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; S L 'n c f Injuries in Oil and Gas Drilling and Services U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics August 1983 Bulletin 2179 Injuries in Oil and ©sis Drilling and Sewiees U.S. Department of Labor Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner August 1983 Bulletin 2179 F o r sa le by th e S u p erin ten d en t o f D ocu m en ts, U .S. G overnm ent P r in tin g Office, W ash in gton , D.C. 2 0 402 This bulletin summarizes the results of a survey of workers who were injured performing well-drilling and servicing activities during the period from May through August of 1982. The findings will assist the Occupa tional Safety and Health Administration (O S H A ) in developing safety standards, compliance strategy, and training programs for reducing work-related injuries. The survey was conducted by the Bureau’s Office of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics, William Mead, Associate Commissioner, in cooperation with the Department of Labor’s Office of Workers’ Compensa tion Programs, and the following States: Alaska, California, Colorado, Kentucky, Montana, New Mexi co, Oklahoma, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. The b l s regional offices coordinated State operations and the Dallas office collected data for off shore drilling and servicing operations in the Gulf of Mexico. The Offices of Compliance, Standards Development, Statistical Studies and Analysis, and Training of o s h a and the Office of Safety Research of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health contributed to the planning and development of the survey. Maryrose Cline-Buso developed the ques tionnaire and editing program and assisted in the survey planning and analysis of the survey findings. Lyn Pearson developed the computer programs. The survey was directed by Helen McDonald under the supervision of Herbert Schaffer. We wish to acknowledge the con tribution of Ron Baker, of the Petroleum Extension Service of the University of Texas at Austin, who pro vided valuable technical information and assistance. The data collected in the survey are valid for understanding how and why injuries occurred among the workers studied. However, the user should exercise caution in extrapolating the data to population estimates because of limitations of the survey. States participating in data collection may not represent the country as a whole; reporting requirements for workers’ compensation reports, which are the source for selecting injuries for study, vary among States; and the data col lection period is not intended to represent the entire year. For analytical purposes, incidence rates of the injuries studied were not generated nor can they be inferred from the data because information on hours of work during the survey period is not available. See appendix A for scope and methodology of the survey. Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. C o n s o rts Page Summary...................................................................................................................................... 1 Tables: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Industry classification.................. Occupation and length of service............................................................................... Worker activity ......................................................................................................... Location of w orker...................... Source of injury......................................................................................................... Events leading to the accident.................................................................................... Type of accident......................................................................................................... Selected types of accidents in detail ........................................................................... Type of accident by events leading to the accident............... Falls from elevations................................................... Estimated days away from work ...... ............. ................................... Length of hospitalization required........................ Nature of injury....................................................................................................... Part of body affected................................................................................................. Age and sex of worker............................................................................................... Training ....................................................................................... Protective equipment............................................................................. Conditions or factors contributing to accident.................................. ..................... 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 Appendixes: A. Survey explanatory note.............................................................................................. B. Participating State agencies........................................................................................ C. Survey questionnaire ................................................................................................. v 19 21 22 Injuries ors Oil and Gas Drilling and Ser¥iees Summary T e x t ta b le 1. O c c u p a tio n an d o p e ra tio n The Bureau of Labor Statistics conducted a survey of injuries to workers directly involved with the drilling and servicing of oil and gas wells during the period from May through August 1982.1 These operations are sub ject to a variety of working conditions which are poten tially hazardous. Drilling is often continuous, requiring three shifts or tours daily, 7 days a week. The rig floor is frequently slippery from drill fluid, and floor space is limited. Drill pipes, tubing, tongs, and elevators are heavy and cumbersome. Teamwork is essential in many of the activities. Crews are exposed to adverse weather conditions ranging from subzero cold to heat soaring over 100 degrees, as well as snowstorms and hurricanes. The potential high risk of injury is reflected in the in jury incidence rate for oil and gas field services, in which 89 percent of the workers are employed in drilling oil and gas wells and providing field services.12 The in dustry injury rate per 100 workers was 19.4 in 1981, more than twice the rate of 8.1 for all industries.3 Similarly, the lost workday rate for injuries was 197.3, more than three times the equivalent rate of 60.4 for all industries. The Bureau’s survey of approximately 1,000 injured workers showed that nearly two-thirds were involved with drilling operations and the remainder in well ser vices (table 1). Floorhands, also called roughnecks or rotary helpers, were injured more frequently than workers in any of the other occupations studied, ac counting for about one-half of the injured workers (table 2). While floorhands in both drilling and services experienced more injuries than any of the other occupa tions shown in text table 1, the occupational mix of the other injured workers varied due to differences in the nature of their work. For example, servicing included such diverse activities as acidizing, bailing, cementing, chemically treating, cleaning, and swabbing wells. Thus, well-servicing equipment operators and roustabouts ranked high as hazardous occupations in services, while derrickmen, motormen, and drillers ranked similarly in drilling. (Percent of injured workers) Services Total...................................................... 100 100 Derrickman.................................................. Driller........................................................... Motorman or electrician............................ Roughneck, floorhand, or rotary helper... Roustabout or laborer............................... Well servicing equipment operator.......... Other ........................................................... 20 10 12 50 3 5 11 - - 2 46 14 20 7 Indicates no data were reported. The activity most frequently being performed by in jured workers at the time of the accident was pulling the drill stem out of or lowering it into the wellbore (22 per cent), referred to in the industry as “ tripping out or in” (table 3). Half as many workers, 11 percent, were pull ing or removing rods or tubing. From 7 to 9 percent were adding a joint; handling materials; repairing or servicing pumps, engines, generators, and motors; and maintaining and repairing other equipment or part of the rig structure. As shown in text table 2, the activities at the time of the accident, like occupations, differed between drilling and servicing. Workers involved in drilling were primarily tripping out or in, adding a joint, or setting up rig or rigging down; while those in servic ing were pulling rods or tubing or handling material at the time of the accident. T e x t ta b le 2. A c tiv ity a t tim e o f a c c id e n t b y ty p e o f o p e ra tio n (Percent of injured workers) Drilling Services To tal...................................................... 100 100 Adding a jo in t............................................. Casing ......................................................... Manual or mechanical materials’ handling.................................................... Mixing or working with mud or other drilling fluids............................................. Pulling rods or tubing ................................ Repairing or servicing pumps, engines, generators, or other m otors.................. Repairing, cleaning, or servicing other equipment, work materials, or rig structure................................................... Setting up, installing, or dismantling equipment or machinery........................ Setting up rig or rigging down.................. Tripping out or in ....................................... Other ........................................................... 12 3 4 6 7 13 5 - 29 8 5 9 4 Occupation 1 See appendix A for scope o f survey. 1 County Business Patterns, 1978, CPB-78-1 (Bureau o f the Census, 1981), table IB, pp. 5-6. 3 Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by Industry, 1981, Bulletin 2164 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1983), table 4. Drilling Occupation - 1 Indicates no data were reported. 4 11 32 9 8 6 5 20 Inherent to activities were the equipment or work materials being used or handled at the time of the acci dent. More than one-third of the injured workers were working with pipes, tubing, or related objects (table 3). Nearly one-fifth were working with some part of the hoisting apparatus, and one-fourth of the workers were using either tongs or handtools, such as wrenches or hammers. At the time of the accident, more than two-fifths of the injured were working on the rig floor or the rotary table (table 4). Nearly one-fourth of the workers were at ground level. Numerous other locations on or near the rig were identified, but by smaller numbers of workers. For example, from 2 to 4 percent of the accidents oc curred on catwalks, derricks, monkeyboards, mud pits, pipe racks, stairs or ladders, or walkways. The accident profile continues taking shape in ex amining the sources of injury, that is the object, substance, exposure, or bodily motion which directly produced or inflicted the injury (table 5). Structures and working surfaces; pipes, tubing, and related objects; and breakout or makeup equipment were the most com mon general categories of sources cited, 19, 17, and 14 percent, respectively. Focusing on specific sources, tongs produced more injuries than any other equipment (10 percent), followed by nonpowered handtools, most ly wrenches and hammers (7 percent). Other sources noted, but less frequently, were the ground (6 percent) and drill pipes (5 percent). Accidents were often described by injured workers as a series of unusual or unexpected events rather than a single, isolated event. For example, the brakes on the drawworks broke, causing the block to fall. The block struck the worker who, subsequently, fell from the rig floor. In classifying such events, unexpected or sudden shifting or slipping of equipment or work materials was described more frequently than any other event (table 6). Ranking next in frequency were workers slipping or tripping, and equipment or work materials falling or breaking. The significance of the source of injury and events leading to the injury become evident when linked to the eVent directly producing the injury, also referred to as the type of accident. More than two-fifths of the workers were injured as a direct result of being struck by objects, which was the predominant type of accident reported (table 7). Objects were identified as pipes, tub ing, and related items (26 percent); breakout or makeup equipment, usually tongs (20 percent); and nonpowered handtools, mostly wrenches and hammers (14 percent) (table 8). All but 20 percent of the workers struck by ob jects described at least one preceding event. Equipment or work materials shifted or slipped unexpectedly in 56 percent of the cases and fell or broke in 27 percent of the cases (table 9). Falls from elevations resulted in one-tenth of the in juries. Nearly three-fourths of the workers fell from structures, usually the rig floor (25 percent), or stairs, steps, or ladders (21 percent). More than one-half of the workers fell at least 5 feet, and over one-fourth, 10 feet or more (table 10). Almost two-thirds of the workers who fell from elevations indicated one or more preceding events. Workers slipping or tripping led to 27 percent of the falls; equipment or work materials shift ing or slipping unexpectedly, 20 percent; workers struck by an object, 12 percent; and equipment or work material breaking, 11 percent. About one-tenth of the injuries resulted from a body part, usually the hands, being pinched, squeezed, or caught in or between objects. The most common sources of these injuries were breakout or makeup equipment, mostly tongs (32 percent); multiple objects, such as winch cable and pulley, elevator and slips, elevator and bail (27 percent); and hoisting apparatus (13 percent). More than one-half of these types of ac cidents were accompanied by preceding events. Unex pected shifting or slipping of equipment or work materials accounted for 34 percent of the events; being struck by an object, 10 percent; and equipment malfunctioning or jamming, 9 percent. Overexertion while lifting, handling, or using objects accounted for slightly more than one-tenth of the in juries. The major objects identified were pipes, tubing, or related objects (41 percent); miscellaneous objects such as barrels, kegs, ropes, chains, etc. (15 percent); and breakout or makeup equipment, mostly slips or tongs (13 percent). Unlike the other types of accidents described above, overexertion injuries were, for the most part, not precipitated by a preceding event. Injuries tended to be severe, often resulting in lost time and, to a lesser extent, hospitalization. Seven out of ten workers responding to the survey reported 1 or more days away from work because of their injuries (table 11). Of the workers who reported the number of days lost, almost 3 out of 4 lost more than 5 days, and about 3 out of 10 lost more than 30 days. The average lost-time case resulted in an estimated 26 days away from work, which exceeded the 1981 national average for all industries by 10 days.4 The lost-time average of 29 days for workers in drilling operations was 5 days higher than that in servicing operations. Slightly more than one-fifth of the workers indicated that they were hospitalized at least 1 night as a result of their injuries (table 12). Of the workers who reported the number of nights hospitalized, nearly 9 out of 10 stayed more than 1 night and almost 1 out of 4 stayed at least 9 nights. The average hospital stay was 7 nights. Muscle sprains or strains were experienced by onethird of the workers studied, which approximated the proportion found in all industries.5 Fractures, cuts, and 4 Ibid. 3 Supplementary Data System, 1980. Unpublished data (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1980). Eighteen States supplied cases involving disability. 2 bruises were about equally reported by nearly threefourths of the workers (table 13). The proportion of fractures in this survey was three times that in all in dustries. Amputations accounted for 4 percent of the in juries, more than five times the percent in all industries. Upper extremity and head injuries were propor tionately higher for workers responding to the survey than for those in all industries. Back injuries were pro portionately lower and lower extremity injuries were about the same for both groups.6 Upper extremity in juries, mostly to fingers, were suffered by one-third of the workers (table 14). Trunk injuries, usually in the back, were experienced by almost one-fourth of the workers; lower extremity injuries, by about one-fifth; and head injuries, by more than one-tenth. Apart from the risk factors associated with the nature of the work and events linked to the injury, other fac tors may have contributed to the accident. According to a Monthly Labor Review article, “ ...occupational in juries occur at a lower rate to older workers than to younger ones.” 7 The survey of oil and gas well drilling and servicing injuries showed that most of the workers injured were in the younger age groups: About 3 out of 8 were under 25 and a similar ratio were concentrated in the 25- to 34-year age group (table 15). Together, they exceeded the under 35 group of injured workers in all in dustries by about one-fourth.8 Length of service is often related to age. Injuries are likely to occur in the first year of employment.9 Seventenths of the workers studied were employed less than 1 year in the job when injured (table 2). Of these, 2 out of 3 were employed less than 6 months, and 1 out of 4, less than 1 month. Furthermore, fewer than one-half of the workers indicated that they normally performed the ac tivity at which they were injured on a daily basis (table 3). Almost two-fifths reported performing the activity several times or about once a month, and most of the re maining workers, less than once a month. Another b l s study showed that workers in unskilledlabor-type jobs “ ... had injuries at a level almost four times the average while operatives and craftworkers in curred injuries at about one and a half times the 4 Ibid. 7 Norman Root, “ Injuries at Work Are Fewer Among Older Workers,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1981, pp. 30-34. 8 Supplementary Data System, 1980. 9 Norman Root, “ Injuries at Work Are Fewer Among Older Workers.” normal.” 10 Virtually all of the workers covered by the survey were in the more hazardous unskilled labor groups (table 2). Safety training is another factor to consider. Most workers reported that safety procedures were covered by their job training (table 16). However, more workers indicated that they had received their training from a previous supervisor or employer rather than from their current ones. Co-workers were another source of train ing frequently cited. Although on-the-job training was the most prevalent form of safety training indicated, substantial numbers of workers reported that training meetings and classroom instruction were widely used, along with distribution of printed materials. The sub jects more commonly covered were the use of personal protective equipment; proper lifting, carrying, or han dling methods; the use of a safety belt, lanyard, and lifeline; firefighting and blowout prevention pro cedures; and first aid. Personal protective equipment was widely used among the injured workers studied. About nine-tenths of the workers wore steel-toed safety shoes or boots and hard hats, and almost the same proportion wore gloves (table 17). Substantially fewer workers reported wearing safety glasses, goggles, or other eye protection (11 per cent). Finally, workers’ perceptions of cause-related factors provided additional insights on why the accident oc curred. One-fourth of the workers found fault with the condition of equipment or work materials, usually the weight and bulkiness of the object and, to a lesser ex tent, improperly secured equipment (table 18). Nearly two-fifths complained about the conditions of the worksite, most frequently slippery surfaces, limited work areas, and poor weather conditions. Other con tributing factors reported were more general, reflecting work procedures and human factors. Most frequently reported were: The fast pace of work, the action of a co worker, not being aware of hazardous conditions, mis judging time or distance needed to avoid injury, and lack of concentration on the job. Although not as fre quently cited as the factors noted above, workers com plained about working two and, occasionally, three “ tours” without relief. 10 Norman Root and Deborah Sebastian, “ BLS Develops Measure o f Job Risk by Occupation,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1981, pp. 26-30. 3 Table 1. Industry classification: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982 Number Percent \ Total ................................................................................................... 1,041 100 Drilling oil and gas wells (SIC 1381)..................................................... Oil and gas field services, n.e.c. (SIC 1389) ....................................... 667 374 64 36 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. NOTE: See appendix A for the scope of the survey. SOURCE: State workers’ compensation reports. Table 2. Occupation and length of service: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, seiecfed States, May-August 1982 Occupation and length of service Number Percent T o ta l................................................................................................... 1,041 100 Derrickman ............................................................................................... Driller......................................................................................................... Mechanic, mechanic’s h elper................................................................ Motorman or electrician.......................................................................... Roughneck, floorhand, or rotary h elper............................................... Roustabout or laborer............................................................................ Tool pusher.............................................................................................. Welder, welder’s helper.......................................................... ............... Well-servicing equipment operator..................................... ................ O th e r......................................................................................................... 171 67 9 88 506 73 19 13 73 22 16 6 1 8 49 7 2 1 7 2 Total ................................................................................................... 1,035 100 Less than 1 m onth.................................................................................. 1 month to 6 months.............................................................................. 6 months to 1 year.................................................................................. 1 year to 5 years..................................................................................... 5 years or m o re....................................................................................... 183 296 241 266 49 18 29 23 26 5 Occupation Length of time employed in Job when injured NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100. See appendix A for scope of the survey. Because incomplete question naires were used, the total number of responses may vary by question. Source: Survey questionnaire. 4 Table 3. Worker activity: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982 Number Percent 1,028 100 689 339 67 33 1,027 100 94 45 20 93 36 2 108 9 0 11 69 7 76 55 91 11 8 225 6 24 64 7 5 9 1 1 22 1 2 6 Total ................................................................................................... 1,010 100 First time worker did this type of w ork................................................. Daily or almost every d ay....................................................................... Several times a month............................................................................ About once a month ............................................................................... Seldom— less than once a month......................................................... 40 445 294 88 143 4 44 29 9 14 Activity at time of accident Type of operation at site Drilling ....................................................................................................... Well service or workover........................................................................ Activity of injured worker Manual or mechanical materials’ handling........................................... Mixing or working with mud or other drilling fluids............................. Pulling rods or tubing.............................................................................. Repairing or servicing pumps, engines, generators, or other motors .................................................................................................... Repairing, cleaning, or servicing other equipment, work materials, or rig structure....................................................................................... Setting up, installing, or dismantling equipment or machinery.......... Setting up rig or rigging down ............................................................... Swabbing .................................................................................................. Testing or inspecting equipment or tools............................................. Tripping out or i n ..................................................................................... Well stimulation (using explosives, acid, e tc .)..................................... Well testing, surveying, or logging ........................................................ Other activities.......................................................................................... 4 2 9 4 How often worker normally performed this activity Equipment or work material worker was using ©r handling at time of accident Total 2 ................................................................................................. 1,027 Chemical, drill mud, or other drilling fluid............................................. 25 2 Welding or grinding equipment.............................................................. Handtool (portable saw, hammer, e tc .)................................................ 20 124 2 12 Packer, fish, or other downhole equipment or tool ............................ 39 4 Kelly, kelly bushing, or kelly bushing guard......................................... Other rotary equipment........................................................................... 12 11 1 1 Pipes, collars, tubing, casing, rods, and related objects.................... 356 35 See footnotes at end of table. 5 O Tabs® 3. W@rk®r activity: Smjuiries on oil and gas drilling and servie®®, seteeted States, Hay-Aygysfl 1982—Conttinyad Number Activity at time of accident Equipment @r work material worker was using or handling at time of accident-Continusd Elevator, block, swivel, hook, or slips .................................................. Drawworks, cathead, other hoisting apparatus, or their parts .......... Percent 95 83 9 8 Breakout or makeup equipment, n.e.c. or uns...................................... 130 7 13 13 1 1 Pumps, engines, generators, other motors, or their parts................. Blowout preventer................................................................................... Machines, equipment, or their parts, n.e.c. or uns............................... 54 30 37 5 3 4 Structures or structural pieces............................................................... 21 2 Barrels, kegs, drums, boxes, crates, cartons, sacks, buckets, etc. .. Ropes, chains, cables, hoses, etc., n.e.c. or uns................................. 30 21 3 2 O th e r......................................................................................................... 12 1 N on e.......................................................................................................... 109 11 Tongs ........................................................................................................ uns. = unspecified. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100. See appendix A for the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. 1 Less than 0.5 percent. 2 Because more than one response is possible, the sum of the responses and percentages may not equal the total. Per centages are calculated by dividing each response by the total number of persons who answered the question. n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Tabi© 4. Locafioomi @tf worker: injuries in ©IS and gas drilling and services, @©l@©ted States, Hay-August 1982 Location at time of accident Total ................................................................................................... C atw alk..................................................................................................... Derrick or mast (excluding rig floor or monkeyboard)........................ Ground ...................................................................................................... Monkeyboard ........................................................................................... Mud p it...................................................................................................... Pipe rack................................................................................................... Platform on an offshore rig ..................................................................... Rig cellar................................................................................................... Rig flo o r.................................................................................................... Rotary ta b le.............................................................................................. Stairs or ladder........................................................................................ Standing on equipment............................................................................ Substructure............................................................................................. Walkway.................... ................................................................................ O th e r......................................................................................................... NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100. See appendix A for the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total Number Percent 1,022 100 40 20 234 42 16 31 18 8 354 71 33 58 15 17 65 4 2 23 4 2 3 2 1 35 7 3 6 1 2 6 number of responses may vary by question. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire, * Table 5. Source of injury: injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, ftiiay-August 1982 Number Percent Total ..................................................................................... 1,041 100 Fluids, chemicals, or chemical compounds ...................... Drill mud ................................................................................. O il............................................................................................. Water ...................................................................................... Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ........................................................ Fluids, chemicals, or chemical compounds, n.e.c. or uns. 49 19 1 9 3 17 5 2 O H andtools....................................... ........................................... Powered handtools............................................................... Nonpowered handtools ........................................................ 72 3 69 O Downhole tools or equipment ..................... ........................ Fish or fishing tools .............................................................. Packers................................................................................... Perforating gu ns.................................................................... Centralizers or stabilizers..................................................... Testing tools or equipment.................................................. Downhole tools or equipment, n.e.c. or uns....................... 24 1 2 3 1 5 12 O 0 0 0 (') Rotary system equipm ent...................................................... Rotary table............................................................................ Rotary/master bushing.......................................................... Kelly bushing........................................................................... Kelly ........................................................................................ Swivel....................................................................................... Kelly hose............................................................................... 22 7 1 2 2 3 7 Pipes, tubing, or related o b je c ts ................ ......................... Drill collar ................................................................................ Drill pipe................................................................................... B it............................................................................................. S u b s........................................................................................ Casing..................................................................................... Rods........................................................................................ Tubing...................................................................................... Other pipes or related objects, n.e.c. or uns...................... 182 19 54 6 6 18 13 27 39 17 2 5 1 1 2 1 3 4 Hoisting apparatus................................................................... Crown or traveling blocks ..................................................... Elevator.................................................................................... Bail ........................................................................................... Drawworks, cathead, or their parts..................................... Air hoist ................................................................................... Cranes ..................................................................................... Hoisting lines or cables........................................................ Hoisting apparatus, n.e.c. or uns.......................................... 88 5 36 3 7 5 2 27 3 8 (’) 3 (’) 1 0 0 3 0 Breakout or makeup equipm ent........................................... Tongs ....................................................................................... Rod wrenches......................................................................... Spinning chains ..................................................................... Slips ........................................................................................ Snub lines............................................................................... Breakout or makeup equipment, n.e.c. or uns.................... 150 108 9 9 18 3 3 14 10 1 1 2 O 0 Other equipment, machines, or their pa rts___________ Mud pump .............................................................................. Engines, motors, or other pumps........................................ Well pumping unit.................................................................. Blowout preventer................................................................. Wellhead (including casing head, tubing head, or Christmas tree) ................................................................... Miscellaneous or unclassifiable parts................................. Other equipment or machines, n.e.c.................................... 60 8 10 8 11 6 1 1 1 1 7 12 4 1 1 Structures, structural pieces, or working s u rfaces........ Derrick (excluding rig floor or monkeyboard).................... Rig flo or.................................................................................. Monkeyboard ......................................................................... Substructure........................................................................... 194 8 27 1 4 Source of injury See footnotes at end of table. 7 1 0 2 7 7 2 1 2 1 0 (’) 0 0 1 0 19 1 3 0 (') Table 5. S@ure© ©f injury: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982—Continued Number Source of injury Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces-Continued Handrails or guardrails........................................................................ Stairs, steps, or ladders..................................................................... Catw alk................................................................................................. Pipe rack .............................................................................................. Ground or ground level surface ........................................................ Beams, plates, or structural m etal.................................................... Mud pits................................................................................................ Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces, n.e.c. or uns... 3 O 5 4 64 23 5 41 0 (1) 9 124 23 7 Miscellaneous...................................... . Barrels, kegs, boxes, sacks, etc...... Flame, fire, or smoke....................... Atmospheric heat or co ld................ Particles............................................. Ropes, cables, chains, hoses, n.e.c. Bodily m otion.................................... 1 6 2 0 4 12 2 1 10 1 39 22 23 4 2 2 40 36 Multiple objects or substances.......... Objects or substances, n.e.c. or uns. Percent 4 3 Safety Sines on tongs 1 2 Total .................................................. 101 100 Tongs not equipped with safety lines Tongs equipped with safety lines..... Safety lines did not break............... Safety lines broke............................ Not specified..................................... 11 90 78 4 11 89 77 8 4 Total ............................................................... 91 100 Did not use rotary table to break connection Used rotary table to break connection.......... Don’t know ....................................................... 83 5 3 91 5 3 8 Use of rotary table to break connection the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. 1 Less than 0.5 percent. 2 Includes 4 cases involving rod wrenches. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100. See appendix A for TabS© 6. Everts leading to the aeeident:1 Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982 Events leading to the accident1 Number Percent Initial event Total .......................................................................................................... Equipment @r work materials: F e ll.......................................................................................................... B roke...................................................................................................... Shifted position or slipped unexpectedly........................................... Malfunctioned, jammed, or did not work properly............................ Accidentally activated .......................................................................... Tangled or caught in lines, wires, etc................................................. Exploded or was expelled from pressurized equipment.................. Other ...................................................................................................... Worker: Was struck by ob ject........................................................................... Fell from elevation................................................................................ Was pinched, squeezed, or caught in object(s)............................... Struck against or was pushed against object................................... Slipped or tripped on object, substance, or surface........................ See footnotes at end of table. 8 629 100 33 60 271 41 28 30 32 20 5 10 43 7 4 5 5 3 13 2 2 1 96 2 0 (2) (2) 15 Table 6. Events Heading to the accident:1 injuries in oil and gas driiiing and services, selected States, ^Say-August 1982-—Continued Events leading to the accident1 Number Percent Second event Total Equipment or work materials: F e ll....................................................................................... Broke................................................................................... Shifted position or slipped unexpectedly........................ Accidentally activated ....................................................... Tangled or caught in lines, wires, etc.............................. Exploded or was expelled from pressurized equipment Other ................................................................................... Worker: Was struck by object ........................................................ Fell from elevation............................................................. Jumped from elevation ..................................................... Was pinched, squeezed, or caught in object(s)............ Struck against or was pushed against object................ Slipped or tripped on object, substance, or surface..... 161 100 42 7 69 26 4 43 4 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 5 13 2 1 1 1 3 39 100 10 1 8 2 26 3 21 5 16 1 1 41 3 3 21 4 1 1 1 Third event Total ........... Equipment or work materials: F e ll...................................................................... Broke.................................................................. Shifted position or slipped unexpectedly....... Other .................................................................. Worker: Was struck by object ....................................... Fell from elevation....................... .................... Struck against or was pushed against object the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. 1 Based on workers’ reports of unusual or unexpected events occurring prior to the accident. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100. See appendix A for Table 7. Type of accident:1 Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982 Type of accident 1 Total ................................................................................................... Bodily reaction ......................................................................................... Contact with drill fluids or chemical(s) other than hydrogen sulfide . Contact with hydrogen sulfide............................................................... Fall from elevation................................................................................... Fall on same level................................................................................... Jump from elevation ............................................................................... Object in eye(s) ....................................................................................... Overexertion while lifting, handling, or using objects......................... Pinched, squeezed, or caught in object(s)........................................... Struck against or pushed against object.............................................. Struck by object....................................................................................... Multiple accident types........................................................................... O th e r......................................................................................................... 1 The type of accident identifies the event which produced the injury. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100. See appendix A for Number Percent 1,041 100 23 34 3 102 49 11 32 127 114 67 436 5 38 2 3 (2) 10 5 1 3 12 11 6 42 (2) 4 the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. 9 Tab!® ©. S®te@S®dl types @f aeesd©nts in detaii:1 Injuries in ©ii and gas drilling and ssrviees, @®l®et@d States, Riiay-August 1!>®2 Selected types of accidents 1 Number Percent Fall from elevation 102 Total Fall from: Rotary system equipment................................................................... Pipes, tubing, or related objects........................................................ Hoisting apparatus.................. ............................................................. Breakout or makeup equipment........................................................ Other equipment, machines, or their parts ...................................... Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces.......................... Derrick (excluding rig floor or monkeyboard)................................ Rig floor.............................................................................................. Monkeyboard..................................................................................... Substructure ..................................................................................... Stairs, steps, or ladders................................................................... Catwalk............................................................................................... Pipe ra c k ............................................................................................ Mud pits ............................................................................................. Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces, n.e.c. or uns. Miscellaneous objects......................................................................... Objects or substances, n.e.c. or uns.................................................. 100 1 1 2 2 4 2 4 2 12 12 74 1 25 3 3 73 1 25 3 3 21 21 7 7 2 2 4 4 8 2 8 2 5 5 49 100 3 2 43 15 4 3 6 Fail @n sam® 5©v®I T o ta l............................................................................. Faii ©m: Rotary system equipment....................................... Pipes, tubing, or related objects............................ Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces Rig floor.................................................................. Stairs, steps, or ladders....................................... Catwalk................................................................... Ground or ground level surface.......................... O ther....................................................................... Objects or substances, n.e.c. or uns...................... 8 4 88 31 8 6 13 16 27 1 2 127 100 Overexertion while lifting, handling, m using objects T o ta l....................................................................................... White Sifting, handling, or using: Handtools................................................................ Downhole tools or equipment.............................. Rotary system equipment..................................... Pipes, tubing, or related objects.......................... Drill collar............................................................. Drill p ip e ............................................................... Tubing................................................................... O ther..................................................................... Hoisting apparatus................... .............................. Breakout or makeup equipment.......................... Tongs .................................................................... S lips...................................................................... Breakout or makeup equipment, n.e.c. or uns. Other equipment, machines, or their p a rts ........ Structures, structural pieces................................. Miscellaneous objects........................................... Barrels, kegs, boxes, sacks, etc........................ Ropes, cables, chains, hoses, n.e.c.................. Objects or substances, n.e.c. or uns................... See footnotes at end of table. 10 9 7 3 52 6 14 7 6 2 41 5 11 8 6 24 19 5 13 4 8 6 16 5 10 1 7 6 1 6 19 17 5 15 13 2 2 2 2 Table 8. Selected types of accidents in detail:1 Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982—Continued Number Selected types of accidents Percent Pinched, squeezed, or caught in object(s) Total ........................................................................................................... 114 100 Pinched, squeezed, or caught in: Downhole tools or equipment............................................................. Rotary system equipment.................................................................... Pipes, tubing, or related objects......................................................... Hoisting apparatus................................................................................ Elevator............................................................................................... Air hoist............................................................................................... Hoisting lines or cables..................................................................... O ther.................................................................................................... Breakout or makeup equipment......................................................... Tongs................................................................................................... O ther.................................................................................................... Other equipment, machines, or their parts ....................................... Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces........................... Miscellaneous objects.......................................................................... Multiple objects or substances........................................................... 3 3 6 15 6 3 3 3 37 32 5 12 5 2 31 3 3 5 13 5 3 3 3 32 28 4 11 4 2 27 436 100 Struck by object T o ta l.......................................................................................................... Struck by: 1 Fluids, chemicals, or chemical compounds ...................................... f) Handtools............................................................................................... 14 60 1 Powered handtools............................................................................ (*> 14 Nonpowered handtools..................................................................... 59 3 Downhole tools or equipment............................................................. 13 11 Rotary system equipment.................................................................... 3 Pipes, tubing, or related objects......................................................... 26 112 11 Drill collar............................................................................................ 3 Drill p ip e .............................................................................................. 7 32 Casing................................................................................................... 4 16 g R o d s ..................................................................................................... 2 Tubing................................................................................................... 4 17 O ther.................................................................................................... 27 6 Hoisting apparatus................................................................................. 14 62 Elevator............................................................................................... 6 25 Hoisting lines or cables..................................................................... 23 5 O ther.................................................................................................... 14 3 Breakout or makeup equipment......................................................... 87 20 Tongs ................................................................................................... 14 63 Rod wrenches..................................................................................... 8 2 Spinning chains.................................................................................. 2 7 9 O ther................................ .................................................................... 2 Other equipment, machines, or their parts ....................................... 23 5 Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces........................... 6 26 29 7 Miscellaneous objects or substances................................................ 1 Multiple objects...................................................................................... 4 2 Objects or substances, n.e.c. or uns................................................... 8 Struck against or pushed against object 67 100 2 2 9 5 10 8 2 10 20 2 7 3 3 13 7 15 12 3 15 30 3 10 Struck or pushed against: may not add to 100. See appendix A for the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. 1 The type of accident identifies the event which produced the injury. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified, uns. = unspecified. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages SI TafeS© 3. gyp© of accident1 by events2 leading to the accident: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982 Events leading to the accident2 Worker: Equipment or work materials: Type of accident1 Total 3 Fell T o tal3 .... ............................................... 1,041 Bodily reaction ........................................... Contact with drill fluids or chemical(s) other than hydrogen sulfide.................. Contact with hydrogen sulfide.................. Fall from elevation..................................... Fall on same le v e l..................................... Jump from elevation.................................. Object in eye(s) ..................................................................... Overexertion while lifting, handling, or using objects ....................................................................... Pinched, squeezed, or caught in object(s) .................................................................................... Struck against or pushed against object. Struck by object......................................... Multiple accident ty p es ................................................ Other ............................................................ 23 85 1 Shifted or Malfunc tioned or Broke slipped unexpect jammed edly 68 - 34 3 102 49 11 32 4 1 3 “ 2 11 1 1 2 127 “ “ 1 3 71 1 1 5 45 114 67 436 5 38 - “ - Tangled or caught in lines, wires, etc. Exploded or expelled from pressurized equipment Struck by object 33 50 348 41 34 31 3 - - - - - - - 3 1 1 2 - - - - 4 1 2 3 1 20 5 2 “ “ 16 1 39 18 243 10 2 22 - - 1 1 1 The type of accident identifies the event which produced the injury. 2 Based on workers’ reports of unusual or unexpected events occurring prior to the accident. 3 Because more than one event is possible, the data may not be additive across the rows. 4 Includes 24 events involving equipment and 14 events involving the Accident ally acti vated “ 8 - 24 - 1 5 2 23 - 101 Other 4 None reported 38 412 10 - 28 31 2 5 - - - - 1 - 1 “ “ 4 “ - 11 25 1 15 13 - - 4 11 1 7 - - 12 - - 8 6 9 - 7 10 25 3 37 14 7 27 107 50 17 89 3 23 worker. NOTE: See appendix A for the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. Table 10. Falls from elevations: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, iiay-Augusf 1982 Distance worker fell Number Percent Total ................................................................................................... 102 100 Less than 3 f e e t ...................................................................................... 3 to 5 feet ................................................................................................ 5 to 10 feet ........................ ...................................................................... 10 to 15 f e e t ............................................................................................ 15 to 20 f e e t ............................................................................................ 20 feet or m ore........................................................................................ 11 38 25 15 9 4 11 37 25 15 9 4 NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100. See appendix A for the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total Slipped or tripped number of responses may vary by ques tion. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. 12 Table 11. Estimated days away ffrom work: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982 Days away from work No days away from work ..................................................................... - Number Percent 1,011 100 306 157 97 52 34 33 40 39 73 54 30 16 10 5 3 3 4 4 7 5 126 12 Lost time cases for which days away from work were not Mean days away from work per lost workday c a s e ........................... 26 Median days away from work per lost workday c a s e ........................ 14 the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. 1 Excludes 12 workers for whom data were not available because they retired, were laid off, or put on permanent disa bility. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100. See appendix A for Table 12. Length off hospitalization required: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, £V9ay-August 1982 Length of hospitalization Number Percent Total .................................................................................................... 1,022 100 No hospitalization required..................................................................... 1 night........................................................................................................ 2 nights...................................................................................................... 3 nights...................................................................................................... 4 nights...................................................................................................... 5 nights...................................................................................................... 6 nights...................................................................................................... 7 nights...................................................................................................... 8 nights...................................................................................................... 9 nights..................................................................................................... 10 nights................................................................................................... 11 to 20 nights ......................................................................................... 21 to 30 nights ......................................................................................... More than 30 nights................................................................................ 795 26 23 30 28 21 12 16 5 12 9 13 10 4 78 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 O 1 1 1 1 (') Hospitalized cases for which length of hospitalization was not estim ated............................................................................................... 18 2 Mean length of hospitalization per hospitalized c a s e ........................ 7 Median length of hospitalization per hospitalized case ..................... 4 1 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100. See appendix A for the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. S3 Table 13. Mature of injury: injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982 Number Percent Total 1 ................................................................................................. 1,041 (1) Fracture..................................................................................................... Cut, laceration, or puncture.................................................................... Bruise or contusion................................................................................. Muscle sprain, strain, or torn ligaments............................................... Chemical burn.......................................................................................... Concussion............................................................................................... Heat burn.................................................................................................. Amputation ............................................................................................... Foreign body in eye(s)............................................................................ O th e r......................................................................................................... 282 299 287 343 36 21 21 40 32 85 Nature of injury 27 29 28 33 3 2 2 4 3 8 may not add to 100. See appendix A for the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. 1 Because more than one response is possible, the sum of the responses and percentages may not equal the total. Per centages are calculated by dividing each response by the total number of persons who answered the question. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages Table 14. Part ©f body affected: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 19B2 Part of body Total ................................................................................................... Number Percent 1,041 100 H e a d .......................................................................................................... 138 B rain................................................................................................... 3 Ear(s).................................................................................................. 6 Ear(s), external............................................................................... 2 Ear(s), internal................................................................................ 4 Eye(s) ................................................................................................. 56 Face ................................................................................................... 51 Jaw .................................................................................................. 8 Mouth .............................................................................................. 19 N o s e ................................................................................................ 5 Face, multiple parts....................................................................... 7 Face, n.e.c. or uns.......................................................................... 12 9 Scalp .............................................................................................. Head, multiple ................................................................................... 12 1 Head, n.e.c. or uns............................................................................ 13 0 1 (’) 0 5 5 1 2 0 i 1 1 1 0 N e c k .......................................................................................................... 9 i Upper extremities .................................................................................... Arm(s)................................................................................................. Upper a rm ....................................................................................... Elbow............................................................................................... Forearm........................................................................................... Arm, multiple .................................................................................. Arm, n.e.c. or uns............................................................................ Wrist ................................................................................................... H and................................................................................................... Finger(s)............................................................................................. Upper extremities, multiple.............................................................. 341 54 3 9 15 6 21 11 56 211 9 33 5 0 1 1 1 2 1 5 20 1 T run k......................................................................................................... Abdomen ........................................................................................... Back ................................:.................................................................. C hest.................................................................................................. Hips .................................................................................................... Shoulder(s) ........................................................................................ Trunk, multiple .................................................................................. Trunk, uns............................................................................................ 239 28 135 31 18 13 12 2 23 3 13 3 2 1 1 See footnotes at end of table. 14 0 TalbS© 14. Fart of body afff©cted: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1082“ =C®ntinued Percent: Number Part of body 21 215 84 5 43 20 7 9 50 52 19 9 1 Lower extremities ............................. Leg(s) .......................................... Thigh......................................... K n e e ......................................... Lower le g ................................. Leg, multiple............................ Leg, n.e.c. or uns..................... A n k le ........................................... F o o t............................................. T o e(s ).......................................... Lower extremities, multiple....... Lower extremites, n.e.c. or uns. 8 (’) 4 2 1 1 5 5 2 1 0 Multiple parts 87 8 Body system. 12 1 may not add to 100. See appendix A for the scope of the survey. SOURCE: State workers’ compensation reports. 1 Less than 0.5 percent. n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. uns. = unspecified. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages Table 1S. Age and sex @f worker: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982 Age and sex Number Percent 1 041 100 68 313 393 109 53 19 86 7 30 38 10 5 2 8 T o ta l................................................................................................... 1,041 100 Men ........................................................................................................... W om en...................................................................................................... 1,040 1 100 O Ag© Total ................................................................................................ 16— 19 .................................................................................................. 20—24 ...................................................................................................... 25—34 .................................................................................... 35—44 ...................................................................................................... 45—54 ..................................................................................................... 55 or m ore................................................................................................ Not available............................................................................................ S©x 1 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100. See appendix A for the scope of the survey. SOURCE: State workers’ compensation reports. 15 Table 16. Training: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, l^ay-August 1982 Worker training Number Percent Source of training for present job Total 1 ................................................................................................. 970 Current supervisor or employer............................................................. Previous supervisor or employer........................................................... Safety representative.............................................................................. Co-worker (other than supervisor) ........................................................ O th e r......................................................................................................... 330 494 14 274 11 34 51 1 28 1 T o ta l................................................................................................... 954 100 No, training did not cover safety procedures ...................................... Yes, training did cover safety procedures ........................................... Don't remember....................................................................................... 200 676 78 21 71 8 0 Training in safety procedures for job worker was doing when injured Other safety training received Total 1 ................................................................................................. 920 When and how to use respirator........................................................... When and how to use safety belt, lanyard, and lifeline ................................... Firefighting and blowout prevention procedures ....................................................... First a id ...................................................................................................................................................................... Proper lifting, carrying, or handling methods ................................................................ When and where to use personal protective equipment................................ O th e r ............................................................................................................................................................................. Did not receive other safety training ...................................................................................... 255 485 439 412 506 687 45 123 O 28 53 48 45 55 75 5 13 How safety training was given Total 1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 915 Printed materials (safety manual, textbook, e tc .) ................................................... In school or other type of classroom instruction................................................ On the job .............................................................................................................................................................. Safety meetings ................................................................................................................................................ O th e r ............................................................................................................................................................................. Never received safety training ........................................................................................................ 285 216 7 03 6 73 O 31 24 80 50 1 8 may not add to 100. See appendix A for the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. 1 Because more than one response is possible, the sum of the responses and percentages may not equal the total. Per centages are calculated by dividing each response by the total number of persons who answered the question. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages 16 Table 17. Protective equipment: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982 Number Percent T o tal1 ................................................................................................. 1,014 o Ear plugs or other hearing protection................................................... G loves....................................................................................................... Hard h a t.................................................................................................... Respirator................................................................................................. Safety glasses, goggles, or other eye protection ............................... Steel-toed safety shoes or boots.......................................................... Welder’s hood.......................................................................................... Tied off with safety belt, lanyard, and lifeline...................................... Wearing safety belt but not tied off to lanyard and lifeline, etc......... Guardrails or safety railing at exposed heights................................... O th e r......................................................................................................... Not wearing or using protective equipment......................................... 14 864 905 1 85 89 108 908 6 48 4 72 10 17 11 90 1 5 (2) 7 1 2 Protective equipment worn or used at time of accident may not add to 100. See appendix A for the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. Dashes indicate that no data w erereported. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. 1 Because more than one response is possible, the sum of the responses and percentages may not equal the total. Per centages are calculated by dividing each response by the total number of persons who answered the question. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages Table 18. Conditions or factors contributing to accident: injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982 Conditions or factors worker felt contributed to accident Number Percent C ondition o f equipm ent or w o rk m aterials T o ta l1 ................................................................................................. 865 Too heavy or bulky ................................................................................. Not properly secured or tied d o w n....................................................... Not equipped with a safeguard ............................................................. In bad condition....................................................................................... O th e r......................................................................................................... Condition of equipment or work materials did not contribute to accident................................................................................................. 97 63 28 26 15 11 7 3 3 2 646 75 (1) C onditions a t the w o rks ite Weather at time of accident (rain, wind, e tc .)..................................... Slippery surface........................................................................................ No guardrails or safety railings.............................................................. Working in a limited area or space....................................................... Poor lighting ............................................................................................. Cluttered work area.................................................................................. Unstable r ig .............................................................................................. No warning of sour gas (H 2 S )............................................................... O th e r.......................................................................................................... No conditions at the worksite led to injury.......................................... See footnotes at end of table. 17 897 (1) 64 156 16 109 25 32 3 1 27 559 7 17 2 12 3 4 0 0 3 62 Table 18. Conditions or factors contributing to accident: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, Wiay-August 1982— Continued Conditions or factors workers felt contributed to accident Number Percent Other contributing factors Total 1 ................................................................................................. 931 O Not paying full attention to w o rk ........................................................... Not following instructions....................................................................... Not given right instructions on how to do jo b ..................................... Recent change in work routine or procedures.................................... Tired or fatigued ...................................................................................... In a hurry.................................................................................................. Upset or under stress............................................................................. Misjudged time or distance needed to avoid injury............................ Not aware of hazardous conditions...................................................... Co-worker activity.................................................................................... O th e r......................................................................................................... No other factors contributed to accident............................................. 91 4 19 60 76 262 22 99 142 200 48 255 10 (2) 2 6 8 28 2 11 15 21 5 27 1 Because more than one response is possible, the sum of the responses and percentages may not equal the total. Per centages are calculated by dividing each response by the total number of persons who answered the question. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100. See appendix A for the scope of the survey. Because incom plete questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by ques tion. SOURCE: Survey questionnaire. 18 Appendix A. Surwef Explanatory Mot© The survey was designed to develop information on injuries in oil and gas drilling and selected well services. Service operations were limited to well completion, ser vicing, and workover which involve the preparation of wells for production and maintenance or remedial work on producing wells to improve or maintain production, such as casing, cementing, perforating, stimulating, or swabbing of the well, and pulling rods or tubing. Motor vehicle accidents or assaults were excluded. Drilling and well service operations are classified in the Standard In dustrial Classification Manual as SIC 1381—Drilling Oil and Gas Wells, and SIC 1389—Oil and Gas Field Services, Not Elsewhere Classified. Because of the focus of the survey, the following field services were excluded: Building of oil and gas well foundations on site; com pressing of gas at the field; erecting, cleaning, and repairing of oilfield lease tanks; excavating slush pits and cellars; grading oil and gas well foundations; im pounding and storing water in connection with petroleum production; oil sampling service for oil com panies; pumping of oil and gas wells; and removal of condensed gasoline from field (gathering) lines. Occupations selected for study paralleled the ac tivities within the scope of the survey: Derrickmen; divers; drillers; engineers; mechanics; crane or mobile equipment operators; motormen or electricians; roughnecks, floorhands, or rotary helpers; roustabouts and general or specialized laborers; supervisors; techni cians; tool pushers; welders; and well-servicing equip ment operators. Excluded were workers such as painters or cooks who were not directly involved in drilling or servicing activities. Finally, cases were excluded from the survey if the injury resulted in a fatality or if more than 120 days had elapsed between the time of the injury and the beginning of the survey. The survey covered injured workers in 12 States, which are listed in appendix B, and on offshore rigs in the Gulf of Mexico. To identify cases within the scope of the survey, staff of participating State agencies reviewed employers’ reports of injuries required by State workers’ compensation laws and mailed question naires to injured workers selected for the study. They re quested cooperation on a voluntary basis. Through an agreement with the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (QWCP), workers injured on offshore rigs were identified through workers’ compensation claims filed in the o w c p ’s New Orleans area office and were surveyed directly by the b l s Dallas Regional Office. During the survey period, May-August 1982, 1,041 survey questionnaires were returned and found to be within the scope of the survey, resulting in a 45-percent response rate. Because worksite locations may require workers to live away from home, where the mail questionnaires were sent, coupled with a high degree of job mobility, contacting workers by mail was difficult, particularly where a response was re quested in a limited time period. Although data were aggregated for 12 States and off shore sites, it should be noted that the workers’ compen sation cases selected for study reflect differences in reporting requirements. For example, some par ticipating States require reporting of workers’ compen sation cases involving medical treatment regardless of lost time, while others limit reporting to cases involving lost time ranging from 1 to 8 days. No attempt was made to weight the data collected so that they would be representative of oil and gas drilling and well service injuries. Although the 12 participating States accounted for more than two-thirds of the rotary rigs drilling at the time of the survey, they were not selected statistically to represent the country as a whole.1 Moreover, data collection was terminated when responses exceeded 750 cases. Questionnaires returned by the injured workers were reviewed for completeness and response errors. Responses provided to questions E, F, J, and parts of K (see appendix C for questionnaire) were coded by b l s to reflect the type of accident (the event which produced the injury) and any unusual or unexpected events leading to the injury.2 The codes for type of accident were modeled after the American National Standards Institute method of recording accident facts (ANSI Z16.2) and were modified to account for unique industry characteristics. The codes describing events leading to the injury were developed by b l s specifically for this survey. Codes were also developed to classify the equip1 Based on rotary rigs drilling for oil and gas wells surveyed by the Hughes Tool Company for the week beginning September 27, 1982. 2 The following texts were referenced in classifying injuring events, occupa tions, equipment, and in defining industry terms: Ron Baker, A Primer o f Oilwell Drilling, A Primer o f Oilwell Service and Workover, and A Dictionary o f Petroleum Terms (Austin, Texas, Petroleum Extension Service, the University of Texas at Austin, 1979); and Safety Information Profile, Oil and Gas Field Operations (JRB Associates, Inc., for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1981). 19 from those shown on the questionnaire. Estimates of the mean and median lost workdays and nights of hospitalization do not include cases in which workers indicated lost time or hospitalization but failed to provide numerical estimates of the amount of time. All usable responses of incomplete questionnaires were used in the tabulations. Consequently, response rates among questions vary. No attempt was made to adjust the data for nonresponse. Information on the employer’s industry classification and the worker’s age, sex, and part of body injured were classified and tabulated for all respondents based on in formation furnished by the employer in the workers’ compensation report. Numerical values shown in the tables were actual counts while percentages were rounded to the nearest whole number. ment, objects, surfaces, and substances which produced the injury (source of injury) or which were associated with the type of accident or the events leading to the ac cident. With the exception of jumps or falls from eleva tions, the equipment, object, or substance listed as the source of injury (table 5) are identical to the equipment, object, or substance reflected in the detailed type of ac cident (table 8). In falls from elevations and jumps, the source of injury is the surface fallen to, while the detail ed type of accident indicates the surface fallen from. Where feasible, responses on the questionnaires fall ing into the “ other” category of the multiple choice questions were classified by b l s to provide as much descriptive information as possible. Therefore, the responses tabulated for questions B (worker activity), D (location), I (equipment being used by the worker), N (occupation), and U (nature of injury) differ slightly 20 Appendix B. Participating Slat® Ag®nei®s Ohio Industrial Commission Tennessee Department of Labor Texas Industrial Accident Board and Department of Health Utah Industrial Commission Wyoming Department of Labor and Statistics Alaska Department of Labor California Department of Industrial Relations Colorado Department of Labor and Employment Kentucky Department of Labor Montana Department of Labor and Industry New Mexico Health and Environment Department Oklahoma Workers’ Compensation Court 21 A p p e n d ix C. Survey Questionnaire Bureau of Labor Statistics Work Injury Report Injuries in Oil and Gas Extraction U.S. Department of Labor The in fo rm a tio n collected on this form by the Bureau o f Labor S tatistics and the State Agencies cooperating in its statistical program w ill be held in confidence and w ill be used fo r statistical purposes on ly. State This re p o rt is a u th o rize d b y law 29 U.S.C. 2. Y o u r v o lu n ta ry cooperation is needed to make the results o f this survey comprehensive, accurate, and tim ely. Date of A ccid e n t Case N um bei A . What type of well operation was being carried out at the tim e of your accident? (Check one.) 1. □ D r ill in g ( m a k in g h o le , w e lt c o m p le tio n , e tc .) 2. G W e ll s e rv ic e o r w o r k o v e r ( p u llin g ro d s o r tu b in g , w ir e lin e , e tc .) I. What were you working w ith or handling at the time of your accident? (Check a ll th a t apply.) 1. O 2. □ 3. O O □ 3. 4. O C e m e n tin g CD L o a d in g o r u n lo a d in g m a te ria l 5. 6. O □ O K e lly , k e lly b u s h in g o r k e lly b u s h in g gu a rd 5. 6. O O Tongs W e ld in g o r g r in d in g e q u ip m e n t 7. O P u m p s, en gin es, g e n e ra to rs , o t h e r m o to r s o r t h e ir p a rts 8. 9. O O 10. D B lo w o u t p r e v e n to r E le v a to r, b lo c k , sw iv e l, h o o k o r s lip s : (D escribe)---------------------------------------------------D ra w w o r k s , c a th e a d , o th e r h o is tin g a p p a ra tu s o r t h e ir p a rts 11. D c h a in s , lin e s , e tc .) : (D e scrib e )_________________________ P a cke r, fis h o r o th e r d o w n h o le e q u ip m e n t o r t o o l A d d in g a j o i n t C as in g M ix in g o r w o r k in g w i t h m u d o r o t h e r d r illin g flu id s P u llin g ro d s o r tu b in g 7. O 8. 0. O 10. O S w a b b in g 11. 12. O □ T r ip p in g o u t o r in O th e r : (Describe j ________________________________________________ C. R e p a ir in g o r s e rv ic in g p u m p s , en gin es, g e n e ra to rs o r o t h e r m o to r s (su ch as c lu tc h e s , S e ttin g u p rig O W e il s tim u la t io n (u s in g e x p lo s iv e s , a c id , e tc .) 12 . 13 . How often do you normally do this type of work? (Check one.) 1. D F ir s t tim e y o u d id th is ty p e 2. □ D a ily o r a lm o s t ev e ry d a y 3. CD S e veral 4. 5. O D C h e m ic a l, d r ill m u d o r o th e r d r i l li n g f lu id Pipes, c o lla rs , tu b e s , ca sin g o r ro d s H a n d to o l ( p o r ta b le saw , h a m m e r, e tc .) 4. B. What kind of w ork were you doing when injured? (Check one.) 1. 2. Form A pproved O.M .B. No. 1220-0047 A pproval Expires 9 /3 0 /8 2 J. of w o r k □ D O th e r : (D e scrib e )-----------------------------------------------------------------N o t w o r k in g w i t h o r h a n d lin g a n y o b je c ts a t th e tim e Identify any equipment or work materials which contributed to your accident and explain how they were involved. F o r e x a m p le : tim e s a m o n th 1.) C h a in to to n g s g o t s tu c k , rea ch e d t o f i x it , d r ille r p u lle d w r o n g le ve r, c a th e a d engaged, to n g s s tr u c k m e. 2 .) S tra in e d m u s c le w h e n I p u lle d o n w re n c h . 3 .) F la p o n r a c k in g b o a rd b r o k e A b o u t o n c e a m o n th S e ld o m —less th a n o n c e a m o n th lo o se a n d fe ll o n m e. D. Where were you at the tim e of your accident? (Check one.) 1. 2. □ C a tw a lk CD G r o u n d EH M o n k e y b o a rd 3. 4. 5. □ □ R ig f l o o r R o ta r y ta b le 6. EH S ta irs 7. 8. □ O 9. EH S ta n d in g 10. o r f ix e d ( n o n p o r ta b le ) la d d e r W a lk w a y P ip e rac k □ O th e r : on e q u ip m e n t (such as w e ll h e ad , e le v a to r , e tc .) (Describe) K. E. How d id your accident occur? (Check all the events th a t occurred.) 1. EH H it b y e q u ip m e n t o r o b je c t( s ) : (Describe) 2. □ F e ll o r tr ip p e d EH Pinch ed o r squeezed betw e en p arts o f m a c h in e ry o r objects: (Describe) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. F. E q u ip m e n t o r w o r k m a te ria ls : EH S lip p e d 3. 4. ___________________________________________ □ S tra in e d m u s c le w h ile liftin g , c a r r y in g o r h a n d lin g o b je c t(s ) EH P u she d o r s la m m e d in t o e q u ip m e n t o r o b je c t( s ) EH In ju r e d b y c h e m ic a l, d r i l l m u d o r o t h e r d r illin g flu id s EH O b je c t w e n t in t o e y e (s ) EH P o is o n e d o r a ffe c te d b y s o u r gas ( H j S ) □ O th e r : ( Describe) L. 1. O H it b y e q u ip m e n t o r o b je c t(s ) □ G F e ll S lip p e d o r tr ip p e d P u she d o r s la m m e d in to e q u ip m e n t o r o b je c t(s ) G 5. G. G O th e r : 1. G B ro k e 2. 3. Q Q S h ifte d p o s itio n o r s lip p e d u n e x p e c te d ly W ere t o o h e a v y o r b u lk y 4. Q M a lfu n c tio n e d , ja m m e d o r d id n o t w o r k p r o p e r ly 5. 6. Q Q A c c id e n ta lly a c tiv a te d N o t p r o p e r ly se cu re d o r tie d d o w n 7. 8. Q Q N o t e q u ip p e d w it h a s a fe g u a rd O th e r : (Describe) __________________________________ 9. Q E q u ip m e n t o r w o r k m a te ria ls d id n o t c o n tr ib u te Were there any conditions at the worksite which you feel contributed to your accident? (Check a ll th a t a p p ly.) 1. 2. 3. 4. If you checked more than cue response in question E, indicate which event occurred first. (Check one.) 2. 3. 4. To your knowledge, why did the e q u ip m e n t o r w o rk m aterials contribute to your accident? (Check a ll th a t a p p ly.) 5. 6. Q W e a th e r a t tim e o f a c c id e n t ( ra in , w ip d , e tc .) G - S I ip p e ry surface □ N o g u a rd ra ils o r s a fe ty r a ilin g s Q W o r k in g in a lim ite d area o r space ( s ta n d in g on a m o n k e y b o a r d , e tc .) Q P o o r lig h tin g Q C lu tte r e d w o r k area (tra s h ly in g o n f lo o r , e tc .) 7. Q 8. 9. 10 . Q Q U n s ta b le r ig (s u c h as r ig s w a y in g d u e t o ro u g h seas, w in d , im p r o p e r o r b r o k e n g u ys, e tc .) (D e s c rib e )________________________________________ N o w a r n in g o f s o u r gas ( H 2 S) O th e r : (D e scrib e )----------------------------------------------------------------------G N o c o n d itio n s a t th e w o r k s ite le d t o in ju r y If you fell, how far did you fall? (Check one.) 1. Q Less th a n 3 fe e t o r t o sam e level 2. 3. □ G 3 t o 5 fe e t 5 t o 1 0 fe e t 4. Q 10 t o 15 fe e t 5. G 15 t o 2 0 fe e t 6. G 2 0 fe e t o r m o re M. H.a. If you were injured by tongs, was the rotary table used to break a connection? 1. G No 2. Q Yes 3. Q D o n 't k n o w b. Were the tongs equipped w ith safety lines? 1. G No 2. Q Y e s — D id th e s a fe ty lin e s b re a k ? 3. G 1. Q D o n 't k n o w Yes 2. G No 3. Q D o n 't k n o w 1. Q N o t p a y in g f u ll a t te n tio n t o w o r k 2. Q N o t fo llo w in g in s tr u c tio n s 3. Q 4. Q R e c e n t c h a n g e in w o r k r o u tin e o r p ro c e d u re s 5. G T ire d o r fa tig u e d 6. Q In a h u r r y N o t g ive n r ig h t in s tr u c tio n s o n h o w t o d o jo b 7. G U p s e t o r u n d e r stress 8. Q M is ju d g e d tim e o r d is ta n c e n e e d e d t o a v o id in ju r y 9. Q N o t a w a re o f h a z a rd o u s c o n d itio n ( s ) 10 . Q C o - w o r k e r 's a c t iv i t y : (Describe) 11. G O th e r : 12. Q N o o th e r fa c to r s c o n tr ib u te d to a c c id e n t ___________________________ (D e scrib e )----------------------------------------------------------------------- CONTINUE ON REVERSE SIDE B L S 9 8 G (May 1982) Check any other factors which you feal contributed to your accident. (Check a ll th a t a p p ly.) 22 N. W hat was your job title at the tim e of your accident? (Check one.) 1. CD D e r r ic k m a n 2. 3. □ □ 4. 5. D r ille r M o b ile e q u ip m e n t o p e r a to r (such as c ra n e o p e r a to r , e tc .) : (D e s c rib e ) ----------------------------------------M o to r m a n o r e le c tr ic ia n R o u g h n e c k , f lo o r h a n d o r r o ta r y h e lp e r CD CD CD R o u s ta b o u t 6. 7. □ O th e r : o r la b o r e r (D e s c rib e ) ____________________________________________ O. How long were you employed in this job when you were injured? (Check one.) 1. □ Less th a n 1 m o n th 1. CD H a rd h a t 2. CD S a fe ty glasses, gogg les o r o th e r e y e p r o te c t io n 3 . CD E a r p lu g s o r o t h e r h e a rin g p r o te c t io n 4 . CD W e ld e r's hood 5. 6. 7. □ 9. □ G lo ve s CD S te e l-to e d s a fe ty sho es o r b o o ts CD R e s p ira to r 8. CD T ie d off with safety belt, lanyard and lifeline W e a rin g s a fe ty b e lt, b u t n o t tie d o f f t o la n y a r d a n d life lin e , e tc . 10. CD G u a r d r a ils o r s a fe ty r a ilin g s a t e x p o s e d h e ig h ts 11. D O th e r : (D e scrib e )__________________________________________ 12. CD N o t w e a rin g o r u s in g p r o te c t iv e e q u ip m e n t 2. CD 1 month to 6 months 3. 4. 5. T . What type of protective equipment were you w earing or using st tho tim e o f your accident? (Check a ll th a t a p p ly .) CD 6 m o n th s to 1 y e a r CD 1 y e a r t o 5 ye a rs CD 5 y e a rs o r m o re U. What were your injuries? (Check a ll th a t a p p ly .) 1. CD 2. 3. 4. CD C u ts , la c e ra tio n s o r p u n c tu r e s CD B ru ise s, c o n tu s io n s CD M u s c le s p ra in o r s tr a in , t o r n lig a m e n ts CD B u rn s CD B ra in c o n c u s s io n F r a c tu re (s ) —In d ic a te b o n e (s ) b r o k e n (le g , r ib , a n k le , e tc .) P. Who trained you for this job? (Check a ll th a t a p p ly.) 2. 3. 4. CD C u r r e n t s u p e rv is o r o r e m p lo y e r CD P re v io u s s u p e rv is o r o ir e m p lo y e r CD S a fe ty r e p re s e n ta tiv e CD C o - w o r k e r ( o th e r th a in s u p e rv is o 5. □ 1. O th e r : (Describe) Q. Did your training cover safety procedures for the job you were doing when injured? 1. CD No 2. CD Yes 3. CD D o n 't re m e m b e r R. What other safety training did you receive? (Check a ll th a t apply.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. CD W h e n a n d h o w to use re s p ir a to r CD W h e n a n d h o w t o use s a fe ty b e lt, la n y a r d a n d life lin e CD F ir e fig h tin g a n d b lo w o u t p r e v e n tio n p ro c e d u re s CD F ir s t a id CD P ro p e r l i f t i n g , c a r r y in g o r h a n d lin g m e th o d s CD W h e n a n d w h e re t o use p e rs o n a l p r o te c t iv e e q u ip m e n t □ CD 3. 4. 5. 6. D P r in te d m a te ria ls ( s a fe ty m a n u a l, te x t b o o k , e tc .) In s c h o o l o r o t h e r ty p e o f c la s s ro o m in s tr u c tio n CD CD O n th e jo b CD S a fe ty m e e tin g s (D e s c rib e ) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ O th e r : CD N e v e r re c e iv e d s a fe ty tr a in in g In your own words, tell how the accident happened. How could it have been prevented? (D e scrib e )________________________________________ V . How many workdays did you (or do you expect to) lose due to your injury? (N O TE : Do not count the day of injury, days on light duty w ork, normal days off or holidays.) C h e c k h e r e ______ i f y o u d id n o t lose tim e b e y o n d th e d a y o f in ju r y . s u c h as g lo ves, h a r d h a t, e tc . O th e r : (D e s c rib e )---------------------------------------------------------------------D id n o t re c e iv e o t h e r s a fe ty tr a in in g □ O th e r : ------------------------------W o r k d a y s S. How was your safety training given? (Check a ll th a t a p p ly.) 1. 2. 5. 6. 7. □ W. Did your injury require you to be hospitalized overnight? 1. □ No 2. □ Yes • f yes, h o w lo n g w e r e y o u ( o r d o y o u e x p e c t t o b e ) in th e h o s p ita l? N ig h ts Now available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Wig® Suffer® for th© Following industries: Industry Wbgs Surrey; Life Insurance, February'880 Industry W cjjo Survey: In dustry Wage Survey Iron and Steel Foundries. September 1979 Banking, February 1E~3 o Life Smsyram©© o C@mmynseati@ns © Banking o iron and Steel Foundries Surveys include: ° Results from the latest BLS survey of wages and supplemental benefits. © Detailed occupational data for the nation, regions, and selected areas (where available). © Data useful for wage and salary administration, union contract negotiation, arbitration, and Government policy considerations. Send your order to the BLS regional office nearest you. P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 911 Walnut St. Kansas City, Mo. 64106 You may also send your order directly to: 1371 Peachtree St., NE. Atlanta, Ga. 30367 2nd Floor 555 Griffin Square Building Dallas, Tex. 75202 1603 JFK Building Boston, Mass. 02203 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, III. 60604 Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10036 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Note: GPO prices are subject to change without notice. □ industry Wag© Survey: Lot© insurance, February 1980, Bulletin 2119, GPO Stock No. 029-001-02648-0, price $3.25. □ Industry Wage Survey: Communications, ©et©b©r-Oecember 1979, Bulletin 2100, GPO Stock No. 029-001-02603-0, price $2.25. □ Industry Wage Survey: Banking, February 1980, Bulletin 2099, GPO Stock No. 029-001-02625-1, price $4.50. □ industry Wage Survey: iron and Steei Foundries, September 1979, Bulletin 2085, GPO Stock No. 029-001-02568-8, price $4.50. □ Enclosed is a check or money order payable to Superintendent of Documents □ Charge to GPO deposit account n o . ___________________ _______________ □ Charge to MasterCard* Account no. ___________________________________ Expiration date □ Charge to VISA* ___________________________________ Expiration date Account no. * Available only on orders sent directly to Superintendent of Documents. • Name Organization (if applicable) Street address City, State, and ZIP Code Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Offfiees Region S 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Region IV 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E. Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Region ¥ Region B8 Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 Region ill 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Region Vi Second Floor 555 Griffin Square Building Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Regions ¥!S and VB1D 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 Regions BX and X 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678