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INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES IN THE BUILERSHOP-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY B u lletin N o .1 2 3 7 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary BUREAU Of LABOR STATISTICS Ewon Cloy , Cotnmittionir IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U S E S IN T H E B O IL E R S H O P -P R O D U C T S IN D U S T R Y B u lle tin N o . 1 2 37 Novombor 1958 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D . C. - Price 50 cents The Library of Congress has cataloged the series in which this publication appears as follows: U. S. Bureau o f Labor Statistics. B ulletin, no. 1 W ashington. no. in N ov. 1895- v. illus. 16-28 cm. Bimonthly, Nov. 1895-May 1912; irregular, July 1912No. 1-111 issued by the Bureau of Labor. 1. Labor and laboring classes—U. S.—Period. HD8051.A62 331.06173 Library of Congress [r58t2j 15-23307 rev*t The Library of Congress has cataloged this publication as follows: McElroy, Frank Shafer. Injuries and accident causes in the boilershop-products industry tby Frank S. M cE lroy and G eorge R. M cCormack] W ashington, U. S. Dept, o f Labor, Bureau o f Labor Sta tistics, 1958. iv, 46 p. illus. 26 cm. ( U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bulle tin no. 1237) Supplements In ju ry rate variations in the. boilershop-products in dustry, by G. R. McCormack, published in 1953 as B LS report no. 28. 1. (Boiler-making industry— Accidents) 2. Boiler-makers. i. Mc Cormack, George Robertson, joint author, i i . Title, i i i . T it le : Boilershop-products industry. (Series) H D8051.A62 no. 1237 331.823 -------------------- Copy 3. HD7269.B6M3 U. S. Dept, of Labor, for Library of Congress Library t L 58-69 CONTENTS Page Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................. . . . 1 Scope o f su rvey and d e fin it io n s • • . • • • • • • . .................................... F a ta lit y • • • • . • • . ......................................................... • ...................... P erm an en t-total d i s a b i l i t y ....................... P erm an en t-p artial d is a b ilit y ............................... . . . . . T em p ora ry-tota l d is a b ilit y ................................................... Source o f i n j u r y ......................................................................................................... A ccid e n t typ e .............................................................................. Hazardous w orking c o n d itio n ................................... .... ............................... .... Agency o f a c c i d e n t ..................... Unsafe a c t ...................................... 2 3 3 3 3 3 ii It 5 5 The in d u stry and i t s hazards ...................................................................... Layout .......................... Machine o p e r a t i o n s ..................... A s s e m b ly .......................... 5 5 6 7 A c t iv it y o f in ju re d a t tim e o f in ju r y 8 Kinds The The The o f in ju r ie s ex p e rie n ce d . . . . .................. . . . . . . . . . . . fa t a lit ie s • • • • • ........................... . . . . ........................................ p erm a n en t-tota l d i s a b ilit y p erm a n en t-p a rtia l d i s a b i l i t i e s . . . . . . . . .................. . . . Source o f in ju r y • • • • • • • .............................. 8 11 11 11 13 A ccid en t a n a ly s is ........................................................ A ccid e n t typ es 17 17 A ccid en t cau ses ................................................................. Hazardous w orking c o n d itio n s Hazardous o p e ra tio n s and p roced u res • • • • . . . . ...................... . Placem ent hazards ............................................................. Inadequate gu ardin g • • • » . . ....................................................................... D e fe cts o f a g e n cie s . . . . . . . ........................... . ............................... M iscella n eou s ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unsafe a c ts . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... . . . . . Taking u n sa fe p o s it io n s o r p ostu res Using u n sa fe equipm ent o r equipm ent u n s a fe ly . • • • • .................. Unsafe lo a d in g and p la c in g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O ther u n safe a c ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 20 22 22 22 A ccid e n t-p re v e n tio n su g g e stio n s . . . .................. . . . . . . .................. Case d e s c r ip tio n s and a c c id e n t-p r e v e n tio n su g g e stio n s . . . . . . . 30 30 - i - 2k 25 26 26 27 28 29 29 CONTENTS—-C ontinued Page Appendix— S t a t i s t i c a l t a b le s .................. T able 1. T able 2. Table 3. Table 1*. T able 5. Table 6. T able 7. Table 8. T able 9. Table 1 0 . T able 1 1 . Table 1 2 . T able 1 3 . Table ll*. . . . . ....................... . . . . . D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in 136 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d b y a c t iv it y o f in ju r e d and e x te n t o f d i s a b i l i t y , 1 9 5 1 ........................................................................... D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in 136 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d by nature o f in ju r y , p a r t o f body in ju r e d , and e x te n t o f d i s a b i l i t y , 1951 . . . . . . . . D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in 136 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n ts , c l a s s i f i e d b y nature o f in ju r y , p a r t o f body in ju r e d , and p r o d u ct, 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in 136 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n ts , c l a s s i f i e d by n atu re o f in ju r y , p a rt o f bootyin ju r e d , and a c t iv it y o f in ju r e d , 1 9 5 1 ............................... .... D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in 136 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d b y p a r t o f body in ju r e d , sou rce o f in ju r y , and nature o f in ju r y , 1951 ................................... D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in 136 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n ts , c l a s s i f i e d by sou rce o f in ju r y and e x te n t o f d i s a b i l i t y , 1951 .................. D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in 136 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n ts , c l a s s i f i e d by typ e o f a c c id e n t and e x te n t o f d is a b i l i t y , 1 9 5 1 ........................................................................... Work a c c id e n ts in 136 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d by ty p e o f a c c id e n t and a c t iv it y o f in ju r e d , 1951 . • • • • • ........................... . . . . . . . . Work a c c id e n ts in 136 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d by typ e o f a c c id e n t and p r o d u ct, 1951 . . . Work a c c id e n ts in 136 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n ts , c l a s s i f i e d by typ e o f a c c id e n t and s o u rce o f in ju r y , 1 9 5 1 ........................................................................................ Work a c c id e n ts in 135 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d by typ e o f a ccid e n t and hazardous w orking c o n d it io n , 1951 . . • • • • • • ............................... D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in 135 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d by hazardous w orking c o n d itio n and e x te n t o f d i s a b i l i t y , 1 9 5 1 ................................................. Work a c c id e n ts in 135 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d by hazardous w orking c o n d itio n and p r o d u ct, 1951 .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Work a c c id e n ts in 135 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d by hazardous w orking c o n d itio n and a c t iv it y o f in ju r e d , 1951 . . . . . . . ............................... - ii - 1*7 1*7 1*8 1*9 50 5l 52 53 51* 55 56 57 58 59 60 CONTENTS— C ontinued Page T a b les— C ontinued T able 1J>. T able 1 6 . T able 1 7 . T able 1 8 . Work a c c id e n ts in 135 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d by hazardous w orking c o n d itio n and agency o f a c c id e n t , 1951 • • • • • • • • • • • .................. Work a c c id e n ts in 13U b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d by ty p e o f a c c id e n t and u n sa fe a c t , 1951 • • D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in 13U b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d by u n sa fe a c t and e x te n t o f d i s a b i l i t y , 1 9 5 1 .......................i ......................................................... Work a c c id e n ts in 13U b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d b y u n sa fe a c t and p r o d u ct, 1951 • • • • • • • 6l 62 63 6U C h arts: 1. 2. 3. U. 5. 6. D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in th e b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts in d u s try , b y p a r t o f bod y in ju r e d , 1951 • • • • • • • • • • • • D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in th e b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts in d u s tr y , b y n atu re o f in ju r y , 1951 ............................................ .... M ajor so u rce s o f in ju r y in th e b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts in d u s tr y , 1 9 5 1 .................................................... M ajor typ es o f a c c id e n ts in th e b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts in d u s try , 1 9 5 1 ..................................................................................................... M ajor ty p es o f hazardous w orking c o n d itio n s in the b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts in d u s tr y , 1951 M ajor ty p e s o f u n sa fe a c ts in th e b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c ts in d u s try , 1 9 5 1 ................................................. . ................................................ - iii - iv 9 Hi 16 23 27 Chart 1. DISABLING WORK INJURIES IN THE BOILERSHOP-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY By Part of Body Injured, 1951 Parcant o! All Disabling Injuries RSI H E A D (Except EYE) EYE BACK TRUNK (Except B A C K ) ■" .■......................... ev b = ’ -‘’*‘ V ?k " ■ " ” ■■■................... - ..... " " , l ' ., v -i 2 0 .0 1 H A N D O R FINGER :: : vs) LEG s"1 ‘ f FOOT O R TOE BODY, G ENERAL UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR B U REA UOFLABORSTA TISTIC S >.u> ,^ T T *?8 y;... — 22-3t I n ju r ie s a n d A c c id e n t B o ile r s h o p -P r o d u c ts C a u ses in th e In d u stry * SUMM&HT D e sp ite th e o b vio u s need f o r end v id e u se o f M e chanical l if t in g eq uip ment in th e in d u stry , so n s I# p e rce n t o f th e in j u r ie s In b o ile rsh o p -p ro d n c ts plan ts o ccu r in th e co u rse o f m anual h a n d lin g o f M a t e ria ls * In th e p e rio d covered b y t h is su rv e y, 19$1, th e m ost cannon s in g le in ju r y experienced in th e in d u stry w as back s t r a in from o v e re x e rtio n * A s u b s ta n tia l number o f b r u is e s and fra c tu re s o f the fe e t and to e s ware a ls o a sso c ia te d w ith m anualh a n d lin g o p e ra tio n s* The n e xt la r g e s t volum e o f s in g le in ju r y c o n siste d o f eye ir r it a t io n s produced b y fo re ig n b o d ie s e n te rin g th e e ye * These f ly in g p a r t ic le s m ost co on o n ly o rig in a te d in h a n d to o l and m achine o p e ra tio n s* B oth h asard o u s w o rkin g c o n d itio n s and u n sa fe a c ts had a p a rt in th e occurrence o f m ost o f th e re p o rte d a c c id e n ts* G e n e ra lly , th e in t e r r e la t io n sh ip was su ch th a t i f e it h e r o f th e se a c c id e n t fa c to rs had been e lim in a te d th e a c c id e n ts w ould n o t have happened* H asardous c o n d itio n s w ere id e n t ifie d in about 90 percent and unsafe acts in a t le a s t 8J> p e rce n t o f th e c a se s stu d ie d * The m ost commonly encountered h asard o us w o rkin g c o n d itio n 1/ wee the la c k o f adequate h e lp in m oving heavy m a te ria ls* O ther h asard ous c o n d itio n s fre q u e n tly c o n trib u tin g to th e occurrence o f a c c id e n ts in c lu d e d : I m properl y p ile d o r p lace d m etal sto c k and a s sem b lie s } la c k o f adequate p e rso n a l sa fe ty equipm ent f o r mach in e and h a n d to o l o p e ra tio n s; la c k o f gu a rd s a t th e p o in t o f o p e ra tio n o f m achines end hand t o o ls ; and d e fe c ts in w o rkin g su rfa c e s, handt o d s , m etal sto c k , a sse m b lie s, e tc * *T h ls re p o rt was prepared in th e D iv is io n o f In d u s t r ia l H a sard s, Bureau o f Labor S t a t is t ic s , U * S * Departm ent o f La b o r,b y F ra n k S * M cK Iro y and G eorge R * McCormack* 1 / F o r d e fin it io n s o f h asard o u s w o rkin g c o n d itio n and u n sa fe a c t, see Scope o f Su rv e y end D e fin it io n s , p . 2. 1 2 N e a rly h a lf o f the reco rd e d u n sa fe a c ts f e l l in th e g e n e ra l ca te go ry o f "ta k in g an u n sa fe p o s it io n o r p o stu re . " Prom inent in t h is group were the s p e c if ic a c ts o f in a tte n tio n to fo o tin g , in a tte n tio n to sur ro un d in g s, expo su re under suspended lo a d s, and exposure to f a llin g o r s lid in g o b je c ts. O th er u n sa fe a c ts o f fre q u e n t occurrence in c lu d e d : G rip p in g o b je c ts In se c u re ly ; ta k in g w rong h o ld o f o b je c ts; f a ilu r e to b lo c k o b je c ts a g a in st unexpected movement; u n sa fe p la c in g o r lo a d in g o f m a te ria ls; and f a ilu r e to wear sa fe a t t ir e . SCOPE OF SURVET AND D EFIN IT IO N S D u rin g 1952, th e Bureau o f Labor S t a t is t ic s conducted a sp e c ia l,d e ta ile d su rv e y , c o v e rin g the p re ce d in g y e a r, o f w o rk -in ju ry ra te s in th e b o ile rsh o p p ro d u cts in d u stry . The f in a l re p o rt o f th a t stu d y , B IS R e p ort 2 8 ,In ju r y Rate V a ria tio n s in th e B o ile rsh o p -P ro d u c ts In d u stry , 1951, p re se n te d a d e ta ile d a n a ly sis o f in jury rate s ty product, plant size , region, and operating departments. 2/ The c u rre n t stu d y was d e sign e d to supplem ent the 1951 in ju r y -ra t e su rv e y b y p re se n tin g in fo rm a tio n a s to how and why in ju ry -p ro d u c in g a c c id e n ts o ccu r in th e in d u stry . Such in fo rm a tio n h e lp s to id e n t if y th e h azard s and u n sa fe p ra c tic e s w hich m ost commonly le a d to a c c id e n ts and th e re b y se rv e s a s a spe c if ic gu id e to a c c id e n t-p re v e n tio n a c t iv it ie s . The data f o r t h is stu d y were c o lle c te d in p e rso n a l v i s i t s o f Bureau re p re se n ta tiv e s to 136 b o ile rsh o p -p ro d u c ts p la n ts. The p e rio d covered was the same a s th a t f o r the in ju ry -ra te su rv e y (ca le n d a r y e a r, 1 9 5 1 )* A lth o u gh t h is re su lte d in a co n sid e ra b le tim e la g f o r re p o rtin g th e fin d in g s o f th e stu d y , th e re i s no evidence th a t th e p a tte rn o f a c c id e n ts has changed d u rin g the in t e r v a l, e s p e c ia lly sin c e th e m ethods o f o p e ra tio n s have changed l i t t l e in th e in d u stry d u rin g the p e rio d . These 136 p la n ts em ployed n e a rly 28,000 w o rke rs, about hh p e rce n t o f a l l w orkers in the in d u stry . S in c e the objec t iv e was to o b ta in in d iv id u a l a ccid e n t case re c o rd s, o n ly p la n ts w hich had p re v io u sly re p o rte d th e occurrence o f some in j u r ie s were v is it e d . The a v e r age in ju ry -fre q u e n c y ra te o f the p la n ts su rve ye d , 3 2 .5 , th e re fo re , was h ig h e r th an th e in d u st ry average, 2 8 .5 , because o f the e x c lu sio n o f "n o in ju r y e sta b lish m e n ts• " 2 / The Bureau re p re se n ta tiv e s tra n sc rib e d the fo llo w in g d ata from th e o r ig i n a l a c c id e n t re c o rd s o f the p la n ts: (a ) p la c e where th e a c c id e n t o ccu rre d ; (b ) n atu re o f in ju r y and p a rt o f body in ju re d ; (c ) o b je c t o r su b stan ce p ro d u cin g th e in ju ry ; (d ) type o f a c c id e n t; and (e ) hazardous w o rkin g c o n d itio n and/or u n sa fe a c t le a d in g to the a c c id e n t. In d iv id u a l ca se re c o rd s f a r 2,017 d is a b lin g in j u r ie s were c o lle c te d . In c lu d e d were 5 f a t a lit ie s , 1 perm anentt o t a l d is a b ilit y , and 103 p e rm a n e n t-p a rtia l d is a b ilit ie s . The o th e r 1,908 ca se s were te m p o ra ry -to ta l d is a b ilit ie s • 2/ T h is re p o rt may be ob tain ed fre e o f charge upon re q u e st to th e IT. S . Departm ent o f La b o r’s Bureau o f Labor S t a t is t ic s • 3/ The in ju ry -fre q u e n c y ra te i s th e average number o f d is a b lin g w ork in j u r ie s p e r m illio n h o u rs w orked. - 3 - The d e fin it io n s o f th e se v e ra l d is a b ilit y c la s s if ic a t io n s a s a p p lie d in t h is su rv e y are a s fo llo w s: h / F a t a lit y .— A death r e s u lt in g from a w ork in ju r y i s c la s s if ie d a s a w ork f a t a lit y re g a rd le ss o f the tim e in te rv e n in g between in ju r y and d e ath . Perm anent-Total D is a b ilit y . — A i in ju r y o th e r than death w hich perm anently and t o t a lly in c a p a c ita te s an employee from fo llo w in g an y g a in fu l occup atio n i s c la s s if ie d a s p e rm an en t-to tal d is a b ilit y . The lo s s , o r com plete lo s s o f u se , o f any o f th e fo llo w in g in one a c c id e n t i s co n sid e re d p e rm an en t-to tal d is a b ilit y : (a ) B oth e ye s; (b ) 1 eye and 1 hand, o r arm , o r le g , o r fo o t; (c ) any 2 o f the fo llo w in g n o t on th e same lim b : hand, arm , fo o t, o r le g . P e rm a n e n t-P a rtia l D is a b ilit y .— The com plete lo s s in one a c c id e n t o f any member o r p a r i o f a member o f the body, o r any perm anent im pairm ent o f fu n c t io n s o f the body o r p a rt th e re o f to any degree le s s th an p e rm an en t-to tal d is a b ilit y i s c la s s if ie d a s p e rta a n e n t-p a rtia l d is a b ilit y , re g a rd le ss o f any preexisting d is a b ilit y o f th e in ju re d member o r im paired body fu n c tio n . The fo llo w in g in j u r ie s a re n o t c la s s if ie d a s p e rm a n e n t-p a rtia l d is a b ilit ie s : (a ) h e rn ia , i f i t can be re p a ire d ; (b ) lo s s o f f in g e r n a ils o r to e n a ils ; (c ) lo s s o f te e th ; (d ) d isfig u re m e n t; (e ) s t r a in s o r sp ra in s n o t c a u sin g perm anent lim it a t io n o f m otion; and ( f ) fra c tu re s h e a lin g com p letely w ith o u t d e fo rm itie s o r d isp la ce m e n ts• T em porary-T otal D is a b ilit y .--A n y in ju r y n o t r e s u lt in g in d e ath o r perma nent im pairm ent i s c la s s if ie d a s a te m p o ra ry -to ta l d is a b ilit y i f the in ju re d p e rso n , because o f h is in ju r y , i s u nab le to perform a r e g u la r ly e sta b lish e d Job, open and a v a ila b le to him , d u rin g th e e n tire tim e in t e r v a l co rre sp o n d in g to the h o u rs o f h is re g u la r s h if t on any one o r more days (in c lu d in g Sundays, days o ff, o r p la n t shutdow ns) subsequent to th e date o f in ju r y . The a ccid e n t-ca u se a n a ly s is procedure used in t h is stu d y d if f e r s in some re sp e c ts from th e p roce d u re s sp e c ifie d in th e Am erican Stand ard Method o f C om p ilin g In d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t C auses. The d e v ia tio n s from the Sta n d a rd in c lu d e the in tro d u c tio n o f an a d d itio n a l a n a ly s is fa c to r, term ed the "so u rc e o f in ju r y " and m o d ific a tio n o f the sta n d a rd d e fin it io n s o f some o f the o th e r fa c t o r s . These changes p e rm it more accu rate c ro ss c la s s if ic a t io n s • Source o f In ju r y ;— The sta n d a rd c la s s if ic a t io n p ro v id e s f o r the se le c t io n o f one "a ge n cy " in th e a n a ly s is o f each a c c id e n t. By d e fin it io n , t h is agency may be e ith e r (a ) th e o b je ct o r su b stan ce w hich was u n sa fe and th e re b y lj/ See Am erican Standard Method o f C om p ilin g In d u s t r ia l In ju r y R a te s, approved b y th e Am erican Sta n d a rd s A sso c ia tio n , O ctober 11, 19U5, p . 6 . - i; - co n trib u te d to th e occurrence o f th e a c c id e n t, o r (b ) in th e absence o f su ch an o b je c t o r su b sta n ce , the o b je c t o r su b stan ce m ost c lo s e ly re la te d to th e in ju r y * Under t h is d e fin it io n , th e re fo re , a ta b u la tio n o f "a g e n c ie s" f o r a group o f a c c id e n ts in c lu d e s o b je c ts o r su b stan ce s w hich n ay have been in h e r e n t ly sa fe and u n re la te d to th e occurrence o f the a c c id e n ts, a s n e ll a s th o se w hich le d to th e occurrence o f th e a c c id e n ts because o f t h e ir c o n d itio n , lo c a tio n , stru c tu re , o r method o f u se * The developm ent o f th e c la s s if ic a t io n "so u rc e o f in ju r y ” re p re se n ts an attem pt to se p ara te and c la s s if y se p a ra te ly th e se two agency co n ce p ts* The "so u rc e o f in ju r y ," a s u sed in t h is stu d y , i s th e o b je c t, su b sta n ce , o r b o d ily re a c tio n w hich a c t u a lly produced the in ju r y , se le c te d w ith o u t regard to i t s sa fe ty c h a r a c te ris t ic s o r i t s in flu e n c e upon the c h a in o f e ve n ts con s t it u t in g th e a c c id e n t* A ccid e n t Type. — A s used in t h is stu d y , th e a c c id e n t-ty p e c la s s if ic a t io n a ssig n e d to each a c c id e n t i s p u re ly d e sc rip tiv e o f the occurrence r e s u lt in g in an in ju r y , and i s re la te d s p e c if ic a lly to th e so u rce o f in ju r y * I t in d i c a te s how the in ju re d p e rso n came in t o co n ta ct w ith , o r was a ffe c te d b y, th e p re v io u s ly se le c te d so u rce o f in ju r y , a s f o r exam ple, b y "s t r ik in g a g a in s t" th e named so u rce o f in ju r y * The d e fin it io n re p re se n ts a change from th e sta n d a rd procedure in two re sp e c ts: F ir s t , the a ccid e n t-ty p e c la s s if ic a t io n i s s p e c if ic a lly re la te d to the p re v io u sly se le c te d so u rce o f in ju r y ; second, the sequence o f se le c tin g t h is fa c to r i s sp e c ifie d * Hazardous W orking C o n d itio n . — Under th e sta n d a rd d e fin it io n , th e h a za rd ous w o rkin g c o n d itio n in d ic a te d in th e a n a ly s is i s d e fin e d a s th e "u n sa fe m echanical o r p h y sic a l c o n d itio n o f th e se le c te d agency w hich co u ld have been guarded o r c o rre c te d ." An example o f su ch a h azard i s the la c k o f a guard f o r a p re ss* T h is im p lie s the p r io r se le c tio n o f the "a ge n cy " b u t does n o t p ro v id e f o r re c o g n itio n o f any r e la t io n s h ip between th e h azardous c o n d itio n and a cc id e n t-ty p e c la s s if ic a t io n s * N or does th e sta n d a rd p ro v id e f o r any d e fin ite re la tio n sh ip between the "agency" and the "a ccid e n t typeP c la s s ific a tio n s . To p ro v id e c o n tin u ity and to e s t a b lis h d ir e c t r e la t io n s h ip s among the v a rio u s a n a ly s is fa c to rs to p e rm it c ro ss c la s s if ic a t io n , th e sta n d a rd d e fin i tio n was m o d ifie d f o r t h is stu d y to re ad : "The hazardous w o rkin g c o n d itio n i s th e hazardous c o n d itio n w hich p e rm itted o r occasio ne d the occurrence o f the se le c te d a c c id e n t ty p e *" The h a za rd o u s-c o n d itio n c la s s if ic a t io n , th e re fo re , was se le c te d a ft e r the d e te rm in a tio n o f th e a c c id e n t-ty p e c la s s if ic a t io n * I t re p re se n ts the p h y sic a l o r m echanical re a so n f o r th e occurrence o f th a t p a r t ic u la r a c c id e n t w ith o u t re g a rd to th e f e a s ib ilit y o f gu a rd in g o r c o rre c tin g th e c o n d itio n * E lim in a tio n o f th e c o n d itio n "w h ich co u ld have been guarded o r c o rre c te d " i s based upon the prem ise th a t s t a t is t ic a l a n a ly s is sh o u ld in d ic a te th e e x is t ence o f h a za rd s, b u t sh o u ld n o t attem pt to s p e c ify the f e a s ib ilit y o f co rrective m easures* - * - Agency o f A ccid e n t* — Fo r the purpose o f t h is stu d y, the agency o f a c c ir dent was d e fin e d as "th e o b je c t, su b stan ce , o r p rem ise s in o r about w hich the hazardous c o n d itio n e x is te d ," a s, fo r exam ple, the p re ss w hich was unguarded. I t s se le c tio n , th e re fo re , i s d ir e c t ly a sso c ia te d w ith th e hazardous c o n d itio n le a d in g to the occurrence o f the a ccid e n t and n ot w ith the occurrence o f the in ju r y . In many in sta n c e s, the source o f in ju r y and the agency o f accid e n t are id e n t ic a l. The two c la s s if ic a t io n s , how ever, a v o id any p o s s ib ilit y o f a m b igu ity in the in te rp re ta tio n o f the "a ge n cy" ta b u la tio n . U nsafe A c t.— The u n sa fe a c t d e fin it io n u se d in t h is su rv e y i s id e n t ic a l w ith the sta n d a rd d e fin it io n ; i. e . , "th a t v io la t io n o f a commonly accepted sa fe procedure w hich re su lte d in the se le c te d a ccid e n t ty p e ." THE INDUSTRY AND IT S HAZARDS The b o ile rsh o p -p ro d u c ts in d u stry i s composed o f "e sta b lish m e n ts p rim a rily engaged in m anufacturing in d u s t r ia l, pow er, and m arine b o ile r s ; smoke sta c k s; heavy ta n k s; and o th e r b o ile rsh o p p ro d u cts; and fa b ric a te d p la te work w hich in v o lv e s the c u ttin g , p u n ch in g, b e nd in g, and sh a p in g o f ste e l p la te s fo r other in d u s t rie s , o r fo r assem bly on the jo b ." 5/ The la rg e r b o ile rsh o p s tend to conce n trate on p ro d u c tio n item s and are commonly d e partm e ntalize d. Workmen in such shops u s u a lly perform o n ly 1 o r 2 s p e c ific o p e ra tio n s, becom ing e s p e c ia lly adept a t them. In the m isce lla n e o u s ste e l-p la te fa b ric a tin g p la n ts, the end p ro d u cts are u s u a lly custom made ac co rd in g to the s p e c ific a tio n s o f a c o n tra c t. Large p la n ts in t h is group gen e r a lly have departm entalized t h e ir o p e ra tio n s, h a t w orkers in the sm a ll p la n ts fre q u e n tly perform a number o f o p e ra tio n s, o fte n b e in g a ssig n e d to com plete m ajor p o rtio n s o f a p a r tic u la r jo b . As a r e s u lt , the sm a ll p la n ts have l i t t l e o r no departm ental o rg a n iz a tio n . W hether the o p e ra tio n s are d e partm entalized o r n o t, how ever, th e y fo llo w , b a s ic a lly , th e same ge n e ra l p a tte rn . M etal sto c k i s la id out by maxicing, i t i s then cu t and shaped, and f in a lly , i t i s assem bled. L a yo u t.— The la y o u t area i s u s u a lly lo c a te d near the sto ra ge ya rd from w hich m etal sto c k may be c a rrie d by cran es o r o th e r m echanical h a n d lin g equip ment. A la y o u t man, fo llo w in g a tem plate o r b lu e p r in t , m arks the sto c k w ith a ce nter punch, c h a lk , o r p a in t, to in d ic a te th e o p e ra tio n s w hich are to be perform ed. T enplates may be made o f m etal, wood, o r paper depending on the e xte nt o f t h e ir u se . The c h ie f h azard s o f the la y o u t departm ents are th o se a sso c ia te d w ith h a n d lin g m a te ria ls. S tra in e d m uscles th rou gh o v e re x e rtio n and la c e ra te d hands Sta n d a rd In d u s t r ia l C la s s if ic a t io n M anual, E xe cu tive O ffic e o f the Lcter P re sid e n t, Bureau o f the Budget, November, 19U5 (V o l. 1, P t. 1, p. 5 3 ). - 6 - o r fin g e r s from c o n ta c t w ith s t e e l s liv e r s may r e s u lt from l i f t i n g , tu r n in g , and carryin g m etal s to c k . In a d d itio n , workmen may drop m a te r ia l on t h e ir f e e t or s e t i t down on t h e ir hands or f in g e r s . When i t i s moved by crane or o th er equipm ent, workers under th a t equipm ent may be stru ck by th e s lin g lo a d or by m a te r ia l f a llin g from i t . Workmen may p in ch th e ir fin g e r s w h ile hooking or clam ping lo a d s and, u n le s s a h a n d lin e i s u se d , th e y may cru sh t h e ir fin g e r s in th e s lin g as th ey gu id e th e lo a d . Some p la n ts make t h e ir own te m p la te s. In th a t work, hazards a s s o c ia te d w ith machine o p era tio n s are common. Workmen may come in co n ta ct w ith th e p o in ts -o f-o p e r a tio n o f c ir c u la r saws and o th er m achines; th ey may be caught by unguarded b e l t s , g e a r s, e t c .; or th e y may be str u c k b y o b je c ts thrown by th e m achines, i . e . , k ick b a ck s. In a d d itio n , in th e m anufacture o f wood te m p la te s, saw dust may be blown or thrown in to workmen’ s e y e s . Haphazard p ilin g in sto ra g e yards may cau se p ile s o f m a te r ia ls to c o l la p s e on workmen. Uneven working su r fa c e s p r e se n t s lip p in g and tr ip p in g hazards w hich are a ccen ted by poor housekeeping such as p a in t, s p ille d or dropped, on f lo o r s . F in gers or hands may be b r u ise d through th e m isuse o f hammers, u sed w ith c e n te r punches in marking th e sto c k . Machine O p eration s. — The m etal sto c k a fte r la y o u t undergoes a s e r ie s o f machine o p era tio n s where equipm ent o p era to rs perform work as in d ic a te d by th e la y o u t men. S to ck i s c u t to s iz e w ith a burning to rch or m achine sh ears and th e edges are sm oothed by a p la n er or g rin d in g w h eel. R o lls bend or curve s t e e l p la te s to form s h e lls fo r b o ile r s and ta n k s. P ress brakes and bending rams form a n g les in th e m etal and tu b e-b en d in g m achines shape b o ile r tu b es w ith o u t b u ck lin g t h e ir w a lls . F in a lly , d r i l l s and ream ers are used, to cu t h o le s fo r r iv e t s . Hazards a s s o c ia te d w ith th e o p era tio n o f powered equipm ent are common in th e se departm ents. P o in ts -o f-o p e r a tio n are fr e q u e n tly unguarded as are g e a r s, b e l t s , p u lle y s , e t c . These hazards fr e q u e n tly are in t e n s if ie d by th e improper la y o u t o f o p e r a tio n s. Inadequate sp ace and la c k o f c le a r passagew ays may req u ire equipm ent o p e r a to r s, as w e ll as o th ers working in th e a rea , to p a ss near th e danger p o in ts . In a d d itio n to th e hazard o f b ein g caught in , or b ein g str u c k b y , moving p a r ts o f equipm ent, workmen in th e se o p era tio n s are l i k e l y to s u ffe r in j u r ie s by co n ta ct w ith sharp-edged m etal c h ip s . Som etim es, th e ch ip s are thrown by th e m achines and p resen t a se r io u s eye hazard. The m ost common, b u t l e s s s e r io u s , in ju r y c o n s is ts o f cu t or la c e r a te d hands exp erien ced in rem oving th e c h ip s from m achines, e s p e c ia lly d r i l l s . O c c a sio n a lly , th e c h ip s are h o t and may produce b u rn s. The movement o f sto c k from one o p era tio n to another i s a danger in machine o p e r a tio n s. Large and heavy p ie c e s o f m etal are u s u a lly tra n sp o rted by crane or o th er m echanical equipm ent b u t sm all p ie c e s are g e n e r a lly moved by hand or handtruck. The h an d lin g hazards n oted under th e la y o u t departm ents a re, th e r e fo r e , common in machine o p e r a tio n s. - 7 - O i l s a re u s e d e x t e n s iv e ly a s lu b r i c a n t s and c o o la n t s i n m any o f th e s e o p e r a t io n s . P r o lo n g e d c o n t a c t w ith th e s e o i l s m ay p ro d u c e d e r m a t o s is . In a d d it io n , th e lu b r ic a n t s , when s p i l l e d o r d ro p p e d o n th e f l o o r s , c r e a te s lip p in g h a z a rd s. S c r a p s o f m e ta l, d is c a r d e d fro m m ach in e o p e r a t io n s , a re fre q u e n tly dropped on f lo o r s w here th e y becom e t r i p p in g h a z a r d s . E le v a t e d p la t f o r m s , o f t e n u n g u a rd e d , o n w h ic h o p e r a t o r s o f la r g e m a ch in e s f r e q u e n t ly s t a n d , a re a n o th e r p o t e n t ia l s o u r c e o f f a l l s . H e avy m e ta l p la t e s o c c a s io n a lly a r e h e a te d t o f a c i l i t a t e m achine o p e r a t io n s . Workmen i n th o s e o p e r a t io n s , t h e r e fo r e , may be b u rn e d . A sse m b ly . — A f t e r th e m e ta l h a s b e e n c u t and fo rm e d , i t i s a sse m b le d . The p ie c e s may be b o n d e d b y e l e c t r i c w e ld in g o r b y r i v e t i n g . R iv e t in g i s common i n th e m a n u fa c tu re o f b o ile r s and o th e r p r e s s u r e v e s s e ls . H a z a rd s o r i g i n a t i n g i n h a n d t o o l o p e r a t io n s a re common i n th e a ss e m b ly d e p a rtm e n ts. I n r i v e t i n g o p e r a t io n s , th e r i v e t i n g hammer and th e b u c k in g b a r a re th e m o st com m only u s e d h a n d t o o ls . H ow ever, re a m e rs a r e u se d f r e q u e n t ly t o a lin e r i v e t h o le s b e fo r e " d r i v i n g " r i v e t s . I n a d d it io n t o th e w e ld in g t o r c h , c h ip p in g ham m ers and g r in d e r s a re u s e d e x t e n s iv e ly i n w e ld in g o p e r a tio n s t o sm o o th th e w e ld s . C o n ta c t w it h th e p o in t - o f - o p e r a t io n o f h a n d t o o ls i s an e v e r -p r e s e n t h a z a r d , s in c e t h a t e q u ip m e n t i s se ld o m g u a rd e d a d e q u a t e ly . E le c t r ic h andtocils, f r e q u e n t ly u n gro u n d e d , p r e s e n t a s e r io u s e l e c t r i c a l h a z a rd . S m a ll p a r t i c l e s th ro w n b y h a n d t o o l o p e r a t io n s e n d a n g e r th e e y e s o f a l l w o rk e rs i n th e a r e a . I n a d d it io n , th e s m a ll p a r t i c l e s a re f r e q u e n t ly h o t and may i n f l i c t b u r n s . I s o l a t i n g o r s h ie ld in g w e ld in g o p e r a t io n s i n t h i s in d u s t r y i s d i f f i c u l t b e c a u se o f th e s iz e o f th e p r o d u c t s f a b r ic a t e d . C o n s e q u e n tly , n e a r ly a l l w o rk e rs i n th e in d u s t r y a re s u b je c t e d , i n som e d e g re e , t o u l t r a v i o l e t r a y s . W e ld e rs w o rk o c c a s io n a lly i n c o n fin e d o r c lo s e q u a r t e r s . A s a r e s u l t , w e ld in g fum es m ay r e p la c e o x y g e n i n th o s e a r e a s t o a d a n g e ro u s e x te n t u n le s s a r t i f i c i a l v e n t i la t i o n i s p r o v id e d . H o t r i v e t s a re u s u a l l y th ro w n t o th e r i v e t i n g crew . M is ju d gm e n t b y th e r i v e t p a s s e r o r b y th e r i v e t c a tc h e r m ay r e s u l t i n h o t r i v e t s f a l l i n g o n o th e r w orkm en. M e ta l r i v e t s and w e ld s r e t a in t h e ir h e a t f o r some tim e . Workmen may be b u rn e d , t h e r e fo r e , b y to u c h in g th e h o t s u r f a c e s . On la r g e f a b r i c a t i o n s , much o f th e a ss e m b ly w o rk m u st b e p e rfo rm e d w e ll ab ove th e f lo o r , l e v e l . S a f e t y i n th e se o p e r a t io n s r e q u ir e s th e p r o v is io n o f s t a b le and g u a rd e d w o rk in g s u r f a c e s . U n f o r t u n a t e ly , th e p r o v is io n o f s a f e l y d e s ig n e d w o rk in g p la t f o r m s f o r t h i s w ork i s n o t common i n th e in d u s t r y , and th e f a b r ic a t o r s f r e q u e n t ly c lim b on th e a s s e m b lie s o r u t i l i z e m a k e s h ift p la t f o r m s t o p e rfo rm t h e ir w o rk . A lo n g w ith th e h a z a rd o f f a l l i n g , th e re i s th e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t th e a s s e m b lie s , u n le s s s e c u r e ly s u p p o r te d , m ay c o lla p s e u n d e r th e w o rk e rs o r t o p p le o v e r o n them . - 8 - A C T IV IT Y OF IN JU R E D AT T IM E OF IN JU R Y M ore th a n t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f a l l th e r e p o r te d i n j u r i e s o c c u r r e d i n th e c o u r s e o f t h r e e a c t i v i t i e s — h a n d lin g m a t e r ia ls , u s in g h a n d t o o ls , and o p e r a t in g m a c h in e s ( t a b le l ) . Two o f e v e r y f i v e in j u r e d e m p lo y e e s w ere h a n d lin g m a te r i a l s o r e q u ip m e n t a t th e tim e o f t h e ir a c c id e n t s . M o st o f them w ere l i f t i n g m a t e r ia ls , b u t o t h e r s w ere in j u r e d w h ile th e y w ere h o ld in g , c a r r y in g , p la c in g , p u l l i n g , p u s h in g , o r r o l l i n g m a t e r ia ls o r e q u ip m e n t. I n g e n e r a l, th e se in j u r ie s w ere n o t s e v e r e — l e s s th a n 5 p e r c e n t o f them r e s u lt in g i n s e r io u s d i s a b i l i t y . A b o u t o n e -fo u r t h o f th e d is a b le d w o rk e rs w ere in j u r e d w h ile u s in g h a n d t o o ls . T h o se m o st f r e q u e n t ly u s e d w ere w e ld in g and b u r n in g t o r c h e s j h an d g r in d e r s , b u f f e r s , and s a n d e r s ; hamm ers and s le d g e s j and w re n c h e s. None o f th e s e i n j u r i e s r e s u lt e d i n d e a th and o n ly U p e r c e n t i n p e rm an e n t d i s a b i l i t y . H ow ever, b e c a u se t h e ir p erm an en t i n j u r i e s w ere r e l a t i v e l y s e v e r e , w o rk e rs who w ere in j u r e d w h ile u s in g h a n d t o o ls h a d a s l i g h t l y h ig h e r a v e ra g e d i s a b i l i t y (66 d a y s ) th a n th o se who w ere in j u r e d w h ile h a n d lin g m a t e r ia ls (62 d a y s ) . One i n se v e n o f th e i n j u r i e s o c c u r r e d i n th e o p e r a t io n o f m a c h in e s and o th e r m e c h a n ic a l e q u ip m e n t. A b o u t a t h i r d o f th e s e i n j u r i e s o c c u r r e d i n th e o p e r a t io n o f c r a n e s and o th e r h o is t i n g e q u ip m e n t. M ore th a n 12 p e r c e n t o f them r e s u lt e d i n d e a th o r p e rm an e n t d i s a b i l i t y . C o n s e q u e n tly , t h e i r a v e ra g e d i s a b i l i t y , 135 d a y s , w as n e a r ly 60 p e r c e n t h ig h e r th a n th e a v e r a g e f o r a l l in j u r ie s . K IN D S OF IN J U R IE S E X P E R IEN C E D A lth o u g h b a c k s t r a i n s w ere th e m o st common s i n g l e i n j u r y , b r u is e s a n d c o n t u s io n s (com m only i n j u r i e s o f l e s s th a n a v e r a g e s e v e r it y ) c o n s t it u t e d th e l a r g e s t g e n e r a l c a t e g o r y o f i n j u r i e s — 2U p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l volum e o f d is a b lin g in j u r ie s . (S e e t a b le s 2- U . ) I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t , h o w e v e r, t h a t t h i s i s a lo w e r r a t i o th a n t h a t p r e v a i li n g i n 11 o f th e l a s t 15 in d u s t r ie s s t u d ie d b y th e B u re a u . 6 / B r u is e s and c o n t u s io n s o c c u r r e d m o st f r e q u e n t ly i n m a t e r ia l movement a c t i v i t i e s b u t w ere a ls o common i n h a n d t o o l o p e r a t io n s . G e n e r a lly , th e s e w ere i n j u r i e s t o f e e t , le g s , t o e s , o r f i n g e r s . The a v e r a g e d i s a b i l i t y f o r a l l 6/ In d u s t r i e s w ith h ig h e r p r o p o r t io n s o f b r u is e s an d c o n t u s io n s in c lu d e : H o s p it a ls , w a t e r -s u p p ly u t i l i t i e s , w a re h o u sin g and s t o r a g e , and th e f o llo w in g m a n u fa c tu r in g i n d u s t r ie s : P u lp w o o d lo g g in g , p a p e rb o a rd c o n t a in e r s , p a p e r a n d p u lp , c la y c o n s t r u c t io n p r o d u c t s , f e r t i l i z e r , t e x t i l e d y e in g and f i n i s h i n g , b r e w e r ie s , and s la u g h t e r in g a n d m eat p a c k in g . In d u s t r ie s w it h a lo w e r p r o p o r t io n o f b r u is e s a n d c o n t u s io n s in c lu d e : C a r p e n t r y , p lu m b in g , b o t t l i n g o f s o f t d r in k s , and th e f a b r i c a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l an d o rn a m e n ta l m e ta lw o rk . 9 Chari 2 . D ISA BLIN G W ORK INJURIES IN THE BOILERSHOP-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY By Nature oi Injury, IV3l Percent of All Disabling Injuries BRUISES, CONTUSIONS STRAINS, SPRAINS FRACTURES CUTS, LACERATIONS IRRITATIONS FROM FOREIGN BODIES BURNS, SCALDS AMPUTATIONS, ENUCLEATIONS HERNIAS WELDERS’ FLASHES OTHER U N ITED S TA TES D EP A R TM E N T O F LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS - 10 - d i s a b l i n g b r u is e s and c o n t u s io n s w as 23 d a y s — 766 d a y s e ach f o r 9 c a s e s w h ic h r e s u lt e d i n p e r m a n e n t -p a r t ia l d i s a b i l i t y an d 9 d a y s e a c h f o r U77 s u c h i n j u r i e s r e s u l t i n g i n t e m p o r a r y -t o t a l d i s a b i l i t y . S t r a i n s and s p r a in s , th e se c o n d l a r g e s t g e n e r a l c a t e g o r y o f i n j u r i e s , in c lu d e d 21 p e r c e n t o f a l l d is a b li n g i n j u r i e s r e p o r te d ( c h a r t 2 and t a b le s 2 and 3 ) . T h is a ls o w as a lo w e r r a t i o th a n t h a t p r e v a i li n g i n m o st o t h e r in d u s t r i e s s t u d ie d b y th e B u re a u . M ore th a n h a l f th e s t r a in s an d s p r a in s o c c u r r e d i n m a t e r ia l l i f t i n g o p e r a t io n s ( t a b le U ). T h e se w ere m o st com m only b a c k (o r tru n k ) in j u r ie s . F r a c t u r e s c o n stitu te d a h ig h p r o p o r t io n o f th e t o t a l in j u r y vo lu m e — 19 p e r c e n t. 7/ T h e ir n u m e r ic a l im p o rta n c e , h o w e ve r, w as o v e rsh a d o w e d b y t h e ir c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y h ig h s e v e r it y . I n th e a g g r e g a t e , 38 p e r c e n t o f a l l d is a b i l i t y d a y s r e c o r d e d w ere a t t r ib u t e d t o f r a c t u r e s , m ore th a n d o u b le th e p r o p o r t io n c o n t r ib u t e d b y a n y o th e r c l a s s o f in j u r y . F iv e o f th e 37$ re p o rte d f r a c t u r e s w ere s k u l l f r a c t u r e s and U w ere f r a c t u r e s o f th e b a c k . D e s p it e th e t r e n d t o w id e r u s e o f s a f e t y s h o e s , to e f r a c t u r e s le d th e l i s t , 110 , f o llo w e d b y 79 f o o t f r a c t u r e s , and 72 f in g e r f r a c t u r e s ( t a b le 5 ) . N e a r ly h$ p e r c e n t o f th e f r a c t u r e s o c c u r r e d i n m a t e r ia l h a n d lin g a c t i v i t i e s , b u t m ach in e and h a n d t o o l o p e r a t io n s a ls o p ro d u c e d c o n s id e r a b le num bers o f th e se i n j u r i e s ( t a b le U ). E ye i n j u r i e s p ro d u c e d b y f l y i n g p a r t i c l e s w ere common— 9 p e r c e n t o f a l l th e d is a b li n g i n j u r i e s r e p o r t e d . None o f th e e y e - i r r i t a t i o n c a s e s r e s u lt e d i n p e rm an e n t im p a irm e n t, b u t th e r e s u l t i n g tim e l o s s a v e ra g e d U d a y s p e r c a s e . T h e se i n j u r i e s o c c u r r e d p r im a r i ly i n m ach in e and h a n d t o o l o p e r a t io n s ( t a b le Ij). S l i g h t l y o v e r lU p e r c e n t o f th e d is a b li n g i n j u r i e s w ere c u t s , la c e ra tio n s^ o r p u n c tu r e s . T h e se te n d e d t o b e f a i r l y s e v e r e i n j u r i e s — 11 o f th e 289 r e s u lt e d i n p erm anen t im p a irm e n ts and th e tim e l o s s f o r th e re m a in d e r o f th e g ro u p a v e ra g e d 12 d a y s p e r c a s e . N e a r ly h a l f o f th e s e w ere h an d o r f in g e r i n j u r i e s an d a p p r o x im a te ly o n e -fo u r t h w ere l e g and f o o t i n j u r i e s . M o st o f th e re m a in d e r w ere h e a d i n j u r i e s . (S e e t a b le $ , ) T h is g e n e r a l p a t t e r n o f i n j u r i e s p r e v a ile d th r o u g h o u t th e in d u s t r y . No s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n th e in j u r y d i s t r i b u t i o n w ere fo u n d when th e r e p o r t in g p la n t s w ere c l a s s i f i e d on a p r o d u c t b a s i s — i . e . , b y h e a v y ta n k p la n t s , b o i l e r p la n t s , and th o s e m a n u fa c tu r in g m is c e lla n e o u s b o ile r s h o p p r o d u c t s . S i m i l a r l y , p la n t - s i z e g r o u p in g s p ro d u c e d no s i g n i f i c a n t l y d if f e r e n t p a t t e r n s . 7/ A h ig h e r p r o p o r t io n th a n i n th e B u re a u . lit- o f th e l a s t 1$ i n d u s t r ie s s t u d ie d b y - 11 - The 2,017 d i s a b l i n g i n j u r i e s s t u d ie d i n t h i s s u r v e y in c lu d e d 5 f a t a lit ie s , 1 p e r m a n e n t-t o t a l d i s a b i l i t y , an d 103 p e r m a n e n t -p a r t ia l d i s a b i l i t i e s . Some o f th e s e s e r io u s c a s e s r e f l e c t u n u s u a l o c c u r r e n c e s w h ic h m ig h t be o v e r lo o k e d in a g e n e ra l a n a ly s is . O th e r s r e p r e s e n t th e r e s u l t s o f common v a r i e t i e s o f a c c id e n t s and a s s u c h e m p h a size th e t h e s i s t h a t no h a z a r d c a n b e c o n s id e r e d " m in o r . ” T h e ir s e v e r i t y g iv e s th e s e c a s e s add ed im p o rta n c e i n th e i n j u r y p a tte rn . The F a t a l i t i e s . — Two o f th e d e a th s r e s u lt e d fro m s k u l l f r a c t u r e s . I n one in s t a n c e , a n e l e c t r i c i a n w as m akin g r e p a ir s a t th e en d o f a t r a v e lin g c r a n e . A se c o n d c r a n e , o p e r a t in g on th e sam e t r a c k , m oved i n and c r u s h e d h i s h e a d b etw een th e tw o c ra n e c a r r ia g e s . The se c o n d d e a th fro m a s k u l l f r a c t u r e r e s u lt e d fro m a f a l l — th e w o rk e r w as r i d i n g o n a la r g e b o i l e r s h e l l w h ile i t w as b e in g moved b y a c r a n e . He l o s t h i s b a la n c e and f e l l t o th e f l o o r . A d o u b le f r a c t u r e r e s u lt e d i n one d e a th . A cre w w as u n lo a d in g a n 18 - in c h s t e e l p ip e fro m a t r u c k , u s in g s h o r t p ie c e s o f s m a ll d ia m e te r p ip e a s r o l l e r s . One o f th e r o l l e r s becam e p in c h e d u n d e r th e h e a v y p ip e . I t sn a p p e d o u t o f p la c e u n d e r th e p r e s s u r e , s t r u c k a member o f th e u n lo a d in g cre w , and th re w him h e a d lo n g a g a in s t a s t a n c h io n o f th e t r u c k . H is n e c k w as b ro k e n and h i s s k u l l w as f r a c t u r e d . The f o u r t h f a t a l i t y r e s u lt e d fro m a c ra n e a c c id e n t . A h e a v y s t e e l p la t e w as b e in g lo w e re d i n t o p la c e . A s i t came t o r e s t on i t s e d ge , th e c a b le t e n s io n s la c k e n e d , d is e n g a g in g th e h o o k . The u n su p p o rte d p la t e t o p p le d o v e r o n to th e w o rke r who w as p r e p a r in g t o s e c u r e i t i n p la c e . The f i f t h f a t a l i t y w as a d ro w n in g t o w h ich th e r e w ere n o w it n e s s e s . The v ic t im ’ s b o d y w as fo u n d i n a w a te r ta n k on w h ic h he h a d been w o rk in g a lo n e . The P e r m a n e n t-T o ta l D i s a b i l i t y . — T h is w as a c a se o f s i l i c o s i s , b y a s a n d b la s t e r . c o n tra c te d The P e r m a n e n t -P a r t ia l D i s a b i l i t i e s . — The 103 p e r m a n e n t -p a r t ia l d i s a b i l i t y c a s e s in c lu d e d 5>0 a m p u ta tio n s , th e re m o v a l o f 2 e y e s , and 5l b r u is e s , c u t s , la c e r a t io n s , b u r n s , s c a ld s , f r a c t u r e s , and s t r a i n s w h ic h r e s u lt e d i n th e l o s s o f u se o f a b o d y p a r t o r f u n c t io n ( t a b le 2 ) . H a n d to o l o p e r a t io n s a c c o u n te d f o r 1 and h o r s e p la y f o r th e o t h e r o f th e 2 eye e n u c le a t io n s . In th e f i r s t a c c id e n t , an e n p lo y e e w as u s in g a s le d g e t o a lin e s t e e l on a m a ch in e . A s he s t r u c k th e s t e e l, a s m a ll fra g m e n t c h ip p e d fro m th e p la t e an d p ie r c e d h i s e y e . I n th e se c o n d c a s e , h o r s e p la y c a u se d an e x p lo s io n w h ich r e s u lt e d n o t o n ly i n th e p erm an en t eye in j u r y b u t i n th e p e r f o r a t io n o f b o th e a rd ru m s. The 5>0 a m p u ta tio n s in c lu d e d U5 f in g e r ( in c lu d in g th u m b ), 1 f o o t , a n d U to e i n j u r i e s . O f th e f in g e r i n j u r i e s , 8 in v o lv e d tw o o r m ore f in g e r s . H o is t in g e q u ip m e n t, m o s t ly c r a n e s , w as r e s p o n s ib le f o r 6 an d m a ch in e s f o r 20 o f th e f in g e r ( in c lu d in g thum b) a m p u ta tio n s . In clu d e d i n th e h o is tin g e q u ip m e n t - 12 - a c c id e n t s w ere U e m p lo ye e s who w ere c a u g h t i n who w ere c a u g h t i n th e g e a r s o f c r a n e s . c h a in s , c a b le s , o r h o o k s , an d 2 O f th e 20 a m p u ta tio n s a t t r ib u t e d t o m a c h in e s, 15 r e s u lt e d fro m c o n t a c t w ith th e w o rk in g t o o l o f th e e q u ip m e n t. F iv e o f th e m a ch in e s w ere s h e a r s , 5> w ere p r e s s e s , 2 w ere w o o d w o rk in g c i r c u l a r sa w s, 1 w as a c u t o f f m a ch in e , an o th e r a p la t e - b e n d in g m a ch in e , and th e o th e r a s w e d g in g m a c h in e . I n a n o th e r s i m i l a r c a s e , a n em ployee h a d h i s f in g e r am pu tate d b y th e h o ld d o w n d e v ic e o f a s h e a r . O f th e U r e m a in in g m ach in e a m p u ta tio n s , g e a r s a c c o u n te d f o r 2 , an d b e lt s and c a b le s f o r 2 . F a l l i n g m a t e r ia ls and eq u ip m e n t w ere r e s p o n s ib le f o r 8 o f th e f i n g e r o r thum b a m p u ta tio n s and f o r th e U to e a m p u ta tio n s . I n 7 a c c id e n t s , th e o b j e c t s , m o s t ly s t e e l p la t e s , f e l l fro m c ra n e h o o k s o r c la m p s. In 2 c a se s, o b je c ts f e l l fro m d o l l i e s o r h an d t r u c k s ; i n 2 , fro m m a c h in e s; an d i n a n o th e r, fro m a w o rkb e n ch . M a t e r ia ls an d e q u ip m e n t b e in g m oved b y h and p ro d u c e d 9 f in g e r am putations. S t e e l s t o c k w as u s u a lly in v o lv e d and, m o st f r e q u e n t ly , th e a c c id e n t s o c c u r r e d a s w orkm en.w ere p la c in g th e m a t e r ia ls u p o n m ach in e t a b le s . I n one in s t a n c e , h o w e ve r, an em p lo yee l o s t a f in g e r when i t w as c r u s h e d b etw een a g ir d e r o f th e sh o p and a m ach in e w h ic h he w as m o v in g . Two men h a d f in g e r s am p u tate d w h ile u s in g h a n d t o o ls (a n axe an d a hammer). The f o o t a m p u ta tio n o c c u r r e d a s a workm an s t o o d on a c ra n e r a i l t o p la c e a ro p e i n th e p u lle y o f th e c r a n e . The c ra n e m oved, a m p u ta tin g h i s f o o t . The $1 lo s s - o f - u s e c a s e s in c lu d e d U eye and 5 o th e r h e a d i n j u r i e s ; 3 b a c k i n j u r i e s ; 2 arm , 6 h a n d , an d lU f i n g e r i n j u r i e s ; U l e g , 7 f o o t , and 3 to e i n j u r i e s ; and 3 c a s e s o f m u lt ip le i n j u r i e s . F a l l i n g m a t e r ia ls a c c o u n te d f o r 11 l o s s - o f - u s e d i s a b i l i t i e s (a s k u l l , a h an d, an arm , a f in g e r , a to e , 2 l e g , and k f o o t i n j u r i e s ) . I n 6 o f th e s e c a s e s , m a t e r ia ls o r s u b a s s e m b lie s f e l l fro m h o is t i n g e q u ip m e n t. Boom s o f c r a n e s a c c o u n te d f o r 2 m ore an d an in a d e q u a t e ly fa s t e n e d p a r t o f a f a b r ic a t e d a sse m b ly f o r a n o th e r. The o th e r f a l l i n g o b j e c t s w ere a s c r a p b o x w h ic h f e l l fro m a h a n d tru c k an d a s t e e l p la t e w h ic h f e l l fro m p la t e - b e n d in g r o l l s . E le v e n p erm an en t lo s s - o f - u s e c a s e s (3 eyes, an e a r , a w r is t , a f o o t , h f in g e r s , and an i n j u r y a f f e c t in g th e b o d y g e n e r a lly ) a r o s e fro m h a n d t o o l opera t io n s . Hammers i n f l i c t e d h o f th e s e i n j u r i e s , i n 3 o f w h ic h m e ta l fra g m e n ts p ro d u c e d b y b lo w s o f hammers w ere th ro w n i n t o w o r k e r s ' e y e s . I n th e f o u r t h c a s e , th e in j u r e d w o r k e r 's f in g e r w as c r u s h e d betw een th e h a n d le o f a hammer and a b o i l e r head on w h ic h he w as w o rk in g . B u r n in g t o r c h e s p ro d u c e d 2 in j u r ie s ; i n one c a s e , s p a r k s p a r t i a l l y d e s tr o y e d th e h e a r in g o f a n em ployee 8/ an d , i n U n d er th e 19$h r e v i s i o n o f th e A m e ric a n S ta n d a r d M e th o d o f R e c o r d in g aPPr o v e d b y th e A m e ric a n S ta n d a r d s A s ? 6 d i s a b i l i t y t h p a r t i a i l o s s o f ' h e a r in g w o u ld n o t be c l a s s i f i e d a s a p e rm an e n t , - 13 - th e o t h e r , an a c e t y le n e t o r c h e x p lo d e d when th e g a s li n e r u p tu r e d , r e s u lt in g i n m u lt ip le b u rn s o f th e b o d y . Two i n j u r i e s ( a f in g e r and a w r i s t ) w ere a t t r ib u t e d t o w re n c h e s; i n b o th c a s e s , th e w re n ch e s s lip p e d and workm en s t r u c k o b je c ts (a s t e e l p la t e and a d r i l l p r e s s ) w ith S u f f i c i e n t f o r c e t o in j u r e th e m se lv e s p e rm a n e n tly . A l a d l e , a b a r , and an a i r d r i l l a c c o u n te d f o r th e r e m a in in g 3 lo s s - o f - u s e i n j u r i e s in v o lv in g h a n d t o o ls . I n one o f th e s e i n j u r i e s , a fo u n d r y w o rk e r p e rm a n e n tly in j u r e d h i s f o o t when he s p i l l e d h o t m e ta l fro m a hand la d le , i n th e se c o n d , a w o rk m a n 's f in g e r w as p in c h e d when th e b a r s lip p e d a s he w as u s in g i t t o move a s t e e l p la t e , an d i n th e o t h e r in j u r y , an e m p lo y e e 's f in g e r w as c a u g h t i n an a i r d r i l l . F a l l s p ro d u c e d 5 p erm an en t d i s a b i l i t i e s (a s k u l l , a w r i s t , a thum b, a f o o t , and a g e n e r a l b o d y i n j u r y ) . I n th e l a t t e r c a s e , th e w o rk e r f e l l UO f e e t fro m a la d d e r t o a c o n c r e te f l o o r , e x p e r ie n c in g m u lt ip le f r a c t u r e s o f th e l e g , arm , c h e s t , an d p e l v i s . Ten w orkm en w ere p e rm a n e n tly in j u r e d when th e y w ere sq u e e z e d b y m o v in g o b je c ts . F o u r o f them c r u s h e d t h e i r f in g e r s u n d e r o r b etw een o b je c t s w h ic h th e y w ere h a n d lin g . One o f th e workm en s u f f e r e d a h and in j u r y , a n o th e r a f i n g e r in j u r y when th e y w ere c a u g h t b etw een c ra n e lo a d s and o t h e r o b j e c t s , an d a t h i r d in j u r e d h is le g when he w as c a u g h t b etw een th e c a r r ia g e o f a c ra n e an d a w a ll. One em ployee h a d h i s f in g e r c r u s h e d b y th e le v e r o f a p r e s s , a n o th e r h a d h i s thum b m ashed a s he w as h it c h in g a t r a i l e r t o a t r u c k , and a t h i r d h ad h i s to e s c ru sh e d i n p la t e - b e n d in g r o l l s when he s to o d o n a p la t e b e in g f e d in to th e r o l l s . Two men p e rm a n e n tly in j u r e d t h e ir b a c k s and one man in j u r e d h i s arm w h ile t h e y w ere l i f t i n g o b j e c t s . S i m i l a r l y , a n o th e r em p loyee e x p e rie n c e d a p e rm an e n t f o o t in j u r y a s a r e s u l t o f o v e r e x e r t io n i n p u s h in g a la r g e s t e e l a sse m b ly u n it . One workm an s u f f e r e d a p erm an en t i n j u r y when he t w is t e d h i s b a c k . E x p lo d in g g r in d in g w h e e ls p ro d u c e d a p erm anen t eye and a p e rm an e n t h e a d in ju r y . A n o th e r h e a d in j u r y r e s u lt e d when one e m p lo ye e , who jum ped a s he w as s t a r t l e d , s t r u c k a se c o n d em p loyee w ith h i s lu n c h b u c k e t. Two men s u f f e r e d p e rm an e n t i n j u r i e s when th e y bum ped a g a in s t o b j e c t s ; one h a d a b a c k in j u r y , the o t h e r a le g i n j u r y . A n e l e c t r i c h e a te r i n th e c a b o f a c ra n e s h o r t e d a s th e c ra n e o p e r a t o r opened th e s w it c h , r e s u l t i n g i n a p erm an en t h an d i n j u r y . A p a in t e r w as perm a n e n t ly in j u r e d when he d ro p p e d a m atch in t o h i s c lo t h e s w h ic h w ere s a t u r a t e d w it h t u r p e n t in e . A w e ld e r, w o r k in g in s id e a t a n k , s u f f e r e d a p erm an en t f in g e r in j u r y when th e ta n k t o p p le d o v e r an d c ru sh e d h i s f in g e r , an d a n o th e r w o rk e r c ru sh e d h i s to e when he ro c k e d a t a n k he w as m o v in g o n to h i s f o o t . SOURCE OF IN JU R Y The o b je c t s an d s u b s ta n c e s w h ic h d i r e c t l y i n f l i c t e d th e r e c o r d e d i n j u r i e s w ere m any an d v a r ie d . S e v e r a l g e n e r a l c a t e g o r ie s , h o w e ve r, h a v e p a r t i c u l a r s ig n i f i c a n c e a s in d ic a t o r s o f th e m ost common so u rc e s o f in j u r y . In some in s t a n c e s , - lU - Chart 3 MAJOR SOURCES OF INJURY IN THE BOILERSHOP-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY, 1951 Percent of All Agencies of Injury 23.4! METAL STOCK 12.4 ASSEMBLIES CHIPS, PARTICLES, ETC. J . .1111 ......................... * 74 HANDTOOLS ; r ? 6,3 ;J WORKING SURFACES •5.2 MACHINES 1^/4.3 .' HOISTING APPARATUS OTHER UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS - 1$ - t h e s e o b je c t s h e r e n t ly o n ly b e ca u s e t im e o f an a lo n e w ere i n f l i c t e d b y S t e e l T he M ost o f ty p e s la r g e t h e s e M ore t o o l s th e r e p o r t e d o r in h am m ers w ere Som e f l o o r s , 6 r e m a in d e r v e r y o f t h e ir i n f l i c t e d t h e ir ow n in in ju r ie s p o s it io n f o r in g r o u p th e a t th e in ju r ie s w ere t o o f m e ta l, th e r e l a t i v e l y o f an d (t a b le 5 ) . o r b e M ost c u ts o f th e s e $ , 6 , h o w e v e r, r e c o r d e d o f b u t tw o w ere an d 1 0 .) ite m s . w ere f a t a l i t i e s t o e s , com m on . s a n d , b y b u t o r h a lf g r o u p p r o o f M ost B ack H y in g e t c . — w ere th e in ju r ie s l e g s . c h ip s a n d d u s t, th e n e a r ly s o u r c e s . q u ite o f m u ch m ore t o t a ls f r a c t u r e s . t h e s e o c c u r r e d on a l l o f s tr a in s p a r t ic le s — e y e c a s e s . in c lu d e d s i x c a s e s f o o t o r r e s u lt e d fr o m c o n t a c t s th e t o e s . w ere w o r k e r T he th o s e r e s u lt e d in co n ta ct p r o m i s tr u c k p o w e r e d -t o o l i n f l i c t e d p erm a n en t s e v e r e th a n m o st d a y s p e r 23 th e o f s tu d y . th e w ith w o r k in g o r ig in a t e d w as M ost w hen w h ile h a n d to o ls — p o w e re d h am m ers, b y fr a c t u r e s . th e s e in b y n on p ow ered la c e r a t io n s , o r h is i n f l i c t e d a s i t in ju r ie s d i s a b i l i t y w ere w e ll o r in ju r ie s M ost te n p o r a r y w ere 5 f e e t , in ju r ie s , a s b r u is e s th e e t c . t o th e th e p e r c e n t m e ta l sto ck c a s t in g s , o f i n f l i c t e d in ju r ie s d ro p p e d c o m m o n ly a v e ra g e th e g r in d e r s c o m m o n ly o f m in o r 1 2 t a b le s p r o p o r t io n t o w ere d i r t , a n d ite m s o f v is io n . p e r c e n t t o o l Two f in g e r s , in ju r ie s s a w d u st, 3 m ost p e r c e n t a n o th e r a s s e m b lie s , a t t r ib u t e d a s s e m b lie s a n d h ig h a ls o an d c h a r t 1 2 th e s t o c k s t o c k . w ere s t o c k m o st a n d Som e a n d w ere m e ta l in ju r y -p r o d u c in g l i s t . m e ta l f o r d r i l l s , a l l th e b y p a r t ic le s c a t e g o r y , in ju r i e s . b a r s , w ith m e ta l w o r k in g -s u r fa c e a v e ra g e in i n f l i c t e d im p a ir e d te n d e d am ong I-b e a m s , s t o c k p e r c e n t T h e ir h ig h c h a n n e ls , f ly in g (S e e a c c o u n te d m o st c a s e s . t h is b e ca u s e th e y o f a s s e m b lie s c o n tu s io n s p la t fo r m s , 1 2 6 w ith w ith w ere th e w ere o r m a t e r ia ls p a r t ic le s . r e p r e s e n t e d o f 7 c o n t a c t fly in g ra n k e d o f l i s t w ith in ju r ie s th e a s th e b y m a jo r it y th a n su ch h im s e lf o f o f p e r c e n t m e ta l p e r m a n e n tly n e n t c h ip s ra w fr a c t u r e s fr a g m e n ts o f c a s e s , b e ca u s e an d in ju r ie s an d l i f t i n g i . e . , o r th e t u b e s , c o n t a c t tw o u s e d In 2 3 p la t e s r e p o r t e d th e s e p r o d u c e r s o t h e r a s s e m b lie s , c h ip s B r u is e s fro m im p r o p e r ly p r o d u c e d fro m b y in ju r y in in ju r y . s u b s t a n t ia lly d u ce d th e o f p ip e s , r e s u lt e d becam e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s j w ere s t o c k , i n f l i c t e d in ju r ie s a ls o t h e y s o u r c e s A n g le s , s u b s ta n c e s a c c id e n t * M e ta l com m on a n d h a z a r d o u s a s N e a r ly o t h e r s w ere com p a red a O n ly in p a ir m e n ts , t e n p o r a r y -t o t a l c a s e , s u r fa c e s — f a l l s . t h ir d s t r a in s , 3 th e d i s a b i l i t y w ith o f b u t a th e 1 6 -d a y in ju r ie s s p r a in s , o r b r u is e s . B e ca u se o f t h e ir a n d b y h o is t in g n o t o f o u ts ta n d in g t o a som ew h at l i t t l e o v e r m ore o n e -fo u r t h o f h ig h a p p a ra tu s 5 th a n a l l a v e ra g e d e s e r v e in p o r ta n c e in p e r c e n t th e U th e o f p e r c e n t . r e c o r d e d s e v e r it y , p a r t ic u la r term s T he o f t o t a l , in ju r ie s a t t e n t io n n u m b ers. an d m a c h in e p erm a n en t th e i n f l i c t e d e v e n M a c h in e th o u g h in ju r ie s h o is tin g -e q u ip m e n t in ju r i e s , im p a ir m e n ts j h o w e v e r, th e b y w ere a m ou n ted c a s e s in c lu d e d h o is t in g m a c h in e s th e y cam e t o n e a r ly e q u ip m e n t 16 Chart 4. MAJOR TYPES OF ACCIDENTS IN THE BOILERSHOP-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY, 1951 Percent of All Accident Types UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS - c a s e s I n c lu d e d m an en t 1 6 2 d a y s The t o p e r d a y s O th e r (b o x e s , b y m o to r r e m a in d e r o f w e re A c c id e n t e v e n ts th e in t o T y p e s . — e v e n ts g ro u p s r e la t iv e im p o r ta n c e in ju r ie s a re in n u m bers an d th e o f m o st o f m ost b e o f o f th e an d d ir e c t e d T he o f I t in t e r e s t in g i s v o lu m e th e r e p o r t s s i z e . o f o f In t y p e s e v e n ts i t i s c r e a t e s w h ic h - m u s t T h is c o s t r e la t iv e a 2 th e w h ic h p e r c e n t 'w a s stu d y . r o s e o f o r m o tio n s th e o f th e in ju r ie s im p a ir m e n t. th e o f o f c o n ta in e r s O ne p erm a n en t in ju r y A s v o lu m e , c h a r g e d . T he r e l a t i v e l y lo w w ere fu n c t io n m o st a a n a ly s is The h e r n ia s , b e o f i s w h ic h p r e v e n te d b o th i s r a d i s e th e th e fro m t h o s e m ay a c c id e n t s w h ic h o f r a t e s e f f o r t s te n d t o occu rren ce u p on t h a t i f s im p ly ca n in t e r e s t s , d ic t a t e th e s e th e o c c u r r in g fr e q u e n c y H u m a n ita r ia n h o w e v e r, an d o f m ea su red I n ju r y -fr e q u e n c y o ft e n . i d e n t if y in d ic a t e s n o t a c c id e n t -p r e v e n t io n e le m e n ts , t o c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p a tt e r n im p o r ta n c e i n ju r ie s . (b ) d e v e lo p e d t h is t o fo u n d C a se s f o r C a se s in o f t o t h is p a tt e r n in w as t h e r e terra s f o r s tu d y f i v e o c c u r r e n c e . s u r v e y e d — v o lu m e in h ig h lig h t s fr e q u e n c y t a b u la t e d w ere (a ) b e th e e m p lo y e e f i r s t p r o d u c e a l l (S e e n o p la n t p la n t s th e e x p e r ie n c e ty p e s t a b le s e s s e n t ia lly w ere o f o f g e n e r a l th e 7 -1 0 sam e s ig n if ic a n t p r o d u c ts o f e ffo r t s th e o r o n s u r v e y e d , th e s tr u c k m o v in g ( c ) C a ses o f in an d U .) f o r c h a r t a l l th e b a s is m o st w h ic h w o rk e rs th e w e re t o t a l o f o v e r e x e r t io n , in w h ic h b y o b je c t s , v o lu m e . a m o u n tin g t o o v e r lU p e r c e n t th e w o rk e r f e l l — o v e r 1 2 p e r c e n t o f w h en o f com m on b e : o n e -t h ir d m a jo r d iffe r e n c e s f i v e th e a c c id e n t s t o t a l . t o t a l . i n ju r i e s . I n d u s tr y th a t r e g a r d s th e a c c id e n t in p r e v e n tin g p la n ts w e re a c c o u n t in g th e o f th e a c c id e n t s o f p e r A N A L Y S IS in o c c u r p a tt e r n P r o d u c ts te rm s seg m e n ts b o d ily in c a s e , m o tio n s . l o s t th e c r a n e s . le a s t f la s h o f in ju r ie s i n ju r i e s . a c c id e n t B o ile r s h o p t o b y p e r r a d ia t io n s ; a tim e w e l d e r 's p e r c e n t m a c h in e in ju r ie s b y p e r c e n t s te p c o n c e n t r a t in g w h ic h 2 t o t a l o f p r o d u c e d r e s u lt in g o p e r a t in g t o w as c u lm in a t e d th e b y a t b o d ily c a s e s d a y s p a r t s ; 1 a c c id e n t th e p ro d u c e d a m ou n ted a l l i n f l i c t e d an d f i r s t o c c u r r e n c e s — r a p id ly s e r io u s T he o f 2 26 1 0 f o r s p r a in s . a v o id e d . a c c id e n t s r e la t io n s , s h o u ld b e s e v e r it y re d u c e d k in d s t o f o r an d a l l w h ic h o f o f m a c h in e A C C ID E N T c l a s s i f y c a s e a v e ra g e th a n ch a r g e d f a t a l i t y p e r c e n t o r p e r w h ic h m ore o r v e h ic le s ; a in ju r ie s s t r a in s o f c a s e s n e a r ly th e d a y s a n a n d l o s t s p e c i f i c a l l y e a ch lu m b e r ; U 86 h a d b eca m e o v e r d e a th s tim e in c lu d e d : v e h ic le w e re T h re e c a s e s s o u r c e s , p r o d u c e d v e r i t y . w ith in ju r i e s , e t c . ) ; in ju r ie s r e p o r t e d a v e ra g e in ju r ie s v e h ic le s th e th e y a t io n th o s e o f 5 T he co m p a re d in ju r y d ru m s, g r o u p , b u t th e e q u ip m e n t f o r nu m ber i n f l i c t e d a o f c a s e h o is t in g 3 lU t o t a l 1 in p a ir m e n ts . 1 7 p la n t ty p es - (d ) C a se s f r i c t i o n , o r (e ) A n in o b je c t s — e v a lu a t io n o f c la s s e s a c c id e n t s . o f s e r io u s h ig h a p p r o x im a tio n o f c a s e s in ju r ie s v o lu m e o f to p -r a n k in g (a ) C a se s (b ) C a se s in w h ic h o f F a lls — 1 2 p e r c e n t . (d ) C a se s w h ic h th e o r am ou n t lo s s e s s e v e r it y o f a o f som ew h at tim e r e s u lt in g o f e . g . , t im e th e s e fr o m a d if f e r e n t l o s t lo w o r th e t h e 'r e s u l t i n g a g g r e g a te s ; In p r e s s u r e , c r u s h e d p r e s e n t s t o t a l am ou n t w e re th e w o rk e rs ( c ) in t o t a l . b y t o t a l . ch a rg e d v a r io u s in ju r ie s v o lu m e and o f l o s t o r c h a r g e d te rm s o f c o m p a r is o n , a s a th e w e r e -: w o rk e rs p e r c e n t . w o r k e rs s tr u c k t o t a l w e re t im e ca u g h t s tr u c k b y m o v in g l o s t i n , a g a in s t o r o r c h a r g e d . u n d e r , o r o b je c t s — p e r c e n t . (e ) C o n ta c t ( f ) q u it e c la s s e s in ju r ie s o f 7 d i f f e r e n t a c c id e n t s w ith o u t (a ) b e tw e e n r e g a r d ( c ) ( e ) r a t e d t o th e o f r e l a t i v e im p o r ta n c e in term s th e v o lu m e C a se s w h ic h C a se s 92 in in in c a s e . o f o f o f c a s e s w e re em erg es a v e ra g e On p e r i n , c a u s t ic s ,a n d n o x io u s c a s e . w o rk e rs w ere s tr u c k b y m o v in g w h ic h d a y s p e r w o r k e rs c a s e . s tr u c k a g a in s t o b je c t s — o f t h is u n d e r ,o r c a s e . c a s e . 86 w h en s e v e r it y in v o lv e d . ca u g h t d i s a b i l i t y r a d ia t io n s , p e r w h ic h p e r f a l l s — C a se s p e r n o x io u s w e r e : w o rk e rs d a y s w ith d a y s d a y s A ll c a u s t ic s ,a n d p e r c e n t . c a t e g o r ie s C o n ta c t o b je c t s — 7 p a t t e r n a re o b je c t s — 1 9 2 (b ) d a y s r a d ia t io n s , a c c id e n t s u b s ta n c e s — 1 8 1 (d ) w ith p e r c e n t . O v e r e x e r tio n — im p o r ta n t 8 0 p e r c e n t 2 k s u b s ta n c e s — m o st w h ic h 36 th e p in c h e d h o w e v e r, t h e s e sam e o f th e in ju r i e s . o b je c t s — b e tw e e n A in i n f l i c t e d w as e c o n o m ic a c c id e n t s in o f a v e ra g e th e m in o r o f o b je c t s — th e th e p ro d u c e r e l a t i v e l y v a r ie t ie s f l y i n g 7 m ay H ere fa c t o r s w as p e r c e n t w o rk e r te r m s , o f B o th a re 1 1 p e r c e n t e c o n o m ic - in ju r y th e 1 0 im p o r ta n c e . an v o lu m e th e w h ic h o v e r in r e l a t i v e r e p r e s e n t s th e w h ic h a b r a s io n — n e a r ly C a se s b e tw e e n p a t t e r n in 1 8 th e g e n e r a l th e r e s u lt in g b a s is th e T a k in g th e 3 in t o g e n e r a l s a fe t y p ro g ra m s (a ) an d s e v e r it y o f (b ) te rra s s e c o n d in in o f a l l o f in e m p lo y e e s w h ic h a v e ra g e r e s p e c t t o e v a lu a t io n s , p r e fe r e n t ia l i t a p p e a rs a t t e n t io n in th a t th e a r e : e c o n o m ic T h is 3 d e s e r v in g a c c id e n t s r e s u lt in g C a se s th e r a n k in g s w h ic h t o t a l th e - a c c id e n t s c la s s in 1 9 in d u s t r y o b je c t s . o f th e o f th e T h is c a s e s b e tw e e n o f C a se s o b je c t s . o f a c c o u n t c la s s e s - a r e s tr u c k ra n k e d l o s s , an d b y m o v in g f i r s t in v o lu m e t h ir d in a v e ra g e i n ju r i e s . w o rk e rs g ro u p a re o f c a u g h t a c c id e n t s s e v e r it y o f th e e c o n o m ic l o s s , i n , r e s u lt in g a n d u n d e r , o r f i r s t in ra n k e d i n ju r i e s , f i f t h in te rra s o f t h ir d in v o lu m e v o lu m e . ( c ) c a s e s o f th e T he m iz e s th e in fo u r t h in a v e r a g e o f s e v e r it y w h ic h o f t h r e e p r e v e n t a c c id e n t a s t o c la s s e s o t h e r th e ty p e s o f a c c id e n t s o f a c c id e n t s . p r e v e n t io n ca n p a r t ic u la r p r o b le m s th e a c c id e n t s b y " c a s e s — r e p o r t e d a c h ie v e i n n o I t th e t o th e s e in b e w a y T he m a t e r ia ls , th e m a te r ia l w o r k e rs " s t r u c k in t h r e e u s e m o st a c t e r i s t i c a l l y , fr o m th e A t o o l t h e ir in p r e d o m in a n t o p e r a t io n s t o o ls o r m a te r ia ls In f e l l , s e t m a c h in e F rom " s t r u c k g r e a t e s t m eas o v e rco m e t h r e e c la s s e s . b e e n o f o f " s t r u c k c a s e s , m o tio n b y b y " th e y f e l l a c c id e n t s th e u s in g w e re o r th e p r o c e s s in g . in w o rk e rs th e s tr u c k t o o l s . b y th e c h a r f e l l fro m s to r a g e w h ic h w h ile w o rk e rs f o r s tr u c k h a n d d r o p p e d I n a f l y i n g h a n d t o o ls . o p e r a t io n s , th e m a c h in e ite m s in th e y o f m a c h in e s . h a n d le d — w o r k e r s ; o r h ig h ly o f w h ic h b e in g th e p la c e d t h o s e th e m s e lv e s o f b y e q u ip m e n t; h a d o p e r a t io n m a te r ia ls d ro p p e d w e re m ovem en t o b je c t s p a r t s w h ic h w h ic h s tr u c k b eca m e w h ic h f e l l fr o m th e t h a t e f f o r t s t o c o u ld m ost th e w o rk e rs d is lo d g e d e q u ip m e n t an d d u r in g p r o c e s s in g . r e c o r d , i t a p p e a rs a c c id e n t s in t h is c o n c e n t r a t e d th e c a t e g o r y s t o c k o r th e b y " o b je c t s w e re e it h e r m e ta l p o s it io n in g th e s tr u c k p r im a r ily o r o p e r a t io n s , c o n s is t e d in th e th e t h e y n u m ber a c c id e n t s a n d h a n d lin g w h ic h c o n s id e r a b le w ere th e y T h ese a c t i v i t i e s — h a n d t o o ls , c o m m o n ly m a t e r ia l p o s it io n s o f m ovem en t w ere g e n e r a l on im p r o v in g in d u s t r y th e m e th o d s o f e lim in a t e p r o f i t a b l y h a n d lin g m in i m e r e ly 7 -1 0 .) (a ) b e ra n k e d an d t h e s e t o c lu e s d e t a ils c o n c e n t r a t e d In in Som e th e l o s s u p o n e f f o r t s a r e a s a c c id e n t s in ju r ie s . p la c e d f o r r e s u lt s . a p p a r e n t T h e se e c o n o m ic r e s u lt in g n e e d p in p o in t s t a b le s t o t a l e m p h a s is th e u r a b le F a lls — and m a t e r ia ls . a r e (S e e - T he h ig h v o lu m e w o r k e r s ' b e h a n d s p la c e d b e r o f o t h e r u p o n m a te r ia l a w a re n e ss e m p lo y e r o f (b ) in p ie c e t o th e a o f m ay th e m e ta l p r o d u c tiv e lo a d s an d s t a t io n a r y th e m o v in g s id e r a b le l i e s T he in in ju r e d h a d b e e n w a lk in g T he b u lk o f p o o r and o r t h e s e T he p e r c e n t UO p r e v e n t io n w h ic h th e T h e ir im p o r ta n c e in ju r ie s in ju r e d th a n l i e s in e le v a t io n s f e l l w e re f a l l s fro m la r g e f a b r ic a t io n s . p la tfo r m s f o r in d ic a t e d b y u s e th e in i t 6 0 t o o r w ere o f th e an f a l l s in fro m w e re T he A b i l i t y t o th e t o r e c o g n iz e T h is in d iv id u a ls — i t th e c o n d it io n s i s an d i s an th e o n f a l l s , w h ic h som e h e o b je c t . t r a c e a b le t o p r e s e n t w e re t o m ore th e a v a r ie d c a s e s lo w e r o f th e in l e v e l . r e s u lt in g o f th e f a l l s la d d e r s . M ost o f th e o t h e r fro m f o r f a b r ic a t in g w o r k in g s t a b le a n d o p e r a t io n s p o s it io n s g u a rd e d i s on w o r k in g s t r o n g ly r e c o r d . o c c u r r e n c e p r e v e n t io n . H ere t h ir d A C C ID E N T le a d s t o c k a f a l l s n e e d b y co n p r o c e d u r e s . o f s e v e r it y N e a r ly a s p a c e . T h ese th e b u t m a c h in e . a g a in s t e le v a t io n v o lu m e . c a u g h t m e ta l s u r fa c e w ork th e c r a n e a c c id e n t p e r c e n t d i r e c t l y p r o b le m s . fro m a a t r ie d v e h ic le s b e in g b y th a t L e s s s w in g in g h a n d lin g f e l l h e w e re m o v in g fro m w as a s n u m erou s, th e h a n d lin g b e tw e e n o b je c t p in c h e d in a d e q u a te f a l l s e le v a t io n s c r u s h e d s u c c e s s fu l a b o u t m ore t h e ir n o t T h ese a c c id e n t b e tw e e n m a te r ia l a c c id e n t s t o c a s e s — w o r k e rs w ere t h a t t h a t an th e m a t e r ia l b e tw e e n o f w ere s ta n d in g o r o t h e r o r e it h e r h o u s e k e e p in g c o m p le x fro m f e l l w as c r u s h e d im p r o v e d p e r s o n w ith t y p ic a l r e m o v in g a re " f a l l s " ~ I n th e b e tw e e n " in ju r ie s e m p lo y e e s o r b o th p o s i t i o n . o f in t o o f t h a t s e r io u s C a se s num a n d in d ic a te s b u t d e s ir e d n u m ber i t p a r t s t a t io n a r y o b je c t s , in d ic a t io n s t r u c k s , a w ere th e s h o u ld s u b s t a n t ia l m ore m a c h in e s p r e v e n t io n ( c ) in t o fr o m e s s e n t ia l. fin g e r o f th e o r som e o b je c t s . th e i s m o st p a r ts fe e d in g a g a in , o n , o f w o r k e rs s t a t io n a r y an d w h ile s t o c k o n p r im a r ily o r a n d b u t r a t h e r h o i s t s , th e a ls o T he h a n d m ove w h ic h b e f e l l e m p h a s is h o w e v e r, o p e r a t io n s . s t o c k m ore a n s w e r, in , com m on , in T he c r a n e s , p r a c t ic e s w o r k e r 's m a t e r ia ls p e rh a p s n o t a s s o c ia t e d m e ta l c a s e s w h ic h - e q u ip m e n t, e m p lo y e e "c a u g h t w e re m a c h in e w h ic h m ovem en t a lo n e T he in t h a t in v o lv in g s a fe t y and a c c id e n t s c a s e s m e c h a n iz a tio n . a c c id e n t s m e c h a n iz a tio n an d o f s u g g e s ts 2 0 o f n o t th e c o n d it io n s a c c id e n t s an i s in t u it iv e a c q u ir e d CAUSES a b i l i t y c ir c u m s ta n c e s w h ic h a o r o r c ir c u m s ta n c e s p r e r e q u is it e in h e r e n t s te m m in g h a v e t o w h ic h a b i l i t y d i r e c t l y c o n t r ib u t e d a re e f f e c t i v e o f c e r t a in fro m t o l i k e l y th e a t o a c c id e n t fa v o r e d k n o w le d g e o f o c c u r r e n c e o f - 21 - a c c id e n t s in th e p a s t . E v e r y a c c i d e n t r e s u l t s fr o m a p a r t i c u l a r c o m b in a t io n o f c o n d i t i o n s and c i r c u m s t a n c e s , and i t i s a x io m a t ic t h a t a n y tim e a s i m i l a r c o m b in a t io n o f c o n d i t i o n s and c i r c u m s t a n c e s i s p e r m i t t e d t o e x i s t a s i m i l a r a c c id e n t i s l i k e l y t o happen. F o r t u n a t e l y f o r t h e a c c i d e n t p r e v e n t i o n i s t , he u s u a l l y c a n a v o i d t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f an a c c i d e n t b y e l i m i n a t i n g any o n e o f t h e f a c t o r s w h ich t o g e t h e r c o n s t it u t e a p o t e n t ia l a c c id e n t seq u en ce. S t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is , as a p p lie d i n t h i s s tu d y , c o n s is t s o f c l a s s i f y i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l c a s e f i n d i n g s f o r a num ber o f c a s e s t o d e te r m in e w h e th e r o r n o t th e a c c id e n t f a c t o r s te n d t o c o n c e n tr a te in t o p a t t e r n s . A r e l a t i v e l y h ig h c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n any o n e o f t h e a c c i d e n t f a c t o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c o n s t i t u t e s a s i g n a l f o r a c c id e n t -p r e v e n t io n e f f o r t s t o e lim in a te t h a t p a r t i c u l a r v a r ie t y o f h azard. Among s e v e r a l a r e a s o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f f a c t o r s , t h e r e l a t i v e d e g r e e o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n e a c h may a s s i s t i n d e t e r m in in g p r i o r i t i e s f o r t h e a c c id e n t p r e v e n t io n program . The e x i s t e n c e o f a n y on e a c c i d e n t f a c t o r , t h e r e f o r e , i s a s ig n a l t o th e a c c id e n t p r e v e n t i o n is t . The e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h a t f a c t o r may have p r e v e n t e d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f an y a c c i d e n t s e q u e n c e t o w h ich t h e f a c t o r may h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d . A c c i d e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s t h e p r o c e s s o f d e t e r m in in g and r e c o r d i n g a l l o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s and c i r c u m s t a n c e s a s s o c i a t e d w it h t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f an a c c id e n t . A c c i d e n t a n a l y s i s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i s t h e p r o c e s s o f s i f t i n g th r o u g h t h e f a c t s d e r i v e d fr o m t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n and d e t e r m in in g w h ich o f t h e r e c o r d e d c o n d i t i o n s and c ir c u m s t a n c e s d i r e c t l y c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f th e a c c id e n t. I t m ust b e r e c o g n i z e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t a c c i d e n t a n a l y s i s h a s d e f i n i t e l i m ita tio n s . A t b e s t , i t c a n f u r n i s h c l u e s o n l y a s t o t h e d i r e c t i o n i n w h ich a c c i d e n t - p r e v e n t i o n a c t i v i t i e s c a n m ost e f f e c t i v e l y b e p o i n t e d . The d e t a i l s o f t h e s a f e t y p ro g ra m m ust b e d e v e l o p e d b y t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n c h a r g e o f s a f e t y p r o m o tio n . I n a d d i t i o n , i t m ust b e r e c o g n i z e d t h a t i n a c c i d e n t a n a l y s i s , t h e tw o f a c t o r s — h a z a r d o u s w o r k in g c o n d i t i o n s and u n s a fe a c t s , ( t h e o n l y f a c t o r s r e la t in g t o ca u ses o f a c c id e n t s ) are n o t n e c e s s a r ily e x c lu s iv e . In o th e r w o r d s , t h e a n a l y s i s p r o c e d u r e i s n o t d i r e c t e d to w a r d t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a s i n g l e m a jo r c a u s e f o r e a c h a c c i d e n t . S u ch a d e t e r m i n a t i o n w o u ld i n v o l v e an e x e r c i s e o f a n a l y t i c a l ju d g m e n t se ld o m p o s s i b l e fr o m t h e a v a i l a b l e f a c t s . On t h e c o n t r a r y , an e f f o r t i s made t o d e te r m in e in d e p e n d e n t ly f o r e a c h a c c i d e n t ( l ) w h e th e r t h e r e was a h a z a r d o u s c o n d i t i o n w h ich c o n t r i b u t e d t o i t s occu zren ce, a n d /o r ( 2 ) w h e th e r t h e a c c i d e n t was d i r e c t l y a s s o c i a t e d w it h an u n s a f e a c t . Many d e t a i l s w e re l a c k i n g f o r som e a c c i d e n t s i n c l u d e d i n t h e s u r v e y . It w a s, t h e r e f o r e , i m p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m in e w h e th e r h a z a r d o u s w o r k in g cnutH-Mmy o r u n s a f e a c t s w e re t h e l e a d i n g c a u s e o f a c c i d e n t s . The p a t t e r n o f t h e s p e c i f i c f a c t o r s w i t h i n e a c h g e n e r a l c a t e g o r y i s o f m ore im p o r t a n c e th a n t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e m a jo r g r o u p s o f a c c i d e n t c a u s e s . I t i s n otew orth y , h o w e v e r , t h a t h a z a r d o u s w o r k in g c o n d i t i o n s w e re i d e n t i f i e d i n a t l e a s t 89 p e r c e n t o f t h e a c c i d e n t s s t u d i e d an d u n s a f e a c t s w e re fo u n d i n a t l e a s t 85 p e r c e n t o f th e c a s e s . F o r t h e b a l a n c e , t h e c a u s e s w e re i n d e t e r m i n a b l e . - 22 - The c o r r e c t i o n o f h a z a r d o u s w o r k in g c o n d i t i o n s u s u a l l y i s e n t i r e l y w i t h i n t h e p o w e rs o f m anagem ent and c a n b e a c c o m p lis h e d b y management a c t i o n . The a v o id a n c e o f u n s a f e a c t s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , r e q u i r e s c o o p e r a t i o n and u n d e r s t a n d in g b y b o t h management and w o r k e r s . To a c h i e v e t h i s , i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r m anagem ent t o t a k e t h e l e a d b y p r o v i d i n g s a f e t y - m i n d e d s u p e r v i s i o n and b y m aking s u r e t h a t a l l w o r k e r s know t h e h a z a r d s o f t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s and th e means o f o v e r c o m in g t h o s e h a z a r d s . H a za rd ou s W ork in g C o n d i t i o n s H a za rd ou s w o r k in g c o n d i t i o n s i n c l u d e n o t o n l y t h e a d v e r s e p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e w o r k in g e n v ir o n m e n t , b u t a l s o th e in a d e q u a te ly pLanned o r c o n t r o ll e d m eth ods an d p r o c e d u r e s a p p l i e d i n t h e w ork a c t i v i t i e s . The l a t t e r , a s a m a tter o f f a c t , was fo u n d t o b e t h e m ost p r o l i f i c c a u s e o f a c c i d e n t s i n th e b o i l e r sh op p ro d u cts in d u s tr y . I n b r o a d c a t e g o r i e s , t h e a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e m ost common s o u r c e s o f a c c i d e n t s i n t h e i n d u s t r y w e r e : ( l ) H azardou s p r o c e d u r e s ; ( 2 ) p la c e m e n t h a z a r d s ; ( 3 ) in a d e q u a t e g u a r d i n g ; and (U ) d e f e c t i v e a g e n c i e s . (S e e t a b l e s 1 1 -1 5 and c h a r t 5 . ) H a za rd ou s O p e r a t io n s and P r o c e d u r e s . — T h ese h a z a r d s a r i s e p r i m a r i l y fr o m m a n a g em en t's f a i l u r e i n tw o im p o r t a n t a r e a s o f s u p e r v i s o r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ~ ( l ) t o p l a n f o r s a f e t y i n t h e o p e r a t i o n s and t o p r o v i d e p r o p e r eq u ip m e n t and f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e j o b s t o b e d o n e ; and ( 2 ) t o p r o v i d e a d e q u a te s u p e r v i s i o n t o i n s u r e s a f e p e r fo r m a n c e o f t h e d e s i g n a t e d a c t i v i t i e s . I n a d e q u a te p r o v i s i o n f o r s a f e i n - p l a n t m ovement o f h e a v y , b u l k y , and awkward m a t e r i a l s , m o stly m e ta l s t o c k and f a b r i c a t e d a s s e m b l i e s , was t h e m ost common a c c i d e n t c a u s e i n t h i s g en era l ca teg ory . O b v i o u s l y , no s i n g l e c o r r e c t i v e m easu re w i l l r e s o l v e a l l o f t h e p r o b le m s i n t h i s a r e a , b u t i t i s a p p a r e n t fr o m t h e c a s e r e c o r d s t h a t m ate r i a l s m ovement w as f r e q u e n t l y e n t i r e l y u n p la n n e d an d u n d e r ta k e n h a p h a z a r d ly b y u n tr a in e d w o rk e rs . M a t e r i a l s w h ich m ig h t b e moved s a f e l y b y m e c h a n ic a l e q u ip m ent w ere t o o o f t e n m oved b y h an d and w i t h o u t an a d e q u a te c r e w t o d i v i d e and c o n t r o l th e lo a d . O v e r e x e r tio n , r e s u lt in g in s t r a i n s , s p r a in s , h e r n ia s , e t c . , was t h e m ost common p r o o f o f t h e s e h a z a r d o u s p r o c e d u r e s , b u t t h e r e w ere a l s o many i n s t a n c e s i n w h ich w o r k e r s w ere s t r u c k b y o b j e c t s w h ich t h e y w ere m ov in g b y h an d and w h ic h w en t o u t o f c o n t r o l d u r in g t h e m ovem ent. I n o th e r in s t a r c e s , w o r k e r s w e r e s q u e e z e d o r c r u s h e d b e tw e e n t h e o b j e c t s t h e y w ere moving and f i x e d o b je c t s . T h ese h a z a r d s w e re r e l a t i v e l y much m ore common i n s m a ll p l a n t s th a n i n l a r g e o n e s and m ore p r e v a l e n t i n b o i l e r p l a n t s th a n i n ta n k p l a n t s . The l a c k o f a d e q u a te s c a f f o l d s , p l a t f o r m s , o r o t h e r s t a b l e w o r k in g s u r f a c e s f o r w ork a t e l e v a t i o n s was t h e b a s i c c a u s e f o r many f a l l s fr o m m a k e s h ift s u p p o r t s e m p lo y e d i n w o rk o n l a r g e f a b r i c a t i o n s . Many o f t h e a c c i d e n t s a r i s i n g i n t h e movement o f m a t e r i a l s b y c r a n e r e s u l t e d fr o m h a z a r d o u s p r o c e d u r e s w h ich a d e q u a te s u p e r v i s i o n may h a v e p re v e n te d . Among t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s was t h e p r a c t i c e o f g u id in g s l i n g l o a d s b y h a n d . P la c e m e n t H a z a r d s .- - I m p r o p e r p la c e m e n t o f m a t e r i a l s and eq u ip m e n t c a u s e d a b o u t 1 i n e v e r y 5 o f t h e a c c i d e n t s s t u d i e d — i . e . , im p r o p e r l y p l a c e d i n re s p e ct - 23 - Chart 5. MAJOR TYPES OF HAZARDOUS WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE BOILERSHOP-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY, 1951 HAZARDOUS PROCEDURES PLACEMENT HAZARDS INADEQUATELY GUARDED DEFECTS OF AGENCIES DRESS OR APPAREL HAZARDS ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS t o t h e p o s i t i o n o c c u p i e d ; o r im p r o p e r l y p i l e d o r i n a d e q u a t e l y se cu re d i n r e j e c t to s t a b ilit y in th e ir p o s itio n . I n p r o p e r p la c e m e n t f r e q u e n t l y c o n s t i t u t e d a v i o l a t i o n o f g o o d h o u s e k e e p in g p r a c t i c e s w h ic h com m only r e s u l t e d i n a t r i p p i n g o r b u n p in g h a z a r d i n an a i s l e o r w ork a r e a . M eta l s t o c k , lu m b e r , h a n d t o o l s , and s m a ll f a b r i c a t e d a s s e m b lie s w ere t h e o b j e c t s m ost com m only m i s p l a c e d . The h a z a r d o f i m p r o p e r l y p i l e d m a t e r i a l s w as e n c o u n t e r e d m ore f r e q u e n t l y i n th e g e n e r a l w orkin g a r e a s th a n i n d e s i g n a t e d m a t e r i a l s s t o r a g e a r e a s . G e n e ra lly , t h e s e w ere i n s t a n c e s i n w h ic h w o r k in g s u p p l i e s o r c o n p l e t e d s m a ll f a b r i c a t i o n s - 2U - w e r e a c c u m u la te d a t t h e w o r k s p a c e i n u n s t a b l e p i l e s . T h ese a c c u m u la t io n s u s u a l l y l e d t o w o r k e r s b e i n g s t r u c k b y m a t e r i a l s w h ic h s l i d o r f e l l fr o m t h e p ile s . A c c i d e n t s o f t h e " s t r u c k b y " v a r i e t y w e re a l s o t h e m ost common r e s u l t o f th e h a z a rd s d e s ig n a t e d as in a d e q u a te ly s e c u r e d m a t e r ia ls . Some o f t h e s e w ere i n s t a n c e s i n w h ic h f a b r i c a t i o n s o r s u b a s s e m b lie s h a d b e e n p l a c e d i n w o rk in g p o s i t i o n s fr o m w h ic h t h e y c o u l d s l i d e o r f a l l w it h o u t p r o v i s i o n o f p r o p e r an ch ors o r b lo c k in g . I n many o f t h e s e c a s e s , h o w e v e r , t h i s h a z a r d a p p l i e d t o m a t e r i a l s w h ich becam e d i s l o d g e d when t h e y w ere m oved o n p l a n t v e h i c l e s . I n a d e q u a t e G u a r d in g . — The p r o v i s i o n o f p h y s i c a l b a r r i e r s , t o p re vent p erson s fr o m com in g i n t o c o n t a c t w it h m ovin g m a c h in e r y , e q u ip m e n t, o r m a t e r i a l s ; t o p r e v e n t f a l l s fr o m e l e v a t i o n s ; and t o a v o i d c o n t a c t w it h p o t e n t i a l l y d a n g e r o u s o b j e c t s o r s u b s t a n c e s i n t h e w o r k in g e n v ir o n m e n t c o n s t i t u t e s t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f a c c id e n t p r e v e n tio n . The n e e d f o r s u c h d e v i c e s h a s becom e a x io m a t ic among s a f e t y e n g in e e r s and t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f g u a r d in g h a v e b e e n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o m o st s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s and s a f e t y m a n u a ls, f r e q u e n t l y w it h g r e a t t e c h n i c a l d e ta il. G u a rd in g r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r many k in d s o f m a ch in e s and e q u ip m e n t, and f o r some i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s e s , h a ve a l s o b e e n e n a c t e d i n t o la w i n many S t a t e s . D e s p it e t h e e m p h a s is p l a c e d u p on g u a r d in g a s a b a s i c e le m e n t i n a c c i d e n t p r e v e n t i o n o v e r many y e a r s and t h e g e n e r a l a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s t h r o u g h o u t th e s a f e t y m ovem ent, t h e r e a r e s t i l l w id e a r e a s o f i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t y i n w h ic h t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s a r e i g n o r e d o r i n e f f e c t u a l l y a p p l i e d . M ost com m on ly, t h e r e a s o n s c i t e d f o r n o t p r o v i d i n g , o r n o t e n f o r c i n g t h e u s e o f a d e q u a te g u a r d s a r e : t h e h ig h c o s t o f i n s t a l l i n g and m a in t a in in g g u a r d s ; th e r e d u c t i o n i n e f f i c i e n c y ( i . e . , p r o d u c t i o n r a t e s ) a r i s i n g fr o m th e use o f g u a r d s ; r e s i s t a n c e o n t h e p a r t o f e m p lo y e e s t o t h e u s e o f g u a r d s b a s e d u p on assum ed i n c o n v e n i e n c e im p o se d b y th e p r e s e n c e o f a g u a r d ; and a l a c k o f c o n v i c t i o n th a t th e r e i s a r e a l need f o r g u a rd s. The a n sw e rs t o t h e f i r s t tw o o f t h e s e o b j e c t i o n s l i e i n t h e f i e l d o f e n g in e e r i n g and d e s i g n . F o r m ost e q u ip m e n t, s im p le g u a r d s , w h ic h n o t o n l y p r o v i d e p r o t e c t i o n b u t a l s o i n c r e a s e e f f i c i e n c y , c a n b e and h a v e been d e s ig n e d . The a n sw ers t o t h e l a s t tw o o b j e c t i o n s l i e i n t h e r e c o r d o f t h e a c c i d e n t s w hich h a v e o c c u r r e d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f a d e q u a te g u a r d in g and w h ich m ig h t h ave b e e n a v o id e d i f a d e q u a te g u a r d s h a d b e e n i n u s e . More th a n 1 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e a c c i d e n t s r e p o r t e d i n t h i s s u r v e y w ere d i r e c t l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o in a d e q u a t e g u a r d in g . T h is f a c t a l o n e i s an im p r e s s iv e i n d i c a t i o n t h a t im p rov em en t i n g u a r d in g p r a c t i c e s s h o u l d h a v e h ig h p r i o r i t y i n t h e s a f e t y p ro g ra m s o f t h e b o i l e r s h o p - p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r y . Even m ore s i g n i f i c a n t and r e f l e c t i n g t h e r e s u l t i n g human s u f f e r i n g , t h i s g ro u p o f a c c i d e n t s p r o d u c e d UO p e r c e n t o f th e r e p o r t e d d e a t h s and 1*3 p e r c e n t o f t h e p erm a n en t d i s a b i l i t i e s r e c o r d e d in th e s tu d y . From t h e v ie w p o in t o f c o s t s , t h i s g r o u p o f c a s e s was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 3h p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l v olu m e o f d a y s l o s t o r ch a rg ed t o a l l i n ju r ie s in th e stu d y . More s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e a v e r a g e tim e c h a r g e p e r c a s e f o r t h e " i n a d e q u a t e g u a r d in g " g r o u p was 1 8 8 d a y s , m ore th a n - 25 - d o u b l e t h e a v e r a g e o f 86 d a y s f o r a l l c a s e s i n t h e s u r v e y * Even i n r e s p e c t t o t e m p o r a r y d i s a b i l i t i e s , t h e c o m p a r is o n i s u n f a v o r a b l e t o t h i s g r o u p . The a v e r a g e r e c o v e r y t im e f o r t e m p o r a r y i n j u r i e s r e s u l t i n g fr o m in a d e q u a t e g u a r d in g was 21 d a y s , c o m p a re d w it h 16 d a y s f o r a l l te m p o r a r y i n j u r i e s i n t h e s u r v e y . The r a n g e o f e q u ip m e n t fo u n d t o b e i n a d e q u a t e l y g u a r d e d was w i d e . M ost p r o m in e n t w as t h e l a c k o f a d e q u a te g u a r d in g a t t h e p o i n t o f o p e r a t i o n o f f i x e d m a ch in e s su c h as r o l l s , p r e s s e s , g r i n d i n g m a c h in e s , s a w s , s h e a r s , and d r i l l s . I n many i n s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r , p o w e r e d h a n d t o o l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y g r i n d e r s , w ere t h e u n g u a rd e d a g e n c i e s . The p r o b le m o f p r o v i d i n g a d e q u a te g u a r d s i s n o t , h o w e v e r , l i m i t e d t o ma c h i n e s o r p o w e r e d e q u ip m e n t. Many a c c i d e n t s r e s u l t e d fr o m t h e a b s e n c e o f s a f e t y h o o k s o r s a f e t y c la m p s o n h o i s t i n g a p p a r a t u s . The u s e o f s u c h p r o t e c t i v e d e v i c e s m ig h t h a v e a v o id e d t h e d r o p p in g o f c r a n e l o a d s w h ic h i n j u r e d many p erson s. S i m i l a r l y , w id e r u s e o f s a f e t y s h o e s o r a n c h o r s o n l a d d e r s m ig h t h a v e p r e v e n t e d a number o f f a l l s . G uard r a i l s o n s c a f f o l d s , p l a t f o r m s , and o t h e r e l e v a t e d w o r k in g s u r f a c e s m ig h t a l s o h a v e p r e v e n t e d some s e r i o u s f a l l s , and t h e p r o v i s i o n o f t o e b o a r d s o n e l e v a t e d w o r k in g s u r fa c e s m i^it have p r e v e n t e d m a t e r i a l s fr o m f a l l i n g o n w o r k e r s b e l o w . D e f e c t s o f A g e n c i e s . — The e l i m i n a t i o n o f a c c i d e n t s r e s u l t i n g fr o m d e f e c t i v e m a t e r i a l ana e q u ip m e n t d o e s n o t o r d i n a r i l y r e q u i r e a h ig h d e g r e e o f e n g i n e e r i n g s k i l l — b u t i t d o e s r e q u i r e c o n t i n u i n g a tte n tio n * These hazards freqien tO y d e v e l o p g r a d u a l l y and t e n d t o m erge i n t o t h e e n v ir o n m e n t a l b a c k g r o u n d . They becom e a c c e p t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e w o r k p la c e and t h e i r p o t e n t ia l as a c c id e n t p r o d u c e r s i s o v e r l o o k e d b e c a u s e " t h a t ' s t h e way t h i n g s a r e . " C o n tro l o f th ese i n s i d i o u s h a z a r d s r e s t s p r i m a r i l y u p on f r e q u e n t i n s p e c t i o n o f a l l p r e m i s e s , m a t e r i a l s , and e q u ip m e n t t o d e t e c t d e f e c t i v e i t e m s , and u pon p r o v i s i o n s f o r th e p rom p t r e p a i r o r r e m o v a l o f t h e d e f e c t i v e it e m s fr o m s e r v i c e . I n t h e m a in , t h e s e h a z a r d s t e n d t o b e o b v i o u s when a d e f i n i t e e f f o r t i s made t o f i n d th em . Ifore th a n 1 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e a c c i d e n t s a n a ly z e d i n t h i s su rv e y were d i r e c t l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o d e f e c t i v e a g e n c ie s a n d m o s t, i f n o t a l l , o f t h e s e d e f e c t i v e c o n d i t i o n s c o u l d r e a d i l y h a ve b e e n d e t e c t e d and c o r r e c t e d b e f o r e t h e y r e s u l t e d in a c c id e n ts . D e f e c t i v e f l o o r s — i . e . , s l i p p e r y fr o m w ear o r fr o m s p i l l e d o i l o r o t h e r m a t e r i a l s , o r i r r e g u l a r fr o m w ear— w e re p r o m in e n t i n t h i s g r o u p o f a c c id e n t s o u r c e s . A l l o f t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s w ere r e c o g n i z e d a s h a z a r d s w h ich c o u l d h a ve b e e n c o r r e c t e d , b u t a p p a r e n t l y no o n e t h o u g h t a b o u t them b e f o r e t h a t t im e . W orn, c r a c k e d , s p r u n g , m ushroom ed, o r o t h e r w i s e d e f e c t i v e h a n d t o o l s a l s o c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f a s u b s t a n t i a l number o f a c c i d e n t s . H ere a g a in t h e d e f e c t s g e n e r a l l y w ere s u c h t h a t t h e y c o u l d h ave been r e c o g n iz e d a s h a z a r d s u n d e r an a d e q u a t e i n s p e c t i o n and r e p la c e m e n t s y s t e m . A d e q u a te m a in te n a n c e f o r m a c h in e r y i s n o t o n l y a s a f e t y m easure— i t i s an e c o n o m ic and o p e r a t i n g n e c e s s i t y . E v id e n c e o f f a i l u r e t o r e c o g n i z e t h i s l i e s i n t h e number o f c a s e s i n w h ic h i t was r e p o r t e d t h a t m ach in e p a r t s b r o k e o r came l o o s e fr o m t h e i r s u p p o r t s d u r in g o p e r a t i o n o f t h e eq u ip m en t an d s t r u c k th e o p e r a t o r s o r o t h e r p e rs o n s n e a rb y . - 26 - Burred edges on th e m etal p la te s and sto ck b ein g fa b r ic a te d were found to be another v ery common hazard in t h is group. The r e s u ltin g cuts and la cera tio n s to fin g e r s and hands g e n e r a lly were n o t s e r io u s , b u t th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f sev ere in f e c t io n d ev elo p in g i s alw ays p resen t in such in j u r ie s . I n ju r ie s req u ire tim e fo r treatm en t and ten d to lim it th e a c t i v i t i e s o f th e in ju red p erson s u n t il th e ir wounds h e a l. An in te r e s tin g s id e lig h t o f th e a n a ly s is , fo r w hich no reason i s apparent, i s th a t a c c id e n ts a sc r ib e d to d e fe c tiv e a g e n c ie s were r e la t iv e ly more common in la r g e b o ilersh o p -p ro d u cts p la n ts than in sm a ll o n e s. M iscella n eo u s. — The ob viou s c o n c lu sio n th a t concentratio n on the elim ination o f th e hazards a lrea d y d isc u sse d w ill r e s u lt in a h ig h ly fa v o ra b le red u ctio n in a c c id e n t volume does n ot mean th a t o th er kinds o f hazards sh ou ld be ignored. Some o f th e l e s s fr e q u e n tly encountered hazards w hich demand a tte n tio n are im p o rta n t in term s o f p o t e n t ia lly se r io u s in j u r ie s . One o f th e more im portant hazards which was found in t h is group was th a t o f c o n g e stio n in th e working a r e a s. More s p e c if ic a lly , in adequ ate clea ra n ce fo r m a te r ia ls w hich were b ein g moved was d ir e c t ly r e sp o n sib le fo r two o f th e f a t a l i t i e s rep o rted in the survey. The need fo r more adequate p r o v isio n o f p erso n a l p r o te c tiv e equipm ent throughout th e in d u str y i s a ls o apparent; fo r exam ple, th e record d e f in it e ly in d ic a te s th e need fo r a stro n g er g o g g le program fo r o p era tio n s in v o lv in g eye hazard s. Expanded p r o v isio n s fo r th e u se o f g lo v e s , s a f e t y sh o e s, and o th er p r o te c tiv e d e v ic e s , such as le a th e r aprons, are needed fa r th e sa fe r performance o f many o f th e in d u s tr y 's a c t i v i t i e s . U nsafe A cts For th e purposes o f t h is stu d y , an u n sa fe a c t was d e fin e d as the "violation o f a commonly a ccep ted s a fe procedure which d ir e c t ly p erm itted or o cca sio n ed th e occu rren ce o f th e in ju ry-p rod u cin g a c c id e n t." By t h is d e f in it io n , no action cou ld be co n sid ered u n sa fe u n le s s th ere was an a lt e r n a tiv e , s a fe p roced u re. For exam ple, an em ployee who was in ju red by c o n ta c t w ith a c ir c u la r saw fo r which no guard was a v a ila b le was n ot co n sid ered as com m itting an u n sa fe a c t because he had no a lte r n a tiv e b u t to u se th e unguarded saw . On th e o th er hand, a worker who was in ju r e d a fte r removing th e guard, com m itted an u n sa fe a c t b ecause he had th e a lte r n a tiv e o f u sin g th e saw w ith th e guard. The d e f in it io n , how ever, does n ot im ply th a t th e worker must n e c e s s a r ily know th e a lte r n a tiv e s a fe p roced u re. Although some workers o b v io u sly ooranitted u n sa fe a c ts through c h o ic e , i t was apparent in a stu d y o f th e in d iv id u a l c a se s th a t many workers a cted as th ey d id because th ey sim p ly d id n ot know th e s a fe method o f perform ing t h e ir d u tie s . The c o r r e c tio n o f u n safe a c t s , th e r e fo r e , req u ir e s a tw o fo ld e f f o r t — ed u cation and en forcem en t. F ir s t , workers must be th orou gh ly tr a in e d in th e s a fe perform ance o f th e ir d u ties and second, management must p rovid e adequate su p e r v isio n to assu re th a t th e s a fe procedures are u sed . - 27 - Chart 6. MAJOR TYPES OF UNSAFE ACTS IN THE BOILERSHOP-PRODUCTS INDUSTRY, 1951 Percent of All Unsafe Acts UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS The a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e d t h a t tw o g e n e r a l k in d s o f u n s a fe a c t s a r e e x tr e m e ly common i n t h e b o i l e r s h o p - p r o d u c t s i n d u s t r y — t a k i n g u n s a fe p o s i t i o n s o r p o s t u r e s ; and u s i n g u n s a f e e q u ip m e n t o r u s in g e q u ip m e n t u n s a f e l y . Somewhat l e s s common, b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s im p o r t a n t , a c c i d e n t c a u s e s a r e u n s a f e l o a d i n g o r p l a c i n g ; and o p e r a t i n g w i t h o u t a u t h o r i t y o r f a i l i n g t o s e c u r e t h e eq u ip m en t a g a i n s t u n ex p e c t e d m ovem ent o r f a i l i n g t o a d e q u a t e ly w arn o t h e r s o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s b e i n g p e r fo r m e d i n t h e a r e a . (S e e t a b l e s 1 6 - 1 8 and c h a r t 6 . ) T a k in g U n sa fe P o s i t i o n s o r P o s t u r e s . — I n t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s e c a s e s , t h e s p e c i f i c u n s a f e a c t was e i t h e r i n a t t e n t i o n t o f o o t i n g o r i n a t t e n t i o n t o s u r r o u n d in g s . I n a t t e n t i o n t o f o o t i n g w as t h e m ore common f a u l t , b u t t h e r e s u lt in g - 28 in j u r ie s were g e n e r a lly l e s s sev e r e than th o se a r is in g from in a tte n tio n to surroundin gs (ta b le 1 7 ). B a s ic a lly , th e se u n safe a c ts c o n s is te d o f th e w orkers' f a ilu r e to p r o te c t th em selves a g a in st p h y s ic a l hazards o f th e w orkplace. The hazard fr e q u e n tly was n o t crea ted by th e person who was in ju r e d , but in m ost in s ta n c e s , i t was one w hich sh ou ld have been apparent and w hich cou ld have been avoid ed through th e e x e r c is e o f rea so n a b le a tte n tio n and judgm ent. The f a ilu r e to ob serve and a v o id tr ip p in g hazards was a v ery common cause o f f a l l s n ot o n ly on th e reg u la r w orking su r fa c e s b u t a ls o on e le v a te d surf aces where th e p ro sp ect o f s e r io u s in ju r y sh ou ld have stim u la te d g r e a te r a tte n tio n . Poor h ou sek eep in g, in ad eq u ate m aintenance o f w orking s u r fa c e s , and im properly p la ced m a te r ia ls were c o n tr ib u tin g ca u ses in many o f th e se a c c id e n ts . Most o f th e a c c id e n ts a ttr ib u te d to in a tte n tio n to surroundings were th o se in which th e in ju red p erso n bunped in to some s ta tio n a r y o b je c t in th e working area and was in ju red e it h e r by th e fo r c e o f h is co n ta c t or was stru ck by f a l l i n g o b je c ts d islo d g e d by h is c o n ta c t. O ften th e se were in sta n c e s in which a person tu rn ed sh a rp ly and stru ck a p ile o f m a te r ia l, a fa b r ic a tio n , a m achine, or a parked in d u s tr ia l tru ck . C on gestion o f th e w orkplace and im p ro p erly p la ced m a te r ia ls were fr e q u e n tly c o n trib u to ry cau ses in th e se a c c i d e n ts. In oth er f a i r l y common in s ta n c e s , p erson s w orking in c o n fin ed sp aces e ith e r bumped in to o b str u c tio n s w h ile moving about or had th e ir own t o o ls d e fle c te d a g a in st them when th e to o ls str u c k o b str u c tio n s. The m ost se r io u s a c c id e n ts in t h is g en era l group, how ever, were th o se in which th e in ju red em ployee exposed h im se lf to c o n ta c t w ith moving m a te r ia ls or equipm ent. These u n sa fe a c ts in clu d ed ta k in g a p o s itio n under a suspended lo a d , sta n d in g betw een a sw inging lo a d and a fix e d o b je c t, stan d in g c lo s e to moving v e h ic le s or moving m achines, working under unsecured fa b r ic a tio n s , and stan d in g in fr o n t o f r o llin g or s lid in g o b je c ts . In many o f th e se in s ta n c e s , th e em p loyee's u n fortu n ate ch o ice o f a c tio n m ight have been avoided by more adequate su p erv iso ry p lan n in g and c o n tr o l o f th e o p e r a tio n . U sing U nsafe Equipment or Equipment U n sa fely . — In a h igh p ro p o rtio n o f th e se c a s e s , th e s p e c if ic u n safe a c t was th a t o f n ot m ain tain in g a secu re h old on o b je c ts b ein g h an d led . In many in s ta n c e s , th e m a te r ia l s in p ly s lip p e d from th e w ork er's hands and f e l l on h is to e s . In o th er in s ta n c e s , in s e c u r e ly h e ld t o o ls went ou t o f c o n tr o l and d e fle c te d a g a in st th e w ork er's body. Few o f th e a c c id e n ts r e s u ltin g from th e se u n sa fe a c ts were s e r io u s , b u t in th e ag g reg a te th e y were r e sp o n sib le fo r a co n sid era b le volume o f l o s t tim e . Wider u se o f s a f e t y sh oes undoubtedly would have reduced th e volume o f in ju r ie s r e s u ltin g from th e se a c c id e n ts . A r e la te d u n sa fe a ct, ta k in g a wrong h o ld on o b je c ts , was r e sp o n sib le fo r a sm a ller number o f a c c id e n ts— b u t th e r e s u ltin g in j u r ie s tended to be more s e r io u s . These were p r im a r ily c a se s in w hich workers grasped o b je c ts which - 29 th e y were moving in such a way th a t t h e ir fin g e r s were caught when th ey s e t th e o b je c ts down, or were mashed a g a in st o th er o b je c ts in th e cou rse o f th e o p e r a tio n . The u n sa fe a c ts o f u sin g d e fe c tiv e equipm ent ( i . e . , when th ere was a c h o ic e ) or o f u sin g equipm ent fo r purposes o th er than th a t fo r which i t was in ten d ed w ere n o t common. I t seem s s ig n if ic a n t , how ever, th a t th e u se o f h an d tools was in v o lv ed in most o f th e se c a s e s . U nsafe Loading and P la c in g . — The u n sa fe a c ts d esig n a ted as u n safe lo a d in g c o n s is te d s p e c if ic a lly o f c a se s in which th e o b je c ts b ein g moved were to o heavy, b u lk y , or awkward in shape fo r th e number o f p erson s doing th e l i f t i n g . A ll o f th e in ju r ie s r e s u ltin g from t h is group o f a c c id e n ts were s tr a in s or sp r a in s, m o stly a f f e c t in g th e back . U nsafe p la c in g c o n s is te d p r im a r ily o f p la c in g o b je c ts in u n sta b le p o s i t io n s or p i l e s from w hich th ey u ltim a te ly f e l l , o fte n i n f l i c t i n g in ju r ie s on p erson s oth er than th o se who d id th e u n safe p la c in g . T his group d id n o t in clu d e c a se s o f im proper p la c in g ( i . e . , in term s o f p o s itio n ) nor d id i t include c a se s in which m a te r ia ls were p ro p erly p la c e d b u t in a d eq u a tely secu red a g a in st s lid in g or f a l l i n g . Other U nsafe A c ts. — Supplem enting th e major p a tte r n , th e r e was a wide range o f somewhat l e s s common u n sa fe a c ts which in th e aggregate were responsi b le fo r a s u b s ta n tia l volume o f in j u r ie s . Because th e s e may be somewhat o f a ra re occurrence in any in d iv id u a l e sta b lish m e n t, t h e ir im portance may be over lo o k ed and th e s te p s n ecessa ry fo r t h e ir e lim in a tio n may n ot be ta k en . The in d u stryw id e sum m aries, how ever, in d ic a te th a t s e v e r a l v a r ie t ie s o f th ese " le s s common" u n sa fe a c ts do occur o fte n enough to w arrant s p e c ia l preventative a c tio n . In p a r tic u la r , i t i s apparent th a t th e f a ilu r e to secu re m a te r ia ls and equipm ent a g a in st unexpected movement i s r e sp o n sib le fo r a co n sid era b le number o f in ju ry -p ro d u cin g a c c id e n ts . In an a p p recia b le number o f c a s e s , m etal sto c k and a ssem b lies had s l i d or to p p led onto or a g a in st p eo p le who were working with them sim p ly b ecau se th e a r t ic le s had been p r e c a r io u sly p la ced and unsecu red . S im ila r ly , in o th er in s ta n c e s , workers had been str u c k by u n attended in d u stria l tru ck s which had been parked on slo p e s w ith ou t b ein g b lock ed a g a in st movement. Another ra th er common u n sa fe p r a c tic e d eserv in g a tte n tio n i s th e fa ilu r e to make u se o f a v a ila b le p erso n a l p r o te c tiv e equipm ent, p a r tic u la r ly g o g g le s. The f a ilu r e to u se g o g g le s which had been p rovid ed was d ir e c t ly resp o n sib le for th ree o f th e rep o rted c a se s in which workers l o s t th e s ig h t o f an eye and fo r a co n sid era b le number o f l e s s se r io u s in ju r ie s i n f l i c t e d by fly in g p a r t ic le s or by w eld in g r a d ia tio n s . - 30 ACCIDENT-PREVENTION SUGGESTIONS To i l l u s t r a t e th e w ide range o f hazards en countered in th e b o ile r sh o p p rod u cts in d u str y , a number o f t y p ic a l a c c id e n ts w ere s e le c te d , fo r in d iv id u a l a n a ly s is . £ / In p resen tin g th e se a c c id e n t-p r e v e n tio n s u g g e stio n s, th ere i s no in te n t to im ply th a t th e y c o n s titu te a com prehensive s e t o f s a f e t y r u le s fo r th e b o ilersh o p -p ro d u cts in d u str y or th a t th e su g g ested methods c o n s titu te th e o n ly e f f e c t iv e means o f avoid in g such a c c id e n ts. The a c c id e n ts d escrib ed are typ i c a l c a se s o f freq u en t o ccu rren ce, but th ey do n ot in any sen se r e p r e se n t th e f u l l range o f hazards encountered in b o ile r sh o p o p e r a tio n s. The purpose o f th e comments and su g g e stio n s i s m erely to in d ic a te th a t th e r e alm ost in v a r ia b ly i s a r e la t iv e ly sim p le method o f p rev en tin g p r a c t ic a l l y any kin d o f a c c id e n t. Many s a f e t y e n g in e e r s, no d ou b t, would a tta c k th e problem s in v o lv ed in th e se a c c id e n ts in d if f e r e n t ways and would a ch iev e equal l y good r e s u lt s . The method o f p r e v e n tio n , o f co u rse, i s o f l i t t l e im portance as lo n g as i t accom p lish es i t s purpose. Case D e sc r ip tio n s and A ccid en t-p rev en tio n S u g g estio n s 1. W hile an em ployee was w alking around a p r e s s , he step p ed on a sp o t o f g re a se and f e l l to th e f lo o r . He s u ffe r e d a sp ra in ed sh o u ld er, and was d is a b led 13 d ays. I n v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e g rea se f e l l from an a ir h o is t u sed to convey m a teria l to th e p r e ss which had r e c e n tly been s e r v ic e d . a . Poor housekeeping p r a c tic e s o b v io u sly p layed an im portant p a r t in th e occurrence o f t h is a c c id e n t. Both m aintenance men and o p era to rs sh ou ld be tr a in e d to check th e work a rea fo r g r e a s e , scra p , e t c / ,' A'ftfeb each s e r v ic in g and sh ou ld be req u ired to c le a n up im m ed ia tely any s p i l l e d or d isca rd ed m a te r ia l. The su p erv iso r sh ou ld make a p erso n a l check to se e th a t t h is i s done. Followup in s p e c tio n s sh ou ld be made la t e r to in su r e th a t fu r th e r grease d rip p in g s are removed. 9 / These c a se s were review ed by Sheldon W. Homan, S a fe ty E ngineer in th e D iv is io n o f Labor S tandards, Bureau o f Labor S tandards, o f th e U. S . Department o f Labor. For each c a se , Mr. Homan has made one or more su g g e stio n s as to th e a c tio n w hich, i f ta k en , m ight have p reven ted th e d escrib ed a c c id e n t, and fo r many o f th e c a se s has p rovid ed gen era l comments on th e s ig n ific a n c e o f th a t p a r tic u la r v a r ie ty o f a c c id e n t. - 31 b . The more im portant fa c to r « how ever, was th a t th e m aintenance o p era tio n ap p aren tly had n o t been properlyperform ed, In any g rea sin g o p e r a tio n , i t i s e s s e n t ia l th a t a l l e x c e s s grease be wiped from th e f i t t i n g s and th a t f i t t i n g s w hich do n o t p ro p erly r e t a in to e g rea se be r e p la c e d . I f d rip p in g p e r s is t s , a d rip pan sh ou ld be in s t a lle d to keep th e g rea se o f f th e f lo o r . 2. A worker was rem oving a s t e e l tube from tu b in g p ile d on a ra ck . He p u lle d one tube from th e c e n te r o f th e p i l e , ca u sin g th e p i l e to s l i p and r o l l on h is le g . He was d isa b le d 102 days w ith a fr a c tu r e d l e g . I n v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e p ile o f tubing con tain ed tu b es o f v a rio u s s iz e s and th a t none o f th e tu b es on th e su rfa ce o f th e p ile was th e c o r r e c t s iz e th a t the worker w anted. Good housekeeping p r a c tic e would req u ire th a t each tube s iz e be k ep t in a sep a ra te ra ck . 3. A foreman stum bled over a p ie c e o f a n g le ir o n ly in g on th e f lo o r . f e l l to th e f lo o r sp ra in in g h is elbow . L ost tim e: 7 d ays. I n v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e an gle ir o n was scrap m a teria l d isca rd ed from a burning o p era tio n . Good o p era tin g p r a c tic e s would req u ire th a t a c o n ta in e r be a v a ila b le a t each w orkplace fo r d is p o s a l o f scra p . lu W hile an em ployee was o p era tin g a p la n e r , he s lip p e d and f e l l a g a in st bed p la te o f p la n e r . He bruised h is le g and was disabled fa r 1 day. In v e stig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e f lo o r was o i l y and covered w ith s t e e l sh a v in g s. A need fo r im proved housekeeping proced u res i s s tr o n g ly in d ic a te d . Shavings sh ou ld n o t be allow ed to accum ulate on th e f lo o r around any m achine. A sw eeping compound which w i l l absorb th e c u ttin g o i l and perm it i t s ready rem oval from th e f lo o r sh ou ld be provid ed and i t s u se req u ired . Frequent in s p e c tio n o f th e w orkplace by su p e r v iso r s i s n e cessa ry to in su re com pliance. 5 . As an em ployee was w alking to h is workbench, he step p ed on a n a il p r o je c tin g from a p ie c e o f lum ber. He was d isa b le d fo r 2 days as a r e s u lt o f a punctured f o o t . I n v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e p ie c e o f lumber had been d isca rd ed when a s c a f f o ld had been removed. I t sh ou ld be standard p r a c tic e t o req u ire con s tr u c tio n . m aintenance, o r s e r v ic e crew s to remove a l l scra p , d e b r is , e x c e ss m a te r ia l, e t c . , r e s u ltin g from t h e ir o p e r a tio n s, b efo re le a v in g th e a r e a . He - 32 In d ism a n tlin g any wooden s tr u c tu r e s , b o x e s, c r a t e s , e t c . , good s a fe p r a c tic e c a l l s fo r the"Imme d ia te rem oval o f a l l n a ils and p r o je c tin g fa s te n e r s from each p ie c e o f lum ber b efo re i t i s d isca rd ed or p ile d fo r rem oval. U n fo rtu n a tely , th e se are s a fe p r a c tic e s which are fr e q u e n tly v io la t e d . T h eir observance can be in su red o n ly b y c lo s e su p e r v isio n . For h is own p r o te c tio n , th e re g u la r su p erv iso r o f a work a rea sh ou ld make a thorough in s p e c tio n o f th e area imme d ia t e ly a f t e r th e com p letion o f a c o n str u c tio n o r r e p a ir jo b . 6 . An em ployee was p u llin g a fo u r-w h eel handtruck lo a d ed w ith s t e e l p la t e s . When th e tru ck str u c k a h o le in th e f lo o r , th e p la te s f e l l from th e tru ck and cru shed h is f o o t , which had to be am putated. a . Under a good housekeeping and m aintenance program, th e h o le in th e f lo o r would have been r e p a ir e d . b . A b a r r ie r on th e tru ck m ight have p reven ted th e p la te s s lid in g forw ard. c . G en era lly sp eak in g, i t i s an u n sa fe p r a c tic e t o p u ll r a th e r than to push a lo a d ed handtruck. In t h is in s ta n c e , th e em ployee would have been u n in ju red i f he had been p u sh in g th e tru ck when i t s p ro g ress was suddenly stop p ed and th e lo a d s h if t e d forw ard. 7 . An em ployee was h elp in g to assem ble a ta n k . He step p ed on a p ie c e o f round w eld in g rod . When i t r o lle d , em ployee tw is te d h is k n ee. He was disabled fo r 22 d ays. I n v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e w eld in g rod had been d isca rd ed by a w eld er who had dropped i t on th e f lo o r . The unused ends o f w eld in g rods sh ou ld be d e p o site d in a co n ta in er and d isp o sed o f as scra p . A m etal c o n ta in e r fo r t h is purpose i s som etim es a tta ch ed io th e w eld in g m achine, t h is a c c id e n t a ls o p o in ts up th e f a c t th a t em ployees m ast be tr a in e d to reco g n ize c o n d itio n s w hich can cau se in ju r y . 8 . As em ployee was working near a p ile o f beams, one o f which f e l l from th e p i l e and stru ck h is back. As a r e s u lt o f th e b r u ise d back, he was disabled fo r 9 d a y s. I n v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t p ile d m a te r ia ls in th e yard w ere, g e n e r a lly , n o t s t a b le . - 33 S ta b le p ilin g o f m a te r ia l i s an e s s e n t ia l o f ev ery s a f e t y program. U nsafe m a te r ia l p ilin g in d ic a te s la c k or s a fe ty c o n scio u sn ess on th e p a r t o f th e su p e r v iso r and p erh ap s, th e management, 9 . An em ployee was tig h te n in g a b o lt w ith a monkey wrench. The wrench s lip p e d from th e b o lt and em ployee, attem p tin g to r e ta in h is b a la n c e , tw iste d h is b ack . L ost tim e: 12 d ays. I n v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e jaw o f th e wrench was worn lo o s e through exten d ed u s e . a . An in s p e c tio n system fo r t o o ls and equipm ent i s n ecessa ry so th a t worn t o o ls w i l l be rep a ired or d iscard ed b efo re th e y become hazardous to u s e . b . F ixed -jaw wrenches are p r e fe r a b le when u sed on standard s iz e n u ts. The u se o f a d ju sta b le jaw wrenches sh ou ld be d iscou raged ex cep t fo r o d d -siz e d n u ts or b o lt s th a t cannot be f i t t e d by stan d ard fix e d -ja w w renches. c . Employees sh ou ld be in str u c te d to make c e r ta in o f fo o tin g and p o s it io n b e fo r e ap p lyin g p ressu re on wrench— in c a se i t should s l i p . A ccid en ts due to fa u lty t o o ls and equipm ent can be elim in a ted i f to o ls and equipm ent are m aintained in good working ord er. To be e f f e c t iv e , m ainte nance must be on a sy ste m a tic and o rd erly b a s is so th a t each p ie c e o f equip ment i s in sp e c te d a t reg u la r in t e r v a ls . T his kind o f m aintenance i s som etim es known a s p rev en tiv e m aintenance. P rev en tiv e m aintenance in v o lv e s a number o f th in g s . I t s b a sic fe a tu r e in c lu d e s a r o u tin e in s p e c tio n o f a l l t o o ls , equipm ent, and a p p lia n ces a t a d e f in it e tim e w ith record s o f th e fin d in g s k e p t. I t goes even fu r th e r in th a t i t in v o lv e s th e replacem ent o f p a r ts su b je c t to wear a t predeterm ined in te r v a ls even though some u se s t i l l rem ains. M aintenance i s c lo s e ly a l l i e d w ith o th er o p era tin g fu n c tio n s , such as good h ou sek eep in g. An e f f i c i e n t l y op erated toolroom , fo r exam ple, must in v o lv e in a d d itio n to e f f i c i e n t t o o l s to r a g e , a system o f e f f e c t iv e t o o l m aintenance and issu a n c e to a ssu re th a t a n t o o ls are in f i r s t - c l a s s condition and s u ita b le fo r th e jo b . Even where t o o ls are owned by th e workmen some in s p e c tio n system sh ou ld be u sed to a ssu re th a t th ey are kept in good condition. 1 0 . An en p loyee was u sin g a sle d g e hammer. The head o f th e hammer which was lo o s e fle w from th e handle and stru ck th e em p loyee's fa c e , d is a b lin g him fo r 3 d ays. - 3U I n e f f e c t iv e t o o l c o n tr o l i s in d ic a te d . Where t o o ls are iss u e d from a t o o l c r ib , th ey sh ou ld be in sp e c te d b efo re b ein g is s u e d . Where t o o ls are owned by th e men, a system o f in s p e c tio n by th e foreman sh ou ld be in s t it u t e d . Em ployees sh ou ld a ls o be tr a in e d to in s p e c t t h e ir own t o o ls and to o b ta in rep lacem en ts fo r any which th e y fin d to be d e f e c t iv e , 11. An em ployee was u sin g a punch p r e s s . As th e d ie co n ta cted th e s t e e l p la t e , th e d ie broke and a p ie c e o f s t e e l stru ck th e em ployee in th e e y e . D is a b ilit y : 3 d a y s. T his a c c id e n t su g g e sts th a t th e d ie was in poor c o n d itio n to c u t p ro p erly . The d ie s e t t e r sh ou ld make c e r ta in th a t th e d ie i s sharp and ~ fr e e o f d e fe c ts b e fo r e i t i s in s t a lle d . 12. A punch p r e ss op erator was h old in g a s t e e l p la te on th e p r e ss when, u n ex p ected ly , th e p r e ss tr ip p e d . H is hand was caught betw een th e d ie s and fr a c tu r e d . He was d isa b le d fo r 129 d ays. I n v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t t h is punch p r e ss d id n ot have a n on rep eat-typ e c lu tc h and th a t th e c lu tc h dog was gummed up w ith g rea se and o i l . I t was rep o rted to have rep ea ted on o th er o c c a sio n s. a . Punch p r e sse s should be equipped w ith c lu tc h e s d esign ed to p reven t r e p e a tin g . b . An adequate in s p e c tio n and m aintenance program p rob ab ly would have p reven ted t h is a c c id e n t by e lim in a tin g th e "gummed up11 c o n d itio n o f th e c lu tc h dog. In any e v e n t, th e machine sh ou ld have been im m ed iately checked and p u t in good c o n d itio n a fte r th e f i r s t tim e i t rep ea ted . 13. An em ployee became s ic k when he in h a le d propane g a s . I n v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d em ployee was working near a burning o p era tio n and th a t th e to rch b ein g u sed in th a t work had a worn h o se . As a r e s u lt , propane gas lea k ed from th e h o se . a . An adequate program o f p r e v e n ta tiv e m aintenance, in c lu d in g reg u la r in s p e c tio n o f a l l equipm ent, cou p led w ith th e im m ediate r e p a ir or replacem ent o f a l l item s found t o be d e fe c tiv e probably would have p reven ted t h is a c c id e n t. - 35 - b . O p erators o f bu rn in g equipm ent sh ou ld be re q u ire d t o in s p e c t t h e ir equipm ent and t o r e p o r t d e fe c t iv e item s each day b e fo r e o p e ra tin g th e equipm ent. S u p erv isors sh ou ld make p e r io d ic ch eck s t o in su re th a t t h is p r a c t ic e i s fo llo w e d , lLu When a g rin d in g w heel e x p lod ed , a fragm ent s tru ck th e o p e r a t o r 's arm and fr a c tu r e d i t . D is a b ilit y : 118 d ays. In v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e w heel had r e c e n t ly been changed and the wrong typ e o f w heel u sed , and th a t th e gu ard, w hich had been rem oved during th e change, had n ot been r e p la c e d . A b ra sive w heels have d iff e r e n t b u r s tin g stre n g th s depending upon c o n s tr u c tio n , kind, o f bond, s iz e , e t c . Adequate t o o l c o n t r o l through a w e ll-o p e r a te d toolroom w ould p rev en t th e c o n d itio n s which cau sed t h is a c c id e n t. The forem an sh ou ld p e r s o n a lly ch eck each new w heel b e fo r e i t i s used t o in su re (a ) th a t the p rop er w heel has~been s e le c t e d ; (b ) th a t the new w heel i s in good " c o n d itio n } ( c ) th a t th e w heel i s p r o p e r ly m ounted; and (d ) th a t the guard i s fir m ly fix e d in p la c e . 1 5 . A w eld er r e c e iv e d an e l e c t r i c shock from h is w eldin g t o r c h . As a r e s u lt , he was d is a b le d f o r 8? d a ys. In v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d d e fe c t iv e in s u la t io n on th e ca b le n ear th e e le c t r o d e h o ld e r . a . An adequate program o f p re v e n tiv e m aintenance, in clu d in g r e g u la r in s p e c tio n o f a l l equipm ent, cou p led w ith im m ediate r e p a ir o r replacem en t o f a l l item s found t o be d e fe c t i ve p rob a b ly w ould" have p rev en ted t h is a c c id e n t. ~ b . O perators o f w eldin g equipm ent sh ou ld be tr a in e d and r e q u ir e d t o in s p e c t t h e ir equipm ent and t o r e p o r t d e fe c t iv e item s each day b e fo r e s ta r t in g t h e ir w ork. S u p erv isory in s p e c tio n s sh ou ld be made r e g u la r ly t o in su re th a t t h is prictlce~lir~f6TTowe5 .'~ -------- ------------------1 6 . An em ployee was unhooking a s k id from an e l e c t r i c tr u c k . The tru ck r o lle d back s t r ik in g th e em p lo y e e 's h e e l, d is a b lin g him f o r 16 d a y s. An in v e s t ig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t the em ployee d id n o t s e t the brake on the tr u c k . O nly q u a lifie d person s sh ou ld be p erm itted t o o p e ra te t h is equipm ent. R efresh er c o u rse s sh ou ld be g iv en o c c a s io n a lly t o rem ind o p e r a to rs o f a l l s a fe work req u irem en ts. - 36 - 1 7 . A m aintenance e le c t r ic ia n was r e p a ir in g an e l e c t r i c sw itch on a sm all cra n e . He was k ille d when he was s tru ck and h is head cru sh ed by the low er span o f a la r g e overhead cra n e . In v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t in ord er t o r e p a ir th e s w itc h , th e em ployee had t o sta n d on a beam w ith h is body ex tended above th e sm a ll cra n e , th a t th e c le a ra n ce betw een the 2 cra n es was a p p roxim ately 3 in c h e s , and th a t th e o p e ra to r o f the overhead cran e gave no s ig n a l as he approached. The sm a ll crane sh ou ld have been moved t o th e end o f th e runway, o r , i f t h is w ere im p o s s ib le , a l l o f th e o th e r cran es in the bay sh ou ld have been b lo c k e d o f f so th a t th ey co u ld n o t have been moved in t o th e a rea . In a d d itio n , a h e lp e r o r standby guard sh ou ld have been p ro v id e d t o warn o f im pending danger. 1 8 . An em ployee was o p e ra tin g he attem pted t o brush ch ip s o f f th e bed o f th e p la n e r . When the bed o f s tru ck b y th e p la t e . The la c e r a t e d la s t e d 19 d ays. a p la n e r . W ithout stop p in g th e m achine, b o ile r p la t e , which was fa ste n e d t o the th e p la n e r moved, em p loy ee's hand was hand became in fe c t e d and the d is a b ilit y a . T his was a v io la t io n o f a b a s ic s a fe t y r u le — m achinery sh ou ld n o t be cle a n e d w h ile i t i s in m otion . b . P roper m ed ica l a tte n tio n sh ou ld have p rev en ted th e in f e c t io n . 19. W hile he was op era tin g a d r i l l p r e s s , th e lo o s e s le e v e o f th e ja c k e t worn b y the o p e r a to r became en tan gled in the r e v o lv in g d r i l l . Employee fr a c tu r e d h is arm and was d is a b le d f o r U2 d ays. Loose c lo t h in g such as s h ir t s le e v e s , n e c k t ie s , e t c . , sh ou ld n ever be worn abou t moving m achinery. The a c c id e n t su g g ests th a t b e t t e r s u p e rv is io n was in o r d e r . 20. An em ployee attem pted t o l i f t a p ie c e o f s t e e l p la t e w eighing ap p roxim a tely 15>0 pounds on to a m achine. He s tr a in e d h is back and was d is a b led 15 d a y s. In v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e h o is tin g equipm ent, g e n e r a lly a v a ila b le , was b ein g u sed elsew h ere. W ith p ro p e r tr a in in g , th e em ployee w ould have w a ited f o r th e h o is tin g equipm ent o r w ould have ob ta in ed h e lp in l i f t i n g th e p la t e ! - 37 - 2 1 . A m aintenance m echanic was r e p a ir in g an overh ead cra n e . He t r ie d to c a n y a b lo c k and a c o i l o f rop e up a v e r t ic a l la d d e r . He m issed h ie handhold and f e l l t o th e f l o o r . He was d is a b le d f o r £0 days w ith a fr a c tu r e d p e lv is and h ip . Wo one sh ou ld attem pt t o clim b a la d d e r c a rry in g t o o ls o r equipm ent. A l i n e , w ith p a il f o r sm a ll p a r ts i f n e c e s s a r y , sh ou ld be used t o r a is e o r low er m a te ria ls from one e le v a tio n t o a n oth er. 2 2 . An em ployee was u sin g a hand h o is t t o move an I-beam . One o f th e hooks s lip p e d , p e rm ittin g th e beam t o f a l l and s t r ik e h is l e f t f o o t . D isa b i l i t y : U8 d a y s. In v e s tig a t io n d is c lo s e d th a t em ployee had n o t ce n te re d th e lo a d p r o p e r ly b e fo r e attem p tin g t o move th e beam. a . A ll em ployees who have o c c a s io n t o u se h o is t s sh ou ld be th o ro u g h ly in s tr u c te d in th e p ro p e r m ethod o f a p p ly in g h ook s, s lin g s , and grabs and o f making th e l i f t . b . In t h is c a s e , th e em ployee p ro b a b ly sh ou ld have~used ^ grabs" in s te a d o f h ook s. A sp read er b a r m ight have h e lp e d . c. S a fe ty shoes m ight have m inim ized th e in ju r y * 2 3 . An em ployee was u sin g a p o r ta b le g r in d e r . W ithout s to p p in g th e t o o l , he t r ie d t o remove a '•kink" in th e a ir h ose b y w hipping i t . As he d id s o , he l o s t c o n t r o l o f th e g rin d e r and dropped i t a g a in s t h is l e g . D is a b ility : 3 d a y s. a . The p o s s i b i l i t y o f u sin g nonkink a i r hose sh ou ld be in v e s t ig a te d . b . Em ployees sh ou ld be in s tr u c te d t o check a ir h ose b e fo r e s t a r t in g g r in d e r . c . Adjustm ents t o m ech an ical equipm ent sh ou ld n ev er be made w h ile th e equipm ent i s m oving. 2U. W hile p a in tin g tanks near a w eld in g o p e r a tio n , a p a in te r s u ffe r e d fla s h bu rn s. He was d is a b le d f o r 6 d a ys. In v e s tig a tio n showed th a t g o g g le s were a v a ila b le , b u t th e p a in te r p r e fe r r e d n o t t o u se them . The w eld in g o p e r a tio n sh ou ld be e n clo s e d w ith a s o l i d e n clo s u re t o p rev en t fla s h burns t o o th e r s in th e v i c i n i t y . T h is a ls o r a is e s " th e q u e stio n o f whether p a in tin g c o u ld be done a t an oth er p la c e o r a t a d iffe r e n t tim e. - 38 - 25. An em ployee was ca rry in g a s t e e l beam w eighing 120 pounds. I t s lip p e d ou t o f h is hands and f e l l on h is f o o t . Employee was d is a b le d f o r 5 d ays. S a fe ty shoes m ight have p rev en ted th e in ju r y . The a c c id e n t s u e e e sts th a t a stu d y sh ou ld be made t o determ ine i f some means o f m ech an ical h an d lin g w ould be advantageou s, n o t o n ly f o r s a fe t y b u t a ls o f o r e f f i c i e n c y . I f m echanical h an dlin g i s n ot p r a c t ic a l, a d d itio n a l h elp sh ou ld be p ro v id e d f o r lifM w g and tr a n s p o r tin g m a te ria ls o f t h is w eigh t and shape. ‘ 2 6 . Employee attem pted t o brush s t e e l ch ip s from th e t a b le o f a d r i l l p r e s s w ith h is g lo v e d hand. A ch ip became im bedded in h is hand and, becau se o f h is f a ilu r e t o r e p o r t f o r f i r s t a id , in fe c t io n d e v e lo p e d . He was d is a b le d f o r k 2 d ays. a . G loves sh ou ld n o t be worn when o p e ra tin g a d r i l l p re ss o r any o th e r m oving m achinery. b. A brush sh ou ld be u sed f o r rem oving c h ip s . 2 7 . » h ile a m aintenance man was r e p a ir in g an overh ead c ra n e , th e cran e o p e r a to r moved i t a t th e re q u e s t o f a workman on th e shop f l o o r . The m ainte nance man was cau gh t betw een th e moving cran e and a r a i l . He was d is a b le d 7U d a y s. In v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e crane o p e r a to r had been n o t if ie d o f th e r e p a ir work but had fo r g o t te n th a t th e m aintenance man was s t i l l w orking on th e cra n e . The cran e c o n t r o l sw itch sh ou ld be lo c k e d open when r e p a ir s a re b ein g made. The key t o th e sw itch sh ou ld be in th e p o s s e s s io n o f th e m aintenance forem an, and he alon e sh ou ld have th e a u th o r ity t o c lo s e th e sw itch when r e p a ir s have been com pleted . 2 8 . A w eld er was sta n d in g on a tank t o ta ck w eld a su p p ort f o r th e ta n k . He l o s t h is b a la n ce and f e l l t o th e f l o o r , b r u is in g h is knee. He was d is a b le d f o r 6 d a y s. In v e s tig a t io n d is c lo s e d th a t th e re was no w orking p la tfo r m o r s c a f f o ld a v a ila b le . T his in ju r y su g g e sts th a t a stu d y be made o f th e o p e ra tio n t o see i f a more e f f i c i e n t and s a fe r way t o do th e jo b c o u ld be d e v is e d . I f a p la tfo r m i s n o t p r a c t ic a l, c o r d -ty p e s o le s on sh oes m ight be in o r d e r . 2 9 . A d r i l l p r e s s o p e ra to r was d r i llin g h o le s in a sm all s t e e l p la t e . The d r i l l became stu ck in th e m a te r ia l, sp in n in g th e m a te ria l and th e j i g w hich he was u s in g . The j i g s tru ck h is hand. He was d is a b le d 9 d a ys. In v es t ig a t io n d is c lo s e d th a t th e b i t had been d u lle d and th a t th e j i g had n ot been clam ped t o th e p r e s s t a b le . D r illin g sh ou ld n ever be attem pted u n t il th e m a te ria l i s clam ped t o th e t a b le . A lso th e f a c t th a t th e d r i l l was d u ll em phasizes th e axiom th a t s a fe t y i s synonymous w ith e f f i c i e n c y . 30. W hile an em ployee was g e t t in g tu bes from a tube r a c k , an overh ead cran e p a ssed ca rry in g a b o i l e r . The suspended b o ile r stru ck a tank and swung, s tr ik in g em ployee in th e abdomen. Employee s u ffe r e d a h e rn ia and was d is a b le d $0 d ays. In v e s tig a t io n d is c lo s e d th a t crane was equ ipped w ith a w arning s ig n a l, b u t th a t o p e ra to r d id n ot u se i t . a . The w arning gong sh ou ld be in s t a lle d s o th a t i t w i l l sound a u to m a tic a lly whenever th e crane~*is in m otion . b . The movement o f cran e lo a d s in con g ested a rea s sh ou ld be planned in advance. A ll p o s s ib le ob s tr u c tio n s sh ou ld be s p o tte d and th e r ig g e r s sh ou ld be su re th a t th e area i s c le a r o f o th e r w orkers be fo r e g iv in g th e s ig n a l t o move. W atchers sh ou ld be a ssig n e d t o s ig n a l th e cran e o p e ra to r i f th e lo a d comes c lo s e t o any o b s tr u c tio n , in t ig h t s itu a t io n s such as th a t d e s c r ib e d , t a g lin e s p ro b a b ly sh ou ld b e used t o gu id e th e lo a d and p rev en t i t s sw in g in g. 31. Employee was cle a n in g o i l from th e d ie o f a form ing m achine w ith ou t open in g th e power s w itc h . W hile he was engaged in t h is w ork, th e machine "tr ip p e d " su dden ly and h is fin g e r s were cru sh ed b y th e d ie . In v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e m achine was a c tiv a te d by a f o o t p e d a l w hich was unguarded. I t i s assumed th a t o p e ra to r may have a c c id e n t a lly tou ch ed th e f o o t p e d a l. a . When c le a n in g a p r e s s , th e power sh ou ld be d is c o n n e cte d , and p r e fe r a b ly lo c k e d in the " o f f " p o s it io n u n t il th e c le a n in g i s com p leted . b . The f o o t tr e a d le sh ou ld have a guard o v e r i t t o p reven t in a d v e rte n t o p e r a tio n o r th e p r e s s . 32. A h y d ra u lic p r e s s o p e ra to r was l i f t i n g a s t e e l p la t e on to a r o l l e r . He caught h is fin g e r betw een 2 p la t e s and am putated 1 fin g e r . I n v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e p la t e s were heavy and th a t no m echanical h an dlin g equipm ent was a v a ila b le . An a c c id e n t o f t h is k in d c a l l s f o r a thorough a n a ly s is o t th e jo b b ein g p erform ed . I t may be - Uo found p o s s ib le t o e lim in a te th e l i f t i n g o p e r a tio n e n t ir e ly ; t o p ro v id e m ech an ical l i f t i n g equipm ent; o r i t may be fou n d th a t two men sh ou ld be a ssig n ed t o t h is o p e r a tio n . In any e v e n t, th e e lim in a tio n o f th e hazard p ro b a b ly w i l l r e s u lt in more e f f i c i e n t o p e r a tio n s . 33. A w eld er was "h ook in g up" an en g in e on a cran e in o rd e r to r e p o s itio n en g in e . He had p la c e d a hook in a c y lin d e r h o le a t one end o f th e en g in e. W hile th e w eld er was p la c in g a secon d hook a t th e o th e r end, th e crane op era tor to o k up th e s la c k in th e ch a in and th e w e ld e r 's fin g e r was ca u g h t.betw een th e hook and th e en gin e and am putated. In v e s tig a t io n d is c lo s e d th a t th e crane o p e ra to r u n d erstood th e nod o f th e w e ld e r 's head to be a s ig n a l t o l i f t . "H ooking up" sh ou ld p r e fe r a b ly be done b y a hookup man ra th e r than th e o p e r a to r . A s e t o f stan dard s ig n a ls sh ou ld be adopted and s ig n a ls sh ou ld be tra n sm itte d o n ly b y p erson doin g th e "h ook in g u p ." Cirane o p e ra to rs sh ou ld be re q u ir e d t o a cce p t o n ly stan dard hand s ig n a ls b e fo r e moving cra n e . 3U. An em ployee was a t th e end o f a 7 5 -fo o t sh ip p in g p la tfo rm w hich had ste p s o n ly a t th e o th e r en d . In stea d o f w alking th e le n g th o f th e p la tfo rm and u sin g th e s te p s , he jumped U f e e t t o the ground and tw is te d h is a n k le . He was d is a b le d 1 week. Jumping from a lo a d in g p la tfo rm i s an u n sa fe p r a c t ic e w hich i s v e ry d i f f i c u l t t o c o n t r o l. I t s e lim in a tio n r e q u ir e s th orou gh tr a in in g in s a fe p roced u res and p e r s is t e n t en forcem en t o f sa fe "* p roced u res b y s u p e r v is o r s . In a s it u a t io n such as t h i s , the p r o v is io n o f a d d itio n a l s te p s t o e lim in a te th e need f o r w alkin g so fa r t o g e t down from th e p la tfo r m " w ould u n d ou bted ly red u ce the in c e n tiv e t o jump down. 35. An em ployee had been u sin g a la d d e r t o rea ch a s lin g lo a d o f p ip e in o rd e r t o a d ju s t th e s lin g . When he s ta r t e d t o descen d th e la d d e r , i t s lip p e d away from th e w a ll a g a in st w hich i t had been p la c e d . Employee f e l l 12 f e e t t o th e f l o o r and b r u is e d h is f e e t . L ost tim e: 1 week. In v e s tig a t io n d is c lo s e d th a t th e la d d er was n ot equ ip p ed w ith s a fe t y sh o e s. a . When n e ce ssa ry t o a d ju s t th e s lin g , th e hook sh ou ld be low ered and adjustm ents made from th e i T o o r : ----------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- - la b . Ladders sh ou ld be equipped w ith s a fe t y sh o e s, and em ployees sh ou ld be th orou g h ly tr a in e d in th e s a fe placem ent and u se o f la d d e r s , 36. An em ployee was u sin g a ch a in h o is t t o move a bu rn er. When he r e le a s e d th e chain* th e burner tip p e d and em ployee s tr a in e d h is back tr y in g t o ste a d y th e b u rn er. L ost tim e : 68 d ays. In v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t employee attem pted t o "la n d ” the bu rn er on an uneven f l o o r . E f f ic ie n t w orking c o n d itio n s r e q u ir e even f lo o r s in a l l w ork p la ces. An a c c id e n t such as t h is in d ic a t e s th e need f o r an in v e s t ig a tio n o f work p r a c tic e s throu gh ou t th e sh op, n ot o n ly f o r s a fe t y b u t a ls o f o r e f f i c i e n c y . 37. An em ployee was d r illin g h o le s in a b o ile r p la te * u sin g an e l e c t r i c p o r ta b le d r i l l w ith a T -h an d le. When th e d r i l l brok e through th e p la t e , i t "hung" and tw is te d th e handle o u t o f em p loy ee's hands. When he t r ie d t o reg a in h is h o ld w h ile th e handle was r e v o lv in g , i t stru ck and fr a c tu r e d h is w r is t . D is a b ilit y : 121 d a ys. T his a c c id e n t may have r e s u lte d from a number o f cau ses— a d u ll d r i l l t a hard s p o t in th e m eta l, in adequ ate power o f th e d r i l l , p o o r fo o t in g , w earing g lo v e s , e t c . However, a p r e ss u re -ty p e sw itch when r e le a s e d w ould sto p th e d r i l l . 38. An em ployee was h o ld in g a d r i f t pin* w h ile a secon d i t w ith a hammer. The cow orker m issed th e p in and stru ck th e f in g e r . He was d is a b le d f o r 3 days w ith a fr a c tu r e d fin g e r . d is c lo s e d th a t th e em ployee was n ot u s in g any k in d o f h o ld in g p in . em ployee s tru ck f i r s t em p loy ee's In v e s tig a tio n t o o l t o h o ld th e H olding d e v ic e s are p r a c t ic a l bu t c o n s id e r a b le * * e ffo rt i s n ecessa ry t o g e t th e men t o use them. P r o v is io n o f th e t o o l s , tr a in in g in t h e ir u s e , and s u p e rv is o ry enforcem en t o f t h e ir use are a l l e s s e n t ia l elem ents in e lim in a tin g t h is k in d o £ a c c id e n t. 39. An em ployee* d escen d in g ste p s in t o b o ile r r o o m , s lip p e d and f e l l t o th e f l o o r fr a c tu r in g h is l e g . D is a b ilit y : 7U days. In v e s tig a tio n d is c lo s e d th a t th e sta irw a y was steep * in th e form o f a s p ir a l* and th a t th e re were no s a fe t y tr e a d s . S p ir a l s t a ir s a re always dangerous and t h e ir in s t a lla t io n sh ou ld n ot be p e rm itte d . Where th ey are in s t a lle d , h a n d ra ils must be used i f s t a ir s are t o be d escen ded s a fe ly . i*0. An employee was cranking an air compressor. The crank failed to release when the engine started and the employee was thrown against the wall of the building. Hesuffered multiple lacerations and contusLcns anda fractured wrist. He was disabled 22 days. Obviously, a mechanical starter is the answer. Where a starter is not provided, the crank should be engaged at the bottom of the cycle and raised only to the top, with the thumb and fingers on the same side of the crank handle. No effort should be made to spin the crank. This is a procedure which must be taught to most workers. la. An employee was cutting material on a shear without using a guide. As the knife descended, the metal stock slipped forward and employee's finger was amputated by the knife. Investigation disclosed that the shear was unguarded. Shears should be equipped with a stock guide and a holddown device to prevent the stock from moving. A two-handed tripping device, a gate guard, or other device to prevent the hands of the operator from entering the danger zone is also necessary for safe operation. U2. An employee was standing on a temporary scaffold welding a tank. The scaffold had been assembled by the welding crew fromlumber available in the shop. It was a stable structure, but it had neither a rail nor a toe board. The welder somehowlost his balance and fell to the floor. He was disabled 6 days with a broken rib. The construction of safe scaffolds requires specialized training and skills which most workers do not possess. It is, therefore, an unsafe pro cedure to require or permit working crews to as semble their own scaffolds. This work should be assigned to a specialist who is well versed in the standard requirements for safe scaffolding. The supervisor of the workers who are to use the scaffold should personally check it for safety before it is useafl For in-plant work, a manufactured permanent-type 3cafTold, possibly equipped with casters for maneuver ability, is generally safer and more economical than the use of temporary scaffolds. - U3 U3. An employee was operating a grinder. Without looking, he reached for the switch to open it. His thumb was caught between the 7-belt and its pulley and amputated. Investigation disclosed that the grinder was unguarded. a. All pulleys and V-belts. of 13/32-inch width or greater, should be guarded, according to the American Standards Safety Code for Me chanical Power-Transmission Apparatus. Any Vbelt and pulley, regardless of size, is dan gerous because of the shearing action of this type of equipment. b. Good practice in machine design requires placement of the control switch in a readily accessible position, free from obstructions or the possibility of contact with moving parts. Uli. An employee was using a circular saw to cut crating material. A splinter caught his glove and pulled his hand into the saw. Parts of two fingers were amputated. Investigation disclosed the sawwas unguarded. Rule U.1.2 of the American Standards Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery requires ihat the sawbe enclosed by a hood wfalch automatically adjust itself to the thickness of material being cut. Rule 7«it.l says that gloves should not be worn while operating machines. Flagrant disregard for safe practices here shows the need for better supervision and education of employees and supervisors. k$. A grinder was standing on a platform working on a steel drum . After completing his work, he stepped back and fell 5 feet to the floor. Hb suffered multiple bruises and was disabled 29 days. Investigation disclosed that the platform was unguarded. Temporary work platforms should be constructed with all the safety features required for permanent platforms—handrails, toeboards. etc. This type of. accident raises the question of whether the work was being done in the most efficient way. A study might show that the drumcould be so placed, that all work could be done from the floor. U6. An employee walking in the plant aisle stepped on an air line of a riveting hammer and turned his ankle when the line rolled. As a result of the sprained ankle, he was disabled for 10 days. Investigation disclosed that -1*1* - the air line was attached to a compressor located on the opposite side of the aisle from the riveting operation. Air lines should never be laid across an aisle. If impossible to locate the compressor on the same side of the aisle where the riveting is being done, the air line should be carried overhead to a point as near the riveter as possible. In case of temporary necessity, a sign mounted on a standard could be used to warn of the hazard. There is always a temptation for persons to step on something rather than over it. 1*7. An engineer was taking measurements for the base of a boiler which was to be installed. As he turned, he fell 6 feet into the furnace pit, fracturing his arm. Lost time: 6 weeks. Investigation disclosed that the pit was unguarded. Temporary excavations are frequently left unguarded because the time and effort io guard them does not seemworthwhile, ftie fact that* they are temporary and work is being done on themis all the more reason why they should"be protected, either by flooring themover or by use of a standard railing or guard rail. 1*8. Two employees were placing a steel plate on a work table. As one of thempushed the plate onto the table, he lacerated his hand on a sharp edge of the plate. He was disabled 6 days. Investigation disclosed that employees were not wearing gloves. Gloves or hand pads are a "must" when handling a steel plate. A job safety analysis might show that a better way could be round to move the plate. 1*9. As a foreman was passing a grinder, some steel particles from the hand-grinding operation lodged in his eye. He was disabled 2 days. Investi gation disclosed that the grinding operation was located in such a way that the steel particles were directed across an aisle and that the foreman was not wearing goggles. The foreman should always wear goggles in eyehazard areas not only to protect himself but to set an example for his men. $0. While an employee was reaming holes in a piece of boiler plate, a piece of steel scale struck his eye. He was disabled 1* days. Investigation disclosed that employee was wearing spectacle-type goggles. Spectacle-tvt>e goggles offer frontal protection only. In such operations as this where there Is a possibility of particles flying from the sl<Ae; cover all, cup-type, or spectacle-type goggles withside screens should be used. 51. An employee was using a sledge hammer to aline steel in machines. As he struck the steel with the hammer, a small piece chipped off and struck his eye. Employee lost an eye. Investigation disclosed that the employee was using a hammer with a hardened head and that he was not wearing goggles. Any operation which involves hammering or sledging of metal requires the operator to wear goggles. Lack of an eye-safety programis indicated. Possibly a better way than using a sledge could be found to line up the work. Where it is necessary to strike steel objects, brass or other soft metal hammers should be provided and used. 52. Awelder was working in a boiler shell, kneeling on one knee. He was disabled for 3 days as a result of a sprained knee. Investigation dis closed that the boiler shell was small and that the welder was working in a cramped position, making it necessary to kneel on one knee. Working in cramped quarters is always disagreeable and dangerous, kneepada would have mads the work less uncomfortable and might have prevented the injury. 53. An employee was using a file to chamfer the edge of a shaft being turned on a lathe. The file slipped from the shaft and employee's hand struck, and was cut by, the revolving shaft. Disability: h days. Investi gation disclosed that the tool normally used for this operation was dull and that employee had removed the rest from the lathe. Dsing a file on a lathe is always dangerous and should be prohibited, except for minor touchup under controlled conditions. This is a flagrant example of the unsafe practice of using the wrong tool to do the job. The basic question raised by this accident is, of course, why didn't the employee obtain a replacement for the regular tool when it became dull? Was there none available? Was the toolroom inconveniently located? Was he under pressure to complete the job? fhe answer may point the way to the prevention of similar accidents. - U6 - £ll. An employee was using a wood chisel to pry open a door which was stuck. The chisel slipped from the door and struck him in eye. He was dis abled for 23 days. Investigation disclosed that a crowbar was available, but the employee preferred to use the chisel. Doors should be so fitted and hung that they need~not be pried open. But here is a casewherea makeshift tool was used instead of a tool provided for the purpose. 5$. An employee was using a steel hammer to remove steel pins from an assembly. Apiece of steel chipped from the hammer and struck employeein arm. He was disabled for 16 days. Investigation disclosed that a babbit hammerwas available for this operation, but employee elected not to use it. This is an excellent illustration of the fact that worlqnen must be educated to recognize hazards, trained to avoid them, and that supervision by the foreman must be vigilant and constant. 56. While employee was operating a stationary grinder, the wheel broke and a piece of it struck the employee’s leg. Disability: 2 days. Investi gation disclosed that the speed of the wheel exceeded the maximumoperating speed established by the manufacturer. Wheel speeds are set by the manufacturer on the basis of grain of the abrasive, kind of bond, diameter of wheel, etc. They should never be exceeded. Lack of adequate toolroom control is Indicated. The fact that the grinder was equipped with standard hood, proper flanges, and safety washers minimized the injury. 57. A maintenance mechanic was standing on a box to repair a machine. He slipped off the box and fell to the floor. Ke was disabled 2 days, owing to a sprained back. Apermanent, but portable platform should be available for work that cannot be done from the floor. Lack of supervision is suggested by the use of a makeshift device. Table 1 . D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in 136 b o ile rsh o p -p ro d u cts p la n ts , c la s s if ie d by a c t iv it y o f in ju re d and ex ten t o f d is a b ilit y , 1951 Humber o f d is a b lin g in ju r ie s T ota l R esu ltin g in — A c tiv it y o f in ju re d Humber P er ce n t y Death and perma n en tto ta l d is a b ilit y Number o f days lo s t o r charged Average numbei o f days charged p er— Number D isa b lin g in ju ry Tempo ra ry to ta l d isa b ilit y Perma n en tp a r t ia l d isa b ilit y Teirpora ryto ta l d is a b ilit y (1 ) 6 103 1,908 172,660 100.0 86 16 1 33 19 37,172 30,179 J»7,l83 2lu0 1 9 .5 30 .5 135 66 62 1U 17 Per cen t y y 2,017 100.0 O perating m a c h in e s ...................... Using hand t o o ls . . . . .................. Handling m a teria ls • .......................... 276 1*60 766 lli.6 W alking, e t c .............................. .... . . . Other a c t iv it ie s • • • • • • • • • U n cla s s ifie d ; in s u ffic ie n t da ta . . T o t a l ........................................... . 1/ y 1|0.6 1 3k 152 1 2 .3 8. 1 2 5 9 227 l Ul lit , 300 26,091 9 .2 1 6 .8 62 172 17 15 131 — (1 ) 2 3 126 17,735 — 135 15 232 — P ercen ts are based on c la s s ifie d ca ses o n ly . F igu res in paren th eses in d ic a te th e number o f perm an en t-total d is a b ilit ie s in clu d ed . 16 2lt2 Ida 731 2h.h 48- Table2. Disablingw orkinjurieb sod in 3ju 6rbeod il,earn sd ho otdo ufctd sis pa labnilit ts,yc,la1s9s5ifie yi1n ep x-p tern 1 dbynatureofinjury, partof Natureof injuryand partofbodyinjured N um berof disablinginjuries N um berof days Averagenum ber lo s t o r o f d a y s charged charged Total Resultingin— per— D en ad th a Ta em po Pe rn m a r p e r m a n e t r y Ta em po etn tl- p l D i s a N um ber Per n f t u f c e r P e r r r y asratial tdoista d i t o a a cent b tota al lijn cent disa bility bility in ug ry d y y bis ility bility u Total ........................... 2.017 100.0 (1) 6 - »3 1.908 172.660100.0 N A TU R EO FINJUR! Am putations, enucleations•••••• 52 2.6 — 52 — 28.500 17.1 2li.2 .2 — 9 1 Bruises, contusions: Total ....... 1 6 10 96 57 6 1 1**28 61 $ 213.0 6.9 .6 11 0.U ,96 W i t h o u t in f e c t i o n ........... . 9 1**7 W ithinfection ••••••••• — — 21 1*59 .3 86 2 8,057 1*.8 Burns, scalds (notchemical): TotaL• 8 *.5 .3 .... 5 6 77 0 1 12 2.9 W i t h o u t in fe c tio n ....... . 3 1 * 1 6 I3t,,19 .8 1 W ithinfection ........... . 1*5 1 .9 17 — 2 7 8 Outs, lacerations: Total ....... • 289 1 n 2 5 ,7 3 8 1 5 . 1 * lb . 3 2 1 * 1 * W ithoutinfection.••••••• 255 2.6 — u 1 5 .1 2 5 ,3 1 5 W ithinfection .•••••••• 3U 1.7 — — 31* 1*23 .3 8.6 --3 — 8.0 21 351 62 Frea es••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••• 375 12 3,3 ,16 55 0 31 H ritc nta iu atsrio .3 — — 1 .1* 11 *7 11 *7 18 * 9.1 8 * IO rcrc n s f r o m f o r e i g n b o d i e s . . . 8 1 3 — 9 6,150 3.5 1 0 u p a t i o n a l d i s e a s e s ............. .5 .7* ( 1 ) 1 Strains, sprains •••• ......... 1*21* 21.1 — 5 1*19 Ht,0l»3 8.1 i|6 2.3 W elder'sflashes ................ 226 1 — il*l6 Other.......................... * 6,169 3.1 15 .7 .7 Unclassified; insufficient data••• 2 — 1 — 1 6,030 — PAR TO FB O D YIN JU R ED 366 352 33,838 19.6 H eadE : ye T.................... otal.................... 3 li 2 . .• 2 1 2 ,3 06 1 7 5 9 6 5 11 3.9 .1 — 2 6 2 7.1 .8 1 3 ,3 8 B r a i n , s k u ll ....... ••••• 3 5 3 9 1 3 58 8,l5l 1*.7 Other........................ 62 3.1 1*776 8 22,559 13.1 Trunk: Total .••••••••••• m 1 3.8 .9 (1)— 2 3 5 ,6 9 1 B a cm ken ........................ 26 76 9 23 3 26 3.5 .3 — — 6 A b d o .•••••••••••• 2,7 ,616 6*7 3 .3 . — 62 12 3.U .2 (1)— 6 Chest (lungs), ribs ........... 61* 2 7 . 1 * 2 — 8 8 0 S h o u l d e r .................... 1 * 9 1 * 9 .5 — — 20 1*1*3 .3 Hip, pelvis................ . 20 1.0 Other ...................... 5 .2 — — 5 151* .1 las 58,81*1* 3U.0 2 l * .0 Upperextremities: Total . . . . . . 1*8 81 5 u.o — 67 2 Arm........... ............. 76 9 9,285 5.1* — 6 12 H a n d ,,••••• ........... 1 3 2 6 .5 18 0.3 .3 Finger ........... ••••.. 272 13.5 — 59 213 1 37 1,7 ,76 97 21 Low eL ree Total......... 61*5 39 2.1 — 19 626 1*9,371 28.6 gx.tr.em . i.tie.s:................ U 1 0*,2 197 13.8 95 3 2 1*.7 .6 — 8 F o o t ...................... 26 21 ,8685 9 12 .5* Toe.......................... 2 .1 17 73 5 8.7 — 7 U,a7 H Body, general ••••••••.••• 38 1.9 1 3 31* 8,01*8 1*.7 1/ Piegru cr ee nstsin arp eab a snetd o n cila ssicifie dth ce asa em sb oe nrlyo .fperm y F r e h e s e s n d a t e y N otcom putedbecauseof sm all num berofinjuries. anent-totaldisabilitiesincluded. 1 8 .1 16 8 86 16 51*8 2 3 21 2 2* 93 7 0 <l/> 8 9 9 9 12 168 50 l* (3 33/) 5 <l/> <!/) — 9 9 22 1 3* H <2/> 12 1 12 2 5 (2/> <2/> 9*2 1 6 3 1 * 1313 1 7 2**0 1 0 19 9 1 28 2 Q/> 121 115 1 13 15 7 77 10 3 9 1 21 * 212 7 6 1 1 10 15 9 1 1 * 0 1 2 1 28 2 (2/) H * 1 17 2 22 0 2 21 13 16 3o 5 5 1* (3 13/) 16 -4 9 Table 3. Disabling work injuries in 136 boilershop-products plants, classified by nature o f injury, part o f body injured, and produet, 1951 Nature of injury and part of body injured Total number of disabling injuries Heavy tanks PART OF BODY INJURED Head: Total ................................ Eye Brain, skull • • • • • • • • Other......................• • . • • Trunk: Total . . . • ♦ ............... Back . . ................................ Abdomen • • • • • .................. Chest (lungs), ribs ............... Shoulder • • • • • • • • • • Hip, p elv is...............• . . • Other .................................... Upper extremities: Total . . . . Arm .................. ... Hand........................................ Finger . • • • • • • • • • • Lower extremities: Total . . . . Leg........................................... Foot . • • • • • • • • • • • Toe................ ........................ Body, general • • • • • • • • • • y y y 2.017 100.0 1.071* 100.0 33b 100.0 609 100.0 52 U86 87 289 375 2.6 21*.2 b.3 lb . 3 18.6 25 260 50 i5b 182 2.3 2b.l b.7 lb .b 17.0 8 79 15 b2 62 2.b 23.6 b.5 12.6 18.6 19 lb7 22 93 131 3.1 2b. 2 3.6 15.3 21.5 b7 181* 10 U2b b6 2.3 9.1 .5 21.1 2.3 2b 87 8 21)0 36 2.2 8.1 .7 22. b 3.b 9 38 2 68 7 2.7 ll.b •6 20.3 2.1 lb 59 2.3 9.7 116 3 19.1 .5 15 .7 7 b 1.2 b .7 2 — 1 — — — 1 — 366 265 39 62 18.1 13.1 1.9 3.1 193 11*3 18 32 18.0 13.3 1.7 3.0 7b 50 11 13 lS.o 99 72 10 17 16.3 11.9 1.6 2.8 U83 279 66 6b k9 20 5 23.9 13.8 3.3 3.2 2.b 1.0 .2 252 157 3b 23 23 11 b 23.5 lb .7 3.2 2.1 2.1 1.0 •b 82 38 11 18 12 3 2b.6 ll.b 3.3 5.b 3.6 .9 — lb9 8b 21 23 lb 6 1 2b.5 13.8 3.b 3.8 2.3 1.0 .2 U85 81 132 272 2U.0 b.o 6.5 13.5 265 b3 7b lb8 2b.7 b.O 6.9 13.8 76 lb 22 bO 22.8 b.2 6.6 12.0 lbb 2b 36 8b 23.6 3.9 5.9 13.8 6U5 197 273 175 32.1 9.8 13.6 8.7 3bl 112 138 91 31.7 lO.b 12.8 8.5 9b 2b bb 26 28.0 7.2 13.0 7.8 210 61 91 58 3b.5 10.0 i5 .o 9.5 38 1.9 23 2.1 8 2.b 7 1.1 1/ Percents are based on classified cases only, Other Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent y Total ............................................... NATURE OF INJURY Amputations, enucleations . . • • Bruises, contusions • • • • • • • Bums, scalds . . • . . ............... Guts, lacerations . • • ............... Fractures • • • • • • • . • • • • Hernias................................ ... . . Irritations from foreign bodies • Occupational diseases • • • • • • Strains, sprains • • • • • • • • Welder's fla sh e s...............• . • Other • Unclassified) insufficient data • Product Boilers .7* — 22.2 3.3 3.9 ~ — -5 0 - Table b. Disabling work injuries in 136 boilershop-products plants, classified by nature o f injury, part o f body injured, and activity o f injured, 1951 Activity o f injured Nature o f injury and part o f body injured Total ................................ Total number Opera Using of disa ting hand tools ma bling injuries chines 2,017 Handling materials L ift ing Total mater ia ls Other Walk ing, Unclas etc. sified Other Unclas sified ; insuf ficien t data 276 b60 766 260 221 285 232 152 . 131.... 2U 20 196 5 96 165 3 bb 1 2b 33 7 60 3 21 61 10 92 1 51 71 66 3 33 36 3 35 21 12 25 1 2b 7 19 26 17 b 7 6 1 1 b 8 b9 — 78 — 23 1 12 12 13 — 2 6 1 NATURE OF INJURY Annotations, enucleations Bruises, contusions • • • Bums, scalds . . . . . . Cuts, lacerations . • . • Fractures • • • • • • • • 52 U86 87 289 375 2 67 6U i* 10k h9 62 59 Hernias • • • • • • • • • Irritations from foreign bodies ............................. Occupational diseases . • Strains, sprains • . . . Welder9s flashes • • • • b7 2 10 28 18U 10 U2i» 1»6 3U 3 16 1 90 3 56 18 7 1 2b6 2 137 — 2 1 60 2 Other • • • • • • • • • • 15 1 5 — — — 2 1 m am •M. MM Head: Total .................. E ye............................ Brain, skull . . . . Other • • • • • • • • 366 265 39 62 53 38 5 10 156 130 7 19 33 9 11 13 2 1 ~ 1 15 b 6 5 16 b 5 7 27 11 8 8 51 bO 6 5 b6 37 2 7 Trunk: Total . . . . . . B a c k ......................... Abdomen..................... Chest (lungs), ribs . Shoulder . . . . . . Hip, pelvis • • • . • Other • • • • • • • • 1*83 279 66 6b h9 20 5 20 9 k 1 h 1 1 8i* 33 17 lb 16 3 1 26b 180 35 25 16 8 — lb8 109 21 12 5 1 — 57 bl 7 b b 1 — 59 30 7 9 7 6 — 7b 37 7 15 8 5 2 23 10 3 5 b l — 18 10 — b 1 2 1 Upper extremities: Total Arm . .............. . . . H an d......................... Finger . . . . . . . U85 81 132 272 123 lb 20 89 89 17 33 39 196 28 53 115 b6 6 15 25 57 12 13 32 93 10 25 58 21 6 10 5 36 11 11 lb 20 5 5 10 Lower extremities: Total Leg . ..................... ... Foot • • • • • • • • Toe • • • • • • • • • 61i5 197 273 175 76 19 32 25 120 b5 bl 3b 271 58 122 91 6b 15 31 18 91 22 38 31 116 21 53 b2 103 b7 51 5 31 lb 11 6 bb lb 16 lb Body, general . . • • • • 38 k 11 2 — 1 1 7 11 3 Unclassified; insufficient data • • • • • • • • • • 61 — — 22 2 16 1 PART OF BODY INJURED 51 Part of body injured and source of injury Total nunber of Annota Bruis inju ries enucle tions, es, Burns, scalds ations contu sions Total................ 2.017 PART OF B0D1 IKJURED Head:Eye............. Total • • 366 265 Brain, skull. 39 Other . . . . 62 Trunk: Total . . U83 Back « .. .. .. 279 66 Abdomen Chest, ribs • 6U Shoulder Hip, pelvis• •• U9 Other • • • • 20$ Upper Totalextremities: ............. U8$ 81 Arm Hand• .• .• .• .• 132 Finger . . . 272 Lower extremities: Total............. 6U5 Leg . . . . . 197 Foot . . . . 273 Toe............. 17$ Body, general . . 38 SOURCE OF IS(JURY Metal stock .• .•. • U70 Assenblies Chips, particles. 2li9 238 HandPowered tools: Total lU8 . . . U2 Hammers, not powered Other . . .. . • U3 63 Working surfaces: Total............. 126 Floors . . . 93 Ground,. yard. Other . . . 276 Machines • • • • 105 Hoisting appar« . 86 atus: Total Cranes . . . Other • • • • $9 27 Machine parts • • $U Radiations .. .. . . U8 Containers U7U Lunber............. U Vehicles • • • • 1*3 Bodily motions. • U2 Other ................ 307 Unclassified; insufficient data 10 Is I? I Table $. Disabling work injuriessource in 136ofbollershop-produets injury, and nature ofplants, injury,classified 19$1 by part of body injured, Mature of injury Irrita Unclas Oc sified; tions cupa Weld from tional Strains er's Other insuf Frac Her ficient tures nias foreign eases flash data bodies dis es 52 b86 87 289 UJ 18b 10 U2U U6 1? 2 2 1*3 —2 136 — 2k 78 — 23 — 10 — 22 — lU — 7 — 2 U$ _ 108 29 — 21* U5 5$ —5 2U9 85 l 108 U 56 — 8 22 59 —9 — 18b 183 20 1 11 5 5 28 U — 1 52 93 UoU U7 — — 12 23 — U7 — 2U — — — — — —1 65 — — 1 — — .. 118 _ — 258 1U8 111 17 — 29 — — 13U 1|886 72 — — — 26 70 207 — — Ui2U 18 — 13 _ 13 5 110 79 — — — 9 3 1 ~ ~ _ — —2 ..2 — ~ ..2 2 ~ —1 1 ~ 5 — U6 — U6 — — — 300 — 2U7 _' nU .. 297 — 2 — 36 — 12 .._ 177 — 86 — 39 U7 — 1 —1 — —2 11 _ — 13 11 _ — — — _ — .. — 22 1U7 82 7 2 1*9 _ 8 1 22 1 19 — — 26 — 20k — 2 21 22 67 27 20 1 7 2U — — 7 — lU — 17 2 63 1 2 1 11 —2 — 2 __ _ — ~ 1 — — ~ ... —2 — — 68 —1 — __ — — — 102 66 — 299 6 1U $U U2 93 11 102 8 10 _ 23 12 10 39 50 8 16 T-T,. ?P 16 —■ 80 no62 25 3k 5 29 31 18 7 101 168 38 26 U72 12 1 — 29 20 18 2U 11 20 7 u 5 1U 117 1275 3 Uo l 11 11 1 —6 — 6 — 178 — — — 1 ... 1 — — — 1 _— — — — — __ _1 — — —5 — 1 -U7 63 6 — — — „ „ .... __ .._ ~ yrm .... ~ __ — — — mtm 9 2 — — — _ — _ .. — mm. _ — U6 — — — — — .. _ — 11 — — _ 8 2 — __ — — ~ —1 — _ _ — .. — — „_ — — — — — — 15 ... — __ _ — nr, .. — — ~ rm 1 — — -5 2 - Table 6. Disabling work injuries in 136 boilershqp-produets plants, classified by source o f injury and extent o f d isab ility, 1951 Number o f disabling injuries Total Source o f injury Number Per cent y Total ................................................. 2,017 100.0 Number o f days lo st or charged Average number o f days charged per— Number Per cent y TenqpoDisa rarybling total injury disa b ility Resulting in— Death and perma nenttotal disa b ility y Perma nentpartial disa b ility Tempo rarytotal disa b ility 86 16 26.5 10.9 7.5 97 76 5U 16 20 7 3,U92 963 986 1,5U3 2.0 .6 .6 .8 21) 23 23 2b lb 16 9 IS 123 91 26 6 6,96S S,6$U 1,198 113 b.O 3.2 .7 .1 55 61 bb Q/> 23 2b 23 (an 1,906 172,660 100.0 (X) 6 103 2 — 26 11 7 14)2 238 231 US,791 18,828 12,888 — — 5 1 2 2 11)3 la la 61 Natal stock • • • • • • .................. Assemblies • • • • • • • .............. Chips, p a r t ic le s ............................ b70 2b9 238 23*1) 12.1) 11.9 Hand tools: Total ......................... Powered • • • • • • • • • • • • Hammers, not powered • • • • • • Other .......................................... 11)8 b2 1)3 63 7.1) 2.1 2.1 3.2 Working surfaces: T o t a l .............. Floors .......................................... Ground, yard ............................ Other • • • • • • • • • • • • • 126 93 27 6 6.3 1).7 1.3 .3 — 3 2 1 — Machines • • • • • • • • • • • • • Hoisting apparatus: Total • • • • Cranes • • • • • • • • • • • • • Other • • • • • • • • • • • • • 105 86 59 27 5.2 1).3 3.0 1.3 1 1 — 21) 11 9 2 81 71) 1)9 25 17,001 19,U23 18,SU1 882 9.9 11.3 10.8 .5 162 226 31b 33 19 18 21 11 Machine parts ............................... • Radiations • • • • • • • • • • • • Containers • • • • • .................. • Lumber • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vehicles • • • • • .............. . . . 51) 1)8 U7 14) 1)3 2.7 2.1) 2.3 2.2 2.1 — — — 1 1 1,158 23U U,765 802 7,U97 .7 .1 2.8 .5 U.3 21 5 101 1 53 1)8 1)6 14) la 17b 12 5 17 18 22 Bodily m o tio n s............................ ... Other .......................................... ... 1)2 307 2.1 15.3 (1) 2 1 12 la 293 1,291 32,377 .7 18.8 31 105 19 17 Unclassified) insufficient data . . 10 — -- — 10 1U8 — (an (1 /) — — — — 1 — 1 / Percents are based on classified cases only. y Figures in parentheses indicate the number o f permanent-total d isabilities included, Not computed because o f small number o f injuries. 18 53 Table 7. Disabling work injuries in 136 boilershop-products plants, classified by type of accident and extent of disability, 1951 Humber of disabling injuries Number ofordays Average number lost of days charged charged Total Resulting in— per— Type of accident Death and Perma Tempo perma rary- Humber Disa Tem nent- total po nentpartial raryfamber Per bling Per total disa disa total cent disa cent injury disa i/ bility bility bility i/ bility 2/ Total ........................................... 2,017 100.0 (1) 6 103 1,908 172.660 100.0 Striking against: Total • . . . • 12,392 6.7.21* 7.7 7 11*8 11,018 155 5.9 Stationary objects • • • • • • 119 1*3 115 Moving objects ...................... 36 1.8 — 33 1.37U .8 Struck by: objects: Total • • •Total • • •. •. • . • . 11 33 61*5 62,505 36.2 33.9 679 22.8 Palling 17 39,932 23.1 2*55 ~ — 1*37 From hands of workers . . . 7.5 1.3 ll*9 11*9 2,232 15.6 Promequipment • • • • • • 7.5 —1 13 135 26,950 2.1 Prompiles of materials • • U»9 9U* .5 1*3 h3 Promstanding positions • • 883 39 39 1.9 Fromother positions • • • 1* 71 8,953 5.2.5 75 3.8 — Rolling or swinging objects .• • 1* 79 12,201* 83 l*.l 7,71*1* U.5 — 52 Flying objects • • • • • • • 7 2.9 7.1 59 1*8 1,9U» 1.1 Hand-wielded objects ............. 52 2.6 1 * Other moving objects............. 30 1.5 1 29 711 .1* — 2 11*3 9,1*05 5.5 Palls on same level: Total . . . . Ili6 7.3 —1 1 53 1,509 .9 To walkways or working surfaces 2.76 51* 1 On or against other objects • . 1 90 7,896 U.6 92 1*. 22 28 98 11,827 PallsFrom to different•levels: Total . 5.0 ~1 101 1*,370 6.9 30 1.5 ...................... 2.5 Promladders other elevations ............. 1 70 71 3.5 7,1*57 2*.l* — Caught in, on, or between: Total . 1 1*9 163 1*0,877 23.7 213 10.6 Between a moving and 176 8.8 stationary object • • • • • • 1 38 137 33,922 19.7 Between two or more moving objects • • • • • ................ 26 101 16 6,377 3.7 In a moving object • • • • • • 10 11 1.3 578 .3 .5 — Rubbed, abraded: Total • • • • • • 1,136 219 219 10.9 .7 — 179 By foreign bodies in eyes . . . 9.0 179 771* .5 — By other objectsobjects being handled 211 27 1.3.6 — 27 By • • • • •. •. •. 151 .1.1 13 — — 13 Overexertion: Total . •objects • • • • •• • 290 12,318 1*. 13* 186 291* ll*.6 7.18 — Lifting or carrying 189 9. 1 * 8,271 78 Pulling orobjects pushing objects • • 3.9 — — —1 77 20 1.0 Swinging 20 3,822 202 2.2.1 Other activities •• •• •• •• •• •• •• 7 7 .3 — — 23 <!s/> Contact'with temperature extremes . 78 3.9 — L 71* 1»,927 2.9 Contact with radiations, caustics, and noxious substances................ 69 3.1* (1) 2 — 67 12,1*61* 7.2 Bodily reactions ......................... U2 2.1 — 1 la 1,291 .7 12 .6 — Other accident types ................... 1 11 3,351 1.9 Unclassified| insufficient data • • 9 9 ~ — — 11*7 — 1/ Percents are based on classified oases only* y Figures in parentheses indicate the number of permanent-total disabilities included. 3/ Hot conputed because of small number of injuries. k / Less than 0.05. — — — — ... — — 86 80 93 38 92 88 15 181 21 23 119 93 207 37 21* 61* 28 86 117 11*6 105 192 193 22*5 a/) 258* 12 2*2 2*1* 2*9 10 16 12 11 12* 18 19 15 19 21 a23 20 17 11 12* 16 17 16 22* a31 22 22 2*58 12 17 18 18 10 Q/> <2/> 63 13 181 7 31 19 <2/> <J/> (2/) Q/> 54Table 8. Work accidents in 136 bollershop-products plants, classified by type of accident and activity of injured, 1951 Activity of injured Type o f accident Total number Operating Using of accidents machines hand tools Handling Walking, mater etc. ia ls Other Unclas sified ; insuf ficien t data Total ................................................. 2.017 276 1*60 766 232 152 131 Striking against: Total . . • • . Stationary o b je c t s .................. Moving objeots ......................... 15$ 119 36 20 3 17 33 20 13 35 31 k 5U 53 l 6 6 — 7 6 1 Struck by: Total ......................... Falling objects: Total . . . . From hands of workers . • . From equipment . . . . . . From piles o f materials • • From standing positions • • From other positions • . • 679 U55 ll»9 lh9 U3 39 75 113 75 7 $5 5 2 6 155 65 17 19 1 12 16 302 2kk 121 kh 28 1U 37 25 13 — k k 2 3 38 22 2 7 3 5 5 1|6 36 2 20 2 k 8 Rolling or swinging objects • • Flying objects ......................... Hand-wielded objects • • • • • Other moving objects • • • • • 83 59 52 30 23 11 3U 5 7 12 5 1 3 3 7 8 k 11 30 la 8 1 3 k 1 2 Falls on same level: Total . • . • To walkways or working surfaces On or against other objects . • 1U6 5U 92 7 2 5 19 h 15 36 13 23 67 28 39 11 5 6 6 2 k Falls to different levels: Total . From ladders • ..................... FTom other elevations .............. 101 30 71 l — 1 23 2 21 16 3 13 la 18 23 13 k 9 7 3 k Caught in , on, or between: Total • Between a moving and stationary object • • • • • • Between two or more moving objects • • .............. ... . . . In a moving object • • • • • • 213 79 9 98 2 16 9 176 60 8 88 1 13 6 26 11 U* 5 — 1 9 1 2 1 1 2 Rubbed, abraded: Total .................. By foreign bodies in eyes • • . By objects being handled • • . By other o b je c t s ..................• 219 179 27 13 Ul 3U k 3 95 88 3 U 29 7 20 2 2 23 21 — 2 22 22 — — Overexertion: T o t a l ..................... Lifting or carrying objects . • Pulling or pushing objects • • Swinging objects • • • • • • • Other a ctivities • • • • • • • 29k 189 78 20 7 9 — 6 1 2 33 2 13 18 — 239 183 56 — — 7 2 1 1 3 k 1 2 — 1 2 1 — — 1 Contact with temperature extremes • 78 1 U9 h k 15 5 Contact with radiations, caustics, and noxious substances ••••• 69 k 2k 2 1 19 19 Bodily r e a c tio n s ............................ U2 — 15 3 22 — 2 Other accident t y p e s ..................... 12 1 3 1 — 7 — Unclassified; insufficient data . . 9 — 2 1 — — 6 — — 1 9 7 — — -5 5 Table 9* Work accidents in 136 boilershop-products plants, classified by type of accident and product, 1951 Type of accident Total .................................................. Striking against: Total . . . • . Stationary o b je c ts.............. . Moving objects ......................... Struck by: Total • • • • • • • • . Falling objects: Total . . . . From hands of workers . . • From equipment • • • • • , From piles of materials • . From standing positions • • From other positions • • • Rolling or swinging objects . . Flying objects ......................... Hand-wielded o b je c ts.............. Other moving objects . . . . . Falls on same level: Total . * . . To walkways or working surfaces On or against other objects . . Falls to different levels: Total . From ladders • • • • • • • • • From other elevations............... Caught in, on, or between: Total . Between a moving and stationary object • • • • • • Between two or more moving objects • • • • • • • • • • • In &moving o b je c t.................. Rubbed, abraded: Total .................. By foreign bodies in eyes • . • By objects being handled . . . By other objects ...................... Overexertion: Total • • • • • • • Lifting or carrying objects • • Pulling or pushing objects • • Swinging objects . .................. Other activities ...................... Contact with temperature extremes • Contact with radiations, caustics, and noxious substances.................. Bodily reactions • • • • • . • • • Other accident types ...................... Unclassified} insufficient data . . Total number of accidents Number Per- Number Per Number cent 1/ cent 1/ 2,017 155 119 36 679 U55 lb9 lb9 U3 39 75 83 59 52 30 1U6 5U 92 101 30 71 213 176 26 11 219 179 27 13 29U 189 78 20 7 78 100.0 7.7 5.9 1.8 33.9 22,8 7.5 7.5 2.1 1.9 3.8 U.l 2.9 2.6 1.5 7.3 2.7 U.6 5.0 1.5 3.5 10.6 8.8 1.3 .5 10.9 9.0 1.3 •6 lU.6 9.1: 3.9 1.0 .3 3.9 69 U2 12 9 3.U 2.1 .6 ~ 1/ Percents are based on classified cases only, Heavy tanks Product Boilers 1.07b 100.0 8U 7.9 6.0 6U 20 1.9 33U 31.1 221 20.5 70 6.5 7.2 78 1.6 17 16 1.5 Uo 3.7 3.6 38 2.2 2k 2.8 30 21 2.0 81 7.6 29 2.7 52 U.9 U.8 51 16 1.5 35 3.3 115 10.8 92 8.6 16 1.5 .7 7 9.8 105 7.8 8U 16 1.5 5 .5 171 16.0 108 10.1 1:6 U.3 12 1.1 .5 5 U7 U.U 5o 26 5 5 33b 22 17 5 116 75 33 16 109 7 19 9 11 2 2k 8 16 22 6 16 28 20 6 2 U3 36 k 3 UU 25 lU 5 lU U.7 11 2 .k k .5 — 3 3 Other Per Number cent 1/ Per cent \ J 100.0 6.6 5.1 1.5 35.1 22.8 10.2 U.8 2.7 3.0 2.1 5.7 2.7 3.3 .6 7.3 2.U U.9 6.6 1.8 U.8 8.5 6.1 1.8 .6 13.0 10.9 1.2 .9 13.3 7.6 U.2 1.5 — U.2 609 U9 38 11 229 159 U6 55 17 13 28 26 26 11 7 Ul 17 2U 28 8 20 70 6U U2 71 59 7 5 79 56 18 3 2 17 100.0 8.1 6.3 1.8 37.6 26.0 7.6 8.9 2.8 2.1 U.6 U.3 U.3 1.8 1.2 6.7 2.8 3.9 U.6 1.3 3.3 11.5 10.5 .7 .3 11.7 9.7 1.2 .8 13.0 9.2 3.0 .5 .3 2.8 3.3 1.2 .9 — 8 12 U 1 1.3 2.0 .7 — -56 Table 10. Work accidents In 136 boilershop-products plants, classified by type of accident and source of injury, 1951 Total Type of accident of acci Work Ma dents Metal Assem Chips, Hand ing stock blies part tools sur chines faces icles § CM Total .................. Source of injury U70 2U9 2j58 86 U8 36 15 21 U 3 1 2 2 — — — — — — — 5 2 — 1 — — 1 35 5 1 1 — — 3 33 29 9 13 2 2 3 k — — — 3 — — — 25 — — 5 3 — — 1 _ — — _ — — — — — ~ _ — — — — — 1 h 2 1 5 — — 2 k 52 10 2 6 6 — — — 2 — ~ — 2 — 6 — — — — — -- 1 1 — — 11:8 Striking against: Total . • • Stationary objects • • • • Moving objects ....... 155 119 36 29 28 1 23 22 1 2 2 — H: 2 12 Struck by: Total ......... Falling objects: Total . . From hands of workers . From equipment • • • • From piles of materials From standing positions From other positions. • 679 U55 lU9 1U9 U3 39 75 227 201 70 71 26 5 29 108 U5 — — — — — — 93 36 17 9 — 3 7 Rolling or swinging objects Flying objects ....... Hand-wielded objects ... Other moving objects ... 83 59 52 30 20 — 1 5 11 — — 5 Falls on same level: Total . To walkways or working surfaces • • • • • • • • • On or against other objects 1U6 27 16 5k 92 — 27 101 30 71 Falls to different levels: Total ................ From ladders • • • • • • • From other elevations ... 92 28 28 8 uu lU U5 — — _ Unclas Hoist sified; Ma Radia Con ing Vehi Bodily insuf appar chine tions tain Lumber cles motions Other ficient atus parts ers data 3 3 1:7 126 6 6 105 2 16 — — — U 51 l — 10 7 1 6 8 1 7 — _ — — _ ~ 65 25 Uo 2 — 2 — — ~ — 3 — U5 39 — Caught in, on, or between: Total ................ Between a moving and stationary object • • • • Between two or more moving objects ....... In a moving object • • • • 213 69 18 176 63 18 — 2 — 26 31 26 11 6 — — -- — — — 1 — — 11 8 7 1 — — Rubbed, abraded: Total . . . . By foreign bodies in eyes . By objects being handled . By other objects ...... 219 179 27 13 15 — 13 2 8 — 2 — 2 — l — ~ l .... — — — __ — — — 1 — 1 — Overexertion: Total ...... Lifting or carrying objects Pulling or pushing objects. Swinging objects...... Other activities ...... 291: 189 78 20 7 9U 78 15 — 1 67 UO 27 — — 179 175 2 2 __ — — — — — — _ — — — 31 1 11 19 — 2 — — — 2 7 2 2 1 2 8 1 7 — — 11 n — — — Contact with tenperature extremes............... 78 2 1 11 1 — — Contact with radiations, caus tics, and noxious substances . 69 “ — — — Bodily reactions ......... U2 ~ — - Other accident types ...... 12 Unclassified; insufficient data 9 — k h 1 — — — — — - 5 kk U 7 7 — 8 8 — — 19 9 7 — — — — — — — — — — — — h — 11 10 7 — 1 1 1 h 2 1 1 1 3 — — — __ ?°7 10 20 20 — 16 __ — — — — — ~ 10 7 2 6 — — — 96 71 13 2k 5 13 21 1 5 — 2 19 — — 2 — 2 3 — 3 — — — 13 2 11 — — — 1 — 13 — 20 — 1 — 13 — 17 — — — — — — — 2 1 1 — 1 — 2 — 1 1 1 — 1 — — — _ — — — — — _ — — — — — — — 27 25 2 — — 8 6 1 — 1 5 l U — — — — — — 2k 9 — — 1 — — — 1 — — — — — — 63 — ~ — U8 — — — — 20 — — - - - - - U2 ~ — — 12 — - 5 — - — Itf - — — — 9 U 2 3 33 9 -5 7 - Table 1 1 . Work a ccid e n ts in 135 b o ile rsh o p -p ro d u cts p la n ts , c la s s if ie d by typ e o f a ccid e n t and hazardous w orking c o n d itio n , 1951 Hazardous w orking co n d itio n T o ta l number of a c c i dents D efects of agen cies Dress or apparel hazards Environ mental hazards U nclas s i f ie d ; in su f f ic ie n t data 29k 271 253 115 220 32 32 — 39 5 31* 23 23 — 1 1 — 29 29 17 16 1 209 u 1 5o 37 32 1*8 119 68 7 58 — — 3 91 58 21 27 — 2 8 83 59 52 30 12 6 6 8 29 3 — 9 20 25 t* 2 F a lls on same le v e l: T o ta l . . . . To walkways o r w orking su rfa ces On o r a g a in st o th e r o b je c t s • • 11*6 51* 92 5 1 1* 72 19 53 F a lls to d iffe r e n t le v e ls : T ota l • From l a d d e r s ................................... From oth er e le v a tio n s • • • • • 101 30 71 35 — 35 7 3 1* 18 Caught in , on , o r betw een: T ota l . Between a moving and sta tio n a ry o b je c t • • • • • • • • • • • • Between two o r more moving o b je c t s • • • • • • • • • • • In a moving o b je c t • • • • • • 213 50 176 Hazard ous pro cedu res P la ce ment hazards Inade qu ately guarded 2, oak k93 368 S trik in g a g a in st: T ota l . • • • • S ta tion a ry o b je c ts . . . . . . Moving o b je c ts .............................. 155 119 36 H* 13 1 S tru ck b y : T o ta l .................................. P a llin g o b je c t s : T ota l . . • . From hands o f w orkers . . . From equipm ent • • • • • • From p ile 's o f m a teria ls • • From stan din g p o s itio n s • • From o th e r p o s itio n s . . . 677 k53 lk 8 l k9 1*3 38 75 1U5 113 103 u 1 1 R o llin g o r sw inging o b je c ts • • F lyin g o b je c ts • • • • • • • • H and-w ielded o b j e c t s .................. Other moving o b je c t s • • • • • Type o f a ccid e n t T o t a l ............................................................ Rubbed, abraded: T o ta l • • • by fo r e ig n b o d ie s in eyes By o b je c ts bein g handled By o th e r o b je c ts • • • • • • . . . . • • • . . • — — 22 11 •• 3 5 2 1 1 11 12 13 6 2 «... 6 1 — 5 l 1* l 5 5 31 8 5 2 3 1*1* 20 22* — 9 6 3 11 6 5 32 H* 26 9 17 — — — 1 — 1 27 80 7 — 28 a 1*7 23 52 7 — 28 19 26 11 3 — 1* — 17 11 — — — 2 — 218 178 27 13 6 3 2 1 1 — — 30 2 23 5 156 151* 2 — 29h — — — — — 168 — 1 1 — 1 7 — — — — — .... — — — — 81* 35 16 7 — 21* 19 — 5 O verexertion : T o t a l .......................... L ift in g o r ca rry in g o b je c t s • • P u llin g o r pushing o b je c ts • • Swinging o b je c ts • • • • • • • O ther a c t iv it ie s • • • • • • • 189 78 20 7 227 167 53 5 2 11 1* 6 ~ 1 — 21* 12 10 — — — 2 — — 30 1* 9 15 2 C ontact w ith tem perature extrem es • 78 5 2 11 5 37 6 12 C on tact w ith r a d ia tio n s , c a u s tic s , and n oxious su bstances • • • • • • 69 1 — 3 3 52 6 1* B od ily re a ctio n s 1*2 1* 6 — 12 — 12 1 1 6 — — — 9 — — — — — 9 • • • • • • • • • O ther a ccid e n t ty p es • • • • • • • U n cla s s ifie d ) in s u ffic ie n t data • • — 1* — 2 2 7 -5 8 - Table 12 . D isa b lin g work in ju r ie s in 13$ b o ile rsh o p -p ro d u cts p la n ts, c la s s ifie d by hazardous working c o n d itio n and e x te n t o f d is a b ilit y , 1951 Number o f d is a b lin g in ju r ie s T ota l Hazardous w orking co n d itio n Number Per ce n t y R esu ltin g in — Death and perma n en tto ta l d is a b ilit y Number o f days lo s t o r charged Perma n en tp a r t ia l d isa b ilit y Tempo ra r y to ta l d is a b ilit y 103 1,9 05 172,625 19 8 1 10 1*73 3U2 1*9 82 9 1 1* 1* Average number o f days charged Der— D isa b lin g in ju r y Tempo ra r y to ta l d is a b ilit y 1 0 0 .0 86 16 32,613 llt,28U 10,871 7,658 20.1* 8 .8 6 .8 1*.8 67 la 213 83 18 17 18 21 3$9 19$ 76 88 20,101 3,737 6 ,2 9 3 10,071 1 2 .$ 2 .3 3 .9 6 .3 $S 19 79 i0 9 18 18 20 16 1*1* 23 21 21*8 109 139 55,271 lit , 901 lt0,370 3U.3 9 .3 2 $ .0 188 113 21*9 21 19 22* — 11 2 $ 2 — 2 260 91 67 30 27 1*$ 18,651 5,218 5,3 05 3,6 80 280 It,168 11 .6 3 .2 3 .3 2 .3 .2 2 .6 69 $6 71* 11$ 10 89 13 10 15 — $ 21*8 9,111 $ .7 36 $ 2 11*1 3,133 1 .9 22 5 3 .8 (1*/) Number Per cen t y y 2 ,0 llt 100.0 Hazardous p roced u res: T ota l * • • Manual h andling o f heavy objects Lack o f adequate w orking surface Other • • • • • • • • • • • • • U93 350 $1 92 2 7 .5 1 9 .6 2 .8 $. 1 Placem ent hazards: T o t a l.................. Im properly p la c e d .......................... Im properly p ile d * ...................... In adequ ately secu red * * • • • 368 196 80 92 20.$ 10*9 U.5 $ .1 In adequ ately guarded: T o ta l * • • Lack o f p o in t-o f-o p e r a tio n guard O th e r ................................................... 291: 132 162 16.1* 7.1* 9 .0 D e fe cts o f a g e n cie s: T ota l • • • • S lip p e ry . ■ • • • • ...................... Worn, cra ck ed , broken • • • • • Im properly co n stru cted • • • • Sharp-edged • • • • • * • * • • Other .................................................... 271 93 72 32 27 1*7 l $ .l 5. 2 1*.0 1 .8 1. S 2 .6 D ress o r ap p arel hazards: T otal* * Inadequate p erson a l s a fe ty equipm ent • • • • • • • • • • Lack o f p erson a l s a fe ty equipment • • • • • • • • • • Inadequate c lo th in g ...................... 253 l b .l ll*3 8 .0 106 i* $. 9 .2 — — 3 — 103 1* 5 ,9 5 3 25 Environm ental h azards: T ota l * * * Inadequate work space ................. O th e r ........................................... .... . 11$ 103 12 6.1* $ .7 .7 (1 ) 3 2 (1 ) 1 6 6 — 106 9$ 11 2lt,9lt6 18,666 6,2 80 U n cla s s ifie d ; in s u ffic ie n t data * * 220 — -- 9 211 11,732 T o ta l * * .................................................... 1/ 2/ V k/ (1 ) 6 l — 1 — — — — 2 — 2 — — — — 18 $6 (2/> 5 < 2 /) 1 $ .$ 1 1 .6 3 .9 217 181 ( 2 /) 21 21 (2/> — 53 12 P ercen ts are based on c la s s ifie d cases only* F igures in paren th eses in d ic a te th e number o f p erm an en t-total d is a b ilit ie s in cluded* Not computed because o f sm all number o f in ju rie s * Less than 0 .0 $ . 16 18 -5 9 - Table 13 . Work a ccid e n ts in 135 b o ile rsh o p -p ro d u cte p la n ts , c la s s ifie d b y hazardous w orking c o n d itio n and p rod u ct, 1951 T ota l number o f Product Heavy tanks B o ile rs O ther Hazardous w orking co n d itio n Humber Per cen t 1 / Humber Per ce n t 1 / T o ta l ........................................................ 2,01b 1 0 0 .0 1 ,0 7 b Hazardous p roced u res: T ota l . . Manual handling o f heavy o b je c t s . • • • • • • • • • Lack o f adequate w orking su rfa ce • • • • • • • • • • O ther . . . . . .......................... U93 27.5 350 Placem ent h azards: T o ta l . . Im properly p la ce d . . . . Im properly p ile d • • • • In adequ ately secu red . . Humber Humber Per cen t 1 0 0 .0 33b 1 0 0 .0 606 10 0.0 26b 2 7 .8 89 30.6 lbO 2 5 .3 1 9 .6 188 1 9 .8 6b 22 .0 98 1 7 .7 51 92 2. 8 5 .1 26 50 2. 7 5 .3 9 16 3. 1 5 .5 16 26 2. 9 b .7 . . . . •• • . 368 196 80 92 20 .5 1 0 .9 b. 5 5 .1 195 108 33 5b 2 0 .5 1 1 .3 3. 5 5 .7 b6 22 13 11 1 5 .9 7 .6 b. 5 3 .8 127 66 3b 27 2 2 .9 1 1 .9 6.1 b .9 In adequately guarded: T o ta l • • Lack o f p o in t -o f -o p e r a tio n guard . . . . . ................. .... Other ............................................... 29b 16.h lU9 1 5 .7 b3 lb .8 102 1 8 .b 132 162 7.k 6b 85 6 .7 9 .0 19 2b 6 .6 8 .2 b9 53 8 .8 9 .6 D e fe cts o f a g e n cie s: T o ta l . . . S lip p e ry • • • • • • • • • • Worn, cra ck ed , broken • . • • Im properly co n stru cte d , • • Sharp-edged • • .......................... O th e r ............................................... 271 93 72 32 27 b7 1 5 .1 5. 2 b .o 1 .8 1 .5 2 .6 lb o b8 35 17 26 lb .7 5. 0 3 .7 1 .5 1 .8 2 .7 b7 18 lb 3 3 9 1 6 .2 6.3 b .8 1 .0 1 .0 3 .1 8b 27 23 15 7 12 1 5 .2 b. 8 b .2 2 .7 1 .3 2 .2 D ress o r ap parel h azards: T o ta l. Inadequate p erson a l s a fe ty equipm ent .............................. .... Lack o f p erson a l s a fe ty equipm ent • • • • • • • • • Inadequate c lo th in g • • • • • 253 lb .l 135 lb . 2 b8 1 6 .6 70 1 2 .6 lb 3 8 .0 72 7 .6 26 9 .1 b5 8 .1 106 k 5. 9 .2 61 2 6. b .2 21 1 7. 2 .3 2b 1 b. 3 .2 Environm ental h azards: T ota l • • Inadequate work space • • • • O th e r ...................... ......................... 115 103 12 6.U 5 .7 .7 67 59 8 7 .1 6 .2 .9 17 15 2 5 .9 5 .2 .7 31 29 2 5 .6 5 .2 •b U n cla s s ifie d ; in s u ffic ie n t data • 220 — 12li — bb — 52 — 1/ 9 .0 P ercen ts are based on c la s s ifie d ca ses on ly. lk 1/ Per ce n t 1/ - 6 0 - T able H u Work a ccid en ts in 13$ b o ile rsh o p -p ro d u cts p la n ts, c la s s ifie d b y hazardous w orking c o n d itio n and a c t iv it y o f in ju r e d , 19$1 A c t iv it y o f in ju re d T ota l number of a ccid e n ts O perating machines Using hand t o o ls 2.01U 276 1*60 765 232 152 129 Hazardous p roced u res: T ota l . . . . Manual handling o f heavy o b je c t s • Lack o f adequate w orking s u r fa c e . O ther ........................................................ U93 350 5i 92 18 9 1 8 Uo 19 17 380 332 10 38 26 1 9 16 21* 1 n 12 5 3 1 1 Placem ent h azards: T o ta l . . . . . . Im properly p la c e d .............................. Iiqproperly p ile d • • • • • • • • In adequ ately secu red . . . . . . 368 196 80 92 3U 15 6 13 56 23 3 30 156 63 32 7U 65 7 2 28 17 2 9 20 13 1 6 In adequ ately guarded: T ota l . . . . Lack o f p o in t-o f-o p e r a tio n guard* O ther ........................................................ 29li 132 162 125 77 li8 59 36 23 ltli 7 37 25 3 22 17 1 2li 8 16 D efects o f a g e n cie s: T o ta l • • • • • S lip p e ry . . .......................... • • • Worn, cra ck ed , b r o k e n ..................• Im properly co n stru cte d • • • • • Sharp-edged . . . . . . .................. Other • 271 93 72 32 27 ltf liO 3 8 92 36 15 11 18 12 li6 36 6 1 — 3 22 3 9 12 5 10 61 9 37 13 10 5 1 2 1 1 D ress o r apparel h azards: T o ta l • • Inadequate p erson a l s a fe ty equipm ent • • • • • • • • • • • Lack o f person al s a fe ty equipm ent Inadequate c lo th in g • • • • • • • 253 33 Hill 8 7 32 29 1 6 — 11 21 — Hi Hi l Hazardous w orking c o n d itio n T o ta l ................................................................ k k h Handling mater ia ls 61 W alking, e tc . Other 16 h 2 — U nclas s i f ie d ; in su f f ic ie n t data lli3 106 k 15 18 — 100 la 3 2 6 — Environm ental h azards: T ota l • • • • Inadequate work space • • • • • • Other • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 115 103 12 12 12 — 18 15 3 37 36 1 29 26 3 11 8 3 8 6 2 U n cla s s ifie d ; in s u ffic ie n t data . . . 220 Hi 82 U8 25 18 33 61 T a ble 1 5 . Work a c c id e n t * i n 135 b o ile r s h o p -p r o d u c t s p l a n t s , c l a s s i f i e d b y hasardoua w orking c o n d i t io n and agen cy o f a c c id e n t , 1951 Hazardous w ork ing c o n d i t io n Agency of accident Total number Hoist Goggles Work Elec Unclas of trical Other sified; and Con acci- Mstal Hand Assem- Ha- ing ing Vehi appa cles Lumber tainers Ladders appa tools shields sur bliss chines insuf dents stock ratus faces ratus ficient data 2,011; 3U0 238 235 177 16b 91 89 U7 kh U2 1*2 21 261; 220 Hasardoua p r o c e d u r e s : T o t a l . . Manual h an d lin g o f heavy o b j e c t s ................................ . • Lack o f adequate w orking s u r fa c e ......................................... O ther • • • • • ............................ U93 158 13 125 15 U5 — — 16 13 28 k 9 67 — 350 1U6 1 96 1 13 — - 3 9 28 h 6 U3 — 51 92 1 11 3 9 2U 5 8 6 3 29 __ .... — — 5 8 1 3 1 2 5 19 — P lacem ent h a z a r d s : T o t a l Im p rop erly p la c e d • • Im p rop erly p i l e d • • In a d e q u a te ly s e c u r e d . . • • • • • . 368 196 80 92 139 58 51 30 21 ___ — 3 2 1 — ___ 3 26 21 2 3 1 1 — 1 1 — . — 10 5 5 52 10 13 29 — — 100 70 13 17 In a d e q u a te ly guarded: T o t a l . . Lack o f p o i n t - o f - o p e r a t io n guard • .......................................... O ther .................................................. 291; 2 la 2 110 81 — 15 k 19 132 162 w 2 98 12 _ 2 3U 7 mT, 81 D e fe c ts o f a g e n c ie s : T o ta l . . . S lip p e r y ......................................... Worn, c r a c k e d , broken . • • • Im p rop erly c o n s t r u c te d • • • Sharp-edged • • • • • • • • • O ther .................................................. 271 93 72 32 27 U7 30 7 1 1*6 3 28 19 U 5 3 6 1 15 16 — — T ota l . • • . . • • . — 15 7 16 ___ k ___ 11 ___ — ___ 1 10 1 3 8 5 ___ 8 2 ___ 6 ___ ___ 1 — — 1 ___ — 5 2 15 2 ~ .. ~ 69 55 7 3 8 3 3 U — 1 ___ ___ ___ , — ___ _ U 2 ___ 1 2 __ — 7 7 3 15 __ __ h 19 3 15 h 12 8 — 8 — 1 2 ___ ___ 39 12 13 6 3 5 1 — 1 1 1 h — 5 ___ ___ — — __ — — — ___ ~ 253 — 115 — 27 — 90 — — — — — ~ 21 11*3 — U5 — 3 — 90 ~ — — — ~ — 5 106 1; ___ — 66 1; — 21* — — — — — “ — — — — — Environm ental h a sa rd a : T o t a l • . In adequate work sp a c e . . . • Other • • • • ................................ 115 103 12 11 11 — 2 2 — 37 3U 3 10 10 — Hi __ 11 11 — 1 1 — „ . ., — — — — 22 lU 8 — U n c la s s i f ie d ; i n s u f f i c i e n t d a ta • 220 ~ — D ress o r a p p a r e l h a z a rd s: T o t a l, In adequate p e r s o n a l s a f e t y e q u i p m e n t ....................... Lack o f p e r s o n a l s a f e t y e q u i p m e n t ....................... Inadequate c lo t h i n g ................... ___ — — 16 lk — — — k h ~ 3 2 1 — 220 - 6 2 - Table 16. Work accidents in 13b boilershop-products plants, cla ssifie d by type o f accident and unsafe act 1951 Unsafe act Type o f accident Oper Using Total Taking unsafe ating Unclas with number unsafe equip posi Failing Working Other sifie c Unsafe out ment of or a cci loading author to wear at tion insufequip it y ; safe or unsafe fic ie r dents or ment placing fa ilin g attire speed pos data to ture un safely secure or warn Total .................................................... 2,011 778 381* 263 Striking against: Total ............... Stationary o b j e c t s ............... ... Moving objects . . . . . . . . 155 119 36 105 87 18 27 17 10 1 1 Struck by: Total • • • • • • • • • Falling ob jects: Total • . • • From hands o f workers . . . From equipment • • • • • • From p iles o f materials . . From standing positions • • From other positions . . . 679 U55 ll*9 11*9 1*3 39 75 221* 151 92 199 151 H*7 3 30 — — Rolling or swinging objects • • Flying objects •• ................... Hand-wielded objects • • . . • Other moving objects • • • • • 83 59 52 30 1*3 5 17 8 31* 1* Falls on same le v e l: Total . . • . To walkways or working surfaces On or against other objects • • 11*6 133 51 82 Falls to d ifferen t le v e ls: Total . From la d d e r s ............... ... . . . From other elevations • • • • • 101 Caught in , on, or between: Total . Between a moving and stationary object • • • • .......................... Between two or more moving objects • • • • • • ............... In a moving object • • • • • • Rubbed, abraded: Total • • • • • • By foreign bodies in eyes . . . By objects being handled . . . By other objects • • ............... 51* 92 30 71 1 16 12 77 1 6 1* — 83 68 — H* 25 H* 15 156 7 1 6 92 63 — 33 1 12 17 20 8 — — — — — — _ — — 1 1 6 6 11 1* 33 1 9 2 1* 31 26 11 9 11* Mr — 1 1 7 1 1 1 81* 20 2 — 101 99 29 50 15 5 — _ — — 59 291* 189 78 12 12 9 6 1*8 Overexertion: Total • • • • • • • L ifting or carrying objects . . Pulling or pushing objects • • Swinging objects ....................... Other a ctiv itie s • • • • • • • m r. — — 1 8 6 213 6 299 *8 ~ H* 1* 1* 19 3 — 176 213 173 27 13 27 9 — — 12 6$ 2 85 3 16 1 — — — — 3 3 — — 15 8 1* 2 1 168 11*8 18 2 2 2 17 . — — — 2 -- 8 1 1 6 1 59 — — — — — 1 — — — 20 — 6 — 1 13 _ 3 2 1 1 5 33. — 3 1 1 1 1 1 5 — — 1 — — — — — — — — — 6 2 1* h u 8 1* 5 — 2 1 — _ — — — 138 2 5 1 1 _. 1* 31* 28 5 — 11*5 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 5 16 1 — 26 1 23 — — 36 1 — — — 2 1 1 5 9 2 Contact with tenperature extremes . 78 25 1* Contact with radiations, cau stics, and noxious substances • • • • • • 69 5 1* Bodily reactions 1*2 35 1* — ••••••• 12 2 3 — ~ ~ — 2 5 U nclassified; in su fficien t data . . 9 — — — — ~ — — 9 ••••••••• Other accident types -6 3 - Table 17. D isabling work in ju r ie s in 13l* b oilersh op -p rod u cts p la n t s , c l a s s i f i e d by unsafe a c t and e x ten t o f d i s a b i l i t y , 1951 Number o f d is a b lin g in ju r ie s T otal R esultin g in — Unsafe a c t T ota l ............................................................ Number o f days lo s t or charged Death and perma nenttota l d is a b ilit y 2/ Perma nentp a r t ia l d isa b ility Tempo ra ry tota l d is a b ility Average number o f days charged p er— Disa b lin g in ju r y Tempo ra ry to ta l d is a b ility Number Per cent i/ 1,902 172,625 100.0 86 16 36 2 20 7 739 260 197 52 73,390 7,9lU 27,071* 19,1*75 1*9.1 5 .3 18.1 13.0 91* 30 121* 325 18 17 Number Per cent i/ 2,011 100.0 (1 ) 6 103 778 262 3 — 1 1 Taking unsafe p o s it io n or p ostu re: T o t a l ....................................................... In a tten tion t o fo o tin g • • • • In a tten tion t o surroundings • • Exposure under suspended lo a d s . Exposure t o f a l l i n g o r s lid in g o b je c t s • • • • • • ................. Other • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 1*5.1* 1 5 .3 12 .7 3.5 1*9 189 2. 9 1 1 .0 — 1 2 5 1*7 183 3,761 15,166 2.5 10.2 77 80 23 18 Using unsafe equipment o r equipment u n sa fely : T ota l .................................. Gripping o b je c t s in se c u re ly . . Taking wrong h old o f o b je c t s . • Using d e fe c tiv e equipment . . . Other • • • • • • • • • • • • • 381* 190 136 27 31 22.1* 11.1 7 .9 1 .6 1. 8 — — — — 33 1 27 3 2 351 189 109 21* 29 23,831* 3,221* 15,1*81* 3,1*79 1,61*7 16.0 2 .2 10.1* 2 .3 1 .1 62 17 111* 129 53 15 15 H* 12 H* Unsafe loa d in g o r p la c in g : T ota l . Moving to o heavy loa ds • • • • Placing o b je c t s u n sa fely . . . 263 167 96 15.1* 9.8 5 .6 —— — — k 259 161* 95 13,590 7,677 5,913 9.1 5 .1 1*.0 52 1*6 62 16 20 Operating w ithout a u th ority ; f a i l i n g to secure o r warn: T ota l. F a ilin g to b lock o r secure • • Operating w ithout g ivin g sig n a l Other • • • • • .......................... 156 no 21 25 9.1 6.1* 1 .2 1. 5 1 — 1 — 3 H*l* 101* 18 22 23,61*7 11*, 370 7,731* 1,51*3 15 .8 9 .6 5 .2 1 .0 152 131 368 62 22 18 (V ) 29 F a ilin g t o wear sa fe a t t ir e : Total F a ilin g t o wear gogg les • • • • Other • • • • .............................. 85 58 27 5 .0 3.1* 1 .6 — — 3 3 — 82 55 27 6,0 83 5,711* 369 l*.l 3.9 .2 72 99 ll* 8 6 H* Working a t unsafe speeds • • • • • 27 1 .6 — 1* 23 3,829 2 .6 11*2 23 Other unsafe a c ts .............................. .... 19 1 .1 — 5 11* It, 982 3.3 <2/> Q /) U n cla s s ifie d ; in s u f f ic ie n t data . . 299 (1) 2 7 290 23,270 78 10 1/ y 3/ 218 — 3 1 11 6 2 — Percents are based on c l a s s i f i e d cases on ly . Figures in parentheses in d ic a te the number o f perm anent-total d i s a b i l i t i e s in clu d ed . Not computed because o f sm all number o f in ju r i e s . 16 22 18 -6 4 - Table 18. Work a ccid en ts in 131* boilersh op -p rod u cts p la n ts , c l a s s i f i e d by unsafe a c t and p rodu ct, 1951 T ota l number o f a ccid en ts Product Heavy tanks Unsafe a c t B o ile rs Other Number Per cen t 1 / Number Per cen t 1 / 2 ,OU 100.0 1,07U 100.0 329 100.0 608 100.0 778 262 218 60 1*25 ll*l* 118 28 1*6.9 1 5 .9 1 3 .0 3 .1 112 35 28 8 38.9 12.1 9.7 2 .8 2la 83 72 21* 1*6.5 1 5 .3 12.7 3.5 1*9 189 2. 9 n .o 32 103 3.5 11.1* 6 35 2. 1 12.2 n 5i 2. 1 9.8 Using unsafe equipment o r equipment u n s a fe ly : T ota l • • • • • • • • • Gripping o b je c t s in se cu re ly • . Taking wrong h old o f o b je c t s • Using d e fe c tiv e equipment • . . Other ................................................... 381* 190 136 27 31 22.1* 11 .1 7 .9 1 .6 1 .8 186 89 72 15 10 20.5 9.8 7 .9 1 .7 1 .1 71* 38 21* 5 7 25.7 1 3 .3 8 .3 1.7 2.1* 121* 63 1*0 7 11* 23.9 12.1 7.7 1.1* 2.7 Unsafe loa d in g o r p la cin g : T ota l • Moving to o heavy loa d s • • • . Placing o b je c t s u n s a fe ly • • • 263 167 96 15.U 9.8 5 .6 ll*6 103 1*3 16 .1 11.1* 1*.7 1*1* 26 18 15 .3 9.1 6 .2 73 38 35 U * .l 7 .3 6 .8 Operating without a u th o rity ; f a i lin g t o secure o r warn: T o ta l. F a ilin g t o b lo ck o r secu re • • Operating w ithout g iv in g sig n a l Other .................. . . . . . . . . 156 no 21 25 9.1 6.1* 1 .2 1. 5 88 16 9.7 6 .7 1 .2 1. 8 20 13 3 1* 6 .9 1*.5 1 .0 l.l* 1*8 36 7 5 9 .3 6 .9 1.1* 1 .0 F a ilin g t o wear sa fe a t t i r e : Total F a ilin g to wear goggles . . . . Other ................................................... 85 58 27 5 .0 3.1* 1 .6 1*5 30 15 5 .0 3.3 1.7 21* 17 7 8 .3 5 .9 2.1* 16 11 5 3.1 2.1 1 .0 Working at unsafe speeds 27 1 .6 8 .9 10 3.5 9 1 .7 19 1 .1 8 .9 1* 1.1* 7 1.1* 299 — T otal ............................................................ Taking unsafe p o s it io n o r p ostu re: T o t a l ...................... . . ...................... In a tten tion t o fo o tin g • • • • In a tte n tio n to surroundings . . Exposure under suspended lo a d s . Exposure t o f a l l i n g o r s lid in g o b je c t s • • • • • • • • • • • O t h e r ........................................... .... . • • . • Other unsafe a c t s .......................... .... U n cla s s ifie d ; in s u f f ic ie n t data . . 1/ 61 n 168 — Number la Per cen t 1 / — Number 90 Percents are based on c l a s s i f i e d cases on ly. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1958 0 — 4 8 9 2 8 8 Per cen t 1 / 16.1 1 3 .9 1*.6 —
@FedFRASER