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/C— o<r . o <=3 0 0 , $ Industry Wage Survey: Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills Summer 1977 U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics 1979 Bulletin 2008 Industry Wage Survey: Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills Summer 1977 U.S. Department of Labor Ray Marshall, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood Acting Commissioner January 1979 Bulletin 2008 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, GPO Bookstores, or BLS Regional Offices listed on inside back cover. Price $2.75 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents Stock Number 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 2 2 6 8 - 9 Preface This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and supplementary benefits in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills in the summer of 1977, A similar study was conducted in November 1972. The 1977 study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages ana inaustrial Relations. James N. Houff of the Division of Occupational Wage Structures prepared the analysis in this bulletin. Field work for the survey was directed by the Assistant Regional Commis sioners for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin. Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without per mission of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor Statistics and cite Industry Wage Survey: Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, Summer 1977, Bulletin 2008. in Contents Page Sum m ary...................................................................................................................... Industry characteristics.................................................................................................................................... Employment................................................................................................................................................ Processes and products............................................................................................................................. Productivity................................................................................................................................................ Location..................................................................................................................................................... Establishment s iz e .................................................................................................................................... Unionization.............................................................................................................................................. S e x ............................................................................................................................................................. Method of wage paym ent......................................................................................................................... Average hourly earnings........................................................................ Occupational earnings...................................................................................................................................... Establishment practices and supplementarywage provisions........................................................................ Scheduled weekly h o u rs........................................................................................................................... Shift differential practices......................................................................................................................... Paid holidays.............................................................................................................................................. Paid vacations............................................................................................................................................ Health, insurance, and retirement p la n s................................................................................................ Other selected benefits............................................................................................................................ Text tables: 1. Percent of production workers inmetropolitan areas, by region and type of m ill..................... 2. Percent distribution of production workers, by earnings and type of m ill...................................... 3. Average hourly earnings of production workers in selected occupations in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills, United States and selected regions.......................: ........................................ 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 2 4 5 Tables: Average hourly earnings: 1. By selected characteristics—all m ills......................................................................................... 8 Earnings distribution: 2. , All m ills...................................................................... 3. Pulp m ills...................................................................... 4. Paper mills.................................................................................... 5. Paperboard mills....................................................................................................................... 6. Paper and paperboard mills—converted paperproducts departments..................................... 9 10 11 12 13 Occupational averages: 7. All m ills.................................................................................................................................... 8. Pulp m ills.................................................................................................................................. 9. Paper mills........................................................................................... .................................... 10. Paperboard mills.......................................................... ....... ............ . ........... ........................ 11. Paper and paperboard mills—machine-roomoccupations by width of machine....................... 12. All mills by size of community................................................................................................ 13. All mills by size of m ill........................................................................................................... 14. All mills by size of mill and size of community................................................................... 14 18 19 23 25 28 36 48 Occupational earnings: 15. Crane operators............................................................................... 16. Cooks, sulphate, batch digester.............................................................................................. 50 51 v Contents — Continued Page 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Cooks, sulphate, continuous digester...................................................................................... Grinder operators.................................................................................................................... Beater-operator helpers, fine grades...................................................................................... Paper-machine tenders, fine g ra d e s ...................................................................................... Fourth hands, fine grades....................................................................................................... Mechanics, general.............................................................. Millwrights................................................................................................................................ Janitors...................................................................................................................................... 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 25. Method of wage paym ent................................................................................................. 26. Scheduled weekly h o u rs......................................................................................................... 27. Shift differential practices....................................................................................................... 28. Paid holidays............................................................................................................................ 29. Paid vacations.......................................................................................................................... 30. Health, insurance, and retirement plans................................................................................ 31. Other selected benefits.................................................................................. 59 59 60 62 63 65 65 Appendixes: A. Regressions analysis.................................................................................................................. B. Scope and method of su rv ey ..................................................... ............................................. C. Occupational descriptions......................................................................................................... 66 69 73 vi Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, Summer 1977 Summary Industry characteristics Straight-time earnings of 147,906 production and re lated workers in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills averaged $6.54 an hour in the summer of 1977.1Earn ings of about 90 percent of these workers were within a range of $4.60 to $8.80 an hour; the middle 50 percent earned from $5.60 to $7.38. Among the six regions studied separately, average earnings ranged from $5.67 an hour in New England to $7.93 in the Pacific States.2 Earnings in the Southeast, the largest region, with about 30 percent of the indus try’s production work force, averaged $6.80 an hour. Earnings levels also varied by size of community, size of establishment, and occupation within each region. Workers in paper mills, about two-thirds of those covered by the study, averaged $6.47 an hour; this compared with $6.59 in paperboard mills, where just over one-fourth of the workers were employed , and $7.23 in separate pulp mills. A portion of these differences resulted from the way workers were dis tributed in regions with disparate pay levels. Of the jobs selected to represent the industries’ wage structures, worker skills, and manufacturing opera tions, average wage rates ranged from $5.48 an hour for janitors to $8.48 for general mechanics.3 Averages for machine room (papermaking) occupations ranged from $5.96 an hour for fifth hands to $7.72 for papermachine tenders. Occupational averages also varied by region, type of mill, type of pulpmaking process or grade of paper or paperboard produced and, in the machine room, by width of machine.4 Paid holidays and paid vacations after qualifying periods of service, as well as various types of health, in surance, and retirement benefit plans, were provided to virtually all of the workers. A majority of the workers were in mills providing at least 10 paid holidays an nually and 5 weeks or more of vacation after 20 years of service. Employment. In the summer of 1977, the 386 mills within the scope of the survey (those with at least 100 workers) employed 170,757 production workers, in cluding 22,851 in converted paper products depart ments of paper and paperboard mills. Nationwide, employment in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills was basically unchanged since a similar survey in Novem ber 1972; the proportions in each type of mill also re mained relatively constant.5 Paper mills employed almost 70 percent of the production workers in the sum mer of 1977; about 25 percent worked in paperboard mills. Separate pulp mills, which were all owned by paper or paperboard companies, employed the remain ing 5 percent of the work force. Intergrated paper or paperboard mills, those that manufacture at least part of their own pulp requirements in pulpmaking depart ments of the mill, employed 70 percent of the workers in all paper and paperboard mills. Processes and products. The most commonly used pulpmaking process was the sulphate process. About two-thirds of the 121,000 workers in pulp mills and in tegrated paper and paperboard mills worked in mills that used the sulphate process. Slightly over one-se venth were in mills primarily using the sulphite process, and another one-tenth were in mills manufacturing groundwood pulp. (These processes are described later in this section.) Almost seven-eighths of the nearly 163,000 workers in all paper and paperboard mills worked in mills which used wood pulp as the primary raw material; vir tually all of the remaining workers were in mills which principally used waste paper or reclaimed fibers. Fine grades of paper, which include writing and book papers, were the predominant output of establish ments employing slightly over one-third of the paper and paperboard mill employees; establishments pro ducing sanitary tissue stock or container board ac counted for another third, in equal proportions; and those producing coarse (kraft) paper, boxboard, and newsprint, most of the remainder. Pulpmaking is the process of separating cellulose fibers from wood by chemical or mechanical means. The selection of the pulpmaking process is based pri marily on the type of wood available and the grade of paper to be produced. ‘See appendix B for scope and method of survey. Wage data pre sented in this report exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Data for an estimated 22,851 workers employed in the converted paper products departments of mills covered by the study are ex cluded from the regular earnings tabulations and are presented separately in table 6. The inclusion of these workers would reduce the nationwide average cited above by an estimated 8 cents an hour. 2For definition of regions, see appendix B, table B -l, footnote 1. 3See appendix C for job descriptions. 4Machine speed, although not covered in this study, also in fluenced some wage rates. sSee Industry Wage Survey: Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, November 1972, Bulletin 1844 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1975). 1 Pulp is produced mechanically in the groundwood process by pressing logs against a grindstone. The same process carried out in a steam-heated chamber pro duces defibrated pulp, used principally in the manufacture of hardboards and insulating board. The more common chemical processes—sulphate, sulphite, and soda—require logs cut into chips, which are sometimes purchased from separate firms. These chips are “cooked” in a digester—a vat several stories high—to remove impurities from the wood through the combined action of chemicals, steam, and pressure. Sulphate pulp, also known as kraft, is made from a variety of woods to produce papers in which strength is of prime importance. Sulphite pulp is made primarily from soft wood, such as spruce and hemlock; soda pulp is made principally from hardwoods. After mixing with water, the pulp is further refined and may be bleached before use. Pulp solution (mostly water) is turned into paper by machines that are among the largest in American in dustry. Two types of papermaking machines are in general use today. One type is the cylinder machine for building board and container board. The more com mon type is the Fourdrinier machine, in which the pulp solution is poured onto a vibrating and moving screen. As the water drains, pulp fibers adhere to one another to form a sheet of paper. The newly formed paper is pressed to squeeze out more water and then is passed through a dryer. The paper may be further treated to achieve specified characteristics. By passing it through a series of rolls (calendering), a glossy finish is imparted; by glazing it with coating mixtures, the moisture resistance and printing quality of the final product are improved. The paper or paperboard may be shipped to other plants for fabrication, or it may be made into boxes, bags, etc., by converting departments of the mill. About one-half of the paper mills and nearly three-tenths of the paperboard mills studied had onsite converting departments. Location. The Southeast, with nearly three-tenths of the industries’ work force, and the Great Lakes States, with slightly less than one-fourth, were the regions with the largest numbers of employees. New England and the Pacific States each employed one-eighth, and the Middle Atlantic and Southwest regions each employed about one-tenth. Although paper mill employment was widely distributed over the six regions studied separately, workers in pulp and paperboard mills tended to be heavily concentrated in only a few regions. Three-fifths of the pulp mill workers were found in the Southeast and an additional one-fourth were in the Pacific States. No other region had as much as onetenth. Employment in paperboard mills was centered in the Southeast (nearly 45 percent of the total), with another 42 percent divided evenly among the South west, Great Lakes, and Pacific States. Within regions, the distribution of workers among the three types of mills varied substantially. Paper mills, for example, employed the largest proportion of the work force in each of the regions, ranging from slightly over one-half in the Southeast and Southwest to ninetenths in New England. Paperboard mills, on the other hand, employed one-seventh of the workers in the Great Lakes and about two-fifths of those in the Southeast and Southwest. Employment in separate pulp mills was significant in only two regions: Onetenth of the workers in the Pacific States and in the Southeast worked in separate pulp mills. For the Nation as a whole, just under half of the workers in paper and paperboard mills and one-fourth of the workers in pulp mills were in metropolitan areas (text table l).7 At the regional level, the Middle Atlan tic had a large majority of workers in metropolitan areas, while the other five regions typically were at or somewhat below the national proportion. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through February 1974. Productivity. Output per production worker employee hour was 8 percent higher in 1977 than in 1972.6 Out put in 1977 was about 4 percent above that in 1972 while production workers’ hours were down 4 percent. In 1972, output per production worker hour had been 32 percent above its 1967 level. Among factors con tributing to this advance in productivity were the in troduction of more efficient pulp and papermaking equipment and improved material handling systems. Text table 1. Percent of production workers in metropolitan areas, by region and type of mill All m ills Pulp mills Paper m ills United States’ ................. New E n g la n d ............ M iddle A tla n tic ........ S o u th e a s t................. S outhw est................. Great L a k e s ............. P a c ific ....................... 47 42 90 42 47 46 46 27 48 34 88 49 44 44 45 — (2) 20 — — 33 Paperboard m ills 48 — 100 - 37 49 60 53 'Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 2No workers reported in separate pulp mills. NOTE: Dashes indicate that data do not meet publication cri teria. 6Productivity Indexes fo r Selected Industries, 1978 Edition, Bulletin 2002, pp. 59, 60 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978). Region 2 Establishment size. Nearly nine-tenths of the workers were in mills employing at least 250 workers each; nearly half were in mills that had 1,000 workers or more. Paper mills, as the following tabulation illustr ates, tended to be the largest of the ,three types of mills studied. (table 25). A number of collective bargaining agree ments in the paper industries provided for periodic ad justment of wage rates for specific machine room jobs based on the average speed or output of papermaking machines during a previous time period. Width of machine, type of process, and grade of product were also important determinants of wage rates in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. Only 3 percent of the work force was paid on an incentive basis. P ercent o f p ro d u c tio n w orkers in — A ll m ills Pulp m ills Paper m ills Paperb o a rd m ills Total..................... 100 100 100 100 100 to 249 workers.. . . 250 to 999 workers.. .. 1,000 workers or more. 10 44 45 7 52 41 8 41 51 17 53 29 Average hourly earnings Straight-time earnings of the 147,906 production workers covered by the survey averaged $6.54 an hour in the summer of 1977 (table l).9 Workers in paper mills averaged $6.47 an hour; those in paperboard mills averaged $6.59. These averages were about 10 percent less than the $7.23 earned by workers in separ ate pulp mills.10 The higher nationwide average for workers in separate pulp mills resulted largely from the influence of the relatively high-paying Southeast and Pacific States, in which nearly nine-tenths of the 8,000 workers in separate pulp mills were employed. Nationally, the level of earnings for production workers in the three types of mills in the summer of 1977 was 58 percent higher than the $4.13 average recorded in the November 1972 survey.11This increase was substantially more than the 47-percent rise in average hourly earnings recorded for all nondurable goods manufacturing and the 45-percent increase in Regionally, mills tended to be largest in the Southeast and smallest in the Middle Atlantic and New England. Paper mills in the Southeast employed an average of 1,000 workers—nearly twice the average in any other region. Paperboard mills, however, were somewhat smaller, on average, in the Southeast than in the Southwest (455 compared with 532 production workers). Unionization. Nearly all of the workers covered by the study were in mills operating under labor-management agreem ents—com pared with tw o-thirds in al^ manufacturing industries combined. 8The major union in all regions, except the Pacific States, was the United Paperworkers International Union (AFL-CIO), which resulted from a 1972 merger between the United Papermakers and Paperworkers and the International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite, and Paper Mill Workers. In the Pacific States, most mills had agree ments with the Association of Western Pulp and Paperworkers (independent). 9Excludes the 22,851 workers in converted paper products departments. "Straight-time hourly earnings in this bulletin exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of individuals. They differ from gross average hourly earnings in the Bureau’s monthly series (average of $6.85 in pulp and paper mills and $7.00 in paperboard mills during July-September 1977) in which the sums of the employee-hour totals reported by establishments in the industries were divided into the reported payroll totals. The estimate of production workers within scope of the study is in tended only as a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. It differs from the monthly series average (215,100) during July-September 1977 because (1) establishments employing fewer than 100 workers are excluded and (2) lists of establishments must be assembled considerably in ad vance of data collection to make the survey. Thus, new establish ments and establishments originally classified in the pulp, paper, and paperboard mills industries but found to be in other industries at the time of the survey are omitted. Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills classified incorrectly in other industries at the time the lists were compiled are also omitted. “The establishment sample in the 1977 survey was selected from those employing 100 wdrkers or more rather than 50 workers or more (November 1972). The raised employment cutoff should have little effect on the wage trend, however, since only 3 percent of the industries’ employees were in mills in the 50-99 employment-size class. Sex. Data by sex were available for 93 percent of the production workers in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills, exclusive of their converted paper products departments. Men made up 98 percent of these workers. With few exceptions (e.g., pulp and paper testers, jani tors, and most finishing jobs), all workers in the occupa tions studied separately were men. In converted paper products departments, men made up nearly four-fifths of the production workers identified separately by sex (94 percent). Method o f wage payment. Nearly all of the workers in the survey were paid time rates, usually under formal plans providing single rates for individual occupations 8See Employee Compensation in the Private Nonfarm Economy, 1974 Bulletin 1963 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1977). table 18, establishments with 100 or more employees. 3 consumer prices over the same period.12 Most of the wage increase in the paper industries between 1972 and 1977—approximately 10 percent a year—was due primarily to wage rate changes granted through collective bargaining agreements; about 97 percent of the workers at the time of the 1977 survey were covered by such agreements. Regionally, average earnings of all production workers ranged from $5.67 an hour in New England to $7.93 in the Pacific States—a wage spread of nearly 40 percent. Workers in the Southeast, three-tenths of the production work force, averaged $6.80. Regional variations in all workers’ pay reflect, in part, differences in the distribution of employment by type of mill, size of mill, and size of area (metropolitan or non metropolitan area). Nationwide, average earnings were highest in mills employing at least 1,000 workers ($6.72) and lowest in those with less than 250 workers ($5.76). This earnings advantage, however, was not consistent among regions. In the Pacific States, for ex ample, the spread of earnings for the three size classes was only 4 percent, $7.68 to $7.98. In the numerically important Southeast, on the other hand, workers averaged $6.88 an hour in mills with 250 to 999 employees and $5.44 an hour in mills with less than 250 workers—a wage difference of 26 percent. Workers in nonmetropolitan areas averaged $6.69 an hour compared to $6.37 for those in metropolitan areas. A similar relationship was also found in the five regions for which direct comparisons could be made. The above discussion illustrates how certain establishment characteristics, such as employment size and mill location, are associated with pay levels. The survey results did not indicate the independent effect of wage-determining characteristics on earnings. Appen dix A, however, presents a brief technical note on results of a multiple regression in which the singular effects of some characteristics were isolated to a measurable degree. In some cases, there were dis similarities between earnings differentials derived from published averages and those generated by multiple regression techniques. Production workers in establish ments with at least 1,000 employees, for example, averaged 96 cents an hour more than those in establish ments with 100 to 249 workers, but apparently less than two-thirds (61 cents) of this differential can be at tributed solely to establishment size (appendix tables A-l and A-2). Nearly nine-tenths of the production workers earned between $4.60 and $8.80 an hour (table 2). Earnings of the middle 50 percent of the workers were between $5.60 and $7.38 an hour. Earnings distributions, however, varied by type of mill. As text table 2 shows, for example, nearly one-third of the pulp mill workers earned at least $8 an hour, compared with one-eighth of the paper mill employees and one-fifth of the paperboard workers. (See tables 3, 4, and 5 for regional pat terns.) The 22,851 workers in converted paper products departments averaged $5.93 an hour (table 6)—about 9 percent below the average for all other production workers in the survey. Regionally, average earnings were highest in the Pacific region ($7.06) and lowest in New England ($5.03). Workers in the Great Lakes region, one-third of all employees in those depart ments, averaged $5.81 an hour. Occupational earnings The occupations selected to represent the wage struc ture, skills, and manufacturing operations of the paper industries made up nearly one-half of the work force in the summer of 1977 (table 7). Among these jobs, na tionwide averages ranged from $5.48 an hour for jani tors to $8.48 for general mechanics. For occupations in which comparisons could be made, workers in the Pacific States were typically the highest paid. Their averages often exceeded by 35 to 50 percent those of their counterparts in New England and the Middle Atlantic States, the lowest paying regions studied separately. Paper testers, for example, averaged $7.59 an hour in the Pacific region, com pared with $5.57 in the Middle Atlantic States and $5.38 in New England—differentials of 36 and 41 percent, respectively. Occupational averages also varied considerably by type of pulpmaking process and grade of paper or paperboard produced. In the Southeast region, for ex ample, paper-machine tenders manufacturing coarse (kraft) paper averaged $8.96 an hour compared with $6.52 for those making special industrial paper. Where comparisons were possible for numerically important occupations in other regions, wages commonly averaged somewhat higher for employees producing coarse (kraft) paper or container board than for those producing special industrial paper or boxboard. As text Text table 2. Percent distribution of production workers by earnings and type of mill 12Eased on November 1972 and September 1977 data from the Bureau’s Employment and Earnings and Consumer Price Index series. All mills Pulp mills Paper mills Paperboard mills T o ta l................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under $4.50................... $4.50 and under $ 5 ___ $5 and under $6............ $6 and under $7............ $7 and under $8............ $8 and under $10.......... $10 and o v e r................. 2.5 5.5 32.3 27.3 16.4 14.5 1.2 0.8 1.6 18.9 25.8 20.5 29.4 2.8 1.8 5.2 34.7 29.4 16.6 11.0 1.1 4.4 6.8 29.0 23.5 15.8 19.5 .9 Hourly earnings 4 Text table 3. Average hourly earnings of production workers in selected occupations in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills, United States and selected regions Average hourly earings' Average hourly earnings' Department and occupation United States2 South east Great Lakes Pulpmaking: Bleach-plant operators3 . . . . Sulphate p ro c e s s .......... Sulphite process............ Pulp testers3........................... Sulphate p ro c e s s .......... Sulphite process............ $7.55 7.93 7.57 6.21 6.25 6.46 $7.99 8.30 — 6.14 6.12 — $6.46 6.90 6.55 5.95 6.25 6.22 Stock preparation: Beater-operator helpers3— Fine g ra d e s ................... Coarse (kraft)................. B o x b o a rd ....................... Hydrapulper operators3........ Fine g ra d e s ................... Container b o a rd ............ Boxboard ....................... 5.96 5.84 6.40 5.59 5.75 5.82 6.08 5.18 6.59 6.64 6.95 6.29 5.42 — 5.58 5.07 5.89 6.01 5.57 5.64 5.79 5.91 5.86 5.77 Machine room: Paper-machine tenders3 . . . . Fine g ra d e s ................... Sanitary tissue............... Coarse (kraft)....... ......... Special in d u s tria l.......... Container b o a rd ............ Boxboard ....................... 7.72 7.33 8.18 8.53 6.75 8.66 7.39 8.57 8.31 8.84 8.96 6.52 8.95 8.30 7.14 7.20 7.70 6.44 — 6.80 6.50 'Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. in c lu d e s data for regions in addition to those shown separately. in c lu d e s data for types o f pulp, paper, or paperboard not shown separately. table 3 illustrates, however, differentials by grade of product were generally much smaller in the stock pre paration and finishing departments than in the machine room. In addition, an examination of union contract provisions and individual establishment data from the survey revealed that, within the same mill, a given oc cupation could be paid at a different rate depending on the product. Continuous digester cooks, the highest paid of the pulpmaking occupations studied, averaged $8.07 an hour—about 2 percent more than cooks who operated batch digesters ($7.89). Averages for cooks’ helpers were more widely separated; helpers on continuous digesters averaged $7.20 an hour compared with $6.67 for helpers on batch digesters. Grinder operators and pulp testers averaged $6.21 an hour and were the lowest paid of the pulpmaking jobs studied. About one-tenth of the workers studied were employed in machine room (papermaking) jobs, for which averages ranged from $5.96 an hour for fifth hands to $7.72 for paper-machine tenders. The width of the machinery operated greatly influenced in dividual wage rates (table l l ) 13. Paper-machine ten 13See footnote 4. United States2 South east Great Lakes Machine room — Continued Backtenders3 ......................... Fine g ra d e s ................... Sanitary tissue................ Coarse (kraft)................. Special in d u s tria l.......... C ontainer b o a rd ............ Boxboard ....................... $7.09 6.77 7.38 7.85 6.20 7.89 6.79 $7.83 7.65 7.72 8.30 5.98 8.12 7.64 $6.58 6.63 7.03 6.02 — 6.30 6.06 Finishing roll: Rewinder operators3 ............ Fine g ra d e s ................... Sanitary tissue............... 6.04 6.06 6.07 6.25 6.32 6.24 6.01 6.15 6.21 Finishing, sheet: Cutters, gu illo tine type3 (cut and trim )................................. Fine g ra d e s .................... B o x b o a rd ....................... Cutters, rotary or sheet3 . . . . Fine g ra d e s ................... B o x b o a rd ....................... 5.96 6.12 5.43 5.98 5.99 5.60 5.59 6.29 5.96 6.58 6.54 6.47 5.98 6.02 5.55 6.02 6.11 — Laboratory: Paper testers3......................... Fine g ra d e s .................... Container b o a rd ............ Boxboard ....................... 6.12 5.99 6.54 6.17 6.31 6.43 6.32 6.62 5.94 6.04 — 5.36 Department and occupation NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data do not meet publication critiera. ders making fine grades of paper, for example, averaged $9.05 an hour on machines 201 inches to 300 inches wide, in contrast to the $6.35 an hour averaged by those operating machinery less than 101 inches wide. Within size classes, averages also varied by grade of paper produced. Millwrights, the most numerous of the maintenance occupations studied, averaged $7.62 an hour. Electri cians averaged $7.81; pipefitters, $7.74; maintenance machinists, $7.55; and power truckers, mostly forklift operators, $5.93. Those occupations permitting comparisons among all three types of mills usually averaged highest in separ ate pulp mills and lowest in paper mills (tables 8, 9, and 10). Workers in pulp mills frequently averaged 10 to 15 percent more than their counterparts in paper mills and 4 to 11 percent more than those in paperboard mills. When comparisons were made among stock prepara tion, papermaking, and sheet finishing department jobs common to paper and paperboard mills, however, paper mill employees usually held at least a 2-percent advantage. Occupational averages usually were somewhat high er in nonmetropolitan areas than in larger communities and higher in mills that employed at least 1,000 5 workers than in smaller mills (tables 12 and 13). However, no consistent relationship between size of mill and average earnings was found when com parisons were limited to the same community size group (table 14). Earnings of individual workers in the occupations shown in tables 15 to 24 tended to be concentrated within narrow ranges for a majority of the workers, especially when comparisons were limited to individual regions. In the Pacific region, for example, earnings for a majority of the beater-operator helpers (fine grades), fourth hands (fine grades), and janitors fell within a 20cent range. Wage ranges were not as concentrated in the other regions, but in most of the jobs more than half of the workers were found within a range of no more than $1.00. Extensive collective bargaining agreement coverage and the widespread use of single-rate wage systems were among the factors contributing to the comparatively narrow range of earnings for workers performing similar tasks. workers were assigned to this type of shift, usually changing schedules every 7 days. Virtually all of the workers employed on evening and night rotating shifts were paid differentials, commonly 10 to 12 cents per hour on the evening shift and 15 to 22 cents per hour on the night shift16 (table 27). Rotating shifts were most common in the stock preparation department, machine room, and converting departments in paper and paperboard mills and in the pulpmaking department of pulp mills. On the other hand, employees in woodyards, wood preparation departments, and maintenance departments of all types of mills were usually assigned to fixed shifts. Fixed shifts, operated by nearly all establishments, generally provided differentials of 10 to 12 cents per hour for evening schedules and 15 to 20 cents per hour for night schedules. Differentials for both rotating and fixed shifts, however, varied widely by region. Paid holidays. All establishments provided paid holi days to production workers (table 28). Mills granting at least 10 full days annually employed seven-eights of the workers. Regionally, typical holiday provisions were 9 or 10 days in New England, 10 or 11 days in the Middle Atlantic, Southeast, Southwest, and Great Lakes regions, and 12 days in the Pacific States. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Data were also obtained on work schedules, shift practices, and selected supplementary wage benefits, such as paid holidays, paid vacations, and health, in surance, and retirement plans.14 Paid vacations. All mills provided paid vacations after qualifying periods of service (table 29). Nearly all the production workers were in mills granting at least 1 week of vacation pay after 1 year of service, 2 weeks after 3 years, and 3 weeks after 10 years. Provisions for at least 4 weeks of vacation after 15 years applied to nearly 95 percent of the workers; 75 percent were under plans providing at least 5 weeks after 20 years and 6 weeks after 30 years’ service. Vacation provi sions varied by region. Scheduled weekly hours. Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in effect in mills employing nearly one-half of the workers in the summer of 1977 (table 26). Just over one-third of the workers were scheduled for 42 hours a week, and about one-tenth had a 48-hour workweek schedule. Regionally, work schedules varied considerably. For example, 40-hour weeks applied to nearly two-thirds of the workers in the Pacific States but to slightly less than one-fifth of the workers in New England. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Life, hospitalization, basic medical, and surgical insurance, for which the employer paid at least part of the cost, covered all of the production workers (table 30). Sick ness and accident and major medical insurance each applied to more than nine-tenths of the workers; acci dental death and dismemberment to seven-eighths; den tal insurance to one-third; long-term disability in surance to one-sixth; and paid sick leave to less than one-tenth. The incidence of health and insurance plans varied little by region, with some notable exceptions. Dental insurance, for example, was provided to all workers in the Pacific States, but to only one-eighth or less in the New England, Southeast, and Southwest regions. Shift differential practices. To maintain operations 24 hours a day, virtually all of the mills studied had rotat ing shifts whereby workers periodically changed from day to evening to night schedules.15 Nearly seven-tenths of the industries’ production MData on establishment practices and supplementary wage provi sions relate to all production workers, including those in converted paper products departments. For an estimate of the relative importance of employer expen ditures for employee fringe benefits in total compensation, see Employee Compensation and Payroll Hours: Pulp and Paper Manufacturing, 1971, Report 427 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1973). l5Some mills operated a 4-shift workday. In these situations, two shifts—6 a.m. to 12 noon and 12 noon to 6 p.m.—fit the survey definition of day shift, i.e., a work period in which half or more of the work hours fall between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. ,6A few mills paid the same differential to all workers on rotating shifts, regardless of the schedule worked. 6 Health and insurance plans financed solely by the employer were provided to at least seven-tenths of all production workers with the benefit coverage. Retirement pension plans (other than Federal social security), providing regular payments for the re mainder of the retiree’s life, were available to virtually all of the work force. These plans were usually fi nanced wholly by the employer. Retirement severance pay plans were found in only two regions. These plans covered 9 percent of the work force in the Middle Atlantic region and 2 percent in New England. Other selected benefits. Pay for jury duty and for at tending funerals of specified relatives were available to nearly all of the production workers in most of the regions studied (table 31). In the Great Lakes and Pacific regions, however, slightly less than seven-eighths of the workers were covered by jury-duty pay. Severance pay provisions for loss of jobs due to a technological change or plant closing covered just over one-third of the workers; the proportion varied from under one-tenth of the workers in the Middle Atlantic region to two-thirds in the Pacific States. 7 Table 1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics—all mills (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of production workers in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills by selected characteristics, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Characteristic All production workers................................................ Men...................................................................... Type of mill:3 Pulp mills............................................................... Paper mills............................................................. Paperboard mills..................................................... Size of community: Metropolitan areas4 ................................................. Nonmetropolitan areas............................................. Size of mill: 100-249 workers.................................................... 250-999 workers.................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................ New England Great Lakes Southwest Southeast Pacific Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings 147,906 134,881 $6.54 6.55 18,752 18,346 8,016 98,860 41,030 7.23 6.47 6.59 17,196 67,565 80,341 6.37 6.69 6,756 11,996 15,648 66,949 65,309 5.76 6.56 6.72 3,797 7,192 7,763 - - $5.67 5.68 15,869 14,562 $5.71 5.68 44,820 37,478 $6.80 6.82 14,763 14,381 12,684 3,185 5.85 5.16 4,840 20,473 19,507 7.09 6.83 6.69 8 ,0 2 0 $5.52 5.75 14,084 5.75 17,881 26,939 6.65 6.90 6,773 7,990 5.28 5.52 5.99 1,968 10,593 - 1,764 16,447 26,609 5.44 - 5.72 - 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 For the purpose of this study, data for pulp mills are limited to workers in separate pulpmaking establishments; data for paper and paperboard mills include workers in pulpmaking departments of these mills. Middle Atlantic - - - - $5.29 5.66 - 6 .8 8 6.84 - 6,384 - 4,777 8,774 $6.93 6.95 31,840 30,694 $6 .1 1 6.13 17,719 15,314 $7.93 8.08 7.00 6.78 27,208 4,494 6.16 5.81 2,192 10,983 4,544 7.86 7.98 7.87 6 .8 6 14,599 17,241 6.04 6.16 7,379 10,340 7.84 4,653 15,795 11,392 5.77 1,559 10,180 5,980 7.68 7.95 7.98 - 6.98 - $7.23 6 .8 8 - - 6 .0 0 6.38 8 .0 0 4 Standard Metropolitan Statistical areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through February 1974. NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Table 2. Earnings distribution: All mills (Percent distribution of production workers by average straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Hourly earnings United States2 New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific 134,881 18,752 15,869 44,820 14,763 31,840 17,719 $6.54 $6.55 $5.67 $5.71 $6.80 $6.93 $6 .1 1 $7.93 Total ................................................................ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Under $4.00.................................. ...................... 0 .6 0 .6 1 .6 0 .1 0.5 1 .0 0.3 .2 Total Men Number of workers................................................ 147,906 Average hourly earnings1 ........................................ $4.00 and under $4.10........................................... $4.10 and under $4.20........................................... $4.20 and under $4.30........................................... $4.30 and under $4.40........................................... $4.40 and under $4.50........................................... $4.50 and under $4.60........................................... $4.60 and under $4.70........................................... $4.70 and under $4.80........................................... $4.80 and under $4.90........................................... $4.90 and under $5.00........................................... .5 1.4 .5 .3 1.1 .1 .2 1 .0 .8 .4 .6 1 .6 1 .8 .1 (3) .3 .3 .3 .3 .9 2 .8 .2 .2 3.0 3.0 4.3 .3 .3 .4 .1 .7 .2 .6 6 .2 .4 .3 .4 .2 .2 .4 .3 .4 .4 .4 .4 .6 .9 1 .0 1.1 3.5 3.2 1 .0 1 .0 2 .8 1 .0 1.1 2 .6 1 .6 1 .6 $5.00 and under $5.20........................................... $5.20 and under $5.40........................................... $5.40 and under $5.60........................................... $5.60 and under $5.80........................................... $5.80 and under $6.00........................................... 4.8 4.8 7.2 7.9 7.6 5.0 5.0 $6 . 0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 ........................................... $6.20 and under $6.40........................................... $6.40 and under $6.60........................................... $6.60 and under $6.80........................................... $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... 7.4 5.8 5.7 4.7 3.9 $7.00 and under $7.20.......................................... $7.20 and under $7.40........................................... $7.40 and under $7.60........................................... $7.60 and under $7.80........................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... 3.7 3.8 4.0 2.7 3.6 3.9 4.2 2 .2 2 .2 $8.00 and under $8.40........................................... $8.40 and under $8.80........................................... $8.80 and under $9.20.......................................... $9.20 and under $9.60.......................................... $9.60 and under $10.00......................................... 6.3 3.0 5.7 3.1 1 .8 1 .8 2 .2 1 .2 2.4 1.3 1.2 1 .2 $1 0 .0 0 and over.................................................... 6 .8 7.5 7.6 7.5 6 .0 5.7 4.6 3.9 2 .8 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3.8 1 2 .0 8.9 8.4 9.4 6.3 .6 _ _ _ 1 .0 - 4.6 5.3 9.0 . 2.3 2.4 5.2 7.6 6 .8 8 .2 13.5 7.2 7.4 4.8 5.4 3.2 13.2 8.5 3.9 .5 8.5 4.9 9.4 4.0 4.2 4.7 2.9 2.4 3.9 3.9 2.5 3.3 3.6 6 .8 2 .0 3.4 9.5 8.5 2 .0 6 .6 2 .8 1 .0 5.2 1 .0 6.3 3.9 4.3 11.4 6.4 2 .8 6 .0 2 .1 4.6 3.7 1 .0 1.3 1.9 1 .6 .9 1.1 1.5 6 .1 .2 .6 11.4 6.4 .1 .6 2 .6 .2 .2 1 .6 12.9 4.0 3.5 2.9 .1 .1 .2 .6 .1 .1 .5 2 .1 3 - .3 3.9 6.7 7.7 7.5 1 .6 _ .5 _ 2 .8 4.6 5.9 .3 .9 .2 8 .1 7.5 5.4 4.2 3.7 1.9 2 .8 _ 1 0 .1 14.1 9.5 8.4 1.9 .1 .3 .3 1 1 .0 6 .6 6 .0 .2 (3) .1 .1 2 .6 Less than 0.05 percent, NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 0.5 .3 .9 .4 .6 5.3 Table 3. Earnings distribution: Pulp mills (Percent distribution of production workers by average straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Hourly earnings United States2 Southeast Pacific Number of workers................................................ 8,016 4,840 2,192 Average hourly earnings1 ......................................... $7.23 $7.09 $7.86 Total ................................................................. * Under $5.00.......................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 2.3 $5 00 a n d under $5 ?fl 1 1 $5.80 and under $6.00........................................... 14 38 91 3.5 $ 6 0 0 and under $ 6 70 $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... 1 2 3 58 43 69 44 4.4 _ 03 4 56 _ 4.0 74 1.4 7.8 1.1 110 54 80 61 3.7 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Less than 0.05 percent. 16 53 17 7.2 Hourly earnings United States2 $7.00 and under $7.20........................................... $7.20 and under $7.40........................................... $7.40 and under $7.60........................................... $7.60 and under $7.80........................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... 6.4 4.2 3.5 3.4 3.0 $8 .0 0 and under $8 . 2 0 ........................................... $8.20 and under $8.40........................................... $8.40 and under $8.60........................................... $8.60 and under $8.80........................................... $8.80 and under $9.00........................................... 2 .6 Southeast 6.5 2.7 2.5 1 .8 2 .1 Pacific 7.5 9.4 6 .8 5.4 5.3 3.6 5.5 3.4 6 .6 2.5 10.7 4.2 10.5 1 .2 1 .6 .9 $9.00 and under $9.20........................................... $9.20 and under $9.40........................................... $9.40 and under $9.60........................................... $9.60 and under $9.80........................................... $9.80 and under $10.00.......... ............................... 1.4 .4 3.7 1.7 1.4 $1 0 .0 0 and over..................................................... 2 .8 8 .0 3.5 .8 1 .2 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. .8 .2 .8 .6 1 2 .2 .1 3.1 4.3 _ (3) 4.1 Table 4. Earnings distribution: Paper mills (Percent distribution of production workers by average straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Hourly earnings Total Men New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific Number of workers................................................ 98,860 92,278 17,196 12,684 20,473 8 ,0 2 0 27,208 10,983 Average hourly earnings1 ........................................ $6.47 $6.48 $5.72 $5.85 $6.83 $7.00 $6.16 $7.98 Total ................................................................ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Under $4.50......................................................... 1 .8 1 .8 6.3 2 .0 0 .8 .8 .8 1 .0 1 .0 3.0 3.2 2.4 2.4 3.7 $4.50 and under $4.60........................................... $4.60 and under $4.70........................................... $4.70 and under $4.80........................................... $4.80 and under $4.90........................................... $4.90 and under $5.00........................................... .7 .7 1.3 2 .2 1.5 3.7 5.4 (3) (3) (3) (3) 1.1 1.1 1 .6 1.5 5.0 5.1 7.7 5.1 5.2 7.3 8.4 8.4 11.4 8.4 8.7 2 .1 8 .1 2 .8 8 .2 14.3 7.6 7.5 7.5 6.4 8.3 6.5 6 .0 6 .0 4.8 4.0 4.7 3.9 7.9 5.8 4.6 4.0 5.4 7.2 3.3 2 .0 2 .1 $7.00 and under $7.20........................................... $7.20 and under $7.40........................................... $7.40 and under $7.60........................................... $7.60 and under $7.80........................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... 3.7 3.8 4.2 1.1 1 .6 2 .1 1.9 2 .1 2 .1 3.1 .3 .9 1.1 2 .8 3.6 3.9 4.3 2.9 $8.00 and under $8.40........................................... $8.40 and under $8.80........................................... $8.80 and under $9.20........................................... $9.20 and under $9.60........................................... $9.60 and under $10.00......................................... 4.9 1.7 1.3 4.7 1.7 2 .6 1 .8 .2 $5.00 and under $5.20........................................... $5.20 and under $5.40........................................... $5.40 and under $5.60........................................... $5.60 and under $5.80........................................... $5.80 and under $6.00........................................... $6 . 0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 ........................................... $6.20 and under $6.40........................................... $6.40 and under $6.60........................................... $6.60 and under $6.80........................................... $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... $1 0 .0 0 and over .................................................... 8 .6 8.3 8 .2 2 .2 .9 1.1 9.9 6.7 1 0 .8 9.2 2 .6 1.4 1.9 8.3 7.0 6 .6 5.0 4.1 3.6 5.4 5.4 3.9 2 .1 1 1 .2 1.4 2.3 .2 .3 .7 .3 1 .0 .1 .1 3.4 2.4 1.9 .3 .1 1 .0 1 .2 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. .1 .2 1.5 0 .8 .3 .4 .3 .3 .1 .2 .3 .4 .6 2.4 3.0 3.6 7.1 4.1 5.4 8.9 11.3 13.8 6 .0 13.7 8 .6 .6 . _ - 0 .1 7.0 5.5 5.3 3.6 8 .8 - 6.9 6.3 3.8 4.8 10.4 4.7 3.4 2.3 3.6 3.5 3.7 2.3 3.3 7.1 10.3 1 .1 7.0 5.6 11.7 5.0 4.1 3.8 .7 1 .1 6 .0 (3) 2 .1 - 2 .2 .2 .1 .1 3 Less than 0.05 percent, NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 8 .2 1 0 .0 4.2 3.2 12.4 5.6 5.2 Table 5. Earnings distribution: Paperboard mills (Percent distribution of production workers by average straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific 36,868 3,185 19,507 6,384 4,494 4,544 $6.59 $6.58 $5.16 $6.69 $6.78 $5.81 $7.87 Total................................................................ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Under $4.00......................................................... 1.1 1 .2 0 .6 2 .2 0.9 (3) .3 1 .6 Hourly earnings Total Men Number of workers................................................ 41,030 Average hourly earnings'........................................ $4.00 and under $4.10........................................... $4.10 and under $4.20........................................... $4.20 and under $4.30........................................... $4.30 and under $4.40........................................... $4.40 and under $4.50 ............................................ .3 .7 .7 .9 .7 .3 .7 .7 1 .0 .8 _ 0.5 2.5 5.1 1.9 8.9 6.7 9.4 5.0 4.8 6.7 5.9 5.2 4.8 6.4 5.7 6.5 15.5 7.9 13.3 4.3 5.0 5.9 4.8 4.3 4.2 3.6 1.4 .7 .7 $6 . 0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 ........................................... $6.20 and under $6.40........................................... $6.40 and under $6.60........................................... $6.60 and under $6.80........................................... $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... 4.8 4.7 4.3 3.7 6 .0 $7.00 and under $7.20........................................... $7.20 and under $7.40........................................... $7.40 and under $7.60........................................... $7.60 and under $7.80........................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... 3.4 3.7 3.8 2.4 2.5 $8.00 and under $8.40........................................... $8.40 and under $8.80........................................... $8.80 and under $9.20........................................... $9.20 and under $9.60........................................... $9.60 and under $10.00......................................... 8.5 4.6 2.7 1.9 $1 0 .0 0 and over.................................................... .9 1 .8 3.3 3.7 3.9 2.4 2 .1 .1 1 .0 .1 - .3 8 .1 _ 4.9 1.7 - 2 .8 2 .1 1.9 1 .0 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. .2 .7 .5 1 .2 6 .6 1 .2 .2 .6 1.7 $5.00 and under $5.20........................................... $5.20 and under $5.40........................................... $5.40 and under $5.60........................................... $5.60 and under $5.80........................................... $5.80 and under $6.00........................................... 2 .0 6 .2 1.1 1 .2 .2 .3 .4 1.7 1.1 3 .2 .8 8.5 1.3 1.4 1.9 $4.50 and under $4.60........................................... $4.60 and under $4.70........................................... $4.70 and under $4.80........................................... $4.80 and under $4.90........................................... $4.90 and under $5.00........................................... .4 .7 .5 (3) .4 .2 1.3 .1 2 .6 3.3 .2 1 .2 .4 3.2 7.8 4.7 6 .8 2.4 1.3 7.5 6.7 9.9 6.5 5.3 4.9 3.9 3.2 8.7 7.9 3.8 5.4 2.7 9.6 6.7 4.8 4.4 5.0 3.9 3.4 4.5 2 .2 2.9 4.8 2.9 3.0 2 .8 1 .6 3.2 .4 3.7 .4 .4 1 .0 4.1 6 .0 6 .0 7.0 2 .8 15.1 2.9 2.9 1.5 1 .6 1 1 .2 7.4 .2 (3) 1 0 .1 9.2 1 1 .1 - .5 - 1.3 - .8 .1 Less than 0.05 percent, NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 1 .8 1 .0 .1 .9 1 .6 1.3 10.7 6.5 8 .0 5.6 7.6 5.8 6 .2 4.3 5.5 3.1 7.9 8 .1 7.8 6 .0 Table 6. Earnings distribution: Paper and paperboard mills—Converted paper products departments1 (Percent distribution of production workers by average straight-time hourly earnings,2 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States3 Hourly earnings New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific 16,674 $5.94 2,628 $5.03 2,434 $5.67 5,501 $5.97 882 $5.41 7,678 $5.81 3,659 $7.06 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 0 .8 1 .0 0 .1 0.4 Total Men Number of workers................................................ Average hourly earnings2 ........................................ 22,851 $5.93 Total ................................................................ Under $4.00......................................................... $4.00 and under $4.10........................................... $4.10 and under $4.20........................................... $4.20 and under $4.30........................................... $4.30 and under $4.40........................................... $4.40 and under $4.50........................................... $4.50 and under $4.60........................................... $4.60 and under $4.70........................................... $4.70 and under $4.80........................................... $4.80 and under $4.90........................................... $4.90 and under $5.00........................................... 1.4 1.3 .5 6.5 1 .8 1 .0 4.9 1 0 .6 1 .0 1 .2 1 .0 6 .1 1 .2 1.3 6.4 3.7 10.3 .9 /4 \ .2 .8 r i 15.7 9.1 8.9 3.6 4.1 3.9 13.8 7.2 9.8 2.5 2.9 .4 .4 C) 4.8 13.3 3.4 1.5 5.0 12.7 9.7 1 .0 .6 .1 2 .8 2.5 3.1 1.7 .2 .6 1.4 .6 .2 .8 1 .0 $5.00 and under $5.20........................................... $5.20 and under $5.40........................................... $5.40 and under $5.60........................................... $5.60 and under $5.80........................................... $5.80 and under $6.00........................................... 6.4 7.5 7.1 11.4 12.9 6.9 6.3 7.8 1 2 .0 $6 .0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 ........................................... $6.20 and under $6.40........................................... $6.40 and under $6.60........................................... $6.60 and under $6.80........................................... $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... 8.9 1 0 .1 $7.00 and under $7.20........................................... $7.20 and under $7.40........................................... $7.40 and under $7.60........................................... $7.60 and under $7.80........................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... 2.7 2.4 1.7 .9 .5 1 2 3 6 .6 5.1 5.1 5.1 13.1 .6 2.4 $9.00 and over ..................................................... 1.9 0 .1 1 .2 .9 1 .8 $8 .0 0 and under $8 . 2 0 ........................................... $8.20 and under $8.40........................................... $8.40 and under $8.60........................................... $8.60 and under $8.80........................................... $8.80 and under $9.00........................................... 2 .1 _ _ _ 1.4 3.5 2.3 .4 1 2 .6 6.7 4.8 4.7 5.0 2.9 2.5 1 .8 .6 _ .5 .7 .8 .8 1 .0 .3 .3 .3 .1 .1 .6 .4 .2 Earnings data for workers in these departments are excluded from tables 1 through 5. Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 6 .2 _ _ - .6 _ _ - .2 4 .1 3.8 1 1 .1 78 20.3 14.2 2 .2 1.7 4.2 .1 .1 o 1.7 .2 .4 - - 17.5 4.5 .9 1 1 .1 .1 .2 _ .3 0 1.5 2.3 .2 _ _ - .1 0 - _ - _ .3 _ .1 .5 .2 .6 1 .2 3.4 .9 33 209 4.3 9.2 6.9 94 112 24.2 13.4 4.8 1.5 .8 .6 - .1 _ .1 - _ 15 9.9 4.2 2.7 4.6 4.6 _ .5 .2 2 .8 _ _ - _ 0 .7 5 _ - _ 6 .8 4.9 2 .6 1 .2 .8 .3 .4 .1 8 30 .7 .8 .4 15.0 19.8 18.7 7.7 7.2 5.5 3.3 2 .2 0 _ .1 - - Less than 0.05 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 4.4 1 .8 1.7 1 .1 .4 3.5 Table 7. Occupational averages: All mills (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Department and occupation PULP Woodyard and wood preparation: Crane operators.......................................................... Barkers, drum............................................................. Barkers, hydraulic....................................................... Sawyers..................................................................... Chipper operators................ ...................................... Knife grinders............................................................. Pulpmaking: Cooks, batch digester.................................................. Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Cooks, continuous digester........................................... Sulphate process .7.................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Cook helpers, first, batch digester .................................................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Cook helpers, first, continuous digester .................................................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process...................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Grinder operators........................................................ Blow-pit operators (sulphite)....................................... Washer operators (sulphate)....................................... Screen tenders............... ........................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Groundwood process................................................ Bleach-plant operators................................................. Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Groundwood process................................................ Wet-machine operators................................................ Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Groundwood process................................................ Pulp testers....!........................................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process.......................................................... Semi-chemical process............................................. Recovery, caustic, arid acid making: Acid makers (sulphite)................................................ Evaporator operators (sulphate)................................... Recovery operators (sulphate)...................................... Recovery helpers, first (sulphate) ................................................................ Caustic operators (causticisers) (sulphate) ................................................................ See footnotes at end of table. Number of workers Average hourly earn ings 988 250 36 228 327 125 $7.46 6.07 6.79 6.40 516 363 108 26 357 232 49 16 7.89 8.14 7.80 551 381 113 38 6.67 6.84 6.65 5.58 246 187 32 7.20 7.35 6.75 7.50 12 475 76 343 364 175 69 17 61 522 302 122 41 6 .2 2 6.74 New England Number of workers 65 25 Average hourly earn ings $6.45 500 Number of workers 34 15 Average hourly earn ings $6.04 5.58 17 38 9 567 539 5.76 122 $7.79 6.09 Number of workers 124 34 Average hourly earn ings $7.88 6.55 Number of workers 142 28 Average hourly earn ings $6.51 576 22 6.35 6.24 19 12 6 .0 1 6.16 6.27 672 37 29 18 6.48 6.65 6.63 25 64 15 5 77 595 6.44 11 5.98 5.92 215 188 817 823 69 61 7.93 822 6.83 7 43 12 5.94 5.86 30 14 678 7.30 84 76 700 8.31 844 87 19 58 30 44 28 9.05 9.31 31 22 21 10 562 5.66 20 6.13 653 272 227 6 .6 8 67 59 6.63 691 83 30 584 16 12 49 41 7.60 7.45 36 7.28 685 657 5.68 546 6 .2 1 6.57 7.29 680 703 7.23 619 6.77 7.55 7.93 7.57 6.71 574 Average hourly earn ings 105 159 55 8 9 5.63 6 .1 2 8.07 8.37 7.39 8.65 Number of workers Great Lakes Southwest Southeast Pacific Number of workers 25 10 21 21 34 10 5.57 5.70 5.01 12 11 5.42 7.27 7.38 41 5.32 72 662 12 551 5.23 152 754 7.02 707 27 122 85 12 40 26 5.37 531 12 6 .1 0 6.33 6.34 6.36 6.87 27 5.15 6 .2 1 56 31 529 5.07 679 60 68 17 177 87 70 10 Middle Atlantic 37 15 777 485 104 39 32 6.25 646 5.95 5.78 99 337 518 739 7.53 8.09 13 27 5.28 574 15 594 694 25 5.32 16 371 7.46 15 5.12 59 13 6 .0 1 156 5.89 120 5.43 549 6.19 7.71 799 830 16 53 41 807 8 50 18 $7.81 7.59 7.59 7.69 7.40 8 .1 0 84 52 32 9.05 8.91 9.27 657 114 72 18 8.89 8.92 9.11 58 6.23 6 57 616 76 40 36 7 50 7.46 7.54 23 5.86 71 55 16 7.70 7.82 7.30 174 27 31 61 5.66 5.92 6.39 5.99 7.37 7.82 7.91 7.92 7.96 21 6 .8 8 19 6 .0 2 31 75 87 40 39 14 96 19 41 5.85 6.46 6.90 6.55 116 57 56 8.72 8.71 98 5.97 32 8 .0 2 46 6 .2 0 _ 8 .6 6 115 91 613 623 135 38 18 5.95 6.25 622 114 53 33 7.43 7.47 7.33 761 8.26 60 72 802 8.17 42 25 57 616 6.37 6.78 48 36 117 8.37 8.33 8.97 6.92 112 7.00 45 6.28 109 7.66 6.19 56 8.14 272 233 6.14 612 11 5.82 5.76 178 202 5.43 259 186 21 37 21 Average hourly earn ings 7.51 72 7.63 22 Table 7. Occupational averages: All mills—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Department and occupation PULP—Continued Lime-kiln operators (sulphate)..................................... PAPERANDPAPERBOARD Stock preparation: Head stock preparers, group 1...................................... Newsprint arid groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue.................................................... Coarse (Kraft)................................................... Special industrial.......................................... Container board............................................... Boxboard............ ........................................ Head stock preparers, group II..................................... Newsprint arid groiindwood.................................... Fine grades....' ............................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (Kraft)....................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Beater-operator helpers................................................ Newsprint and groundwood.................................... Fine grades......................................,................ Sanitiry tissue............................................„......... Coarse (Kraft)............................................. Special industrial.................................................... Container board................................................. Boxboard .............................................. Hydrapulper operators................................................ Newsprint and groundwood..................................... Fine grades...." ................................... Sanitary tissue.................................................. Coarse (Kraft)................................................... Special industrial................................................. Container board.......................................... Boxboard ................................................... Machine room: Paper-machine tenders........................................... Newsprint and groundwood.................................. Fine grades....7.............................................. Sanitiry tissue........................................ Coarse (Kraft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................. Container board................................................... Boxboard ................................................ Backtenders.............................................. Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................................................. Sanitary tissue............................................ Coarse (Kraft) ............... ........................................................... Special industrial......................................... Container board.......................................... Boxboard................................................... Third hands.................................................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue................................................ Coarse (Kraft).... .................................................. Special industrial............................................... See footnotes at end of table. Number of workers Average hourly earn ings New England Number of workers Average hourly earn ings Middle Atlantic Number of workers Average hourly earn ings Southeast Number of workers Southwest Average hourly earn ings 299 $7.14 16 $4.97 13 $6 .1 2 156 $7.06 640 31 345 50 61 7.08 8.03 6.79 7.05 7.45 6.19 8.09 7.42 6.50 7.09 6.45 6.70 6.65 7.05 6.28 5.96 5.95 5.84 6.18 6.40 5.68 6.62 5.59 5.75 6.28 5.82 6.14 5.93 5.23 6.08 5.18 177 5.99 6.76 5.96 56 5.92 28 6.07 159 16 58 7.96 8.62 21 50 48 1,240 64 452 112 68 153 232 1,965 78 871 142 182 36 186 325 1,462 52 531 190 132 61 187 244 3,921 169 1,527 592 382 214 432 358 3,906 170 1,515 593 389 214 427 351 3,658 168 1,389 527 378 155 7.72 9.55 7.33 8.18 8.53 6.75 12 130 6 .2 0 7.89 6.79 6.54 7.87 6.25 6.73 7.26 6.17 28 Average hourly earn ings 191 5.61 241 5.83 99 28 5.65 5.65 104 16 6.25 6.26 155 7.45 323 5.41 5.10 47 323 5.18 5.26 197 41 5.06 5.24 174 5.36 89 21 7 74 7.47 7.78 7.23 6.59 67 $8.05 7.59 121 6.77 76 8.71 6.93 28 8 .8 8 _ 7.28 8.36 6.39 5.22 85 199 5.05 5.28 87 26 5.16 5.23 on 44 5.48 5.51 Oit/J 33 667 54 389 72 74 216 6.79 6.16 5.81 5.42 33 577 52 331 61 5.18 5.61 7.80 5.93 5.97 5.89 36 7.48 180 7.49 319 6 .0 1 56 7.68 /.bo 7.54 “ ” 654 296 132 “ 6.29 60 78 ./ 32 0 0 5.44 5.12 bo 531 5.45 232 73 5.91 6.16 “ “ 221 7.17 77 31 7.00 7.80 " 5.86 5.77 44 7.33 1,052 7.14 442 10.36 532 112 92 78 10.14 10.83 10.37 4.84 46 J .U / 6.53 740 45 8.57 10.48 6 .6 6 120 o .O i 8.39 .% 6.52 8.95 8.49 77 7.20 7.70 6.44 9.20 91 38 1,034 6.80 6.50 6.58 76 36 439 10.07 9.41 9.45 b .b o 112 92 79 9.27 9.90 9.48 1,033 72 36 411 9.20 8.35 8.35 66 108 75 80 8.29 8.80 8.33 7.38 - 59 54 58 644 5.82 6.07 288 130 6.24 6 .6 8 58 592 5.36 5.58 276 % 5.80 5.95 36 69 66 6 .1 2 5.75 5.47 144 “ “ ~ 6 .0 1 180 129 731 44 126 67 112 55 55 35 583 b.oo 5.64 5.79 12 121 5.64 6.53 6.79 30 6 .0 1 6 .0 2 6.32 185 48 by J .J O 54 “ 409 00 164 6.52 7.02 6.69 6.27 “ “ ~ “ “ ” “ b . i/ 71 Average hourly earn ings 10 00 650 52 386 63 Number of workers $6.51 “ “ 8.04 Average hourly earn ings 11 89 40 16 44 73 361 Number of workers Pacific $7.04 16 8 .6 6 7.39 7.09 8.92 6.77 7.38 7.85 Number of workers Great Lakes 65 179 128 670 44 91 60 118 37 212 8 o.OU ou/ 9.74 7.65 7.72 8.30 5.98 36 53 8 .1 2 48 52 294 36 44 £0 .0CO0 84 7.18 7.64 7.41 8.61 7.39 7.33 7.66 6.79 9.35 / .0 0 oiy 8.27 / .0 0 O.OU b .U b 8 .2 2 5.80 Table 7. Occupational averages: All mills—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Department and occupation PAPER AND PAPERBOARD—Continiied Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Fourth hands.............................................................. Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (Kraft)........................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Fifth hands................................................................ Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (Kraft)........................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Finishing, roll: Calender operators...................................................... Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Coarse (Kraft)........................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Calender helpers......................................................... Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Special industrial.................................................... Coater operators (off-machine).................................... Fine grades............................................................. Boxboard ............................................................... Coater operator helpers............................................... Fine grades............................................................. Boxboard .*■ .... ;.................................................... Rewinder operators..................................................... Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (Kraft)........................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Rewinder helpers......................................................... Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (Kraft) ........................................................ Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Finishing, sheet: Cutters, guillotine type (cut ana trim ).......................................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (Kraft)........................................................ Boxboard ............................................................... Cutters, rotary or sheet............................................... ik t H * ■ » . > ■ ! '■ ' '■ http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ See footnotes at end of table. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Number of workers Average hourly earn ings 417 356 3,223 168 1,235 394 386 $7.22 6.28 6.13 6.89 5.91 6.31 102 380 359 2,357 156 825 199 353 58 370 324 722 11 617 10 29 690 11 569 31 381 289 47 324 235 32 2,092 49 1,047 394 248 102 39 65 1,242 33 711 110 141 52 42 921 658 14 40 112 1,445 6 .6 6 6.04 6.53 5.86 5.96 6.63 5.84 6 .0 1 6.28 6.06 6.19 5.46 6.50 6.54 6.61 5.84 5.22 5.83 6.27 5.93 4.72 6.62 6.77 6.26 6.05 6 .2 0 5.75 6.04 6.27 6.06 6.07 5.96 5.67 6.59 5.99 5.66 6.24 5.67 5.32 5.78 6 .0 1 5.60 5.96 6 .1 2 6.40 6 .1 2 5.43 5.98 Number of workers - • 33 417 52 255 44 _ _ _ 267 40 165 32 _ 180 134 128 83 84 59 81 43 327 - Average hourly earn ings _ $4.78 5.32 5.57 5.40 4.88 _ 5.40 5.57 5.53 4.83 _ 6.14 - Number of workers _ 58 464 241 51 271 182 _ - 75 Average hourly earn ings _ $5.09 5.37 5.50 5.84 _ 5.41 5.45 _ 6 .2 0 136 - 5.28 5.37 - 331 177 82 264 148 - 6.26 5.50 5.49 5.64 5.69 5.17 5.24 5.65 5.54 5.91 5.23 5.25 - 82 70 _ 308 5.32 5.35 _ 5.11 186 127 4' 59 204 5.83 6.27 4.86 5.57 201 _ - 210 6 .2 2 5.61 5.76 6.43 6.70 5.71 5.86 5.57 5.65 - - 64 85 74 35 25 34 16 Number of workers 179 130 663 44 83 60 120 33 168 148 633 44 93 121 183 139 - 53 43 59 44 38 - 11 27 300 15 119 16 10 33 130 11 - 41 12 21 133 41 - 16 32 224 Average hourly earn ings $7.50 7.05 6.62 7.50 6.82 6.57 6.90 6.14 6.65 6.17 6 .2 1 7.11 6.24 6.34 6 .1 2 Number of workers 48 52 275 36 45 72 40 52 275 36 27 76 40 5.92 6 .2 2 6.62 5.60 6 .1 1 6.89 8.36 6.39 6.25 7.26 6.32 6.29 6.44 6.17 5.77 6.45 5.74 5.83 5.66 5.59 6.29 6.33 5.% 6.58 66 - 69 31 10 - - 12 64 44 10 31 26 Pacific Great Lakes Southwest Southeast Middle Atlantic New England United States2 Average hourly earn ings $7.62 6.72 6.52 7.16 6.06 6.62 6.78 6.07 5.97 6.57 6.15 6 .1 2 - Number of workers 91 38 963 494 151 5.93 6.07 5.77 6.70 6.16 64 36 383 " 109 68 87 63 533 270 57 5.55 5.84 5.67 5.65 5.71 5.30 98 58 56 5.75 5.59 50 309 6.49 37 283 " 319 273 199 174 6.57 - 5.18 6 .1 2 $5.97 5.66 5.81 " 5.86 Number of workers 6 .0 2 6 .2 2 6.60 7.11 6.32 - Average hourly earn ings 66 20 5.73 5.76 6.62 6.71 5.97 149 136 863 6 .2 1 432 186 6.15 5.68 - 6.15 5.73 5.86 5.46 5.99 7 408 264 93 6 395 343 7 526 - 48 20 294 80 38 82 12 - 6 .0 1 7.21 7.19 7.09 7.05 6.93 39 7.39 39 7.39 10 9.15 8 .0 1 ** 157 58 “ - 7.25 7.30 118 " 6.83 38 6.92 - “ 72 35 5.98 6 .0 2 7.47 7.79 7.36 7.35 7.16 7.16 37 9 6 .0 2 5.55 $8.05 7.52 7.51 8.04 8.04 * “ 6.24 - Average hourly earn ings 121 7.29 7.47 " 7.53 Table 7. Occupational averages: All mills—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) New England United States2 Department and occupation PAPERANDPAPERBOARD—ConUnuMl Fine grades............................................................. Coarse (Kraft)........................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Laboratory: Paper testers............................................................. Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (Kraft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... MISCELLANEOUS Electricians, maintenance............................................ Boiler tenders............................................................. Janitors..................................................................... Machinists, maintenance.............................................. Mechanics, general..................................................... Millwrights, pulp and paper.......................................... Oilers........................................................................ Pipefitters, maintenance.............................................. Truckers, power.......................................................... Forklift.................................................................. Other than forklift.................................................. 1 2 Number of workers Average hourly earn ings Number of workers 1,060 45 35 36 192 $5.99 6.23 5.98 6.47 5.60 - 2,365 91 976 206 6 .1 2 321 24 205 - 117 344 288 6.50 5.99 6.24 6.46 5.13 6.54 6.17 3,677 1,521 1,826 1,576 3,523 6,858 1,641 3,299 6,601 4,705 1 ,8 % 7.81 6.65 5.48 7.55 8.48 7.62 6.64 7.74 5.93 5.91 5.98 417 275 236 243 310 818 171 366 661 478 183 201 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 217 - 21 22 Average hourly earn ings Middle Atlantic Number of workers Number of workers Average hourly earn ings 45 $6.54 6.64 6.47 - - 599 29 6.31 236 6 .6 8 10 - $5.22 - 186 - $5.56 - 5.38 5.63 5.43 4.92 5.16 - 302 173 41 - 5.57 5.59 5.74 - 6.57 5.90 4.83 6.43 6.13 6.39 5.75 6.50 5.05 4.93 5.34 336 206 262 159 195 595 151 259 897 625 272 6.59 5.73 5.08 6.75 5.79 6.54 5.63 6.61 5.42 5.29 5.70 - Average hourly earn ings Number of workers 79 15 111 51 77 154 120 1,228 337 431 478 1,429 2,190 526 1,152 1,415 1,177 238 6.43 6.56 6.42 6.32 6.62 8.06 7.17 5.45 7.83 8.70 7.93 6 .8 6 7.97 6.03 6 .0 1 6 .1 2 39 - - 55 57 60 340 81 67 117 978 497 1% 326 417 298 119 Pacific Great Lakes Southwest Southeast Average hourly earn ings $6.23 6.32 6.13 6.59 6.30 5.89 8.30 6.94 5.24 8.16 9.18 7.99 6.87 8 .1 2 5.88 5.99 5.62 Average hourly earn ings Number of workers 436 - $6 .1 1 - - 582 5.94 Number of workers - - 89 $7.52 - - 244 7.59 64 31 28 7.61 7.37 7.68 7.53 - - - 357 58 26 38 6.04 6.13 5.30 5.36 - 724 438 566 315 108 1,593 352 650 2,146 1,365 781 6.98 6.43 5.50 6.97 6.75 6.92 6.05 6 .% 5.76 5.70 5.85 4% 146 223 193 314 864 194 402 894 678 216 NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Average hourly earn ings - 61 9.65 8.49 6.63 9.50 9.77 9.59 8.16 9.61 7.37 7.35 7.41 Table 8. Occupational averages: Pulp mills (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) PULP Woodyard and wood preparation: Crane operators....................................................................... Barkers, drum.......................................................................... Chipper operators..................................................................... Knife grinders.......................................................................... Pulpmaking: Cooks, batch digester................................................................ Sulphate process.................................................................. Cooks', continuous digester........................................................ Sulphate process ” ................................................................ Sulphite process................................................................... Cook helper's, first, batch digester ................................................................................. Sulphate process.................................................................. Cook helpers, first, continuous digester ................................................................................. Sulphite process................................................................... Screen tenders......................................................................... Sulphite process................................................................... Bleach-plant operators.............................................................. Sulphate process.................................................................. Sulphite process..... ............................................................. Pulp testers............................................................................. Sulphate process.................................................................. Sulphite process................................................................... Recovery', caustic, and acid making: Acid makers (sulphite)............................................................. Evaporator operators (sulphate)................................................ Recovery operators (sulphate)................................................... Recovery helpers, first ' (sulphate)............................................................................. Caustic operators (causticisers) (sulphate)............................................................................. Limekiln operators (sulphate)................................................... MISCELLANEOUS Electricians, maintenance.......................................................... Boiler tenders.......................................................................... Janitors.................................................................................. Machinists, maintenance........................................................... Mechanics, general................................................................... Millwrights, pulp and paper....................................................... Oilers ” ... !............... ................................................................. Pipefitters, maintenance........................................................... Truckers, power....................................................................... Forklift................................................................................ Other than forklift................................................................ 1 2 Number of workers Average hourly k earnings 123 10 32 19 $8.13 6.76 6.89 7.15 40 28 37 16 17 8.71 8.77 23 15 7.42 7.62 36 28 23 23 84 40 41 97 47 42 6.72 6.69 7.69 7.69 8.29 828 8.16 24 19 44 7.94 7.68 8.78 48 7.33 28 17 8.14 7.43 237 57 90 60 227 408 70 243 209 162 47 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Pacific Southeast United States2 Department and occupation 8 .2 0 7.59 8.65 6 .6 6 6.42 6.73 8 .6 8 7.26 6.06 8.45 9.38 8.56 7.73 8.46 6.43 6.42 6.50 Number of workers 111 _ 12 32 20 _ _ Number of workers Average hourly earnings _ 6.92 _ _ _ _ _ _ 8.76 8.89 _ _ $9.08 Average hourly earnings $8.17 _ _ 19 7.25 _ _ _ 26 _ _ _ 8.83 _ _ 6.43 6.40 44 24 _ 20 _ 9.12 20 7.77 22 14 _ 20 16 _ 39 28 33 18 _ 12 _ _ _ 144 24 48 42 8.44 7.83 5.78 8.36 239 45 149 124 8.45 7.54 8.44 6.42 6.43 6.38 78 17 _ 13 _ 129 25 69 52 44 86 38 9.09 _ 7.34 7.30 _ _ 8.67 _ 8 .2 2 7.35 7.18 - 8.96 - 9.71 8 .2 0 9.63 _ 9.67 8.09 9.63 7.33 7.36 - NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Table 9. Occupational averages: Paper mills (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Department and occupation PULP Woodyard and wood preparation: Crane operators.......................................................... Barkers, drum............................................................. Barkers, hydraulic...................................................... Sawyers..................................................................... Chipper operators....................................................... Knife grinders............................................................. Pulpmaking: Cooks, batch digester................................................. Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Cooks, continuous digester........................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Cook helpers, first, batch digester ................................................................... Sulphate process..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process.......................................................... Cook helpers, first, continuous digester ................................................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Grinder operators....................................................... Blow-pit operators (sulphite)....................................... Washer operators (sulphate)....................................... Screen tenders ........................................................... Sulphate process..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Groundwood process................................................ Bleach-plant operators ................................................ Sulphate process..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Groundwood process................................................ Wet-machine operators................................................ Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Groundwood process................................................ Pulp testers ............................................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Semi-chemical process............................................ Recovery, caustic, arid acid making: Acid makers (sulphite)................................................ Evaporator operators (sulphate)................................... Recovery operators (sulphate)..................................... Recovery helpers, first (sulphate) ................................................................ Caustic operators (causticisers) (sulphate) ................................................................ Limekiln operators (sulphate)..................................... See footnotes at end of table. Number of workers Average hourly earn ings 512 175 14 109 187 73 $7.22 285 179 184 140 16 7.60 7.91 7.82 5.70 7.98 8.28 6.90 321 198 77 30 6.57 6.82 6.71 5.22 119 104 453 52 197 249 107 38 61 358 186 77 38 7.04 7.12 6.25 6.30 7.11 6.69 6.97 6.85 6.77 7.16 7.63 7.19 6.44 68 22 Number of workers 6 .0 2 6.46 6.35 6.19 6.62 12 6 .1 0 166 83 63 500 270 62 31 24 6.19 6.24 6.14 6.87 6.06 6.15 6.27 5.69 5.63 55 187 294 6.91 7.43 7.99 295 177 150 10 New England 65 25 $6.45 5.00 17 38 5.67 5.39 5.84 - - 8 22 12 - 22 _ Middle Atlantic Average hourly earn ings 14 21 10 - _ 6.18 6.19 _ 5.62 5.66 _ _ - _ 5.68 5.46 _ 17 34 10 - 32 18 5.74 5.70 5.01 19 5.98 5.92 _ 6.78 7.30 _ 80 72 8 .1 0 30 14 20 12 - _ _ 11 _ 23 5.79 12 5.51 5.55 _ - _ _ - _ - _ 5.33 5.12 59 13 5.29 7.38 7.02 15 5.12 4.89 12 _ _ _ _ _ _ 138 123 - _ 21 - _ - 6 .8 8 68 _ _ - 5.28 5.77 8 .1 0 8.32 _ 6.56 6.80 _ 67 19 38 32 24 7.64 8.25 _ _ 9.00 9.12 6.87 7.43 6.99 _ 6.62 _ 23 15 6 .1 2 63 6.92 21 33 25 _ _ 28 _ _ - _' _ _ _ _ _ 29 17 _ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7.36 7.70 8.49 _ _ _ _ _ _ 6.13 6.14 7.62 7.59 _ _ _ 12 _ _ _ 38 7 15 _ _ 6.26 6.57 6.17 11 56 32 24 44 40 64 32 32 Average hourly earn ings _ _ $7.93 7.92 7.59 8.98 8.78 9.23 _ 9.02 9.00 _ 7.44 7.39 7.50 _ _ 7.71 7.60 8.07 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7.45 6.97 7.12 - _ 5.77 5.87 6.34 48 69 44 - _ 25 34 13 17 12 5.43 5.49 17 _ 6.99 6.70 21 5.89 _ _ _ 7.03 6.62 94 _ _ _ _ _ $6.39 5.76 6 .8 8 6 .0 1 _ _ _ _ 13 23 _ Number of workers 96 28 10 _ _ Number of workers Pacific Average hourly earn ings $7.73 6.45 _ 7.92 Great Lakes Average hourly earn ings 74 28 32 28 72 _ _ 37 15 _ _ _ _ 15 - _ 122 100 - 5.42 - - _ 40 36 Number of workers _ 5.44 5.40 5.15 _ 6.13 6.53 - _ 52 27 22 - - - 6 .0 1 _ _ - 9 6.30 6.29 6.77 _ - 27 8 30 71 - _ - $7.80 6.30 - _ _ Number of workers Average hourly earn ings 205 62 11 - Southwest Southeast $6.04 5.58 _ _ 5.63 - - - 12 - 34 15 6.35 6.24 - 16 Number of workers Average hourly earn ings _ _ _ _ _ _ 63 39 _ 6.17 6.44 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 174 27 31 61 _ 5.66 5.92 6.39 5.99 _ _ _ 6 .0 2 15 53 53 29 16 7.49 7.84 7.97 7.97 8.13 5.85 6.46 6.90 6.57 61 37 24 8.76 8.52 9.14 28 7.76 _ 19 14 93 19 38 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 95 5.95 43 6.18 123 38 14 5.92 6.25 6.25 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 53 18 15 7.38 7.21 7.52 16 29 77 8.78 8.33 9.09 _ 38 15 5.76 94 7.61 8.13 36 36 8.25 8.43 37 6.16 6.36 6.79 16 5.43 101 6.94 48 6.79 25 6.32 68 7.80 7.67 6.97 40 7.92 6.99 22 6.19 6.51 28 43 8.28 _ _ _ - 13 6 .1 2 66 60 59 12 22 11 8 .1 0 Table 9. Occupational averages: Paper mills—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Department and occupation WER MB PAPERROARD Stock preparation: Head stock preparers, group 1....................................... Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Head stock preparers, group II...................................... Newsprint arid groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Boxboard ............................................................... Beater-operator helpers............................................... Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Container board...................................................... Hydrapulper operators.................................................. Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft).......... ............................................. Container board...................................................... Machine room: Paper-machine tenders................................................. Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Backtenders ................................................................ Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Special industrial..................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ................................................................ Third hands................................................................ Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Special industrial..................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ................................................................ Fourth hands.............................................................. Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Special industrial..................................................... Container board..................................................... a, ;» See footnotes at end of table. ! Number of workers 538 30 340 46 61 19 774 64 452 108 68 12 1,405 76 863 141 178 14 947 48 531 182 132 13 2,931 161 1,516 581 370 154 36 20 2,924 162 1,503 583 372 155 36 20 2,694 160 1,377 523 362 124 34 20 2,316 160 1,219 390 351 75 36 Average hourly earn ings New England Number of workers $6.96 173 8 .0 1 12 6.76 7.21 7.45 5.94 6.60 7.09 6.45 6.60 6.65 7.89 6 .0 0 5.92 5.83 6.19 6.41 7.20 5.90 6.32 5.82 6.09 5.93 5.54 7.75 9.56 7.31 8.18 8.51 6.96 8.33 9.17 7.12 8.93 6.75 7.38 7.84 6.38 7.57 8.40 6.57 7.89 6.23 6.75 7.25 6.09 7.16 7.71 6.16 6.90 5.90 6.32 6.60 6 .1 0 6.40 130 162 99 28 304 197 40 152 87 26 605 52 386 59 54 _ 622 54 389 - 68 55 532 52 331 57 393 52 255 40 - Average hourly earn ings $6 .0 1 6.76 5.96 5.62 5.65 5.65 5.08 5.06 5.26 _ 5.25 5.16 5.23 6.58 7.02 6.69 6.28 6 .0 1 _ _ 6.08 6.79 6.16 5.82 5.42 5.67 6 .1 2 5.75 5.49 5.33 5.57 5.40 4.86 - Middle Atlantic Number of workers - 48 28 128 104 16 190 174 _ 128 80 44 476 2% 132 _ _ 466 288 130 _ 414 276 96 304 241 51 - Average hourly earn ings $5.84 6.07 6.30 • 6.25 6.26 5.44 5.36 _ _ 5.52 5.48 5.51 6.85 6 .6 6 7.38 _ _ 6.36 6.24 6 .6 8 . _ 5.85 5.80 5.95 5.59 5.50 5.84 - Number of workers 1 11 - 16 54 16 42 16 211 - _ - 85 63 67 Average hourly earn ings $7.88 8.62 7.36 7.78 7.49 7.47 6 .6 8 6.58 6.95 _ 5.79 - 12 6 .0 2 30 6 .0 1 384 45 113 69 117 _ 12 377 44 118 67 108 12 342 44 83 60 114 12 330 44 71 60 116 - Great Lakes Southwest Southeast - 8.85 10.48 8 .2 2 8.84 8.95 _ 9.03 8.08 9.74 7.57 7.72 8.29 - 1 8.34 7.58 8.61 7.33 7.33 7.64 7.68 6 .8 6 7.50 6.78 6.57 6.90 - Number of workers - 35 40 40 14 48 24 Average hourty earn ings $7.32 7.67 6.05 5.61 5.21 5.45 - 197 28 49 72 - 8.93 10.27 8.26 8.52 - 201 8 .1 2 - 28 49 80 188 28 40 76 181 28 41 - 68 9.52 7.52 7.86 7.35 8.40 6.46 7.24 6.64 7.33 5.93 6.65 - Number of workers 111 - 89 302 185 48 484 319 40 69 381 232 73 906 532 212 77 894 519 212 78 867 511 215 66 796 494 151 - 66 Pacific Average hourly earn ings $6.70 6.93 6.51 6.53 6.79 5.96 6 .0 1 6.17 5.57 5.92 5.91 6.16 7.24 7.20 7.70 6.44 6 .6 6 6.63 7.03 6 .0 2 - 6 .2 0 6.16 6.46 5.80 - 5.86 5.86 Number of workers - 56 $9.17 - 28 8 .8 8 84 156 56 24 32 141 77 23 - 8.07 7.59 7.68 7.53 7.54 7.19 7.00 8 .0 0 - 112 10.54 10.14 10.98 10.37 9.63 9.27 86 1 0 .0 1 319 112 85 74 320 74 307 108 75 76 - 68 " 9.50 8.49 8.29 8.80 8.33 - 288 109 6 .0 2 5.55 “ Average hourly earn ings 71 7.57 7.47 7.79 7.37 - “ Table 9. Occupational averages: Paper mills—Continued (Numbef and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States1 Department and occupation PAPER AND PAPERBOARD-Continued Boxboard ............................................................... Fifth hands................................................................ Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitiry tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board ...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Finishing, roll: Calender operators..................................................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Coarse (Kraft) ....................................................... Calender helpers......................................................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Coater operators (off-machine).................................... Fine grades............................................................ Coater operator helpers............................................... Fine grades............................................................ Rewinder operators..................................................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Rewinder helpers........................................................ Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Finishing, sheet: Cutters, suillotine type (cut and trim ).......................................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Cutters, rotary or sheet............................................... Fine grades............................................................ Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Laboratory: Paper testers............................................................. Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... MISCELLANEOUS Electricians, maintenance............................................ Boiler tenders................ ............................................ Janitors..................................................................... Machinists, maintenance.............................................. Mechanics, genera!.... ................................................ Millwrights, pulp and paper.......................................... See footnotes at end of table. Number of workers 20 1,598 148 812 195 317 47 35 20 704 11 617 10 675 11 569 339 289 292 235 1,971 49 1,045 394 244 1,147 33 711 110 137 738 636 14 40 1,214 i;044 40 35 1,663 87 969 206 189 80 Average hourly earn ings $6.97 6.03 6.65 5.83 6.03 6.25 6 .0 2 5.95 6.46 6.52 6.54 6.61 5.84 5.87 6.27 5.93 Number of workers _ 260 40 165 28 - 6.04 6.27 6.06 6.07 5.97 5.65 6.24 5.67 5.32 5.80 180 6.14 134 6 .2 2 - _ _ - _ - _ 210 5.28 136 5.37 - _ _ _ _ 311 24 205 6 .1 0 _ 21 - _ _ 5.38 5.63 5.43 4.92 - _2 2 _ 378 228 212 232 290 750 5.16 _ 6.69 6.04 4.87 6.48 6.17 6.48 Average hourly earn ings Southeast Number of workers Southwest Average hourly earn ings _ 12 $5.50 _ 5.45 313 44 84 _ 117 6.33 12 6.27 _ $6.85 6.38 7.11 6 .2 2 _ 6 .2 0 43 6.62 64 6.26 _ 43 6.62 85 5.50 44 74 25 25 16 16 323 5.49 5.69 5.69 5.24 5.24 5.67 _ _ - _ _ 177 82 256 _ 5.54 5.91 127 127 _ _ 186 186 _ _ 44 31 6 .1 1 6 .1 1 Number of workers Average hourly earn ings Pacific Number of workers Average hourly earn ings _ 163 28 _ $6.26 68 6.17 _ _ _ _ _ 264 15 119 6.25 7.26 6.32 _ _ 5.24 5.25 41 - 12 5.83 6.27 6.27 62 25 11 _ _ _ 23 6.29 5.75 6.45 5.74 556 5.56 _ 7.03 8.36 6.26 11 16 83 _ 148 Number of workers Great Lakes Average hourly earn ings 399 $5.71 208 $7.21 270 5.71 57 5.30 80 38 58 7.21 719 7.14 6 .6 8 _ 75 - 520 5.22 _ _ _ _ _ 236 217 _ - 5.32 5.35 6 .1 2 _ 231 _ 182 _ _ 82 70 _ 7.63 6.69 5.51 7.43 8.30 7.49 • - 6.40 2,359 965 1,326 1,145 2,003 4,451 5.65 _ 6 .1 2 26 5.76 6.43 6.70 5.71 5.86 5.58 - 201 Number of workers 5.61 - 83 84 59 81 43 321 6 .1 0 602 5.98 6.17 5.98 _ 128 6 .2 0 _ $5.42 5.57 5.53 4.86 _ _ _ - 6 .6 6 Middle Atlantic Average hourly earn ings - _ _ _ 6.77 6.06 6.51 5.98 6.24 6.48 5.32 7.35 6.36 20 New England 16 161 63 309 6.49 37 8.04 _ 283 6.57 37 8.04 _ 319 5.73 39 7.39 5.76 6.69 6.71 39 7.39 6.24 6.03 _ _ 39 7.02 273 179 174 143 136 842 152 7.25 29 7.18 432 6.15 58 7.30 5.68 5.73 116 6.83 38 6.92 _ _ _ _ _ 6 .2 2 44 6.07 186 398 44 6.07 264 5.86 - - 93 5.46 6.04 6.18 _ _ _ _ 363 343 6.33 59 6.49 . 6.36 109 6.50 36 6.13 47 6.69 6 - 64 35 7.35 7.47 6 .1 1 89 7.52 492 5.98 168 7.63 357 58 6.04 6.13 26 5.30 64 31 28 7.61 7.37 7.68 623 310 469 269 94 1,324 7.04 6.53 5.59 7.05 6.67 7.02 270 93 159 126 284 478 9.65 8.60 6.67 9.54 9.80 9.54 6 .0 0 6 .0 2 _ £ ns 436 _ 236 _ 173 41 _ _ _ _ 287 120 216 154 138 425 5.63 _ 5.59 5.74 _ _ _ 312 29 107 51 73 6.41 6.56 6.43 22 6.27 6 .6 8 _ 6.77 5.91 5.16 6.78 5.95 6.93 535 151 225 278 613 1,026 7.93 7.20 5.48 7.70 8.81 7.83 _ 195 51 32 63 558 229 8.59 6.99 5.47 8.26 8.96 8.28 Table 9. Occupational averages: Paper mills—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Department and occupation MISCELLANEOUS—Continued Oilers........................................................................ Pipefitters, maintenance.............................................. Truckers, power.......................................................... Forklift................................................................... Other than fo rk lift................................................... 1 2 Number of workers Average hourly earn ings 1,103 2,123 4,996 3,448 1,548 $6.57 7.47 5.96 5.95 5.98 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. New England Number of workers 157 319 577 396 181 Average hourly earn ings $5.83 6.67 5.13 5.02 5.35 Middle Atlantic Number of workers 126 253 668 454 214 Average hourly earn ings $5.75 6.61 5.48 5.28 5.90 Southwest Southeast Number of workers 259 534 860 722 138 Average hourly earn ings $7.06 7.83 6.07 6.04 6 .2 1 Number of workers 123 174 274 219 55 Pacific Great Lakes Average hourly earn ings Number of workers Average hourly earn ings $7.08 8.19 5.85 5.98 5.30 298 566 1,840 1,117 723 $6.09 6.95 5.83 5.79 5.88 NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Number of workers 117 180 665 507 158 Average hourly earn ings $7.97 9.57 7.39 7.38 7.43 Table 10. Occupational averages: Paperboard mills (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Department and occupation PULP Woodyard and wood preparation: Crane operators............................................................................ Barkers, drum............................................................................... Barkers, hydraulic.......................................................................... Sawyers....................................................................................... Chipper operators.......................................................................... Knife grinders............................................................................... Pulpmaking: Cooks, hatch digester..................................................................... Sulphate process ....................................................................... Cooks, continuous digester............................................................. Sulphate process ....................................................................... Sulphite process........................................................................ Cook helpers, first, batch digester ..................................................................................... Sulphate process ....................................................................... Cook helpers, first, continuous digester ..................................................................................... Sulphate process ....................................................................... Washer operators (sulphate)........................................................... Screen tenders.............................................................................. Sulphate process ....................................................................... Bleach-plant operators................................................................... Sulphate process ....................................................................... Pulp testers ................................................................................. Sulphate process ....................................................................... Recovery, caustic, and acid making: Acid makers (sulphite).................................................................. Evaporator operators (sulphate)..................................................... Recovery operators (sulphate)........................................................ Recovery helpers, first (sulphate) .................................................................................. Caustic operators (causticisers) (sulphate) .................................................................................. Lime-kiln operators (sulphate)........................................................ PAPER ANO PAPERBOARD Stock preparation: Head stock preparers, group 1......................................................... Container board......................................................................... Boxboard .................................................................................. Head stock preparers, group I I ........................................................ Container board........................................................................ Boxboard .................................................................................. Beater-operator helpers.................................................................. Container board......................................................................... Boxboard .................................................................................. Hydrapulper operators.................................................................... Container board......................................................................... Boxboard .................................................................................. Machine room: Paper-machine tenders................................................................... Coarse (Kraft).......................................................................... Special industrial...................................................................... Container board......................................................................... Boxboard .................................................................................. Backtenders................................................................................. Coarse (Kraft).......................................................................... See footnotes at end of table. Number of workers Average hourly earn ings Middle Atlantic Number of workers Average hourly earn ings - - - _ - - _ - _ _ _ - _ _ 353 65 15 80 108 33 $7.57 6.07 6.61 641 6.09 6.76 191 156 136 76 16 816 8.28 8.16 - - 6.57 _ 207 168 6.75 6.80 - 80 76 180 168 7.60 7.72 7.57 6.89 7.11 8.50 8.48 6.38 6.38 91 75 134 92 68 8 .6 8 Southeast Number of workers Southwest Average hourly earn ings 258 56 $7.61 5.88 48 64 21 6J)7 6.03 6.54 _ 103 96 44 40 _ 8.19 8.19 8.49 8.55 _ - _ 131 116 6.71 6.72 _ - _ 36 32 96 45 41 36 36 90 7.62 7.68 7.52 7.06 7.01 8.41 8.41 86 6 .0 0 96 _ 7.55 88 8 .2 2 Number of workers Average hourly earn ings $8 .1 1 _ _ _ _ 8 655 6.17 6.55 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 36 8 .2 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _43 _ 22 12 8 .2 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 44 _ _ _ 6.39 6.39 8.33 8.33 6.05 6.05 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 32 7.67 7.58 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 12 20 20 28 28 20 8 .0 2 28 8 .6 6 _ 33 7.32 _ _ _ 20 7.88 7.96 _ _ _ _ _ 138 6.79 52 7.24 _ 166 132 7.43 7.23 - _ 110 28 16 7.12 7.08 _ 92 7.36 7.05 98 50 40 458 148 7.83 8.09 7.30 6.30 7.06 _ _ _ _ _ $5.31 5.18 5.00 5.05 4.84 48 40 _ 105 44 61 142 76 60 149 58 42 8.15 8.04 7.39 7.78 7.10 6.41 6.54 6.14 5.26 5.58 5.04 12 8.35 970 7.61 9.28 12 60 396 322 962 17 6 .1 2 5.18 47 133 85 71 71 - 4.84 _ _ _ _ 6 .2 1 - _ 8.69 7.20 6.98 8.19 _ - 58 5.82 - _ - - 340 _ 54 172 101 338 - 8.24 _ 5.93 8.96 8.08 7.52 - 12 88 - _ 60 30 8.37 6.84 8.35 _ 5.99 5.44 4.96 _ _ $5.79 5.92 5.97 5.53 5.33 5.64 5.45 5.85 5.77 8.46 6.54 _ _146 - - _ 32 48 106 - 8.97 7.86 7.75 - 88 38 140 - 19 19 _ _ 107 52 35 99 36 63 150 56 54 _ 102 _ _ _ _ 7.65 7.65 _ 7 34 _ 7.68 7.68 7.77 6.93 _ _ 22 _ 251 6 .1 2 _ _ _ _ _ 5.86 6.57 5.53 5.47 8 .6 8 6.90 6.90 _ _ _ 551 172 311 515 174 240 907 8.90 8.73 7.64 8.09 212 _ _ 44 44 _ 24 16 48 28 $7 71 _ 8 .0 2 113 10 _ _ _ 20 - _ _ _ _ 6 .0 2 _ _ 131 180 - _ Number of workers Average hourly earn ings Number of workers _ _ Pacific Great Lakes Average hourly earn ings _ 6.80 6.50 6.06 _ _ _ 16 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 60 36 80 _44 123 _ 76 32 119 _ _ _ 7.42 7.48 _ _ _ _ 7.13 7.33 9.89 _ 10.07 9.41 8.97 Table 10. Occupational averages: Paperboard mills—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Department and occupation PAPER AND PAPERBOARD—Continued Special industrial............................ .......................................... Container board......................................................................... Boxboard................................................................................... Third hands................................................................................... Coarse (Kraft)........................................................................... Container board......................................................................... Boxboard ................................................................................... Fourth hands................................................................................. Container board......................................................................... Boxboard........... ....................................................................... Fifth hands................................................................................... Special industrial....................................................................... Container board......................................................................... Boxboard ................................................................................... Finishing, roll; Coater operators (off-machine)........................................................ Boxboard ................................................................................... Coater operator helpers.................................................................. Rewinder operators......................................................................... Container board.......................................................................... Boxboard ................................................................................... Rewinder helpers........................................................................... Container board.......................................................................... Boxboard ................................................................................... Finishing, sheet: Cutters, guillotine type (cut ana trim )............................................................................. Boxboard.................................. ................................................ Cutters, rotary or sheet.................................................................. Container board.......................................................................... Boxboard ................................................................................... Laboratory; Paper testers................................................................................ Container board.......................................................................... Boxboard................................................................................... MISCELLANEOUS Electricians, maintenance............................................................... Boiler tenders............................................................................... Janitors..................................... ................................................... Machinists, maintenance............ ..................................................... Mechanics, general........................................................................ Millwrights, pulp and paper............................................................. Oilers........................................................................................... Pipefitters, maintenance................................................................. Truckers, power............................................................................. Forklift............................... ...................................................... Other than fo rklift...................................................................... 1 2 Number of workers Average hourly earn ings 59 391 315 944 16 383 320 887 344 323 739 6 .1 2 6 .0 2 6.55 5.72 5.79 58 _ _ - 58 - Average hourly earn ings - 40 4.91 - 6 .2 2 42 39 32 6.30 6.17 5.92 5.99 6.59 5.97 5.79 - - - - _ - _ _ _ 6 .0 1 - - 39 57 95 52 38 5.58 183 105 231 24 186 5.34 5.32 5.76 6.43 5.57 694 324 254 6.15 6.49 6.13 1,081 499 410 371 1,293 1,999 468 933 1,396 1,095 301 6.52 5.24 7.78 8.61 7.71 6.63 8.17 5.78 5.74 5.90 100 312 - 6 .2 1 1 21 53 171 _ 5.09 - 11 5.33 Number of workers $5.36 335 288 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. $5.72 7.92 6.60 6.42 7.36 7.22 Number of workers - _ 59 59 - _ - 66 _ 49 8 .0 2 86 46 _ 5.36 - _ 5.54 5.48 4.72 _ - - - 25 5.07 229 171 5.23 5.31 $5.44 - 8 .1 2 7.42 7.21 171 7.50 6 .8 6 317 160 6.34 6.64 5.97 120 304 175 111 - 36 10 - 25 47 17 - 6.26 6.44 6.19 5.80 5.63 6.24 6.33 6.69 222 469 431 369 62 32 48 94 24 48 112 - 24 62 5.78 279 147 90 549 162 158 158 758 925 32 48 106 6 .1 1 39 - 71 25 63 6 .0 0 5.20 5.65 6.56 6.43 4.86 4.86 - Number of workers 102 - _ Average hourly earn ings 8 .1 0 7.06 5.31 7.92 8.59 7.90 6.49 7.98 5.84 5.85 5.77 - $8.13 7.24 7.05 - 7.41 6.63 6.31 6.61 5.98 5.55 6 .1 2 5.09 12 6 .1 2 88 32 166 88 38 167 84 63 134 58 56 20 20 - 21 - 10 12 9 127 53 56 145 30 35 54 297 268 73 152 135 71 64 5.62 5.77 _ 6.69 5.48 - - 6.15 5.82 - 7 50 7.91 Number of workers $6.30 6.06 5.57 5.97 5.66 5.59 5.83 5.67 5.45 5.75 5.59 5.97 5.97 " 5.15 6.15 5.63 5.99 5.55 5.49 - 90 5.71 38 5.36 98 124 92 44 6.59 6.18 5.05 6.45 263 54 82 303 246 57 6.42 5.83 6.95 5.32 5.28 5.52 - 6 .8 6 5.03 8.04 9.23 7.75 6.51 8.04 5.92 5.95 5.90 10 6 6 .0 0 Average hourly earn ings - 7 _ _ _ Number of workers 30 20 - Average hourly earn ings 6.06 _ Pacific Great Lakes Southwest Southeast Middle Atlantic United States2 - 72 32 104 64 32 95 48 86 " " “ - - - - " - - - - 76 52 - 7.51 7.49 - 148 36 9.62 8.33 54 9.39 “ 9.63 8.61 9.66 7.29 7.24 7.41 - - - NOTE; Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. ~ $9.20 8.36 7.92 8.05 7.50 7.33 1.35 7.03 7.05 “ - - - 50 Average hourly earn ings 257 52 153 177 127 50 Table 11. Occupational averages: Paper and paperboard mills—machine-room occupations by width of machine (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected machine-room occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Occupation and machine width (in inches) Paper-machine tenders, 100 or less.................................. Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Paper-machine tenders, 1 0 1 to 150.................................. Fme grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ifc .......................................................... Paper-machine tenders, 151 to 200 .................................. Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue 5.______________________ ____ Coarse (Kraft) ....... ............. .................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard . z . . . .......... ............ ................................ Paper-machine tenders, 201 to 300 .................................. Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft).................................... ................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Paper-machine tenders, 301 and over............................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Backtenders, 100 or less................................................ Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Backtenders, 101 to 150................................................ Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Backtenders, 151 to 200 ................................................ Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Container board ...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Backtenders, 201 to 300 ................................................ Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Backtenders, 301 and over.............................................. See footnotes at end of table. Number of workers 805 260 119 49 100 28 79 1,454 738 206 97 96 83 147 771 305 160 107 127 46 818 116 204 98 121 186 83 73 25 20 798 264 104 49 99 28 79 1,441 732 212 100 97 77 140 775 298 167 110 128 46 813 117 200 95 122 186 83 79 Average hourly earn ings $6.33 6.35 7.36 6.48 6.08 6.92 6.29 6.93 6 .8 6 7.44 7.31 7.00 7.14 6.43 New England Number of workers 211 117 _ _ _ 280 156 30 - 7.97 9.18 9.09 9.08 9.05 9.42 10.36 9.05 9.07 9.74 9.29 9.24 9.64 10.05 10.09 5.79 5.81 6.49 6 .0 2 5.60 6.42 5.69 6.37 6.35 6.75 6.73 6.41 6.45 5.92 7.95 7.36 8.24 8.40 8.29 8 .2 0 - 76 20 46 _ _ 218 116 _ _ _ 285 159 36 - - 8 .2 2 8.94 8.41 8.54 8.69 24 79 64 77 8 .6 8 9.69 8.42 24 75 63 - - 21 - $5.91 6.07 _ _ _ _ 6 .2 2 6.19 6 .8 8 - - 8 .6 8 Middle Atlantic Average hourly earn ings 46 _ 5.68 7.32 7.50 8.27 8.56 8.59 _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.42 5.44 _ _ _ _ _ 5.70 5.70 6.27 _ 5.23 6.77 6.96 7.90 8.29 8 .2 1 _ _ _ - Number of workers 266 49 40 _ _ _ 29 251 180 40 _ _ 104 48 _ - Average hourly earn ings _ - - _ _ 7.79 6.79 8.77 _ 15 8 .6 6 _ _ _ _ _ 264 49 38 _ _ 29 241 170 40 _ _ _ _ 104 48 _ _ _ 27 16 _ • _ _ - Number of workers $5.79 5.89 6.39 _ _ 5.38 6.49 6.58 6.55 26 - Southeast _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.43 5.53 5.88 _ _ 5.12 6 .0 1 6.14 5.90 _ _ _ 7.04 6 .2 2 _ _ _ 8.27 8.32 _ _ - 111 _ _ _ _ _ _ 97 25 _ 106 _ _ 16 _ 28 380 28 47 _ 81 138 60 46 17 _ 98 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 94 25 _ no - _ 28 14 28 378 28 48 _ 78 138 60 51 $6.90 _ _ _ _ _ _ 6.97 _ _ 5.99 _ 8.71 _ _ 8.16 9.35 9.30 10.46 9.29 _ 9.35 9.00 9.36 9.69 10.51 6.06 _ _ _ _ _ _ 6.43 _ _ _ 5.45 _ 7.91 7.58 7.86 _ 8.38 8.50 9.79 8.54 8.50 8.16 8.69 8.60 Number of workers Average hourly earn ings _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 _ $7.59 _ _ 8.71 _ _ _ 8.99 _ _ 8.87 14 125 32 25 9.06 9.64 10.07 9.53 16 28 9.18 9.58 9.18 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 70 12 68 20 _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 0 .1 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 75 16 72 32 14 124 32 24 _ 20 28 20 12 Pacific Great Lakes Southwest Average hourly earn ings _ 6.89 _ _ 7.56 _ _ _ 8.26 _ 8.18 _ 8.40 8.84 9.38 8.73 8.85 8.60 8.46 9.13 Number of workers 131 45 24 _ _ _ 641 326 Average hourly earn ings $6.54 6.91 7.32 _ _ Number of workers 87 _ 6.97 6.99 7.58 6.54 _ 6.49 6.46 7.55 7.47 7.97 _ _ _ 8.39 39 8.39 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 133 46 24 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 120 _ 51 43 35 193 122 _ _ _ 28 _ _ _ 635 326 120 _ 51 43 29 184 113 28 _ _ 82 34 _ _ _ - 6 .0 2 6.33 6.64 _ _ _ 6.42 6.44 6.90 6.08 _ 6 .0 1 6.03 7.02 6.97 7.35 _ _ _ 7.74 _ 7.74 _ _ - 53 _ _ _ _ _ _ 96 36 _ _ _ _ 193 56 37 40 52 100 _ _ _ 24 52 _ _ $9.36 _ _ _ _ _ _ 9.42 9.29 - _ _ _ 10.56 10.55 11.45 10.09 10.17 _ 11.38 _ _ _ 11.43 _ _ _ _ _ 8.38 _ _ _ _ _ _ 92 36 _ _ _ _ _ 194 56 37 41 52 _ 101 _ _ _ _ _ - Average hourly earn ings 24 _ 8.67 8.53 _ _ _ _ _ 9.61 9.64 10.35 9.24 9.21 _ 10.41 _ _ _ 10.45 _ _ - Table 11. Occupational averages: Paper and paperboard mills—machine-room occupations by width of machine—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected machine-room occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Occupation and machine width (in inches) Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Third hands, 100 or less.................................................. Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (Kraft) ........................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Third hands, 101 to 150.................................................. Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Third hands, 151 to 200 .................................................. Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Third hands, 201 to 300 .................................................. Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Third hands, 301 and over............................................... Newsprint and groundwood....................................... _____________________ Fine grades Fourth hands, 100 or less................................................ Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Fourth hands, 101 to 150................................................ Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Fourth hands, 151 to 200 ................................................ Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Fourth hands, 201 to 300 ................................................ Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Container board ...................................................... See footnotes at end of table. Number of workers 24 21 661 194 74 37 55 28 78 1,371 677 205 1 01 82 78 145 744 300 142 109 1 21 46 803 116 198 90 123 182 84 79 24 20 417 110 24 28 23 14 83 1,225 597 174 95 61 78 144 748 311 131 130 104 46 754 116 197 49 125 176 Average hourly earn ings $9.25 9.40 5.37 5.41 6.03 5.69 5.49 6.03 5.36 5.97 5.91 6.29 6.32 6.27 6 .1 1 5.53 7.17 6 .6 8 7.39 7.56 7.44 7.53 7.78 8.46 7.39 7.29 8.17 7.71 7.77 7.74 8.08 8.36 5.12 5.24 5.80 5.32 5.81 6.29 4.81 5.65 5.59 5.83 5.93 5.85 5.75 5.56 6.56 6.19 6.84 6.90 6.65 6.72 6.96 7.36 6.67 6.96 7.22 6.83 New England Middle Atlantic Number of workers Average hourly earn ings _ _ 172 95 _ _ _ 246 123 32 24 75 63 76 20 _ - 46 62 _ _ 186 91 25 85 75 _ 76 20 - 46 _ $5.10 5.17 _ 5.29 5.25 5.78 _ 4.84 6.25 6.39 _ _ 6.96 7:20 7.19 _ 4.94 4.93 4.87 4.90 _ 5.61 5.67 _ 6.13 6.37 6.28 - Number of workers Average hourly earn ings _ _ _ 232 36 _ 29 239 169 36 - $5.08 5.27 _ _ 4.93 5.63 5.73 5.59 _ - 88 6 .1 2 52 5.76 _ _ 7.21 7.24 _ _ 4.97 5.20 _ _ _ 5.41 5.42 _ 5.76 5.46 _ 6.31 _ - 26 15 _ 174 24 _ _ 178 146 _ 79 52 26 - - - 15 6.34 - Number of workers _ _ _ - 16 49 82 _ 107 16 _ 28 380 28 48 79 138 61 52 16 _ 57 _ _ 71 _ 99 16 11 28 384 28 55 81 136 Average hourly earn ings $9.64 _ 5.72 _ 6.42 7.30 6.98 _ 7.67 7.83 8.73 7.79 7.97 7.57 7.90 7.72 8.42 _ 5.01 _ 6 .0 2 _ 6.54 6.36 6.15 6.77 6.97 7.71 6.95 7.14 6.67 Number of workers Average hourly earn ings Number of workers _ _ _ _ _ 14 116 32 16 - _ _ _ $6.34 7.18 7.65 7.61 _ 7.68 7.94 8.25 7.57 - 20 8 .0 2 28 7.87 7.75 8.15 5.73 6.52 6.84 6.78 6.93 7.05 7.21 6.81 7.06 7.07 74 _ _ 16 68 28 20 _ - 12 70 12 68 28 14 109 32 17 20 20 Pacific Great Lakes Southwest Southeast 134 47 24 _ 625 311 121 - 51 43 35 185 112 _ - 30 89 41 83 35 636 304 109 51 43 63 196 115 30 48 - - Average hourly earn ings _ $5.52 5.93 6.14 - _ - 6 .0 1 6 .0 2 6.41 5.73 5.76 5.64 6.47 6.42 6.77 6.84 6.82 5.36 5.71 5.71 5.71 6.04 5.51 5.49 5.67 6.14 6.13 6.29 6.57 - 40 Number of workers 6.38 “ 42 88 32 189 56 35 48 92 24 72 28 197 61 37 63 28 95 - 24 Average hourly earn ings _ $7.65 7.81 7.81 8.41 8.49 8.89 8.07 9.05 8.95 7.20 7.23 7.52 7.57 7.82 7.30 7.40 7.78 7.63 Table 11. Occupational averages: Paper and paperboard mills—machine-room occupations by width of machine—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected machine-room occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States1 Occupation and machine width (in inches) Boxboard ............................................................... Fourth hands, 301 and over............................................. Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Fifth hands, 100 or less.................................................. Fine grades............................................................ Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard........................................... ................... Fifth hands, 101 to 150............................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Fifth hands, 151 to 200 .................................................. Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Fifth hands, 201 to 300 .................................................. Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Container board ..................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Fifth hands, 301 and over............................................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ 1 Number of workers 83 79 24 20 189 24 18 16 63 720 330 66 74 32 59 135 636 253 79 127 105 46 740 116 194 34 126 182 80 72 24 24 Average hourly earn ings Middle Atlantic Number of workers Average hourly earn ings Number of workers _ _ _ _ _ - - - $6.98 6.75 6.89 7.27 4.73 5.34 4.51 _ Average hourly earn ings _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ 6 .1 1 _ _ _ 4.13 5.46 5.44 5.64 5.70 5.92 5.66 5.18 6.23 5.97 6.46 6.50 6.28 6.24 6.48 6.89 6.32 - _ _ 17 85 40 4.89 4.69 Number of workers _ - - - Southeast _ $4.80 _ _ 125 105 Southwest Average hourly earn ings 60 52 16 $7.09 6.75 7.14 37 20 12 $6.95 7.09 _ _ _ 5.11 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ $5.23 5.29 _ Number of workers 79 _ _ 5.83 79 _ _ 5.10 _ _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ - - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 74 63 _ 5.47 5.56 74 45 5.56 5.27 _ 91 _ _ _ - _ _ _ - _ - _ _ - _ _ _ - - - - 28 382 28 53 . 83 20 53 5.90 5.97 - 26 6.42 _ 17 6 .1 0 6 .1 1 _ _ _ _ _ 6.64 6.31 6.55 6.38 6.43 6.58 - _ _ _ - - _ 81 140 60 44 16 - - - _ _ - _ _ - _ - - - _ - - - - 6.42 7.38 6.36 _ 6.48 6.15 6.59 6.30 6.65 - 5.95 68 6.27 _ _ 6.03 6 .2 0 16 _ 6.04 Average hourly ea ings Number of workers Average hourly earn ings Number of workers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 _ _ _ _ _ $4.93 _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ 312 146 _ _ 56 134 85 5.60 5.54 _ _ 5.59 5.84 5.87 _ _ _ 28 _ _ _ _ _ $6.92 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 171 52 7.13 7.23 57 28 7.02 7.08 87 7.31 _ 28 14 108 32 16 _ 6.27 6.44 6.48 6.61 6.24 _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 6.30 30 6.09 _ 20 20 20 12 - Pacific Great Lakes Average hourly earn ings _ - Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. New England 6.51 6.47 6.43 6.44 - _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 _ 7.25 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Table 12. Occupational averages: All mills by size of community (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Metropolitan areas Department and occupation Number of workers PULP Woodyard and wood preparation: Crane operators.......................................................... Barkers, drum............................................................. Barkers, hydraulic....................................................... Sawyers..................................................................... Chipper operators........................................................ Knife grinders............................................................. Pulpmaking: Cooks, batch digester.................................................. Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Cooks, continuous digester........................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Cook helpers, first, batch digester ................................................................... Sulphate process..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Cook helpers, first, continuous digester ................................................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Grinder operators........................................................ Blow-pit operators (sulphite)....................................... Washer operators (sulphate)....................................... Screen tenders........................................................... Sulphate process..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Groundwood process................................................ Bleach-plant operators................................................. Sulphate process..................................................... Wet-machine operators................................................ Sulphate process..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Groundwood process................................................ Pulp testers............................................................... Sulphate process..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Recovery, caustic, and acid making: Acid makers (sulphite)................................................ Evaporator operators (sulphate)................................... Recovery operators (sulphate)...................................... Recovery helpers, first (sulphate) ................................................................ Caustic operators (causticisers) (sulphate)................................................................ Lime-kiln operators (sulphate)...................................... See footnotes at end of table. 320 101 7 40 116 46 196 Average hourly earnings $7.48 6.07 7.95 6.61 6.33 6.82 Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers 668 149 29 188 211 79 Number of workers Average hourly earnings $7.45 6.06 6.51 6.36 6.17 6.69 - - 7.98 8.27 7.77 5.63 7.90 8.13 7.71 8.04 - - - - - - 7.75 7.86 7.83 8.45 8.78 6.90 - 320 243 48 18 244 146 30 229 145 64 6.71 6.78 6.73 322 236 49 6.64 68 7.26 7.56 - 178 142 16 403 49 253 241 123 38 41 359 218 65 37 109 67 26 7.18 7.28 7.20 6.25 6.59 7.28 6.76 6.96 7.10 6.78 7.50 7.83 7.78 6.77 5.99 5.91 6.04 6.87 120 60 113 86 - - 19 45 72 27 90 123 52 31 20 163 84 57 - 68 44 6 .0 1 6.51 7.31 6 .8 8 7.18 7.40 6.77 7.65 8.19 7.34 6.87 6.55 - - 245 123 57 - 6 .2 1 6.34 6.26 - 12 10 532 362 47 32 Metropolitan areas Average hourly earnings 6 .8 8 6.54 6 .2 1 6.23 6.69 5.90 - - _ - - 48 107 179 7.59 7.64 8.18 51 230 339 7.19 7.47 8.04 - - 229 6.97 365 6.92 - - 7.45 7.10 - - 122 100 7.48 7.21 249 199 Number of workers 62 23 17 35 9 - 14 30 22 - 15 16 - 12 19 34 10 36 22 24 - " Average hourly earnings $6.50 5.00 5.67 5.39 5.76 - 5.69 - - - 8 15 6 .0 1 26 20 12 - Average hourly earnings $6 .1 2 5.58 5.70 6.08 31 14 7 - - 52 27 Number of workers 6.45 5.94 5.86 - 5.68 5.46 5.50 5.70 5.01 5.29 5.16 5.04 - Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas - Southeast Middle Atlantic New England United States2 40 27 29 - 51 6.98 6.13 6.53 5.32 5.23 6.14 " 5.47 - Number of workers Average hourly earnings 424 57 96 105 36 $7.74 8.04 8.08 8.91 8.91 - 143 132 56 48 - 8.24 8.29 - 96 76 6.77 6.78 - 176 151 - 6.63 6.79 20 8 .2 0 8 .2 0 48 40 6 .8 8 20 9 54 19 72 56 - - Number of workers $7.92 5.99 5.55 6.30 6.84 150 65 - Average hourly earnings 28 28 - 52 44 48 32 " - " 7.37 7.31 7.19 8.26 8.47 108 74 53 6 .2 0 6 .2 1 6.26 6.65 8 .0 0 8.17 - 6.97 “ 6.4/ “ 7.60 6.84 6.99 66 6.32 6.23 “ 118 92 179 167 62 60 7.68 8.35 “ 116 142 7.57 8.23 38 28 " 93 7.91 8.24 " 6.05 6.07 5.29 5.04 - - 23 5.23 5.57 - - 17 4.93 - - 85 7.07 174 6.85 4.95 4.78 “ ” 59 59 7.47 7.05 127 97 7.53 7.07 11 12 12 " - Table 12. Occupational averages: All mills by size of community—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Department and occupation Metropolitan areas Number of workers PAPER AND PAPERBOARD Stock preparation: Head stock preparers, group 1...................................... Newsprint aiid groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard .............................................................. Head stock preparers, group II..................................... Newsprint arid groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard .............................................................. Beater-operator helpers.............................................. Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Hydrapulper operators ................................................. Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Machine room: Paper-machine tenders................................................ Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (Kraft) ....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Backtenders ............................................................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Third hands............................................................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial................................................... Container board..................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 351 9 199 30 34 - 26 39 715 247 60 • 52 167 1 ,1 0 2 14 503 57 83 62 261 764 16 231 108 72 - Average hourly earnings 195 2,040 53 786 352 182 115 140 244 2,023 52 777 356 182 115 136 237 1,853 52 695 315 168 65 128 Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers $6.81 8.16 6.48 6.58 6.62 289 - 21 8 .2 1 7.21 6.18 6.15 6.80 - 6.64 5.85 5.75 6.90 5.55 6.24 6.50 6.53 5.37 5.60 6.53 5.75 6.28 5.42 _ 68 New England 6.33 5.18 7.30 9.46 6.92 8.06 8.24 6.49 8.79 6.84 6.71 8.83 6.40 7.35 7.52 6.04 7.99 6.27 6.25 7.76 6 .0 1 6.65 7.17 6.58 7.32 22 146 20 27 24 9 525 48 205 52 30 101 65 863 64 368 85 99 124 64 698 36 300 82 60 31 119 49 1,881 116 741 240 200 99 292 114 1,883 118 738 237 207 99 291 114 1,805 116 694 212 210 90 289 Average hourly earnings $7.41 7.97 7.22 7.74 8.49 6.19 7.96 8.37 6.93 6.87 6.81 6.59 7.08 7.27 7.38 6.24 5.74 6.24 6.14 6.32 Metropolitan areas Number of workers 106 Average hourly earnings Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers $6.03 - - 5.99 _ 102 - 71 - _ - - - _ _ - - _ - - - - 5.74 5.77 _ - 101 - _ - 65 - - 5.41 5.20 21 176 - - - - - 28 Average hourly earnings $5.92 _ 5.86 _ - _ 90 _ _ _ 5.46 - 34 24 - _ - 147 - 4.98 _ 51 33 - 5.04 4.87 - 6.51 5.90 6.16 5.88 5.95 6.54 5.77 5.93 5.18 - 8.18 9.60 7.76 8.35 8.79 7.05 8.60 8.58 7.50 8.96 7.16 7.42 8.15 6.39 7.84 7.86 6.83 7.92 6.49 6.85 7.32 5.88 7.17 51 93 _ 5.46 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 166 5.34 _ 85 179 _ 4.74 4.87 60 44 5.05 5.25 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7.38 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ 58 592 _ 236 130 _ 5.82 6.06 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - 33 5.18 5.47 - 165 5.45 - - _ - _ - - - 356 40 166 53 _ 5.70 5.99 6.04 5.21 58 548 - 5.36 5.58 - 232 96 48 69 289 9.14 7.48 7.52 _ - 221 8.98 _ - - _ 73 _ - _ _ 6 .6 8 - 5.84 5.95 _ _ _ - _ _ _ - - - - 211 7.90 7.76 6.85 69 6.92 28 64 24 6.90 6.67 7.06 5.66 111 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50 13 5.57 5.43 454 36 108 40 48 8.81 10.29 _ 6.27 - V 5.95 _ - - 6.51 5.93 5.17 _ - _ 40 32 _ _ _ _ _ 22 6 .6 8 _ 5.74 24 50 105 8 .2 0 _ 223 _ _ _ 6.64 6.74 5.52 _ _ - _ 6 .2 1 _ 4.93 244 132 _ _ _ 33 _ 374 42 166 64 6 .2 2 _ 286 _ _ _ _ 6.82 6.53 _ - 41 150 _ 4.84 _ - 7.96 7.75 71 - 5.64 5.78 24 96 602 _ 33 293 8.18 6.97 _ _ 12 $7.95 8.46 7.47 _ 7.60 16 _ _ 48 Average hourly earnings 59 _ _ 12 _ _ _ 116 _ _ - - 10 Number of workers $7.99 _ 7.53 _ _ 6.67 6.84 7.20 5.88 43 5.47 5.51 _ 359 40 165 55 _ 5.18 5.25 _ 6.31 221 47 315 _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ 6.26 6.26 _ 6.34 291 16 5.06 _ 36 18 100 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 237 _ Number of workers Nonmetropolitan areas Average hourly earnings $5.90 _ 6.05 _ _ _ _ _ 5.83 _ _ 5.43 52 24 _ - 71 _ _ _ _ Number of workers Average hourly earnings _ 6 .6 6 Southeast Metropolitan areas 5.41 5.42 _ - 5.07 146 - Middle Atlantic _ 72 8 .2 1 48 8.30 6.95 7.33 _ _ 68 261 - - _ _ _ _ 132 60 442 36 114 32 40 _ 8 .2 1 8.74 8.94 8 .8 8 9.23 8.03 9.58 7.56 7.41 8.46 _ 131 60 409 36 78 _ 8.05 8.42 7.47 8.52 7.32 _ 70 7.76 48 7.50 48 7.74 131 7.41 Table 12. Occupational averages: All mills by size of community—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) New England United States2 Metropolitan areas Department and occupation PAPER AND PAPERBOARD—Continued Boxboard ............................................................... Fourth hands............................................................. Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............... ............................................. Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Fifth hands................................................................ Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... nishing, roll: Calender operators...................................................... Fine grades............................................................ Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Calender helpers......................................................... Fine grades............................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Coater operators (off-machine).................................... Fine grades.............................................. .............. Boxboard............................................................... Coater operator helpers............................................... Fine grades............................................................ Rewinder operators..................................................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Container board.............................. ....................... Boxboard ............................................................... Rewinder helpers........................................................ Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue........................................................ Coarse (K raft)....................................................... Container board...................................................... Boxboard..... ......................................................... nishing, sheet: Cutters, guillotine type (cut ana trim ).................................... ..................... Fine grades............................................................ Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Boxboard ............................................................... Cutters, rotary or sheet............................................... Fine grades............................................................. Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (K raft)........................................................ Special industrial.................................................... See footnotes at end of table. Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings 241 1,590 52 611 215 162 144 233 1,119 52 389 105 161 136 204 $5.82 5.92 6.75 5.75 6.30 6.58 6.61 5.49 5.76 6.39 5.71 5.99 6.09 6.24 5.23 115 1,633 116 624 179 224 78 236 126 1,238 104 436 94 192 42 234 $7.25 6.32 6.95 6.07 6.32 6.71 5.69 6.49 6.53 6.14 6.74 5.96 6.03 6.44 5.87 6.16 5.87 227 192 29 256 219 31 194 165 6.24 6.39 5.22 5.56 5.68 4.72 6.32 6.44 5.67 5.69 5.86 5.90 5.85 6.03 - 495 425 20 133 87 1,072 483 240 17 39 662 10 366 15 25 530 329 23 101 818 575 28 - 120 31 564 154 135 6.62 6.71 5.84 5.98 6.09 _ 6.93 7.20 6.71 6.30 6.39 6.19 6.56 6.24 6.14 6.03 10 434 350 187 124 27 191 148 1 ,0 2 0 6 .2 2 22 6 .8 8 5.81 5.52 6.33 5.50 5.91 5.40 26 580 23 345 42 78 37 17 6.25 5.83 5.88 6.19 6.05 5.38 5.80 5.84 - 391 329 17 6.07 6.05 6 .1 1 - 11 627 485 7 17 15 6 .2 1 5.86 5.56 5.88 6.05 5.90 6 .2 0 5.87 6 .2 2 6.17 5.58 6.42 4.66 Metropolitan areas Number of workers Average hourly earnings 33 137 103 64 39 - $4.78 5.36 5.28 5.49 5.51 - 45 31 5.96 6.08 5.58 5.69 5.76 5.79 5.57 5.60 5.24 5.29 - - 36 25 48 31 125 85 98 69 46 46 5.63 5.63 - 223 151 - 5.22 5.40 “ - - Number of workers 280 40 152 34 203 28 126 22 135 103 92 58 36 15 202 116 112 - - - 67 36 24 - 85 - 66 Average hourly earnings $5.30 5.49 5.47 4.58 5.37 5.54 5.53 4.49 - Number of workers 58 416 193 51 259 170 - 6 .2 0 6.26 5.62 5.78 6.18 6.90 5.57 5.68 5.32 5.46 4.93 4.81 4.83 4.79 - Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas - Southeast Middle Atlantic - 75 64 85 74 35 25 34 16 311 157 82 245 129 170 111 - 59 188 170 - Average hourly earnings $5.09 5.37 5.52 5.84 5.41 5.45 6 .2 0 6.26 5.50 5.49 5.64 5.69 5.17 5.24 5.68 5.56 5.91 5.24 5.27 5.82 6.32 4.86 5.55 5.55 - Number of workers 69 290 23 72 48 88 272 24 73 48 79 - 21 33 12 83 14 14 61 10 - “ 90 28 98 Average hourly earnings $6.44 6.45 6.44 7.02 6.75 5.66 6 .1 1 6.05 6.42 6.24 5.64 5.63 4.94 5.94 5.76 6.25 6.17 5.57 5.81 5.21 5.87 6.45 - Number of workers 61 373 36 60 48 120 60 361 36 69 48 135 60 Average hourly earnings $7.74 6.75 7.47 6.97 6.74 6.61 6.92 6.28 7.13 6.30 6 .2 1 6.08 6.28 15 6.62 6.62 6.43 6.43 7.33 6.79 6.44 7.44 - , 6.36 6.18 5.94 5.83 43 126 55 “ 6.38 6.69 6.72 “ - 32 32 26 26 26 23 217 13 6 - 19 69 Table 12. Occupational averages: All mills by size off community—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1)77) United States2 Department and occupation Metropolitan areas Number of workers PAPE* AND PAPEMOARD—Continued Container board..................................................... Boxboard .............................................................. boratory: Paper testers............................................................ Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades....” ...................................................... Sanitary tissue...................................................... Coarse (K raft)...................................................... Special industrial................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard .............................................................. MISCELLANEOUS Electricians, maintenance............................................ Boiler tenders........................................................... Janitors.................................................................... Machinists, maintenance.............................................. Mechanics, general..................................................... Millwrights, pulp and paper......................................... O i l e r s ......................................................... Pipefitters, maintenance............................................. Truckers, power......................................................... Forklift................................................................. Other than fo rk lift................................................. See footnotes at end of table. 146 1,144 26 472 123 62 71 120 174 1,594 745 899 719 1,155 2,986 637 1,317 3,420 2,759 661 Average hourly earnings $5.13 6 .0 1 Number of workers 25 46 1 ,2 2 1 Average hourly earnings Number of workers $6.69 7.12 _ 6 .2 2 6.58 5.81 6.36 6.78 5.06 6.70 5.97 65 504 83 139 46 224 114 6.46 6.15 6.05 6.31 5.24 6.45 6.47 7.61 6.45 5.37 7.58 7.96 7.34 6.37 7.56 5.93 5.89 2,083 776 927 857 2,368 3,872 1,004 1,982 3,181 1,946 1,235 7.96 6.85 5.57 7.52 8.73 7.84 6.81 7.86 5.93 5.95 5.91 6 .1 2 Metropolitan areas Average hourly earnings Southeast Middle Atlantic New England Nonmetropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers 15 133 $5.54 112 5.54 188 21 _ _ 93 19 _ $5.27 5.58 5.30 4.78 _ 6.58 5.75 4.81 6.42 185 36 5.93 5.56 86 6 .2 2 251 5.14 5.15 220 301 162 106 203 175 633 135 280 410 258 152 6.57 6 .0 0 4.85 6.44 5.86 6.52 5.80 6.58 4.99 4.75 5.40 Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings $5.58 _ _ 272 $5.58 265 6.29 334 143 41 5.59 5.74 23 6.36 88 $6.32 6.58 6.45 38 6.44 39 6.41 48 6.54 106 59 6.23 6.41 488 113 131 242 244 896 194 452 555 493 62 8.05 7.04 5.33 7.71 8.08 7.88 6.65 740 224 300 236 1,185 1,294 332 700 860 684 176 8.08 7.24 5.50 7.95 8.83 7.96 6.98 7.95 20 _ _ _ 116 113 130 40 Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas 305 194 236 150 195 576 132 216 750 560 6.65 5.73 5.12 6.80 5.79 6.56 5.63 6.74 5.46 5.30 8 .0 1 5.89 5.87 6.06 6 .1 1 6 .1 0 6.15 Table 12. Occupational averages: All mills by size of community—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Southwest Metropolitan areas Pacific Great Lakes Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Department and occupation Number of workers PULP Woodyard and wood preparation: Crane operators .......................................................... Barkers, drum............................................................ Barkers, hydraulic...................................................... Sawyers.................................................................... Chipper operators ....................................................... Knife grinders............................................................ Pulpmaking: Cooks, batch digester................................................. Sulphate process .................................................... Sulphite process.................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Cooks, continuous digester.......................................... Sulphate process .................................................... Sulphite process.................................................... Soda process.......................................................... Cook helpers, first, batch digester................................................................... Sulphate process.................................................... Sulphite process.................................................... Cook helpers, first, continuous digester................................................................... Sulphate process .................................................... Sulphite process.................................................... Grinder operators....................................................... Blow-pit operators (sulphite)....................................... Washer operators (sulphate)....................................... Screen tenders .......................................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Groundwood process............................................... Bleach-plant operators................................................ Sulphate process .................................................... Sulphite process.................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Wet-machine operators............................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Groundwood process............................................... Pulp testers ............................................................... Sulphate process ..................................................... Sulphite process..................................................... Soda process .......................................................... Recovery, caustic, and acid making: Acid makers (sulphite)............................................... Evaporator operators (sulphate)................................... Recovery operators (sulphate)..................................... Recovery helpers, first (sulphate) ................................................................ Caustic operators (causticisers) (sulphate) ................................................................ Lime-kiln operators (sulphate)..................................... See footnotes at end of table. - 61 14 17 Average hourly earnings $8.07 6.79 6.39 Number of workers 63 - 20 20 6 .8 8 9 6 6.70 12 29 29 40 32 - 8.15 8.15 9.46 9.26 - - - - 24 20 - 17 13 16 13 21 21 - 32 32 - - 32 8.72 64 6.92 36 - 7.62 7.21 7.53 7.00 8.81 8.81 6.45 6.45 - 7.70 - - - 20 36 28 20 _ 32 - 20 83 59 - Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings $7.69 6.38 6.16 6.60 - - 7.78 8.29 8.55 6.43 6.95 7.09 _ _ 7.58 8.18 6 .0 1 6 .1 1 - - 36 - 36 36 36 - 31 19 33 13 6.87 - 6 .1 0 6.47 6.52 5.74 6 .1 0 - 32 40 - 48 7.11 - - 7.56 6.96 - " 36 20 6.38 - 77 25 25 39 10 51 19 22 - 6.17 6.17 7.82 7.73 20 - $6.87 12 Number of workers 47 21 22 170 19 27 49 - 11 65 15 - 22 65 15 102 - 34 Average hourly earnings $6.42 5.78 5.77 5.92 6.47 6.80 7.43 6.91 6.27 6.57 6.13 5.67 5.96 6.43 5.97 5.83 6.45 6.97 6.58 5.89 6.30 - Metropolitan areas Number of workers - 7 7 8 36 20 - 16 28 40 - 20 20 - 23 15 40 20 - 20 28 32 6 .0 1 6.30 12 Average hourly earnings $7.95 7.25 7.87 8.81 8.19 9.59 8.97 - 7.61 8.25 8.04 8.65 8.54 8.76 8 .0 1 7.41 7.27 - - - - - 18 29 5.95 6.44 6.90 - 25 6.32 14 11 6.27 6.51 Number of workers - 15 14 24 14 10 - - 7.41 7.20 - - 22 Nonmetropolitan areas 9.22 9.35 8.95 - 86 8 .8 6 48 14 8.93 9.02 - 36 7.60 7.72 7.45 16 - - - $7.95 7.41 7.66 7.48 8.28 48 32 16 20 - Average hourly earnings 59 47 24 55 64 32 24 76 37 36 82 41 25 7.74 7.87 7.45 7.90 7.79 7.75 7.90 8.76 8.79 8.60 7.45 7.53 7.29 - 52 8.59 8.71 28 32 65 8.34 9.18 48 7.40 61 7.86 24 7.89 44 43 8.13 8.14 20 - 8 .2 2 Table 12. Occupational averages: All mills by size of community—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Southwest Department and occupation Metropolitan areas Number of workers PAPERANDPAPERBOARD Stock preparation: Head stock preparers, group 1...................................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (Kraft)...................................................... Special industrial................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard ............................................................. Head stock preparers, group II..................................... Newsprint and groundwood..................................... Fine grades........................................................... Sanitary tissue...................................................... Coarse (Kraft) ...................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard .................................................................... Beater-operator helpers.............................................. Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades...... ..................................................... .Sanitary tissue...................................................... Coarse (Kraft)................................................... Container board.................................................... Boxboard ................................................. Hydrapulper operators................................................ Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades........................................................... Sanitary tissue.................... ................................ Coarse (Kraft).................................................. Special industrial.................................................. Container board...................................... Boxboard ......................................... Machine room: Paper-machine tenders.................................... Newsprint and groundwood..................................... Fine grades.................................................. Sanitary tissue................................................... Coarse (Kraft)......................................... Special industrial............................................. Container board................................................. Boxboard ........................................................... Backtenders ................................... Newsprint and groundwood..................................... Fine grades........................................ Sanitary tissue..................................... Coarse (Kraft)................................................. Special industrial.......................................... Container board................. ............ Boxboard ..................................... Third hands....................................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades........................................ Sanitary tissue.................................... Coarse (Kraft)................................... Special industrial............................... Container board................................... See footnotes at end of table. 31 _ _ _ 26 76 _ _ - Average hourly earnings Great Lakes Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers $6.74 16 _ _ _ _ _ _ 6.65 _ _ - _ 48 _ _ _ _ _ - 5.56 _ _ _ 10 _ 52 _ 10 Average hourly earnings Metropolitan areas Number of workers 62 $6.57 59 $6.97 40 6.70 49 7.12 6.15 188 6.52 6.26 111 6.71 _ _ _ _ 7.52 _ 6.67 _ _ 6.74 _ _ 221 _ 74 _ _ 7.33 76 822 92 7.60 52 24 7.66 753 7.29 133 7.09 _ 61 6.91 12 7.70 _ 7.37 159 24 6.08 6.17 160 5.94 39 268 5.71 5.66 263 5.92 20 9.82 6.96 7.59 7.05 28 _ 180 _ 28 8.75 _ 48 8.67 6.40 6.95 _ - 5.58 _ 88 533 _ 232 _ 5.82 32 5.80 6.24 144 41 5.97 6.09 36 30 5.96 5.64 23 5.69 88 _ 88 _ 20 8 .1 2 7.00 519 7.29 195 9.92 247 10.70 300 68 41 6.82 5.87 7.49 7.64 52 39 9.67 10.76 60 53 10.54 10.89 _ 8.28 _ 40 24 525 7.11 6.64 6.47 51 6.56 _ _ 44 10.33 509 6.69 191 9.08 248 9.73 7.30 8.45 229 _ 42 290 6 .8 8 68 5.61 6.93 52 39 8.87 9.89 60 53 9.60 9.91 28 _ 168 7.98 _ _ 40 18 526 6.62 6.18 _ 7.46 _ 6 .0 1 - - 213 147 5.93 6.48 40 6.23 - 26 126 40 6.63 44 7.67 20 8 .1 2 28 7.27 _ 68 5.78 8.99 _ 7.92 8.98 - $9.35 295 172 _ 28 36 20 Average hourly earnings 19 6 .0 0 288 8.47 _ 8.06 - Number of workers $8.50 6.13 127 40 26 127 40 Nonmetropolitan areas 57 23 21 _ _ _ Number of workers Average hourly earnings _ 7.63 _ _ _ _ Metropolitan areas _ _ _ _ Number of workers Average hourly earnings _ _ 28 _ - _ Nonmetropolitan areas Average hourly earnings $9.22 _ 4.86 _ _ _ _ _ 50 - Pacific - - - _ _ _ 6.31 _ _ _ ' _51 6.05 28 8.96 44 9.36 507 6.19 168 8.07 243 8.54 298 68 6.33 6.40 48 28 8.03 8.90 60 47 8.49 8.74 51 5.77 - 44 8 .2 1 - Table 12. Occupational averages: All mills by size of community—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Metropolitan areas Department and occupation Number of workers PAPER AND PAPERBOARD—Continued Boxboard ............................................................... Fourth hands............................................................. Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (Kraft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Fifth hands............................................................... Newsprint and groundwood..................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (Kraft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard..........................................- .................. Finishing, roll: Calender operators..................................................... Fine grades............................................................ Coarse (Kraft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... Calender helpers......................................................... Fine grades............................................................ Special industrial.................................................... Coater operators (off-machine).................................... Fine grades............................................................ Boxboard ............................................................... Coater operator helpers............................................... Fine grades............................................................ Rewinder operators.................................................... Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (Kraft)....................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Rewinder helpers........................................................ Newsprint and groundwood...................................... Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (Kraft)....................................................... Container board..................................................... Boxboard ........................ ............................ Finishing, sheet: Cutters, guillotine type (cut and trim ).......................................................... Fine grades............................................................ Coarse (Kraft)....................................................... Boxboard ............................................................... Cutters, rotary or sheet.............................................. Fine grades............................................................ Sanitary tissue....................................................... Coarse (Kraft)....................................................... Special industrial.................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 26 119 32 20 26 131 32 - 20 _ _ 34 -** _ 43 - Average hourly earnings $5.82 6.25 6.15 7.10 5.21 5.52 5.73 6.45 6.64 _ 6.03 - Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers 156 40 20 144 44 - 20 _ _ _ 35 10 _ - 21 Average hourly earnings 6.57 6.32 5.72 - 62 62 - - - - - - - - 6.17 - - - Average hourly earnings $5.63 5.74 5.67 - - Number of workers 24 485 223 95 48 37 281 109 40 48 - 12 Metropolitan areas $6.73 7.00 6.46 6.38 6.40 5.98 - - 25 Pacific Great Lakes Southwest 6.80 - - 78 78 27 20 446 182 161 95 - 156 113 227 169 - Number of workers Average hourly earnings $5.88 - 5.94 5.61 5.56 5.70 5.68 5.61 478 271 56 252 161 - 6 .2 0 247 6 .2 0 221 6.56 6.67 5.80 5.85 6.80 6.99 6.27 6.30 6 .1 0 5.53 5.53 5.91 5.93 5.93 5.96 5.57 5.58 - 6 Nonmetropolitan areas 241 195 107 89 122 116 417 250 247 169 - 6 .0 2 5.89 5.75 5.71 - 6 .1 0 6.29 5.84 " 6 .0 2 - - - 5.99 - - 5.88 5.91 5.87 6.04 “ 239 230 299 267 “ 6.05 6.07 6.14 6.16 “ Metropolitan areas Number of workers 143 44 23 28 98 28 - Average hourly earnings - • $7.37 7.38 7.82 7.18 7.05 - Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers 240 65 45 74 196 56 20 6.90 - - - “ - - " - - - 29 29 31 31 10 “ 49 - ~ 7.31 ” $7.59 " 7.53 7.78 7.37 7.21 “ 7.23 7.28 7.07 “ 8.04 8.04 “ “ 7.30 7.30 9.15 9 - 87 39 " - 62 Average hourly earnings 8 .0 1 7.28 7.27 - 64 6.94 21 6.99 “ “ - " “ 64 7.70 - " Table 12. Occupational averages: All mills by size of community—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Southwest Department and occupation Metropolitan areas Number of workers PAPER AND PAPERBOARD-Continued Container board.................................................... Boxboard .............................................................. Laboratory: Paper testers ............................................................ Newsprint and groundwood..................................... Fine grades........................................................... Sanitary tissue...................................................... Coarse (Kraft)...................................................... Special industrial................................................... Container board.................................................... Boxboard .............................................................. MISCELLANEOUS Electricians, maintenance........................................... Boiler tenders........................................................... Janitors.................................................................... Machinists, maintenance............................................. Mechanics, general.................................................... Millwrights, pulp and paper......................................... Oilers....................................................................... Pipefitters, maintenance............................................. Truckers, power......................................................... Forklift................................................................. Other than forklift................................................. 1 2 Average hourly earnings 97 23 38 149 30 25 46 455 173 80 146 206 178 28 8.46 6.60 5.15 8.23 9.17 7.86 6.76 8.17 5.87 5.87 5.82 - Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ $6.31 - 273 166 17 _ 28 $5.84 309 191 _ _ _ $6 .0 2 143 $7.67 6.15 _ _ _ _ _ 25 _ _ 7.40 _ 48 7.65 - 36 _ 7.62 _ 359 6.92 6.52 5.46 6.85 6.39 6.84 5.97 6.80 5.77 5.69 365 216 288 185 61 718 224 359 1,035 519 516 7.05 6.33 5.54 7.05 7.03 7.02 6.09 7.08 5.74 5.71 5.77 175 69 98 9.47 8.47 6.63 9.40 9.52 9.38 7.80 9.39 7.36 7.35 7.41 321 77 125 83 587 128 278 349 218 131 9.75 8.51 6.63 9.64 -• 9.68 8.34 9.71 7.38 7.35 7.42 $6 .1 1 6.63 5.46 Nonmetropolitan areas Average hourly earnings - - Metropolitan areas Number of workers _ - Pacific Great Lakes Nonmetropolitan areas Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 139 27 43 34 22 191 51 42 71 523 324 116 180 211 120 91 6 .1 0 6.41 6.08 6.63 8.17 7.14 5.28 8 .1 2 9.19 8.06 6.94 8.08 5.90 6.15 5.56 222 278 130 47 875 128 291 1 ,1 1 1 846 265 - 5.91 5.96 5.46 6 .0 2 - 101 - $7.48 - 110 79 277 66 124 545 460 85 - - - - NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. T a b le 1 3 . O c c u p a t io n a l a v e r a g e s : A ll m ills b y s iz e o f m ill (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Middle Atlantic New England United States2 Establishments with— Department and occupation 100-249 workers 250-999 workers 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more 100-249 workers 250-999 workers 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more 100-249 workers 250-999 workers Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings PULP oodyard and wood preparation: Crane operators...................................................... Barkers, drum......................................................... Barkers, hydraulic.................................................... Sawyers................................................................. Chipper operators.................................................... Knife grinders......................................................... Ipmaking: Cooks, batch digester.............................................. Sulphate process ................................................. Sulphite process.................................................. Cooks, continuous digester....................................... Sulphate process ................................................. Sulphite process.................................................. Soda process ...................................................... Cook helpers, first, batch digester................................................................ Sulphate process ................................................. Sulphite process.................................................. Cook helpers, first, continuous digester ................................................................ Sulphate process ................................................. Sulphite process.................................................. Grinder operators..................................................... Blow-pit operators (sulphite).................................... Washer operators (sulphate).................................... Screen tenders....................................................... Sulphate process................................................. Sulphite process.................................................. Groundwood process............................................ Bleach-plant operators............................................. Sulphate process ................................................. Sulphite process.................................................. Wet-machine operators............................................ Sulphate process ................................................. Sulphite process.................................................. Pulp testers........................................................... Sulphate process................................................. Sulphite process.................................................. Soda process...................................................... Semi-chemical process.......................................... tovery, caustic, and acid making: Acid makers (sulphite)............................................ Evaporator operators (sulphate)............................... Recovery operators (sulphate).................................. Recovery helpers, first (sulphate) ............................................................ Caustic operators (causticisers) (sulphate)............................................................ Lime-kiln operators (sulphate).................................. See footnotes at end of table. - 440 138 - - - - 92 140 56 $7.23 8.58 7.43 6.56 - 231 166 42 224 154 26 12 7.70 8.29 8.67 7.73 8.45 6.26 - 229 164 38 6.61 6.74 6.51 282 205 55 6.78 153 117 16 273 55 181 188 76 38 40 233 119 76 77 51 7.46 7.62 7.30 5.98 6.60 7.28 6.76 7.25 7.01 6.40 7.39 7.77 7.46 77 70 6.90 6.90 20 6 .6 8 429 233 67 28 6.25 6.40 6.37 6.36 5.79 7.18 50 171 253 7.11 7.63 8.28 - 292 210 - - 62 24 31 - - 19 40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 18 41 “ 12 44 20 7.02 5.72 6 .1 2 6.43 “ 7.51 - 20 12 184 $7.32 6 .0 1 6.84 6.25 6.17 6.76 7.88 8 .1 1 482 109 16 133 160 69 $7.67 6.08 6.73 6.48 6.27 6.73 223 173 42 8.09 102 78 - - 8 .1 0 8.39 7.78 7.76 6 .8 8 6.93 - 186 6.51 6.48 7.37 6.97 6.85 7.50 7.37 7.76 - - - 23 14 $5.98 4.62 - - - - - - - - - - - . - . 5.58 - - - - - - - - - - - 20 - 42 - 22 - - - - - - - - “ - - - - 221 7.81 7.42 8.05 7.03 270 6.91 - - - - " 7.50 7.13 141 115 7.40 7.14 “ “ " “ “ 6 .8 8 6.95 33 155 8 .0 0 7.81 5.94 6.16 6.09 6.69 - 21 - - 23 24 - ” - 15 “ 13 17 14 32 27 - - 6.70 - _ - 5.90 - - - 5.70 5.65 5.17 5.12 " - “ “ - 5.82 - - - 9 15 11 - 5.75 - - - “ 21 145 160 99 31 17 258 175 39 82 307 239 25 ” - 5.63 5.14 5.45 - 14 - - - $6.71 5.47 - - - - 11 - 8 _ - " - 29 15 19 11 26 14 20 12 - $6 .1 0 5.58 5.63 5.98 5.92 6.77 7.30 6.13 6.53 - 41 12 15 - 5.32 5.51 5.55 - 31 15 5.78 5.89 55 13 5.42 5.49 “ - - 5.57 6.23 " 15 " 5.76 " - 16 5.43 5.42 ” 13 6 .1 2 ” - - Table 13. Occupational averages: All mills by size of mill—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 New England Middle Atlantic Establishments with— Department and occupation 100-249 workers 250-999 workers 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more 100-249 workers 250-999 workers 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more 100-249 workers 250-999 workers Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Number of hourly Number of Average hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers workers workers workers workers earnings earnings earnings earnings earnings PAPER AND PAPERBOARD Stock preparation: Head stock preparers, group 1.................................. Newsprint and groundwood.................................. Fine grades........................................................ Sanitary tissue................................................... Coarse (Kraft)......................... ,......................... Container board.................................................. Boxboard ............................................................ Head stock preparers, group II................................. Newsprint and groundwood.................................. Fine grades........................................................ Sanitary tissue................................................... Coarse (Kraft).................................................... Container board.................................................. Boxboard ............................................................ Beater-operator helpers........................................... Newsprint and groundwood.................................. Fine grades........................................................ Sanitary tissue................................................... Coarse (Kraft).................................................... Container board.................................................. Boxboard ............................................................ Hydrapulper operators............................................. Newsprint and groundwood................................. Fine grades........................................................ Sanitary tissue.................................................. Coarse (Kraft)................................... Container board....................................... Boxboard ............................................................ Machine room: Paper-machine tenders............................................ Newsprint and groundwood.................................. Fine grades........................................................ Sanitary tissue................................................... Coarse (Kraft).................................................... Special industrial................................................ Container board................................................... Boxboard ............................................................ Backtenders........................................................... Newsprint and groundwood.................................. Fine grades......................................................... Sanitary tissue................................................... Coarse (Kraft).................................................... Special industrial................................................ Container board................................................... Boxboard ....................................................... Third hands............................................................ Newsprint and groundwood ................................... Fine grades......................................................... Sanitary tissue................................................... Coarse (Kraft) .................................................... Special industrial................................................ See footnotes at end of table. 146 $6.25 81 6 .2 0 - 330 - - 5.79 - 304 14 156 32 42 40 14 624 40 235 52 18 98 ' $7.01 7.51 6.70 6.24 7.51 8.03 6.74 6.52 6.69 6.50 6.39 7.26 7.52 6.26 5.88 124 5.% - - 36 96 423 5.83 5.50 5.28 932 - - - - 215 5.19 395 71 54 132 182 729 24 304 125 37 96 5.86 6.03 6.73 - 83 399 - - 4.89 5.30 - 96 - 5.83 _ 52 126 699 6 .1 1 4.81 6.42 - - 247 6.48 - - 49 101 68 126 693 6.38 5.43 7.81 5.94 5.87 - - 241 5.88 - - 50 6 .0 0 126 649 5.07 7.17 5.40 5.57 - - 229 5.52 1 01 68 - - 63 5.15 88 101 1,900 84 768 276 141 53 292 138 1,877 86 774 261 138 52 287 131 1,764 84 715 225 143 - 6 .6 8 5.45 5.87 6.30 5.83 6 .0 2 5.36 6.28 5.59 7.67 9.25 7.20 7.68 8.89 6.96 8 .8 8 7.52 7.03 8.61 6 .6 6 6.83 8.24 6.29 8.05 6.93 6.49 7.56 6 .2 1 6.31 7.45 - 190 13 108 18 13 10 18 286 12 93 60 20 48 610 22 261 71 104 42 60 334 16 131 65 65 39 17 1,322 72 512 312 192 60 72 94 1,336 72 500 328 201 61 72 94 1,245 72 445 298 197 60 $7.84 8.25 7.37 8.47 8.63 8.34 8 .2 1 7.26 7.88 7.07 6.98 7.28 7.88 6.57 6.72 6.37 6.32 6.38 6.92 7.02 87 _ 60 _ _ _ - 77 _ 48 _ _ _ 8.48 9.72 7.93 8.59 8.81 8.78 8.58 9.15 7.81 9.13 7.36 7.79 8.05 7.99 7.91 8.44 7.12 8.09 6.69 7.03 7.36 7.34 5.74 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.58 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 209 5.18 5.04 114 5.08 _ - _ - _ _ 74 5.13 40 5.29 5.13 _ 22 _ _ 5.37 _ 244 42 133 48 _ _ _ _ 14 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.23 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.90 6.64 5.86 5.61 205 6.89 _ 133 7.20 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - 48 $5.70 _ 24 6.05 _ _ _ _ _ $5.40 163 5.84 _ _ 53 16 6.29 6.26 27 _ _ _ 208 5.12 75 _ _ 5.34 _ _ _ _ _ _ 85 130 5.05 5.45 68 5.45 5.51 5.11 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.80 466 6.39 _ _ _ _ 215 6.70 6.45 5.38 5.44 31 466 44 _ _ 7.67 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7.40 5.54 5.99 5.46 5.33 54 _ 195 6 .1 1 _ _ 135 167 40 78 42 - _ _ _ 5.85 _ 123 _ 25 _ 5.64 5.35 _ 4.% 5.19 _ 33 218 _ $5.91 76 35 6.33 6.84 6.32 _ _ 18 5.77 237 40 128 48 _ _ _ _ _ 35 _ _ _ _ 4.98 _ _ 5.95 _ _ _ _ 5.57 5.58 5.62 _ _ _ 147 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.10 _ _ _ _ 6 .0 0 _ _ - 20 _ 123 - 41 _ 218 - 96 _ _ _ _ 4.94 54 _ _ _ 5.62 96 _ _ _ _ $5.73 _ 141 _ 62 _ 5.41 5.07 21 6 .0 1 6.03 5.81 6.36 6.44 5.55 5.51 $5.84 201 6.27 139 6.46 _ 96 _ _ _ _ _ 27 90 _ _ _ _ _ 27 84 _ _ _ _ _ - - - 88 _ _ _ _ _ _ 217 86 6 .2 1 5.96 6.28 5.90 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.02 5.22 31 436 5.65 5.53 _ 201 5.84 5.58 - - _ 72 - Table 13. Occupational averages: All mills by size of mill—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Middle Atlantic New England Establishments with— Department and occupation 100-249 workers 250-999 workers 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more 100-249 workers 250-999 workers 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more 100-249 workers 250-999 workers Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings PAPERANDPAPERBOARD—Continued Container board...... ............................................ Boxboard ............................................................ Fourth hands........................................................... Newsprint and groundwood................................... Fine grades......................................................... Sanitary tissue.................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Special industrial................................................ Container board ................................................... Boxboard ............................................................ Fifth hands............................................................ Newsprint and groundwood................................... Fine grades......................................................... Sanitlry tissue.................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Special industrial................................................ Container board................................................... Boxboard ............................................................ lishing, roll: Calender operators.................................................. Fine grades......................................................... Calender helpers..................................................... Fine grades......................................................... Coater operators (off-machine)................................. Fine grades......................................................... Boxboard ............................................................ Coater operator helpers........................................... Fine grades......................................................... Rewinder operators.................................................. Newsprint and groundwood................................... Fine grades......................................................... Sanitary tissue.................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Container board ................................................... Boxboard ............................................................ Rewinder helpers.............. ...................................... Newsprint and groundwood................................... Fine grades......................................................... Sanitary tissue.................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Container board................................................... Boxboard ............................................................. lishing, sheet: Cutters, guillotine type (cut ana trim )....................................................... Fine grades......................................................... Coarse (Kraft).................................................... Boxboard ............................................................ Cutters, rotary or sheet............................................ Fine grades......................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Container board................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 123 428 142 60 92 281 42 44 60 87 $6.58 5.10 5.43 5.47 6.05 4.78 5.13 5.68 5.38 5.87 4.02 279 138 1,665 84 659 171 159 258 173 1,184 72 453 82 152 233 143 $7.33 6.35 6.06 6.57 5.86 108 59 85 31 335 73 168 - 5.91 6.13 5.29 5.77 5.62 5.79 _ 5.55 - 367 324 383 331 128 92 34 136 794 6.43 6.47 5.75 5.76 6.35 6.61 5.72 5.97 6.13 5.98 10 6 .2 1 513 134 25 24 27 619 396 99 23 39 16 5.95 5.79 6.73 7.08 254 103 - 5.40 5.94 5.07 5.44 5.68 - 383 335 28 547 430 16 68 68 348 229 - 110 6 .0 2 6.85 6.64 5.82 5.99 6.44 5.77 5.78 6.47 6.32 5.70 6 .0 2 5.59 5.59 5.29 6.33 6 .2 0 5.37 70 95 1,130 72 434 219 189 52 62 94 892 72 330 113 157 41 77 94 $7.37 7.72 6.49 7.13 6.14 6.51 247 234 6.87 6.92 6.16 222 207 223 195 156 123 963 25 461 260 - 6 .1 1 6.36 6 .1 1 6.06 6.45 6 .2 2 6.90 6.85 6.26 6.26 6.24 6.59 6.23 6 .2 1 - 11 6 .0 1 31 455 6.25 5.80 5.65 5.74 5.77 5.56 5.85 11 300 69 9 22 6 .0 0 284 6 .0 0 220 5.50 5.87 5.88 7.07 6 .6 8 6.63 6.57 6.98 6.18 6.73 5.95 26 16 550 401 20 - 6.42 6.38 6.27 6 .8 6 6.44 6.29 6.34 - - 33 74 45 _ _ - 69 48 - - 21 91 39 33 201 117 - $4.78 4.94 4.93 _ 5.84 5.27 5.19 5.48 _ 5.58 5.65 5.12 5.31 - _ 152 40 70 38 120 - 28 56 32 - 29 18 18 25 25 136 73 120 - 74 _ - 26 24 82 76 _ _ $5.20 5.49 5.16 5.00 5.18 5.54 5.22 4.83 _ 191 140 144 109 - $5.56 5.66 5.60 5.68 - 5.63 6.53 6.53 6.04 6.04 5.34 5.40 5.14 5.27 - 51 42 51 40 6.61 6.76 5.91 6.04 5.69 5.96 - 4.74 4.78 4.92 4.95 - - 34 100 - - - 85 65 61 17 13 25 24 6 .0 1 5.51 5.51 5.62 5.64 5.62 5.62 - - 27 63 - - $4.83 5.08 - 65 47 4.89 4.75 - 31 330 166 22 192 128 66 64 76 74 32 - 22 31 13 225 152 197 129 - - 92 80 12 119 101 “ $5.31 5.32 5.49 5.26 5.33 5.46 6.28 6.26 5.51 5.49 5.63 5.68 5.14 5.19 5.49 5.55 5.19 5.24 6.15 6.28 5.31 5.54 5.54 “ Table 13. Occupational averages: All mills by size of mill—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Middle Atlantic New England Establishments with— Department and occupation 100-249 workers 250-999 workers 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more 100-249 workers 250-999 workers 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more 100-249 workers 250-999 workers Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of Average hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly Number of hourly workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings PAPERANDPAPERBOARD—Continued Boxboard ............................................................ Moratory: Paper testers......................................................... Newsprint and groundwood.................................. Fine grades........................................................ Sanitary tissue................................................... Coarse (Kraft).................................................... Special industrial................................................ Container board.................................................. Boxboard ............................................................ MISCELLANEOUS Electricians, maintenance........................................ Boiler tenders........................................................ Janitors................................................................. Machinists, maintenance............. ............................ Mechanics, general................................................. Millwrights, pulp and paper...................................... Oilers........................................ ........................... Pipefitters, maintenance.......................................... Truckers, power...................................................... Forklift.............................................................. Other than forklift.............................................. See footnotes at end of table. 76 $4.79 62 $5.31 54 $7.09 376 16 129 5.54 6.84 5.74 - 1,136 47 508 74 83 6.17 6.48 6.31 6.33 6.05 6.61 - - 80 58 30 4.77 6.32 4.44 271 368 188 96 534 609 6.91 122 140 698 603 95 6 .0 0 4.72 7.00 7.23 6.81 5.75 7.22 5.27 5.25 5.35 5.56 853 28 339 132 6 .8 8 110 6 .1 2 5.79 6.40 6.57 7.95 7.16 5.63 7.71 8.04 7.83 6.81 7.80 6.19 6.23 6 .0 0 207 131 6.18 15 79 127 1,649 703 841 704 2,393 2,863 786 1,444 2,718 2,093 625 7.81 6.67 5.50 7.44 8.87 7.55 6.61 7.72 5.81 5.80 5.85 1,757 450 797 776 596 3,386 733 1,715 3,185 2,009 1,176 22 6 .6 6 6 .1 0 6 .1 0 - - _ 79 $5.28 126 - 21 39 _ _ _ _ 5.25 _ _ _ _ _ 84 _ _ _ _ _ 51 134 54 9 94 132 5.73 5.73 4.68 5.54 5.87 5.68 5.12 5.40 4.68 4.66 - 200 - 21 33 131 126 - 86 102 130 111 312 71 143 302 266 36 - _ _ _ _ $5.37 5.58 5.44 _ _ _ _ 116 82 _ _ _ _ $5.47 5.51 _ _ _ 51 _ _ _ _ _ _ $5.50 6.53 5.82 4.82 6.19 5.91 6.13 5.59 6.42 5.03 4.95 5.59 166 55 80 104 _ 374 79 190 228 6 .8 8 35 51 23 _ 138 _ 5.81 5.33 4.69 _ 5.80 _ 86 142 _ 6.42 4.94 6.81 6 .8 6 6.05 6.75 5.28 5.27 5.29 _ _ 131 119 - _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - 5.38 5.43 “ _ _ 214 _ 116 28 _ _ _ $5.49 233 140 168 105 _ 491 109 205 517 445 72 6.52 5.81 5.04 6.47 _ - 5.57 5.19 _ _ _ - 6.37 5.55 6.55 5.19 5.21 5.06 Table 13. Occupational averages: All mills by size of mill—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Southwest Southeast Establishments with— Establishments with— Department and occupation 250-999 workers Number of workers PULP oodyard and wood preparation: Crane operators....................................................... Barkers, drum.......................................................... Barkers, hydraulic.................................................... Sawyers.................................................................. Chipper operators..................................................... Knife grinders......................................................... Ipmaking: Cooks, batch digester............................................... Sulphate process.................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Cooks, continuous digester........................................ Sulphate process.................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Soda process....................................................... Cook helpers, first, batch digester ................................................................ Sulphate process .................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Cook helpers, first, continuous digester ................................................................ Sulphate process .................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Grinder operators.................................................... Blow-pit operators (sulphite)..................................... Washer operators (sulphate)...................................... Screen tenders........................................................ Sulphate process .................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Groundwood process............................................. Bleach-plant operators.............................................. Sulphate process.................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Wet-machine operators............................................. Sulphate process.................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Pulp testers ............................................................ Sulphate process.................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Soda process....................................................... Semi-chemical process.......................................... icovery, caustic, and acid making: Acid makers (sulphite)............................................. Evaporator operators (sulphate)................................ Recovery operators (sulphate)................................... Recovery helpers, first (sulphate)............................................................. Caustic operators (causticisers) (sulphate) ............................................................. Lime-kiln operators (sulphate)................................... See footnotes at end of table. 258 58 33 68 20 103 Average hour ly earnings $7.56 6.14 5.87 6.13 6.62 - 8.26 8.23 8.89 9.19 - 126 107 - 6.67 6.62 - 36 32 7.61 7.83 7.45 7.01 7.04 88 40 36 - 80 44 28 - - - "30 24 132 108 8.64 8.64 6.16 6.13 1 ,0 0 0 Number of workers 306 64 72 90 35 Average hour ly earnings $7.98 6.05 6.29 6.37 6.77 8 $8 .1 2 6.80 6.82 8.08 8 .2 2 7.77 7.77 - - 8.37 8.37 9.57 9.42 - 6.69 6.94 - - - 40 40 146 120 - - - 28 28 48 72 74 57 122 - % 132 125 - - - - - - - - 12 28 24 21 6 .8 6 6.38 7.64 6.98 7.08 7.82 8 .2 1 - - - 112 138 6 .8 8 103 93 7.34 7.00 83 63 7.74 7.14 - 7.85 7.60 6.97 1 ,0 0 0 59 22 32 19 10 - - $7.88 6.42 6.40 6.17 6.49 16 43 43 6.81 6.81 - 16 7.23 6.85 6.57 8.38 8.35 21 16 - Average hour ly earnings 7.98 7.98 8.14 - 33 33 - - 6.16 6.16 “ - workers or more Number of workers - 27 27 - 6.97 12 - 6 .1 1 8 .2 1 17 - 6 .1 0 121 90 12 6 .8 6 7.58 8.31 90 12 100 - 7.64 55 Average hour ly earnings 108 - 88 Number of workers - - 250-999 workers workers oc more 37 33 72 56 “ - 6.17 6.23 - 20 8.83 36 6.81 68 28 8.06 28 - 7.62 24 36 8 .2 2 7.19 20 7.41 7.18 Table 13. Occupational averages: All mills by size of mill—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Department and occupation Southeast Southwest Establishments with— Establishments with— 250-999 workers Number of workers Average hourly earnings 1,000 workers or more Number of workers Average hourly earnings 250-999 workers Number of workers Average hourly earnings 1,000 workers or more Number of workers Average hourly earnings PAPER AND PAPERBOARD Stock preparation: Head stock preparers, group I .............. Newsprint and groundwood.............. Fine grades...................................... Sanitary tissue................................ Coarse (K ra ft)................................ Container board............................... Boxboard ......................................... Head stock preparers, group I I ............. Newsprint and groundwood.............. Fine grades...................................... Sanitary tissue................................ Coarse (K ra ft)................................ Container board............................... Boxboard............ ............................. Beater-operator helpers....................... Newsprint and groundwood.............. Fine grades...................................... Sanitary tissue................................ Coarse (Kraft) ................................ Container board............................... Boxboard ......................................... Hydrapulper operators .......................... Newsprint and groundwood.............. Fine grades...................................... Sanitary tissue................................ Coarse (K ra ft)................................ Container board ............................... Boxboard ......................................... Machine room: Paper-machine tenders......................... Newsprint and groundwood.............. Fine grades...................................... Sanitary tissue................................ Coarse (K ra ft)................................ Special industrial............................ Container board ............................... Boxboard ......................................... Backtenders ........................................ Newsprint and groundwood.............. Fine grades...................................... Sanitary tissue................................ Coarse (Kraft) ................................ Special industrial............................. Container board ............................... Boxboard ......................................... Third hands......................................... Newsprint and groundwood.............. Fine grades...................................... Sanitary tissue................................ Coarse (K ra ft)................................ Special industrial............................ Container board ............................... Boxboard......................................... See footnotes at end of table. 52 $8.20 - - - - - - 32 - 7.94 - 73 103 - $7.80 - 58 7.48 28 $7.24 - - - - _ _ _ - _ _ - - - - - - - - 70 $8.09 - - - 7.49 19 - 7.65 16 - _ 7 36 8.84 - _ - 8.37 7.94 - - - - - - - - - " - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32 29 118 - 7.92 7.13 6.40 - - - - 16 56 6.76 6.43 81 5.51 - 32 231 - - “ - - - - - 32 5.71 - - 280 8.76 - - - - - - - - 128 57 262 8.93 8.51 7.93 - - - - - - - - 127 56 262 8.07 7.76 7.28 - - - - - - 39 - 127 57 7.26 - 7.47 7.10 - 77 - - 7.76 6.75 6.63 - 47 32 28 89 7.01 6.96 7.04 5.68 12 20 6.02 5.98 - - _ - - 13 5.43 393 36 108 53 80 8.90 10.30 8.12 8.80 9.18 _ - 48 48 403 36 114 59 78 - 9.00 9.13 8.16 9.61 7.49 7.92 8.39 - 48 48 371 36 79 60 79 - 8.28 8.45 7.66 8.54 7.30 7.33 7.85 - 48 49 7.64 7.73 - - 10 - 9.13 _ 24 _ - _ - - - 6.67 68 6.91 - - - - - - - _ 14 5.61 _ - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108 9.11 145 9.08 - - - - - - en 8.41 - - 24 - 9.65 - 108 8.18 - - - - - - 64 - 7.74 - 24 8.55 108 7.53 - - 32 36 7.00 5.95 - - - - 29 9.16 - - - - _ _ 38 153 - 9.05 8.36 - 29 8.32 - - - - - - - 38 140 8.35 7.52 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64 - - 24 - 7.17 8.00 - _ - 38 7.66 Table 13. Occupational averages: All mills by size of mill—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Department and occupation Southeast Southwest Establishments with— Establishments with— 250-999 workers Number of workers Average hour ly earnings 1,000 workers or more Number of workers Average hour ly earnings 250-999 workers Number of workers Average hour ly earnings 1,000 workers or more Number of workers Average hour ly earnings PAPER AND PAPERBOARD—Continued to Fourth hands................................................................ Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................... Sanitary tissue......................................................... Coarse (Kraft) ......................................................... Special industrial...................................................... Container board ........................................................ Boxboard .................................................................. Fifth hands.................................................................. Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................... Sanitary tissue......................................................... Coarse (K ra ft)......................................................... Special industrial...................................................... Container board ........................................................ Boxboard .................................................................. Finishing, roll: Calender operators....................................................... Fine grades............................................................... Calender helpers........................................................... Fine grades............................................................... Coater operators (off-machine).................................... Fine grades............................................................... Boxboard ................................................................... Coater operator helpers................................................ Fine grades............................................................... Rewinder operators....................................................... Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................... Sanitary tissue......................................................... Coarse (K ra ft)......................................................... Container board........................................................ Boxboard .................................................................. Rewinder helpers.......................................................... Newsprint and groundwood....................................... Fine grades............................................................... Sanitary tissue......................................................... Coarse (K ra ft)......................................................... Container board........................................................ Boxboard ................................................................... Finishing, sheet: Cutters, guillotine type (cut ana trim )............................................................ Fine grades............................................................... Coarse (Kraft) ......................................................... Boxboard ................................................................... Cutters, rotary or sheet..................... ........................... Fine grades............................................................... Coarse (K ra ft)......................................................... Container board........................................................ Boxboard ................................................................... Laboratory: Paper testers................................................................ See footnotes at end of table. 274 39 126 76 249 40 125 67 11 - 50 7 - 37 _ - $6.36 6.60 6.61 5.91 6.04 6.18 6.10 5.78 354 36 71 •60 81 38 48 352 36 81 81 54 48 $6.92 7.52 6.79 6.57 7.05 6.87 6.97 6.38 7.20 6.22 6.41 6.21 6.38 7.22 6.81 6.50 5.94 - 35 35 26 26 23 6.42 6.42 5.85 5.85 7.12 6.24 7.54 6.27 6.29 6.18 5.72 5.61 5.83 5.83 _ 6.42 - 236 11 106 16 _ 19 81 32 - 12 15 71 38 16 - - - - 186 75 36 226 6.58 323 - 34 6.36 6.25 6.33 _ 6.68 6.53 _ 6.89 6.38 100 56 24 100 56 24 _ - 16 $6.78 6.61 7.03 6.24 6.14 6.39 6.70 - 137 38 139 38 - 53 23 52 $6.79 6.91 6.26 6.43 6.58 7.11 5.90 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69 6.59 - 31 127 6.70 - 6.25 Table 13. Occupational averages: AH miHs by size of mill—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Southwest Southeast Establishments with— Establishments with— Department and occupation 250-999 workers Number of workers PAPER AND PAPERBOARD—Continued Newsprint and groundwood.................................... Fine grades.......................................................... Sanitary tissue..................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Special industrial................................................. Container board........................-.......................... Boxboard ............................................................. MISCELLANEOUS Electricians, maintenance.......................................... Boiler tenders.......................................................... Janitors.................................................................. Machinists, maintenance............................................ Mechanics, general................................................... Millwrights, pulp and paper....................................... Oilers..................................................................... Pipefitters, maintenance............................................ Truckers, power....................................................... Forklift............................................................... Other than forklift................................................ See footnotes at end of table. Average hour ly earnings - - - - - - Ill - $6.30 - 396 124 129 143 1,196 665 215 357 373 329 44 8.05 7.33 5.49 7.94 8.81 8 .0 2 6.89 7.98 5.97 5.97 6.03 1 ,0 0 0 Number of workers - 17 95 51 49 61 817 201 280 329 164 1,473 292 786 983 789 194 250-999 workers workers or more 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more Number of workers Average hour ly earnings - - - - Average hour ly earnings Number of workers Average hour ly earnings $6.52 6.26 6.56 6.29 6.36 - - - - - - - - 8.08 7.18 5.53 7.82 7.87 7.% 6.93 7.96 6 .1 0 6.08 6.14 - 35 16 77 - 20 27 625 111 62 73 109 100 - $6 .6 6 6.90 9.00 7.21 8.24 9.31 8.24 6.72 8.14 5.66 5.70 - - 46 233 47 48 88 - $6.40 8.19 7.35 5.56 8.14 - 344 128 237 266 180 8.07 7.02 8.13 86 5.90 6 .1 1 6 .2 1 Table 13. Occupational averages: All mills by size of mill—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Department and occupation PULP oodyard and wood preparation: Crane operators....................................................... Barkers, drum.......................................................... Barkers, hydraulic.................................................... Sawyers.................................................................. Chipper operators..................................................... Knife grinders................. ........................................ lipmaking: Cooks, batch digester............................................. Sulphate process.................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Cooks, continuous digester........ ............................... Sulphate process.................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Soda process ....................................................... Cook helpers, first, batch digester................................................................. Sulphate process .................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Cook helpers, first, continuous digester ................................................................. Sulphate process .................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Grinder operators..................................................... Blow-pit operators (sulphite)..................................... Washer operators (sulphate)..................................... Screen tenders ........................................................ Sulphate process .................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Groundwood process............................................. Bleach-plant operators.............................................. Sulphate process .................................................. Sulphite process.......... _____________ ____ _ r Wet-machine operators............................................. Sulphate process...............................................i™, Sulphite process................................................... Pulp testers ............................................................ Sulphate process.................................................. Sulphite process................................................... Soda process ....................................................... Semi-chemical process.......................................... covery, caustic, and acid making: Acid makers (sulphite).............................................. Evaporator operators (sulphate)................................. Recovery operators (sulphate)................................... Recovery helpers, first (sulphate)............................ ................................ Caustic operators (causticisers) (sulphate)......................... .*................................... Lime-kiln operators (sulphate)................................... See footnotes at end of table. 100-249 workers Great Lakes Pacific Establishments with— Establishments with— 250-999 workers Number of workers Average hour ly earnings Number of workers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 21 21 25 8 - 33 22 33 22 146 27 11 - 45 15 14 53 11 22 - 24 9 15 91 23 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more Average hour ly earnings Number of workers $6.18 5.56 5.68 5.86 6.34 - 6.78 6.72 - 17 7 28 12 - - 6.00 $6.64 6.36 5.99 6.56 7.42 7.50 7.36 6.47 6.63 6.34 16 65 6.37 6.29 6.78 6.82 5.92 32 15 6.15 6.13 20 6.22 6.70 5.94 5.91 6.33 - 16 30 14 16 6.06 6.04 5.59 5.92 6.42 5.89 5.98 5.85 6.30 6.94 6.39 44 7 Average hour ly earnings 16 32 - - - - - 18 - - 11 44 32 8.69 8.64 8.99 9.09 9.09 - 78 52 14 20 64 48 16 48 55 32 82 40 - - 8 .0 0 _ - - 11 72 33 36 - - 18 13 28 - Average hour ly earnings $7.89 7.75 7.57 7.45 11 10 - 6.23 6.70 15 - - 11 22 11 Number of workers - 6.50 6.91 26 250-999 workers 22 7.27 7.28 7.75 7.90 7.30 7.74 7.86 7.90 8.65 8.65 8.53 _ 7.40 7.42 7.23 - 81 8.41 9.08 6.18 84 7.73 6.36 “ 44 51 16 8 .1 1 8 .0 0 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more Number of workers - 14 11 16 8 7 - 36 20 44 28 - 11 Average hour ly earnings $7.75 7.44 7.83 7.32 8.25 9.38 9.53 7.57 7.62 7.36 - 32 8 .0 0 24 8 .0 0 40 20 20 _ 31 - - 8.73 8.57 8.89 _ 7.52 - 16 32 8.70 8.49 8.78 25 7.43 16 8.24 20 - Table 13. Occupational averages: All mills by size of mill—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Great Lakes Pacific Establishments with— 100-249 workers Number of workers PAPER AND PAPERBOARD Stock preparation: Head stock preparers, group 1.................................... Newsprint and groundwood.................................... Fine grades... 7. .................................................................................................. Sanitary tissue..................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Container board.................................................... Boxboard ............................................................. Head stock preparers, group II................................... Newsprint and groundwood.................................... Fine grades.......................................................... Sanitary tissue..................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Container board.................................................... Boxboard ............................................................. Beater-operator helpers............................................ Newsprint and groundwood.......... ......................... Fine grades.......................................................... Sanitary tissue..................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Container board.... ............................................... Boxboard ............................................................. Hydrapulper operators............................................... Newsprint and groundwood.................................... Fine grades.......................................................... Sanitary tissue..................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Container board.................................................... Boxboard ............................................................. Machine room: Paper-machiBe tenders.............................................. Newsprint and groundwood.................................... Fine grades .. . . . 7. ................................................................................................. Sanitary tissue..................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Special industrial................................................. Container board.................................................... Boxboard ............................................................. Backtenders ............................................................ Newsprint and groundwood.................................... Fine grades.......................................................... Sanitary tissue..................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Special industrial................................................. Container board.................................................... Boxboard ............................................................. Third hands............................................................. Newsprint and groundwood.................................... Fine grades.......................................................... Sanitary tissue..................................................... Coarse (Kraft)..................................................... Special industrial................................................. Container board.................................................... Boxboard ............................................................. See footnotes at end of table. 27 - - _ _ 135 37 _ - 115 - Average hour ly earnings 250-999 workers Number of workers $5.67 _ _ _ _ _ 6.15 _ _ 5.77 - 29 _ _ 136 - _ _ _ 5.45 - $9.19 66 6.89 _ _ 14 _ _ 7.59 16 9.18 84 8.15 - _ _ _ _ _ 24 54 196 6.56 55 6.69 41 5.87 - _ - _ - - - 197 - 55 - 42 5.61 200 5.66 - - - 52 - - - - - - - " “ _ 102 5.82 58 41 6 .0 1 7.58 52 7.67 _ 123 7.19 _ _ 6.95 7.59 _ _ 32 7.31 _ 10.65 154 10.14 10.37 11.18 44 10.45 _ 6 .2 0 6.16 6.28 _ 6.23 6.06 6 .0 1 - _ _ 56 38 6.05 6.18 _ _ 5.91 5.66 _ 144 7.80 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 307 7.12 132 _ _ _ _ 7.21 _ _ _ _ _ 293 6.56 _ 115 _ 6.73 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 27 _ 6.49 6.64 _ _ 96 _ _ _ _ 6 .1 2 68 6.77 6.50 6.45 _ 6.40 6.05 7.02 7.39 _ 18 7.48 _ _ 333 72 _ Average hour ly earnings _ 240 344 72 * 20 _ Number of workers _ 36 7.73 - 5.65 - 114 workers or more _ 7.54 319 56 32 540 - - _ _ _ 175 7.03 7.01 _ _ _ - 6.30 _ _ _ 5.97 5.80 5.83 _ _ 5.56 5.64 5.80 86 _ 39 537 332 72 - - _ _ - 6.07 6.23 5.80 5.77 56 38 530 - _ 1 ,0 0 0 _ _ _ _ 6.07 Average hour ly earnings 30 - - Number of workers $7.59 _ - Average hour ly earnings 14 176 _ _ 24 63 293 152 32 - Number of workers 250-999 workers $6.99 - 5.54 workers or more 80 _ _ _ _ 188 109 _ _ 35 293 6 .0 0 Average hour ly earnings Establishments with— 1 ,0 0 0 £ Department and occupation 48 _ 64 10.09 235 9.74 60 9.46 10.17 _ ■ 9.23 219 8.52 68 47 _ _ 68 39 8.39 8.96 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 156 9.28 _ _ 45 9.62 144 8.28 _ 36 8.63 _ 52 8 .0 2 - - Table 13. Occupational averages: All mills by size of min—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Pacific Great Lakes Establishments with— Establishments with Department and occupation 100-249 workers Number of workers ON PAPERANDMPEtWAND—Continued Fourth hands.......................... .................. Newsprint and groundweod...................... Fine grades............................................ Sanitary tissue......................... ............. Coarse (Kraft)....................................... Special industrial.................................... Container board...................................... Boxboard................................... ........... Fifth hands............................................... Newsprint and groundwood..................... Fine grades............ ............................... Sanitary tissue...................................... Coarse (Kraft).................................. Special industrial .................................. Container board...................................... Boxboard ............................................... Finishing, roll: Calender operators................ Fine grades....................... Calender helpers................. Fine grades ....................... Coater operators (off-machine) Fine grades....................... Boxboard .......................... Coater operator helpers......... Fine grades....................... Rewinder operators................ Newsprint and groundwood. Fine grades....................... Sanitary tissue................. Coarse (Kraft)................. Container board................. Boxboard .......................... Rewinder helpers.................. Newsprint and groundwood. Fine grades....................... Sanitary tissue................. Coarse (Kraft)................. Container board................. Boxboard .......................... Finishing, sheet: Cutters, guillotine type (cut and trim ).................... Fine grades....................... Coarse (Kraft)................. Boxboard .......................... Cutters, rotary or sheet........ Fine grades....................... Coarse (Kraft)................. Container board................ Boxboard .......................... Laboratory: Paper testers....................... See footnotes at end of table. Average hourly earnings 250-999 workers Number of workers Average hourly earnings 1,900 workers or more Number of workers Average hourly earnings 250-999 workers Number of workers Average hourly earnings 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more Number of workers Average hour ly earnings 164 $5.52 547 $5.76 252 $6.11 230 $7.55 121 $7.46 34 5.47 330 64 5.77 5.75 130 87 6.20 6.23 69 41 48 7.51 7.86 7.37 27 7.70 52 63 291 5.91 5.67 5.68 36 7.31 118 5.91 200 7.17 74 7.11 189 5.64 65 6.02 56 34 44 7.22 7.20 7.07 38 7.00 56 5.59 197 178 229 190 63 41 20 65 57 280 6.30 6.38 5.59 5.59 6.33 6.55 5.97 5.99 6.04 6.07 101 97 85 81 133 133 6.90 6.95 6.13 6.17 6.76 6.76 79 79 433 6.39 6.39 6.10 69 7.34 221 6.03 198 6.33 41 7.38 7 193 6.15 5.77 143 5.81 149 5.77 112 5.99 30 7.33 25 7.58 124 150 5.31 5.65 6 5.99 70 31 5.73 5.66 213 204 5.88 5.89 112 108 6.33 6.36 58 31 5.64 5.63 7 247 191 5.55 5.82 5.90 221 214 6.35 6.38 110 5.78 319 5.85 153 6.22 133 7.55 7.71 Table 13. Occupational averages: All mills by size of mill—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of production workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Pacific Great Lakes Establishments with— Establishments with— Department and occupation 100-249 workers Number of workers PAPER AND PAPERBOARD—Continued Newsprint and groundwood.................................... Fine grades.......................................................... Sanitary tissue.................................................... Coarse (Kraft).................................................... Special industrial................................................. Container board.................................................... Boxboard ............................................................. MISCELLANEOUS Electricians, maintenance.......................................... Boiler tenders.......................................................... Janitors........................................................................ Machinists, maintenance............................................... Mechanics, general........................................................ Millwrights, pulp and paper........................................... Oilers............................................................................ Pipefitters, maintenance............................................... Truckers, power............................................................. Forklift..................................................................... Other than fo rk lift.................................................... - Average hour ly earnings - 33 $5.79 - 250-999 workers Number of workers - 223 - 38 1 ,0 0 0 Average hour ly earnings Number of workers - - $5.92 - 5.36 - 6.78 6.48 353 223 6.76 6.23 280 84 61 11 35 275 5.09 6.47 6.10 6.80 5.79 6.90 5.41 5.39 274 168 39 705 171 348 919 556 363 5.39 6.76 6.76 6.68 5.97 6.80 5.59 5.58 5.62 231 136 613 126 248 937 566 371 55 5.53 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 250-999 workers Average hour ly earnings Number of workers - - $6.38 1 01 91 131 54 290 243 47 workers or more workers or more Average hour ly earnings Average hour ly earnings - - - - $7.65 - - - - - - 40 7.52 - - 7.33 307 9.68 152 $9.59 94 146 105 295 439 124 240 436 344 92 8.33 6.57 9.56 9.78 9.64 7.97 9.64 7.24 7.22 7.31 40 77 58 8.78 6.76 9.49 9.52 8.41 9.52 7.50 7.50 7.50 6 .8 6 • 48 1 ,0 0 0 Number of workers 5.74 7.27 7.26 6.26 7.19 6.02 5.95 6.13 - - 338 61 138 445 322 123 NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Table 14. Occupational averages: All mills by size of mill and size of community (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Occupation and Size of establishment Crane operators: 100-249 workers..................................................... 250-999 workers..................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................. Cooks, sulphate, batch digester: 100-249 workers..................................................... 250-999 workers..................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................. Cooks, sulphate, cont. digester: 250-999 workers..................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................. Paper-machine tenders, fine grades: 100-249 workers..................................................... 250-999 workers..................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................. Fourth hands, fine grades: 100-249 workers..................................................... 250-999 workers..................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................. Mechanics, general: 100-249 workers..................................................... 250-999 workers..................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................. Millwrights, pulp and paper: 100-249 workers..................................................... 250-999 workers..................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................. Janitors: 100-249 workers..................................................... 250-999 workers..................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................. See footnotes at end of table. Metropolitan areas Number of workers Average hourly earn ings Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas Average hourly earn ings Number of workers 14 288 366 $6.64 7.23 7.66 _ 16 8.75 8.38 Number of workers $7.51 7.70 55 57 7.57 8.09 74 12 8.83 8.45 66 146 463 177 6.34 6.79 7.75 305 335 6.67 7.83 8.03 87 84 98 356 157 5.41 5.67 6.15 44 303 277 5.59 6.09 6.13 45 26 222 267 6.33 8.79 7.28 312 1,727 329 7.86 8.90 8.65 413 1,369 1,204 6.53 7.13 7.84 196 1,494 2,182 7.39 7.93 7.82 78 69 122 4.62 5.36 5.68 389 472 4.89 5.67 5.59 31 67 666 452 325 116 80 101 66 Number of workers 23 39 _ Average hourly earn ings Number of workers 27 $5.98 6.80 Average hourly earn ings _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8.53 7.64 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.67 5.89 4.47 4.94 44 85 6.25 8.14 187 44 108 5.00 5.67 142 74 5.96 5.79 6.76 _ Average hourly earn ings Number of workers Average hourly earn ings $7.90 7.95 178 240 $7.41 7.99 24 32 7.99 8.14 64 8.32 8.26 16 9.25 8.45 20 80 66 _ 4.93 5.45 Number of workers $6.17 8 .1 1 $5.95 6.36 Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas _ 152 116 11 1 Average hourly earn ings Southeast Middle Atlantic New England United States2 12 - - - - - - 68 28 9.15 7.47 96 7.98 - - . 101 _ _ 138 5.55 - - _ - - 23 6.44 48 6.96 140 8.14 1,056 91 8.90 8.29 349 932 7.86 7.99 . 5.80 - - - - _ 243 336 23 35 48 6 .2 0 6.89 4.95 4.60 4.99 472 _ 23 152 _ 6.39 _ 4.69 5.08 _ 316 541 20 57 54 8 .2 0 7.89 4.31 5.64 5.37 . 72 226 _ 5.38 5.57 Table 14. Occupational averages: All mills by size of mill and size of community—Continued (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Southwest Occupation and Size of establishment Crane operators: 100-249 workers.................................................... 250-999 workers.................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................ Cooks, sulphate, batch digester: 100-249 workers.................................................... 250-999 workers.................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................ Cooks, sulphate, cont. digester: 250-999 workers.................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................ Paper-machine tenders, fine grades: 100-249 workers.................................................... 250-999 workers.................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................ Fourth hands, fine grades: 100-249 workers.................................................... 250-999 workers.................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers........................................... Mechanics, general: 100-249 workers.................................................... 250-999 workers.................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers........................................... Millwrights, pulp and paper: 100-249 workers.................................................... 250-999 workers.................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers........................................... Janitors: 100-249 workers.................................................... 250-999 workers.................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 or more workers............................................ 1 2 Metropolitan areas Number of workers Average hourly earnings Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers Average hourly earnings 32 27 $8.19 7.97 23 32 $8.03 7.81 17 8.15 16 7.80 20 9.26 _ Metropolitan areas Number of workers 11 Average hourly earnings $6 .0 2 168 6 .6 6 168 5.62 33 6.05 Pacific Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers 392 9.33 233 244 9.28 217 354 8 .0 1 39 123 32 6.84 6.55 5.47 5.03 5.31 Average hourly earnings 41 36 $6.23 6.65 12 7.50 Metropolitan areas Number of workers Average hourly earnings Nonmetropolitan areas Number of workers Average hourly earnings _ 16 $7.85 28 $9.27 7.39 8.03 52 1 0 .6 6 162 89 5.40 5.92 6.33 57 7.55 25 6.53 58 351 309 6.65 6.82 7.32 123 316 9.77 9.50 22 5.18 5.46 5.72 52 41 165 94 20 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Great Lakes 151 115 6 .6 6 9.29 211 6.51 94 6.60 NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Table 15. Occupational earnings: Crane operators (Percent distribution by average straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Hourly earnings United States2 New England Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Number of workers................................................ 988 65 574 124 142 Average hourly earnings'........................................ $7.46 $6.45 $7.79 $7.88 $6.51 Total ................................................................ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Under $5.00......................................................... 0.9 $5.00 and under $5.20........................................... $5.20 and under $5.40........................................... $5.40 and under $5.60........................................... $5.60 and under $5.80........................................... $5.80 and under $6.00........................................... .3 1.5 .1 - 1.1 1.5 1.9 _ 3.1 3.1 13.8 $6 . 0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 .......................................... $6.20 and under $6.40........................................... $6.40 and under $6.60........................................... $6.60 and under $6.80.......................................... $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... 3.3 4.0 7.9 5.0 7.7 13.8 24.6 $7.00 and under $7.20........................................... $7.20 and under $7.40........................................... $7.40 and under $7.60........................................... $7.60 and under $7.80........................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... 4.4 15.1 1.5 24.6 $8 . 0 0 and under $8 . 2 0 ........................................... $8.20 and under $8.40........................................... $8.40 and under $8.60........................................... $8.60 and under $8.80........................................... $8.80 and under $9.00........................................... 24.8 7.8 4.1 3.8 $9.00 and over ..................................................... .9 2 .2 3.5 6 .2 - - 0.9 - .7 6.3 1.4 1 .0 _ .3 4.9 .7 5.2 2 0 .6 6 .6 - 8.9 3.0 .9 - - 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. _ 6.5 3.2 7.3 4.8 2 .8 3.5 - - - 33.3 43.5 - 1 0 .8 1 2 .1 .3 - - - - 2.4 - - 6.4 - - 6 .6 - - 11.3 9.9 7.7 33.1 19.7 2 0 .2 - .2 - - - - _ NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal . 100 Table 16. Occupational earnings: Cooks, sulphate, batch digester (Percent distribution by average straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 Hourly earnings Southeast Southwest Pacific Number of workers................................................ 363 188 61 52 Average hourly earnings'......................................... $8.14 $8.23 $8 .2 2 $8.91 Total ................................................................. 1 0 0 .0 Under $ 6 00 19 $6 .0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 ...... 22 $6.40 and under $6.60........................................... $6.60 and under $6.80 $ 6 8 0 and under $ 7 0 0 30 1.1 1 1 $7 20 and under $7 40 5.5 1 _ 1 0 0 .0 _ _ 2 .1 8.5 Southeast $7.40 and under $7.60........................................... $7.60 and under $7.80........................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... 5.5 11.3 1 0 .6 $8 .0 0 and under $8 . 2 0 ........................................... $8.20 and under $8.40........................................... $8.40 and under $8.60........................................... $8.60 and under $8.80........................................... $8.80 and under $9.00........................................... 8 .8 1 0 .6 13.2 7.7 14.9 $9.00 and under $9.20........................................... $9.20 and under $9.40........................................... $9.40 and under $9.60........................................... $9.60 and under $9.80........................................... $9.80 and under $10.00.......................................... 4.4 _ 6 .6 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. United States2 4.3 8.5 6 .6 Southwest 6 .6 _ 34.4 1 0 .6 6 .6 8.5 6 .6 1 2 .8 5.5 2 .1 6.4 6 .6 _ Pacific Number of workers................................................ 232 76 72 Average hourly earnings'........................................ $8.37 $8.44 $8.92 Total ................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 $5.80 and under $6.00........................................... $6 0 0 and under $ 6 70 $6 40 and under $ 6 60 $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... 1 2 95 1.3 _ 17 1.7 5.3 17 _ Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. _ _ Hourly earnings $7.00 and under $7.20........................................... $7.20 and under $7.40........................................... $7.40 and under $7.60........................................... $7.60 and under $7.80........................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... United States2 7.7 15.4 30.8 6 .6 _ _ Southeast Pacific 3.4 5.2 1.7 5.2 10.5 15.8 5.3 _ $8.00 and under $8.40........................................... $8.40 and under $8.80........................................... $8.80 and under $9.20........................................... $9.20 and under $9.60........................................... $9.60 and under $10.00.......................................... 6.9 19.0 10.5 5.3 10.5 31.6 $10.00 and under $10.40........................................ $10.40 and under $10.80........................................ 8 .6 1 1 .6 13.8 6.9 1.7 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. - _ - 16.7 5.6 27.8 16.7 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 5.3 " - 13.1 _ 1 .1 7.7 7.7 7.7 _ NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Southeast - _ (Percent distribution by average straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 15.4 - 19.7 13.1 _ Table 17. Occupational earnings: Cooks, sulphate, continuous digester Hourly earnings Pacific 1 0 0 .0 1 1 $7 0 0 and under $ 7 2 0 2 1 0 0 .0 Hourly earnings 1 1 .1 - 7.7 Table 18: Occupational earnings: Grinder operators (Percent distribution by average straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Hourly earnings Number of workers................................................. Average hourly earnings1 Total................................................................. United States2 Middle Atlantic Southeast Great Lakes 475 41 72 174 $6 .2 1 $5.32 $6.62 $5.66 1 0 0 .0 4.6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 43.9 $5 40 and under $5 00 $5 BO and under $ 6 00 $6 .0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 ............................................ $fi ?fl and undpr $0 40 1 2 _ 17 196 34 173 25.3 g 341 16.7 2 2 .0 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. _ 2 2 .2 United States2 $6.40 and under $6.60............................................ $6.60 and under $6.80............................................ $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... 6.7 $7.00 and under $7.20............................................ $7.20 and under $7.40............................................ $7.40 and under $7.60............................................ $7.60 and under $7.80............................................ $7.80 and under $8.00............................................ 6.3 5.9 Middle Atlantic Southeast _ - 44.4 - 46 43.7 35.6 16.1 _ .8 - Great Lakes - - - - - - _ - 5.6 - - - 5.6 5.6 - - 1 0 0 .0 $4 90 and under $5 00 $5.00 and under $5.20............................................ Hourly earnings - $8 . 0 0 and under $8 . 2 0 ............................................ $8.20 and under $8.40............................................ $8.40 and under $8.60............................................ $8.60 and under $8.80............................................ $8.80 and under $9.00............................................ 1.7 - - .8 - - - $9.00 and under $9.20............................................ 1.7 - - - .8 .8 1.7 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Table 19. Occupational earnings: Beater-operator helpers, fine grades (Percent distribution by average straight-time hourly earnings, 1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Hourly earnings United States2 New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Great Lakes Pacific Number of workers................................................ 871 197 174 89 319 56 Average hourly earnings1 ........................................ $5.84 $5.06 $5.36 $6.64 $6 .0 1 $7.68 Total ............................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Under $4.00......................................................... 0 .8 $4.00 and under $4.10........................................... $4.10 and under $4.20........................................... $4.20 and under $4.30........................................... $4.30 and under $4.40........................................... $4.40 and under $4.50........................................... $4.50 and under $4.60........................................... $4.60 and under $4.70........................................... $4.70 and under $4.80........................................... $4.80 and under $4.90........................................... $4.90 and under $5.00............................. ............. $5.00 and under $5.20........................................... $5.20 and under $5.40........................................... $5.40 and under $5.60........................................... $5.60 and under $5.80........................................... $5.80 and under $6.00........................................... $6 .0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 ........................................... $6.20 and under $6.40........................................... $6.40 and under $6.60........................................... $6.60 and under $6.80........................................... $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... $7.00 and under $7.20........................................... $7.20 and under $7.40.......................................... $7.40 and under $7.60.......................................... $7.60 and under $7.80.......................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... $8.00 and under $8.40........................................... 1.4 - .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 3.6 - - - - 6 .1 _ _ _ _ - - - - - - 9.2 14.4 - _ _ _ - 0.9 - - 5.2 24.1 23.6 _ _ 18.0 7.5 16.0 13.8 7.2 - 1 .0 - 4.1 6 .1 2 .8 1 2 .2 .3 5.6 - 1 2 .2 7.0 12.3 11.9 - 26.4 12.7 6 .1 3.1 9.6 - 9.1 1 0 .6 1 2 .1 - _ - 2.3 - _ 4.6 6 .1 - - 3.1 5.6 4.5 - - 5.6 12.4 4.5 14.6 18.0 20.7 13.2 7.2 3.8 6 .6 - 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.1 _ 2 .1 1.4 2 .1 4.1 1.4 .5 - 4.6 - 2 .0 _ 2 .0 _ - - _ - - - - - - - 9.0 - 14.3 14.3 64.3 7.1 - 4.5 - - - 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. - - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Table 20. Occupational earnings: Paper-machine^ tenders, fine grades (Percent distribution by average straight-time hourly earnings, 1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Hourly earnings United States2 New England Middle Atlantic Number of workers................................................ 1,527 386 296 Southeast 532 112 $7.20 $10.14 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 - Average hourly earnings1 ........................................ $7.33 $6.69 $6 .6 6 Total............................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Under $5.50......................................................... 1.5 5.2 $5.50 and under $5.60........................................... $5.60 and under $5.70.......................................... $5.70 and under $5.80........................................... $5.80 and under $5.90........................................... $5.90 and under $6.00........................................... .5 1 .0 .2 1.5 6 .6 $6 . 0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 .......................................... $6.20 and under $6.40........................................... $6.40 and under $6.60........................................... $6.60 and under $6.80........................................... $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... 10.5 7.8 $7.00 and under $7.20.......................................... $7.20 and under $7.40.......................................... $7.40 and under $7.60........................................... $7.60 and under $7.80........................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... 7.3 4.8 4.6 3.1 4.8 $8.00 and under $8.40........................................... $8.40 and under $8.80........................................... $8.80 and under $9.20........................................... $9.20 and under $9.60.......................................... $9.60 and under $10.00......................................... 6 .1 $10.00 and under $10.40....................................... $10.40 and under $10.80....................................... $10.80 and under $1 1 . 2 0 ....................................... $1 1 .2 0 and under $11.60....................................... 6 .8 6 .2 7.7 3.1 2 .1 2 .8 2.4 3.7 2.9 .8 3.4 4.4 16.3 Pacific 120 $8.31 1 .8 Great Lakes 1 .0 - - _ 5.1 - _ 0 .6 - - .6 - 1 .1 - - 21.3 _ - 2.4 1.4 2.7 1.4 - 34.2 6.7 3.3 - 10.9 10.7 9.8 4.7 . - 2.7 1.4 13.3 6.7 6.7 15.8 - 8.5 4.9 1.5 1.5 - 3.6 7.1 3.6 14.3 7.1 1.4 1.4 1 .0 - 6.7 6.7 - - - 25.0 25.0 7.1 7.1 17.9 8.3 6.5 8.5 3.9 1.3 1 .0 .8 2 .6 9.6 3.1 3.1 2 .1 .5 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 .0 1 0 .8 18.9 8.4 7.8 1 0 .1 _ “ - 6 .8 1 0 .2 9.0 5.8 7.3 6 .2 ” NOTE; Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. - - Table 21. Occupational earnings: Fourth hands, fine grades (Percent distribution by average straight-time hourly earnings, 1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Hourly earnings United States2 New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Great Lakes Pacific Number of workers............................................... 1,235 255 241 83 494 109 Average hourly earnings1 ........................................ $5.91 $5.40 $5.50 $6.82 $5.86 $7.47 Total ............................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Under $4.50........................................................ $4.50 and under $4.60........................................... $4.60 and under $4.70.......................................... $4.70 and under $4.80.......................................... $4.80 and under $4.90.......................................... $4.90 and under $5.00.......................................... $5.00 and under $5.20.......................................... $5.20 and under $5.40.......................................... $5.40 and under $5.60........................................... $5.60 and under $5.80.......................................... $5.80 and under $6.00.......................................... $6 .0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 .......................................... $6.20 and under $6.40.......................................... $6.40 and under $6.60.......................................... $6.60 and under $6.80.......................................... $6.80 and under $7.00.......................................... $7.00 and under $7.20.......................................... $7.20 and under $7.40.......................................... $7.40 and under $7.60.......................................... $7.60 and under $7.80.......................................... $7.80 and under $8.00.......................................... 1.3 6.3 _ _ _ 6 .6 - 0 .6 _ - 3.3 - - - 1 .6 6 .2 - 1 1 .6 _ 8 .0 16.9 2.7 9.8 4.7 5.4 31.1 14.1 8 .0 2 .0 1 0 .0 1 2 .0 18.0 1 .0 2.4 .8 4.5 1.5 6.9 7.1 16.4 4.0 4.3 5.0 3.4 2.7 2.9 4.7 4.3 3.9 14.1 .8 - 5.1 1 .6 3.3 - 3.3 1.7 - 2 .0 1.7 1 .6 - - 1.7 - _ 9.6 4.8 3.6 9.6 14.5 14.5 19.3 9.6 14.5 .6 1 .2 13.8 2 0 .6 8.3 14.2 18.2 7.3 6.5 5.1 2 .8 .8 - 6 .2 1 .0 - - - - .6 - - - - 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. - _ _ _ 3.7 3.7 18.3 56.0 1 1 .0 7.3 Table 22. Occupational earnings: Mechanics, general (Percent distribution by average straight-time hourly earnings, 1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Hourly earnings United States2 New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific Number of workers................................................ 3,523 310 195 1,429 978 108 314 Average hourly earnings1 ........................................ $8.48 $6.13 $5.79 $8.70 $9.18 $6.75 $9.77 Total ................................................................ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Under $5.00......................................................... 0 .8 3.1 0 .8 1 0 .6 _ _ _ _ _ 7.7 29.2 7.2 23.1 - - - - - - - 1.5 - 3.1 - - 1.5 15.8 8.4 8.7 - 1 .2 _ _ _ 1.9 3.9 .7 7.7 29.7 7.4 .3 3.2 - $5.00 and under $5.20........................................... $5.20 and under $5.40........................................... $5.40 and under $5.60........................................... $5.60 and under $5.80........................................... $5.80 and under $6.00........................................... $6 .0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 ........................................... $6.20 and under $6.40........................................... $6.40 and under $6.60........................................... $6.60 and under $6.80........................................... $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... .9 1 .8 2.4 2 .6 .2 $7.00 and under $7.20........................................... $7.20 and under $7.40........................................... $7.40 and under $7.60........................................... $7.60 and under $7.80........................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... .3 2.3 2.5 2.9 1.7 $8 .0 0 and under $8 . 2 0 ........................................... $8.20 and under $8.40........................................... $8.40 and under $8.60........................................... $8.60 and under $8.80........................................... $8.80 and under $9.00........................................... .3 7.5 5.3 5.4 5.3 $9.00 and under $9.20........................................... $9.20 and under $9.40........................................... $9.40 and under $9.60........................................... $9.60 and under $9.80........................................... $9.80 and under $10.00......................................... 11.9 9.7 7.6 $1 0 .0 0 and under $1 0 . 2 0 ....................................... $10.20 and under $10.40....................................... 5.6 7.0 15.4 14.4 - 3 1 1 .1 6.5 1 0 .2 - _ - - - - 9.3 1.9 .6 - - - 5.6 - .6 _ 5.6 _ 9.0 - 3.6 1.7 1.3 - - 2 .0 - 1.3 _ _ _ - .2 .1 - - - .1 1 .8 .1 - - 1 1 .1 .3 10.7 - - 1 1 .8 1 .8 - - - - 12.3 1.5 1 .2 _ - _ - - - 23.0 7.3 9.7 16.8 9.1 24.3 .4 40.7 5.6 - _ - _ _ - - - - - _ _ 2 .0 1 2 .6 _ - - 6 .2 16.3 “ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Workers were distributed as follows: 1.9 percent at $4.30 to $4.40; and 9.3 - _ 3.7 - - 1.1 - - 1.1 - - - 5.8 .6 - - - percent at $4.50 to $4.60. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 0.3 39.8 5.7 39.5 14.6 " Table 23. Occupational earnings: Millwrights, pulp and paper (Percent distribution by average straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Hourly earnings United States2 Number of workers................................................ 6,858 818 595 2,190 497 1,593 864 Average hourly earnings'........................................ $7.62 $6.39 $6.54 $7.93 $7.99 $6.92 $9.59 Total................ ...:............................................ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 3.6 1 .1 New England Under $5.00......... ............................................... 1.9 8 .1 $5.00 and under $5.20........................................... $5.20 and under $5.40........................................... $5.40 and under $5.60........................................... $5.60 and under $5.80........................................... $5.80 and under $6.00........................................... 1.4 3.3 1.7 1.9 5.0 7.5 4.0 3.7 $6 . 0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 ........................................... $6.20 and under $6.40........................................... $6.40 and under $6.60........................................... $6.60 and under $6.80........................................... $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... 3.5 3.1 3.0 4.3 2.7 $7.00 and under $7.20........................................... $7.20 and under $7.40........................................... $7.40 and under $7.60........................................... $7.60 and under $7.80........................................... $7.80 and under $8.00........................................... 7.1 1 .0 6 .0 2 .6 16.5 7.3 7.0 8 .2 .5. _ 9.4 Middle Atlantic Southeast 0.9 6 .1 .2 .5 - 24.5 8.9 6.4 - - _ 8.9 5.5 - .2 1 .8 .7 2 .1 6.4 - .5 6.7 4.2 6.7 11.9 7.1 Southwest _ _ _ - Great Lakes 4.3 _ _ - 6.3 3.6 6.3 _ _ .8 _ 3.0 2 .1 . _ - 1 1 .6 9.0 - Pacific . _ - _ 15.0 5.0 16.3 - 2 .0 8 .2 _ - .8 13.5 9.0 4.3 2.7 1 1 .6 _ - - 1 .0 1 1 .6 1 .8 4.8 3.0 $8.00 and under $8.40........................................... $8.40 and under $8.80........................................... $8.80 and under $9.20........................................... $9.20 and under $9.60........................................... $9.60 and under $10.00......................................... 20.3 7.5 7.7 13.1 40.0 4.4 . _ 2 0 .2 61.2 14.1 _ _ 1 .8 - 6.7 4.7 - - - - - - $10.00 and under $10.40....................................... $10.40 and over.................................................... 1.9 _ _ _ _ .2 - - - - - 1 .6 _ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 1.3 1.4 .2 _ _ _ - 1 0 .1 _ - - 52.8 25.2 _ 10.3 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Table 24. Occupational earnings: Janitors (Percent distribution by average straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Hourly earnings United States2 New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific Number of workers................................................ 1,826 236 262 431 67 566 223 Average hourly earnings1 ........................................ $5.48 $4.83 $5.08 $5.45 $5.24 $5.50 $6.63 Total ................................................................ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 0.5 - - _ - 9.0 - _ 0.9 _ .9 Under $3.50.......................................................... $3.50 and under $3.60........................................... $3.60 and under $3.70........................................... $3.70 and under $3.80........................................... $3.80 and under $3.90........................................... $3.90 and under $4.00........................................... 0.4 1.3 .8 3.4 - - .2 .8 1.2 $4.00 and under $4.10........................................... $4.10 and under $4.20........................................... $4.20 and under $4.30........................................... $4.30 and under $4.40........................................... $4.40 and under $4.50........................................... _ 1.8 1.3 _ 3.4 2.5 1.7 1.7 $4.50 and under $4.60........................................... $4.60 and under $4.70........................................... $4.70 and under $4.80........................................... $4.80 and under $4.90........................................... $4.90 and under $5.00........................................... 2 .2 15.3 $5.00 and under $5.20........................................... $5.20 and under $5.40........................................... $5.40 and under $5.60........................................... $5.60 and under $5.80........................................... $5.80 and under $6.00........................................... $6 .0 0 and under $6 . 2 0 ........................................... $6.20 and under $6.40........................................... $6.40 and under $6.60........................................... $6.60 and under $6.80........................................... $6.80 and under $7.00........................................... $7.00 and under $7.20........................................... .1 .7 1.3 .4 1.9 3.6 3,4 4.4 9.1 10.1 14.7 15.2 14.2 1.0 .8 _ _ 3.4 8.4 1.9 4.6 9.9 .5 2.3 .5 _ .5 _ - 14.4 2.5 16.1 10.7 2 .8 11.4 13.1 6.4 3.8 - 3.1 13.7 18.7 13.4 - 13.9 19.0 19.3 13.5 24.8 _ _ 1 2 .2 - .7 6 .0 _ 1.5 1.5 _ 16.4 4.5 22.4 22.4 11.9 4.5 1.9 1 .1 _ - _ 3.7 .4 3.2 .4 - 1 .2 .2 8 .8 5.8 18.7 28.4 25.1 1 .2 - - - - 7.7 3.7 1.4 - - - - - .3 - - - - - .1 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. _ - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 0.4 .4 61.9 23.3 1 1 .2 2.7 Table 25. Method of wage payment (Percent of production workers in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills by method of wage payment,1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Method of wage payment All workers...................................................... United States2 New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 97 97 90 94 94 92 100 98 98 92 100 (3) 96 96 90 5 (3) 97 97 80 17 - 6 4 3 Time-rated workers.............................................. Formal plans..................................................... Single rate ..................................................... Range of rates................................................ Individual rates................................................. 8 2 (3) Incentive workers................................................. 3 1 2 3 For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix B. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Less than 0.5 percent. 100 99 (3) 6 95 5 - 2 - - - 100 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. U \ vO Table 26. Scheduled weekly hours (Percent of production workers in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills by scheduled weekly hours, 1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) United States2 New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific All workers...................................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Under 37.5 hours................................................. 37.5 hours.......................................................... 40 hours............................................................. 41.5 hours.......................................................... 42 hours ............................................................. Over 42 and under 44 hours.................................. 44 hours ............................................................. 45 and under 48 hours......................................... 48 hours ............................................................. Over 48 hours ..................................................... (3) - - - - 54 20 15 35 50 - 35 8 2 2 10 Weekly hours 2 46 (3) 35 1 18 14 44 - - - 1 1 42 - 5 11 15 4 2 2 2 9 24 2 2 17 4 1 Data relate to the predominant schedule for full-time day-shift workers in each establishment. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 54 34 1 - 5 - 4 2 “ 63 - 2 - - 2 Less than 0.5 percent, NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Table 27. Shift differential practices (Percent of production workers employed on selected shifts in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills by type of shift and amount of shift differential, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Shift differential Day Workers assigned to selected shifts4 ........ 24.4 .3 Receiving shift differential.................... .1 Uniform cents per hour...................... Under 10 cents .............................. 1 0 cents........................................ .1 _ 1 1 cents ........................................ _ 1 2 cents ........................................ _ 12.5 cents ..................................... 13 cents ........................................ 14 cents ........................................ _ 15 cents ........................................ _ 16 cents ........................................ _ 17 cents ........................................ _ 18 cents ........................................ 19 cents ........................................ _ 2 0 cents ........................................ 2 1 cents............. .................. ..... 2 2 cents ........................................ 23 cents ........................................ 24 cents............. ........................ 25 cents........................................ 26 cents ........................................ 27 cents ........................................ 28 cents ........................................ 30 cents ........................................ Over 30 cents ................................ .2 Other formal paid differential............. See footnotes at end of table. Evening Night Evening Night Day 2 2 .6 2 2 .0 2 .0 1.1 22.5 22.3 21.9 21.7 24.8 2 .0 1.1 1 .0 1.9 1.1 1 .2 6.5 3.4 2 .0 .1 0 .1 .6 _ .3 (5) .2 .2 Is) .1 1 .2 .6 .5 1.5 .3 .4 4.4 1.9 .9 .2 .7 .1 - 0 .2 .2 - .2 1.1 .2 .1 0 .2 1 .0 1.9 .1 .8 .2 1 .6 .2 .4 .7 1.4 0 .4 2.4 - .1 0 - (5) .1 3.5 .2 .2 .1 .2 1.1 .1 (5) .6 - 23.9 23.9 23.5 1 .0 3.7 3.3 2 .1 2 .1 1 .6 2 .1 0.7 .7 .7 .7 - 0 .6 28.1 .6 1.1 .5 - - .9 - 1 .8 1 .2 1.7 2.5 .9 7.1 .9 .7 - 1 .2 .1 - (s) - - 1.4 .9 - - - .4 2.5 1.3 1.4 3.4 .4 (>) 0 .1 - .4 .4 Day 23.3 23.3 22.9 - - .2 (5) .3 .4 (5) .6 - Evening Night Evening Night - .6 - - - - - - .6 - - - - - - - - - — - - - - - “ 1.1 Evening Night Evening Night Day 0.3 .3 .3 - 23.5 - - - 21.4 21.4 20.3 .6 1 .2 3.7 2 .2 2.5 2 .2 .7 .4 4.3 2.5 - 20.5 20.5 19.4 .6 - .3 .8 2 .0 - 1 .0 .7 - .6 - .4 4.0 1.9 .7 2.3 2.7 1.7 - 1.1 1.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 .1 0 0 (5) 2 .1 " “ “ (5) “ - .2 (5) “ Evening Night Evening Night 23.3 23.3 23.3 1.5 11.9 5.2 3.4 23.2 23.2 23.2 .1 .8 .8 .9 - .7 9.9 C6 “ ' .2 .5 .2 1 .6 2 .8 " 1.3 1.3 1.3 .1 .1 - 0 0 Fixed shifts3 Rotating shifts2 Fixed shifts3 Rotating shifts2 Fixed shifts3 Rotating shifts2 Fixed shifts3 Rotating shifts2 Southeast Middle Atlantic New England United States1 .4 (5) “ .1 0 .8 .8 .8 “ 0 - 0 .5 .2 - - " “ ” “ ” “ ” “ “ .6 “ - .1 .5 .1 “ “ - “ .9 “ “ “ Table 27. Shift differential practices—Continued (Percent of production workers employed on selected shifts in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills by type of shift and amount of shift differential, United States and selected regions, summer 197/) Southwest Shift differential Workers assigned to selected shifts Receiving shift differential........ Uniform cents per hour.......... Under 10 cents.................. 1 0 cents ............................ 1 1 cents............................ 1 2 cents ............................ 12.5 cents ......................... 13 cents ............................ 14 cents ............................ 15 cents............................ 16 cents ............................ 17 cents ............................ 18 cents ............................ 19 cents ............................ 2 0 cents ............................ 2 1 cents ............................ 2 2 cents ............................ 23 cents ............................ 24 cents ............................ 25 cents ............................ 26 cents ............................ 27 cents ............................ 28 cents............................ 30 cents............................ Over 30 cents .................... Other formal paid differential... Rotating shifts2 Pacific Great Lakes Fixed shifts3 Fixed shifts3 Rotating shifts2 Fixed shifts3 Rotating shifts2 Day Evening Night Evening Night Day Evening Night Evening Night Day Evening Night Evening Night 23.2 23.1 23.1 22.6 22.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.1 .1 24.9 .1 .1 21.3 21.3 21.3 .3 3.8 3.4 2.2 .2 19.5 19.5 19.5 .1 3.5 3.5 3.5 .1 .9 .6 .5 2.6 22.8 22.7 22.7 22.2 22.6 22.6 22.0 2.1 2.1 1.6 0.4 .4 .4 22.6 22.6 4.9 15.4 2.4 .1 1.0 .5 3.7 2.0 13.3 1.9 .4 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Workers assigned to rotating shifts successively worked on day, evening or night schedules. Workers assigned to extra fixed shifts regularly worked either evening or night schedules. In addition to rotating and fixed shifts, other types, such as oscillating, covered 1.5 percent of the .1 2.6 2.6 2.6 .3 3.7 .8 .1 .5 1.3 .4 .6 .2 3.1 2.6 5.7 .9 .6 2.9 .2 2.0 .3 1.5 .2 .4 .3 .1 1.5 .2 .6 1.2 19.2 21.3 .6 workers. 5 Less than 0.05 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 28. Paid holidays (Percent of production workers in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Number of paid holidays All workers...................................................... O' to Workers in establishments providing paid holidays....................................... Under 8 days .................................................... 8 days ............................................................. 9 days ............................................................. 9 days plus 2 or 4 half days............................... 1 0 days ............................................................ 1 0 days plus 1 or 2 half days............................. 11 days ............................................................ 11 days plus 1 half day...................................... 1 2 days ............................................................ 13 days ............................................................ 14 days ............................................................ 1 2 United States1 New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 - - 3 1 3 11 0 41 2 24 Cl 13 5 (’) - 3 10 31 3 31 10 - 2 10 - 44 2 23 12 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Less than 0.5 percent. “ 2 2 9 7 12 - 43 41 “ 4 65 26 “ 2 “ - 1 - 5 11 ” 0 - 55 8 20 - - - 3 7 2 3 72 14 2 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 29. Paid vacations (Percent of production workers in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Vacation policy All workers...................................................... United States1 New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 41 59 100 66 34 62 38 65 35 88 68 90 100 72 28 17 74 5 4 M ethod o f payment Workers in establishments providing paid vacations...................................... 'Lengthi-time payment...................................... Percentage payment........................................... 64 36 82 18 73 85 3 12 Amount of vacation pay2 After 1 year of service: 1 week............................................................. Over 1 and under 2 weeks.................................. 2 weeks ........................................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks.................................. After 2 years of service: 1 week............................................................. Over 1 and under 2 weeks.................................. 2 weeks ........................................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks.................................. 3 weeks ........................................................... After 3 years of service: 1 week............................................................ Over 1 and under 2 weeks.................................. 2 weeks ........................................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks.................................. 3 weeks........................................................... Over 3 and under 4 weeks.................................. After 5 years of service: 1 week............................................................ 2 weeks........................................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks.................................. 3 weeks ........................................................... Over 3 and under 4 weeks.................................. After 10 years of service: 2 weeks ........................................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks.................................. 3 weeks........................................................... Over 3 and under 4 weeks.................................. 4 weeks ........................................................... Over 4 and under 5 weeks.................................. 5 weeks........................................................... Over 5 and under 6 weeks.................................. After 12 years of service: 2 weeks ........................................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks.................................. 3 weeks ........................................................... Over 3 and under 4 weeks.................................. 4 weeks ........................................................... Over 4 and under 5 weeks.................................. 5 weeks ........................................................... Over 5 weeks.................................................... After 15 years of service: 2 weeks ......................................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks.................................. 3 weeks .......................................................... Over 3 and under 4 weeks .................................. 4 weeks ................................................ Over 4 and under 5 weeks.................................. 5 weeks ........................................................ See footnotes at end of table. 21 4 11 19 13 1 64 78 10 1 14 13 (3) 19 2 2 60 9 24 7 6 1 ✓ 3 85 80 64 27 20 8 22 2 78 6 5 4 2 (3) 74 94 22 1 (3) 2 1 6 3 84 14 1 85 100 66 32 10 7 1 (3) 70 14 88 1 6 11 1 83 14 4 88 95 10 2 5 8 2 1 63 11 2 1 (3) I3) 2 85 1 11 89 9 1 1 _ _ 96 4 10 13 1 98 57 43 _ 86 10 10 35 3 6 _ _ _ _ _ 2 _ _ 98 46 25 11 18 _ 9 5 2 2 2 1 81 87 87 22 1 11 8 _ 50 42 2 19 64 13 4 (3) 90 1 3 19 61 13 4 1 _ 49 68 5 3 17 19 61 1 2 99 (3) H 63 27 8 10 (3) I3) 70 15 3 22 71 3 11 7 18 64 14 Table 29. Paid vacations—Continued (Percent of production workers in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Vacation policy Amount of vacation pay12—Continued After 15 years of service: Over 5 weeks .................................................. After 20 years of service: ? weeks................. i „ ..................................... Over ? and under 3 weeks.................................. 3 weeks ........................................................... Over 3 and under 4 weeks.................................. 4 weeks........................................................... Over 4 and under 5 weeks.................................. 5 weeks ........................................................... Over 5 and under 6 weeks.................................. 6 weeks........................................................... Over fi and under 7 weeks.................................. Over 7 weeks.................................................... After 25 years of service: ON 4^ Over ? and under 3 weeks.................................. 3 weeks ........................................................... Over 3 and under 4 weeks.................................. 4 weeks ........................................................... Over 4 and under 5 weeks.................................. 5 weeks ........................................................... Over S and under 6 weeks.................................. 6 weeks........................................................... Over fi and under 7 weeks.................................. 7 weeks.......................................................... Over 7 weeks.................................................... After 30 years of service:4 2 weeks ....................................................... O v e r 2 a n d u n d e r 3 w e e k s .................................. 3 weeks........................................................... O v e r 3 a n d u n d e r 4 w e e k s .................................. 4 weeks ........................................................... O ve r 4 a n d u n d e r 5 w e e k s .................................. 5 weeks ........................................................ O ve r 5 a n d u n d e r fi w e e k s .................................. 6 weeks .......................................................... O ve r fi a n d under 7 weeks.................................. 7 weeks.......................................................... O ve r 7 w e e k s ......................................................................................... United States' New England Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific 4 1 O 3 2 1 19 3 52 11 8 2 1 0 3 2 (3) 6 1 53 4 15 6 4 _ _ _ 36 _ 3 _ 1 6 62 _ _ _ 62 21 6 2 _ _ _ _ _ 9 _ 3 _ 4 _ 62 4 1 70 21 20 _ _ 5 _ 2 10 (3) 3 2 (3) 5 (3) 14 (3) 52 9 5 11 _ _ _ _ (3) 4 1 21 4 58 _ 64 5 11 - 6 5 3 1 2 1 18 3 70 5 - 32 60 - 15 5 38 37 - - - (3) 2 5 1 2 7 1 76 8 4 _ _ (3) 2 _ _ 16 - 3 3 8 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes indicated at 1 0 years may include changes tnat occurred between 5 and 10 years. 1 2 Middle Atlantic 1 7 16 65 - 8 11 2 3 _ 3 82 - 33 - 5 2 11 18 65 - 1 23 3 19 61 17 12 3 7 2 21 2 13 7 69 1 3 (3) 1 8 (3) - 7 48 12 22 5 7 69 13 6 Less than 0.5 percent. Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service. 3 4 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 30. Health, insurance, and retirement plans (Percent of production workers in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,1 United States and selected regions, summer 1977) Type of plan All workers..................................................... United States2 New England Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 83 67 98 83 70 78 100 89 75 87 60 100 77 98 92 68 66 92 69 100 96 93 80 97 97 76 71 100 100 100 100 66 98 89 78 97 72 4 3 8 4 7 4 18 8 13 11 8 10 Workers in establishments providing: ON Life insurance.................................................... Noncontributory plans...................................... Accidental death'and dismemberment insurance................................. Noncontributory plans................................... Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave or both3......................................... Sickness and accident insurance....................... Noncontributory plans.................................... Sick leave (full pay, no waiting period).......................................... Sick leave”(partialpay or waiting period).......................................... Long-term disability insurance............................. Noncontributory plans...................................... Hospitalization insurance..................................... Noncontributory plans....................................... Surgical insurance.............................................. Noncontributory plans...................................... Medical insurance.............................................. Noncontributory plans...................................... Major medical insurance..................................... ^contributory plans...................................... Dental insurance.!.............................................. Noncontributory plans...................................... Retirement plans1 ............................................... Pensions........................................................ Noncantrihutory plans.................................... Severance pay ................................................ 66 2 16 13 99 70 100 8 1 96 89 100 67 100 100 100 100 65 100 96 93 93 6 14 9 100 20 22 15 22 100 55 60 100 100 100 100 100 70 67 89 65 55 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 97 68 67 97 67 5 33 30 99 99 90 100 1 2 89 100 2 100 90 > 1 Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers’ compensation and social security; however, plans required by State temporary disability laws are included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or the employees receive benefits in excess of legal requirements. “ Noncontributory plans include only those plans financed entirely by the employer. 89 38 30 97 97 82 9 65 97 64 13 11 100 100 90 55 60 94 52 43 38 96 96 87 100 52 10 5 98 98 94 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown separately. 4 Unduplicated total of workers covered by pension plans and severance pay shown separately. Table 31. Other selected benefits (Percent of production workers in pulp, paper, and paperboard mills providing funeral leave pay, jury duty pay, and technological severance pay,1 United States and selected regions, summer 197/) Type of benefit United States2 New England Middle Atlantic Southeast 100 100 Southwest Great Lakes Pacific 100 98 100 100 100 100 52 54 Workers in establishments with provisions for: Funeral leavp....................................................... Jury duty leave..................................................... Technological severance pay.................................. 1 For definition of items, see appendix B. 99 94 35 100 18 97 7 84 15 86 66 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Appendix A. Regression Analysis constant). The average wage level relating to this set of suppressed characteristics is represented by the value of the constant term. The coefficients of the explicit variables represent the differentials associated with categories of those characteristics differing from the basic set embodied in the constant. The effects of the coefficients on average wage levels are determined by the substitution of the values of the new variables in table A-l for those suppressed in the constant term. For example, for production workers in large mills (1,000 workers or more), estimated average hourly earnings are higher by 61 cents, or $5.85, when other factors are held constant. Further, if these workers are located in the Pacific region, another $2.23 is added to the constant term, which raises the average hourly earnings to $8.08. Wage differences found by simple comparison of published averages may be labeled gross differentials; those isolated by multiple regression techniques are net differentials (table A-2). It should be emphasized that the regression analysis is not sufficiently complete to measure with certainty the independent effects of employee and establishment characteristics on wage levels. As table A-l shows, the regression analysis failed to account for about 40 per cent of the variation in average earnings levels for all production workers, and 21 to 49 percent of the varia tion in earnings for the seven selected occupations. (See adjusted coefficient of determination, R2.) This could mean that other factors, beyond the scope of the survey, influenced the estimates. However, by holding constant those characteristics within the survey scope, estimates for specified characteristics definitely were improved. Conventional methods of analyzing wage variations using published averages typically stop short of measuring the independent influence on wage levels of factors such as size of establishment and location. The independent effect of employment size on earnings, for example, may be obscured by earnings differentials associated with regional location or community size. One method of isolating the independent effect on wages of various establishment and work charac teristics is multiple regression. By this method the esti mated wage differential for a given variable is deter mined independently. The variables included in table A-l are 'defined, where necessary, in appendix B— Scope and Method of Survey. In the regression equation, one category of each of the variables is not shown explicitly, but its influence is embodied in the constant term. In table A -l, therefore, the constant term categories for all production workers are nonm etropolitan, small em ployment size (100-249), New England, and paper mill.1For three of the seven occupations selected for this analysis, the pulpmaking process was an added variable (soda or other in the constant); for three occupations in paper and paperboard production, the type of paper or paperboard (fine grade in the constant); and for paper machine tenders and fourth hands in the machine room, the width of machine (100 inches or less in the ‘Union contract status was not used as a variable in this regression because nearly all (97 percent) of the production workers covered by the study were in mills operating under labor-management agree ments. 66 Table A-1. Regression analysis of straight-time hourly earnings, all production workers and selected occupations, pulp, paper, and paperboard mills, United States, summer 1977 (Standard errors show in parentheses) Item C o n sta n t......................................... All production workers C ooks, batch digester Cooks, continuous digester Bleachplant operators Beateroperator helpers Papermachine tenders Fourth hands M illw rights, pulp and paper $5.24 (.15) $4.95 (.44) $5.31 (-73) $3.51 (.49) $4.91 (.18) $5.58 (.15) $4.44 (.12) $5.93 (.24) -.09 (-08) -.13 (.15) .33 (.34) .23 (.17) -.05 (.12) -.22 (.08) -.03 (.06) -.11 (.12) .55 (-13) .61 M3) .39 (.26) .48 (.26) .60 (58) .06 (.63) .55 (.34) .72 (.36) .34 (.15) .73 (.17) .46 (-11) .66 (.13) .20 (.08) .43 (.09) .53 (.21) .61 (.22) .09 (.16) 1.08 (.13) 1.25 (.16) .44 (.13) 2.23 (.15) .06 (50) 1.56 (.36) 1.61 (.40) .44 (-38) 2.42 (.37) .75 (-74) 2.46 (.57) 3.01 (-61) .83 (.65) 3.04 (.52) .81 (.41) 2.68 (.32) 2.87 (-38) 1.38 (.34) 3.33 (.32) .25 (.20) 1.15 (.22) .87 (.28) .65 (.17) 2.19 , (-23) .27 (.14) 1.13 (.15) 1.44 (.18) .51 (.12) 3.22 (.16) .42 (.11) .89 (.10) .94 (.12) .68 (.09) 1.99 (.11) .23 (.27) 1.52 (.20) 1.65 (.27) .61 (.20) 3,20 (.23) .13 (.17) -.15 (-09) .62 (.30) .19 (.16) .15 (.51) -.15 (.33) .55 (,24) .27 (.23) — 1.16 (-26) 1.34 (.31) .24 (.39) -.53 (.56) — — — Variable Metropolitan area......................... Size of establishment: 250-999 w o rk e rs ................... 1,000 workers o r m o re.......... Region: M iddle A tla n tic ..................... S outh east............................... Southw est............................... Great La k e s........................... P a c ific ..................................... Type of m ill: P u lp ........................................ Paperboard............................. Pulpmaking process: S u lp h a te ................................. S ulphite................................... Type of paper or paperboard: Coarse (K ra ft)....................... Sanitary tissu e ....................... Container b o a rd ................... — — B o x b o a rd ............................... — 151-200 inches....................... — -.33 (.11) 1.12 (.27) .89 (.32) — — — — -.11 (.20) -.07 (.22) .50 (.34) -.07 (.32) .09 (.18) -.07 (.14) .35 (.12) .54 (.20) .33 (.21) .29 (.13) .05 (.09) .08 (.09) .29 (.13) .15 (.13) .22 (.09) .40 (.11) 1.35 (.13) 2.13 (.14) 2.60 (.30) .34 (.09) .85 (.10) 1.28 (.11) 1.20 (.19) — — — — - -.70 (.16) O th e r...................................... Machine width: 101-150 inches....................... — — -.32 (.29) — — — — — — — — — — — 201-300 inches....................... 301 inches and over............. Statistical information: Adjusted coefficient of determination (R 2) (in p e rc e n t).. Standard error of the estim ate......................................... Mean (Y )................................. Number o f observations (N). Number of establishm ents^) — — — — — — 60 64 51 70 52 79 74 62 $0.58 $6.54 260 260 $0.67 $7.89 99 98 $1.03 $8.07 66 65 $0.75 $7.55 103 99 $0.71 $5.96 178 159 $0.78 $7.72 440 240 $0.50 $6.12 384 216 $0.77 $7.62 199 199 NOTE: Since the regression coefficients are based on a sample, they may differ from the figures that w ould have been obtained from a com plete census o f the industry. Chances are about 2 o u to f 3 that an estimate from the sample would differ from those in a total census-derived value by less than the standard error, and 1 9 o u to f 20 that the difference would be less than twice the standard error. “ Y” is the mean of the earnings (de pendent) variable w eighted by production workers. “ N” is the number of .22 (-25) -.16 (.14) observations used in each regression equation; it exceeds the number of establishments(s) when more than one type o f pulp-m aking process is used in the same mill o r different types of paper or machine widths are found. Dashes indicated that variable is not applicable for regression equation."R2, norm ally presented in decim al form, was converted to a per cent to show the extent o f variation in earnings levels explained by the characteristics in the regression equation. Table A-2. Hourly earnings differentials associated with selected establishment characteristics, pulp, paper, and paperboard mills, United States, summer 1977 (Standard errors shown in parentheses) Characteristic Location in metropolitan area to nonmetropolitan area: Gross d iffe re n tia l................. Net d iffe ren tial....................... Establishments with at least 1,000 workers to those with 100 to 249 workers: Gross d iffe re n tia l................. Net d iffe re n tia l....................... Paperboard m ills to paper mills: Gross d iffe re n tia l................. Net diffe ren tial....................... Southeast to New England region: Gross d iffe re n tia l................. Net diffe re n tia l....................... All production workers Cooks, batch digester Cooks, continuous digester M illw rights, pulp and paper Bleachplant operators Beateroperator helpers Papermachine tenders Fourth hands -$0.88 -.22 (.08) -$0.40 -.03 (06) -$0.50 -.11 (.12) 1.06 .43 (.09) 1.02 .61 (.22) -$0.32 -.09 (.08) -$0.23 -.13 (.15) $0.55 .33 (.34) $0.15 .23 (.17) -$0.49 -.05 M2); .96 .61 (.13) .86 .48 (.26) .35 .06 (.63) .74 .72 (.36) 1.29 .73 (.17) 2.06 .66 (-13) .12 -.15 (-09) .56 .19 (.16) .18 -.15 (.33) 1.34 .27 (.23) -.14 -.32 (.29) 14 -.70 (.16) -.14 -.33 (-11) .22 -.16 (.14) 1.13 1.08 (.13) 1.82 1.56 (.36) 2.37 2.46 (.57) 2.62 2.68 (.32) 1.49 1.15 (.22) 2.05 1.13 (.15) 1.30 .89 1.54 1.52 • _____ L22)____ ____ (-1Q) NOTE: Gross differentials were derived from simple cross-tabulations using published averages; net differentials from multiple regression analysis. 6 8 Appendix B. Scope and Method of Survey Scope of survey estimated to be within the scope of the survey, as well as the number actually studied by the Bureau. The survey included establishments engaged pri marily in manufacturing (1) pulp from wood or from other material such as rags, linters, waste paper, or straw; (2) paper (except building paper) from woodpulp and other fibers; and (3) paperboard, including paperboard coated on the paperboard machine, from woodpulp and other fibers (industry groups 261, 262, and 263 as defined in the 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget). Separate auxiliary units such as central offices and research laboratories were excluded. Data for workers in converted paper products departments of mills covered by the study were excluded from the regular earnings tabulations and are presented separately. . Establishments studied were selected from those employing 100 workers or more at the time of reference of the data used in compiling the universe lists. Table B-l shows the number of establishments and workers Method of study Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s field staff to a representative sample of establishments within the scope of the survey. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. All esti mates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time of reference of the universe data. Establishment definition An establishment is defined for this study as a single physical location where manufacturing operations are performed. An establishment is not necessarily identi cal with a company, which may consist of one establish ment or more. In this bulletin, the terms “plant,” “mill,” and “establishment” have been used in terchangeably. Table B-1. Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of survey and number studied, pulp, paper, and paperboard industries, summer 1977 Number of establishments2 Region1 Workers in establishments Within scope of study Within scope of study Actually studied 386 62 54 77 30 103 48 260 36 30 59 25 67 32 216,673 26,946 23,358 64,157 19,674 50,992 26,150 170,757 21,380 18,303 50,321 15,645 39,518 21,378 180,592 22,146 17,849 55,680 18,501 40,402 20,749 19 7 16 5 7 10,273 6,090 2,752 8,156 4,840 2,192 7,524 3,341 2,752 234 52 36 26 17 75 24 168 31 23 25 14 55 16 150,257 24,813 18,914 32,944 42)830 16,661 118,618 19,654 14)989 25)916 8,902 33,290 13,502 131,886 20,883 15,939 32,329 10,236 36,038 13,367 133 18 43 76 7 29 12 10 56,143 4,444 25,123 8,181 7,983 6,737 43,983 3,314 19,565 6,384 6,090 5,684 Total3 Production workers Actually studied All mills United States4 .................................................................................. New England................................................................................. Middle Atlantic.............................................................................. Southeast ..................................................................................... Southwest..................................................................................... Great Lakes...................................................................... ........... Pacific.......................................................................................... Pulp mills United States4 .................................................................................. Southeast ..................................................................................... Pacific........................................................... .............................. Paper mills United States4 .................................................................................. New England................................................................................. Middle Atlantic.............................................................................. Southeast ..................................................................................... Southwest .................................................................................. Great Lakes ................................................................................... Pacific............................................... .......................................... 8 1 1 ,0 0 1 Paperboard mills United States4 ........................................................................ .......... Middle Atlantic.............................................................................. Southeast ..................................................................................... Southwest..................................................................................... Great Lakes ................................................................................... Pacific.......................................................................................... 27 17 The regions used in this study include New E ngland— Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; M id d le A tla n tic — New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; S o u th e a st— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia; S ou thw e st— Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; G reat Lakes— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; and P a cific— California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. 11 9 . 41,182 1,910 2 0 ,0 1 0 7,773 4,185 4,630 2 Includes only those establishments with 100 workers or more at the time of reference of the universe data. 3 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers in addition to the production worker category shown separately. 4 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study. 69 Employment Size of community Estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition of the industries’ labor force, rather than as precisfe measures of employment. Tabulations by size of community pertain to metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The term “metropolitan areas,” as used in this bulletin, refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through February 1974. Except in New England, a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is defined as a county or group of contiguous counties which contains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Counties con tiguous to the one containing such a city are included in a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area if, according to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, where the city and town are administratively more important than the county, they are the units used in defining Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Production workers The terms “production workers” and “production and related workers,” used interchangeably in this bulletin, include working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice activities. Ad ministrative, executive, professional, and technical personnel, and force-account construction employees, who are used as a separate work force on the firm’s own properties, are excluded. Occupational classification Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account of in terestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix C for these descrip tions.) The criteria for selection of the occupations were: The number of workers in the occupation; the usefulness of the data in collective bargaining; and ap propriate representation of the entire job scale in the in dustry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, tem porary, and probationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations, but were included in the data for all production workers. Wage data Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living bonuses were included as part of the workers’ regular pay. Non production bonus payments, such as Christmas or year end bonuses, were excluded. A verage (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each oc cupation or category of workers, such as production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of in dividuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight-time salary by nor mal (or standard) hours to which the salary corres ponds. Method of wage payment Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under the various time and in centive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily by the qualifications of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. (Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time.) An experienced worker occasionally may be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum, maximum, or both of these rates paid ex perienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates of individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length of service, or a combination of these. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of out put. Production bonuses are for production in excess of a quota or for completion of a task in less than standard time. Scheduled weekly hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers employed on the day shift. 70 Shift practices However, in New York and New Jersey, where tempor ary disability insurance laws require employer con tributions,1 plans are included only if the employer (1) contributes more than is legally required, or (2) pro vides the employees with benefits which exceed the re quirements of the law. Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’s pay during absence from work because of illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are provided for (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Long-term disability insurance plans provide pay ments to totally disabled employees upon the expira tion of sick leave, sickness and accident insurance, or both, or after a specified period of disability (typically 6 months). Payments are made until the end of dis ability, a maximum age, or eligibility for retirement benefits. Payments may be full or partial, but are almost always reduced by social security, workers’ compensation, and private pension benefits payable to the disabled employee. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for com plete or partial payment of doctors’ fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance com pany or a nonprofit organization, or they may be a form of self-insurance. Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical or catastrophe insurance, includes plans designed to cover employees for sickness or inj ury involving an expense which exceeds the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Dental insurance includes plans which cover normal dental services such as fillings, extractions, and X-rays. Many health insurance plans provide benefits for cer tain kinds of oral surgery or dental care required as a result of an accident; plans limited to such conditions were excluded. Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the re mainder of the retiree’s life. Data are presented separately for retirement severance pay (one payment or several over a specified period of time) made to employees on retirement. Establishments providing both retirement severance payments and retirement pensions to employees were considered as having both retirement pensions and retirement severance plans; however, establishments having optional plans provid ing employees a choice of either retirement severance payments or pensions were considered as having only retirement pension benefits. Shift practices relate to the number of employees ac tually assigned to selected shifts at the time of the survey. Workers assigned to rotating shifts work alter nately on day, evening, and night shifts; workers assigned to oscillating shifts have work schedules which alternate between two periods of time (e.g., evenings and nights) but do not make the full cycle as under rotating shift arrangements. Workers assigned to fixed shifts have a constant work schedule. Supplementary wage provisions Supplementary benefits in an establishment were considered applicable to all production workers if they applied to half of such workers or more in the establish ment. Similarly, if fewer than half of the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to fullday and half-day holidays provided annually. Paid vacations. The summary of vacation plans is limited to formal arrangements and exclude informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discre tion of the employer or supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The periods of service for which data are presented represent the most common practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of service may include changes which occurred between 5 and 10 years. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are pre sented for health, insurance, pension, and retirement severance plans for which the employer pays all or a part of the cost, excluding programs required by law such as workers’ compensation and social security. Among plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insurance company and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form of life in surance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least a part of the cost. 'The temporary disability laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. 71 Paid funeral and jury-duty leave. Data for paid funeral and jury-duty leave relate to formal plans which pro vide at least partial payment for time lost as a result of attending funerals of specified family members or serv ing as a juror. Technological severance pay. Data relate to formal plans providing for payments to employees perma nently separated from the company because of a tech nological change or plant closing. 72 Appendix C. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This classification permits the grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’s job description may differ significantly from those in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field staff is instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. Pulp Woodyard and Wood Preparation in sorting logs and regulating supply to machine. May oversee operation of washing unit or adjust water sprays at end of machine to remove chips or dirt adhering to log. Crane operator Operates crane to hoist and move logs of pulpwood in the woodyard of a pulp or paper mill. Work involves: Manipulating controls to raise and lower loadline and to move the load to desired location. Sawyer Cuts logs to desired size for pulping process. Oper ates one of the following types of saws: Swinging circular cutoff saw; stationary slasher consisting of one or more circular saw blades mounted in a saw table; and bandsaw. May make adjustments on machine. Barker, drum Tends the operation of a drum barker which removes the bark from blocks of pulpwood by tumbling the blocks in a rotating cylinder. Work involves most o f the following: Feeding pulpwood blocks into machine by hand or mechanical means; starting revolving drum; breaking up jam; and directing workers in sorting blocks. May oversee operation of washing unit or adjust water sprays at end of machine to remove chips or dirt adhering to pulpwood blocks. Chipper operator Feeds logs, blocks, or other wood by hand or with wood pick, from conveyor into hopper of a chipping machine that reduces the wood to chips. May start and stop conveyor to regulate amount of wood to be chipped; may inspect and change knives in machine. Barker, hydraulic Tends the operation of a barking machine which removes bark from logs by action of water under pressure. Work involves most o f the following: Starting conveyor to carry log through machine; observing operation while the barking nozzle travels from one end of the rotating log to the other, removing the bark by water shot at high pressure; and directing workers Knife grinder Grinds and sharpens, on power-driven grinding machine, the knives or cutters used in chipping or other wood-preparation machines. Work involves mounting knives or cutters in grinding machine and adjusting and operating the machine. May hone cutting edges. 73 Pulp M aking Cook helper, first, batch digester Sulphate process Sulphite process Soda process Other Cook (Digester operator) Is responsible for the operation of digester and the cooking process. Work involves most o f the following: Determining the amount of liquor or acid to be used and the cooking pressure; directing the charging of the digester with chips or fibrous material and liquor or acid; determining through periodic tests when contents are ready for removal; directing the blowing of the contents of the digester; and keeping records and making reports on tonnage, liquor analysis, etc. May operate associated refining, screening, and washing system. For wage study purposes, cooks are classified by type of digester and process, as follows: Cook helper, first, continuous digester Sulphate process Sulphite process Soda process Other Grinder operator Tends grinding machine that reduces blocks of wood to pulp. (Grinding machines are of three general types—pocket, magazine, and continuous—based on the method of feeding the wood to the grinder.) Work involves keeping machine supplied with wood and regulating machine to prevent burning of stock or glazing of grindstone. Cook, batch digester Sulphate process Sulphite process Soda process Other Blow-pit operator (sulphite) Tends blow pit (storage tank) and assists in dischar ging (blowing) woodpulp from digester. Work involves most o f the following-. Closing blow-pit hatch and blowing digester by opening valve; washing pulp stock in blow pit by admitting fresh water under pressure; sluicing blow pit with water; and pumping stock to stock chest preparatory to screening. Cook, continuous digester (Kaymr operator, Globe operator) Sulphate process Sulphite process Soda process Other Washer operator (sulphate) Operates washer or diffusers to clean and to thin the pulp preparatory to screening. Work involves most of the following: Controlling the flow of pulp through washers; and regulating the spraying of pulp with proper solution in primary washers, and with hot water in secondary washers. Cook helper, first Assists cook in cooking wood chips or fibrous materials to make pulp. Work involves most o f the following: Loading and capping the digester (or di recting the loading and capping, if done by other helpers); adjusting valves to build up neat and pressure in digester; making tests; and opening valves to blow pulp to blow pit. May perform other duties, as directed by cook. For wage study purposes, cook helpers, first, are classified by type of digester and process, as follows: Screen tender Screens wood pulp to remove knots, slivers, and other foreign matter and to separate fine from coarse fibers. Work involves most o f the following: Adjusting valves, pumps, and flow gates to control flow of pulp and wash water through filter screen and thereby 74 regulate consistency of stock; observing level of liquid to avoid overloading the screen; examining usable fiber for slivers; and replacing defective screen plates. For wage study purposes, screen tenders are classi fied by process, as follows: Pulp tester (Stock tester) Tests pulp or moisture content, color, purity, and strength. Work involves: Making physical tests such as tests for strength or color; and making chemical tests necessary to maintain uniformity and quality of paper stock desired. For wage study purposes, pulp testers are classified by process, as follows: Screen tender Sulphate process Sulphite process Soda process Groundwood process Semichemical process Other Sulphate process Sulphite process Soda process Semichemical process Other Bleach-plant operator Whitens or bleaches pulp to specified requirements. Work involves most of the following: Pumping and controlling flow of stock to bleaching tanks; adding bleaching solution according to desired strength; and making tests during bleaching process to determine when pulp is properly bleached. For wage study purposes, bleach-plant operators are classified by process, as follows: Recovery, Caustic, and Acid M aking Acid maker (sulphite) Bleach-plant operator Sulphate process Sulphite process Soda process Groundwood process Other Prepares acid for use in cooking sulphite pulp which is to be made into paper. Work involves: Weighing sulphur, and loading or directing the loading of burners with sulphur and other ingredients necessary to make acids of required strength. May operate acid tower. Evaporator operator (sulphate) Wet-machine operator In thfe recovery process, operates an evaporator to concentrate the solution used in cooking sulphate pulp. Work involves most of the following: Pumping liquid into evaporator tank or pan; maintaining specified pressure and temperature; periodically testing concen tration of solution and adjusting feeds, temperature, and pressure in accordance with these tests; and pumping concentrated liquors to storage or to recovery furnace. Operates a wet-machine to produce pulp in lap form. Work involves most of the following: Maintaining uni form flow of pulp onto accumulating roll of machine; building sheet up to desired thickness; cutting sheet from machine; and folding and loading laps on trucks or skids. For wage study purposes, wet-machine operators are classified by process, as follows: Recovery operator (sulphate) In charge of the process of recovering sodium compounds from the liquor which has been washed from a previous batch of sulphate (or soda) pulp. Spray of liquor is admitted into contact with hot air in recovery furnace and the molten black ash is then conveyed from furnace to leaching tanks where the soda is washed from the carbon. Wet-machine operator Sulphate process Sulphite process Soda process Groundwood process Semichemical process Other 75 Recovery helper, first (sulphate) Caustic operator (causticiser) (sulphate) Works under the direction of the recovery operator and receives verbal and/or written instructions outli ning the specific duties to be performed; operates recovery boilers and auxiliary equipment; maintains correct A test on green liquor, adding salt cake to maintain specified sulphidity; makes liquor tests for laboratory; checks ash hoppers and maintains proper tests of liquor in chemical ash tanks; responsible for proper burning of concentrated black liquor or oil; maintains correct furnace conditions to produce maxi mum reduction and steam from liquor available; oper ates cascade evaporators; maintains correct water level in boilers; blows down boilers as required; changes charts and takes specified readings for log sheets; checks on functioning of pumps; and keeps firing floor and recovery panels clean. Makes caustic liquor for digesting wood chips into pulp. Work involves: Placing and mixing lime, soda ash, and water in vat; and agitating mixture mechani cally as heat is applied to produce a uniform solution. Lime-kiln operator (sulphate) Bums lime sludge in oil or gas burner kiln to recover lime. Work involves most o f the following: Controlling operation of oil burners to regulate kiln temperature; adjusting flow of lime sludge into kiln; and starting and stopping conveyor that carries lime from bottom of kiln. Paper and Paperboard Stock Preparation Group II. A beater engineer in charge of the beating process where stock preparation is a routine mechanical process and the attainment of specific colors is based on definite, standard formu las which, however, may be altered slightly to meet varying stock conditions. Head stock preparer (Beater engineer) Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Is in cftarge of stock preparation process in a paper mill, and directs a crew of beater-operator helpers or other stock preparation workers. For wage study purposes, head stock preparers are classified by group and grade or type of paper, as follows: Group I. A beater engineer in charge of the beating process where stock preparations are varied and require the application of technical knowledge to achieve specified results; and also where color formulas have to be developed to meet special requirements. Beater-operator helper (Beater-engineer helper) Tends beaters and vats that prepare furnish for making paper or paperboard. Work involves most of the following: Turning valves to charge vats with specified amounts of slush pulp, fillers, size, and liquid chemicals; weighing and dumping ingredients into vats according to formula; dipping furnish sample from vat for labora tory sampling; removing plug of vat to dump furnish into beater chest and starting pump to transfer furnish from vat to storage; and observing vat and beater Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other 76 operation and notifying beater engineer (Head stock preparer) of malfunctioning. May clean vats and chip rust, scale, and other deposits from machine rolls. May also weigh, mix, and cook dyes, and transport sheet pulp and other materials from stockroom. Exclude waste (or broke) beater-operator helpers. For wage study purposes, beater-operator helpers are classified by grade or type of paper, as follows: terpreting tests as to quality of product and making necessary adjustments to meet specifications; and rep lacing wires and felts. Machine tender usually is stationed at wet end of machine and directs the backtender and other members of paper-machine crew. In those mills where computer controls regulate papermaking machine operations, the machine tender performs less control and more monitoring duties and is available in case of emergency. For wage study purposes, paper-machine tenders are classified by grade or type of paper and by machine width,1as follows: Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Hydrapulper operator (Pulper; slusher operator) Backtender Tends machine that reduces broke (waste paper) or dry pulp sheets to pulp for use in making paper or paperboard. Work involves most o f the following: Dum ping broke or pulp sheets into machine vat and turning valves to admit water and steam that soften material to specified consistency; starting machine that reduces material to pulp; and opening discharge gate or starting pump to dump or transport pulp to storage or to other processes. May catch pulp in broke boxes and push boxes to beater engine. For wage study purposes, hydrapulper operators are classified by grade or type of paper, as follows: Is stationed at the dry end of a paper machine. Work involves most o f the following: Leading paper to and over dryers; regulating heat of dryers; adjusting calen ders to obtain proper finish and caliper; putting paper on the reel; performing or directing the rewinding or cutting operation; weighing and calipering paper sheets and reporting results to machine tender; observing paper for any imperfections; and assisting machine tender at wet end of machine as directed. For wage study purposes, backtenders are classified by grade or type of paper and by machine width,1 as follows: Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Newsprint and groundwood Fine grade Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Machine Room Paper-machine tender ‘Each of the machine-room occupations is to be classified by grade or type of paper and also by width of machine, as follows: Is in charge of the operation of a papermaking machine. Work involves most o f the following: Regula ting and controlling flow of stock onto Fourdrinier wire or cylinder molds; setting and adjusting presses; regulating speed of various sections of machine; in 100 inches or less 101 inches - 150 inches 151 inches - 200 inches 201 inches - 300 inches 301 inches and over 77 For wage study purposes, fifth hands are classified by grade or type of paper and by machine width,2 as follows: Third hand Performs the winding operation at the dry end of a paper machine. Work involves most of the following: Setting slitters in accordance with required width of rolls of paper; making splices in paper when necessary; running rolls to proper diameter; inspecting paper for imperfections during rewinding process; removing rolls with assistance of other members of crew; keeping record of weight and number of rolls made; and assisting backtender and machine tender as necessary. For wage study purposes, third hands are classified by grade or type of paper and by machine width,2 as follows: Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Finishing, Roll Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Calender operator (Supercalender operator) Operates a supercalender or calendering machine to impart a gloss to the paper. Work involves most o f the following-. Positioning roll of paper on the machine and threading it through the calendering rolls; regulating and adjusting pressure of the rolls; and removing the calendered paper. For wage study purposes, calender operators are classified by grade or type of paper, as follows: Fourth hand Prepares calender stacks and dryers for operation, assists the third hand in the winding operation of a paper machine and usually removes rolls of paper from rewinder and weighs them; and assists at wet end in putting on felts and wires and in washing up. For wage study purposes, fourth hands are classified by grade or type of paper and by machine width,2 as follows: Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Other Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Calender helper Assists calender operator to impart a gloss to surface of paper. Work involves most o f the following: Trucking or moving rolls of paper; assisting in mounting rolls on calender machine; threading paper through rollers; and removing finished rolls from machine. For wage study purposes, calender helpers areclassified by grade or type of paper, as follows: Fifth hand Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Other Assists in the tending of the winder and calender sections of a paper machine. Works with other crew members in transferring paper roll from reel to reelingoff stand, threading paper through winder, in tending calender, in splicing broken paper at reeling-off stand, and unloading finished rolls from winder. Coater operator (off-machine) Operates a machine (removed from the papermaking machine) to glaze or impregnate paper or paperboard 2 S ee f o o t n o t e 1 . 78 with size or coating mixtures. Work involves most of the following: Adjusting spreader rollers and aligning or fastening brushes or scraper blade in machine; loading paper roll on machine feed rack, and threading paper through spreader, pressure, and drying rolls; turning valve to admit specified coating mixture into machine tank; and adjusting tension of paper and pressure of rollers. May measure depth of coating. Excludes wor kers engaged in coating operations on equipment attached to papermaking machines. For wage study purposes, off-machine coater opera tors are classified by grade or type of paper, as follows: For wage study purposes, rewinder operators are classified by grade or type of paper, as follows: Newprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Newprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Rewinder helper Assists rewinder operator by performing any one or combination of the following-. Transporting rolls of paper from stockpile to machine; mounting rolls on machine; assisting in setting slitters, threading paper into machine, and splicing paper. May assist rewinder operator by performing other duties, as assigned. For wage study purposes, rewinder helpers are classified by grade or type of paper, as follows: Coater operator helper Assists coater operator (off-machine) by performing most of the following-. Loading rolls of paper or paperboard on machine feed racks; placing core on rewind shaft and positioning shaft on machine; assisting opera tor in threading paper through machine and starting end of paper around rewind core; splicing breaks in paper; and removing rewound roll from machine. Excludes workers assisting in the coating operations on equipment attached to papermaking machines. For wage study purposes, coater operator helpers are classified by grade or type of paper, as follows: Newprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Finishing, Sheet Cutter (Power cutter; rotary cutter; trimmer) Rewinder operator Operates slitting and rewinding machine to slit rolls of paper, and to rewind material in order to obtain compact rolls of desired size. Work involves most of the following: Setting slitters to obtain desired width; posi tioning roll in machine; threading material through machine and engaging ends on rewinding rolls or spools; starting machine and controlling tension and speed of machine to insure even winding and slitting; examining material during rewinding; and removing rolls when specified diameter is attained. Operates or tends the operation of one or more of the varieties of machines that cut or trim paper or paperboard to specified sizes; sets and adjusts knives, guides, stops, or clamps. The cutting equipment may be of the automatic type or may be hand controlled or operated; and the stock may be fed by hand or mechanical devices. For wage study purposes, cutters are classified by type of cutter and by grade or type of paper, as follows: 79 Laboratory Cutter, guillotine type (cut and trim) Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Cutter, rotary or sheet Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Paper tester Uses special testing equipment to conduct physical tests such as weight, strength, moisture, tear, tensile strength, fold, and absorption to determine I f paper meets specifications. For wage study purposes, paper testers are classified by grade or type of paper, as follows: Newsprint and groundwood Fine grades Sanitary tissue Coarse• (Kraft) Special industrial Container board Boxboard Other Miscellaneous Janitor Electrician, maintenance (Porter; sweeper; charworker) Performs a variety of electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenence, or repair of equipment for the generating, distribution, or utilization of electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most of the following-. Installing or repairing any of a variety of electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, controllers, circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit Systems, or other transmission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, layout, or other specifications; locating and diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements of wiring or electrical equipment; using a variety of electrician’s handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In general, the work of the maintenance electrician re quires rounded training and experience usually acqui red through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office or other establishment. Work involves a combination of the following: Sweeping, mopping and/or scrubbing and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polish ing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor maintenance services; and cleaning lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. Machinist, maintenance Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment opera ted in an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Interpreting written instructions and specifi cations; planning and laying out of work; using a variety of machinist’s handtools and precision measu ring instruments; setting up and operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal parts to close toler ances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds and speeds of machining; knowledge of the working properties of the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts, and Boiler tender Fires stationary boilers to furnish the establishment in which employed with heat, power, or steam. Feeds fuels to fire by hand or operates a mechanical stoker, gas, or oil burner; and checks water and safety valves. May clean, oil, or assist in repairing boiler room equipment. 80 equipment required for the work; and fitting and assembling parts into mechanical equipment. In gener al, the machinist’s work normally requires a rounded training in machine-shop practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Mechanic, general (Multicraft mechanic) (Greaser; lubricator) Lubricates, with oil or grease, the moving parts or wearing surfaces of mechanical equipment in an estab lishment. Observes operation of machines and reports to maintenance or other supervisor any defective operation observed. Pipefitter, maintenance Performs the work of two or more maintenance trades rather than specializing in only one trade or one type of maintenance work. In general, the work of a general mechanic requires rounded training and experi ence usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience in each craft. The classification includes workers who regularly perform two or more types of skilled maintenance work within a section or department of a large establishment, such as pipefitting, millwrighting, wel ding, machining, machine and equipment repairing, and carpentry, among others. It also includes workers who maintain and repair machines, mechanical and electri cal equipment, and/or the structure of a small establish ment where specialization in maintenance work is impractical. It does not, however, include workers who only make minor repairs or adjustments. Installs or repairs water, steam, gas, or other types of pipe and pipefittings in an establishment. Work in volves most o f the following-. Laying out of work and measuring to locate position of pipe from drawings or other written specifications; cutting various sizes of pipe to correct lengths with chisel and hammer or oxyacetylene torch or pipe-cutting machine; threading pipe with stocks and dies; bending pipe by hand-driven or power-driven machines; assembling pipe with cou plings and fastening pipe to hangers; making standard shop computations relating to pressures, flow, and size of pipe required; and making standard tests to deter mine whether finished pipes meet specifications. In general, the work of the maintenance pipefitter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Workers primarily engaged in installing and repairing building sanitation or heating systems are excluded. Millwright, pulp and paper Maintains and repairs machinery and equipment in pulp and paper mills, largely on a routine basis, but may be called upon to do repairs on machinery when difficulties in operation occur. Work involves most of the following-. Examining paper-machine rolls, bearings, pumps, and other parts to insure all are in proper working condition; dismantling and repairing any of these parts, as necessary; sending defective parts to machine shop for repair; some sheet-metal work, wel ding, pipefitting, and related jobs, as required. Performs similar operations on pulp mill digesters and other equipment. Works with the production crew to restore normal operation of machine or equipment when breakdown occurs. Oiler Trucker, power Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electricpowered truck or tractor to transport goods and materials of all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishment. For wage study purposes, workers are classified by type of truck, as follows: Trucker, power (forklift) Trucker, power (other than forklift) 81 Industry Wage Studies The most recent reports providing occupational wage data for industries included in the Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys since 1960 are listed below. Copies are for sale from the superintendent of Docu ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or from any of its regional sales offices, and from the regional offices of the Bureau of Labor Statistics shown on the inside back cover. Copies that are out of stock are available for reference purposes at leading public, college, or university libraries, or at the Bureau’s Washington or regional offices. Manufacturing Manufacturing — Continued Basic Iron and Steel, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1839 Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1975. Bulletin 1939 Cigar Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1796 Cigarette Manufacturing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1944 Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1921 Fabricated Structural Steel, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1935 Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1763 Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1803 Fluid Milk Industry, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1871 Footwear, 1975, BLS Bulletin 1946 Hosiery, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1987 Industrial Chemicals, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1978 Iron and Steel Foundries, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1894 Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1835 Machinery Manufacturing, 1974-75. BLS Bulletin 1929 Meat Products, 1974, BLS Bulletin 18% Men’s and Boys’ Separate Trousers, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1906 Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1901 Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1962 Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1914 Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1973-74. BLS Bulletin 1912 Nonferrous Foundries, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1952 Paints and Varnishes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1973 Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1719 Petroleum Refining, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1948 Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1923 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2008 Shipbuilding and Repairing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1968 Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1694 Structural Clay Products, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1942 Synthetic Fibers, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1975 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1967 Textiles, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1945 Wages and Demographic Characteristics in Work Clothing Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1858 West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704 Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1728 Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1908 Wood Household Furniture, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1930 J£u.s. GOVERNMENT P R I N T I N G OFFICE: 1978-281*412/163 Nonmanufacturing Appliance Repair Shops, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1936 Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1876 Banking and Life Insurance, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1988 Bituminous Coal Mining, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1999 Communications, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1991 Contract Cleaning Services, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2009 Contract Construction, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1911 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gass Production, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1797 Department Stores, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2006 Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968-69. BLS Bulletin 1671 Electric and Gas Utilities, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1834 Hospitals, 1975-76. BLS Bulletin 1949 Hotels and Motels, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1883 Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 16451 Metal Mining, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1820 Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 15421 Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1964 Scheduled Airlines, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1951 Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1712 'Bulletin out of stock Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Offices Region I 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Region IV 1371 Peachtree Street, NE. Atlanta, Ga 30309 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Region V Region II Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, N Y. 10036 Phone:(212)399-5405 Region III 3535 Market Street P O Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa 19101 Phone. (215) 596-1154 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S Dearborn Street Chicago, III. 60604 Phone:(312)353-1880 Regions VII and V III* 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 Regions IX and X** 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 Region VI Second Floor 555 Griffin Square Building Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 749-3516 * Regions VII and VIII are serviced by Kansas City ••Regions IX and X are serviced by San Francisco
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