Full text of Infant Mortality : Montclair, N.J., A Study of Infant Mortality in a Suburban Community, Infant Mortality Series No. 4, Bureau Publication No. 11

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U. S. D EPARTM EN T O F L A B O R

CHILDREN’S BUREAU
JULIA C. LATHROP, Chief

INFANT MORTALITY
MONTCLAIR, N. J.

A STUDY OF INFANT MORTALITY
IN A SUBURBAN COMMUNITY

INFANT MORTALITY SERIES No. 4
Bureau Publication No. 11

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1915

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Page.

Letter of transmittal................................ .............................................................. *___
Introduction......................................................................................................................
General characteristics of Montclair.............................................................................
Location.................................. ...................................... ....... ......... . .........................
History............................................................................................
P opulation...-................................................. . . . . . .............................. ......... .......
Wealth.......... i ....... ...................................................................................................
Industries..................................................... *............................................................
Liquor licenses................................................................... ..........................•.____
Hospitals....................... i .............................................. ...................................... , . .
Social agencies......................
Analysis of infant mortality, Montclair, 1912..............
Infant mortality rate......................................... .....................................................
Environment.........................................
Neighborhood incidence................................................................................
Housing..................................................................................... ; .......................
Nativity, nationality, and color of mother.........................t ...............................
Age at death and direct cause of death___ .........................................................
Sex..................................................................................................................
Illegitimacy..................... ........................................................................................
Attendant at birth.................. ............................................ .................................
Economic status of the fam ily.................................................... ..........................
Mothers...... ........................................... .*......... ■......................................................
Occupation.................'....................................................................................
Literacy................... ................ ............ ; ....................................................... .
Feeding............................................................ .......................... ...............................
Civic factors tending to reduce infant mortality.............................. ........................
Expenditures for health and sanitation................................................... , .........
Activities of the board of health..........................................................................
Birth registration............................................................................. . _ . ...........
Supervision of the milk supply.....................................................................
Laboratory analysis...................................................................................
Dairy inspection...... ......................... .................................. ..................
Supervision of thewater su p p ly ....................................................................
Activities of the engineering department............................................................
Sewage disposal......................................
Disposal of ashes and garbage.........................................................................
Paving..............................................
The baby c lin ic . .................................................. ..................................................

5
7, 8
9,10
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11-23
11,12
13-15
13
14,15
16
17,18
18
18
18,=li>
19, 30
21, 22
21
21, 22
22,23
23-29
23
24-26
24
25, 26
25
25
26
27, 28
27
27
28
28, 29

A P P E N D IX .
Milk regulations........... ...............................


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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S.

D epartment

of

L abor,

Ch il d r e n ’s B u r e a u ,

Washington, March 8, 1915.
I transmit herewith a study of infant mortality in the town of
Montclair, N. J.
In this study the Children’s Bureau cooperated with the health
authorities of Montclair. The schedules were furnished by the Chil­
dren’s Bureau and the data were collected by nurses of the town
health department under the direction of Mr. C. H. Wells, health
officer. Miss Sophia A. Vogt, of the Children’s Bureau, visited Mont­
clair and started the inquiry. The material was tabulated in the
bureau and the text written by Miss Margaretta A. Williamson, of the
bureau staff.
This description of the life of babies in Montclair during one calen­
dar year is of interest because it shows the facts regarding a particu­
larly favored suburban community in charge of a notably efficient
health officer. It is seen that the general infant death rate of Mont­
clair was 84.6 as against an estimated rate of 124 for the birthregistration area of the United States for 1910. A reading of the
report shows the variations above and below the average rate in the
different localities of the town and their accompanying characteristic
factors.
Respectfully submitted.
J u l i a C. L a t h r o p , Chief.
Hon. W il l ia m B. W i l s o n ,
Secretary o f Labor.
Si r :


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INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.
INTRODUCTION.
The Montclair Board of Health in 1913 determined to conduct an
inquiry into infant mortality in Montclair, basing its inquiry upon
all the births which occurred in the town during the calendar year
1912 and proceeding according to the plan adopted by the Federal
Children’s Bureau for its series of infant mortality studies. Schedule
forms, such as had been used by the Children’s Bureau in its field
study in Johnstown, Pa., were furnished to the board of health, and
a field agent of the bureau was sent to Montclair to explain to the
local investigators the schedule questions and the bureau’s methods
of collecting statistical information. Two Montclair nurses visited
the homes of the babies, interviewed the mothers, and filled out for
each baby a schedule covering the first year of its fife or as much of
the first year as it survived. The fourth-ward mothers were visited
by the hoard of health nurse. The other nurse was engaged to make
the investigations in the rest of the town. Believing that a report
of the results of this inquiry into infant mortality in a suburban
community would be of interest, the scheduled information has been
tabulated by the Children’s Bureau.
In the report have been included a brief description of the town,
an analysis of infant mortality in Montclair in 1912, and a discussion
of the various social and civic factors which in Montclair seem to
have been closely related to the problem of infant mortality.
The chief sources of information were as follows: Interviews with
the Montclair mothers, who by their interest and cooperation made
the inquiry possible; interviews with public officials and with doctors,
nurses, and others who had been closely connected with infantwelfare work; annual reports of the town departments, particularly
the full and detailed reports of the board of health; reports of social
and charitable agencies; and personal observation of conditions.
In view of the decision to include in this inquiry all babies born in
Montclair in 1912, and to study the conditions surrounding them dur­
ing their first year of life, the birth certificates were copied from the
records of the health officer for all babies born in that year, and a
12-months’ lapse of time from the date of birth was allowed in each


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I N F A X i MORTALITY : MOfrTCLAiR, N . J.

case before the baby was visited; i. e., a baby born in November,
1912, was not visited until after November, 1913, in order that the
first 12 months of life might have been completed. Births (num­
bering 53) to nonresident parents at the Mountainside Hospital and
stillbirths (20) were excluded from the study.1
The mothers of the babies, located from the addresses on the birth
certificates, were interviewed and questioned as to the care and home
environment of the babies during the first year. The investigation
was entirely democratic. All mothers who could be found, whether
rich or poor, native or foreign, were visited. Notwithstanding the
personal nature of the schedule questions only 8 mothers refused to
give the information. From the 518 birth certificates, complete
schedules relating to 402 babies were secured and are included in the
statistics of this report. Information relating to 116 births could
not be obtained for the following reasons: Seventy-three mothers had
moved away from Montclair; 20 could not be located; 8 .refused to
give the information; 1 mother had died; 3 were ill; 1 baby was
found to have been born outside of Montclair; 6 mothers were not
visited; and in 4 cases the information was not used because it had
not been obtained from the mother.
The infant mortality rate in this study is obtained by comparing
the number of babies born alive in Montclair'in 1912 and included in
this study with the number of these same babies who died before
they were a year old. The number of such deaths per 1,000 live
births gives an exact infant mortality rate for the limited group con­
sidered. This method, which has been worked out for the infant
mortality series of the Children's Bureau, differs from the usual
method of computing the infant mortality rate. The usual method
is to compare the live births in a given area during a single calendar
year with the deaths under 1 year occurring during the same year,
regardless of the possibility that some of the babies who died during
the year may have been born in a different area and that not all who
die under 12 months of age die in the calendar year of their birth.
i The following summary of the number of stillbirths and the number per hundred live births from
1908 to 1912 has been prepared from the Annual Report of the Board of Health for 1912:

Year.

1908.............................
1909.............................
1910.............................
1911.............................
1912.............................


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Italian.

Colored.

The town.

Other white.

Per hun­
Per hun­
Per hun­
Per hun­
Number. dred live Number. dred live Number. dred live Number. dred live
births.
births.
births.
births.
20
24
20
15
20

4.7
5.6
4.7
3.2
3.9

5
7
5
4
4

7.6
12.1
8.6
6.4
4.9

2
4
3
5
6

2.3
5.8
2.8
5.1
4.5

13
13
12
6
10

4.8
4.4
4.7
2
3.3

I N F A N T M O R T A L IT Y : M O N T C L A IR , N . J .

9

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MONTCLAIR.
Location.—Montclair lies 13 miles to the northwest of New York
City, in Essex County, N. J., and is served by the Erie and the
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroads and by an interurban
trolley. Located in a well-wooded, country-like section of New
Jersey, it occupies a long rectangular area comprising 6.1 square
miles and extending along the slope of the first range of the Orange
Mountains. With an average altitude of 300 feet, it has become
noted for its healthful climate.
History.— Montclair had its origin over two centuries ago in the
little settlement “ Cranetown,” then an outlying plantation of
Newark. The early settlers were English, who came to New Jersey
from the colony of New Haven. In 1812 Bloomfield, including
Cranetown, then known as West Bloomfield, was organized as a
separate township. In 1860 the name of Montclair was substituted
for West Bloomfield, and in 1868 Montclair, together with the
Dutch settlement Speertown— the nucleus of Upper Montclair— was
incorporated as a separate township. In 1894 Montclair became a
town.1
Population.— In 1910, according to the Federal census, Montclair
had a population of 21,550, of which, after the native white group,
the next largest factors were the Negroes (11.5 per cent) and the
Italians (7 per cent) with an additional 2.8 per cent native-born of
Italian parentage. The estimated population for 1912, the year
which this infant mortality study covers, wa3 approximately 24,000.2
Wealth.— Due partly to its healthful climate and attractive loca­
tion and partly to the efforts which have been made to add to the
natural beauty of the town, Montclair has become one of the most
pleasing of the New York suburbs. Many New York business and
professional men have recognized its desirability and have built
there comfortable suburban homes. That Montclair is a town of
exceptional wealth is shown by the comparison of the assessed
valuation of property in towns of approximately the same size—
i. e., 20,000 to 30,000 population. In 1912 it had an assessed prop­
erty valuation of $40,319,062, which was considerably higher than
that of any other New Jersey city or town of the same population
group and higher than that of any city or town of the United States
in the same group with the exception of Brookline, Mass., and
Newport, R. I.3
1 Whittemore, History of Montclair, N. J.

2Annual Report of the Board of Health, 1913; estimate based on arithmetic method of U. S. Bureau of
the Census for approximating population for intercensal years.
s U. S. Bureau of the Census Report on Assessed Valuation of Property and Amounts and Rates of Levy,
1860-1912.

85978°— 15------ 2


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INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

Industries.—Montclair is preeminently a town of homes. The resi­
dents have apparently discouraged the location of industrial enter­
prises. In 1912 an electrical establishment employing 12 persons and
a coated-paper factory employing 200 persons constituted the only
industrial establishments in the town.1
Liquor licenses.— Liquor licenses are granted in Montclair b y a
majority vote of the town council. In 1912 licenses were held by
8 inna and taverns and 3 wholesale houses.3
Hospitals.— Mountainside Hospital is supported by citizens of the
following seven towns: Bloomfield, Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex
Falls, Glen Ridge, Montclair, and Verona. In 1912 there were ad­
mitted to the hospital 1,363 cases, of which 158 were maternity cases.
One hundred and thirty-one infants were born and 5 infants died at
the hospital during the same year.3
St. Vincent Nursery and Babies Hospital is maintained by the
Sisters of Charity for babies under 2 years. During 1912 only 2 of
the 112 inmates entered from Montclair.
Social agencies— The social agencies of Montclair are organized in
a council of philanthropy to promote cooperation and prevent dupli­
cation of effort. The following agencies are registered with the Coun­
cil of Philanthropy and send representatives to the monthly meetings:
Altruist Society.
Board of Education.
Board of Health.
Children’s Home Association.
Committee of the Federation of Women’s Organizations.
Day Nursery.
Daughters of American Revolution.
Fresh Air and Convalescent Home.
Homeopathic Society.
Montclair Civic Association.
Mountainside Hospital.
New England Society.
Tuberculosis Prevention and Relief Association.
Poor master.
Sons of American Revolution.
The Altruist Society corresponds to the charity-organization soci­
eties of other communities. It acts as a sort of clearing house and
maintains at its headquarters a card index in which are registered all
cases receiving help from any of the agencies represented in the
Council of Philanthropy.
i Industrial Directory of New Jersey, compiled and published by the New Jersey Bureau of Statistics,
1912.
s A n n u a l Report of Town Council, Montclair, N. J., 1912.
8 Annual report of Mountainside Hospital, 1912.


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IN F A N T M O RTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N . J .

H

ANALYSIS OF INFANT MORTALITY, MONTCLAIR, 1912.
Although the group of babies found in a city the size of Montclair
is necessarily small, and there are manifest limitations to an analysis
of the information concerning the 402 births and 34 infant deaths
included in the Montclair-inquiry, it is interesting to find that the
data collected in this study agree in general with the findings of the
more comprehensive inquiries into infant mortality which have been
made in this and foreign countries.
INFANT MORTALITY RATE.

The results of the study in Montclair show that of the 402 babies
included in the investigation 34 died before they were 1 year old,
giving an infant mortality rate for this selected group of 1912 babies
of 84.6 per 1,000 five births. This rate is slightly less than the rate
(89) for the same year computed according to the usual method 1
and published in the board of health report for that year. The aver­
age rate for the five years from 1909 to 1913, computed according to
the usual method, was 84.8, which was but slightly lower than the
rate (89) for 1912. In 1913 the rate dropped to 64.
Because of this country’s inadequate system of birth registration
it is impossible to show the infant mortality of any one city as com­
pared with that of other cities throughout the United States. The
following table, however, shows the infant mortality rates for 1912
in cities of approximately the size of Montclair (i. e., 20,000 to 30,000
population) within the so-called area of birth registration:2
Live births, deaths under 1 year, and infant mortality rate in 1912 fo r cities and towns o f
20,000 to 30,000 population (1910) within the area o f birth registration.
Ave birthi
Deaths urider 1year.

City.
Total.

Maine:
Lewiston...........................
Bangor..............................
New Hampshire:4
Nashua............................................
Concord........................................
Vermont:
Burlington......................................
Massachusetts:
Chicopee................................................
North Adams.................................
Gloucester.......................................
Medford..........................................
Waltham........................................
Brookline...........................................

Infant
Number.3 mortality
rate.

mo 1

OjU

113. X

418
23
55
1 For explanation of usual method of computing infant mortality rate, see page 8.
JC om grisin g the New England States, Pennsylvania, and Michigan, New York City, and Washing3 From State report.
4 Figures for New Hampshire by correspondence,as State report not yet available.


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INFANT MORTALITY : MONTCLAIR, N. J.

12

rive births deaths under 1 year, and infant mortality rate in 1912 fo r cities and towns o f
20,000 to 80,000 population (1910) within the area o f birth registration— 'C ontinued.
Live births.
Deaths under 1
year.
City.
Infant
Number. mortality
rate.

Connecticut:
Norwich..............
Danbury............
Middletown.......
N orw alk...........
Meriden..............
Stamford............
Rhode Island:1
Central Falls----Warwick............
Cranston.............
Newport.............
Michigan:
Battle Creek----Muskegon City..
Pennsylvania:1
Shenandoah----Pottsville.........
Hazleton..........
Norristown.......
Easton..............
Butler..............-

641
540
575 I
509
747 '
799

90
72
75
48
81
105

140.4
133.3
130.4
94.3
108.4
131.4

691
653
485
541

120
87
56
42

173.7
133.1
115.5
77.6

477
682

65
59

136.3
86.5

870
457
758
630
619
597

217
69
93
78
60
63

249.4
151
122.7
123.8
96.9
105.5

i Figures for Rhode Island and Pennsylvania by correspondence, as State reports not yet available.

The census report on mortality statistics for 1911 gives the esti­
mated infant mortality rate for the birth registration area of the
United States for 1910 as 124. This estimated rate may be com­
pared with the rates for foreign countries in the following table, in
which the 1912 figures have been given wherever possible, and in all
other cases the year indicated is the latest year for which statistics
are available.
Deaths o f infants under 1 year o f age per 1,000 live births in foreign countries fo r the latest
year fo r which statistics are available.

Country.

Chile...................
Russia................
Ceylon................
Jamaica..............
German Empire.
Roumania..........
Hungary............
Austria...............
Bulgaria— -----Belgium..............
Japan.................
Spain..................
Italy.................
Prussia...............

Year.

1909
1912
1912
1911
1912
1912
1912
1909
1911
1907
1911
1912

Deaths
under 1
year per
1,000 live
births.

186

Country.

Year.

1911
1911
1911
1912
1912
1912
1912
1912
1912
1912
1912
1911
1911
1912

Deaths
under 1
year per
1,000live
births.
146
123
112
110
109
95
93
87
86
78
72
72
65
51

1 Compiled from statistics contained in the Seventy-flfth Annual Report of the Registrar General of
Births, Deaths, and Marriages in England and Wales, 1912.


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13

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.
ENVIRONMENT.

Neighborhood incidence.— The fourth ward is the most congested
section of Montclair, and in it is found most of the negro and foreign
population of the town, the Italian being the predominating na­
tionality. Moreover in 1912, according to the report of the board
of health, the tenement-house population of ward 4 was 1,476, or 27.3
per cent of the population of the ward, and 268 children under 5 years
of age, or 38.4 per cent of the children of that age in the ward, were
living in tenements. In this ward were located 80 of the 113 tene­
ment houses of Montclair.1
The other wards, except for a few scattered groups of shabbylooking cottages, are almost uniformly attractive residential sections
with well-kept shaded streets, comfortable one-family dwellings, and
plenty of open space. The finest residences are to be found on the
mountain in the section extending across the upper portions of the
second, third, and fifth wards. The business district of Montclair is
almost exclusively confined to Bloomfield Avenue, which is the main
street of the town.
The variation in the infant mortality rate in different sections of
the town is shown in the following table:
T a b l e 1 .— Population, births, deaths under 1 year, arid infant mortaltity rate, by wards.

Ward.

Ward 2.................................................................. --....................

Population,
1912 (esti­
mated),1

Live
births.

Deaths
under
1 year.

Infant
mortality
rate.

23,896

402

34

84.6

3,848
4,831
5,050
5,406
4,761

44
78
43
161
76

3
4
3
21
3

68.2
51.3
69.8
130.4
39.5

i Annual Report of the Board of Health of the Town of Montclair, N. J., p. 21. 1912.

The highest rate as well as the greatest number of infant deaths
was found in the fourth ward, which also had the highest birth rate.
In 1912 almost twice as many babies died in the fourth ward as in all
the other wards combined. The rate for this ward (130.4) was more
than one and one-half times as high as the rate (84.6) for the town as a
whole.
In 1913, however, the infant mortality rate for the fourth ward
was lower than the rate for the second and third wards, while in 1914
its rate was lower than the average for the entire town. This grati­
fying decrease in the infant death rate of the most congested sec­
tion of the town should probably be ascribed largely to the develop­
ment of the baby clinic,2 with the “ follow-up” visits of the nurse to
the mothers in their homes and to the careful supervision by the
board of health of the housing and sanitation of this section.
1 For definition of tenement house, see p. 14.


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2 For baby clinic, see page 28.

14

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

Table 2 shows the distribution of births and of deaths of infants
under 1 year of native white, foreign white, and negro mothers in
the various wards. By far the greatest number of births to foreign
and negro mothers occurred in the fourth ward.
T a b l e 2 . —Births and deaths under 1 year, according to nativity and color o f mother, by

wards.

Ward.

The town.........
W ard 1

Ward 2 . . . . ...............
W ard 3

Ward 4.......................
Ward 5 ...........................

Foreign-bom white
mothers.

Native white
mothers.

All mothers.

Deaths
under
lyear.

Births.

Deaths
under
1 year.

402

34

143

7

193

44
78
43
161
76

3
4
3
21
3

33
40
22
30
18

2
2

9
26
11
103
44

Births.

2
1

Births.

Deaths
under
1 year.

Negro mothers.

Births.

Deaths
under
1 year.

17

66

10

1
1
13
2

2
12
10
28
14

2

1
1
6

Housing.— Generally speaking, the housing in Montclair is good.
The most common type of house is the two story and attic frame
cottage for one family, with a yard of good size. The town’s hous­
ing problem resolves itself for the most part into that of improving
conditions in the fourth ward, where one finds the greatest con­
gestion and overcrowding, where one notices the greatest number
of houses of unkempt appearance and in bad repair, and where one
occasionally finds basement tenements and constantly sees dirty yards.
The fourth ward in 1912 filed with the board of health more com­
plaints against nuisances than any other ward. There were 26 com­
plaints about plumbing from this ward, or 56 per cent of the plumbing
complaints for the entire town.
According to the definition of a “ tenement house” which appears in
the State tenement-house act1 there were in the town, December 31,
1912,133 tenement houses, 20 of which would be ordinarily classed as
apartment houses. The Annual Report of the Board of Health for
1912 gives the following interesting statistics as to certain living
conditions of the tenement-house population:
The entire tenement-house population averages 1.26 persons per room, or 5 persons
to every four rooms; the colored population averages 1.01 persons per room, the Italian
1.67, and the other white population 0.86. Over half of the tenement-house populalation lives in three-room tenements, with an average of 1.4 persons per room. There
are 95 families in two-room tenements and 3 in one-room tenements. A ll of the tene­
ment houses are provided with sewer connection for water-closets and sinks.
i A tenement house is any house or building or portion thereof which is rented, leased, let, or hired out
to be occupied or is occupied as the home or residence of three families or more living independently of
each other, and doing their cooking upon the premises, or by more than two families upon any floor so
liv in g and cooking but having a common right in the halls, stairways, yards, water-closets, or privies, or
some of them.


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INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

15

As will be shown in the discussion of sewage disposal, Montclair is
well sewered. In 1912 there remained in the town 76 privies on .un­
sewered streets and 26 privies on streets in which there were sewers.
It should be said, however, that the board of health has passed an
ordinance providing that all privy vaults which for lack of a public
sewer in the street can not be abolished must be made water-tight
and provided with a fly-tight superstructure and self-closing covers.
Although it is recognized that it would be impossible to determine
the relative importance of any particular housing defect in its relation
to infant mortality, nevertheless a classification of babies visited
according to the type of home in which they were found may be of
interest. Babies who died during the first week have been excluded
from the following summary because it was felt that in a considerable
number of these cases prenatal influences must have been largely
responsible for their deaths. Nor have illegitimate babies been
included, since their home conditions were abnormal. The figures
are too small to be conclusive, but they show a tendency toward an
increase of infant deaths where poor housing conditions were found.
Although in Montclair was found a large group of babies whose
parents owned their homes and an additional group whose parents
paid over $30 a month rent, over one-third of the babies lived in
homes where the rental was less than $15 a month.
It will be seen that 23 of the babies visited lived in homes where
the toilet was a yard privy and 129 in homes in which was no
bathtub. A large number of homes were reported as dirty or only
moderately clean, and a still larger number of yards were reported
as dirty.
The means for ventilation of the baby’s room was in most cases
good. The actual ventilation, however, which is shown in the sum,
mary, depended on the custom of the mother or attendant.
T a b l e 3 . —Babies surviving at least one week and deaths under 1 year o f age, according to

specified housing conditions.

Housing conditions.

Num­
ber.

Deaths
under
1 year.

Total..................................

384

19

Monthly rental:
Under $15.............................
$15 to $30..............................
$30 and over...................... ..
Free rent..............................
Home owned........................
Not reported.......................

135
76
32
9
119
13

8
5
1
1
2
2

Cleanliness of home:
Clean.....................................
Moderately clean; dirty.......

226
158

9
10

Bath:
Bathtub................................
No bathtub..........................

255
129

3
16


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Housing conditions.

Num­
ber.

Unclean....................
No yard........................

181
4

Deaths
under
1 year.

Yard:
11

Toilet:
23
Ventilation of baby’s room:
Good.....................................

186

Not reported.......................

82
1

7

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

16

N A TIVITY, NATIONALITY, AND COLOR OF MOTHER.

Table 4 shows the variation in the infant mortality rate of Mont_
clair according to the nativity, nationality, and color of mother.
The death rate for babies of native white mothers (49 per 1,000 live
births) is very low; the rate for babies of foreign-born mothers (88.1)
is slightly higher than for the town as a whole, while the rate among
negro babies (151.5) is more than three times as high as among babies
of native white mothers.
More foreign-born white mothers were interviewed than native
white mothers, which fact, considering the small proportion of foreignborn population in Montclair, appears to indicate a higher birth
rate among the foreign-born women. The Italians formed by far
the largest group of the foreign-born mothers, only small groups of
mothers of British, Scandinavian, German, and other nationalities
being represented among the births in 1913. Nearly all the negro
mothers were native.
T a b le 4 . — Births, deaths under 1 year, and infant mortality rate, according to nativity,

nationality, and color o f mother.

Nativity, nationality, and color of mother.

Negro-

Births.

Deaths
under
1 year.

Infant
mortality
rate.

402

34

84.6

143
193
112
81
33
21
9
218
66
59
«7

7
17
10
7
2
2
2
1
10
10

49
88.1
89.3
86.4
0)
C1)
B
B
151.5
169.5

i Total number of births less than 40; base therefore considered too small for use in computing an infant
m2 ItKilucleT26Swiss, 6 Canadian, 4 Russian, 2 Polish, 2 Hebrew, 1 Greek, and 1 Armenian,
aIncludes 6 West Indians and 1 Bermudian.

Because of the small numbers in each group it is impossible to
show a comparison of infant mortality rates among the various
foreign nationalities represented in the inquiry. Table 4 shows,
however, that in the largest single nationality group (the Italian)
the infant mortality rate was somewhat higher than in the others.
The Italians and Negroes, the two largest population groups after
the native white, seem to have been attracted to Montclair by the
opportunities offered for unskilled labor and domestic service. The
fathers of the negro babies visited during the inquiry were for the
most part servants, chauffeurs, janitors, and laborers, and the fathers
of the Italian babies were generally small tradesmen, teamsters, and
laborers.


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INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, Nt J.

17

AGE AT DEATH AND DIRECT CAUSE OF DEATH.

The first 3 months of a baby’s life are generally admitted to be the
most critical of the first year. Of the 34 infant deaths, 24, or 70 6
per cent, occurred during the first quarter. Ten of the 34 babies died
when 1 day or less than 1 day old.
T able 5 .

Number and per cent o f deaths under 1 year occuring in each specified period.
Period.

Number. Per cent.

Deaths in first year........
Deaths in first 3 quarters..........
Deaths in first 2 quarters............
Deaths in first quarter.......
Deaths in first month..............
Deaths in first dav...............

.........
...............

34

100.0

32
28
24
13
10

94.1
82.4
70.6
38.2
29.4

The next table shows the infant deaths classified according to the
immediate cause, or the disease directly responsible for death, as
certified by the attending physician.
T a b le 6 .— Deaths under 1 year, according to cause, o f death o f infant and nativity and

color o f mother.
Deaths of babies of—
Cause of death.
All
mothers.
All causes................................
Diseases of digestive tract...............
Premature birth or congenital debility
Diseases of respiratory tract...............
Malnutrition......................................
All other causes...........................
1 Peritonitis.

Native
white
mothers.

Foreignbom white
mothers.

34
11
9
7

Negro
mothers.
10

3
1

2 Includes I case of asphyxia neonatorum and 1 case of diphtheria.

6

4

1

4
1
n

» Acute nephritis.

Eleven babies of the group studied died from digestive diseases.
Eight of these 11 deaths occurred in the fourth ward. It is signifi­
cant that only 1 of the 11 was being exclusively breast fed at the
time of death, 4 were partly breast fed, and 6 were bottle fed. The
fatality from diarrheal diseases is always found to be higher during
the summer months. Eight of the 11 infant deaths in Montclair
from these diseases occurred in July and August.
In 1913 special efforts were made to lower the deaths from diarrhea.
The baby clinic was by this time established on a sound basis, with a
physician in consultation and the board of health nurse to follow up
the doctor’s instructions and to give the mothers directions in their
own homes as to infant hygiene and the preparation of feedings. In
1913 there was not a single infant death from diarrhea.1 Although
the 1913 record is, of course, abnormal, such a decided decrease seems
1 Annual Report of the Board of Health of the Town of Montclair, N. J., p. 51. 1913

85978°— 15----- 3


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18

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

to indicate that definite efforts have been put forth to check the infant
deaths from this disease.
Of the 34 deaths of Montclair babies 9 were from prematurity or
congenital debility. As a large proportion of these deaths is usually
ascribed to prenatal causes, it would seem that in Montclair further
care of the mothers is needed during their period of pregnancy.
In Montclair some few prospective mothers are reached during
their pregnancy by the women^s clinic which since 1904 has been
held twice a week at the Mountainside Hospital. Obstetrical cases
coming to the hospital for advice have been referred to this clinic.
The number of mothers who have the advantage of clinical advice,
however, is small, and it would seem either that the existence of
the clinic should be more widely advertised or that the prenatal work
should he reorganized to include regular visits of a nurse to the
prospective mother in her own home.
Syphilis has long been recognized as a factor among the causes
of fetal deaths and deaths of early infancy. Venereal diseases were
made reportable in Montclair in March, 1913. During the remainder
of that year 14 cases of syphilis and 4 of gonorrhea were reported.
A recent ordinance of the hoard of health (Dec. 8, 1914) provides
that treatment of persons found to be affected with venereal disease
shall he compulsory.
There were 7 deaths from respiratory diseases, of which 6 occurred
in February and 1 in March. Three babies died of malnutrition and
1 from each of the following causes: Asphyxia neonatorum, diphthe­
ria, peritonitis, and acute nephritis.
SEX.

I t is generally found that infant mortality is higher among males
than among females. The mortality rate of male infants in Mont­
clair was found to be 88.2 and of female infants 80.8.
ILLEGITIMACY.

Only 7 of the 402 babies included in this investigation, or 1.7 per
cent, were bom out of wedlock. Four of the 7 were in the fourth
ward, 2 in the first ward, and 1 in the second. One was of native
white parentage, 2 of Polish, 1 of Italian, 1 of Swedish, and 2 of
negro. Four of the 7 died— 3 of enterocolitis and 1 of inanition.
ATTENDANT AT BIRTH.

It is perhaps of some interest to know to what extent mothers
are attended at birth by midwives. Montclair has a considerable
group of midwife cases, mostly among the Italian mothers. There
are two possible explanations for this condition one, the national
custom among the Italians j the other, the lower fee demanded by
the midwife, who in addition will render certain little household


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19

INFANT MORTALITY : MONTCLAIR, N. J.

services. Seventy-four of the 402 births included in this study were
attended by midwives; of this number 65 “were births to foreign-born
white mothers. Only 5 native white mothers and 4 negro mothers
were attended by midwives.
The midwives of New Jersey are licensed by the State board of
medical examiners after an examination before the board and are
required to register at the office of the county clerk. The law
provides that they shall always secure the services of a reputable
physician upon the appearance of any abnormal symptoms in either
mother or child. Whenever a midwife files a birth certificate with
the Montclair Board of Health the nurse calls on the following day
at the address given to verify the information on the certificate. In
this way she can determine incidentally whether the mother and
child received proper attention at the hands of the midwife. A
recent amendment of the sanitary code of Montclair provides that
a midwife when called to a case shall report immediately to the
board of health the name and address of the patient. This provi­
sion will enable the board of health nurse to be present at the deliv­
ery when it is considered advisable and will be a means of further
supervision of midwives.
ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE FAMILY.

It is obvious that even the care given the baby by its mother
often must be offset by the evils resulting from an income insuffi­
cient for the family’s needs, since a low income frequently must
involve undesirable housing accommodations, an overworked mother,
insufficient nourishment for mother and child, and lack of competent
medical advice. Sir Arthur Newsholme has found in his English
studies that “ infant mortality is higher among the poor than among
the well to do, although natural feeding of infants is probably more
general among the former.” 1 Table 7 shows that in Montclair the
infant mortality rate was approximately two and one-half times as
high among families where the income was less than $12 a week as
among families where the income was $23 a week or more.
T a b l e 7 . —Births, deaths under 1 year, and infant mortality rate, according to total fam ily

income.

Total family income.

Births.

Deaths
under
1 year.

Infant
mortality
rate.

Total___

2395

30

75.9

Under $625___
$625 to $1,199..
$1,200 and over,
Not reported..

95
111
128
61

.11
9
6
4

115.8
81.1
46.9
65.6

1Report on Infant and Child Mortality, by the medical officer of the local government board, 1909-10.
London, 1910.
2 Exclusive of illegitimate births.


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20

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

The following table shows that of the 95 babies living in families
where the income was less than $625 only 5 were babies of native
white mothers, 66 were babies of foreign-born white mothers, and
24 babies of negro mothers. Of the 128. babies in the group with
an income of $1,200 and over, 100, or 78.1 per cent, were babies of
native white mothers.
T a b l e 8 . — Number o f births, according to total fam ily income and nativity and color o f

mother.
All
mothers.

Total family income.

Native
white
mothers.

Foreignborn white
mothers.

Negro
mothers.

Total.........................................................................

1395

142

189

64

Under $625..........................................................................
$625 to $1,199.......................................................................
$1,200 and over............................................. .....................
Not reported.. ...................................................................

95
111
128
61

5
24
100
13

66
54
26
43

24
33
2
5

1 Exclusive of illegitimate births.

The father’s occupation gives some indication of the economic
and social position of the family and the standard of living which
they must undertake to maintain.
T a b le 9 .—^Births, deaths under 1 year, and infant mortality rate, according to occupation

o f father arid nativity and color o f mother.

J
ü

<5
$

a

a

Deaths un­
der 1 year.

J

fi

.9

s
A

m

a

Negro mothers.

Deaths un­
der 1 year.

W
3
w

f-4
©
rÛ

a3

A

Deaths un­
der 1 year.

$
©4
rÛ
.9
m

All occupations......... 1395

30

75.9

142

7

49.3

189

15

79.4

64

120
121

5
9

41.7
74.4

88
41

4
3

45.5
73.2

31
66

1
6

(2)
90.9

1
14

15 101.4
1 (2)

12
1

89
3

8

89.9

47
2

Professional and business...
Skilled trades............ .........
Semiskilled and unskilled
trades, domestic service..

148
6

a

&
&

Infant mortal­
ity rate.

Occupation of father.

Infant mortal­
ity rate.

Deaths un­
der 1 year.

Foreign-bom
white mothers.

Infant mortal­
ity rate.

Native white
mothers.

Infant mortal­
ity rate.

All mothers.

8

125

7
1

148.9
(2)

1 Exclusive of illegitimate births.
2 Total number of live births less than 40; base therefore considered too small for use in computing an
infant mortality rate.

The group of babies whose fathers were professional or business
men shows the extremely low infant mortality rate of 41.7. In the
1‘ skilled trades” group the rate has risen to 74.4, while among babies
whose fathers are engaged in semiskilled trades, unskilled trades, and
domestic service the rate is 101.4—more than double the rate for the
first group. It will be seen that unskilled workers form a large group
among the foreigners and Negroes, while few professional or business
men are found in these population groups.


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in f a n t

m o b t a l it y :

M o n t c l a ir ,

n

.

j

21

.

MOTHERS.

Occupation.— The mother’s occupation bears a very close relation
to the welfare of the baby. If the mother’s employment during
pregnancy involves the strain of long hours and hard work, the result
is that she is less fit to bear the child or care for it after its birth.
Her employment outside the home after the birth of the child means
that the baby during her absence must depend for its care upon a
relative, neighbor, or paid attendant; it means also the cessation of
breast feeding. Table 10 shows that only 45 Montclair mothers were
engaged in any occupation other than that of housekeeping for their
own families. Of the 45 mothers who were gainfully employed,
about three-fourths (34) were engaged in domestic or personal serv­
ice, including the mothers who were living out in service, those
who went out by the day, those who did laundry work either in their
own homes or elsewhere, and those who kept lodgers. One mother
was employed in a jam factory and 10 were helping either regularly
or occasionally in their husbands’ stores. A comparison of the
infant deaths among babies of working and of nonworking mothers
shows that a much larger proportion of babies of working mothers
failed to survive their first year; there were 10 deaths among the
4.5 babies of working mothers as contrasted with 24 deaths among
the 357 babies of nonworking mothers.
T a b l e 1 0 . —Births and deaths under 1 year,^according to occupation, nativity, and color o f

mother.
All mothers.
Occupation of mother.

Native white
mothers.

Foreign-bom
white mothers.

Negro mothers.

Births.

Deaths
under
1 year.

Births.

Deaths
under
1 year.

Births.

Deaths
under
1 year.

Births.

All occupations............

402

34

143

7

193

17

66

10

Mothers not gainfully employed..................................
Mothers gainfully employed..

357
45

24
10

141
2

7

178
15

15
2

38
28

2
8

34
10
1

10

1
1

6
8
1

2

27
i

8

Domestic

or

personal

Retail trade......................
Factory employment___

Deaths
under
1 year.

Literacy.— Comparisons are shown in the following table between
the infant mortality of babies of literate and of illiterate mothers, and
of babies of mothers who can speak English and of those who must
depend on a foreign language. Only babies of foreign-born white
mothers have been included in these computations. The presence
in the community of comparatively large groups of illiterate mothers
and of mothers who can not speak English increases the problem
presented to the agencies interested in infant-welfare work, for the
illiterate mothers are generally less careful in following instructions
than the more intelligent mothers, while the mothers who do not

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22

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

speak English must explain their difficulties through an interpreter.
The rate of infant mortality in Montclair is found to be relatively
high among babies of illiterate mothers and of mothers who can not
speak English.
T a b l e 1 1 . — Births, deaths under 1 year, and infant mortality rate, according to the mother's

literacy and ability to speak English, fo r all babies o f foreign-born white mothers.
Births.

Mother’s literacy and ability to speak English.

Literacy:

Ability to speak English:

Infant
mortality
rate.

Deaths
under
1 year.

193

17

88.1

104
83
6

8
9

76.9
108.4

121
70
2

9
8

74.4
114.3

1 Unable to read and write in any language.

FEEDING.

Authorities agree that the breast milk of the mother is the best
possible food for the baby, particularly during the early months ofits life. It is significant that of the 23 babies who died within the
first year but after the first week only 5 were exclusively breast fed
at the time of their death, 6 were partly breast fed, and 12 were arti­
ficially fed.
Table 12 shows the type of feeding prevailing among Montclair
babies at different ages. “ Breastfed” as used in this report means
that the baby was nursed and had no artificial food whatever;
“ partly breast fed ” means that the baby was nursed but was being
given artificial food as well; “ artificially fed ” means that the baby
had been completely weaned.
T a b l e 1 2 . — Number and per cent o f babies receiving specified type o f feeding at 3, 6, and

9 months, respectively, according to nativity and color o f mother.

Age of baby and nativity and
color of mother.

Babies of all mothers:

Babies of native white mothers:

Babies of foreign-bom white
mothers:

Babies of negro mothers:


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Artificially fed.
Partly breast fed.
Breast fed.
Alive at
age indi­
cated. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.

378
374
370

290
196
92

76.7
52.4
24.9

14
36
91

3.7
9.6
24.6

74
142
187

19.6
38
50:5

137
137
136

85
55
22

62
40.1
16.2

5
12
25

3.6
8.8
18.4

47
70
89

34.3
51.1
65.4

179
178
177

159
112
54

88.8
62.9
30.5

5
20
56

2.8
11.2
31.6

15
46
67

8.4
25.8
37.9

62
59
57

46
29
16

74.2
49.2
28.1

4
4
10

6.5
6.8
17.5

12
26
31

19.4
44.1
54.4

-

23

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

Over three-fourths of the Montclair babies living at the end of
their first quarter were breast fed at that age; over one-half were
breast fed at the end of their first 6 months; and over one-half had
been completely weaned at the end of their first 9 months.
Foreign-bom white mothers nursed their babies longer than either
the native white or negro mothers. Only one-twelfth of the foreignbom white mothers were feeding their babies artificially at the end
of the first three months as contrasted with approximately one-fifth
of the negro mothers and one-third of the native white mothers.
At the end of nine months almost two-thirds of the native white
mothers, slightly over one-half of the negro mothers, and little more
than one-third of the foreign-born mothers were feeding their babies
artificially.
From Table 13, showing the variations in the type of feeding
according to the father’s earnings, it is apparent that, generally
speaking, as the income increased maternal nursing decreased.
That a high infant mortality rate accompanied a low income has
already been shown.1 It would seem, then, that the disadvantages of
a low income were sufficient to offset the greater prevalence of breast
feeding among the babies of the poorer families.
T a b l e 1 3 . —Distribution o f babies o f specified age by earnings o f father and number and

per cent o f such babies completely weaned from breast.
Annual earnings of father.
Babies living at specified age.
Total.

Under
$625.

$625 to
$899.

$900 and
Not
over.
reported.

3 months..............................................................

372

118

55

169

30

Completely weaned from breast..................................
Per cent............ ............................................... .............

73
19.6

15
12.7

7
12.7

45
26.6

6
20

6 months..............................................................

371

118

55

169

29

Completely weaned from breast...................................
Per cent........................................ .................................

138
37.2

35
29.7

11
20

76
45

16
55.2

9 m onths.............................................................

367

117

53

168

29

183
49.9

42
35.9

22
41.5

98
58.3

21
72.4

Completely weaned from breast..................................
Per cent..........................................................................

CIVIC FACTORS TENDING TO REDUCE INFANT MORTALITY.
EXPENDITURES FOR HEALTH AND SANITATION.

Of the 110 cities in the United States with a population approxi­
mating that of Montclair, i. e., 20,000 to 30,000, Montclair in 1913
ranked fourth in its per capita expenditure for health and sanita­
tion; of the five New Jersey cities within the same population group,
Montclair ranks first. The following figures are taken from the


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i See Table 7. p. 19.

24

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

bulletin of the Bureau of the Census on “ Municipal revenue, expen­
ditures, and public properties, 1913” :

Cities in 20,000 to 30,000 population group.

E x p e n d itu r e s 1 f o r
health and sanita­
tion.
Total.

United States:

New Jersey:

Per capita.

$79,135
58,344
51,132
43,675
47,466
46,884
45,157
34,380
32,933
31,209

$2.76
„ 2.14
2.04
1.82
1.62
1.62
1.57
1.46
1.44
1.43

43,675
30,132
19,663
12,050
10,749

1.82
1.35
.80
.57
.47

i Including expenditures for board of health, collection of ashes and garbage, sewer connections, main­
tenance and repair, and street cleaning.

ACTIVITIES OF BOARD OF HEALTH.
BIRTH REGISTRATION.

In Montclair the health officer is also the registrar of vital statis­
tics. The law provides that births shall be registered within five
days. Various methods are in use to make the registration of births
as full and accurate as possible. All death records of children are
checked back upon the birth returns.
When a birth certificate is filed by a midwife or by any other
person than a physician the board of health nurse visits the mother
on the following day to see that the certificate has been filled out
correctly. This practice provides a check on the midwives who
are apt to be careless in their returns.
In 1912 one physician was fined $200 for failure to register 10
births. Three canvasses from house to house for the purpose of
securing unreported births have been made during the past eight
years in sections of the city where mothers are attended by midwives.
Since January 1, 1914, a very interesting plan for furthering regis­
tration has been in use. As soon as the attending physician or mid­
wife files a certificate of birth a transcript is made by the board
of health on an attractive form bearing the official seal of the board
of health and is mailed to the mother, together with the following
circular explaining the importance of birth registration, and asking
her to correct any errors on the certificate:
IM PO R TA N T N O TIC E.

The accompanying certificate of birth is an exact copy of the original certificate
that is on file at this office. As this is a permanent record, a record by which a child


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INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

25

may be admitted to school; a record b y which he (or she) may prove that he is of
sufficient age to leave school and go to work; a record b y which he may prove his
right to vote, or to marry, or to come into possession of money that has been left to
him; a record b y which he may prove his place of birth or age as a prerequisite to
holding certain public offices, it is imperative for the future good of the infant that
all facts recorded at the time of his birth shall be accurate, and you are therefore
requested to return this certificate for correction if any inaccuracy is noted. It is of
particular importance that the names of the infant and of both parents shall be spelled
correctly. If the name of the infant is changed, the certificate should be returned at
once for correction.
A certificate similar to the inclosed form has been sent to the parents of every
child born in Montclair since January 1, 1914, and you w ill confer a favor upon your
friends b y urging them to secure such a certificate if they have a child for which a
certificate has not been received, for there may be some iufants whose births have
not been recorded at this office and who may thereby be put to great inconvenience in
later years. Parents who desire may obtain, free of charge, certificates for children
whose births occurred in Montclair prior to January 1, 1914, b y making application
at the office of the board of health, Municipal Building, Montclair, N. J.
M o n t c l a ir B o a r d o f H e a l t h .

The mothers are beginning to learn that they should receive one
of the official certificates and to ask for it in case it fails to come.
Thus unreported births are brought to light.
SUPERVISION OF THE MILK SUPPLY.

For several years Montclair has had the advantage of an excellent
milk supply, and Montclair mothers, whether rich or poor, have been
able to secure pure milk for their babies. The board of health
recognizes that one of its most important functions is the supervision
of the town milk. Stringent regulations have been adopted and are
rigidly enforced.1 The system worked out consists of two checks
upon impure milk—laboratory analysis and dairy inspection. Mont­
clair is one of the few towns of its size with a bacteriological labora­
tory. The laboratory of the board of health is completely equipped
with standard apparatus. The milk tests are made by a trained
bacteriologist, who examines the milk for bacteria count, butter fats,
solids, and sediment.
Laboratory analysis.— During 1912, 307 samples of milk were ana­
lyzed, averaging over 2 samples a month for each supply, since there
were in that year 11 supplies for the town. The bacteria limit fixed
by ordinance is 100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. In 1912 one
supply averaged above this limit. The average count of all supplies
weighted according to the quantity delivered b y each dealer was
50,000 for raw milk and 8,500 for the pasteurized supply. Only one
sample collected during the year contained less than the 11.5 per
cent of solids required by law for normal milk.
Dairy inspection.—All the dairies supplying Montclair with milk
are inspected at intervals during the year. These dairies numbered


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1 For milk regulations, see p. 31.

26

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

99 at the end of 1912. They are scored according to the United
States Bureau of Animal Industry score card, the possible score
of 100 being subdivided as follows:
Method.

Equipment.
40

Total.
Cows......... .............................................................
Stable.....................
Utensils.............................
Milk room................................................

8
18
10
4

60

Total
Cleanliness of cows.............................................
Cleanliness of stable and yard...........................
Cleanliness of milk room....................................
Cleanliness of utensils.........................................
Cleanliness of milking.........................................
Handling and cooling of m ilk ...........................

8
16
3
8
9
16

The following summary1 of dairy scores for 1911, 1912, and 1913
shows an improvement each year. All dairies from which cream and
pasteurized milk are obtained are included, as well as those supplying
raw milk:

Score.

90 t.n 1 no

................................ ...............................................

Number Per cent distribution of dairies.
of
dairies,
1912
1911
1913
1913.
113

100.0

100.0

100.0

9
9
83
11
1

8.0
8.0
73.4
9.7
.9

7.1
10.1
72.7
10.1

6.5
10.7
33.4
41.9
7.5

The scores of each individual dairyman, showing equipment,
methods, and total score, are published in the board of health report,
so that the housewife of Montclair may intelligently choose her milk
dealer. The reports also publish detailed descriptions of the individ­
ual milk supplies of Montclair with reference to average bacteria
count, richness of milk, dairies from which the supply is derived, etc.
SUPERVISION OF THE WATER SUPPLY.

The board of health makes a bacterial analysis of the town water
every other day and a complete analysis once a month. The typhoidfever record of a town is generally taken as some indication of the
purity of the water supply. In 1912 there were 15 cases of typhoid
fever, but no fatalities.1
The source of the water supply is the Passaic River above Little
Falls. The Montclair Water Co. operates a filtration plant at Little
Falls, supplying filtered water to the following municipalities: Pater­
son, Passaic, part of the township of Acquackanonk, Prospect Park,
Little Falls, Montclair, Bloomfield, Glen Ridge, West Orange, Nutley,
Kearney, Harrison, East Newark, and Bayonne. The system con­
sists of a mechanical filtration plant with a large settling and coagu­
lating basin and a sterilization plant.
1 A n n u a l Report of tbe Board of Health of the Town of Montclair, N. J., 1913.


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INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

27

ACTIVITIES OF THE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.

Newsholme recognizes municipal sanitation as one of thé chief
means for a low infant mortality.
Sewage disposal.— According to the report of the committee on dis­
posal of sewage of Orange, Montclair, and East Orange, 1912, “ it
may be said that each of the municipalities is quite well sewered in so
far as the removal of sewage alone is concerned.” In 1912 Montclair
had about 63 miles of sanitary sewers, which compared very favor­
ably with its 67 miles of town streets.
The sewage leaves Montclair from the southwest comer of the town
and passes through Glen Ridge and into Bloomfield; here the Orange
branch sewer and the Montclair branch sewer join, forming the Union
outlet sewer. This sewer follows the Second River to a point in North
Newark on the west bank of the Passaic River, where the sewage is
discharged into the river.
A new system of sewage disposal has been proposed for Orange,
Montclair, and East Orange combined. The new plan provides for
carrying the sewage of the three towns in new sewers by gravity to
a point in Belleville, to be reached at such an elevation that the
sewage can pass from there by gravity through sewage-disposal works
and discharge, clarified and purified, into the Third River, a tributary
of the Passaic. The recommended sewage-disposal works consist
of a coarse screen, grit chambers, main settling tanks of the Imhoff
type, sludge drying beds, sprinkling filters, chemical house with
disinfection equipment, and final settling tanks. The total estimated
cost is $1,080,000, to be shared by the three municipalities.1
Disposal o f ashes and garbage.— The method of disposal of ashes
and garbage is as follows: One collection of ashes a week is made in
the summer season and two a week during the winter months, three
teams being employed in the summer and six in the winter. The
material collected is used for filling low areas wherever practicable
and in building roadways on dirt streets. The remainder is hauled
to the dump on Wildwood Avenue.
Two collections of garbage a week are made from all the house­
holds and during the summer months three a week in the business
section. The material collected is taken to the north end of the town,
where it is dumped into zinc-lined receptacles, which are protected
from the weather and provided with means for flushing. The water
used in flushing is carried away to a cesspool. The wagon, after
dumping, is also flushed. From the tanks the garbage is taken away
by farmers of the adjoining country. This method of disposing
of the town’s ashes and garbage falls short of the present-day stand­
ards for this branch of municipal sanitation. The town engineer,
i Report on the Disposal of Sewage of Orange, Montclair, and East Orange, N. J., by Rudolph Hiring
and John E. Gregory, March, 1912.


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28

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

in his annual report for 1913, advocates a properly designed incin­
erator and presents the following argument in its favor:
The time is not far away when the lowlands w ill have become filled and dumps
can not be found except with long hauls and with resulting high hauling cost. The
garbage dump as at present operated requires constant attention to avoid it becoming
a nuisance and at best is insanitary. A properly designed incinerator plant would be
a great improvement over the present method and would provide as well a place
for the disposal of other wastes for which no provision is at present made. An incin­
erator plant would also make possible the collection of ashes and garbage by the same
wagons and greatly reduce the cost of collections.

Paving.— In the town of Montclair in 19131 there were 83.3 miles
of streets, of which 8 miles were private streets, 8.2 miles country
roads, and 67 miles town streets. Of the 67 miles of town streets
58.9 miles were macadamized, less than a mile (the main business
street of the town) was permanently improved or paved, and 7.6
miles were unimproved dirt roads.
THE BABY CLINIC.

The consensus of opinion in Montclair seems to be that the con­
sultations at the baby clinic and the visits of the nurse, who shows
the mother in her home how to prepare feedings, have been of the
utmost importance in saving the lives of Montclair babies.
The baby clinic, reorganized under its present system in March,
1912, is an instance of a cooperation of social, civic, and private
agencies in an effort to save the babies of the community. A weekly
clinic for consultation as to feedings and infant hygiene and for
medical advice is held at the Montclair Day Nursery under the joint
charge of a Montclair physician, who has given her services, and the
board of health nurse. Two dairies furnish the clinic babies with
certified milk at 10 cents a quart, and the board of health furnishes
milk, sugar, barley water, and limewater for modifying the milk to
mothers who are unable to pay. The major part of the work con­
sists of the visits of the nurse to teach the mother in her own home
how to prepare feedings in accordance with the formula worked out
for her baby at the clinic. A card containing the following announce­
ment of the clinic is mailed to the mother of every baby for whom a
birth certificate is filed:
SPECIAL A N N O U N C E M E N T .

The attention of parents is called to the fact that a clinic for babies is held at the
day nursery, Glen Ridge Avenue and Grove Street, Montclair, N. J., at 3 o ’clock
every Thursday afternoon. If your baby is sick, or if its food does not agree with it,
you may obtain medical advice free b y taking the infant to the clinic at the hour
mentioned. If your baby needs attention on some other day of the week, and you have
no physician, telephone to the board of health office (Montclair 2700) and ask to have
the nurse call at your home. There is no charge for her service.


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M o n t c l a ir B o a r d o p H e a l t h .
1 First Annual Report of Town Engineer, Montclair, N. J.

In f a n t

M o r t a l i t y : M o N T C l a IR , n . j .

The clinic urges breast feeding wherever possible, with supple­
mentary feedings of modified milk where the mother’s milk is found
to be insufficient.
In the discussion of infant deaths from diarrhea the fact has been
noted that while in 1912 diarrhea was the leading cause (disease) of
infant mortality, not a single baby died from this disease in 1913.
Practically all the clinic babies come from the fourth ward, in which,
as has been seen, the infant mortality rate has greatly decreased.
The influence of the clinic is felt by a large proportion of the fourthward babies, since 83 of the 187 babies bom in this ward in 1913 were
brought to the clinic, and many more were visited in their homes.1
1 Report of Dr. Mereelis to the Montclair (N. J.) Board of Health, on the “ Babies milk clinic,” March,
1914.


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APPENDIX.

MILK REGULATIONS.
[Extracts from an ordinance establishing a sanitary code for the town of Montclair. Passed Apr. 9, 1907,
and as amended to Jan. 1,1915.]
A r t ic l e 8.
M ILK A N D ITS PR O D U CTIO N .

S e c t io n 1. A ny person desiring to engage, either as principal or agent, in the pro­

duction, sale, or distribution of milk or cream within the town of Montclair may make
application therefor to the board of health, upon blanks to be furnished b y the board,
setting forth the locality from which such person or persons procure the milk or cream;
also a full and complete list of the names and addresses of those from whom he pur­
chases milk or cream, and also the place at or from which he desires to sell m ilk or
cream, and whether he desires to sell raw or pasteurized milk or cream, or both. Said
application shall also state whether the applicant desires to sell as principal or agent,
and if as agent, give the name of his principal. It shall be signed b y the applicant,
and if granted b y the said board a license shall be issued to him signed b y the president
and secretary of the board in the following form:
[“ Board of health, Montclair, N. J. Milk license N o .-------- .]

------------------ , o f ----------, is hereby licensed to engage in the business of selling and
distributing in the town of Montclair (raw or pasteurized) milk and cream from (store or
wagons) for a period of one year from the date hereof: Provided, That if such person or
any of his employees, servants, or agents shall violate any ordinance of the said board
in conducting said business, or any of the provisions of an act entitled ‘A n act to
regulate the production, distribution, and sale of milk or cream,’ approved March
30, 1914,'or other statutory regulations of such sales, this license may, in the discre­
tion of the board, b e revoked b y the board.
“ Dated at Montclair, N. J., th is ------ day o f -----------, 191— .”
The annual license fee shall be $1 for each place at or from which milk is sold and for
each wagon or vehicle used in the distribution thereof.
All persons engaged in the business of selling milk or cream in the town of Montclair
at the date when this ordinance takes effect, who desire to continue the same, must
file their applications for a license not later than the Monday before the second Tues­
day of January of each year. Licenses when granted shall be for a period of one year
from the time of granting the same: Provided, That any licenses so granted may be
vacated b y the board in case the licensee or any of his employees, servants, or agents
shall violate any of the provisions of the ordinance regulating the production, sale, and
distribution of milk and cream or any of the provisions of the act of the Legislature of
the State of New Jersey entitled “ An act to regulate the production, distribution,
and sale of milk and cream,” approved March 30, 1914, or other statutory regulations
of such sales.
Persons desiring hereafter to commence the business of selling milk or cream in
Montclair may make their application at any meeting of the board, but in every such
case new applications must be made on the Monday before the second Tuesday of
January of each year, as above provided.
LIC EN SE R E Q U IR E D

No person shall sell or offer for sale in the town of Montclair any milk or cream
unless such person has obtained a license from the board of health authorizing him to
make such sale. A ll persons having a license as required b y this section shall at all
times display such license in a conspicuous manner in the place where the milk and
cream is kept for sale or distribution: Provided, That when such sale or distribution is


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31

32

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

made from a wagon or other vehicle such vehicles shall have displayed on both sides
thereof either a metal license tag that w ill be furnished b y the board of health upon
application b y the proper parties or a painted sign similar in lettering to the license
tags furnished b y the board and with the proper license number.
No person who is licensed b y the board to sell milk or cream in the town of Montclair
shall add any dairy to his source of supply without the written permission of the board.1
Any person who is licensed to sell milk or cream in the town of Montclair shall
immediately withdraw from the town any supply upon notification from the board
that the producer of such supply has failed or refused to com ply with any of the
requirements that are or hereafter may be required of milk producers.
No milk shall hereafter be produced, sold, exposed for sale, or delivered within the
town of Montclair unless it is produced and handled in accordance with the require­
ments of this article.
S ec . 2. No person shall hereafter engage in the sale or exposure for sale of milk
within the town of Montclair without first having filed with the board of health a
true and complete statement of the locality from which all the milk they handle is
produced, a complete list of the persons from whom the said milk is purchased, and
a complete list of the localities from which ice for cooling purposes is obtained; and
if at any time the place at which said milk is produced or the persons from whom the
said milk is purchased or the locality^ from which said ice is obtained be changed
the said board shall be notified immediately. On or before the 15th day of June and
of December of each year, and at any other time within three days of the receipt of a
request therefor, any person engaged in the sale of milk in Montclair shall furnish
said board with a complete list of all persons to whom milk is regularly sold.
S ec . 3. A ll premises whereon milk is produced or handled for sale or distribution
in the town of Montclair shall be open to this board for inspection at any time, and
owners of cows from which said milk is produced shall permit a veterinarian in the
employ of this board to examine said cows at any time.
Such examination shall consist of any efficient and reasonable method that may be
used b y the said veterinarian to determine whether or not the cows are diseased.
ST A B L E S .

S ec . 4. Cows shall be stabled under light, dry, and well-ventilated conditions, and

the stables shall conform in all respects to the requirements hereinafter set forth, viz:
(a) Any portion of a barn used as a cow stable shall be tightly ceiled overhead, shall
be entirely partitioned off from the rest of the barn, and shall not be used for the
storage of farm utensils nor for any other purpose.
(b) The walls and ceilings of said stables, not otherwise treated in a manner ap­
proved b y this board, shall be whitewashed at least every six months.
(c) Stables shall have at least 2 square feet of unobstructed window glass per 500
cubic feet of air space, the windows to be arranged so as to light all portions of the
stable effectively.
(d) Each cow shall have at least 3 feet in width of floor space when fastened in
stanchions, and in all cases where no adequate artificial means of ventilation is pro­
vided each animal shall have air space of at least 600 cubic feet. All cow stables
shall be well ventilated at all times.
(e) A ll stables shall be provided with a tight, dry floor, and the manure drops or
urine gutters shall be water-tight and shall be thoroughly cleaned at least twice
each day.
( f ) No manure, garbage, nor other putrescible matter shall be allowed within 100
feet of any cow stable, milk house, or cooling room; and the drainage from said build­
ings shall be such that no liquid wastes can collect within this distance.
(g) No raw milk or cream shall be sold in the town of Montclair unless it is produced
and handled at a farm or dairy that scores at least 80 on the official score card of the
United States Bureau of Animal Industry, and no pasteurized milk or cream shall be
sold unless it is produced and handled at a farm or dairy that scores at least 70 on said
score card.
cow s.
S e c . 5 (a). No milk shall be sold or offered for sale or distributed in the town of
Montclair except from cows in good health nor unless the cows from which it is
obtained have, within one year, been examined b y a veterinarian whose competency
is vouched for b y the State veterinary association of the State in which the herd is
located and a certificate signed b y such veterinarian has been filed with the board
of health stating the number of cows in each herd that are free from disease. This


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1 Art. 8, sec. 5 (a).

in f a n t

m o r t a l it y :

MONTCLAIR,

n

.

j

.

33

examination shall include the tuberculin test,1 and charts showing the reaction of each
individual cow shall be filed with this board. All cows which react shall be removed
from the premises at once if the sale of milk is to continue, and no cows shall be added
to a herd until certificates of satisfactory tuberculin tests of said cows have been filed
with this board.
Every cow that is tested as required b y the provisions of this section and found to
be free from disease shall, immediately after such test is completed, be tagged in the
following manner b y the veterinarian who made the test: Provided, That if a cow
is already tagged in compliance with this section no retagging will be required if the
tag contains a proper serial number. The tag shall be attached to one ear of the
cow so that it will be plainly visible and so that it can not be removed unless the ear
be torn. The tags shall be serially numbered in a manner approved b y the board
and shall be of such construction that when once removed they can not be reused.
[The board furnishes ear tags without cost to the dairyman.]
Each certificate that is filed as required b y the provisions of this section «ban state
clearly how each cow is tagged, so that any such cow may be identified.
A ny person who at any time, whether temporarily or otherwise, has in his herd
or on his premises a cow or cows that have not been tagged as outlined above shall
be considered as having w illfully violated this ordinance and Rba.ll be liable to a
penalty of $25 for each cow not so tagged.
The owner of every cow that reacts to the tuberculin test shall notify this board in
writing within 72 hours after the test is completed of the disposition that has been
made of such reacting cow. The said notification shall also contain the name and
address of the person to whom the reacting cow was sold or the name and address of
the person b y whom said cow was slaughtered.
Every herd in which more than one reactor is found to every 15 cows shall be retested
at the end of six months in the manner hereinbefore provided for mairing tuberculin
tests, and the records of such tests shall be filed with the board of health as required
in the case of annual tests.
Every person who is licensed b y the board to sell milk or cream in the town of
Montclair shall file, or cause to be filed, with the board of health, within 72 hours
after the completion of a tuberculin test of any cow in a herd from which his supply
is obtained, a chart showing full details of such tuberculin test, and such chart, to
be accepted b y the board, must show that temperature readings were made at least
every two hours from the tenth to the twentieth hour after the cow was injected
with tuberculin; and whenever at the twentieth hour a rising temperature is being
recorded, additional temperatures must be taken and recorded until a definite reac­
tion is established or the temperature of the cow drops to normal. The chart must
also state the name of the manufacturer of the tuberculin used, the amount used, and
the hour of injection. If the cow has been previously tested within a period o f’ four
months, or if the herd on the previous test showed a large percentage of tuberculous
animals or of animals with a suspicious temperature, the amount of tuberculin used
and the hours of reading temperatures shall conform to the best practice in such cases.
Every cow that has been admitted to the State of New Jersey within three months
and added to a herd from which m ilk is produced for sale in Montclair must be retested
not less than 60 days and not more than 90 days after such admission to the State, and
no cow shall be added to a herd unless such cow has been tested to the satisfaction
of the board within 3 months.
In addition to the tuberculin tests already required by this section the board may,
when in its opinion the number of tuberculous cows found in a herd or the extent of
the lesions found in said cows warrants such action, require b y resolution that a herd
shall be retested, and no raw milk or cream from such a herd shall be sold in the
town of Montclair until such a retest is made to the satisfaction of the board: Pro­
vided, That a five-day notice to make such a retest must be served b y the board upon
the person who is licensed to sell such m ilk or cream.
The board may also require that any cow that shows an irregular temperature at
the time of a tuberculin test, or that, in the opinion of the board, has not Deen prop­
erly tested, shall be removed from the herd, and no person shall sell in the town of
Montclair any raw m ilk or cream from any such cow until a retest has been made to
the satisfaction of the board.
A ll tuberculin tests required by this section may be made b y any regularly qualified
veterinarian, unless the board can show cause why tests made b y such veterinarian
should not be accepted.
1The tuberculin test will not be required whenever the board by resolution permits or requires the
pasteurization of a supply.


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34

INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

All tuberculin-test charts that are filed with the board must have appended thereto
a veterinarian’s certificate as to the general health of all nonreacting cows.
No diseased cow or any cow that is in a condition to impair the healthfulness of the
millr pha.n be allowed to remain in any herd from which m ilk is produced for sale in
the town of Montclair.
Every person who is licensed b y the board to sell raw m ilk or raw cream in the
town of Montclair shall notify the board, or cause it to be notified, at once of the
removal for any reason of any cow from any herd from which his supply is obtained.
Such notification shall give the ear-tag number and the reason for the removal from
the herd of any such cow, together with the name and address of the person who has
just secured possession of the cow, in case such cow did not die or was not slaughtered
on the premises. No Montclair board of health ear tag shall be removed for any
reason from any cow while such cow remains in the possession of a dairyman who
produces m ilk or cream that is sold in Montclair, and no cow that has been removed
from a herd shall be returned to the herd without the knowledge of the board. When
a cow is returned to a herd after calving, the board shall be notified of the date of
parturition.
No person shall sell any pasteurized m ilk or cream within the town of Montclair
unless a certificate signed b y a regularly qualified veterinarian has been filed with
the board within six months for every herd from which such supply is obtained.
Such certificate must state that the said veterinarian has personally examined every
cow in the herd, and it must also state the number of healthy cows found and the
number of diseased cows found, with the nature and extent of the disease in each
case and the disposition that has been made of such diseased cows.
(b) Cows shall at all times be kept in a clean condition, and the udders shall be
washed or wiped with a clean, damp cloth immediately before milking. _
(c) No m ilk shall be obtained from any cow which has calved within 10 days or
from any cow within 30 days before the normal time of calving.
(d) A ll milk shall be obtained from cows fed and watered under the following,
conditions: A ll food given to such cows shall be sweet and wholesome. The use of
either distillery slops or fermented brewery grains is prohibited, and their presence
on any dairy premises will be considered sufficient cause for the exclusion of the milk
from such dairies from sale or delivery in said town. Water supplied to cows shall be
pure and free from all contamination from stable or household wastes, and no spring
or shallow well in or adjoining any stable yard shall be used for watering said cows.
EMPLOYEES.

S ec . 6. (a) A ll m ilkers and all other attendants handling m ilk in a n y dairy shall be

clean. When entering upon their duties connected with the dairy their
Eersonally
ands and outer garments must be clean.
'
If at any time any person or persons having any connection with a dairy, or with the
hanriling of m ilk, or any resident member of the family of any person so connected,
shall be stricken with cholera, smallpox, diphtheria, membranous croup, typhus,
typhoid or scarlet fever, measles, tuberculosis, syphilis, or any other communicable
disease that may hereafter be declared b y this board to be dangerous to the public
health, notice shall be given to said board immediately b y the owner or owners of such
dairies, and said board may order the sale of such milk discontinued for such time as
it deems necessary. No milk produced from the dairy of any person failing to give
notice shall hereafter be sold or exposed for sale or delivered in the town of Montclair
until special permission therefor has been granted b y said board.
A ll persons, including milkers, who come in contact with milk or cream before it is
sealed in the final container must be free from all communicable diseases as shown by
a medical examination made every three months, and no person shall sell any milk or
cream in the town of Montclair until a certificate, signed b y a regularly licensed physi­
cian, who is approved b y the board, that such persons have been examined b y the said
physician within 30 days and show no evidence of any communicable disease, has been
filed with the board of health. Such examinations shall include any tests that the
board may b y resolution prescribe. Like certificates shall be filed with the board of
health on the 1st day of January,' April, July, and October of each year based upon
examinations that have been made of all such persons during the previous month:
Provided, That such certificates w ill not be required for those persons who handle
milk and cream that are to be pasteurized. Additional certificates must be filed for
new employees as soon as they begin their duties. A ll certificates must be on forms
furnished b y the board and must give the name of every person examined.


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INFANT MORTALITY: MONTCLAIR, N. J.

35

UTENSILS AND METHODS.

(b) Utensils used for the collection and transportation of milk, shall, before being
used, be thoroughly washed with pure water and soda or soap, or b y some other approved
means, and then sterilized by steam.
(c) As soon as milk is drawn from a cow, and before straining, it must be removed
from the stable to a separate room, where it shall be strained immediately. It shall
then, within 45 minutes of the time of milking, and in a building separate from the said
stable, be cooled to 50° F ., or below, b y some method approved b y this board. The
above-mentioned cooling room shall be properly ventilated and lighted, shall be used
for no other purpose than that indicated above, shall at all times be kept in a clean
condition, and shall not be_connected with any stable, barn, or dwelling.
(d) All milk shall be delivered in bottles, but no milk in partially filled bottles shall
be sold or offered for sale. No tickets shall be used in connection with the sale or
delivery of milk. No bottles shall be filled, capped, or recapped outside the dairy
building regularly used for this purpose, and said bottling room shall at all times be
kept in a clean and sanitary condition. Milk bottles shall be used for no other purpose
than as receptacles for milk.
*
No person shall remove milk bottles from a building wherein a disease dangerous to
the public health exists, or has existed, until he has first obtained permission in writing
from the board of health.1
A ll rooms in which milk or cream is pasteurized or bottled and all rooms in which
milk utensils are washed or sterilized shall be provided with a smooth, well-drained,
nonabsorbent floor. Such rooms shall at all times be clean and light and shall be
effectively screened between the 1st day of April and November of each year.
MILK.

S ec . 7. (a) Sam ples of m ilk shall b e furnished this board b y any producer or dealer
at any tim e u pon proper paym ent therefor.

(b) No raw milk shall be sold, offered for sale, or delivered in the town of Montclair
unless at least 80 per cent of the samples, as shown b y analyses made b y or for the board,
contain less than 100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter: Provided, That no action
will be taken to exclude any supply unless at least two samples taken on different days
are found to contain more than 100,000 baçteria per cubic centimeter.
No pasteurized milk that contains over 10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter shall
be sold or offered for sale or delivered in the town of Montclair.
No milk or cream that contains any appreciable amount of sediment or foreign matter
shall be sold, offered for sale, or delivered in the town of Montclair, regardless of
whether or not the bacteria count exceeds the limit set b y this section. ‘ ‘ Appreciable
amount of sediment ” shall be construed to mean anything more than a few minute
particles in a quart of milk.
(c) The board of health may, from time to time, when in its opinion the public
interest may require, permit by resolution the sale of milk that is produced under
conditions other than as herein specified: Provided, That such milk is pasteurized
by subjecting it to a temperature of 150° F. for 20 minutes, or b y an equivalent
process.
The board of health may, when in its opinion the public health requires such action,
require b y resolution that any milk or cream supply shall be pasteurized under thé
supervision of the board, and no person shall sell any such supply after he has been
notified by the board to pasteurize it unless such supply is pasteurized under the
supervision of the board: Provided, That such supply may be sold without pasteuri­
zation after the board by resolution decides that the necessity for such pasteurization
no longer exists.2
No person [who is licensed by the board to sell milk or cream] shall at any time
pasteurize his supply or permit any part of it to be pasteurized without the written
permission of the board, nor shall any dealer at any time sell as raw millr or cream,
without the written permission of the board, any supply that he has been authorized
or directed by the board to pasteurize.2
No pasteurized milk shall be sold in the town of Montclair unless it is conspicuously
labeled “ Pasteurized.” Said label shall also state the degree (temperature and
length of exposure at that temperature) and date of pasteurization.
(d) No substance or compound shall be added to any milk which is to be exposed
or offered for sale, and no substance shall be subtracted therefrom.
1 Art. 10, sec. 4.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3 Art. 8, sec. 5 (a).

36

INFANT MORTALITY : MONTCLAIR, N. J.

(e) No milk shall be sold in Montclair which is obtained from a dealer who handles
in part a supply not approved b y this board; and no person shall deliver or offer for
sale in the town of Montclair any milk unless the entire supply which he handles
complies with the requirements hereinbefore set forth, unless satisfactory evidence
is given this board that the two supplies are kept separate.
No milk or cream shall be sold in the town of Montclair if it is handled or stored at
a milk station, dairy, or distributing station at which a milk or cream supply not
approved b y the board and not contained in a final container which is plainly labeled
with the source of the supply is handled or stored.
.
No milk or cream shall be sold in the town of Montclair unless the container in which
it is delivered has plainly marked thereon the name of either the producer or the
vender of the milk or cream, and in case a license to sell milk or cream is granted to
a dealer who handles separately more than one supply, such container shall in addi­
tion have marked thereon the source of the supply. No false or misleading statement
or mark shall appear upon any container or be attached thereto.
(f) No milk shall be delivered, stored, or transported at a temperature exceeding
50° F
No milk shall be sold from any store unless said store has adequate facilities for
keeping said milk at a temperature below 50° F., and no milk shall be stored or sold
at a temperature higher than 50° F. All milk shall be kept and delivered in the
original bottles.1
'
.
, .
(g) No ice which is obtained from a source which is contaminated or which is so
situated that it may become contaminated shall be used for cooling milk.
Any person who violates any of the regulations above set forth shall, upon con­
viction thereof, forfeit and pay a penalty of $25 for each offense.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

i Art. 7, sec. 8.

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