.)
Penalty.-Fine of $50. ( Sec. 45.)
A.dlmindstering agency.-Bureau of hygiene, sanitation, and mine inspection,
department of labor, in the name of the commissioner of labor. 25 (Sec. 45.)
Ci1,rruulatitve Siipplemcnt to Compilea Statutes, 1911-1924, Vol. I, sec. 107-13,a
(9), (12), (13), and (15), pp. 1723-1725
EstabUshments
(9) .)
covered.-Every
mercantile
establishment.
( Sec.
107-137a
"Mercantile establishments," as used in this act, shall be construed to apply
to any employment of any person for wages or other compensation other than
in a factory, workshop, mill, place where the manufacture of goods of any
kind is carried on, mine, quarry, or in agricultural pursuits. ( Sec. 107-137a
(15).)
(Restaurants and office buildings not included according to deputy commissioner of labor.)
A.dequ.aoy.-Radio no·t specified. Term "sufficient" (sec. 107-137a (9')) indefinite.
Privacy.-Separate for each sex. Water-closets used by women to have separate
approaches.
Properly screened.
Suitable water-closets.
(Sec. 107-137a (9).)
Sarnitati<>n.-Kept clean.
Properly ventilated.
Suitable water-closets.
(Sec. 107-137a (9).)
Other requirements:
Location.-Convenient water-closets. ( Sec. 107-137a (9).)
Responsibility.-Owner or owners, person or persons or any of them, owning the place or operating the business wherein the alleged violation of
the law has taken place. (Sec. 107-137a (13).)
Penalty.-Fine of $50. (Sec. 107-137a (12).)
A.dlministering agency.-Bureau of hygiene, sanitation, and mine inspection,
department of labor, in the name of the commissioner of labor .20 ( Sec.
107-137a (12).)
25 This section ( 45) gives authority to the commissioner of labor to enforce these provisions. A later act (ch. 252, Session Laws 1922) reorganized the department of labor
and provided, among other bureaus, for the bureau of hygiene.
26 See footnote 25.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
62
INSTALLAT'ION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
RECOMMENDATIONS
Sanitary and Engineering Jnil,ustria,l StandOA·ds issiwd uy bwreau ,of hygiene and
scinitation of the department of labor, 1927, for enforcing the above sta,tutes:
Toilet facilities, pp. 8-12
Establishments covered.-Manufacturing
and
mercantile establishments
as
iisted in foregoing statutes.
Adequacy:
I
~:~:~~d------------------ ;~~ ~:1~~e1,ooo5,ooo______________
____________ ~~;
Number
Number
100 to 500 _______________ 1-30
1,000 to
1--40
(Rule 12c.)
Privaoy.-Separate for the sexes and apart from workrooms and passageways;
plainly designated. ( Rule 3.)
If water-closet is not located within separate screened compartment in
the toilet room, entrance to all toilet rooms to be provided with screen at
least 6 feet high, extending within 9 inches of floor and not less than 2 feet
wider than door if space permits. ( Rule 4.)
Each water-closet to be in a separate compartment, minimum dimensions
of which are to be 30 inches wide by 42 inches long and at least 6 feet
high; compartment to have door extending to not more than 9 inches from
floor and top not less than 5 feet from floor. Partitions and door may be
~omposed of material that is opaque or translucent, but not transparent.
Tops of doors and partitions may be carried to ceiling.
Outside partition of solid construction, opaque or translucent but not
transparent, and extending from floor to ceiling, or independently ceiled
over. Partitions separating rooms provided for the different sexes to be
at least 2 inches thick, soundproof, having no openings and not transparent
or translucent.
(Rule 6a.)
Sarnitation.-Occupier responsible for maintenance in a clean and sanitary
condition. (Rule 10.)
Adequately protected to prevent the entrance and breeding of flies.
(Rule 11.)
Floors to be tight, smooth, and of material impervious to moisture; walls
and ceilings tight and of substance that can readily be cleaned and kept
clean. (Rule 6 b, c, and d.)
Toilet rooms, or water-closet compartment entirely separated from toilet
rooms, not ventilated by windows that open easily, to have artificial ventilating system having capacity of moving at least 50 cubic feet of air per minute
for each fixture. If a natural draft ventilating duct is used, the duct to
have at least 38 square inches of area for each fixture and be equipped with
approved type ventilators. In new installations every room or compartment
to have window opening directly to outdoor air not less than 1 foot wide nor
area less than 6 square feet measured between stop heads for one fixture ;
for each additional fixture, area to be increased at least 1 square foot ; skylight deemed equivalent of window provided openable window area is same.
(Rule 8.)
Adequately lighted by natural or artificial light. (Rule 7.)
Adequately heated at all times. (Rule 9.)
Individual closets of siphon action, porcelain type; trough water-closets
prohibited. Bowls to be of smooth, impervious material, pan, plunger,
washout, faucet, and long-hopper closets not permitted. Seat finished with •
a smooth, impervious, waterproof substance. Chemical closets permitted only
where no sewer is available. (Rule 12a.)
Other requirements.-Location.-Easily accessible from all places 'Where persons are employed. (Rule 2.)
Code of Lighting for Factories, Mills, and Other Work Places. American Stoodard (1930 revision), approved by American Standards Association, adopted
by department of labor for use <>f inspectors
Establish;ments covered.-Factories, mills, and other work places.
(Mercantile not inspected according to commissioner.)
Sanitation.-Minimum intensity of illumination recommended for toilet rooms
is 1 foot-candle.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
63
NEW MEXICO
No regulation.
NEW YORK
STATUTES
Oahill's Consolidated Laws of New York, 1930, ch. 32, secs. 2 (9), 2 (11), 21,
203, 295, 2916, 316 (1), 316 (2), 381, pp. 1344, 1345, 1347, 1357, 1369, 1370, 1374,
1375; ch. 41, sec. 1275, pp. 1671-1672
Establishments covered.-Factories 27 (sec. 295) ; every mercantile establish-
•
mentt 128 every restaurant, 28 every telegraph or messenger company,28 and
every station, terminal, or car barn where women employees of a street, surface, electric, subway, or elevated railroad report for duty (sec. 381) ; and
to elevator employees in buildings where freight or passenger elevators are
operated ( sec. 203) .
" Factory " includes a mill, workshop, or other manufacturing establishment, and all buildings, sheds, structures, or other places used for or in
connection therewith, where one or more persons are employed at manufacturing, including· making, altering, repairing, finishing, bottling, canning,
cleaning, or laundering any article or thing, in whole or in part. ( Sec.
2 (9) .)
A shop, room, or building where one or more persons are employed in doing
public laundry work by way of trade or for purposes of gain is a factory
within the meaning of this chapter and subject to the provisions relating to
factories. ( Sec. 296.)
"Mercantile" establishment is defined as a place where one or more
persons are employed in which goods, wares, or merchandise are offered
for sale, and includes a building, shed, or structure, or any part thereof,
occupied in connection with such establishment. ( Sec. 2 (11) .)
Acleqiuwy.-Ratio not specified. Term "a sufficient number" (secs. 203, 295,
and 381) is indefinite.
Privacy.-Separate compartments or toilet rooms for females, constructed in
accordance with the rules of the board.
Suitable water-closets.
( Secs. 203, 295, and 381.)
Sanitation.-Kept in a sanitary condition and in proper repair.
Suitable water-closets.
Compartments and rooms and plumbing in connection therewith to be
properly constructed, installed, ventilated, lighted, and heated and maintained
in accordance with the rules of the board.
( Secs. 203, 295, and 381.)
Ot"her req11,irements:
Location.-Convenient water-closets.
Located in ide factory building, except where in the opinion of the
inspector it is impracticable.
( Secs. 203, 295, and 381.)
Responsibility.-ln factories-" Except as in this article otherwise provided,
the person operating a factory, whether as owner or lessee of the whole
or a part of the building in which the same is situated or otherwise,
shall be responsible for the observance of the provisions of this article,
anything in any lease or agreement to the contrary notwithstanding."
( Sec. 316 ( 1) . )
"The owner of a tenant-factory building, whether or not he is also one
of the occupants instead of the respective tenants, shall be responsible
for the observance of the following provisions of this article, anything
in any lease to the contrary notwithstanding: * * * sec. 295, waterclosets." ( Sec. 316 ( 2).)
~" The provisions of this chapter affecting structural changes and alterations
shall not apply * * * where less than 6 persons are employed * * * ." (Secs. 2
(9) and 2 (11).)
28 Does not apply to mercantile establishments, restaurants, telegraph or messenger
companies in any community which at the preceding State enumeration had less than
3,000 population. (Sec. 391 (3).)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
64
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
P enalty.-For first offense, fine of not less than $20 nor more than $50;
for second offense, fine of not less than $50 nor more than $250, or by
imprisonment for not more than 30 days or by both such fine and imprisonment; for third offense, fine of not less than $250, or by imprisonment for not more than 60 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. .
( Sec. 1275. )
Administering agency.-Commissioner of labor. (Sec. 21.)
REG ULA TIO NS
Industrial Code, Bulletin No. 9, Rules R elating to Sanitation of Factories and
Mercantiw Establishments, etteoUv e April 15, 1915, promulgated by the industrial board under 01Wthority vested, in it by seCS'. 21 and, 28, ch~ 32, Cahill' s
Consolidated LOJWs of New Y<.Yrk, 1930, p. 1318, which state that "The indus·trial board, shall hooe power to make, amend, and repeal rules for carrying
into effect the provisions o-f this chapter * * * " ( soo. 27) wnd further
that rules of the industrial boarrd ma!JJ be made for " The proper sanitation
in all places to which thi s chapter applies * * *" (sec. 28 (1) ) and that
these rules arre to have "the force and effect of law. * * *." (Seo. 28 (4-) .)
Establishments oover ea.-See this section of foregoing . statute.
11dequacy:
Number
Number
employed
Ratio
employed
1
16
36
56
to 15 __ _____________
to 35 _____ _________ _
to 55 ___ ______ __ ____
to so_______________
1- 15
1-17½
1- 18¾
1- 20
Ratio
81 to 110____________ __ _ 1-22
111 to 150 ____ _____ ___ ___ 1- 25
151 to 100___ __________ __ 1-27}~
and thereafter at the rate of 1 for every 30 persons. (Rule 102.)
Privacy.-Separate facilities; plainly designated at entrances. (Rule 101.)
Partitions separating rooms used by different sexes to extend from floor to
ceiling with no direct connection between. (Rule 111.) Wooden partitions
covered with metal or tile to height of at least 7 feet allowed for existing
installations. In new installations thickness of such partitions to be at least
2 ½ inches from surface to surface. (Rule 111.)
Water-closets not to be visible from place where workers of other sex
work or pass, even when door is open ( rule 108), and doors to have effective
self-closing device ( rule 109'). For existing installations, entrances to
closet rooms opening into workroom to be screened by vestibule or screen to
height of 6 feet and such screen at least 2 feet wider than door. (Rule 105.)
If entrance to toilets of each sex are within 10 feet of each other, there must
be a stationary T or L shaped screen 6 feet high. (Rule 106.) New installations to have compartments located in toilet rooms or built with vestibule
and door, and entrance to be remote from that for other sex. (Rule 107.)
Outside partitions of solid construction extending from floor to ceiling or
independently ceiled over; may be of translucent but not transparent glass
above level of 6 feet. (Rule 112.)
Compartments used by females to have doors not less than 48 inches high,
top to be not less than 60 inches from floor; doors to have latches. (Rule
114.)
Compartments, except door, not less than 4 feet high, of material other
than wood that is impervious to moisture; partitions between :fixtures to
extend not less than 15 inches further than fixture ; top not less than 6 feet
from floor nor nearer ceiling than 1 foot; not less than 6 inches nor more
than 14 between floors and bottom of partitions; not less than 28 inches of
space between partitio·n s. ( Rule 116.)
Every compartment, if provided with door, to be not less than 4 feet deep
and to have 90 cubic feet of air space. (Rule 117.)
Sanitation.-Walls, floors, fixtures, kept in good repair; clean, odorless, and
sanitary conditions (rule 166) ; free from obscene writing and marking {rule
168).
Toilet rooms and compartments including ceiling well painted with lightcolored nonabsorbent paint, etc., if not constructed of marble, cement, or other
glazed material or concrete with a mixture of waterproofing material. (Rule
113.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
65
In new installations floor and wall to height of 6 inches constructed with a
sanitary base and of material other than wood which is impervious to moisture and has a smooth surface. (Lists materials.) (Rule 115.)
In all installations windows and skylights to be openable one-half of their
area. (Rule 136.) Arranged so that there will not be a draft. (Rule 137.)
Exhaust fans to discharge at place where no offense to occupants will be
caused or to neighborhood; when air shaft is covered by a skylight, net area
of opening in it to be equal to the required area of the air shaft. (Rule 138.)
In existing buildings every toilet room to tie ventilated to outdoor air by
means of window, skylight, or ventilating duct. (Rule 134.) Toilet rooms
having more than two fixtures and ventilated solely by ducts or when window
or skylight area is less than that required for new buildings by one-third, each
compartment to be ventilated as prescribed in rule 133. (Rule 135.)
In new buildings every room or compartment to have opening directly to
outdoor air, not less than 1 foot wide nor area of less than 6 square feet
measured between stop beads for one water-closet or urinal; for every additional fixture, area to be increased at least 1 square foot; skylight to be
equivalent of a window if openable area is same. Every such window to open
on an open space uncovered at top which in its least horizontal dimension is
at least one-tenth the height of highest abutting wall but in no case less than
6 feet. (Rule 131.) In addition to this, where ventilation seems inadequate,
commission may require such as seems necessary. (Rule 132.) Ventilation
without direct connection with outdoor air permitted if certain type of mechanical device ( specified in code) is used. ( Rule 133.)
Every toilet room or compartment illuminated by artificial or natural light
so that every part is easily visible. Approaches well lighted and free from
encumbrances. ( Rule 139.)
Heated to not less than 50° F. from November 1 to April 1. Heating
facilities hereafter installed, arranged so that floors and walls can be cleaned
easily. ( Rule 130.)
•
New installations to have rim-flush bowl of vitreous china or of first quality
cast iron, porcelain enameled inside and outside or of other approved material; bowl set free from woodwork and space from behind and below easily
cleaned. (Rule 118.)
Pan, plunger, washout, and off-set closets not permitted hereafter and those
now installed to be replaced by approved type if in poor condition. ( Rule
119.) Connection between soil pipe and water-closet hereafter installed
made by means of closet flange, approved by State industrial commission.
(Rule 120.)
Hereafter, seat to be of wood or other non-heat-absorbing material finished
with varnish. (Rule 121.) Every closet to be flushed from a separate watersupplied cistern or by means of flush valve and discharged with sufficient
force to clean bowl at each flush and refill the seal with water. Flushing
cistern hereafter installed, to have at I.east 3 gallons at each discharge. (Rule
122.) Hereafter, long hopper closets permitted only when there is unavoidable exposure to frost and with written approval of industrial board. To
have rim-flush type and selfclosing cover. (Rule 123.)
Other requirements:
Location.-Not more than one floor above or below regular place of work
of persons using same, except in r,efrigerating plants, flour or cereal
mills, or elevators or such other buildings as industrial board may specify.
When passenger elevators are provided for employees' use, rule about
location does not apply. (Rule 103.)
Where 15 or mor,e persons of the same sex are employed on one floor
of a tenant-factory having no elevator service for the use of such employees, the water-closets for their use, if located off public hallway or
other parts of the building used in common, shall be provided on such
floor; except that this rule shall not apply where any employer maintains
his factory on two or more successive floors of a tenant-factory, and
exc-ept that the commissioner may issue a permit allowing the use of
toilets for males and females on alternate floors. (Rule 104.) It is
recommended that the waterclosets be located, wherever possible, on the
same floor as the place of work and that there should be a number of
small installations rather than a few large ones. (Rul,e 104.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
66
INSTALLATION AND MAINTEN ANOE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Responsibility.-Rule 19'8 makes the owner 20 responsible for observance and
punishable for nonobservance of the following rules which were quoted
above; 101-108, 111, 112, 115-122, 131-136, and 138. It makes the tenant 30 responsible for compliance with rules 167 and 168. Both the owner
and the tenant are made responsible for compliance with rules 109, 113,
114, 123, 130, 137, 139, and 166.
Penalty.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Miscellaneous.-Adequate supply of toilet paper, of material that will not
obstruct fixtures. (Rule 167.)
.Administering agency.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Industrial Codie, Bulletin No. 18, Rules Relating to Lighting of Factories nnd
Mercantile Establishments (1:922 revision), issued by the indu.strial board
under authority quoted for foregoing regulations
.Establish,nients covered.-Factories and mercantU.e establishments.
(Title.)
Working or traversed spaces in buildings or grounds and all working places,
during the time of use. (Rule 50 (a).)
Sanitation.-The intensity of illumination in toilet rooms and watercloset compartments is to be not less than 0.50 foot-candle at the floor level. (Rule
50 (c).)
Other reqwirements:
Responsibility.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Penalty.-See this section of foregoing statute .
.A,d ministering agency.-See this section of foregoing statute.
NORTH CAROLINA
STATUTES
No1·th CMolina Code. of 1927
(Michie),
secs. 5036,
6559--6563, pp. 1468,
17,67-1768
Establishtments covered.-All persons and corporations employing males and
females in any manufacturing industry, or other busine s employing more
than two males and females in towns having population of 1,000 or more,
and where such employees are required to do indoor work chiefly. ( Sec.
6559.) 81
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Privacy.-Separate and distinct toilet rooms, plainly designated to separate the
white and colored males and females.
The above does not apply when " toilet arrangements or facilities are
furnished by employer off the premises occupied by him." 32 ( Sec. 6559.)
In buildings hereafter erected, toilets for males and females, white and
colored, to be located in separate parts of buildings or grounds and in those
now erected all closets to be separated by substantial walls, of brick or
timber. (Sec. 6560.)
Sanitation.-Kept in a cleanly condition.
The above does not apply when " toilet arrangements or facilities are
furnished by employer off the premises occupied by him." 38 ( Sec. 6559.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-All persons and corporations employing shall provide.
( Sec. 6559.)
Penalty.-Failure to comply with section 6559 is a misdemeanor and upon
conviction shall be fined $5 for first offense and $5 for each day of
failure to meet the requirements. ( Sec. 6561.)
.Administering agency.-Ohild welfare commission. ( Sec. 5036.) Police to enforce in cities and towns. ( Sec. 6562.) Sheriff to enforce in counties.
( Sec. 6563.)
20 " The term ' owner ' as u sed in these rules shall mean the owner or owners of the
freehold of the premises, or the lessee or joint lessees of the whole thereof, or bis, her,
or their agent in charge of the property." (Rule 100.)
:io" The term ' tenant ' as used in these rules shall be construed to mean the person,
firm, or corporation in actual possession of the premises." (Rule 100.)
81 Secs. 6559-6560 do not apply to Sampson, Harnett, Lee. Johnston, Northampton,
Cleveland, Rutherford, Polk, and Henderson Counties. (Sec. 6564.)
32
The executive officer of child welfare commission has made the following statement
by correspondence: " Our inspectors do require the same standards when facilities in
exceptional cases are furnished off the premises as provided in the act."
88 Idem.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
~-
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
67
RECOMMENDATIONS 34
Biennial Report of the North, Carolina, State Child, Welfare Corr111nission,
July 1, 1926, to June SO, 1928, Part II, TOilet La,w -StandOJrds-Engineering
Plans, pp. 14-14
Establishments covered.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Adequacy:
Number
Number
Ratio
employed
Ratio employed
1 to 9 ____ ________________ 1-9
50 to 79 _____ ______ ____ ___ 1-20
10 to 24 __ _____ ___________ 1-12 80 to 125 __ ___ ___________ _ 1-25
25 to 49 ________________ __ 1-16
Privacy.-Screens placed to obstruct any view of toilets and anchored in posi-
•
tion ; made of steel or solid wood panel 2 feet wider than the opening
for door ; steel screens preferred, constructed of 16-gage as minimum sheet
thickness, other than galvanized and treated to make it impervious to
moisture. Minimum height of screen to be 6 feet 6 inches from top of screen
to floor. Clearance between bottom of screen and floor not less than 6 inches
nor greater than 12 inches .
Distance from floor to top of partition should be 6 feet.
Distance between top of partition and ceiling not over 12 inches and be~
tween bottom and floor not over 14 inches nor less than 6 inches.
Provided with door having a latch. Height of door not less than 48 inches;
distance between bottom of door and floor not less than 6 inches nor oYer
14 inches. Width of compartments not less than ?.8 inches nor less than 4
feet in depth.
·
Outside partitions should extend from floor to ceiling. (Detailed specifications for different kinds of partitions including metal lath and plaster,
which is considered best, brick partitions and timber partitions are given.)
Sanitation.-Floors, walls, windows, ceilings, and all exposed pipe, fittings, and
fixtures should be washed, scoured, and cleaned at least once every 24 hours
and oftener if night forces are employed. An approved deodorant should be
used in closets and on toilet-room floors.
Employer to ·keep in clean condition at all times.
Entrances to toilet rooms to have self-closing door provided with polished
wired glass to control ventilation without effecting a general humidity in
the main room.
Compartments constructed of wood or steel, preferably steel which should
be not less than 16 gage sheet, other than galvanized iron and treated to be
impervious _to moisture. If wood is used, it should be made impervious to
moisture by special treatment.
Walls and ceilings made impervious to moisture by use of such materials
as waterproof cement plaster, tile or brick glazed, or nonabsorbent paint or
varnish.
Floors should consist of a concrete slab, having 1 inch cement top or
asphalt or other approved waterproof material and should slope to a floor
drain. There should be a sanitary base at the junction of the floor and wall
extending upward at least 6 inches, of material other than wood which is
impervious to moisture and preferably made an integral part of the floor.
Materials suggested for use are asphalt, waterproof cement, tile or brick
glazed, or other approve<.l waterproof material.
Window area should equal one-sixth of floor area and should be ventilated
50 per cent, the glass translucent and nonactinic to admit the ultra-violet
rays of the sun. If natural ventilation is insufficient an approved artificial
ventilating system should be installed.
Proper artificial lights to reach all parts of the building should be provided.
Water-closet bowls should be made of vitreous porcelain or china.
iw. Sec. 5031, Code of 1927, states "It shall be the duty of this commission [State
child welfare commission] to make and formulate such rules and regulations for enforcing and carrying out the provisions of * * * the laws (sec. 6559) requiring
separate toilets for sexes and races, as in its judgment it shall deem necessary." These
recommendations, therefore, do not have the force of law except as sec. 6559 makes
requirements specified in the foregoing statutes. This statement is substantiated by the
attorney general's rule of May 7, 1!)21.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
68
INSTALLATION AND MAINTEN ANOE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Seats constructed of non-heat-absorbing material, impervious to moisture
and constructed so that front ends have at least 5½ inches between them.
Broken seats should be replaced with new ones immediately.
Each bowl should be individually flushed by a flush tank, flush valve of
flushometer type, or a "seat-acting flush valve." Not less than 4 gallons nor
more than 8 gallons should be supplied for each flushing. (Additional
specifications for different types of flushing devices including flush valves,
.
flush tanks, high and low tanks, and pressure tanks.)
Other require-nwnts.-Miscellaneous.-Proper toilet paper in all compartments;
individual towels provided in all toilet rooms.
NORTH DAKOTA
REG ULA TIO NS
Orders 1 to 5, effective Avril 4, 1922, of minimum wa-ge department of workmen's comvensa.tion bureau, an<l Session Laws 1919, ch. 174, secs. 2, 9, and', 13
covered.-Public housekeeping, manufacturing, mercantile,
laundry, and telephone occupations ( the last only in towns of 1,800 or more,
in smaller places "adequate accommodations" may be ordered)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified. Term " suitable" indefinite. ( Orders 1 to 4.)
Privacy.-Suitable toilets, separate and apart, where three or more women employed ; provision as to three or more does not apply to telephone.
Sanitation.-Kept clean and sanitary ( telephone order only).
Suitable toilets. ( Orders 1 to 4.)
.
Ventilation specifically required only in telephone exchanges; in manufacturing, mercantile, and laundry, facilities may be ordered by bureau.
Establishments
-
Other requirements:
Location.-Convenient. (Orders 1 to 4; not in telephone order.)
Responsibility.-Employers who do not observe or comply with orders.
( Sec. 9.)
Penalty.- Fined $25 to $100, imprisoned 10 days to 3 m,onths, or both.
(Sec. 13.)
Administering agenoy.-Workmen's compensation bureau. (Sec. 2.)
NoTE.-The secretary, the only person engaged in the field work in connection with the minimum-wage administration, made the statement that the
minimum wage department found it impossible to attempt enforcement of
sanitary regulations because of limited funds. Another handicap was due
to the fact that in spite of all her minimum wage duties she had to give
three weeks in every three months, or about a quarter of her time, in the
capacity of court reporter for the workmen's compensation bureau.
OHIO
STATUTES
Code of Ohio, 1930, (Throckmorton's), Part First, Political, secs. 1009, 1011,
p. 308
Establishments covered.-Tbe owner or person having charge of the building
wherein any female is employed.
( Sec. 1009.)
Adequacy.-One for every 25 females or less; additional water-closets in the
same ratio.
(Sec. 1009.)
Privacy.-Separate toilet rooms and water-closets for female employees.
Suitable toilet rooms and water-closets.
For exclusive use of such employees.
( Sec. 1009.)
Sanitation.-Properly ventilated. ( Sec. 1009.)
Other req1.1,irements:
Location.-On same floor or on floor immediately above or below the
floor where employees work.
Toilets and dressing rooms situated together.
Not placed in basement or cellar unless females are actually employed
therein and unless it is properly ventilated.
( Sec. 1009.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
69
Responsibility.-The owner or person having charge of the building ,vherein
any female is employed. ( Sec. 1009.)
Penalty.-Fine of not less than $25 nor more than $200. (Sec. 1011.)
.Aam,inistering agency.-Ohief inspector of workshops
and factories.
( Sec. 1011. ) 35
Code of Ohio, 1930 ( Throckmorton's), Part First, Political, secs. 1261-3, 1261-14,
pp. 425, 421; Pwrt Fourth, Penal, SOOS. 12600-212, 12600-213, 12600-215 to
12600-218, 19d600-222, 12600-225, 12600-230 to 12600-232, pp. 103-105
Establishments covered.-All public or private institutions, sanitariums, hospi-
•
tals, schools, prisons, factories, workshops, or places where men, women, or
children are or might be employed. (Sec. 1261-3.)
Adequa.c y.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Privacy.-Partitions between toilet rooms for males and females to be soundproof, extending to ceiling; entrance screened and traveling distance not
less than 20 feet between. ( Sec. 12600-231.)
Sanitllltion.-Interior doors and partitions to be raised at least 6 inches above
floor and no room containing water-closets to be less than 7 feet high. 36
( Sec. 12600-232.)
All floors waterproof; base not less than 6 inches high with sanitary cove
at floor level. ( Sec. 12600-230.)
Water-closet bowl to be of vitrified earthenware, hard natural stone, or cast
iron white porcelain enameled on inside. If cast iron is used, to be enameled
or painted on the outside with at least three coats of nonabsorbent and
noncorrosive paint. ( Sec. 12600-212.)
Bowls and traps to be made in one piece and of such shape and form as
to hold a sufficient quantity of water to completely submerge any matter
deposited in them. ( Sec. 12600-213.)
All water-closets to have flushing rims constructed to flush the entire
interior surface of the bowl. ( Sec. 12600-215.)
All fixtures to be set free and open from inclosing woodwork. ( Sec.
12600-216.)
Water-closets with low-down tanks to be of a siphon pattern.
( Sec.
12600-217.)
Pan, valve, plunger, offset washout and other water-closets having invisible
seals· or an unventilated space, or walls not properly washed are prohibited.
Long bopper closets and similar appliances not to be installed hereafter.
( Sec. 12600-218.)
Water-closet bowls to be indirectly :flushed through flushing tank of at least
4 gallons capacity. ( Sec. 12600-225.)
Range closets not prohibited and specifications given for them. ( Sec.
12600-222.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person or persons, owner, agent, or manager, who fails
to comply.
Penalty.-Fine of not less than $10 nor more than $100 or imprisonment
for not less than 10 nor more than 90 days or both. No imprisonment for
the first offense and the prosecution shall always be as and for a first
offense unless the affidavit upon which the prosecution is instituted contains the allegation that the offense is a second or repeated offense.
(Sec. 1261-14.)
Administering agenoy.-Department of health to employ inspectors for the
enforcing of plumbing rules. ( Sec. 1261-3.) 37
85 The enforcement of these sections is through the division of factory and building
inspection of the department of industrial relations.
86 Additional regulations requiring, that outside partitions of water-closets be built of
solid construction extending to the ceiling or independently ceiled over, the upper part
of which may be of translucent glass, are found on pp. 138-139, Laws of Ohio Governing
the Location, Construction, Installation, and Inspection of Plumbing and Drainage published in 1927 by the department of health. The requirement that interior partitions are
to be of dwarf construction is also found here.
87
" Such inspector shall not exercise any authority in municipalities or other political
subdivisions wherein ordinances or resolutions have been adopted and are being enforced
by the proper authorities regulating plumbing or prescribing the character thereof."
(Sec. 1261-3.)
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70
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Code of Ohio, 1930 (T11Jro ckrnorton's), Part First, Political, secs. 1020, 1022,
1023, J.023-1, pp. 309, 310
Establislvnients covered.-Any tenement, dwelling, or other building, or any
part thereof, used for making wearing apparel, or manufacturing cigars,
cigarettes, and tobacco goods. ( Sec. 1020.)
Adequacy.-One for every 25 persons. ( Sec. 1022.)
Privacy.-When there are 10 or more persons and 3 or more to the number of
25 are of either sex, a separate water-closet to be provided for each sex.
When more than 25, the ratio is still 1 to 25.
Suitable arrangements for each sex.
Kept exclusively for the use of the employees or employers.
( Sec. 1022.)
Other r equirements:
Location.-Located inside the building, with adequate plumbing and connections or on outside at least 20 feet from the building. (Sec. 1022.)
Responsibility.-Inspector bas power to prevent operation of such shops
and factories if they do not conform and to cause the arrest and prosecution of persons operating them. ( Sec. 1023.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction, fine of not more than $25 and not more than
$100 for each su~ceeding offense. ( Sec. 1023-1.)
Administ ering agenc'IJ.-Chief inspector of workshops and factories. 38 ( Sec.
1023.)
REG ULATIO NS
Ohio State Building _Code, Special Requirements for Workshops, Factories,
Mercantile, and Office Buildings, Bulletvn, N.o. 109, division of factory and,
builaing inspection, department o,f industrial rela-tions, November, 1929, secs.
1a, 2a, 18a, 21, pp. 9, 15-17. Issued under authority of act of April 6, 1923,
creating the board, of building standards. Code of Ohio, 1930 ( Throckmorton's), Part Fourth, Penal, secs. 12600-2?'9, 12600-281, p. 109
Establishments covered.-Workshops, factories, mercantile, and office buildings.
Under the classification "workshops, factories, mercantile, and office buildings " are included all buildings or parts thereof used for manufacturing, sale,
or storage of materials, goods, wares, or utensils; all places where persons
are employed including bakeries, garages, warehouses, and office buildings.
(Sec. 2a.)
Adequacy.-One to each 20 females or fraction thereof.
Toilets to be provided for employees in addition to those for the public.
(Sec. 21d.)
Privavy.-Separate for sexes, screened or secluded; distance between entrance
doors not less than 20 feet and arranged so that females will not need to pass
through parts of the building occupied by males only; designated. ( Sec.
21 b, c, and g.)
Sanitati,on.-Floor and base of nonabsorbent material. (Sec. 18a.)
Other requirements:
Location.-Not more than one story above or below any part of building
used by employees. ( Sec. 21a.)
Responsibility.-Owner or person having control who violates. ( Sec.
12600-279.)
Penalty.-Fine of not more than $1,000. ( Sec. 12600-279.)
Adrwim,istering agency.--Ohief inspector of work hops and factories. (Sec.
12600- 281. ) 38
RECOMMENDATIONS
Industrial Lighting Code for Factories, Mills, and Other Wo.rlc Places adopted
by the industrial cotrllmlission. May 6, 1920, as a guide in the inspection work
of the division of factory inspectioo
88
The enforcement of these sections is through the division of factory and building
inspection of the department of industrial relations.
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
71
Establishments co,v ered.-Factories, mills, and other work places.
(Title.)
Work spaces in buildings or grounds and spaces which an employee is
required to traverse in the performance of duty during the time of use.
(Rule 1.)
Sanitation.-Minimum intensity of illumination in toilet rooms recognized as
adequate by industrial commission is 0.50 foot-candle. (Appendix 6, p. 14.)
OKLAHOMA
STATUTES
Oornpiled, Statutes of Oklahorna, 1921, Vol. II, secs. 7224-7226, pp. 2579-2580
Establislvments covered.-Every employer in every manufacturing, mechanical,
•
or mercantile establishment, or workshop, laundry, printing office, dressmaking
or millinery establishment, hotel, restaurant, or theater, or telegraph or
telephone establishment and office, or any other establishment employing
females. ( Sec. 7224.)
( Banks not covered, according to an opinion of the criminal court of appeals, February 6, 1926, in "The Pacific Reporter," vol. 243, pp. 260-262.)
Adequao-y.-Ratio not specified. Term "adequate" (sec. 7224) indefinite.
Privacy.-Suitable toilet facilities. ( Sec. 7224.)
Other requirements:
Re ponsibility.-Any employer, overseer, superintendent, foreman, or other
agent of such em11loyment who shall require or permit any female to work
in any of the places mentioned. .( Sec. 7225.)
Penalty.-Fined, upon conviction, not less than $50 nor more than $200 nr
imprisonment of not less than 5 nor more than 30 days, or both. ( Sec.
7225.)
Administering agency.- Factory inspector under direction of commissioner of
labor. ( Sec. 7226.)
Oomviled, Statutes of Oklahoma, 1921, Vol. II, secs. 7228, 7233, 7~9, pp. 2581-
2583
Establishments covered.-Every factory, manufacturing establishment, or work-
shop, where men and women are employed. ( Sec. 7233.)
"Manufacturing establishment," "factory," or "workshop" shall be construed to mean any place where goods or products are manufactured or repaired, cleaned, or sorted in whole or in part, for sale or for wages. ( Sec.
7228.)
( Office buildings not covered, according to commissioner of labor.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified in any -way.
Privacy.-Separate toilet rooms. ( Sec. 7233.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person who fails to comply. (Sec. 7239.)
Penalty.-Fined, upon conviction, not less than $10 nor more than $100 for
each offense. ( Sec. 7239.)
Administering agency.-See this section of fQregoing statute.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Industrial Gode Rules Relating to Lighting of Factories and Mercantile Establishments, eff ect'ive Jitly 1, 1922, and a.dop·ted b1J the department of labor as
an inspection standard
Establishments covered.-Factories and mercantile establishments (title) work-
ing or ti.· aversed spaces in buildings or grounds and all working p1aces during
the time of use (Rule I (a)).
Sanitation.-Minimum intensity of illumination required for toilet rooms and
water-closet compartments is 0.50 foot-candle. ( Rule I ( c).)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
72
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
OREGON
REGULATIONS
Order No. 212 (secs. 5 and, 10) issuett September 1, 1916, b1/ the industrial
welfare comm,i ssion (readopted by State welfare commission July 14, 1931 40 )
by virtue of thre authority vested in it by sec. 4, ch. 62, Session LO/Ws 1913,
which states that the commission is " authorfaed and empowered to ascertain
and declare, * * * the following things: * * * ( b) Standa1rds of
conditions of labor for women or for minors in any occ,u pati01i ivithin the
State of Oregon and what 811,,rroundings or cond,it'ions-sa.nitary or otherwise--a..re detrimental to the hea,lth or morals of women or o.f minors in any
such occupation * * *." Oregon Code 1930, secs. 49-307, 49-310, 49-317,
pp. 4061, 4062, 4064
1
Establishments covered.-Any establishment where women or minors are em-
ployed. ( Sec. 5, order 22.)
Except that "Where there are less than four women employed by any person, the industrial welfare commission may, upon application and showing,
release such applicant" from complying with these regulations. ( Sec. 10,
order 22.)
Adequacy.-One for every 20 women or minors or majority fraction thereof.
( Sec. 5, order 22.)
Privacy.-Separate and apart from those for men.
Suitable toilets.
( Sec. 5, order 22.)
Sanitation.-Kept in a clean and sanitary condition.
Suitable toilets.
Thoroughly ventilated and open to outside air.
( Sec. 5, order 22.)
Other requirements:
Location.-Convenient toilets. ( Sec. 5, order 22.)
Responsibility.-Said commission may require all employers in the occupation affected thereby to observe and comply with such recommendations
and said order. (Sec. 49-307.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction fined $25 to $100 or imprisonment of 10 days
to 3 months, or both. ( Sec. 49-317.)
Administering agenoy.-State welfare commission. (Sec. 49-310.)
Order No. 49, .i,ssued July 25, 1922, by industrial welfare commission, ancl
readopted July 14, 1931, by State welfare commission, under autnority quoted
for foregoing regulation
Establiswments covered.-Hop yard, berry field, orcha'rd, or any packing house
in which fruits, vegetables, or fish are packed, dried, or cured and where any
woman or miuor is employed.
A dequacy.-One for every 20 women employed.
Privacy.-Separate and apart from those for men, and except in packing houses
the women's toilets must be in separate buildings from the men's toilets.
Doors to be provided with latches fastening on the inside.
Where possible a separate compartment for each seat.
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
Penalty.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
Administering agency.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
Code Governing Industrial Lighting in Places of Empl.o yment Irwluding Factories, Mills, Offices and Other Work Places, 1919, issiied by 'the commissioner
of lab01' and inspector of faotories and; work-shops under authority of sec.
J,9-1208, p. 4098 of Oregon Code, Annotated Special Edition, 1930. Ibid., seo.
49-1209, p. 4099
Establishments covered.-Piaces of employment including factories, mills, offices,
and other work places.
40
(Title.)
In 1931 the authority, powers, and duties of the industrial welfare commission were
transferred to the newly created State welfare commission. (Session La""s 1931, ell. 394.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
73
Working or traversed spa_ces in buildings or grounds of places of employment during the time of use. (Rule 2.)
Sanitation.-Artificial light with a minimum intensity of illumination of 1 footcandle required in toilets and water-closets unless the intensity of natural
illumination is twice this amount. (Rule 4a.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person, firm, or corporation who violates. ( Sec. 491209.)
Penalty.-Failure to comply within 30 days after receiving notice of improper illumination is punishable by a fine not exceeding $50, each day
that violation continues to be considered a separate offense. ( Sec. 491209.)
Adlministerin.g agenoy.-Commissioner of labor and inspector of factories and
workshops. (Sec. 49-1209.)
PENNSYLVANIA
STATUTES 41
(
Pennsylvania Statittes Oompwte to 1920, secs. 13lt90, .13548, pp. 132"/, 1332,
Session Laws 19<R,9, Act 256, pp. 611-619
Establishments covered.-Every person employing or permitting females to work
in any establishment.
( Sec. 13548.)
Adequacy.-One toilet for every 25 females. ( Sec. 13548.)
Privacy.-Toilets to be suitable, accessible, and separate for each sex.
Separated from workrooms by partitions extending from floor to ceiling.
Entrance screened by partitions at least 6 feet high.
( Sec. 13548.)
Sanitation.-K,ept clean, sanitary, and free from obscene writing and marking
at all times.
Properly lighted.
Compartments to have sufficient direct outside ventilation by window or
other means.
( Sec. 13548. )
Other requ·i1·ements:
Responsibility.-Any person who, whether by himself or for another, or
through an agent, servant, or foreman, shall violate any provisions of
this act, shall be subject to penalty. (Act 256, Session Laws 19'29.)
Penalty.-Fine for first offense not less than $25 and costs or more than
$50 and costs ; upon nonpayment, imprisonment of not more than 20
days; for second and subsequent offenses, not less than $50 and costs or
more than $200 and costs; upon nonpayment, imprisonment of not more
than 60 days. If condition is not remedied within reasonable time after
notification (limit set by department of labor and industry), offender is
fined additionally by like penalties for each succeeding day that violation
continues. (Act 256, Session Laws 1929.)
A.dnvinistering agency.-Department of labor and industry.. ( Sec. 13490.)
REGULATIONS
Regulations for Industrial Sanitation, 1928 et!;ition, adopted April 5, 1921, by
the industrial board by 'IJi,rtue of the power vested vn it by secs. 14-15, Act
267, Session Laws 1913, sec. 14 of which makes the statement that "All rooms,
buildings, and places in this commonwealth where labor is employed, or shall
hereafter be employed, sh,all be so constructed, equipped,, and arranged,
operated, and conducted, in all v-esp·eots, as to provide reasonable and adequate
protection for the life, health,, safety, and morals of all persons employed
therein. For the carrying into effect of thi-s provisiori,, and the proviscions
of all the laws of th.is commonwealth, the enforcement of which is now 01·
shall hereafter be entrusted to or itmposed upon the commissioner or department of l(J)bcxr and in&ustry, the industrial board shall have power to make,
u Pennsylvania has a plumbing code which was adopted by act of the legislature June 7,
It applies to cities of the second and
third classes, but no State bureau or department is made responsible for enforcing it.
1901, and was amended by act of May 14, 1909.
123908°-33-6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
74
INSTALLATION AND MAINTEN ANOE OF TOILET FACILITIES
alter, amend , and r epeal gen eral rules and r egitlati ons necessary for ap'[)lyi ng
such provisions to sp ecifio condi tions, and to presarib e m eans , methods, and
practices to carry into effect and enforce such proviSions."
Readopted
Janua;ry 6, 19'26, by the department of labor aJIUJ, industry. 42 Session Laws
1!J'29, Act 450, pp. 1512-1613
Establishments oover ed.-Factories.
The term "industrial sanitation" shall mean and include the sanitary
facilities and installations as applied to factories.
The term " factory " shall mean any room or rooms in any building
( except hotels, mercantile, and office buildings ) wherein work is performed.
<Secs. 2 b and c, Industrial Code.)
(Laundries and restaurants not included in definition of "factory,"
according to director of bureau of inspection, department of labor and
industry.)
Adequctey:
Number
employed
Ratio
1 to 10 _____________ ___ 1-10
10 to 25 _______________ _ 1- 12½
25 to 50______ __ _____ ___ 1- 162/3
Number
employed
Ratio
50 to 80__________ __ _____ _ 1-20
SO to 125__ __ ____ __ _______ 1- 25
and thereafter at the rate of 1 for every 45 or fraction thereof. (Rule 136a.)
( This ratio does not supersede that specified in sec. 13548 quoted for
foregoing statute.)
Privac?J.-Separate and plainly designated. (Rule 135k.) Partitions separating rooms used by different sexes to extend from floor to ceiling and to have
no direct connection between. ( Rule 135m.) In existing shops with high
ceilings rooms shall be ceiled over at height of at least 9 feet from floor.
Partitions soundproof and of materials not transparent or tran lucent and
no opening permitted. (Rule 135m.) Entrances provided with vestibule or
screen (Rule 135f) and door fit.tea with effective self-closing device (Rule
135g).
For existing installations, toilets for different sexes having entrances
within 10 feet of each other, to have stationary T or L shaped screen not
less than 6 feet high and where space permits not less than 2 feet wider than
door. Enti·ances for opposite sexes to be remote from each other. (Rule
135n.)
Hereafter, every water-closet to be installed in a compa rtment in a toilet
room. (Rule 136b.)
Outside partitions to be of solid construction or of opaque or translucent
but not transparent glass set in suitable frames extending from floor to
ceiling or independently ceiled over. (Rule 135e.) Walls and ceilings of
substance that can be cleaned easily. (Rule 135 i and j.)
Compartments used by females to have doors the tops of which are to be
not less than 60 inches from floor and clearance between bottom of door and
floor not more than 12 inches. Door to have latch, lock, or bolt. (Rule
1350.)
Sanitation.-Poster to be displayed in conspicuous place asking for cooperation of employees in keeping facilities clean and in order. (Rule 135a.)
Cleaning may be done by either sex before or after usual hours of employment. (Rule 1351.) Walls to be kept free from obscene writing or marking;
when found, to be removed at once by employer. (Rule 135r.)
Floor and sanitary base to height of 6 inches to be water-tight, of even
surface and constructed of substance impervious to moisture. (Rule 135h.)
Every toilet room to have window opening directly to outside a ir, or to be
artificially ventilated; skylight equivalent to window if provided with fixed
or movable louvres. (Rule 140a.)
Existing toilet rooms not ventilated directly to outside air to be ventilated
by artificial means. (Rule 140a.) Exhaust fans to discharge at point
which will not cause offense to occupants of building nor to the neighborhood.
When air shaft used for ventilating is covered by~ skylight, net area of open42 By act of June 7
1923. the department of labor and industry took over from the
industrial board the authority to adopt such rules and regulations, leaving the industrial
board merely an approving body. (Restated in act of Apr. 9, 1929.)
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
•
75
ing to be at least equal to the cross-sectional area of the air shaft. (Rule
140b.)
When adequate natural light not available, to be artificially lighted in accordance with regulations for industrial lighting issued by the department of
labor and industry. (Rule 135b.)
Pan, plunger, washout, faucet, and long-hopper closets prohibited, except
when frost-proof or floor-type closets are approved. (Rule 136c.) Such
existing closets to be replaced by new installations if in foul or leaky condition. ( Rule 136c.) Seats to have open front ( except integral type) and if
made of absorbent material to be covered with a varnish. (Rule 136e.) Not
to be supplied with water direct from pipes unless closet provided with flushometers, volumeters, or similar devices (rule 136f) ; all to have flushing rim
bowls (rule 136g).
Trough closets to be of smooth material impervious to moisture; cast iron,
galvanized iron, sheet metal, or steel trough closets prohibited unless approved by department of labor and industry. (Rule 136h.)
Special tanks or cisterns supplying water-closets to hold not less than 6
gallons for each closet except automatic or siphon tanks to hold 5 gallons
for each closet. A group of closets may be flushed from one tank but those
on different floors not flushed from same tank except where flushometers,
etc., are used. Water in such tanks not to be used for any other purpose.
(Rule 136i.) Sufficient water to be supplied for flushing. (Rule 136j.)
Covered receptacles to be kept in toilet rooms. (Rule 135p.)
0 ther requirements:-
Loca tion.-Not more than one floor above or below regular place of work
except where sufficient number of elevators are provided. (Rule 135c.)
Shall not communicate with any room in which food products are
handled. (Rule 135d.)
Responsibility.-The owner or lessor of every building occupied by more
than one tenant shall keep the entire building well drained and the
plumbing thereof in a clean and sanitary condition and shall keep all
parts and places used in common in a clean, sanitary, and safe condition
and shall keep such parts thereof properly lighted when said buildings
are in use. (Rule 133:i.)
Penalty.-Fine of not more than $100 and costs; upon nonpayment, imprisonment not to exceed one month. (Act 450, Session Laws 1929.)
Administering agency.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Regulations Attectvn,g Employment of Women, 1928, approved by industrial
board. Rule W-1, approved July 5, 191"1, (JIYl,d revised March 24, 1925, under
authority quoted for fore going regulation
Establishments covered.-Mercantile establishments.
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Privacy.-When more than 15 women are employed, employees to have toilets
in addition to those used by the public.
(Rule W-1.)
Otlbe<r requirements.-Penalty.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
Administering agency.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Regula.tions for Industrial Lighting (1930 edition) adopted by the department
of labor and) industry in accordance with the reoommendatwns of tn,e industrial board 48 under authority quoted for foregoing regulation
Establishments oovernd.-Every establishment.
( Sec. 1 of regulations.)
Working or traversed spaces in buildings or grounds ana all working places
in establishments or premises thereof during time of use. (Rule 1 (a).)
Sanitation.-Minimum intensity of illumination required for toilet rooms is
1 foot-candle. (Rule 5.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Every person who violates any provision of this act.
13497.)
Penalty.-See this section of foregoing regulation.
Administering ageney.-See this section of foregoing statute.
( Sec.
43 By act of June 7, 1923, the department of labor and industry took over from the
industrial board the authority to adopt such rules and regulations, leaving the industrial board merely an approving body. (Restated in act of Apr. 9, 1929.)
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76
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
RHODE ISLAND
STATUTES
General Law s of RlWde Islaow, Rwisio'l'b of 1923, ch. 85, sec8. 1111, 1116, 1120,
pp. 383-387
EstabUshments cover ed.-The owner of any building situated in a city or town
having a public water service and on or adjacent to any highway, street,
road, or other way in which is laid a public main, and in which said building
is located one or more factory, manufacturing, or mercantile establishments,
shall equip each establishment according to ratio specified. ( Sec. 1116.)
Adeq'/.1.,Cl,Cy.-One for every 25, when not more than that number employed;
1 for every 40 employees or fraction thereof exceeding one-half, when more
than 25 are employed. ( Sec. 1116.)
Privacy.-Separate and separately located for each sex, with separate entrances,
properly designated, and so built as to insure privacy. (Sec. 1116.)
Sanitation.-Effectively trapped and ventilated. ( Sec. 1116.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person or corporation who violates any of the provisions of this chapter, or who suffers or permits any child or woman
to be employed in violation of its provisions, shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor. ( Sec. 1120.)
Penalty.-Fine of not more than $500. (Sec. 1120.)
Administeri ng agency.-Factory inspection department. (Sec. 1111.) (Board
of health in a general way has jurisdiction, according to chief factory
inspector.)
General Laws of Rhode Isl(J/Y/,if, Revision of 1923, ch. 85, secs. 1111, 1116, 1120,
pp. 383-387
Establi shments covered.-All other places where women and children are em-
ployed. ( Sec. 1116.)
(Applies to restaurants and office buildings, according to chief factory
inspector.)
Adequacy.-No ratio given, but must meet the requirements of health and
propriety according to judgment of inspectors. ( Sec. 1116.. )
Priv acy.-Must meet the demands of propriety according to the judgment of
inspectors. ( Sec. 1116.)
Saiwitation.-Mu st meet the demands of health according to the judgment of
inspectors. ( Sec. 1116.)
Other r equirements:
Responsibility.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Penalty.-See this section of foregoing statute.
Lidministering agerwy.-See this section of foregoing statute.
SOUTH CAROLINA
STATUTES
Oode of Laws of South Carolina 1922, Vol. II, sec. 1,20, p. 136, and Vol. III,
secs. 947, 950, p. 344
Establishmoots covered.-Every factory, mercantile, or other establishment or
office where two or more males and two or more females are employed
together. ( Sec. 947.)
·
AtZequaoy.-Ratio not specified. Term" sufficient number" (sec. 947) indefinite.
Privacy.-Separate water-closets, earth closets, or privies for the use of each
sex and plainly designated. ( Sec. 947.)
Sanitation.-Kept clean and free from disagreeable odors. (Sec. 947.)
Other requirem ents:
Responsibility.-Whoever violates. (Sec. 420.)
Penalty.-Fined not less than $10 nor more than $30. ( Sec. 420.)
Administering agency.-Commissioner of agriculture, commerce, and industries
through inspectors. ( Sec. 950.)
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
77
SOUTH DAKOTA
STATUTES
South Dakota Revised Code, 1919, voi. 2, seos. 10019, 10021, pp. 2603-2604
Establishments covered.-Every factory, mill, or workshop where women, girls,
or children are employed. ( Sec. 10019.)
(Mercantile establishments, restaurants, and office buildings not covered
according to industrial commissioner.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified in aiiy way.
Privacy.-Separate for the sexes.
Sanitation.-Properly ventilated."
Kept in a sanitary condition and free from effluvia arising from any
sewers." ( Sec. 10019.)
Other requirements:
••
Responsibility.-Every person violating the provisions of this chapter shall
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. ( Sec. 10021.)
Penalty.-Upon· conviction fined not less than $10 nor more than $100 or
not more than 30 days in jail or both. ( Sec. 10021.)
Administering agenuy.-State's attorney on complaint, according to correspondence.
TENNESSEE
STATUTES
Thompson's Shannon's Code, 1918, secs. 431,2a-21 to 4342a-29, p. 1858; Session
Laws 1923, ch. 1, secs. 55 (2), 55 (6), 55 (7), 56 (2), pp. 35, 36
Establishments covered.-Any manufacturing or mercantile business or estab-
lishment where females are employed.
( Sec. 4342a-27.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Privaoy.-Separate privies or water-closets for such female help. ( Sec.
4342a-27.)
No male person shall enter such separate privies or water-closets except
for the purpose of repairing or cleaning the same. ( Sec. 4342a-28.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-All persons hiring or employing female help. ( Sec ..
4342a-27.)
Penalty.-Violation is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not les::s than
$2 nor more than $10. .( Sec. 4342a-29.)
Administering agency.-Department of labor, division of factory inspection.
(Secs. 55 (2), 55 (6), 55 (7), 56 (2).)
RECOMMENDATIONS
For Toilets, Washrooms, and Foiindll·y Bath, secs. I to XVI.
(Stan<Lards
ad01)ted by the divis'i-0n of factory vnspection of the d!epwrtm,ent of l(J;bor for
the 11tse of vnspeotors in vnspecting sanitary conditions in manuf aoturing am,d
mercantile establishments)
Establishments covered.-Manufacturing and mercantile establishments.
Adequacy.-One to every 12 persons or fraction thereof.
Requirements.-All requirements are identical with those of Massachusetts
given in detail on page 54.
"These requirements pertain not only to the toilet rooms in an establishment but to
all other parts as well. The only requirement specially pertaining to toilets, therefore,
ls that they be separate for the sexes.
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78
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
TEXAS
STATUTES
Complete Texas Statutes, 1928, arts. 5171, 5179, pp. 634, 6.35
EstabUshments covered.-Every factory, mill, workshop, mercantile establish-
ment, laundry, or other establishment.
(Art 5177.)
Adequacy.-One to eYery 25 male persons.
One to every 20 female persons.
(Art. 5177.)
Privacy.-Separate and apart for the use of each sex.
Constructed in approved manner and properly inclosed.
(Art. 5177.)
Banitation.-Kept in a clean and sanitary condition and effectively disinfected.
Effectively ventilated.
At all times properly lighted.
(Art. 5177.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Owner, manager, superintendent, or other person in control
or management of such place or establishment. (Art. 5179.)
Penalty.-Commissioner has power to close establishment until condition
has been corrected in case employer has failed or refused to comply with
formal written order for correction of condition complained of. (Art.
5179.)
. Administering agency.-Commissioner of labor statistics. (Art. 5179.)
UTAH
No regulation.
VERMONT
STATUTES
General Laws of Verrnont, 1917, ch. 269, secs. 6298, 6300, 6303, 63Q6, pp.
1083-1 085
EstabUshments covereid.-Foo<l establishments. ( Sec. 6300.)
Adequaoy.-Ratio not specified. Term "adequate" (sec. 6300) indefinite.
SanitaUon.-Proper, suitable toilets, constructed, maintained, and operated in
a clean, sanitary, and healthful manner.
(Sec. 6300.)
Other requirem ents :
Responsibility.-Any person who violates. ( Sec. 6306.)
The word " person " shall extend and be applied to a person, partnership, association, company, or corporation. ( Sec. 6298.)
Penalty.-Fined for first offense not more than $300; subsequent offenses
not more than $500. ( Sec. 6306.)
Administering a-gency.-State board of health. ( Sec. 6303.) 45
VIRGINIA
STATUTES
Th e Code of V irginia, as amended to adjournm,ent of General Assembly 19J0,
together with all other general acts in force July 1, 1930, seos. 585 (80),
17'99, 1822 , 1823 , 1826, 1827, pp. 139, 399, 406, 401
Establishments covered.-Every establishment in which five or more persons
are employed, and every factory, workshop, mercantile establishment, or
45 Sec. 5847, p. 1003, ch. 243, General Laws, 1917, states that the commissioner of
industries bas power to enter any ·· factory, mill, workshop, private works or State
institution which has shops or factories" for the purpose of "Examining into the
* •
•
sanitary conditions in and around such buildings * • •." Commissioner
of industries states, " Inspector has instructions to see that toilets are in reasonably
good order and conditions decent."
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
79
other establishment, or office, in which two or more children, under 18 years
of age, or women, are employed. ( Sec. 1822.)
Buildings used exclusively for offices excepted if ther,e are separate toilets
within convenient access within the building where offices are located. ( Sec.
1822.) Also, the commissioner is permitted to use his discretionary power
of enforcing this section in stores and office buildings in towns and cities of
5,000 or less population. ( Sec. 1826.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified. Term "sufficient number" (sec. 1822) indefinite.
Privacy.-Whenever one or more males and one or more females are employed
together, a sufficient number of separate water-closets to be provided; plainly
designated.
Partitions between toilets used by different sexes to extend from floor to
ceiling; rooms in which toilets for males and females are installed after
July 1, 1922, to have separate entrance for each sex. ( Sec. 1822.)
Sanitation.-Clean and free from effluvia, etc. ( Sec. 1822.)
Other requirements:
•·
Location.-Reasonable access. ( Sec. 1822.)
Responsibility.-The owner, lessee, or occupant of any premises which are
used as described in the preceding section shall make the changes necessary to conform thereto. ( Sec. 1823.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction, fined not less than $5 nor more than $25, each
day to constitute a separate offense. ( Sec. 1827.)
Administering agency.-Commissioner of labor in the department of labor and
industry. (Secs. 585 (80) and 1799.)
WASHINGTON
REG ULA TIO NS
Order No. 23 adopted by the industrial welfare commrittee 48 August 5, 1921,
under authority vested in it by oh. 114, Session Laws 1913, seo. 3 of u;ohich
states that it " shall establish such stanaards of * * * conditio-ns of
labor for women a11id nvi,n.ors· mnployed within the state of Washington, as
shall be held hereunder to be reasonable and not detrimental to health and
mora.Zs, _o_ o_ o,"- Oomp,iled Statutes, 19122, Vol. III, seo. "1636, p. 1801
Establishments covered.-Public housekeeping industry where any female over
the age of 18 years is employed.
NOTE.-Orders covering other industries-laundry, dry cleaning, or dye
works; telephone or telegraph, etc. ; mercantile ; and manufacturing-cany
regulations on toilets. The regulations were not included in th~ statement
furnished by the department in response to the bureau's questionnaire.
The term "public housekeeping" shall include the work of: linen-room
girls, chambermaids, cleaners. kitchen girls, dishwashers, pantry girls, pantry servers, waitresses, counter girls, bus girls, elevator operators, janitresses, laundry workers ( except where a commercial laundry is operated),
and any other occupation which would properly be classified under p~blic
housekeeping. The establishments shall include hotels, rooming houses,
boarding houses, restaurants, cafes, cafeterias, lunch rooms, tea rooms,
apartment houses, hospitals (not nurses), philanthropic institutions, and any
other which may be properly classified under this industry. (Order No. 23.)
Adequacy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Privacy.-Separate toilets for each sex. (Order No. 23.)
I
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person employing a woman or minor for whom
standard conditions of labor have been f':pecified under conditions of
labor prohibited by the order of the commission shall be deemed guilty
of a misdemeanor. (Sec. 7636.)
Penalty.-Upon conviction, fined not less than $25 nor more than $100.
( Sec. 7636.)
Administervn.g agency.-Department of labor and industries. 47
46 The industrial welfare committee was created in 1921 (Session Laws 1921, ch. 7,
sec. 82) superseding the industrial welfare commission. It took over the powers and
duties of the commission which are stated in ch. 174, Session Laws 1913.
47 By act of Feb. 9, 1921, the department of labor and industries was created, superseding the bureau of labor which had been the enforcing body. (Secs. 7586 and 10838,
Compiled Statutes, 1922, Vol. III.)
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80
INSTALLATION A.ND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
Safety Stan4alrds (Revision of JwnU011·y 1, 1924) issued by the dJivision of
safety of the departmoot of labor an<Z indusvries 48 under authority of workmen's compensation lano--Remington Compiled Statutes, 1922, secs. "16"'15,
"'1730, "1734, "'1"1"14; Session Laws, 1923, ch. 136, sec. 14
Establishments covered.-Where the place of work or the nature of the opera-
tion causes a hazard to exist due to insufficient illumination. ( Standard
14.)
Sanitation.-Minimum intensity of artificial illumination required for toilet
rooms is 0.50 foot-candle (standard 16) ; natural lighting available with intensity equal to at least twice that provided for artificial lighting (standard
17).
Other requirements-Penalty.-Fine of not more than $1,000. (Session Laws
1923, ch. 136, sec. 14.
Adtministering agency.-Department of labor and industries, division of safety.48
WEST VIRGINIA
STATUTES
Barnes' West Virginia Code, 1923, ch. 15H, secs. 6, 66, 6"10, pp. 211, 242, 243
l!)stablishments covered.-Every factory, mercantile establishment, mill, or work-
shop. ( Sec. 66.)
(Applies to all places of employment including restaurants and office buildings.)
A.dequaoy.-Ratio not specified. Term "sufficient" (sec. 66) indefinite.
Privacy.-Separate for each sex and plainly marked.
Constructed in an approved manner and properly inclosed.
( Sec. 66.)
Sanitation.-Kept in clean and sanitary condition.
Constructed in approved manner.
Direct ventilation with outside air when practicable; otherwise placed in
an inclosure and properly and effectively disinfected and separately ventilated.
Properly lighted by artificial light except when influx of natural light makes
this unnecessary.
(Sec. 66.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person, firm, or corporation, or any agent, manager,
or superintendent of any person, firm, or corporation who shall violate
any of the provi ions of this act or who omits or fails to comply with any
of such provisions of this act, or who disregards any notice of the commissioner of labor or State factory inspector when said notice is given,
in accordance with the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. ( Sec. 67c.)
Penalty.-Fine for first offense not less than $10 nor more than $50. Upon
conviction of subsequent offenses not less than $25 nor more than $200.
( Sec. 67c.)
Ad•min'i stering agency.--Commissioner of labor. ( Sec. 6.)
WISCONSIN
REGULATIONS
General Orders on Sanitation..
(Reprinted September, 1921.)
Adopted by
the Industrial Commission of Wisoonsin, 49 by virtue of tne authoritJJ
vested in it by sec. 101.10, Statutes of Wisconsin, 1925, which, s·t ates that "It
shall also be the <luty of the industrial oorwmission, and, it shall have power,
jurisdiction, wnd a(Uthority: * * * (4) to ascertain and fim suoh rea48 The division of safety of the department of labor and industries was created in
1921 (Acts of 1921, ch. 7, sec. 80), superseding the State safety board. It took over
the powers and duties of this board and the enforcing powers of the commissioner of
labor which are stated in ch. 130, Acts of 1919.
49
These orders have also been adopted by the State board of health.
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
81
sonable standards and, to prescrine, mod;i,fy, ana enforce suck reasonable
oraers fw the ad..cption of safety aevice8', safegua<rds, and other means or
metho as of protection to be as newrly unit or111, as vo~sible, as may be necessary to C(l(J-ry out all laws and lawful orders relative to the protection of tke
life, kealth, safety, amd welfare of emp.Z0(1Jees in employments and piaces of
employment or frequenters of places of employment." Statutes of Wisconsin.
1925, Vol. I, seos. 101.01 (1), 101.10 (2), 101.28, pp. 1104, 1106, 1107, 1111;
Session Laws 1931, oh. 431, sec. 145.02 (2), p. 734
Establiskments covered.-All places of employment.
( Orders 2200 and 5250.)
" Places of employment " defined as every place, whether indoors or out
or underground and the premises appurtenant thereto, where either temporarily or permanently any industry, trade, or business is carried on, or where
any process or operation, directly or indirectly related to any industry, trade,
or business is carried on, and where any person is directly or indirectly em~
ployed by another for direct or indirect gain or profit, but shall not include
any place where persons are employed in private domestic service or agricultural pursuits which do not involve the use of mechanical power. ( Sec.
101.01 (1) .)
A.aequaay.-One toilet for every 20 persons or fraction thereof, of either sex.
( Order 2203. )
Privacy:
All installations.-Separate 60 and plainly designated; entrances to toilet
rooms for the sexes to be properly separated by screens or otherwise and
wherever possible to be at least 20 feet: apart. ( Orders 2201, 2202, 5251,
and 5252;)
Completely inclosed and so arranged as to insure privacy. ( Orders
2200 and 5250.)
New installations.-Partitions separating accommodations for two sexes
not to be of wood but as nearly soundproof as possible. (Order 5258.)
Fixtures separated by partitions; space of 6 to 12 inches between floor
and bottom of :partition; top of partition 51/2 to 6 feet above floor.
Doors, same space below and 5½ feet high.
Compartments not less than 30 inches wide and deep enough to permit
door to swing past fixture. Doors to open inward and it is recommended
that they be provided with spring to make them remain open when
vacant and need to be latched when occupied.
( Order 5259.)
Existing installations.-Fixtures to be separated by partitions at least 5
feet high. ( Order 2210.)
Sanitation:
All installations.-Walls, floors, ceiling, and fixtures kept clean, efficient,
and in good repair; obstructions removed at once. ( Orders 2204 and
5264.) Obscene writing and marking to be removed. ( Orders 2"205 and
5265.)
When adequate natural light not available so that all parts of room
are easily visible, adequate artificial light to be provided. ( Orders
2208 and 5255.)
New installations.51-At least 10 square feet floor area and 100 cubic
feet air space for each fixture. ( Order 5256.)
Walls and ceilings to be completely covered with smooth cement or
gypsum plaster, glazed brick or tile, galvanized or enameled metal, or
other smooth, nonabsorbent material; if wood is used, it must be covered with two coats of body paint and one coat of enamel or spar
varnish; walls and partitions of light color. (Order 5258.)
Same material in partitions and doors as for walls and ceilings.
( Order 5259.)
Floors and base of toilet rooms to be of material which does not
readily absorb moisture and which can be easily cleaned; other than
wood except that wood may be used if approved in writing by industrial
50 Exceptions may be made of establishments employing five persons or less if approved in writing by the industrial commission or the State board of health. In this
case, the door to the toilet room is to be kept locked and the key kept in a place accessible to all such persons. (Orders 2201 and 5251.)
~1 Since Sept. 15, 1914.
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82
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
commission or board of health in existing buildings where wood floors
are in good condition and 1·oom used by not more than five persons and
if room has outside window or skylight. (Order 5257.)
Toilet rooms to open to outside air directly upon street, alley, or
court or to a vent shaft except under certain conditions. Vent shafts to
have area of at least 1 square foot for each fixture adjacent to it; least
dimension of shaft, if one story high, not less than 3 feet and 1 foot
additional for each additional story. Glass area for each room containing one closet or urinal to be at least 4 square feet with 2 square
feet additional for each additional fixture. A room that contains more
than three fixtures must in addition to windows required have a vent
flue that meets certain specifications. (Order 5253.) ·when it is not
possible to have windows opening to outside air, such rooms are permitted but only under very definite limitations specified at length.
( Order 5254.)
Fixtures properly protected against frost either by suitable insulating
covering or by providing suitable heating apparatus or in some other
approved manner so that fixtures will be in proper condition for use
at all times. (Order 5261.)
Individual closet of porcelain or vitreous chinaware; seats of wood
or other non-heat-absorbing material finished with varnish or other
substance impervious to moisture. ( Order 5260.)
Existing installations.-Walls must not be covered with paper. If of
wood, to be covered with a nonabsorbent paint. ( Order 2206.)
Toilet rooms not adequately ventilated by outside window or skylight to
have vent flue of certain specifications; provides for fan If necessary for
proper ventilation. ( Order 2207.)
Provided with :flushing appliance as effective in its operation as type of
closet requires. ( Order 2209.)
Other reqiiirements:
Location.-In all installations, if possible, should be placed · on each
occupied floor, especially in factories. ( Orders 2200 and 5250--note. )
Miscellaneous.-In all in stallations toilet paper of material that will not
obstruct fixtures to be provided. ( Orders 2204 and 5264.)
Responsibility.-Any employer, employee, owner, or other person. ( Sec.
101.28.)
Penalty.-Not less than $10 nor more than $100 for each offense. ( Sec.
101.28.) Each day's violation to constitute a separate offense. ( Sec.
101.18.)
Administering age1wy.-Industrial commission (sec. 101.10 (2)) through safety
and sanitation department according to building engineer. State board of
health. (Sec. 145.02 (2), ch. 431, Session Laws 19'31.) State, county, and
municipal officers must, on request of commission, enforce all lawful orders
in their respective departments so far as consistent with their duties. ( Sec.
101.28.)
Wisconsin State Plwmbi-ng Code, rules an,d regulati,ons of the Wisconsin State
Bowrd of Health governvn.g th,e construotion, installation, and inspeotion of
plumbing and drainage and the licensing of plumbers, fifth eclition, 1925.
Code first adopted by the State board of h,ealth, April 6, 1914, under authority
of sec. 959-55a ( 2), ch. "131, Sesswn L aws 1913. 1'he act was reenacted in
1931, seo.145.02 (2), ch. 431, Session L G!Ws 1931 stating that: "1'he board
shall have general supervision of all vlwmbing and shall .. * * prescribe,
and publish, and en,force minvmum, reasonable standards therefw which, shall
be uniform as far as practicable." Statutes of Wisconsin 1931, secs. 145.02
(1) and (2), 145.12 (2), pp. 1406, 1409.
Establishments covered.-All buildings in this State. (Sec. 145.02 (1).)
Adequaoy.-Ratio not specified in any way.
Sanitation.-All toilet rooms shall have at least one outside window or be
provided with local vent pipes or air shafts so as to insure four changes of air
per hour. Vents and shafts shall not be connected with the plumbing system
and must provide adequate ventilation. ( Sec. 54 (a) of Plumbing ·Code.)
All water-closets to be made of porcelain or vitreous chinaware. The bowl
and trap must be made of combined pattern in one piece. Shall hold sufficient
water and be of such shape and form that no waste will collect on the surface
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STATE REGULATIONS AS TO TOILET FACILITIES
83
of the bowl. Equipped with adequate flushing rims. (Sec. 51 (a) of Plumbing Code.) Installed or set free and open from all inclosing work. ( Sec.
51 (c) of Plumbing Code.) Flush tanks or flushometer valves to have flushing capacity of not less than 3 gallons for water-closets. ( Sec. 54 ( c) of
Plumbing Code.)
In addition the plumbing code contains very complete and detailed requirements pertaining to the method of installing pipes and fixtures, sizes of pipe
and drain, quality and weight of material, etc.
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-Any person who fails to obey a lawful order of the board.
(Sec. 145.12 (2).)
Penalty.-Punished. by imprisonment in county jail not more than three
months or by fine not exceeding $100. (Sec. 145.12 (2).)
Administering agency.-State board of health. (Sec. 145.02 (2).)
Industrial Lighting Code fo-r Factories, Mills, Offices, an,d Other Work Pl-aces,
third edition, revised, 1921, issued bf) the industr,i al commission under
oothority quoted for foregoing regulations of industrial commission
Establis1vments cov.ered.-All factories, mills, offices and other work places.
(Order 2100.)
Working or traversed spaces in building or grounds of places of employment during the time of use. ( Order 2110.)
Sanitation.-Artiflcial light with an intensity of illumination of 0.5 foot-candle
to be provided in toilets when the natural light is less than twice this amount.
( Order 2112.)
Other requirements:
Responsibility.-See this section of foregoing regulations of industrial
commission.
Penalty.-See this section of foreg ing regulations of industrial commission.
Administering agency.-Industrial co mission, safety and sanitation department.
WYOMING
No regulation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX A.-LIST OF LABOR AND HEALTH AUTHORITIES CONTRIBUTING INFORMATION IN THE VARIOUS
o
STATES
Alabama: Child welfare department; board of health.
Arizona: Industrial commission ; board of health.
Arkansas: Bureau of labor and statistics; board of health.
California: Department of industrial relations ( divisions of labor statistics
and law enforcement, housing and sanitation, and industrial welfare) ;
department of public health.
Colorado: Bureau of labor statistics; board of health.
Connecticut: Department of labor and factory inspection ; department of
health.
Delaware: Labor commission (women's labor division) ; board of health.
District of Columbia: Engineer department (plumbing inspection division).
FlOrida: Department of labor.
Georgia: Department of commerce and labor ; board of health.
Idaho: Industrial accident board.
Illinois: Department of labor (industrial commission and division of factory
inspection) ; department of public health.
Indiana: Industrial board ( department of women and children) ; board of
health ( division of housing and indu 'ial hygiene).
Iowa: Bureau of labor; board of health.
K 'a nsas: Commission of labor and industry.
Kentuclc11: Department of agriculture, labor, and statistics; board of health.
Louisiana: Bureau of labor and industrial statistics; bureau of health.
Maine: Department of labor and industry; department of health.
M.aryla.nd: Office of commissioner of labor and statistics; department of health.
Massacl11Usetts: Department of labor and industries ( division of industrial
safety) ; public health council.
Michigan: Department of labor and industry ; department of health.
Minnesota: Industrial commission ( division of women and children).
Mississippi: Bureau of industrial hygiene and factory inspection; board of
health.
Missouri: Department of labor and industrial inspection.
Montana: Department of agriculture, labor, and industry; department of
public health.
Nebraska: Department of labor.
Nevada: Office of labor commissioner.
New Hampshire: Bureau of labor; board of health.
New Jersey: Department of labor; department of health.
New Mexico: Bureau of public health.
New York: Department of labor (industrial board and division of inspection).
North Carolim,;: Department of labor and printing, child welfare commission
(later the division of standards and inspections) ; board of health.
North Dako ta,: Department of agriculture and labor ; department of health.
Ohio: Department of industrial relations ( division of factory and building
inspection) .
Oklahoma: Department of labor; department of public health.
Oregon: Bureau of labor; industrial (later, State) welfare commission.
Pennsylvania: Department of labor and industry (bureau of inspection, section
women and children) ; department of health.
Rhode Island: Office of factory inspectors ; public health commission.
Sou,th Carolina.: Department of agriculture, commerce, and industries; health
officer.
8outh Dakota: Office of industrial commissioner; board of health.
Tennessee: Department of labor ( division of factory inspection) ; department
of public health.
1
84
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
LIST OF STATE AUTHORITIES
85
Texas: Bureau of labor statistics ; board of health.
Utah: Industrial commission; board of health.
Vermont: Office of commissioner of industries ; department of public health.
Virginia: Department of labor and industry ( division of women and children).
Washington: Department of labor and industries ( division of industrial
relations).
West Virginia: Bureau of labor; department of health.
Wisconsin: Industrial commission (safety and sanitation department) ; board
of health (bureau of plumbing and domestic sanitary engineering).
Wyoming: Department of labor and statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX B.-FORM OF INQUIRY SENT TO STATES
U. S.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
WOMEN'S
BUREAU
WASHINGTON
Study of State Laws, Regulations, and Standards Regarding Facilities for
Comfort and Health of Employees in Manufacturing and Mercantile Establishments and Other Places of Employment
State:
[Whenever possible, please answer questions by Yes or No]
QumsTIONS IN RE STATE LAWS, REGULATIONS, RULES, OR ORDERS GOVER.NINO THE
INSTALLATION OF TOILET F A0ILITIES IN PLACES OF EMPL0YMIDNT
1. Has your State any law or section of law pertaining to the installation or
maintenance of toilet facilities in places of employment? ----------·
If so, please give reference to statute. -----------------------------2. Has the ________________ department jurisdiction or duties pertaining to the
installation or maintena1;1ce of toilet facilities in places of employment?
(a) If so, is this restricted to enforcement?
----------·
( b) Or has the department power to issue orders or regulations ?
If so, has it issued any such regulations?
3. Has any other department jurisdiction or duties pertaining to the installation
or maintenance of toilet facilities in places of employment? ----------·
(a) State board of health? ----------·
If so, has it issued any regulations? ----------·
( b) Any other department? ----------·
If so, has it issued any regulations? ----------·
Information furnished byName -----------------------------Title ------------- --- --------------Date of reply __ ___ __ _______________ _
[The franked envelope inclosed for your reoly requires no postage]
86
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU
[Any of these bulletins still available will be sent free of charge upon request]
*No.
*No.
No.
No.
*No.
No.
No.
*No.
*No.
*No.
No.
*No.
*No.
*No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
*No.
No.
*No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1. Proposed Employment of Women During the War in the Industries
of Niagara Falls, N. Y. 16 pp. 1918.
2. Labor Laws for Women in Industry in Indiana. 29 pp. 1919.
3. Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. 8 pp. Fourth
ed., 1928.
4. Wages of Candy Makers in Philadelphia in 1919. 46 pp. 1919.
5. The Eight-Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919.
6. The Employment of Women in Hazardous Industries in the United
States. 8 pp. 1921.
7. Night-Work Laws in the United States. (1919) 4 pp. 1920.
8. Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920.
9. Home Work in Bridgeport, Conn. 35 pp. 19~0.
10. Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia.
32 pp. 1920.
11. Women Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1921.
12. The New Position of Women in American Industry. 158 pp. 1920.
13. Industrial Opportunities and Training for Women and Girls. 48 pp.
1921.
14. A Physiological Basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20
pp. 1921.
15. Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work for Women.
26 pp. 1921.
16. (See Bulletin 98.)
17. Women's Wages in Kansas. 104 pp. 1921.
18. Health Problems of Women in Industry. 6 pp. Revised, 1931.
19. Iowa Women in Industry. 73 pp. 1922.
20. Negro Women in Industry. 65 pp. 1922.
21. Wo,men in Rhode Island Industries. 73 pp. 1922.
22. Women in Georgia Industries. 89 pp. 1922.
23. The Family Status of B · adwinning Women. 43 pp. 1922.
24. Women in Maryland Industries. 96 pp. 1922.
25. Women in the Candy Industry in Chicago and St. Louis. 72 pp.
1923.
26. Women in Arkansas Industries. 86 pp. 1923.
27. The Occupational Progress of Women. 37 pp. 1922.
28. Women's Contributions in the Field of Invention. 51 pp. 1923.
29. Women in Kentucky Industries. 114 pp. 1923.
30. The Share of Wage-Earning Women in Family Support. 170 pp.
1923.
31. What Industry Means to Women Workers. 10 pp. 1923.
32. Women in South Carolina Industries. 128 pp. 1923.
33. Proceedings of the Women's Industrial Conference. 190 pp. 1923.
34. Women in Alabama Industries. 86 pp. 1924.
35. Women in Missouri Industries. 127 pp. 1924.
36. Radio Talks on Women in Industry. 34 pp. 1924.
37. Women in New J er sey Industries. 99 pp. 1924.
38. Married Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1924.
39. Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations. 87 pp. 1924.
40. (See Bul1etin 98.)
41. Family Status of Breadwinning Women in Four Selected Cities.
J 45 pp. 1925.
42. List of References on Minimum Wage for Women in the United States
and Canada. 42 pp. 1925.
* Supply
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88
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOILET FACILITIES
No. 43. Standard and Scheduled Hours of Work for Women in Industry.
68 pp. 1925.
No. 44. Women in Ohio Industries. 137 pp. 1925.
No. 45. Home Environment and Employment Opportunities of Women in
Coal-Mine Workers' Families. 61 pp. 1925.
No. 46. Facts about Working Women-A Graphic Presentation Based on
Census Statistics. 64 pp. 1925.
No. 47. Women in the Fruit-Growing and Canning Industries in the State of
.Washington. 223 pp. 1926.
*No. 48. Women in Oklahoma Industries. 118 pp. 1926.
No. 49. Women Workers and Family Support. 10 pp. 1925.
No. 50. Effects of Applied Research upon the Employment Opportunities of
American Women. 54 pp. 1926.
No. 51. Women in Illinois Industries. 108 pp. 1926.
No. 52. Lost Time and Labor Turnover in Cotton Mills. 203 pp. 1926.
No. 53. The Status of Women in the Government Service in 1925. 103 pp.
1926.
No. 54. Changing Jobs. 12 pp. 1926.
No. 55. Women in Mississippi Industries. 89 pp. 1926.
No. 56. Women in Tennessee Industries. 120 pp. 1927.
No. 57. Women Workers and Industrial Poisons. 5 pp. 1926.
No. 58. Women in Delaware Industries. 156 pp. 1927.
No. 59. Short Talks About Working Women. 24 pp. 1927.
No. 60. Industrial Accidents to Women in New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
316 pp. 1927.
No. 61. The Development of Minimum-Wage Laws in the United States, 1912
to 1927. 635 pp. 1928.
No. 62. Women's Employment in Vegetable Canneries in Delaware. 47 pp.
1927.
No. 63. (See Bulletin 98.)
No. 64. The Employment of Women at Night. 86 pp. 1928.
*No. 65. The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employment Opportunities
of Women. 498 pp. 1928.
No. 66-I. History of Labor Legislation for Women in Three States. 13-6 pp.
19'29.
No. 66-II. Chronological Development of Labor Legislation for Women in the
United States. Revised, December, 1931. 176 pp. 1932.
No. 67. Women Workers in Flint, Mich. 80 pp. 1929.
No. 68. Summary: The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employment Opportunities of Women. (Reprint of Chapter II of bulletin 65.) 22 pp.
1928.
I
No. 69. Causes of Absence for Men and for Women in Four Cotton Mills.
24 pp. 1929.
No. 70. Negro Women in Industry in 15 States. 74 pp. 1929.
No. 71. Selected References on the Health of Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1929.
No. 72. Conditions of Work in Spin Rooms. 41 pp. 1929.
No. 73. Variations in Employment Trends of Women and Men. 143 pp. 1930.
No. 74. The Immigrant Woman and Her Job. 179 pp. 1930.
No. 75. What the Wage-Earning Woman Contributes to Family Support. 21
pp. 1929.
No. 76. Women in 5-and-10-cent Stores and Limited-Price Chain Department
Stores. 58 pp. 1000.
No. 77. A Study of Two Groups of Denver Married Women Applying for Jobs.
11 pp. 1929.
No. 78. A Survey of Laundries and Their Women Workers in 23 Cities.
166 pp. 1930.
No. 79. Industrial Hom~ Work. 20 pp. 1930.
No. 80. Women in Florida Industries. 115 pp. 1930.
No. 81. Industrial Accidents to Men and Women. 48 pp. 1930.
No. 82. Tbe Employment of Women in the Pineapple Canneries of Hawaii.
30 pp. 1930.
No. 83. Fluctuation of Employment in the Radio Industry. 66 pp. 1931. ·
No. 84. Fact Finding with the Women's Bureau. 37 pp. 1931.
No. 85. Wages of Women in 13 States. 213 pp. 1931.
No. 86. Activities of the Women's Bureau of the United States. 15 pp. 1931.
* Supply e~haueted.
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P UBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN 's BUREAU
89
No. 87. Sanitary Drinking Facilities, with Special Reference to Drinking
Fountains. 28 pp. 1931.
No. 68. The Employment of Women in Slaughtering and Meat Packing. 211
pp. 1932.
No. 89. The Industria l Experience of Women Worker s at the Summer Schools,
1928 to 1930. 62 pp. 1931.
No. 90. Oregon Legislation for Women in Industry. 40 pp. 1931.
No. 91. Women in Industry. A Series of Papers to Aid Study Groups. 79 pp.
1931.
No. 92. Wage-Earning Women and the Industrial Conditions of 1930--A Survey
of South Bend. 84 pp. 1932.
No. 93. Household Employment in Philadelphia. 88 pp. 1932.
No. 94. State Requirements for Industrial Lighting. A Handbook for the
Protection of Women Workers, Showing Lighting Standards and
Practices. 65 pp. 1932.
No. 95. Bookkeepers, Stenographers, and Office Clerks in Ohio, 1914 to 1929.
34 pp. 1932.
No. 96. Women Office Workers in Philadelphia. 17 pp. 1932.
No. 97. The Employment of Women in the Sewing Trades of ConnecticutPreliminary Report. 13 pp. 1932.
No. 98. Labor Laws for Women in the States and T erritories. (Revision of
Bulletin 63.) 70 pp. 1931.
No. 99. The Installation and Maintenance of Toilet Facilities in Places o:t
Employment. 89 pp. 1932.
No. 100. The Effects on Women of Changing Conditions in the Cigar and
Cigarette Industries. 187 pp. 1932.
No. 101. The Employment of Women in Vitreous Enameling. 64 pp. 1932.
Pamphlet-Women's Place in Industry in 10 Southern States. 14 pp. 1931.
Annual Reports of the Director, 1919,* 1920,* 1921,* 1922, 1923, 1924,* 1925,
1926, 1927,* 1928, • 1929, * 1930,* 1931, and 1932.
• Supply exhausted.
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