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Industry Wage Survey: hotels and Motels ^ . d May 1978 ; U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics April 1980 Bulletin 2055 ¥ oocui®1 coa wa 2 ,9 8o0 ^ 00. Industry Wage Survey: Hotels and Motels May 1978 U.S. Department of Labor Ray Marshall, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner April 1980 Bulletin 2055 Preface the Division of Occupational Wage Structures prepared the analysis in this bulletin. Field work for the survey was directed by the Assistant Regional Commissioners for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin. Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without the permission of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of La bor Statistics and cite Industry Wage Survey: Hotels and Motels, May 1978, Bulletin 2055. This bulletin summarizes the results of a May 1978 Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of employer-paid wages, customer tips for selected occupations, and sup plementary benefits in year-round hotels, motor-hotels, motels, and tourist courts in 24 metropolitan areas. These establishments, in operation 9 months or more a year, are primarily engaged in providing lodging, or lodging and meals, for the general public. Separate re leases for each of the areas included in the survey were issued earlier. Copies of these releases are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or any of its regional offices. The study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. Harry B. Williams of iii Contents Page Summary................................................................................................................................................................... Industry characteristics............................................................................................................................................ Employment...................................................................................................................................................... Establishment s iz e ............................................................................................................................................ Eating facilities.................................................................................................................................................. Unionization...................................................................................................................................................... * * * 2 2 2 Employee earnings.................................................................................................................................................... Tipped occupations................. ; ...................................................................................................................... Nontipped occupations.................................................................................................................................... 2 2 3 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions................................................................................. Scheduled weekly h o u rs................................................................................................................................... Paid holidays .......................... Paid vacations.................................................................................................................................................... Health, insurance, and retirement p la n s .......................................................................................................... Meal provisions ................................................................................................................................................ Uniform allowance provisions......................................................................................................................... 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Text tables: 1. Percent of nonoffice, nonsupervisory workers in hotels and motels by size of establishment............... 2. Wage and earnings relationships: Table waiters and waitresses in full-course restaurants compared with their assistants, hotels and motels, May 1978 .............................................................. Reference tables: Occupational averages: 1. Average hourly wages: By occupation............................................................................................ 2 3 5 Occupational wages: 2. Atlanta, Ga.......................................................................................................................................... 7 3. Boston, Mass....................................................................................................................................... 8 4. Buffalo, N.Y...................................................... 9 5. Chicago, 111............................................................................................................................................ 10 6. Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind...................................................................................................................... 12 7. Cleveland, Ohio ...................................................................................................................................13 8. Dallas-Fort Worth, Tex.........................................................................................................................14 9. Denver-Boulder, Colo......................................................................................................................... 15 10. Detroit, Mich....................................................................................................................................... 16 11. Houston, Tex....................................................................................................................................... 17 12. Kansas City, Mo.-Kans....................................................................................................................... 18 13. Las Vegas, Nev.................................................................................................................................... 19 14. Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif................................................................................................................................................... 20 15. Memphis, Tenn.-Ark.............................................................................................................................21 16. Miami, Fla............................................................................................................................................. 22 17. Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn..................................................................................................................23 v Contents—Continued Page Occupational wages—Continued 18. New Orleans, La................................................................................................................................ 19. New York, N.Y.................................................................................................................................. 20. Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J........................................................................................................................ 21. Pittsburgh, Pa.................................................................................................................................... 22. Portland, Oreg.-Wash....................................................................................................................... 23. St. Louis, Mo.-Ill............................................................................................................................... 24. San Francisco-Oakland, Calif........................................................................................................... 25. Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va............................................................................................................... 24 25 26 28 30 31 32 34 Occupational earnings: 26. Average hourly earnings: Selected tipped occupations.......................................................................................................... 35 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 27. Scheduled weekly hours: Nonoffice workers ....................................................................................................................... 28. Paid holidays..................................................................................................................................... 29. Paid vacations................................................................................................................................... 30. Health, insurance, and retirement plans............................................................................................................................. 31. Meal provisions................................................................................................................................. 32. Uniform allowance provisions........................................................................................................ Appendixes: A. Scope and method of survey..................................................................................................................... B. Occupational descriptions......................................................................................................................... vi 37 37 38 40 41 41 42 46 Hotels and Motels, May 1978 Summary Industry characteristics In May 1978, occupational pay levels for nonsupervisory workers (except office) in the hotel and motel industries in 24 major metropolitan areas were usually highest in Las Vegas, followed closely by New York and San Francisco. The lowest averages among the 20 occupational categories studied separately were gener ally found in Buffalo, Miami, and St. Louis.1 Among the tipped occupations,2employer-paid wages for both public and service bartenders averaged at least $3 an hour in most areas; those for customer lodging attendants and waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants, be tween $1.75 and $3.00; and those for waiters and wait resses, typically under $2 an hour. In May 1978, tips contributed substantially to the earnings of employees in most tipped occupations stud ied, particularly those paid comparatively low wages by employers, such as customer lodging attendants, waiters and waitresses, and their assistants.3 For the nontipped job classifications studied, station ary engineers were among the highest paid, ranging from $9.66 an hour in Las Vegas to $4.67 in Miami. Other high-paid jobs included general maintenance me chanic and second cook—averaging between $4 and $6 an hour in most of the 24 areas studied. Most hotels and motels provided paid holidays, typically 6 to 8 days annually, and paid vacations after specified periods of service. Life, hospitalization, sur gical, and basic medical insurance were available to at least seven-tenths of the workers in 20 of the 24 areas studied. Retirement pension plans (other than Federal social security) applied to a majority of the workers in 14 areas. The study covered commercial establishments, known to the public as hotels, motor-hotels, motels, or tourist courts, primarily engaged in providing lodging, or lodging and meals, for the general public. Surveyed establishments, those in operation 9 months or more a year, employed 20 workers or more. Employment. The 1,850 establishments within the scope of the survey employed approximately 253,200 workers in the 24 areas combined. Of this total, about three-fourths, or 188,200 workers, were classified as nonoffice, nonsupervisory employees. In May 1978, just over half of the nonoffice, nonsupervisory work force were concentrated in 7 of the 24 areas studied—Las Vegas (22,100), New York (18,000), Chicago (16,700), Washington (12,200), Los Angeles-Long Beach (11,800), Miami (11,400), and San Francisco (10,700). Corresponding employment counts in the remaining 17 areas studied ranged from about 9,000 in Atlanta, Dal las, and Houston to slightly less than 1,500 in Buffalo. Part-time workers—defined here as those regularly scheduled to work fewer hours than full-time employ ees in the same occupational category—made up 14 percent, or 26,300 workers, of the total nonoffice, non supervisory work force in all areas combined. The pro portion of part-time workers varied somewhat among the areas. As illustrated below, slightly more than twofifths of the workers in Buffalo and Minneapolis-St. Paul worked part time compared with less than onetenth in six areas. Percent o•/f workers on part-time schedules 40-49 ............................ 30-39 ............................ 20-29 ............................ 1Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined through Febru ary 8, 1974, by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. 2See appendix A for scope and method o f survey, and appendix B for occupational descriptions. Wage data in this bulletin exclude (1) tips (2) the value of free meals, room, and uniforms, if provided, and (3) premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distri buted by the employer to employees were considered wages rather than tips and are included. 3For purposes o f this survey, “tipped employees” include workers who customarily and regularly received customer tips of any amount. Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, however, “tipped employees” are defined as those who customarily and regularly recieve more than $30 a month in tips. 1 0 - 1 9 ............................ Less than 1 0 ................. . / 4 KPCIS Buffalo, Minneapolis-St. Paul Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh Denver-Boulder, Detroit, Kansas City Atlanta, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Memphis, Portland, St. Louis, San FranciscoOakland, Washington Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Las Vegas, Miami, New Orleans, New York Occupational classifications studied separately were arranged into two broad groups: Tipped employees, 1 such as customer lodging attendants (formerly called bellmen), bartenders, and waiters and waitresses and their assistants; and nontipped workers, such as lodging quarters cleaners (chambermaids), room clerks, and dishwashers, as well as maintenance and other nonoffice workers. For the most part, employees in each group performed functions directly related to food and room services, such as preparing beverages and meals, serv ing food, showing guests their accommodations, and cleaning rooms. The 20 occupational categories studied separately, selected to represent various pay levels and duties of the industry’s employees, accounted for be tween one-half and two-thirds of total nonoffice nonsupervisory employment in 23 of the 24 areas studied. Only in Las Vegas did the corresponding ratio fall to one-third. Lodging quarters cleaner was the most populated job among the 20 occupations selected for study in each of the 24 areas; it accounted for 42,000 workers overall. Waiters and waitresses employed in full-course restau rants, the second largest job group with just over 17,000 workers in the 24 areas combined, outnumbered their assistants (7,800 workers) by nearly 2 to 1 in 21 of the surveyed areas. In May 1978, employment for dish washers, house porters, and room clerks each ranged between 9,700 and 11,000 in the 24 areas combined; no other occupational category studied employed over 6,300 workers. tabulation, the proportion of eating facilities operated by the establishments in which they were located (i.e., not contracted out to another company or firm) varied by geographic location: Percent o f eating facilities not contracted out 80 or m o r e ......................... 60-79.................................... 40-59 Percent o f nonoffice, nonsupervisory workers, in union establishments 90 or m ore......................... 80-89 .................................. 70-79 .................................. 60-69 .................................... 50-59 .................................... 40-49 .................................... Text table 1. Percent of nonoffice, nonsupervisory workers in hotels and motels by size of establishment Total, 24 areas B u ffa lo .................... C le ve la nd ................ Las V egas................ M em phis.................. New York.................. St. L o u is .................. San FranciscoOakland .............. 500 employees or more 20-99 employees 100-249 employees 250-499 employees 20 37 12 3 55 20 22 24 53 27 4 21 17 45 19 10 61 4 24 26 11 37 — — 90 26 17 32 25 30-39 .................................... 20-29 .................................... 10-19 .................................... Less than 1 0 ......................... — 36 21 Areas Las Vegas, New York San Francisco-Oakland Detroit, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Minneapolis-St. Paul, St. Louis Chicago, Cleveland Boston, Miami, Washington Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland Cincinnati, Kansas City Buffalo Atlanta, Denver-Boulder, New Orleans Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Memphis Employee earnings Tipped occupations. In the hotel and motel industry, table waiters and waitresses employed in full-course restaurants typically received lower employer-paid wages than their assistants. On the other hand, total hourly earnings were considerably higher for waiters and waitresses when tips are included (tables 1 and 26). In 23 of the 24 metropolitan areas surveyed, table waiters Note: Because of rounding, percentages may not sum to 100. Eating facilities. Hotels and motels having eating fa cilities employed at least seven-eighths of the workers in each of the 24 areas. As indicated in the following Boston, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Memphis, Philadelphia Buffalo, Cincinnati, Cleve land, Denver-Boulder, Detroit, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles-Long Beach, MinneapolisSt. Paul, New Orleans, Portland Atlanta, Chicago, Miami, New York, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, San FranciscoOakland, Washington Unionization. In the 24 areas combined, nearly threefifths of the nonoffice, nonsupervisory, workers were in hotels and motels with collective bargaining agree ments covering a majority of such workers. Wide var iations were found in the extent of labor-management contract coverage among the 24 areas studied. For ex ample, nine-tenths or more of the workers in Las Vegas and New York were covered by such agreements com pared with about two-thirds in Chicago and Cleveland, and less than 10 percent in three southern cities. Establishment size. Hotel and motel facilities each hav ing at least 500 workers employed three-eighths of the survey’s nonoffice nonsupervisory work force in May 1978. Those having 100-249 workers made up nearly one-fourth. Those having 250-499 workers and those employing 20-100 workers each accounted for one-fifth. Text table 1 illustrates, however, that these relation ships were not consistent among areas. Area Areas 2 and waitresses in full-course restaurants averaged low er employer-paid wages than their assistants: The me dian wage disadvantage among the areas was 31 per cent. When customer tips were included, however, the pattern was reversed: The median wage advantage for waiters and waitresses over their assistants was 43 per cent (text table 2). waitresses and their assistants in full-course restaurants, however, average tips generally increased only as wages reached their highest levels. Average tips for assistants typically were confined to a relatively narrow range— between 75 cents and $1.50 an hour—regardless of wages paid; for the other two jobs, average hourly tips covered a broad range. Among the tipped occupations, employer-paid wages for bartenders in public and service bars averaged $3 or more an hour in most areas studied (tables 2-25). Service bartenders typically held a wage advantage, ranging up to 22 percent, over public bartenders in 19 of the 21 areas permitting comparisons. However when tips were included, the pay advantage swung to public bartenders in 17 areas (table 26). In May 1978, employ er-paid wages for customer lodging attendants and waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants generally averaged between $1.75 and $3.00 while waiters and waitresses averaged less than $2.00 an hour in most of the 24 ar eas studied.4 Text table 2. Wage and earnings relationships: Table waiters and waitresses in full-course restaurants compared with their assistants, hotels and motels, May 1978 Number of areas where table waiters and waitresses averaged — Difference Less in wages than their assistants when tips were excluded from earnings More in total earnings than their assistants when tips were included in earnings Total number of areas Less than 10 percent . . . 10 to 19 percent.............. 20 to 29 percent.............. 30 to 39 percent.............. 40 to 49 percent.............. 50 to 59 percent.............. 60 percent and over . . . . 123 3 3 4 7 6 — — 223 1 2 3 5 3 2 7 Nontipped occupations. For nontipped service jobs studied separately, hourly pay levels typically ranged from $2.65 to $6.00. The highest averages were typically found in Las Vegas, followed closely by New York and San Francisco; the lowest averages were reported for Buffalo, Miami, and St. Louis. Stationary engineers were among the highest paid of the nontipped occupations, ranging from $9.66 an hour in Las Vegas to $4.67 in Miami. Second cooks, who have general supervision over kitchen activities, usual ly averaged between $4 and $6 in most areas, as did general maintenance mechanics. Among room service occupational groups, house por ters, who maintain the premises of the hotel and motel facilities, had average hourly earnings ranging from $4.84 in New York to $2.71 in Buffalo, Memphis, and St. Louis; hourly pay for lodging quarters cleaners ranged from $4.43 in Las Vegas to $2.62 in Miami. Room clerks, responsible for registering and assigning rooms to incoming guests and checking out departing guests, ranged from $5.70 in Las Vegas to $2.94 in Buf falo. In most of the areas studied, however, the aver age for room clerks fell between $3.50 and $4.50. Among food service job categories, pantryworkers, who prepare food or beverage items such as salads, fruit cocktails, and/or sandwiches, averaged between $2.75 and $3.75 in most areas studied. Hourly rates for dish- 1Excludes Portland, where waiters and waitresses averaged more in employerpaid wages than their assistants. ^Information on tips was not available for Las Vegas. Tips usually constituted a significantly higher pro portion of total hourly earnings for workers having di rect contact with the customers, i.e., waiters and wait resses, customer lodging attendants, and public bartend ers, than for those with little or no direct contact, such as service bartenders and waiters’ and waitresses’ assis tants. Table 26 shows that in 4 of the 5 categories of waiters and waitresses having personal contact with customers, tips accounted for at least 50 percent of the workers’ total earnings in a majority of the 23 areas permitting comparison. (The percentage that tips con stituted of total earnings for waiters and waitresses sta tioned at counters, however, varied considerably by geographic location, ranging from 67 percent in St. Louis to less than 5 percent in Chicago and New Or leans.) In contrast, tips for service bartenders, and waiters’/waitresses’ assistants in full-course restaurants (the latter often share gratuities with waiters and wait resses) averaged less than 25 percent of total hourly earnings in most areas studied. Customer lodging atten dants, who also have direct customer contact, received between 40 and 60 percent of their earnings from tips in 16 of the 23 areas compared. In the 23 areas combined, a comparison of establish ment-average hourly tips and employer-paid wages for the three most heavily populated tipped occupations revealed mixed patterns. For customer lodging atten dants, an inverse relationship (the higher the wage, the lower the tip average) tended to occur, especially when wages were below $1.75 an hour. For table waiters and 4 At the time o f the survey, the applicable Federal minimum wage for hotel and motel employees covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act was $2.65 an hour. The act permits tips (up to 50 percent of the minimum wage) and the reasonable cost o f board and lodging to be credited against the minimum wage. For a detailed account of employee compensation in the industry, see Hotels and Motels under the Fair Labor Standards Act, W H Publication 1306 (Revised April 1978) Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division. 3 washers averaged under $3.50 in all but three areas studied—Las Vegas ($4.63), New York ($4.22), and San Francisco ($3.80). after 1 year of service, 2 weeks after 2 years, and 3 weeks after 10 years. In 8 areas, three-fifths of the work ers received at least 4 weeks of vacation pay after 20 years of service. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Life, hospital ization, surgical, and basic medical insurance, for which the employer paid at least part of the cost, applied to seven-tenths or more of the workers in most areas stud ied (table 30). Accidental death and dismemberment, major medical, and sickness and accident insurance or paid sick leave, or both, were also available to a ma jority of the workers in a substantial number of areas. Long-term disability insurance provisions were rarely found. Retirement pension plans (other than social security), providing regular payments for the remainder of the retiree’s life, were available to a majority of the work ers in 14 areas. Data were also obtained on selected establishment practices and supplementary benefits, including work schedules, paid holidays, paid vacations, and specified health, insurance, and retirement plans. These data re late to nonoffice, nonsupervisory workers as a group. Scheduled weekly hours. Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in effect for a majority of nonoffice, non supervisory workers in 18 of the areas studied (table 27). Major exceptions were New York, where the pre dominant weekly work schedule was 35 hours, and Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, and San Francisco, where the typical schedule ranged between 35 and 40 hours. Data on weekly work schedules were also obtained for workers in four occupations—customer lodging at tendant, dishwasher, lodging quarters cleaner, and waiter and waitress. Weekly work schedules ranging from 35 to 40 hours typically applied for each of the four occupations in most areas. In Buffalo, however, a majority of the workers in 3 of the 4 occupational cate gories were scheduled for less than 35 per week; sched ules for lodging quarters cleaners were slightly over 35 hours. Meal provisions. Information on meal provisions was obtained separately for seven occupational categoriesbartenders in public bars; dishwashers; room clerks; sec ond cooks; waiters and waitresses, cocktail lounges; waiters and waitresses, full-course restaurants; and waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants, full-course restau rants. For 6 of these categories, employers typically provided at least one free meal to a majority of the workers in nearly all areas studied. One or two meals daily was by far the most common provision. For room clerks, provisions for one free meal daily or meals at a reduced cost were recorded in most areas. Paid holidays. Paid holidays, most commonly 6 to 8 days annually, were provided to at least two-thirds of workers in all but one area—Portland. There, just un der half of the workers received paid holidays. Holiday provisions varied considerably within some areas. To illustrate, one-third of the workers in San Francisco re ceived 3 days or less while nearly half received 8 days (table 28). Uniform allowance provisions. In each area, employer typically furnished, or furnished and cleaned, uniforms when employees were required to wear them (table 32). Plans for both furnishing and cleaning uniforms were by far the most prevalent. Employer provisions only for cleaning uniforms or for cash allowances to em ployees for buying and maintaining uniforms applied to relatively few workers in the survey. Paid vacations. Virtually all workers covered by the survey were provided paid vacations after qualifying periods of service (table 29). In May 1978, typical va cations plans called for at least 1 week of vacation pay 4 Table 1. Average hourly wages: By occupation ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s tr a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly w a g e s 1 of e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in h o t e l s a n d m o te ls , 2 4 a r e a s , 2 M ay 1978) N ortheast B oston Item Num•ber of work ers Buffalo Num Aver A ver ber age age of h ourly w o r k hourly wages wages ers N e w York So ut h P h ilad elp hia Num Num A ver ber ber age of of w o rk“ h ourly w o r k wages e r8 e rs Pittsburgh Num Aver ber age of h o u r l y wo rk~ wages ers D allasF o r t Worth Num A ver Aver ber age age of h ourly h ourly workwages wages e rs A t la n t a Num A v e r ber age of hourly w o r k wages ers Houston Num ber of work ers M em phis Num Aver Aver ber age age of h ourly w o r k h ourly wages wages ers M iam i Num ber of worke rs New O rleans Num A v e r ber A ver age age of h ourly hourlyw o rkwages wages ers W a s h in g t o n Num ber of work ers Aver age hourly wages TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS Room service: C u s t o m e r l o d g i n g a t t e n d a n t s ........... Food service: B a r t e n d e r s , p u b l i c b a r s .................. B a r t e n d e r s , s e r v i c e b a r s ................. W a i t e r s ' an d w a i t r e s s e s ' a ssis ta n ts , fu ll-co u rse r e s t a u r a n t s .............................................. W a i t e r s ' an d w a i t r e s s e s ' a s s i s t a n t s , o t h e r th an f u l l ” c o u r s e r e s t a u r a n t s .......................... W a i t e r s an d w a i t r e s s e s , c o u n t e r . W a ite r s and w a i t r e s s e s , cocktail l o u n g e s ........................................................ W a i t e r s a n d w a i t r e s s e s , ta b l e . f u l l - c o u r s e r e s t a u r a n t s ................... W a i t e r s an d w a i t r e s s e s , table* o t h e r th a n f u l l - c o u r s e r e s t a u r a n t s a n d c o c k t a i l l o u n g e s ........... W a i t e r s an d w a i t r e s s e s , o t h e r . . . NONTIPPED 851 *2.99j 90 * 2.01 64 *2.99 328 < 1 .8 8 3 .09 3.22 358 1 32 9 .7 6 5.5*7 289 27 3 .9 1 3 .7 0 189 9 3.35 9 .08 210 26 91 2.09 921 2 .6 7 326 2 .2 3 289 2 .2 8 423 15 7 39 2 .8 2 3 .22 61 39 3 .11 1 .81 19 2 .9 1 “ 219 2 .2 5 132 1 .6 0 120 1 .7 0 253 1 .4 8 230 1 .38 431 1 .4 6 104 1 .42 221 1 , 1 99 2 .1 9 965 1.61 992 1 .56 798 1 .5 2 736 1 .44 765 1 .4 3 281 1 . 53 889 90 919 2 .9 3 2 .3 2 138 70 1.71 2 .0 9 73 17 1 .95 2 .6 4 37 77 1 .6 4 1 .62 134 — 1 .44 13 8 1 .70 1.5 1 145 71 1 . 77 1• 66 229 S 2 .0 0 39 *2 .9 8 22 7 69 3 .3 0 3 .6 0 118 16 39* 2 .8 7 39 29 3 .0 3 3 .1 7 251 1 . 72 66 ' 1 .69 873 1 .72 39 2 1 .89 99 237 1 .65 2 .2 8 - 292 < 2 .0 1 247 S 2 .1 2 53 (1 .9 6 517 (1 .8 3 317 (1 .7 6 429 (2 .0 5 3 .5 2 3 .6 3 164 27 2 .9 7 3 .4 8 18 7 28 3 .5 6 3 .5 4 90 11 2 .8 8 3 .3 6 38 6 12 2 .5 8 3 . 16 179 14 3 .22 3 .39 15 5 14 0 4 .2 8 4 .5 7 2. 65 289 2 .6 7 375 2 .6 6 97 2 .7 1 414 2 .0 9 263 2 .22 425 2 .9 6 77 2 .4 0 1 09 11 2 .1 3 2 .4 7 19 ” 2 .60 “ 2 54 “ 3 .1 0 “ 1 .6 5 107 1 .71 221 1 .83 1 .6 2 608 1.54 9 40 1.82 53 101 1 .40 1 .68 246 2 07 2 .2 5 2 .11 — - * — 21 EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS Room service: E l e v a t o r o p e r a t o r s .................................... H o u s e p o r t e r s .............................................. Room clerk s “ 33 3 1 .300 396 ................................................. ~ 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .91 52 980 189 2 .71 2 .7 0 2 .9 9 19 2 1,905 9 , 595 831 9 .9 9 4.U 4 4 .4 2 9 .9 9 359 1,961 963 3 .2 3 3 .11 3 .9 3 13 0 902 277 3 .2 8 449 2 .9 1 2,284 2 .9 7 570 2 .7 8 2 .7 3 3 .2 3 262 2 .7 6 2,125 2 .7 5 548 3 . 1 5 297 2 ,1 3 2 552 2 . 7 6 103 2 .7 2 545 3 . 43 216 — 2 .7 1 2 .7 2 2 .9 6 952 2,5 5 2 605 2 .8 3 2 .6 2 3 .4 7 3 42 1,329 432 2 .80 2 .74 3.35 10 8 30 2,822 75 8 3 .50 3 .42 3 . 18 3.6 7 - Food service: D i s h w a s h e r s ................................................... P a n t r y w o r k e r s .......................................... S e c o n d c o o k s - .................................................. 512 119 7b 3 .0 2 3 . 32 9 .9 7 180 36 18 2 .6 6 2 .9 5 5 .1 3 8 58 227 75 9 .2 2 9 .6 1 5 .8 8 998 139 89 3 .0 0 3 .2 7 9 .9 6 292 170 61 2 .8 9 3 .01 9 .0 7 366 170 28 2 .7 7 3 . 10 5 .8 1 448 2 . 6 6 147 3 .0 2 7 5 . 83 513 1 56 17 2 . 7 0 116 3 . 1 0 134 6 .6 5 - 2 .7 3 2 .9 4 - 52 7 116 70 2 .7 0 3 .6 6 4 .76 324 162 15 2 .7 5 2.99 6 .38 7 04 233 38 3 .2 6 3 .52 6 .0 3 M a i n t e n a n c e an d m i s c e l l a n e o u s : E n g i n e e r s , s t a t i o n a r y ............................ G en eral m aintenance m e ch a n ics • • G u a r d s ................................................................ W 133 113 5 .3 7 9 .2 9 “ 19 “ 9 .5 0 129 2 7c 1 82 6 .1 0 5 .3 8 9 .91 21 161 52 9 .9 3 9 .1 1 3 .9 3 15 56 21 7.81 3 .6 4 3 .3 0 51 177 125 4 .9 2 4 . 53 3 .6 5 44 5 .3 4 204 4 .2 1 79 4 . 6 3 44 281 53 6 .8 1 4 .32 3 .9 0 56 * 3 .93 * 14 3 66 51 4 .6 7 3 .84 3 .6 0 45 132 25 5.1 2 4 .07 3 .5 9 56 2 27 112 7.60 4 .7 9 4 .1 2 " S e e f o o t n o t e s a t en d of ta b l e. Table 1. Average hourly wages: By occupation—Continued ( N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y w a g e s 1 of e m p l o y e e s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in h o t e l s a n d m o t e l s , 24 a r e a s , 2 M a y 1978) North Central C h icago Cincinnati Cleveland Num A v e r ber A ver age age of hourly w o r k hourly wages wages ers W est K a n s a s C i ty D etroit Num A ver ber age of h ourly work wages ers Num Aver ber age of w o r k - h ourly wages e rs M inneapolisSt P a u l Num Aver ber age of h o urly work wages ers St. Louis Num Aver ber age of h ourly work wages ers D enverBoulder Num A ver ber age of h o urly work wages ers Num A ver ber age of w o r k hourly wages ers Num ber of work ers 31.90 39 $2.30 102 32.2 9 210 32.61 126 3 2 . 17 117 32 .2 2 168 31.77 293 32.0 3 3 .9 5 9 .0 9 96 38 3.22 3.58 11 7 29 3 .3 9 3 .7 1 1 82 87 9.2C 9.31 121 18 3 .6 5 3. 7 1 390 29 5.1 1 5 .2 0 197 3 .3 5 231 107 2 .2 9 197 2 .5 2 922 2 .83 228 2 .6 1 972 3 .01 , 250 1 .9 7 28 ~ 2 .6 7 “ - 1 .6 9 95 2 .15 28 * 1 .5 7 — Num ber of worke rs 3 .23 2 .3 2 Los A n g e le s Long B ea ch NumAver Aver be r age age of h ourly h ourly w o r k wages wages ers Las V egas Portland Num ber of worke rs Aver age h ourly wages San F r a n c i s c o Oa kla nd Num A ver ber age of hourly work wages ers TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS R oom serv ice: C u s to m e r lodging attendants .... 4/0 Food service: B a r t e n d e r s , p u b l i c b a r s .................... 319 B a r t e n d e r s , s e r v i c e b a r s ................. . 1 1 5 W a i t e r s ' and w a i t r e s s e s ' a ssista n ts, fu ll-cou rse 70 7 r e s t a u r a n t s .................................................. W aiter s' and w a it r e s s e s ' a s s i s t a n t s , o t h e r than 111 f u l l - c o u r s e r e s t a u r a n t s ...................... 6 W a i t e r s an d w a i t r e s s e s , c o u n t e r . W a i t e r s and w a i t r e s s e s , c o c k t a i l 339 l o u n g e s .......................................................... W a i t e r s an d w a i t r e s s e s , ta b l e, f u l l - c o u r s e r e s t a u r a n t s ....................... 1 , 3 3 5 W a i t e r s an d w a i t r e s s e s , t a b l e , o t h e r th a n f u l l - c o u r s e r e s t a u r a n t s and c o c k t a i l l o u n g e s . 119 W a i t e r s an d w a i t r e s s e s , o t h e r . . . 258 - 2 .31 1 .87 - - ” 15 28 5 3 4.32 524 32 .6 6 102 3 2 .5 6 456 32.84 - 46 7 32 7 2 .5 3 - 6 .71 335 67 4 .3 7 4 .9 9 94 36 4 . 15 4 . 13 220 122 6 .1 6 7 .05 31 2 3 .52 407 2 .52 3 31 2 .64 340 3 . 16 894 1,038 3.55 3 .30 291 80 2 .6 2 2 .5 3 ” - 216 48 3 .06 3 .87 1 .93 94 1 .56 1 16 1 .9 9 169 2 .9 2 108 1 .6 2 230 2 .12 120 1 .5 3 198 1.51 72 2 3.29 291 2 .6 0 13 1 ' 2 .6 4 220 3 .06 1 .91 382 1 .99 923 1.95 875 2 .9 7 500 U 81 1,072 2 .0 8 981 1 .5 9 66 3 1 .59 443 3 .27 398 2 .5 0 489 2 .6 8 7 67 3 .15 52 92 1.96 1 .82 90 2 .2 6 59 1 .7 9 81 2 .01 57 1 .65 33 1.75 38 6 127 3.4 5 3 .28 458 16 5 2 .5 3 2 .50 16 2 .7 2 191 467 2 .84 3 .4 8 — 998 1,981 287 — — 4 .8 3 794 2 .9 6 4 .3 2 2,392 2 . 7 6 5 .7 0 695 3 . 7 7 127 675 206 * 555 2 .9 8 2 .8 8 2,606 638 3 .3 4 3 .7 9 3 .61 4 .7 0 1. 79 2 . 19 - NONTIPPED _EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS R oom service: E l e v a t o r o p e r a t o r s ............................... 99 H o u s e p o r t e r s ............................................ 895 ........... 3 , 7 9 0 L odging q u a r te r s c l e a n e r s R o o m c l e r k s .............. ................................ 919 3 .6 9 3 .06 3 .0 0 3 . 59 _ 66 737 299 2 .9 8 2 .85 3 .19 168 8 59 2 52 2 .7 9 2 . 73 2 .9 6 198 1,189 902 Food serv ice: D i s h w a s h e r s ............................................... P a n t r y w o r k e r s .......................................... S e c o n d c o o k s ............................................... 796 308 59 3 .0 5 3 .2 6 5 .88 1 63 78 89 2 .77 2.9 5 9 .10 2 39 13 3 11 2 .76 2 .9 3 5 .2 6 M a i n t e n a n c e an d m i s c e l l a n e o u s : E n g in eer s, station ary ....................... G eneral m aintenance m e ch a n ics. • G u a r d s ............................................................. 150 296 [ 355 9 . 51 5 . 79 9 .8 9 7 91 57 6 .98 9 .13 9 .29 ~ Ill 70 9 .1 1 9 .9 6 3 .96 221 3 .2 1 1 ,127 279 3 .5 0 2 .7 6 2 .7 9 3 . 18 329 1,621 908 97 3 1 51 59 3 .18 3 .37 5 .0 9 252 55 2 . 82 3 .0 9 9 .3 7 20 125 6 .2 1 9 .5 2 51 90 70 6. 79 9 . 36 3 .2 9 1 21 1 W a g e d a ta e x c l u d e t i p s a n d the v a l u e of f r e e m e a l s , r o o m , and u n i f o r m s , if a n y w e r e p r o v i d e d , and p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a t e s h i f t s . S e r v i c e c h a r g e s a d d e d to c u s t o m e r s ' b i l l s a n d d i s t r i b u t e d b y t h e e m p l o y e r to the e m p l o y e e s a r e i n c l u d e d . 3 .32 216 3 .2 3 1.529 3 .32 915 206 2 .7 1 2 . 7 1 1.352 3 .1 2 939 2 . 87 2 .7 9 3 . 19 990 138 31 3 .1 3 3 .9 8 6 .2 9 271 108 58 2 .7 3 2 .9 6 3 .7 6 318 82 93 2 . 70 3 .2 0 3 . 57 876 260 25 4 .6 3 733 165 79 2 .95 3 .8 6 5 .7 0 188 125 31 2 .9 1 3 .2 7 4 .8 5 598 134 60 3 .8 0 4 .8 9 6 .9 8 82 66 7 .9 3 9.11 32 115 57 6 .2 9 9 .2 6 3 .9 9 20 87 17 6 .3 9 3 .99 3 .37 215 37 396 9 .6 6 5 . 92 5 .8 3 79 113 1 65 8 .4 2 5 .5 7 4 .1 3 28 53 5 6 .1 9 4 .76 4 .1 6 162 133 9 .3 8 4 .6 6 6.20 6*66 2 F o r d e f i n i t i o n of a r e a s s e e a p p e n d i x A. N O T E : D a s h e s i n d i c a t e that no d a ta w e r e r e p o r t e d o r that d a ta did n o t m e e t p u b l i c a t i o n c r i t e r i a . Table 2. Occupational w ages: Atlanta, Ga.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly w a g e s 2 of e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , m o te l s , m o to r - h o t e ls a n d t o u r i s t c o u r t s , M a y 1978) N um O ccupation NUF BER OF WORKERS RECEIVING 1.60 1 .7 0 1 .8 0 1.90 2. 00 Aver- S T R A IG H T - TIME HOURLY EARNINGS ( IN DOLLARS) OF— 2.10 2. 20 2 .3 0 2. 40 2. 50 2 .6 0 2. 70 2. 80 2. 90 3. 00 3 .2 0 1. 70 1 .8 0 1 .9 0 2 .0 0 2 .1 0 2. 20 2.30 2 .4 0 2.50 2 .6 0 2. 70 2 .80 2 .9 0 3 . 0 0 3. 20 3 .4 0 ber 1. 30 1.35 1 .4 0 1.45 1.50 age of AND w o r k hourly UNDER wages* ers 1. 35 1 .4 0 1 .4 5 1.50 1 .6 0 4 .0 0 AND OVER T IP P E D EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SER VIC E: CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS’ .......... FOOD SERVICES BARTENDERS, PUBLIC BARS...................... MEN.................................................................. WOMEN............................................................. BARTENDERS, SERVICE BARS.................... MEN.................................................................. WAITERS* AND WAITRESSES' AS SIS TA NTS , FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS................................................. MEN.................................................................. WOMEN............................................................. WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL LOUNGES......................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-CDURSE RESTAURANTS................... MEN.................................................................. WOMEN............................................................. WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS AND COCKTAIL LOUNGES WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R . . . . MEN.................................................................. S I . 88 31 23 - - ~ ~ 22 3. 52 3 .62 3. 28 3.63 3.72 423 371 52 2 #69 2.69 2.73 ~ 1.48 81 18 51 13 38 1 12 38 79 8 249 549 1.52 1.57 1.50 180 41 139 59 17 42 164 53 111 33 12 21 147 46 101 20 2 45 15 26 101 17 84 1.64 1.62 1.62 15 - 21 0 149 61 26 44 “ 27 6 - - - _ ~ - 59 - - 22 4 - _ - ~ 2 88 18 15 3 _ _ _ 1 - - - - i - - ~ i 1 2 4 4 - 28 20 8 — “ ~ ~ _ - _ 2 2 9 - _ 2b 25 lb 4 24 21 _ 5 5 - - - 16 4 2 1 - _ 45 42 7 “ _ 2 - - _ 32 28 4 - 8 B - - - - - 226 200 26 - _ _ - _ * - - - - 2 2 - _ - “ 15 5 10 1 1 IS 6 13 10 7 2 2 63 57 6 42 40 2 24 16 8 26 20 6 - - - - _ _ - - - - - - “ 1 1 _ 3.40 3 .60 3 .80 4 .00 4. 20 4.40 2 _ " - - - - 4.60 4 . 80 5 .0 0 5. 20 5. 40 5.60 5. 80 2. 70 2. 75 2. 80 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3. 10 3 . 2 0 3 .40 3. 60 3 . 8 0 4. 00 4 . 2 0 4.40 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .40 5. 60 EMPLOYEES - _ ~ _ 2 - 2 _ _ _ 2.65 2 .7 0 2 .7 5 2 .80 2 .90 3.00 3 . 1 0 3 .2 0 NONTIPPED 6 12 6 .4 0 AND OVER 5. 80 6 .0 0 SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM S ER VIC E: HOUSE PORTERS..................................... MEN......................................................... WOMEN.................................................... LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS6 . . . . ROOM CLERKS.......................................... MEN......................................................... WOMEN................................................... FOOO SE RVIC E: 0 IS H ASHERS.......................................... . W MEN......................................................... WOMEN................................ .. .................. PANTRY WORKERS.................................... MEN.......................................................... WOMEN.................................................... S ECOND COOKS......................................... MEN......................................................... 449 41 4 35 2 ,284 57 0 247 323 $2. 78 2.77 2. 92 2 .73 3. 23 3.23 3. 22 366 301 65 2. 77 2. 77 2. 78 3.10 2. 93 3. 14 5. 81 6.30 170 32 138 28 22 188 188 “ 1359 24 33 29 4 88 - 24 166 143 23 17 10 7 - 43 25 18 - “ - 36 31 5 231 30 4 26 78 72 6 290 43 21 22 74 63 11 163 35 17 18 19 19 o7 57 10 17 6 ii - lb 15 3 13 4 9 - 9 2 7 4 4 - 6 2 25 114 75 39 3 94 52 11 41 23 19 4 26 17 11 6 it - - 26 - it " MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS: EN GINE ERS , STATIONARY’ ............... . GENERAL MAINTENANCE MECHANICS. GUARDS........................................................ MEN.......................................................... WOMEN..................................................... 51 177 125 114 11 4 .9 2 4. 53 3 .65 3. 63 3 .93 ~ * “ “ - - - 3 3 3 20 lb 28 22 6 26 92 42 50 9 e i 46 6 40 ~ 2 2 B 97 50 47 31 6 25 4 4 - - _ _ ii 4 7 - - 13 - - - ” ~ - - 4 10 10 13 3 3 35 15 20 14 8 8 , - _ _ _ _ _ - 5 - - - - - _ _ _ _ 5 _ _ _ _ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 6 - _ _ _ _ - - _ - " _ - 25 25 2 12 6 6 _ _ 3 12 10 2 20 4 3 1 34 3 3 3 8 19 14 5 ___ F a y e t t e , F o r s y t h , F u l t o n , G w i n n e t t, H e n r y , N e w t o n , P a u l d i n g , R o c k d a l e ] and V a l t o n C o u n t i e s ’ . R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a i d w a g e s . E x c l u d e s tip s a n d the v a l u e o f m e a l s , r o o m , a n d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , an d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e of e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e the l e v e l of o cc u p a tio n a l ea r n in g s at a p a rticu la r tim e. Thus, c o m p a r is o n s m a d e with p r e v io u s stu dies m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e of c h a n g e s in the u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e a n d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in the s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , and s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d if fe r e n t p a y l e v e l s . Such sh ifts, fo r e x a m p le , could d e c r e a s e an o cc u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , ev e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n the p e r i o d s b e i n g c o m p a r e d . 25 14 16 15 1 3 27 3 3 3 3 - - - - 3 3 - 1 7 _ 7 8 2 2 12 _ _ _ “ - 3 All or virtually all w o r k e r s a re m en. 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 3 0 at $ 4 to $ 4 . 20; 2 at * 4 . 60 ; an d 3 at $ 4 . 60 tc $ 4 . 80. 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 2 at $ 4 to $ 4 . 2 0 ; 6 a t to $ 4 . 80. 6 A ll or v irtu a lly all w o r k e r s a r e w om en . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 at $ 6 . 80 to 57. 20; 4 $ 8 ; 2 a t $ 8 . 4 0 to $ 8 . 8 0 ; an d 1 a t $ 8 . 80 an d o v e r . “ $ 4 . 20 to $ 4 . 40; 2 5 a t $ 4 . 4 0 to < 4 40 to ' >4. 60; and 1 a t $ 4. 60 t ' ' a t $ 7 . 2 0 to $ 7 . 60; 1 at $ 7 . 6 0 to Table 3. Occupational w ages: Boston, Mass.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y w a g e s 2 of e m p l o y e e s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , m o t e l s , O c c u p a t io n a n d s e x Num ber of w ork ers N UM BER CF 1.50 1.60 1. 70 1 . 8 0 age AN0 h o u r ly LNDER w a g es2 1.60 WORKE RS 1. 90 2 . 0 0 1.70 1.80 1.90 2 . 0 0 2 .1 0 R E CE IV IN G 2 .1 0 2 .2 0 2 .2 0 2. 30 m o to r - h o t e l s and to u r is t c o u r ts , S TR A IG H T-TIM E HOURL Y E A R N I NGS (IN M a y 1978) DOLLARS) OF— 3.20 3 .4 0 3 . 6 0 T . F 0 4 .0 0 ANC OVER 3.20 3. 40 3. 60 3 . 8 0 4 .0 0 2. 30 r2 .4 0 2 .5 0 2 . 6 0 2.T O 2 . 8 0 2 .9 0 3.00 2 .4 0 2 . 5 0 2.60 2 . 7 0 2 .8 0 2 . 9 0 3 .0 0 TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM S E R V I C E : CUSTOMER LO O GIN G j ATTENDANTS. FOOD S E R V IC E : B A R T E N D E R S , P U B L I C E A R S ............................ M E N ................................................................................... W O M E N . . . . . ....................... .. .................................... B A R T E N D E R S , S E R V I C E B A R S ......................... WAI T E R S ' A ND W A I T R E S S E S ' A S S I S T A N T S , FU LL -C C U R S E R E S T A U R A N T S .............................................................. M E N . . . .......................................................................... W O M E N . . ....................................................................... W A I T E R S ' AND W A I T R E S S E S ' A S S I S T A N T S , O T H E R THAN F U L L - C O U R S E R E S T A U R A N T S . ................ , . W A I T E R S AND W A I T R E S S E S , C O U N T E R . . W A I T E R S AND W A I T R E S S E S , C O C K T A I L L O U N G E S / ....................................................................... W A I T E R S AND W A I T R E S S E S , T A B L E , F U L L - C O U R S E R E S T A U R A N T S ......................... M E N ................................................................................... W O M E N . . . . . ............................................................ W A I T E R S A ND W A I T R E S S E S , T A B L E , O T H E R T H A N F L L L —C C L R S E R E S T A U R A N T S AND C O C K T A I L L O U N G E S 1 W A I T E R S A ND W A I T R E S S E S , GY H E R . . . . M E N ............................... ................................................... $ 2 .0 0 227 189 38 69 56 3 .3 0 3 .3 3 3 .1 4 3 .6 0 3 .6 4 _ 244 298 46 2 .8 7 2 .8 8 2 .8 5 29 24 3 .0 2 3 .1 7 251 1 .7 2 40 £72 313 56C 1 .7 2 1 .7 5 1 .7 0 182 45 137 94 237 152 1 .6 5 2 .2 8 2 .1 0 68 2 3 3 - 2 2 3 3 “ i 65 4e 17 19 15 4 14 14 * 48 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 2 - - - - - 2 4 37 125 46 4 81 198 283 65 43 - 2 12 6 _ - _ _ _ _ 4 4 - _ - 4 10 16 15 13 2 2 2 12 12 13 - 52 51 15 9 1 10 8 6 6 109 96 13 19 4 11 177 161 16 48 40 4 _ “ _ 4 ‘ " ' 16 14 “ 3 2 _ * - ~ - - - - - 2 2 4 12 7 7 - 24 83 77 6 6 _ . 3 105 15 90 1 1 — _ . 5 1 8 _ _ 12 26 19 134 229 - - ~ 2 8 4 - _ - - _ - 3 “ - - - - 10 * 38 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 96 26 2 2 - 4 4 4 5 - 12 26 22 “ 15 15 2 3 9 9 3 ~ “ - 13 10 “ “ 2 .6 5 2. 70 2. 75 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 3 . 0 0 3.10 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3. 60 3 .8 0 4. 00 4 . 2 0 4 .4 0 4 . 6 0 4 .8 0 5.00 5. 20 5. 40 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 6 . 0 0 AND AND OVER LNDER 3 .8 0 4 . 0 0 4 .2 0 4 . 4 0 4 . 6 0 4 . 8 0 5. 00 5. 2 0 5. 40 5. 60 5 .E 0 6 . 0 0 2.70 2.75 2. 80 2 .5 C 3. 00 3 . 1 0 3.20 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 NONTIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM S ER V IC E: HOUSE P O R T E R Sl... . . . . . . . . . . . . L O O G I N G Q U A R T E R S C L E A N E R S . 5. . . ROOM C L E R K S ..................................................... M E N . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. .. W O M E N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 33 3 1 ,2 0 0 246 211 135 $ 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .4 1 3 .4 2 3 .3 8 50 126 FOOD S E R V IC E : D I S H W AS H E R S 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P A N T R Y W O R K E R S ............................................ M E N ...................................................................... W O M E N . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. ... S E C O N D C O O K S J . . . . . . . ......................... 512 114 77 37 78 3 .0 2 3 .3 2 3 .2 4 3 .4 9 4 .9 7 85 3 3 M A I N T E N A N C E AN D M I S C E L L A N E O U S : 1 E N G I N E E R S , S T A T I O N A R Y ...................... G ENERAL M A IN TE N A N C E M ECHANICS G U A R D S . . . . . . . .............................................. 49 133 112 5 .3 7 4 .2 9 2 .2 4 4 14 • 4 - 100 57 - 639 43 23 - 4 20 202 12 10 2 26 41 1 1 3 3 34 9 1 - - “ 20 20 “ 100 3 3 17 8 7 _ ” 6 6 34 69 4 6 85 7 4 3 “ ” 3 _ _ - 43 41 - 1 - 62 37 31 10 19 65 38 27 3 1 32 11 3 2 1 2 15 14 21 10 11 _ . _ 3 7 4 13 13 “ 43 4 21 6 6 - ” - * - • - - " 33 6 7 - 11 1 1 - 3 3 3 2 24 “ 3 2 2 21 6 1 - 27 7 4 8 “ 20 1 T h e B o s t o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s o f S u ffo lk C o u n ty , 16 c o m m u n i t i e s in E s s e x C o u n ty , 3 4 in M i d d l e s e x C o u n ty , 2 6 in N o r f o lk C o u n ty , a n d 12 in P l y m o u t h C o u n ty . 4 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c l u d e s tip s a n d th e v a lu e o f m e a l s , r o o m , an d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , an d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o li d a y s , an d la t e s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s a m p le of e s t a b lis h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d t o m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t io n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d ie s m a y n ot r e f le c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e of c h a n g e s i n th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e a n d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d if f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a t io n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h 129 27 90 104 59 45 1 11 7 2 2 2 _ 13 5 - 1 - - 6 25 2 " -• ' 2 3 1 20 1 8 1 “ 4 - 8 16 3 7 2 - 16 2 8 10 m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n th e p e r i o d s b e i n g c o m p a r e d . 3 A ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e m e n . 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 2 a t $ 4 to $ 4 . 2 0 ; $ 4 . 4 0 to $ 4 . 6 0 ; a n d 1 a t $ 4 . 6 0 to $ 4 . 8 0 . 5 A ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e w o m en . 6 A ll w o r k e r s a t $ 5 . 20 o r o v e r . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 2 a t $ 6 to $ 6 . 2 0 ; $ 6 . 6 0 to $ 6 . 80; 3 a t $ 6 . 80 to $ 7 ; a n d 1 a t $ 7 . 2 0 a n d o v e r . 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 8 a t $ 6 to $ 6 . 2 0 ; $ 6 . 6 0 to $ 6 . 80; 1 a t $ 6 . 80 to $ 7 ; 1 a t $ 7 t o $ 7 . 2 0 ; a n d 8 a t $ 7 . - 3 1 at $ 4 .2 0 “ 1 7 10 - - "22 10 - to $ 4 .4 0 ; 3 at 1 a t $ 6 . 4 0 to $ 6 . 60; 3 at 1 a t $ 6 . 2 0 to 20 and o v e r . $ 6 .4 0 ; 3 at Table 4. Occupational wages: Buffalo, N .Y.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y w a g e s 2 of e m p l o y e e s i n s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s i n y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , Occupation and sex Num ber of wor k e rs m otels, m o to r-h o te ls, and to u ris t c o u rts, M a y 1978) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING S TR A IG H T- TIM E HCURLY EARNINGS U N 3CL LARS ) OF— Aver1. 50 1.60 1.70 1 .8 0 1. 90 2 . 0 0 2 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 2 .3 0 2. 40 2 .5 0 2 . 6 0 2 . 7 0 2 .8 0 2. 90 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 . 6 0 age AND AND hourly OV ER wages 1 UNDER 2 1 .6 0 1. 70 1 .8 0 1 .9 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 2. 30 2 . 4 0 2. 50 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 2 . 8 0 2. 9 C 3. 00 3.20 3 . 4 0 3 .6 0 TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: CUSTOMER LODGING A T T E N D A N T S . . . . . . FOOD SERVICE: BARTENDERS, PUELIC EARS...................... HEN.......................................................... .. WOMEN........................................................... MEN................................................................. WAIT ERS •AND WAITRESSES' AS S IS T AN T S , FULL-CCURSE RESTAURANTS................................................. MEN................................................................. WOMEN....................................... .................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL 39 $2.48 - 118 108 3 .0 9 3. 11 2 .9 7 - - - 10 - 12 3. 27 _ _ 91 6S 22 2 .0 4 1.98 2 .2 4 - 66 WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS.................... MEN................................................................. WOMEN............. .............................................. 1.84 18 2 .0 1 211 1 .8 0 6 12 2 4 3 - - - - - - - - - - - _ - _ _ _ 18 18 - 10 10 29 - - - 68 21 67 59 46 3 43 - 47 28 1.69 392 81 - 6 - 22 7 3 " 6 8 - 1 - 3 - - 3 3 - _ - 12 - 4 3 2 1 1 _ _ 9 9 _ _ _ _ 24 18 6 _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ - _ _ 1 1 1 _ - 64 60 4 14 14 6 6 6 9 ■ a - 1 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 _ _ • 13 12 13 8 147 25 122 36 8 “ 10 610 ” “ " 2. 70 2 .7 5 2 . E0 2 .9 0 3 .00 3. 10 3. 20 3.40 3 . 6 0 3 .8 0 4 . 0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 4 .6 0 4 . 8 0 5 . 0 0 JNDER AND AND 2.70 JN0ER OVER 2.75 2 .8 0 2 .5 0 3. 00 3 . 1 0 3. 20 3 .4 0 3.60 3 . 8 0 4 . 0 0 4 . 20 4 .4 0 4. 60 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 N0NTIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: HOUSE PORTERS.............................................. M E N . . . ............... .......................................... W O M E N . . . . . ................................................. LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS’ ............... ROOM CLERKS................................................... MEN............... ................................................. WOMEN....................................................... FOOD SERVICE: DISHWASHERS................................................... MEN............... ................................................. WOMEN............................................................. PANTRY WORKERS........................................... MEN................................................................. WOMEN............................................................ SECOND COOKS............................. .. MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS: , GENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S . ... 52 37 15 480 184 80 104 $2.7 1 2 .7 4 2 .6 5 2.70 2. 94 2.9 5 2 .9 4 731 16 15 8324 32 14 18 180 148 32 36 2 .6 6 ’ 144 30 18 2 .6 5 2.7 1 2 .9 5 2. 80 2. 98 5. 13 19 4.50 6 121 23 5 2 2 6 6 11 11 2 2 - - - - 66 44 14 5 9 - - - - - - - - 74 27 47 13 15 7 6 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - 44 2 1 - 1 28 15 13 1 8 15 - 4 4 3 12 1 2 2 - 3 - 2 2 1 - - 3 6 1 5 ~ - 7 - 5 - - 7 7 1 1 - 3 - - - - 13 - - 13 2 1 1 2_ 3 1 - ~ - 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - 1 - - 2 - ' - - 1 - " 6 1 " 1 T h e B u f f a lo m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s o f E r i e an d N i a g a r a C o u n t ie s . 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c l u d e s tip s a n d th e v a lu e o f m e a l s , r o o m , an d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , and p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o li d a y s , an d l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e an d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d s h if t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d if f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h if ts , fo r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n th e p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . 2 4 3 - 1013 ” 8 A ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e m e n . W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 12 a t $ 3 . 6 0 to $ 3 . 80; an d 1 a t $ 3 . 80 to $ 4 . A ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e w o m en . W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 8 a t $ 3 . 60 to $ 3 . 80; a n d 2 a t $ 4 . 60 to $ 4 . 8 0. I n c lu d e s 1 w o r k e r a t $ 2 . 55 to $ 2 . 6 0 . 8 I n c lu d e s 14 w o r k e r s a t $ 2 . 55 to $ 2 . 6 0 . 9 I n c lu d e s 12 w o r k e r s u n d e r $ 2 . 55; an d 14 a t $ 2 . 55 to $ 2 . 6 0 . 0 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 a t $ 5 to $ 5 .2 0 ; 1 a t $ 5 .2 0 to $ 5 .4 0 ; 5. 4 0 to $ 5 . 6 0 ; an d 8 a t $ 5 . 6 0 to $ 5 . 8 0 . 1 W o r k e r s a t $ 5 . 6 0 to $ 5 . 80. Table 5. Occupational w ages: Chicago, III.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y w a g e s 2 of e m p l o y e e s i n s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , O c c u p a t io n a n d s e x m otels, m o to r-h o te ls, NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING Num - M a y 1978) 1 .9 0 1 .8 0 1 .7 0 1 .6 0 1 .5 0 1 .4 5 1 .4 0 2 . 10 2 . 2 0 2 .0 0 2 .3 0 2 .4 0 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 2 7 1 - - - _ A ver1 . 3 0 1 .3 5 age AND h o u r ly UNDER w ages2 1 .3 5 1 .4 0 of w ork ers and to u ris t co u rts, STRA IGH T- TIME HUURLV EARNINGS I IN DOLLARS) Of 25 25 5 5 10 9 i 25 15 10 9 - - 4 .0 0 AND OVER 1 .4 5 1 .5 0 1 .6 0 1 .7 0 1 .8 0 1 .9 0 2 .0 0 2 .1 0 2 .2 0 2 .3 0 2 .4 0 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 25 3 177 34 10 12 58 14 50 12 5 - 7 20 11 9 TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: 470 2 .3 2 2 .3 3 2 .1 8 96 15 6 2 .3 1 2 .3 3 2 .2 2 1 .8 7 339 SERVICE BARS.................... 3 .9 5 3 .9 3 4 .0 4 4 .0 4 4 .0 5 3 .9 9 ill BARTENDERS, 319 247 72 115 99 16 707 669 38 FOOD SERVICE: BARTENDERS, PUBLIC BARS....................... HEN................................................................... 1 .9 3 7 1 1 .9 0 23 20 - - - _ _ - - _ - - - - - - - - - - * “ 54 2 wAITERS'AND WAITRESSES' ASS IST ANTS * FULL-COURSE _ * - - - 3 3 WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS.................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE r e s t a u r a n t s a n d COCKTAIL LOUNGES WAITERS AND WAITRESSES* O T H E R . . . . ~ _ _ - 179 168 11 80 80 - - 16 16 31 22 9 3 3 13 13 37 37 61 55 6 21 8 147 - 47 - 34 16 12 8 16 95 52 43 1 34 752 36 7 385 ~ 4 1 12 “ 12 8 7 1 - - - ___ 6 4 - - - — * 14 13 1 - 57 190 177 13 i i 25 25 - ~ “ 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 - - - 22 - - - 114 13 101 258 233 25 1 .7 9 1 .7 2 1 .8 0 2 .1 4 2 .0 9 2 .6 4 24 6 ie _ ” — - - 14 “ 14 _ - - - 2 .7 5 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .1 0 1 1 3 .1 0 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 4 4 .0 0 “ ~ ~ 142 142 ” 42 40 2 37 37 19 19 3 2 1 2 3 3 ~ ~ 27 22 - 35 4 21 9 164 29 6 55 5 4 579 3 67 12 - - ~ 5 5 4 _ _ _ “ ~ * _ - - - - - - - - 4 2 5 6 - 4 _ 18 10 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - ■ 17 7 10 - * 4 .2 0 - 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .4 0 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 6 .0 0 6 .8 0 7 .2 0 4 .4 0 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 _ - _ ~ ~ 6 .4 0 7 .6 0 8 .0 0 — AND UNDER 2 .7 5 NONTIPPED 12 10 2 129 42 87 203 23 180 2 .7 0 31 30 1 14 1 .9 1 2 .0 1 1 .8 4 UNDER 4 47 13 34 2 .7 0 WOMEN.............................................................. 42 38 " 25 23 2 ~ _ 1 ,3 3 5 515 820 : 20 8 12 11 10 1 - - WAITERS' AND WAITRESSES' AS S IS T AN T S , OTHER THAN WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COUNTER6 . . WAITERS ANU WAITRESSES* COCKTAIL - 6 OVER 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 4 .6 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .4 0 * 4 .8 0 “ 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 6 .0 0 _ 6 .4 0 “ ” 6 .8 0 7 .2 0 7 . 6 0 8 .0 0 EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: ELEVATOR OPERATORS................................... FOOD SERVICE: DISHWASHERS i ............................................................ - - ~ ~ ~ 41 26 15 251 86 121 129 114 15 309 225 75 150 17 20 11 11 845 755 90 3 ,7 9 0 919 373 546 796 308 117 191 54 48 3. 05 104 12 3 .2 6 3 .2 1 3 .2 9 5 .8 8 6 .0 7 35 2 2 150 246 355 9 .5 1 5 .7 9 4 .8 9 18 MEN.................................................................. WOMEN.............................................................. LODGING QUARTERS CLEA NERS. ............... 77 77 1 3 .6 9 4 .0 6 3 .0 6 3 .0 6 3 .0 9 3 .0 0 3 .5 4 3 .6 7 3 .4 5 44 11 652 84 0 55 66 — 15 - 111 6 348 315 33 1676 74 - - 2 21 3 4 53 18 32 201 14 41 7 34 164 17 16 148 7 - - 15 25 15 18 17 - 9 7 7 - 5 9 — 73 13 - 1 - 111 10 598 21 3 4 - 3 45 14 31 24 24 57 164 50 114 103 96 28 68 - * 8 4 4 15 154 79 75 29 12 17 * * ~ 87 63 24 59 23 36 9 4 - - - * ~ ~ ~ “ “ “ 4 11 7 14 - 2 2 6 5 - * ~ 5 ~ ~ 2 2 9 2 * 20 21 5 31 26 5 - 5 5 4 4 7 7 - — 6 6 3 1 2 2 - 5 5 27 18 98 2 2 ~ “ _ ~ * 8 5 5 1 32 4 13 1 1 1 5 5 4 16 1132 io 39 MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS:* GENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S . . . . GUARDS................................................................ S e e f o o tn o te s on f o llo w in g p a g e , 9 — 5 3 - 4 - 5 - 18 14 ~ “ 10 1 47 5 10 10 35 4 1 33 54 66 4 12 2 F ootnotes to tab le 5. 1 T h e C h i c a g o m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s o f C o o k , Du P a g e , K a n e , L ake, M c H e n r y , an d W ill C ou n tie s . 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c l u d e s tip s an d th e v a lu e o f m e a l s , r o o m , an d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , an d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o li d a y s , a n d l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e an d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , an d s h i f t s in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d if f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u ch s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a t io n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n th e p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . 3 A ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e m e n . 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 170 a t $ 4 to $ 4 . 2 0 ; 14 a t $ 4 . 2 0 to $ 4 . 4 0 ; 2 4 a t $ 4 . 4 $ 4 . 6 0 - 9 a t $ 4 . 80 to $ 5 ; an d 2 a t $ 5 . 2 0 an d o v e r . W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 6 a t $ 4 to $ 4 . 2 0 ; 6 3 a t $ 4 . 2 0 to $ 4 . 4 0 ; 4 a t $ 4 . 4 0 to $ 4 . 6 0 ; a n d 6 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 . 6 A ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e w o m en . 7 I n c lu d e s 35 w o r k e r s u n d e r $ 2 . 5 5 . 8 I n c lu d e s 10 w o r k e r s u n d e r $ 2 . 5 5 . 9 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 3 6 a t $ 8 . 80 to $ 9 . 2 0 ; 4 a t $ 9 . 20 to $ 9 .6 0 ; 9 at $ 9 .6 0 to $ 10; 77 a t $ 1 0 to $ 1 0 . 4 0 ; an d 6 a t $ 1 0 . 4 0 a n d o v e r . 10 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 3 0 a t 8 to $ 8 .4 0 ; 8 a t $ 8 .4 0 to $ 8 .8 0 ; an d 1 a t $ 9 .2 0 to $ 9 .6 0 . Ta ble 6. Occupational w ages: Cincinnati, O h io — K y.— Ind.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y w a g e s 2 of e m p l o y e e s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s i n y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , N um ber of w o rk e rs O c c u p a tio n a n d se x A"C1 1 .3 5 age AND h o u r l y UNDER 1 . 3 5 UNDER w a g e s 13 24 5 m otels, m o to r-h o te ls and to u rist courts, NUMBER CF WORKERS RECEIVING STR AI GH T- TIM E 1 .5 0 1 .5 5 1 .5 0 1 .6 0 1 .7 0 1 .8 0 1 .9 0 2 .0 0 M a y 1978) HOURLY EARNINGS ( IN DOLLARS) OF— 2 .1 0 2 .2 0 2 .3 0 2 .5 0 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 AND OVER 1 .5 0 1 .5 5 1 .5 0 1 .6 0 - - - - 2 .0 0 2 .1 0 2 .2 0 2 .3 0 2 .5 0 2 .5 0 10 1 .9 0 1 - 2 * 2 .6 0 5 2 .7 0 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 8 - “ * - 5 1 .7 0 ^ 1 . 8 0 3 - 4 12 1 522 8 6 29 T IP P E D EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE! CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS^.......... FOOD SERVICE: BARTENDERS, PUBLIC BARS...................... 39 $ 2 .3 0 3 .8 9 107 2 .2 9 87 SERVICE BARS.................... 1 .5 6 1 .5 8 382 62 320 1 .5 9 1 .6 3 1 .5 6 8 3 .2 2 3*18 3 .5 8 15 BARTENDERS, 46 33 38 - , 1 - _ - _ _ - _ _ - _ - - - - 1 - - - 45 17 12 WAITERS'AND WAITRESSES’ A S S IS T AN T S , FULL-COURSE WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, 8 25 Id 10 10 17 COCKTAIL WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS ........................... 30 30 26 19 8 8 70 55 9 99 18 81 28 56 15 51 53 2 .7 0 7 73 2 .7 5 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 28 1 15 15 4 33 25 21 3 .0 0 3 . 10 3 .2 0 1 - - - 1 1 - 5 .5 0 9 .6 0 - - - 3 .5 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 - - 5 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .5 0 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 AND OVER UNOERI AND 2 . 7 0 UNDER 2 .7 5 NONTIPPED - _ 1 32 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 8 22 i° 2 3 0 18 8 10 3 33 2 126 53 7 56 52 40 17 23 11 6 4 45 26 19 11 H 3 .0 0 3 .1 0 3 .8 0 5 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .5 0 3 .6 0 25 65 10 10 85 24 13 ii 1 1 8 3 5 4 i 3 4 .4 0 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .5 0 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 _ _ - - _ _ - _ - - 5 .2 0 1 64 22 52 5 .2 0 EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: 737 299 105 194 3 .1 4 3 .1 7 3 .1 3 _ 1 66 11 6 5 80 45 14 31 9 7 19 19 4 4 11 11 8 2 2 9 5 _ _ 6 6 6 4 16 5 11 5 2 3 _ _ - _ 1 1 _ FOOD SERVICE: 163 136 27 78 2 .7 7 2 .7 7 2 .7 3 2 .9 5 2 .8 9 67 17 3 .9 9 5 .5 3 91 85 57 6 .5 8 5 .1 3 4 .1 9 5 .2 9 63 1 1221 17 _ 11 9 2 4 2 2 2 7 4 3 8 5 1 1 2 2 _ 2 2 i _ _ _ _ 15 5 10 9 a l 8 8 3 3 3 3 2 1 6 - 6 10 10 2 2 10 1 1 2 - 1 2 4 3 _ 6 2 3 i 11 11 3 3 9 7 2 5 4 7 15 15 3 2 1 2 2 _ _ _ _ - 1 1 - 4 3 3 3 3 10 7 7 2 2 MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS: GENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S . .. . 13 6 “2 _ _ 5 4 - _ _ _ 1 T h e C i n c i n n a t i m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s o f C le r m o n t , H a m ilto n , a n d W a r r e n C o u n t i e s , O h io ; B o o n e , C a m p b e ll, a n d K e n to n C o u n t ie s , K e n tu c k y ; an d D e a r b o r n C o u n ty , I n d ia n a . 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c l u d e s t i p s and th e v a lu e o f m e a l s , r o o m , an d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , a n d p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , an d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , a n d l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t io n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T h u s , c o m p a r i s o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s m a y n ot r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e and a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , an d s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w it h d if f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n the p e r i o d s b e i n g c o m p a r e d . 3 A ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e m en . 4 W o r k e r s a t $ 3 . 2 0 to $ 3 . 4 0 . 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 6 a t $ 3 . 20 to $ 3 . 4 0 ; 13 a t $ 3 . 4 0 to $ 3 . 60; 2 a t $ 3 . 6 0 to $ 3 . 8 0 ; a n d 1 a t $ 4 . 4 0 an d o v e r . 2 2 4 _ _ 17 12 _ 9 9 1 - _ 8 8 - 6 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 10 a t $ 3 . 2 0 to $ 3 . 4 0 ; 5 a t $ 3 . 4 0 to $ 3 . 60; 8 a t $ 3 . 60 to $ 3 . 8 0 ; 1 a t $ 4 . 2 0 to $ 4 . 4 0 ; a n d 5 a t $ 4 . 4 0 a n d o v e r . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 u n d e r $ 1. 2 0 ; 2 a t $ 1. 2 5 to $ 1. 30; a n d 70 a t $ 1. 30 to $ 1. 3 5 . 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 a t $ 2 . 5 5 to $ 2 . 6 0 ; an d 21 a t $ 2 . 65 to $ 2 . 70. 9 A ll o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s a r e w o m e n . 10 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 11 a t $ 2 . 55 to $ 2 . 6 0 ; a n d 2 1 9 a t $ 2 . 65 to $ 2 . 70. 11 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 9 a t $ 2 . 55 to $ 2 . 6 0 ; 55 a t $ 2 .6 5 to $ 2 .7 0 . 12 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 u n d e r $ 2 . 5 5 ; 1 a t $ 2 . 5 5 to $ 2 . 6 0 ; a n d 19 a t $ 2 . 65 to $ 2 . 7 0 . 13 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 a t $ 6 to $ 6 . 2 0 ; 1 a t $ 6 . 2 0 to $ 6 . 4 0 ; 2 at $ 6 . 6 0 to $ 6 . 80; 1 a t $ 6 . 80 to $ 7 ; a n d 1 a t $ 7 a n d o v e r . 14 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 2 u n d e r $ 2 . 55; an d 7 a t $ 2 . 6 5 to $ 2 . 7 0. Ta ble 7. Occupational w ages: Cleveland, Ohio1 (N u m b er and a v e ra g e straight-tim e w a g e s 2 of e m p l o y e e s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s i n y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , N U M B ER Occupation and sex ber of w or k ers m otels, m o to r-h o te ls and to u ris t courts, OF W O R KE R S R E C E I V I N G 1 .7 0 1. 80 1.90 2 . 0 0 1 .3 0 1.35 1 .9 0 1 .9 5 1.50 1.60 age ANO hourly wages 1 UNDER 2 1.35 1.90 1 .9 5 1 .5 0 1 .6 0 1. 70 1.80 1. 90 2 . 0 0 S T R A 1 G H T -T 1 H E HOURLY 2 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 2.30 2.90 2 .1 0 2 .2 0 M a y 19 78 ) EARNINGS (IN DOLLARS! OF— 2. 50 2 .6 0 2 . 7 0 2 .8 0 2 . 9 0 3 . 0 0 3. 20 3 . 4 0 2 .3 0 2 . 9 0 2 . 5 0 2. 60 2 .7 0 2 . 8 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3.90 3 . 6 0 3 .80 AND O V ER TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS .3 .......... * FOOD SERVICE: BARTENDERS, PUBLIC BARS...................... MEN.................................................................. WOMEN............................................................. BARTENDERS, SERVICE BARS.................... MEN.................................................................. WAITERS' AND WAITRESSES' AS S IS T AN T S , FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS................................................. MEN.................................................................. WOMEN............................................................. WAITERS' AND WAITRESSES' AS S IS T A N T S , OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS.................... 4 13 - - ~ ~ - - 10 3 .3 9 3. 90 3. 29 3.71 3.51 197 197 50 2. 52 2 .5 3 2. 97 - 28 2.67 102 $2.29 117 .56 61 29 - - 1 4 - - 2 2 13 - 15 " 39 7 ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ - - - ~ - - 9 9 1 1 55 29 31 1 1 53 99 - 8 6 2 16 15 - - 51 95 9 6 3 - - 1 10 19 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 10 _ _ _ 97 17 30 19 9 _ 2 2 _ - 2 1 1 _ - _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ 12 WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL LOUNGES .3 ........................................................ WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS.................... 1 .9 9 - 17 30 1 1 99 - 4 - - 5 1.95 98 67 99 58 192 44 8 2 3 1 95 1. 96 1.82 1.79 - 2 - - 19 - 52 92 30 6 - - - - _ _ - - - - - _ - - - - 1.95 WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS AND COCKTAIL LOUNGES5 WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R . . . . 116 923 61 - 9 9 _ _ 55 6 - 18 - 22 16 18 - 2 .6 5 2. 70 2 .7 5 2 . 8 0 2 .9 0 3. 00 3 .1 0 3. 20 3.90 3. 60 3 .8 0 9 . 0 0 9. 20 9. 90 9 . 6 0 9 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .9 0 5 .6 0 5.80 AND AND UNDER OVER 2 .7 0 2 .7 5 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 3. 00 3. 10 3. 20 3 .9 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 9 .0 0 9 .2 0 9.90 9 .6 0 9 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5. 90 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 NONTIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: HOUSE PORTERS.............................................. 168 $2.79 60 LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS................. 859 2 .7 3 ROOM CLERKS................................................... MEN.................................................................. WOMEN............................................................. 252 51 201 2 .9 6 3. 08 2 .9 3 FOOD SERVICE: DISHWASHERS................................................... 239 220 2 .7 6 2 .7 6 MEN.................................................................. 133 15 3.01 SECOND COOKS................................................. 11 5 .2 6 1 MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS : 3 GENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S . .. . GUAR0S................................................................ 111 9 .1 1 9 .9 6 6 70 3 29 399 5 87 9 78 2 - 86 95 13 32 8 2 6 10 4 - 8 15 263 75 108 9 2 6 2 16 16 98 16 32 13 4 9 25 79 7 21 17 5 23 3 18 4 L8 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 13 13 3 6 1 3 4 - - 6 1 3 _ - - - - _ 21 - 1 T h e C le v e la n d m e tr o p o lita n a r e a c o n s is t s of C u y a h o g a , G eau ga, - 9 - 13 ~ L a k e , an d M e d in a C o u n 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c l u d e s tip s a n d th e v a lu e o f m e a l s , r o o m , a n d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , and f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o li d a y s , an d l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e of e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r ti m e . T h u s , c o m p a r i s o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e _ _ - tie s . - 27 3 3 9 - 36 1 1 _ - - 5 3 6 13 - 3 2 13 ~ - 9 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 1 - 1 4 3 3 25 1 ~ — 9 7 51 1 9 1 12 4 ‘ an d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , an d s h if t s in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d if f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u ld d e c r e a s e an o c c u p a t io n a l a v e r a g e e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n th e p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p ared . 3 A ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e m en . 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 a t $ 3 . 80 to $ 4 ; a n d 12 a t $ 4 to $ 4 . 2 0 . 5 A ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e w o m e n . Table 8. Occupational w ages: Dallas-Fort W orth, T e x.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y w a g e s 2 of e m p l o y e e s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , Num ber of w orke rs O c c u p a t io n an d s e x 1 .30 AND w a g e s 13 UN DE R 2 1.35 1.35 1 .90 1 .9 5 NUMB ER CF WORKE RS 1.50 1 .60 1 .7 0 1 .8 0 1 . 90 1 .95 1 .50 1 .60 1 .7 0 1.80 1.90 2 12 12 25 - M a y 1978) S T R A I G H T - T I M E HO U RLY E A R N I N G S 2 .10 2 .2 0 2 .30 2 .9 0 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 .00 2 .20 9 - m o tels, m o to r-h o te ls and to u rist courts, R E C E IV IN G 1 .90 2 .0 0 2 .10 2 .30 2 .9 0 _2.50 ( I N 0CL LA RS I CF — 2 .70 2.80 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .90 3 .60 3 .94 3 .60 3 ,e a 6 “ 29 12 12 6 6 10 5 5 - - * 2 .60 2 .7C 2 .80 30 3 36 16 - - 12 - 12 - 1 151 168 37 28 2 .50 3 .00 3 .2 0 29 3 - 59 23 36 3 3 30 7 23 5 7 2 2 3.80 9 .00 AND O VER TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM S E R V I C E : CUSTOMER LO D GIN G ATTENDANTS ............. FO O D S E R V I C E : B A R T E N D E R S , P U B L I C E A R S ............................. M E N .................................................................................... W O M E N . . . ..................................................................... B A R T E N D E R S , S E R V I C E B A R S .......................... M E N .................................................................................... MAI T ERS ' AND W A I T R E S S E S ' A S S I S T A N T S , F L L L — CCURSE R E S T A U R A N T S .............................................................. M E N .................................................................................... W A I T E R S A ND W A I T R E S S E S , C C C K T A I L L O U N G E S ........................................................................ W A I T E R S AND W A I T R E S S E S , T A B L E , F U L L - C O U R S E R E S T A U R A N T S .......................... M E N .................................................................................... fc O M E N • • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • f W A I T E R S A ND W A I T R E S S E S , O T H E R . . . . M E N . . . . ........................................................................ 292 $ 2 .0 1 89 15 1 69 50 119 27 22 2.97 3 .22 2.86 3.98 3.96 - - 289 242 97 2 .67 2.67 2 .63 - - 230 1.38 118 68 - 268 10 9 169 92 92 199 52 1 92 29 16 - 738 185 5 52 139 111 1 .99 1.90 1 .95 1 .99 1.93 2 .70 U N DE R AND 2 . 7 0 UNDER 2.75 NONTIPPED - 18 18 - - - - - - 19 12 5 2 7 13 13 - - 91 6 35 1 1 - - 9 51 1 50 - - - 1 - - ~ 19 — “ - 2 - 3 - - 2 - - - - 1 20 1 19 - 7 26 16 1 - 1 - 4 9 - - 9 3 6 - - 21 17 9 9 9 4 - - - - - - 2 2 - 8 6 - “ ~ * - - - ' " 6 .0 0 ANC OVER “ 109 15 89 93 29 ‘ ' " 2 . 75 2 .8 0 2 .50 3 .00 3 .10 3 .20 3 .90 3 .60 3 .80 9 .0 0 9 .2 0 9 .9 0 9 .6 0 9 .80 5 .00 5 .20 5 .90 5 .6 0 5 .80 2 .80 2 .5 0 3 .00 3 .1 0 3 .20 3 .90 3 .60 3 .8 0 9 .0 0 9 .20 9 .90 9 .60 9 . 80 5.00 5 .20 5 .90 5 .60 5 .80 6 .0 0 20 2 70 18 29 198 18 56 1 26 39 87 4 9 11 5 6 19 92 196 90 106 - 9 - - - 33 8 - - 29 61 17 69 - 8 8 - - 25 - 98 22 12 10 “ ” * * 59 51 7 7 - 9 9 2 2 - - - - - 2 * - 16 - 1 * 2 39 12 6 “ 10 10 - * - 1 - - ~ “ 7 ~ - ~ ~ - EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS 6 ROOM S E R V I C E : H O U S E P O R T E R S ........................................................... L O D G I N G Q U A R T E R S C L E A N E R S 5.................... ROOM C L E R K S .................................................................. M E N .................................................................................... W O M E N .............................................................................. 262 2 , 125 5 98 156 290 $ 2 .7 6 2 .75 3 .15 FOO D S E R V I C E : D I S H W A S H E R S ................................................................. M f c N . . •••••• W O M E N ............................................................................. 998 298 50 2 .68 2 .67 2 .73 W OM EN ............................................................................. S E C O N D C O O K S . . ........................................................ 111 7 3.11 5 .83 209 79 9 .21 9 .63 M AINTENA NC E AND 3 .3 3 3 .08 3 8 3 “ 15 5 4 29 9 2 7 27 27 16 16 27 27 1 1 71 5 7 ®136 9 "83 18 65 16 190 - 103oe 265 43 - 6 3 10 - - - _ - 3 14 - 8 32 - - - - 10 1 2 9 10 17 - 3 - - “ 19 9 30 “ - 1 1 * * * - - - 2 ” - - ~ ~ - “ 1 1 * - 3 25 1 1 “ “ “ * - - - 2 M ISCELLANEOUS: GENERAL M A IN TE N A N C E M E C H A N I C S . . . . G U A R D S . . . . . .................................................................. 5 _ _ * “ 1 T h e D a l l a s - F o r t W o r th m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s o f C o llin , D a l l a s , D e n t o n , E l l i s , H o o d , J o h n s o n , K a u f m a n , P a r k e r , R o c k w a l l , T a r r a n t , a n d W is e C o u n t ie s . 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c l u d e s t i p s an d th e v a lu e o f m e a l s , r o o m , an d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , an d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o li d a y s , a n d l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e a n d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , and s h if t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n th e p e r i o d s b e i n g c o m p a r e d . 3 A ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e m en . 2 - 3 2 9 19 — 13 12 15 2 ~ ~ 9 - - - 9 30 " 4 A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 4 to $ 4 . 2 0 . 5 A ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e w o m en . 6 W h e r e s e p a r a t e i n f o r m a t io n i s n o t s h o w n b y s e x , a l l o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s a r e m e n , e x c e p t w h e r e n o te d o t h e r w i s e . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 4 u n d e r $ 2 . 5 5 ; a n d 153 a t $ 2 . 6 5 to $ 2 . 7 0 . 8 A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 2 . 65 to $ 2 . 70 9 W ork ers w ere d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 4 8 u n d e r $ 2 . 55; an d 3 5 a t $ 2 . 6 5 to $ 2 . 7 0. 10 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 4 8 u n d e r $ 2 . 5 5 , a n d 2 6 0 a t $ 2 . 6 5 to $ 2 . 7 0 . 11 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 a t $ 2 . 6 0 to $ 2 . 6 5 ; a n d 2 4 a t $ 2 . 65 to $ 2 . 7 0. 12 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 a t $ 6 to $ 6 . 2 0 ; 1 a t $ 6 . 4 0 to $ 6 . 6 0 ; 2 a t $ 7 to $ 7 . 2 0 ; 6 a t $ 8 to $ 8. 4 0 ; a n d 2 a t $ 8. 4 0 to $ 8. 8 0 . Table 9. Occupational w ages: Denver, Colo.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y w a g e s 2 o f e m p l o y e e s i n s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , Occupation and sex Nu mber of work" e rs m o te ls , m o to r - h o te ls an d t o u r is t c o u r ts , M a y 1978) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STR AI GH T- TIM E HOURLY EARNINGS 11N DEL LA RS) CF — Aver1.30 1.35 1. 40 1 .45 1.50 1 .6 0 1.70 1.80 1.90 2 . 0 0 2 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 2.30 2 .4 0 2 .5 0 2 . 6 0 2 .7 0 2 . 80 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3. 40 3 .6 0 3 . 8 0 4*00 age AND hourly wages 1 UNDER 2 1.35 1.40 1.45 1 .5 0 1.60 1 . 70 1.80 1.90 2 . 0 0 2 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 2 . 3 0 2. 40 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 . 7 0 2. 80 2.90 3. 00 3. 20 3 .4 0 3.60 3. E0 4. 00 4. 20 TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SfcRVICE: CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS 3 ........... 243 $2.03 30 108 3.35 - “ “ 18 22 9 19 41 “ 16 * 20 - 10 1 36 14 4 ~ “ - - 27 - - 167 144 47 36 22 11 - 3 - 6 6 79 481 31 1 1 2 2 i _ 3 3 - - - - - 51 14 31 21 10 11 22 20 13 9 19 i _ _ _ - - - - - FOOD SER VIC E: MEN.................................................................. WAI TERS ' AND WAITRESSES' A S S IS T A N T S , FULL-CCURSE RESTAURANTS........... ......................... ........... MEN.................................................................. WOMEN............................................................. WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL LOUNGE S........................................................... WOMEN............................................................. WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS.................... MEN.................................................................. WOMEN............................................................. WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R . . . . MEN.................................................................. - “ * - 327 27 3 54 2.53 2.53 2.54 - 198 181 1.51 1.52 76 76 12 10 663 124 539 33 31 1 .54 1.56 1.54 1.75 1.78 154 39 115 - 106 24 82 4 - 2 ~ ~ - 24 - - “ 8 8 u ii 6 6 64 18 46 7 7 2 2 - 12 5 5 “ 43 40 57 5 52 “ 120 11 56 - 17 5 109 4 4 56 12 2 2 4 4 15 15 - - 7 7 7 7 - 28 5 23 56 17 39 - - - - 6 6 6 6 ” 2 2 46 34 28 24 4 12 8 A 4 4 - - _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I I - _ _ _ _ - - - - * - 12 - 1 2.65 2.70 2. 75 2 .8 0 2. 90 3 .0 0 3.10 3. 20 3.40 3 . 6 0 3 .8 0 4 . 00 4 .2 0 4.40 4 .6 0 4 . 8 0 5 .0 0 ANC AKC LNDER OVER 2.70 2.75 2 . 80 2 . SC 3.00 3 . 1 0 3. 20 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 . 8 0 4 .0 0 4 . 2 0 4. 40 4. 60 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 NONTIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SE RVIC E: HOUSE PORTERS 3 ............................................ LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS 4 ............... ROOM C L E R K S . . .............................................. MEN.................................................................. WOMEN............................................................. 206 1, 392 439 176 263 $2.87 2.79 3.14 3.24 3.08 85 755 85 28 57 FOOD SERVICE: DISHWASHERS................................................... MEN.................................................................. WOMEN............................................................ PANTRY WORKERS............................................ MEN.................................................................. WOMEN............................................................. SECOND COOKS................................................. MEN.................................................................. W O M E N . . . . . . .............................................. 31E 283 25 82 15 67 93 78 15 2.70 2.70 2.71 3.20 3.13 3.22 3.97 4. 00 3.81 223 203 MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS: ENGINEERS, STATIONARY ......................... GENERAL MAINTENANCE MECHANICS3 . . . . GUARDS................................................................ M E N . . . . ......................................................... 20 87 17 16 6. 34 3.94 3.37 3.37 20 2 2 54 e 4 4 5 - 1 2 4 - - “ 26 146 21 2 16 162 29 12 19 17 46 43 3 - 25 17 8 22 117 17 7 10 - 5 4 2 - - 2 ~ “ - 5 9 23 7 16 13 13 1 1 2 2 14 9 3 ~ 24 4 14 3 3 * 6 20 “ ~ 7 7 “ 11 11 ~ 19 * 13 3 3 - 1 14 56 51 13 38 - “ 9 3 3 1 T h e D e n v e r - B o u l d e r m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s of A d a m s , A r a p a h o e , B o u l d e r , D e n v e r , D o u g la s , G ilpin, and J e f f e r s o n C ou nties. 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a i d w a g e s . E x c l u d e s tip s and th e v a l u e of m e a l s , r o o m , and u n i f o r m s , if p r o v i d e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , a n d l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e the l e v e l of o cc u p a tio n a l e a r n in g s at a p a r tic u la r tim e . Thus, c o m p a r is o n s m ad e with p r e v io u s stu die s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e of c h a n g e s in the u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e a n d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in the s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , and s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s 19 46 14 66 22 96 49 47 44 8 7 2 3 35 27 8 “ 12 3 9 24 5 5 5 5 27 16 - - - - 21 11 - - 4 7 - 2 2 - - 2 2 - 11 23 21 2 11 ‘ 1 1 5 4 i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - 6 2 2 - 6 6 ~ “ - - _ - - 5 3 - 2 5 5 2 11 _ - - - _ _ 4 4 - 4 “ - 2 2 518 14 - 6 - w i t h d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u l d d e c r e a s e an o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u gh m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n the p e r i o d s b e i n g c o m p a r e d . 3 A ll or virtually all w o r k e r s a re men. 4 A ll or virtually all w o r k e r s are w om en. 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 2 at $ 5 . 6 0 to $ 5 . 8 0 ; 2 at $ 6 to $ 6 , 2 0 ; an d 14 at $ 6 . 2 0 and o v e r . 6 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 7 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 20; 4 a t $ 5 . 60 to $ 5 . 80; and 3 a t $ 6 . 20 and o v e r . - Table 10. Occupational w ages: Detroit, M ich.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y w a g e s 2 o f e m p l o y e e s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , Occupation and sex Num ber of w or k” e rs m o te ls , m o t o r - h o t e l s a n d t o u r i s t c o u r ts , M a y 1978) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRA G H T - IME HOURLY EARNINGS IIN DOLLARS! OF— Aver 1.80 1.90 2 . 0 0 2 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 2 . 3 0 2 .4 0 2 . 5 0 2 .6 0 2 . 7 0 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 3.00 3. 20 age AND hourly UNDER wages 13 1. 90 2 . 0 0 2 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 2 .3 0 2 . 4 0 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 2 .7 0 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 3 .0 0 3.20 3 .4 0 4 .4 0 AND OVER TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS............. MEN................................................................... *2.61 2 .6 0 - 130 124 52 87 4 .2 5 4. 11 4.31 _ - 210 - 2 2 - - 1 1 - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ 3 3 78 62 110 46 3 3 9 9 1 1 3 3 _ - FOOD SERVICE: MEN................................................................... WOMEN.............................................................. b a r t e n d e r s , s e r v i c e b a r s .................... WAl T ER S *AND WAITRESSES* AS S IS T A N T S , FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS.................................................. WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL LOUNGES........................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS.................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS AND COCKTAIL LOUNGES WOMEN.............................................................. 422 2 .8 3 - 9 4 8 44 - 38 16 164 2 .4 2 - 14 8 - - - 127 5 875 2. 47 16 69 151 3 3 7 388 107 40 32 2 .2 6 - - - - “ 23 15 _ 2 .2 2 17 17 11 8 _ 30 7 11 4 11 218 24 14 4 10 74 57 17 54 3 45 34 11 419 11 3 22 17 3 14 1 3 _ _ 9 4 9 36 16 - - - - - 4 _ - 5 .8 0 2.70 2 . 75 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3. 00 3. 10 3.20 3. 40 3 .6 0 3. 80 4 . 0 0 4 .2 0 4 . 4 0 UNDER AND 2.70 JN0ER 2.75 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3. 00 3.10 3.20 3 .4 0 3.60 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 4 . 6 0 NONTIPPED ANC OVER EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: HOUSE PORTERS............................................... LOOGING QUARTERS CLEANERS................. WOMEN.............................................................. ROOM CLERKS.................................................... WOMEN.............................................................. 198 1, 184 1. 031 40 2 226 3. 46 3.21 3.18 3.50 3.38 5212 212 22 10 FOOD SERVICE: DISHWASHERS.................................................... PANTRY WORKERS............................................. 473 151 3.18 3.37 ‘ 136 15 MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS: ENGINEERS, S T A T I O N A R y I ............................... GENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S . .. . MEN................................................................... 20 6 .2 1 125 118 4 .5 2 4.41 - 28 28 a 2 8 83 83 34 34 3 - - - - 3 39 39 15 12 8 28 0 10 1 8 6 1 3 6 6 11 11 4 4 1 1 16 16 7 - 41 166 9 516 16 20 9 - - 15 1 3 6 4 - 8 8 7 7 - 4 66 1 29 16 - 1 3 - 3 - 2 16 5 4 1 - 1 T h e D e t r o i t m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s of L a p e e r , L i v i n g s t o n , M a c o m b , O a k S t. C l a i r , a n d W a y n e C o u n t i e s . 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a i d w a g e s . E x c l u d e s t i p s an d th e v a l u e of m e a l s , r o o m , an d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a t e s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s a m p le of e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e the l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e with p r e v io u s stu d ie s m a y not r e fle c t ex p ected w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in t h e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e and a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in t h e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t pay levels. Such sh ifts, f o r ex a m p le, could d e c r e a s e an occupational a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n the p e r i o d s b e i n g c o m p a r e d . 3 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 18 at $ 4 . 4 0 to $ 4 . 60; 6 at $ 4 . 60 to $ 4 . 80; land, 12 16 16 119 49 1 10 10 9 9 12 9 3 72 72 48 32 21 21 17 25 25 34 19 4 9 5 5 3 13 13 11 11 *13 ’ 15 11 a t $ 4 . 80 to $ 5 ; 3 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 ; 3 at $ 5 . 2 0 to $ 5 . 40 ; 3 a t $ 5 . 4 0 to $ 5 . 60; an d 1 at $ 5 . 60 and o v er . 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 11 a t $ 4 . 4 0 to $ 4 . 6 0 ; 7 at $ 4 . 6 0 to $ 4 . 80 ; and 1 at $ 5 . 60 and o v e r . 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 3 u n d e r $ 2 . 5 5 ; 2 8 a t $ 2 . 6 0 to $ 2 . 6 5 ; 181 a t $ 2 . 65 to $ 2 . 70. 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 6 0 a t $ 2 . 60 to $ 2 . 65; an d 76 at $ 2 , 6 5 to $ 2 . 70 . 7 A ll or virtually all w o r k e r s a r e men. 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 5 at $ 5 . 80 to $ 6 ; and 8 at $ 7 and o v e r . ’ W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 7 a t $ 5 . 80 to $ 6 ; 7 a t $ 6 . 4 0 to $ 6 . 6 0 ; an d 1 a t $ 6 . 60 to $ 6 . 80. Table 11. Occupational w ages: Houston, Te x.1 < N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y w a g c V _of e m p l o y e e s in s e a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in y e a r , - r o u n d h o t e l s . O c c u p a tio n and s e x — mmr a m iF uottKERS RECE VING m m gh T T T hT - h o u r H T T r ! T nT TT T T F l I oT T T r S* OF Number Average 1.30 1. 35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1. 60 1.70 1.80 1 .9 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 2. 30 2.40 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2. 70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3 .4 0 3.60 3.80 4 .0 0 4 . 2 0 4 .4 0 ANO hourly of ANO OVER workers wages 2 UNDER 1.35 1. 40 1.45 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2 . 0 0 2 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 2 . 30 2 .4 0 2.50 2. 60 2 .7 0 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3 .6 0 3.80 4 .0 0 4. 20 4 . 4 0 TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM s e r v i c e : CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS .......... 46 42 247 $2 . 1 2 98 3.61 3.52 16 3.73 375 248 127 77 38 39 2. 40 2.69 L O U N G E S 5 ....................................................................... 431 1.46 270 65 WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. TABLE. FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS.................... MEN................................................................... W O M E N . . . . .................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. OTHER1 . . 3. * 765 153 612 138 1.43 1.44 1.42 1.70 330 58 272 31 6 se r v ic e: BARTENDERS* PUBLIC RARS....................... HEN.......................................................................... UONEN.............................................................. BARTENDERS* SERVICE BARS.................... HEN.................................................................. UA ITERS* A NO WAITRESSES' A S S IS T AN T S . FULL-COURSE R E S T A U R A N T S .. . ............. ............................ HEN................................................................... WOMEN.............................................................. WAITERS’ AND WAITRESSES* AS S IS T AN T S . OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS.................... MEN.................... ............................................. UONEN.............................................................. WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES. COCKTAIL 2 .1 1 _ _ _ _ 2 _ . 4 71 _ 1 1 3 7 12 - _ _ _ - . . - 6 - - - - 4 - - - - _ _ _ - - - - - - _ _ 7 5 334 9 221 6 113 3 24 15 9 _ 45 27 18 - 14 - - 11 - - 6 6 ~ ~ 9 19 7 43 25 18 3 3 61 28 33 3 3 1 1 _ - 12 - - . - _ 18 _ _ _ 18 " - 40 24 - - 250 49 5 3 2 - 10 10 66 66 10 201 48 35 13 - " * 39 _ _ _ 10 20 - 12 12 12 - 8 18 “ " - - - 12 - - - 8 a 4 2 9 6 18 8 _ - - _ " “ 3 4 16 _ 2 2 12 - 3 9 2 2 7 3 3 — *21 14 13 - - - • - t- - - - - - - - _ 2 - - - _ - 2 _ _ 2 .6 5 2 . 70 2.75 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 ANO UNDER 2. 70 2 .7 5 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 NONTIPPED 29 12 8 2 .6 6 2 .6 6 2 .6 6 fo od - 6 1 8 2 1 1 7 7 - - - . - - - - - ~ ” " ■ ■ ■ - - 2 - - - 4 - 2 - - - - - - - - - 3 - 2 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4. 00 4.20 4.40 4.60 3.60 3.80 4 .0 0 4.40 4.60 “ “ 4.80 5.3 0 3.40 “ 5.00 AND OVER 4. 20 4.80 EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM s e r v i c e : HOUSE PORTERS........................................ HEN........................................................... WOMEN...................................................... LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS5. . . . ROOM CLERKS............................................. MEN........................................................... WOMEN...................................................... 297 269 28 2.132 552 231 321 $2.7 6 2. 75 167 157 6 5 34 32 2 .8 8 10 1 2 2.72 3.43 3.35 3.48 1374 24 72 306 FOOD s e r v i c e : 6 D IS H W AS H ER S. ........................................ MEN........................................................... WOMEN...................................................... PANTRY WORKERS..................................... MEN.......................................................... WOMEN.................................................... SECONO COOKS.......................................... 513 388 125 156 17 1 39 17 2.70 2.69 2.73 3.10 3.19 3.08 6.65 365 287 78 MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS : 6 ENGINEERS. STATIONARY.................... GENERAL MAINTENANCE MECHANICS. GUAROS............. .......................................... MEN........................................................... 44 281 53 47 6 .8 1 4.32 3.90 3.98 22 2 20 20 - ~ 5 5 2 2 49 41 13 13 18 18 - - 115 3 3 73 ” 75 48 27 18 7 3 4 4 54 41 13 159 90 53 37 15 2 1 1 6 4 - 14 - 1 - 13 18 3 4 46 3 43 - - - - 2 8 1 2 2 18 125 35 90 152 62 90 2 10 3 3 14 8 2 6 2 11 27 9 4 1 T h e H o u s t o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s of B r a z o r i a , F o r t B e n d , H a r r i s , L i b e r t y . M o n t g o m e r y and W a lle r C ounties. R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a i d w a g e s . E x c l u d e s ti p s and the v a l u e o f m e a l s , r o o m , an d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , an d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , an d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , a n d l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T h u s , c o m p a r i s o n s m a d e w i t h p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s m a y n ot r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e of c h a n g e s in the u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e and a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in t h e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u l d d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n the p e r io d s b eing com pared . 3 A ll o r virtually all w o rk ers are men. 12 21 2 24 6 _ _ _ _ _ 45 14 31 9 3 1 1 1 1 _ _ 6 - - - _ _ 3 _ 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 31 12 2 2 - _ _ _ 33 65 24 41 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ - 3 2 _ 2 _ 2 2 24 2 2 1 1 _ - _ 7 _ - _ _ - 8 - - 1 - 7 8 - 1 25 17 17 - 51 - 29 3 3 ~ 20 _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ 71 7 *41 960 *°7 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 15 a t $ 4 . 4 0 to $ 4 . 6 0 ; 6 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 ; a nd 6 a t $ 5 . 6 0 and $ 6 . A ll or virtually all w o r k e r s a re w om en. W h e r e s e p a r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n i s n ot s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y b y s e x , a l l o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s a r e m e W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 4 a t $ 5 . 60 to $ 5 . 80; 3 a t $ 6 to $ 6 . 20; 3 at $ 6 . 2 0 to $ 6 . 401 a t $ 6 . 4 0 to $ 6 . 80; 3 a t $ 6 . 80 to $ 7 . 20; an d 3 a t $ 8 and o v e r . 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 5 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 20; 1 a t $ 5 . 4 0 to $ 5 . 60; 7 a t $ 6 . 20 to $ 6 . 40; 6 at $ 6 . 4 0 to $ 6 . 80; 9 a t $ 6 . 80 to $ 7 . 20; 3 at $ 7 . 20 to $ 7 . 60; 1 at $ 7 . 60 to $8; 6 at $ 8 to $ 8 . 40; an d 3 a t $ 9 . 60 a n d o v e r . 9 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 18 at $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 ; 18 at $ 5 . 2 0 to $ 5 . 4 0 ; 12 at $ 5 . 4 0 to $ 5 . 6 0 ; 3 a t $ 5 . 6 0 to $ 5 . 80; 4 a t $ 6 to $ 6 , 2 0 ; and 5 a t $ 6 . 2 0 and o v e r . 10 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 ; an d 6 a t $ 6 . 2 0 to $ 6 . 6 0 . 4 6 Table 12. Occupational w ages: Kansas City, Mo. — Kans.1 NumO ccupation and s e x ^ 1 .4 5 1 .50 age LNDEF AND h ourly w a g e s 1 1 . 4 5 UNDER 2 1 .50 1 .6 0 . r.L b 1 .6 0 NUMBER CF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT- TIME HOURLY EARNINGS II N DLL LAPS) CF — 1 .7 0 1 .8 0 1 .90 2. 0 0 1 2 .1 0 2 .2 0 2 .3 0 2 . 4 0 2 .5 0 2 . 6 0 2 .7 0 2 . 8 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 1 .7 0 1.8 0 1 .9 0 2 .00 2 . 10 3 . EC 4 . 0 0 13 13 35 34 10 10 3 3 ~ 3 3 2 .2 0 2 .3 0 2 .4 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .20 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 2 .8 0 2 .5 0 3 .00 3. 20 3 .4 0 2 2 - 16 16 - 4 4 8 8 - _ _ _ - 15 5 - - - ~ - - - - - - - 4 - 27 4 16 6 47 27 - 4 1 1 22 19 3 2 2 3 .6 0 4 . 20 4 . 4 0 TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS............... M E N . . . . . . ...................... ........................................ 126 11 4 *2 .1 7 2 .11 " FOOO SER VIC E: BARTENDERS, PUBLIC BARS........................... MEN................................................................................ 121 56 3 .6 5 3 .8 3 * BARTENDERS, SERVICE BARS........................ MEN................... ............................... ............................ WAIT ERS # AND WAITRESSES' A S S I S T A N T S , FULL-CCURSE RESTAURANTS........................................................... MEN................................................................................ WOMEN...................... ................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COUNTER.. WOMEN........................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL LOUNGES 5 * ..................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ M E N . . . . . . . . ........................................................ WOMEN............. .. ......................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R . . . . MEN............. ................. ................................................. “ “ 18 11 228 151 37 IE 14 2 .6 1 2 .6 3 2 .5 3 1 .64 1 .64 - ioe 1 .62 1.8 1 1 .62 1 .8 9 1 .74 1 .74 * “ - - “ - - 8 7 - 4 15 - 39 12 35 2 2 - 47 5 42 “ 172 74 98 9 9 51 13 38 9 5 111 45 66 26 23 - - 1 ~ - - “ - - “ ” ~ 7 7 2 .7 0 2 .7 5 AND UNDER 2 . 7 0 UNDER 2 .7 5 2 .8 0 NONTIPPED “ * 3 .7 1 3 .7 4 E00 13S 361 54 51 13 12 26 20 6 - - 18 - 1 i 1 - 12 6 42 36 6 - 16 10 6 - - 67 50 17 - 18 16 2 - 24 24 - 35 35 - - - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ • - - - “ 1 1 _ - 3 - - - - - - - _ _ 1 1 - - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ _ _ - - - -j - - - - - “ 20 20 * 2 .8 0 2 .5 0 3 .0 0 3 .1 0 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 . 40 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 2 .5 0 3 .0 0 3 .1 0 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 4 .6 0 4 .80 5 .0 0 118 HE 3 5C6 40 15 25 13 11 2 47 2 2 11 9 2 73 51 54 37 1 1 2 2 - “ “ “ ~ 54 19 35 24 15 5 - - 89 79 10 20 12 20 18 2 33 3 30 42 40 2 17 18 - e 8 “ “ 6 6 i i 72 72 - 1 1 - 5 .0 0 ARC OVER EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SER VICE: HOUSE PORTERS........................................................ MEN................................................................................. WOMEN........................................................................... LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS3 * ................... ROOM C L E R K S . . ........................................................ H E N . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... WOMEN.......................................................................... 2 21 202 19 1,127 2 79 137 142 *2.7 6 2 .76 2 .7 4 2 .75 3 .18 3 .1 5 3 .1 6 *58 46 12 235 4 2 2 18 18 17 - FOOO SERVICE: DISHWAS HERS.............................................................. M E N . . . ........................................................................ WOMEN............. .. .......................................................... PANTRY W O R K E R S .. . ............................................. MEN............................ ................................................... W O M E N . . . . ............................................................. SECOND COOKS................... ........................................ MEN................................................................................ W O M E N . . . . . ........................................................... 25 2 2 31 21 121 28 53 59 4e 11 2 .82 2 .8 2 2 .8 2 3 .0 5 3 .0 6 3 .1 0 4 .3 7 4 .5 1 3 .73 60 60 7 4 3 “ * 34 27 7 - MAINTENANCE ANO MISCELLANEOUS:7 ENGINEERS, STATIONARY................................. GENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S . . . . GUARDS.............................................................................. 51 50 70 6 .7 4 4 .3 6 3 .2 9 - - 22 1 ~ 2 40 6 4 2 8 - 8 3 3 - 40 ie 22 4 4 17 17 “ 6 “ 14 9 5 6 6 17 4 2 2 6 - 7 4 1 T h e K a n s a s C i t y m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s of C a s s , Cl ay , J a c k s o n , P l a t t e , and R a y C o u n t i e s , M i s s o u r i ; and J o h n s o n a n d W y a n d o t te C o u n t i e s , K a n s a s . 2 R e f e r s t o e m p l o y e r p a i d w a g e s . E x c l u d e s ti p s and the v a l u e of m e a l s , r o o m , and u n i f o r m s , if p r o v i d e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , an d l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e of e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T h u s , c o m p a r i s o n s m a d e w i t h p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e of c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e an d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y , c h a n g e s in th e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , and s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d if fe r e n t p a y l e v e l s . Such sh ifts, fo r exam ple, cou ld d e c r e a s e an o c c u p a ti o n a l a v e r a g e e v e n t h o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n th e p e r i o d s b e i n g c o m pared. 5 19 6 12 16 3 “ 3 4 4 - - 10 1 3 ~ “ “ “ " “ 4 ~ 4 8 “ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ “ 1 I ‘ 13 12 ~ “ * - ~ ~ ~ 7 7 _ " * 8 8 ~ 8 8 * ” 4 33 12 " " i “ ~ 2 15 3 A ll or virtually all w o r k e r s a re w om en. 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 2 a t $ 1 , 40 5 I n c l u d e s 15 w o r k e r s u n d e r $ 2 . 55. 6 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 3 at $ 5 to $ 6 . 20; and 3 at $ 6 . 20 a n d o v e r . 7 A ll or virtually all w o r k e r s a r e m en. 8 W o rk er s w e r e d istrib u te d a s fo llo w s: 6 at $ 6 . 40 $ 7 . 4 0 ; and 9 a t $ 7 . 80 a n d o v e r . 9 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 12 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 60; and 7 a t $ 6 . 2 0 a n d o v e r . *47 925 to $ 1 . 3 5 ; an d 17 a t $ 1 . 4 0 to $ 1 . 4 5 . $5.20; 6 at $5 .4 0 to $ 6 . 60; 30 a t to $5 .6 0 ; 1 at $ 6 to $.6, 6 0 to $ 7 ; 2 a t $ 7 to $ 5 . 20; 4 a t $ 5 . 2 0 to $ 5 . 4 0 ; 2 a t $ 5 . 4 0 to Ta ble 13. Occupational w ages: Las Vegas, N evada1 (N u m b e r an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u rly w a g e s2 o f e m p lo y e e s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o te ls , m o te ls , m o to r-h o te ls an d to u r is t c o u r ts , M ay 1 978) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECE IVI NG STR A I G H T - T I HE HOURLY EARNINGS ( I N HOLLARS) OF — O c c u p a tio n and sex 2 .8 0 2.90 ANO UNDER 2 .90 3 .00 3.0D 3.20 3 . A0 3.60 3.80 3 .20 3 .40 3 .60 3 .80 4 .0 0 o _o Number Average ho ur ly of workers wages 2 4.20 A. 20 A.A0 A .60 A. 80 4 .40 4 .60 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .00 ANO OVER T IPPE D EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM s e r v i c e : CUSTOMER LOOGING ATTENDANTS 3............. FOOD s e r v i c e : BARTENDERS, SERVICE BARS3 ..................... UAITERS'AND WAITRESSES' A S S I S T A N T S , FULL-COURSE R E S TA U RA NT S .. ..................................................... MEN............................................................................... WOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS' AND WAITRESSES' A S S I S T A N T S , OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ MEN............................................................................... WOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. COUNTER.. HEN............................................ .................................. WOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL LOUNGES6 ................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. TABLE. FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ MEN............................................................................... WOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES. TABLE. OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS AND COCKTAIL LOUNGES MEN............................................................................... WOMEN...................................................................... * WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES. O T H E R . . . . MEN..................................................... _ _ _ 185 2 2 2 2 20 4 6 4 4 58 6 .71 - - - 2 1 1 - 1 - - 4 - 54 5 8 312 275 37 3 .52 3 .5 2 3 .51 _ - _ 297 260 37 _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ . “ - - - - - - " 15 15 “ _ “ “ - " 894 63 8 256 1 .038 108 9 30 3 .5 5 3.54 3 .59 3 .30 3.29 3 .3 0 _ 5 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ . - - - 39 14 25 _ 1 1028 108 920 1 855 624 231 3 3 _ 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 722 3 .2 9 4 - 2 714 2 - - - - - - - - 443 278 165 3 .27 3 .27 3 .2 7 - ~ 23 18 5 420 260 160 - ~ - - - - - - - 386 129 257 127 105 3 . A5 3 .28 3 .5 4 3 .28 3 .28 _ - 10 312 129 183 127 105 7 7 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 10 10 - 3 3 - 7 7 - 7 7 - 7 7 - 8 - - - - - - - - 3 .2 0 3 .40 3 .60 3 .80 4 .00 4 .2 0 4 .40 4 .6 0 4 .80 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5.40 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 6 .00 6 .20 6 .4 0 6 .6 0 6 .8 0 3 . AO 3 . 6 0 3 .80 4 .00 A . 20 4 .4 0 4.60 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .4 0 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 6 .0 3 6.2D 6 .40 6 .6 0 2 47 36 - 2 285 S 4 . 32 467 " _ - 10 - 3 . 0 0 3 . 10 UNDER ANO 3 . 0 0 UNDER 3 .1 0 3 .20 NONTIPPED _ EMPLOYEES 8 - 6 .8 0 7 .0 0 ANO OVER 7 .0 0 SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM s e r v i c e : HOUSE PORTERS.......................................... LOOGING QUARTERS CLEANERS6 .......... ROOM CLERKS............................................... HEN............................................................. WOMEN........................................................ 49 8 1.981 287 153 1 34 S 4 .8 3 4 . 32 5 .7 0 5 .8 0 5 .5 8 DISHWASHERS.............................................. MEN............................................................. WOMEN........................................................ PANTRY WORKERS....................................... MEN............................................................. WOMEN........................................................ SECOND COOKS............................................ 876 804 72 26 0 127 133 25 9 .6 3 A . 63 4 .6 1 6 .2 0 6 .2 0 6 .2 0 6 .9 8 MAINTENANCE ANO MISCELLANEOUS: ENGINEERS. STATIONARY...................... GENERAL MAINTENANCE MECHANICS.. GUARDS........................................................... 215 37 396 9 .6 6 5 .9 2 5 .8 3 fooo 2 138 - 2 4 - * 1 7 2 1 1 - - - 3 14 - 13 7 4 2 2 3 2 1 _ _ _ _ 9 1 _ _ s e r v ic e: 17 1693 23 9 14 _ - _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - 19 consis t s o f C la rk County. E x c l u d e s t i p s a n d th e v a l u e o f m e a l s , r o o m , and R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , an d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , an d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and la te sh ifts. T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e t h e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . Thus, c o m p a r is o n m a d e with p rev io u s stu dies m a y not re flec t ex p ec ted w a g e m o v e m e n ts b ec a u s e of c h a n g e s in t h e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e an d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in t h e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . Such sh ifts, f o r e x a m p l e , c o u l d d e c r e a s e an o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n t h o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n the p e r io d s being co m pa r ed . 3 A ll or virtually all w orkers are m en. 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d istribu ted as fo llo w s: 8 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 ; 1 a t $ 5 . 2 0 t o $ 5 . 4 0 ; 5 25 1 _ - 348 - 876 804 72 - i 2 2 15 1 21 12 9 94 42 12 30 11 1 10 “ 10 4 6 21 13 8 133 91 A2 - - - - - - - “ ~ “ 260 1 27 133 5 i 32 i 18 4 39 26 - 1 3 3 26 6 6 - * ~ _ ~ 5 10 - 4 6 3 16 33 3 8 - - - - - 52 56 3 35 *20 ’ 21 5 ' °1 0 7 a t $ 5. 60 to $ 5 . 8 0 ; 3 at $ 5. 80 to $ 6; 1 at $ 6 t o $ 6. 20; 6 a t $ 6 . 2 0 to $ 6. 60; 2 a t $ 6. 60 to $ 7; 8 a t $ 7 to t 7 . 4 0 ; 1 at $ 7 . 4 0 t o $ 7. 80; 2 at $ 7. 80 t o $ 8. 20; 3 at $ 8 . 2 0 to $ 8. 60; 18 a t $ 8 . 6 0 an d o v e r . 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s * 2 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 ; 3 a t $ 5 . 4 0 to $ 5. 60; 1 at $ 5 . 6 0 to $ 5 . 8 0 ; 3 5 5 a t $ 6 . 4 0 to $ 6 . 8 0 ; and 97 a t $ 6 . 8 0 to $ 7 . 2 0 . 6 A ll or virtually all w o r k e r s a re w om en . 7 W h ere se p a r a te info rm a tio n is not sh ow n by s e x , all or v irtu ally all w o r k e r s are m e n , excep t w h er e noted oth er w ise. 8 A l l w o r k e r s at $ 7 to $ 7 . 2 0 . 9 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s ; 2 14 a t $ 9. 60 to $ 10; an d 1 a t $ 1 0 . 8 0 to $ 1 1 . 2 0 . 10 A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 7. 2 0 to $ 7. 40. Table 14. Occupational wages: Los A ng eles-Lo n g Beach, Calif.1 .(N um ber and average straight-time hourly w a g e s 2 of etnplo y e e a in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in y e a r - r o u nd h o t e l s , m o t e l s , m o t o r - h o t e l s an d t o u r i s t c o u r t s , M a y 1978) 1 O c c u p a tio n an d se x N um ber of w o rk e rs A v e ra g e 2 .3 0 h o u rl ANO w a g e s UNDER “O^M S RECEIVING STR AIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS 3 .0 0 3 .20 3 .4 0 2 . AO 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 CIN OOLLARSI 3 .6 0 OF— ------------------4 .8 0 ANO OVER T IP P E D EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS3* ROOM s e r v i c e : CUSTOMER LOOGING ATTENDANTS............... FOOD s e r v i c e : BARTENDERS* PUBLIC BARS........................... MEN............................................................................... WOMEN......................................................................... BARTENDERS. SERVICE BARS........................ MEN............................................................................... UAITERS* AND WAITRESSES* A S S I S T A N T S . FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................................................... WAITERS* AND WAITRESSES* A S S I S T A N T S . OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. COUNTER.. WOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. COCKTAIL LOUNGES...................................................................... M N............................................................................... E WOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. TABLE. FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ MEN............................................................................... WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES. TABLE. OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS AND COCKTAIL LOUNGES MEN............................................................................... WOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES. O T H E R . . . . 335 308 175 1 64 11 4 .3 0 4 .9 9 5 .0 3 2 .6 2 2 .5 3 2 .5 3 2 .6 0 2 .5 7 2 .6 1 2 .5 0 2 .4 7 2 .5 2 464 218 246 2*5 3 2 .4 6 89 8 383 51 5 206 25 181 821 165 333 103 230 5.2 0 AND OVER 2 .6 5 2 .7 0 ANO UNDER | 2 .7 5 NONTIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS 3 service: HOUSE PORTERS............................................ LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS5. . . ROOM CLERKS.................................................. HEN.................................................................... WOMEN.............................................................. room FOOD s e r v i c e : DISHWASHERS.................................................. PANTRY WORKERS.......................................... MEN.................................................................... WOMEN.............................................................. SECOND COOKS............................................... 798 .392 695 398 301 $ 2 .9 6 733 165 2 .9 5 3 .3 6 general maintenance mechanics 3 .7 7 3 .9 0 3 .5 9 127 816 52 116 50 216 162 155 20 3 .8 6 5 .7 0 MAINTENANCE ANO MISCELLANEOUS: ENGINEERS. STATIONARY..................... GUARDS................................................................. 2. 76 113 165 8 .4 2 5 .5 7 4 .1 3 1 The L o s A n g e le s - L o n g B ea ch m e tro p o lita n a r e a c o n s i s t s of L o s A n g e le s County. 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a i d w a g e s . E x c l u d e s t i p s an d th e v a l u e o f m e a l s , r o o m , a n d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , and p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , a n d fo r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a sed on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e t h e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T h u s, c o m p a r is o n s m a d e with p r e v io u s stu d ie s m a y not r e fle c t exp ected wage m o v e m e n ts b e c a u se of ch an ges in t h e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e and a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in t h e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t p a y lev els. S u c h s h i f t s , fo r e x a m p l e , c o u l d d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n though m o s t e s t a b lis h m e n t s in c r e a se d w a g e s b e tw e e n the p e r io d s being com pared. 3 W h e r e s e p a r a t e in fo rm a tio n is n o t shown b y s e x , a ll o r v ir tu a lly all w o r k e r s a re m e n , ex cep t w h ere noted o th erw ise. 4 W o rk er s w e r e d istrib u te d a s follow s: 1 at $ 4 . 8 0 t o $ 5 ; $ 50 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 ; 1 a t $ 5 . 2 0 t o $ 5 . 4 0 ; 2 at $ 5 . 4 0 to $ 5 . 6 0 ; an d 2 a t $ 6 . 8 0 to $ 7.20. 5 A ll or virtu ally all w o r k e r s are w om en . 6 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 17 a t $ 5 . 2 0 to $ 5 . 4 0 ; 2 a t $ 5. 60 to $ 5. 80; 2 a t $ 5. 80 to $ 6; 1 a t $ 6 to $ 6. 20; 5 a t $ 6 .4 0 to $ 6. 80; 2 a t $ 6. 80 to $ 7. 2 0 ; 5 a t $ 7. 20 to $ 7. 60; 6 a t $ 7. 60 to $ 8; a n d 8 a t $ 8. 40; and o v e r. 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d istrib u ted a s follow s: 1 a t $ 8 to $ 8 . 4 0 ; 2 a t $ 8 . 4 0 $ 8 . 8 0 ; and 67 at $ 8 . 8 0 to $ 9 . 2 0 . 8 W ork er s w e r e distributed as follow s: 1 a t $ 5 . 4 0 t o $ 5 . 6 0 ; 1 at $ 5. 80 t o $ 6; 1 a t $ 6. 2 0 to $ 6. 40 ; 1 a t $ 6. 4 0 to $ 6. 80; 23 a t $ 8. 80 to $ 9 . 2 0 ; an d 8 a t $ 9 . 2 0 a n d o v e r . 9 W o r k e r s w e r e d istrib u te d as fo llo w s: 1 a t $ 5 . 2 0 t o $ 5 . 4 0 ; 3 at $ 5 . 4 0 to $ 5 . 6 0 ; an d 16 a t $ 6 . 2 0 . to Table 15. Occupational wages: Memphis, Tenn.— A rk.1 (N u m b e r and a v e ra g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u rly w a g e s 2 o f e m p lo y e e s O ccupation tipped in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o te ls , m o te ls , m o to r-h o te ls an d to u r is t c o u r ts , _______ _______ ___ NUMbgR OF W ORKERS RECE IV 1NG STRAIGHT- IME HU URL 1 . 3 5 1 . 4 C 1 . 4 5 1 . 5 0 1 . 6 0 1 . 7 0 1 . 8 0 1 . 90 2 . 0 0 2 . 10 2 . 20 2 . 3 0 2 . 4 0 Number Average 1 .3 0 of ho ur ly AND workers wages2 UNDER 1 .35 1 .40 M ay 1 978) EARNINGS I IN DULLA I S ) Of---2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 2 .80 2 .90 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .40 3.60 3 .20 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 1 .45 1 .50 1.60 1 .70 1 • 80 1 .90 2 .0 0 2 .1 0 2.20 2 .30 2 .4 0 2 . 50 2 .6 0 - - 6 - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 2 . 70 2 . 8 0 2. 90 3 . 00 employees SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: Z USTJMER LODGING ATTENDANTS’ ............ FOOD SERVICE: BARTENDER S , PUBLIC BARS.......................... WOMEN.......................................................................... BARTENDERS, SERVICE B A R S . .................... WAITERS' AND WAITRESSES' A S S I S T A N T S , FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................................................... MEN............................................................................... WOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL LOUNGES4 ................................................................... . WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE , FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ MEN............................................................................... WOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R ? .. . 53 41.96 3 6 - - 5 4 10 - 5 1 90 60 11 2 .86 2 .67 3 . 3o - - - _ - - _ _ _ _ 2 2 _ , 97 61 36 2 .71 2 .73 2 .67 - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 - - - - - - 4 4 24 24 4 4 6 3 1 1 39 34 7 6 3 2 _ _ _ _ _ 37 14 23 42 29 13 16 16 2 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 104 1 .42 50 14 _ 3 24 7 281 37 1.53 1.5D 45 5 55 6 - 9 4 83 13 42 2 15 7 21 1.51 5 4 - 2 2 1 7 2 .6 5 2 .70 AND UNDER 2 .7 0 2 .7 5 NONTIPPED 4 2 .7 5 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 . 10 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 2 .80 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .1 0 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 2 .6 0 3 . 80 4 . 0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 9 43 27 10 17 1 46 25 10 15 i 4 45 16 29 2 7 2 _ 3 2 _ _ _ 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 OVER 1 1 _ _ _ _ - _ _ - - - _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ AND EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: HOJS E PORTERS........................................................ MEN................................................................................ LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS?.................. ROOM a ERKS.............................................................. M E N ............................ WOMEN......................................................................... 95 54 5 216 60 156 2 .7 0 2 .7 2 2.96 3 .0 4 2 .93 54 290 35 3 32 12 76 3 3 - 16 77 30 FOOD SERVICE: 0 ISHWASHER S .............................................................. MEN............................................................................... WOMEN.......................................................................... PANTRY WORKERS..................................................... MEN............................................................................... WOMEN.......................................................................... 91 25 134 12 122 2 .72 2 .75 2 .9 4 3 .0 5 2 .9 3 50 14 32 15 5 4 20 20 3 3 19 1 18 MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS: GENERAL MAINTENANCE MECHANICS3 . . . . 56 3 .9 3 - - 2 - 30 - 2 2 34 13 21 1 _ _ _ _ _ 1 - 1 - - 1 _ _ _ _ 6 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - - - - _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 59 2 - - 32 - 11 3 8 1 7 * * - - - 24 2 18 3 1 2 9 - 6 2 1 18 3 15 6 T h e M e m p h i s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s o f S h e lb y a n d T i p t o n C o u n t i e s , T e n n . ; C r i t t e n d e n A r k . ; an d D e S o t o C o u n t y , M i s s . R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c l u d e s t i p s and th e v a l u e o f m e a l s , r o o m , an d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , an d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , and f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , a n d l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o cc u p a tio n a l e a r n in g s at a p a rticu la r tim e . Thus, c o m p a r is o n s m ad e w ith p r e v io u s stu dies m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e and a s s o c i a t e d County, 12 4 8 4 _ 4 13 n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , and s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w it h d ifferen t pay l e v e l s . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u l d d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th ou gh m o s t e s t a b lis h m e n t s in c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n the p erio d being c o m p a r e d . 3 A ll or virtu a lly all w o r k e r s a r e m e n . 4 A ll o r virtu a lly all w o r k e r s a r e w om en . 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 4 a t $ 5 . 2 0 t o $ 5 . 4 0 ; 2 a t $ 5 . 4 0 t o $ 5. 60; 2 a t $ 5. 60 t o $ 5. 80 ; and 1 at $ 6. 80 t o $ 7. 2 0 . Table 16. Occupational wages: Miami, Fla.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly w a g e s 2 o f e m p lo y e e s i n s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , m o t e l s , m o t o r - h o t e l s a n d t o u r i s t c o u r t s , M a y 1 978) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRA1GHT-TI HE HOURLY EARNINGS ( I N DOLLARS) UF— O ccupation Number Average 1 . 3 5 1 . M 0 1 .M5 1 . 5 0 of ho ur ly UNDER AND workers w ag es 2 1 . 3 5 JNDER 1 . M0 1 .M 5 1 . 5 0 1 . 6 0 1 .60 1 .7 0 1 .8 0 1.90 2 .0 0 2 .1 0 2 .2 0 2 . 3 0 2 .M0 2 .50 2 .60 2 . 70 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 3. 0 0 3 .2 0 1 .70 1 .8 0 1 .9 0 2 .00 2 .1 0 2 .2 0 2 .3 0 2 . M0 2 . 5 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 2 .80 3 .M0 3 . 6 0 59 a 17 8 28 12 3 1M - 9 62 1 11 7 M _ 15 3 12 58 33 65 32 22 10 1 36 10 2 .90 3 .00 3 .2 0 9 5 10 - 2M 2M _ _ 2M 20 4 3 26 18 8 16 16 17 2 _ 26 5 i 4 _ 4 2 2 _ _ 6 2 _ _ _ 3 .8 0 M. 0 0 AND OVER _ 9 _ 3 . M0 3 . 6 0 3 .8 0 4 .00 5 - - - _ _ _ 1 8 6 2 M 4 2 2 _ _ _ _ 10 1C 4 4 - - - TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS?............ 517 * 1 . 83 *106 - 16 12M FOOD SERV ICE : BARTENDERS, PUBLIC BARS........................... MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... BARTENDERS, SERVICE BARS........................ 386 187 199 12 2 . 58 2 .77 2 . 39 3 .1 6 1 - - - - ~ - - - 15 ~ 15 - 2 1 ~ ~ 2 - - 28 21 7 1 M7 9 38 _ 29 2 27 _ M M _ Ml A 2 .09 2 ~ 2 M0 71 26 17 27 38 27 20 M M 9 109 11 2.13 2.M 7 - - - 1 - 20 2 2 - 1 10 - 28 - 2 - _ 13 - 6 2 i ’ 38 13 - 57 22 35 5 11 1 12 2 1 2 _ 4 13 _ _ 11 9 2 117 - 18 9 67 122 2MM 180 6M M6 38 6 70 M0 30 57 M3 1M 8 2 6 1M 1M - _ _ 2 i i 26 20 6 _ _ _ 1 2 13 1 12 1 _ _ _ 58 6 52 3 19 3 16 21 12 12 27 3 3 6 - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 1 2 _ _ _ 1 1 5 - M O 20 20 - - 1 - - - 2 . 70 2 . 7 5 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 UNDER AND 2 . 7 0 JNDER 2 .7 5 2 . ec 2 . 5 0 3 . 0 0 3 .00 3 .10 3 .20 3 . M 3 . 60 3 . 8 C O 4 . 00 M. 2 0 4 .4 0 M. 6 0 M .80 5 . 0 0 5 .2 0 5 . M0 5 . 6 0 3 . 10 3 . 20 3.MC 3 .6 0 M .0C M. 2 0 M.M0 M. 6 0 4 . 8U 5 . 0 0 5. 20 5. 4 0 5. 60 5 . 80 36 20 81 48 33 15 20 95 82 13 7 2 35 26 9 2 M9 Ml a 5 551 Mb 11 2M 2M - 1 10 10 - ~ 1 1 * ~ 11 1M 5 9 5 6 3 20 10 10 4 2 - ~ 13 22 1M 8 i i 2 1M 12 2 5 M 5 5 1M 13 6 6 6 6 21 2 M9 M 2 55 9 39 6 ~ 8 6 35 3 5 4 ii ” WAITERS* AND WAITRESSES* A S SI S T A N T S, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS^......................................................... WAITERS* AND WAITRESSES* A S S I S T A N T S , OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS?..................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COUNTER6 . . WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL l o u n g e s : . . . ............ ........... . . . . . _______ _ WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ MEN............................................................................... WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS AND COCKTAIL LOUNGES MEN................................................................................ WOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R ? . . . NONTIPPED 221 1 .65 889 M59 M30 1.62 1 . 71 1.5 2 79 35 M M 1M5 M9 96 71 1 . 77 1 .97 1 .67 1 .66 5 ~ ~ - “ 17 EMPLOYEES 3 .8 0 M _ 52 2 1 _ . _ _ 3 3 - 4 - - - 5 .8 0 AND OVER SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: HOUSE PORTERS3 ...................................................... . * 4 LODGING QUARTERS CL EA NE RS : .................. ROOM CLERKS.............................................................. MEN............................................................................... WOMEN.......................................................................... 952 2 ,552 605 M21 IBM FOOD SERVICE: D ISHW ASHERS3 ........................................................... . PANTRY WORKER S..................................................... MEN................................................................................ WOMEN......................................................................... SECOND COOKS........................................................... MEN............................................................................... 527 116 73 M3 70 6M 2 .70 3 .6 6 3 .65 3 .33 M. 76 M .8 3 MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS: ENGINEERS, STATIONARY?.............................. GENERAL MAINTENANCE MECHANICS3 . . . . GUARDS?.......................................................................... 1M 366 51 4 .6 7 3 . 8M 3 .60 2.83 8M52 2 . 6 2 9 19 30 27 3 .M 7 3 .6 0 16 9 3 . lb 10 3 6 3 6 5 3 i 1 55 5M 2 2 " 31 185 35 12 27 106 2 1M 53 21 32 81 88 6 2 4 105 30 58 30 2b 5 3C 1 ~ 1 51 ~ - 6 3 ~ 3 3M 6 2 6 i - ~ ~ 8 M 2 1 " 1 The M ia m i m e tro p o lita n a r e a co n s is ts o 5 ~ 9 M0 11 50 11 39 32 7 5 M 3 1 - bounty Dade C 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c lu d e s t ip s a n d th e v a lu e o f m e a l s , r o o m , an d u n i f o r m s , if p r o v id e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , an d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l id a y s , a n d l a t e s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e , T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s tu d ie s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r tim e a n d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p l e c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d iffe re n t p a y le v e ls . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e an o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n th e p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . 3 A ll o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s a r e m e n . 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s fo llo w s : 2 u n d e r $ 1 .2 0 ; 2 a t $ 1 . 2 0 to $ 1 .2 5 ; 3 a t $ 1 .2 5 to $ 1 .3 0 ; a n d 99 a t $ 1 .3 0 to $ 1 .3 5 . 3 2 9 9 5 W orkers w ere - - - - - - - - 7 7 - - i D 9 i - - _ - - 3 3 5 5 ~ 20 4 6 6 4 4 2 25 7 6 M 2 M - - - - 3 2 2 2 - * 2 13 6 ' _ - A > 11 12 a t $ 4 t o $ 4. 2 0 . 6 A ll o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s a r e w o m e n . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 11 a t $ 1 .2 0 to $ 1 .2 5 ; 2 7 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 24 u n d e r $ 2 . 55; 7 a t $ 2 . 55 $ 2 . 6 5 ; 395 a t $ 2 . 6 5 to $ 2 . 7 0 . 9 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s fo llo w s : 665 u n d e r $ 2. 55; 36 a t $ 2 . to $ 2 . 6 5 ; a n d 1 ,2 1 6 a t $ 2 . 6 5 to $ 2 . 7 0 . 10 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 126 u n d e r $ 2 . 55; 7 a t $ 2 . to $ 2 . 6 5 ; 187 a t $ 2 . 6 5 to $ . 2 7 0 . 11 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 1 a t $ 6 .2 0 to $ 6 .4 0 ; a n d 12 W o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 6 to $ 6 .2 0 . a t $ 1 .3 0 to $ 1.3 5. to $ 2 . 60; 26 a t $ 2 . 60 to 55 to $ 2 . 60; 13 a t $ 2 . 60 55 to $ 2 . 60; 43 a t $ 2 . 60 6 a t $ 7 and o v e r. Table 17. Occupational w ages: M inneapolis— St. Paul, M inn.1 (N u m b e r and a v e ra g e s tra ig h t-tim e h o u rly w a g e s 2 o f e m p lo y e e s O c c u p a tio n and s e x in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s Number Average 1.70 1 .8 0 h o ur ly of AND workers w ag es 2 UN0ER 1 . B0 1 . 9 0 Ln y e a r - r o u n d h o te ls , m o te ls , m o to r-h o te ls and to u ris t c o u r ts , M ay 1 978) NUMBER Uf WUk KERS RECEIVING S TR Al uH T -II M E Hu URLY EARNINuS ( IN DOLL ARS i UF — 2 . 10 2 . 2 0 2 . 3 0 2 . A0 2 . 50 2 . 6 0 2 . 7 0 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 2 0 3 . A0 3 . 6 0 3 . 8 0 4 . OU A. 20 4 . 40 4 .6 0 A . 80 4 . 40 A . 60 4 .8 0 5 .0 J - - - - - i 30 - 37 31 <266 - * 523 1 .9 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 . 10 2 . 2 0 2 .3 0 7 2 2 . A0 2 . 5 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 A . 00 10 1 - 1 - 7 - * A . 20 5 .0 0 ANO OVER TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS RUOM SERVICE: CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS^............ 117 12.22 FOOD SERVICE: BARTENDERS, AA0 5 .11 PUBLIC BARS.......................... WOMEN* BARTENDERS, SERVICE BARS.3..................... WAITERS' AND WAITRESSES' A S S I S T A N T S , FULL-CUJRSE 6 11 55 2 1 - 1A 2 4 / *95 222 2A 5 .2 0 - - - - - - - - - - - * - * - - - - - - 1-8 i A72 A2 5 A7 A5 3.0 1 3 .0 2 2 .9 5 2 . 15 _ - 1 _ 6 29 - 5 - - - 20 1A 6 “ 11 7 4 “ 17 15 2 87 77 10 “ 329 30A 25 2 - 4 - 2 4 - - - _ - _ - - _ - 13 12 1A5 12 IB _ “ “ “ “ ~ ~ 44 12 32 223 77 1A6 20 20 677 BB 589 55 50 38 8 30 90 16 - - - - - - - MEN............................................................................... nOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COUNTED. WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL LOUNGES £ ................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS....................... MEN............................................................................... 230 2 . 12 1 ,072 203 2 . 0B 2 .0 7 - WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R . . . . MEN............................................................................... Bl 76 2 .01 2 .0 1 - - “ 30 “ ~ - - - - - - “ - ~ - o 6 2 . 6 5 2 . 7 0 2 . 7 5 2 . BO 2 . 9 0 ANU UNDER 2 . 7 0 2 . 75 2 . BO 2 . 9 0 3 . 0 0 NONTIPPED * ” ' “ " ” - * - - * - ~ * 3 .0 0 3 .1 0 3. 20 3 .4 0 3 . 60 3 . 80 A . 00 A . 20 A .A 0 A . 60 A .80 5 .00 5 .20 3 .10 3 .2 0 3 . A0 3 . 6 0 3 .8 0 A .00 A . 20 A. A0 A . 6 0 A . 8 0 5.00 5 .2 0 5 . A0 5 . 6 0 42 42 156 1A 9 5 88 52 613 200 39 161 3 3 2 - A 88 92 25 67 16 10 6 5 1 4 5 4 i 6 2 4 288 35 60 25 35 2 - 2 - 29 11 18 14 3 n 8 7 i - - - 5 . A0 5 . 6 0 - 5 .80 6 .0 0 3 • 80 6 . 0 0 6 . AO 6 . 8 0 6 .A 0 6 . 8 0 7 .20 7 .20 7.6C AND OVER 7.6 0 EMPLOYEES7 SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: HOUSE PORTERS........................................................ 324 * 3 . J2 4 - - 6 2 2 LODGING OUARTERS CLEANERS.6................. ROOM CLERKS.............................................................. MEN............................................................................... WOMEN......................................................................... 1 ,6 2 1 AOS 1 17 291 3 .2 3 3 .3 2 3 .36 3 .3 0 21 7 2 5 <£4 1 i _ - 1 91 4 4 10 6 2 4 1 IB A5 17 28 58 6 17 16 1 61 12 - - - 1 38 64 7A 31 3 .1 1 3 .2 6 3 . AB 3 . A7 3.A 9 6.2A 4 1 1 - 10 6 66 A . 11 - n 3 . 7B 175 - - - - - - - 3 3 - 4 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * - - - - - 2 2 2 - - 1 - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 _ - FOOD SERVICE: MEN............................................................................... MEN............................................................................... WOMEN.......................................................................... 490 433 - - _ _ - - - 4 5 1 - 1 MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS: GENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S . .. . GUARDS: - 6 - - - - 2 1 8 2 6 2 25 12 2 1 T h e M in n e a p o lis — t. P a u l m e t r o p o li ta n a r e a c o n s is t s o f A n o k a , C a r v e r , C h is a g o , D a k o ta , m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n th e p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . S 3 A ll o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s a r e m e n . H e n n e p in , R a m s e y , S c o tt, W a sh in g to n , a n d W rig h t C o u n tie s , M in n . ; an d S t. C r o ix C o u n ty , W is. 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s f o llo w s ; 259 a t $ 5 . 2 0 to $ 5 . 4 0 ; a n d 7 a t $ 5 . 4 0 to $ 5 . 6 0 . R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c lu d e s t ip s a n d th e v a lu e o f m e a l s , r o o m , a n d u n i f o r m s , 5 A ll w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 5 . 2 0 to $ 5 . 4 0 . if p r o v id e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y fo r o v e r t i m e , an d f o r w o rk o n w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a t e s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e 6 A ll o r v i r t u a l l y a ll w o r k e r s a r e w o m e n . 7 W h e re s e p a r a t e i n f o r m a tio n is n o t sh o w n b y s e x , a ll o r v i r t u a l l y a ll w o r k e r s a r e m e n , e x c e p t l e v e l o f o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s tu d i e s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t im e a n d a s s o c i a te d w h e r e n o te d o t h e r w i s e . 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s ; 41 a t $ 8 to $ 8 . 4 0 ; a n d 2 a t $ 8 . 4 0 to $ 8 . 8 0 . n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p l e c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d iffe re n t pay le v e ls . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h Ta b le 18. Occupational w ages: N e w Orleans, La.1 j^ fu m b e r ^ a n t^ ^ v e r a g ^ s tr a ig h t^ tim e ^ J io u r l^ w a g e s ^ o f ^ ^ e m jjlo ^ e e ^ WUWEH CF WORKERS RECE IV1NG STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS 1IN DOLLARS) 0 F - O c c u p a tio n and s e x Number Average 1.30 1.35 1 .4 0 h ou r ly AND of 2 workers w ag es 1* UNDER 1.35 1.40 1 .4 5 1 .4 5 1.50 1 .6 0 1.70 1.80 1 .5 0 1.60 1 . 7 0 1.80 1.90 1.50 2.00 ? . T £ r 2.20 2.00 2. 10 2.20 2 .3 0 2. 30 2 . 4 0 2 . 5 0 2 . 6 0 2 .7 0 2 80 . 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3. 40 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4. 00 2. 40 2 . 5 0 2 . 6 0 2 . 7 0 2 .8 0 2. 90 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 . 4 0 3 .6 0 3 . 8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE! CUSTOMER LOOSING AT T EN D AN T S ............ 8 2 1 217 *1.7 6 44 51 13 25 44 48 “ 97 82 14 3 .3 0 3.11 .3 9 - - - - - - - - - - 263 216 2. 16 33 33 - - - 24 24 - 24 24 3 3 - 18 18 - - IS 15 2. 60 2 .5 6 - - - - - - - - - - - — - 107 1.71 7 9 e - - - - 36 _ - 2 1 2 - - 44 3 - 1 2 - - 8 _ - 1 1 - - 5 - - FOOD SERVICE! MEN............. ...................................................... WOMEN............................................................ BARTENDERS, SERVICE BARS.................... WAI TERS ' AND WAITRESSES' AS S IS T A N T S , FULL—CCURSE RES TAURANTS................................................ MEN................................................................... WAITERS' AND WAITRESSES' A S S IS T AN T S . OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS............. .. MEN................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL l o u n g e s ! ......................... ........................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TA B LE, 2 2.22 - WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, T AB LE , OTHER THAN FU LL- C CLRSE RESTAURANTS AN0 COCKTAIL LOUNGES4 WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES, O T H E R . . . . M E N . . . . .................. .......................... .. 28 16 17 181 125 42 1.62 33 99 27 31 53 1. 40 27 3 £3 1.61 30 30 2SS 1 1 1.68 0 2 1 1 2 1 2 16 16 1 1 70 - - 1 J 24 15 7 _ 1 7 - 4 - - - 6 6 2. 65 2.70 2 .7 5 2 . 6 0 2. 90 3 . 0 0 AND UN0ER 2.70 2.75 2 . 8 0 2 .SC 3. 00 3 . 1 0 - - - - _ - - - - - - - 1 2 1 2 24 9 30 14 16 - 6 6 - - - - - - - - - 33 _ * - - 2 1 32 20 1 2 68 67 6 2 1 - 26 16 3 26 27 16 6 1 1 - - - - - 1 6 1 1 - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 2 1 2 6 1 1 i i - - - - 1 1 29 - _ - 1 2 - 14 C - - - - 3 _ - 3 3 - - “ - ~ 3. 10 3 .2 0 3.40 3 . 6 0 3 . 8 0 4 . 0 0 4. 20 4 .4 0 4 .6 0 4 . 8 0 5 . 0 0 ARC OVER 3. 20 3. 40 3. 60 3 . 8 0 4 . 0 0 4 . 2 0 4 .4 0 4. 60 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 NONTIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SER VIC E: HOUSE p o r t e r s ! ............................................. LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS!................ ROOM C L E R K S . . . . . . ...................................... MEN............. .. ................................................... W O M E N . . . . . . ................ ............................ ... FOOD SER VIC E: DISHWASHERS ............................................................... MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... PANTRY WORKERS! ................................................... SECOND COOKS.................................................. M E N . . . . . .................. .. ................................. MAINTENANCE ANC MISCELLANEOUS: ENGINEERS, S TA TI O N A R Y ! ......................... GENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S ! .. . GUARDS................ ................................................ M E N . . . . .................................................... 242 1 , 22S 422 les 247 2. 60 2. 74 3. 35 3. 42 3 .3 0 84 536 224 262 61 162 15 2. 75 2.75 2 .7 6 2 .9 9 6 .3 e 6 .4 9 133 105 24 14 45 132 29 23 5 .1 2 4 .0 7 3. 55 3. 72 - 16 113 1 1 - 1 1 2 se 145 3 2 1 8 5 9 5 18 22 73 2 0 4 53 8 6 - 85 31 54 - - 1 - - - — - 97 80 17 61 42 27 15 7 7 - - - - - “ 1 0 - 25 24 130 470 13 - “ - - 26 e - 1 1 1 2 2 24 4 ' " 1 T h e N e w O r l e a n s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s o f J e f f e r s o n , O r l e a n s , S t. B e r n a r d , a n d St. Tammany P arish es. 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p aid w a g e s . E x c lu d e s tip s and the v a lu e o f m e a l s , r o o m , and u n if o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , an d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , an d l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t iv e sa m p le o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e the le v e l of o ccupational earnings at a p articular tim e . T h u s, c o m p a r iso n s m a d e with p r e v io u s stu d ie s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e a n d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in t h e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w i t h d iffer en t p ay l e v e l s . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u l d d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h 2 2 2 2 27 - - - - 4 7 3 - 7 7 - “ “ — - ~ - 3 - * * 9 5 9 9 16 " - 1 1 - 4 - - 4 2 - * 8 6 2 “ - 19 6 2 1 6 1 1 1 1 0 1 8 e7 17 9 34 6 52 6 - 24 32 34 55 1 1 9 10 23 1 1 - - 8 4 1 — 2 1 2 0 0 1 4 1 4 - - “ - - - - - * * 14 3 - - - 1 514 630 723 1 1 m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n t h e p e r i o d b e in g c o m p a r e d . 3 A ll o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s a r e m e n . 4 A ll o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s a r e w o m e n . 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o llo w s : 3 a t $ 5 to $ 5. 20; 4 a t $ 5. 40 to $ 5. 60; a n d 7 a t $ 7. 60 to $ 8. W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o llo w s : 12 a t $ 5 to $ 5 .2 0 ; 6 a t $ 5 .2 0 to $ 5 .4 0 ; 2 a t $ 5 ,4 0 to $ 5. 60; 5 a t $ 5. 60 to $ 5. 80; 4 a t $ 5. 80 to $ 6; a n d 2 a t $ 6. 20 a n d o v e r . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o llo w s : 5 a t $ 5 to $ 5 .2 0 ; 2 a t $ 5 .2 0 to $ 5 .4 0 ; 4 a t $ 5 .4 0 to $ 5 . 6 0 ; 10 a t $ 5 . 6 0 to $ 5 . 8 0 ; a n d 2 a t $ 6 . 2 0 and o v e r. b Ta ble 19. O ccupational w ages: N e w Y o rk , N .Y.1 (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y w a g e s 2 o f e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , " ■ * — -- -- O ccupation and s e x m o te l s , m o to r -h o te ls and to u r i s t co u r t s , _______ _________________________________ H RBER : f wo rk e rs RECEIVING SIRA U 1 . 5 0 1 . EG 1 . 70 1. 60 1. 90 3 . 0 0 2 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 2 . 3 0 2 . 4 0 L . 50 . Number Average ho ur ly UNJL k ANd of 2 workers wa ge s 1 1. 30 UNJt K 1 . 6 0 1 . 7 0 1 • d J 1 . 9 0 2 . 0 0 3 . 1 0 2 . 20 2 . 30 2. 40 2 . 50 2 . 0 J M a y 1978) G H l - l IMt HUURLY EARNINGS 2 . 6 0 2 . 70 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 3 . o o (I N UUCLARS) 3 ( ----0 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 2 .70 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 5 .00 ANO OVER 3. 80 4 . 0 0 4 . 20 4 . 40 4 . 6 0 4 . 8C 5 . 0 0 2 .o 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .40 3 .6 0 cO 64 2 62 - 7 - - - - - 6 6 - - - _ 19 25 ~ 11 “ 27 _ “ 2 “ 16 “ ” 6 ■ 10 - 2 - 4 1 - - - - “ - _ _ _ 10 TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS3* ROOM S t R V I C t : CUa Tu HER LODGING AT I l NUA NT S ................ 631 HEN ................................................................................ BARTENDERS, SERVICE 6Ar S ......................... « A i I E k S * ANJ WA1TRE SSLS* A S SI S T AN T S, KJLL-LuUK o t 2 94 132 %2 . 4 9 * 6 - 15 - - - - 9 - - “ - - ~ ~ ” 19 439 115 - - - 1 - - FOOD SERVICE : 42 w A l T c R S * AND WAITRESSES* A S S I S T A N T S , OTHER IRAN FUL l -C UUR S c RESTAURANTS........................ WAITERS ANL> WAITRESSES, COUNTER.. HEN................................................................................ w A I T t k S AN 0 WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL H till • wCNEN........................................................................... WAITERS ANU WAITRESSES, TASLe , EUL l -COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ w CHE N........................................................................... WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES, TAOLc , OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS AND CUCKTAI e l GUNGES r t u ................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R . . . . 4 .70 5.5 S ~ 1 2 .6 2 3. L. L 3 . *4 * ” 219 5b 16 1 2.«: 3 2.4- / C mi. 4 7 24 3 31 i, i9 4 43o 2. x4 2 .co 1.9 4 43 -.5 41w 2 .43 2. 4 to 3.41 2 . 33 - - “ ~ - “ “ 17 13 17 6 IS 45 73 69 45 49 ttS _ _ - J 3 1 7 “ 37 23 7 - 4i ll 3 - _ - 17 _ _ - - 2 3 _ - 19 ■ - _ 33 1 i 93 52 41 1 - - ” 33 - 33 13 9 - 2 - 93 - 14 - - - _ - 14 - “ - “ ~ “ _ 3 “ - “ _ - _ _ _ _ ~ “ “ ~ ” “ _ _ * NONTIPPED *206 1 64 14 7 5 12 5 3 6 6 “ I 1 55 32 23 339 6 _ — 13 30 - 4 - - - J - - - - - - - - - 4 82 9 668 161 20 - 4 - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - i i — It . . _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 8 - - - — - ~ - - 3 3 — _ 3 14 - - - - “ _ 2 5 .4 0 6 .2 0 * 22 12 13 “ 3 .7 5 2 .6 0 2 .y o 3 .0 0 3 .1 0 U.MUcK ANU 3 . 7 5 1 NOER 2. 8 0 2 . 9 0 5 . CC 3 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 3 .2 0 3 .40 3.60 3 .8 0 4 . 00 4 . 20 4 . 4 0 4. 6 0 4 . 6 0 5 .0 0 5 .20 5 .6 0 5 .60 6 .00 3 .4 o 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4.20 4 • 40 4. o 0 4 .6 0 3 .0 0 5 . 20 5. 4 C 3 . 6 0 3 . 6 0 6 .00 6 .2C 6 . 4 0 6 . 6 0 36 5 7 13 7 110 27 1165 313 13 12 20 20 “ “ ~ 5 - 2 cO Ia7 34 io “ “ “ - 6 .40 6 .6 0 6 .8 0 6 .8 0 7 .00 - - - “ 7 .00 ANO OVER - J EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS5* room service: EOj Gi NG quarters c l e a n e r s 8................... 143 n s 39 1, 4 u 5 4 ,595 4 .9 4 4 .9 3 4.-,3 u7b 1 33 fo u u Se r v i c e : A SH b< 3.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .n 50 20 37 73 3 14 32 13 4.X 2 - 4•/ 7 - 7b 5 1 b.o 8 O .10 5. 3 o 4 . 9 a. “ 100 39 - 7 ’ 10 U9 2/0 io<_ L0 y* 4 - j O » - 3 li - 2 3 - - - * - 3 211 17o ln 15 15 18 164 15 1 1 66 204 20 1 26 i s 19 7 20 20 3 - 4 i - i 4*1 1 125 4 53 *0 8 100 5 4 “ 3 - ~ lo H - * - i . - o 5 1 The N e w Y o rk m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a c o n s i s t s of N ew Y ork C ity (B ro n x , K ings, N ew York, Q ueens, a n d R i c h m o n d C o u n t i e s a n d P u t n a m , R o c k l a n d , an d W e s t c h e s t e r C o u n t i e s , N e w Y o r k ; an d B e r g e n County, N e w J e r s e y . 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a i d w a g e s . E x c l u d e s t i p s an d t h e v a l u e o f m e a l s , r o o m , and u n i f o r m s , if p r o v i d e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y fo r o v e r t i m e , and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T h u s, c o m p a r is o n s m ad e with p rev io u s stu dies m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e and a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in t h e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , and s h i f t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w i t h pay le v e ls . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u l d d e c r e a s e an o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n e t h o u g h m o s t e s t a b lis h m e n t s in c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n the p e r io d s being co m pa r ed . 4 12 1 92 MAiNI L» ANCE ANU M I S C L L A N E O U a : e Ng I n c u r s , s t a t i o n a r y ................................. bti^LKAL MAlNTcftANCb MbcHANlw 3 . • . • u Um k j S . . . . . . 200 i 2 122 4 i i - - to to to 21 - 1 - 6 3 3 10 itt 31 1 7 8 i o 1 7b 5 1 21 70 3 18 14 “ 6 16 * 34 - 10 14 ,02 2 11 - 5 - - 3 W h e re s e p a r a t e in f o r m a tio n is n o t sh o w n by s e x , a ll o r v irtu a lly all w o r k e r s are m 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 13 a t $ 5 t o $ 5. 2 0 ; 6 9 a t $5 . 2 0 t o $ 5.40; 45 at $ 5 . 6 0 ; 7 4 a t $ 5 . 6 0 ' t o $ 5 . 8 0 ; a n d 5 a t $ 5 . 8 0 t o $ 6. 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 a t $ 5 t o $ 5 . 2 0 ; 5 a t $ 5 . 4 0 t o $ 5 . 6 0 ; 11 6 a t $ 5. 80; an d 3 a t $ 6 to $ 6 .2 0 . 6 A ll w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 5 to $ 5 .2 0 . 7 A ll w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 1 . 3 0 to $ 1 . 4 0 . 8 A ll o r v irtu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e w o m e n . 9 A ll w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 2 . 65 to $ 2 . 70. 10 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 3 a t $ 7 t o $ 7 . 2 0 ; 4 a t $ 7 . 2 0 t o $ 7 . 4 0 ; 4 a t $ 7. 6 0; 7 a t $ 7. 60 t o $ 7. 8 0 ; 1 a t $ 7. 80 to $ 8; a n d 3 a t $ 8 . 2 0 a n d o v e r . 6 * en. $ 5.40 $ 5. 60 $ 7 .4 0 Ta b le 20. Occupational w a ges: Philadelphia, Pa. — N .J.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly w a g e s 2 o f e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , O c c u p a tio n and s e x Number of m o te l s , m o t o r - h o t e l s a n d t o u r i s t c o u r t s , M a y 1978) Average 1 .3 5 1 .50 AND h o u r ly UNDER wages 2 1 . 3 5 JNDER 1 .5 0 1 .55 1 .5 5 NUMBER CF WORKERS RECE IVING STRA IGHT- TIME HOURLY EARNINGS 1 IN PCLLA RSI O F - 1 .5 0 1 .6 0 1 .7 0 1 .8 0 1 .90 2 . 0 0 2 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 2 .3 0 2 . 4 0 2 . 5 0 2 . 6 0 2 .7 0 2 .8 0 2 . 9 0 3 .0 0 1 .5 0 1.60 3 “ 1.80 1 .90 2 28 25 5 5 • _ _ _ - - 2.0 0 2 .10 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 1 — _ - 2 .8 0 1 2 .5 0 17 16 14 - 2 1 1 - 4 4 7 7 22 22 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 13 9 4 4 4 33 23 65 65 4 - 69 42 27 4 4 25 29 7 - 10 5 1 1 2 2 10 6 61 55 16 16 - - 4 2 - 39 34 11 4.0 0 AND 4 4 - 2 .9 0 2 2 .4 0 2 . 70 * 2 .3 0 2 2.2 0 2 .60 1 1 .70 3 .2 0 TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS3 ROOM SERVICE: CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS............... 90 $2 .0 1 FOOD SERV ICE: MEN................................................................................ W IT ERS ’ AND WAITRESSES' A A S S I S T A N T S . FULL— COURSE RESTAURANTS............................................................ MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS' AND WAITRESSES' A S S I S T A N T S . OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. COUNTER6 . WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. COCKTAIL LOUNGE S i ..................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, MEN..................... .......................................................... WAITERS AND W AIT RESSES, TABLE, OTHER THAN FULL-COL'RSE RESTAURANTS AND COCKTAIL LOUNGES 289 217 72 27 25 3 .5 1 3 .5 7 3. 22 3 .7 0 3 .6 7 226 279 47 2 .2 3 2 .3 0 1 .81 61 55 39 3 .11 3 .11 1 .81 132 1 .6 0 71 1 .6 1 MEN................................................................................ 82 7 1 232 7 33 1 .63 1 .60 2 2 '. 128 1 . 71 1 .73 2 .0 9 122 WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R ..,. 70 _ _ _ _ - _ _ - - 12 9 12 12 6 9 3 ' 3 _ S 52 - _ _ _ * 30 30 “ 36 - “ - _ 5 3 36 25 2 12 * 27 27 “ - - - - 11 27 20 20 3 3 - 8 8 8 “ 8 8 4 4 8 * " _ — _ - - 1 1 - - - 15 23 15 6 27 2 9 90 5 85 50 4 36 75 10 22 53 150 70 80 95 7 2 91 33 58 _ 8 21 21 52 35 7 4 4 - 55 44 25 1 1 6 11 11 5 - - - - * - 3 .0 0 3 .1 0 3 .20 3 .5 0 3 .60 3 .8 0 5 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 4 . 60 4. 80 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .4 0 5 .6 0 3 .1 0 3 .2 0 3 .5 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .20 4 .4 0 4 .6 0 4 . 80 5 .00 5 .20 5 .40 5 .60 5 .8 0 6 .0 0 “ * “ ~ * * 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ “ 55 17 16 33 68 53 25 1 1 1 4 8 198 135 500 126 18 108 3 3 12 52 50 1 15 57 “ 179 ~ * - - 88 5 5 2 * 4 4 — 8 2 — - 2 2 21 36 8 - — 36 3 .2 8 3 .25 3 .11 3 .5 3 3 .5 0 3 .3 7 937 37 1031 6 52 i i 23 19 20 6 56 18 13 5 185 7 FOOD SERVICE: DISHWASHERS............................................................... PANTRY WORKERS...................................................... MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... SECOND COOKS............................................................ MEN............................................................................... 598 135 55 85 85 66 3 .0 0 3.27 3 .2 5 3.28 5 .9 6 5 . 12 121 9 0 9 4 5 - 25 12 5 7 - 67 9 * * 21 161 52 5. 93 5 .1 1 3 .5 3 “ 17 15 6 2 * 22 8 1 21 8 - 5 * 77 51 20 31 6 4 21 12 — 1 — 2 33 19 15 26 26 ” 9 7 11 10 1 2 3 2 1 “ * * 2 21 2 13 1 48 17 31 1 1 5 10 1 “ 4 - ” 2 2 " 51 20 9 11 5 5 3 15 6 1 2 6 32 26 9 10 - — “ 6 “ 5 .8 0 6 .0 0 9 8 8 4 2 " 2 2 1 ~ “ 1 ~ * “ 29 11 “ 4 4 12 5 8 “ “ 1 1 * ' ~ “ ~ 2 2 1 1 ~ “ 16 16 “ 1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ S e e f o o tn o te s o n f o llo w in g p a g e - - i 1 7 1 25 2 26 11 1 ~ ~ 13 1 1 MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS: GENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S . . . . GUARDS............................................................................. ~ ” - - - ~ - - 11 — 1 — AND OVER 2 2 - 4 5 4 1 — EMPLOYEES 259 288 1 ,5 6 1 462 193 270 5 ' SELECTED OCCUPATIONS3 ROOM SERVICE: HOUSE PORTERS......................................................... MEN................................................................................ LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS 6 ................... ROOM CLERKS.............................................................. MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... 9 4 3 12 10 - 23 14 4 9 1 16 5 5 20 ' 2 1 74 13 61 2 . 7 5 2 . 80 2 . 9 0 UNDER AN0 2 . 7 5 U n der 2 .90 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 NONTIPPED - ~ - 21 15 _ _ 2 16 16 14 5 4 F o o tn o te s to t a b l e 20. 1 T h e P h i l a d e l p h i a m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a c o n s i s t s o f B u c k s , C h e s t e r , D e l a w a r e , M o n t g o m e r y , and P h i l a d e l p h i a C o u n t i e s , P e n n s y l v a n i a and B u r l i n g t o n , C a m d e n , a n d G l o u c e s t e r C o u n t i e s , N e w J e r s e y . 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c l u d e s t i p s and t h e v a l u e o f m e a l s , r o o m , a n d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v i d e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , and fo r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a t e s h i f t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e . T hu s, c o m p a r is o n s m a d e with p r e v io u s stu dies m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in t h e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e a n d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in t h e s a m p l e c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d s h if t s in e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w i t h d iffer en t p ay l e v e l s . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o u l d d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t es t a b lis h m e n ts in c r e a se d w a g e s betw een the periods being co m p a r ed . 3 W h e r e s e p a r a t e in f o r m a t io n is not show n by s e x , a ll o r v ir t u a lly all w o r k e r s a r e m e n , e x c e p t w h er e noted o th er w ise. 4 A ll w o r k e r s at $ 4 to $ 4 . 2 0 . to 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 $7; 14 15 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 3 a t $ 4 to $ 4 . 2 0 ; an d 2 at $ 4 . 4 0 to $ 4 . 6 0 . A ll or virtu ally all w o r k e r s a re w om en . A l l w o r k e r s a t $ 1 . 3 0 to $ 1 . 3 5 . W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a 3 f o l l o w s : 52 a t $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 ; and 2 2 5 a t $ 1 . 3 0 to $ 1 . 3 5 . W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 5 u n d e r $ 2 . 60 an d 32 a t $ 2 . 65 to $ 2 . 70. W o r k e r s w e r e d istrib u ted as fo llo w s : 20 u n d er $ 2 . 6 0 a n d 2 9 6 a t $ 2 . 6 5 to $ 2 . 7 0 . A l l w o r k e r s at $ 2 . 6 5 to $ 2 . 7 0 . W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 33 u n d e r $ 2 . 6 0 a n d 157 a t $ 2 . 6 5 to $ 2 . 7 0 . W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 2 a t $ 6. 2 0 to $ 6 . 4 0 ; 2 a t $ 6 . 4 0 to $ 6 . 6 0 ; 8 at $ 6 . 8 0 and 4 at $ 7 . 2 0 and o v e r . W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 3 a t $ 6 . 2 0 to $ 6 . 4 0 an d 2 a t $ 6. 80 to $ 7. A l l w o r k e r s u n d e r $ 2 . 60. Ta b le 21. Occupational w a g e s: Pittsburgh, Pa.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly w a g e s 2 o f e m p lo y e e s Ln s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , 1.35 Average AND h o ur l y UNDER wages- 1 . 3 5 UNDER 1 . AO O c c u p a tio n and s e x m o te l s , m o t o r - h o t e l s a n d t o u r i s t c o u r t s . M a y 1978 NUMBER CF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOLRLY EARNINGS 1 .60 II N O tL LA PS ) 2 .80 CF-- 13.401 17601 T7B0' ■470<r AND OVER TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS............... MEN..................... .......................................................... FOOD SERVICE: BARTENDERS, PUBLIC e A R S . . . . . ............. MEN................................................................................ VO MEN............- ........................................................... BARTENDERS, SERVICE BARS........................ MEN................................................................................ WAITERS'AND WAITRESSES' A S S I S T A N T S , FULL-CCURSE RESTAURANTS............................................................ MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS' AND WAITRESSES' A S S I S T A N T S , CTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ MEN................................................................................ WAITERS AND WAI TRESSES, COCKTAIL LOJNGES....................................................................... MEN................................................................................. WOMEN........................................................................... WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COUPSE PESTAUPANTS........................ MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. TABLE, OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS AND COCKTAIL LOUNGES WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R . . . . MEN................................................................................ $ 2 . AA 2.A 9 10 A 1A7 3 .35 3.A 2 3 .0 7 A.0 8 A .06 28 25 2 .2 8 2 .3 1 2 .16 19 16 2.A1 120 10 1 .70 2 .5 6 1 .62 5 22 no A92 50 AA 2 1 .56 2 .0 8 1 .50 62 0 6 20 186 2 . A6 22 1.95 1 .8 9 2.6A 2 .6 3 2.70 UNDER AND 2 . 7 0 JNDER 2 .75 NONTIPPED 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 5 .60 7 .2 0 7 .60 3 .8 0 A .00 6 .0 0 7 .6 0 8 .0 0 EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS 7 ROOM SERVICE: HOUSE PORTERS............................................... MEN....................................................................... WOMEN................................................................. LODGING OUARTERS CL EANERS7 • . . . ROOM CLERKS..................................................... MEN....................................................................... WOMEN................................................................. 27 902 2 77 67 190 FOOD S ERV ICE: DISHWASHERS...................................................... MEN.................. .................................................... WOMEN................................................................. PANTRY WORKERS............................................. MEN...................................................................... WOMEN............... ................................................. SECOND COOKS.................................................. MEN....................................................................... 2A2 176 66 170 17 153 61 AO MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS: ENGINEERS, STATIONARY........................ GENERAL MAINTENANCE MECHANICS. GUARDS.................................................................... S e e f o o tn o te s on f o llo w in g p a g e , 20 20 A5 19 130 102 3 .2 e 3 .3 3 3 .0 9 2 .9 1 2 .9 7 3 .0 7 2 .9 3 8 29 21 8 “2 5 9 11 5 9 7 52 2 .8 A 2 .7 9 2 .96 3 .0 1 “1A6 11 A 32 55 2. 7A 10 3.0A A .07 A. 5A A5 7 . 81 3. 6 A 3 .30 1 16 13 138 9 3 37 36 1 F o o tn o te s to t a b l e 2 1 . 1 T h e P i t t s b u r g h m e t r o p o li ta n a r e a c o n s is t s o f A lle g h e n y , B e a v e r , W a s h in g to n , a n d W e s t m o r e l a n d C o u n t ie s . 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c lu d e s t ip s and th e v a lu e o f m e a l s , r o o m , a n d u n i f o r m s , i f p r o v id e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , a n d fo r w o rk o n w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a t e s h if t s . T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e le v e l of o c c u p a tio n a l e a rn in g s a t a p a rtic u la r tim e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s tu d ie s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t im e a n d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in t h e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d iffe re n t p ay le v e ls . S u c h s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le , co u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n the p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . 3 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s fo llo w s : 16 a t $ 4 to $ 4 . 2 0 ; 7 a t $ 4 . 2 0 to $ 4 . 4 0 ; 13 a t $ 4 . 4 0 to $ 4 . 60; a n d 1 a t $ 4 . 80 t o $ 5. 4 A ll w o r k e r s at $ 4 . 4 0 to $ 4 . 6 0 . 5 I n c l u d e s 8 w o r k e r s a t $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 . 8 I n c l u d e s 2 8 w o r k e r s u n d e r $ 1 . 2 0 an d 4 a t $ 1 . 2 5 to $ 1 . 3 0 . 7 W h ere se p a r a te info rm a tio n is not shown b y se x , a ll o r v ir tu a lly all w o r k e r s a re m e n , w h ere noted o th er w ise. 8 I n c l u d e s 2 w o r k e r s a t $ 2 . 5 5 to $ 2 . 6 0 . 9 A ll or virtually all w o r k e rs are w om en. 10 I n c l u d e s 16 w o r k e r s u n d e r $ 2 . 5 5 ; a n d 8 a t $ 2 . 5 5 to $ 2 . 6 0 . 11 I n c l u d e s 12 w o r k e r s u n d e r $ 2 . 5 5 . 12 I n c l u d e s 12 w o r k e r s u n d e r $ 2 . 5 5 ; a n d 2 2 a t $ 2 . 5 5 to $ 2 . 6 0 . except 1 T h e P o r tl a n d m e t r o p o li ta n a r e a c o n s i s t s o f C la c k a m a s , M u ltn o m a h , a n d W a sh in g to n C o u n tie s , O re g o n ; and C l a r k C o u n ty , W a sh in g to n . 2 R e f e r s to e m p lo y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c lu d e s t ip s a n d t h e v a lu e of m e a l s , r o o m , a n d u n i f o r m s , if p r o v id e d , a n d p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a t e s h if t s . T h e s e s u rv e y s , b a s e d o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le o f e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e le v e l o f o c c u p a tio n a l e a rn in g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T hus, com p a r i s o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d ie s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t im e a n d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . S u c h s h if t s , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s ta b l is h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d wages b etw een the p erio d s being co m p a r ed . 3 W here sep a ra te inform ation is not shown by s e x , a ll or virtu ally all w o r k e r s a r e m e n , ex c ep t w h e r e noted o th er w ise. 4 A ll or virtually all w o rk ers are w om en. 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 2 at $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 ; 4 a t $ 5. 60 to $ 5. 80; 2 a t $ 6 to $ 6 . 2 0 ; 4 a t $ 6 . 2 0 to $ 6. 60; and 1 a t $ 6. 60 to $ 7. 6 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 a t $ 5 . 4 0 t o $ 5 . 6 0 ; 5 at $ 5 . 6 0 to $ 5 . 8 0 ; 4 a t $ 6 to $ 6 . 2 0 ; 12 a t $ 6 . 6 0 to $ 7 ; a n d 2 a t $ 7 . 8 0 to $ 8 . 2 0 . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d istrib u te d a s fo llo w s : 3 at $ 5 to $ 5 .2 0 ; 2 at $ 5 . 2 0 to $ 5 . 4 0 ; a n d 11 a t $ 6. 6 0 to $ 7. Table 23. Occupational w ages: St. Louis, Mo. — III.1 (N u m b e r an d a v e ra g e s tra ig h t-tim e h o u rly w a g e s 2 o f e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in y e a r - r o u n d KUFBER Number Average' 1 . 3 0 1 . 3 5 of ho ur ly AND workers wages 2 UNDER 1 .35 1.40 O c c u p a tio n and s e x 1.40 1 .4 5 1 .50 1 .45 1 .50 1 CF h o te ls , m o te ls , m o to r-h o te ls an d to u r is t c o u r ts , WORKERS R ECEI VING S TR A IG H T-T I* E HOURLY M ay EARNING S 1 978) U N DCL LA RS I O F — .60 1 .70 1. 80 1 .50 2.00 2 .10 2.20 2 .3 0 2.4 0 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 . 7C 2 . 8 0 2 .5 0 3 .00 3 .2 0 3 .40 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 .60 1 .7 0 1.80 1 .90 2.00 2. 10 2.20 2 .3 0 2 .4 0 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 2 . 80 2 . 5 C 3 .00 3 .2 0 3 .40 3 .6 0 3.80 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 14 - 18 1 17 3 3 7 6 - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - 6 11 13 100 2 8 29 25 18 24 14 11 8 3 e - 2 6 2 2 39 39 - 16 12 27 27 1 15 1C 5 - - - 5 3 _ _ 1 - - - - - 1 TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERV ICE : CUSTOMER LOCCING ATTENDANTS5 ............. . ite il.7 7 - 51 4 3 23 15 FOOU SER VICE: BARTENOERS, PLBLIC EARS.......................... MEN................................................................................ 197 56 3 .3 5 3.34 - - - - - - - r 1 101 WAITERS'AND w a i t r e s s e s * A S S I S T A N T S , FULL-CCURSE RESTAURANTS........................................................... WOMEN..................................... .................................... WAITERS* AND WAITRESSES* A S S I S T A N T S , CTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RES l A L P A M S i ..................... WAITERS AN0 WAITRESSES, C0CKTAIL LOUNGE S .1 ..................................................................... 4 * 2 WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ M E N . . . ....................................................................... WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R . . . . MEN................................................................................ 250 40 2.13 1 i - 83 - 14 - 3 - _ 15 _ _ - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 A ll or virtually all w o r k e r s are m en. 4 A ll or virutally all w o r k e rs are w om en. * W h e r e s e p a r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n i s n ot s h o w n b y s e x , a l l o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s a r e m e n , w h e r e noted o t h e r w is e . 6 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 13 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 ; 1 a t $ 6 . 2 0 to $ 6 . 4 0 ; 2 a t to $ 6 . 80 ; 8 at $ 7. 2 0 to $ 7. 40; 6 a t $ 7. 40 to $ 7. 6 0 and 1 a t $ 7. 60 an d o v e r . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 2 a t $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 ; 1 a t $ 5 . 2 0 to $ 5 . 4 0 ; 4 a t to $ 5. 60; 4 a t $ 5 . 60 t o $ 5. 80; 1 a t $ 5. 80 t o $ 6; 9 a t $ 6 . 2 0 to $ 6. 4 0 ; 3 at $ 6 . 4 0 to a n d 1 at $ 6 . 6 0 and o v e r . $ 6 .6 0 4 3 8 _ 7 28 1 .57 - 14 - - - 12 - - - - - - - 1 1 1.53 15 44 3 17 24 1 - 5 - - 4 2 - 4 - - 48 1 138 3 43 57 33 1 .54 1 .45 1 .58 1 .6 5 1.40 45 30 15 - 160 52 108 26 17 7 51 9 62 - 19 14 7 1 3 2 I - 5 - i - 34 34 3 2 i - ~ 22 10 6 6 71 16 53 5 5 2 .7 5 2 .8 0 2 .8 0 2 .5 0 11 8 8 11 1 10 - - - 2 .5 0 3 .0 0 3 .1 0 3 .2 0 3 .4 0 3 .0 0 3 .1 0 3 .20 3 .4 0 3 .6 0 39 5 4 74 32 42 6 EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS _ 12 120 2 .6 5 2 .70 AND JNDER 2.70 2 .7 5 NONTIPPED 27 - 1 .9 7 - 1 2 - 1 2 - 1 2 1 20 - - - - - 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 . 40 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 0 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 10 12 10 e 4 - 9 5 - - - - e 15 13 - 15 - - - - - - - - - - I 1 - 5 .C C AN C OVER 5 ROOM SERVICE: HOUSE PORTERS........................................................ LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS!................... ROOM CLERKS.............................................................. MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... FOOL SERVICE: DISHWASHERS.............................................................. MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... PANTRY WORKERS..................................................... MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... SECOND COCKS........................................................... MEN............................................................................... WOMEN.............................................................. .. MAINTENANCE AND MISCELLANEOUS: ENGINEERS, STATIONARY................................ GENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S . . . . GUARDS............................................................................. MEN................................................................................ 216 1, 524 415 16 C 255 2 .71 2.7 1 3 .12 3.15 3 .07 63 512 44 126 860 11 2 5 42 2 61 108 28 E0 58 24 34 2 .73 2 .7 4 2 .71 2 .96 2 .9 6 2 .55 3.7 6 3.51 3 .65 55 55 4 165 1 16 49 35 32 115 57 54 6 .2 9 4 .2 6 3 .9 4 3 .5 4 i - 271 210 12 7 5 - 9 42 14 5 s 1 2 11 15 23 10 20 1 1 - 8 34 62 14 48 5 2 3 13 11 7 4 21 1 08 56 52 1 1 1 1 - - 7 2 ~ 6 2 1 2 7 - 5 - 4 - 5 - - 15 5 33 * 21 6 - 11 - 2 2 - - 11 2 10 8 4 4 5 - 1 10 - - 5 - 6 5 10 6 5 4 7 - 4 4 - 1 1 - 17 7 7 4 7 - 5 3 3 6 6 - 5 5 3 3 - 13 13 - - 2 6 3 3 - - 13 c - - 4 2 - - - 2 11 3 3 1 - 2 2 2 - “ 2 - - - - 3 3 " - 1 - 7 32 30 3 - 20 - 6 7 31 25 - ~ ' 1 T h e S t. L o u is m e t r o p o li ta n a r e a c o n s is t s o f S t. L o u is C ity ; F r a n k li n , J e f f e r s o n , S t. C h a r le s , a n d S t. L o u is C o u n t ie s , M i s s o u r i; a n d C lin to n , M a d is o n , M o n ro e , a n d S t. C l a i r C o u n tie s , I ll in o i s . 2 R e f e r s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c lu d e s t ip s a n d th e v a lu e o f m e a l s , r o o m , a n d u n i f o r m s , if p r o v id e d , a n d p r e m i u m p a y fo r o v e r t i m e , a n d fo r w o rk o n w e e k e n d s , h o l id a y s , a n d l a t e s h ifts. T h e s e s u r v e y s , b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le of e s ta b l is h m e n t s , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e l e v e l o f o c c u p a tio n a l e a r n i n g s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v i o u s s tu d ie s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in th e u n i v e r s e o v e r t im e a n d a s s o c i a te d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith d iffe re n t pay le v e ls . S u c h s h i f t s , fo r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e an o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n th e p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a r e d . except $ 5 .4 0 $ 6. 60; Table 24. Occupational w ages: San Francisco— Oakland, Calif.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e - s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly w a g e s 2 o f e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , m o t e l s , m o t o r - h o t e l s a n d t o u r i s t c o u r t s , M a y 1978) NUMBER OF WORKERS nfeCCI VING STRAIGHT-T1ME HOURLY EARNINGS <IN DOLLARS) OF — O cc upa tio n and sex Number Average 2 .6 0 2.70 ho ur ly UNDER of AND workers wages 2 2 . 6 0 J NOE R 2 .7 0 2 .8 0 2 .8 0 2 .90 3 .00 3 .20 3 .4 0 3 .60 3 .80 4 .00 4 .2 0 4 .40 4 .80 5 .00 2 .90 3 .00 3 .2 0 3.40 3 .60 3 .80 4 .0 0 4 .2 9 4 .4 0 4 * 6 0 1/ t . a a . 5 . 0 9 , 5.20 “ 35 18 21 - - 4 .6 0 5 .2 0 ANO OVER TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS5 ROOM s e r v i c e : CUSTOMER LOOGING ATTENDANTS............... service: BARTENDERS. PUBLIC BARS........................... MEN............................................................................... UONEN......................................................................... BARTENDERS. SERVICE BARS........................ UAI TER S* AND WAITRESSES* A S S I S T A N T S . FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................................................... MEN............................................................................... UONEN......................................................................... WAITERS* AND WAITRESSES* A S S I S T A N T S . OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. COUNTER.. UONEN......................................................................... WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES. COCKTAIL LOUNGES6 ................................................................... WAITERS ANO WAITRESSES. TABLE. FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ HEN............................................................................... WOMEN......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. TABLE. OTHER THAN FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS AND COCKTAIL LOUNGES6 WAITERS AND WAITRESSES. O T H E R . . . . HEN............................................................................... WOMEN......................................................................... 456 * 2 .8 4 32 198 11 1 220 205 15 1 22 6 .1 6 6 .1 4 6 .4 8 7 .0 5 - - - 3 40 323 17 3 .1 6 3 .1 6 3 .2 4 21 6 48 28 3 .0 6 3 .87 3 .6 6 - 2 20 3 .06 - 767 275 4 92 3 .1 5 3 .1 8 3 .1 3 - 191 467 225 2 42 2 .8 4 3 .4 8 3 .5 7 3 .3 9 20 6 15 food - “ - - 1 5 - 97 2 2 16 54 177 1 74 3 62 58 4 21 21 20 4 6 6 “ ” - * - 80 70 10 76 14 14 38 “ 12 91 81 28 53 116 55 61 44 30 40 2 38 - 18 203 114 89 ~ 5 “ " 22 10 12 10 10 5 “ 5 4 i 3 “ “ “ “ ~ “ “ * “ 15 10 5 “ - ~ 40 32 8 20 14 ” 40 7 33 * 2 2 2 2 10 10 12 364 173 191 4 4 30 20 ~ 2 2 50 50 71 8 63 9 33 12 21 1 34 56 24 32 - J.3TT 3 . 1 0 AND UNDER 3 . 0 0 UNDER 3 .10 3 .20 3 .20 3 .4 0 3 .60 3 . 8 0 4 . 0 0 14 . 2 0 4 .40 4 .6 0 4 .80 5 .0 0 5 .20 5 .4 0 5 .60 5 .80 3 .40 3.60 3 .8 0 4 .00 4.20 4 .6 0 4 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .40 5 .6 0 5 .80 6.Q B- 4 71 33 22 u 32 76 8 38 27 11 88 2 64 51 13 29 29 - 78 53 25 - 22 15 7 20 15 5 - 70 11 59 - 13 7 ~ - - - ii - 10 - 3 16 19 - - 44 6 6 “ “ “ 6 ' NONTIPPED 4 .4 0 6 .3 0 ANO OVER EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS5 room service: HOUSE PORTERS........................................................ LOOGING QUARTERS CLEANERS6 .................. ROOM CLERKS.............................................................. NEN............................................................................... W O M E N . . . . .............................................................. FOOD s e r v i c e : DISHWASHERS............................................................. HEN............................................................................... PANTRY WORKERS..................................................... HEN............................................................................... WOMEN......................................................................... SECONO COOKS........................................................... MAINTENANCE ANO MISCELLANEOUS: ENGINEERS. STATIONARY................................. 6ENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S . . . . S e e f o o tn o te s on fo llo w in g p a g e . 555 2.606 63 8 384 254 3 .7 9 3 .61 4 .7 0 4 .8 1 4 .5 4 22 598 53 8 134 49 85 60 55 3 .8 0 3 .80 4 .8 9 4 .7 9 4 .9 4 - 162 1 33 9 .3 8 4 .6 6 6.66 86 - 22 1 21 - 165 - 4 * “ 3 - - 38 4 444 44 i 3 22 22 5 5 - 105 10 5 - - n 3 - 2 81 41 40 27 19 8 69 69 7 5 10 10 8 - 2 2 2 - - - 40 16 5 383 1139 65 34 31 56 10 4 57 23 34 405 346 - 6 2 6 41 47 6 6 6 8 5 3 - 739 6 .7 4 1 H62 19 F o o tn o te s to t a b l e 24. 1 T h e S a n F ra n c is c o -O a k la n d m e tr o p o lita n a r e a c o n s is ts o f A la m e d a , C o n tr a C o s ta , M a r in , S a n F r a n c is c o , a n d S a n M a te o C o u n tie s . 2 R e f e r s to e m p lo y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c lu d e s tip s an d th e v a lu e o f m e a ls , ro o m , an d u n ifo rm s , if p r o v i d e d , an d p re m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e , an d fo r w o rk on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s , and la te s h ifts . T hese su rv e y s, b a se d on a re p re s e n ta tiv e s a m p le o f e s ta b lL s h m e n ts , a r e d e s ig n e d to m e a s u r e th e le v e l o f o c c u p a tio n a l e a rn in g s a t a p a r tic u la r tim e . T h u s , c o m p a r i s o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d ie s m a y n o t r e f le c t e x p e c te d w a g e m o v e m e n ts b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in t h e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e a n d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in t h e s a m p l e c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d i f f e r e n t p ay le v e ls . S u c h s h if ts , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r age, e v e n th o u g h m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e tw e e n th e p e r i o d s b e in g c o m p a re d . 3 W h e re s e p a r a te in f o rm a tio n is n o t sh o w n b y s e x , a ll o r v ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s a r e m e n , e x c e p t w h e re n o te d o th e r w is e . 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 6 a t $ 5 . 2 0 to $ 5 . 4 0 ; 1 at $ 5 .4 0 to $ 5. 60; 4 6 a t $ 5. 60 to $ 5. 80; 14 a t $ 5. 80 to $ 6; 7 a t $ 6 to $ 6 .2 0 ; 95 at $ 6 .2 0 to $ 6. 4 0; 46 a t $ 6. 40 to $ 6. 80; an d 4 a t $ 6. 80 to $ 7 .2 0 . 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 6 a t $ 5. 60 to $ 5. 80; 5 a t $ 6 to $ 6. 2 0 ; 4 9 a t $ 6. 20 to $ 6. 4 0 ; 6 a t $ 6. 40 to $ 6. 80; 5 a t $ 6. 80 to $ 7. 20; 9 a t $ 7 .2 0 to $ 7. 60; 5a t $ 7. 60 to $ 8; 14 a t $ 8 to $ 8 .4 0 ; a n d 23 at $ 8 .4 0 to $ 8. 80. 6 A ll o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s a r e w o m e n . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s f o llo w s : 3 a t $ 6 .4 0 to $ 6. 60; 8 a t $ 7 to $ 7 . 2 0 ; 25 a t $ 7 . 2 0 to $ 7 . 6 0 ; a n d 3 a t $ 8 a n d o v e r . 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s f o llo w s : 4 a t $ 7. 60 to $ 8; 2 a t $ 8 .4 0 to $8. 80; 12 a t $8. 80 to $9. 20; 140 a t $9. 20 to $9. 60 a n d 4 a t $10 and o v e r . 9 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s f o llo w s : 1 a t $ 6 to $ 6 .2 0 ; 5 a t $ 6 .2 0 to $ 6. 4 0 ; 11 a t $ 6. 40 to $ 6. 60; a n d 2 a t $ 6. 60 to $ 6 . 80. Table 25. Occupational w ages: W ashington, D .C .— M d .— V a .1 ( N u m b e r an d a v e r a g e str a ig h t- tim e hourly w ^ g e sf pf e m p lo y ee s 8 ‘ O ccup ation and s e x in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in y e a r - r o u n d h o t e l s , m otels, m o t o r - h o t e l s and t o u r i s t c o u r t s , May }9 7 8 ) NUHEEP OF WORKERS RECEIV 1NG ST* A I G H T - T I HE HCiiRLY EARNINGS ( I N PCI LARS) C F - - f Number of Average 1 . 3 0 1 . 3 5 ho ur ly AND wage s2 UNDER 1 .3 5 1.5 0 1 .50 1 .5 5 1 .5 0 1 .6 0 1.70 1 .8 0 1 .5 0 2 .0 0 2 .1 0 2 .2 0 2 .3 0 2 .50 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .5 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .20 1 .55 1 .5 0 1 .60 1 .70 1 .80 1 .5 0 2 .0 0 2 .1 0 2 .2 0 2 .3 0 2 .5 0 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 2 .8 0 2 .9 0 3 .0 0 3 .2 0 3 .5 0 3 .6 0 3 .80 5 .00 5 .20 5 .5 0 15 36 ” 5 5 8 78 2 15 15 15 “ 1 1 18 10 8 “ “ 6 2 4 5 4 i ~ ~ ~ 16 16 ” 12 9 3 2 2 ” 13 13 256 17 3 ~ ~ “ ~ 77 25 12 25 2 1 2 - 4 - 15 “ 15 " “ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ “ 5 .50 “ TIPPED EMPLOYEES SELECTED OCCUPATIONS ROOM SERVICE: CUSTOMER LODGING ATTENDANTS^............. 3 WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, COCKTAIL LOUNGES....................................................................... MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, FULL-COURSE RESTAURANTS........................ WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, TABLE, OTHER THAN FULL-CCU«SE RESTAIRANTS AND COCKTAIL LOUNGES MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, O T H E R . . . . MEN................................................................................ WOMEN.......................................................................... $2.0 5 30 155 117 38 150 1 25 15 5 .2 8 5 .3 2 5 .1 7 5 .5 7 5 .6 1 5 .2 3 - - - - - 525 326 2 .5 6 2 .5 2 - - - - - 3 .1 0 52 3 .31 - - - - - - - 22 1 16 203 1 .83 1 .55 1 .82 35 35 22 22 - 31 1 30 22 - 22 550 1.8 2 132 35 4 68 50 2 56 28 218 207 185 18 2 .2 5 2 .2 0 2 .2 6 2.1 1 2.15 1 .7 5 18 2 16 - 15 6 5 * * 4 4 13 6 7 8 2 1 1 ~ - - - - - - - 1 1 10 10 - - - “ - 57 55 3 1 “ - - - - - - 2 2 - 2 65 17 52 6 6 - 4 4 - 2 25 8 575 35 2 2 3 3 - 3 65 7 57 31 25 6 20 20 10 6 4 - ~ 3 * - 13 2 13 1 1 - * 4 5 65 60 5 1 3? 4 - 3 ~ - 10 “ 10 - “ “ - 5 1 5 33 33 2 2 15 2 10 “ 10 “ 50 5 10 10 2 2 2 * 1 1 “ * 2 2 “ “ 2 * 2 3 3 “ • 100 10 90 2 2 “ 3 .0 0 3 .10 3 .2 0 3 .5 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .5 0 5 .6 0 5 .8 0 5 .00 5 .2 0 5 .6 0 6 .0 0 6 .5 0 2 . 80 2 . 5 0 3 .0 0 3 .1 0 3 .2 0 3 .5 0 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 5 .0 0 5.20 5 .5 0 5 .6 0 5 . 80 5 .0 0 5 .20 5 .6 0 6 .00 6 .5 0 6 .8 0 13 83 61 212 87 52 55 32 65 10 9 i 57 205 137 50 57 510 1237 10 5 52 52 66 36 186 50 56 8 20 32 12 10 6 8 63 27 36 ~ 2 55 27 18 1 ~ 17 15 3 “ 17 13 5 ~ 6 5 3 1 1 “ ” “ * lfc 16 4 4 ” 25 26 6 20 ~ 517 79 18 61 2 5 27 5 22 2 2 36 2 35 ~ 3 8 3 5 2 4 1 3 “ 2 “ 55 52 8 35 ” 2 “ 1 ~ “ 5 5 31 20 12 15 12 1 12 5 25 “ 15 32 56 550 - 77 - - - 16 1 18 12 12 “ 6 .8 0 AND OVER SELECTED OCCUPATIONS 10 830 2 ,822 758 517 231 3 .5 0 3 .52 3 .1 8 3 .6 7 3 .7 2 3 .6 0 FOOD S ERV ICE: DISHWASHERS............................................................... PANTRY WORKERS..................................................... HEN................................................................................ WOMEN.............................................................. ... SECOND COOKS3 ......................................................... . 705 2 32 55 188 38 3 .2 6 3 .5 2 3 .5 0 3 .5 3 6 .0 3 66 - MAINTENANCE A NO MISCELLANEOUS:3 ENGINEERS, STATIONARY................................. GENERAL MAINTENANCE M E C H A N I C S . . . . GUARDS............................................................................. 56 227 112 7 .6 0 5 .7 5 5 .1 2 i - S e e fo o tn o te s on fo llo w in g p a g e . 8 - - “ 25 5 1 3 “ 22 11 5 12 12 80 - 5 “ - 11 - “ * 4 - ~ EMPLOYEES ROOM SERVICE: ELEVATOR O P E R A T O R S . . . . . ............................ HOUSE PORTERS 1 ................................. ................... LODGING QUARTERS CLEA NE RS .................... ROOM C L E R K S . . ...................................... ... HEN............... .......................... .. .......................... WOMEN.......................................................................... 73 24 597 52 5 * “ ~ “ “ * 2 .5 0 2 .7 5 A<s l “ ~ 5 5 10 4 6 “ " 2 .8 0 2 .65 2 .70 AND UNDER 2 .7 0 2 .75 NONTIPPED 1 - 255 FOOD SERVICE: BARTENDERS, PUBLIC BARS........................... MEN................................................................................ WOMEN........................................................................... BARTENDERS, SERVICE BARS........................ MEN................................................................................ WOMEN............... .......................................................... WAIT FRS • AND WAITRESSES* A S S I S T A N T S , FULL-CCURSE RESTAURANTS........................................................... MEN................................................................................ WAITERS* AND WAITRESSES* A S S I S T A N T S , OTHER THAN 213 8 529 ' 2 28 2 2 ~ ~ 1 1 u 7 5 “ 2 1 i ' * 8 9 ~ * ~ 12 12 10 “ “ * ~ " 1 ” “ ~ 3 “ 2 1 „ ” 7 14 1 ~ 46 2 25 4 8 5 F o o tn o te s to t a b l e 2 5. m o s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d w a g e s b e t w e e n th e p e r i o d s b e i n g c o m p a r e d . 3 A ll or virtually all w o r k e rs are m en. 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 80 a t $ 4 . 4 0 to $ 4 . 6 0 ; 3 a t $ 4 . 6 0 to $ 4 . 8 0 ; 1 a t $ 8 . 4 0 to $ 5; 11 a t $ 5 . 2 0 to $ 5 . 4 0 ; and 2 a t $ 5 . 6 0 and o v e r . 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 19 a t $ 4 . 4 0 to $ 4 . 6 0 ; 4 8 a t $ 4 . 6 0 to $ 4 . 8 0 ; 10 at $ 4 . 8 0 to $ 5; 16 at $ 5 to $ 5 . 2 0 ; and 4 a t $ 5. 60 an d o v e r . 6 A ll or virtu ally a ll w o r k e r s are w om en . 7 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 6 a t $ 7 . 2 0 t o $ 7. 60; an d 8 a t $ 8 to $ 8 . 4 0 . 8 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 4 8 a t $ 8 . 6 0 t o $ 9 ; a n d 16 at $ 9 . 6 0 to $ 10. 1 T h e W a s h in g to n , D . C . m e tr o p o lita n a r e a c o n s is ts o f th e D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia ; a n d C h a r le s , M o n tg o m e r y , a n d P r in c e G e o rg e s C o u n tie s , M d . ; A le x a n d ria , F a ir f a x , a n d F a lls C h u rc h c itie s ; A r lin g to n , F a i r f a x , L o u d o u n , a n d P r in c e W illia m C o u n tie s , V a. 2 R e f e r s to e m p lo y e r p a id w a g e s . E x c lu d e s tip s an d th e v a lu e o f m e a ls , r o o m , a n d u n if o r m s , i f p ro v id e d , and p re m iu m p ay fo r o v e rtim e , an d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , an d la te s h if ts . T h ese su rv e y s, b a s e d on a re p re s e n ta tiv e s a m p le o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts , a r e d e s i g n e d t o m e a s u r e .th e le v e l o f o c c u p a tio n a l e a rn in g s a t a p a r tic u la r tim e . T h u s , c o m p a r is o n s m a d e w ith p r e v io u s s tu d ie s m a y n o t r e f l e c t e x p e c t e d w a g e m o v e m e n t s b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e s in t h e u n i v e r s e o v e r t i m e a n d a s s o c i a t e d n e c e s s a r y c h a n g e s in th e s a m p le c o m p o s itio n , a n d s h if ts in e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith d iffe re n t p ay le v e ls . S u c h s h i f t s , f o r e x a m p le , c o u ld d e c r e a s e a n o c c u p a tio n a l a v e r a g e , e v e n th o u g h Table 26. Average hourly earnings: Selected occupations ( A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , 1 a n d p e r c e n t t i p s 2 a r e of to t a l e a r n i n g s fo r w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in h o t e l s a n d m o t e l s , 2 3 a r e a s 3 M a y 1978 N O R T HE AS T BOSTON ITEM BUFFALO SOUTH NE W YORK PH IL AD EL PH IA PI TT S B U R G H PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT PE RCENT TOTAL TIPS ARE TIPS ARE TOTAL TOTAL TIPS ARE TOTAL TIPS ARE TOTAL EARNINGS OF TOTAL EARNINGS OF TOTAL EA RNINGS OF TOTAL EA RNINGS OF TOTAL EARN IN GS EARNINGS EARNINGS EA RNINGS EARN IN GS C U S T O M E R L O DG IN G A T T E N D A N T S ................ B A R T E N D E R , P U BL IC B A R S ...................... B A RT EN DE R, S E R V I C E B A R S ..................... W A I T E R S * AND WA I T R E S S E S * AS SISTANTS, F U L L - C O U R S E R E S T A U R A N T S ................ W A I T E R S ’ AND WA I T R E S S E S ' AS SISTANTS, OT H E R THEN F U L L - C O U R S E R E S T U R A N T S ___ W A I T E R S AND WA IT R E S S E S , C O U N T E R ........... W A I T E R S AND WA IT R E S S E S , C O CK TA IL LOUNGES. W A I T E R S AND WA IT RE SS ES , TABLE, F U L L - C O U R S E R E S T U R A N T S ................. W A I T E R S AND WA IT RE SS ES , TABLE, OT H E R THAN F U L L - C O U R S E RE ST UR AN TS AND C O CK TA IL L O U N G E S ................... W A I T E R S AND WA IT R E S S E S , O T H E R ............. $4. 48 6 . 12 4.79 57.0 46 . 1 28.5 $4.90 5.68 3.05 49.4 46.0 “ $3.42 6 .98 5.92 29.7 33.2 5. 1 $3.25 5.55 5.34 37.8 39.5 33. 1 O T H E R ............. See f o o t n o t e s at end of table. PERCENT PERCENT TIPS ARE TOTAL TIPS ARE TOTAL OF TOTAL EARNINGS OF TOTAL EA RNINGS EARN IN GS EA RNINGS 16.2 32.4 " $4.40 4.94 5.05 57.8 28.7 28. 1 $3.72 4. 15 3.58 HOUS TO N 44.4 29.4 .7 $3.82 6 . 12 3.88 43.8 4 1.6 9.0 $3.38 3.95 4.42 4 1.9 27.2 24.0 $4.52 5.55 4.64 58.8 53.6 41.8 2.81 5.4 2.87 5.7 3. 16 34.4 20.6 3. 14 39.8 3.47 ?3.9 2.91 36.0 2.83 20.7 2.79 2.3 2.68 1.8 20.2 9. 1 66.9 3.60 3.46 4.88 44. 1 23.4 65.3 4.4 1 4.94 4.46 41.2 34.0 53.6 3.67 4 . 16 4. 16 17.8 56.8 6 1.7 2.75 2.62 2.84 21.3 40.8 40.3 2.8 1 3.0 4.27 _ _ 64.9 3.68 61.9 5.66 5. 12 66.6 4.48 59.0 4.59 53. 1 4.44 63.7 3.06 49.9 4.60 66.6 3.27 55.4 4.96 4.6 1 3.89 64.3 41.6 5.38 4.71 50.7 60.0 5. 12 4.49 53.7 48.6 3.09 2.51 44.6 20.9 2.79 4.89 44.5 45.5 3.67 4.80 56.9 66.3 5.77 3.84 7 1.1 62. 1 3.09 4.69 NO RT H CENTRAL WASHINGTON $3.69 4.33 3.79 50.7 27.0 10.5 $4.52 6.81 4.74 2.74 19.7 2.7 1 2.97 4.09 4.3 4.4 1 3.68 CHICAGO C I N C IN NA TI 54. 1 37.4 4.8 $3.48 4.66 3.95 47.6 9.8 .3 3.39 15.2 2.53 55.4 3.35 3.64 6.03 4.7 29.5 69.5 2.34 2.05 3.23 38.0 2.79 64.7 5. 15 62.8 2.89 28.7 3.28 51.6 4.67 53.4 2.73 25. 1 CL E V E L A N D $3.0 1 3.53 3.88 24. 1 9.5 3. 1 $4. 13 4.87 4.31 17.6 2.75 18.8 2.86 12. 1 2.97 6.2 3.08 2.4 7 .9 2.78 17 . 1 49.9 65.4 3.04 6.30 3.85 - 43.9 3.22 2.95 4.26 59.5 37.3 2.89 3.52 3.87 .6 38.9 45.3 55.0 3.46 58.0 3.89 39.6 3.85 46 . 1 4.83 62.3 2.43 3.28 21.4 38.9 - 46.7 29.9 13.8 M I NN EA PO LI S- ST . PAUL DETROIT $3.60 4.95 4.35 27.7 16 . 1 1 .0 $3.34 5.19 5.21 MIAMI MEMPHIS PERCENT PERC EN T PERCENT PERCENT TIPS ARE TIPS ARE TOTAL TOTAL TIPS ARE TOTAL TIPS ARE OF TOTAL EARN IN GS OF TOTAL EARNINGS OF TOTAL EARNINGS OF TOTAL EARN IN GS EA RNINGS EARNINGS EARNINGS 3.80 3.66 5.22 NEW OR LEANS W A I T E R S AND WA IT RE SS ES , DA LL AS -F OR T WO RT H 3.69 SOUTH C U S T O M E R LO D G I N G A T T E N D A N T S ................ BARTEN DE R, P U BL IC B A R S ...................... BA RT EN DE R, SE R V I C E B A R S ..................... W A I T E R S ’ AND WA IT RE SS ES ' AS SI ST AN TS , F U L L - C O U R S E R E S T A U R A N T S ................ W A I T E R S ’ AND WA IT RE SS ES ' AS SI ST AN TS , OT HE R TH EN F U L L - C O U R S E R E S T U R A N T S --WA I T E R S AND WA IT RE SS ES , C O U N T E R ........... W A I T E R S AND WA IT RE SS ES , C O C K T A I L LOUNGES. WA I T E R S AND WA IT RE SS ES , TABLE, F U L L - C O U R S E R E S T U R A N T S ................. W A I T E R S AND WA I T R E S S E S , TABLE, OT HE R THAN F U L L - C O U R S E RE ST U R A N T S $2.87 5.26 4.30 AT LANTA 35.2 1 .0 .2 _ _ 74.0 4.37 67.6 5.39 69.2 7 1.1 3.80 59.6 4. 12 6 1.3 40.4 62. 1 5.99 3. 12 76.6 51.6 3.97 4.53 62.7 Table 26. Average hourly earnings: Selected occupations —Continued (A v erag e h o u rly earn in g s, 1 and p e rc e n t tip s2 a re o f to t a l e a r n i n g s f o r w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in h o t e l s a n d m o t e l s , KANSAS CITY ST. 23 a r e a s , 3 M a y 1978) WEST NORTH CENTRAL DE NV ER LOUIS LOS AN GE L E S - L O N G BEACH P O RT LA ND SAN F R A N C I S C O - O A K L A N D ITEM PERCENT PE RCENT TOTAL TIPS ARE TOTAL TIPS ARE EARNINGS OF TOTAL EARN IN GS OF TOTAL EA RNINGS EA RNINGS C U ST OM ER L O D G I N G A T T E N D A N T S ................ BARTEN DE R, P U B L I C B A R S ...................... BA RT EN DE R, SE R V I C E B A R S ..................... W A I T E R S ’ AND W A I T R E S S E S ’ ASSISTANTS, F U L L - C O U R S E R E S T A U R A N T S ................ W A I T E R S ’ AND W A I T R E S S E S ’ ASSISTANTS, OT HE R THEN F U LL -C OU RS E R E S T U R A N T S --W A I T E R S AND WAIT RE SS ES , C O U N T E R ........... W A I T E R S AND WAIT RE SS ES , CO CKTAIL LOUNGES. W A I T E R S AN D WAIT RE SS ES , TABLE, F U L L - C O U R S E R E S T U R A N T S ................. W A I T E R S AND WA IT RE SS ES , TABLE, OT HE R THAN F U LL -C OU RS E RE ST UR AN TS AND CO CK T A I L L O U N G E S ................... W A I T E R S AND WA IT RE SS ES , O T H E R ............. TOTAL EARN IN GS PERC EN T TIPS ARE OF TOTAL EARN IN GS 55.7 42.3 14.4 TOTAL EARN IN GS PERCENT TIPS ARE OF TOTAL EA RNINGS $3.86 6.29 6.95 $4.55 5.39 5.0 1 3. 18 16.8 2.94 3.87 5.45 3.06 6.72 5.08 9.5 60.9 48.0 5.43 $4.26 5.23 4.25 2.77 4.49 5.31 40.8 66.8 7 1.9 2.69 3.63 5.89 5.33 1 R e l a t e s to e m p l o y e r p a id w a g e s a n d e s t i m a t e d a v e r a g e h o u r l y c u s t o m e r tips. In c lu d e s data for w o rk e rs who re c e iv e no tips a s w ell a s th o se for w h o m tip in fo rm a tio n w as not a v a ila b le . E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y for o v e r tim e an d for w o rk on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s , a n d la te sh ifts a s w e ll a s the v a lu e o f m e a l s , room , and uniform p r o v i d e d in a d d i t i o n to c a s h w a g e s . TOTAL EARN IN GS 50.6 3.31 4.40 4. 19 5.67 PERCENT TIPS ARE OF TOTAL EA RNINGS TOTAL EARN IN GS 44.7 22.0 10.0 | | | PERCENT TIPS ARE OF TOTAL EARN IN GS $5.83 9.59 10.39 52.2 36.0 3 1.8 I 5.74 45.5 | | | 5.80 8.42 7.19 47.7 53.9 58.3 | 8. 23 6 1.8 | | 4.78 7.90 42.2 56.0 I 63.0 58.8 2 For 3 For cation p r o c e d u r e s u s e d in definition of a re a s , e s tim a tin g tips, see ap p en d ix A. s e e fo o tn o te 1 in t a b l e s 2 - 2 5 . NOTE: D ash in d ic a te s no data re p o rte d criteria. or data th at do not m eet publi Table 27. Scheduled weekly hours (Percent of nonoffice, nonsupervisory workers in hotels and motels by scheduled weekly hours,1 24 metropolitan areas, May 1978) Northeast Weekly hours Boston Buffalo New York South Phila Pitts Atlanta delphia burgh DallasFt. Worth Hous ton Mem phis 100 All workers ................................. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Linder 35 hou rs.................................... 35 hours................................................ Over 35 and under 40 hours .............. 40 hours................................................ Over 40 hours and up to and including 44 hours ............................................ Over 44 h o u rs...................................... _ 10 6 80 _ 9 10 81 1 88 _ 17 4 79 21 79 _ 4 86 3 13 80 _ 1 96 1 “ - 9 5 3 2 2 - 11 - - “ - _ 7 - 93 North Central West New Wash Cincin Cleve Miami Detroit Kansas Chicago Orleans ington nati land City 100 2 42 25 22 - 5 4 “ 100 100 100 100 100 100 4 12 13 - - - 95 2 8 87 11 2 5 73 84 87 4 16 15 63 9 1 76 2 “ 1 1 10 - - - - 3 - 14 - _ 9 91 _ 1 1 - - 1 Data relate to the predominant schedule for full-time day-shift workers in each establishment. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. 100 St. Louis 100 _ Los An MinneDenLas gelesverapolisVegas Long St. Paul Boulder Beach 100 100 _ 16 9 28 48 100 100 _ Port land San FranciscoOakland 100 100 _ 74 26 2 23 75 91 9 - - _ - - - - - 17 10 73 (*) 2 96 2 - - - - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. CO ■ si Table 28. Paid holidays (Percent of nonoffice, nonsupervisory workers in hotels and motels with formal provisions for paid holidays, 24 metropolitan areas, May 1978) Number of paid holidays All w orkers................................. Workers in establishments providing paid holidays....................... Under 3 d a ys ..................................... 3 days ................................................. 4 days ................................................. 5 days ................................................. 6 days ................................................. 7 days ................................................. 8 days ................................................. 9 days or m ore.................................. Less than 0.5 percent. Boston Buffalo New York Phila Pitts Atlanta delphia burgh DallasFt. Worth Hous ton Mem phis West North Central South Northeast Cincin Cleve New Wash Detroit Kansas Miami Chicago land City nati Orleans ington St. Louis Los An DenMinnegelesLas verapolisVegas Long St. Paul Boulder Beach Port land San FranciscoOakland 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 2 3 4 73 99 69 66 - - 93 - - - - 67 - - 2 3 20 74 4 21 8 7 28 2 10 51 15 “ 23 32 12 6 “ 100 ” 35 28 4 “ 96 “ 84 (’) ~ 47 47 " 88 13 21 - ~ 1 4 37 25 2 “ 100 ~ - 87 2 - 88 2 - - 85 (’) 1 9 68 7 100 - - 96 10 6 79 77 18 13 12 35 13 91 5 52 25 10 96 - 77 1 5 58 6 6 - 91 - - 88 6 ~ 5 19 21 37 - 74 - 76 2 5 78 - 8 65 8 7 - - 66 " - 3 5 7 19 11 46 2 18 38 ~ 6 18 69 ” - 3 22 61 ” 3 10 21 48 17 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 9 45 ” Table 29. Paid vacations (Percent of nonoffice, nonsupervisory workers in hotels and motels with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, 24 metropolitan areas, May 1978) South Northeast Vacation policy Boston Buffalo New York Phila Pitts Atlanta delphia burgh DallasFt. Worth Hous ton Mem phis West North Central New Wash Cincin Cleve Detroit Kansas Miami Chicago Orleans ington nati land City St. Louis DenMinneLas verapolisVegas St. Paul Boulder Los An gelesLong Beach Port land San FranciscoOakland All w orkers.................................. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Method o f payment Workersin establishments providing paid vacations..................... Length-of-time paym ent.................... Percentage payment ......................... 100 100 - 100 68 32 99 99 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 97 3 100 100 - 94 94 - 97 97 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 98 98 - 100 99 1 100 82 18 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 79 21 99 99 96 94 2 100 100 100 25 75 (2) - - 34 2 - 8 - 3 - - 5 - 50 - 3 4 10 - - - - 7 - - - - 3 - 23 2 78 22 100 - 97 2 78 22 91 4 48 52 62 34 73 9 18 81 13 84 10 72 28 85 15 82 18 88 12 88 10 100 - 94 6 93 7 88 12 86 14 97 - 2 87 7 100 (*> 98 14 1 85 - 20 74 6 9 84 7 100 - 2 2 95 2 - 4 95 - 11 78 7 2 98 - 2 98 - Amount o f vacation pay1 After 6 months of service: Under 1 w e e k.................................... 1 w e e k................................................ After 1 year of service: Under 1 w e e k.................................... 1 w ee k................................................ Over 1 and under 2 w eeks............... 2 weeks ............................................. After 2 years of service: 1 w ee k................................................ Over 1 and under 2 w eeks............... 2 w eeks.............................................. Over 2 and under 3 w eeks............... 3 w eeks.............................................. After 3 years of service: 1 w eek................................................ Over 1 and under 2 w eeks............... 2 weeks .............................................. Over 2 and under 3 w eeks............... 3 w eeks.............................................. After 4 years of service: 1 week ................................................ Over 1 and under 2 w eeks............... 2 weeks .............................................. Over 2 and under 3 w eeks............... 3 w eeks.............................................. After 5 years of service: 1 w ee k................................................ Over 1 and under 2 w eeks............... 2 w eeks.............................................. Over 2 and under 3 w eeks............... 3 w eeks.............................................. After 10 years of service: 1 w e e k................................................ Over 1 and under 2 w eeks............... 2 w eeks.............................................. Over 2 and under 3 w eeks............... 3 weeks .............................................. 4 weeks .............................................. After 12 years of service: 1 w ee k................................................ Over 1 and under 2 w eeks............... 2 w eeks.............................................. Over 2 and under 3 w eeks............... 3 w eeks.............................................. Over 3 and under 4 w eeks............... 4 w eeks.............................................. See footnotes at end of table. I 2 92 7 31 69 - 2 95 2 11 75 13 24 76 - 3 89 8 7 78 15 8 21 66 5 13 8 74 - 19 3 72 3 12 77 11 3 84 13 1 85 14 12 88 - 98 - 93 7 9 91 - 97 2 8 78 13 24 71 5 - 3 89 8 7 75 19 8 12 61 9 11 5 8 74 8 9 86 3 6 83 11 3 82 15 1 85 11 12 88 - 98 - 14 1 85 - 20 72 7 7 86 7 ~ ~ 100 - 2 2 95 2 - 2 97 - 6 4 80 7 99 - 93 7 9 91 - 91 6 2 8 78 13 24 71 5 - 3 88 9 7 75 19 8 12 61 9 11 5 8 74 _ 8 9 86 3 6 83 11 3 80 17 1 85 14 12 88 - 98 - 14 1 85 - 20 72 7 7 86 7 100 - 2 2 95 2 - 2 97 - 6 4 80 7 1 99 - 100 - 74 26 83 17 1 84 13 2 74 24 17 77 5 - 3 57 40 7 50 43 8 12 46 9 25 5 8 61 21 4 81 12 6 - , 55 40 3 69 28 82 18 10 65 25 96 2 7 92 1 14 76 10 7 86 7 93 7 2 2 80 2 15 99 - 3 85 7 1 84 15 93 7 5 91 4 18 82 - 99 - 2 26 67 4 17 17 35 31 - 3 27 70 - 7 28 65 - 8 20 21 52 - 5 38 8 44 - 4 20 72 1 6 25 63 7 3 9 88 - 5 94 1 10 31 59 - 17 78 2 6 66 28 - 1 46 53 - 7 76 17 - 75 25 - 2 49 49 - 4 95 - 1 2 5 86 2 1 ~ 29 70 - 2 ~ 98 - - 18 82 - 93 6 2 19 74 4 17 17 32 3 27 70 - 7 28 65 - 8 20 9 5 38 44 8 “ 4 20 72 6 15 72 - 3 9 88 - - 10 27 63 - 1 - - 2 98 - - 7 76 17 “ 2 40 59 - 2 4 93 1 2 26 68 - 46 53 - 7 17 78 2 1 29 70 “ 2 98 “ (2) 5 91 4 33 “ 55 9 - 1 5 94 1 - 6 5 86 2 1 100 - Table 29. Paid vacations—Continued (Percent ot nonoffice, nonsupervisory workers in hotels and motels with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, 24 metropolitan areas, May 1978) Northeast Vacation policy Boston Buffalo Amount o f vacation pay1 After 15 years of service: 1 w ee k............................................... Over 1 and under 2 weeks............... 2 weeks ............................................. Over 2 and under 3 w eeks............... 3 w eeks............................................. Over 3 and under 4 weeks............... 4 w eeks............................................. After 20 years of service: 1 week ............................................... 2 weeks ............................................. Over 2 and under 3 weeks............... 3 w eeks............................................. Over 3 and under 4 weeks............... 4 weeks ............................................. Over 4 and under 5 weeks............... 5 weeks .............................................. After 25 years of service:3 1 w ee k............................................... 2 weeks .............................................. Over 2 and under 3 weeks............... 3 weeks ............................................. Over 3 and under 4 w eeks............... 4 w eeks............................................. 5 w eeks............................................. Over 5 and under 6 w eeks............... 6 w eeks............................................. New York South Phila Pitts Atlanta delphia burgh - - - 2 17 3 - - - - - - 3 18 - 19 66 17 65 25 - - - 87 82 20 - 56 DallasFt. Worth 7 - 21 - 65 - - - - - - 10 - 78 12 - 16 7 - - - 3 18 - 2 19 17 17 3 25 7 21 - - - - - - 18 68 7 36 36 - - - - 33 32 79 13 91 37 - 36 - - - - _ _ - - - 5 - _ 3 - - 18 - 2 19 17 17 3 25 - - - - - - 18 68 7 36 33 32 36 - - - 47 Hous ton Mem phis North Central Miami 5 - - 16 9 54 9 5 29 - - 35 8 19 17 55 7 20 8 16 9 44 5 29 4 20 6 4 _ _ _ - 13 - _ _ - 25 28 8 60 _ 15 9 _ _ 5 29 4 20 _ _ 7 21 8 16 9 44 _ _ _ 6 _ 4 - 83 - 56 _ 3 _ 9 10 _ 19 _ _ 67 30 2 7 13 3 9 - 10 19 _ 6 3 1 33 7 14 _ - 47 _ 24 _ _ _ 6 4 3 9 _ _ _ 5 _ _ 10 19 - - - - _ _ _ 90 2 24 18 - 28 - - 10 15 57 3 23 11 51 13 67 14 - - - - - _ _ - 8 - 9 5 9 - 28 - - - - - - _ 8 _ _ 1 2 5 29 2 56 2 76 70 92 7 95 12 _ _ 2 36 _ 1 5 1 7 1 29 2 17 70 95 72 100 44 9 _ 18 10 6 3 1 33 7 14 _ _ 2 36 2 1 7 1 29 2 86 75 47 70 43 44 2 17 70 18 2 _ 16 _ 2 7 57 18 95 72 _ 80 19 - - - - - - - - - - 2 5 2 36 70 48 _ 14 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 23 _ 100 2 San FranciscoOakland 16 14 _ 24 _ _ _ _ _ Port land _ 75 _ 81 _ Los An DenMinneLas gelesverapolisVegas Long St. Paul Boulder Beach 10 _ 86 _ _ _ _ _ 13 - 7 84 _ 28 - 13 1 _ 33 _ 53 _ 41 - 68 71 7 26 6 _ 14 _ 79 _ _ _ 23 _ 48 _ 47 _ _ 11 St. Louis _ 24 _ 62 _ 64 34 _ 5 _ 56 _ - ' Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes indicated at 10 years may include changes that occurred between 5 and 10 years. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. New Wash Cincin Cleve Chicago Detroit Kansas Orleans ington nati land City 8 26 4 _ 20 West _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service, NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 2 _ 2 18 80 Table 30. Health, insurance, and retirement plans (Percent of nonoffice, nonsupervisory workers in hotels and motels with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,' 24 metropolitan areas, May 1978) Type of plan Boston Buffalo All workers ................................. New York Phila Pitts Atlanta delphia burgh DallasFt. Worth Hous ton Mem phis West North Central South Northeast Wash Cincin Cleve Detroit Kansas New Miami Chicago City nati land Orleans ington St. Louis DenMinneLas verapolisVegas St. Paul Boulder Los An gelesLong Beach Port land San FranciscoOakland 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 83 68 52 47 99 97 75 55 82 78 100 66 81 26 85 27 83 35 40 20 78 49 93 74 97 77 81 74 87 78 90 77 94 70 91 75 100 97 77 55 98 98 86 77 96 89 98 98 83 61 52 47 99 97 63 44 76 72 65 31 74 18 64 17 62 22 37 17 78 49 92 73 40 20 66 59 77 68 90 77 94 70 58 42 100 97 40 22 98 98 27 17 87 79 21 21 84 69 57 12 - 86 84 83 60 45 25 59 48 48 71 34 26 78 35 4 62 20 5 53 - 11 4 1 68 32 21 91 73 57 94 86 70 33 19 19 88 66 66 87 75 74 89 70 53 78 63 53 73 65 65 57 14 4 96 95 95 12 - 85 85 77 98 - 29 12 4 42 5 58 58 57 49 11 51 88 24 14 16 15 18 11 28 41 1 12 - - 64 34 64 34 55 29 42 15 22 22 22 7 3 82 53 87 58 87 58 79 50 40 40 36 4 5 88 32 88 32 88 32 88 32 24 24 22 8 89 27 89 27 85 27 78 20 15 15 6 4 9 9 83 35 83 35 83 35 83 26 23 23 23 2 2 92 76 88 72 88 72 37 22 64 64 63 ~ 6 6 85 60 85 60 80 60 62 43 58 58 56 3 2 93 80 93 80 59 46 80 69 77 77 73 7 13 13 94 70 94 70 94 70 87 63 3 3 2 - - 98 77 98 77 98 77 34 13 67 65 64 2 2 11 98 82 98 82 92 76 62 51 62 62 62 ~ 2 12 64 43 60 39 60 39 73 45 19 19 19 16 - 11 7 93 71 93 71 93 71 45 26 67 67 63 4 99 97 99 97 83 81 58 56 95 95 95 Workers in establishments providing: Life insurance.................................... Noncontributory plans..................... Accidental death and dismemberment insurance .............. Noncontributory plans..................... Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave or both2 ...................... Sickness and accident insurance ... Noncontributory plans.................. Sick leave (full pay, no waiting period) .......................... Sick leave (partial pay or waiting period) ........................... Long-term disability insurance........... Noncontributory plans..................... Hospitalization insurance .................. Noncontributory plans..................... Surgical insurance.............................. Noncontributory plans..................... Medical insurance.............................. Noncontributory plans..................... Major medical insurance................... Noncontributory plans..................... Retirement plans3 .............................. Pensions.......................................... Noncontributory plans.................. Severance pay ................................ No plans............................................. 36 1 6 81 76 81 76 81 76 68 63 41 41 37 6 18 18 100 54 100 54 80 38 94 48 16 16 6 95 76 95 76 95 76 47 28 63 63 60 - - - - - - - - - 13 12 " 10 9 17 8 22 3 1 Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers’ compensation and social security; however, plans required by State temporary disability laws are included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or the employees receive benefits in excess of 7 6 78 42 78 42 78 42 78 42 40 40 27 6 92 83 92 83 86 77 26 17 66 66 66 - - - - 15 8 7 6 100 97 100 97 100 97 27 24 75 75 75 - ” 98 98 98 98 98 98 3 3 97 97 97 2 88 99 91 99 91 99 91 99 91 78 78 78 9 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 86 86 86 1 2 16 16 90 77 90 77 90 77 90 77 76 76 69 2 10 legal requirements. "Noncontributory plans” include only those plans financed entirely by the employer, 2 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown separately, 3 Unduplicated total of workers covered by pension plans and severance pay shown separately. Table 31. Meal provisions (Percent of employees in hotels and motels having formal meal provisions for their workers, selected occupational categories and areas, May 1978) Bartenders, public bars Area 1 free meal Atlanta ................................................................ Boston ................................................................ Buffalo ................................................................ Chicago .............................................................. Cincinnati............................................................ Cleveland ........................................................... Dallas-Ft. W orth................................................ D etroit................................................................ Denver-Boulder................................................. Houston.............................................................. Kansas C ity........................................................ Las Vegas .......................................................... Los Angeles-Long Beach................................. Memphis............................................................. Miami ................................................................. Minneapolis-St. Paul ........................................ New Orleans...................................................... New York ........................................................... Philadelphia........................................................ Pittsburgh ........................................................... Portland............................................................. St. Louis ............................................................. San Francisco-Oakland .................................... Washington........................................................ Meals 2 or 3 at free reduced meals1 cost - - - 99 93 88 82 78 83 88 79 59 100 68 100 33 34 32 76 97 54 64 80 51 84 30 81 - 5 18 17 4 12 11 25 7 22 9 29 - - 57 6 31 13 20 49 5 69 19 4 56 32 9 12 23 6 - - 7 - “ Waiters' and waitresses' assistants, full-course restaurants 1 free meal Dishwashers Meals 2 or 3 at free reduced meals1 cost _ 11 - - - 89 100 78 77 100 79 72 60 67 90 61 29 73 57 97 100 41 75 82 61 83 4 69 22 4 17 10 11 23 16 19 39 16 - 28 83 60 20 59 3 18 39 7 96 31 1 free meal - - 32 22 21 16 17 - 44 100 75 16 55 10 16 46 9 93 30 - 11 12 20 3 21 18 57 62 92 100 43 83 84 54 86 7 70 - 10 - Meals 2 or 3 at free reduced meals1 cost _ - 93 97 81 68 87 78 75 81 74 100 52 Room clerks 7 19 13 4 9 - 2 22 19 8 2 6 4 - 1 In Los Angeles-Long Beach and San Francisco-Oakland, provisions for 3 free meals daily were commonly provided. 1 free meal Meals 2 or 3 at free reduced meals1 cost _ 3 1 5 5 6 5 10 - 50 54 53 30 39 35 57 27 32 54 33 55 33 2 20 44 38 26 55 58 72 32 29 35 - 15 4 Waiters and waitresses, cocktail lounges Second cooks 21 25 26 25 28 21 39 46 40 40 26 86 45 33 38 6 35 18 24 17 31 Meals 2 or 3 at free reduced meals1 cost 1 free meal _ 89 92 94 70 100 91 71 68 87 100 83 46 100 87 94 100 67 60 43 52 86 35 71 11 _ 6 _ _ _ 4 8 _ _ 6 _ _ 6 _ 8 _ 30 9 14 25 9 17 100 47 _ 13 _ _ 33 35 54 48 93 95 100 88 85 78 94 45 62 89 48 _ 30 44 33 73 97 51 89 91 59 92 20 72 - _ 14 _ 65 29 1 free meal - Meals 2 or 3 at free reduced meals1 cost _ _ 12 _ 22 2 55 5 _ 44 99 48 _ 4 _ _ 43 _ 9 41 4 80 28 7 _ _ _ 15 _ _ _ 33 11 7 _ 14 38 22 14 _ 6 9 _ _ 3 _ - Waiters and waitresses, table, full-course restaurants 1 free meal 91 100 88 69 80 84 81 62 72 86 67 _ 20 61 52 90 100 44 66 78 60 89 3 71 Meals 2 or 3 at free reduced meals1 cost 9 _ _ 8 31 9 14 16 33 17 6 27 100 72 _ 5 _ 11 _ _ _ 11 7 6 8 25 29 10 15 _ _ _ _ 56 14 22 40 5 97 29 17 6 - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data reported, Table 32. Uniform allowance provisions (Percent of nonoffice, nonsupervisory workers in hotels and motels with provisions for furnishing and cleaning uniforms, 24 metropolitan areas, May 1978) Northeast Type of allowance Boston Buffalo Furnishes and cleans uniforms........... Furnishes uniforms o nly....................... Cleans uniforms o nly............................ Cash allowance in lieu of furnishing or cleaning uniforms or both ........... New York South Phila Pitts Atlanta delphia burgh 64 36 52 - 98 2 62 27 - - - - “ 26 “ 4 North Central DallasFt. Worth Hous ton Mem phis Miami West New Wash Cincin Cleve Chicago Detroit Kansas Orleans ington nati land City St. Louis Los An Minne Den Las gelesapolisverLong St. Paul Boulder Vegas Beach Port land San FranciscoOakland 39 34 _ 78 12 - 60 28 _ 80 18 _ 54 40 _ 61 20 5 85 15 _ 77 22 2 78 22 _ 28 49 73 21 61 8 75 9 _ 57 24 86 _ 64 18 97 2 85 12 58 41 77 10 4 6 - - - - - - - 15 2 11 7 - 13 7 - - - 9 _ _ _ Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey McHenry, and Will Counties. Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind.-Clermont, Hamilton, and Warren Counties, Ohio; Boone, Campbell, and Kenton counties, Ky.; and Dearborn County, Ind. Cleveland, Ohio-Cuyahoa, Geauga, Lake, and Medina Counties. Dailas-Fort Worth, Tex.-Collin, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Hood, Johnson, Kaufman, Parker, Rockwall, Tarrant, and Wise Counties. Denver-Boulder, Colo.-Adams, Arapahoe, Boul der, Denver, Douglas, Gilpin, and Jefferson Counties. Detroit, Mich.-Lapeer, Livingston, Macomb, Oak land, St. Clair, and Wayne Counties. Houston, Tex.-Brazoria, Fort Bend, Harris, Liber ty, Montgomery, and Waller Counties. Kansas City, Mo.-Kans.-Cass, Clay, Jackson, Platte, and Ray Counties Missouri; and Johnson and Wyandotte Counties, Kansas. Las Vegas, Nev.-Clark County. Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.-Los Angeles County Memphis, Tenn.-Ark.-Shelby and Tipton Counties, Tenn.; Crittenden County, Ark; and DeSoto Coun ty, Miss. Miami, Fla.-Dade County. Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Anoka, Carver, Chi sago, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott, Washing ton, and Wright Counties, Minn., and St. Croix Coun ty, Wis. New Orleans, La.-Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, and St. Tammany Parishes. New York, N.Y.-New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, and Richmond Counties) and Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Counties, New York; and Bergen County, New Jersey. Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J.-Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties, Pennsylva nia and Burlington, Camden, and Gloucester Coun ties, New Jersey. Pittsburgh, Pa.-Allegheny, Beaver, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties. Portland, Oreg.-Wash.-Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington Counties, Oregon; and Clark Coun ty, Washington. St. Louis, Mo.-Ill.-St. Louis City and Franklin, Jef- Scope of survey The survey covered commercial establishments, known to the public as hotels, motels, motor-hotels, or tourist courts, engaged in providing lodging, or lodg ing and meals, to the general public and which are in operation 9 months or more a year (part of industry 701 as defined in the 1972 edition of the Standard In dustrial Classification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Of fice of Management and Budget). Excluded from the survey were seasonal hotels and motels, as well as sep arate auxiliary units, such as central offices and warehouses. The study includes data for all establishments of re porting units (which may include more than one estab lishment of the same company in the same county) with 20 workers or more at the time of reference of the data used in compiling the universe lists. Table A-l shows the number of establishments and workers estimated to be within the scope of the survey, as well as the number actually studied by the Bureau. Method of study Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s field representatives. The survey was conducted on a sample basis. To obtain appropriate accuracy at mini mum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. In combining the data, how ever, all establishments were given an appropriate weight. All estimates are presented, therefore, as relat ing to all establishments within the scope of the survey at the time of reference of the universe data. Selected areas The survey developed separate data for 24 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, defined by the U.S. Of fice of Management and Budget through February 8, 1974, as follows: Atlanta, Ga.-Butts, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwin nett, Henry, Newton, Paulding, Rockdale, and Wal ton Counties. Boston, Mass.-Suffolk County, 16 communities in Essex County, 34 in Middlesex County, 26 in Nor folk County, and 12 in Plymouth County. Buffalo, N.Y.-Erie and Niagara Counties. Chicago, 111.-Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, 42 Table A-1. Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of survey and number studied, hotels and motels, May 1978 Number of establishments2 Workers in establishments Within scope of study Area' Within scope of study Northeast: Boston ...................................................................................... Buffalo...................................................................................... New York .................................................................................. Philadelphia .............................................................................. Pittsburgh .................................................................................. South: Atlanta...................................................................................... Dallas-Ft. Worth ...................................................................... Houston.................................................................................... Memphis................................................................................... Miami ........................................................................................ New Orleans............................................................................. Washington............................................................................... North Central: Chicago .................................................................................... Cincinnati ................................................................................. Cleveland ................................................................................. Detroit....................................................................................... Kansas City............................................................................... St. Louis................................................................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul ................................................................ West: Denver-Boulder........................................................................ Las Vegas ................................................................................ Los Angeles-Long Beach........................................................ Portland.................................................................................... San Francisco-Oakland........................................................... Nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers Actually studied Total3 Total, 24 areas ..................................................................... Actually studied 1,850 612 253,209 188,158 163,172 59 34 165 89 51 22 12 47 32 16 9,090 2,876 23,786 9,105 5,418 5,412 1,466 17,966 5,656 3,105 6,214 1,533 15,756 5,669 2,890 87 88 86 37 151 64 117 21 22 24 15 48 16 37 12,534 10,768 11,253 2,727 13,745 8,490 16,027 9,005 9,036 9,196 2,120 11,439 6,822 12,170 6,497 4,661 6,139 1,699 7,374 4,537 10,181 140 36 40 63 51 64 65 46 17 17 24 22 21 22 21,999 3,857 5,272 7,945 6,140 7,155 9,208 16,675 2,526 3,124 5,473 4,272 5,332 4,632 15,904 2,913 2,819 5,625 4,701 4,193 4,588 69 45 122 33 94 24 24 35 17 31 7,112 25,948 14,919 4,273 13,562 4,769 22,146 11,809 3,335 10,672 3,779 25,065 9,263 2,919 8,253 1 See individual area tables 2-26 for definitions of selected areas. 2 Includes only those establishments with 20 workers or more at the time of reference of the universe data. 3 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers in addition to the nonsupervisory, nonoffice worker category shown separately, ferson, St. Charles, and St. Louis Counties, Missou ri; and Clinton, Madison, Monroe, and St. Clair Coun ties, Illinois. San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.-Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, San Francisco, and San Mateo Counties Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va.-District of Columbia; Charles, Montgomery, and Prince Georges Counties, Md.; Alexandria, Fairfax, and Falls Church cities, and Arlington, Fairfax, Loudoun, and Prince William Counties, Va. fers to any employee engaged in an occupation in which he or she customarily and regularly receives more than $30 a month in tips. Tips received by such an employ ee may be counted as part of wages in an amount up to 50 percent of the minimum wage. The employer must inform tipped employees about this tip credit allowance before using the credit; the employee must be allowed to retain all tips (individually or through a pooling ar rangement); and the employer must be able to show that the employee receives at least the minimum wage in the combination of both wages and tips. The cost or fair value of providing meals and lodging may also be used for this purpose. Establishment definition For purposes of this study, an establishment is de fined as a single physical location where business is transacted. An establishment is not necessarily identical with a company, which may consist of one establish ment or more. Occupations selected for study Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take into account interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these descrip tions.) The criteria for selection of the occupations were: The number of workers in the occupation; the useful ness of the data in collective bargaining; and the ap propriate representation of the job scale in the indus try. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, begin ners, trainees, and handicapped, temporary, and proba tionary workers were not reported in the data for se lected occupations. However, part-time workers em ployed on a regular basis were classified if they matched one of the job descriptions. Employment The estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force, rather than as a precise measure of employment. Tipped employees For purposes of this survey, workers who customar ily and regularly received customer tips of any amount were included as “tipped employees.” Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, however, “tipped employee” re 43 was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Be cause of length-of-service and other eligibility require ments, the proportion of workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated in this study. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Wage data Information on “wages” relates to employer-paid straight-time wages, excluding premium pay for over time and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts; also excluded are tips and the value of free rooms, meals, and uniforms for employees receiving such perquisites, and nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas and yearend bonuses. Cost-of-living bonuses and serv ice charges added to the customer’s bill and distributed by employers to their employees were included as part of the employee’s regular pay. “Earnings”, on the oth er hand, refer to employer-paid wages plus estimates for average customer tips. Average “earnings” include data for workers who receive no tips as well as those for whom tip information was not available. Scheduled weekly hours Data refer to the predominant work schedules for full-time, nonoffice, nonsupervisory employees in ho tels and motels. Paid holidays and vacations Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day and half day holidays provided annually. The summaries of va cation plans are limited to formal arrangements, and exclude informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the employer or supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for ex ample, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The periods of service for which data are presented were selected as representative of the most common practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of service may include changes in provisions which occurred between 5 and 10 years. Customer tips Estimates on customer tips refer to establishment av erages for tipped workers in specified job categories. These estimates were obtained from information pro vided by establishment officials, usually after determin ing the tipping pattern for the occupational groups and facilities involved. In the process, account was taken of tipping and nontipping customers, variations in tip ping patterns among the different serving locations (e.g., lunch counters, dining rooms, or bars), as well as such informal practices as the sharing of tips with other em ployees, including bartenders working at service bars, and waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants. One of the common procedures used to obtain esti mates of average hourly tips for the various waiter and waitress categories was to (1) multiply the appropriate weekly receipts from the sale of food and drinks by the employer’s estimate of the average percent tip per cus tomer bill, (2) sum these products, and (3) divide by the total weekly hours worked by all employees in the specific job category. Similar procedures were used to derive average hourly tip estimates for bartenders by using weekly bar receipts; for customer lodging atten dants, by obtaining the number of guests accompanied to and from their rooms and the number of room serv ice requests during a week. The tips for bartenders at service bars and waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants were frequently determined in relation to those of the waiters and waitresses with whom they worked. Payments which were not considered tips included (1) compulsory service charges which are distributed to employees, and (2) amounts distributed to employ ees by employers providing banquet facilities where the amount paid by customer is set in negotiations with the employer. Health, insurance, and retirement plans Data are presented for health, insurance, pension, and retirement severance plans for which the employer pays all or part of the cost, excluding programs required by law such as workers’ compensation and social security. Among plans included are those underwritten by a com mercial insurance company and those paid directly by the employer from current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form of life insur ance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predetermined cash pay ments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. In formation is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least a part of the cost. How ever, in New York and New Jersey, where temporary disability insurance laws require employer contribu tions,' plans are included only if the employer (1) con tributes more than is legally required, or (2) provides the employees with benefits which exceed the require ments of the law. Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’s pay during absence from work because of illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Sep arate tabulations are provided for (1) plans which pro- Supplementary wage benefits Supplementary benefits in an establishment were con sidered applicable to all employees in the establishment if half or more received such benefits. Similarly, if few er than half of the workers were covered, the practice 1The temporary disability insurance laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. 44 vide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans which provide either partial pay or a waiting period. Long-term disability insurance plans provide pay ments to totally disabled employees upon the expiration of sick leave, sickness and accident insurance, or both, or after a specified period of disability (typically 6 months). Payments are made until the end of disability, a maximum age, or eligibility for retirement benefits. Payments may be full or partial but are almost always reduced by social security, workers’ compensation, and private pension benefits payable to the disabled employee. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for com plete or partial payment of doctors’ fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance com pany or a nonprofit organization, or they may be a form of self-insurance. Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical or catastrophe insurance, includes plans designed to cover employees for sickness or in jury involving an expense which exceeds the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the remainder of the retiree’s life. Data are presented separately for re tirement severance pay (one payment or several over a specified period of time) made to employees on re tirement. Establishments providing both retirement sev erance payments and retirement pensions to employees are considered as having both retirement pensions and retirement severance plans; however, establishments having optional plans providing employees a choice of either retirement severance payments or pensions are considered as having only retirement pension benefits. Other benefits Data for paid funeral and jury-duty leave relate to formal plans which provide at least partial payment for time lost as a result of attending funerals of specified family members or serving as a juror. Information on meal provisions relates to the number of daily meals provided to employees in the selected occupations. Data on uniform allowances relate to establishment provi sions for uniforms, or laundering of uniforms, or both, or monetary allowances in lieu of such provisions, for a majority of employees who are required to wear uni forms in the occupations surveyed. 45 Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field rep resentatives in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establish ment to establishment and from area to area. This per mits the grouping of occupational wage rates represent ing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field representatives are instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, temporary, and probation ary workers. Dishwasher Washes dishes, glassware, pots, and pans by hand or machine. May, in addition, assist with simple tasks such as cleaning and preparing vegetables and handling supplies. Elevator operator, passenger Transports passenger between floors of a hotel or similar establishment. Excludes workers who operate elevators in conjunction with other duties such as those of starters and janitors. Engineer, stationary Operates and maintains and may also supervise the operation of stationary engines and equipment (mechan ical or electrical) to supply the establishment in which employed with power, heat, refrigeration, or air con ditioning. Work involves: Operating and maintaining equipment such as steam engines, air compressors, gen erators, motors, turbines, ventilating and refrigerating equipment, steam boilers and boiler-fed water pumps; making equipment repairs; keeping a record of opera tion of machinery, temperature, and fuel consumption. May also supervise these operations. Excludes head or chief engineers in establishments employing more than one engineer. Bartender Mixes and serves alcoholic drinks, proportioning in gredients according to formulas. May collect money due for drinks. Orders supplies. Replaces empty beer kegs with full ones. Washes glasses, bar, and equipment. Arranges bottled goods and glasses about bar to make attractive display. For purposes of this study, bartenders are to be clas sified according to whether they are primarily prepar ing drinks for waiters and waitresses to serve in guest rooms or various dining rooms (service bars) or to be served directly to customers (public bars), as follows: General maintenance mechanic (Building mechanic; building repairer) Keeps the physical structure of building in good re pair, performing painting, carpentry, and other mainte nance duties, and making minor repairs to mechanical equipment usually found in such buildings. Is moder ately skilled in the use of the tools of various building trades rather than specializing in one trade. Bartenders, public bars Bartenders, service bars Customer lodging attendant Guard (Bell person) Escorts guests to rooms, carrying their hand baggage. Switches on lights and inspects room to insure that everything is in order. Performs personal services for guests, such as running errands, delivering packages, and supplying information about hotel services. May assist departing guests with baggage. Notifies bell cap tain of unusual occurrences about hotel. Performs oth er duties, such as paging guests, relieving elevator op erators, and keeping lobby tidy. Excludes head custom er lodging attendants and bell captains. Protects property from theft or damage, or persons from hazards or interference. Carries out instructions primarily oriented toward insuring that emergencies and security violations are readily discovered and reported to appropriate authority. Intervenes directly only in sit uations which require minimal action to safeguard pro perty or persons. Duties involve serving at a fixed post, making rounds on foot or by motor vehicle, or escort ing persons or property. May be deputized to make ar rests. May also help guests, visitors, and customers by 46 assistants are to be classified according to their pre dominant place of service, as follows: answering questions and giving directions. House porter Waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants, full-course restaurants1 Maintains premises in clean and orderly manner. Du ties include one or more o f the following: Cleaning hall ways, lobby, and public lavatories; washing walls and ceilings; cleaning carpets and furniture; and moving and arranging furniture. Waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants, other than full-course restaurants Lodging quarters cleaner Waiter or waitress (Room maid) Performs routine duties, cleaning and servicing of guests’ rooms under close supervision of housekeeper. May also clean baths. Serves food and/or beverages to patrons; in addition, usually takes order from patron and makes out check. May set table (or counter) with linen and silverware and take payment from patron. This classification in cludes workers serving tables and counters, as well as other waiters and waitresses, such as tray waiters in cafeterias, and room service waiters. Only regular waiters (or waitresses) are to be included. Excludes ex tra meal waiters, banquet waiters, captains, and head waiters, workers serving food to customers in a cafe teria line (counter attendants); and workers whose pri mary duties are cooking quickly prepared foods, such as sandwiches, steaks, chops, cutlets, and eggs, even though they also serve the food. For wage survey purposes, waiters (and waitresses) are to be classified according to their predominant place of service, as follows: Pantryworker Prepares one or more food or beverage items, such as salads, fruit cocktails, and/or sandwiches, and serves them to waiters as requested. Room clerk Registers and assigns rooms to incoming guests and checks out departing guests. Arranges transfer of reg istered quests to other rooms. Among smaller hotels and motels, workers are frequently assigned such addi tional duties as maintaining room records including res ervations, furnishing information, distributing mail and telegrams, and receiving payment for rooms. Waiters and waitresses, counter Second cook Acts as assistant to executive chef, performing the latter’s duties in his absence. Has general supervision over kitchen activities, directing the work of cooks as signed to specific stations such as roast cooks, vegeta ble cooks, etc. May be called upon to perform some cooking duties. Waiters and waitresses, cocktail lounges Waiters and waitresses, table, full-course restaurants1 Waiters and waitresses, table, other than full-course restaurants and cocktail lounges Waiters’ and waitresses’ assistant Waiters and waitresses, other (including tray and room service) (Bus person) Performs such tasks as taking away courses and dirty dishes to kitchen, replacing soiled table linen with clean linen, replenishing b u tte r supply of guests, filling w ater bottles and glasses, and bringing clean silverware to dining room. May sweep and clean dining room, dust ing furniture and fixtures. May perform other tasks such as washing dishes, setting tables, cleaning and polishing silverware, and preparing coffee. For wage survey purposes, waiters’ and waitresses’ 1A full-course restaurant is defined as a dining facility where fullcourse meals are available for at least the midday or evening meal and the major portion o f sales from food and drink is derived from table service, as opposed to counter service. Thus, coffee shops serv ing only short orders are not considered full-course restaurants, even though the majority o f sales is derived from table service. Similarly, cocktail lounges, night clubs, or supper clubs serving only drinks or short orders, or both, are not considered as full-course restaurants. 47 Industry Wage Studies The most recent bulletins providing occupational wage data for industries included in the Bureau’s pro gram of industry wage surveys are listed below. Copies are for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or from any of its regional sales offices, and from regional offices of the Bureau of Labor Statistics shown on the inside back cover. Copies that are out of stock are available for reference purposes at leading public, college, or university libraries, or at the Bureau’s Washington or regional offices. Manufacturing Basic Iron and Steel, 1972. BLS Bulletin 18391 Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1939 Cigar Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1976 Cigarette Manufacturing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1944 Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1921 Fabricated Structural Steel, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1935 Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1763 Fluid Milk Industry, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1871 Footwear, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1946 Grain Mill Products, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2026 Hosiery, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1987 Industrial Chemicals, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1978 Iron and Steel Foundries, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1894 Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1835 Machinery Manufacturing, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2022 Meat Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1896 Men’s and Boys’ Shirts and Trousers, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2035 Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1962 Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1914 Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1973-74. BLS Bulletin 1912 Nonferrous Foundries, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1952 Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1719' Paints and Varnishes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1973 Petroleum Refining, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1948 Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1923 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2008 Semiconductors and Related Devices, 1977. BLS Bul letin 2021 Shipbuilding and Repairing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1968 Man ufacturing—Con tin ued Structural Clay Products, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1942 Synthetic Fibers, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1975 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1967 Textiles, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1945 Wages and Demographic Characteristics in Work Clothing Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1858 Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bul letin 17281 Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2007 Wood Household Furniture, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1930 ♦ U .S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1 9 8 0 0 -3 1 1 -1 * 1 6 /3 9 7 0 Nonmanufacturing Appliance Repair Shops, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1936 Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1876 Banking and Life Insurance, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1988 Bituminous Coal Mining, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1999 Communications, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2029 Computer and Data Processing Services, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2028 Contract Cleaning Services, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2009 Contract Construction, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1911 Department Stores, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2006 Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968-69. BLS Bulletin 16711 Electric and Gas Utilities, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2040 Hospitals, 1975- 76. BLS Bulletin 1949 Hotels and Motels, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2055 Metal Mining, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2017 Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1976. BLS Bul letin 19741 Oil and Gas Extraction, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2014 Scheduled Airlines, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1951 Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulletin 17121 'Bulletin out o f stock. JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH v A■ 9 1 — JUNE l 9 , • •—j MAY APRIL I L_ 1^ — AUGUST 1 m lllP lf J i3 1 • I " NOVEMBER - M 9 Q OCTOBER 2 LU O LU SEPTEMBER t i r 9# 99 m ■ - J ■f l 1 * ■ ■j C D m ^ fy 9 I] r R ll F id | | Analysis of Work Stoppages U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Fill and mail this coupon to BLS Regional Office nearest you or Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. Orders sent to Superintendent of Dqpuments can be paid for with Master Charge or Visa. This bulletin provides a detailed statisti cal presentation of work stoppages in 1977, including historical comparisons. Stoppages are tabulated by industry, oc cupation, location, type of settlement, and impasse procedures as well as four major charactertics: (1) size, (2) dura tion, (3) contract status, and (4) major issue. Terms of settlement are provided for stoppages involving 10,000 workers or more. Stoppages in government are further distinguished by level of govern ment and function. The statistical series includes all stoppages in the United States that involve six workers or more and continue for the equivalent of a full day or shift or longer. Please send----------------- copies of Analysis of Work Stoppages, 1977, Bulletin 2032, Stock No. 029-001-02392-8 at $3.50 a copy (25 percent discount applies on orders of 100 or more sent to one address). □ Remittance is enclosed. Name □ Charge to GPO deposit account no. ___________ ___________________________________ ___________________________ Address ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----City, State, and Zip Code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Offices Region I 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Region IV 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E. Atlanta, Ga. 30309 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Region V Region II Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, N Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 Region III 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Region VI Second Floor 555 Griffin Square Building Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Regions VII and VIII 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 Regions IX and X 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678
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