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Industry Wage Survey: Women’s and Misses’ August 1974 U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics 1976 Industry Wage Survey: Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, August 1974 U.S. Department of Labor W. J. Usery, Jr., Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 1976 Bulletin 1908- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, GPO Bookstores, or BLS Regional Offices listed on inside back cover. Price 75 cents Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents Stock Number 0 2 9-00 1-0 187 6-2 Class Number L 2.3:1908 There is a minimum charge of $1.00 for each mail order Preface This bulletin summarizes the results o f a Bureau o f L abo r Statistics survey o f wages and supplementary benefits in the w o m en ’s and misses’ dress industry in August 1974. Separate releases were issued earlier for the 12 areas covered b y the survey. Copies o f these releases are available from the Bureau o f L abor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or from any o f its regional offices. This study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office o f Wages and In dustrial Relations. Sandra King o f the Division o f Occupational Wage Structures prepared the analysis; field w ork for the survey was directed b y the Bureau’s Assistant Regional Commissioners for L abo r Statistics. Other reports available from the Bureau’s program o f industry wage studies, as w ell as the addresses o f the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end o f this bulletin. iii Contents Page Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................................ Industry characteristics ................................................................................................................................................................... Employment and production .............................................................................................................................................. Size of s h o p ................................................................................................................................................................................ Type of shop ........................................................................................................................................................................... Occupation and sex ............................................................................................................................................................... Method of wage p a y m e n t ...................................................................................................................................................... Unionization ........................................................................................................................................................................... Average hourly earnings ................................................................................................................................................................... Occupational e a r n in g s ....................................................................................................................................................................... Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions .................................................................................................... Scheduled weekly h o u r s ........................................................................................................................................................... Paid holidays ........................................................................................................................................................................... Health, welfare, and vacation b e n e f i t s ................................................................................................................................. Supplementary unemployment b e n e f i t s ............................................................................................................................. Temporary disability benefits .............................................................................................................................................. Retirement p l a n s ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 Text table: 1. Earnings distribution of hand pressers and sewing-machine operators, section system, New York City, August 1974 4 Reference tables: Earnings distribution: 1. All production w o r k e r s ...................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Women production w o r k e r s ............................... 8 3. Men production workers .................................................................................................................................. 9 Average hourly earnings: 4. Selected occupations . 10 Earnings distribution: 5. Cutters and markers ...............................................................................................................................................10 6. Final in s p e c t o r s ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 7. Hand p r e s s e r s ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 8. Machine pressers and Hand and machine pressers ............................................................................................ 12 9. Hand sewers ...........................................................................................................................................................12 10. Sewing-machine operators,section s y s t e m .......................................................................................................... 13 11. Sewing-machine operators,tailor s y s t e m .............................................................................................................. 13 12. Thread tr im m e r s.......................................................................................................................................................14 13. Work distributors .................................................................................................................................................. 14 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 14. Method of wage p a y m e n t ..................................................................................................................................... 15 15. Scheduled weekly hours ............................................................................................................................. 15 16. Paid holidays .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 17. Health, welfare, and vacation b e n e f it s ................................................................................................................ 17 18. Retirement plans ..................................................................................................................................................18 v C o n te n ts — C o n tin u e d Pa ge Appendixes: A. Scope and method of survey .......................................................................................................................................... 1 9 B. Occupational descriptions ...............................................................................................................................................21 VI Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, August 1974 Summary the study.3 Production employment, as reported in the 12 survey areas,4 ranged from fewer than 1,000 workers in Boston (953) and Cook County, Chicago (932) to 30,479 in New York City. The next three largest dress centers studied were Miami (6,138), Los Angeles-Long Beach (6,433), and Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton (7,087). (See appendix table A -l.) Since the August 1971 survey,5 the aggregate employ ment o f production workers decreased by about 10,000—from approximately 78,000 to 68,000—or 13 percent. The largest percentage declines were recorded in Chicago (35 percent), Boston (21 percent), and Los Angeles-Long Beach6 (20 percent). In New York City, production employment decreased 17 percent. On the other hand, employment increased by about 17 percent in Newark-Jersey City7 and by 10 percent in Miami. Recent fashion trends toward informal wear (e.g., sportswear) may have led to cutbacks in dress production. Domestic production of women’s and misses’ dresses was about 13 percent lower in 1974 than in 1971. The overall decline reflected a 9-percent drop in unit-priced garments and a 20-percent decline in production of dozen-priced dresses. Moreover, during the same period, imports of dresses to the United States fell by about 38 percent.8 Nine-tenths or more of the production workers in each area were in shops using a unit price as the predominant wholesale pricing system. The most common wholesale price per unit among the areas in August 1974 was between $12.75 and $22.50; 33 percent o f the workers within the scope o f the survey were in shops producing dresses in that wholesale price range, as the following tabula tion shows: Hourly earnings of production and related workers in the women’s and misses’ dresses industry varied widely among 12 major dress centers surveyed in August 1974 by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics.1 Average straight-time hourly earnings ranged from $4.58 in New York City, where slightly more than two-fifths o f the workers were employed, to $2.60 in Dallas. Averages approaching $4 were reported in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic ($3.95) and Newark-Jersey City ($3.92). Within most areas, a wide distribution of individual earnings existed, largely because of the extensive use of piece-rate systems and the broad range of skills in the industry. Among occupations studied separately,2 cutters and markers were usually the highest paid; and thread trimmers and final inspectors usually lowest paid. Sewing machine operators, constituting slightly more than half the work force, were by far the largest occupational group. Those responsible for the sewing operations on a complete garment (single-hand system) usually averaged about 10 to 25 percent more than those sewing only parts or sections of the garment. About seven-tenths of the workers in the 12 areas combined were employed in shops which had collective bargaining agreements covering a majority of their workers; almost all contracts were made with the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU). These agree ments included, besides wages, provisions for paid vaca tions, various types of health and welfare benefits, retire ment pensions, and supplementary unemployment benefits. Industry characteristics 3 N ationw id e em p loym en t as reported in th e Bureau’s m on th ly periodical E m p lo y m e n t a n d E arnings. 4The survey exclud ed shops w ith few er than 8 em ployees. 5 For an accou nt o f the 1971 stu dy, see I n d u s tr y W age S u r v e y : The 12-area survey covered slightly more than two-fifths of the 153,100 production and related workers estimated to be employed in women’s and misses’ dress manufacturing (nationwide) at the time of E m p lo y m e n t and p ro d u ctio n . W o m e n ’s a n d M is s e s ’ D re sse s, A u g u s t 1 9 7 1 , B u lle tin 1 7 8 3 (B u reau o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s , 1 9 73). 6 Area defin ition s were the same in b o th studies ex cep t for Los Angeles w hich included Los A ngeles C ou nty o n ly in 1 9 7 4 , and b o th Los A ngeles and Orange C ounties in 1 9 7 1 . C o u n ty B u s in e ss P a tte r n s (1 9 7 3 ), published b y the Bureau o f the Census, reports Orange C ounty dress em p loym en t as 2 percent o f the Los Angeles C ou nty total. 7 In the 1971 stu dy, em p loym en t was under-reported for Newark-Jersey C ity b y approxim ately 22 firms and 645 production workers. 8 Source: C u r re n t I n d u s tr ia l R e p o r ts , A p p a r e l S u r v e y , S e rie s M 23H (71 and 7 4 ) Bureau o f the Census, and U .S. G e n e ra l I m p o r ts , Bureau o f the Census. 1 See appendix A for scope and m eth od o f survey. Earnings data presented in this bulletin exclud e prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on w eek en ds, h olidays, and late shifts. T hese surveys, based on a representative sample o f establishm ents, are designed to measure the level o f occu pational earnings at a particular tim e. Thus, com parisons m ade w ith previous studies m ay n o t reflect exp ected wage m ovem ents because o f changes in the sample com p osition and sh ifts in em p loym en t am ong establishm ents w ith different pay levels. 2 See appendix B for job descriptions. 1 P e rc e n t o f P e rc e n t o f a ll W h o le s a le p r i c e p e r u n i t a ll fir m s p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs Under $ 6 .7 5 ........................... $6.75 and under $12.75 . . . . $12.75 and under $22.50 . . . $22.50 and under $49 ......... $49 and over ......................... 9 16 33 20 22 8 20 33 22 18 sewing is limited to a specific part or parts of a garment. Single-hand operators are generally highly skilled and they work on types of apparel in which the variety of design is so great and style changes so frequent as to preclude the economical use of a section system. Among the areas, the proportions of workers employed under the two systems varied substantially. For example, section system sewers ranged from virtually all operators in Wilkes-Barre— Hazelton and Fall River-New Bedford, through nine-tenths in Philadelphia, and seven-eighths in Dallas to slightly more than one-third in Los-Angeles-Long Beach and about one-seventh in New York City. Six percent of the workers in the 12 areas combined were employed as hand pressers; 5 percent were cutters and markers or hand sewers; and 4 percent were thread trimmers. None of the other occupa tions studied accounted for as much as 2 percent of the total work force. Women were a majority of workers in all jobs studied, except cutter and marker. Exceptions were encountered in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic and in New York City, where about nine-tenths of the pressers were men. Overall, women accounted for 56,800 (about 83 percent) of the 68,000 production workers in the survey. Among the areas, the proportion of women ranged from 77 percent in New York to 91-92 percent in Fall River-New Bedford, Miami, and Paterson. In the 12 areas combined, 59 percent of the production workers were employed in shops with fewer than 50 employees, compared with 23 percent in shops with 50 to 99 workers and 18 percent in those with 100 workers or more. Substantial differences, however, were found among the individual areas. In Fall River-New Bedford, only 2 percent worked in shops with fewer than 50 workers, compared with about two-thirds in NewarkJersey City, three-fourths in the Los Angeles area, and about four-fifths in New York City and Paterson-CliftonPassaic. Only in Wilkes-Barre—Hazleton were a majority of the workers in shops with 50 to 99 employees. Shops with at least 100 workers accounted for about three-tenths of the employment in Boston, Philadelphia, and Miami; two-fifths in Chicago; slightly more than half in Dallas; and three-fourths in Fall River-New Bedford and in St. Louis. None of the shops surveyed in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic employed as many as 100 workers. S iz e o f sh o p . T y p e o f sh op . Three types of shops were included in the survey: (1) Regular or “inside” shops, which own the materials and perform all or most of the manufacturing operations; (2) contract shops, which process materials owned (and frequently cut) by others; and (3) jobbing shops, which contract out most manufacturing operations, but may perform some of them, such as cutting, finishing, or packing and shipping. Contract shops accounted for a majority of the workers in eight areas, ranging from about six-tenths in Philadelphia and Los Angeles-Long Beach to nine-tenths in WilkesBarre-Hazleton and to all the workers in the Paterson area. Regular shops employed slightly more than half the workers in Miami, seven-tenths in Chicago, four-fifths in Dallas, and nine-tenths in St. Louis. About one-seventh of the production workers in Los Angeles, Newark, and New York City were employed in jobbing shops; all remaining areas had fewer than one-tenth of their work force in such shops. The proportion of workers paid under an incentive system, typically individual piece rates, ranged from about one-half in Boston, Dallas, and Miami to nearly four-fifths in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic (table 14). Among time-rated workers, informal systems, which based rates primarily on the qualifications of individual workers, applied to most of the workers in nine areas. In the remaining areas, formal systems providing ranges of rates for specific occupations were more prevalent. Sewing-machine operators usually were paid under in centive systems, as were hand pressers, with these excep tions: in Dallas, nine-tenths of the operators were paid time rates; and in Boston and Fall River-New Bedford, most of the hand pressers received time payments. Cutters and markers, final inspectors, thread trimmers (cleaners), and work distributors generally were paid on a time-rate basis. M e t h o d o f w age p a y m e n t. U n io n iz a tio n . Establishments operating under labormanagement agreements employed seven-tenths of the production workers in the survey. The proportion of workers in shops with such coverage accounted for ninetenths or more in eight areas, three-fourths in Boston, and 5 percent or less in Dallas, Los Angeles, and Miami. Nearly all agreements were executed with the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (AFL-CIO). O c c u p a t io n a n d sex. Sewing-machine operators, numeri cally the most important o f the selected occupations, made up slightly more than half of the production workers in the 12 areas combined. They were two-thirds of the work force in the Paterson area, compared with slightly less than one-half in Chicago and between one-half and three-fifths in the remaining areas. About 53 percent of the sewing-machine operators worked under the single-hand (tailor) system in which an operator performs all or most of the sewing operations necessary to complete a garment. The remainder of the operators were employed under the section system in which Average hourly earnings Average earnings of all production workers in the August 1974 survey ranged from $4.58 an hour in New York City 2 compared with $3.66 for women; but nearly all the men worked as cutters and markers or hand pressers, averaging $5.99 and $7.34 an hour, respectively. Women, on the other hand were employed primarily as sewing machine operators and hand sewers, jobs that paid substantially less. Also, differences in average pay levels for men and women may be the result of several other factors, including variations in the distribution of the sexes among establish ments with disparate pay levels. Differences noted in averages for men and women in the same job and area may reflect minor differences in duties as well. Job descriptions used in classifying workers in wage surveys usually are more generalized than those used in individual establishments, to allow for possible minor differences among establishments in specific duties performed. Also, as noted previously, earnings for some jobs in the industry are determined by production at piece rates. Concentration of workers in the earnings array varied substantially among the areas. Workers earning between $2 (the Federal minimum wage in August 1974) and $2.10 an hour accounted for 24 percent of the work force in Dallas, 23 percent in Los Angeles-Long Beach, and 14 percent in Miami, in contrast to 5 percent or less of the workers in each of the remaining areas (table 1). At the upper end of the scale, workers earning at least $5 an hour represented about 32 percent of the work force in New York, 12-13 percent in St. Louis and Philadelphia, and between 6 and 9 percent in the Boston, Fall River-New Bedford, WilkesBarre—Hazleton, and Paterson areas. In the remaining areas, such workers constituted 4 percent or less o f the total force. Within each area, the range of individual earnings was wide, reflecting the extensive use of piece-rate systems and the broad range of skills in the industry. This dispersion of earnings is illustrated by the following tabulation, indicat ing the spread in earnings for the middle half of the workers in each area: through $3.95 in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic to $2.60 in Dallas. Average earnings below $3 an hour were also reported in both Los Angeles-Long Beach ($2.86) and Miami ($2.82). (See table 1.) While New York City recorded the highest average in both the 1971 and 1974 surveys, its increase in earnings ranked in the middle of the areas studied. Between August 1971 and August 1974, wage levels in New York’s dress industry advanced 21 percent, compared with 33 percent in Miami and between 22 and 25 percent in Chicago, Fall River-New Bedford, St. Louis, and Wilkes-Barre—Hazleton. Average earnings rose the least in Los Angeles-Long Beach (12 percent), Boston (8 percent), and Paterson-CliftonPassaic (6 percent). In Newark-Jersey City, Dallas, and Philadelphia, average earnings advanced between 17 and 19 percent. In a number of areas, a relationship existed between the predominant manufacturing method and the level of earnings in August 1974. For example, in the three highest-paying areas studied, the single-hand or tailor system accounted for a substantial proportion o f the sewing machine operators. In New York (the highest-paying area), 85 percent of the sewing machine operators worked under the tailor system; as did 57 percent in the Paterson area (second highest); and 49 percent in Newark-Jersey City (third). Conversely, in Miami and Dallas, the two lowestpaying areas, the section system of sewing accounted for 62 and 87 percent, respectively, of the operators. The section system o f sewing generally does not require operators with as much skill as those employed under the single-hand system. A notable exception to the above relationship occurred in Los Angeles, which ranked 10th in earnings levels, but in which 64 percent of the sewing machine operators worked under the tailor system. There may also be a relationship between the level of earnings and the major type o f shop for some areas, but it seems less direct or consistent than the earnings/methodof-manufacturing link. For example, in New York, Pater son-Clifton-Passaic, and Newark-Jersey City—the areas with the highest pay levels—contract shops accounted for threefourths or more of the workers; and in Miami and Dallas—the two lowest-paid—contract shops accounted for two-fifths or less of the work force. However, in Los Angeles-Long Beach, Wilkes-Barre—Hazelton, and B ostonall relatively low-paying areas—contract shops employed from three-fifths to more than nine-tenths of the work force, while in St. Louis, which ranked fourth in earnings levels, contract shops employed fewer than one-tenth of the workers. In each area, men as a group averaged more than women. Their earnings advantage usually averaged between 20 to 50 percent, ranging from 12 percent in Fall River-New Bedford to 85 percent in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic. (See tables 2 and 3.) Differences in the level of earnings between men and women were caused largely by the uneven distribution of the sexes among jobs with disparate pay levels. For example, in the Paterson area, men averaged $6.78, Boston ............................................................................ C h ic a g o ............................................................................. Dallas ............................................................................... Fall River-New B e d fo rd .................................................. Los Angeles-Long B e a c h ............................................... Miami ............................................................................... Newark-Jersey C i t y ........................................................ New York C it y ................................................................. Paterson-Clifton-Passaic ............................................... Philadelphia...................................................................... St. L o u i s .......................................................................... Wilkes-Barre—H a z le to n ................................................. $2.79—$3.70 $2.55—$4.16 $2.10-$2.88 $2.97-$4.10 $2.11—$3.29 $2.25-$3.13 $2.98—$4.50 $3.22-$5.49 $3.01—$$.45 $2.70-$4.00 $2.97—$4.13 $2.86—$3.70 Occupational earnings The 10 occupations selected to represent the various wage levels and skills of production workers and manufac turing operations in the industry accounted for at least two-thirds o f the workers in each area (table 4). Of these occupations, cutters and markers, predominantly men and typically paid time rates, were the highest paid in eight areas. They averaged from $3.36 an hour in Dallas to $6.57 in New York City. Hand and machine pressers were highest 3 paid in New York ($8.70) and Boston ($8.20); and hand pressers were highest in New York ($7.93) and Paterson ($7.34). Thread trimmers, typically women and usually paid time rates, had averages ranging from $2.16 in Miami to $3.61 in St. Louis. They were lowest paid in seven areas. Average hourly earnings o f final inspectors, also relatively low-paid, ranged from $2.29 in Miami and $2.32 in Los Angeles-Long Beach to $3.91 in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic. Sewing machine operators using the single-hand (tailor) system averaged more per hour than those under the section system in 8 o f the 10 areas where comparisons could be made. The wage advantage for tailor sewers ranged from 6 percent in Boston ($3.58-$3.39) to 45 percent in Philadelphia ($4.77-$3.29). On the other hand, pay levels for section and single-hand operators were about the same in Dallas (about $2.50) while those for section operators were higher in Miami ($2.90 compared to $2.76 for tailor). Earnings of individual workers varied substantially with in the same job and area because of differences in pay rates among establishments visited and the extensive use of piece-rate systems. (See tables 5 through 13.) In many instances, the highest hourly earnings exceeded the lowest by $3 an hour or more. Thus, a number of workers in comparatively low paying jobs earned as much as, or more than, some workers in jobs with significantly higher hourly averages. As text table 1 illustrates, there was a substantial overlap in New York City between hand pressers and sewing machine operators on the section system despite the large difference in hourly averages. In most instances, workers paid incentive rates averaged more per hour than time-rated workers in the same job and area. For example, section system sewing machine opera tors paid incentive rates had higher averages than their time-rated counterparts in 7 o f 9 areas permitting compari- sons; the differences ranged from 5 percent an hour in Newark-Jersey City to 28 percent in Miami. When similar comparisons were made for hand pressers, incentive workers also showed an advantage in all seven areas for which comparable data existed-ranging from 14 percent in Philadelphia to 90 percent in Newark. Variations in incentive earnings for individuals may be traceable to differences in work experience, effort, workflow, or other factors which the worker may or may not control. For example, in periods of declining production, the reduced workload available for workers paid piece rates may limit their opportunity to maximize earnings. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Information was obtained on work schedules and se lected supplementary wage benefits for production workers. Provisions for paid holidays, paid vacations, health and insurance benefits, mail-order prescription drugs, supple mentary unemployment benefits, and retirement pensions were stipulated in collective bargaining agreements between the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and dress shops employing 72 percent of the production workers. h o u rs. Work schedules of 35 hours a week were in effect in shops employing at least nine-tenths of the workers in eight areas and about two-thirds in Boston (table 15). In Dallas, Los Angeles, and Miami, the predominant schedule was 40 hours. S c h e d u le d w e e k ly Paid holidays were provided by virtually all shops visited in 10 areas (table 16). Slightly more than half the shops in Los Angeles-Long Beach and three-fourths in Miami reported such provisions. The number of holidays provided varied by area, and within some areas by establishment; most commonly, however, 8 or 9 days were provided annually. P a id h o lid a y s . Text table 1. Earnings distribution of hand pressers and sewing-machine operators, section system. New York City, August 1974 Hourly earnings Hand pressers Under $ 2 . 4 0 .................................................. $2.40 and under $ 2 . 8 0 ................................ $2.80 and under $ 3 . 2 0 ................................ $3.20 and under $ 3 . 6 0 ................................ $3.60 and under $ 4 . 0 0 ................................ $4.00 and under $ 4 . 4 0 ................................ $4.40 and under $ 4 . 8 0 ................................ $4.80 and under $ 5 . 2 0 ................................ $5.20 and under $ 5 . 6 0 ................................ $5.60 and under $ 6 . 0 0 ................................ $6.00 and under $ 6 . 4 0 ................................ $6.40 and under $ 6 . 8 0 ................................ $6.80 and under $ 7 . 2 0 ................................ $7.20 and under $ 7 . 6 0 ................................ $7.60 and under $ 8 . 0 0 ................................ $8.00 and over ............................................. Number of w o rk e rs........................... Average hourly earnings .................. 25 28 19 68 22 34 58 80 139 75 65 109 77 168 98 944 2,009 $7.94 Sewingmachine operators, section system In all areas except Dallas, Los Angeles, and Miami, employers generally con tributed a specified percentage of their payrolls for workers covered by union agreements to a health, welfare, and vacation fund.9 The amount o f the employer contribution and the benefits available to workers varied among the areas (table 17). Health and welfare funds usually provided for doctor’s care; basic hospital and surgical benefits supple mented by a major medical program; disability insurance; maternity care benefits; eyeglasses; services at the union health center, and death benefits. Employers contribute an additional 3/8 percent of their covered payrolls to a national health services fund for the purpose of providing mail order prescription drugs to union workers, their families, and retired union members. H e a lth , w e lfa re , a n d v a c a tio n b e n e fits . 45 136 742 470 333 212 139 94 86 36 32 22 14 4 — — 2,365 $3.67 9 In Chicago and St. Louis, workers received vacation benefits directly from their employer. 4 About half the nonunion shops in Los Angeles, threefourths in Miami, and nine-tenths in Dallas had provisions for paid vacations, typically 1 week of pay after 1 year of service. Longer vacations after selected service periods were available in some shops in each area. Provisions for health insurance were found in approximately half the dress shops in Los Angeles and Miami and seven-eighths in Dallas. The most frequently reported benefits were: Life, hospitaliza tion, surgical, basic medical, and major medical insurance. Temporary disability benefits. In Newark-Jersey City, New York City, and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, ILGWU agree ments specified that the employers pay the full cost, including the workers’ contributions, of temporary dis ability benefits stipulated under New York and New Jersey disability benefit laws. Retirem ent plans. Retirement pension benefits (other than Federal social security) were provided through employer contributions to a national retirement fund in establish ments operating under ILGWU agreements (table 18). The amounts contributed varied among the areas from Vh percent to 5% percent of the covered payrolls. A benefit of $75 a month is paid to qualified workers at age 65. Workers may retire between ages 62 and 65 with a proportionate benefit reduction for each year before age 65. Totally disabled workers may retire at any age with full benefits. The contracts also had provisions for a $500 lump-sum death benefit payable to the worker’s beneficiaries. Retirement pension benefits were reported by one-tenth of the shops in Miami and Los Angeles, and by one-sixth in Dallas. Supplementary unem ploym ent benefits. Employers having ILGWU contracts contributed one-eighth percent of their covered payrolls to a national fund providing for supple mentary unemployment benefits to eligible workers whose employer has gone out of business. The benefits, which vary according to earnings and length of service, include both a lump-sum payment up to $400 and weekly supplementary unemployment insurance benefits for up to 48 weeks. The maximum weekly benefit is $25 for the first 26 weeks and $37.50 for the 27th through 48th week. If continuously unemployed for 52 weeks, the worker re ceives a second lump-sum payment up to $400. 5 Table 1. Earnings distribution: All production workers (P e rcen t distribution of production w orkers in women's and missesl* dress manufacturing establishments by straight«*time hourly ea rn in g s,1 12 f l e e t e d areas, 2 August 1974) — A v e r a g e h ou rly ea rn in gs 1 Boston Chicago D allas— F t. W orth r a i— R iv e r and N ew B e d fo rd J-iOS A n g e le s Long Beach M ia m i JNewark and J ersey C ity N ew Y o rk A l l shops R e g u la r shops3 C o n tra ct shops P h ila delphia St. Lou is W ilkes B a rre— H a zleton 9 3 1 5 7 2 .2 . 3 2. 1 1.4 1.8 1. 5 .8 1.2 .9 1 0 1. 0 .2 .2 .4 . 1 1. 6 1. 0 1. 5 1. 0 1.2 2 .9 .8 2. 1 2. 0 2. 3 5.2 2. 3 1. 6 1. 9 1. 1 0. 7 .4 1.2 .7 1. 0 1.8 .2 . 7 .9 . 5 6. 7 2 .8 4 .8 2. 7 2 .2 11. 3 4. 5 4 .4 2 .8 1. 5 3. 1 .9 3 .4 6 .4 6. 3 1.6 1.9 2. 0 2. 5 4 .3 .7 . 5 .8 1. 5 2. 2 1.9 2 .4 2 .4 2. 9 4. 9 1.8 2 .0 3. 6 3 .4 3. 3 3.7 3. 0 14. 3 5.3 5. 7 2 .2 4 .8 6. 7 4 .4 3 .9 1. 1 1. 0 1. 6 19. 1 16. 6 5.5 4. 4 9.8 4. 1 2. 9 4. 6 2 .8 3. 3 2 .4 1.9 4 .8 2 .9 2. 1 1. 7 1. 5 7.6 5.9 5. 0 3. 5 2. 7 3 .0 3 .6 3. 3 3. 0 3. 3 3 .3 2. 1 2 .8 2. 1 2 .6 2 .9 4 .0 3. 5 3. 3 3.6 4 .2 3.8 3. 1 4. 3 4, 6 6 .6 3.8 3. 5 4 .2 2. 5 6.8 8. 3 5.9 5. 1 2 .6 7 .9 5 .9 4 .8 3. 6 3.2 2. 0 . 9 1.4 . 5 .6 2 .9 3. 7 3.3 3. 0 2 .4 2 .9 1. 3 2. 0 1. 1 1. 0 1.6 1.4 2 .0 .8 1.2 3.6 2 .9 1.7 2. 2 2 .4 3.8 2 .4 2 .4 2 .3 2. 0 3 .6 1. 0 2. 1 2. 3 2. 0 3 .9 2 .8 2 .6 2 .4 2. 0 3.2 5.8 2 .9 4 .0 3.0 2 .6 2 .4 2. 1 1. 9 1.4 3. 7 3. 7 3. 5 3 .0 3. 1 3.2 2 .9 3.7 2. 6 1. 6 1. 5 .6 1. 5 2 .4 1.4 1. 5 .4 .8 .3 .2 2. 3 2. 5 7 .4 1.9 1.7 2 .0 .5 .9 1. 3 .4 1.0 .8 1.0 .9 .6 2 .7 1. 5 1.6 1.8 1.6 2 .4 2 .2 3. 1 1.9 1. 9 2 .2 2 .5 3. 0 .9 1. 7 2. 5 2. 1 3.2 2 .2 2. 0 2 .4 2. 6 3. 5 2. 3 3. 2 2. 1 2 .0 2. 0 1.0 1. 0 2 .2 2. 7 1. 1 1. 6 2. 2 1. 5 1. 7 1.2 1. 5 .6 1.4 1. 7 1.2 1.7 .9 . . . . . 5 1 1 1 1 1.2 1.0 1.2 .9 .8 1. 3 .4 . 9 .2 .4 .8 .. 5 .4 . 1 . 1 2. 1 1.2 1. 7 1. 5 1.2 2 .7 1.8 1.7 1. 5 1.2 2 .3 1. 1 2 .4 1.4 1. 5 2 .8 2 .0 1.4 1. 5 1. 1 2 .8 .9 1. 1 1. 5 1. 0 1. 0 .9 1.2 .6 •6 1. 1 2. 0 1. 5 .8 .7 1.2 1. 0 1. 0 .8 . 5 0 5 0 3 3 2. 7 .9 1. 0 1. 5 1. 6 . 1 . 1 2. 1 1. 0 . 9 .6 .4 1. 5 .9 . 5 .4 . 1 2. 5 .4 .3 .4 . 1 1.9 1. 3 2. 0 2. 3 1. 0 3 .6 2 .9 3. 1 2 .9 2. 1 4. 7 3 .9 3.8 4. 3 3. 3 3.2 2. 6 2 .8 2 .4 1. 7 1.8 2. 0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1. 3 .8 2. 5 2. 1 1.8 .6 1. 2 3. 0 1. 6 1. . . . . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 1 .2 .7 .3 - .6 .8 .6 .9 1.2 . 3 .3 .2 . 1 .2 .2 .4 . 1 1. 6 1.2 . 7 .6 .6 2 .6 1.8 1. 6 1.4 1. 3 6 .5 3 .9 2. 9 2 .2 2. 1 1. 3 1. 1 1.2 1. 1 1.0 .4 . 3 . 9 .8 •6 .9 . 9 •6 . 9 .3 20 40 60 80 00 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 1 .2 .3 •1 . 3 - - - . 1 " .5 .3 .2 •6 . 1 1. 0 1. 0 .2 •1 . 1 . 1 . 1 (4) . 1 . 5 . 1 (4) .2 (4) - 1.7 1. 1 2. 1 1. 1 1. 3 . 7 . 9 . 5 .7 . 3 .4 . 3 .4 1.7 . 7 .4 . 1 .4 . 1 ~ 1.9 •6 1. 1 •2 . 1 . 1 . 1 " $ 8 .2 0 $ 8. 40 $ 8 .6 0 $8. 80 $ 9 . 00 — — - -- — -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _ - - - .4 1. 1 - . 5 .4 . 3 •3 - .2 .2 .2 1 0 1 0 1 4. 3 1.2 4 .4 1.2 1.8 23. 9 5. 7 9.2 6. 7 3. 9 1.2 . 7 . 5 .3 .6 22. 5 6 .6 7. 9 4. 9 3. 3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. 4 1.2 6.6 5. 6 11.3 14. 7 4 .4 5. 3 5.6 5.8 8. 6 7. 0 6.2 4. 1 3. 4 .8 .8 1. 9 7. 1 16.9 u nder unde r tinder under u nder $ 3. 10 --------------------------------$ 3 . 2 0 --------------------------------$ 3. 30 --------------------------------$ 3. 40 --------------------------------$3. 50 --------------------------------- 5. 6 5.6 4 .2 3. 5 3. 6 4. 7 4. 7 2 .4 2 .9 1. 7 5.2 2. 0 1.9 .9 1. 6 and and and and and under tinder tinder tinder tinder $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $4. 60 --------------------------------7 0 --------------------------------8 0 --------------------------------9 0 --------------------------------0 0 --------------------------------- 3 .9 3. 1 1.0 2. 6 3. 7 2. 1 1.0 1.6 2. 0 1.2 $4. 00 $4. 10 $4. 20 $4. 30 $ 4 .4 0 and and and and and tinder tinder tinder tinder tinder $4. $4. $4. $4. $4, 10 --------------------------------2 0 --------------------------------3 0 --------------------------------4 0 --------------------------------5 0 --------------------------------- 2. 2 1.3 1. 9 1. 5 2 .2 $4. 50 $4. 60 $ 4 .7 0 $ 4 .8 0 $4 . 90 and and and and and tinder under tinder u nder u nder $4. 6 0 --------------------------------$4. 7 0 --------------------------------$ 4 . 8 0 --------------------------------$4. 9 0 --------------------------------$ 5. 0 0 --------------------------------- .8 . 7 .7 .3 - $ 5. 00 $ 5. 20 $ 5. 40 $ 5. 60 $ 5. 80 and and and and and tinder under tinder tinder under $ 5. 2 0 $ 5. 40 $ 5. 60 $ 5 .8 0 $ 6. 00 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- $ 6. 00 $ 6 .2 0 $6. 40 $ 6. 60 $6. 80 and and and and and tinder u nder tinder tinder under $ 6. 20 $ 6. 40 $ 6 .6 0 $ 6 ,8 0 $ 7 .0 0 $7. $ 7. $ 7. $ 7. $ 7. 00 20 40 60 80 and and and and and tinder u nder tinder u nder tinder $7. $ 7. $ 7, $ 7. $ 8. $ 8 .0 0 $ 8 .2 0 $8. 40 $8. 60 $8. 80 and and and and and under tinder tinder tinder tinder $2. 00 $2. 10 $ 2 .2 0 $2. 30 $ 2 .4 0 and and and and and under under under tinder tinder $2. 10 --------------------------------$2. 20 --------------------------------$ 2 .3 0 --------------------------------$2. 4 0 --------------------------------$2. 5 0 --------------------------------- $2. 50 $2. 60 $2. 70 $ 2 .8 0 $2. 90 and and and and and under tinder tinder tinder tinder $2. $2. $2. $2. $3. $ 3. 00 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3. 20 $ 3. 30 $3. 40 and and and and and $ 3. 50 $ 3. 60 $ 3 .7 0 $ 3. 80 $3. 90 60 70 80 90 00 $ 9 . 00 and o v e r -------------------------------------------- 4. 2. 2. 3. 2. 3. . 1. . . 1. 6 - . 1 - (4) .2 - - E) (4) 13. 8. 13. 3. 5. - - - (4) (4) - " " - - - - - .3 1 .2 . 1 . 1.6 .9 •8 •6 .6 .4 . . l l .4 . 1 .4 . 1 . .4 1 •5 4 .0 . 3 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 121 2, 162 1, 068 7, 087 $3. 95 $3. 49 $3. 67 $ 3 .4 1 3 .4 1.6 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ---------------------------------------------- 3, 529 4, 157 6, 433 6, 138 4, 102 30, 479 7, 449 23, 030 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a rn in g s 1 ----------------------------------- $3. 46 $3. 48 $2. 60 $3. 56 $ 2 .8 6 $2.82 $3. 92 $4. 58 $5. 06 $4. 42 H .4 932 See footnotes on following page. . 1 .3 . 1 . 5 100.0 N u m b er o f w o r k e r s “ “ .2 . 1 •3 .2 .2 . 5 .5 953 ------------------------------------------------------------ (4) “ " 6 9 5 7 3 .5 100. 0 T o ta l |P a te rs o n — C lifto n — P a s s a ic . 3 1, (4) /4\ ( ) . 1 - .3 Footnote s— 1 E x clu d es p r e m iu m pay fo r o v e rtim e and fo r weekends, h o lid a y s, and la te sh ifts. 2 Th e a re a s in this study a re defined as fo llo w s : Boston, M a s s .— Suffolk County, 16 c o m m u n ities in E s s e x County, 34 in M id d le s e x County, 26 in N o r fo lk County, and 12 in P lym ou th County; C h ica go , 111.— C ook County; D a lla s—F t. W orth , T ex .— C o llin , D a lla s, Denton, E llis , Hood, Johnson, K au fm an , P a r k e r , R o c k w a ll, T a rr a n t and W ise C ou nties; F a l l R iv e r and N ew B e d fo rd , M a s s . —R . I . — F a ll R iv e r , N e w B e d fo rd , and the towns o f Acushnet, D artm outh, D ighton, F a irh a v e n , F r e e to w n , S o m e rs e t, Sw ansea, and W estp o rt in B r is t o l County, M a s s .; the towns of L a k e v ille , M a rio n , and M a tta p o ise tt in P lym ou th County, M a s s .; and the towns of L it t le Com pton, P o r t s m outh, and T iv e r t o n in N e w p o rt County, R . I. ; L o s A n g e le s —L o n g B each, C alif-—O ra n ge County; M ia m i, F la .— Dade County; N e w a r k J e r s e y C ity, N. J.— E ss ex , Hudson, M o r r is , S o m erse t, and U nion C ou n ties; N e w Y o r k C ity , N. Y .— B ron x , K in gs, N ew Y o rk , Q ueens, and Rich m on d C ou nties; P a te rs o n —C lifto n —P a s s a ic , N. J.— B e r g e n and P a s s a ic C ou nties; P h ila d elp h ia , P a . —N. J .— Ph ila d elp h ia and D ela w a re C ou nties, P a . and Cam den County, N . J. ; St. L o u is , M o .—111.— St. L o u is ; F ra n k lin , J e ffe rs o n , St. C h a rle s , and St. L o u is C ou nties, M o . and C lin ton , M adison , M o n roe , and St. C la ir C ou nties, 111. ; W ilk e s - B a r r e —H a zleton , P a .— L u z e rn e County. 3 Inclu des job b in g shops p e r fo r m in g som e m an u facturing o p era tio n s, such as cutting and packin g and shipping, in addition to re g u la r (in sid e) shops. 4 L e s s than 0.0 5 p ercen t. N O T E : B eca u se of rounding, sums o f in dividu al item s m a y not equal 100. Table 2. Earnings distribution: Women production workers (P e rcen t distribution o f women production w orkers in women's and m isses dress manufacturing establishments by straight-tim e hourly earnings, 1 12 selected areas, 2August 1974) — A v e ra g e C h ic a g o F t. W o rth r a i — L os R iv e r A n g e le s - and N ew Lon g B e d fo r d B each N ew a rk N ew and M ia m i shops3 C ity P a te rs o n — Y ork R e g u la r J ersey C o n tra c t shops P a sAs lal i cs h o p s 0. 7 .4 . 1 . 7 .4 2 .2 2. 1 . 7 2. 6 1 .2 1. 1 .9 .5 3 .6 2 .3 1 .0 3. 1 4 .9 7 .3 1 .6 2 5 .6 0 .8 2 3 .4 2. 1 1. 5 0. 1 1. 7 2 .6 1 .4 6 .4 .6 7 .4 8 .8 .3 1 .0 $ 2 . 20 an d u n der $ 2 . 30 3 .9 9 .7 . 5 7 .7 1 4 .0 2. 1 .9 1 .4 .4 2. 1 .4 1 .6 .9 2 .3 $ 2 , 30 a n d u n d e r $ 2 . 40 3. 5 1 .4 7 .4 .3 3 .6 1 .6 1 .0 .8 1. 1 $ 2 . 40 and u n d er $ 2 , 50 2. 3 2. 1 4 .0 .6 4 .9 3 .6 5 .9 2 .0 1 .2 .2 1 .3 6 .0 1 1 .7 1 5 .2 8 .7 .8 $ 2 . 60 4. 9 $ 2 . 70 1. 1 7 .3 4. 6 7 .5 .8 $ 2 . 80 5 .9 6 .4 2. 1 $ 2 . 80 an d u n d er $ 2 . 90 6. 1 $ 3 .0 0 5 .9 6 .7 4. 1 $ 2 . 90 a n d u n d e r 1 2 .3 B a rre— H a z le to n 1. 5 4. 7 2. 0 $ 2 . 60 an d u n d er L o u is 5. 0 4. 5 $ 2 .2 0 $ 2 . 70 a n d u n d e r S t. d e lp h ia 2 .4 $ 2 . 10 $ 2 . 10 a n d u n d e r 1 4 .7 W ilk e s - P h ila - C lift o n $ 2 . 00 a n d u n d e r $ 2 . 50 a n d u n d e r - 1 .4 3. 1 1 .7 .6 1 .8 2 .0 3. 1 4. 6 .4 2 .4 2 .2 4. 6 .9 3 .6 2. 1 4 .7 2. 1 . 6 2 .4 1 5 .8 7. 1 2 .9 1 .4 3. 1 3 .9 3 .7 5 .4 4 .3 5 .7 3 .6 6 .3 4 .8 4 .2 20. 9 6 .7 2 .4 3 .3 4 .5 7. 1 7 .2 8 .4 2 .2 4 .3 4 .2 8 .7 6 .3 7 .8 3 .0 3 .6 1 7 .8 2 .6 2 .9 1 .5 4 .7 4 .3 6 .8 3. 1 3 .2 2 .9 6. 4 4 .0 5 .8 1. 1 1 8 .0 $ 3 . 00 a n d u n d e r $ 3 . 10 5 .6 5 .2 4 .5 5 .2 $ 3 . 10 a n d u n d e r $ 3. 20 6 .0 4 .9 2 .0 4 .4 $ 3. 20 and u n der $ 3 . 30 4 .3 2 .4 1 .7 10. 5 3 .7 2 .0 5. 1 3 .7 2 .6 3. 3 2 .8 1 .7 3 .6 3 .4 2 .4 3 .9 3 .6 3 .9 3 .7 4. 6 4. 6 5 .3 3. 3 3 .9 3. 5 3 .9 5. 1 2. 6 2 .9 3 .4 4 .3 4 .4 6 .4 5 .2 $ 3 . 30 a n d u n d e r $ 3. 40 3 .0 3 .0 .9 4 .3 $ 3. 40 an d u n d er $ 3 . 50 3 .8 1 .7 1 .7 3. 1 2. 0 1 .4 2 .8 $ 3 . 50 a n d u n d e r $ 3 . 60 1 .5 2 .9 3 .5 2. 5 4 .0 .6 3 .8 1 .4 3 .9 3 .2 4 .2 1 .0 2 .9 1 .4 1 .7 $ 3. 70 3 .9 3. 1 2 .2 $ 3, 60 an d u n d e r 2 .8 1 .2 3. 1 6 .3 2 .6 4. 1 2 .8 2 .6 2 .6 3. 1 2 .4 3 .8 2 .3 2 .5 3 .4 $ 3. 80 1. 0 1 .8 3. 1 2 .0 1 .7 2 .6 $ 3 . 80 an d u n d e r $ 3 . 90 2 .7 2. 5 .4 3 .0 1. 1 .8 2 .5 2 .6 2 .8 2 .6 4 .4 2 .0 3. 1 $ 3 . 90 a n d u n d e r $ 4 . 00 3 .8 1 .4 .6 2. 5 .9 1 .3 2 .6 2. 3 2. 1 2 .3 3 .2 1. 5 3 .3 1 .7 $ 4 . 00 an d u n d e r $ 4 , 10 2. 5 1. 3 1. 1 2. 5 1 .8 .8 2 .8 2 .5 2 .7 2. 5 2 .6 2. 1 2 .4 1 .4 $ 3. 70 an d u n d e r 00 D a lla s — B o s to n h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 .5 1 .8 $ 4 . 10 a n d u n d e r $ 4 . 20 1 .3 .8 .4 2. 5 . 5 .8 1 .7 2. 5 3 .7 2 .3 2 .8 2 .2 $ 4 . 20 and u n d er $ 4 . 30 1 .9 1. 7 .2 6 .4 .6 .6 1 .6 3 .5 3 .7 3. 5 3 .8 2. 1 2 .9 1 .3 1 .2 $ 4 . 30 an d u n d e r $ 4 . 40 1 .4 2 .0 1 .2 . 7 2 .0 2 .2 .7 2 .4 2. 5 1 .6 2. 1 .2 1 .7 .5 .7 1 .7 2 .3 2 .6 2 .2 3. 5 .9 1. 1 1 .8 $ 4 . 50 .9 1 .4 . 1 $ 4 .4 0 2 .3 .6 and u n der .8 1 .7 . 1 $ 4 . 60 an d u n d e r $ 4 . 70 .7 2. 1 . 1 $ 4 . 70 an d u n d e r $ 4 . 80 .8 1 .0 $ 4 . 50 a n d u n d e r $ 4 * 60 $ 4 . 80 and u n der $ 4 . 90 .4 2 .0 _ $ 4 . 90 an d u n d e r $ 5. 00 - 1 .0 . 1 3. 1 2 .6 3 .2 2 .6 1 .0 1 .3 .4 .4 1 .2 2 .2 1 .9 2 .2 1 .0 .9 2. 1 .7 . 5 . 3 1 .8 1 .7 3. 6 1 .4 1 .2 1. 3 1 .7 .7 1 .7 1 .7 . 5 .7 .6 1 .2 .5 .8 .2 . 1 1 .6 1 .9 2 .6 .8 .3 . 1 1 .3 1 .4 2 .3 1 .2 1. 1 1. 6 4 .2 8 .5 3 .5 2 .0 $ 5. 00 an d u n d er $ 5. 20 an d u n d er $ 5. 20 $ 5. 40 2. 5 2 .0 ( 4) 1. 1 .4 .9 ( 4) .9 .7 .4 2 .7 2. 1 $ 5. 40 an d u n d er $ 5. 60 .6 .9 .8 . 3 '. 1 2 .0 3. 1 5 .5 2 .7 1. 1 $ 5. 60 a n d u n d e r $ 5. 80 .2 1 .4 .6 .3 .4 1 .8 2 .6 4 .0 2 .4 .6 $ 5. 80 an d u n d er $ 6. 00 - .5 . 1 . 1 $ 6 . 0 0 a n d t in d e r $ 6 . 20 .3 $ 6 .2 0 . 1 _ - .4 _ .2 ( 4) .3 _ 1 .9 1 .2 .6 .8 .3 1 .3 .4 .6 .7 .2 . 1 - 1. 1 1 .2 2. 5 .5 _ _ .2 .5 .3 . . 1 $ 6. 80 an d u n d er $ 7. 00 .1 . 1 - - .2 . 1 • 2 T o t a l -------------------------o f w o r k e r s ----------- A v e ra g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 12 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m 2 F o r d e fin it io n 3 See fo o tn o te 3, o f pay areas, 1. fo r o v e r tim e see fo o tn o te .9 .2 .5 .3 . 1 .7 1 .0 1 .6 .9 • 2 .6 .2 .3 .6 1 .0 1. 1 .5 . 1 .2 • 1 .1 .2 ~ .2 .7 .6 .3 .7 .4 .7 .6 .9 .7 2 .7 3 .3 1 .6 3 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 840 762 3, 086 3, 7 7 4 5, 2 5 5 5, 641 3, 6 4 9 23, 600 3, 592 20, 008 1, 0 1 9 1, 9 4 5 957 6, 383 $ 2 . 52 $ 3 . 52 $ 2 . 78 $ 2 , 74 $ 3 .7 6 $ 4 .0 7 $ 3 .6 6 $ 3 .3 3 and 2, _ 1 0 0 .0 $ 3 .2 6 ta b le .8 .5 .5 1 .7 . 1 N u m ber .9 .7 3 .7 $ 6 . 80 .8 • 8 1 .3 $ 6. 60 an d u n d er . 1 1 .4 1 .0 2 .2 $ 6 . 60 - .3 1 .4 .5 $ 6. 40 _ 7 .3 .8 1 .9 .6 1 .0 and u n der .2 3 .4 .7 1 .3 .2 $ 6. 40 an d u n d er .5 1 .2 2 .4 1. 1 1 .8 1 .2 $ 7 . 0 0 a n d o v e r --------------- . 5 1 .2 .6 . 1 1 .7 fo r $ 3 . 30 w o rk ta b le on w eeken ds, h o lid a y s , and la te s h ifts . 4 L ess th a n $ 4 . 14 0 .0 5 $ 4 . 53 $ 3 . 54 p ercen t 1. N O T E : B ecau se o f r o u n d in g , sum s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m ay not equal 100, $ 3 . 34 Table 3. Earnings distribution: Men production workers (Percen t distribution of men production workers in women's and m isses' dress manufacturing establishments by average straight-tim e hourly earnings, 1 12 selected areas, 2August 1974) A v e ra ge h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 B o s to n C h ic a g o ------- F a l l -------- L os R iv e r A n g e le s - and N ew Long D a lla s — F t. W o rth B e d fo r d Y ork R e g u la r shops3 P a tte rs o n — C o n tra ct shops C lift o n — P a s s a ic P h ila d e lp h ia W ilk e s S t. L o u is B a rre— H a z le to n 1 8 .4 5 .2 3. 3 1. 5 5. 1 1 .8 - 1. 1 1. 6 3. 0 2 .4 - .2 1. 0 . 5 0. 9 $ 2 . 2 0 ----------------------------------------------- 1 .9 - 5 .9 and u n der $ 2 .3 0 1 .8 _ 6. 5 _ 5 .4 1. 0 8 .8 3. 6 . 5 - 1. 1 - 1 .8 5 .4 3. 1 2. 3 .8 4. 9 2 .2 1 .8 - .3 - .8 - . 5 .9 1 .0 3. 6 . 5 2. 0 3 .4 .6 - .8 9 .7 7. 6 4. 1 1 .8 2 .4 3. 5 7 .9 3 .6 1. 6 1 .4 2. 6 1 .8 3. 6 $ 2 . 30 an d u n d e r $ 2 . 4 0 --------------------------------------------- $ 2 . 40 an d u n d er $ 2 .5 0 .9 .6 $ 2 . 50 a n d u n d e r $ 2 . 6 0 ---------------------------------------------- .9 1 2 .4 $ 2 . 60 an d u n d e r $ 2 . 7 0 --------------------------------------------- 1 .8 $ 2 . 70 an d u n d er $ 2 . 8 0 --------------------------------------------- 1 .8 2 .4 4. 5 . 3 5 .4 2 .6 $ 2 . 80 and u n d er $ 2 . 9 0 --------------------------------------------- 1 .8 4. 1 3. 6 .3 1. 3 1 .2 $ 2 . 90 an d u n d er $ 3 . 0 0 --------------------------------------------- 4 .4 1 .8 1 .8 7 .8 $ 3. 00 an d u n d er $ 3 . 1 0 --------------------------------------------- 5. 3 2 .4 9 .7 8. 6 4 .2 1. 1 1 .4 $ 3 . 10 a n d u n d e r --------------------------------------------- 4 .4 C ity shops and u n der 0 .9 1 1 .7 A ll $ 2 .1 0 --------------------------------------------- 2 .4 B each N ew and J ersey $ 2 .2 0 $ 2 . 00 an d u n d er $ 2 . 1 0 --------------------------------------------- N ew a rk M ia m i . 3 . 4 .3 3. 3 - 1. 5 1 .2 . 7 2. 6 • 6 2. 0 1 .8 1. 7 1. 1 2 .4 1. 1 1. 5 1. 7 1. 1 .9 7 .4 1 .4 - - 1. 6 2 .4 . 3 . 3 . 3 - 10. 1 1 3 .7 2. 6 4. 1 . 7 1. 0 2 .8 1. 3 2. 1 2. 1 2 .2 4. 0 4 .2 2. 0 3. 0 .8 1 .0 . 5 3. 7 3 .8 2 .8 5 .4 2 .4 1 .8 1 .8 1 .0 . 9 2. 7 5 .7 - 1 .4 2. 7 4. 1 1 .8 3. 5 2 .4 3. 6 3 .9 3. 4 7. 1 2 .4 . 5 1. 6 .8 1 .4 2. 0 1 .6 1 .8 1 .4 1 .0 $ 3. 40 an d unde r $ 3 . 5 0 --------------------------------------------- 1 .8 1 .8 .2 .8 1. 1 3 .2 1 .8 1 .4 1 .8 1 .0 - 1 .4 $ 3 . 50 a n d u n d e r $ 3 . 6 0 --------------------------------------------- 3. 5 1 .8 5. 6 2. 9 3. 1 .4 1. 5 2 .4 2 .8 1 .8 . 3 .2 $ 3, 60 an d u n d er $ 3 . 7 0 --------------------------------------------- 3. 5 .6 3 .4 2 .6 .8 1 .2 .4 1. 1 .9 1 .3 1 .0 $ 3 . 70 a n d u n d e r $ 3 . 8 0 --------------------------------------------- 1 .8 7. 9 5 .7 2 .0 3 .8 1 .8 1 .9 1. 7 2 .3 1 .4 2. 9 .9 1 .2 .6 .4 1. 5 1 .8 1. 0 .8 1. 3 1 .2 1. 9 .3 3 .2 1 .3 2 .2 1 .8 2. 7 $ 3 . 9 0 --------------------------------------------- 1 .8 2. 7 $ 4 . 00 a n d u n d e r $ 4 . 1 0 --------------------------------------------- _ - . 7 1 .0 2 .4 _ 4. 7 .3 5 .0 $ 4 . 10 a n d u n d e r $ 4 . 2 0 --------------------------------------------- .9 $ 4 . 20 and u n der $ 4 . 3 0 -----------------— ----------------------- 1 .8 .6 $ 4 . 30 an d u n d er $ 4 . 4 0 --------------------------------------------- 1 .8 8 .8 $ 4 . 40 an d u n der $ 4 . 5 0 --------------------------------------------- 2. 7 1 .2 $ 4 .5 0 $ 4 .6 0 and u n der --------------------------------------------- .9 $ 4 . 60 an d u n der $ | 4 . 7 0 --------------------------------------------- .9 $ 4 .7 0 $ 4 .8 0 .7 2 .9 . 5 .9 3. 6 .9 15. 6 .9 1 .8 3 .8 1 .0 .9 .8 .2 1 .0 1 .4 2 .3 4 .8 2 .2 1 .8 2. 3 1 .2 _ 1 .3 1 .6 2 .6 _ 1 .0 1. 1 .8 1 .0 - - 1. 1 .6 . 9 .3 - 4 .8 3 .6 3 .9 .2 1 .3 .3 _ . 7 .5 .4 1 .2 1 .3 .3 .4 .2 1 .8 .3 2. 7 1 .0 .7 1. 5 1 .4 1 .7 .4 .2 . 2 . 3 - .4 .4 .8 2. 1 1. 3 . 3 $ 4 . 80 and u n der $ 4 . 9 0 -------- ------------------------------------- .6 .9 .5 1 .8 .2 $ 4 . 90 a n d u n d e r $ 5 . 0 0 ---------------------------------------- - - .2 .8 .5 $ $ $ $ $ $ 5 . 2 0 ------------------------------------------ 7. 1 5 .9 .2 1 1 .7 5. 6 1 2 .9 2 .2 1 .2 1. 1 20 and u n der $ 5 . 4 0 ---------------------------------------- 1 .8 .6 .9 1 .8 1 .7 1 .0 2 .2 1. 5 .7 2 .4 1 .0 40 and u n der $ 5 . 6 0 ---------------------------------------- 4 .4 1 .2 _ _ 1 .0 1 .3 2 .4 2 .2 2 .9 2 .3 3 .6 2 .0 1 .3 .6 . 6 6 .2 3 .8 4. 7 2 .7 - .3 .4 .4 1 .7 2 .9 . 3 6 .9 2. 0 .5 1 ,2 _ 5. 1 6 .6 6. 7 10. 9 1. 5 4 .0 2 .0 3 .9 5. 3 2. 0 1. 0 .9 3 .8 4 .2 3 .2 .7 2. 2 2 .8 3. 1 2 .3 3 .2 3. 5 1. 5 2. 5 3 .2 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 00 an d u n d er --------------------------------------------- 60 an d u n d er $ 5 . 8 0 ---------------------------------------- 80 an d u n der $ 6 . 0 0 ---------------------------------------- .9 2. 7 1 .8 6. 5 $ 6. 00 an d u n der $ 6 . 2 0 --------------------------------------------- _ 2 .4 $ 6 .2 0 and u n der $ 6 . 4 0 --------------------------------------------- 1 .8 1 .8 .2 .8 1. 1 $ 6 . 40 and u n der $ 6 . 6 0 --------------------------------------------- 2 .7 3. 5 1 .4 « $ 6 . 60 an d u n d e r $ 6 . 8 0 --------------------------------------------- 1 .8 3. 5 - .8 . - $ 6. 80 an d u n d er $ 7 . 0 0 --------------------------------------------- - 2 .9 - .8 .2 . .. .6 . 5 . 3 . 5 . $ 7 . 2 0 ---------------------------------------u n d e r $ 7 . 4 0 ---------------------------------------u n d e r $ 7 . 6 0 ---------------------------------------u n d e r $ 7 . 8 0 ---------------------------------------u n d e r $ 8 . 0 0 ---------------------------------------- $ 7. 00 an d u n d er $ 7. 20 an d $ 7. 4 0 a n d $ 7 . 60 an d $ 7 .8 0 and $ 8 . 00 an d u n d er 1 .8 2. 7 .9 .6 . - .6 - $ 8 . 2 0 --------------------------------------------- - .. .9 1 .0 1 .3 1 .8 _ - .9 1 .3 1 .4 _ 1. 0 .9 3 .8 .9 1 .4 _ 1. 5 1 .8 .9 3. 7 11. 7 .7 4. 1 2 .7 7 .8 . 5 9 .0 .4 3 .9 8. 3 .9 1 .0 2 .8 5 .9 1 .4 1 .7 3 .9 1 .8 _ .6 3. 7 _ _ .6 - .2 2. 5 1. 7 3. 5 - 3 .3 4. 0 2 .4 4 .9 1 8 .6 - - . 7 .7 - .3 _ _ 2. 1 2. 1 2 .2 2 .0 2. 3 1. 6 6. 9 - 1 .3 2 .2 2 .0 2 .4 _ and u n der $ 8 . 4 0 --------------------------------------------- - - .9 1. 1 - - _ - 1 .8 . 1 .0 - . 3 . - $ 8 . 6 0 --------------------------------------------- 1 .6 .9 2 .5 4 .9 _ and u n der $ 8 . 8 0 --------------------------------------------- . 1 .2 _ _ _ _ 1 .3 1 .0 . 6 1 .6 2 .9 _ $ 8 . 80 and u n der $ 9 . 0 0 --------------------------------------------- - 1 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 3, 8 5 7 3, 0 22 102 217 111 704 $ 4 .8 6 $ 4 .8 3 1 2 .8 T o t a l ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ------------------------------------------------------ 113 170 443 383 1, 1 7 8 497 453 6, 87 9 $ 4 .9 1 $ 4 .2 8 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .6 3 $ 5 .2 0 $ 6 .0 7 $ 5 . 56 $ 6 . 72 3 See fo o tn o te 3, B ecau se ta b le of 3. 0 $ 6 . 78 1* r o u n d in g , . 1 _ - 1 0 .2 NO TE: .3 _ “ .3 - s h ifts . _ - .9 - la te . 1 1. 0 - - - and . 1 5 .9 - - h o lid a y s , .4 2 .9 - 1 .2 fo r w o rk on w eek en d s, t a b l e s 2 , t a b l e 1. .3 .3 - 13. 3 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e an d 2 F o r d e f i n i t i o n o f a r e a s , s e e f o o t n o t e 1, .9 2 5 .4 .2 1 .2 $ 9 . 0 0 a n d o v e r ---------------------------------------------------------------- $ 3 . 94 1 .3 3 .0 8. 1 and u n der $ 3 . 16 3 .8 22. 5 _ 15. 7 $ 8 .4 0 h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ------------------------------------------ 2. 1 2 .0 3 .6 1 5 .2 $ 8 .2 0 A v e ra g e .9 . 5 1 .4 $ 8 .6 0 _ .9 2. 1 2 .9 _ - 1 .8 - .2 .2 1 .3 2 .4 1 .8 .5 3 .0 .. - . 3 - . 9 .9 . and u n der 1 .3 _ 2 .9 1 7 .0 2. 9 . 9 . 5 _ _ 1. 1 . 5 3. 6 1 .8 $ 3 . 2 0 --------------------------------------------- $ 4 . 0 0 --------------------------------------------- . 9 1 .4 . 9 3. 6 $ 3 . 4 0 --------------------------------------------- $ 3. 80 an d u n d er 1 .8 1 .8 $ 3. 30 a n d u n d er $ 3 . 90 a n d u n d e r .4 . 9 . 5 $ 3 . 2 0 a n d u n d e r 1$ 3 . 3 0 --------------------------------------------- .6 » . 7 sum s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m ay not equal 1 0 0. $ 4 . 04 Table 4. Average hourly earnings: Selected occupations 12 selected a re a s ,2 August 1974) (Number and average straight-tim e hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations in women* s and m isses' dress manufacturing establishments, C h ic a g o B o s to n O c c u p a tio n C u tte rs D a l l a s —F t . Ib’ a l l R i v e r W o rth N ew L os and A n g e le s - Lon g B e d fo r d N ew a rk M ia m i B each and J e rs e y C ity N u m ber A vera ge N um ber A vera ge N u m ber A vera ge N u m ber A vera ge N u m ber A vera ge N u m ber A vera ge N um ber A vera ge of h o u r ly of h o u r ly o f h o u r ly of h o u r ly of h o u r ly o f h o u r ly of h o u r ly w o rk ers e a r n in g s w o rk ers e a r n in g s w o rk ers e a r n in g s w o rk ers e a r n in g s w o rk ers e a r n in g s w o rk ers e a r n in g s w o rk ers e a r n in g s a n d m a r k e r s -------------------------------------------------- 36 $ 4 . 72 $ 5 . 52 63 278 $ 3 . 36 67 $ 5 . 02 296 $ 4 . 53 111 $ 4 . 52 109 93 $ 5 . 96 260 - 6 . 71 f i n a l ( e x a m i n e r s ) --------------------------------- 24 2 . 77 12 2 . 96 78 2 .3 7 54 2 . 98 103 2 .3 2 121 2. 29 h a n d ------------------------------------------------------------- 44 4 . 34 55 4 . 94 2 . 34 356 4 . 18 326 2 .8 6 246 2 . 79 P re s s e rs , m a c h i n e ----------------------------------------------------- - 70 2 . 64 137 P re s s e rs , h a n d a n d m a c h i n e ----------------------------------- 2 .4 0 20 3 . 13 - 3 .8 3 - 2 .8 9 2 . 55 170 2 . 56 230 3. 44 2 , 161 2 . 90 1, 1 6 9 3 . 58 2 . 76 4 . 32 In s p e c to rs , P re s s e rs , S ew ers, o p e ra to rs , s e c t io n S e w in g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs , s in g le - h a n d (t a ilo r ) T h rea d W o rk s y s te m -- s y s t e m ------------------------------------------------------------ tr im m e r s 8 .2 0 - 3 .4 3 86 2 .4 7 106 3 .0 7 118 1 ,5 9 0 2 . 50 2, 322 3 . 65 1, 3 0 7 267 3 . 58 177 4 . 13 230 1. 3 4 1 3 . 13 9 17 2 . 72 297 3 . 01 200 2 . 18 386 2 . 16 949 100 2 .8 7 39 56 2 .4 9 2 . 37 2 . 93 13 2 . 52 59 2 .9 9 56 2 . 54 159 2 .2 9 ■ P re s s e rs , h a n d a n d m a c h i n e ----------------------------------- h a n d ( f i n i s h e r s ) ----------------------------------------- 2, 365 3 . 67 12, 458 ( c l e a n e r s ) ---------------------------------- d i s t r i b u t o r s --------------------------------------------------------- o p e ra to rs , s e c tio n o p e ra to rs , s in g le - h a n d (t a ilo r ) T h read W o rk s y s te m -- s y s t e m ------------------------------------------------------------ t r im m e r s 1 E x c lu d e s 2 F o r p r e m iu m d e fin itio n o f pay fo r areas, o v e r tim e see $ 6 . 15 70 $ 5 . 72 185 232 3 .2 7 14 $ 5 .9 9 3 . 91 118 3 . 97 58 3 . 01 32 3 .0 5 156 2 .9 6 177 1 .8 4 8 7 .8 4 85 7 . 34 184 3 .8 4 72 4 . 42 491 4 . 64 7 . 93 - - 56 8 .7 0 - 2, 378 3 . 79 and fo o tn o te - - - - - - - 3 . 19 315 3 . 58 1, 1 2 7 3 .2 9 39 304 3 . 57 2, 190 3 .7 9 3 . 67 61 3 . 51 149 4 , 180 5 .2 9 12, 187 4 .4 5 418 4 . 00 109 4 .7 7 206 - 3 . 91 1, 0 4 5 2 .8 7 33 2 .8 2 77 2 . 75 11 3 .8 5 3 . 61 499 2 .9 9 ~ 26 3 .4 2 22 2 . 99 188 3 . 10 1, 2 7 1 1, 1 0 9 2 .9 3 64 25 3 . 32 “ " “ h o lid a y s , - 3 .2 4 4 . 53 w eeken ds, - - 3, 69 on - 83 47 289 175 w o rk - $ 4 . 98 8 .8 9 - 2, 089 ta b le 10 $ 6 .8 1 - 3. 84 fo r 2, H a z le to n 8 .8 7 3 .6 1 - T .m ii a 215 447 2, 025 " 370 1, 3 5 7 — — -------------------------------------------------- 2 .8 2 W ilk e s- S t. P liila / I.In J iia P a s s a ic shops _ $ 6 . 51 $ 6 . 57 m a c h i n e ---------------------------------------------------- S ew ers, C o n tra ct shops3 1, 7 2 7 hand 2, 333 P a te rs o n — C lift o n — C ity R e g u la r P re s s e rs , S e w in g - m a c h in e Y o rk - - 3 . 12 - 2 . 98 P re s s e rs , S e w in g - m a c h in e 4 . 34 - 59 - 31 “ f i n a l ( e x a m i n e r s ) --------------------------------- 2 . 74 240 N ew In s p e c to rs , 52 3. 39 ------------------------------------------------------- a n d m a r k e r s ------------------------------------------------- - 2 . 61 A ll shops C u tte rs - 67 ( c l e a n e r s ) --------------------------------- d is tr ib u t o r s 22 252 h a n d ( f i n i s h e r s ) ------------------------------------------ S e w in g - m a c h in e - - 169 33 and la te - “ 3 s h ifts , 1. See N O TE : fo o tn o te D ashes 3, - t a b le in d ic a te - - 3 .2 5 3 . 34 - 1. no d a ta re p o rte d or d a ta th a t do not m eet p u b lic a tio n c r it e r ia . Table 5. Earnings distribution: Cutters and markers (D is t r ib u t io n o f c u tte rs and m a rk e rs in w o m e n 's a n d m is s e s ' o f w o rk ers — 36 C h ic a g o - 63 D a l l a s —F t . F a il R iv e r L os W o rth ■ and N ew A n g e l e s —L o n g N ew a rk and N ew N ew Y ork C ity : N ew Y ork C ity : N ew Y ork C ity : B e d f o r d -------- 67 B e a c h -------------- 296 111 J e r s e y ----------------A ll shops R e g u la r 109 --------- 1, 7 2 7 shops — 1, 3 5 7 C o n tra c t shops - 370 P a t e r s o n —C l i f t o n —P a s s a i c ------------- 10 P h i l a d e l p h i a ----------------------------------------- 118 S t# 4. 72 5. 52 3. 36 5. 02 4. 53 4. 52 5. 96 6. 57 6. 51 6.81 278 M i a m i ------------------------------------------------------ L o u is 185 and under $ 3 .20 T 3 . T 0 ■ “ $ T .4 0 by s tr a ig h t-tim e 6 - 1 16 7 - - - - _ - _ _ 1 4 h o u r ly o f w o rk ers 11 at p r e m iu m pay 2 In c lu d e s 10 w o r k e r s $ 6 .4 0 to $ 6 , 8 0 ; a n d 3 at at fo r o v e r tim e $ 5 to $ 6 .8 0 and fo r $ 5 .2 0 ; 3 a t and o v e r. w o rk $ 5. 20 to on 2 w eeken ds, $ 5. 60 ; 13 a t r e c e iv in g ~$3.'60 ■$"3.80 "$4._ 00 $3. 60 $ 3 .8 0 $4. 00 $ 4 .2 0 $ 4 .4 0 2 3 8 2 2 4 _ 31 2 20 12 _ 41 1 3 14 18 3 41 17 1 24 _ . - - 21 36 - - 17 _ - 7 13 18 18 _ _ 1 _ 1 1 40 _ 1 _ 1 1 6 6 13 ' E x c lu d e s e a r n i n g s ' , 12 12 s e l e c t e d 1 R .2 0 areas, s tr a ig h t- tim e Augu st h o u r ly T 4 T 4 0 "" T 4 . 6 0 1974) e a r n in g s o f— W < 5 0" $4. 80 $ 5. 40 $ 6. £ 5 .8 0 $ 6 . 60 $ 7. 00 and $ 3 .4 0 1 24 11 4 - - 6 e s ta b lis h m e n ts N u m ber $ 3 . oo 3 3102 5 .9 9 . 15 5. 72 4 . 98 70 W i l k e s - B a r f e —H a z l e t o n m a n u fa c tu r in g n v c i ctge h ou rly 1 Under ea rn in g s 1 $ 3 .0 0 N u m ber B o s to n d ress h o lid a y s , $ 5 . 60 to and $6; la te 6 at s h ifts . $6 to $6. 40; $ 2 .6 0 to W o rk ers to $ 2 .8 0 ; 4 $ 8 .2 0 ; $ 4 .6 0 $ 4 .8 0 1 1 11 4 55 18 2 18 18 I $ 6 .2 0 £ 5 .8 0 1 2 as to 1 21 fo llo w s : $3. w e r e d is tr ib u t e d $ 8 .2 0 and o v e r . as 10 over 2 40 5 1 61 12 11 19 29 4 2 45 00 10 1 17 47 11 19 4 161 455 191 l458 147 447 309 274 150 315 15 14 8 2 35 41 143 1 8 12 1 2 20 12 2 1 8 $7, z46 2 4 6 32 w e r e d is tr ib u t e d a n d 19 a t $ 2 . 8 0 W o rk ers a n d 112 a t $ 5 .4 0 _ 2 6 2 32 2 8 33 1 24 1 5 $5. 00 at fo llo w s : 2 1 37 39 28 37 22 20 1 $ 2 .2 0 115 at to $7 $ 2 .4 0 ; to 38 $ 7 .4 0 ; at $ 2 .4 0 197 a t $ 7 .4 0 9 to to $ 2 .6 0 ; $ 7 .8 0 ; 35 34 a t at $ 7 .8 0 Table 6. Earnings distibution: Final inspectors (Distribution of final inspectors in women's and m isses' dress manufacturing establishments by straight-tim e hourly ea rn in g s,1 12 selected areas, August 1974) N um ber A vera ge A re a of $ 2 . 00 w o rk ers of w o rk ers r e c e iv in g $ 3 . 00 $ 3. 20 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 . 60 $ 3 . 80 $ 4 . 00 $ 4 .2 0 u nder - - - - - - - - - - - $ 2 . 20 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 . 60 $ 2 . 80 $ 3 . 00 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 . 60 $ 3. 80 $ 4. 00 $ 4. 20 $ 4 .4 0 and e a r n i n g s 11 _ $ 2 . 77 12 2 . 96 - 2 - 2 4 9 3 _ _ 78 2 .3 7 25 22 15 4 8 2 1 B e d f o r d -------- 54 2 . 98 1 35 15 B e a c h ------------ 103 2 .3 2 46 16 23 7 1 5 M i a m i ------------------------------------------------------ 12 1 2 . 29 15 6 _ 2 _ 93 3 . 12 50 - 38 C i t y ---------------- - - 1 64 4 11 19 84 65 - 35 19 F a ll R iv e r L os and N ew A n g e l e s —L o n g N ew a rk and J e rs e y N ew Y ork C ity — N ew Y ork C ity — r e g u la r a ll s h o p s ---------- N ew Y o rk C ity — c o n tr a c t 447 3 . 61 8 215 3 . 97 - 232 3. 27 8 P a t e r s o n —C l i f t o n r - P a s s a i c ------------- 14 3 .9 1 P h i l a d e l p h i a ----------------------------------------S t. L o u i s ---------------------------------------------- 58 3 . 01 32 3 . 05 - W i l k e s - B a r r e — H a z l e t o n ---------------- 156 2 . 96 “ 1 E x c lu d e s shops shops p r e m iu m pay fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w o rk on w eeken ds, h o lid a y s , and 11 Earnings distribution: (D is tr ib u tio n of p re s s e rs (h a n d s y s te m ) in w o m e n 's and of m is s e s ' d ress h o u r ly $ 2. 00 45 18 8 12 - _ 27 8 1 2 1 2 1 7 1 _ _ 4 4 - “ - - 8 d is tr ib u t e d at $ 6 .4 0 a s ^ fo llo w s : to 2 _ 31 at $ 4 .8 0 to $ 5 .2 0 ; 2 at 5. 20 to $ 5. 60; $ 2 . 80 $ 3 . 00 $ 3. 20 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3. 60 $ 3 .8 0 $ 4 . 00 $ 4 .2 0 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 . 60 $ 4 . 80 $ 5. 0 0 $ 5 .4 0 $ 5. 80 $ 6 .2 0 $ 6. 60 $ 7. 00 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 . 60 $ 2 .8 0 $ 3. 00 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 . 60 $ 3 . 80 $ 4 .0 0 $ 4. 20 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 . 60 $ 4 . 80 $ 5. 00 $ 5 .4 0 $ 5. 80 $ 6 .2 0 $ 6. 60 $ 7. 00 over by s tr a ig h t-tim e 42 13 M i a m i ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 246 2 . 79 48 12 53 16 2 36 - 8 1 19 - _ --------- 260 6 . 71 2, 025 7 . 93 --------------- 177 8 . 87 s h o p s -------------------------- o f h o u r ly w o rk ers e a r n i n g s , 12 4 12 3 r e c e iv in g s e le c te d a rea s, s t r a ig h t - t im e : h o u r ly A ugust e a r n in g s 1974) o f— and 35 1 53 5 4 2 9 32 2 1 3 4 6 _ 3 _ 7 - 2 1 2 2 9 16 43 25 33 207 9 28 9 17 9 15 4 17 3 3 16 _ 4 - 20 12 41 - 27 13 2 1 9 1 45 . 12 _ 8 _ - 2 17 8 16 12 - - . 19 _ 41 _ s h o p s --------------- 1 ,8 4 8 7 . 84 P a t e r s o n —C l i f t o n — P a s s i a c ------------------------------ 85 7. 34 - - - P h i l a d e l p h i a ---------------------------------------------------------- - 4 6 1 _ 2 1 _ 3 1 _ 2 _ 2 _ 8 _ 12 12 34 20 32 10 .. 24 _ 16 42 _ 32 _ 103 157 55 92 51 / 2 4 2 21 8 2 90 1 10 _ 24 42 _ 32 82 1 149 7 53 89 8 92 13 1 ,1 0 9 6 52 8 8 4 _ 1 5 5 „ _ _ 2 5 _ 6 7 3 4 3 . 84 4 - 13 17 22 9 11 11 18 - 1 _ 24 4 .4 2 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 1 5 5 3 9 2 4 . 64 “ “ 2 “ 6 59 28 39 57 9 26 7 491 27 20 17 34 24 53 14 12 12 on w eeken ds, E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m W o rk ers w ere pay fo r d is tr ib u te d o v e r tim e as and fo llo w s : fo r 2 at w o rk $7 to $ 7 .4 0 ; 4 at h o lid a y s , $ 7 ,4 0 to and la te $ 7 .8 0 ; s h ift s , and 3 at 3 In c lu d e s W o rk ers $ 8 .2 0 ; 10 a t $ 8 .2 0 $ 10 a n d o v e r . 5 4 w o rk ers to $ 7 .2 0 ; 1 a t $ 7 .2 0 1 a t $ 9 .6 0 to $10. 4 to at w ere to at $ 5 $ 7 .6 0 ; 1 to at $ 5 .2 0 ; $ 7 .6 0 5 to at $8; $ 5 .2 0 2 at to $ 5 ,6 0 ; $ 8 .4 0 to 7 at $ 8 .8 0 ; $ 5 .6 0 to at $ 8 .8 0 3 $6; to 3 at $ 6 .8 0 $ 9 .2 0 ; and as fo llo w s : 8 at $7 to $ 7 ,4 0 ; 19 at $ 7 .4 0 to $ 7 .8 0 ; 10 at $ 7 .8 0 w ere $ 8 .6 0 ; 4 d is tr ib u t e d a s 8 at $ 8 .6 0 fo llo w s : 15 to 2 $9; 128 at 8 at $7 10 $9 to to $ 9 .4 0 ; $ 7 .4 0 .; ,1 1 8 $ 7 .8 0 to $ 8 .2 0 ; 102 a t $ 8 .2 0 to $ 8 .4 0 ; 69 a t $ 8 .6 0 to $ 9 ; 288 $ 1 0 .6 0 ; 112 a t $ 1 0 .6 0 to $ 1 1 .4 0 ; a n d 199 a t $ 1 1 .4 0 ! a n d o v e r . 6 d is tr ib u t e d W o rk ers to to $ 7 .8 0 ; W o rk ers 5 at w ere $ 7 .8 0 to d is tr ib u t e d a s $8; 4 1 _ 327 72 to ,$ 8 .2 0 . 4 6 2 „ 184 1 29 1 _ L o u i s --------------------------------------------------------------- 2 2 1 _ W i l k e s - B a r r e - * H a z l e t o n ---------------------------------- $ 7 .8 0 at $ 2 . 60 - S t. 10 $ 6 .8 0 . $ 2 .4 0 44 C ity — c o n tr a c t w ere and 51 8 4 $ 2 .2 0 - Y o rk $ 6 .4 0 ; 2 51 e s ta b lis h m e n ts 98 N ew W o rk ers 1 19 11 m a n u fa c tu r in g 2 . 86 shops _ 30 4 4 . 18 C ity — _ 49 2 38 326 C ity — a ll _ 22 106 B e d f o r d ------------------------- C ity — r e g u la r _ _ 12 " B e a c h ------------------------------ and J e rs e y _ 1 3 ” 17 - Y ork 2 6 „ 55 Y ork 30 10 2 .3 4 N ew a rk _ 24 3 169 356 N ew _ 11 4 . N ew _ 6 - and N ew 6 25 4 . 94 A n g e l e s —L o n g 6 7 $ 4 .3 4 L os _ _ 14 55 F a ll R iv e r _ _ _ 2 44 — _ 2 B o s t o n --------------------------------------------------------------------— 4 4 C h i c a g o -------------------------------------------------------------------— over under $ 2. 20 - _ _ 26 2 $ 4 . 80 and w o r k e r s e a r n in g ^ - - - - 2 _ 35 N u m ber N um ber A v e ra ge W o rth - „ 24 to B 4 . 60 $ 4 . 80 Hand pressers A re a D a l l a s —F t . _ 1 _ 53 s h ifts . $ 4 . 60 2 2 la te &4 .4 0 and 59 14 $ 6 Table 7. o f— $ 2 . 80 24 W o r t h ------------------------------ e a r n in g s $ 2 . 60 C h ic a g o ------------------------------------------------- h o u r ly $ 2 .4 0 B o s t o n ---------------------------------------------------D a l l a s —F t . s tr a ig h t- tim e $ 2 .2 0 h o u r ly 3 at $8 fo llo w s : to 4 $ 8 .2 0 ; at 4 $ 7 to at $ 7 .2 0 ; $ 8 .4 0 to at 5 at $9 1 8 at to $ 7 .4 0 $ 8 .6 0 ; and at _ 133 1 6 $ 9 .4 0 $ 7 .4 0 $ 9 .8 0 ; 1 2 20 to to 4 101 41 $10; and 34 $ 7 .8 0 ; 118 at 108 to $ 7 .6 0 ; 12 at at 19 $ 8 .6 0 $ 9 .8 0 to at $ 7 .6 0 and over. Table 8. Earnings distribution: Machine pressers and hand and machine pressers (D is tr ib u tio n of m a c h in e p re s s e rs and hand and m a c h in e p ressers in w o m e n 's and m is s e s ' d ress m a n u fa c tu r in g e s ta b lis h m e n ts N u m ber N um ber A vera ge of h o u r ly A re a w o rk ers $ 2. 00 e a r n in g s 1 o f w o rk ers by s tr a ig h t-tim e r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e ......................... - ........................... - o f— $ 2. 80 $ 3 . 00 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 .6 0 $ 3 .8 0 $ 4 .0 0 $ 4 .2 0 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 . 60 $ 4 . 80 $ 5 .2 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 . 60 $ 2 . 80 $ 3 . 00 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 . 60 $ 3 . 80 $ 4 . 00 $ 4 .2 0 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 . 60 $ 4 .8 0 $ 5 .2 0 over and u nder 33 $ 2. 74 5 7 4 .3 4 - - B e a c h -------------------------------------------- 59 70 2. 64 35 15 M i a m i -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 137 3 .8 3 6 A n g e l e s —L o n g 1974) $ 2. 60 — L os - e a r n in g s Augu st $ 2 .4 0 B e d f o r d --------------------------------------- W o rth and N ew h o u r ly a re a s ,2 s e le c te d $ 2. 20 p ressers M a c h in e F a ll R iv e r e a r n in g s and $ 2. 20 D a l l a s —F t . h o u r ly 4 - 3 - - 9 - _ _ - 2 _ 3 2 4 - 1 2 6 - - - - 2 8 20 2 17 8 8 12 8 H and and m a c h in e _ _ 37 2 1 2 2 - 11 4 2 5 2 4 2 3 15 18 p ressers B o s t o n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22 8 .2 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 _ _ _ _ _ D a i l a s —F t . 52 2 .4 0 26 8 7 2 2 4 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - 20 3 . 13 - 4 4 2 - - 4 2 2 - - - 2 - - 56 8. 70 - - - 7 - - - - - - - - - 47 8. 89 “ ” 449 40 " ' L os W o r t h -------------------------------------------------------------- A n g e l e s —L o n g B e a c h -------------------------------------------- N ew Y ork C ity — a ll N ew Y o rk C ity — c o n t r a c t s h o p s ----------------------------------------s h o p s ------------------------------ - - 7 ‘ 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m 2 D a ta not J ersey hand d id C ity , and N ew m a c h in e pay m eet Y ork , fo r o v e r tim e p u b lic a tio n P a te rs o n , p re s s e rs in and c r it e r ia fo r fo r C h ic a g o , F a ll w o rk on w eeken ds, m a c h in e p r e s s e r s P h ila d e lp h ia , S t. R iv e r , L o u is , and M ia m i, h o lid a y s , in B o s t o n , and la t e C h ic a g o , N ew a rk , P a te rso n , " L o u is s h ifts . N ew a rk W i l k e s - B a r r e —H a z l e t o n ; 320 and 3 and and fo r P h ila d e lp h ia , S t. 4 to $ 8; W i l k e s - B a r r e —H a z le t o n . W o rk ers $ 6. 60; to and w ere 15 a t W o rk ers d is tr ib u t e d $ 9 .4 0 w ere 3 a t $ 8 to to d is tr ib u t e d $ 8. 40; 8 at as fo llo w s : 1 a t $ 5 .4 0 to $ 5. 80 ; 2 a t $ 5. 80 to $ 6 . 20; 2 at $ 6 . 20 $ 6 . 40 to $ 6 . 80; 3 a t $ 6. 80 to $ 7. 2 0 ; 3 at $ 7. 60 16 at $ 9. 8 0 . as fo llo w s : $ 9. 20 to 8 at $ 9. 60; 8 at $ 10. 20 to $ 10. 80 ; and $ 1 1 .4 0 to $ 12. Table 9. Earnings distribution: Hand sewers (D is tr ib u tio n of hand sew ers (fin is h e r s ) in w o m e n 's and m is s e s ' d ress m a n u fa c tu r in g e s ta b lis h m e n ts by s tr a ig h t-tim e N u m ber N um ber A vera ge of h o u r ly A re a w o rk ers e a r n in g s 1 $ 2 . 00 B o s t o n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67 C h i c a g o ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31 3 .4 3 86 2 .4 7 106 F a ll L os W o r t h - ...............................- R i v e r —N e w - __ ................. .. __ — B e d f o r d ------------------------------------------------------------ A n g e l e s —L o n g B e a c h ---------------------------------------------------------- 118 o f• w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g 12 s e le c te d areas, s tr a ig h t-tim e 90 $ 3. 00 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 . 60 $ 3. 80 $ 4 . 00 $ 4 . 20 ” $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 . 60 TO T $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 . 60 $ 2 . 80 $ 3. 00 $ 3. 20 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 . 60 $ 3. 80 $ 4 . 00 $ 4 . 20 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 . 60 $ 4 . 80 over _ _ and and 7 9 2 5 3 _ 16 _ 14 12 3 . 07 25 _ _ _ 10 10 4 3 4 6 5 11 65 15 8 2 . 89 2 1 15 24 4 9 2 2 . 56 66 - 8 27 9 50 9 3 3 12 11 _ 31 8 68 14 12 14 s h o p s ------------------------------------------------------- C ity — a ll C ity — r e g u la r N ew Y ork C ity — c o n tr a c t 12 24 1 3 12 2 ,3 7 8 3 . 79 86 126 142 164 161 218 172 160 87 110 115 133 s h o p s --------------------------------------------- 178 3 . 84 4 22 6 2 8 41 38 32 9 11 s h o p s -------------------------------------------- 10 23 126 3 24 0 0 289 16 2 153 128 123 2 155 2 123 2 349 3 2 2 3 2 ,0 8 9 83 3 . 79 82 104 136 177 134 3 . 24 2 5 13 6 10 7 6 7 78 11 99 6 61 3 . 19 8 14 10 1 2 8 3 3 39 3 . 57 3 - 2 S t. L o u i s --------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------W i l k e s - B a r r e —H a z l e t o n ---------------------------------- --------------------------- 2 - 1 1 3 7 4 3 3 2 149 3 .2 5 “ 4 2 43 9 43 16 14 10 5 4 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m w ere pay d is t r ib u t e d 2 2 P a t e r s o n — C l i f t o n — P a s s a i c ---------------------------------------------------------- W o rk ers _ 14 P h i l a d e l p h i a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1 3 8 29 86 2 2 4 3 4 3 18 3 .4 4 Y o rk 1 2 170 Y ork o if— $ 2. 230 N ew e a r n in g s $ 2 . 60 -------------------------------------------------------------------- N ew h o u r ly 1974) $ 2. 40 C ity M i a m i --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N e w a r k —J e r s e y A ugust $ 2 . 20 2 1 _ $ 2 . 61 e a r n in g s , 1 un der $ 2 . 20 D a lla s - F t. h o u r ly fo r as o v e r tim e fo llo w s : and 99 at fo r w o rk $ 4 .8 0 on to w eeken ds, $ 5 .2 0 ; 87 h o lid a y s , at $ 5 .2 0 to and la te $ 5 .6 0 ; s h ifts . 107 at $ 5. 60 to $ 6 ; to $ 7. 60. 49 at $ 6 to $ 6. 40; 33 at $ 6. 40 to $ 6 . 80; 1 2 4 17 at $ 6 . 80 16 51 6 to $ 7. 2 0 ; and 8 at $ 7. 20 T a b l e 10. E a r n i n g s d is t r i b u t i o n : S e w in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , s e c t io n s y s t e m (Distribution of sewing-machine operators (section system) in women's and m isses' dress manufacturing establishments by straight-tim e hourly ea rn in gs,1 12 selected aresa, August 1974) N u m ber N um ber A vera ge A re a of $ 2 . 00 h o u r ly w o r k e r s e a r n in g s 1 B o s t o n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------D a lla s - F t. W o r t h ----------------------------------------------------------------- w o rk ers r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly $ 2. 6 0 $ 2 . 80 $ 3 . 00 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 . 60 $ 3. 80 $ 4 . 00 $ 4 . 20 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 . 60 $ 4 . 80 $ 5. 00 $ 5 .4 0 $ 5. 80 $ 6 .2 0 $ 6. 60 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 . 60 $ 2 .8 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3. 20 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 . 60 $ 3 . 80 $ 4 . 00 $ 4 .2 0 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 . 60 $ 4 . 80 $ 5. 00 $ 5 .4 0 $ 5 .8 0 $ 6 .2 0 $ 6. 60 over and and 252 $ 3 . 89 11 15 240 2 . 98 8 22 1, 5 9 0 2 ,3 2 2 2. 50 3 . 65 610 - 228 - 59 147 - 2 129 5 9 14 57 16 17 32 18 18 13 5 3 35 13 4 6 2 _ _ 22 21 4 2 6 _ 4 76 9 23 2 116 19 68 6 _ 1 37 231 1 2 _ _ _ _ 186 _ _ 11 15 194 39 333 196 175 143 B e a c h ----------------------------------------------- 1 ,3 0 7 2 . 55 606 13 5 118 109 46 96 46 57 23 5 7 9 2 , 161 2 . 90 314 425 403 186 111 147 75 92 44 34 51 N ew a rk 1, 1 6 9 2 ,3 6 5 3 .5 8 30 86 94 77 97 160 96 90 •69 60 9 77 13 M i a m i --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54 46 42 43 32 42 3 . 67 12 33 40 96 3 87 79 s h o p s ---------------------------------- 175 s h o p s -------------------------------- 2 , 190 3 .6 9 3 . 67 12 F a ll R iv e r L o s and N ew B e d f o r d ------------------------------------------ A n g e l e s —L o n g N ew and J e rs e y C i t y -------------------------------------------------- Y ork C ity — a ll N ew Y ork C ity — r e g u la r N ew Y o rk C ity — c o n tr a c t s h o p s ------------------------------------------- P a t e r s o n —C l i f t o n — P a s s a i c ----------------------------------------------- 315 P h i l a d e l p h i a --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1, 1 2 7 - 1 32 438 355 270 200 184 12 6 2 33 32 16 79 1 84 381 353 29 241 149 25 133 - 167 152 124 117 78 3 . 58 15 15 22 25 16 25 16 23 3 .2 9 3 . 51 74 - 47 126 115 107 72 7 49 8 23 6 304 51 31 30 40 W i l k e 8 - B a r r e —H a z l e t o n --------------------------------------------------- 4 , 180 3 .3 4 36 38 58 77 1 ,6 1 6 567 361 1 E x c lu d e s 2 In c lu d e s p r e m iu m 89 pay w o rk ers fo r o v e r tim e e a r n in g b e tw e e n and $ 2 fo r and w o rk on w eeken ds, 124 40 L o u i s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- S t. o f— e a r n in g s $ 2 .4 0 under $ 2 .2 0 C h i c a g o ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of $ 2 .2 0 h o lid a y s , a n d la t e s h ifts . 29 335 3 In c lu d e s 107 3 89 10 5 2 _ 10 6 _ 30 69 33 44 13 10 60 _ 55 86 53 26 34 34 1 6 1 1 60 54 11 80 11 52 4 25 34 34 30 7 5 2 l 19 17 20 78 9 70 71. 59 7 6 29 56 27 21 25 43 41 34 19 20 14 15 12 11 19 12 14 20 6 5 19 5 220 208 164 148 87 52 36 81 40 61 w o rk ers at $ 5 .6 0 and _ _ 8 4 10 22 1 2 11 7 o ver. $ 2. 70. Table 11. Earnings distribution: Sewing-machine operators, tailor system (D is tr ib u tio n of s e w in g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (t a ilo r s y s te m ) in w o m e n 's and m is s e s d ress m a n u fa c tu r in g e s ta b lis h m e n ts N um ber N um ber A vera ge A re a of h o u r ly w o r k e r s e a r n in g s 1 of by s tr a ig h t- tim e w o rk ers r e c e iv in g h o u r ly e a r n in g s , s tr a ig h t-tim e 10 s e le c t e d h o u r ly e a r n in g s a r e a s , 2 A u gu st 1974) o f— $ 2 . 00 $ 2 .1 0 $ 2 .2 0 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 .6 0 $ 3 .8 0 $ 4 .0 0 $ 4 .2 0 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 .6 0 $ 4 .8 0 $ 5 .0 0 $ 5 .4 0 $ 5 .8 0 $ 6 .2 0 $ 6 .6 0 J e tn a and un der $ 2 . 10 $ 2 . 2 0 $ 2 . 3 0 $ 2 . 4 0 $ 2 . 5 0 $ 2 . 6 0 $ 2 . 7 0 $ 2 . 8 0 $ 2 . 9 0 $ 3 . 0 0 $ 3 . 2 0 $ 3 . 4 0 $ 3 .6 0 $ 3 . 8 0 $ 4 . 0 0 $ 4 . 2 0 $ 4 . 4 0 $ 4 . 6 0 $ 4 . 8 0 $ 5 . 0 0 $ 5 .4 0 $ 5 .8 0 $ 6 .2 0 $ 6 .6 0 B o s t o n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 267 C h i c a g o ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 177 D a l l a s —F t . - 230 B e a c h ----------------------------------------------- M i a m i ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- L os W o r t h .........................................- A n g e l e s —L o n g N ew a rk and J e rs e y C ity — N ew Y ork C ity — a ll N ew Y ork C ity — r e g u la r N ew Y ork C ity — c o n tr a c t ................. - - $ 3 . 58 4 . 13 _ 1 7 4 1 27 44 18 21 - - 1 2 18 6 10 3 _ 31 - 6 10 10 2 23 16 18 26 34 18 7 13 17 5 9 4 28 8 16 9 7 12 8 6 13 16 87 65 43 30 25 27 18 11 2 66 74 81 38 615 719 932 870 532 33 56 106 43 56 27 21 2 ,3 3 3 2 .4 9 2 . 93 404 121 183 146 53 108 85 220 141 88 152 95 167 30 132 146 61 79 57 226 2 . 76 69 70 73 1 ,3 4 1 16 133 66 52 57 949 1 3 ,4 5 8 4 . 32 - - - 2 13 6 2 37 15 24 50 63 68 50 97 4 . 53 147 110 187 115 171 163 213 242 244 302 543 63 5 1, 2 7 1 - 4 3 - - 2 10 2 4 22 16 73 9 24 964 s h o p s ---------------------------------- 66 13 — --------- — --------- s h o p s ------------------------------------------- 5 18 over 4 i 16 33 7 15 41 18 2 9 53 56 63 26 17 541 1 ,2 0 6 1 ,0 0 4 600 4 4 7 * 1 ,2 1 7 72 162 128 113 129 207 487 27 48 s h o p s -------------------------------- 1 2 ,1 8 7 5 .2 9 4 .4 5 147 106 184 115 171 161 203 240 240 280 527 715 898 622 582 826 827 476 876 4 . 00 2 2 5 10 36 10 27 13 14 318 4 1 ,0 1 0 6 - - 5 5 4 4 4 29 12 31 - 2 _ 33 - 8 _ 38 - 13 - 35 4 . 77 3 - 38 109 206 1 _ 41 P h i l a d e l p h i a --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 469 17 1 ,0 4 4 418 - 663 P a t e r s o n — C l i f t o n — P a s s a i c ----------------------------------------------- 12 3 8 5 11 8 11 6 7 3 . 85 “ “ “ 3 1 9 9 5 12 24 13 25 24 22 11 17 13 5 9 3 ' ' S t. L o u i s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 R iv e r E x c lu d e s D a ta fo r and N ew p r e m iu m pay fo r o v e r tim e and s e w in g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (ta ilo r B e d fo r d a n d W i l k e s - B a r r e —H a z l e t o n . fo r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , s y s t e m ) d id n o t m e e t p u b lic a t io n a n d la t e s h ifts . c r i t e r i a in F a l l 4 In c lu d e s to 373 3 In c lu d e s $ 6 .4 0 ; an d 6 w o rk ers to at $ 8 .2 0 ; 7 w o rk ers at a t $ 6 .4 0 an d $ 6 .6 0 and 338 to at $7; 252 $ 8 .2 0 at and $ 5 . to o ver. $7 to o ver. $ 5 .2 0 ; $ 7 .4 0 ; 9 at $ 5 .2 0 128 a t $ 7 .4 0 to to $ 5 .6 0 ; $ 7 .8 0 ; 9 at $ 5 .6 0 1 2 6 a t$ 7 .8 0 to 1 $ 6 .0 0 ; 6 at $ 6 . T a b l e 12. E a r n in g s d is t ib u t io n : (D is tr ib u tio n of th re a d tr im m e r s T h r e a d t r im m e r s (c le a n e r s ) in w o m e n 's and m i s s e s >' d ress m a n u fa c tu r in g e s ta b lis h m e n ts by s tr a ig h t- tim e N u m b e :r N u m ber A rea A vera ge of $ 2 .0 0 h o u r ly w o rk ers e a r n in g s 1 R n s tn n ________ _____- F a ll L o s W n r f h '. ________ R iv < = > r a n d N — N ew a rk V n rk V ovV N ew Y ork F .jt y — a l l shops ■ T ° g n la r C ity — shops c o n tra c t shops $ 3 .4 0 $ 3. 60 $ 3. 80 $ 4 . 00 $ 4 .2 0 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 . 60 $ 4 . 80 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 . 60 $ 2. 80 $ 3. 00 $ 3. 20 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3. 60 $ 3. 80 $ 4 . 00 $ 4. 20 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 . 60 $ 4 . 80 $ 5 .2 0 ~ ■ " 3 2 7 3 - 3 18 6 “ 12 3 . 01 200 2 . 18 158 15 9 1 386 2 . 16 269 89 3 100 2 . 82 1, 1 0 9 64 2 . 93 9 103 9 4 57 56 86 2 . 72 2 10 3 . 91 233 8 - - - _ _ _ _ 1 - - - - _ _ 28 13 1 4 3 3 12 44 150 16 - - - - 10 - - 2 8 - - - - - _ 48 86 447 150 56 38 6 2 16 1 1 2 2 20 21 15 17 1 - - 1 1 3 13 5 15 332 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pay fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w o rk on w eeken ds, h o lid a y s , and la t e s h ifts . 2 _ 18 1 1 1 _ 18 2 1 - _ - 1 47 1 _ 3 2 11 - _ 2 14 103 25 - 38 2 . 82 3 . 61 1 3 - 2 . 87 2 . 99 1 - 56 2 . 75 11 1 3 - 3 41 - 3 3 7 77 499 _ - 33 57 _ - - - 8 69 463 _ - 3 - - 1 6 - 1 1 1, 0 4 5 ______ - _____ z i p t*OT1 $ 5 .2 0 and ------------------------- p— 1974) o f— $ 3 .2 0 P a t e r s o n —C l i f t o n — P a s s a i c ----------------------------------------P h ila d e lp h ia S t. L o u is WM 1 p_ p ^ August e a r n in g s $ 3 . 00 ? Q7 ___ a n d .T p r s p y f l i t y - N ew T'C^w areas, h o u r ly $ 2. 80 2 . 37 --------------------------------------- B each s tr a ig h t-tim e u n der 39 i a m i ____ s e le c te d if) 2 • 6 0 $ 3 . 13 - B e d fo r d p w A n g e l e s —L o n g — r e c e iv in g 12 $ 2. 40 13 9 - D a l l a s —F t w or k ers e a r n in g s ,1 and $ 2. 20 O h ic a g o L• LU $ of h o u r ly _ _ 2 12 2 12 _ _ 1 - - 1 - - - 1 1 1 26 2 8 6 4 2 2 2 2 8 4 w o rk ers In c lu d e s at $2 $ 2 .7 0 . to Table 13. Earnings distribution: W ork distributors (D is tr ib u tio n of w o rk d is tr ib u t o r s in w o m e n 's and m is s e s ' d ress m a n u fa c tu r in g e s ta b lis h m e n ts by s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly N um ber N u m .b e r A vera ge of h o u r ly A re a w o rk ers e a r n in g s 1 $ 2 .0 0 C h ic a g o P a l l a s —E t, - W o rth __ Los w A n g e l e s —L o n g Y ork B each C i t y — c ill .... -- P h ila d e lp h ia L o u is .......... tt u ^ c D "ijo i ± c 2 . 99 159 25 p r e m iu m pay fo r - o v e r tim e - and —— fo r e a r n in g s o f— $ 2. 80 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3. 20 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3. 60 $ 3 .8 0 $ 4 . 00 $ 4 .2 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2. 60 $ 2. 80 $ 3. 00 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 . 60 $ 3 . 80 $ 4 . 00 $ 4. 20 $ 4. 40 6 6 13 14 15 “ 9 " 4 2 . 54 5 2 .2 9 3 .3 2 60 53 29 9 13 1 4 - 3 1 - - _ _ 8 4 - - - - _ - 37 11 7 - - - 8 8 3 - - _ . _ 1 - - 10 2 - _ _ _ _ 8 5 2 7 _ 7 7 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 _ 4 _ 13 19 9 9 2 2 ” “ ~ - “ 3 .4 2 2 1 3 4 188 3 . 10 4 4 3 18 64 h o lid a y s , $ 4 .4 0 and u n der 11 w eeken ds, h o u r ly $ 2. 60 2 . 99 on s tr a ig h t-tim e 1974) $ 2. 40 22 w o rk r e c e iv in g a r e a s ,2 A u gu st § 2 .2 0 26 .. n d z i e t o n **—~~~— ———— —— — — — — —1- E x c lu d e s 2 . 52 —_______ _______ shops §■£ $ 2 . 87 r— M i a m i ■ ■— ............... ............ TSTp 17 56 59 56 _____ B e d fo r d w o rk ers s e le c te d and $ 2. 20 F a ll R i y p f and N e w o f e a r n in g s ,1 9 and la t e 1 s h ifts . 2 and D a ta f o r w o r k 41 d is tr ib u t o r s P a t e r s o n —C l i f t o n r - P a s s a i c . d id n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r it e r ia in B o s t o n , N ew a rk and J e rs e y C ity . T a b le 14. M e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t (Percen t of production w orkers in women1s and m isses' dress manufacturing establishments by method of wage payment, 1 12 selected areas, August 1974) F a ll M e th o d of w age paym ent B o s to n C h ic a g o D a lla s — F t. A ll w o rk ers T im e - r a te d N ew a rk A n g e le s - and N e w Long B e d fo r d B each N ew and M ia m i J ersey C ity Y ork shops2 shops 100 100 100 24 21 _ _ 100 100 100 100 100 55 43 51 82 50 42 40 36 24 R ange o f r a t e s -------------------------------------------------- 16 I n d i v i d u a l r a t e s ------------------------------------------------------- W ilk e s - P h ila - shops 100 ---------------------------------------------------------- C lift o n — C o n tra c t 100 r a t e ------------------------------------------------------------ P a te r s on— R e g u la r 100 S in g le C ity ATI 100 w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------- S t, d e lp h ia P a s s a ic L o u is B a rre— H a z le to n 100 100 37 37 29 7 37 _ 43 - 3 6 43 _ 38 5 3 3 3 3 - 1 - - 1 3 35 2 - 2 6 - 2 _ 7 _ 37 8 _ 10 6 50 43 40 45 43 35 ( 3) 79 ( 3) 2 21 21 30 - 21 ------------------------------------------------------- 50 58 45 57 57 49 57 62 18 76 63 71 49 1 58 35 56 57 49 55 57 17 70 79 72 63 I n d i v i d u a l p i e c e w o r k --------------------------------------------- 63 63 70 ■ 10 ( 3) ~ “ 3 5 1 6 6 - - 1 F o r m a l p la n s In c e n tiv e G rou p and ------------------------------------------------------- W o rth Los R iv e r w o rk ers p i e c e w o r k ---------------------------------------------------- 1 F o r 2 In c lu d e s s h ip p in g d e fin itio n in o f jo b b in g a d d itio n m eth o d shops to o f w age p e r fo r m in g r e g u la r p a y m en t, som e (in s id e ) see 1 a p p e n d ix A . m a n u fa c tu r in g shops, o p e r a tio n s , 3 su ch as c u ttin g L ess th a n 0 ,5 p e rc e n t, a n d p a c k in g N O TE : B ecau se of 3 th a n p e rc e n t, L ess N O TE : 0, 5 B ecau se of r o u n d in g , r o u n d in g , sum s of in d iv id u a l it e m s m ay not equ al to ta ls . sum s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m ay not equal 100. 8 T a b le 1 6 . P a id h o lid a y s (Pa id holiday provisions fo r w orkers covered by International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union agreements* in women's and m isses' dress manufacturing establishments, 12 selected areas, ‘ August 1974) A re a N u m ber B o s to n 9 days C h ic a g o 8 ^ days in D a l l a s —F t . M ia m i5 N ew and N e w A n g e l e s —L o n g N ew a rk 5 "s ilk 4 "c o tto n d ress" B e d fo r d B each 4 Y o rk 9 or - shops and 8 days P a y m en ts w ere based P a y m en ts w ere based on P a y m en ts w ere based on P a y m en ts ran ged o f c o m p u tin g on c r a ft m in im u m a vera ge p a y fo r p ie c e w o r k e r s w ages • e a r n in g s in th e 20 w eeks p r e c e d in g June 1. shops. 8 days 9 days J ersey C i t y --------- 9 days C i t y -------------------------- 9 days in a ll r e lig io u s P h ila d e lp h ia -- 9 days ------------------------------- 8 days -------------------------------------- 9 days w is e W ilk e s - B a r r e — H a z le to n T h ese c r a ft a c c o r d in g to m in im u m w ages. c r a ft . 24 h o lid a y s , o f th e u s u a lly 25 5 w ere in e ffe c t in shops B o s to n ; an d 5 p e rc e n t o f a reas, s e e fo o tn o te e s t a b lis h m e n ts days a n n u a lly s tu d ie d and in r a n g in g or 2, e m p lo y in g at 2 1 s h o p s ; 7 2/2 d a y s in in in 1 th e h o l i d a y w e e k p e r io d F ed era l le a s t l e s s in D a lla s , ta b le 1. D a lla s fr o m w ere 3 to ra n ged fro m $ 2 2 . 50 ra n ged fro m $ 2 4 . 50 to b e fo r e or e le c t io n shop o r in a fte r yea rs; if th e days. n in e - te n th s o f th e One e s ta b lis h m e n ts n o n u n io n $ 3 0 .2 5 , $ 3 1 . 50, or or w ere w ere based based ra n ged fr o m $ 2 2 . 50 to $ 3 0 .2 5 , or w ere on a vera ge on a v e r a g e based based on e a r n in g s in th e p r e v io u s c a le n d a r e a r n in g s . e a r n in g s . P a y m e n ts based on e a r n in g s in th e p r e v io u s y ea r. P a y m en ts ra n ged on a vera ge e a r n in g s . q u a rte r. th e th e h o lid a y . 8 o th e r w o rk ers in 8 v id e d v id e d 24 to P a y m en ts M ia m i, and L o s A n g e le s - L o n g B e a c h . n o n u n io n : 8 P a y m en ts P a y m en ts w eekdays. 9 days a g re e m e n ts a r e a s ; t h r e e - f o u r t h s in 2 F o r d e fin itio n s i f th ey fa ll on fo r P a y m e n ts in shop w o rk s L o u is sh o p s ; 3 s h o p s h a v e p r o v is io n s h o lid a y s tw o -w e e k 3 M e th o d -----------------------------------------and P a t e r s o n —C l i f t o n —P a s s a i c S t. d re s s " a n n u a lly W o r t h 3 ------------------- F a ll R iv e r L os in o f h o lid a y s p r o v id e d e s ta b lis h m e n t no p a id p ro - 5 or p a id 4 64 ^ > a id 6 fro m $ 2 2. 25 to $ 2 7 . 50. a c c o r d in g to c r a ft . h o lid a y s . o f th e 65 h o lid a y s , e s ta b lis h m e n ts u s u a lly 6 d a y s s tu d ie d in th is a r e a w ere a n n u a lly a n d r a n g in g f r o m A l l 4 0 e s ta b lis h m e n ts s tu d ie d in d a y s a n n u a lly , a n d r a n g in g f r o m th is 3 to a rea w ere 7 days. n o n u n io n : 36 o f th e 4 to 7 d a y s . n o n u n io n : 30 p r o v id e d e s ta b lis h m e n ts p a id h o lid a y s , p ro u s u a lly Table 17. Health, welfare, and vacation benefits (H ea lth , w e lfa r e , and va c a tio n b en e fit p ro v is io n s fo r w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y In tern a tion a l L a d ie s ' 12 s e le c te d a r e a s ,2 A u gu st 1974) G a rm en t W o rk ers ' Union a g r e e m e n fs ^ in w o m en 's and m is s e s ' d re s s m an u facturing establish m ents, V a ca tion b en efits E m p lo y er contribu tion 3 A rea — H ealth and w e lfa r e ben efits 11. 38 percen t 6 p ercen t o f w o r k e r 's earn in gs in p revio u s ca len d a r y e a r. S ick h o sp ita liza tio n , and s u rg ic a l supplem ented b y a m a jo r m e d ic a l p ro g ra m , m a te r n ity ca re , e y e g la s s e s , s e r v ic e s at the union h ealth cen ter, and death b en efits. 1 p ercen t to a health cen ter fund; 3 p ercen t fo r health insu rance or in su rance p rem iu m s paid d ir e c t ly 1 w eeks' pay a fte r 1 y e a r o f s e r v ic e , 2 w eeks a fte r 3 ye a rs, and 3 w eeks a ft e r 10 y e a rs in "c o tto n d r e s s " shops. In " s i l k d r e s s " shops, 1 week? s pay a fte r 1 year, 2 w eeks' pay a fte r 2 ye a rs , and 3 w eeks' pay a fte r 5 y e a r s . A l l va ca tion b en efits w e re paid fo r d ir e c t ly by the em p lo y e r and b en efits w e r e p r o ra te d fo r 6 months, but le s s than 1 year o f s e r v ic e . P a ym en ts (based on ea rn in gs in the 20 w eeks p reced in g June 1. D ia gn o s tic and m e d ic a l s e r v ic e s at the union health h osp ita liza tion , s u rg ic a l, and s ick b en efits. F a ll R iv e r and N e w B e d fo rd 11.38 o r 10.38 p ercen t 2 annual b en efit paym ents tota lin g 6 p ercen t o f the w o r k e r 's earn in gs in the p revio u s ca len d a r y e a r . S h o rt-te rm d is a b ility , h osp ita liz a tio n and su rg ic a l supplem ented b y a m a jo r m e d ic a l p r o g ra m ; e y e g la s s e s , tu bercu losis, blood tra n sfu sio n s, a n esth esia, and a u x ilia ry s e r v ic e s ; s e r v ic e s at the union health c e n te r; and death b en efits. L o s A n g e le s —L o n g B e a c h 5 11. 4 p ercen t 4 p ercen t o f w o r k e r s earn in gs in p revio u s ca len da r y e a r fo r those em p loy ed under 5 years; 6 p erc e n t fo r those em p loy ed 5 ye a rs o r m o re . H o s p ita liza tio n , s u rg ic a l, m a tern ity, and e y e g la s s e s ; s e r v ic e s at clin ics; and death b e n e fits . 9. 88 percen t 3 annual va ca tion paym en ts, 2 equ al to 2 p ercen t o f annual earn in gs up to a m axim u m o f $170 each, the oth er ran ges fr o m $80 to $85 a cco rd in g to c r a ft. D o c to r 's c a re , b a s ic h o sp ita l and su rg ic a l ben efits su pple m ented b y a m a jo r m e d ic a l p ro g ra m , d is a b ility insurance, m a tern ity, e y e g la s s e s , s e r v ic e s at the union health cen ter and death b e n e fits . N e w Y o r k C ity 9. 88 percen t 3 annual va ca tion paym ents, 2 equ al to 2 p ercen t o f annual earn in gs up to a m axim u m o f $ 170 each, the o th er ra n ges fr o m $80 to $85 a cco rd in g to c r a ft. D o c to r 's c a re , b a s ic h o sp ita l and su rg ic a l ben efits su pple m ented b y a m a jo r m e d ic a l p ro g ra m , d is a b ility insurance, m a tern ity, e y e g la s s e s , s e r v ic e s at the union health cen ter and death b en efits, P a te r s o n —C lifto n —P a s s a ic N . J*— 9. 88 percen t 3 annual v a ca tio n paym ents, 2 equ al to 2 p ercen t o f annual earn in gs up to a m ax im u m o f $170 each, the o th er ran ges fr o m $80 to $85 a cco rd in g to c r a ft. D o c to r 's ca re , b a sic h osp ita l, and su rg ic a l ben efits su pple m ented by a m a jo r m e d ic a l p rog ra m , d is a b ility insurance, m a tern ity, e y e g la s s e s , s e r v ic e s at the union health cen ter and death b en efits. P h ila d elp h ia , 8. 88 p ercen t in 18 shops; in 4 shops, contribu tions v a r ie d co n sid era b ly . 3 annual va ca tio n paym ents in 2 1 shops, 2 paym ents in 1 shop, up to a m a xim u m o f $ 115 each. P a ym en ts b ased on w o r k e r12 5s ea rn in gs in p revio u s ca len d a r y e a r. 4 3 S h o rt-te rm d is a b ility , h os p ita liz a tio n and su rg ic a l supplemented b y a m a jo r m e d ic a l p ro g ra m , m a tern ity, patern ity, d octor1s care* d ia gn o stic s e r v ic e s , e y e g la s s e s , x - r a y , blood tr a n s fu sion s and death b en e fits . St. L o u is , M o . —III. 3 V2 p ercen t in 8 shops; 4 V2 percen t in 2 shops. A l l w o r k e r s r e c e iv e (d ir e c t ly fr o m e m p lo y e r) 1 w e e k 's pay a fte r 1 y e a r o f s e r v ic e 1 (p r o r a te d a fte r 6 m onths but le s s than 1 y e a r ), 2 w eek s a fte r 3 y e a r s , and 3 w eek s ' a ft e r 5 y e a r s , P a ym en ts ba sed on ea rn in gs in the p revio u s y e a r . S h o r t-te r m d is a b ility , h o sp ita liza tio n , su rg ica l, tu bercu losis, and m en ta l illn e s s ; s e r v ic e s at the union health cen ter; and death b e n efits. W ilk es - B a r r e —H a zleton 9. 88 percen t 2 annual va ca tion paym en ts equal to 4 p erc e n t and 2 p ercen t o f w orker* s ea rn in gs in the p revio u s ye a r. S h o rt-te rm d is a b ility , h o sp ita liza tio n , and su rg ica l su pple m ented by a m a jo r m e d ic a l p ro g ra m , blood tran sfu sions, an esth esia, s e r v ic e s at the union health cen ter, and death b en e fits . B oston C h ica go cen ter; D a lla s 4 ------------------------------ M ia m i6 --------------------------------------N e w a r k and J e r s e y C i t y ------------- P a . —N . J — 1 See footn ote 1, ta b le 16. 2 F o r d efin itio n s o f a re a s , see footn ote .2, table 1. 3 E m p lo y e r co n tribu tion s to the fund fr o m which b en efits w e re p ro vid ed w e re based on p a y r o lls o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d by union a g r e e m e n ts . 4 24 o f the 25 esta b lish m e n ts studied in D alla s w e re nonunion. 23 esta blish m en ts p ro vid ed paid va ca tion s, ty p ic a lly 1 w eek o f v a ca tio n pay a fte r 1 year o f s e r v ic e ; 14 esta blish m en ts p ro vid ed a m ax im u m o f 2 w eeks' v a ca tio n pay, m o st com m on ly a fte r 5 years o f s e r v ic e ; w h ile 2 esta b lish m en ts had p r o v is io n s fo r m o re than 2 w eeks' pay. 22 establish m ents had p ro v is io n s fo r h ealth and in su rance b en efits - -m o st fr e q u e n tly life , h o sp ita liza tio n , su rg ica l, and ba sic and m a jo r m e d ic a l. 5 64 o f the 65 esta b lish m e n ts studied in this a rea w e re nonunion; 31 o f the 65 to ta l shops p r o v id e d at le a s t 1 w eek o f va ca tion pay a fte r 1 year o f s e r v ic e . 12 establish m ents a lso had p rovis ion s fo r 2 w eeks' pay o r m o re a fte r lo n g er p erio d s o f s e r v ic e . 31 esta blish m en ts had p rovis ion s fo r health and in su rance b en efits, u su a lly life , a ccid e n ta l death and d ism em b erm en t, h osp ita liza tion , su rg ica l, m e d ic a l, and m a jo r m e d ic a l in su ra n ce. 6 A l l 40 esta b lish m en ts studied in M ia m i w e re nonunion. 30 p ro vid ed paid vacation s, ty p ic a lly 1 w eek o f va ca tion pay a fte r 1 year o f s e r v ic e ; 10 had p r o v is io n s fo r 2, 3, o r 4 w eeks o f pay a fter lo n g e r p e rio d s o f s e r v ic e . 21 shops had p ro v is io n s fo r h ealth and insurance b en efits. Th ose m ost freq u e n tly re p o r te d w e r e : L ife , a ccid e n ta l death and d ism em b erm en t, h osp ita liza tion , su rgica l, b asic m e d ic a l, and m a jo r m e d ic a l in su ran ce. Table 18. Retirement plans (R e t ir e m e n t p r o v is io n s fo r w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y In tern a tion a l L a d ies' G arm ent W o r k e rs ' Union a g r e e m e n ts 1in w o m en 's and m is s e s 'd r e s s m anu facturing esta b lish m en ts, E m p l o y e r c o n t r i b u t i o n 3 to a n a ti o n w i d e f u n d _____ A rea B oston 4 p ercen t C h ic a g o ---------------- 3 p ercen t in "co tto n d r e s s " shops and 5 xk p ercen t in " s i l k d r e s s " shops. 12 s e le c te d a r e a s ,2 A u gu st 1974) -Benefits to q u a lified w o r k e r s under a nationw ide fund $75 a month at age 65 and a $500 lu m p-su m death b en efit. W o rk e rs m a y r e t ir e betw een age 62 and 65 w ith a p ro p o rtio n a te redu ction fo r each ye a r p r io r to age 65. T o t a lly d isa b led w o r k e r s m ay r e tir e w ith fu ll b en efits at any a g e. T h e s e b en efits w e re p ro v id e d under IL G W U co n tracts in a ll a rea s c o vered b y the su rv ey . D a lla s - F t . W o r th 4 F a ll R iv e r and N e w B e d fo rd 4 o r 5 p ercen t L o s A n g e le s —L o n g B each 5---- 5 percen t M ia m i6 ------------------------------N e w a r k and J e r s e y C it y — 5 p ercen t N e w Y o r k C ity --------------- 5 p ercen t P a t e r s o n -C lift o n —P a s s a ic 5 p ercen t P h ila d e lp h ia -------------------- 3 percen t St. L o u i s ------------------------- 4 l k p ercen t in 8 shops; 2% p ercen t in 2 shops. W ilk e s - B a r r e - H a z le t o n 1 See fo otn ote 1, ta b le 16. 2 F o r d efin itio n o f a re a s , se e fo otn ote 2, 3 See footn ote 3, ta b le 17. 5 p ercen t table 4 4 o f the 25 esta blish m en ts studied p ro vid ed re tir e m e n t pension b e n efits. 7 o f the 64 nonunion shops p ro v id e d re tir e m e n t pension b en e fits . 4 o f the 40 esta b lish m en ts studied p ro v id e d r e tir e m e n t pension b en e fits . 1 Appendix A. S cop e and Method of Survey Scope of survey Method of study The survey included establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing women’s, misses’ and juniors’ dresses, other than housedresses (part of industry 2335 as defined in the 1967 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification M a n u a l prepared by the U.S. Office o f Management and Budget). In addition to regular (inside) and contract shops, jobbing shops, which performed some manufacturing opera tions, such as cutting, finishing, packing, and shipping, also were included. Establishments primarily manufacturing pants dress ensembles were included, if the tailoring skills involved were comparable to those required for dresses. Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s field staff. The survey was conducted on a sample basis. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large establishments than of small was studied. In combination of the data, however, all establish ments were given their appropriate weight. All estimates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time of reference of the universe data. Establishment definition The establishments selected for study were drawn from units employing eight workers or more at the time of reference of the data used in compiling universe lists. An establishment is defined for this study as a single physical location where industrial operations are per formed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with the company, which may consist o f one establishment or more. The terms “establishment” and “shop” have been used interchangeably in this bulletin. The number o f establishments and workers studied by the Bureau, as well as the number estimated to be within the scope o f the survey during the payroll period studied, are shown in table A -l. Table A -1. Estimated number of establishments and workers within scope of the women's and misses' dress manufacturing industry survey and number studied, 12 selected areas, August 1974 N um ber o f establishments2 A re a1 T o ta l, 12 a r e a s ..................................................... B o s t o n ....................................................................................... Chicago ................................................................................... Dallas ....................................................................................... Fall River and New B e d f o r d ............................................. Los Angeles-Long B e a c h ..................................................... M iam i ....................................................................................... Newark and Jersey C ity ..................................................... New Y o rk C i t y ....................................................................... Regular shops4 ........................................................ C ontract shops ........................................................ Paterson-Clifton-Passaic ..................................................... Philadelphia ........................................................................... St. L o u i s ................................................................................... W ilkes-Barre—H a z le t o n ........................................................ W ithin scope o f survey A ctually studied 2 ,3 0 0 29 22 59 33 28 0 180 117 1,3 30 45 3 87 7 41 47 14 148 506 12 12 25 25 65 40 35 173 61 112 22 24 10 63 1 For defin ition o f areas, see fo o tn o te 2, table 1. 2 Includes only establishments w ith 8 workers or more at the tim e of reference of the universe data. Workers in establishments W ithin scope of survey A ctu ally studied T o ta l3 Production workers Total 8 1 ,5 4 5 1,1 79 1,3 10 4 ,4 5 0 4 ,4 6 5 7 ,8 9 7 7,1 0 9 4 ,5 0 8 3 7 ,7 0 7 1 3 ,019 2 4 ,6 8 8 1,1 87 2 ,3 9 5 1,2 7 2 8 ,0 6 6 68,171 953 932 3 ,5 2 9 4 ,1 5 7 6 ,4 3 3 6 ,1 3 8 4 ,1 0 2 3 0 ,4 7 9 7 ,4 4 9 2 3 ,0 3 0 1,121 2 ,1 6 2 1,0 68 7 ,0 8 7 3 7 ,6 4 7 811 962 2 ,7 2 6 4 ,0 2 2 2 ,8 3 0 3 ,2 8 0 1,7 22 6 ,6 9 7 3 ,0 2 3 3 ,6 7 4 747 1,6 4 4 1,1 75 4 ,3 3 5 3 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers excluded from the production w orker category shown separately, 4 Includes jobbers perform ing some m anufacturing operations, in addition to regular (inside) shops. 19 Employment totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight-time salary by normal (or standard) hours to which the salary corresponds. Estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition o f the labor force included in the survey. The advance planning necessary to make a wage survey requires the use o f the lists o f establishments assembled consider ably in advance o f the payroll period studied. Method of wage payment Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily by the qualifications o f the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. Learn ers, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time. An experienced worker occasionally may be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum, maximum, or both of these rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates o f individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length of service, or a combination of these. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of output. Production bonuses are based on production in excess o f a quota or for completion o f a job in less than standard time. Production workers The term “production workers,” as used in this bulletin, includes working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice functions. Administrative, executive, professional, and technical personnel and forceaccount construction employees, who were utilized as a separate work force on the firm’s own properties, were excluded. Occupations selected for study Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account o f inter establishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these job descriptions.) The occupations were chosen for their numerical importance, their usefulness in collective bargaining, or their represen tativeness o f the entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers were not reported in selected occupations but were included in the data for all production workers. Scheduled weekly hours Wage data Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers employed on the day shift. Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living bonuses, were included as part of the workers’ regular pay; but nonproduction bonus pay ments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were ex cluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or category o f workers, such as production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number of workers receiving the rate, Supplementary wage provisions Supplementary benefits are presented primarily in terms o f the provisions o f collective bargaining agreements with the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, which were in effect in establishments employing slightly less than three-fourths o f the workers in the 12 areas. Data for nonunion establishments also are summarized briefly. 20 Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because o f this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability o f occupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field staff are instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. Cutter and marker Workers are classified as “Pressers, hand and machine” when sizable proportions of their work are performed by each of the two methods. Otherwise, the predominant type of pressing is the determining factor in classification. Marks the outlines of various garment parts on a ply of fabrics and cuts out parts with shears, hand knife, or powered cutting machine. May spread or lay up cloth on cutting table. Workers w h o specialize in cu tting o r in Sewer, hand (finisher) m arking and w orkers engaged in m arking and cu ttin g linings and trim m ings are included. (bench worker) Specialized markers using p e rfo ra te d patterns, and m ark Performs sewing operations by hand including sewing on buttons, making buttonholes, stitching edges, closing open ings that have been left by various hand and machine operations. Workers who specialize in sewing tickets or labels are excluded. ing b y use o f talcu m , are e x c lu d e d as are all w orkers w h o specialize in spreading cloth. Inspector, final (examiner) Examines and inspects completed garments prior to pressing or shipping. Work involves determining whether the garments conform to shop standards o f quality, and marking defects such as dropped stitches, bad seams, etc. May make minor repairs. In many shops manufacturing inexpensive garments there will be no inspectors falling within this classification; in those shops w h a tever inspec Sewing-machine operator, section system Uses a standard or special purpose sewing machine to perform the sewing operations required in making parts of garments, joining parts made by others, joining various sections together, or in attaching previously completed parts to partially completed garments, b u t d o e s n o t con stru ct the en tire garm ent. In shops that operate entirely on a section (or bundle) system, this classification would include all sewing-machine operators (except buttonhole makers and button sewers) without any differentiation of operators by type o f machine or operation performed. In shops that operate partly on a section system, this classification would include all operators who do not construct an entire garment. tion is carried o n is usually p e r fo r m e d b y thread trim m ers, w h o m a y o n ly casually inspect garm ents a nd are, th erefore, excluded. Presser Performs pressing operations (finish or under) on gar ments or garment parts by means o f a hand-pressing iron and/or powered press or mangle. For wage study purposes, pressers are classified by type o f pressing equipment, as follows: Sewing-machine operator, single-hand (tailor) system Performs all the standard sewing-machine operations involved in the manufacture o f a complete garment. Work involves assembling and joining all parts o f the garment Presser, hand Presser, m achine Presser, hand and m achine 21 of garments prior to pressing or packing. This classification includes trimmers using scissors or power equipment. except those added by finishers. Is usually an experienced operator working on better-grade apparel in which the variety o f design is so great and style changes so frequent as to prevent the economical use of a section system. Workers, e m p lo y e d in single-hand system shops , w h o Workers w h o also carefully exam ine and inspect garm ents are classified as inspectors , fin a l p a ir-up and w o rk as a team an d divid e w o rk tickets equally This arrangement is informal, in contrast to the section system in which rates are established for individual operations. are included. Work distributor Carries or trucks garments in various stages of comple tion to the worker who is to perform the next operation on garment. M a y exercise so m e d iscretion in d istribution w o rk , Thread trimmer (cleaner) (clipper) Trims loose thread ends, basting threads, and seam edges b u t has n o supervisory responsibilities. 22 Industry Wage Studies The most recent reports providing occupational wage data for industries included in the Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys since 1960 are listed below. Copies are for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or from any of its regional sales offices, and from the regional offices of the Bureau of Labor Statistics shown on the inside back cover. Copies that are out o f stock are available for reference purposes at leading public, college, or univer sity libraries, or at the Bureau’s Washington or regional offices. M a n u fa c tu rin g M a n u fa c tu r in g - C o n tin u e d Basic Iron and Steel, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1839 Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1732 Cigar Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1796 Cigarette Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1748 Fabricated Structural Steel, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1695 Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1763 Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1803 Fluid Milk Industry, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1871 Footwear, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1792 Hosiery, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1863 Industrial Chemicals, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1768 Iron and Steel Foundries, 1967. BLS Bulletin 16261 Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1835 Machinery Manufacturing, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1859 Meat Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1896 Men’s and Boys’ Separate Trousers, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1752 Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Night wear, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1794 Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1843 Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1690 Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1679 Nonferrous Foundries, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1726 Paints and Varnishes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1739 Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1719 Petroleum Refining, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1741 Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1713 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1844 Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1694 Structural Clay Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1697 Synthetic Fibers, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1740 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1757 Textiles, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1801 Wages and Demographic Characteristics in Work Clothing Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1858 West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704 Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1728 Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1971. BLS Bulletin 17831 Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1793 N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g Appliance Repair Shops, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1838 Auto Dealer Repair Chops, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1876 Banking, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1862 Bituminous Coal Mining, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1583 Communications, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1854 Contract Cleaning Services, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1778 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1797 E d u cation al Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968-69. BLS Bulletin 1671 Electric and Gas Utilities, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1834 Hospitals, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1829 Hotels and Motels, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1883 Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 16451 Life Insurance, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1791 Metal Mining, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1820 Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 15421 Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1855 Scheduled Airlines, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1734 Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1712 1 Bulletin out of stock. A L o o s e le a f D ir e c to r y a n d F a c tb o o k Directory of National Unions and Em ployee A ssociations o n U n io n a n d E m p lo y e e A s s o c ia t io n M e m b e r s h ip a n d S tr u c tu r e fr o m th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s N e w , lo o s e - le a f fo r m a t e n s u r e s u p t o - d a t e i n f o r m a t io n o n l is t e d u n io n s a n d a s s o c ia t io n s . S u b s c r ib e r s r e c e iv e t h e b a s ic v o lu m e a n d t h r e e c o m p le te r e v is io n s o f th e lis t in g s e c t io n d u r in g th e tw o - y e a r in t e r v a l 1 b e tw e e n D ir e c to r ie s . 9 7 3 D ir e c to r y lis ts n a m e s , a d d r e s s e s o f : N a t io n a l a n d in t e r n a t io n a l u n io n s S ta te la b o r o r g a n iz a t io n s P r o fe s s io n a l a n d p u b lic e m p lo y e e a s s o c ia t io n s , t h e ir o f f ic e r s a n d k e y o f f ic ia ls , p u b lic a t io n s , in f o r m a t io n a b o u t t h e ir c o n v e n t io n s , m e m b e r s h ip , a n d n u m b e r o f lo c a ls . F a c tb o o k s e c t io n o f th e p u b lic a tio n in c lu d e s a r e p o r t o n d e v e lo p m e n ts in th e la b o r m o v e m e n t, 1 9 7 1 -7 3 , a n d fa c ts a b o u t th e s tr u c tu r e o f th e la b o r m o v e m e n t. I n fo r m a tio n a b o u t th e le v e l, t r e n d , a n d c o m p o s it io n o f m e m b e r s h ip is s u p p lie d b y t h e p a r t ic ip a t in g o r g a n iz a t io n s . E x te n s iv e s t a t i s t ic a l a p p e n d ix e s . P l e a s e e n t e r m y s u b s c r i p t i o n t o t h e D i r e c t o r y o f N a t i o n a l U n io n s a n d E m p l o y e e A s s o c i a t i o n s , 1 9 7 3 , C a t a l o g N u m b e r L 2 . 2 : U n 3 3 / 9 / 9 7 3 , @ $ 4 .4 5 . P r i c e is s e t b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , a n a g e n c y o f t h e U .S . C o n g r e s s . A d d it io n a l f e e r e q u ir e d f o r m a ilin g t o m o s t f o r e i g n a d d r e s s e s w ill b e fu r n is h e d u p o n r e q u e s t . A llo w a p p r o x im a t e ly s ix w e e k s fo r a r r iv a l o f b a s ic v o lu m e . COMPANY NAME OR ADDITIONAL ADDRESS LINE □ R e m it t a n c e E n c lo s e d (M a k e c h e c k s p a y a b le to S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts ) STREET ADDRESS □ C h a r g e to m y D e p o s it A c c o u n t N o ..................... NA M E— FIRST, LAST ii m i i i i i i n i ii i i i CITY 111111111111111 ^PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE ☆ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING O FFIC E : 1976 O - 210-882 (127) 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 STATE 1 ZIP CODE i i i r M A IL O R D E R F O R M T O : S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o cu m en ts G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O ffic e W a s h i n g t o n , D .C . 2 0 4 0 2 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS REGIONAL OFFICES Region I 1603 J F K Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Region V 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago , III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Region II Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York. N .Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 399-5405 Regions VII and VIII* 911 Walnut Street Kansas City. Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 Region III 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Region IV 1371 Peachtree Street, NE. Atlanta, Ga. 30309 Phone: (404) 526-5418 Region VI Second Floor 555 G riffin Square Building Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 749-3516 Regjons IX and X** 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 * R e g io n s V II a n d V III a r e s e r v i c e d b y K a n s a s C ity * * R e g i o n s IX a n d X a r e s e r v i c e d b y S a n F r a n c i s c o U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D C. 20212 Official Business Penalty for private use, $300 Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor ■ Third Class Mail Lab-441
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