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Injuries and Accident Causes in the Manufacture of P A P E R B O A R D C O N T A IN ER S A Detailed Analysis of Hazards and of Injury Rates for 1950 by Region, Plant Size, and Operating Departments Bulletin No. 1 1 3 9 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O F LA BO R Martin R Durkin, Secretary BU REA U O F L A B O R STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner Inj uries an d Accident C au se s in the M a n u fa c tu re of P A P E R B O A R D C O N T A IN E R S Bulletin No. 1139 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O F LA BO R Martin R Durkin, Secretary BUREAU O F L A B O R STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 35 cents LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL United S tates D epartm ent of L abor, Bureau of Labor S ta tistic s, W ashington, D. C ., A pril 1, 1953. The S ecreta ry of Labor: I have the honor to tran sm it h erew ith a rep ort on the o ccu rren ce and ca u ses of work in ju ries in the m anufacture of paperboard con tain ers. This rep ort, a portion of w hich appeared in the D ecem b er 1951 M onthly Labor R eview , con stitu tes a part of the B u reau ’s regu lar p rogram of com p ilin g w ork -in ju ry in fo r m ation for u se in accid en t-p reven tion w ork. The sta tistic a l an a lysis and the preparation of the rep ort w ere p erform ed in the B u reau ’s B ranch of Industrial H azards by G eorge R. M cC orm ack. The sp ecific accid en t-p rev en tion su ggestion s w ere prep ared by Sheldon W. Homan of the Safety Standards D ivision of the Bureau of Labor Standards. EWAN CLAGUE, C o m m issio n er. HON. MARTIN P. DURKIN, S ecreta ry of Labor. CONTENTS Page A b stract.............................................................................................................................................................. vi The industry r e c o r d ................................................................................................................................................ An estim ate of injury lo s s e s and c o s ts , 1 9 5 1 ......................................................... 1 Scope and m ethod of su r v e y ............................................................................................................................... 2 Injury r a te s ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 In ju ry-frequ en cy r a te ................................................................................................. A verage tim e charge per in ju r y ........................................................................................... 3 In ju ry -sev erity r a te ............................................................................................................................ 3 A ccid en t-ca u se a n a ly s is ........................................................................................................................... 4 A gency of in ju ry.................................................................................................. A ccident ty p e.......................................................................................................................................... 4 H azardous w orking co n d itio n ....................................................................................................... 4 A gency of a ccid en t............................................................................................................................... 4 U nsafe a c t............................................................................................................ The industry and its h a z a r d s ............................................................................................................................ C orru gatin g........................................................................................................................................................ P rin tin g ................................................................................................................................................................ Cutting and c r e a s in g .............................................................................................................................. S trip ping............................................................................................................................ G luing, staying, stitch in g and tap in g.................................................................................................. C overing and w ra p p in g ......................................................................................................................... F actors in the injury r e c o r d ........................................................................................................................ P roduct c o m p a r is o n s ............................................................................................................................. R egional and State c o m p a r is o n s ......................................................................................................... C orrugated and fib er-b o x p la n ts............................................................................................... F ib e r -c a n , -tube, and -drum plants ..................................................................................... F old ed -b ox p la n ts....................................................................................... Setup box p la n ts ................................................................................................................................... P la n t-siz e c o m p a r iso n s............................................................................................................................ D epartm ental injury r a te s ................................................................................................................................. P roduction o p e r a tio n s............................................................................................ S erv ice o p e r a tio n s...................................................................................................................................... 5 5 5 6 7 8 8 8 10 10 11 11 11 13 13 Kinds of in ju ries e x p e r ie n c e d .................................................................................................................... 14 F a ta litie s ............................................................................................................................................................ 14 P erm an en t-p artia l d is a b ilitie s ...................................................................................................... 14 T em p ora ry-to ta l d is a b ilit ie s ................................................................................................................ 15 A ccident a n a ly s is ................................................................................................................................. A gen cies of in ju r y .............................................................................................................. A ccident t y p e s .............................................................................................................. iii Page A ccident c a u s e s ................................................................................................................................................... H azardous w orking co n d itio n s........................................................................................................... H azardous w orking p r o c e d u r e s ............................................................................................. Inadequately guarded a g e n c ie s ............................................................................................... D efects of a g e n c ie s ........................................................................................................................ H azardous a r r a n g e m e n ts........................................................................................................... P oor h ou sek eep in g...................................................................................................... M isc e lla n e o u s.................................................................................................................................... U nsafe a c t s ................................................................................................................................................. U sing equipm ent u n safely, or using hands in stead of equipm ent...................... A ssu m in g unsafe p osition s or p o stu r e s..........................................v ............... ............ Inattention to su rrou n d in gs....................................................................................................... U nsafe loading, p lacin g, m ix in g, and com b in in g.......................................... O ther unsafe a c t s ............................................................................................................................ A ccid en t-p rev en tion s u g g e s tio n s .............................................................................................................. C ase d escrip tio n s and reco m m en d atio n s............................................................................................. A p p en d ix --S ta tistica l t a b le s ........................................................................................................................ Table 1 .- -W ork -in ju ry ra tes in the paperboard—con tainer in d u stry, by plant product and plant s iz e , 1 9 5 0 ...................................................................................... T able 2 .--D istr ib u tio n of w ork -in ju ry frequency rates in the p ap erb oard -con tain er in d u stry, by s iz e of plant, 1950 ................................................................... Table 3 .- -In ju ry-freq u en cy rates in the paperboard—con tainer in d u stry, by type of plant, geographic a rea , and State, 1950............................................. Table 4 . - -D istrib u tion of esta b lish m en ts, em p lo y ees, in ju r ies, and days lo st in the p ap erb oa rd -co n tain er in d u stry, by in ju ry-freq u en cy ra tes, 1 9 5 0 .............. T able 5 . - -W ork-injury rates in the p aperboard-container in d u stry, by o p era tion , 1950.......................................................................... T able 6 . - -D isa b lin g in ju ries in the paperboard-container in d u stry, by nature of injury, part of body, and type of plant, 1950 .............................................. Table 7 . - -D isa b lin g in ju ries in the paperboard-container in d u stry, by nature of injury and part of body injured, 1950 ............................. Table 8 . --D isa b lin g in ju ries in the p aperboard-container in d u stry, by nature of injury and agency of injury, 1950 ...................................................................... T able 9 .--D isa b lin g in ju ries in the p aperboard-container in d u stry, by part of body injured and agency of injury, 1950 ................................................................ T able 1 0 .--W ork accid en ts in the paperboard-container in d u stry, by agency of injury and accid en t type, 1950................................................................................. Table 1 1 .--W ork accid en ts in the paperboard-container in d u stry, by nature of injury and accid ent typ e, 1950 ............................................................................... T able 1 2 .--W ork accid en ts in the p ap erb oard -con tain er in d u stry, by part of body injured and accid ent type, 1950 ................................................................. T able 13— W ork accid en ts in the paperboard—con tainer in d u stry, by type of plant and accid ent typ e, 1950 ................................................................................. Table 1 4 .--W ork accid en ts in the paperboard-container in d u stry, by accid en t and a ctiv ity of injured, 1950 ............................................................................ T able 1 5 .--W ork accid en ts in the p ap erb oard -con tain er in d u stry, by hazardous w orking condition and accid ent type, 1950 ..................................................... Table 1 6 . - -W ork accid en ts in the paperboard-container in d u stry, by agen cy of accid ent and hazardous w orking condition, 1950 ....................................... T able 1 7 .--W ork accid en ts in the *p ap erb oard -con tain er in d u stry by type of plant and hazardous w orking condition, 1950 ........................................ iv 20 21 21 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 26 26 26 27 27 34 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 42 44 46 48 50 51 52 54 56 Page Table 1 8 .- -W ork accid en ts in the paperboard-container in d u stry, by accid ent type and unsafe act, 1950 ............................................... *........................................ T able 19 .--W ork accid en ts in the p ap erb oard -container in d u stry, by type of plant and unsafe act, 1950 ........................................................................................ T able 2 0 .--W ork accid en ts in the p ap erb oa rd -co n tain er in d u stry, by siz e of plant, accid ent type, hazardous w orking condition, and unsafe act, 1950 ............................................................................................................................... CHARTS 1. In ju ry-frequ en cy rates in the p ap erb oard -con tain er in d u stry, by type of plant, 1950.......................................................................................................................................................... 2 . Inju ry-frequ en cy rates in the p ap erb oard -container in d u stry, by s iz e of plant, 1950.......................................................................................................................................................... 3. M ajor ag en cies of injury in the p ap erb oard -container in d u str y ................................ 4. M ajor typ es of accid en ts in the p ap erb oard -container in d u str y ................................ 5. M ajor types of hazardous w orking conditions in the p ap erb oard -container in d u stry ................................................................................................................................................. 6. M ajor types of unsafe acts in the p ap erb oard -container in d u stry ............................. V 57 58 59 9 12 17 19 22 25 ABSTRACT T he in ju ry —fre q u e n c y ra te fo r p la n ts m a n u fa c tu rin g p a p e rb o a rd c o n ta in e rs h a s b een c o n s is te n tly u n fav o rab le c o m p a re d to the a ll m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u stry a v e ra g e . In 1951, the in ju ry -fre q u e n c y ra te fo r the p a p e rb o a rd -c o n ta in e r in d u stry w as 18.1, abo ut 17 p e rc e n t g r e a te r than the a ll-m a n u fa c tu rin g a v e ra g e , 15.5. H o w ev er, th is r e p r e s e n ts a re d u c tio n of m o re than 22 p e rc e n t fro m the p eak 1944 r a te , 2 3 .3, w hich w as 21 p e rc e n t h ig h e r than the a ll-m a n u fa c tu rin g r a te , 18.4. A p p ro x im a te ly 5,000 w o rk m en w e re d isa b le d as a r e s u lt of in d u s tria l in ju rie s d u rin g 1951. The econ om ic lo s s , in clu din g d ire c t and in d ire c t c o s ts , of th e se in ju rie s is e s tim a te d at n e a rly 10 m illio n d o lla rs . P la n ts m a n u fa c tu rin g c o rru g a te d o r fib e r b o x es g e n e ra lly had the h ig h e s t in ju ry -fre q u e n c y r a te s , a v e ra g in g 23.0 fo r 1950. S etu p-box p la n ts had the b e s t r a te s , a v e ra g in g 12.9. F o ld e d -b o x p la n ts had an a v e ra g e fre q u e n c y ra te of 16.7 and fib e r—c a n ,-tu b e , an d -d ru m p la n ts had a ra te of 16.5. P la n t- s iz e a p p e a rs to be c lo se ly re la te d to the o c c u rre n c e of in ju rie s in the p a p e rb o a rd -c o n ta in e r in d u s try . G e n e ra lly , the v e ry sm a ll p la n ts (w ith fe w e r th an 50 em p lo y ees each ) and the la rg e p la n ts (w ith 500 o r m o re e m p lo y e e s) had the lo w e st in ju ry -fre q u e n c y r a te s . P la n ts e m p lo y ing 100 to 249 w o rk e rs had the h ig h e st a v e ra g e in ju ry -fre q u e n c y r a te . P ro d u c tio n o p e ra tio n s as a grou p had a so m ew h at h ig h e r in ju ry fre q u e n c y ra te than the s e rv ic e -d e p a rtm e n t g ro u p , but the in ju rie s e x p e rie n c e d by s e rv ic e w o rk e rs ten ded to be m o re s e v e re . A m ong the p ro d u c tio n d e p a rtm e n ts , in ju rie s w e re m o st fre q u e n t in the c o rru g a tin g , p rin tin g , and cu ttin g o p e ra tio n s . S to ra g e o p e ra tio n s ra n k e d as the m o st h a z a rd o u s of the p la n t-s e rv ic e a c tiv itie s . A bout a fo u rth of a ll in ju rie s re su lte d fro m c o n ta c t w ith m a c h in e s; p a p e r and its p ro d u c ts p ro d u c e d 18 p e rc e n t; v e h ic le s , 11 p e rc e n t; w o rk in g s u rfa c e s , 9 p e rc e n t; and s k id s, 6 p e rc e n t. M o re th an 80 p e rc e n t of a ll re c o rd e d a c c id e n ts fe ll in to fo u r g e n e ra l c a te g o rie s . T h ese w e re a c c id e n ts in w hich w o rk m en w e re cau g h t in, on, o r b etw een m oving o b je c ts; w e re s tru c k by m ov ing o b je c ts; s tru c k a g a in s t o r bum ped in to o b je c ts; o r s tra in e d th e m se lv e s w hile han dling m a te r ia ls o r eq u ip m en t. H a z a rd o u s w o rk in g p ro c e d u re s , p a r tic u la r ly liftin g o r m oving heavy lo a d s w ithout ad eq u ate a s s is ta n c e , w as the m o st com m on p h y sic a l c au se of a c c id e n ts . O th er h a z a rd o u s w orking co n d itio n s in c lu d e d : in ad eq u ate g u ard in g ; d e fe c ts of a g e n c ie s , e s p e c ia lly slip p e ry and uneven flo o rs; im p ro p e rly p la c e d o b je c ts; and p o o r h o u sek eep in g . O u tstan d in g am ong the u n safe a c ts w hich re s u lte d in a c c id e n ts w ere: U sing eq u ip m en t u n sa fe ly o r h an ds in ste a d of equ ip m en t; assu m in g u n sa fe p o sitio n s o r p o s tu re s ; in a tte n tio n to su rro u n d in g s; and u n safe lo ad in g , p la c in g , m ix in g , o r combining.* A cc id en t p re v e n tio n su g g e stio n s, p re p a re d by the D iv isio n of S afety S ta n d a rd s of the B u re a u of L a b o r S ta n d a rd s, in d ic a te th at m o st a c c id e n ts in the in d u s try could be p re v e n te d th ro u g h the a p p lic a tio n of v e ry sim p le p re c a u tio n s . Vi INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES IN THE MANUFACTURE O F PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS The p a p e rb o a rd -c o n ta in e r in d u s try , as defin ed fo r th is stu dy , in c lu d e s a ll p la n ts engaged in the m a n u fa c tu re of p a p e rb o a rd b o x e s, fib e r c a n s, tu b e s, d ru m s , and s im ila r p a p e rb o a rd p ro d u c ts. A c tu ally , m o re than n in e -te n th s of the p la n ts m a n u fa c tu re p a p e r b o a rd b o x es. P a p e rb o a rd boxes a re c la s s ifie d as c o r ru g a te d , fib e r, se tu p , and fold ed. C o rru g a te d and fib e r b o x e s, u se d a lm o st e x c lu siv e ly fo r pack in g and shipp ing , a re m ad e fro m fib e r o r c o rru g a te d sto c k . Som e of th is sto c k is p u rc h a s e d , but g e n e ra lly is fa b ric a te d in the box p la n ts fro m p a p e rb o a rd p u rc h a s e d fro m p a p e r m ills . F o ld e d and setu p b o x e s, on the o th e r hand, a re u se d p r im a r ily fo r p ack ag in g and a re m a n u fa c tu re d d ire c tly fro m p a p e rb o a rd sto ck . Only a few of the la r g e r c o n ta in e r p la n ts m a n u fa c tu re th e ir own p a p e rb o a r d .1 M ost p la n ts p u rc h a s e the raw sto ck and p e rfo rm only the fa b ric a tin g and p rin tin g o p e ra tio n s. In g e n e ra l, e a c h p a p e rb o a rd -b o x p lan t p e r fo rm s so m e o r a ll of the follow ing o p e ra tio n s: c o rru g a tin g , p rin tin g , c re a s in g , cu ttin g , s trip p in g , sta y in g , gluing, and w rap p in g . In 1938, p r io r to w a rtim e in flu e n c e s, the in ju ry -fre q u e n c y r a te s fo r the p a p e rb o a rd c o n ta in e r in d u stry and fo r a ll m a n u fa c tu rin g w e re p r a c tic a lly id e n tic a l, 15.2 and 15.1 re sp e c tiv e ly . D u rin g the n ex t few y e a r s , a v a rie ty of c irc u m s ta n c e s --c h ie fly sh o rta g e s of tra in e d w o rk e rs , new eq u ip m en t, and r e p a ir p a r ts , and p r e s s u r e fo r in c re a s e d p ro d u ctio n to m e e t w a rtim e n e e d s --c a u s e d a r is e in the in ju ry r a te s fo r m o st m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s . By 1941 the in ju ry r a te fo r the p a p e rb o a rd -c o n ta in e r in d u stry had ad v an ced n e a rly 50 p e rc e n t to 22.4, and in 1944 it re a c h e d a p e a k of 23.3. It h eld c lo se ly to th is le v e l th ro u g h 1946 and th en d e c lin e d ste a d ily to 16.9 in 1949, fro m w hich it tu rn e d u p w ard ag ain in 1950. The a v e ra g e in ju ry ra te fo r a ll m a n u fa c tu rin g follow ed a s im ila r c o u rs e d u rin g th e se y e a r s , but at its p eak in 1943 (20.0), it w as only abo ut 32 p e rc e n t h ig h e r th an in 1938 in c o n tra s t to the 53 p e rc e n t r is e in the p a p e rb o a rd -c o n ta in e r ra te re c o rd e d in 1944. In the p o stw a r re c o v e ry p e rio d the a ll-m a n u fa c tu rin g r a te d ro p p ed to 14.5 in 1949, about 4 p e rc e n t below the 1938 a v e ra g e . At th is p o in t the p a p e rb o a rd c o n ta in e r in d u stry ra te w as 17 p e rc e n t h ig h e r than the a ll-m a n u fa c tu rin g a v e ra g e . In 1950 the a ll-m a n u fa c tu rin g r a te a lso tu rn e d u p w ard , but its r is e w as m u ch le s s p ro n o u n ced th an the p a p e rb o a rd -c o n ta in e r in c re a s e . In c o n tra s t, h o w e v e r, the in c re a s e in the a ll-m a n u fa c tu rin g ra te d u rin g 1951 (14.7 to 15.5) w as m u ch g r e a te r th an the in c re a s e in the ra te fo r the p a p e rb o a rd c o n ta in e r in d u stry . THE INDUSTRY RECORD T he in ju ry -fre q u e n c y ra te fo r p a p e rb o a rd -c o n ta in e r m a n u fa c tu rin g tu rn e d u p w ard in 1950 follow ing a 3 -y e a r d e c lin e .2 The 1951 r a te , 18. 1, h o w ev er, w as only slig h tly h ig h e r th an th e 1950 a v e ra g e , 1 7 .9 .3 C o m p a re d w ith the a ll-m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s try a v e ra g e , the r e c o rd of the p a p e rb o a rd c o n ta in e r in d u stry h a s b een c o n siste n tly u n fa v o ra b le . AN ESTIMATE OF INJURY LOSSES AND COSTS, 1951 A p p ro x im ately 5,000 w o rk e rs in the p a p e rb o a rd -c o n ta in e r in d u stry e x p e rie n c e d d isa b lin g in ju rie s d u rin g 1951. T h is r e p r e se n ts 1 d isa b lin g in ju ry fo r e v e ry 27 em p lo y ees in the in d u stry . An e s tim a te d 5 of th e se in ju re d w o rk e rs d ied as a r e s u lt of th e ir in ju rie s and 265 o th e rs w e re p e rm a n e n tly d isa b le d in so m e For a discussion of the hazards in the manufacture of paperboard, see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 1036, Injuries and Accident Causes in the Manufacture of Pulp and Paper. 2 For definition, see section on Scope and Method of Survey. 3 Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 1137, Work In juries in the United States During 1951. 1 d e g re e by the lo s s , o r lo s s of u s e , of so m e p a y m e n ts .45 A ssu m in g th is r a tio to be a p body p a r t o r fu n ctio n . The o th e r 4,730 p ro x im a te ly c o r r e c t fo r the p a p e rb o a rd w o rk e rs w e re m o re fo rtu n a te in th a t they c o n ta in e r in d u stry , the e s tim a te d in d ire c t su ffe re d no p e rm a n e n t ill e ffe c ts , but e ach c o s t of in ju ry -p ro d u c in g a c c id e n ts in 1951 w as in ju re d s e rio u s ly enough to re q u ire at am ou nted to $ 6 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 , and the to ta l c o st, in clu d in g m e d ic a l e x p e n se s, am o u n ted to le a s t one fu ll day fo r re c o v e ry . The a c tu a l tim e lo s t by the in d u s try ’s n e a rly $1 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . in ju re d w o rk e rs d u rin g 1951 is e s tim a te d at about 75,000 m a n -d a y s of w o rk . B ased SCOPE AND METHOD OF SURVEY on the a v e ra g e e a rn in g s of p ro d u ctio n w o rk e rs in the in d u s try d u rin g th e y e a r , The U nited S ta te s B u re a u of L a b o r S ta ($60 .65 p e r w e e k ) / the im m e d ia te w age tis tic s h as co m p iled an n u al in ju ry r a te s lo ss w ould a p p ro x im a te $ 6 50 ,00 0. T im e lo s t in the p a p e rb o a rd -c o n ta in e r in d u stry sin ce w ith in the y e a r, h o w e v e r, do es not m e a s u re 1936. In re c e n t y e a r s th e se su rv e y s have ad eq u ately the r e a l w o rk lo s s re s u ltin g in clu d ed abo ut 40 p e rc e n t of the in d u s try ’s fro m th e se in ju rie s . M any of the p e r m a e m p lo y e e s. n en tly d isa b le d w o rk e rs w ill have th e ir F o r the 1950 su rv e y , the sco p e of the e a rn in g a b ility re d u c e d fo r the r e s t of th e ir r e p o r t w as e n la rg e d and c o o p e ra tin g e m liv e s . F o r the fa ta lly in ju re d w o rk e rs , the p lo y e rs w e re a sk e d in fo rm a tio n on each lo ss is e q u iv a le n t to th e ir to ta l e x p ected type of o p e ra tio n c a r r ie d on in the p la n t. e a rn in g s th ro u g h o u t the y e a r s in w hich they T his d a ta p e rm itte d m o re sp e c ific and w ould have w o rk ed h ad th e ir c a r e e r s not d e ta ile d a n a ly s is . U sab le r e p o r ts w ere been cut s h o rt. If allo w an ce w e re m ade fo r re c e iv e d fro m 851 p la n ts w ith a p p ro x im a te ly fu tu re lo s s e s re s u ltin g fro m in ju rie s e x 73.000 w o rk e rs , o r n e a rly 60 p e rc e n t of the p e rie n c e d in 1951, the econ om ic tim e lo s s em p lo y m en t in the in d u stry . The re p o rtin g w ould be abo ut 320,000 m a n -d a y s . The to ta l g rou p in clu d ed 424 setu p -b o x p la n ts, 189 w age lo s s a ttrib u ta b le to th e se in ju rie s , fo ld ed -b o x p la n ts, 172 c o rru g a te d - and b a se d on 1951 w age le v e ls , th e re fo re , w ould fib e r-b o x p la n ts, and 35 f ib e r -c a n , -tu b e , be abo ut $ 2 ,7 5 0 ,0 0 0 . In p a r t, th is lo s s is and -d ru m p la n ts. R e p o rts fro m the o th e r c o v e re d by w o rk m e n ’s c o m p e n sa tio n p a y 31 p la n ts fa ile d to in d ic a te the p a r tic u la r m e n ts fin a n c e d by the e m p lo y e rs . B ut b e type of c o n ta in e r m a n u fa c tu re d . c a u se th e se p a y m e n ts a r e n e v e r eq u iv a le n t In ad d itio n to the su m m a ry r e p o r ts , the to fu ll w a g e s, the in ju re d w o rk e rs and th e ir o rig in a l a c c id e n t re c o r d s of 185 c o o p e ra tin g d ep en d en ts m u st b e a r a c o n sid e ra b le p o rtio n p la n ts w e re m ad e a v a ila b le fo r d e ta ile d in sp e c tio n and a n a ly s is . A r e p re s e n ta tiv e of of th is lo s s . In ad d itio n to w age lo s s e s , p a y m e n ts fo r the B u re a u v is ite d ea c h of th e se p la n ts and m e d ic a l and h o sp ita l c a re a s w ell a s m any tr a n s c r ib e d fro m th e ir re c o rd s the follow ing in d ire c t c o sts c o n trib u te to the to ta l c o s t of ite m s , w h ere a v a ila b le : (a) p la c e of a c c id e n t; in ju ry -p ro d u c in g a c c id e n ts . A m ong the (b) o ccu p atio n and age of in ju re d w o rk e r; (c) la tte r a re d am ag e to eq u ip m en t and m a te n a tu re of in ju ry and p a r t of body in ju re d ; (d) r ia ls ; the c o st of tra in in g re p la c e m e n t o b ject o r su b sta n c e p ro d u cin g the in ju ry ; (e) w o rk e rs ; tim e lo s t by o th e r w o rk e rs who type of a c c id e n t; (f) u n safe co n d itio n a n d /o r sto p p ed to o ffe r a s s is ta n c e a t the tim e of u n safe a c t lead in g to the a c c id e n t. ac c id e n t; and s u p e rv is o ry tim e sp en t c a rin g T his g ro u p of p la n ts, em p lo y in g about fo r the in ju re d , in v e s tig a tin g the a c c id e n t, 34.000 w o rk e rs , h ad a co m b in ed in ju ry and re o rg a n iz in g o p e ra tio n s a fte r the a c c i fre q u e n c y ra te of 22 .3. A lthough th is r a te d en t. U n fo rtu n ately , the in d ire c t c o sts a re w as so m ew h at h ig h e r th an th e in d u stry seld o m re c o rd e d , and a s a r e s u lt, cann ot be a v e ra g e , th e re w as no in d ic a tio n th a t th e ir d e te rm in e d a c c u ra te ly . H o w ev er, a study h a z a rd s d iffe re d g re a tly fro m th o se of o th e r by M r. H. W. H e in ric h , T ra v e le r s In su ra n c e p la n ts in the in d u stry . M uch of the v a ria tio n C om pany, in d ic a te s th a t fo r m a n u fa c tu rin g is due to the e x c lu sio n of p la n ts w ith z e ro g e n e ra lly th e in d ire c t c o s ts a ris in g fro m fre q u e n c y r a t e s - - i .e . , p la n ts w h ich h ad no in ju ry -p ro d u c in g a c c id e n ts a v e ra g e about in ju rie s fo r a n a ly s is - - f r o m th is p a r t of the fo u r tim e s the co m b in ed am o u n ts of study. In d iv id u al c a s e r e c o rd s w e re c o l c o m p e n sa tio n , h o s p i t a l , and m e d ic a l le c te d in th is p a r t of the su rv e y fo r 1,505 5 Industrial Accident Prevention, by H. W. Heinrich, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Third Edition, 1950. 4 Monthly Labor Review, November 1952. 2 p e rm a n e n t lim ita tio n of m o tio n ; (f) f ra c tu re s h ealin g c o m p le te ly w ithout d e fo rm itie s o r d is p la c e m e n ts . (4) T e m p o ra ry - T o tal D isa b ility . - - Any in ju ry no t re su ltin g in d e a th o r p e rm a n e n t Injury Rates im p a irm e n t is c la s s ifie d as a te m p o ra ry The in ju ry - r a te c o m p a riso n s p re s e n te d in to ta l d is a b ility if the in ju re d p e rs o n , b e c a u se th is re p o r t a re b a s e d p r im a r ily upon the of h is in ju ry , is u n ab le to p e rfo rm a re g u in ju ry -fre q u e n c y and s e v e rity r a te s c o m la r ly e sta b lis h e d jo b , open and a v a ila b le to p ile d u n d e r the d efin itio n s and p ro c e d u re s h im , d u rin g the e n tire tim e in te rv a l c o r r e sp e c ifie d in the A m e ric a n S tan d ard M ethod sponding to the h o u rs of h is re g u la r sh ift on of C o m p iling In d u s tria l In ju ry R a te s, as any one o r m o re d ay s (including S undays, ap p ro v ed by the A m e ric a n S ta n d a rd s A s s o day s off, o r p la n t shutdow ns) su b seq u en t to c ia tio n in 1945. T h ese sta n d a rd r a te s have the d ate of in ju ry . b een su p p lem en ted by an a d d itio n a l m e a s u re of in ju ry s e v e rity d e sig n a te d as the a v e ra g e In ju ry -F re q u e n c y R a te .--T h e in ju r y - f r e tim e c h a rg e p e r d isa b lin g in ju ry . quency ra te r e p r e s e n ts the a v e ra g e n u m b e r The d e fin itio n s 6 of th e se s e v e ra l d is a b il of d isa b lin g w o rk in ju rie s o c c u rrin g in each ity c la s s ific a tio n s as ap p lied in th is su rv e y m illio n e m p lo y e e -h o u rs w o rk ed . It is c o m p u ted a c c o rd in g to the follow ing fo rm u la : a r e a s follow s: (1) F a ta lity .-- A d e a th re su ltin g fro m an F re q u e n c y r a te eq u als in d u s tria l in ju ry is c la s s ifie d a s an in d u s tr ia l fa ta lity r e g a r d le s s of the tim e in te r N u m b er of d isa b lin g in ju rie s x 1,000,000 vening betw een in ju ry and d eath . N u m ber of e m p lo y e e -h o u rs w o rk ed (2) P e rm a n e n t-T o ta l D is a b ility .--A n in ju ry o th e r than d eath w hich p e rm a n e n tly A v erag e T im e C h arg e p e r In ju ry . - - The and to ta lly in c a p a c ita te s an em ployee fro m re la tiv e s e v e rity of a te m p o ra ry in ju ry is follow ing any gainful o ccu p atio n is c la s s ifie d m e a s u re d by the n u m b er of c a le n d a r days a s p e rm a n e n t-to ta l d is a b ility . The lo s s , o r d u rin g w hich the in ju re d p e rs o n is un able to co m p le te lo s s of u s e , of any of the follow ing w o rk a t any re g u la rly e sta b lish e d job open in one a c c id e n t is c o n sid e re d p e rm a n e n t- and a v a ila b le to h im , exclud ing the day of in ju ry and the day on w hich he r e tu r n s to to ta l d isa b ility : (a) B oth e y e s; (b) one eye and one hand, w o rk . The re la tiv e s e v e rity of d eath and o r a rm , o r le g , o r foot; (c) any tw o of the p e rm a n e n t im p a irm e n t c a s e s is d e te rm in e d follow ing not on the sa m e lim b : hand, a rm , by re fe re n c e to a tab le of econ om ic tim e c h a rg e s in clu d ed in the A m e ric a n S tan d ard foot, o r leg . (3) P e r m a n e n t- P a r tia l D is a b ility .--T h e M ethod of C o m p ilin g In d u s tria l In ju ry R a te s. co m p lete lo s s in one a c c id e n t of any m e m b e r T h ese tim e c h a rg e s , b a se d upon an a v e ra g e o r p a r t of a m e m b e r of the body, o r any w o rk in g -life ex p ectan cy of 20 y e a r s fo r the p e rm a n e n t im p a irm e n t of fu n ctio n s of the e n tire w o rk in g p o p u latio n , r e p r e s e n t the body o r p a r t th e re o f to any d e g re e le s s th an a v e ra g e p e rc e n ta g e of w o rk in g a b ility lo s t p e rm a n e n t-to ta l d is a b ility is c la s s ifie d as a s the r e s u lt of sp e c ifie d im p a irm e n ts , p e r m a n e n t- p a rtia l d is a b ility , r e g a r d le s s of e x p re s s e d in u n p ro d u ctiv e d a y s. The a v e r any p re -e x is tin g d is a b ility of the in ju re d age tim e c h a rg e p e r d isa b lin g in ju ry is m e m b e r o r im p a ire d body function . The co m p u ted by adding the day s lo s t fo r each follow ing in ju rie s a re not c la s s ifie d as te m p o ra ry in ju ry and the day s c h a rg e d p e rm a n e n t-p a rtia l d is a b ilitie s , but a re a c c o rd in g to the sta n d a rd tab le fo r each c la s s ifie d a s te m p o ra ry -to ta l, te m p o ra ry - d e a th and p e rm a n e n t im p a irm e n t and d i p a r tia l d is a b ilitie s , o r m e d ic a l tre a tm e n t viding the to ta l by the n u m b e r of d isab lin g c a s e s , depending upon the d e g re e of d is in ju rie s . a b ility d u rin g th e h ealin g p e rio d : (a) h e rn ia , if it c a n be re p a ire d ; (b) lo ss of fin g e rn a ils In ju ry -S e v e rity R a te .- - The in ju r y - s e v e r o r to e n a ils; (c) lo s s of te e th ; (d) d is fig u r e ity r a te w eig h ts each d isa b lin g in ju ry w ith m en t; (e) s tr a in s o r s p ra in s not c a u sin g its c o rre sp o n d in g tim e lo s s o r tim e c h a rg e and e x p re s s e s the a g g re g a te in te r m s of the 6 See American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial a v e ra g e n u m b e r of day s lo s t o r c h a rg e d p e r Injury Rates, approved by the American Standards Associa 1,000 e m p lo y e e -h o u rs w o rk ed . It is c o m pu ted a c c o rd in g to the follow ing fo rm u la : tion, October 11, 1945. d isa b lin g in ju rie s . T h ese in clu d ed 2 f a ta li tie s , 80 p e rm a n e n t-p a rtia l d is a b ilitie s , and 1,423 te m p o ra ry -to ta l d is a b ilitie s . 260182 0 - 5 3 - 2 3 S e v e rity ra te eq u als T o tal days lo s t o r c h a rg e d x 1,000 N u m b er of e m p lo y e e -h o u rs w o rk ed the a c c id e n t-ty p e c la s s ific a tio n is s p e c ifi c a lly r e la te d to the p re v io u sly s e le c te d agen cy of in ju ry ; seco n d , the seq u en ce of se le c tin g th is fa c to r is sp e c ifie d . Accident-C ause A nalysis H az ard o u s W orking C o n d itio n . - - U nder the sta n d a rd d e fin itio n , the h a z a rd o u s w o rk in g co n d itio n in d ic a te d in th e a n a ly sis is d efin ed a s the “ u n safe m e c h a n ic a l o r p h y sic a l co n d itio n of the se le c te d agen cy w hich could hav e b een g u a rd e d o r c o r r e c te d .” An e x am p le of su ch a h a z a rd is the la c k of a g u ard fo r a p r e s s . T his im p lie s the p r io r se le c tio n of the “ a g e n c y ” but d o es not p ro v id e fo r re c o g n itio n of any re la tio n s h ip b etw een the h a z a rd o u s con ditio n and a c c i den t type c la s s ific a tio n s . N or d o es the s ta n d a rd p ro v id e fo r any d efin ite r e la tio n ship b etw een the “ a g e n c y ” and the “ a c c i d e n t-ty p e ” c la s s ific a tio n s . To p ro v id e co n tin u ity and to e s ta b lis h d ire c t re la tio n s h ip s am ong the v a rio u s a n a ly s is fa c to rs to p e rm it c r o s s c la s s if ic a tion , the s ta n d a rd d efin itio n w as m o d ified fo r th is study to re a d : “ T he h a z a rd o u s w o rk in g co n d itio n is the h a z a rd o u s con ditio n w hich p e rm itte d o r o c c a sio n e d the o c c u r re n c e of the s e le c te d a c c id e n t ty p e .” The h a z a rd o u s-c o n d itio n c la s s ific a tio n , th e r e fo re , w as s e le c te d a fte r the d e te rm in a tio n of the a c c id e n t type c la s s ific a tio n . It r e p r e se n ts the p h y sic a l o r m e c h a n ic a l re a s o n fo r the o c c u rre n c e of th a t p a r tic u la r a c c id e n t w ithout r e g a r d to the fe a s ib ility of g u ard in g o r c o rre c tin g the co n d itio n . E lim in a tio n of the con ditio n “ w hich could hav e b een g u ard ed o r c o r r e c te d ” is b a se d upon the p re m is e th a t s ta tis tic a l a n a ly sis should in d ic a te the e x iste n c e of h a z a rd s , b u t should no t a tte m p t to sp ecify the f e a s i b ility of c o rre c tiv e m e a s u r e s . The a c c id e n t-c a u s e a n a ly s is p ro c e d u re u se d in th is study d iffe rs in so m e re s p e c ts fro m the p ro c e d u re s sp e c ifie d in the A m e r ic a n S ta n d a rd M ethod of C o m p iling In d u s tr ia l A cc id en t C auses* The d e v ia tio n s fro m the S ta n d a rd in clu d e the in tro d u c tio n of an ad d itio n a l a n a ly s is f a c to r, te rm e d the “ agen cy of in ju ry ” and the m o d ific a tio n of the sta n d a rd d e fin itio n s of so m e of the o th e r facto rs* T h ese c h an g es p e r m it m o re a c c u ra te c r o s s c la ssific a tio n s* A gency of In ju ry * --T h e sta n d a rd c la s s i fic a tio n p ro v id e s fo r the se le c tio n of but one “ a g e n c y ” in the a n a ly s is of ea c h a c c i dent* By d e fin itio n , th is agen cy m ay be e ith e r (a) the o b je c t o r su b sta n c e w hich w as u n sa fe and th e re b y c o n trib u te d to the o c c u r re n c e of the a c c id e n t, o r (b) in the a b se n c e of su ch an o b je c t o r su b sta n c e , the o b je c t o r su b sta n c e m o s t c lo se ly re la te d to the in ju ry . U n der th is d e fin itio n , th e re fo re , a ta b u la tio n of “ a g e n c ie s ” fo r a grou p of a c c i d e n ts in c lu d e s o b je c ts o r s u b sta n c e s w hich m ay hav e b een in h e re n tly safe and u n re la te d to the o c c u rre n c e of the a c c id e n ts, a s w ell a s th o se w hich le d to the o c c u rre n c e of a c c id e n ts b e c a u se of th e ir con ditio n, lo c a tio n , s tr u c tu r e , o r m eth o d of u s e . The d ev elo p m e n t of the c la s s ific a tio n “ agen cy of in ju ry ” r e p r e s e n ts an a tte m p t to s e p a ra te and c la s s ify s e p a ra te ly th e se two agen cy c o n cep ts. A s u se d in th is stu d y , the “ agen cy of in ju ry ” is th e o b je c t, su b sta n c e , o r bodily re a c tio n w hich a c tu a lly p ro d u c e d the in ju ry , s e le c te d w ithout r e g a r d to its sa fe ty c h a r a c te r is tic s o r its in flu en c e upon the ch ain of e v en ts c o n stitu tin g the a c c id e n t. A cc id en t T yp e* --A s u se d in th is stu d y , the a c c id e n t-ty p e c la s s ific a tio n a ssig n e d to e a c h a c c id e n t is p u re ly d e s c rip tiv e of the o c c u rre n c e re s u ltin g in an in ju ry and is re la te d sp e c ific a lly to th e agen cy of in ju ry . It in d ic a te s how the in ju re d p e rs o n ca m e in to c o n ta c t w ith o r w as affe c te d by the p re v io u sly s e le c te d agen cy of in ju ry , a s fo r ex am p le , fa ll fro m one le v e l to a n o th e r. T he d e fin itio n r e p r e s e n ts a change fro m the sta n d a rd p ro c e d u re in two r e s p e c ts : F ir s t, A gency of A c c id e n t.- - F o r the p u rp o se of th is stu d y , the agency of a c c id e n t w as d e fined as “ the o b je c t, su b sta n c e , o r p re m is e s in o r about w hich the h a z a rd o u s con ditio n e x is te d ,” a s , fo r ex am p le, the p r e s s w hich w as u n g u ard ed . Its se le c tio n , th e re fo re , is d ire c tly a s s o c ia te d w ith the h a z a rd o u s c o n d itio n lead in g to the o c c u rre n c e of the a c c id e n t and n o t w ith the o c c u rre n c e of the in ju ry . In m any in s ta n c e s the agen cy of in ju ry and the agen cy of a c c id e n t w ere id e n tic a l. The double agen cy c la s s ific a tio n , h o w ev er, av o id s any p o ssib ility of am b ig u ity in the in te rp re ta tio n of the “ a g e n c y ” ta b u la tio n s. 4 P o w e re d eq u ip m en t is g e n e ra lly u se d fo r m oving the h eav y r o lls of p a p e r bu t f r e quently the p a p e r is ro lle d o r m ov ed m a n u a lly . S hafts m u st be in s e rte d th ro u g h the c o re s of the ro lls of p a p e r by hand. T h ese sh a fts a r e q u ite h eav y , long, and aw kw ard to h an d le. M o re o v e r, the c o rru g a te d b o a rd is g e n e ra lly rem o v ed fro m the m ach in e by hand. L oad ing p a p e r onto c o rru g a tin g m a c h in e s in v o lv es a n u m b er of h a z a rd s . W o rk m en ’s fin g e rs m ay be c ru sh e d b etw een the sh a fts and ro lls of p a p e r d u rin g the “ shafting** o p e ra tio n o r b etw een the sh a fts and the ro ll sta n d s w hile guiding the ro lls of p a p e r onto m a c h in e s. O th er s e rio u s c ru sh in g h a z a rd s in clu d e u n g u ard ed g e a rs and u n g u ard ed m ach in e r o lls . Sodium s ilic a te , u se d as an a d h e siv e , is a n o th e r p o s s ib le so u rc e of in ju rie s . S p illed on the flo o r, it is a slip p in g h a z a rd . D rie d , it m ay chip off the c o rru g a te d b o a rd d u rin g m ach in e o p e ra tio n s and s trik e w o rk m e n ’s e y e s, o r the d rie d p ie c e s along the edge of the b o a rd m ay be a cu ttin g h a z a rd . U n gu ard ed s litte r and c u tte r h ead s m ay r e s u lt in s e v e re c u ts, la c e ra tio n s , o r even a m p u ta tio n s. M ino r la c e ra tio n s a ls o m ay r e s u lt fro m ru b b in g the ed g es of p a p e r. K n iv es g e n e ra lly a re u se d to rem o v e w ra p p in g s fro m the ro lls of p a p e r, and e x tre m e cau tio n m u st be e x e rc is e d in th at w o rk to p re v e n t knife c u ts. S c ra p s of p a p e rb o a rd fre q u e n tly c o lle c t aro u n d the c o rru g a tin g m ach in e. The d an g er of slip s and fa lls , th e re fo re , is quite com m on . H a z a rd s co n n ected w ith the o p e r atio n of h o is ts and v e h ic le s a re a lso im p o rta n t in the c o rru g a tin g o p e ra tio n s. U nsafe A ct*--T h e u n sa fe a c t d efin itio n u se d in th is su rv e y is id e n tic a l w ith the sta n d a rd d e fin itio n , i. e ., “ th a t v io la tio n of a com m only a c c e p te d safe p ro c e d u re w hich re s u lte d in the s e le c te d a c c id e n t ty p e .” THE INDUSTRY AND ITS HAZARDS Corrugating In c o rru g a tin g o p e ra tio n s , th re e la y e rs of heavy p a p e r a re glued to g e th e r to p ro d u ce an e la s tic p a p e rb o a rd fo r c o rru g a te d b o x es. The m id d le la y e r of the p a p e r is flu te d o r fo rm e d into a lte rn a te rid g e s and g ro o v e s, and glued to the two o u tsid e la y e rs w hich a r e c a lle d lin e r s . H eavy ro lls of p a p e r, w eighing a s m uch a s 2,000 poun ds, a r e d e liv e re d to the c o rru g a tin g m ach in e by c ra n e , lift tru c k , o r do lly. A m e ta l sh a ft is p la c e d th ro u g h the c o re of e a c h ro ll and s e c u re d . The r o ll is th en lifte d onto the c o rru g a tin g m ach in e by h o is t o r o th e r m e c h a n ic a l d e v ic e . A fte r the w rap p in g s on the ro ll have b e e n re m o v ed , the p a p e r is th re a d e d th ro u g h the m a c h in e. D u rin g the a c tu a l m a c h in e o p e ra tio n , the in n e r o r c o rru g a te d la y e r f ir s t p a s s e s o v er a ste a m sh o w er. The m o is tu re and h e a t thus a b so rb e d by the p a p e r a s s is ts in “ setting** o r im p a rtin g rig id ity to the c o rru g a tio n s as the p a p e r p a s s e s th ro u g h the n ex t s te p -- th e c o rru g a tin g r o lls . On th e se r o lls , w hich have te e th th a t m e sh to g e th e r in a g e a r-lik e o p e ra tio n , the rid g e s and g ro o v e s a re fo rm e d in th e p a p e r. F ro m the c o rru g a tin g r o lls , th e sh e e t p a s s e s o v e r a gluing ro ll and then to p r e s s u r e r o lls w h ere the lin e rs and the c o rru g a te d s h e e t a r e p r e s s e d to g e th e r. B e fo re e n te rin g the p r e s s u r e ro lls th e lin e r s have b een p re h e a te d to a s s u r e Printing good a d h e sio n . F ro m the p r e s s u r e r o lls , the b o a rd p a s s e s o v e r a h e a te d s u rfa c e T h re e ty p e s of p rin tin g p r e s s e s a r e u se d w hich s e ts th e g lu e, add s rig id ity , and d rie s in b o x b o ard p rin tin g o p e ra tio n s: c y lin d e r, th e b o a rd . It is th en trim m e d by a s l i t t e r - - a r o ta r y , and p la te n . T he m a in fe a tu re s of the sh a ft equ ip ped w ith a s littin g h e a d --a n d cut c y lin d e r p r e s s and the r o ta r y p r e s s a re a in the le n g th d e s ire d . The c u tte r is u su a lly m ov ing ta b le and a re v o lv in g c y lin d e r. In a ro ta r y ty p e - -a knife s e t on the o u tsid e of the c y lin d e r p r e s s , th e c y lin d e r c a r r ie s the a rev o lv in g d ru m . The m a n u fa c tu re of b o x b o ard in to co n ta c t w ith the p rin tin g p la te fib e rb o a rd is s im ila r to th a t of c o rru g a te d w hich is lo ck ed in to the m o v ab le ta b le . In b o a rd , the only d iffe re n c e b eing th a t the the ro ta r y p r e s s , the p rin tin g p la te is m id d le la y e r is no t c o rru g a te d . lo ck ed in to the c y lin d e r and the b o x b o ard is A lthough c o rru g a tin g is p r im a r ily a m a c a r r ie d th ro u g h the o p e ra tio n on th e ta b le . chine o p e ra tio n , m any of the h a z a rd s of the In each m ach in e the tab le m o v es b ack and c o rru g a tin g d e p a rtm e n t a re co n n ected w ith fo rth u n d e r the re v o lv in g c y lin d e r. D u rin g m an u al h an d lin g . T h e re a r e m any p o s s ib il th e a c tu a l p rin tin g o p e ra tio n , the two a r e in itie s of s tr a in s fro m o v e re x e rtio n o r of c o n ta c t, sy n c h ro n iz e d so th a t th ey a r e c ru s h e d fe e t o r to e s fro m d ro p p ed o b je c ts. m oving in the sam e d ire c tio n a t the sa m e 5 n o tew o rth y b e c a u se of the d a n g e r of p e r m a n e n t and s e rio u s d is a b ility , in clu d e u n g u ard ed g e a r s , b e lts , r o lls , and o th e r m ov ing p a r ts of p rin tin g m a c h in e s. sp eed . The b o x b o ard m ay be fed into th e se two m a c h in e s m e c h a n ic a lly o r by hand. In the la tte r c a s e , the o p e ra to r m e re ly k eep s the feed in g ta b le su p p lied w ith b o x b o ard . The p la te n p r e s s is e s p e c ia lly ad ap tab le fo r sm a ll p rin tin g o r d e r s w h ere the p r e s s m u st be s ta r te d and sto p p ed fre q u e n tly . In th is p r e s s , the p rin tin g p la te is lo ck ed in a v e r tic a l p o sitio n . The b o x b o ard is p la c e d , one sh e e t a t a tim e , on a m o v ab le p la te n w hich is h in g ed a t the bo tto m . F o r the im p re s s io n , the p la te n sw ings u p w ard in to c o n tact w ith th e p la te . W hen it r e tu r n s to its o rig in a l p o sitio n , the o p e ra to r re m o v e s the p rin te d b o x b o a rd and re p la c e s it w ith a n o th e r u n p rin te d b o a rd . M a te ria l han d lin g is an im p o rta n t s o u rc e of h a z a rd s e n c o u n te re d in the p rin tin g d e p a rtm e n t. B o x b o ard is g e n e ra lly p la c e d on, and re m o v e d fro m , the p rin tin g m a c h in e by hand. B u ck ets of in k m u s t be lifte d to fill the ink fo u n ta in s. H eavy p rin tin g p la te s m u st be lifte d and lo ck ed in to p la c e and em p ty sk id s fro m w hich b o x b o ard h a s b een re m o v e d a re u s u a lly tr a n s f e r r e d by hand fro m the e n try end of the m ach in e to the d e liv e ry end. In a ll th e se o p e ra tio n s , the ch an ce of s tr a in s is v e ry g re a t. H an dling o p e ra tio n s a lso r e s u lt in o th e r ty p es of in ju rie s . H ands o r fin g e rs m ay be la c e r a te d in ru b b in g a g a in st the ed g es of the p a p e rb o a rd o r in com ing in to c o n ta c t w ith s h a rp p a r tic le s of s ilic a te on c o r r u g ated b o a rd . S p lin te re d o r roug h b o a rd s on sk id s m ay c a u se p u n c tu re d fin g e rs o r h an d s d u rin g the han d lin g o r m oving of th a t e q u ip m e n t. In ad d itio n , the sk id s a r e fre q u e n tly p la c e d u p rig h t a g a in s t the p rin tin g m ach in e o r so m e o th e r su p p o rt u n til n eed ed . U n le ss g re a t c a re is e x e rc is e d in thus p la c in g the s k id s, they m ay fa ll o r to pp le o v e r, and s tr ik e w o rk m en . T hen , too, w o rk m en m ay d ro p the sk id s on th e ir fe e t o r to e s. T h e re a r e m any p o s s ib ilitie s of fa lls in p rin tin g o p e ra tio n s . The o p e ra to r of the p r e s s fre q u e n tly m u st w o rk fro m a ra is e d p la tfo rm . W orkm en often stan d on the p r e s s e s o r on o th e r e le v a te d s u rfa c e s to a d ju st o r lu b ric a te th e eq u ip m en t. In e ith e r of th e se o p e ra tio n s the w o rk m en a re e x p o sed to the d a n g e r of fa lls to lo w e r le v e ls . S p illed ink, and sp o ts of o il d ro p p ed d u rin g the lu b ric a tio n of eq u ip m en t, m ay c a u se slip s o r fa lls . P a p e rb o a rd and o th e r su p p lie s a re u su a lly d e liv e re d to the p rin tin g m ac h in e by hand tru c k . V e h ic u la r h a z a rd s a r e , th e re fo re , com m on in p rin tin g w o rk . O th er h a z a rd s , Cutting and C reasing In cu ttin g and c re a s in g o p e ra tio n s , the b o x b o ard is trim m e d o r cu t to siz e and m a rk e d (c re a se d ) to in d ic a te the fo ld s w hich a re n e c e s s a r y in a sse m b lin g the b o x b o ard in to a box. Two ty p es of cu ttin g and c r e a s ing o p e ra tio n s p re d o m in a te in the in d u stry . In m any c a s e s , th e cu ttin g and c re a s in g ed g es a re m o u n ted on sh a fts of m a c h in e s. A s the b o x b o ard p a s s e s u n d e r the ro ta tin g sh a fts, the cu ttin g k n iv e s cu t the b o x b o ard to the d e s ire d siz e and the c re a s in g e d g e s, w hich a re s im ila r to the cu ttin g k n iv es ex ce p t th a t th e ir ed g es a r e ro u n d ed , m ak e im p re s s io n s in d ic a tin g w h ere the b o x b o ard is to be fo ld ed . T h is type of o p e ra tio n is com m on in the m a n u fa c tu re of c o rru g a te d b o x es. An a lte rn a tiv e p ro c e d u re , u se d ch iefly in the m a n u fa c tu re 'o f fold ed and s e t-u p b o x e s, m a k e s u se of m a c h in e s s im ila r to p rin tin g p r e s s e s . The c re a s in g and c u ttin g ed g es a re m e ta l s tr ip s w hich a re p la c e d in d ie s s im ila r to the p rin tin g p la te s . The a ctio n of the m a c h in e is s im ila r to th a t of the c y lin d e r o r ro ta ry p rin tin g p r e s s . S e v e ra l o th e r s p e c ia liz e d ty p es of cu ttin g a r e p e rfo rm e d in th e in d u stry . U su ally , the n am e of th e o p e ra tio n in d ic a te s the kind of cu t m ad e. F o r e x a m p le , c o rn e r cu ttin g in v o lv e s cu ttin g c o r n e r s fr o m s c o r e d b la n k s so th a t th e b o x b o ard m ay be fold ed to fo rm the box. T he c o rn e r-c u ttin g m ach in e is b a s ic a lly a cu ttin g d ie , sh ap ed into a 90d e g re e an g le. The o p e ra tio n is s im ila r to th a t of a punch p r e s s - - th e die m o v es v e rtic a lly and c u ts the b o x b o ard w hen the b o a rd is p la c e d u n d e r it. In so m e in s ta n c e s , the die is a c tiv a te d by a foot p e d a l. In o th e rs , it m o v es co n tin u o u sly and the o p e r a to r m u st tim e h is m o v em en ts in p la c in g the b o x b o ard to th e m o tio n of the d ie . In the slittin g o p e ra tio n p a p e rb o a rd is cut in to n a rro w s tr ip s , and the p ro c e d u re is s im ila r to the cu ttin g o p e ra tio n d e s c rib e d abo ve. S co rin g is s im ila r to the c re a s in g o p e ra tio n , e x c e p t th a t the s u rfa c e of the b o x b o ard is a c tu a lly cu t by a kn ife edg e. S lo ttin g is the p r o c e s s of cu ttin g s lo ts in p ie c e s of b o x b o ard to fo rm p a rtitio n s . S p ecially d e sig n e d slo ttin g m a c h in e s a r e g e n e ra lly u se d fo r th is p u rp o se b u t o c c a 6 F o r strip p in g , the b o x b o ard m ay be le ft on sk id s w hich a re u se d to tr a n s p o r t the b o x b o ard fro m the cu ttin g and c re a s in g d e p a rtm e n t. In m o st in s ta n c e s , h o w e v e r, the b o x b o ard is tr a n s f e r r e d to strip p in g ta b le s . L iftin g h eav y b u n d les of b o x b o ard to and fro m w o rk ta b le s is , th e re f o r e , one of the m o re com m on h a z a rd s in strip p in g . A n o th er han d lin g o p e ra tio n involving a su b s ta n tia l h a z a rd is th a t of m oving the em pty sk id s. T h is m ay r e s u lt in s tra in e d b ack s due to o v e re x e rtio n , b ru is e d o r fra c tu re d to es and fe e t if the sk id s a re d ro p p ed , and p u n c tu re d han d s o r fin g e rs , if the sk id s a re rough. H andtool o p e ra tio n s in strip p in g a re p o te n tia l m a jo r p ro d u c e rs of in ju ry . The s tr ip ping h a m m e r m ay slip fro m a w o rk m a n ’s hand o r m ay be d e fle c te d fro m the p ile of sto ck a g a in st the w o rk m a n ’s body u n le ss the h a m m e r is s e c u re ly h eld . In ad d itio n , the re p e a te d m o tio n in the u se of th e se h a m m e rs m ay p ro d u ce s p ra in e d w ris ts . A n o th er h a z a rd com m on to m uch w o rk in the in d u stry , but e sp e c ia lly im p o rta n t in strip p in g o p e ra tio n s , is th a t due to d is c a rd e d b o x b o ard s c ra p s . In sp ite of fre q u e n t c lean u p s in the strip p in g d e p a rtm e n t, the g e n e ra l p ra c tic e of p e rm ittin g s c ra p s of b o x b o ard to fa ll to the w o rk in g flo o r p r e s e n ts a s e rio u s trip p in g and slip p in g h a z a rd . sio n a lly c ir c u la r saw s a r e u se d . T hum bh o lin g , a s the n am e im p lie s , is the o p e ra tio n in w hich th u m b h o les a r e cut into the boxb o a rd , M any of the h a z a rd s in the cu ttin g and c re a s in g d e p a rtm e n ts a r e s im ila r to th o se in the p rin tin g and c o rru g a tin g d e p a rtm e n ts . M any h a z a rd s a re in vo lved in the h an dling of m a te r ia ls and eq u ip m en t. B o x b o ard , ro lls of p a p e r, sh a fts , and d ie s involve m uch liftin g . T he d a n g e r of s tra in e d m u s c le s fro m o v er e x e rtio n is g re a t. In a d d itio n , the h a n dlin g of th o se o b je c ts m ay le a d to b ru is e d o r fra c tu re d to e s and fe e t u n le ss c o n s id e r able c a re is e x e rc is e d in g ra sp in g and holding o b je c ts s e c u re ly . C u ts o r la c e r a tio n s m ay r e s u lt fro m co n ta c t w ith the edg es of the p a p e rb o a rd ; fro m co n ta c t w ith the m e ta l cu ttin g ed g es w hich a re in s e rte d in the d ie s; o r fro m c o n ta c t w ith the k n iv es w hich a r e fre q u e n tly u se d to tr im the c o rk o r ru b b e r in s e r ts in the d ie s . W ood u se d in the fra m e w o rk of d ie s and in sk id s m ay hav e roug h o r s liv e re d edg es w hich can p u n c tu re h an ds o r fin g e rs . U n gu ard ed ro lls and o th e r m oving p a r ts of m a c h in e s, su ch a s g e a rs , b e lts , and p u lle y s m ay c a u se s e rio u s d is a b ilitie s . In ad eq u ately g u a rd e d c ir c u la r saw b la d e s a r e e s p e c ia lly h a z a rd o u s b e c a u se of the p o s s ib ility of fin g e r a m p u ta tio n s. Two o th e r h a z a rd s w h ich the cu ttin g and c re a s in g d e p a rtm e n ts have in com m on w ith the c o rru g a tin g d e p a rtm e n ts a r e the s ilic a te p a r tic le s w hich m ay be th ro w n fro m c o r r u g ated b o x b o ard d u rin g m ach in e o p e ra tio n s and the s c ra p s of b o x b o ard lying on the flo o r w hich m ay c a u se slip p in g . Gluing, Staying, Stitching, and Taping In the gluing, stay in g , stitc h in g , and taping o p e ra tio n s, the box is fo rm e d o r fold ed into shap e and fa ste n e d . F o ld ed b o x es a re u su a lly glued. The gluing m ach in e fo ld s the b o x b o ard along the c r e a s e d lin e s , g lu es the b o a rd w h ere n e c e s s a r y , and d e liv e rs the fin ish e d fold ed box to the s h ip p e rs o r p a c k e rs . The a sse m b lin g o p e ra tio n in se tu p -b o x p la n ts is c a lle d stay in g . The b o x b o ard is b en t as in d ic a te d by the c re a s in g o p e ra tio n and p la c e d u n d e r a p lu n g e r in a stay in g m ach in e. W hen the p lu n g e r d e sc e n d s, it p r e s s e s a p ie c e of m o iste n e d , gu m m ed , k ra ft p a p e r o v e r the c o rn e r of the box. Som e stay in g m a c h in e s a r e d esig n ed to fa ste n one c o rn e r of a box fo r each o p e ra tion of the p lu n g e r w h e re a s o th e rs fa ste n two o r fo u r c o r n e r s in a sin g le o p e ra tio n . In som e c a s e s , the b o x b o ard is fo ld ed by hand and p la c e d u n d e r the p lu n g e r w hich is o p e ra te d by a foot p e d a l w h e re a s in o th e rs the m a c h in e s a r e fu lly a u to m a tic . The a u to m a tic q u ad ru p le stay in g m ach in e is m o st fre q u e n tly u se d . C o rru g a te d bo xes a r e e ith e r stitc h e d Stripping G e n e ra lly , the die d o es not cu t e n tire ly th ro u g h the b o x b o ard b la n k d u rin g the cu ttin g o p e ra tio n . A s a r e s u lt the w aste re m a in s a tta c h e d to the b o x b o ard u n til it is re m o v e d in a s e p a ra te o p e ra tio n c a lle d strip p in g . M anually o p e ra te d s trip p in g h a m m e rs a r e g e n e ra lly u se d in th is w o rk . H o w ev er, a p o w ered hand s tr ip p e r h a s b een dev elo p ed and is being u se d in so m e p la n ts. E s s e n tia lly , the p o w e re d s tr ip p e r is a n o tch ed d isc a tta c h e d to a fle x ib le , p o w ered sh a ft. In the strip p in g o p e ra tio n , the fla t b o x b o ard b lank s a re p ile d on top of e ach o th e r to a h eig h t of s e v e ra l fe e t. The w a ste edgings a re rem o v e d by s trik in g th em w ith a s trip p in g h a m m e r o r by d ire c tin g the d isc of a p o w e re d s tr ip p e r a g a in s t the edg es of the b o x b o a rd s. 7 (actu ally sta p le d ) o r taped* In the stitc h in g o p e ra tio n , the o p e ra to r fo ld s the b o x b o ard by hand and p la c e s it u n d e r the sta p lin g h ead of th e stitc h in g m a c h in e , w hich is c o n tro lle d by a foot p e d a l. M ost c o rru g a te d b o x es, h o w ev e r, a re tap ed . In th a t o p e ra tio n , the o p e ra to r fold s the b o x b o ard and fe e d s it to the tap in g m ach in e w h e re m o iste n e d , gu m m ed p a p e r is p r e s s e d o v e r the se a m . P r e s s u r e b e lts convey the box to the d e liv e ry end of th e tap in g m ach in e and a s s u r e th a t the tap e h a s b een firm ly s e c u re d to the box. U n g u ard ed eq u ip m en t is th e o u tstan d in g h a z a rd in th e s e o p e ra tio n s . In m o s t in s ta n c e s , the b o x b o ard sto c k is fed to the m a c h in e s m a n u a lly . The o p e ra to r m u s t be e x tre m e ly c a re fu l, th e re fo re , to keep h is h an d s a safe d is ta n c e fro m the p o in t of o p e ra tio n . T his h a z a rd is e sp e c ia lly im p o rta n t on m a c h in e s w hich a r e o p e ra te d by foot p e d a ls . In su ch c a s e s , the o p e ra to r m u st c o o rd in a te the m o v e m e n ts of h is han d s and fe e t. U n g u ard ed foot p e d a ls a ls o m ay be d e p re s s e d a c c id e n ta lly , a c tiv a tin g m a c h in e s w ith out w a rn in g . O pen r o lls , b e lts , g e a rs , and p u lle y s a re o th e r in ju ry -p ro d u c in g p o s s ib ilitie s . P a p e rb o a rd , conveyed by r o lls o r b e lts , fre q u e n tly b e c o m e s ja m m e d in m a c h in e s . In th a t c a s e , it is com m on p r a c tic e to re m o v e the p a p e rb o a rd w ith out sto pp ing the m a c h in e . T his e x tre m e h a z a rd ous p ro c e d u re p re s e n ts m any c h a n c e s fo r e m p lo y e e s to be cau g h t in the u n g u ard ed b e lts o r ro lls . A lthough not so im p o rta n t as in so m e o th e r o p e ra tio n s , a liftin g h a z a rd a lso e x is ts in th is w o rk . S tack s of b o x b o ard m u s t be lifte d to , and re m o v e d fro m , m any of th e m a c h in e s . Skids a ls o m u s t be sh ifte d w hen th e sto c k h as b een re m o v e d and glue is g e n e ra lly c a r r ie d to the gluing m a c h in e in b u c k e ts. T he p o s s ib ility of a s lip o r fa ll is not u n co m m o n in th e s e o p e ra tio n s . D rop s of g lu e, sp ille d w hile th e glue is bein g p o u re d , p r e se n t a slip p in g h a z a rd n e a r th e gluing m a ch in e. B o x b o ard w h ich h ad b een ja m m e d in the m a c h in e s is fre q u e n tly th ro w n on the flo o r a fte r it h a s b e e n re m o v e d . T he d is c a rd e d b o x b o a rd , th e re fo re , b e c o m e s a slip p in g and trip p in g h a z a rd . In ad d itio n , so m e m a c h in e s a re so d e sig n e d th a t o p e ra to rs m u s t w o rk fro m p la tfo rm s . As th e s e w o rk in g s u rfa c e s a re only slig h tly above flo o r le v e l, g u a rd r a ils a re g e n e ra lly c o n s id e re d u n n e c e s s a ry . H o w ev er, fa lls fro m any e le v a tio n m a y be qu ite s e rio u s . Covering and Wrapping Setup bo x es a r e u su a lly w rap p ed o r c o v e re d to im p ro v e th e ir a p p e a ra n c e . M ost b o x es a r e m ach in e w rap p ed but e ith e r m a c h in e - o r h a n d -w ra p p in g m eth o d s m ay be em ployed . In m a c h in e w rap p in g , the p a p e r w hich h as b een s lit and cu t to siz e p a s s e s th ro u g h a gluing ro ll, w h e re one s u rfa c e is co ated w ith a d h e siv e . It is th en con vey ed, by b e lt, to the o p e ra to r who c e n te rs a box o r lid on the w ra p p e r. T hen, by foot p e d a l, he r e le a s e s a p lu n g e r w hich p u sh e s the box b etw een b ru s h e s w hich, in tu rn , p r e s s the w ra p p e r on the box. On deep b o x e s, the w ra p p e r is u su a lly ap p lied by han d. The em p lo y ee m e re ly p u lls a s trip of w rap p in g p a p e r o v e r a glue ro ll and th en w o rk s it onto the box. M achine h a z a rd s p re d o m in a te in th e se o p e ra tio n s . U n g u ard ed g e a r s , p u lle y s , b e l ts , and ro lls m ay c a tc h em p lo y ees o r th e ir clo th in g , p u llin g th em in to the m oving p a r ts of m a c h in e s. B e c a u se the o p e ra to r m u s t p la c e the box and w rapp in g p a p e r u n d e r the p lu n g e r by hand, th e w o rk is e x c e p tio n ally h a z a rd o u s. The o p e ra to r m u st co o rd in a te h is m o v em en ts so th at the p lu n g e r d o es not d e sc e n d u n til h is fin g e rs and h an ds a r e in the c le a r . U n gu ard ed foot p e d a ls m ay be p r e s s e d u n in te n tio n a lly and thus c a u se the p lu n g er to d e sc e n d p re m a tu re ly . FACTORS IN THE INJURY RECORD The in ju ry r e c o r d of any p lan t o r of any grou p of p la n ts is a co m p o site of a g re a t m any fa c to rs : the k in d s of m a te r ia l p r o c e sse d ; the ty p es of p ro c e s s in g p e rfo rm e d ; the safe ty re g u la tio n s of the S ta te s in w hich the p la n ts a re lo c a te d , and the ex te n t to w hich th o se re g u la tio n s a re en fo rced ; the kind of p e rs o n n e l em ployed ; the siz e of the p la n ts; and the e x te n t of the safe ty p ro g ra m s c a r r ie d on in the p la n ts. In p a r tic u la r in s ta n c e s the in flu en ce of th e se fa c to rs m ay o ffse t each o th e r, but in c o m p a riso n s b a se d upon la r g e g ro u p s of o p e ra tio n s th e ir e ffe c ts fre q u e n tly can be d e m o n stra te d , a s in the follow ing b reak d o w n s of the 1950 e x p e rie n c e of the p a p e rb o a rd -c o n ta in e r in d u stry . Product Com parisons A v erag e in ju ry -fre q u e n c y r a te s fo r the fo u r m a jo r g ro u p s of p la n ts ra n g e d fro m a high of 23.0 fo r p la n ts m a n u fa c tu rin g c o r8 CHART 1. INJURY-FREQUENCY RATES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, By Type of Plant, 1950 DISABLING INJURIES PER MILLION HOURS WORKED 10 20 Corrugated-and Fiber-Box Plants 30 2 3 .0 Folded-Box Plants Fiber-Can, -Tube, and -Drum Plants Set-Up-Box Plants UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS rugated or fib er b oxes to a low of 12.9 for all d isab lin g in ju ries in this group of plants those m anufacturing setup b ox es. B etw een w as only 67 days p er c a se . T his w as low er th ese lim its , the fold ed -b ox plants had an than the average tim e charge for any of the average frequency rate of 16.7 com pared other plant groups. The standard sev erity with 16.5 for fib er—c a n ,-tu b e , and-drum rate for the corru gated and fib er-b o x plan ts, 1.5, w as som ew hat higher than the ra tes p lan ts. (See appendix, table 1.) In the corrugated and fib er-b o x p lan ts, 1 for the setup and fold ed -b o x plants; it w as in every 21 fu ll-tim e w o rk ers exp erien ced su b stan tially low er than for plants m anu a d isab lin g injury during 1950. Three deaths facturing fib er can s, tu b es, and d ru m s. w ere rep orted by th ese p lants, averagin g 1 The o v era ll frequ en cy rate of 16.7 for fatality for each 18 m illio n m an -h ou rs plants m anufacturing folded b oxes r e p r e w orked. The ratio of p erm a n en t-im p a ir sented an av erag e of 1 d isab lin g injury m ent c a s e s , h ow ever, w as r ela tiv ely low , during the yea r for every 28 w ork ers in that averagin g som ew hat le s s than one in every segm en t of the in d u stry. One fata lity o c m illio n m an -h ou rs. T em p orary-total d is cu rred in each 21 m illio n m an -h ou rs and a b ilitie s occu rred in th ese plants at the rate there w as 1 perm an en t-im p airm en t ca se for of 22 p er m illio n m an -h ou rs, but the each 1^ m illio n m an -h ou rs. R ecovery tim e average reco v ery tim e for th ese c a s e s (14 for the tem p o ra ry -to ta l d isa b ilitie s e x p e r i days each) w as com p aratively low . As a enced in th ese plants averaged 14 days per reflectio n of this com bination of a low c a se . The average tim e charge for a ll c a se s average tim e lo s s for tem p o rary -total d is was 69 days and the standard sev erity rate a b ilitie s and a low in cid en ce of perm anent for the group w as 1.2. im p a irm en ts, the average tim e ch arge for P lan ts m anufacturing fib er can s, tubes, 9 and d ru m s, averaged 1 d isab lin g injury for every 29 fu ll-tim e w o rk ers. T heir r ela tiv ely favorab le frequency rate, 16.5, h ow ever, w as o ffset by a very unfavorable record of injury se v e r ity . No fa ta litie s w ere reported by th ese plants during 1950, but their reco rd of 5 perm anent im p airm en ts in each m illio n m an -h ou rs w orked coupled with an average reco v ery tim e of 21 days per ca se for tem p o ra ry -to ta l d isa b ilitie s gave them a sev erity rate of 4.8 and an average tim e charge of 289 days p er c a s e . The p o ssib ility of exp erien cin g a serio u s injury appeared to be m uch g rea ter in th ese plants than in any other part of the in d u stry. The setu p -b ox p lan ts, with an average frequency rate of 12.9, had the m ost fa v o r able exp erien ce in the industry. Their reco rd show ed 1 d isab lin g injury for each 39 fu ll-y e a r w o rk ers, only 1 fatality in 40 m illio n m a n -h o u rs, and only a fraction m ore than 1 perm anent im p airm en t per m illio n m an -h ou rs. T heir average reco v ery tim e for tem p o ra ry -to ta l d isa b ilitie s, 17 d ays, w as r e la tiv e ly high. A s a r e su lt, their average tim e ch arge p er ca se w as 76 d ays, but their se v e r ity rate of 1.0 w as the lo w est for any of the 4 groups of p lan ts. on the b a sis of in d u stry-w id e a v era g es m ay be questioned. The m ost r e a listic area co m p a riso n s, th erefo re, are th ose based upon sp ecific types of production rather than upon industry to ta ls. C orrugated and F ib e r -B o x P la n ts.--I n jury rates for plants m anufacturing c o r r u gated and fib er b oxes w ere com puted for 15 S tates. C om pared with the national average of 23.0 for this group of p lan ts, 2 S ta te s-M a ssach u setts and Indiana--had v ery high in ju ry-freq u en cy ra te s, 41.7 and 41.1 r e sp ectiv ely (appendix, table 3). In co n tra st, 2 S ta te s--F lo r id a , w ith 10.7, and W iscon sin , with 1 1 .4 --had ra tes le s s than half the n ational a v erag e. Of the rem aining 11 S ta tes, 1 had a frequency rate of 13.4 (C aliforn ia), 3 oth ers had ra tes le s s than 20 (Illin o is, 15.4, T ex as, 16.7, and M ichigan, 18.0), 3 had ra tes betw een 20 and 25 (New J e r se y , 20 .0, M isso u ri, 21 .3, and Ohio, 22.9) and 4 had ra tes betw een 25 and 30 (New Y ork, 25.2, P en n sylvan ia, 27.9, T en n essee, 28.4, and W est V irgin ia, 29.8). F lo rid a plants had the b est State in ju ryse v e r ity reco rd , in addition to having the b est average frequency ra te. None of the in ju ries reported for that group of three plants r e sulted in death or perm anent d isa b ility . Regional and State Com parisons T h erefo re, the average tim e lo st per d is V ariation s in injury ra tes am ong the abling injury w as only 13 days and the s e v e r d ifferen t States and region s m ay r e fle c t any ity rate w as ex trem ely low , 0.1. The plants in one or any com bination of se v e r a l fa c to r s. M ichigan a lso had a reco rd of no death or State safety regu lation s and the d egree to perm anent d isa b ility . In the 6 plants r ep o rt w hich they are en forced , the age and ing from that State, h ow ever, tem p o ra ry m aintenance of plants and equipm ent, and total d isa b ilitie s w ere quite s e v e r e , r eq u ir em ploym ent fa cto rs such as the exp erien ce ing an average of 33 days for recu p eration . of availab le w o rk ers, all tend to in fluence S eriou s d isa b ilitie s w ere infrequent in M as the average le v e l of injury ra tes in any sach u setts (1 in 87), Ohio (1 in 129), and area . T en n essee (1 in 50). A s a r e su lt, the average In ju ry-rate com p a rison s by region and tim e lo st per injury in those States w as c o m State m ay be affected by the type of product p aratively lo w --1 9 , 20, and 25 days r e s p e c predom inating in the p articu lar areas.*7 F or tiv ely . O ther States with average tim e exam p le, the h igh est national average f r e ch arges below the national average w ere quency rate w as reco rd ed by plants m anu M isso u ri, 25 d ay s, T ex a s, 29 d ays, W iscon facturing corrugated and fib er b o x es. Any sin , 44 d ays, and C a liforn ia, 55 d ays. U nfavorable se v e r ity reco rd s w ere r e area in w hich those p articu la r operations con stitu te a high proportion of the total ported by Illin o is, 151 days lo st per injury; production, th erefo re, would be exp ected to W est V irgin ia, 121 days; Indiana, 108 days; have a com p aratively high o v era ll average and N ew Y ork, 106 d ays. T hese ad v erse s e r e g a r d le ss of other fa cto rs which m ight v erity reco rd s w ere due ch iefly to a high r a influence the rate. B eca u se of th ese variab le tio of perm anent d is a b ilitie s . T w elve of the in tern al w eighting fa c to r s, the sig n ifican ce 107 rep orted in ju ries in 21 coop eratin g I lli of com p arison s am ong the States and region s n ois plants and 3 of the 31 in ju ries in 5 W est V irgin ia plants w ere perm anent d is a b ilitie s . 7 State samples were too small to correlate injury-fre F iv e Indiana plants rep orted 1 fata lity and 4 perm anent d isa b ilitie s am ong 116 in ju r ies, quency rates by product and size of establishment. 10 S im ila rly , 14 C onnecticut plants reported 2 fa ta lities and 5 perm anent p artia l d is a b ilities am ong 91 in ju ries. A s a resu lt, the average tim e lo st per injury w as 201 days and the sev erity rate w as 4 .8 , the h ig h est record ed for any State group of fold ed -b ox p la n ts. Two other groups of plants averaged m ore than 100 days lo st tim e p er injury, C aliforn ia, 182 d ays, and Illin o is, 140 d ays. Setup—Box P la n ts.--A v e r a g e s for setu p box plants w ere com puted for 10 S tates. State in ju ry-freq u en cy ra tes ranged from 7.1 in Illin o is to 16.9 in C aliforn ia, the average for a ll setu p -b o x plants being 12.9. In addition to Illin o is, one other State had a rate le s s than 1 0 --M isso u ri, with 8.5. F iv e of the 10 S tates had av era g es betw een 10 and 1 5 --N ew York, 11.7; New J e r se y , 11.8; N orth C arolina, 12.9; M as sa ch u setts, 14.1; and W iscon sin, 14.1. P en n sylvan ia and C onnecticut plants averaged 15.3 d isab lin g in ju ries per m illio n hours of w ork. Injury se v e r ity , how ever, follow ed a som ew hat d ifferen t pattern. The ad verse frequency rate in C alifornia w as o ffset by a favorable se v e r ity record , 33 days lo st per injury, the lo w est for any State group of setu p -b ox p lan ts. S im ila rly , the favorab le frequency rate of Illin ois plants w as counterbalanced by an unfavorable sev erity reco rd , 212 days lo st p er injury, the h igh est record ed for any group. H ow ever, with the exception of the Illin o is p lan ts, a ll State groups held th eir a v erag es to le s s than 75 days lo st tim e per d isab lin g injury. and the 102 in ju ries in 1 7 New York plants in cluded 1 fata lity and 3 perm anent d isa b ilitie s. F ib er-C a n , -T u be, and -D rum P la n ts.- A verage injury ra tes for fib e r -c a n ,—tube, and—drum plants could be com puted for only 3 States# In Ohio, 4 plants ach ieved a frequ en cy rate of only 8 .4 - -about half the national a v era g e, 16.5. In addition, they had favorab le in ju r y -se v e r ity reco rd s. None of the nine rep orted in ju ries resu lted in s e r ious d isa b ility . C onsequently, the average tim e lo st per injury w as only 15 days and the se v e r ity rate w as only 0.1. F avorable a v erag es w ere a lso rep orted by 7 plants in P en n sylvan ia. F or that group of plants the in jury-freq u en cy rate w as 10.6, the average tim e lo st per injury w as 25 d ays, and the se v erity rate w as 0.3. In con trast, 6 New J e r se y plants rep orted 26 d isab lin g in ju ries per m illio n hours w orked and m any of th ese w ere perm anent d isa b ilitie s. The se v e r ity reco rd , th erefo re, w as a lso unfavorable, 724 days charged per injury and 18.8 days charged p er thousand hours w orked. F old ed -B ox P la n ts .--S ta te av era g es for plants producing folded b oxes w ere a v a il able for 14 S tates. C om pared with the national average of 16.7, the State injury frequ en cy ra tes ranged from 9.3 in Illin o is to 24.4 in T exas. Six States had a v era g es betw een 10 and 15 (W isconsin, 10.3; M is sou ri, 11.6; Ohio, 12.3; M ichigan, 12.6; Indiana 14.1; and C alifornia, 14.7); 4 had ra tes betw een 15 and 20 (New J e r se y , 16.5; M aryland, 18.0; New Y ork, 19.6; and P en n sylva n ia, 19.8); and 3 had ra tes betw een 20 and 25 (M assa ch u setts, 23.1; C onnecticut, 23.9; and T exas 24.4). The T exas p lants balanced their ad v erse frequency rate by a favorab le sev erity reco rd . None of the rep orted in ju ries for the four coop eratin g plants in that State resu lted in death or perm anent d isa b ility . Coupled with the r e la tiv e ly sligh t tem p o rary -total d isa b ilitie s, this held the average tim e lo st to 5 days per d isab lin g injury and 0.1 days p er thousand hours w orked. F avorab le s e v erity av era g es w ere a lso rep orted by plants in P en n sylvan ia (14 days lo st per injury), M aryland (18 days p er injury) and Indiana (24 days p er injury). In co n trast, 3 of 20 in ju ries reported by 7 M isso u ri p lants resu lted in perm anent d isa b ility , giving that State a v ery high average tim e lo s s per injury, 240 d ays. 260182 0 - 53-3 Plant-Size Com parisons P la n t-siz e appears to be c lo se ly related to the o ccu rren ce of in ju ries in the p ap erb oard -con tain er industry. G en erally, the v ery sm a ll plants (with few er than 50 em p lo yees each) and the la rge plants (with 500 or m ore em p lo yees) had the lo w est in jury-freq u en cy ra te s. P lan ts em ploying 100 to 249 w ork ers had the h igh est average in ju ry-freq u en cy rate. F or the group of plants em ploying few er than 20 w ork ers a p iece, the average fr e quency rate w as 11.6. In each of the next 3 siz e grou p s, the average m oved p r o g r e s siv ely higher: 13.6 for plants with 20 to 49 em p loyees; 19.1 for plants with 50 to 99 em p loyees; and 20.5 for th ose w ith 100 to 249 em p lo y ees. The average rate then 11 CHART 2. INJURY-FREQUENCY RATES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, By Size of Plant,1950 DISABLING INJURIES PER MILLION HOURS WORKED 10 20 30 1 to 19 Employees 20 to 49 Employees 50 to 99 Employees 100 to 249 12Q-51 Employees 250 to 499 Employees 500 Employees 33T"—----------------------1 &r: and Over urn UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LAROR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS p reven tion p ro g ra m s, and can provid e a ll guards and safety equipm ent known to be av ailab le. L arge plants a lso can m ain tain som e form of m ed ica l or train ed f ir s taid se r v ic e on the p r e m ise s. They have the advantage of p ro fessio n a lly en gin eered plant layout and w ork p r o c e s s e s , and are gen era lly in a p ositio n to u tilize m ech an ical equipm ent m ore ex ten siv e ly than are the sm a ller p lan ts. M ate rial-h an d lin g o p era tions u tilizin g m ech an ical co n v ey o rs, h o ists, and pow er trucks can do m uch to avoid m any of the in ju ries a sso cia ted w ith the m anual p erform an ce of such op eration s. The p rob lem of safety in m ed iu m -size plants is com p licated b ecau se the resp o n sib le head seld o m can devote m uch tim e to ob servin g shop op era tion s, and, th erefo re, m u st d elegate m uch of the resp o n sib ility for safety to o th ers. U nfortunately, th ese safety r e sp o n sib ilitie s frequently are a s sign ed to forem en or su p erv iso rs w ith little or. no safety training and who frequently dropped slig h tly to 19.0 for plants having 250 to 499 em p lo yees apiece* In the fin al group, m ade up of plants having 500 or m ore em p lo yees each , the average dropped sharply to 13.8 (appendix, table 1). This pattern of in ju ry-freq u en cy rate va ria tio n s in relation to plant siz e is sim ila r to p attern s found in other B ureau in d u stry surveys* The ind ication s are that the ow ner is frequently the su p erv iso r in sm a ll sh op s. He has p erso n a l fin an cial in te r e st in keeping the accid en t volum e at a m inim um , and is gen era lly able to keep a ll op eration s under c lo s e ob servation . T h erefo re, he can se e unsafe conditions and p r a c tic e s as they d evelop , and can take im m ed iate action to elim in ate hazards b e fo re they cau se a ccid en ts. The high volu m e of production in la rg e shops m ak es it fin an cia lly p o ssib le to give sp ecia l attention to safety . T hese plants u su ally can afford to em ploy safety en g in eers to ca rry on sc ie n tific accid en t- 12 p artm en ts a lso had the h ig h est average tim e charge per c a se (91 days) and the h ig h est sev erity rate (3.9) am ong the en tire group of production d ep artm en ts. Only two other production dep artm ents had frequ en cy ra tes above 2 0 - -th e printing and cutting d ep artm en ts. Each of th ese op eration s had a com p aratively high p ro portion of p erm an en t-p artial d isa b ilitie s and ranked r ela tiv ely high in the injury se v e r ity co m p a riso n s. At the other ex trem e, two production dep artm ents had frequency ra tes of le s s than 1 0 --the hand cov erin g , topping, and turning op eration , and the lab elin g o p era tion. The average reco v ery tim e for tem p o ra ry -to ta l d isa b ilitie s w as high in both d ep artm en ts, but the low in cid en ce of p e r m anent im p airm en ts gave them rela tiv ely low in ju r y -se v e r ity r a te s. In the m iddle range 13 production d ep art m en ts had frequ en cy ra tes ranging from 12.9 for gluing op eration s to 19. Sfor stitc h ing op eration s. The tying and bundling d e p artm en t, w ith a frequ en cy rate of 14.1, had the b est se v e r ity reco rd am ong a ll the production d ep artm en ts. In this operation no fata lity or perm anent im p airm en t o ccu rred , and the reco v ery tim e for te m p o ra ry -to ta l d isa b ilitie s averaged only 10 d ays. Am ong the op eration s w ith le s s fa v o r able reco rd s w ere corn er cutting and in tegrated cutting and crea sin g . p lace g rea ter im portance on production than on safety. The group a v e r a g e s, h ow ever, tend to con cea l the* wide d ifferen ces in the in juryfrequency rates of the individual plants w ithin the variou s s iz e grou p s. A ctually, n early 44 p ercen t of the plants included in the su rvey op erated throughout the .year without a sin gle d isab lin g injury (appendix, tab les 2 and 4). M ost of th ese w ere sm a ll p la n ts, but the lis t included 10 with over 100 w o rk ers, 2 of w hich em ployed n early 250 w ork ers a p iece. Although no plant with over 250 em p lo yees ach ieved a zero f r e quency rate, 1 em ploying 600 w ork ers fin ish ed the year with a rate of only 3.7. At the other ex trem e, 8 plants with few er than 100 em p loyees rep orted ra tes of m ore than 100. A nother group of 56 p la n ts, all w ith few er than 500 em p lo y ees, reported ra tes of over 50. T ogether, th ese 64 plants em ployed le s s than 6 p ercen t of the w ork ers covered in the su rvey but they accounted for n early 20 p ercen t of the d isab lin g in ju ries and 17 p ercen t of the tim e lo st from in ju r ies. No plant w ith 500 or m ore em p lo yees had a rate exceed in g 30. DEPARTMENTAL INJURY RATES N ea rly a ll the su rveyed plants rep orted on som e of their op eration s in su fficien t d etail to p erm it the in clu sion of such data in typ ical departm ental grou p s. (Many p lants w ere unable to furn ish com p lete breakdow ns of their op eration s accord in g to a stand ard ized pattern b ecau se of d ifferen ces in in tern al organ ization .) Thus, sep ara te injury reco rd s w ere com p iled for 18 prod u c tion d epartm ents and 5 p la n t-se r v ic e d e p artm en ts. Service Operations Storage o p era tio n s, with 1 d isab lin g injury for every 13 fu ll-tim e w o rk ers, ranked as the m o st hazardous of the p la n t-se r v ic e a c tiv itie s. A long w ith a high in ju ry frequency rate of 35.8, th ese op eration s had a high in ju r y -se v e r ity rate (4.6) and a high average tim e ch arge p er injury (128 d ays). The shipping dep artm ents a lso had a high frequ en cy rate of 30.8. In ju ries in th ese d ep artm en ts, h ow ever, tended to be le s s serio u s than those occu rrin g in storage op era tion s, giving them a b etter than a v e r age se v e r ity ranking. M aintenance op eration s ranked third am ong the se r v ic e d ep artm ents in injury frequ en cy and secon d in r esp ect to injury se v e r ity . The frequ en cy rate of 24.8, how ev er , w as h igher than that of any production departm ent excep t corru gatin g. The ad m in istra tiv e and c le r ic a l d ep art m en ts had a p a rticu la rly good reco rd . T h eir Production Operations P rod u ction op eration s as a group had a som ew hat higher in ju ry-freq u en cy rate, 18.2, than the serv ice-d ep a rtm en t group, 14.6, but the in ju ries exp erien ced by s e r v ic e w ork ers tended to be m ore se v e r e (appendix, table 5). The g r e a te st con cen tration of in ju ries occu rred in the corrugatin g d ep artm en ts. The average frequ en cy rate for th ese op era tions w as 4 2 .5 , rep resen tin g approxim ately 1 d isab lin g injury in the co u rse of the year for every 11 fu ll-tim e w o rk ers. A re la tiv e ly high proportion of th ese in ju ries w ere se r io u s. A s a r e su lt, the corrugatin g d e 13 In that accid en t, a m a ch in ist w as injured when h is fin g ers w ere caught in the sp rock et of a corru gator. A ll of the 42 sin gle-th u m b and fin ger am putations involved m oving equipm ent. Seven teen d ifferen t kinds of m ach in es w ere included, the m o st com m on b eing printing p r e s s e s , 8 accid en ts; cu tters a n d c r e a se r s, 5 accid en ts; stayin g m a ch in es, 5 accid en ts; corn er cu tters, 3 accid en ts; p ow ered sa w s, 3 accid en ts; and punch p r e s s e s , 3 a ccid en ts. In 25 of th ese a ccid en ts, the w orkm an had h is fin ger or thumb am putated at the p o in t-o fop eration of the m achine; in 6 c a s e s , b elts or KINDS OF INJURIES EXPERIENCED p u lleys w ere resp on sib le; and in 6 c a se s autom atic feedin g d ev ices w ere in volved . F atalities The 29 lo s s -o f- u s e d isab lem en ts included Individual c a se reco rd s of 1,505 in ju ries 17 fin ger, 4 hand, 2 arm , 2 le g , 2 foot, and w ere c o llected for d etailed a n a ly sis by 2 back in ju r ies. F ou rteen fin ger in ju r ie s, 3 B ureau r e p r e se n ta tiv e s. Only 2 of th ese hand in ju r ies, and an arm injury resu lted in ju ries resu lted in death. In one c a se , a fro m m achine o p era tio n s. P rin tin g m ach in es clea n er craw led under a cutting and cr e a sin g accounted for 6 of the 18 in ju r ies. In four p r e ss to clean the flo o r. W hile he w as c a se s (two fin g ers, a hand, and an arm engaged in this w ork, the op erator, not injury) the w orkm en w ere caught in the knowing the clea n er w as under the m ach in e, r o lls of m ach in es; in the fifth (a fin ger sta rted the p r e s s . The travelin g bed of the injury) the em p loyee w as caught b etw een a b elt and a p ulley; and in the sixth c a se a p r e ss cru sh ed the cle a n e r , k illin g him . In the secon d fatal accid en t, a b aler p rojectin g se t screw on the m otor shaft op erator w as k illed when the top platen of caught a ring on a w orkm an’s fin g er. C ircu la r saw s la cera ted the fin g ers of th ree the b a ler fe ll on h im . w orkm en and the cutting d ies or k n ives of a slitte r , a corn er cu tter, and a die p r e ss Perm anent-Partial D isabilities accounted for two m ore fin ger in ju ries and The 80 p erm an en t-p artial d isa b ilitie s a hand injury. B elts on a b o x -co v erin g included 51 am putations and 29 cu ts, fr a c m ach in e, a folding and gluing m ach in e, and tu r e s, b r u ise s, and stra in s w hich resu lted a corrugator w ere resp o n sib le for a hand in the perm anent lo s s of u se of a body part and two fin ger in ju r ies. Two m ore fin ger or function. A ll but one of the am putations in ju ries w ere a scrib ed to the w ooden plunger in volved fin g ers or thum bs. In that c a se , a of a quad m achine and the b lock of a w rapping w orkm an lo st two m in or toes when h is foot m ach ine. The other fin ger injury in this w as caught betw een an elev ator cage and a group occu rred when a w orkm an w as caught betw een the strip p er arm and the fram e of a floor* E ight w orkm en lo st two or m ore fin g e r s. m ach ine. Handling op eration s w ere resp o n sib le for In two c a se s the accid en ts occu rred as w orkm en w ere adjusting m oving m a ch in es. a back, a le g , and two fin ger in ju r ies. One One involved a s litte r operator who had w orkm an su ffered a h ern iated d isc when he four fin g ers am putated when h is hand w as attem pted to lift a co il of w ire. The secon d caught betw een a b elt and a p u lley. The accid en t o ccu rred as a m aintenance crew oth er, a lam inating m achine op erator, lo st w as rem ovin g a gear from a d ie-cu ttin g two fin g e r s. F u ll d eta ils of h is accid ent m ach ine. When the w orkm en dropped the are not availab le but the injury resu lted gea r, it stru ck a slitte r o p era to r, fractu rin g when h is w rench slip p ed from a nut. F iv e h is le g . A nother m aintenance accid en t o c w ork ers each lo s t two fin g ers w h ile o p er cu rred during the m oving of a p r e s s . In ating m a ch in es. Two co rn er-cu ttin g m a this c a s e , a m ain ten an ce m an w as hurt ch in es, a band saw , a circu la r saw w ith a when an 8 -in ch by 8 -in ch plank dropped on dado blade, and a p artition slo tte r w ere h is fin g er. In the other accid en t of this involved in those a ccid en ts. M aintenance group, a tin -p r e ss op erator la cera ted h is w ork a lso accounted for a tw o-fin ger c a se . fin ger on a sh eet of tin p late as he w as in ju ry-freq u en cy rate of 1.7 com pared favorably w ith the ra tes for sim ila r a c tiv itie s in other in d u stries recen tly su rveyed by the B ureau of Labor S ta tistic s. In the cla y -co n stru ctio n p roducts in d u stry, for exam p le, the frequ en cy rate for c le r ic a l and ad m in istrative w ork in 1948 w as 3.0, and in the fe r tiliz e r industry the rate for sim ila r w ork w as 2.8 in 1946. In the pulp and paper in d u stry, su rveyed in 1948, the c le r ic a l and ad m in istrative rate w as so m e what lo w er, 1.4. 14 p lacin g it in the m ach ine. Infection d e v e l oped and the perm anent d isa b ility resu lted . Two perm anent foot in ju r ies, a hand, an arm , and a back injury resu lted from fa lls. Two of th ese (an arm and a foot injury) w ere fa lls on ste p s. In one in stan ce, the step s led to the w orking p latform of a p rinting m achine. The secon d foot injury w as due to a fa ll from a ladder and the back injury resu lted from a fa ll off a scaffold . The hand injury o ccu rred when a w orkm an who w as rep lacin g a tag on a r o ll of paper, fe ll from the second tier of 50 -in ch r o lls of paper. F allin g ob jects w ere resp o n sib le for the rem ain in g two lo s s -o f- u s e in ju r ies. In one c a se , a ro ll of paper fe ll on a m oisten in g m achine op erator, in flictin g a perm anent fin ger injury. The second injury affected a le g . In that accid en t, a p rin tin g -p r e ss operator w as injured when a secon d w ork m an pushed a cylin d er head from the p rin ter. stra in s in d ica tes that there is a great need for m ore training in the safe m ethods of handling and liftin g ob jects and m a te r ia ls. Many of the sp rained w rists w ere a lso due to liftin g op eration s, w h ereas sprained ankles w ere p rin cip a lly the resu lt of m is step s by w o rk ers. M ore than h alf the cuts and la cera tio n s w ere fin ger or thumb in ju ries and another fifth involved hands. M ore ex ten siv e u se of glov es m ight have p reven ted m any of th ese in ju ries, but th eir u se is n e c e ssa r ily lim ited by the fact that m uch of the work is on m oving m ach inery w here g lov es would c r e ate an additional hazard. M ost of the fra ctu res a lso occu rred during m anual handling a c tiv itie s. O ver h alf of th ese in ju ries involved feet or toes; m ost of the la tter could have been prevented by the u se of ste e l-to e d safety sh o es. About a fourth of the fra ctu res w ere fin ger or thumb in ju ries. ACCIDENT ANALYSIS Tem porary-Total D isabilities A ccid ent rep o rts frequently do not show the sp ecific reaso n for the o ccu rren ce of the p articu lar even ts culm inating in an injury. In m o st in sta n ces, the only availab le in fo r m ation co m es from the injured p erson h im self, or from w itn e sse s p resen t at the tim e who m ay lack eith er the sk ill or the opportunity to in v estig ate the event fully to d eterm in e the actual accid ent ca u se. In the a n a ly sis of a la rg e num ber of accid ent rep o rts, th erefo re, it is com m on to find a la rg e proportion d eficien t in the one item m ost im portant to the safety en gin eer. D esp ite th ese lim ita tio n s, h ow ever, the an alyst can draw m uch u sefu l inform ation from even the m ost sketchy accid ent d e scrip tion . The d escrip tio n of an accid en t invariably tends to follow the norm al line of thinking on the part of an in terested p erson who h ears that a frien d or acquaintance has been injured. The fir s t thought is of the injury its e lf. W as it a burn, a cut, a b ru ise, a strain , or som eth in g e ls e ? Then, what produced the injury and how did it happen? T hese are a ll d escrip tiv e fa cts w hich u su ally are read ily apparent to the w itn e sse s. T h erefore, they loom la rge in the accounts of the even ts. The m ore an alytical q uestion, “ Why did it h ap p en ?” n orm ally a r ise s only after the d e sir e for d escrip tiv e inform ation has been sa tisfied . It frequ en tly goes un an sw ered , eith er b ecau se of p reoccupation N early 32 p ercen t of the tem p orarytotal d isa b ilitie s w ere b r u ise s or contu sio n s. A nother 29 p ercen t w ere stra in s or sp rain s and 21 p ercen t w ere cu ts or la c e r a tion s. F ra ctu res ranked next in frequency, accounting for 11 p ercen t of the total, and h ern ias and foreig n b od ies in e y e s each am ounted to 2 p ercen t of the total. In gen era l, h ern ias and fra ctu res w ere the m ost se v e r e tem p o ra ry -to ta l d isa b ili tie s , averagin g, r e sp e c tiv e ly , 50 and 25 days of lo st tim e p er c a se . Only 7 c a se s of occupational d ise a se w ere reported am ong the 1,423 tem p o rary -total d isa b ilitie s, but the average tim e lo s s for th ese c a s e s , 22 d ays, w as com p aratively high. Strains and sp rain s averaged 15 days per injury and burns and sca ld s 14 d ays. M iscella n eou s foreign b odies (eye in ju ries) w ere the le a st se v e r e of all tem p o ra ry -to ta l d isa b ilitie s, averagin g 3 days per injury. N early th ree-fo u rth s of the b r u ises and con tu sion s affected the lim b s of the body. F e e t, le g s , and fin g ers w ere m o st frequently injured. H andling op eration s w ere resp o n sib le for m ost of th ese in ju ries w hich occu rred when ob jects w ere dropped. Strains and sp rain s w ere m o stly trunk in ju ries; back in ju ries predom inated. Ankle and w rist in ju ries w ere frequent, h ow ever. R eflectin g the am ount of m anual handling w ork in the industry, the num ber of back 15 w ith the d escrip tiv e fa c to r s, or b ecau se the an sw er m ay not be read ily apparent. The d irect approach in accid ent a n a ly sis, th erefo re, is to draw from the reco rd s the va rio u s elem en ts of inform ation in the ord er in w hich they are u su ally reco rd ed . Standing alon e, th ese elem en ts m ay have lim ited va lu e, but when rela ted to each other they can do m uch to in d icate the a c c id e n t-p r e vention a c tiv itie s w hich m ay be n eeded. The d eterm in ation of the ob jects or su b stan ces m o st com m only producing in ju r ie s , coupled w ith inform ation on how they produced the in ju r ie s, co n stitu tes the fir st step toward an understanding of the accid en t p rob lem . or from hands of w orkm en. A s a resu lt, b ru ised hands, fin g e r s, le g s, feet, and toes w ere frequent. Many cuts and la cera ted fin g ers resu lted from w orkm en rubbing ag ain st the ed ges of som e of the m a te r ia ls. V eh icles w ere the third m o st im portant agency of injury. T hese w ere predom inantly hand tru ck s. Of th ese in ju ries, tw o-th ird s w ere exp erien ced by w orkm en who w ere caught betw een v e h ic le s and other ob jects or w ere stru ck by m oving v e h ic le s. The r e su lts, g en era lly , w ere b ru ised or fr a c tured le g s , fe e t, or to es. O verexertion accid en ts in w hich w orkm en strain ed th em se lv e s as they attem pted to m ove h eavily loaded hand truck s w ere a lso quite com m on. M ost of th ese w ere back in ju ries although in ju ries to the abdom en w ere not infrequent. Only sligh tly le s s com m on w ere in ju ries resu ltin g from w o rk ers bum ping into or again st station ary v e h ic le s. C ontact with w orking su rfa ces accounted for about 9 p ercen t of the d isab lin g in ju ries. About h alf of th ese occu rred when em p lo yees slipp ed or stum bled and fe ll on the su rfa ces on w hich they w ere w orking. Only sligh tly le s s com m on w ere accid en ts in w hich w ork m en fe ll from elev a tio n s. B r u ise s, contu sio n s, str a in s, and sp rain s w ere the m ost com m on, but fr a c tu r e s, the g en era lly m ore sev ere in ju ries, w ere a lso quite frequent. On an av erag e, 1 of ev ery 6 rep orted fra ctu res w as attributed to contact with a working su rfa ce. About 6 p ercen t of the d isab lin g in ju ries in the industry w ere in flicted by skids; fallin g skids accounted for n early h alf of th ese in ju r ies. In m o st in sta n ces, the sk id s fe ll from the hands of w o rk ers, but im p rop erly p laced sk id s frequ en tly toppled ov er, strik in g w orkm en. B ru ised feet, to e s, and le g s w ere, th erefo re, com m on. Strains due to ov erex ertio n in liftin g skids w ere second in im p ortan ce in this group of a ccid en ts. About 6 p ercen t of the d isab lin g in ju ries resu lted d irectly from strain in g m ovem en ts of the injured w orkm en rather than from contact with p h y sica l ob jects or su b sta n ces. In p ra ctica lly a ll of th ese in sta n ces, the w orker slipped or stum bled and strain ed h im se lf w hile he w as trying to regain h is b alan ce. About two of every three in ju ries in this group in volved a foot or a leg . M ost of the* oth ers w ere stra in s of the back or abdom en. M etal shafts and r o lls w ere resp o n sib le for about 4 p ercen t of a ll in ju ries. M ore A gencies of Injury M ach in es, the m o st frequent agency of in jury, in flicted n early a fourth of all in ju ries in p ap erb oard -con tain er p lants (ap pendix, tab les 9, 10, and 11). Many d ifferen t kinds of m ach in es w ere involved in th ese a ccid en ts, the m o st com m on being printing p r e sse s ; c r e a se r s and cu tters; saw s; and gluing, stayin g, stitch in g , w rapping, and taping m ach in es. Two types of accid en ts accounted for n ea rly all th ese in ju r ies. The m o st com m on w as that of w orkm en being caught in the m oving p arts of equipm ent. Although g e a r s, p u lley s, and b elts w ere involved in m any of th ese a ccid en ts, m ost of them resu lted from w orkm en being caught in the p o in ts-o f-o p era tio n . The second m ost com m on type of accid ent involving m ach in es w as that of w orkm en bum ping into or strik in g against equipm ent as they w ere w orking or m oving about the w orking a rea . N ea rly th ree-fo u rth s of the resu ltin g in ju r ie s w ere cu ts, la c e r a tio n s, b r u ise s, or con tu sion s; fin g e r s, hands, and arm s w ere m o st frequently injured. It is notew orthy that m ach ines accounted for 48 of the 51 reported am putations and ov er a fifth of the fr a c tu r e s. M ost of th ese m ore serio u s in ju ries occu rred when the w ork er w as caught in m oving p arts of m a ch in es. P ap er products ranked second as an agency of injury, producing 18 p ercen t of all d isab lin g in ju r ie s. About tw o-th ird s of th ese w ere stra in s from liftin g heavy carton s and ro lls of p ap er. In addition, 13 of the 30 rep orted h ern ias resu lted from handling paper p rod u cts. Many of the in ju ries a ttrib uted to paper p roducts occu rred when w ork m en w ere stru ck by paper carton s or r o lls of paper w hich fe ll from p ile s of m a te r ia ls 16 CHART 3. MAJOR AGENCIES OF INJURY IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY PERCENT 10 20 30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ T------------------------------ f ; 2 4 .0 gs?;'w Machines — 1 8 .3 Paper products 1 0 .7 Vehicles Skids 5 .7 Body Motions 4 .1 Sh a fts, rolls 3 .1 Hand tools 2 .9 Metal parts Other UNITID STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 17 than half the in ju ries in this group w ere b ru ised or fractu red to e s, fe e t, fin g ers, or hands. M ost of th e se in ju ries resu lted from shafts or r o lls being dropped during h an dling o p era tio n s. In a few in sta n ces w ork ers strain ed th e m se lv e s w hile liftin g heavyshafts or through faulty handling of them . Am ong the le s s com m on a g en cies of injury w ere hand to o ls, m eta l p arts, and foreign b od ies (in e y e s). H and-tool in ju ries w ere p rin cip a lly cuts or b ru ises to hands, fin g ers, a r m s, and le g s . In m o st of th ese accid en ts the w orkm an stru ck h im se lf with his tool or dropped the tool on h is foot or to e s. The foreig n b o d ies, w hich in flicted eye in ju ries, w ere p rim a rily sm a ll p a r tic le s, eith er airborne or thrown from the point of operation of som e m achine or hand tool. The m eta l parts w ere m o stly m achine p a r ts. Many of the resu ltin g in ju ries occu rred when the parts fe ll from m ach in es or from other equipm ent. O ther in ju ries in this group included stra in s from liftin g heavy m etal parts and b r u ise s or cuts from bum ping again st the p arts. Accident Types M ore than 80 p ercen t of a ll the record ed accid en ts fe ll into four gen eral c a te g o r ie s. T h ese w ere accid en ts in w hich w orkm en w ere caught in, on, or betw een m oving ob jects; w ere stru ck by m oving ob jects; stru ck again st or bum ped into ob jects; or strain ed th em selv es w hile handling m a te r ia ls or equipm ent (appendix, tab les 1115), R eflectin g the wide u se of m ach in es in the m anufacture of paperboard con tain ers, a sixth of a ll the disab lin g in ju ries resu lted from w orkm en being caught in the m oving parts of pow ered equipm ent. T h ese accid en ts tended to produce se v e r e in ju ries - -n ea rly a fourth w ere death or perm anent d isa b ility c a s e s . One of every 6 in ju ries in the group w as an am putation and 1 of ev ery 8 w as a fra ctu re. M ost of th ese accid en ts occu rred as w orkm en w ere feeding stock into m ach in es and m o st of the in ju ries w ere to hands or fin g e r s. In over tw o-th ird s of the c a s e s the accid ent occu rred at the point of operation of the m ach ine. T h ere w e r e , h ow ever, m any a c cidents in w hich the w ork ers w ere caught in g e a r s, p u lley s, and b e lts. The setup-box plants had a v ery high proportion of accid ents of th is ty p e. In that group of p la n ts, 30 p ercen t of a ll in ju ries w ere due to em p lo yees being caught in m oving equip m en t. In con trast, only 15 p ercen t of the accid en ts in corru g ated -b ox plants and 14 p ercen t in fold ed -b ox plants w ere so c la s sified . Although sta tistic a l v erifica tio n is lack in g, it appears that the predom inance of th ese accid en ts in setup box plants is due to two factors: F ir s t, p rop ortion ately m ore w ork in setup—box plants is m ach ine work; and secon d , m any of the m ach in es are hand-fed and guarded. N ext in im portance in the caught in, on, or betw een group of accid en ts w ere th o se in w hich w orkm en w ere caught and pinched or cru sh ed by rollin g or fallin g o b jects. In con trast to the accid en ts in volvin g m oving parts of equipm ent, n early a ll the resu ltin g in ju ries w ere only tem p o ra rily d isab lin g. V eh icles con stituted the m o st im portant agency of injury in th is group. In m o st in sta n ces, the w o rk er’s toe or foot w as caught b etw een the v eh icle and another ob ject. H ow ever, fin gers and hands w ere frequently injured when they w ere cru sh ed b etw een the handles of v e h ic le s and w alls or other ob jects. B r u ise s and fra ctu res w ere the m o st' com m on v a r ie tie s of in ju ries . In n early a fourth of a ll a ccid en ts, w ork m en w ere stru ck by m oving o b je c ts. F allin g ob jects w ere m o st frequ en tly in volved in th ese a ccid en ts, and n early h alf of the fallin g ob jects originated in m anual handling op era tion s. M ost com m on ly, th ese w ere in sta n ces in w hich w orkm en dropped sk id s, m etal sh a fts, hand tr u c k s, paper p rod u cts, hand tools and other ob jects on th eir feet or to e s. About a fifth of the fallin g ob jects fe ll from m ach in es - -m eta l shafts being liste d m o st frequently as the fallin g ob jects in this group. M aterial fallin g from p ile s a lso produced num erous in ju r ies. M ost com m on ly, th ese fallin g ob jects w ere bundles of paper boxes or ca rto n s. The in ju ries produced by fallin g ob jects w ere p rim a rily b ru ises or fra ctu res to to es or feet. P rop o rtio n ately, fold ed -b ox plants and corru gated -b ox plants rep orted n ea rly tw ice as m any “ struck by fallin g o b je c ts” accid en ts as the setup-box p lan ts. F ly in g or thrown o b jects, m o stly sm a ll p a r tic le s, w ere resp o n sib le for the secon d la r g e st group of “ stru ck b y” a ccid en ts. In m o st in sta n ces th ese accid en ts produced only m in or eye in ju r ies. P rop o rtio n ately, accid en ts of th is v a riety w ere m ore com m on in corru g ated -b ox 18 kind than sm a ll p lan ts. P art of this d iffe r ence can be explained by the fact that corru gated -b ox plants a re, on an average, la rg er than fo ld ed -a n d setu p -b ox p lants. T h erefo re, the exp erien ce of the la rge plants would be w eighted h ea v ily by that of the corru gated -b ox plants with th eir silic a te -p a r tic le hazard. N e v e r th e le ss, the d isp arity held even for the plants m anu plants than in eith er fold in g -o r setu p -b ox p lan ts. S ilica te u sed in the corrugating operation w as p rim a rily resp o n sib le for this circu m sta n ce. S m all p ie c e s of this a d h esiv e, w hich b ecom es hard and b rittle when dry, are frequently thrown off during the fab ricatin g of the corrugated board into b o x es. It w as a lso ob serv ed that la rge plants had r e la tiv e ly m ore accid en ts of this 260182 0 - 53 - 4 19 m en w ere injured w hile pushing or pulling equipm ent such as hand tru ck s. H ere, too, strain ed backs w ere com m on. R ep etitive m ovem en ts req u ired in o p era tions such as strip pin g a lso contributed to m any stra in s or sp ra in s. H ow ever, in con trast to other o v erex ertio n accid en ts, arm s and hands w ere m o st frequently injured in th ese op eration s. About a seven th of the accid en ts w ere c a se s of strik in g against or bum ping into o b jects. M ach in es, p aper, v e h ic le s, and skids w ere in volved in ap p roxim ately tw othird s of th ese a c c id e n ts. C u ts, la c e r a tio n s, b r u ise s, and con tu sion s w ere com m on, w ith fin g ers, hands, feet, and leg s m o st fr e quently injured. In m any c a s e s , the w orkm en rubbed objects w hich they w ere handling or w alked into equipm ent as they w ere m oving about the w orking area; but, in m ost in sta n ces, they m er e ly bum ped the m ach in es or other equipm ent w ith w hich they w ere w orking. About h alf of the rubbing c a se s involved paper and half of the “ w alking in to” accid en ts involved sk id s. F a lls and near fa lls w ere only slig h tly le s s frequent than “ strik in g a g a in st” a c cid en ts. F a lls accounted for about tw othirds of this group, with fa lls on 1 le v e l outnum bering fa lls to low er le v e ls by 3 to 2. H ow ever, the la tter g en era lly produced the m ore se v e r e in ju r ies. About 1 of every 12 fa lls to a low er le v e l produced a p e r m anent d isa b ility . In con trast, none of the rep orted fa lls on the sam e le v e l resu lted in perm anent injury. P ile s of m a te r ia ls, p la t fo rm s, ram p s, and m otor truck s w ere the m o st com m on points from w hich people fe ll to low er le v e ls . F a lls on the sam e le v e l w ere m o stly to flo o rs or on sta ir w a y s. B ru ised or fractu red le g s, feet, and arm s and stra in ed backs w ere the m o st frequent in ju r ie s. The near fa lls w ere p rin cip a lly slip s on floo rs and sta ir s and trip s or stu m b les over ob jects lying on those su r fa c e s. In m any in sta n ces, poor h ousekeeping w as a con tributing factor to the occu rren ce of the accid en t. G en erally, in th ese accid en ts, the w orkm an v io len tly w renched h is body as he attem pted to regain h is b alan ce. As a resu lt, strain ed or sp rain ed feet, le g s, and backs w ere the m o st com m on in ju r ies. facturing corru gated b oxes e x c lu siv e ly . In corru gated -b ox plants em ploying few er than 100 w orkm en, only 2 p ercen t of the accid en ts in volved flyin g or thrown o b jects. On the other hand, this type of accid en t accounted for n early 6 p ercen t of the accid en ts in plants averagin g 100 to 249 w ork ers and 4 p ercen t in plants em ploying m ore than 250 w orkm en. Although the explanation for th is d ifferen ce has not been d efin itely esta b lish ed , it appears that it m ay be due to b etter con trol of other kinds of a ccid en ts in the la r g e r p lants. A tendency to con cen trate sa fety a c tiv itie s on the elim in atio n of m achine and m ateria l-h a n d lin g h azard s, which produce m ore serio u s in ju r ie s, would give the fly in g -p a r tic le c a se s g rea ter im portance in the total volum e of a c c id e n ts. In any even t, it is evid ent that m ore gen era l u se of goggles is d e sir a b le , p articu la rly in corru g ated -b ox p lan ts. A ccid ents in w hich w ork ers w ere stru ck by h an d -op erated equipm ent or handw ield ed ob jects w ere a lso quite nu m erou s. W orkm en using hand to o ls frequently m is judged th eir sw in gs and stru ck th e m se lv e s or fello w w o rk ers. S im ila rly , er r o r s in judgm ent in m oving hand trucks contributed to m any “ stru ck b y“ a ccid en ts. Another group of accid en ts included in this gen era l category w ere th o se in which w orkm en w ere stru ck by paper or its products when th ose products w ere h a stily w ithdraw n from m a ch in es. In th ose accid en ts sharp edges of paper in flicted cuts or la cera tio n s to eyes or fin g e r s. O verexertion accid en ts accounted for ap p roxim ately 1 of ev ery 5 in ju ries in the in d u stry. H ow ever, only 1 of the 285 a c cid en ts in this group resu lted in serio u s d isab ility. In that in sta n ce, a w orkm an su ffered a perm anent back injury w hile un loading a c o il of w ire from a railroad ca r. M ore than tw o-th ird s of the ov erex ertio n accid en ts o ccu rred w hile em p lo yees w ere liftin g m a te r ia ls or equipm ent. F req u ently, that liftin g w as in cid en tal to the operation of a m a c h in e --i. e ., feeding or rem oving sto ck . P ap er and paperboard in som e form w ere, th erefo re, involved in a m ajority of th ese c a s e s . As m ight be exp ected , “ liftin g ” accid en ts w ere m o st com m on in the sm a lle r plants w here m ech an ical-h an d lin g equipm ent is not w id ely u sed . The in ju ries m o st com m only resu ltin g from th e se accid en ts w ere b a ck stra in s. Second in im portance in the o v erex ertio n group w ere th ose accid en ts in w hich w ork ACCIDENT CAUSES M odern accid en t an a ly sis is b ased upon two p rem ises: F ir s t, that th ere is an 20 are not n e c e ssa r ily e x c lu siv e . In other w ord s, the an a lysis proced u re w as not d irected tow ard the d eterm in ation of a sin gle m ajor cau se of each accid en t. T his d eterm in ation would in volve an e x e r c ise of an alytical judgm ent seld om p o ssib le from the av ailab le fa cts. On the con trary, an effort w as m ade to d eterm in e independently for each accid ent w hether th ere w as a hazardous condition w hich contributed d irectly to the o ccu rren ce, and w hether the event could be d irectly a sso c ia te d w ith an unsafe act. B eca u se m any of the rep orts w ere in adequate for the d eterm in ation of one or the other of th ese fa c to r s, it is im p o ssib le to draw any con clu sion as to w hether hazardous conditions or unsafe acts w ere the leading cau se of a ccid en ts. F or the accid en t p r e ven tio n ist, h ow ever, this is a lim ita tion of little con seq u en ce. F or h is p u rp o ses, the pattern of the sp e c ific factors w ithin each gen eral catego ry is of m ore im p ortan ce than the in terrela tio n sh ip betw een the m ajor groups of accid en t c a u se s. T his resu lts from the fact that h is approach to the elim in atio n of accid en t ca u ses in the two ca teg o ries n e c e ssa r ily m u st be d ifferen t. The co rrectio n of h azardous w orking conditions u su ally is en tirely w ithin the pow ers of m anagem ent and can be a cco m p lish ed by d irect action. The avoidance of unsafe a c ts, on the other hand, req u ires coop eration and understanding by both m anagem ent and w o rk ers. To ach ieve this understanding, m anagem ent m u st take the lead by providing safety -m in d ed su p ervision and by m aking su re that a ll w ork ers are acquainted w ith the hazards of th eir o p era tion s and are fa m ilia r w ith the m ean s of overcom in g them . id en tifiab le cau se for every accident; and, secon d , that when an accid en t cau se is known, it is u su ally p o ssib le to elim in ate or counteract it as the probable so u rce of future accid en ts of the sam e ch a ra cter. In m any in sta n ces a v a riety of circu m sta n ces contribute to the occu rren ce of an accid en t, and the co u rse accid ent p reven tion should take m ay seem confused b ecau se of the m u ltip licity of the p o ssib le avenues of action . It is com m only accep ted , h ow ever, that every accid en t m ay be tra ced to the ex isten ce of som e hazardous w orking con dition, to the co m m issio n of an unsafe act by som e individual, or to a com bination of th ese accid ent-prod ucin g fa c to r s. The so le purpose of accid ent a n a ly sis, as applied to la rg e groups of c a s e s , is to d eterm in e what sp e c ific factors w ithin each of th ese two ca teg o ries of accid en t cau ses are m o st frequently in volved in the o c c u r ren ce of accid en ts. With this know ledge availab le, it is then p o ssib le to plan a safety program concentrating upon the elim in ation of th ese sp ecific accid en t factors with assu ra n ce that s u c c e s s in this ob jective should lead quickly to a su b stan tial reduction in the volum e of in ju r ie s. It m u st be reco gn ized , h ow ever, that a c cident an a ly sis has definite lim ita tio n s. At b est it can furn ish clu es only as to the d irectio n s in w hich a ccid en t-p rev en tion a c tiv itie s can m o st e ffectiv ely be pointed. What th ose a c tiv itie s should be and how they are to be ca rried out m u st be d e te r m ined by the individual in con trol of each safety program after h is gen era l ob jectives have been indicated through accid ent a n a ly sis. It m u st a lso be reco gn ized that accident a n a ly sis cannot go beyond the rep orted fa c ts. In other w o r d s, the accu racy of any an a lysis is w holly dependent upon the accu racy and co m p leten ess of the origin a l accid en t re p o r ts. In this r e sp e c t, it has been co n sisten tly apparent in the B u reau ’s su rveys that the in adeq u acies of reporting se r io u sly lim it the p o ssib ilitie s of effectiv e a n a ly sis. The lim ita tion s are not grea t in broad stu d ies of this type, w hich bring a su fficien t volum e of adequate rep orts into con sid eration to support an a n a ly sis. The sh ortcom in gs are sp e c ific a lly at the c o m pany or estab lish m en t le v e l w here the m o st effective a n a ly sis can be p erform ed only when the n e c e ssa r y facts are av ailab le. In in terp retin g the findings rela tin g to hazardous conditions and unsafe a c ts, it is e sse n tia l to reco gn ize that th ese two factors Hazardous Working Conditions T h ree gen eral groups of hazardous w o rk ing conditions accounted for n early 85 p ercen t of a ll accid en ts in the industry: hazardous w orking p ro ced u res, 35 p ercent; inadequately guarded a g e n c ie s, 31 percent; and d efects of a g e n c ie s, 19 p ercen t. Two other grou p s, hazardous arran gem en ts and poor h ou sek eep in g, cau sed an additional 10 p ercen t (appendix, tab les 16-18). H azardous W orking P r o c e d u r e s.- -R e la tiv ely few of the plants participating in the su rvey had fully m ech an ized th eir m a te r ia l handling op era tion s. This circu m sta n ce w as 21 CHART 5. MAJOR TYPES OF HAZARDOUS WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY PERCENT 0 10 20 30 35 U N I T E D S TAT ES DE PA R TME N T OF LABOR B UR E AU OF LABOR S TAT I ST IC S resp o n sib le for a la rg e p roportion of the rep orted a ccid en ts. S train s from o v e r exertio n in m oving r o lls of p ap er, b o x es, carton s, loaded hand tru ck s, sk id s, and heavy sh afts w ere com m on. S im ila rly th ere w ere m any foot in ju ries in flicted by objects w hich w ere dropped in m anual handling o p era tio n s. H and-feeding and m anual off-b ea rin g at the m ach in es w ere a lso resp o n sib le for a su b stan tial volu m e of o v erex ertio n a c c i d en ts. In off-b earin g m o st of th ese w ere c a se s of o v erliftin g . In feed in g, h ow ever, m any of the in ju ries could be tra ced to the rep etitiv e m otions or to the tw istin g and turning of the body n e c e ssa r y in m oving the stock into the m a ch in es. M anual shafting of r o lls of paper for the 22 ditions w ere sp e c ific a lly indicated as r e su ltin g from inadequate guarding. A sim ila r com p arison based upon plant s iz e indicated that inadequate guarding accounts for a su b stan tially higher proportion of accid ents in sm a ll plants than in the la rge e sta b lish m en ts. Inadequate guarding con stitu ted 37 p ercen t of a ll hazardous conditions record ed in the plants having few er than 100 em p lo y ees, 30 p ercen t in th ose w ith 100 to 249 em p lo y ees, and 28 p ercen t in those with 250 or m ore em p lo y ees. D efects of A g e n c ie s. - -T he d efectiv e ag en cies m o st com m only encountered in the p ap erb oard -container industry w ere slip p ery and uneven flo o r s. T h ese slipp ing and tripping hazards constituted prim a facie evid en ce of inadequate attention to h ousekeeping and m aintenance in m any p la n ts. Inadequate m aintenance a lso was evident in the con sid era b le num ber of accid en ts ch argeab le to d efectiv e hand truck s and m ach in es. W orn and rough handles on hand trucks w ere resp on sib le for m any punctured fin gers and hands. In som e in sta n ces lo o se handles or other dam aged parts of hand trucks fe ll off and stru ck the op era to r’s feet. S im ila rly , th ere w ere a num ber of in stan ces in w hich m achine op erators w ere cut by contacting rough or sharp edges of w orn m achine parts or w ere stru ck by m achine parts w hich cam e lo o se and fe ll b ecau se of w ear on th eir su p p orts. Im proper con stru ction w as the b asic reaso n for the failu re of som e d efective p latform s and sca ffo ld s. M ore com m only, h ow ever, the p rim ary fault w as inadequate d esign for the purpose u sed . F au lty d esign w as a lso d irectly resp o n sib le for m any m achine a ccid en ts. On m any m ach in es the lu b rication and adjustm ent points w ere so located as to in vite or req u ire exp osure to m oving p arts in the p erform an ce of th ese e sse n tia l ta sk s. In other in sta n ces, the point of op eration w as so located that the operator had to stre tch or tw ist h is body to operate h is m ach in e. S im ila rly , the in clu sio n of braking equipm ent in the d esig n of in d u strial trucks m ight have avoided the accid en ts in which unattended hand truck s rolled from th eir parking sp a ces and stru ck p erson s w orking nearby. corrugatin g m ach ines w as the sou rce of m any accid en ts producing in ju ries to hands and feet. As th ese shafts are quite heavy and are d ifficu lt to handle, it w as not unusual for the w orkm en to drop them on th eir to es or to have th eir fin g ers pinched as they w ere placing the shafts in p osition . P lants w hich had adopted m ech an ica l sh aft ing p roced u res rep orted v ery few accid ents from this operation. C ongested w orking area s and inadequate p rov isio n for plant traffic w ere resp o n sib le for a v a riety of accid en ts, p articu la rly in the older plants w here operations had grown without a corresp on d in g expansion of the p r e m ise s. M any of the accid en ts resu ltin g from th ese conditions w ere sim p le c a se s of bumping into o b stru ctio n s. O th ers, gen erally producing m ore serio u s in ju r ie s, co n sisted of w ork ers being caught and pinched or cru sh ed betw een m oving v e h ic le s and fixed o b je c ts. Inadequately G uarded A gen cies .- -A c c idents attributable to inadequate guarding of hazard points on equipm ent c h a r a c ter istic a lly tend to produce in ju ries of grea ter than average s e v e r ity . The elim in ation of such so u r c e s of a c c id e n ts, th erefo re, should be a p rim ary ob jective in any safety p ro gram . Support for this w idely accepted gen era lity is evident in the fact that 1 of the 2 fa ta lities and 66 of the 78 perm anent d isa b ilitie s reported in this sectio n of the p ap erb oard -con tain er-in d u stry su rvey r e su lted from inadequate guarding. About 60 p ercen t of the accid en ts ch a rg e able to inadequate guarding w ere “ point of op eration a c c id e n ts.” M ost of th ese w ere c a se s in w hich the o p era to r’s hands w ere stru ck , caught, or cru sh ed by m oving m a chine p a r ts . Another 14 p ercen t of the accid en ts in this group co n siste d of con tacts w ith un cov ered g e a r s, p u lley s, or other pow er tra n sm issio n equipm ent. M ost of th ese accid en ts o ccu rred in the co u rse of regu lar op eration s and the injured p erson s w ere gen era lly the regu lar operators of the m ach in es in volved . The rem ain d er of the group co n sisted p rin cip ally of fa lls from scaffo ld s or elevated p latform s on w hich no guard rails had been provided. Inadequate guarding w as a p articu la rly prom inent sou rce of accid en ts in the setup box p lan ts. In th ese plants 45 p ercen t of all accid en ts attributed to hazardous con H azardous A rran gem en ts. - -Im p roperly p laced ob jects con stituted the predom inant hazard in this group of a ccid en ts. M ost 23 w orker had no ch oice but to u se the unguarded m ach in e. On the other hand, the operation of a m ach ine from w hich the guard had been rem oved w as c la ssifie d as an unsafe act b ecau se the altern ative safe p roced u re would have been the rep lacem en t of the guard b efore operating the m ach ine. The d efin ition does not im p ly, h ow ever, that the w orker who com m itted the unsafe act w as aw are of the altern a tiv e safe p ro cedure nor that h is act w as the resu lt of a con sid ered ch oice betw een the a lte r n a tiv e s. F rom the an a ly sis of the individual a c c i d en ts, it is apparent that, in m any c a s e s , the w orker knew the safe p roced u re but co n scio u sly decid ed not to follow it. In other c a s e s , the in dividual acted u n safely sim p ly b ecau se he did not know the safe m ethod. T here a re, th erefo re, two step s in any sa fety program w hich are esse n tia l to the reduction of unsafe a cts, nam ely, education and en forcem en t. A ll w orkm en should be carefu lly in stru cted in the safe m ethods of p erform in g th eir duties andthey should be taught to reco g n ize hazards involved in deviations from the safe p ro ced u res. M anagem ent then should provide adequate su p erv isio n to a ssu r e that the safe p roced u res are follow ed. Two gen era l typ es of unsafe acts p r e dom inated. The unsafe u se of equipm ent, or the u se of hands in stead of equipm ent, contributed to 34 p ercen t of a ll the accid en ts analyzed, and taking unsafe p osition s or p ostu res to 33 p ercen t. Inattention to s u r roundings and unsafe loading, p lacin g, or m ixing w ere each resp on sib le for an addi tion al 8 p ercen t of the a ccid en ts, (appendix, tab les 19 and 20). U sing E quipm ent U nsafely, or U sing Hands Instead of E quipm ent.--M o st of the accid en ts in this group resu lted from im proper handling of m a teria ls and equipm ent, p rim a rily w hile feedin g m a teria ls into m a ch in es. The m o st com m on fault was that of grasp in g the m a teria ls in a way w hich resu lted in the fin g ers being caught betw een the m a teria l and the m ach in e. A som ew hat sim ila r fa u lt--fa ilu r e to take or m aintain a good grip on ob jects being lifted or ca r r ie d - w as resp o n sib le for a high p ercen tage of the foot and toe in ju r ies. O ther unsafe acts in this group included: the in co rrect u se of hand tru ck s, such as pulling hand tru ck s in stead of pushing them ; and a num ber of in sta n ces of u sing the hands in stead of the proper to o l, such as the com m only th ese w ere accid en ts in w hich ob jects such as sk id s, s te e l sh a fts, hand tru ck s, and m eta l m achine parts w ere p laced in in secu re p osition s from w hich they fe ll or ro lled and stru ck nearby w o rk ers. S im ila rly , p iled m a teria ls f r e quently fe ll on w ork ers b ecau se the sto rag e p iles had been im p rop erly con stru cted . P oor H o u sek eep in g.--S c r a p s of paper and other m a te r ia l lying on floo rs w as the sou rce of m any s lip s , stu m b les, and fa lls. The paper scra p s w ere often the refu se from m achine o p era tio n s. M achine o p era to rs w er e, th e r e fo r e , m o st frequently the v ictim s of this h azard . G en erally, this h ou sek eep in g condition w as m ore of a problem in the la rg er plants than in sm a ll o n es. In the sm a ll plants - -few er than 100 w ork ers - -on ly 2 p ercen t of the unsafe conditions fe ll into this c la ssific a tio n . P lants in the m id d le r a n g e --100 to 249 w o r k e r s- -a v era g ed 4 . 5 p ercen t and the la rg er p la n ts --250 em p loyees and o v e r averaged 6.1 p ercen t. M isc e lla n e o u s.- -G loves and goggles w ere the item s m o st frequently m issin g in a c cid en ts attributed to the lack of p erson al sa fety equipm ent. G loves would have elim in ated m any cuts resu ltin g from contact w ith sharp ed ges of p aper. The lack of go gg les w as m o st com m on in m achine o p era tio n s. The lack of ladders and scaffo ld s in som e operations cau sed a num ber of fa lls. Many m ach in es with elev ated w orking s u r fa ces or requiring lu b rication or ad ju st m en t at an elev atio n w ere not equipped with la d d ers, nor w ere ladders oth erw ise p ro vided. As a resu lt, w orkm en tried to reach th o se elevation s by clim bin g on m ach in es or other equipm ent. Unsafe Acts F or the purpose of th is a n a ly sis, an unsafe act w as defined as that “ violation of a com m only accep ted safe proced u re which o cca sio n ed or p erm itted the o ccu rren ce of the in jury-p rod ucin g a c c id e n t.” L itera lly , this d efin ition m ean s that no p erso n a l action sh a ll be d esign ated as unsafe u n less there is a reaso n ab le, le s s h azard ou s, a ltern a tiv e p roced u re. F or exam p le, the operation of a m ach ine for w hich no guard w as p r o vided w as c la s s ifie d as a hazardous co n dition and not as an unsafe act b ecau se the 24 CHART 6. MAJOR TYPES OF UNSAFE ACTS IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY PERCENT T20 10 “T “ 30 35 . * 3 3 .9 ; Using equipment unsafely or hands instead of equipment "a, G oR mT 3 2 .8 . —................................................................. Assuming unsafe positions or postures 8.2 Inattention to surroundings 8.1 Unsafe loading, placing, etc. 6.6 Failure to warn or secure 5 .6 Cleaning, adjusting, or oiling moving equipment 4 .8 Other UN I TE D S TA T ES D E P AR T ME N T OF LABOR BUREAU OF L ABOR S TA T I S T I C S operating m a ch in es, stepping to or from equipm ent, or m e r e ly w alking from one p lace to another in the plant. F req u en tly, poor h ou sek eep in g contributed to the occu rren ce of th ese a ccid en ts. In correct p ostu res in liftin g, im p roper p lacing of hands, exp osu re to fallin g or rollin g ob jects, and exp osure to m oving parts of equipm ent w ere am ong the le s s failu re to u se push stick s in operating pow er sa w s. A ssu m in g U nsafe P o sitio n s or P o s tu r e s .--N e a r ly half the accid en ts in this group w ere slip s or fa lls resu ltin g from w orkers* fa ilu re to ob serv e the o ft-rep eated w arning “ w atch your s te p .” T h ese a c c i dents u su ally o ccu rred w hile w orkm en w ere 25 frequent p ositio n or p osture faults of w ork m en. A ccid ents a scrib ed to in co rrect p o s tu res in liftin g included liftin g with a bent back and lifting from an awkward p ositio n . A ll of th ese accid ents resu lted in strain s from o v e r e x e r tio n .In m o st c a se s the ob jects being lifted w ere boxes or ca rto n s. The unsafe acts d esignated as im p roper placing of hands co n sisted p rim a rily of u n n ecessa rily exposing the hands to contact with g ea r s, p u lley s, b e lts, or other m oving m achine p a rts. In a con sid era b le num ber of th ese in sta n c e s, the w ork ers w ere caught by the b elts w hich convey stock through the m ach in es. E xposu re to m oving or fallin g objects gen era lly co n sisted of u n n ec essa rily standing or w alking in front of m oving hand trucks or of failin g to keep away from suspended r o lls or carton s of paper p rod ucts . Inattention to Surrou n d in gs. - -M ost of the accid en ts attributed to inattention on the part of the w orker w ere c a se s in which the injured p erson s bum ped into fixed ob jects or stru ck again st m a teria ls or equipm ent in the w ork p lace. G en erally, the resu ltin g in ju ries w ere re la tiv e ly m in or b ru ises or ab ra sion s produced by the con tact. In som e in sta n c e s, h ow ever, the w ork ers bum ped into piled m a te r ia ls, skids which had been turned up on ed ge, or ste e l shafts w hich w ere standing on end, and cau sed the ob jects to topple o v er. T h ese fallin g ob jects produced som e rather se v e r e in ju ries to feet and to e s. In other in stan ces w ork ers knocked to o ls or m achine parts off th eir w ork tab les onto th eir fe e t. Although it was obvious that greater attention would have avoided th ese a c c i d en ts, it w as a lso apparent that the b asic cau se in m any in stan ces w as con g estio n in the w ork p lace. The lack of fa c ilitie s for tem p orary sto rag e of m a teria ls and equip m ent, inadequate w orking a rea s , and narrow a is le s w ere a ll contributing fa c to r s. U nsafe Loading, P la cin g , M ixing, and C om bining.--T h e bulk of the un safe acts in this gen era l group w as of two v a r ie tie s . F ir s t in im p ortan ce w as the p ractice of individual w o rk ers of tryin g to lift or ca rry ob jects w hich w ere ob viou sly too heavy for one p erson to handle. M ost of th ese w ere in stan ces in which a ssista n c e w as read ily av ailab le, but for one rea so n or another the individual d ecid ed to undertake the lift alon e. The resu ltin g in ju r ies w ere p rim a rily back, leg , and arm str a in s. M ore ex ten siv e p rov isio n of m ech an ica l handling equipm ent m ight reduce the o ccu rren ce of th ese in sta n ces of poor judgm ent. The secon d v a riety of unsafe acts produced som ew hat few er, but frequ en tly m ore se r io u s, in ju r ies. T his w as the rather com m on p ra ctice of placing m a teria ls and p ieces of equipm ent in p reca rio u s p osition s from w hich they could fa ll. G en erally the hazard w as ob v io u s, but w as ign ored b ecau se it was not intended to lea ve the m a teria ls in such p osition s for any length of tim e. P rom inen t am ong th ese unsafe acts w as the p ra ctice of standing sk id s on edge and of standing shafts on end again st a w a ll. O ther U nsafe A c ts .--M o st m achine op erators are w ell aw are of the fact that oilin g and adjusting m ach in ery w hile the equipm ent is in m otion con stitu tes an in vitation for an accid en t to happen. M ost su p erv iso rs a lso know that this p ra ctice should not be condoned. N e v e r th e le ss, a c c i dents attributed to this un safe act w ere rather com m on, and a high p ercen tage of them resu lted in perm anent d isa b ility . S im ila rly , m o st w ork ers know that r e m ovab le m achine parts are lik ely to vib rate and fa ll when the m achine is sta rted u n less they are firm ly lock ed in p la ce. They a lso know that v e h ic le s parked on a grade and near m a teria ls p laced on a slopin g su rface frequ en tly w ill ro ll away when left w ithout proper b lockin g. The failu re to take such p recau tion s, h ow ever, w as resp o n sib le for a con sid era b le volum e of a ccid en ts. M ore often than not the p erso n who com m its an unsafe act is the one who su ffers the resu ltin g injury. In som e in sta n ces, h ow ever, the con seq u en ces of a p erso n ’s th ou gh tless action fa ll en tirely upon another p erson . A p articu la rly hazardous p ractice in the la tter group is that of sta rtin g m ach in es w ithout fir st m aking su re that all other w ork ers have b een w arned and a re in the c le a r . A ccid en ts ch argeab le to this fault w ere not com m on, but they occu rred frequently enough to in d icate that th is v a riety of unsafe act is rather w id esp read in the in d u stry. O ther unsafe p ra ctices reco rd ed in co n sid era b le num bers included running in the w ork p lace, operating in d u strial truck s at e x c e ssiv e sp eed , w earin g lo o se or oth erw ise unsafe clothing around m a ch in es, failin g to u se availab le p erso n a l p rotective d ev ices w here n e c e ssa r y , and m aking sa fety d ev ices in o p era tive. 26 ACCIDENT-PREVENTION SUGGESTIONS Naphtha should not be used for washing or cleaning the hands. It is a powerful solvent and can cause a serious dermatitis. T h e fact that naphtha is highly f l a m m a b l e should also rule against its use as a cleaning agent. All employees should be thoroughly instructed regarding the toxic and explosive hazards of the solvents provided for their use. T o illustrate the general types of accident problems in the paperboard-container in dustry, a n u m b e r of typical accidents w e r e selected for detailed study.These accidents w e r e analyzed by a m e m b e r of the Division of Safety Standards of the United States Department of Labor's B u r e a u of Labor Standards and suggestions w e r e m a d e to indicate h o w these accidents might have been prevented. This section of the report suggests that there is a simple approach to the prevention of nearly every type of accident. N o attempt is m a d e to present recommendations or safety rules for the industry. M a n y safety engineers, no doubt, would attack the p r o b lems involved in these accidents indifferent w a y s and would achieve equally good results. T h e m e t h o d of prevention, however, is of secondary importance as long as it a c c o m plishes its purpose. Brief descriptions of the selected acci dents accompanied by the r e c o m mendatio n s of the B u r e a u of Lab o r Standards* safety specialist for the prevention of such acci dents are given on the following pages. 4. A helper on a printing press attempted to wipe s o m e ink f r o m the back f o r m roll while the press w a s running. T h e wiping cloth w a s caught by the rolls, and pulled his h and into the rolls. Supervisors should not permit e m ployees to clean, oil, adjust, or repair equipment while it is in operation. 5. A n employee w a s feeding boxboard to a platen printing press. W h e n he failed to r e m o v e his hand f r o m the operating zone, the press crushed his fingers. (a) W h e r e v e r possible, platen presses should be fed automatically. (b) A platen-press guard would have reduced the possibility of an accident although it would not eliminate the hazard. CASE DESCRIPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6. A p r e s s m a n w a s feeding heavy boxboard to a platen printing press. T h e constant motion of his hand and a r m in lifting the board caused his a r m to swell. Investigation disclosed that it w a s necessary to lift the boxboard about 24 inches. 1. A p r e s s m a n shut d o w n his m a c h i n e and started to clean the equipment. A s he reached into the press, his elbow struck the start button, setting it in motion. His hand w a s caught between the ink slab and a rod of the press. All operations and procedures should be planned so that the handling of m a t e rials is kept at a m i n i m u m . In this case, m o s t of the lifting could have been avoided by the use of an automatic adjustable platform f r o m which the boxboard could be r e m o v e d at press level. All starting switches should be designed to prevent their being operated uninten tionally. In this case, a switch with a start button recessed into the box probably would have prevented the accident. 2. A n employee, standing on the steps of a printing press to w a s h the ink press, slipped and fell against the m a c h i n e .Investi gation disclosed that the steps w e r e metal and corrugated but very greasy. 7. A printing-press operator injured his t h u m b w h e n it w a s caught between the rolls of a rotary press. Investigation disclosed that the rolls w e r e unguarded. Good housekeeping is essential to safety. All equipment should be cleaned at frequent, regular intervals. This practice would have prevented the accumulation of grease on the steps. All in-running rolls should be guarded. 8. A helper placed one end of a roll of paper on a printing press without locking it into position. In an attempt to place the other end of the roll in position it fell f r o m the m a c h i n e and crushedhis foot. Investiga tion disclosed that the roll of paper weighed approximately 200 pounds. 3. A printer’s helper developed a rash after using naphtha to r e m o v e ink stains f r o m his hands. 260182 0 - 53 - 5 27 tions, and supervisors should m a k e sure that the safe procedures are followed. (b) E m p l o y e e s engaged in this w o r k should be required to w e a r steel-toed safety shoes. (a) All employees should be carefully trained in the safe performance of their duties. Adequate supervision should be provided to assure adherence to the safe procedures. In this case, the helper should have locked the end of the roll into position. (b) E m p l o y e e s engaged in handling heavy objects should be required to w e a r steel-toed safety shoes. 13. A helper on a slitter attempted to scrape w a x f r o m the knife roll while the m a chine w a s in motion. His finger w a s caught between the knife roll and the idle roll. 9. A stock handler in the printing depart m e n t w a s injured w h e n a skid, standing on end, toppled over and struck him. Investiga tion disclosed that it w a s c o m m o n practice to place e m p t y skids on end against the press. E m p l o y e e s should not be permitted to clean, adjust, lubricate, or repair equip m e n t while it is in operation. 14. A punch-press operator stepped on the foot pedal before his hands w e r e clear of the machine. The press caught his fingers. Skids should always be stored flat and in a place reserved for that purpose. The point-of-ope rati on of punch presses should be adequately guarded. In this case a two-handed tripping device would have prevented the accident. 10. A helper w a s placing a 2,000-pound roll of paper on the stand of the corrugator. Instead of lowering the stand, which w a s a little high, he tried to push the roll into the elevated position. His foot slipped and he strained his back. 15. A n employee w a s using a die press to punch holes in corrugated boxboard. A s he w a s reaching for a piece of boxboard which w a s caught in the machine, the m a chine tripped unexpectedly and caught his hand. Investigation disclosed that the m a c h i n e w a s old and w o r n and that heavy vibration of the floor could activate the press. All employees should be carefully trained in the safe performance of their duties and adequate supervision should be provided to m a k e sure that safe p roce dures are followed. In this case, the stand should have been lowered to the level of the roll of paper. All equipment should be inspected fre quently and regularly. Unsafe equipment should be m a d e safe immediately or r e m o v e d f r o m service. In this case, the relocation of the machine to an area whe r e vibration is a m i n i m u m m a y help, but properly maintained equipment should not trip unexpectedly. 11. A helper on the corrugator stood on the f r a m e of the m a c h i n e to thread the paper. In getting down, he stepped on a plug f r o m a roll of paper and fell. Investigation dis closed that it w a s c o m m o n practice to throw discarded plugs on the floor. G o o d housekeeping is essential to safety in any operation. Containers should be provided for scrap material and super visors should m a k e sure that they are used. In addition, a regular cleaning schedule should be developed and followed strictly. In this case, a container for discarded plugs should have been placed near the paper feed on the corrugator. 16. W h e n several boxboards clogged a slotting machine, the operator attempted to start the m a c h i n e by pulling the belt. W h e n it started, his hand w a s d r a w n into the pulley. (a) All employees should be carefully instructed in the safe performance of their duties and adequate supervision should be provided to m a k e sure that the safe procedures are followed. In this case, the operator should have opened the switch and then cleaned the machines. (b) All belts and pulleys should be a d e quately guarded. 12. A m a chine hand w a s helping to place a roll of paper stock on the corrugator.While he w a s lifting a shaft, it slipped f r o m his hands and fell on his foot. Investigation disclosed that the shaft weighed about 75 pounds. (a) Safe working procedures should be developed for all m a n u a l handling opera 17. A n e m p l o y e e w a s cutting boxboard on a band saw. A s he w a s feeding the stock, his 28 23. While an employee w a s “ stripping*1, s o m e particles of paper dust entered his eyes. hand touched the blade. Investigation of the accident disclosed that the portion of the blade between the guide and the upper wheel w a s unguarded, although the upper and lower wheels wer e enclosed. E m p l o y e e s engaged in this w o r k should be provided with, and required to wear, goggles or face shields. The unused portion of a b a n d - s a w blade should be guarded. In this case, a guard should be installed and attached to the guide shielding that part of the blade between the guide and the upper wheel. 24. While r e m o v i n g a stack of cartons f r o m a stripping table, an employee rubbed her hand against a rough spot on the table. Several splinters punctured her fingers. 18. A scoring machine helper attempted to adjust the rolls while the machine w a s in motion. His hand w a s crushed between the revolving rolls. All equipment should be inspected fre quently and regularly. Unsafe equipment should be repaired immediately or r e m o v e d f r o m service. E m p l o y e e s should not be permitted to adjust, clean, lubricate, or repair equip m e n t while it is in operation. Adequate supervision should be provided to enforce this rule. 25. A n emplo y e e had stopped his covering m a chine to m a k e an adjustment. While he w a s engaged in this work, a second e m ployee attempted to frighten h i m by starting the machine. The operator’s hand w a s caught in the unguarded gears. 19. While an employee w a s stitching corr u gated cartons, a piece of silicate entered his eye. Infection developed. (a) This type of injury is c o m m o n in corrugated-box plants. (See injury analy sis of the report.) E m p l o y e e s in this work, therefore, should be provided, and required to wear, goggles. (b) All injuries, regardless of severity, should be given adequate first-aid atten tion to prevent infection. 26. A double-ender operator placed his foot on the side of the machine. His toes, p r o jecting through the frame, w e r e caught by a revolving c a m and crushed. W h e r e v e r possible, m o v i n g machine parts should be guarded. In this case, the opening in the m ac h i n e f r a m e should have been covered. 20. A stitcher operator w a s wiping oil f r o m his machine. W h e n a second w o r k m a n unintentionally struck the foot pedal, a staple w a s driven into the operator’s finger. 27. The string on a light switch had broken off. T o reach the switch, one employee lifted another. A s the second employee dropped to the floor, he struck a m a k e - r e a d y knife protruding f r o m the pocket of the first employee. Foot pedals of p o w e r e d equipment should be guarded to prevent unintentional contact. 21. A female taper operator w a s wearing a loose coat. The shaft of the machine caught the coat, pulling her against the machine. (a) Supervisors should m a k e sure that all necessary equipment is provided. In this case, a ladder should have been used to reach the light. Preferably, however, the supervisor should have called a m a i n tenance m a n to replace the broken cord. (b) W h e n not in use, knives should be properly sheathed. E m p l o y e e s should not be permitted to w e a r loose-fitting garments near m o v i n g machinery. 22. T w o strippers w e r e working at the s a m e table. O n e w o r k m a n unintentionally struck the other with his stripping h a m m e r . All operations should be planned to assure safe working conditions. This accident indicates that insufficient r o o m had been provided for this operation. (a) Horseplay should be strictly p r o hibited. Adequate supervision should be provided to enforce this rule. (b) All gears should be completely e n closed. 28. A s a laborer pulled a large skid f r o m a pile of small ones, several small skids fell on his foot. 29 G o o d housekeeping is essential for safety. A tote box or similar container should be placed near all m a c h i n e o p e r a tions for discarded material. Supervisors should enforce their use. (a) Adequate storage facilities should be provided and safe piling procedures should be established. In this case, skids should be piled according to size. (b) Steel-toed safety shoes probably would have prevented or m i nimized the injury. 34. A n employee w a s bundling sheets as they w e r e delivered f r o m the corrugator and w a s placing t h e m on a skid. O n e of the bundles fell f r o m the skid, striking h i m on the back. Investigation disclosed that he had been overloading the skid. 29. A laborer w a s helping to lift bales of waste paper f r o m the stripping operation onto a truck. A nail, projecting f r o m one of the bales, punctured his finger. All employees should be carefully in structed in the safe p e r f o r m a n c e of their duties. Adequate supervision should be provided to m a k e sure that the safe procedures are followed. In this case, the bundles should be carefully piled on the skids. T h e height to which the bundles m a y be safely loaded should be deter m i n e d and that height should not be e x ceeded. E m p l o y e e s engaged in this w o r k should be provided and required to w e a r s o m e f o r m of hand protection--i. e., heavy gloves or hand leathers. 30. A s a stripper picked up an e m p t y skid, he cut his finger on a sharp piece of metal projecting f r o m a corner of the skid. A p r o g r a m of regular and frequent inspection of all equipment would have revealed the projecting piece of metal. Unsafe equipment should be repaired immediately or r e m o v e d f r o m service. 35. A special type truck crane, battery operated, w a s used for handling rolls of paper. A s the operator entered the cab, he inadvertently brushed against the p o w e r control. T h e crane jumped, throwing the operator against a railing. Investigation disclosed that the operator, instead of setting the brakes, had left the crane in gear with the p o w e r off. 31. A female operator of a quad stayer w a s injured w h e n a splinter went through the open-toed sandals which she w a s wearing and punctured her foot. Investigation dis closed that the plant floor w a s rough and splintered. (a) All equipment operators should be carefully instructed in the safe use of their equipment. In this case, the truck should have been placed in neutral gear and the brake applied. (b) T h e control button should be guarded or placed in a position w h e r e unintentional contact with it would be impossible. (a) Ro u g h or w o r n floors should be repaired. (b) O p e n sandals should not be p e r mitted in industrial operations. Instead, employees should be required to w e a r substantial footgear, preferably steel toed safety shoes. 32. A female employee w a s riding on a skid which w a s being towed by a lift truck. A s the skid crossed a rough section of the floor, she w a s thrown f r o m the skid. Investigation disclosed that the employee w a s riding the skid in violation of instructions. 36. A baler suffered a hernia while lifting bales of waste paper. Investigation disclosed that the bales weighed between 200 and 300 pounds. (a) T h e rough section of the floor should be repaired. (b) Adequate supervision should be p r o vided to assure compliance of all instruc tions. Baled paper, which is not only heavy but bulky, should be handled mechanically by lift truck, crane, conveyor, or other equipment. If mechanical equipment is not available, several workers, trained to lift as a team, should be used. 33. A s a printing-press operator w a s w a l k ing to his machine, he slipped on a piece of g u m m e d boxboard and fell. Investigation disclosed that the boxboard had been dis carded in the gluing operation. 37. A hand trucker injured his ankle w h e n he slipped and fell as he w a s m o v i n g a truck loaded with waste paper. Investigation dis closed that the floor w a s littered with scraps of paper. 30 platforms. Therefore, supervisors should not permit trucks to be used in that way. In this case, a working platform or a scaffold should have been provided. (b) Periodic inspection of all equip m e n t should be m a d e . Defective equip m e n t should be repaired immediately or r e m o v e " f r o m service. In this instance, the frayed cable probably would have broken had any load been placed on the lift truck. G o o d housekeeping is essential to safety in any operation. A regular, frequent cleaning schedule should be maintained. This is particularly important in the paperboard-container industry wher e large amounts of paper scrap are dis carded during machine operations. 38. A hand trucker strained his back while m o v i n g a truckload of paper. Investigation disclosed that one of the truck wheels w a s broken. 43. A female employee bent over to pick up a tube while operating a crimping machine in a fiber-tube plant. The spinning chuck of the m a c h i n e caught her hair and pulled a small area f r o m her scalp. Frequent, periodic inspections of all equipment should be made. Defective equipment should be repaired i m m e d i ately or r e m o v e d f r o m service. 39. A w a r e h o u s e m a n w a s guiding a fork lift operator w h o w a s placing a pallet of boxboard blanks. W h e n the operator lowered the lift, it caught the w a r e h o u s e m a n ’s hand. Investigation disclosed that the operator misunderstood the w a r e h o u s e m a n ’s signals. All w o m e n working near m o v i n g m a chinery should be required to w e a r caps or snoods large enough to cover or confine their hair. 44. A shipping clerk w a s filling a barrel with silicate. W h e n he struck a m a t c h to determine the quantity of silicate in the barrel, an explosion occurred. A standard set of signals should be developed for giving directions by hand. Only workers, familiar with the standard, should be permitted to give directions by hand signals. (a) Flashlights, instead of matches, should be used to supplement general illumination. (b) This accident indicates that there m a y be a need for m o r e general illumina tion in this plant. A study should be m a d e , therefore, to determine whether the general lighting is adequate. 40. A laborer, m o v i n g a w o o d e n skid, w a s injured w h e n the skid fell apart and dropped on his foot. Investigation disclosed that the skid w a s old and badly worn. All equipment should be inspected periodically. W o r n and defective equip m e n t should be repaired immediately or r e m o v e d f r o m service. 45. A laborer crawled under a printing press to clean. W h e n the operator started the press, the traveling bed crushed the cleaner. Investigation disclosed that the operator had not been informed of the cleaner’s presence. 41. While a warehouse supervisor w a s climbing a ladder, the base slipped a w a y f r o m the wall. The supervisor j u m p e d to the floor, injuring his ankle. Straight ladders should be with anti-slip safety shoes. P o w e r e d equipment which is being cleaned or repaired should have the starting switch tagged “ D o not operate” or, preferably, should be locked if the operator cannot readily see the cleaner or repairman. equipped 42. A maintenance mechanic w a s using a lift truck as a platform while repairing roof timbers. O ne of the cables on the movable platform broke and he fell to the floor. Investigation disclosed that the cable w a s frayed due to extended use. 46. A shipping department e mployee fell between a truck and the loading platform. Investigation disclosed that no dock plate w a s available and the truck had not been parked close to the dock. (a) Supervisors should not permit equipment to be used for purposes other than that for which it is designed. Lift trucks are not intended for use as working (a) M a n a g e m e n t should provide all necessary equipment. In this case, suit able dock plates should be provided and stored in a convenient location. 31 (b) All employees should be thoroughly trained in the safe performance of their duties. At loading platforms, trucks should be parked close enough to eliminate openings between the trucks and the platforms. or other device so arranged that they will not fit properly unless fastened into place. 48. A n employee w a s looking for a specified skid load of stock. A s he attempted to step f r o m one skid load of paper to another, he slipped and fell between the loaded skids. Investigation disclosed that storage space w a s inadequate and, as a result, paper stock, stored in disorder, projected into the aisles. 47. A shipping laborer w a s loading bundles of boxes into a freight car. W h e n the dock plate slipped off the car, the employee fell between the freight car and the dock. Investigation disclosed that the dock plate had not been fastened into place. D o c k plates should be anchored to prevent t h e m f r o m slipping. Compliance with this rule can reasonably be assured by using dock plates equipped with a lug Proper planning in the layout of all operations is essential for safety. Suf ficient aisle space and a m p l e storage facilities should be provided. 32 APPENDIX—STATISTICAL TABLES (including Sundays, days off, or plant shut downs). T h e severity rate is the average n u m b e r of days lost for each 1,000 e m ployee hours worked. T h e computations of days lost include standard time charges for fatalities and p e r m a n e n t disabilities as listed in the A m e r i c a n Standard M e t h o d of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates, approved by the American Standards Association, 1945. T h e injury frequency rate is the average n u m b e r of disabling w o r k injuries for each million employee -hours worked. A disabling w o r k injury is any injury which (a) results in death or any degree of p e rmanent p h y sical impairment, or (b) m a k e s the injured w o r k e r unable to p e r f o r m the duties of any regularly established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any one or m o r e days after the day of injury 33 TABLE 1 .- - WORK-INJURY RATES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY PLANT PRODUCT AND PLANT SIZE, 1950 In ju r y - f r e q u e n c y P r o d u c t and s i z e Number of e sta b o f p la n t Num ber of e m p lo y e e s lis h m e n ts E m p lo y e e h o u rs w o rk e d ( th o u sa n d s) A ll d is a o f— P e rm a n e n tp a r t ia l D e a th s b lin g in ju r ie s ra te s Te m p o ra ry to ta l d is a b ili t ie s 1 5 1 ,6 9 0 1 7 .9 5 3 ,8 0 7 2 3 .0 1 6 .5 851 7 3 ,2 8 1 172 35 189 2 5 ,6 7 9 5 ,1 1 6 F o ld e d b o x e s ........................................................................................ 1 9 ,8 7 5 1 0 ,6 4 7 4 1 ,9 0 3 S e tu p 424 2 0 ,0 4 3 3 9 ,8 9 8 T o t a l 1 ........................................................................................................ (2 ) In ju r y - s e v e r it y A v e ra g e t im e l o s t p e r— d is a D is a b ili t ie s b lin g Tem po ra ry - S e v e r it y ra te to ta l d is a b ilit y in ju r y 1 .2 1 6 .7 85 15 1 .5 .9 1 .5 4 .8 PRODUCT C o rru g a te d and f i b e r b o x e s .................................................. F i b e r c a n s, t u b e s , d r u m s ....................................................... b o x e s ........................................................................................... S IZ E t o 1 9 e m p lo y e e s .......................................................................... 20 -ho A 9 empl n y e e s ............................r ................................ ........ 199 279 50 to 160 146 9 9 e m p lo y e e s ........................................................................ 2 4 9 e m p lo y e e s .................................................................. 4 9 9 e m p lo y e e s .................................................................. 5 0 0 e m p lo y e e s and o v e r ............................................................. 1 In c lu d e s f i g u r e s 2 L e s s th a n 0 . 0 5 . 5 .1 .8 2 2 .0 1 1 .4 1 5 .9 67 289 69 14 (2) (2) 1 .1 1 1 .8 76 17 .9 1 0 .7 1 2 .7 1 7 .9 100 19 17 21 14 1 .2 1 .0 OF P L A N T T 10 0 to 25 0 to 0 .1 1 6 .7 1 2 .9 n o t sh o w n s e p a r a t e ly b e c a u se of 2 ,2 9 7 4 ,3 9 9 9 ,1 6 8 1 1 ,2 6 0 1 8 ,2 1 1 2 3 ,1 9 1 4 8 ,5 9 2 53 2 3 ,0 8 9 1 7 ,5 4 1 14 9 ,9 2 6 in s u f f ic ie n t 1 1 .6 1 3 .6 1 9 .1 3 6 ,0 6 2 2 0 .5 1 9 .0 2 1 ,2 3 5 1 3 .8 .9 .1 1 .1 .9 1 .4 2 .0 (2) (2 ) .1 62 107 1 9 .6 1 7 .6 1 1 .7 1 .2 .8 2 .0 13 47 15 1.0 101 160 . 15 15 2 .2 1 .9 d a ta . TABLE 2 .~ DISTRIBUTION OF WORK-INJURY FREQUENCY RATES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY SIZE OF PLANT, 1950 Num ber o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s w i t h S iz e fre q u e n c y r a t e s o f— o f p la n t 0 T o t a l ........................................................................................................ 373 1 t o 1 9 e m p lo y e e s ........................................................................ 20 t o A 9 f>mpl n y s e s .............. .................................. .. 166 159 38 10 50 t o 9 9 e m p lo v e e s ................... ............................. ................... 100 t o 249 fim p l o y s e s ............................................................... 250 t o 4 9 9 e m p lo v e e s ............................................................... Amp! nyppfl nvp t* t ....... ............. 5 -9 1 -4 23 49 12 9 1 1 5 -1 9 2 0 -2 4 2 5 -2 9 3 0 -3 4 3 5 -3 9 4 0 -4 4 4 5 -4 9 5 0 -5 4 5 5 -5 9 6 0 -6 9 7 0 -7 9 85 66 55 40 31 32 19 14 17 10 15 7 15 3 10 1 5 11 11 5 11 2 4 2 6 3 4 5 8 7 4 2 3 7 3 3 4 1 1 3 1 5 1 2 4 7 3 4 1 5 2 3 3 2 1 1 23 19 21 20 28 21 20 15 1 23 8 16 4 2 9 7 9 1 6 1 1 1 8 0 and 1 0 -1 4 34 12 8 1 5 over TABLE 3..—INJURY-FREQUENCY RATES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY TYPE OF PLANT, GEOGRAPHIC AREA, ANDSTATE, 1950 I n ju r y - f r e q u e n c y G e o g ra p h ic a re a and S t a t e M id d le A t l a n t i c a re a : T o t a l ..................................................................................................... New J e r s e y ......................................................................................................................................... P e n n s y lv a n ia ................................................................................................................ .. ................ E a st A v e ra g e a ll p la n t s C o rru g a te d and f ib e r b o xe s S e tu p b o xe s 2 3 .0 1 6 .7 1 2 .9 23 .7 4 1 .7 2 3 .9 2 3 .1 1 3 .2 1 5 .3 19 .A T n d i a n a ....................................................................................... ........................................................ M i c h i g a n ............................................................................................................................................. D h i o ............................................................ .. ......................................................................................... 25 .6 1 3 .9 1 6 .8 W i s c o n s i n ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2 .1 1 1 .5 W e st N o r t h C e n t r a l a re a : T o t a l ....................................................................... Mi n n e s o t a ........................................................................................................................................... b o xe s 3 7 .1 1 9 .1 1 8 .3 1 6 .5 F o ld e d m a n u f a c t u r in g — 1 7 .9 1 5 .2 C e n t r a l a re a : o f p la n t s 2 1 .9 2 1 .8 2 3 .4 13 .9 T o t a l .......................................................................... ................... N o rth ra te s F ib e r c a n s, t u b e s , d ru m s , e tc . 2 5 .1 2 1 .7 2 0 .0 2 6 .0 2 5 .2 2 7 .9 2 1 .2 15 .4 1 8 .9 1 6 .5 1 3 .4 1 1 .8 1 9 .6 1 1 .7 1 0 .6 1 9 .8 1 5 .3 8 .6 1 1 .6 9 .3 4 1 .1 1 8 .0 22 .9 1 1 .4 1 4 .1 8 .4 9 .3 7 .1 1 4 .1 12 . 6 1 2 .3 1 0 .3 1 4 .1 1 6 .6 1 8 .A 3 2 .3 2 4 .4 1 3 .2 M i s s o u r i .............................................................................................................................................. 1 3 .1 2 1 .3 1 1 .6 8 .5 S o u t h A t l a n t i c a re a : T o t a l ....................................................................................................... F l o r i d a ............................................................................................................. ....................... .. M a rv la n d .............................................................................................................................................. 1 5 .3 1 0 .8 1 9 .3 2 1 .9 1 4 .5 1 0 .8 N o rth C a r o l i n a ....................................................................... .. ................................................... S o u t h C a r o l i n a . . . . ................................................................................................................... V i r g i n i a .................................................................... .. ........................................... .. ........................ W e st V i r g i n i a ......................................... .. .................................................................................... F .a st. S o u t h C e n tra l a re a : T o t a l ............................................................................................. T e n n e s s e e ......................... ....................... .. ..................................................................................... W e st S o u th C e n tra l a re a : T o t a l ............................................................................................. L o u i s i a n a ......................................................................................... .......................... ..................... T e x a s .................................................................... .. ............................................................................. P a c i f i c a re a : T o t a l .............. .. ........................................................ ............. .. ............................. C a l i f o r n i a ............................................ .......................................................................................... 1 0 .7 1 8 .0 1 2 .9 1 3 .1 1 2 .6 1 5 .7 2 8 .0 2 9 .8 2 4 .2 2 6 .4 2 6 .5 1 9 .5 1 7 .3 1 4 .7 2 5 .6 2 3 .3 1 6 .7 2 4 .4 1 5 .3 1 2 .5 1 7 .1 1 5 .3 1 3 .4 1 4 .7 35 2 8 .4 1 5 .9 1 6 .9 TABLE 4 .--DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHMENTS, EMPLOYEES, INJURIES, AND DAYS LOST IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY INJURY-FREQUENCY RATES, 1950 Establishments Frequency rates of establishments Employees Cumulative Number 100 and over...................... 90-99............................. 80-89............................. 70-79............................. 60-69............................. 55-59............................. 50-54............................. 45-49............................. 40-44............................. 35-39............................. 30-34............................. 25-29............................. 20-24............................. 15-19............................. 10-14............................. 5-9............................... 1-4............................... 0 ................................. 8 4 3 7 15 10 17 14 19 32 31 40 55 66 85 •49 23 373 8 12 15 22 37 47 64 78 97 129 160 200 255 321 406 455 478 851 Cumulative Number Percent 0.9 1.4 1.8 2.6 4.3 5.5 7.5 9.2 11.4 15.2 18.8 23.5 30.1 37.7 47.7 53.5 56.2 100.0 190 222 292 331 1,056 852 1,262 1,187 1,949 3,051 3,649 5,651 6,149 8,303 15,138 7,551 5,496 10,952 Cumulative Number Number Number Days lost Injuries Cumulative 190 412 704 1,035 2,091 2,943 4,205 5,392 7,341 10,392 14,041 19,692 25,841 34,144 49,282 56,833 62,329 73,281 36 Percent 0.3 .6 1.0 1.4 2.9 4.0 5.7 7.4 10.0 14.2 19.2 26.9 35.3 46.6 67.3 77.6 85.1 100.0 Number Number 40 42 48 44 127 104 131 114 163 236 249 317 279 294 374 116 37 40 82 130 174 301 405 536 650 813 1,049 1,298 1,615 1,894 2,188 2,562 2,678 2,715 Percent 1.5 3.0 4.8 6.4 11.1 14.9 19.7 23.9 29.9 38.6 47.8 59.5 69.8 80.6 94.4 98.6 100.0 100.0 Number 503 7,765 832 1,082 4,655 7,836 16,722 6,476 32,840 9,666 4,960 27,962 11,675 22,292 45,673 19,597 10,473 503 8,268 9,100 10,182 14,837 22,673 39,395 45,871 78,711 88,377 93,337 121,299 132,974 155,266 200,939 220,536 231,009 Percent 0.2 3.6 3.9 4.4 6.4 9.8 17.1 19.9 34.1 38.3 40.4 52.5 57.6 67.2 87.0 95.5 100.0 100.0 TABLE 5 .—WORK-INJURY RATES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY OPERATION, 1950 Injury severity Injury-frequency rate of Operations Number of units report ing Number of employees Employeehours worked (thou sands) All dis abling injuries Deaths Perma nent partial dis abili ties Temporary total dis abili ties Average time lost per— Dis abling injury Temporary total disability Severity rate Total1 .............................. .......... 851 73,281 151,690 17.9 (2 ) 1.2 16.7 85 15 1.5 Production operations......................... 704296 376 115 360 155 367 54 324 239 362 391 391 308 131 453 228 358 .555 34,431 1,256 773 2,185 2,309 838 1,969 905 3,673 627 2,555 5,507 806 1,126 506 2,562 1,493 2,365 2,976 71,376 2,595 1,547 4,703 4,599 1,804 4,170 1,909 7,650 1,217 5,088 11,730 1,678 2,320 1,047 5,229 3,029 4,912 6,149 18.2 15.4 17.5 42.5 6.3 17.2 22 .5 17.3 12 .9 7.4 15.1 22.7 14.3 16.4 17.2 18.2 19.8 15.1 14.1 (2 ) 1.0 17.2 15.4 13.6 40.8 5.9 15.5 20.8 16.3 12.2 7.4 13.7 21.3 14.3 15.5 16.2 17.2 17.8 14.9 14.1 57 16 83 91 43 54 70 69 58 32 52 83 18 26 28 27 51 17 10 14 16 22 15 24 12 15 11 16 32 14 14 18 11 12 12 12 13 10 1.0 .2 1.5 3.9 .3 .9 1.6 1.2 .7 .2 .8 1.9 .3 .4 .5 600 587 254 455 217 279 13,985 7,172 603 2,700 1,989 1,521 29,046 14,521 1,297 5,737 4,220 3,271 14.6 1.7 8.5 24.8 30.8 35.8 13.6 1.7 7.0 22.4 30.1 33 .0 89 13 60 115 42 128 16 13 7 15 17 19 Corrugating................................. Pressing...................... ......... . Out+.i ng .... ................. ............ nutting and creasing: integrated............ Tiliiing..................... ................ Label ing.................. ................. Machine wrapping.... ....... ............... Printing......................... ........ . Scoring...... .............................. Slitting.................................... SI ntti ng.................................... Stayi ng ...................................... Sti t c h i n g .................... .................. Stripping.................. .......... ..... T ying and b u n d l i n g ................................ Servi ce n p e r a t i n n s ....................... . A d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d c l e r i c a l . . . ................. Die ma Vi n g ................ ......... ........ M a i n t e n a n o e a n d p o w e r ......... ............. Shipping................................. . S t o r a g p ................................. . 1 Includes figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 2 Less than 0.05. 37 0.2 3.9 1.5 .4 1.7 1.7 1.0 .7 1.4 1.4 .9 1.0 1.0 2.0 .2 1.0 1.5 2.4 .7 2.8 .5 1.0 .3 .1 1.3 (2) .5 2.8 1.3 4.6 TABLE 6.—DISABLING INJURIES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY NATURE OF INJURY, PART OF BODY, AND TYPE OF PLANT, 1950 Injuries in plants manufacturing— Nature of injury and part of body injured Total injuries Number Corrugated and fiber boxes Percent Fiber cans, drums, tubes, etc. Number Percent Number Percent ^ Folded boxes Setup boxes Number Percent Number Percent 1 1,505 100.0 778 100.0 48 100.0- 434 100.0 240 100.0 461 419 310 172 51 33 30 19 7 3 30.6 27.8 20.6 11.4 3.4 2.2 2.0 1.3 .5 .2 239 221 154 86 16 24 16 16 4 2 30.6 28.3 19.8 11.1 2.1 3.1 2.1 2.1 .5 .3 12 8 11 7 5 1 2 1 1 24.9 16.7 22.9 14.6 10.4 2.1 4.2 2.1 2.1 144 118 86 53 16 6 8 1 1 1 33.3 27.2 19.8 12.2 3.7 1.4 1.8 .2 .2 .2 66 70 58 24 14 2 4 1 1 27.5 29.2 24.2 10.0 5.8 .8 1.7 .4 .4 Eye................................................. Brain or skull................... .............. . Other......................................... . 98 51 11 36 6.5 3.4 .7 2.4 59 36 7 16 7.6 4.6 .9 2.1 4 1 1 2 8.3 2.1 2 .1 4.1 25 11 3 11 5.8 2.6 .7 2.5 10 3 4.2 1.2 7 3.0 Trunk................................................. Back................................................ Abdomen............................................. Shoulder............................................ Chest (lungs, ribs, etc.)........................... Hip, pel vis.. ...................................... Other................................................ 371 204 66 50 30 10 11 24.7 13.6 4.4 3.3 2.0 .7 .7 178 98 35 24 13 5 3 22.9 12.6 4.5 3.1 1.7 .6 .4 11 6 3 1 1 22.9 12.5 6.2 2.1 2.1 120 68 14 17 11 3 7 27.6 15.7 3.2 3.9 2.5 .7 1.6 61 31 14 8 5 2 1 25.4 13.0 5.8 3.3 2.1 .8 .4 Upper extremities............ ............... Arm.......... ...............................__ ..... Hand................................................ Finger, thumb....................................... 585 82 165 338 38.9 5 .4 11.0 22.5 284 48 82 154 36.5 6.2 10.5 19.8 19 39.6 5 14 10.4 29.2 164 22 50 92 37.8 5.1 11.5 21.2 116 12 27 77 48.3 5.0 11.2 32.1 Lower extremities..................................... Leg........................... ..................... Foot................. .............................. Toe................................................. 434 128 194 112 28.8 8.5 12.9 7.4 247 73 114 60 31.7 9.4 14.6 7.7 13 5 4 4 27.1 10.5 8.3 8.3 120 36 48 36 27.6 8.3 11.0 8.3 52 13 27 12 21.7 5.4 11.3 5.0 17 1.1 10 1.3 1 2.1 5 1.2 1 .4 Total................................................. INJURY Bruises, contusions...... ......................... Strains, sprains..... ................................. Cuts, lacerations, punctures.......................... Fractures.................................... ......... Amputations........................................... Foreign bodies, (not elsewhere classified)............ Hernias............................................... Burns, scalds..... .................................... Industrial diseases.......................... ........ PART OF BODY INJURED Body— general........ ................................. 1 Includes figures not shown separately because of insufficient data to classify. 38 TABLE 7 .-- DISABLING INJURIES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY NATURE OF INJURY AND PART OF BODY INJURED, 1950 Total number of injuries Bruises, contu sions Strains, sprains Cuts, lacer ations, punc tures Total........................................ 1,505 461 419 310 172 Head......................................... 98 51 11 36 34 7 9 18 3 1 3 23 9 2 12 371 204 66 50 30 10 11 77 21 14 10 19 5 8 252 179 21 39 7 4 2 1 Hand....................................... Finger, thumb.............................. 585 82 165 338 139 24 50 65 74 27 38 9 248 12 62 174 60 9 11 40 Lower extremities............................ Leg........................................ Foot....................................... Toe...................... ................. 43 4 128 194 112 205 68 86 51 90 31 58 1 37 21 11 5 99 8 38 53 Rody-general................................. 17 6 1 1 Part of body injured Back....................................... Abdomen.................................... Shoulder....................... ............ Chest (lungs, ribs, etc.).................. Hip, pelvis................................ Other...................................... Upper extremities............................ Fractures Amputa tions 51 Foreign bodies, (n.e.c.) Hernias 33 30 Indus trial diseases Burns, scalds 19 7 Other 3 A 33 33 2 1 2 11 4 30 1 .... 30 1 4 1 1 39 50 1 49 1 10 9 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 2 TABLE 8 .--DISABLING INJURIES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY NATURE OF INJURY AND AGENCY OF INJURY, 1950 Total number of injuries Bruises, contu sions Strains, sprains Cuts, lacer ations , punc tures Total........................................ 1,505 461 419 310 172 Machines..................................... Printing presses......................... 359 70 36 29 27 27 23 23 23 19 82 109 25 6' 13 2 13 12 5 8 13 7 20 3 1 3 150 26 19 22 7 6 13 11 4 6 36 36 8 5 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 8 273 126 47 21 15 11 170 86 18 66 34 13 1 20 8 2 4 2 Agency of injury Gluing machines.......................... Staying machines......................... 5?titohers................................ Wrapping machines........................ Taping machines.......................... Horn] gators........................ ...... Other machines........................... Paper products............................... Boxes, cartons........................... Rolls.................................... Other paper products..................... Vehicles..................................... Hand trucks.............................. Other vehicles........................... 42 105 161 132 29 78 67 11 1 3 17 10 7 33 30 3 40 Amputa tions Frac tures 30 23 7 51 48 Foreign bodies, (n.e.c.) Hernias 33 30 Burns, scalds 19 3 9 6 5 2 5 2 2 1 1 3 15 1 1 13 4 3 6 3 2 1 Indus trial diseases. 7 ....... Other 3 TABLE 8 .--DISABLING INJURIES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY NATURE OF INJURY AND AGENCY OF INJURY, 1950--Continued Agency of injury Total number of injuries Bruises, Strains, contu sprains sions 13487 22 21 4 55 34 9 9 3 Skids....................................... 96 Bodilv moti ons.............................. 86 Shafts, rolls....... ........................ Hand tools................................ „. Metal parts................................. Foreign bodies.............................. Tables...................................... Other agencies......................... . TTnn.lnssifled • insufficient data............. Cuts, lacer ations, punc tures Fractures 34 24 5 5 12 6 3 3 47 20 8 1 81 62 28 9 5 20 47 13 7 22 4 44 12 8 12 9 39 2 Amputa tions 16 8 3 5 60 40 42 6 1 1 3 1 3 1 41 1 2 1 33 2 Other 2 1 18 14 Indus trial diseases Burns, scalds Hernias 3 30 23 3 3 1 3 182 Foreign bodies (n.e.c.) 1 2 1 15 7 1 1 TABLE 9. --DISABLING INJURIES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY PART OF BODY INJURED AND AGENCY OF INJURY, 1950 Agency of injury Head Total num ber Brain of To Eye or inju tal skull ries Trunk Upper extremities Other To tal Back Abdo men Shoulder Chest Hip or pelvis Other 10 11 Total...................... 1,505 98 51 11 36 371 204 66 50 30 Machines................... 359 70 36 29 27 27 23 23 23 19 82 5 2 1 3 1 1 1 13 5 5 1 2 2 1 3 2 Creasers and cutters.... Saws................... Gluing machines........ Staying machines....... Stitchers.............. Wrapping machines...... Taping machines........ Corrugators............ Other machines......... Paper Products............. Boxes, cartons......... Rolls.................. Other paper products.... Vehicles................... Hand trucks............ Other vehicles......... 273 126 4-2 105 161 132 29 1 1 1 2 1 18 11 11 6 7 8 7 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 141 64 21 56- 83 41 9 33 30 9 8 13 16 8 3 5 7 6 1 38 32 6 20 16 4 8 7 1 4 4 7 5 5 1 3 2 1 1 42 1 8 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 6 2 4 3 1 To tal Lower extremities Arm Hand Fin ger To tal Leg Foot Toe Body gen eral 585 82 165 338 434 128 194 112 17 312 58 33 29 25 26 22 22 13 14, 70 22 7 2 224 30 26 26 16 23 19 14 5 7 58 27 5 2 15 5 1 8 4 2 3 3 3 1 66 21 5 3 6 3 3 5 5 4 11 89 45 7 37 21 11 2 8 43 23 2 18 19 11 8 ‘4 3 1 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 2 6 3 2 3 4 2 2 1 25 11 3 11 25 6 14 5 15 4 7 4 6 2 3 1 4 11 4 7 96 82 14 18 11 7 45 40 5 33 31 2 1 1 4 1 TABLE 9.—DISABLING INJURIES IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BYPARTOF BODY INJURED AND AGENCY OF INJURY, 1950--Continued Agency of injury Total num ber of inju ries 134 87 22 21 4 Head To tal 5 5 Skids...................... 96 Bodily motions............. 86 1 Shafts, rolls.............. 62 3 Hand tools................. 47 2 Metal parts................ 44 1 Foreign bodies............. 39 36 Tables..................... 16 1 Other agencies............. 182 18 Unclassified; insufficient data....... .............. 6 Eye Upper extremities Trunk Brain or skull Other 2 2 3 3 44 28 11 4 1 Back 20 12 5 3 Ab domen Shoul der Chest 3 9 7 2 5 3 2 2 1 Other 5 4 2 2 1 2 9 5 2 1 1 20 1 6 1 1 1 1 2 27 1 11 6 3 2 2 1 24 6 1 1 43 5 11 2 4 4 1 54 32 6 14 2 27 15 4 6 2 24 16 2 6 3 1 2 3 5 17 1 3 6 4 2 1 8 40 7 4 1 1 1 1 2 5 1 Toe 9 6 11 Foot 16 14 2 3 4 Leg 27 20 3 3 1 12 1 To tal Hand 26 Lower extremities Fin ger Arm 22 36 3 To tal 40 1 1 To tal Hip or pelvis 2 64 16 31 44 12 32 Body gen eral 4 2 2 1 5 15 30 1 10 19 11 11 12 7' 2 3 4 7 19 2 9 8 2 27 21 7 2 1 1 7 1 6 2 2 1 56 8 21 27 61 13 4 1 1 2 1 TABLE 10. —WORK ACCIDENTS IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER Total number of accidents Accident type 1,505 316 25 8 175 48 35 77 Paper products Vehicles Working surfaces Machines Boxes, cartons Total1 Rolls Total1 Hand trucks Total1 132 134 359 273 126 42 161 258 252 175 48 29 1 5 10 2 7 68 2 59 1 ‘ 8 2 1 1 7 2 62 4 1 56 2 1 5 9 53 30 9 4 16 1 5 28 16 4 12 8 4 3 1 39 17 10 34 17 10 4 4 2 7 7 2 5 9 4 5 3 5 4 Other................................................................ 339 211 100 43 26 42 49 39 10 46 5 28 9 1 12 9 1 7 Overexertion; Total.................................................... Due to lifting..... ................................................. Due to pulling or pushing............................................ Due to prolonged motions............................................. Other............................................................ . 285 196 46 31 12 8 2 4 177 140 9 25 3 84 60 3 19 2 21 17 4 25 3 20 24 3 19 2 2 Striking against objects: Total........................................ Rnhhing against objects......................................... . Trvhn nh jpr +.d. .,.in. T_ ...,..... ........ ................. Other................................................................ 229 48 29 152 77 2 2 73 32 24 11 8 2 22 12 8 3 2 5 17 5 7 Pal 1s on same 1evel • Total......... ,....................... ...... . As a resul t of si ips......... ................ ...................... Aci a 'pp.diil +. rtf' tyips . ...( _ rT .. ..... ,__.......................... Other........................ •_............................... ...... 96 49 26 21 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 6 1 2 3 .91 ips and st.nmhl es ? Total......................................... . On 1oose objects.......... ............ ........ Or) f*1nrvr.Q (1 . .. ,,... T....... ._ .(....................... . _. 70 23 22 25 41 1Q ip v p I d * Tntn i .*.... ..................... Fl^rtyp pi n+f'rvrimd "rampd P+.r* .. ..... ...................... ... P'pom other el eva ti ons............. ................................. . Exp0*51VT^ ^rn P n 62 19 43 14 +.PT7ipPf'P+.llT*P.d ,,TriTTT..... r........................ nth^r ^ r Kr]Pfl+ +J/pP« , .......... ._....... 29 5 Unclassified; insufficient data........................................ 1 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient space. 44 9 2 11 1 3 4 Floors 87 6 1 1 6 2 6 2 63 31 19 13 50 25 16 9 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 53 17 36 34 6 28 1 1 1 '1 2 1 INDUSTRY, BY AGENCY OF INJURY AND ACCIDENT TYPE, 1950 Accident type Bodily motions Skids 96 Total..................................................................... 86 Shafts, rolls 62 8 12 3 5 1 11 <46 <45 28 39 38 21 12 2 3 2 15 Hand tools Metal parts 47 Foreign bodies 44 198 6 14 <4 4 1 9 35 10 8 2 2 1 1 2 23 Overevertion: Total....................................................... Thie to lifting.......................................................... Due to pulling or pushing......................... ..................... Due to prolonged motions................................................ Other.................................... .............................. 18 12 5 8 7 Striking against objects: Total........................................... Rnhbing against objects.................... ............................ Walking into objects......... .......................................... Other................................................................... 17 1 13 3 24 22 5 14 1 2 2 39 39 39 51 45 17 9 7 12 1 2 1 3 10 9 31 21 1 2 9 4 3 2 58 14 6 38 1 1 16 11 2 3 Other................................................................. 2 8 6 1 1 5 Falls on same level: Total................................................ As a re.sii11 of si ips.......... ....................... ..... ........... As a result of trips.................................................... Other........................................................... . 65 23 20 22 Fal 1s to di fferent 1evel s : Total............. ............... ...... ..... From pi a tforms ramps etc............... From other el eva ti ons _.._.._.r.. .......... . 2 5 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 Slips and stumbles: Total.......................................... ...... On 1oose objects.............................................. ......... On f1 oors....................................................... ....... Other.................... .................. ........................ . 2 8 1 1 1 1 5 1 4 2 Fvposnre to evtreme temperatures....__ .................................... 14 Other accident types.. .......T........................ . 21 Ilnc.lassi fied ‘ insufficient data........ .............................. . 39 Unclas sified Other 8 5 45 TYPE 11.--WORK ACCIDENTS IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY NATURE OF INJURY AND ACCIDENT TYPE, 1950 Accident type Total Bruises, number of contu sions injuries Strains, sprains Cuts, lacer ations, punc tures Fractures Amputa tions Total............................................ 1,505 461 419 310 172 51 140 74 43 17 14 42 24 12 3 1 1 1 117 100 70 17 13 6 11 58 33 27 3 3 22 3 45 4A 31 10 3 Other.......................................... 376 258 175 48 35 77 41 .Struck by moving objects* Total.................. Falling objects: Total......................... From hands of workers........................ From equipment............................... From piles of materials..................... From other elevations........................ Flying or thrown objects! Total................ .Small parti cl es.............................. Other........................................ Hand-operated or-wielded objects............... Rolling objects................................ Other........................................... 339 211 100 43 26 42 49 39 10 46 5 28 169 122 59 22 15 26 7 2 5 20 3 17 10 7 1 1 4 1 1 51 11 6 2 72 69 34 17 6 12 1 Overexertion* Total.............................. Due to lifting................................. Due to pulling or pushing...................... Due to prolonged motions....................... Other.......................................... 285 196 46 31 12 1 1 263 178 42 31 12 3 1 1 1 46 3 6 3 3 23 1 10 Foreign bodies, Hernias (n.e.c.) 33 30 Indus trial diseases 19 7 Other 3 4 4 3 1 •1 33 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 33 33 1 2 1 1 1 Burns, scalds 20 16 4 TABLE 11.—WORK ACCIDENTS IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY NATURE OF INJURY AND ACCIDENT TYPE, 195Q—Continued Accident types Othar Slips On On - .................................................. and s t u m b l e s : T o t a l .................................... 1 nnsp o h j e e t s ................ ----- ......... --------f1 nnf’s ............... .................. . O t h e r ............................................................. Fal 1 s to 1 a v a l s : T o t a l .................. d i f ’f'aT’p n t From platforms From othsr ramps a t e . ............................. e l e v a t i o n s ....................................... Bruises, contu sions Strains, sprains 229 4-8 29 152 73 9 16 4-8 15 1 2 12 96 4-9 26 21 4-7 22 12 13 24 14 5 5 70 23 22 25 5 1 1 2 3 60 22 20 18 1 1 2 62 19 43 25 10 15 13 4 9 4 18 414 2 1 21 t a m p a r a t u r a s .......................... 14 t y p a s .......................................... 29 Unclassified; insufficient data................... 5 Fvposure Other to aytramp arm'd ant Cuts, lacer ations, punc tures Total number of injuries 1 47 Foreign bodies, (n.e.c .) Fractures Amputa tions 127 38 7 5 2 9 80 2 5 5 2 10 5 4 1 13 7 5 1 1 2 Hernias 1 Burns, scalds Indus trial diseases Other 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 12 1 1 6 1 1 TABLE 12.--WORK ACCIDENTS IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY PARTOFBODY INJURED AND ACCIDENT TYPE, 1950 Accident type Total...................... Caught in, on, or between... Moving parts of equipment. Points of operation.... Gears, pulleys, belts, Total number of inju ries 1,505 376 258 175 Lower extremities Eye Brain or skull Other To tal Back Abdo men Shoul der Chest Hip or pelvis Other To tal Arm Hand Fin ger To tal Leg Foot Toe Body gen eral 98 51 11 36 371 204 66 50 30 10 11 585 82 165 338 434 128 194 112 17 1 1 277 236 173 12 11 8 54 44 34 211 181 131 92 19 1 17 5 39 7 1 36 7 2 2 43 20 14 27 3 6 4 4 6 34 16 9 21 4 14 60 13 2 3 6 6 1 5 28 4 1 6 26 3 1 1 53 21 13 4 2 2 8 3 5 6 2 1 17 5 3 30 14 9 4 1 1 1 34 25 9 5 6 5 70 58 25 11 3 19 70 68 42 13 2 11 3 3 1 2 1 174 151 76 29 11 35 14 3 6 7 1 1 7 1 4 1 1 10 7 3 8 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 3 1 339 211 100 43 26 42 49 39 10 78 18 4. 4 7 3 40 36 4 38 36 2 Hand-operated or -wielded nh jer.ts........ _______T Rolling objpn.+.s____ ______ Other.................... 46 5 28 11 10 9 2 Overexertion............... Due to lifting........... Due to pulling or pushing. Due to prolonged motions.. Other.................... 285 196 46 31 12 Upper extremities To tal 48 35 77 41 Rolling or falling objects n+hp-r.................... Struck by moving objects.... Railing nhjpcta.......... From hsinds oF worksrs. •• From pqinpmpnt,......... From piles of materials. From other elevsttions- •• Flying or throwing objects Small particles........ Trunk Head 50 1 31 18 6 4 6 2 1 8 7 1 24 16 3 4 6 3 •1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 7 4 2 1 1 1 6 215 161 38 7 9 1 2 2 3 2 1 10 5 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 137 106 21 4 6 39 28 8 2 1 48 3 2 2 9 3 2 1 1 5 28 19 7 2 7 5 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 17 1 6 60 28 5 24 3 1 2 2 2 23 9 2 12 1 1 5 1 4 9 1 1 3 32 17 2 10 3 8 5 2 1 2 TABLE 12. --WORK ACCIDENTS IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY PART OF BODY INJURED AND ACCIDENT TYPE, 1950--Continued Total num ber of inju ries Accident type other..................... SI ipe and ST.nmhl p r ......... _ . On 1nnsp objects.......... On f l o n r e ............ ...... Other’ .................... Falls to different levels.... From platforms, ramps, From other eleva ti o n s ..... To tal Eye Upper extremities Trunk Head 1 Ab domen Shoul der 2 3 19 7 5 1 <4 <4 15 1 1 3 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 5 2 3 6 1 3 2 2 <4 1 3 3<4 15 7 5 16 <4 2 1 <4 Chest 10 9 7 5 1 2 70 24 23 22 25 <4 2 12 5 15 <4 9 2 4 1 2 1 2 26 10 2 5 5 <4 2 9 17 6 2 3 2 2 3 11 1 5 2 7 <4 1 Back 96 <49 26 21 19 <43 1 1 To tal 5 2 <4 Other Other 229 <48 29 152 62 Hip or pelvis Brain or skull 2 2 # 1 Lower extremities Arm Hand Fin ger To tal Leg Foot Toe 153 <44 <4 105 16 2 2 12 50 21 1 28 87 21 1 65 52 <4 21 27 24 1 10 13 25 1 11 13 3 2 18 13 <4 1 9 5 3 1 8 7 1 1 1 37 19 9 9 25 11 7 7 11 7 2 2 1 1 <46 16 10 20 14 <4 3 7 32 127 13 1 18 <4 14 3 1 5 13 5 1 2 1 1 3 3 Body gen eral To tal 1 11 8 1 <4 7 3 5 2 2 <4 1 9 1 1 Exposure to extreme tem1<4 2 Other accident tvpes........ 29 2 Unclassified; insufficient data...................... 5 pP*PP f.lTPPCJ . ...... ...... . . 2 1 1 17 1 1 49 5 5 5 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 5 1 2 1 TABLE 13.--WORK ACCIDENTS IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY TYPE OF PLANT AND ACCIDENT TYPE, 1950 Accident type Accidents in plants manufacturing— Total number of accidents Corrugated and fiber boxes Fiber cans, drums, tubes, etc. Number rercent1 2 Number Percent2 Number Total1.......................................................... 1,505 100.0 778 100.0 48 Caught in, on, or between....................................... Moving parts of equipment..................................... Points of operation......................................... Gears, pulleys, belts....................................... Other parts................................................. Rolling or falling objects.................................... Other......................................................... 376 258 175 48 35 77 41 25.1 17.3 11.8 3.2 2.3 5.1 2.7 178 114 67 21 26 43 21 22.9 14.7 8.6 2.7 3.4 5.5 2.7 12 10 8 1 1 2 4.2 Struck by moving objects.................................... Falling objects............................................... From hands of workers....................................... From equipment.................................... ......... From piles of materials..................................... From other elevations....................................... Flying or thrown objects...................................... Small particles............................................. 22.6 14.0 6.6 2.9 1.7 2.8 3.3 2.6 .7 3.1 .3 1.9 190 112 53 18 16 25 34 28 6 25 4 15 24.6 14.6 7.0 2.3 2.1 3.2 4.4 3.6 .8 3.2 .5 1.9 14 11 3 4 3 1 3 1 2 29.1 22.9 6.2 8.4 6.2 2.1 6.2 2.1 4.1 Hand-operated or -wielded objects............................. Rolling objects............................................... Other......................................................... 339 211 100 43 26 42 49 39 10 46 5 ,28 Overexertion.................................................... Due to lifting................................................ Due to pulling or pushing..................................... Due to prolonged motions...................................... Other......................................................... 285 196 46 31 12 19.0 13.0 3.1 2.1 .8 139 92 30 14 3 18.0 11.9 3.9 1.8 .4 8 6 1 1 Striking against objects........................................ Rubbing against objects....................................... Walking into objects.......................................... Other......................................................... 229 48 29 152 15.3 3.2 1.9 10.2 117 24 15 78 15.1 3.1 1.9 10.1 9 2 1 6 Fal 1 s nn samp 1p v p I ......................... .............. . As a rpsnlt of slips.......................................... As a rpsnl t of trips................................ ......... Other......................................................... 96 49 26 21 6.4 3.3 1.7 1.4 46 23 10 13 5.9 2.9 1.3 1.7 Slips and stumbles.............................................. On 1nose objects.................. ........................... On floors..................................................... Other............................................. •........... 70 23 22 25 4.7 1.5 1.5 1.7 46 19 14 13 5.9 2.4 1.8 1.7 1 2.1 1 2.1 Falls to different levels....................................... From pi atf orms ramps.... ................ . From other elevations......................................... 62 19 43 4.1 1.3 2.8 35 9 26 4.5 1.2 3.3 1 2.1 1 2.1 Folded boxes Setup boxes Number Percent2 Number 100.0 434 100.0 240 100.0 25.0 20.8 16.6 2.1 2.1 98 60 40 17 3 26 12 22.7 13.9 9.3 3.9 .7 6.0 2.8 87 73 60 9 4 8 6 36.4 30.6 25.1 3.8 1.7 3.3 2.5 104 69 34 16 5 14 10 8 2 16 24.1 16.0 7.9 3.7 1.2 3.2 2.3 1.8 .5 3.7 31 19 10 5 2 2 2 2 13.0 8.0 4.3 2.1 .8 .8 .8 .8 9 2.1 5 1 4 2.1 .4 1.7 2.1 85 60 8 11 6 19.7 13.9 1.9 2.5 1.4 51 37 6 6 2 21.3 15.5 2.5 2.5 .8 18.7 4.2 2.1 12.4 67 10 8 49 15.5 2.3 1.9 11.3 35 12 5 18 14.6 5.0 2.1 7.5 35 20 9 6 8.1 4.6 2.1 1.4 15 6 7 2 6.3 2.5 3.0 .8 14 2 6 6 3.2 .5 1.4 1.3 9 2 1 6 3.8 .8 .4 2.6 19 8 11 4.4 1.9 2.5 2 4 2.5 .8 1.7 Percent 16.7 12.5 2.1 Percent2 Exposure to extreme temperatures................................ 14 .9 11 1.4 1 2.1 1 .2 1 .4 Other accident types............................................ 29 1.9 14 1.8 2 4.2 9 2.1 4 1.7 5 2 1 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data to classify. 2 Percents are based on classified cases only. 50 2 1 TABLE 14.--WORK ACCIDENTS IN THE PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY ACCIDENT TYPE AND ACTIVITY OF INJURED, 1950 Activity of injured Caught Total , in, on, number of or accidents between Struck by moving objects Overexertion Striking against objects Falls on Slips same and level stumbles Falls to different levels Exposure to extreme temper atures Other accident types Unclas sified; insuffi cient data Total....................................... 1,505 376 339 285 229 96 70 62 14 29 5 Operating machines.......................... Setting-up or adjusting................... 283 70 140 12 61 138 19 42 23 54 125 11 43 35 36 138 33 45 30 30 24 7 2 1 15 4 A 4 1 p 3 10 21 4 5 2 10 17 2 8 Off-bearing...................... ........ Other and unclassified.................... 767 152 292 110 213 7 1 5 2 2 Operating hand trucks....................... 126 43 28 22 9 11 10 1 Walki ng..................................... 77 3 Using hand tools.................... ....... Stripping harnmera......................... nth er..................................... 59 25 34 15 31 8 6 1 12 8 4 6 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 14 4 5 2 7 8 7 19 11 49 16 9 19 13 50 6 12 50 2 2 Other and unclassified...................... 376 39 113 nr 2 33 10 23 d o w n ............................... Loading trucks and cars..................... Stepping up A 112 51 1 1 1 8 10 1 TABLE 15.—WORK ACCIDENTS IN THE PAPERBOARDHazardous working procedure s Total number of acci dents Inadequately guarded Lack of powertrans mission guards Total1 Moving heavy loads by hand Feeding stock by hand Working in confined areas Unsafe layout of traffic Total1 Lack of point-ofoperation guards 1,461 404 196 41 40 33 356 207 50 368 251 169 48 34 77 40 49 11 1 2 23 251 244 164 47 33 165 165 164 1 46 46 31 18 6 5 1 23 2 334 208 99 42 26 41 48 38 10 45 5 28 87 68 68 55 53 53 4 1 1 5 22 9 1 3 16 2 1 1 1 3 266 182 43 31 10 185 124 29 128 97 27 28 7 4 4 222 48 29 145 40 8 12 20 1 As a resul h o f t r i p s . ..... ....................... .............................................................................. O t h e r .................................................................................. 96 49 26 21 13 3 7 3 S l i p s and s t u m b l e s ............................................................................................................................................................. On 1 o o s e o b j e c t s ........................................................................................................................................................ On n nnr1^ ..... ...................... .................................................................................................................. n+.hpT*.................... . . . . ... ............ .............. ................................................................................................ 69 23 22 24 5 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 F a l l s t o d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s ....................................................................................................................................... F r o m pi a tf orrr.s r a m p s ................................................................................................................................... F r o m o t h e r e l e v a t i o n s ..................................................... .................. 59 19 40 152 13 1 23 13 10 t e m p e r a t u r e s ..................................................................................................................... 14 5 t ypes. ................................................................................................................................................... 29 5 Unclassified; insufficient data........................................................................................................................ 4 Accident type Caught, in, on, or between............................................... Struck by moving objects................................................. Hand operated or -wielded objects...................................... Rolling objects........................................................ Other.................................................................. O v e r e x e r t i o n ............................................................................................................................................................................... D u e to l i f t i n g .......................................................................................................... ....................................................... Due to pulling or pushing ................................................................................................................................... FliiP to prol o n g e d rroti o n s ................ ......................................... .. Other................................................................................................................................................................... ..................... .. S t r i k i n g a g a i n s t o b j e c t s ............................................................. R u b b i n g a g a i n s t o b j e c t s ......................................................................................................................................... W a l k i n g i n t o o b j e c t s .................................................................................................................................................. Other............................................................................................................................................................................................. Fal 1 s on s a m e 1 e v p l .................... ............................................... Ao q t. rrP ip.c; . . . ............................................................................................................... F.xpnsure to e x t r e m e Other accident 1 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient space. 52 5 2 4 46 3 6 6 2 4 4 3 1 1 1 6 3 3 1 1 1 21 28 1 1 1 8 4 4 19 5 10 9 2 3 50 1 41 49 41 9 2 7 2 2 1 1 1 5 2 1 1 1 CONTAINER INDUSTRY, BY HAZARDOUS WORKING CONDITION AND ACCIDENT TYPE, 1950 Defects of agencies Accident type Ua z&rd ous arrange ment or place ment Poor house keeping Lack of personal safety equip ment Other 34 65 54 37 21 7 4 4 5 1 2 5 12 6 2 1 3 1 41 39 3 6 15 15 1 1 1 Unclas sified; insuf ficient data Improp erly designed Slippery Worn, rough 222 56 49 35 6 5 1 15 1 1 1 23 6 11 3 1 63 <40 7 21 2 10 6 <4 2 2 1 14 24 13 4 4 1 4 1 1 5 1 Overexert inn........... ................................................. Due tn lifting......................................................... flue tn pulling nr pushing.............................................. Due tn prolonged motions......................... •..................... Other....................................................... ........... 5 2 3 3 2 1 1 6 3 2 Striving against objects........... .................. .............. . Rnhhing against objects................................................ Waiving into objects.............................. ................ . Other......... ................................................... . 43 12 6 1 3 1 26 5 Fal 1s on same 1eve!............. ........................................ As a result of slips................................................... A.s n refill! ts of trips....... r.................................. . Other....................................... .................... ...... 41 30 4 1 SI ips and stiimhl es..... .................................................. On 1nnse nh jpo.tfi .................................... On f1nnrs...... . O t h e r __r.....T..................................... 20 17 2 12 8 11 6 1 1 Fal 1 a tn d if ferent 1evel s ......... ....... ........ ..................... Frnm piatfnrmfi ramps... .... . prom other el eva hi ons .t__r.............................. . 10 2 8 2 2 8 2 2 8 3 2 1 1 16 Total1 Total.................................................................... Hand-nperahed nr —wielded nhjpot.fi.............................. . Rnl 1 ing nhjpo.tfi...... .................................. .......... . nthpr......................................................... ........ 5 1 16 11 15 106 52 21 12 9 10 22 20 2 25 1 6 13 12 1 2 70 53 9 3 5 29 29 6 6 2 5 1 2 4 6 3 23 12 11 3 11 3 Other aooident types______ ___________.................................... 2 i'iedj insufficient data.................... ..................... 1 28 1 1 Fvposnre to PYtreme tempera times............................... . Unols. 1 1 8 3 • 3. 2 1 1 18 17 1 5 5 4 4 6 4 1 1 2 302 25 21 4 54 10 5 39 10 4 1 5 3 10 3 1 9 1 1 4 4 53 TA BLE 1 6 .--W O R K ACCIDENTS IN THE PA PERBO ARD-CON TAIN ER INDUSTRY, Total number of acci dents Hazardous working conditions Machines Working surfaces Total Printing Corru gating Cutting and creasing 1,4-61 451 80 60 47 264 216 169 47 404 196 41 40 33 28 23 43 97 2 41 12 41 8 36 2 24 81 5 72 9 5 35 33 35 33 28 23 3 2 356 207 50 29 13 57 296 207 50 4 Defects of agencies......................................................... Improperly designed....................................................... 01 ipperv........................................................... ....... Worn roughj uneven....................................................... Loose..................................................................... Hidden defects............................................................ Projecting slivers, etc................................................... Sharp edged............................................................... Other..................................................................... 222 56 49 34 27 19 17 13 7 Hazardous arrangement or placement.......................................... Unsafely placed objects..... ......... ............._............. . Unsafely piled objects.................................................... Other.................................................................. . Hazardous working procedures................................................ Other..................................................................... Inadequately guarded........................................................ 10 7 Other Total 28 13 1 7 3 51 32 9 2 14 8 3 30 21 6 201 146 32 2 35 8 3 3 21 41 13 3 6 10 5 2 2 13 4 2 3 6 3 19 6 4 1 1 1 Floor Other 4. 8 4 18 3 15 17 1 3 14 1 40 15 6 6 2 55 6 37 9 31 7 1 1 2 1 i 65 33 29 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 Poor housekeeping..... ............................................... . 54 5k 51 3 Lack of personal safetv equipment........................................... Lack of gloves............... :............................................ Tack of goggles........................................................... 37 21 13 O th er...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2 2 Tack o f 1 adders s c a f f o l d s ........................................................................................................................ 17 Improper illumination....................................................... 4 Unclassified; insufficient data........................ .................... 302 54 1 2 1 6 3 2 2 2 7 1 1 2 3 7 1 1 2 3 10 3 1 1 5 1 4 1 BY AGENCY OF ACCIDENT AND HAZARDOUS WORKING CONDITION, 1950 Paper products Hazardous working conditions Total..................................................................... ............ Vehicles Boxes, Other cartons Total Other Hand trucks Total Rolls 137 46 38 53 85 65 20 270 95 83 40 37 25 20 30 26 23 22 22 22 1 108 84 1 4 5 31 Other 1 ■p*a-p(or»+.<q r\f* pgA noi a .q ............................................................................................................................ 12 3 1 1 10 5 1 1 1 5 4 5 5 2 4 2 Tmprnpprl y ripfii grtpd ................ ST i p p p r y ........................ ................................... .. ..................... Urvrn rn n gh lin pv pn ........................... ............................ ..................................................................... H iddpn d p f p c t s ........................................................................................................................................................................ n fj vpt* p*hr» ( I l l T ( i r f . ( r r __, _T_ . T.......................................................... ...... ............. 43 19 1 8 11 3 1 33 17 5 9 2 1 23 2 19 2 5 2 3 1 1 8 10 5 5 7 1 9 1 5 5 11 11 7 6 4 18 10 2 1 3 2 1 81 18 8 11 Sharp 6dgGd Ffa^arrinun arTflngpm ant n r p ls n p m p n t .................... ................................................ .............................. .. TIriRaf'ply p la c.p d n h j p c t s ...................................................................................................................................... TIri.Raf'pl y p i 1 pd oh j p c t a .......................................................................................................................... 302 20 1 1 Unclas sified 1 5 5 6 11 13 11 3 34 24 10 Poor h o u s e k e e p i n g . <...................................... ................................................................................. .. 7rarV nT p p r s n n a l sn fp+ .y p q irip m p n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ttn r k n f gl n vPR ...................................... .. 16 16 14 5 6 3 Lack of* rtf' *] aHHPT».Q . . i r i . . . . T. . , .............................................*.............................................. . . . . 4 4 2 Improper illumina'tion....................................................................................................... Unclassifiedj insufficient data.......................................... .............................................................................. 55 302 TA BLE 1 7 .— WORK ACCIDENTS IN THE PA PERBO ARD-CON TAIN ER INDUSTRY, BY TY PE O F PLAN T AND HAZARDOUS WORKING CONDITION, 1950 Accidents in plants manufacturing— Hazardous working conditions number of accidents Corrugated and fiber boxes Fiber cans, drums, tubes, etc. Folded boxes Number Percent1 Number Percent1 Number Total........................................................... 1,461 100.0 770 100.0 48 Hazardous working procedures................................ ^ ... Moving heavy loads by hand.................................... Feeding stock by hand......................................... Working in confined areas..................................... Unsafe layout of traffic...................................... 34.8 16.9 3.5 3.5 2 .8 2.4 2 .0 3.7 243 101 18 25 24 28 18 29 39.4 16.4 2.9 4.1 3.9 4.5 2.9 4.7 11 8 1 1 1 Removing stock from machines by hand.......................... Other......................................................... 404 196 41 40 33 28 23 43 Inadequately guarded............................................ Lack of point-of-operation guards............................. Lack of power-transmission guards............................. Lack of guardrails, etc............... ;....................... Lack of bolts, locks, etc..................................... Other......................................................... 356 207 50 29 13 57 30.7 17.9 4.3 2.5 1 .1 4.9 169 89 22 15 9 34 27.4 14.4 3.6 2.4 1.5 5.5 16 12 1 3 7.3 Defects of agencies............................................. Improperly designed........................................... Slippery.......... ........................................... Worn, rough, uneven........................................... Loose..... .................................................... Hidden defects................................................ Projecting slivers, etc....................................... Sharp edged................................................... Other......................................................... 222 56 49 34 27 19 17 13 7 19.2 4.9 4.3 2.9 2.3 1 .6 1.5 1 .1 .6 99 25 23 17 14 5 8 4 3 16.0 4.0 3.7 2 .8 2.3 .8 1.3 .6 •5 11 3 1 1 1 4 1 Hazardous arrangement or placement.............................. Unsafely placed objects.................................. . Unsafely piled objects.......... ............................. Other......... ........................................ ...... 65 33 29 3 5.6 2 .8 2.5 .3 36 16 18 2 5.8 2 .6 2.9 .3 Setup boxes Number Percent1 Number Percent1 100.0 418 100.0 225 100.0 26.9 19.7 2.4 2.4 2.4 104 57 15 11 5 32.5 17.8 4.7 3.4 1 .6 46 30 7 3 3 25.4 16.4 3.9 1.7 i.7 5 11 1 .6 3.4 3 1.7 89 42 18 11 4 14 27.8 13.1 r 5.6 3.4 1.3 4.4 82 64 9 3 45.2 35.2 5.0 1.7 6 3.3 26.8 7.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 9.9 2.4 80 19 19 12 10 10 3 4 3 25.0 6 .0 5.9 3.8 3.1 3.1 .9 1.3 .9 32 9 6 4 2 17.7 4.9 3.3 2 .2 1 .1 5 5 1 2 .8 2 .8 .6 1 2.4 1 2.4 18 11 7 5.6 3.4 2 .2 10 6 3 1 5.5 3.2 1.7 .6 Percent 39.1 29.4 2.4 Poor housekeeping...... ........... ............................ 54 4.7 33 5.3 1 2.4 13 4.1 7 3.9 Lack of personal safety equipment............................... Lack of gloves................................................ Lack of goggles.................. ....................... ..... Other............. ........................................... 37 21 13 3 3.2 1 .8 1 .1 .3 27 14 11 2 4.4 2.3 1 .8 .3 1 2.4 8 6 2 2.5 1.9 .6 1 1 .6 .6 1 2.4 Lack of ladders, scaffolds................................... . 17 1.5 9 1.5 5 1 .6 3 1.7 4 .3 1 .2 3 .9 Improper illumination........................................... Tine! a s s i fi ed • i n s u f f i c i e n t data.............. .................. 153 302 1 Percents are based on classified cases only. 56 7 98 44 TABLE 1 8 .--W O R K ACCIDENTS IN THE PA PERBO ARD-CON TAIN ER INDUSTRY, BY ACCIDENT TY PE AND UNSAFE A C T , 1950 Striking against objects Falls on same level Slips and stumbles Falls to different levels Exposure to extreme temper atures Other accident types 240 211 86 66 57 13 21 117 15 93 7 14 10 3 48 13 16 1 1 2 1 1 4 2 1 15 4 68 5 30 1 47 Total number of accidents Caught in, on, or between Struck by moving objects 1,34-3 351 295 338 157 119 35 15 12 *1 55 118 5 28 327 170 36 34 27 20 40 28 15 17 3 4 11 2 12 T n a t t e n t io n t n s u r r r m n d in g s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 1 16 U n sa fe loading p l a c i n g e t c .......... .. T.ift i ng e x c e s s i v e l o a d s . . . .................................... r_____ p l a c i n g rVhjpo+.ic* un rfif*#a1y TT. . T . . . , r. . . T. . , . . . t . O th e r T. . . T..................... r..............T. . . 7 . .............. T.............. 81 44 34 3 2 28 1 1 28 F ai 1lire t o s e c u r e o r w a r n .................................................... FA-ilirrp +.n InnV n r hi nr*V _ . . _ 1 .......... r............................ F a i 1lire t o g i v e p r o p e r s i g n a l ____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 47 17 2 46 34 12 13 11 1 1 1 1 f .le a n i n g 56 45 1 10 17 2 2 7 Unsafe acts Total ......................................... ......................... Over exertion Unclas sified; insuffi cient data 3 Using equipment unsafely or hands instead of E x p o s u r e t n m ovin g nh j e c t s . . ....................... .................. ■Exposure tn m ovin g m a c h in e r y ............................................ Other............. .......................... .. a d ju s t i n g m ovin g e q u i p m e n t . . . . . . ________ W ork in g a t u n s a fe s p e e d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F a ilu r e t o use s a fe a t t i r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unclassified; insufficient data................. 26 19 1 1 56 55 55 54 1 4 1 1 55 1 37 35 4 1 4 2 3 4 6 3 36 2 . i 10 48 44 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 14 2 2 1 5 1 345 28 82 130 46 25 9 8 1 2 1 17 57 3 3 1 8 2 1 2 13 3 TA BL E 1 9 .--W O R K ACCIDENTS IN THE PAPERBO ARD-CON TAIN ER INDUSTRY, BY TY P E OF PLAN T AND UNSAFE A C T , 195-0 Accidents in plants manufacturing— Unsafe acts Total number of accidents Corrugated and fiber boxes Fiber cans, drums, tubes, etc. Folded boxes Setup boxes Number Percent1 Number Percent1 Number Percent1 Number Percent1 Number Percent1 1,343 100.0 729 100.0 32 100.0 353 100.0 224 100.0 Using equipment unsafely or hands instead of equipment.......... Taking wrong hold of objects.................................. Gripping objects insecurely................................... Inattention while u: ng hand trucks........................... Using hands instead of tools.................................. Other......................................................... 338 157 119 35 15 12 33.9 15.8 11.9 3.5 1.5 1 .2 169 64 71 19 7 8 32.2 12.2 13.6 3.6 1.3 1.5 8 4 4 33.3 16.6 16.7 90 40 29 13 4 4 34.5 15.3 11 .2 5.0 1.5 1.5 71 49 15 3 4 38.5 22.6 8 .1 1 .6 2 .2 Taking unsafe positions or postures............................. Inattention to footing........................................ Lifting incorrectly........................................... Unsafe placing of hands....................................... Exposure to moving objects.................................... Exposure to moving machinery.................................. Other............................................. ............ 327 170 36 34 27 20 40 32.8 17.1 3.6 3.4 2.7 2 .0 4.0 180 101 15 14 18 12 20 34.3 19.2 2.9 2.7 3.4 2.3 3.8 6 1 25.0 4.2 2 2 1 8.3 8.3 4.2 87 42 10 12 6 4 13 33.5 16.3 3.8 4.6 2.3 1.5 5.0 52 25 11 6 1 3 6 28.1 13.7 5.9 3.2 .5 1 .6 3.2 26 10 .0 14 7.6 20 12 7 1 7.7 4.6 2.7 .4 11 7 4 5.9 3.7 2 .2 7.3 5.0 1.5 .8 20 16 4 10.8 8 .6 2 .2 ....... Inattention to surroundings........................ ............ 82 8 .2 42 8 .0 Unsafe loading, placing, etc............................. ....... Lifting excessive loads.................................. ..... Placing objects unsafely...................................... Other................... ..................................... 81 44 34 3 8 .1 4.4 3.4 .3 49 25 22 2 9.3 4.7 4.2 .4 1 4.2 1 4.2 Failure to secure or warn....................................... Failure to lock or block...................................... Failure to give proper signal................................. Other.... .................................................... 66 47 17 2 6 .6 4.7 1.7 .2 24 16 8 4.6 3.1 1.5 2 2 8.3 8.3 19 13 4 2 4 16.7 13 5.0 8 4.3 3 1 .2 3 1 .6 5 2.7 1 .5 Cleaning, adjusting, moving equipment........................... 56 5.6 31 5.9 Working at unsafe speeds........................................ * 17 1.7 11 2 .1 Failure to use safe attire...................................... 17 1.7 11 2 .1 1 4.2 14 1.4 8 1.5 2 8.3 Unclassified; insufficient data.............................. . 345 204 1 Percents are based on classified cases only. 58 8 2 93 .8 39 T A B L E 2 0 .--W O R K A C C ID E N T S IN T H E P A P E R B O A R D -C O N T A IN E R IN D U S T R Y , BY SIZE O F P L A N T , A C C ID E N T T Y P E , HAZARDOUS W ORKING C O N D IT IO N , A ND UNSAFE A C T , 1950 Plant size Accident types, hazardous working conditions, and unsafe acts 100--249 employees Less than 100 employees Percent1 Number Number 250 employees and over Percent1 Number Percent1 Accident types Total.................................................................................... 290 100.0 640 100.0 575 100.0 Caught in, on, or between................................................................ Struck by moving objects............................................................. . Overexertion................................... ......................................... Striking against objects................................................................. Falls on same level...................................................................... Slips and stumbles....................................... .->............................... Falls to different levels................................................................ Exposure to extreme temperatures......................................................... Other accident types..„.................................................................. 84 55 56 52 19 9 5 4 5 1 29.1 19.0 19.4 18.0 6 .6 3.1 1.7 1.4 1.7 156 150 116 89 36 32 36 6 15 4 24.5 23.6 18.2 14.0 5.7 5.0 5.7 .9 2.4 136 134 113 88 41 29 21 4 9 23.6 23.3 19.7 15.3 7.1 5.0 3.7 .7 1 .6 Total.................................................................................... 273 100.0 613 100.0 575 100.0 Hazardous working procedures............................... .............................. Moving heavy loads by hand............................................................. 65 34 31 29.8 15.6 14.2 180 79 101 37.2 16.3 20.9 159 83 76 34.9 18.3 16.6 Inadequately guarded...................................................................................................................................................................... Lack of point-of-operation guards............................. ......................... 81 57 24 37.2 26.2 11 .0 147 86 61 30.4 17.8 12.6 128 64 64 28.0 14.0 14.0 Defects of agencies...................................... ............................... Hazardous arrangement or placement............................ ........................... Poor housekeeping........................................................................ Lack of personal safety equipment........................................................ Lack of ladders, scaffolds......... ..................................................... Improper illumination.................................................................... 46 11 4 7 3 1 55 21 .1 5.0 1 .8 3.2 1.4 .5 76 33 22 17 8 1 129 15.7 6 .8 4.5 3.5 1.7 .2 100 21 28 13 6 2 118 21.9 4.6 6 .1 2 .8 1.3 .4 Hazardous working conditions TTnr’d a ss if-? f> d * i n s u f f i c i p r i t d a t a .............................................. ............................................................................................ Unsafe Acts 250 100.0 577 100.0 516 100.0 Using equipment unsafely or hands instead of equipment................................... Taking wrong hold of objects........................................................... 80 54 26 40.8 27.5 13.3 136 63 73 30.8 14.3 16.5 122 40 82 33.8 11.1 22.7 Taking unsafe positions or postures...................................................... Inattention to footing................................................................. 56 29 27 28.6 14.8 13.8 161 80 81 36.5 18.1 18.4 110 61 49 30.5 16.9 13.6 Inattention to surroundings................................. .. ............................ Unsafe loading, placing, etc............................................................. Failure to secure or warn................................................................ Cleaning, adjusting, moving equipment.................................................... Working at unsafe speeds................................................................. Failure to use safe attire................................ ............................... 17 13 11 10 2 5 2 54 8.7 6 .6 5.6 5.1 39 43 17 24 7 6 8 8 .8 9.8 3.9 5.4 1 .6 1.4 1 .8 26 25 38 22 8 6 4 7.2 6.9 10.5 6 .1 2 .2 1.7 1 .1 Unclassified; insufficient data......... .. ........... ............ .. .......... .............. 1 .0 2 .6 1 .0 136 155 1 Percents are based on classified cases only. 59 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : O— 1953
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