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<£c*Z>-J Industry Wage Survey: Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, August 1977 U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics 1979 Bulletin 2007 Industry Wage Survey: Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, August 1977 U.S. Department of Labor Ray Marshall, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood Acting Commissioner February 1979 Bulletin 2007 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U .S. Government Printing Office Washington, D .C . 20402 - Price $1.20 Stock Number 029-001-02275-1 Preface This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau ol" Labor Statistics survey of wages and supplementary benefits in the women’s and misses’ dress industry in August 1977. Separate releases were issued earlier for the 13 areas covered by the survey. Copies of these releases are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or from any of its regional offices. This study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. Mary Kay Rieg of the Division of Occupational Wage Structures prepared the analysis. Field work for the survey was directed by the Bureau’s Assistant Regional Commissioners for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin. Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor Statistics and cite Industry Wage Survey: Women’ and Misses’ Dresses, August 1977, Bulletin 2007. s iii Contents Page S um m ary............................................................................................................................................................................ Industry characteristics .................................................................................................................................................... Employment and production .................................................................................................................................. Size of shop .............................................................................................................................................................. Type of s h o p .............................................................................................................................................................. Occupation and sex .................................................................................................................................................. Method of wage p a y m e n t........................................................................................................................................ Unionization .............................................................................................................................................................. Average hourly earnings .................................................................................................................................................. Occupational e a rn in g s...................................................................................................................................................... Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions ..................................................................................... Scheduled weekly hours .......................................................................................................................................... Paid holidays ............................................................................................................................................................ Health, welfare, and vacation benefits ................................................................................................................... Supplementary unemployment benefits ................................................................................................................. Temporary disability benefits.................................................................................................................................. Retirement plans ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 Text tables: 1. Distribution of dress firms and workers by wholesale unit price ............................................................... 2. Distribution of area dress employment by size of shop ............................................................................... 3. Distribution of area dress employment by type of shop ............................................................................. 4. Middle range of earnings for dress workers by a r e a ..................................................................................... 5. Earnings distribution of cutters and markers and sewing-machine operators, section system, Los Angeles-Long Beach ................................................................................... 4 Reference tables: Occupational earnings: 1. Boston, Mass................................................................................................................................................ 2. Chicago, 1 (Cook County) ..................................................................................................................... 11. 3. Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex................................................................................................................................ 4. Fall River and New Bedford, Mass.-R.1.................................................................................................. 5. Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif................................................................................................................. 6. Miami, Fla.................................................................................................................................................... 7. Newark and Jersey City, N .J...................................................................................................................... 8. New York City, N.Y.— shops............................................................................................................... All 9. New York City, N.Y.— Regular andcutting shops ..................................................................................... 10. New York City, N.Y.— Contract shops ................................................................................................. 11. Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, N .J............................ 12. Philadelphia, Pa.-N .J.................................................................................................................................. 13. St. Louis, M o.-Ill............................................................................... 14. Wilkes-Barre— Hazleton, Pa............................................................................................................................. 15. South Carolina .......................................................................................................................................... 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1 2 2 3 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 16. Method of wage payment ......................................................................................................................... 22 17. Scheduled weekly h o u r s ............................................................................................................................. 22 18. Paid ho lid ay s.............................................................................................................................................. 23 v Contents—Continued Reference tables— Continued Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions— Continued Page 19. Health, welfare, and vacation benefits ................................................................................................... 23 20. Retirement p la n s ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Appendixes: A. Regression analysis .................................................................................................................................... 26 B. Scope and method of survey ..................................................................................................................... 29 C. Occupational descriptions ......................... 31 > i V I Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, August 1977 Summary Text table 1. Distribution of dress firms and workers by whole sale unit price Hourly earnings of production and related workers in the women’s and misses’ dress industry varied widely among 13 major dress centers surveyed in August 1977 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 Average straight-time hourly earnings ranged from $5.22 in New York City, where about two-fifths of the workers were employed, to $2.89 in South Carolina. Averages of $4.50 or more were reported in Chicago ($4.50) and Newark-Jersey City ($4.74). Within most areas, a wide distribution of individual earnings existed, largely because of the extensive use of piece-rate systems and the broad range of skills in the industry Among occupations studied separately,2 cutters and markers, pressers, and machine adjusters were usually the highest paid; thread trimmers and work distributors were usually lowest paid. Sewing-machine operators, consti tuting slightly more than half the work force, were by far the largest occupational group. Those responsible for sewing operations on a complete garment (single-hand system) usually averaged about 10 to 20 percent more than those sewing only parts or sections of a garment. About two-thirds of the workers in the 13 areas combined were employed in shops which had collective bargaining agreements covering a majority of their workers; almost all contracts were made with the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU). These agreements included, besides wages, provisions for paid vacations, various types of health and welfare benefits, retirement pensions, and supplementary unemployment benefits. Wholesale price per unit Under $6.75........................................ $6.75 and under $12.75...................... $12.75 and under $22.50 .................. $22.50 and under $ 4 9 ....................... $49 and over ...................................... 'Less than 5 percent. and 1977 studies6 decreased by about 15,700, or 23 percent. The largest percentage declines were recorded in Miami (51 percent), and Philadelphia (40 percent); declines of 33 to 36 percent were reported for Boston, Newark and Jersey City, New York City, and St. Louis. Employment in the Fall River-New Bedford area remained approximately the same between 1974 and 1977, while the number of production workers in Los Angeles-Long Beach increased by 20 percent. Continued fashion trends toward informal wear (e.g., sportswear), combined with economic uncertainty, may have led to cutbacks in dress production. Domestic production of women’s and misses’dresses was about 18 percent lower in 1977 than in 1974. The overall decline reflected a 15-percent drop in unit-priced garments and a 24-percent decline in production of dozen-priced dresses.7 Four-fifths or more of the production workers in each area were in shops using a unit price as the predominant wholesale pricing system. The most common wholesale price per unit among the areas in August 1977 was be tween $12.75 and $22.50 (text table 1). 'See appendix B for scope and method of survey. Earnings data presented in this bulletin exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage movements because of changes in the sample composition and shifts in employment among establishments with different pay levels. 2See appendix C for job descriptions. Industry characteristics Employment and production. The 13-area survey covered slightly more than one-third of the 144,100 production and related workers estimated to be employed in women’s and misses’ dress manufacturing (nationwide) at the time of the study.3 Production employment, as reported in the 13 survey areas,4 ranged from fewer than 800 workers in Boston (612), St. Louis (712), and Cook County, Chicago (734) to about 20,000 in New York City. The next three largest dress centers studied were Los Angeles-Long Beach (7,744), Wilkes-Barre— Hazleton (5,819), and Fall River-New Bedford (4,165). (See appendix table B-l.) Since the August 1974 survey,5 aggregate employment of production workers in the 12 areas common to the 1974 Percent of Percent of all all firms production workers 1 5 17 17 34 34 28 26 17 18 ^Nationwide employment as reported in the Bureau’s monthly periodical Employment and Earnings. 4The survey excluded shops with fewer than 8 employees. 5For an account of the 1974 study, see Industry Wage Survey: Women’ and Misses’ Dresses, August 1974, Bulletin 1908 (Bureau of s Labor Statistics, 1976). 6South Carolina was surveyed for the first time in 1977. 1Current Industrial Reports, Apparel Survey, Series M23H,1974 and 1977 (estimated), Bureau of the Census. 1 Occupation and sex. Sewing-machine operators, numer ically the most important of the selected occupations, made up slightly more than one-half of the production workers in the 13 areas combined. They were two-thirds of the work force in the Paterson area, compared with slightly less than one-half in Boston, Chicago, and St. Louis, and between one-half and three-fifths in the remaining areas*. Text table 2. Distribution of area dress employment by size of shop____________________ _____________ Percent of production workers in shops with— Fewer than 50 employees Area Boston........................................ Chicago...................................... Dallas-Ft. W orth........................ F a ll R iv e r - N e w B e d fo r d Los Angeles-Long Beach ....... M iami.......................................... N e w a r k -J e r s e y C it y .............. New York C ity........................... Paterson-Clifton-Passaic......... Philadelphia............................... St. L o u is.................................... Wilkes-Barre—Hazleton........... South Carolina.......................... 100 50 to 99 employees employees or more 22 42 17 ( ’> 78 72 61 81 81 10 11 31 ( ’) 38 13 20 21 11 13 20 16 19 56 21 51 11 41 45 63 76 11 15 19 (’ ) 33 68 18 86 Sewing-machine operators were about evenly divided between those under the single-hand (tailor) system, in which an operator performs all or most of the sewing operations necessary to complete a garment and those under the section system, in which sewing is limited to a specific part or parts of a garment. Single-hand operators are generally highly skilled and they work on types of apparel in which the variety of design is so great and style changes so frequent as to preclude the economical use of a section system. Among the areas, the proportion of workers employed under the two systems varied substantially. For example, section system sewers ranged from virtually all operators in Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton, Fall River-New Bedford, and South Carolina to about 20 percent in New York City. No other occupation studied accounted for more than about 5 percent of the production worker total in the 13 areas combined. Women made up a majority of workers in all jobs studied, except sewing-machine adjuster, cutter and marker, and machine presser. However, exceptions to this staffing pattern were noted. For example, in New York City, about nine-tenths of the hand pressers were men. Overall, women accounted for slightly more than 8 in every 10 of the over 50,000 production workers in the survey. Among the areas, the proportion of women ranged from three-fourths in New York City to over ninetenths in Boston, Miami, Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, Wilkes-Barre— Hazleton, and South Carolina. — 'Less than 5 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Size o f shop. In the 13 areas combined, nearly three-fifths of the production workers were employed in shops with fewer than 50 employees, compared with one-fifth each in shops with 50 to 99 workers and with 100 workers or more. Substantial differences, however, were found between the individual areas (text table 2). Type o f shop. Three types of shops were included in the survey: (1) Regular or “inside” shops, which own the materials and perform all or most of the manufacturing operations; (2) contract shops, which process materials owned (and frequently cut) by others; and (3) jobbing shops, which contract put most manufacturing opera tions, but may perform some of them, such as cutting, finishing, or packing and shipping (text table 3). Text table 3. Distribution of area dress employment by type of shop_____________________ ____________ ________________ __ Method o f wage payment. The proportion of workers paid under an incentive system, typically individual piece rates, was about three-fifths for the 13 dress centers combined. It ranged from about two-fifths in Boston, Dallas-Ft. Worth, and Miami to nearly three-fourths in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic and South Carolina (table 16). Among time-rated workers, informal systems, in which rates are based primarily on the qualifications of individual workers, applied to most of the workers in 11 areas. In Chicago and St. Louis, formal systems providing ranges of rates for specific occupations were more prevalent. In most areas, the majority of sewing-machine operators, hand pressers, and hand-and-machine pressers were paid incentive rates. Except in a few areas, time rates applied to most workers in the following occupations: Sewing-machine adjuster, assorter, cutter and marker, final inspector, thread trimmer, and work distributor. Percent of production workers employed in— Regular (inside) shops Area Boston........................................ Chicago...................................... Dallas-Ft. W orth........................ F a ll R iv e r - N e w B e d fo r d Los Angeles-Long B each....... M iami.......................................... N e w a r k -J e r s e y C it y .............. New York C ity........................... Paterson-Clifton-Passaic......... Philadelphia............................... St. L o u is .................................... Wilkes-Barre—Hazleton........... South Carolina......................... 41 65 79 27 19 39 21 12 — 47 90 — 52 Contract Jobbing shops shops _ 59 26 9 14 7 73 — 64 17 54 7 (’) 75 70 18 — (2 ) 50 ( —’ ) 10 (2) ( ’) 48 'Less than 5 percent. 2Above 95 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 2 Unionization. Establishments operating under labormanagement agreements employed two-thirds of the production workers in the survey. The proportion of workers in shops with such coverage accounted for 90 percent or more in seven areas, 88 percent in New York City, 57 percent in Boston, 36 percent in South Carolina, 11 percent in Miami, and 5 percent or less in Dallas-Ft. Worth and Los Angeles-Long Beach. Nearly all agreements were with the International Ladies’Garment Workers’ Union (AFL-CIO). Text table 4. Middle range of earnings for dress workers by area Area Boston..................................................... Chicago................................................... Dallas...................................................... Fall River-New Bedford....................... Los Angeles-Long Beach.................... Miami....................................................... Newark-Jersey C ity............................... New York C ity........................................ Paterson-Clifton-Passaic .................... Philadelphia............................................ St. Louis................................................. Wilkes-Barre—Hazleton....................... South Carolina...................................... First quartile Third quartile $3.21 $4.84 3.31 5.31 2.58 3.50 3.49 4.72 2.60 3.72 2.56 3.42 3.64 5.38 3.79 6.15 3.27 4.40 3.32 4.97 3.59 4.71 3.43 4.11 2.48 3.16 NOTE: One-fourth of the workers were below the first quartile and onefourth were above the third quartile. Average hourly earnings Average hourly earnings of all production workers in the August 1977 survey ranged from $5.22 in New York City to $2.89 in South Carolina. Hourly pay levels of $4.50 or more were reported in Chicago and Newark, while averages of under $3.50 were reported in Dallas-Ft. Worth, Los Angeles, and Miami. (See tables 1-15.) While New York City recorded the highest average in the 1974 and 1977 surveys, its increase in earnings ranked below 8 of the 11 other areas studied in both years. Between August 1974 and August 1977, wage levels in New York’s dress industry advanced 14 percent, com pared with 29 percent in Chicago, and between 17 and 23 percent in seven other areas. Average earnings in WilkesBarre— Hazleton, and Miami rose at about the same pace as in New York and at the slowest rate- 4 percent— Paterin son-Clifton-Passaic. $2.30 (the Federal minimum wage in August 1977) and $2.60 an hour accounted for 38 percent of the work force in South Carolina, 29 percent in Miami, 27 percent in Dallas-Ft. Worth, and 25 percent in Los Angeles-Long Beach; in contrast, 6 percent or less of the workers in each of the remaining areas were within 30 cents of the Federal minimum. At the upper end of the scale, workers earning at least $6 an hour represented about 27 percent of the work force in New York City, 15-20 percent in Chicago and Newark, and between 9 and 13 percent in Boston, St. Louis, Philadelphia, and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic. In the remaining areas, such workers constituted 6 percent or less of the total work force. Within each area, the range of individual earnings was wide, reflecting the extensive use of piece-rate systems and the broad range of skills in the industry. (See text table 4.) In each area, men as a group averaged more than women. Their earnings advantage usually averaged between 20 and 50 percent, ranging from 17 percent in Philadelphia to 93 percent in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic. Differences in the level of earnings between men and women resulted largely from the uneven distribution of the sexes among jobs with disparate pay levels. For example, in the Paterson area, men averaged $7.39, compared with $3.83 for women, but nearly all the men worked as cutters and markers or hand pressers, averaging $6.57 and $7.95 an hour, respectively. Women, on the other hand, were employed primarily as sewingmachine operators and hand sewers, jobs that paid substantially less. Differences in average pay levels for men and women also may stem from several other factors, including the distribution of the sexes among establish ments with disparate pay levels. Differences noted in averages for men and women in the same job and area may reflect minor differences in duties as well. Job descriptions used in classifying workers in wage surveys usually are more generalized than those used in individual establishments, to allow for possible minor differences among establishments in specific duties performed. Also, as noted previously, earnings for some jobs in the industry are determined by production at piece rates. Concentration of workers in the earnings array varied substantially among the areas. Workers earning between The basic survey tabulations did not attempt to isolate and measure any of the preceding characteristics, such as type of sewing system, as individual determinants of wage levels. Appendix A of this bulletin, however, presents a brief technical note on the results of a multiple regression analysis in which the effects of individual characteristics were isolated to a measurable degree. In several cases, the differentials produced by comparing published averages for various characteristics were markedly dissimilar from those derived by multiple regression. For example, sewing-machine operators on the single-hand (tailor) system in New York averaged 19 percent more than those on the section system, but apparently only one-half of this differential can be attributed solely to type of sewing system. Evidently, other factors, such as type of shop or price of garment, had a significant impact on the differential. Occupational earnings Twelve occupations were selected to represent the various wage levels and skills of production workers and manufacturing occupations in the industry. Their incumbents accounted for at least three-fifths of all production workers in each area. Of these occupations, 3 cutters and markers, predominantly men and typically paid time rates, were the highest paid in six areas. They averaged from $4.20 an hour in South Carolina to $7.61 in New York City. Highest paid elsewhere were: Hand pressers in Newark and Jersey City ($7.98), New York City ($9.13), and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic ($7.69); sewing-machine adjusters, in Fall River-New Bedford ($6.40), Wilkes-Barre— Hazleton ($6.40), and South Carolina ($5.48); and machine pressers, in Boston ($8.97). Thread trimmers, typically women and usually paid time rates, had averages ranging from $2.60 in Miami to $4.19 in St. Louis. They were lowest paid in six areas. Average hourly earnings of final inspectors, also relatively lowpaid, ranged from $2.84-$2.86 in Dallas-Ft. Worth, Los Angeles-Long Beach, and South Carolina to $4.60 in New York City. Earnings of individual workers varied substantially within the same job and area because of differences in pay rates among establishments visited and the extensive use of piece-rate systems. In many instances, the highest hourly earnings exceeded the lowest by $3 an hour or more. Thus, a number of workers in comparatively lowpaying jobs earned as much as, or more than, some workers in jobs with significantly higher hourly averages. As text table 5 illustrates, there was a substantial overlap in Los Angeles-Long Beach between cutters and markers and sewing-machine operators on the section system despite the large difference in hourly averages. Text table 5. Earnings distribution of cutters and markers and sewing-machine operators, section system, Los Angeles-Long Beach Hourly earnings Under $2.80............................... $2.80 and under $3.20 ............. $3.20 and under $3.60 ............. $3.60 and under $4.00 ............. $4.00 and under $4.40 ............. $4.40 and under $4.80 ............. $4.80 and under $5.20 ............. $5.20 and under $5.60 ............. $5.60 and under $6.00 ............. $6.00 and under $6.40 ............. $6.40 and under $6.80 ............. $6.80 and under $7.20 ............. $7.20 and over........................... Number of w orkers........... Average hourly earnings ......................... - - $5.60 $2.93 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Information was obtained on work schedules and selected supplementary benefits for production workers. Provisions for paid holidays, paid vacations, health and insurance benefits, mail-order prescription drugs, supple mentary employment benefits, and retirement plans were stipulated in collective bargaining agreements between the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and dress shops employing two-thirds of the production workers studied in the 13 areas combined. Sewing-machine operators using the single-hand (tailor) system averaged more per hour than those under the section system in all 10 of the areas in which comparisons could be made. The wage advantage for single-hand system sewers ranged from 3 percent in Boston ($4.53-$4.41) and 6 percent in Paterson-CliftonPassaic ($4.03-$3.79) to 38 percent in Philadelphia ($5.66— $4.11) and 34 percent in Chicago ($5.34-$3.98). Among the remaining six areas, differentials between the two types of operators were between 10 and 19 percent. Scheduled weekly hours. Work schedules of 35 hours a week were in effect in shops employing at least ninetenths of the workers in eight areas and about three-fifths in Boston (table 17). In Dallas, Miami, Los Angeles, and South Carolina—where nonunion shops predominate— the typical schedule was 40 hours. Paid holidays. Paid holidays were provided by virtually all shops visited in 11 areas (table 18) and by about twothirds of those in Los Angeles-Long Beach and Miami. The numbers of holidays provided varied by area, and within some areas by establishment; most commonly, however, 8 to 10 days were provided annually. In most instances, workers paid incentive rates averaged more per hour than time-rated workers in the same job and area. For example, earnings of section system sewing-machine operators paid incentive rates exceeded averages of their time-rated counterparts in 5 of 6 areas permitting comparison; the differences ranged from 5 percent an hour in Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton to 30 percent an hour in Newark and Jersey City. When similar comparisons were made for hand pressers, pay levels for incentive workers were higher in 8 of 9 areas for which comparable data existed—ranging from 6 percent in Miami to 78 percent in Newark and Jersey City. Variations in incentive earnings for individuals may be traceable to differences in work experience, effort, workflow, or other factors which the worker may or may not control. For example, in periods o f declining production, the reduced workload available for workers paid piece rates may limit their opportunity to maximize earnings. Number of Number of cutters and sewing-machine operators, markers section system 11 974 15 232 19 140 10 86 19 54 45 45 104 10 93 5 4 10 13 8 3 78 58 4 477 1,563 Health, welfare, and vacation benefits. In 9 of 13 areas studied, employers generally contributed a specific percentage of their payrolls to a union health, welfare, and vacation fund.8 The amount of the employer contribution and the benefits available to workers varied among the areas (table 19). Health and welfare funds usually provided for doctor’s care; basic hospital and surgical benefits supplemented by a major medical *In Chicago and St. Louis, workers typically received vacation benefits directly from their employers. 4 program; disability insurance; maternity care benefits; eyeglasses; services at the union health center; and death benefits. Employers contributed an additional threeeighths of 1 percent of their covered payrolls to a national health services fund for the purpose of providing mail order prescription drugs to union workers, their families, and to retired union members. In the other four areas studied, where workers were not as highly unionized, the health, welfare, and vacation benefits covered relatively fewer workers. About half the shops in Los Angeles-Long Beach, three-fourths in Miami, and nine-tenths or more in Dallas-Ft. Worth and South Carolina had provisions for paid vacations, typically 1 week of pay after 1 year of service. Longer vacations after selected service periods were available in some shops in each area. Provisions for health insurance were found in more than two-fifths of the shops in Los Angeles-Long Beach and Miami, about nine-tenths in Dallas, and virtually all in South Carolina. The most frequently reported types of insurance were: Life, accidental death and dismemberment, hospitaliza tion, surgical, medical, and major medical. A flat weekly amount of $20 is paid for a maximum of 26 weeks, the actual number of weeks depending on length of service. Temporary disability benefits. In Newark-Jersey City, New York City, and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, ILGWU agreements specified that the employers pay the full cost, including the workers’ contributions, of temporary disability benefits stipulated under New York and New Jersey disability benefit laws. Retirement plans. Retirement benefits (other than Federal social security) were provided through employer contributions to a national retirement fund in establish ments operating under ILGWU agreements (table 20). The amounts contributed varied among the areas from 5Zi percent to 6% percent of the covered payrolls. A benefit of $ 100 a month is paid to qualified workers at age 65. Workers may retire between ages 62 and 65 with a proportionate benefit reduction for each year prior to age 65. Totally disabled workers may retire with full benefits at any age. The contracts also provided for a $500 lump sum death benefit payable to the workers’ beneficiaries. Retirement pension benefits were reported by onetenth of the shops visited in Miami and Los Angeles-Long Beach, one-fourth of those in Dallas-Ft. Worth, and two-fifths of those in South Carolina. Supplementary unemployment benefits. Employers having ILGWU contracts contributed one-eighth of 1 percent of their covered payrolls to a national fund providing for supplementary unemployment benefits to eligible workers whose employer has gone out of business. 5 fable 1. Occupational earnings: Boston, Mass.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) 1 T h e B o s to n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s o f S u ffo lk C o u n ty , 16 c o m m u n itie s in E s s e x C o u n ty , 34 in M id d le s e x C o u n ty , 2 6 in N o r f o lk C o u n ty , a n d 12 in P ly m o u th C o u n ty , M a s s . 2 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la te s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if t s in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e ra g e , * 4 5 6 7 8 e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . A p p r o x im a te ly 55 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s in th e B o s to n s u r v e y w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 1 a t $ 9 . 2 0 a n d u n d e r $ 9 . 6 0 ; a n d 14 a t $ 1 0 a n d o v e r. W h e re s e p a r a te in f o r m a tio n b y s e x is n o t sh o w n , a l l o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 1 a t $ 9 - 2 0 a n d u n d e r $ 9 . 6 0 ; a n d 2 a t $ 1 0 and o v e r. V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e tim e - r a t e d . A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 1 0 a n d o v e r. Table 2. Occupational earnings: Chicago, III.1 (Cook County) ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) Occupation and sex NUP BER OF W0 RKERS R E « IVINGSTRA)■GHT— TIME HOURLY E A R NINGS (IN D0LLA RS> 0 F2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.40 5.80 6.20 6. 60 7 .00 7.40 7.80 8.20 8 .60 9.00 AND OVER 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5,Q0 5^40 5 , 6 0 6.20 6 . 6 0 _L« 00 _L 7.8-Q 6j_2Q. a . 6 0 _s_iJUL Number Average 2.30 2.40 of hourly A NO workers earnings' UNDER *4.50 5.51 4.24 2 - 7.23 3.67 6.45 5.46 4.31 - 30 ALL P R OD UC TI ON W O R K E R S 5.............. H E N .................................. W O M E N .................................... 194 180 3.98 3.99 126 5.34 734 151 583 2 7 2 5 15 2 13 15 102 16 86 76 14 50 5 5 3 3 3 4 62 45 56 37 37 6 31 37 6 9 61 40 34 45 17 1 - - 2 2 2 - 1 - 1 - - - 48 21 26 26 17 3 14 41 14 27 35 9 16 6 26 10 7 5 19 6 13 u 15 12 6 9 5 6 7 5 5 1 9 - 6 - - * - - 4 6 ii 9 10 2 3 7 6 3 2 3 1 1 - - 10 10 - SELE CT EO PR OD U C T I O N O C C U P A T I O N S 1 4 * 2 CU TT ER S AND M A R K E R S 5 ................ INSPECTORS, FINAL ( E X A M I N E R S ) ....... PRESSERS, H A N D 6 .......................... W O M E N ................................ S E W I NG -M AC HI NE OPERATORS, SECTION S Y S T E M ....................... I N C E N T I V E ......................... S E WI NG -M AC HI NE OPERATORS, SI NG LE -H AN D (TAILOR) SY S T E M ” ...... 1 2 60 8 27 21 - - - - * - - 3 - - - - - - 2 3 3 1 1 - - - - - 2 - 1 2 3 - - 1 1 - 3 4 - 6 3 5 - 33 33 16 15 19 18 18 18 22 12 8 8 21 21 30 28 8 8 8 8 4 4 5 5 - 4 4 8 5 12 5 6 4 5 - 2 5 16 12 T h e C h ic a g o a r e a c o n s i s t s o f C o o k C o u n ty , 111. E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a t e s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d ie s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d if f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . Su ch s h if t s , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e an o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n . p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . J * - 1 1 - 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 - 6 11 1 5 5 75 - 6 3 A p p r o x • a te ly 58 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s in th e C h ic a g o s u r v e y w e r e i n c e n t iv e - r a t e d . im 4 5 6 7 $ 1 0 . 60; 8 W h e re s e p a r a t e in fo r m a t io n b y s e x is n o t sho w n , v i r t u a l l y a ll w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e m e n , a n d w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e i n c e n t i v e - r a t e d . W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 1 a t $ 9 a n d u n d e r $ 9 . 4 0 ; 3 a t $ 1 0 . 2 0 and u n d e r a n d 1 a t $ 1 1 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 .4 0 . V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . Table 3. Occupational earnings: Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) Occupation and sex NUMBER OF WORKERS *ECELiviN£ STRA]1GHT- t i m e HOURL _ e a r MINGS (IN DOLLARS) O F — _ 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.A0 3.50 3.60 3.80 A . 00 A . 20 A. A0 A . 60 A . 80 5.00 5.20 5.60 6.00 6 . A0 6.66 7.20 Number Average 2.30 2 . A0 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 hourly of AND 2 workers earnings1 JNOER 2.A0 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.A0 3.50 3.60 3.80 A . 00 A . 20 4.40 A . 60 A . 80 5.00 5.20 5.60 6.00 6 . A0 6.80 7.20 7.60 ALL PR OD U C T I O N W O R K F R S 3 ............ . 3*017 S3.11 209 ?09 407 ?85 366 selected in- 2A2 2.623 IO * ' 110 33 1O '" 170 33 39 13 47 17 29 08 P R OD UC TI ON o c c u p a t i o n s 4 A D JU ST ER S 5............. ............... 18 3.8? A S S O R T F R S 5 ............................. C U TT ER S ANO M A R K E R S .................. T T M E .............................. 36 215 1 BA 172 1A 1 A3 79 2.77 A. A6 A . 26 A . 62 A. AO 3.79 2.85 6 1A 1 3.00 1A 73 A2 3.34 3 . OR T I M E ..... .................... . INSPECTORS* FINAL (E X A M I N E R S ) ...... PRESSERS* M A C H I N E ..................... PRESSEPS* HAND ANO M A C H I N E .......... 25 A5 3 t 70 3.06 1 2.83 . i 25 8 4 - 19 - 10 3 4 ? 1 10 ro 4 4 3 8 8 2 3 - 2.93 3.07 156 1AO 3.23 3.26 108 3 3 3 5 1 3 * 14 24 21 i 10 5 3r 4 6 - - - - - - - - - - 36 6 - 7 5 12 - 15 12 3 i - 3 - - 6 i - i - i 33 W - - U) 3 3 f IZ 2 - * ^42 4 3*01 - 1 i T) t r 17 8 - 12 132 120 17 Hi S E W I NG -M AC HI NE OPERATORS* T T M E .............................. 1 24 36 4 4 10 10 2 S E W I N G -M AC HI NE OP ERATORS* 88A _ 1 13 1.372 i : J : 1 12 12 „ 1 T h e D a l l a s - F t . W o rth M e tr o p o li t a n A r e a c o n s is t s of C o llin , D a lla s , D e n to n , E l li s , H ood, J o h n s o n , K a u fm a n , P a r k e r , R o c k w a ll, T a r r a n t , a n d W ise C o u n tie s . 2 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a te s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if t s in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . ° A p p r o x i m a t e l y 64 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s in th e D a lla s - F t . W o rth s u r v e y w e r e tim e - r a te d . * W h e re s e p a r a te i n f o r m a tio n b y s e x is n o t sh o w n , v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . 5 V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . Table 4. Occupational earnings: Fall River and New Bedford, Mass.-R.l.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVIN6 STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EA RNINGS (IN DOLLARS) O F — Occupation and sex ALL P R O D U C T I O N W O R K E R S 3 ............... H E N ...................................... W0 HE N ................................... Number Average 3. 0 0 of hourly JNO E R AND workers earnings1 23. 0 0 U N D E R 3. 1 0 4 * 165 463 3.702 *4.20 4.90 4.12 A D J U S T E R S 4 ................................. A S S O R T E R S .................................. W O M E N ................................... C U T T E R S A N D M A R K E R S 4 *.................. . INSPECTORS. FINAL (EXAMINERS)7 ....... P R E S S E R S t H A N D ........................... 19 84 79 80 85 283 I N C E N T I V E ........................... M E N ...................................... T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... W O M E N ................................... T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... P R E S S E R S . M A C H I N E ....................... T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ....... .................... H E N ...................................... T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... S E W E R S . H A N D ( F I N I S H E R S ) .............. T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... SEWING-MACHINE OPERATORS. S E C T I O N S Y S T E M 0......................... T H R E A D T R I M M E R S ( C L E A N E R S ) ........... T I M E .................................. W O R K D I S T R I B U T O R S 7 ...................... . W O M E N ................................... 77 51 25 26 232 181 51 74 45 29 61 42 19 78 55 23 4.65 5.07 4.95 5. 1 9 4.78 4.89 4.38 5.31 4.95 5.86 5.34 4.94 6. 2 1 3. 9 1 3. 7 2 4.36 2.240 281 4.27 3.55 82 3.6 2 PRODUCTION 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5. 4 0 5. 6 0 5.80 4 . 0 0 4. 10 4 . 2 0 6 .20 6 . 4 0 6 . 6 0 6 7 8 3 AND OVER 6 . 2 0 6 .40 6 . 6 0 6 . 8 0 3.20 3.30 3.4 0 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5. 2 0 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 15 3 12 44 12 32 43 5 38 862 25 837 177 6 171 420 9 411 196 7 189 141 5 136 173 9 164 322 16 306 125 7 118 193 9 184 183 20 163 144 22 122 176 54 122 182 25 157 187 41 146 77 15 62 51 13 38 41 8 33 64 24 40 51 32 19 31 14 17 - - - _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 1 2 1 - 13 13 5 5 1 1 - 29 9 7 8e - - - 1 3 3 3 - 2 16 _ 16 - 4 i _ ~ ~ - - - 4 4 4 2 2 1 - 5 2 2 3 ~ 3 - - “ ~ 1 1 6 3 3 3 3 3 35 33 2 4 4 31 29 2 - - - i 1 - - - - - 2 2 2 - ~ 4 1 3 2 _ 4 2 2 14 13 1 11 10 18 12 6 16 12 2 _ _ 91 89 2 20 19 i 71 70 1 17 ii 6 15 11 14 2 2 i 3 4 4 _ 3 1 1 _ 14 8 6 1 _ 1 13 8 5 1 1 1 1 _ 28 5 8 8 1 16 _ 6 9 2 _ _ - 5 5 - 2 _ _ - 35 35 6 4 3 _ _ - 8 8 43 - 1 _ _ 7 _ - 1 1 9 _ 1 1 - 1 1 112 32 80 26 12 14 97 27 70 2 s5 OCCUPATIONS4 - ~ - - 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 - 2£ 1 1 1 1 ~ - 3 1 - _ - ~ 2 1 1 12 9 3 14 1 19 5 1 - 2 1 1 - 4 3 1 24 22 2 607 59 120 12 115 115 98 7 84 7 15 12 13 13 31 31 7 5 1 T h e F a l l R i v e r a n d N e w B e d f o rd a r e a c o n s is t s of F a l l R iv e r, N ew B e d fo rd , a n d th e to w n s of A c u s h n e t, D a r tm o u th , D ig h to n , F a i r h a v e n , F r e e to w n , S o m e r s e t, S w a n s e a , a n d W e s tp o r t in B r i s t o l C o u n ty , M a s s . ; th e to w n s o f L a k e v il l e , M a rio n , a n d M a tta p o is e tt in P ly m o u th C o u n ty , M a s s . ; a n d th e to w n s o f L i t t l e C o m p to n , P o r ts m o u th , a n d T i v e r t o n in N e w p o rt C o u n ty , R . I. 2 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r tim e a n d fo r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la t e s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le of e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e le v e l o f e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d ie s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , and s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l is h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r io d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . 6.00 . 32 11 21 6.40 3. 8 2 3. 7 5 6.29 3.60 4.83 SELECTED 3.10 - 6 6 2 - 2 4 2 2 5 5 _ 1 1 _ 9 7 2 1 1 1 1 16 - - 5 5 3 1 2 3 3 4 2 2 107 3 124 3 92 134 2 131 1 4 1 - _ - _ i 6 3 3 5 1 4 1 i _ _ _ 103 _ _ _ 96 3 _ 1 1 _ 51 49 2 2 _ 2 49 49 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 1 _ _ _ 3 1 7 2 2 _ 3 3 3 _ 3 2 _ 1 1 _ 5 5 _ 2 _ 2 2 I - 3 1 3 5 5 _ 2 1 _ 1 _ _ 5 2 2 _ 2 2 _ _ _ _ 1 2 1 1 1 1 _ 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 9 1 1 _ _ _ 1 _ 2 _ _ _ 1 2 4 1 1 2 1 94 4 12 1 13 66 1 1 1 1 3 96 3 67 2 55 1 32 1 _ _ 33 34 16 3 A p p r o x im a te ly 60 p e r c e n t of th e w o r k e r s in the F a l l R i v e r a n d N e w B e d fo rd s u r v e y w e r e i n c e n tiv e - r a t e d . 4 W h e re s e p a r a t e i n f o r m a tio n b y s e x is n o t show n, v i r t u a ll y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . 5 V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e m e n , a n d w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 6 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 1 a t $ 7 . 4 0 a n d u n d e r $ 7 . 6 0 ; a n d 4 a t $ 8 a n d o v e r. 7 V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 3 a t $ 6 . 80 a n d u n d e r $ 7 ; 1 a t $ 7 and u n d e r $ 7 .2 0 ; 1 a t $ 7 .2 0 and u n d e r $ 7 .4 0 ; 2 a t $ 7 .8 0 and u n d e r $ 8 ; and 1 a t $ 8 and o v e r. 9 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 1 a t $ 7 . 6 0 a n d u n d e r $ 7 . 8 0 ; a n d 3 a t $ 8 a n d o v e r. 10 V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e i n c e n t iv e - r a t e d . Table 5. Occupational earnings: Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEI VI NG STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARN IN GS (IN DOLLARS) OF — Occupation and sex Number Average 2 . 5 0 hourly AND of workers earnings2 U N D E R 2.60 2 T S C TT7TT T T M 1T 7 W ■JTocT 3 . 1 0 3.20 3.30 3.00 3 . 6 0 3.80 0.00 4.20 4.40 0.60 0. 8 0 5. 0 0 5.20 5.40 5. 6 0 5.80 6.00 6.20 3.80 0.00 0.20 0.00 9,60 0.80 5.PQ 5.2fl 5 . 4 0 5. 6 0 5. 8 0 A .00 6.20 6.40 219 33 186 319 57 26 2 144 22 1 22 190 00 150 107 37 110 75 31 44 99 68 31 39 16 23 31 2 29 15 10 5 22 12 10 23 16 7 91 88 3 88 66 22 - “ - - ~ - - - - - “ ~ - ~ 2 i “ 1 “ 2 1 7 6 1 i i 1 i 8 i “ i 1 1 - 78 - 458 - “ 1 2 2 2 - - 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3. 40 3.60 7.704 1 t649 6.095 S3.36 3.89 3.21 1906 393 1553 385 60 325 865 155 710 253 26 227 234 28 206 582 125 057 266 36 230 303 30 309 224 52 1 72 395 51 344 5 26 62 06 0 A S S O R T E R S .................................. 138 2.98 29 1 23 6 5 17 8 31 10 2 6 I N C E N T I V E ........................... M E N ...................................... T I N E .................................. 23 37 30 - 1 7 7 16 15 l - _ 8 1 7 5 5 1 7 7 _ 3 3 - 6 6 - 477 172 150 107 129 368 1 12 256 37 25 331 100 2 31 50 31 21 33 21 105 100 01 3.32 3.08 2.95 2.90 2.90 3. 1 7 5.60 2.84 2. 8 7 2.87 2.90 3. 4 0 2.9 9 3.59 3.33 3.52 3.01 2.99 3.59 3. 2 0 3.7 2 3.55 2. 9 8 3.26 3. 1 2 3.0 3 3. 35 10 69 65 63 59 94 54 00 11 1 83 44 39 28 5 11 17 5 27 22 5 1 24 12 24 12 17 1 16 6 6 11 1 10 4 4 - 1.563 350 1.213 2.93 2.57 3. 0 0 705 320 025 61 1.326 170 1.152 3.25 2.98 2. 6 5 3.03 2 . 6 30 530 2.100 107 2.087 526 1.961 3.01 3. 39 3.01 3.52 3. 0 0 3.37 3.0 1 6 •4 G 6 .80 7 . 2 0 AND OVER 6 .AO 7 . 2 0 ALL P R O D U C T I O N W O R K E R S 1 ............... M E N ...................................... W O M E N ................................... SELECTEO PRODUCTION 52 35 17 OCCUPATIONS4 T I M E .................................. C U T T E R S AND M A R K E R S 5 ................... I N S P E C T O R S . F I N A L ( E X A M I N E R S ! ....... T I M E .................................. W O M E N ................................... T I N E .................................. P R E S S E R S . H A N D ........................... T I N E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... M E N ...................................... I N C E N T I V E ........................... W O N E N ................................... T I N E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... P R E S S E R S . M A C H I N E ....................... I N C E N T I V E ........................... N E N ...................................... W O N E N ................................... I N C E N T I V E ........................... S E W E R S . H A N D ( F I N I S H E R S ) ............. T I N E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... SEWING-MACHINE OPERATORS. S E C T I O N S Y S T E M .......................... I N C E N T I V E ........................... he n : I N C E N T I V E ........................... W O N E N ................................... T I N E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... SEWING-MACHINE OPERATORS. S I N G L E - H A N D ( T A I L O R ) S Y S T E M ........ T I N E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... MEN.7..................................... W O N E N ................................... T I N E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . 171 94 77 05 8 8 21 21 ~ - 6 2 17 - 19 2 2 33 33 14 10 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 20 14 10 2 r 23 2 21 23 2 21 1 i i 6 4 2 12 15 13 15 13 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 28 24 4 1 3 3 3 3 42 15 27 02 15 27 3 3 12 22 5 17 6 6 16 5 11 3 1 2 i - 9 9 i i 8 8 1 1 1 7 6 i 7 21 21 21 21 12 12 12 12 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 52 18 30 5 5 07 18 29 3 3 1 2 2 22 19 3 61 168 100 55 37 40 44 59 37 61 164 98 51 33 38 44 59 8 561 100 017 12 49 09 u 157 4 153 i 99 2 97 3 52 4 08 2 35 4 31 7 33 2 31 i 43 43 398 70 328 35 363 70 293 180 14 170 14 170 10 156 217 22 195 5 212 22 190 74 76 18 58 189 70 115 7 182 70 108 97 162 4 01 121 93 15 , 2 82 160 4 01 78 119 - - - “ 30 59 1 1 1 1 19 _ 19 - - _ 3 3 3 3 4 3 i “ 1 - 70 12 62 62 - 76 18 58 8 12 17 “ 2 25 23 2 2 2 2 2 ~ 2 ~ 2 22 * 1 2 2 - 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 6 - 2 6 1 20 1 2 “ 2 1 “ 2 83 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ” - 2 1 1 i - 1 1 1 4 6 20 4 6 1 20 2 18 24 20 1 3 118 4 110 6 112 4 108 62 62 6 56 11 ~ 11 “ ~ 11 25 - 8 “ 2 2 " 11 1 1 1 25 - 56 30 24 30 33 50 30 22 30 21 2 19 59 59 3 30 4 30 1 55 6 09 2 28 28 1 23 2 21 2 28 28 70 3 67 8 62 3 59 188 13 175 188 13 175 287 172 115 2 285 172 113 1 36 37 99 6 130 37 93 177 06 131 1 176 46 130 55 7 48 6 49 7 02 12 4 4 8 3 2 1 25 21 “ “ 1 56 “ * 19 i 1 “ i 19 1 i i 1 - i - 4 i 8 i 8 2 3 6 6 4 4 i i 5 3 “ 3 00 00 6 30 30 41 i 40 6 35 1 30 6 6 8 2 6 2 6 “ 6 8 8 8 4 - 2 4 5 “ 5 i i 4 - ~ i “ i _ “ - - i 6 6 8 2 2 26 26 26 * 26 “ 3 ~ 0 - - 3 - 0 - - ~ - 4 i i i i 3 * 3 “ - 4 4 0 “ 0 0 10 2 8 8 2 2 “ ~ Table 5. Occupational earnings: Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.1—Continued ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) 1 T h e L o s A n g e l e s - L o n g B e a c h M e tr o p o lita n A r e a c o n s is t s of L o s A n g e le s C o u n ty , C a lif . 2 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r tim e a n d fo r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la te s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l of o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m ad e w ith p r e v i o u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e of c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u ch s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e en p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . 3 A p p r o x im a te ly 55 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s in th e L o s A n g e le s - L o n g B e a c h s u r v e y w e r e i n c e n t iv e - 4 5 6 7 8 W h e re s e p a r a te i n f o r m a t io n b y s e x is n o t show n, v i r t u a l l y a l l V i r tu a l ly a ll o f th e w o r k e r s w e r e m e n , a n d w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . A ll w o r k e r s e a r n e d b e tw e e n $ 8 a n d $ 8 . 4 0 . V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e i n c e n t i v e - r a t e d . V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . ra te d . of th e w o rk ers w e re w om en. Table 6. Occupational earnings: Miami, Fla.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s i n s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s i n w o m e n ' s a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c t u r i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) O ccupation and IL L sex PRODUCTION WORKERS3 ................................. . HEN................................. .................................................. Number Ave rag e of hourly workers e a rnings 2 . 20 2 . 4 0 2 .60 2 .80 3.00 NUHBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3.80 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 2 .40 2 .8 0 3 .00 3.20 3 ,4 0 3 .60 3 .8 0 20 2 16 186 136 16 1 20 130 14 116 104 4 100 10 4 1 22 3 19 22 3 19 4 “ ” 6 .60 6 .8 0 7 .00 7 .2 0 6 . 40 6 . 6 0 6 .80 7 .00 7 .20 7 .40 3 2 .6 0 $ 3 .1 5 4 .2 2 3 .0 3 258 18 240 607 37 570 602 7 595 207 9 198 368 32 3 36 64 145 23 162 53 109 152 49 103 27 16 11 15 7 8 12 76 62 2 .8 2 5 . 17 3 .0 1 3 .2 6 3 .1 3 3 .3 2 3 .21 2 .8 8 3 .3 6 4 .3 4 3 .41 5 .71 4 .7 8 3 .4 1 5 .9 7 3 .8 0 2 .8 9 2 .7 9 - 22 14 12 3 10 9 41 17 24 37 17 20 2 21 6 15 19 6 13 1 1 12 12 1 ,1 6 8 556 612 2 .9 0 2. 74 3 .0 5 1 03 14 89 495 415 164 144 20 48 3 .4 3 3 .4 5 2 .6 0 2 . 47 3 .5 5 2.86 3 ,0 1 2 297 2 ,715 S T R A IG H T - T IH E HOURLY EARNINGS ( I N DOLLA RS) OF— 4 . 4 0 4 . 6 0 T t . 8 0 5 . 0 0 5 . 2 0 5 . 4 0 5 . 60 5 . 8 0 6 . 0 0 6 . 20 6 . 4 0 4 . 20 4 . 4 0 4 .60 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 5.20 5 .4 0 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 45 8 37 81 11 70 50 11 39 39 19 20 28 20 10 10 26 23 3 16 6 10 - 28 23 10 13 2 6 11 11 19 - 10 3 23 6 4 7 5 - - 7 7 ” 7 2 5 7 4 3 - 4 4 “ 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 “ 7 “ - 4 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .2 0 7 .40 AND OVER 5 3 2 - 8 8 5 6 4 2 11 8 3 - 4 1 - 8 6 9 1 8 26 22 4 5 - 1 16 - - - a u " “ - - SELECTED PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS 4 ASSORTERS5 .................................................................... .. . CUTTERS AND BARKERS6 .......................................... . INS PECTORS, FINAL ( E I A H I R B R S ) ................ PR E S SE RS , H A N D . . . . . ............ ............................... I NC EN TI VE ............ .............................................. WOHEN............................................................................ T I H E ..................... ................................................... INCE NT IVE . . ..................................................... PR E SSE RS , NACHINE.................................................. T I H E ............... .......................................................... INCEN TIV E ........................................................... HEN................................................................................... T I H E ......................................................................... INC EN TI VE ........................................................... WOHEN............................................................................ SEWERS, HAND ( F I N I S H E R S ) ............. SEWING-HACHINE OPERATORS, SECTION STSTEH........................................................ T I H E . . ................................................................... SEWING-HACHINE OPERATORS, SINGLE-HAND (TAILOR) S I S T E H . . . . . . . INCEN TIV E ........................................................... THREAD TRIHHERS (CLEANERS) ........................ T I H E ..................... ................................................... WORK D I S T R I B U T O R S . ................................. ... 4 4 4 4 _ - 7 43 43 3 6 6 “ 6 27 15 12 27 15 12 7 7 - - 3 3 " 4 25 18 ” ” 10 10 * “ 1 14 14 24 2 126 116 350 265 85 98 37 61 137 65 72 79 63 78 76 2 4 49 49 17 17 50 50 2 * “ 1 1 4 6 ” " 4 4 2 2 2 " 2 2 10 3 10 10 3 1 10 3 3 - 3 “ 5 2 - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 2 2 * - ” “ “ “ “ - - - - - - _ 7 “ 2 - - - - - 2 ~ * 2 “ ” 26 8 18 35 8 9 10 2 3 2 3 2 2 30 8 9 10 2 3 - 2 3 5 - - 4 2 2 2 37 21 10 35 27 60 36 43 43 1 12 8 25 17 11 11 3 3 9 9 10 10 4 4 - 3 3 - 8 8 - 3 - 3 40 40 3 4 17 _ n 8 8 ___ 37 31 32 57 3 1 3 2 2 1 “ 1 7 “ - “ - - - - - - - - - ‘ " ' 1 1 1 T h e M ia m i m e t r o p o li ta n a r e a c o n s i s t s o f D a d e C o u n ty , F l a . 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la t e s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f ' e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e le v e l of o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e of c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . Such s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e an o c 1 1 3 - - - - - - - - 3 3 - - - c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . 3 A p p r o x im a te ly 58 p e r c e n t of th e w o r k e r s in the M ia m i s u r v e y w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 4 W h e re s e p a r a t e i n f o r m a t io n b y s e x is n o t sho w n , v i r t u a ll y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . 5 V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 6 V i r tu a lly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e m e n , a n d w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 7 A ll w o r k e r s e a r n e d $ 8 . 60 o r o v e r. Table 7. Occupational earnings: Newark and Jersey City, N.J.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) Occupation and sex A L L P R O D U C T I O N W O R K E R S 1 ............... 3 2 R E N . . . .................................. W O M E N .................................... SELECTED ----------------------------- E u r o n r i >P W O R K E R S i H E t t l M f e S f R A G H T - H E I 8 PURL' T T R i T n g T T P P S O ! — Average 2 . 4 0 2. 5 0 2 . 6 0 2. 7 0 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 3.0 0 3 . 2 0 3 . 4 0 3 . 6 0 3.80 4 . 0 0 Number 4. 2 0 4 • 40 4 . 6 0 4 . 8 0 5.00 5 . 4 0 5 . 8 0 6 . 2 0 hourly. of AND earnings U N D E R workers 2 . 5 0 2 . 6 0 2 . 7 0 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 3 . 0 0 3.20 3 . 4 0 3.6jP 3 . 8 0 4. 0 0 4 , 2 9 4 , 4 0 4 . 6 0 4 . 8 0 5 . 0 0 5. 4 0 5 . 8 0 6 . 2 0 6 . 6 0 2.793 360 2.A33 *4.74 6.37 4.50 2 2 114 10 104 28 28 15 2 13 17 4 13 26 26 129 19 110 92 10 82 212 _ _ _ _ _ 256 17 239 209 22 187 247 18 229 230 20 210 109 14 95 _ _ 8 3 6 - 8 2 _ « - 6 2 2 4 4 22 15 _ - - 8 10 2i: 22*2 6.60 7.00 7.40 7.80 7.00 7.40 7.80 8 .20 91 19 72 36 16 20 8.20 OVER 129 129 134 17 117 104 11 93 6 8 15 6 5 3 6 25 _ 10 9 11 3 11 6 879 21 2 - _ 8 8 8 2 2 _ 9 9 11 2 2 9 _ 3 _ _ 11 11 11 79 62 62 17 _ 9 3 _ _ - 6 6 6 _ _ 8 152 23 129 86 9 77 170 13 157 _ 1 _ 6 3 2 4 - 38 16 22 27 10 17 130 480 50 PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS5 C U T T E R S AND M A R K E R S 6 ................... I N S P E C T O R S . F I N A L ( E X A M I N E R S ) 7 ...... . P R E S S E R S . H A N D ........................... I N C E N T I V E ............................ H E N ....... . ................... ......... I N C E N T I V E ........................... W O M E N ................................... T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... S E W E R S . H A N D ( F I N I S H E R S ) .............. TI H E ....................... .......... 69 6.89 - - _ 184 7.98 - 2 - _ 147 101 91 83 27 56 136 8.75 9.32 9.88 6.35 5.19 6.92 3. 9 4 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - 2 4 4 - - 4 - 2 3 — 12 10 2 7 789 108 681 4.49 3.58 4.64 2 2 16 12 4 11 8 3 6 2 4 5 5 14 14 29 16 13 20 2 18 88 9 79 87 20 67 57 13 44 46 7 39 43 7 36 688 116 108 5.22 3.42 3. 4 2 - - - - 3 1 3 - - 3 18 15 3 11 11 3 35 34 20 22 22 29 3 3 119 1 1 110 10 9 _ _ - - 73 SEWING-MACHINE OPERATORS. S E C T I O N S Y S T E M .......................... T I N E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ............ .............. SEWING-MACHINE OPERATORS. S I N G L E - H A N D ( T A I L O R ) S Y S T E M 9 ....... T H R E A D T R I M M E R S ( C L E A N E R S ) 7 . . ....... . W O M E N ....... ............................ - - ii it 1 T h e N e w a rk a n d J e r s e y C ity a r e a c o n s is t s of E s s e x , H u d so n , M o r r i s , S o m e r s e t, a n d U n io n C o u n tie s , N ew J e r s e y . 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a te s h if ts . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e of e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e le v e l of o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r tim e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e of c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . Su ch s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a t io n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . 3 A p p r o x i m a t e l y 59 p e r c e n t of th e w o r k e r s in th e N e w a rk a n d J e r s e y C ity s u r v e y w e r e i n c e n t iv e ra te d . _ 38 _ _ - - - 2 2 _ 2 2 _ 4 4 6 6 23 2 21 3 37 3 34 41 41 32 2 30 37 1 41 1 1 19 3 3 - _ _ _ 3 _ - 17 4 - - 74 4 70 63 3 60 56 56 21 21 22 22 - 3 - 8 3 4 _ 4 4 _ 4 44 52 47 56 41 6 16 13 26 17 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s f o llo w s : 11 a t $ 8 .2 0 a n d u n d e r $ 8 .6 0 ; 13 a t $ 8 . 6Q a n d u n d e r $9; 1 a t $ 9 a n d u n d e r $ 9 . 40; 1 a t $ 9 . 40 a n d u n d e r $ 9 . 80; 6 a t $ 10. 20 a n d u n d e r $ 10. 60; a n d 48 a t $ 10.60 and o v e r. 5 W h e re s e p a r a t e in fo r m a t io n b y s e x is n o t sh o w n , v i r t u a ll y a ll w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . 6 V i r tu a lly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e m e n , a n d w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s f o llo w s : 10 a t $ 8 .2 0 a n d u n d e r $ 8 .6 0 ; 14 a t $ 8. 60 a n d u n d e r $ 9 ; 1 a t $ 9 .4 0 a n d u n d e r $ 9 .8 0 ; 6 a t $ 9 .8 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 .2 0 ; 6 a t $ 1 0 .2 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 .6 0 ; a n d 42 a t $ 10. 60 an d o v e r . 9 V ir tu a lly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e i n c e n t i v e - r a t e d . Table 8. Occupational earnings: New York City, N.Y.1—All shops ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s tr a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) Number Average 2 . 3 0 of AND hourly workers earnings1* 1 N 0 E R 24 Occupation and sex 2.90 _ 2.50 _ 2.60 - 2.70 _ N U M B E R OF W O R K E R S 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 _ _ R E C E I V I N G STRA 3.9 0 3 .60 3.80 _ . C U T T E R S ANO INSPECTORS. TIRE••«••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.90 258 169 150 161 9.75 161 81 17 69 52 135 112 186 58 128 187 35 152 589 68 516 630 95 535 1130 102 1028 11 90 130 1.215 316 36 280 1.190 73 1.117 1.057 133 29 1 09 78 9.15 9.03 7.61 9.60 9.22 9.65 9.13 6.36 9.31 9.59 5.97 9.61 5.71 8.93 SEMING— MACHINE THREAD TRIMMERS 3.60 3.80 9.00 9.20 9.90 9.60 1296 1333 920 9.80 5.00 658 592 22 15 2 5 1 3 1 9 198 1327 8.50 - - 9.00 - 9.50 ANO 12 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 1896 276 1570 1669 378 1291 1158 233 925 889 195 799 889 338 551 619 301 313 937 390 97 358 315 93 71 31 87 22 99 19 *9 18 20 5 - 185 19 188 - 151 - 16 21 18 93 19 68 92 38 86 68 83 2 - 9.50 230 181 * 7 0 0 99 79 17 9 8 5.50 26 - - - - 20 - J 18 19 37 19 6 6 29 29 7 37 91 37 2* 12 22 139 12 99 - 97 81 91 81 91 8969 10 959 - 12 - - - - - _ - - _ - - 6 3 3 -J 12 95 1 •0 9 * 308 786 10.50 *.50 3.75 9.80 _ 9.21 9.23 9.20 32 726 5.00 3.56 53 26 - 18 12 17 17 3 27 22 23 27 15 22 16 30 15 5 80 35 95 36 25 35 117 79 23 35 117 28 19 172 55 15 97 73 29 79 187 97 190 232 69 163 77 356 132 56 0 122 _ 121 93 78 - 32 - _ 103 6 J _ _ _ _ 3 6 - 36 120 59 25 59 03 111 113 58 797 _ . 10 _ 3 * 12 512 36~ 1: . OPERATORS. 1 C L E A N E R S ........• 2* 19 * * 30 19 9.01 1 8.00 11 19 12 2.269 399 1.920 INCENTIV£••••••••••••••••••••• o p e r a t o r s 7.50 - 5 M A R K E R S 7 ..................... F I N A L I E X A M I N E R S I 6 ...... . SEWING-MACHINE 7.00 19 2.60 S5.22 13 o c c u p a t i o n s 2.50 20.000 *•807 15.101 p r o d u c t i o n IIN DOL L A R S I OF — 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 _ _ - OVER 2.90 s e l e c t e d GHT - T I M E H0U R L T EAR! INGS 9.00 9.20 9.90 9.60 *•80 _ _ - T h e N e w Y o rk C ity a r e a c o n s i s t s o f B ro n x , K in g s. N e w Y o rk , Q u e e n s , a n d R ic h m o n d C o u n tie s , N . Y. 2 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l of o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , and s h if t s in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . * A p p r o x i m a t e l y 58 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s in th e N ew Y o rk C ity s u r v e y w e r e i n c e n t i v e - r a t e d . 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o llo w s : 96 a t $ 9 . 50 a n d u n d e r $ 10; 127 a t $ 10 a n d u n d e r $ 10. 50; 101 a t $ 10. 50 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 ; 8 5 a t $ 11 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 . 50; 61 a t $ 1 1 . 50 a n d u n d e r $ 12; 17 a t $ 12 a n d 395 30 3 213 ** 10 u n d e r $ 1 2 . 5 0 ; a n d 213 a t $ 1 2 . 5 0 a n d o v e r . 5 W h e re s e p a r a t e in fo r m a t io n b y s e x is n o t s h o w n , v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . 6 V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 7 V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e m e n , a n d w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 40 a t $9* 50 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 ; 81 a t $ 1 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 . 50; 64 a t $ 1 0 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 ; 51 a t $ 1 1 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 . 5 0 ; 30 a t $ 1 1 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 2 ; 12 a t $ 12 a n d u n d e r $ 1 2 . 5 0 ; a n d 186 a t $ 1 2 . 5 0 a n d o v e r . 9 V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e i n c e n t iv e - r a t e d . 10 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s f o llo w s : 6 a t $ 9 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 ; 3 a t $ 1 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 .5 0 ; 6 a t $ 1 0 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 ; 18 a t $ 1 1 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 2 ; 3 a t $ 1 2 a n d u n d e r $ 1 2 . 5 0 . Table 9. Occupational earnings: New York City, N.Y.1—Regular and cutting shops ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) A verage Number of hourly, w orkers aarnings O c c u p a t i o n and se x ALL P R O D U C T I O N W O R K E R S 3. . .............. h e n .......................................... W O M E N ........... ............................ s e l e c t e d a s s o r t e r s p r o d u c t i o n o c c u p a t i o n s 2.66 T7JS AN0 UNDER 2. * 0 2.70 NUMBER 2.80 2.90 W 3.00 r k e r s 3.20 RECEIVINGSTRa 3 . 4 0 3.60 3.80 G H T - T I N E 1 0 U R L 1 C A R ' 11 n o s 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 (IN 5.00 3.80 4.00 of 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.50 6.020 3.005 3.015 *5.82 6.18 5.*5 11* 82 32 21 15 6 70 57 13 26 15 11 70 49 21 17 5 12 5* 29 25 67 37 30 98 57 41 231 88 143 27 0 138 132 165 82 83 250 156 94 302 174 128 240 120 120 177 53 124 124 51 73 566 207 359 36 A . 66 - - 4 - - _ - - _ 2 2 2 2 5 - 2 5 5 8 8 12 12 53 13 6 6 3 3 - - O L L A t tS) O F — _______________________________________________ 5.50 6.00 6.50 7 .00 7.50 8.00 8 .50 9 . 0 0 9.50 AND OVER 6 . 0 0 6 . 5 0 7 . 0 0 7,51) 8 . 0 0 8 . 5 0 9 . 0 0 9 . 5 0 544 179 365 592 166 426 51 22 22 76 19 16 459 62 397 438 20 9 229 3 03 2 05 98 181 _ - 159 14 14 236 218 18 19 7 19 2 5 125 100 25 - 264 - 259 5 4 ? .................................... 7 * In , f i n a l ( e x a m i n e r s )5 ...... . ....................................... 162 135 5.3* 5.*8 T I N E . . . . ................................ 28 7l*2 . . . ........... .......................... T I N E . . . . ................................ 112 1« S E W E R S # H A N D ( F I N I S H E R S I ............... T I N E . . ................................... I N C E N T I V E . . . . . . . ...... ............ s e w i n g -m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s . S I N G L E - H A N D ( T A I L O R ) S Y S T E M ......... T I N E ........... .......................... i n c e n t i v e . . ................. ......... W O M E N ............ .......................... I N C E N T I V E .............................. s p e c t o r s w o m e n m e n WORK D I S T R I B U T O R S ! ........................ 1 - - - - - 12.56 10.82 - - 262 188 7* *• * 6 *.01 5.59 - - - - 821 110 711 668 582 5.52 5.92 5. * 6 5.44 5.*7 17 17 17 17 32 3.18 12 2 7 7 17 - 18 18 7 7 - - - - _ - - - _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - 17 17 - 54 51 3 14 14 - 41 33 8 9 - _ - 7 7 10 7 3 7 7 - 3 - 20 20 20 20 8 8 8 8 22 22 5 5 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 24 24 7 7 20 6 14 20 14 19 3 16 19 16 33 3 30 33 30 2 2 5 - - 2 2 2 5 5 5 - - - 17 17 - - - - - 3 3 3 6 - - - - T h e N e w Y o rk C ity a r e a c o n s i s t s o f B ro n x , K in g s, N e w Y o rk . Q u e e n s , a n d R ic h m o n d C o u n tie s , N . Y. 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r tim e a n d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a te s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e le v e l of o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r tim e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f le c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if t s in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . Su ch s h if ts , fo r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . 7 7 _ 9 - 23 23 23 23 18 18 - 47 7 97 10 10 2 i _ 3 3 3 • - - 1 1 - 19 9 10 15 10 5 34 9 5 5 1 0 - 3 10 3 17 3 14 17 14 143 54 89 126 72 129 - 28 2 26 28 26 26 3 23 23 23 129 78 78 25 86 7 79 69 62 Ill 8 103 111 103 _ 22 6 16 11 11 10 _ 20 15 5 5 5 4 94 10 _ _ _ - 7 2 - 7 2 2 2 2 2 10 3 A p p r o x i m a t e l y 85 p e r c e n t of the w o r k e r s in r e g u l a r a n d c u ttin g s h o p s in the N ew Y o rk C ity s u rv e y w e re tim e -r a te d . 4 W h e re s e p a r a t e i n f o r m a tio n b y s e x is n o t sh o w n , v i r t u a l l y a ll w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . 5 V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 6 V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e m e n . a n d w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 15 a t $ 1 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 . 50; 18 a t $ 1 0 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 ; 21 a t $ 1 1 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 . 5 0 ; 4 a t $ 1 1 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 2 ; a n d 39 a t $ 1 2 . 5 0 a n d o v e r. Table 10. Occupational earnings: New York City, N.Y.1—Contract shops ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) ALL PRODUCTION W O R K E R S 14 . . . . . ________ 3 2. Number Ave rag e 2 . 3 0 of hourly AND workers e a rnings JN0ER 2. A 0 2.50 2.60 2.70 N U M B E R )F W 0 R K E R S 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 RECE IVIN6 3.AO 3.60 STRA IG H T - T I HE H O U R L Y E A R N I N 6 S 3 . 8 0 A . 00 A . 20 A . A 0 A . 60 A . 80 2 . A0 O c c u p a t i o n and ac x 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.60 A . 00 A . 20 A.A0 A . 60 A . 80 5.00 5.50 6.00 144 60 99 12A 91 169 133 U S A 1046 1031 680 481 468 1280 1125 1211 18 14*028 $4.96 3.20 3. A 0 3.80 ii r SELECTEO PRODUCTION (IN D O L L A R S ! OF — 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 _ 9.00 _ 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 566 430 451 311 201 161 105 926 A99 3A7 322 215 79 38 2A 36 18 19 24 26 9.50 AND OVER 515 4 AA 1 7A OCCUPATIONS5 28 20 CUTTERS AND INSPECTORS, M A R K E R S ! _________________ ____ FINAL ( E X A M I N E R S ! 6 ...... . 255 237 15A 7.63 3.83 18 6 _ - _ 3 18 12 37 37 3A 34 20 20 18 6 38 38 P R E S S E R S . h a n o A N D M A C H I N E ............ iNCCNTIv e ••••••••••••••••••••• 78 (5 6 6 8.A3 10.50 - - 6 6 6 92 82 10 3 - 68 58 85 71 71 3 6 3 6 10 3 6 36 36 4 4 3 SEWERS. HAND ( F I N I S H E R S ! . . . . . . . . ___ ^4^52 15 712 SEUIN6-NACHINE 832 A . 72 15 60 SEUlNG-MACHINE OPERATORS. S I N G L E - H A N D ( T A I L O R ! S Y S T E M 8. ...... D I S T R I B U T O R S . ........................ 1 76 21 21 62 106 33 56 12 50 76 21 21 62 106 33 56 12 668 A26 28A 275 187 6 87 - 6 922 93 6 7 367 4 OPERATORS. 2.151 231 1.920 WORK 50 57 18 7 50 38 38 _ - 7 .0A5 685 20 T h e N e w Y o rk C i ty a r e a c o n s i s t s o f B r o n x , l4 f 14 0 A.9A 3.5A 3.96 36 26 5 A3 10, 22 1A 16 20 38 5A 16 A 205 339 - - - - - ~ - - 9 K in g s , N e w Y o rk , Q u e e n s , an d R ic h m o n d C o u n t ie s , N . Y. 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a te s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e le v e l of o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d ie s m a y n o t r e f le c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if t s in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . * A p p r o x i m a t e l y 76 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s in c o n tr a c t s h o p s in N ew Y o rk C ity w e r e i n c e n tiv e ra te d . 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o llo w s : 46 a t $9» 50 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 ; 75 a t $ 1 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 . 50; 66 a t $ 1 0 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 ; 36 a t $ 1 1 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 . 5 0 ; 50 a t $ 1 1 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 2 ; 15 a t $ 1 2 a n d 163 31 3 39 A 98 3A 18 52 44 4 u n d e r $ 12. 50; a n d 153 a t ^ 1 2 .5 0 a n d o v e r . 5 W h e re s e p a r a t e in fo r m a t io n b y s e x is n o t show n, v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . 6 V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 12 a t $ 1 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 . 5 0 ; 14 a t $ 1 0 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 ; 12 a t $ 1 1 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 . 5 0 ; 6 a t $ 1 1 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 2 ; a n d 6 a t $ 1 2 . 5 0 a n d o v e r . 8 V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e i n c e n t iv e - r a t e d . 9 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 40 a t $9* 50 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 ; 66 a t $ 1 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 . 50; 46 a t $ 1 0 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 ; 30 a t $ 1 1 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 . 5 0 ; 26 a t $ 1 1 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 2 ; 12 a t $ 12 a n d u n d e r $ 1 2 . 50; a n d 147 a t $ 1 2 . 50 a n d o v e r. 10 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 6 a t $ 9 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 ; 3 a t $ 10 a n d u n d e r $ 1 0 .5 0 ; 6 a t $ 1 0 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 1 ; 18 a t $ 1 1 . 5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 1 2 ; a n d 3 a t $ 1 2 a n d u n d e r $ 1 2 . 5 0 . Table 11. Occupational earnings: Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, N.Y.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) Number 2.30 2.40 Ave rage of AND hourly wo rk ers e a r n i n g s 1* U N D E R 2 O c c u p a t i o n and s e x — H U M B E R T5r~U6RKn;5" R E C E I V I N G S T R A I G H T - t I H E H O U R L Y E A R N I N G S 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.40 4.80 5.20 5.60 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3 .60 3.80 7 819 selected production occupations 14 3.83 23 13 1 2 1 2 31 31 31 66 6 6 FINAL <E X A H I N E R S 16 ...... . 17 64 13 51 15 -h a c h i n e operators 112 1 75 in 6 - 1 1 8.02 • 3.19 2 _ 21 - 5 3 2 69 i 147 67 6 8 147 66 3 4 - 1 40 24 1 1 39 23 6.00 6.40 6.80 1 1 2 1 3 4 5 3 8 6 7.20 7.60 5 5 11 7 4 8.00 8.40 9 .80 18 7 15 12 6 15 9. 2 0 AND OVER 9 .20 244 214 3.81 336 19 4.03 3.07 14 - 8 1 - 1 2 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 2 _ _ _ _ _ 2 4 5 1 _ _ _ 2 _ _ _ _ 9 2 _ _ _ _ _ 1 1 1 _ _ _ 2 2 2 _ 2 1 5 1 14 1 15 3 15 15 1 15 x . _ _ _ _ i . SEUING-HACHINE OPERATORS. S I N G L E - H A N D ( T A I L O R ) S Y S T E H 7 ....... T H R E A D T R I H H E R S ( C L E A N E R S ) 6 .......... . 1 i 1 4 8 13 17 17 17 15 19 19 52 26 2 1 2 1 33 33 14 14 13 13 13 15 30 4 19 30 33 95 36 20 8 1 T h e P a t e r s ’ n - C l i f t o n - P a s s a i c a r e a c o n s is t s of B e r g e n and P a s s a i c C o u n tie s , N. J . o 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r tim e an d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , an d l a t e s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le of e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e le v e l of o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r tim e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e of c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u ch s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . 75 70 2 3.86 7.69 1 0 sewing 70 4.40 4.80 5.20 5.60 8.00 8.40 8.80 4* 10 INSPECTORS. 1.00 P0U.A ?S> 0 6.40 6.80 7.20 7.60 6.00 1 4 4 18 _ 1 1 3 31 _ _ _ 4 4 3 - - - - i - 1 3 A p p r o x im a te ly 74 p e r c e n t of th e w o r k e r s in th e P a t e r s o n - C l i t t o n - P a s s a i c s u r v e y w e r e in c e n tiv e 4 5 6 7 W h e re s e p a r a t e in f o r m a tio n b y s e x is n o t show n, v i r t u a ll y a ll w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e m e n , a n d w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . V i r tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . V ir tu a lly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e i n c e n t iv e - r a t e d . Table 12. Occupational earnings: Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) O c c u p a t i o n and s ex 2.30 2 .40 Number Average ANO hourly of 2 w o r k e r s e a r n i n g s 1 JNDER 2.40 2 .5 0 2 .50 2.60 2 .7 0 NUMBER OF WORKERS RECE IVI NG ST RA IG HT -T IM E HOURLY EARNINGS ( I N DOLLARS) OF — 2 .8 0 2.90 3 .0 0 3.20 3.40 3.60 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 5 .2 0 5 .6 0 6.00 6 .4 0 6 .8 0 7 .20 7 .60 8 .00 8 .40 2 .60 2 .70 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3 .00 3.20 3.40 3.60 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 1 ,3 0 8 150 1 .1 5 8 $4.29 4 .92 4 .20 38 12 26 3 1 2 17 2 15 10 1 9 9 i 8 14 1 13 7 7 87 12 75 245 14 23 1 13 0 13 117 95 11 84 75 6 69 64 7 57 59 2 57 ASSORTFRS5 ....................................................................... . WOMFN............................................................................. CUTTERS AND MARKERS6 .......................................... IN S P E C T O R S , FINAL (EXA MINE RS )5 ............ . P R E S S E R S , HAND........................................................... t i m e .......................................................................... I N C E N T IV E ........................................................... SEWERS, HAND ( F I N I S H E R S ) .............................. 38 34 61 43 96 30 66 36 3 .36 3 .35 7.0 2 3 .45 4 .8 6 4 .1 3 5 .20 3 .61 - - - - i i 1 1 i i 11 11 11 11 5 2 2 1 3 3 - 3.80 4 .0 0 - - I N C E N T IV E ........................................................... SEWING-MACHINE OPERATORS, SECT ION SYSTEM........................................................ I N C E N T IV E ........................................................... SEWING-MACHINE OPERATORS, SINGLE-HAND (T A IL OR ) SYSTEM7 ............... THREAD TRIMMERS (CLEANERS)5........................ WORK DI ST R IB U T O R S 5 ................................................ . 15 3 .85 - - - 497 401 4 .11 4 .1 7 - - - - 187 55 9 5 .6 6 3 .25 3 .87 - - 4 i 2 5 .6 0 6 .0 0 6 .4 0 6 .8 0 7 .20 7 .60 8 .00 8 .4 0 8 .80 70 1 69 60 2 58 50 2 48 22 22 40 9 31 47 36 11 23 7 16 23 6 17 9 2 7 6 6 1 5 - - 1 ~ 11 35 " 1 6 “ 2 3 2 “ 2 “ “ 3 9 “ 2 6 5 “ 5 2 “ 9 4 5 1 i 1 11 3 2 1 2 3 2 i 1 - 3 3 ALL PRODUCTION WORKERS3 ................................. MEN................................................................................... WOMFN............................................................................. 8 .80 AND OVER 4 .6 0 56 1 55 4 .8 0 43 43 5 .2 0 6 SELECTED PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS4 1 “ - - " 1 i - 4 2 2 - - 1 - - - - - 2 2 * - * 2 2 1 14 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a t e s h if ts . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le of e s ta b l is h m e n t s , 'a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e le v e l of o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d ie s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e of c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h if t s , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l 2 4 i 3 7 6 13 7 6 1 3 7 4 3 5 * 9 4 5 2 i 5 2 3 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 6 4 2 I 3 i 1 4 2 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 14 8 12 7 1 T h e P h i la d e l p h ia a r e a c o n s i s t s of P h i la d e l p h ia a n d D e la w a r e C o u n tie s , P a . , a n d C a m d e n C o u n ty , N. J. 21 6 6 14 60 44 47 30 34 25 33 22 30 23 32 26 23 20 29 27 21 20 14 14 7 4 4 4 1 1 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 22 3 1 2 6 - 7 “ 1 11 2 2 11 1 9 28 “ 1 23 " 22 7 12 " 20 “ 6 “ 8 “ 10 “ 2 ” 2 • a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . ° A p p r o x im a te ly 56 p e r c e n t of th e w o r k e r s in the P h i la d e l p h ia s u r v e y w e r e i n c e n t iv e - r a t e d . 4 W h e re s e p a r a t e in f o r m a t io n b y s e x is n o t show n, v i r t u a ll y a ll w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . 5 V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 6 V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e m e n , a n d w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 7 V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e i n c e n t i v e - r a t e d . - Table 13. Occupational earnings: St. Louis, Mo.-lll.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n ’ s a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) O c c u p a t i o n and s ex Number Average 2 . 3 0 2 . 4 0 AND of hourly w o r k er s e a r n i n g s 1*UNDER 2 2 .4 0 2.60 83 629 INSPECTORS, FI NA L (E X A M IN E R S ) ............... 27 3 .87 42 23 17 44 14 8 7 .01 3.93 3.82 4.81 4 .30 4 .5 8 4 .90 4 .1 9 3.75 3 .0 0 NUN HER DF WORKERS RECE IVIN G 3 .20 3.40 3.60 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 STRA GHT- TIME HOURLY EARNINGS ( I N DOLLARS) OF— 4 .4 0 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .4 0 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 6 .00 6 .2 0 2 .8 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3.40 4 .6 0 4 .?4 58 7 21 2 .8 0 *4.36 5 .4 9 4.21 266 SELECTED PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS4 A S S O R T F R S 5....................................................................... 2 .6 0 3.60 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 10 18 102 94 35 33 18 - - - 6 .0 0 6 .20 6 .4 0 6 80 7 .00 7 .40 6 .6 0 6 .8 0 7 00 7 .40 7.80 3 2 1 5 7] 6 3 5 1 . . 1 78 - - - - 7 7 - 10 - 7 .80 AND OVER 19 _ 2 - - 38 6 1 7 2 1 T h e S t, L o u is M e tr o p o li t a n A r e a c o n s is t s of St. L o u is C ity , F r a n k lin , J e f f e r s o n , S t. C h a r le s , a n d S t. L o u is C o u n tie s , M o . ; a n d C lin to n , M a d iso n , M o n ro e , a n d S t. C l a ir C o u n tie s , III. 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a te s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e le v e l of o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s, c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f le c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d if f e r e n t p a y l e v e ls . Su ch s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n 5 .4 0 6 .6 0 6 SEWING-MACHINE OPERATORS, SEWING-MACHINE OPERATORS, SINGLE-HAND (T A IL O R ) SYSTEM6 ................ THREAD TRIMMERS (C L E A N E R S ) ........................ 5 .2 0 6 .4 0 23 _ 13 1 6 2 3 5 8 4 2 . 5 _ i 1 1 2 1 . _ _ 3 _ o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n th e p e r i o d s c o m p a re d . 3 A p p r o x im a te ly 58 p e r c e n t o f t h e w o r k e r s a r e i n c e n t iv e - r a t e d . 4 W h e re s e p a r a t e i n f o r m a t io n by s e x i s n o t sh o w n v i r t u a ll y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . 5 V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 6 V i r tu a l ly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e i n c e n t i v e - r a t e d . 2 b e in g Table 14. Occupational earnings: Wilkes-Barre—Hazleton, Pa.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) Occupation and sex ALL P R O D U C T I O N W O R K E R S ............... M E N ...................................... W O M F N ................................... SELECTED PRODUCTION Average 2 .3 0 2 .40 AND hourly2 of 2 workers earnings1 UN0ER 2 .40 2 .50 5 ,8 1 9 352 5 .467 S 3.87 4 .6 3 3 .8 2 26 24 148 69 55 50 413 32 381 58 13 45 355 19 336 23 9 14 6 .40 6 .5 7 3.73 5.91 3.55 3 .5 6 5 .5 6 4 .0 4 5 .6 9 5.71 3 .97 6.21 5 .5 4 4 . 0B 5 .6 2 3.86 3 .7 8 3 .90 3 ,4 0 0 179 3.221 423 401 22 92 3 .8 4 3 .6 5 3 .8 5 3 .4 5 3 .42 4.0B 3 .7 2 149 22 12 7 30 5 25 - - 2 .5 0 2 .60 2.70 NUMBER OF WORKERS RECE VING STRA,1GHT- ri M E HOURL EARNINGS ( I N DOLLARS) OF 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 1 0 3 . 2 0 3 30 3 . 4 0 3 . 5 0 3 . 6 0 3 . 8 0 4 . 0 0 4 . 2 0 4 . 4 0 4 . 6 0 4 . 8 0 5 . 2 0 2 .60 2.70 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 61 10 51 43 12 31 48 8 40 3 .0 0 59 1 58 64 2 62 ' - - - 3.10. 3 .2 0 “ 3 .60 3 .8 0 4 .00 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 5 .2 0 5 .6 0 71 1 8 2 3 6 3 65 1820 322 9 313 790 13 777 332 12 320 314 20 294 274 18 256 200 19 181 12 0 3 1 17 235 25 210 116 13 1 03 8 - 5 “ 1 1 66 12 54 11 6 5 55 6 49 i 159 1 1 58 100 17 83 - - - 1 24 8 2 2 - 6 5 1 1 16 14 13 5 8 - - 1 1 2 - 4 3 7 7 2 2 5 5 - 6 .0 0 6 40 6 80 7 .20 6 00 6 . 4 0 6 80 7 20 7.60 104 64 40 48 7 41 28 5 23 26 3 23 87 18 69 3 3 “ 67 7 “ 75 15 60 OCCUPATIONS4 A D J U S T E R S 4 ................................. M E N . . . . ................................. A S S O R T F R S ; ................................. C U T T E R S A N D M A R K E R S 7 ................... I N S P E C T O R S . F I N A L ( E X A M I N E R S ) ....... T I M E .................................. P R E S S E R S . H A N D ........................... T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... M E N ...................................... T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... W O M F N ................................... T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... S E W E R S . H A N D ( F I N I S H E R S ) .............. T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... SEWING-MACHINE OPERATORS. S E C T I O N S Y S T E M .......................... T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... T H R E A D T R I M M E R S ( C L E A N E R S ) ........... T I M E .................................. I N C E N T I V E ........................... W O R K D I S T R I B U T O R S ’ ...................... . - “ - 1 1 - * - 1 1 2 2 2 2 “ - - “ - - “ - - 11 11 - 15 5 10 9 9 - 26 5 21 9 8 1 22 5 17 7 7 23 15 8 18 18 - “ - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 8 2 6 4 4 - 15 2 13 6 6 - 12 12 5 5 - 1 1 - 2 14 14 21 21 3 4 4 4 4 - - 1 T h e W i l k e s - B a r r e — H a z le to n a r e c o n s i s t s o f L u z e r n e C o u n ty , P a . 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la t e s h i f t s . T hese s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , an d s h if t s in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u ch s h if t s , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e an o c c u p a t io n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d , J A p p r o x im a te ly 71 p e r c e n t o f t h e w o r k e r s in th e W il k e s - B a r r e — H a z le to n s u r v e y w e r e i n c e n t iv e ra te d , 3 . 3 0 J L iASL 3 . 5 0 141 21 1 20 5 60 - 13 5 8 5 1 4 18 1 5 3 8 67 18 1 4 7 1 11 115 107 11 - 5 f t 11 243 11 232 17 12 5 2 2 2 80 2 25 24 10 10 2 2 8 8 7 4 3 307 20 287 165 165 - 38 . 10 - - 9 6 3 6 6 3 3 1 1 - 37 7 30 2 2 35 7 28 5 3 2 237 3 234 22 22 16 18 0 9 171 7 . 5 5 . 7 7 42 - 2 7 3 21 21 - - 2 - 36 36 2 33 “ 33 5 28 “ 28 13 13 2 21 21 21 - 2 34 34 - 5 28 28 - 28 “ 28 2 2 11 - 3 4 - 11 11 _ _ “ 2 3 “ 8 8 “ A 7 *66 21 9 24 1 23 3 17 66 11 9 12 12 3 21 1 20 8 8 - 17 “ 17 “ 11 55 14 - i * - “ 2 “ “ ” " 1 75 17 1 58 - 139 9 130 2 2 6 69 160 6 15 4 4 4 61 3 58 4 4 47 23 20 47 23 20 13 “ 13 6 * 6 - * * 4 69 “ - 7 .60 AND OVER - 55 “ 14 “ * “ 4 W h e re s e p a r a t e in fo r m a t io n by s e x is n o t s h o w n , v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e w o m e n . 5 A ll o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 6 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s f o llo w s : 1 a t $ 7 .6 0 a n d u n d e r $ 8 ; 4 a t $ 8 a n d u n d e r $ 8 .4 0 ; and 2 a t $ 10 a n d o v e r . 7 V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e m e n , a n d w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s f o llo w s : 22 a t $ 7 . 6 0 a n d u n d e r $ 8 ; 10 a t $ 8 o r u n d e r $ 8 ,4 0 ; 8 a t $ 8 .4 0 a n d u n d e r $ 8 .8 0 ; 4 a t $ 8 . 8 0 a n d u n d e r $ 9 .2 0 ; 7 a t 9 .2 0 a n d u n d e r $ 9 .6 0 ; 7 a t $ 9 .6 0 and unde it $10; and 8 a t $10 and o v e r. Table 15. Occupational earnings: South Carolina ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s O ccupation and s e x of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in w o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' d r e s s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1977) 2 . 2 0 2.<*0 2 . 6 0 Average Number AND h o u r ly f of UNDER workers ear nings 2 .0 0 2 .60 2 .8 0 1 ,518 130 1 ,388 $2.89 3 .70 2 .8 2 16 36 5. *8 2 .71 - 28 23 «7 12 10 3 4 .20 4 .21 2 .86 3.1 7 2.62 _ DO 815 22 ALL PRODUCTION WORKERS..3. .......................... HEN.................................................................................. ROHEN............................................................................ 249 3 206 2 .81 2 .84 134 8 330 15 315 299 15 279 HOHBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING 2 .8 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .9 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 9 .0 0 9 .2 0 9 .9 0 9 .60 9 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .9 0 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 6 .00 6 .2 0 6.90 6.60 3 .00 .3 .2 0 5 . 90 5 . 6 0 5 .80 6 .0 0 6 .2 0 3 .9 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 9 .0 0 9 .2 0 9 .9 0 9 .6 0 9.8 0 5 .0 0 5 .20 112 18 99 75 10 65 39 6 33 31 8 23 26 6 20 18 6 12 18 5 13 9 6 3 2 2 - 10 8 2 1 “ - - - - - 9 2 - - - - - - - 4 4 10 6 2 2 - 129 3 126 165 9 1 56 i* 6 - _ 2 2 6 .9 0 6.60 6.8 0 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 _ _ 3 - 2 2 _ _ - - _ - - - 2 _ _ _ - - - 3 2 1 SELECTEE PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS3 ADJ US TE RS.4 ................................................................... . ASSORTEBS.5. ................................................................... INS PE CT O RS , PINAL (EXA HIN ERS) . . . . . . T I H E ......................................................................... 2 - - - 16 6 16 2 12 _ - 30 2 6 2 4 - - 11 14 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - . _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 l* 8 - 64 4 49 4 33 25 i« 15 - - _ SBBING-HACHINE OPERATORS, 210 4 186 68 ^ 1 ROHEN.................. .. 1 ........................................... 28 3 .0 8 - 2 6 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y fo r o v e r t i m e a n d fo r w o rk o n w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a te s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n ta ti v e s a m p le o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w ag e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e in th e s a m p l e c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h if t s , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e an o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . - - 2 A p p r o x im a te ly 73 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s in th e S o u th C a r o li n a s u r v e y w e r e i n c e n tiv e - ra te d . 3 W h e re s e p a r a t e in fo r m a t io n b y s e x is n o t sh o w n , v i r t u a ll y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e w om en. 4 V i r tu a l ly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e m e n , a n d w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 5 V i r tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e t i m e - r a t e d . 6 V ir tu a lly a l l w o r k e r s w e r e i n c e n t iv e - r a t e d . Table 16. Method of wage payment (Percent of production workers in women’s and misses’ dress manufacturing establishments by method of wage payment,1 13 selected areas,2 August 1977) Method of wage payment Boston Chicago New York City DallasFt. Worth Fall River and New Bedford Los AngelesLong Beach Miami Newark and Jersey City Regular shops3 Contract shops PatersonCliftonPassaic Phila delphia St. Louis All shops WilkesBarreHazleton South Carolina . .. All w o rk e rs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Time-rated w o rk e rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55. . . Formal p la n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -. . Single r a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Range of rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Individual ra te s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45. . 42 31 31 12 61 6 (4) 5 55 41 45 12 8 4 33 58 3 3 55 41 41 42 3 2 1 39 85 24 1 1 _ 23 26 4 4 21 44 4 4 41 42 42 42 - 29 4 4 25 25 3 3 22 . . Incentive w o rk e rs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 . Individual piecew ork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 . Group p iecew ork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Individual b o n u .s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Group bonus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. 58 58 - 39 28 12 55 55 - - 59 51 8 - 58 54 4 _ - 42 42 _ - 76 71 5 ■ _ (4) 74 69 5 _ - 56 56 - 58 58 _ - 71 68 2 - 75 75 - _ 1 1 40 59 59 _ - _ _ - 4 4 77 15 14 n - 0 1 For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix B. 2 See footnote 1 of individual area tables 1-14 for definitions of selected areas. 3 Includes jobbing shops performing some manufacturing operations, such as cutting and packing and shipping, in addition to regular (inside) shops. ro to 8 4 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, Table 17. Scheduled weekly hours (Percent of production workers in women’s and misses' dress manufacturing establishments by scheduled weekly hours,1 13 selected areas,2 August 1977) Weekly hours Boston All w o rk e rs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 . .. 30 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . na 36 h o u r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15. . . . 37.5 h o u r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . . .. 9 5 hnnrc Chicago 100 New York City DallasFt. Worth Fall River and New Bedford Los AngelesLong Beach Miami 100 100 100 100 inn ( 4) i 19 99 2 86 in n 100 Regular shops3 Contract shops PatersonCliftonPassaic Phila delphia St. Louis All shops Wilkes. Ba rre Hazleton South Carolina 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Q9 QX Q1 q <; mn in n 2 7 _ 8 1 6 _ in n _ Newark and Jersey City _ 5 _ 4 Less than 0.5 percent. 1 Data relate to predominant schedule for full-time day-shift workers in each establishment. 2 See footnote 1 of individual area tables 1-14 for definitions of selected areas. 3 Includes jobbing shops performing some manufacturing operations, such as cutting and packing and shipping, NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. in addition to regular (inside) shops. _ _ Qfi _ _ 4 _ _ 64 Table 18. Paid holidays (Paid holiday provisions for workers covered by International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union agreements1 in women’s and misses’ dress manufacturing establishments, 13 selected areas,2 August 1977) Number of holidays annually Area 9 days Boston..................................................... Chicago................................................... 10 days Method of computing pay for pieceworkers Payments were based on guaranteed rate for each craft. Payments were based on average earnings. Dallas-Ft. Worth3 ................................... Fall River and New B ed fo rd ............. 9 or 8 days Payments were based on guaranteed rate for each craft. Los Angeles-Long Beach4 .................. Miami5 ..................................................... Newark and Jersey C ity........................ 9 days Payments ranged from $31.85 to $38.15 per day, according to craft. Payments ranged from $31.85 to $38.15 per day, according to craft. New York C ity........................................ 9 days Paterson-Clifton-Passaic .................... 9 days Payments ranged from $31.85 to $38.15 per day, according to craft. Payments based on earnings in previous calendar quarter. Philadelphia............................................ 8V? days St. Louis................................................. 9 days in 6 shops; 9 days in Federal election years, 8 days otherwise in 2 shops. Payments based on earnings in the previous year. Wilkes-Barre—Hazleton........................ 9 days Payments ranged from $27.10 to $33.10 per day, according to craft. South Carolina6 .................................... - - 1These agreements were in effect In shops employing at least ninetenths of the workers In 7 areas; seven-eighths in New Y ork C ity; three-fifths in Boston; one-third in South Carolina; one-tenth In Miami; and 5 percent or less in Dallas-Ft. Worth and Los AngelesLong Beach. 2See footnote 1 1-14 for definitions of areas. 3 In Dallas, 25 o f In tablesestablishments studied were nonunion: 25 the 26 establishments provided paid holidays, usually 5 days annually, and ranging from 5 to 8 days. One nonunion establishment provided no paid holidays. All 66 of the establishments studied In this area were nonunion: 42 establishments provided paid holidays, usually 6 days annually, and ranging from 2 to 7 days. in this area, 33 of the 35 establishments studied were nonunion: 23 of the establishments provided paid holidays, usually 5 to 7 days annually, and ranging from 2 to 9 days. ° ln this area, 4 of the 7 establishments studied were nonunion: all 7 establishments provided paid holidays, ranging from 3 to 8 days annually. 4 Table 19. Health, welfare, and vacation benefits (Health, welfare, and vacation benefit provisions for workers covered by International Ladies' Garment Workers’ Union agreements1 in women’s and misses’ dress manufacturing establishments, 13 selected areas,2 August 1977) Area Employer contribution3 Boston ...................................................... 11.13 percent Vacation benefits 6 percent of worker’s earnings in previous calendar year. Health and welfare benefits Sickness, hospitalization, surgical supplemented by a major medical program, maternity care, eyeglasses, services at the union health center, and death benefits. C hicago..................................................... 1 percent to a health center fund; 1 week's pay after 1 year of service, Diagnostic and medical services at 5 percent in "cotton dress” shops 2 weeks after 3 years, 3 weeks after the union health center; hospitaliza or 4% percent in “silk dress” shops; 8 years, and 4 weeks after 15 years tion, surgical, and sick benefits. or insurance premiums paid in “cotton dress" shops. In “silk directly. dress" shops, 1 week’s pay after 1 year, 2 weeks’ pay after 2 years, and 3 weeks’ pay after 5 years. All vacation benefits were paid for directly by the employer, and benefits were prorated for 6 months but less than 1 year of service. Payments were based on earnings in the 20 weeks preced ing June 1. Dallas-Ft. Worth4...................................... — — — See fo o tn o te s a t end o f ta b le . 23 Table 19. Health, welfare, and vacation benefits— Continued (Health, welfare, and vacation benefit provisions for workers covered by International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union agreements 1 in women's and misses' dress manufacturing establishments, 13 selected areas,2 August 1977) Health and welfare benefits Vacation benefits Employer contribution 3 Area 2 annual benefit payments totalling Short-term disability, hospitalization, 6 percent of the worker’s earnings surgical supplemented by a major medical program, eyeglasses, tuber in the previous calendar year. culosis treatment, blood trans fusions, anesthesia, and auxiliary services; services at the union health center; and death benefits. - Fall River and New Bedford.................... 11.25 or 11.00 percent Los Angeles-Long Beach5 ...................... Miami6......................................................... - 3 annual vacation payments, 2 equal to 2 percent of annual earn ings up to a maximum of $170 each, the other ranging from $80 to $85, according to craft. Doctor’s care, basic hospital and surgical benefits supplemented by a major medical program, disability insurance, maternity, eyeglasses, services at the union health center, and death benefits. New York City .......................................... 10.13 percent 3 annual vacation payments, 2 equal to 2 percent of annual earn ings up to a maximum of $170 each, the other ranging from $80 to $85, according to craft. Doctor’s care, basic hospital and surgical benefits supplemented by a major medical program, disability insurance, maternity, eyeglasses, services at the union health center, and death benefits. Paterson-Clifton-Passaic........................ 10.13 percent 3 annual vacation payments, 2 equal to 2 percent of annual earn ings up to a maximum of $170 each, the other ranging from $80 to $85, according to craft. Doctor’s care, basic hospital and surgical benefits supplemented by a major medical program, disability insurance, maternity, eyeglasses, services at the union health center, and death benefits. Philadelphia .............................................. 8.88 percent; in 1 shop, a different 3 annual vacation payments in form of contribution co-financed most shops, 2 payments in 1 shop, by jobber. up to a maximum of $135 each. Payments based on workers earn ings in the previous calendar year. Short-term disability, hospitalization, surgical supplemented by a major medical program, maternity, patern ity, doctor’s care, diagnostic services, eyeglasses, x-ray, blood transfu sions, and death benefits. St. Louis..................................................... All workers receive, directly from the employer, vacation pay for 1 week after 1 year of employment (prorated after 6 months but less than 1 year of employment), 2 weeks after 3 years, and 3 weeks after 5 years. Payments for piece workers based on earnings in the previous year. 2 annual vacation payments equal to 4 percent and 2 percent of worker’s earnings in the previous year. Short-term disability, hospitalization, surgical, treatment of tuberculosis and mental illness, services at the union health center, and death benefits. South Carolina7 ........................................ - - ’See footnote 1, table 18. 2See footnote 1 in tables 1-14 for definitions of areas. Employer contributions to the fund from which benefits were provided were based on payrolls of workers covered by union agreements. 4ln Dallas, 25 of the 26 establishments studied were nonunion; 25 establishments provided paid vacations, typically 1 week of vacation pay after 1 year of service; 17 establishments provided a maximum of 2 weeks’ vacation pay, most commonly after 3 or 5 years of service; while 5 establishments had provisions for more than 2 weeks’ pay. Health and insurance benefits for which employers paid all or part of the cost were periods of service; and 27 establishments had provisions for health and insurance benefits, usually life, accidental death and dismemberment, hospitalization, surgical, medical and major medical insurance. 6ln this area, 33 of the 35 establishments studied were nonunion. 26 provided paid vacations; typically 1 week of vacation pay after 6 months to 1 year of service; 8 establishments had provisions for more than 1 week’s vacation pay, usually after longer periods of service than 1 year. Provisions were made in 16 plants for health and insurance benefits, most often jointly financed by employer and employee. The most frequently reported benefits were: Life, accidental death and dismemberment, hospitalization, surgical, basic medical, and major medical insurance. 7ln this area, 4 of the 7 establishments studied were nonunion. All 7 establishments provided paid vacations, typically 1 week after 1 year; 6 shops gave 2 weeks’ pay or more, usually after 3 or 5 years of service. A ll shops provided health and insurance benefits—most frequently hospitalization, surgical, medical and major medical insurance. Newark and Jersey City ......................... 10.13 percent percent in most shops; 4 ' k percent in 2 shops. 4% Wilkes-Barre—Hazleton ......................... 11.13 percent p r o v id e d by 23 e s ta b lis h m e n ts . M o s t f r e q u e n t ly re p o rte d w e re b e n e f it s f o r h o s p it a liz a t io n , s u r g ic a l, b a s ic m e d ic a l, m a j o r m e d ic a l, a n d lif e in s u ra n c e . _ ... 5A II66 of the establishments studied in the area were nonunion. Of these, 35 shops provided at least 1 week of vacation pay after 1 year of service; 16 establishments also had provisions for 2 weeks’ pay or more after longer 24 Short-term disability, hospitalization, surgical supplemented by a major medical program, blood transfu sions, anesthesia, services at the union health center, and death benefits. Table 20. Retirement plans ( Retirement provisions for workers covered by International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union agreements1in women’s and misses’ dress manufacturing establishments, 13 selected areas2, August 1977) Employer contribution3 to a Area nationwide fund Boston..................................................... 6% percent Benefits to qualified workers under a nationwide fund $100 a month at age 65 and a $500 lump-sum death benefit. Workers may retire between ages 62 and 65 with proportionate benefit reduction for each year prior to age 65. Totally disabled workers may retire with full benefits at any age. Chicago................................................... 6% percent in 8 shops; 6 percent in 2 shops. Dallas-Ft. Worth4 ................................... Fall River and New Bedford................ 6% percent Los Angeles-Long Beach5 .................. Miami6 ..................................................... Newark and Jersey C ity........................ 6% percent New York C ity........................................ 6% percent Paterson-Clifton-Passaic .................... 6% percent Philadelphia............................................ 5 'A percent St. Louis................................................. 6% percent in 6 shops; 6V4 percent in 2 shops Wilkes-Barre—Hazleton........................ 6% percent South Carolina7 .................................... 'See footnote 1, table 18. 3See footnote 3, table 19. 4Of the 26 establishments studied, 6 provided retirement pension benefits. 5Of the 66 establishments studied, 7 provided retirement pension benefits. 6Of the 35 establishments studied, 3 provided retirement pension benefits. 7Of the 7 establishments studied, 3 provided retirement pension benefits. 2S ee f o o t n o t e 1 in ta b le s 1 - 1 4 f o r d e f in it io n s o f areas. 25 Appendix A. Regression Analysis machine operators, female workers, time workers, and section system sewing. The coefficients provide an estimate of the propor tionate difference in earnings between establishments with a specified characteristic and those establishments with the suppressed alternative characteristic embodied in the constant, other things being equal. For example, table A -l provides the basis for estimates that for all workers, earnings are about 24 percent higher in union than in nonunion shops, and about 12 percent higher in shops producing garments wholesale-priced at $49 and over than in those producing garments wholesaling for less than $22.50. It should be emphasized that the regression analysis is not sufficiently complete to say with certainty that it has measured the truly independent impact on wage levels of particular employee and establishment characteristics. As tables A-l and A-2 show, the regression analysis left unexplained about 25-41 percent of the variation in average earnings levels for all production workers, cutters and markers, hand pressers, and sewing-machine operators, and considerably more of the variation in earnings for the selected areas. (See coefficient of determination, R:.) This means that other factors, not included in the scope of the survey, influenced earnings. However, by holding constant those characteristics within the survey scope, a definite improvement in the estimates for specified characteristics was obtained. Conventional methods of analyzing wage variations using published averages typically stop short of measuring the independent influence on wage levels of factors such as location and union contract status. The independent effect of location on earnings in the dress industry, for example, may be obscured somewhat by differentials associated with unionization—a character istic found less commonly in southern shops. One method of isolating the independent effect on wages of various establishment and worker characteristics is multiple regression. By this method, the estimated wage differential for a given variable is independent of the influence of other survey variables. The variables included in tables A-l and A-2 are defined, when necessary, in appendix B, Scope and Method of Survey. In the regression analysis, one category of each of the variables in the equation is not shown explicitly, but its influence is embodied in the constant term. In tables A-l and A-2, therefore, the categories represented by the constant term are: Nonunion establishment, small establishment size, dozen-pricing system, less than $22.50 per unit wholesale price, the combination of regular and jobbing shops, and South Carolina (where the equation refers to all areas combined). For cutters and markers, female workers were included; for hand pressers, female workers and payment on a time basis; and for sewing- 26 Table A-1. Regression analysis of straight-time hourly earnings, all production workers and selected occupations, women's dress manufacturing, 13 areas combined, August 1977 ( T v a lu e s s h o w n in p a r e n th e s e s ) All Cutters Sewingproduction and Hand machine workers markers pressers operators Constant (in dollars)......... 2.950 3.527 1.694 2.354 (16.19) (8.60) (4.30) (13.09) Variables (coefficients in percent) SewingCutters All Hand machine production and workers markers pressers operators .367 .768 .256 .296 Fall River-New Bedford ... (5.67) (5.06) (1.78) ( 6 . 68 ) Newark and Jersey C ity... .390 (5.89) .275 (1.83) 1.455 (8.26) .487 (7.65) Union establishment......... New York City.................... .483 (8.00) .217 (2.72) .222 (3.15) .477 (3.36) .218 (0.93) .341 (2.19) 1.410 (8.80) 1.306 (6.30) .602 (4.13) .379 (6.91) .176 (2.60) .375 (5.49) .198 (3.50) .230 (2.78) .183 (1.25) .323 (2.08) .868 (6.44) .803 (3.67) .255 (4.83) .316 (3.86) Miami................................... .077 (1.39) .145 (1.12) .109 (2.15) .075 (1.40) .201 (2.43) .200 (3.70) .039 (0.33) .284 (1.79) .202 (1.59) .571 (4.26) .421 (3.35) .680 .592 $4.30 Item Item .238 (7.25) .220 (4.65) .353 (4.26) .165 (5.14) .048 (2.15) .125 (3.16) .048 (1.25) .036 (1.87) 50 to 99 workers......... .001 (0.03) .020 (0.42) .038 (0.79) .044 (1.82) 100 workers or m ore.. -.019 (-0.63) .045 (0.88) .157 (2.38) Unit pricing system........... -.044 (-1.01) -.032 (-0.48) -.059 (-0.68) .043 (1.45) .004 (0.09) .044 (2.42) .076 (2.46) .047 (1.50) .160 (2.45) -.023 (-0.72) .078 (2.29) .001 (0.05) Dallas-Ft. W orth................ .288 (6.25) St. Louis............................. .228 (5.06) .126 (5.76) .067 (1.60) -.027 (-0.65) -.019 (-0.97) - .254 (6.05) .090 (4.01) Statistical information: Adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) __ Mean (Y)......................... Size of establishment: 20 to 49 workers......... Wholesale price per unit: $22.50 to $49.................. $49 and over .................. .117 (5.16) Male worker........................ Contract shop.................... Incentive pay system ....... Single-hand (tailor) system............................. Boston................................. 1 -.095 (-5.79) 1 2 .290 (3.31) 2 .055 (0.32) 2 .984 (3.69) Paterson-Clifton-Passaic . Philadelphia........................ Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton.... Chicago ............................. Los Angeles-Long Beach . .132 (7.18) Number of observations (N) ............................... Number of establishments (S) ................... .371 (4.35) 1The coefficients for male and for incentive workers were not developed for the all-production worker category, as they would tend to reflect the relative concentration of such workers in particular occupations, rather than the true earnings difference among workers performing the same job. 2Not applicable. NOTE: Coefficients are expressed in percents (e.g., .198= 19.8percent). Y is the mean of the earnings (dependent) variable weighted by production .110 ( 2 . 22 ) .417 (2.56) .665 (5.19) .339 (4.11) .141 (2.92) $6.60 .752 $6.44 .669 $4.11 454 245 389 534 454 226 332 387 workers. N is the number of observations. It often exceeds the number of establishments (S) because separate observations were used for men and women and for time and incentive workers in each firm reporting the selected occupations. Dashes indicate insufficient observations of the regressed characteristic to yield reliable results. T values (shown in parentheses),relate to the following confidence levels: 1.67= 90 percent, 1.96 = 95 percent, and 2.58 = 99 percent. 27 Table A-2. Regression analysis of straight-time hourly earnings, all production workers and selected occupations, women’s dress manufacturing, New York City and Los Angeles-Long Beach, August 1977 (T values shown in parentheses) All production workers Item Constant (in dollars)............................... Variables (coefficients in percent) Union establishment............................... Establishment size: 20 to 49 workers............................... 50 workers or m ore.......................... Contract shop.......................................... Wholesale price per unit: $22.50 to $49.................................... $49 and o v e r.................................... Cutters and markers Hand pressers Sewing-machine operators New York Los Angeles- New York Los Angeles- New York Los Angeles- New York Los AngelesCity Long Beach City Long Beach City Long Beach City Long Beach 4.320 3.381 6.482 3.680 3.506 3.031 3.542 2.958 (32.13) (22.82) (12.90) (9.33) (13.39) (22.30) (5.20) (7.10) .307 (5.67) .278 (4.27) _ - .050 (1.42) -.071 (-1.68) .056 (1.27) .027 (0.48) -.165 (-5.89) .210 (3.41) -.002 (-0.02) -.026 (-0.27) .038 (1.00) -.035 (-0.70) .005 (0.17) -.004 (-0.10) _ - -.119 (-2.93) -.051 (-0.34) -.240 (-3.04) -.107 (-1.06) -.057 (-103) -.120 (-3.16) .015 (0.40) .096 (1.91) -.005 (-0.09) .231 (2.17) .123 (1.70) .190 (1.86) -.014 (-0.37) -.034 (-0.85) .107 (2.98) .105 (1.59) .047 (1.07) -.007 (-0.05) .414 (1.47) .260 (3.32) .239 (1.82) .127 (3.00) .158 (2.73) .439 (4.01) -.021 (-0.21) .138 (1.42) .002 (0.05) .463 (3.29) .249 (3.16) .038 (0.54) .116 (2.93) .146 (4.61) Incentive pay system ............................. 2 2 Single-hand (tailor) system.................... 3 .396 $5.22 -.101 (-0.80) 1 1 - - - - 3 3 3 3 3 .284 .363 .304 .456 .221 159 $3.36 66 $7.61 74 $5.60 29 $9.13 106 $3.40 43 159 66 73 25 103 38 .103 , (2.51) .309 $4.82 135 111 .377 $3.23 88 56 NOTE: Coefficients are expressed in terms of percents (e.g., .107 = 10.7 percent). Y is the mean of the earnings (dependent) variable weighted by production workers. N is the number of observations. It often exceeds the number of establishments (S) because separate observations were used for men and women and for time and incentive workers in each firm reporting the selected occupations. Dashes indicate insufficient observations of either the regressed or the embodied characteristic to yield reliable results. T values, [shown in parentheses], relate to the following confidence levels: 1.67 = 90 percent, 1.96 = 95 percent, and 2.58 = 99 percent. 'To obtain adequate numbers of observations in the embodied constant, this category was combined with the 8-to-19 worker group. Thus, the embodied constant becomes establishments with 8 to 49 workers. 2The coefficients for male and for incentive-pay workers were not developed for the all-production-worker category, as they would tend to reflect the relative concentration of such workers in particular occupations, rather than the true earnings difference among workers performing the same job. 3Not applicable. - _ -.170 (-1.92) 2 Number of establishments (S )....... .295 (2.17) .166 (2.40) .027 (0.30) 2 Mean (Y )............................................ Number of observations (N )........... - .068 (1.35) .043 (0.70) -.007 (-0.15) Male worker.............................................. Statistical information: Adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) ........................ _ 28 Appendix B. Scope and Method of Survey Scope of survey Scheduled weekly hours The survey included establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing women’s, misses’ and juniors’ dresses, other than housedresses (part of industry 2335 as defined in the 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget). In addition to regular (inside) and contract shops, jobbing shops, which performed some manufacturing operations, such as cutting, finishing, packing, and shipping, also were included. Establishments primarily manufacturing pants-dress en sembles were included if the tailoring skills involved were comparable to those required for dresses. The establishments selected for study were drawn from units employing eight workers or more at the time of reference of the data used in compiling universe lists. Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers employed on the day shift. Supplementary wage provisions Supplementary benefits are presented primarily in terms of the provisions of collective bargaining agreements with the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, which were in effect in establishments employing about two-thirds of the workers in the 13 areas. Data for nonunion establishments also are summarized briefly. The number of establishments and workers studied by the Bureau, as well as the number estimated to be within the scope of the survey during the payroll period studied, are shown in table B-l. Method of wage payment Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily by the qualifications of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time. An experienced worker occasionally may be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum, maximum, or both of these rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates of individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length of service, or a combination of these. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of output. Production bonuses are based on production in excess of a quota or for completion of a job in less than standard time. Method of study Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s field staff. The survey was conducted on a sample basis. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large establishments than of small was studied. In combination of the data, however, all establishments were given their appropriate weight. All estimates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time of reference of the universe data. Establishment definition An establishment is defined for this study as a single physical location where industrial operations are performed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with the company, which may consist of one establishment or more. The terms “establishment” and “shop” have been used interchangeably in this bulletin. 29 Table B-1. Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of survey and number studied, women’s and misses’ dress manufacturing industry, August 1977 Number of establishments3 Area1 Workers in establishments Within scope of study Within scope of study Actually studied Actually studied Total3 Production workers T o t a l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.20 . . .. .. 454 6 5 601 52 374 2 6 82 9 Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13. . . . C hicago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . .. Dallas-Ft. W o r t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56. . . Fall River and New B e d fo rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 .. Los Angeles-Long B e a c. h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 . .. M ia m i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111. . Newark and Jersey C i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 .. 1,044 New York C i t .y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regular shops4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461 .. . Contract shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 P aterson-Clifton-Passaic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 .. Philadelphia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . .. St. L o u is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10. . . . .. W ilkes-B arre-Hazleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 South C arolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . 7 10 26 24 66 35 29 159 63 96 18 15 8 50 7 698 998 4,420 4,540 9,629 3,490 3 jl3 7 27,438 12,282 15,156 969 1,503 865 6,277 1,637 612 734 3,017 4,165 7,744 3,012 2,793 20,048 6,020 14,028 892 1,308 '712 5,819 1,518 534 738 2,831 4,089 3,179 1,406 15 82 5,676 2,633 3,043 677 1,207 819 3,074 1,017 1 See footnote 1 of individual area tables 1-14 areas. 3 Includes only those establishments with 8 workers reference of the universe data. for or definitions more at of the descriptions.) The occupations were chosen for their numerical importance, their usefulness in collective bargaining, or their representativeness of the entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers were not reported in selected occupations but were included in the data for all production workers. Employment Estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. The advance planning necessary to make a wage survey requires the use of the lists of establishments assembled considerably in advance of the payroll period studied. Wage data Production workers Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living bonuses, were included as part ot the workers’ regular pay; but nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or category of workers, such as production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight-time salary by normal (or standard) hours to which the salary corresponds. The term “production workers,”as used in this bulletin, includes working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice functions. Administrative, executive, professional, and technical personnel and force-account construction employees, who were utilized as a separate work force on the firm’s own properties, were excluded. Occupations selected for study Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account of interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix C for these job 3 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers in addition to selected the production worker category shown separately. time4 Includes jobbing shops performing some manufacturing operations, such as of cutting and packing and shipping, in addition to regular (inside) shops. 30 Appendix C. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field representatives in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field representatives are instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. Adjuster ered cutting machine. May spread or lay up cloth on cutting table. Workers who specialize in cutting or in marking and workers engaged in marking and cutting linings and trim mings are included. Specialized markers using perforated patterns, and mark ing by use o f talcum, are excluded as are all workers who specialize in spreading cloth. (Sewing-machine repairer) Adjusts and repairs sewing machines used in the estab lishment. Work involves most of the following: Examining machines faulty in operation to diagnose source of trouble; dismantling or partly dismantling machines, replacing broken or worn out parts or performing other repairs, and reassembling machines; adjusting machines to function efficiently by turning adjustment screws and nuts; regula ting length of stroke of needle and horizontal movement feeding mechanism under needle; replacing or repairing transmission belts; preparing specifications for major repairs and initiating orders for replacement parts; using a variety of handtools in fitting and replacing parts. May also do adjustments on pressing machines. Inspector, final (examiner) Examines and inspects completed garments prior to pro cessing or shipping. Work involves determining whether the garments conform to shop standards of quality, and mark ing defects such as dropped stitches, bad seams, etc. May make minor repairs. In many shops manufacturing inex pensive garments there will be no inspectors falling within this classification; in those shops whatever inspection is carried on is usually performed by thread trimmers, who may only casually inspect garments and are, therefore, ex cluded. Assorter (Garment bunder, assembler) Gathers garment parts after they are cut, assembles or groups them into bundles or batches for distribution to sewing units. May match pieces by color, size, and design and place an identifying number or ticket in each bundle or on each piece. If working under a section system, groups pieces for each garment section together; under tailor system, bundles all pieces of a dress together. Workers assembling cloth before it is cut, and folders at the end of the production process assembling completed pieces just before packaging, are excluded. Presser Performs pressing operations (finish or under), on gar ments or garment parts by means of hand-pressing iron and/or powered press or mangle. For wage study purposes, pressers are classified by type of pressing equipment, as follows: Presser, hand Presser, machine Presser, hand and machine Cutter and marker Workers are classified as “Presser, hand and machine” when sizable proportions of their work are performed by Marks the outlines of various garment parts on a ply of fabrics and cuts out parts with shears, hand knife, or pow 31 each of the two methods. Otherwise, the predominant type of pressing is the determining factor in classification. Sewer, hand (finisher) (Bench worker) Performs sewing operations by hand including sewing on buttons, making buttonholes, stitching edges, closing open ings that have been left by various hand and machine opera tions. Workers who specialize in sewing tickets or labels are excluded. Sewing-machine operator, section system Sewing-machine operator, single-hand (tailor) system Performs all the standard sewing-machine operations involved in the manufacture of a complete garment. Work involves assembling and joining all parts of the garment except those added by finishers. Is usually an experienced operator working on better-grade apparel in which the variety of design is so great and style changes so frequent as to prevent the economical use of a section system. Workers, employed in single-hand system shops, who pair-up and work as a team and divide work tickets equally are included. This arrangement is informal, in contrast to the section system in which rates are established for indi vidual operations. Thread trimmer (cleaner) (Clipper) Uses a standard or special purpose sewing machine to perform the sewing operations required in making parts of garments, joining parts made by others, joining various sections together, or in attaching previously completed parts to partially completed garments, but does not con struct the entire garment. In shops that operate entirely on a section (or bundle) system, this classification would in clude all sewing-machine operators (except buttonhole makers and button sewers) without any differentiation of operators by type of machine or operation performed. In shops that operate partly on a section system, this classifi cation would include all operators who do not construct an entire garment. Trims loose thread ends, basting threads, and seam edges of garments prior to pressing or packing. This classification includes trimmers using scissors or power equipment. Workers who also carefully examine and inspect garments are classified as inspectors, final. Work distributor Carries or trucks garments in various stages of comple tion to the worker who is to perform the next operation on garment. May exercise some discretion in distribution work, but has no supervisory responsibilities. 32 Industry Wage Studies The most recent reports providing occupational wage data for industries included in the Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys since 1960 are listed below. Copies are for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or from any of its regional sales offices, and from the regional offices of the Bureau of Labor Statistics shown on the inside back cover. Copies that are out of stock are available for reference purposes at leading public, college, or university libraries, or at the Bureau’s Washington or regional offices. Manufacturing—Continued Manufacturing Structural Clay Products, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1942 Synthetic Fibers, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1975 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1967 Textiles, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1945 Wages and Demographic Characteristics in Work Cloth ing Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1858 West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704 Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulle tin 1728 Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2007 Wood Household Furniture, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1930 Basic Iron and Steel, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1839 Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1975. Bulletin 1939 Cigar Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1796 Cigarette Manufacturing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1944 Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1921 Fabricated Structural Steel, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1935 Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1763 Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1803 Fluid Milk Industry, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1871 Footwear, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1946 Hosiery, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1987 Industrial Chemicals, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1978 Iron and Steel Foundries, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1894 Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1835 Machinery Manufacturing, 1974-75. BLS Bulletin 1929 Meat Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1896 Men’s and Boys’ Separate Trousers, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1906 Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Night wear, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1901 Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1962 Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1914 Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1973-74. BLS Bulletin 1912 Nonferrous Foundries, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1952 Paints and Varnishes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1973 Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1719 Petroleum Refining, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1948 Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1975. BLS Bulle tin 1923 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1844 Shipbuilding and Repairing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1968 Southern Sawmills and Planning Mills, 1969. BLS Bulle tin 1694 Nonmanufacturing Appliance Repair Shops, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1936 Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1876 Banking and Life Insurance, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1988 Bituminous Coal, January 1976-March 1981. BLS Bulletin 1999 Communications, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1991 Contract Cleaning Services, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1916 Contract Construction, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1911 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1797 Department Stores, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1869 Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968— 69. BLS Bulletin 1671 Electric and Gas Utilities, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1834 Hospitals, 1975-76. BLS Bulletin 1949 Hotels and Motels, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1883 Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1645' Metal Mining, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1820 Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1542' Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1976. BLS Bulle tin 1964 Scheduled Airlines, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1951 Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1712 'Bulletin out of stock. 33 Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Offices R e g io n I 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston. Mass 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 R e g i o n IV 1371 Peachtree Street, NE Atlanta. Ga 30309 Phone: (404)881-4418 R e g io n V R e g i o n I! Suit: 3400 1515 Broadway New York. N Y 10036 Phone: (212) 399-5405 R e g io n III 3535 Market Street P O Box 13309 Philadelphia. Pa 19101 P hone:(215) 596-1154 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S Dearborn Street Chicago, III 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 R e g io n s V II a n d V I I I * 911 Walnut Street Kansas City. Mo 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 R e g i o n s IX a n d X * * 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 R e g io n V I Second Floor 555 Griffin Square Building Dallas. Tex 75202 P hone:(214) 749-3516 Regions VII and VIII are serviced by Kansas City “Regions IX and X are serviced by San Francisco
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