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L 2.3/3:H 79/2
Industry Wage Survey:
Hotels and Motels,
June-July 1988
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
August 1989
Bulletin 2335
690000954
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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1989
GOVERNMENT
documents
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Industry Wage Survey:
Hotels and Motels,
June-July 1988
U.S. Department of Labor
Elizabeth Dole, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
August 1989
Bulletin 2335
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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402
'^rTToi.
Preface
This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor
Statistics survey of wages and related benefits of hotel and
motel employees in June-July 1988. A similar study was con
ducted in July-September 1983.
Separate reports for each of the 18 metropolitan areas
studied were issued earlier. Copies of these releases are avail
able from die Bureau of Labor Statistics or any of its regional
offices. (See table A-l for a list of the areas surveyed.)
The study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Com
pensation and Working Conditions. Norma W. Carlson in
the Division of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit
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Levels reviewed and analyzed the survey data and prepared
this bulletin. The Bureau’s field representatives obtained the
data through personal visits to a probability-based sample
of establishments within the scope of the survey. Fieldwork
for the survey was directed by the Bureau’s Assistant
Regional Commissioners for Operations.
Other industry wage survey studies are listed at the end
of this bulletin along with information on how to obtain them.
Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with
appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission.
iii
Contents
Page
Earnings and benefits..........................................................................................................
Industry characteristics .............................
1
3
Text tables:
1. Ranges of employer-paid wages for selected occupations, hotels and motels,
18 metropolitan areas, June-July 1988 ..............................................................................................
2. Median increases in area wage levels for selected occupations in hotels and motels,
14 metropolitan areas, July-September 1983 to June-July 1988 .................................................
2
3
Reference tables:
Employer-paid average hourly wages:
1. Selected occupations..................................................................................................................................
5
Employer-paid wages: By type of occupation:
Atlantic City, NJ:
2. Tipped occupations.......................................................................................................................
3. Nontipped occupations ................................................................................................................
9
10
Boston, MA:
4. Tipped occupations.......................................................................................................................
5. Nontipped occupations .................................................................................................................
11
12
New York, NY:
6. Tipped occupations.......................................................................................................................
7. Nontipped occupations .................................................................................................................
13
14
Philadelphia, PA-NJ:
8. Tipped occupations.......................................................................................................................
9. Nontipped occupations .................................................................................................................
15
16
Atlanta, GA:
10. Tipped occupations........................................
11. Nontipped occupations .................................................................................................................
17
18
Dallas, TX:
12. Tipped occupations.......................................................................................................................
13. Nontipped occupations.....................
19
20
Houston, TX:
14. Tipped occupations.......................................................................................................................
15. Nontipped occupations .................................................................................................................
21
22
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iv
Contents—Continued
Page
Miami-Hialeah, FL:
16. Tipped occupations ...................................................................................................................
17. Nontipped occupations...............................................................................................................
23
24
New Orleans, LA:
18. Tipped occupations ...................................................................................................................
19. Nontipped occupations...............................................................................................................
25
26
Washington, DC-MD-VA:
20. Tipped occupations ...................................................................................................................
21. Nontipped occupations..............................................................................................................
27
28
Chicago, IL:
22. Tipped occupations ...................................................................................................................
23. Nontipped occupations...............................................................................................................
29
30
Detroit, MI:
24. Tipped occupations ...................................................................................................................
25. Nontipped occupations...............................................................................................................
31
32
Kansas City, MO-KS:
26. Tipped occupations .................................................................................................................
27. Nontipped occupations...............................................................................................................
33
34
Denver, CO:
28. Tipped occupations ......................................................................................... .........................
29. Nontipped occupations....................................................... .......................................................
35
35
Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA:
30. Tipped occupations ...................................................................................................................
31. Nontipped occupations...............................................................................................................
37
3g
Oakland, CA:
32. Tipped occupations ...................................................................................................................
33. Nontipped occupations...............................................................................................................
39
40
San Diego, CA:
34. Tipped occupations...................................................................................................................
35. Nontipped occupations...............................................................................................................
41
41
San Francisco, CA:
36. Tipped occupations ...................................................................................................................
37. Nontipped occupations...............................................................................................................
42
43
Average hourly earnings:
38. Tipped occupations ...................................................................................................................
44
Establishment practices and employee benefits:
39. Scheduled weekly hours...........................................................................................................
40. Scheduled weekly hours—selected occupations....................................................................
41. Paid holidays..............................................................................................................................
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45
45
47
Contents—Continued
Page
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
Paid vacations .........................................................................................................................
Health, insurance, and retirement plans ...............................................................................
Health plan participation..........................................................................................................
Meal provisions.........................................................................................................................
Other selected benefits .............................................................................................................
48
51
52
53
55
Employment:
47. By selected establishment characteristics...............................................................................
56
Appendixes:
A. Scope and method of survey..................... ..............................................................................
B. Occupational descriptions..........................................................................
57
61
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VI
Hotels and Motels,
June-July 1988
Earnings and benefits
Employer-paid wages of waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants
averaged between $3.63 and $6.17 an hour. Although these
average wages were higher than those received by waiters
and waitresses, customer tips were lower, accounting for onefourth or less of total hourly earnings in most areas. As a
result, total earnings of waiters and waitresses exceeded those
of their assistants in each of the seven areas for which com
parisons could be made.
Public bartenders averaged between $3.98 and $11.39 an
hour in employer-paid wages. In the 12 areas where infor
mation on both wages and tips was available, total earnings
averaged between $6.72 and $15.55 ah hour. Tips usually
accounted for about one-third of these totals.
Customer tips also contributed substantially to the earn
ings of bellpersons, whose employer-paid wages averaged
from $2.95 to $7.27 an hour. In the seven areas providing
data, tips contributed between one-third and one-half of bell
persons’ cash earnings.
Nine occupations not customarily tipped also were studied
(text table 1). The highest paid workers were stationary en
gineers, with area averages ranging from $8.43 to nearly $20
an hour. At the other end of the pay scale in most areas were
lodging quarters cleaners; their averages ranged from $3.94
to $9.91 an hour.
The 13 surveyed occupations, accounting for one-half to
seven-tenths of total nonsupervisory, nonoffice employment
in each area except Atlantic City,4 revealed differences in
occupational pay patterns among the areas studied. Workers
in San Francisco or New York received the highest average
employer-paid wages for each of the occupations, more than
twice the average in the lowest paying area. Although no
single area consistently reported the lowest average wage,
Houston had five jobs with the lowest average; Kansas City,
three jobs; and Miami-Hialeah, three jobs.
Wage spreads for individual jobs also varied among the
areas. In Detroit, for example, employer-paid wages for
short-order cooks ranged from $5 to $6.75 an hour. The
range in San Francisco was considerably wider—from $6 to
$13.50. Similar differences in occupational wage spreads
were found even within the individual areas (tables 2-37).
Among areas and occupations where comparisons could
be made, employer-paid wages generally were higher in
June-July 1988 than in July-September 1983. (The few
Average employer-paid wages of waiters and waitresses
in hotels and motels ranged from $2.46 to $5.86 an hour
among 18 metropolitan areas surveyed in June-July 1988
(table 1).' Wages, however, usually accounted for less than
one-half of the total earnings of these workers. Customer
tips, which also varied widely by area, maHp Up the re
mainder. Customer tips also contributed significantly to the
earnings of three other occupations in the industry—waiters’
and waitresses’ assistants (busboys and busgirls), bellpersons, and public bartenders.1
2
In each area, waiter or waitress was the most populous
of the tipped occupations. Though employer-paid wages of
waiters and waitresses generally were lower than those paid
the other three tipped occupations, customer tips contributed
more to the total earnings of waiters and waitresses than to
the earnings in the other jobs (see table 38).3
Separate earnings data were developed for waiters and
waitresses by predominant place or type of service: Cock
tail lounges, full-course restaurants, or other (including coun
ter, tray, and room service and other than full-course
restaurants). Employer-paid wages typically were highest for
waiters and waitresses classified as “other. ” However, these
servers usually averaged less in tip earnings when compared
with those in cocktail lounges and full-course restaurants.
Among the six areas for which all three classifications could
be compared, total earnings (employer-paid wages plus tips)
were highest for waiters and waitresses in full-course restaur
ants in Kansas City, Miami-Hialeah, and Philadelphia;
highest for those in cocktail lounges in Dallas and New
Orleans; and highest for “other” servers in Houston.
1 See appendix A for scope and method of survey and for definitions of terms used
in this report. Except where specifically noted, wage data in this bulletin exclude tips
and the value of free meals, rooms, and uniforms, if any were provided, and premium
pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges
added to customers bills and distributed by employers to employees were considered
as wages, rather than tips, and were included.
The term “metropolitan areas,” as used in this bulletin, refers to Metropolitan
Statistical Areas or Primaty Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office
of Management and Budget through October 1984.
2 b°r purposes of this survey, "tipped employees” include waiters and waitresses
and their assistants, bellpersons, and public bartenders. The Fair Labor Standards
Act (FLSA) defines * tipped employees” as those who customarily and regularly
receive more than $30 a month in tips. Under the provisions of FLSA, an employer
may credit tips actually received by employees up to 40 percent of the applicable mini
mum wage. Employers may also credit the cost, or fair value, of providing meals
and lodging in meeting minimum wage requirements.
For occupational descriptions, see appendix B.
3 See the section in appendix A,' ‘Customer tips, ” for the method used to estimate
average tips for selected jobs.
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4 In Atlantic City, the proportion was about one-third, reflecting the large number
of workers involved in gaming operations not represented by the survey jobs.
1
Text table 1. Ranges of employer-paid wages for selected occupations, hotels and motels, 18 metropolitan
areas, June-July 1988
Average hourly wages
Occupation
Lowest paying
Highest paying
Rate
Area
Area
Rate
Midrange of area
pay levels1
Tipped occupations
Kansas City
Miami-Hialeah
Houston
Houston
Houston
Kansas City
$2.95
3.98
2.46
2.10
2.24
3.21
New York
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
$7.27
11.39
5.86
5.78
5.72
6.19
$3.26
4.92
2.73
2.45
2.54
3.51
Waiters’ and waitresses’
assistants.................................................... Miami-Hialeah
Full-course restaurants............................ Chicago
Other.......................................................... Miami-Hialeah
3.63
3.57
3.47
San Francisco
San Francisco
Boston
6.17
6.17
7.29
3.78
3.75
3.95
_
4.12
3.94
4.97
New York
New York
New York
9.80
9.91
9.70
4.53
4.33
5.42
_
4.87
San Francisco
12.23
5.19
Kitchen helpers.............................................. Houston
Kansas City
Short-order cooks.......................................... Denver
4.01
5.64
5.22
New York
San Francisco
San Francisco
9.60
11.95
9.81
4.53
6.34
5.89
_
General maintenance workers...................... Houston
Stationary engineers...................................... Miami-Hialeah
6.28
8.43
New York
San Francisco
10.42
19.99
6.87
9.49
_
Bellpersons ....................................................
Public bartenders............................................
Waiters and waitresses.................................
Cocktail lounges........................................
Full-course restaurants ............................
_
-
_
-
_
-
$4.49
6.59
4.36
4.31
4.31
4.98
5.27
5.09
6.15
Nontlpped occupations
House porters................................................ Houston
Lodging quarters cleaners............................. Houston
Kansas City
1 Among the areas compared, one-fourth reported occupa
tional averages the same as or more than the higher rate shown,
and one-fourth reported averages the same as or less than the
lower rate. Occupational data were reported by all areas except
for other waiters’ and waitresses' assistants and service bar
_
6.32
6.10
6.63
7.85
-
6.74
8.43
7.45
8.55
14.98
tenders, each with 16 areas reporting; and short-order cooks and
stationary engineers, each with 15 areas reporting. Checkout
cashiers are not shown because only 6 areas reported publish
able data.
declines were concentrated in tipped occupations.) Increases
in average wage levels varied widely by area and occupa
tion. Within individual occupations, median increases in area
wage levels, however, typically ranged between 12 and 20
percent (text table 2).5 The wage and salary component of
the Bureau’s Employment Cost Index for service workers
rose 21 percent over approximately the same 5-year period.
Paid holidays, commonly 6 to 9 days annually, were
provided to at least nine-tenths of the full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers in all areas except Detroit, where
four-fifths received paid holidays (table 41). Provisions were
somewhat better in New York, where three-fourths of the
workers received 10 or 11 days, and in Washington, where
slightly over one-third received 10 days.6 In Denver and Oak
land, on the other hand, two-fifths of the workers received
fewer than six full days annually.
Virtually all full-time workers were in hotels and motels
providing paid vacations after qualifying periods of service
(table 42). Typical vacation provisions were 1 week of pay
after 1 year of service, 2 weeks after 2 years, and 3 weeks
after 8 or 10 years. A majority of the workers in 12 areas
could receive at least 4 weeks of vacation pay after 20 years
of service.
Workers usually were offered a variety of insurance and
health plans in most areas studied (table 43). The typical
benefits included life insurance; hospitalization, surgical, and
medical insurance; sickness and accident insurance and/or
sick leave; dental insurance; and drug abuse treatment plans.
With a few exceptions—New York, Oakland, and San
Francisco—vision and hearing care plans generally were not
available to a majority of the workers. Long-term disability
insurance, the least common of the benefits studied, applied
to one-fourth or less in all areas.
As part of these benefit offerings, membership in health
maintenance organizations (HMO’s) was available to at least
one-half of the workers in eight areas. In 3 of the 8—Los
Angeles, Oakland, and San Francisco—the proportions were
four-fifths or more. Table 44 presents the proportions of work
ers participating in HMO’s, as well as the other health care
plans.
The extent of employee participation in funding the vari
ous health plans and life, accidental death and dismember
ment, and sickness and accident insurance varied by area.
In Atlantic City, New York, Oakland, and San Francisco,
the employer typically paid the full cost of the plans. Jointly
funded plans were more common in the remaining areas. The
’ For an account of the earlier study, see Industry Wage Survey: Hotels and Motels,
July-September 1983, BLS Bulletin 2227 (1985). Comparisons of 1983 and 1988 !
survey findings are affected by new definitions of metropolitan areas introduced by
the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. In some instances, the changes preclud
ed comparisons over time (see text table 2, note 2).
6 Hereafter, the terms ‘‘workers” or ‘‘work force” refer to full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers.
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-
2
covered by formal provisions for jury-duty and funeral-leave
pay (table 46). Severance pay in the event of job loss was
reported in 14 of the 18 areas. In New York, nearly two-fifths
of the employees were covered by severance pay plans; in
Dallas, Houston, and Philadelphia, the proportion slightly ex
ceeded one-fifth; and it dropped to under one-tenth in most
of the remaining areas that reported severance pay plans.
When employees were required to wear uniforms, employ
ers most often furnished and cleaned the uniforms (table 46).
In Atlanta and Houston, however, approximately half of the
workers were in establishments that only furnished uniforms.
Text table 2. Median Increases in area wage levels for
selected occupations in hotels and motels, 14
metropolitan areas, July-September 1983 to June-July
1988
Occupation
Median
percent
increase1
Number of
areas
compared2
Tipped occupations
14
12
12
13
14
13
13
13
16
27
13
11
Waiters and waitresses:
Waiters’ and waitresses’
assistants:
Industry characteristics
This 18-area study covered hotels, motor hotels, motels,
and tourist courts primarily engaged in providing lodging,
or lodging and meals, to the general public. This survey in
cluded establishments which were in operation for 9 months
or more a year and employed at least 20 workers. In Atlantic
City, hotel-motel establishments deriving most of their
revenue from gambling operations were also included.
The 2,000 hotels and motels within the scope of the sur
vey had a total work force of 316,112 workers (table A-l).
Full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice employees accounted for
seven-tenths of these workers. In June-July 1988, nearly onehalf of the total work force was concentrated in 5 of the 18
areas—Atlantic City, with approximately 48,000 workers,
New York (34,000), Washington (25,000), Chicago (24,000),
and Los Angeles-Long Beach (25,000). Total employment
in the remaining areas ranged from about 19,000 in Atlanta
to 4,000 in Oakland.
Since a similar study in 1983, hotel and motel employ
ment increased in 12 of the 14 areas for which comparisons
could be made. The largest gains were in Atlantic City and
Boston; in both these areas, total employment in 1988 was
more than 50 percent higher than that reported 5 years earlier.
Small decreases were recorded in Chicago and Houston.
Full- and part-time food service employees (including bar,
kitchen, restaurant, and room service workers) accounted
for one-third of the nonsupervisory, nonoffice work force
in the survey. Other full- and part-time workers accounted
for the remaining two-thirds.
Part-time employees made up 14 percent of all nonsuper
visory, nonoffice employees. As shown in table 47, the
proportion of part-time workers varied from less than 10 per
cent in Atlantic City, Dallas, Miami-Hialeah, and San Fran
cisco to between 25 and 30 percent in Boston, Philadelphia,
Detroit, and Oakland.
Weekly work schedules of 40 hours were in effect for
almost one-half or more of the full-time workers in 14 of
the 18 areas (table 39). In Atlantic City and New York, a
35-hour week prevailed; a 37.5-hour week was the most com
mon schedule in Oakland and San Francisco. In Los AngelesLong Beach, most of the workers were covered by 37.5-or
40-hour schedules.
___
Information on scheduled weekly hours was collected
Nontlpped occupations
19
15
17
14
14
14
20
11
19
16
12
13
1 Among the areas compared, one-halt reported changes in em
ployer-paid wages at the same or higher than the percent shown and
one-half reported changes at the same orlower than the percent
shown.
2 Changes in employer-paid wages were compared for 14 of the
18 areas. Two areas in the 1983 study (Dallas-Fort Worth and San
Francisco-Oakland) were redefined as four separate areas by the Of
fice of Management and Budget. Of these, Dallas, Oakland, and San
Francisco were studied in 1988. Also, in 1988, San Diego was
added to the survey areas.
cost of long-term disability insurance, a benefit with a rela
tively low incidence, often was paid wholly by the employer.
Retirement plans (pensions other than Social Security)
covered at least nine-tenths of the workers in Adantic City,
New York, and San Francisco; between three-fifths and onehalf of those in eight other areas; and one-third to two-fifths
in the remaining seven areas (table 43). Pension plans provid
ing lifetime annuities were available to a majority of the
workers in nine areas; in two areas, Detroit and Oakland,
all of the plans were paid for entirely by the employers.
Lump-sum retirement plans, reported in 15 areas, covered
two-fifths of the workers in Dallas; about one-fifth in Denver,
Houston, Kansas City, and Philadelphia; and less than onetenth in 8 of the remaining 10 areas. None of these lump
sum plans required employee contributions.
Information on meal provisions was obtained separately
for seven occupations: Public bartenders, waiters and
waitresses in cocktail lounges and in full-course restaurants,
waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants in full-course restaurants,
kitchen helpers, restaurant cooks, and room clerks. For each
of these jobs, employers generally provided at least one free
meal daily to a majority of the workers (table 45). In San
Francisco, three-fifths or more of the workers in each job
except room clerk received at least two meals a day.
About four-fifths of the full-time workers in the survey were
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3
separately for four occupations: Bellpersons, kitchen helpers,
room cleaners, and waiters and waitresses (table 40). In all
but four areas, the proportion of waiters and waitresses work
ing fewer than 35 hours a week was greater than that for
each of the other three jobs. In Atlanta, Kansas City, and
San Diego, about one-half of the waiters and waitresses were
scheduled to work less than 35 hours weekly; at the other
extreme—in Atlantic City, Miami-Hialeah, Oakland, and San
Francisco—the proportion dropped to less than one-tenth.
The hotels and motels included in the study varied widely in
size. While the larger establishments (those with at least 500
workers) accounted for 36 percent of total nonsupervisory,
nonoffice employees covered by the survey, they constituted
only 5 percent of the total facilities. Smaller hotels and motels
(those with fewer than 100 workers) accounted for 60 per
cent of the facilities but only 16 percent of the work force.
In all but one area (Atlanta), nine-tenths or more of the
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workers surveyed were in hotels and motels with eating fa
cilities. These facilities were usually operated by the hotels
and motels, but in each area, a small proportion of the
workers were in establishments that contracted out the
restaurant or other eating facility.
Slighdy fewer than half of all the nonsupervisory, nonoffice
employees were in hotels and motels with collective bargain
ing agreements covering a majority of such workers (table
47). The proportions varied from at least four-fifths in
Atlantic City and New York to less than one-tenth in Adanta,
Dallas, and Kansas City. No hotel or motel studied in the
Houston area operated under a labor-management agreement.
The Service Employees’ International Union and the Hotel
and Restaurant Employees Union, both AFL-CIO affiliates,
were the major unions in all areas except New York, where
the New York Hotel and Motel Trades Council (AFL-CIO)
was predominant.
4
Table 1. Employer-paid average hourly wages: Selected occupations
(Number of workers and average straight-time hourly wages’ in selected occupations in hotels and motels, 18 metropolitan areas,2 June-July 1988s)
Northeast
Atlantic
City
Boston
South
New York
Philadelphia
Atlanta
Dallas
Houston
MiamiHialeah
New
Orleans
Washington
Occupation and sex
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
Food services
Bartenders........................................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Public bars.....................................
Men .............................................
Women.......................................
Service bars..................................
Men .............................................
Women.......................................
619
499
218
401
387
-
$8.30
8.71
6.59
Kitchen helpers...............................
Men .............................................
Women.......................................
Restaurant cooks............................
Men ............................................
Women.......................................
Short order cooks...........................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
1,228
838
-
6.81
10.25
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men .............................................
Women.......................................
Cocktail lounges...........................
Men .............................................
Women.......................................
Full-course restaurants................
Men .............................................
Women.......................................
Other2............................................
Men ............................................
Women.......................................
3,520
1,447
1,310
1,832
Waiters’ and waitresses’
assistants......................................
Men ............................................
Women.......................................
Full-course restaurants................
Men .............................................
Women.......................................
Other5.............................................
Men .............................................
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
181
- •
241
-
1,015
872
“
434
309
125
389
268
121
45
41
"
$6.51
6.69
6.07
6.39
6.55
6.06
7.53
7.63
534
467
67
360
316
174
151
23
$9.85
9.77
10.38
9.32
9.23
10.94
10.91
11.15
308
174
130
268
149
115
40
25
15
$5.34
5.40
5.21
5.22
5.25
5.12
6.16
6.32
5.90
342
302
40
19
19
$5.20
5.21
5.15
5.45
4.77
287
197
83
247
166
74
40
31
9
$4.91
4.91
4.92
4.92
4.92
4.93
4.87
4.88
4.82
280
166
105
241
148
84
39
18
21
$5.09
5.10
5.05
4.79
4.82
4.70
6.91
7.48
6.42
481
341
448
317
33
-
$4.05
4.02
3.98
3.93
5.11
_
299
151
142
260
123
131
39
28
-
$4.82
5.00
4.62
4.72
4.85
4.58
5.53
5.68
434
304
115
348
224
112
86
80
-
$6.76
7.06
5.69
6.49
6.78
5.68
7.84
7.85
"
7.45
-
915
814
622
530
42
39
-
6.77
6.81
8.43
8.46
8.21
8.25
1,287
1,211
76
694
662
32
"
9.60
9.58
9.80
10.95
11.00
9.97
_
-
548
529
19
429
357
65
63
51
12
5.55
5.56
5.26
7.21
7.26
6.97
6.24
6.30
6.03
560
_
505
195
103
82
4.86
6.86
5.94
5.87
6.06
523
343
497
362
60
-
4.44
4.34
6.47
6.55
5.89
-
466
370
485
314
-
4.01
3.93
6.31
6.30
-
568
340
281
157
-
4.53
_
7.04
7.13
6.63
-
456
381
330
160
143
25
14
11
4.28
4.29
5.76
6.36
5.04
5.47
5.55
5.37
1,111
944
146
626
434
264
180
-
6.41
6.46
5.92
7.82
7.74
7.06
7.14
-
3.80
4.08
4.15
3.57
3.93
-
1,959
725
1,234
252
25
227
1,404
480
924
303
220
83
3.51
4.02
3.20
3.71
3.79
3.70
3.08
3.40
2.92
5.30
5.41
5.00
2,277
1,518
759
204
20
184
1,446
947
499
627
551
76
5.58
5.65
5.44
5.47
5.77
5.44
5.54
5.62
5.38
5.72
5.70
5.84
1,329
513
796
184
1,512
203
936
373
-
2.79
-
1,473
717
720
204
194
946
462
454
323
251
72
2.54
2.62
2.42
2.22
2.20
2.33
2.18
2.42
3.35
3.44
3.04
1,234
570
619
282
178
952
382
554
193
129
64
3.04
3.39
2.80
3.02
2.99
2.91
3.22
2.66
3.75
3.89
3.46
256
667
315
327
285
238
-
2.46
2.77
2.20
2.10
2.10
2.24
2.26
2.23
3.34
3.49
-
1,073
179
163
688
206
136
-
2.73
2.39
2.34
2.54
_
3.65
3.71
-
989
481
483
127
119
646
304
327
216
173
37
2.79
2.96
2.62
2.67
2.64
2.58
2.64
2.51
3.49
3.52
3.50
2,173
946
1,062
337
270
1,456
640
733
380
271
-
3.54
3.86
3.10
3.31
3.13
3.22
3.39
2.94
4.98
4.98
"
4.42
4.24
-
611
543
68
550
486
64
61
57
6.15
6.15
6.13
6.02
6.02
6.05
7.29
7.27
775
740
35
597
562
35
178
178
6.10
6.12
5.49
5.91
5.93
5.49
6.73
6.73
394
319
67
382
307
67
12
12
4.46
4.65
3.32
4.41
4.59
3.32
6.21
6.21
332
• 284
48
“
482
401
74
428
365
58
54
36
3.78
3.77
3.74
3.71
3.72
3.52
4.30
4.19
275
224
43
227
176
43
48
48
3.76
3.71
4.01
3.75
3.68
4.01
3.83
3.83
459
-
3.63
-
235
195
3.98
3.99
844
642
5.27
5.12
5.09
4.97
6.03
5.87
-
9.22
9.24
-
-
-
2.40
2.56
_
3.58
_
4.43
-
4.43
4.46
“
-
-
-
325
309
134
-
3.69
3.67
3.47
-
-
200
180
35
“
-
4.00
4.00
3.89
-
680
531
•
164
111
Table 1. Employer-paid average hourly wages: Selected occupations—Continued
(Number of workers and average straight-time hourly wages' in selected occupations in hotels and motels, 18 metropolitan areas,2 June-July 19883)
Northeast
Atlantic
Citv
Boston
South
New York
Philadelphia
Dallas
Atlanta
Houston
MiamiHialeah
New
Orleans
Washington
Occupation and sex
AverAverAverAverAverAverAverAverAverAverNumber
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
wages
Number
Other services
Bellpersons......................................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Checkout cashiers ..........................
Women........................................
House porters..................................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Lodging quarters cleaners.............
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Room clerks.....................................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
256
235
1,417
1,223
1,417
1,347
371
"
$4.27
4.27
6.82
6.90
6.53
6.55
6.63
"
313
310
_
355
331
24
2,200
128
2,072
734
203
523
$4.13
4.13
_
65
65
8.95
8.95
_
14.98
14.96
234
230
_
21
21
7.03
7.02
7.22
6.78
6.91
6.77
7.08
7.26
7.00
1,021
1,016
_
83
43
1,872
1,842
30
5,569
61
5,508
1,338
763
525
$7.27
7.28
_
10.32
10.24
9.80
9.81
8.64
9.91
10.00
9.91
9.70
9.57
9.7B
9.62
9.59
_
11.83
11.83
1,120
1,117
_
101
101
10.42
10.42
_
11.69
11.69
-
276
263
_
395
349
1,746
_
1,652
628
189
426
$3.80
3.76
_
_
5.77
5.70
5.83
5.79
5.86
6.00
5.77
263
_
_
37
463
3,482
2,974
1,159
372
732
$3.07
7.60
7.61
_
10.33
10.21
456
375
7.30
7.15
_
9.49
-
_
5.89
_
4.65
4.39
4.32
5.42
5.62
5.22
365
364
_
15
12
346
295
51
2,293
2,179
789
466
$3.45
3.45
_
5.90
5.94
4.41
4.42
4.35
4.19
4.19
6.01
6.04
425
404
_
355
287
59
2,145
2,060
743
310
421
$3.26
3.30
_
4.12
4.12
4.14
3.94
3.94
5.19
5.30
5.10
374
344
_
76
488
482
2,316
2,260
614
314
312
288
_
28
28
6.87
6.96
_
10.27
10.27
336
314
_
71
66
6.28
6.27
_
9.47
9.48
383
383
_
15
15
-
5.63
342
329
22
17
336
255
69
2,031
1,962
552
189
352
$2.96
2.96
5.79
5.90
4.47
4.45
4.52
4.33
4.32
5.61
5.73
5.51
7.00
7.00
8.43
8.43
200
200
51
49
6.50
6.50
8.69
9.01
$3.34
3.37
6.07
4.46
4.46
-
4.22
4.24
5.75
-
603
578
32
634
484
-
4,425
4,041
1,299
-
$3.95
3.94
8.59
6.26
6.23
-
5.93
5.95
6.39
-
Maintenance
General maintenance workers......
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Stationary engineers.......................
Men .............................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
65
61
308
293
_
30
28
_
56
545
486
102
96
8.55
8.70
12.31
12.20
Table 1. Employer-paid average hourly wages: Selected occupations—Continued
(Number of workers and average straight-time hourly wages' in selected occupations in hotels and motels, 18 metropolitan areas,2 June-July 19883)
Midwest
Chicago
West
Detroit
Kansas City
Los AngelesLong Beach
Denver
Occupation and sex
San Diego
Oakland
San
Francisco
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Bartenders........................................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Public bars.....................................
Men .............................................
Women............................ ...........
Service bars..................................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
433
279
133
401
260
122
32
19
-
$6.09
6.14
5.97
6.05
6.10
5.93
6.64
6.75
-
239
98
140
221
87
133
-
$5.33
5.98
4.86
5.24
5.93
4.77
"
171
73
98
156
67
89
15
6
9
$5.16
5.40
4.97
5,15
5.41
4.95
5.19
5.30
5.12
268
128
140
258
119
139
10
_
-
$4.62
4.79
4.46
4.58
4.72
4.45
5.70
_
-
573
452
121
96
$6.26
6.00
7.22
7.23
"
101
64
32
97
61
31
-
$9.61
9.73
9.18
9.51
9.63
9.09
"
257
238
19
-
$6.68
6.59
7.85
-
302
230
72
262
196
66
40
34
6
$11.51
12.23
9.19
11.39
12.19
9.03
12.23
12.46
10.93
Kitchen helpers...............................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Restaurant cooks............................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Short order cooks...........................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
911
776
718
41
38
-
4.79
4.76
6.78
441
355
82
321
232
87
26
10
16
4.72
4.70
4.81
6.33
6.38
6.22
6.12
6.05
6.17
303
266
37
260
179
81
-
4.49
4.45
4.83
5.64
5.70
5.49
' -
444
346
354
291
63
108
84
24
4.53
4.41
6.34
6.27
6.66
5.22
5.16
5.40
819
684
546
177
161
"
5.05
7.53
7.60
7.15
7.19
-
154
139
95
73
78
41
37
6.74
6.85
10.03
9.96
7.90
7.83
7.98
374
- •
374
47
-
4.85
7.18
5.73
-
744
690
54
547
442
105
278
169
109
7.80
7.72
8.74
11.95
11.86
12.33
9.81
9.76
9.88
2,099
1,037
260
237
1,140
699
432
228
3.46
3.16
3.07
3.01
3.27
2.94
3.23
_
3.22
2.92
3.18
2.84
3.51
3.53
3.48
603
206
397
116
100
405
134
271
82
56
26
2.64
2.84
2.54
2.63
2.55
2.53
2.68
2.46
3.21
3.15
3.36
997
356
611
190
189
695
282
391
112
73
-
2.49
2.67
2.40
2.45
3.05
3.28
3.89
4.17
3.41
1,008
217
785
134
_
132
779
162
613
95
55
40
2.46
2.31
2.30
2.33
3.65
4.11
-
2,405
326
_
265
1,498
581
442
-
4.36
4.31
4.33
4.31
4.51
4.55
-
290
125
156
63
56
168
69
90
59
49
4.67
4.71
4.67
4.59
4.63
4.70
4.76
4.69
4.68
4.69
-
1,130
176
753
201
”
4.55
4.39
4.42
5.17
-
1,603
903
700
243
12
231
925
518
407
435
373
62
5.86
6.03
5.63
5.78
6.54
5.74
5.72
5.84
5.56
6.19
6.27
5.71
774
689
586
507
188
182
3.66
3.68
3.57
3.58
3,95
3.96
275
234
41
260
229
31
15
4.03
4.09
3.65
4.02
4.07
3.65
4.11
212
189
23
193
174
19
19
15
3.90
3.88
4.04
3.84
3.85
3.78
4.42
4.21
337
255
82
327
251
76
10
3.65
3.68
3.55
3.64
3.67
3.52
4.03
334
796
748
619
186
177
4.39
4.40
' 4.35
4.37
4.53
4.54
97
73
5.76
5.49
5.76
5.49
-
461
379
82
4.56
4.58
4.44
“
545
532
13
457
444
13
88
88
6.17
6.20
5.09
6.17
6.21
5.09
6.15
6.15
Food services
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Cocktail lounges...........................
Men ............................................. ‘
Woman........................................
Full-course restaurants................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Other4.............................................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Waiters’ and waitresses'
assistants.......................................
Men .............................................
. Women........................................
Full-course restaurants................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Other5.............................................
Men .............................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
6.43
6.46
~
-
-
-
97
73
Table 1. Employer-paid average hourly wages: Selected occupations—Continued
(Number of workers and average straight-time hourly wages1 in selected occupations in hotels and motels, 18 metropolitan areas,2 June-July 19883)
West
Midwest
Chicago
Kansas City
Detroit
Los AngelesLong Beach
Denver
Occupation and sex
San
Francisco
San Diego
Oakland
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
wages
425
378
674
606
3,711
3,428
918
304
581
$3.20
3.18
_
5.24
5.24
5.11
5.10
5.91
5.88
5.89
112
107
303
254
48
1,536
1,496
535
138
392
$3.81
3.82
-
80
72
8
174
170
-
$3.24
3.24
-
531
449
-
$4.49
4.54
-
57
49
-
-
-
-
5.21
5.16
5.49
4.91
4.91
5.35
5.42
5.32
271
199
72
1,285
50
1,235
468
153
315
4.53
4.49
4.62
4.27
4.21
4.27
4.97
5.02
4.94
341
285
56
1,555
40
1,515
455
179
276
4.67
4.68
4.63
4.41
4.38
4.41
5.17
5.08
5.22
719
3,623
3,221
1,140
-
5.27
4.87
4.89
6.42
$4.52
4.96
4.82
~
5.74
-
-
105
81
650
616
209
59
142
253
337
2,072
~
516
-
$5.28
5.28
5.10
“
-
$6.11
6.08
6.32
6.33
6.10
6.06
6.74
7.17
6.55
523
508
15
-
$2.95
2.98
2.71
-
254
244
127
108
7.29
7.27
17.05
17.03
104
99
-
7.68
7.68
172
168
12
12
6.84
6.84
10.48
10.48
219
212
7
29
29
7.22
7.25
6.54
10.18
10.18
330
103
96
7.25
17.31
17.33
102
97
“
7.41
7.40
-
299
250
“
6.53
6.32
-
Other services
Bellpersons......................................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Checkout cashiers ..........................
Women........................................
House porters..................................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Lodging quarters cleaners.............
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Room clerks.....................................
Men .............................................
Women........................................
-
-
-
-
-
752
658
94
2,545
61
2,484
826
405
421
8.21
8.36
7.16
8.02
8.22
8.01
8.89
9.21
8.59
220
217
28
28
9.16
9.14
19.99
19.99
Maintenance
General maintenance workers......
Men .............................................
Women........................................
Stationary engineers.......................
Men .............................................
-
-
1 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, and uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for
overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to cus
tomers’ bills and distributed by the employer to the employees are included.
2 For definitions of areas, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 2.
3 The payroll month of reference was June 1988 for all areas except Boston, Los AngelesLong Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San Francisco. For these five areas, July 1988 was the
payroll reference month so that data reflect changes In State minimum wage laws which were ef
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
fective July 1, 1988.
4 Includes counter, tray, and room service and other than full-course restaurants.
5 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication crite
ria. Overall data may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 2. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Atlantic City, NJ'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Average
Number (mean) 2.00
of
hourly
and 2.25
workers
wages under 2.50
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
t3)
5
5
5
5
7
p)
p)
1
-
-
52
-
_
8
9
2
6
24
8
p)
1
24
8
8
39
4
2
P)
2
2
2
2
2
2
13
48
73
80
30
36
13
3
2
p)
4
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
2
-
p)
-
-
p>
-
-
10
11
15
17
16
19
2
3
17
20
-
21
23
p>
6
p>
2
1
7
3
-
1
p>
p)
“
”
"
-
4
4
15
12
1
1
8
9
49
53
2
2
4
4
-
-
-
-
' -
_
—
p>
p>
8.50
and
over
Food services
Waiters and waitresses..................
Cocktail lounges...........................
Women.......................................
Full-course restaurants ...............
Other1...........................................
Waiters’ and waitresses’
assistants.....................................
Full-course restaurants ...............
3,520
1,447
1,310
1,832
241
3.80
4.08
4.15
3.57
3.93
7
12
16
_
-
1
2
2
p>
1
1,015
872
4.42
4.24
1
1
-
-
256
235
4.27
4.27
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
p>
-
1
-
1
-
-
2
-
4
_
_
1
-
-
-
-
p)
5
-
"
“
~
-
2
2
-
“
■
”
-
-
—
Other services
Bellpersons.....................................
Men............................................
1
1
3
2
1 The Atlantic City metropolitan area consists of Atlantic and Cape May Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
2
5
5
5
5
p)
p>
1
-
-
4 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data,
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 3. Employer-paid wages: Nondpped occupations, Atlantic City, NJ'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number (mean)
of
hourly
workers
wages
5.00
and 5.25
Under
under
5.00 5.25 5.50
9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50
and
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 over
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.50
_
10
1
_
21
1
_
_
_
_
.
.
t4)
_
<4)
6
_
<4>
1
18
.
45
3
14
1
t4)
4
_
_
_
-
97
1
14
_
-
9
1
1
(*)
6
21
20
15
1
7
8
4
12
7
8
4
14
3
1
2
22
n
(-)
1
11
5
5
1
13
2
2
1
1
7
8
_
o
5
3
20
2
2
Food services
Service bartenders3........................
Kitchen helpers..............................
Restaurant cooks ...........................
Short order cooks...........................
401
1,228
838
181
$9.22
6.81
10.25
7.45
1,417
1,223
1,417
371
6.82
6.90
6.53
6.63
65
8.95
61
14.96
_
2
-
1
<4>
2
<4)
1
_
3
-
-
1
7
-
1
9
5
6
_
7
1
_
1
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
"
1
"
_
69
1
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
13
"
3
1
_
<4>
-
_
-
-
_
<4)
-
1
_
-
Other services
House porters.................................
Men............................................
Lodging quarters cleaners5...........
Room clerks...................................
1
2
4
1
1
1
7
4
2
2
3
3
9
5
18
3
2
2
3
7
4
31
33
40
2
5
6
3
<4>
i4>
-
2
-
1
-
2
1
1
-
0
-
t4)
1
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
-
-
3
_
_
_
_
6 18
_
Maintenance
General maintenance workers......
_
_
' The Atlantic City metropolitan area consists of Atlantic and Cape May Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Sendee charges added to customers' bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Virtually all men.
4 Less than 0.5 percent
3 Virtually all women.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
3
_
_
6
5
6
2
92
5 All workers were at $13.50 and under $14.
7 Workers were distributed as follows: 35 percent at $14.50 and under $15; 52 percent at $15 and under $15.50;
and 5 percent at $16.50 and over.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual Items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 4. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Boston, MA'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourty wages,2 July 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
Of
workers
Average
(mean) 2.25
and 2.50
hourly
wages under 2.75
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
_
31
41
25
54
68
53
27
44
18
31
33
25
_
11
17
8
12
16
12
10
17
6
18
18
20
4
2
8
9
8
9
5
16
4
10
10
10
7
5
13
1
1
5
8
2
3
19
12
33
3
3
3
6
3
13
o
1
p)
7
10
1
p)
.
-
5
6
2
2
5.75
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
-
0
p)
-
10
10
10
1
p)
1
10
10
7
2
3
1
28
30
24
1
2
p>
6
7
3
p>
p>
-
2
2
p)
p)
p>
1
p)
1
9.50
and
over
Food services
Public bartenders............................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Cocktail lounges..........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
FulFcourse restaurants ...............
Men............................................
Women......................................
Other*...........................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Waiters’ and waitresses’
assistants.....................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Full-course restaurants...............
Men............................................
Women......................................
Other5...........................................
Men.......................................... .
389
268
121
1,959
725
1,234
252
25
227
1,404
480
924
303
220
83
16.39
6.55
6.06
3.51
4.02
3.20
3.71
3.79
3.70
3.08
3.40
2.92
5.30
5.41
5.00
.
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
30
14
39
11
12
39
20
49
_
_
-
3
1
4
4
4
3
5
-
_
_
-
611
543
68
550
486
64
61
57
6.15
6.15
6.13
6.02
6.02
6.05
7.29
7.27
6
5
13
7
6
14
-
-
313
4.13
-
-
_
6
5
6
_
_
-
4
3
1
4
1
-
3
2
4
2
1
1
1
-
_
-
_
-
2
4
2
5
-
6
7
-
-
2
2
-
p>
1
-
-
-
pi
-
1
1
1
1
2
-
i
8
9
-
1
-
1
1
-
_
”
“
1
2
(*)
“
”
-
-
7
8
-
1
1
1
-
6
5
13
7
6
14
11
10
13
2
2
1
p>
p>
4
4
1
1
3
1
1
3
_
-
4
5
-
-
1
1
-
4
4
-
-
4
5
-
_
-
3
1
10
10
10
11
4
5
1
8
6
25
8
6
27
5
5
52
53
43
49
49
42
85
88
4
4
3
3
4
1
-
-
8
5
2
2
2
3
1
1
7
7
5
“
-
—
p>
p)
-
•
”
”
“
“
“
“
~
-
“
~
“
-
2
2
~
_
'
Other services
Bellpersons6....................................
-
1
-
36
20
1 The Boston metropolitan area consists of Suffolk County, 3 communities in Bristol County, 4 in Es
sex County, 44 in Middlesex County, 26 in Norfolk County, 16 in Plymouth County, and 9 in Worcester
County.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for over
time and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills
and distributed by the employer to the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
18
5
-
8
3
-
4
3
-
-
-
-
4 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
5 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
6 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes Indicate no data.
Overall data may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 5. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, Boston, MA1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 July 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
(mean)
hourly
wages
5.00
and 5.25
under
5.25 5.50
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.50
_
34
35
6
5
_
-
4
5
15
16
4
4
36
33
9
10
1
1
5
6
7
6
38
41
1
0
19
19
14
13
18
20
1
p>
21
21
10
10
18
17
33
18
40
16
22
23
22
1
1
1
1
1
1
_
0
_
p>
7
47
49
29
39
28
39
4
3
4
p>
6
4
6
p>
13
19
10
6
.
9.50
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00
and
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 over
Food services
Service bartenders.........................
Men............................................
Kitchen helpers..............................
Men............................................
Restaurant cooks...........................
Men............................................
Short order cooks..........................
Men............................................
45
41
915
814
622
530
42
39
$7.53
7.63
6.77
6.81
8.43
8.46
8.21
8.25
355
331
24
2,200
128
2,072
734
203
523
7.03
7.02
7.22
6.78
6.91
6.77
7.08
7.26
7.00
234
21
9.62
11.83
-
6
6
-
-
1
P)
-
4
5
11
9
"
_
3
4
"
_
12
12
-
_
1
1
-
27
20
6
6
3
2
-
_
3
4
-
_
5
5
4
3
-
i
_
pi
p>
9
8
10
10
_
_
_
3
2
7
8
_
_
_
9
9
7
8
_
_
_
11
13
10
10
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
67
8
14
6
6
_
_
_
p)
pi
_
_
_
p)
p>
_
_
_
1
1
_
-
_
_
_
p>
pi
-
Other services
House porters ................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Lodging quarters cleaners.............
Men............................................
Women......................................
Room clerks...................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
5
5
2
2
1
2
-
5
16
5
-
-
-
_
10
2
11
2
3
“
“
-
4
8
3
-
9
9
_
_
-
5
5
11
3
14
-
7
7
9
11
8
1
1
_
-
1
1
3
4
2
7
16
12
17
9
7
38
3
4
3
1
2
-
-
_
_
_
7
-
5
6
_
2
3
2
8
11
_
_
_
_
4
6
_
_
_
_
_
_
3
p>
_
_
_
_
_
2
2
2
pi
_
p>
p>
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
p>
p)
-
Maintenance
General maintenance workers14....
2*
Stationary engineers4.....................
-
-
-
-
1 The Boston metropolitan area consists of Suffolk County, 3 communities in Bristol County, 4 in Es
sex County, 44 in Middlesex County, 26 in Norfolk County, 16 in Plymouth County, and 9 in Worcester
County.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for over
time and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills
and distributed by the employer to the employees are included.
-
-
7
-
4
-
18
“
-
6
1
"
-
11
18
11
5
“
“
“
19
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
4 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data.
Overall data may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 6. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, New York, NY'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Average
3.50
(mean)
hourly
and 3.75
Under under
wages 3.50
3.75 4.00
4.00
4.25
4.25
4.50
4.50
4.75
4.75
5.00
5.00
5.25
5.25
5.50
5.50
5.75
5.75
6.00
6.00
6.25
6.25
6.50
6.50
6.75
6.75
7.00
7.00
7.25
7.25
7.50
7.50
7.75
7.75
8.00
8.00
8.50
9.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
-
-
-
8.25
8.25
9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00
and
10.00 10.50 11.00 over
°
Food services
Public bartenders...........................
Men............................................
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men............................................
Women......................................
360
316
2,277
1,518
759
$9.32
9.23
5.58
5.65
5.44
Men............................................
20
5.77
Full-course restaurants ...............
Men............................................
1,446
947
5.54
5.62
Other4...........................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Waiters’ and waitresses’
assistants5....................................
Full-course restaurants ...............
Other6...........................................
627
551
76
5.72
5.70
5.84
775
597
178
6.10
5.91
6.73
1,021
7.27
_
_
ffl
_
a
P)
a
5
3
10
_
_
"
6
3
_
-
-
4
3
13
_
-
0
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
3
1
_
1
1
3
4
-
-
1
a‘
-
1
3
1
1
-
.
_
-
.
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
3
4
2
3
-
-
a
-
-
15
17
1
1
1
_
-
p>
p)“
16
10
_
-
-
_
-
-
66
70
36
18
15
45
_
-
_
-
-
11
14
4
6
-
-
_
_
61
69
45
17
11
29
-
60
68
-
1
4
2
1
1
1
-
6
5
3
3
3
3
-
64
60
80
-
-
-
-
p)
5
6
a
_
-
aa
-
a
a
a
a
-
5
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
a
a1
-
-
-
-
“
“
44
a
-
12
-
-
-
-
p>
-
2
6
8
2
1
1
1
a
1
2
1
a
-
-
1
1
a
a
”
a“
_
_
a
a
aa
-
-
-
-
a
a1
-
2
-
3
a
6
6
4
5
1
26
28
“
a
-
a
a
a-
-
16
9
p>
a-
_
-
-
32
34
6
6
6
_
-
a
1
1
1
2
_
-
_
-
a
a
_
5
—
4
5
a
—
1
-
-
16
-
"
-
-
-
2
1
a
Other services
Bellpersons5...................................
-
2
2
1
-
7
-
1 The New York metropolitan area consists of New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, and Richmond
Counties) and Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
1
9
-
7
-
3
5
4 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
5 Virtually all men.
6 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 7. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, New York, NJ1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number (mean)
of
hourly
workers
wages
5.75
and 6.00
Under under
5.75 6.00 6.25
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00
and
10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11 -25 11.50 11.75 12.00 over
9.75
•
Food services
Service bartenders........................
Men............................................
Kitchen helpers..............................
Men........................................
Women......................................
Restaurant cooks4.........................
174
151
23
1,287
1,211
76
694
$10.94
10.91
9.60
9.58
9.80
10.95
_
-
83
43
1,872
5,569
1,338
763
525
10 32
10.24
9.80
9.91
9.70
9.57
9.78
_ .
P)
4
-
1,120
101
10.42
11.69
_
_
_
_
3
3
3
-
.
_
_
_
12
13
-
pi
_
p>
"
_
p>
p>
_
-
_
_
-
_
_
_
1
1
p>
p)
1
-
3
2
3
14
_
p)
p>
p)
1
_
_
_
_
_
3
3
11
-
p)
p>
4
2
1
18
4
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
1
1
_
4
p)
1
_
_
4
_
4
4
_
1
_
_
_
26
27
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
-
_
_
-
39
40
29
1
17
11
_
_
-
_
_
11
12
11
_
_
_
_
-
10
2
_
2
2
_
17
20
_
2
2
2
_
1
_
_
_
1
57
53
_
_
_
30
29
39
51
_
_
_
_
_
_
15
_
_
_
7
_
_
_
_
7
3
_
5
Other services
Women......................................
House porters4...............................
Lodging quarters cleaners5...........
Room clerks...................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
_
-
_
1
4
2
9
15
1
_
_
_
pi
4
p>
_
-
-
-
_
p)
1
2
1
4
_
_
-
pi
pi
6
3
11
_
pi
2
3
1
1
1
3
-
_
_
5
4
6
_
_
_
1
1
-
6
1
_
_
-
_
4
2
3
-
16
2
2
1
3
86
40
73
34
34
28
_
_
7
8
5
_
10
9
14
1
1
2
_
_
_
p>
1
p)
42
3
_
_
1
p>
2
_
_
_
3
3
4
Maintenance
General maintenance workers4 ....
_
_
.
2
1 The New York metropolitan area consists of New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, and Richmond
Counties) and Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers' bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
4
8
10
8
p>
5
10
4 Virtually all men.
5 Virtually all women.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 8. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Philadelphia, PA-NJ’
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Occupation
Average
Number (mean)
2.00
of
hourly
and 2.25
workers
Under
under
wages 2.00
2.25 2.50
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
-
-
-
-
8
6
9
12
8
8
9
7
7
7
4
1
7
9
8
11
<4)
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
<4>
2
2
3
1
<4)
(4)
(4)
21
17
23
(4)
3
3
2
1
1
2
-
6
5
6
8
5
7
5
8
2
19
3
3
3
<4>
(-)
1
2
-
12
9
17
3
4
2
4
2
3
1
7
6
9
1
3
-
4
10
6
15
1
1
5
12
2
4
-
10
13
6
24
29
20
26
22
27
17
31
33
27
3
6
-
9
12
6
11
12
10
17
8
11
6
16
14
19
'
16
12
40
17
12
40
-
15
14
21
16
15
21
“
18
18
18
18
19
18
~
5
6
4
5
6
4
1
1
3
1
1
3
“
7
47
11
Food services
Public bartenders..
Men..................
Women.......................
Waiters and waitresses....
Men..............................
Women........................
Cocktail lounges5..........
Full-course restaurants .
Men..............................
Women........................
Other*.............................
Men..............................
Women.......................
Waiters’ and waitresses'
268
149
115
1,329
513
796
184
952
382
554
193
129
64
$5.22
5.25
5.12
3.04
3.39
2.80
3.02
2.91
3.22
2.66
3.75
3.89
3.46
Men .
Women........................
Full-course restaurants .
Men..............................
Women........................
Other73............................
*
394
319
67
382
307
67
12
4.46
4.65
3.32
4.41
4.59
3.32
6.21
3 10
1
16
-
22
16
26
23
24
19
28
7
5
13
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
2
23
-
2
2
2
1
3
3
2
-
-
-
-
"
3
3
4
8
3
3
3
2
2
_
-
—
_
20
25
9
2
-
9
2
-
9
_
_
_
1
2
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
3
3
1
3
3
1
“
_
_
1
2
-
-
_
_
_
_
-
_
<4>
1
(4)
1
_
-
-
-
4
5
3
1
(4)
1
(4)
1
(4)
(4)
n
(4)
(4)
1
1
2
3
4
1
1
(4)
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
4
4
13
14
1
2
2
2
1
1
5
5
3
10
12
1
2
3
3
4
5
13
14
1
1
1
2
8
8
17
-
33
-
-
-
(4)
CO
1
1
1
2
CO
1
11
13
-
CO
(4)
(4)
5
5
33
(4)
(4)
CO
1
1
1
-
(4)
(4)
C4)
3
3
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other services
Bellpersons8 .
276
3.80
-
-
1
1
-
5
1 The Philadelphia metropolitan area consists of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties,
PA; and Buriington, Camden, and Gloucester Counties, NJ.
Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
’ Workers were distributed as follows: 8 percent at $1.50 and under $1.75; and 2 percent at $1.75 and under $2
4 Less than 0.5 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9
4
5
6
7
0
12
1
1
-
-
-
-
Virtually all women.
Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 9. Employer-paid wages: Nontipped occupations, Philadelphia, PA-NJ'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Average
Number (mean)
4.50
of
and 4.75
hourly
Under under
workers
wages 4.50
4.75 5.00
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
5
8
38
24
60
10
3
3
3
5
6
23
20
27
5
9
8
12
3
_
17
_
_
_
13
16
7
15
5
6
8
8
7
3
10
12
3
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
5
6
0
4
4
5
-
_
_
_
8
12
_
4
26
25
29
32
35
2
2
3
3
6
4
8
19
15
23
22
5
6
5
5
6
1
1
8
10
7
-
3
4
4
4
8
7
1
3
1
6
6
18
7
2
4
10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75
and
10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 over
9.75
Food services
40
25
15
548
429
357
65
63
51
12
$6.16
6.32
5.90
5.55
7.21
7.26
6.97
6.24
6.30
6.03
395
349
1,748
1,652
628
189
426
5.77
5.70
5.83
5.79
5.86
6.00
5.77
308
30
28
7.60
10.33
10.21
4 10
12
10
12
_
5
_
_
_
_
20
2
1
6
6
4
17
10
8
17
13
14
5
5
6
5
7
15
15
8
8
11
11
11
8
9
7
7
5
8
4
9
9
5
5
16
14
18
3
3
3
3
11
16
9
5
1
5
2
7
3
1
2
_
4
2
1
3
6
8
_
_
4
4
4
_
13
8
33
5
9
8
18
21
25
-
_
7
7
6
1
2
4
4
6
-
(s)
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
2
1
3
2
2
2
1
1
-
"
~
-
-
<*)
1
-
”
-
-
-
“
-
3
7 43
39
1
1
Other services
6
7
6 12
12
3
1
4
4
5
10
10
10
6
13
6
6
7
8
5
4
5
8
8
5
5
4
5
1
2
1
2
2
2
_
-
(s)
1
1
1
1
1
6
3
-
-
-
2
13
14
7
17
18
-
Maintenance
General maintenance workers3 ....
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 The Philadelphia metropolitan area consists of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties,
PA; and Burlington, Camden, and Gloucester Counties, NJ.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Virtually all men.
4 Workers were distributed as follows: 2 percent were at $3.50 and under $3.75; 2 percent at $3.75 and under $4;
5 percent at $4 and under $4.25; and 1 percent at $4.25 and under $4.50.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
_
7
-
-
-
-
-
7
10
11
2
-
4
10
11
2
-
1
-
1
“
-
5 Less than 0.5 percent.
6 Workers were distributed as follows: 7 percent at $4 and under $4.25; 5 percent at $4.25 and under $4.50.
7 Workers were distributed as follows: 13 percent at $11.25 and under $11.50; 3 percent at $11.50 and under
$11.75; and 27 percent at $12 and under $12.25.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 10. Employer-paid wagea: Tipped occupations Atlanta, QA’
(Percent distribution of workers In selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (In dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
(mean)
hourly
wages
2.00
and 2.25
under
2.25 2.50
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
_
ft
ft
ft
_
_
_
•
Food services
Public bartenders...........................
Waiters and waitresses..................
Cocktail lounges...........................
Full-course restaurants ...............
Other4...........................................
Waiters' and waitresses’
assistants.....................................
Full-course restaurants...............
Other5...........................................
8.50
and
over
302
1,512
203
936
373
$5.21
2.79
2.40
2.56
3.58
332
284
48
4.43
4.43
4.46
-
263
3.07
16
27
42
23
29
_
15
13
20
3
20
20
24
6
21
21
20
24
-
-
-
-
1
6
2
7
8
3
1
5
“
-
-
-
-
9
1
0
1
2
2
4
2
0
-
-
ft
1
0
7
-
31
31
33
"
3
1
ft
6
1
-
4
.
-
2
<*>
1
-
13
12
17
24
26
17
2
7
22
1
..
8
ft
15
ft
10
ft
2
ft
6
ft
4
ft
4
ft
1
ft
ft
ft
_
ft
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ft
ft
1
_
ft
2
ft
1
-
23
21
29
5
5
4
2
2
ft
ft
~
2
6
-
1
.
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
-
1
_
1
4
_
_
_
.
.
.
.
.
.
”
”
”
”
“
“
“
“
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other services
11
14
20
5
7
6
3
<*>
' The Atlanta metropolitan area consists of Barrow, Butts, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas,
Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Newton, Paulding, Rockdale, Spalding, and Walton Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, If provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers' bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
-
-
-
* Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
5 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes Indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 11. Employer-paid wages: Nontipped occupations, Atlanta, GA’
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number Average
(mean)
3.00
of
and 3.25
hourly
workers
Under under
wages 3.00
3.25 3.50
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
_
_
_
_
53
5
11
16
1
6
6
8
2
5
16
_
_
_
1
10
24
23
27
(4)
7
16
8
29
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
“
49
1
(4)
[4\
9
12
6
8
1
(4)
-
7
7
7
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50
and
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 over
9.50
Food services
Men............................................
Women......................................
Restaurant cooks ..........................
Short order cooks..........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
40
19
19
$5.15
5.45
4.77
3 10
21
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
505
195
103
82
6.86
5.94
5.87
6.06
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
_
•-
_
-
37
463
3,482
2,974
1,159
372
732
5.89
4.65
4.39
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
3
14
5.42
5.62
5.22
_
_
-
-
-
456
375
56
7.30
7.15
9.49
-
_
_
o
_
-
(*)
_
_
6
22
16
6
19
26
20
9
8
10
2
2
2
6
6
6
-
n
4
8
-
16
42
2
2
4
8
16
-
1
16
29
2
2
11
18
10
5
4
6
_
_
_
_
23
17
14
8
4
3
3
2
16
<*>
1
7
10
10
14
9
11
9
14
15
15
16
17
9
19
3
3
7
5
5
7
1
(*>
5
6
11
5
12
1
8
1
1
-
17
5
8
-
5
1
5
3
t4)
_
0
3
6
1
3
5
1
3
4
2
3
7
1
1
2
<<>
4
5
4
2
2
3
14
16
5
11
13
5
7
4
8
9
1
.“
-
”
~
_
2
-
-
-
“
“
-
-
-
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
o
-
-
-
“
”
“ -
"
6
4
23
7
8
21
1
1
11
-
-
2
Other services
Checkout cashiers.........................
House porters ................................
Lodging quarters cleaners.............
Room clerks...................................
Men............................................
Women ......................................
2
3
4
1
2
-
-
_
_
1
Maintenance
General maintenance workers......
Men............................................
Stationary engineers ......................
“
-
-
-
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
1 The Atlanta metropolitan area consists of Barrow, Butts, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas,
Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Newton, Paulding, Rockdale, Spalding, and Walton Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
-
-
-
-
17
14
■
4
5
5
2
-
-
4
14
-
4
3 All workers were at $2 and under $2.25.
4 Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 12. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Dallas, TX1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages On dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
(mean)
hourly
wages
2.00
and 2.25
under
2.25 2.50
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
_
_
_
_
•
Food sarvlces
Public bartenders............................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Cocktail lounges4.........................
Full-course restaurants...............
Men............................................
Women......................................
Other5...........................................
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Waiters' and waitresses’
assistants.....................................
Men............................... ............
Women......................................
Full-course restaurants...............
Men............................... ............
Women......................................
Other6...........................................
Men............................................
8.50
and
over
247
166
74
1,473
717
720
204
946
462
454
323
251
72
$4.92
4.92
4.93
2.54
2.62
2.42
2.22
2.33
2.18
2.42
3.35
3.44
3.04
_
56
53
61
66
65
71
63
23
20
33
482
401
74
428
365
58
54
36
3.78
3.77
3.74
3.71
3.72
3.52
4.30
4.19
1
1
-
365
3.45
24
-
1
2
_
15
17
12
21
15
18
10
12
15
-
_
-
-
p)
7
5
6
7
7
6
7
5
4
10
-
3
P)
-
3
_
-
_
-
4
5
3
2
4
4
4
5
6
_
-
2
3
1
2
1
1
p>
5
5
4
p>
0
n
p)
-
1
_
_
5
7
3
_
_
2
_
3
20
21
14
27
24
46
30
26
59
_
-
4
3
5
4
_
8
6
7
1
5
5
5
2
1
4
p)
p)
13
13
12
pi
12
16
3
1
p>
p>
1
1
p)
1
6
5
8
1
9
2
33
p>
p>
1
1
1
1
26
28
15
27
28
19
20
31
12
14
5
14
15
7
2
3
11
13
3
12
14
3
6
8
7
7
4
7
7
5
9
11
9
13
16
_
p)
p)
1
2
1
1
_
6
8
_
pi
13
10
23
7
7
3
57
42
1
1
_
1
23
14
45
1
1
_
1
2
pi
p)
1
1
1
4
2
8
1
1
1
1
_
p)
p)
1
1
_
_
_
pi
_
2
3
_
1
2
_
2
p)
p)
0
p)
_
-
1
1
_
p>
p)
4
6
p)
p>
_
_
_
_
1
2
_
_
p>
p>
_
_
_
_
_
p>
1
1
2
p)
_
p>
p>
p>
p)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
3
4
_
_
p>
1
_
_
_
_
p>
p)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
_
_
_
p>
p)
p)
p)
p>
p)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
_
p)
p)
p>
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
p>
p>
_
_
3
1
1
1
1
1
-
4
5
4
1
_
_
15
22
3
pi
p)
_
_
_
_
9
5
12
1
2
- '
1
2
Other services
Bellpersons7...................................
3
The Dallas metropolitan area consists of Collin, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Kaufman, and Rockwall Counties.
Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
* Less
0 5 PercerrtVirtually all women.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
6 Indudes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants,
7 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 13. Employer-paid wagea: Nontlpped occupations, Dallas, TX1
(Percent distribution of workers In selected occupations by stralght-tlme hourly wages,2 June 1968)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Average
Number (mean) 3.35
of
hourly and 3.50
workers
wages under 3.75
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9,00
9.25
9.50
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
_
.
_
_
_
_
-
_
-
_
P)
P)
p)
-
-
9.75
and
over
0
Food services
40
31
9
523
343
497
362
60
$4.87
4.88
4.82
4.44
4.34
6.47
6.55
5.89
15
12
346
295
5.90
5.94
4.41
4.42
2,293
789
466
6.01
6.04
312
288
25
6.87
6.96
10.27
8
10
12
13
n
5
5
p>
p)
23
25
25
19
44
10
12
5
6
28
27
1
5
7
3
4
35
35
33
8
6
4
4
13
16
2
3
3
1
60
10
6
22
2
5
6
_
_
_
p>
2
1
11
11
3
_
2
1
8
10
5
_
_
_
_
_
m_
_
_
5
4
3
_
P)
P)
19
23
9
8
5
5
4
2
13
17
11
10
3
4
53
42
1
1
33
42
3
4
_
_
p>
p)
7
6
1
5
7
rJ
18
17
10
12
16
20
13
12
6
9
3
4
6
6
_
5
1
9
9
4
4
9
9
15
12
4
4
3
3
11
12
_
12
14
13
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
_
_
_
_
3
2
2
_
7
7
_
1
1
_
_
2
2
2
_
3
3
_
_
1
2
3
2
_
P)
P)
Other services
9
9
14
14
_
20
21
_
_
15
15
3
17
17
1
4
4
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
_
_
_
_
.
_
.
_
_
-
4
5
3
1
_
p>
_
3
3
16
17
4
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
1
6
7
3
3
1
1
1
_
.
-
_
-
_
-
_
, -
.
-
.
-
_
-
-
_
-
-
1
1
25
1
1
8 61
Maintenance
General maintenance workers.....
_
_
_
1
1
_
1
1
1 The Dallas metropolitan area consists of Collin, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Kaufman, and Rockwall Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, If provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are Included.
i
3 Leas than 0.5 percent
4 Virtually all women.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
2
_
6
7
11
-
1
1
2
2
1
1
-
-
* Virtually all men.
• Workers were distributed as follows: 14 percent at $10 and under $10.25; 4 percent at $10.25 and under $10.50;
4 percent at $10.50 and under $10.75; 14 percent at $10.75 and under $11; and 25 percent at $11.25 and over.
NOTE; Because of rounding, sums of Individual Items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include Information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 14. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Houston, TX1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time houriy wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number (mean)
2.00
hourly
and 2.25
workers
Under
wages 2.00 under
2.25 2.50
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.25
and
over
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
4
6
1
1
5
3
6
20
23
10
1
3
8
8
8
12
11
13
5
11
5
3
8
1
1
1
14
14
15
7
11
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
5
1
3
2
1
4
10
11
10
4
5
2
1
1
1
-
(*)
(3)
(*)
1
(*)
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
Food services
Public bartenders............
Men.............................
Women.......................
Waiters and waitresses...
Men............................
Women.......................
Cocktail lounges........... .
Women........................
Full-course restaurants ,
Men.............................
Women.......................
Other4............................
Men.............................
Waiters’ and waitresses’
assistants.....................
Men............................
Women.................................
Full-course restaurants...............
Men.......................................
Women..................................
Other66.....................................
241
148
84
1,234
570
619
282
256
667
315
327
285
238
$4.79
4.82
4.70
2.46
2.77
2.20
2.10
2.10
2.24
2.26
2.23
3.34
3.49
275
224
43
227
176
43
48
3.76
3.71
4.01
3.75
3.68
4.01
3.83
425
3.26
-
2
<*)
4
4
5
2
1
3
“
-
11
12
11
59
47
69
80
80
69
70
68
14
13
14
12
15
11
10
15
13
15
15
9
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
6
7
5
1
1
8
7
9
7
8
1
1
2
1
1
2
0
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
_
-
3
4
-
_
_
-
-
-
-
3
4
-
4
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
‘
“
—
-
i3)
ft
1
1
1
2
ft
ft
_
_
_
1
1
_
_
19
23
5
5
16
15
19
18
17
19
6
24
27
12
24
28
12
25
30
33
19
26
28
19
50
9
8
5
9
9
5
6
5
5
16
24
_
-
ft
CD
(3)
-
1
_
_
1
2
ft
25
24
ft
p)
_
1
1
1
ft
-
2
2
1
ft
9
6
26
11
8
26
-
1
_
_
_
-
4
1
14
4
1
14
4
_
ft
4
4
7
3
2
7
8
1
_
6
7
ft
_
1
1
_
-
_
_
Other services
Bellpersons7
\
-
13
9
7
10
4
The Houston metropolitan area consists of Fort Bend, Harrison, Liberty, Montgomery, and Waller Counties.
Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
4 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
ft
ft
ft
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ft
-
-
-
-
-
5 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
6 Virtually all women.
7 Virtually all men.
m
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 15. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, Houston, TX1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Average
Number (mean) 3.35
of
hourly
and 3.50
workers
wages under 3.75
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
-
-
”
“
-
9.75
and
over
°
Food services
Service bartenders........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Kitchen helpers..............................
Men.................... .................. .
Restaurant cooks...........................
Men............................................
39
18
21
466
370
485
314
$6.91
7.48
6.42
4.01
3.93
6.31
6.30
355
287
59
2,145
743
310
421
4.12
4.12
4.14
3.94
5.19
5.30
5.10
336
314
6.28
6.27
_
-
10
22
a
0
5
10
6
14
2
2
12
17
1
2
2
2
-
15
29
4
5
_
-
8
6
10
18
17
2
5
10
16
13
1
-
-
19
14
46
16
1
_
2
21
22
19
15
9
9
10
13
14
7
10
11
11
12
10
10
8
9
6
7
5
5
5
7
1
8
4
12
6
5
8
6
21
24
18
1
8
6
8
2
3
1
7
8
1
1
3
3
6
7
3
3
_
_
_
_
22
26
_
20
23
_
-
-
-
5
5
_
_
_
-
-
-
8
5
2
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
10
9
6
5
6
17
19
3
6
3
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
46
56
-
o
~
5
5
6
4
5
4
7
7
4
4
5
6
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
a
a
2
2
1
1
a
a
1
(*)
Other services
House porters................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Lodging quarters cleaners4 ...........
Room clerks...................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
7
20
_
15
17
5
21
_
-
-
_
_
_
_
8
a
-
10
6
13
1
3
2
3
9
14
4
5
10
2
4
3
5
1
1
1
1
1
2
12
12
2
2
15
15
5
5
5
5
3
3
7
7
(j>
-
1
-
“
“
1
1
a
-
“
-
-
~
“
“
'
“
~
“
“
a
1
1
5 41
41
Maintenance
General maintenance workers......
Men............................................
2
’ The Houston metropolitan area consists of Fort Bend, Harrison, Liberty, Montgomery, and Waller Counties,
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Sendee charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percenL
4 Virtually all women.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
1
8
9
4
4
15
15
3
2
3
3
15
17
_
4
4
8
8
1
1
11
12
a
a
4
3
1
1
4
5
C9)
—
_
5 Workers were distributed as follows: 4 percent at $9.75 and under $10: 7 percent at $10.25 and under $10.50: 7
percent at $10.50 and under $10.75; 1 percent at $10.75 and under $11; 7 percent at $11 and under $11.25; and 15
percent at $11.25 and over.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 16. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Miami-Hialeah, FL'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1968)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Average
Number (mean) 2.00
of
hourly
and 2.25
workers
wages under 2.50
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.25
and
over
_
_
_
_
16
23
2
-
5
1
5
2
2
1
20
29
9
4
5
4
25
24
4
6
12
15
-
6
8
1
1
2
1
7
9
p>
“
0
8
4
<*)
p)
p)
-
1
1
p>
“
p)
p>
0
p>
"
p)
o
p>
p)
p>
-
2
3
1
1
1
1
p)1
ft1
1
1
1
1
-
”
Food services
Public bartenders............................
Cocktail lounges...........................
Other4...........................................
448
317
1,073
179
163
688
206
136
$3.98
3.93
2.73
2.39
2.34
2.54
3.65
3.71
5
7
37
63
69
33
29
32
459
325
134
3.63
3.69
3.47
7
9
_
374
344
3.34
3.37
9
10
_
_
17
8
9
24
p)
6
10
1
1
17
20
12
21
4
6
_
19
6
52
4
p>
Waiters’ and waitresses’
Full-course restaurants5..............
Other6...........................................
-
-
1
2
-
-
2
2
2
1
5
1
2
12
6
3
6
_
-
5
1
p)
3
3
p)1
2
2
-
-
8
8
7
15
18
7
15
20
3
18
22
8
7
6
10
6
7
4
2
1
7
-
10
10
9
10
10
10
19
20
3
3
5
6
1
1
0
1
P)
-
2
4
-
-
~
1
1
—
1
2
O’)
-
1
-
-
*
”
“
Other services
Bellpersons.....................................
6
7
2
3
18
11
8
8
1 The Miami-Hialeah metropolitan area consists of Dade County.
1 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for
work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the emptoyer to the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
* Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5 Virtually all men.
• Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes Indicate no data. Overall
data may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 17. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, Mlaml-Hialeah, FL1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Average
Number (mean) 3.35
of
hourly
and 3.50
workers
wages under 3.75
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
1
18
13
_
_
-
27
29
-
27
6
3
2
6
6
2
1
1
1
3
3
4
5
2
6
1
2
2
1
1
3
4
5
p>
17
8
7
11
10
10
p>
16
18
8
10
12
3
1
1
5
9
11
15
4
5
5
8
9
8
1
2
4
5
4
1
p>
1
1
2
3
1
p>
p)
1
_
34
14
2
3
_
16
12
7
6
5
8
5
10
12
9
1
13
2
p>
20
26
8
p>
36
-
1
9
1
7
11
6
2
23
20
5
8
9
4
2
3
5
1
1
3
3
2
19
“
7
4
6
53
9.75
and
over
Food services
Service bartenders.........................
Kitchen helpers..............................
Restaurant cooks...........................
Men............................................
Short order cooks...........................
33
568
340
281
157
$5.11
4.53
7.04
7.13
6.63
76
488
2,316
614
314
6.07
4.46
4.22
5.75
5.63
383
15
7.00
8.43
_
_
20
_
_
_
_
-
-
5
6
13
_
_
9
_
_
p>
13
1
2
_
10
20
2
2
_
15
17
-
7
_
_
-
3
“
-
~
3
3
-
Other services
Checkout cashiers..........................
House porters14................................
23
Lodging quarters cleaners6...........
Room clerks...................................
Women......................................
_
6
4
7
13
-
-
-
"
Maintenance
General maintenance workers4 ....
Stationary engineers ......................
pi
7
9
p>
-
-
-
“
-
”
-
3
“
-
“
“
-
4
”
4
"
1 The Miami-Hialeah metropolitan area consists of Dade County.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
4 Virtually all men.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p>
~
“
-
7
“
9
4
“
”
2
12
'
2
3
1
7
1
1
1
6
6 Virtually all women.
6 Workers were distributed as follows: 13 percent at $10 and under $10.25; 14 percent at $10.50 and under
$10.75; and 13 percent at $11 and under $11.25.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 18. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupatlona, New Orleana, LA'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number (mean)
2.00
of
hourly
and 2.25
workers
wages under 2.50
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
p)
p>
p)
p>
p>
_
_
p)
1
(*)
p>
_
2
2
3
1
1
•
Food services
Public bartenders............................
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Cocktail lounges.............. ...........
Women ................ .....................
Full-course restaurants...............
Men............................................
Women......................................
Other1...........................................
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Waiters’ and waitresses'
assistants.....................................
Men............................................
Full-course restaurants ...............
Men............................................
Other25...........................................
**
8.50
and
over
260
123
131
989
481
483
127
119
646
304
327
216
173
37
$4.72
4.85
4.58
2.79
2.96
2.62
2.67
2.64
2.58
2.84
2.51
3.49
3.52
3.50
.
20
15
26
8
8
25
18
32
12
9
30
235
195
200
180
35
3.98
3.99
4.00
4.00
3.89
7
8
8
9
342
2.96
-
1
_
13
7
18
38
40
10
9
12
4
4
5
_
_
25
31
21
22
20
27
34
22
22
23
22
18
15
19
6
7
24
19
26
9
8
-
2
8
8
8
15
16
g
10
7
3
3
-
-
.
_
-
_
_
-
_
_
_
-
.
.
4
7
1
2
3
2
5
1
10
13
-
_
.
•
-
-
-
_
-
22
22
20
19
37
12
23
18
16
13
3
3
1
3
3
7
23
11
35
1
1
5
5
6
1
-
1
6
6
_
_
.
_
_
_
_
_
10
9
16
15
18
_
6
7
3
2
n
19
21
7
2
3
37
22
10
p>
2
-
_
_
2
2
3
3
5
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
7
21
28
15
2
2
1
11
9
5
13
0
p)
31
40
20
<*)
p)
P)
_
_
p>
3
1
1
3
25
27
1
2
6
6
29
14
2
7
2
2
2
p>
2
3
1
p>
p>
p>
p)
5
3
7
_
_
1
2
p)
p)
p>
1
1
1
P)
1
_
_
_
_
p)
p)
p>
P)
1
_
p>
p>
p)
a.
_
_
pi
p)
1
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
■ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
3
_
3
1
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
_
p)
1
1
3
1
Other services
Bellpersons*...................................
4
3
1
1 The New Orleans metropolitan area consists of Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, St Charles, St. John the Baptist,
and St Tammany Parishes.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers' bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
-
-
* Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
5 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
* Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual Items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include Information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 19. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, New Orleans, LA'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Average
(mean) 3.35
and 3.50
hourly
wages under 3.75
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
9.75
and
over
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
p>
1
-
“
-
p)
1
“
~
-
•
Food aorvlcos
Men............................................
Men............................................
Restaurant cooks ...........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Short order cooks..........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
39
28
$5.53
5.68
1
2
381
330
160
143
25
14
11
4.29
5.76
6.36
5.04
5.47
5.55
5.37
21
-
11
_
-
-
22
17
5.79
5.90
_
_
_
4
16
7
29
_
-
21
14
10
7
23
25
10
14
15
1
1
12
14
9
18
13
6
24
12
14
9
9
16
6
4
10
8
7
9
2
3
4
3
4
_
_
-
8
18
-
9
1
2
2
3
24
36
9
-
_
9
11
8
-
1
17
14
6
16
36
5
9
2
-
29
4
7
8
12
4
8
14
-
2
1
3
8
14
-
3
3
3
-
_
-
-
-
2
4
1
-
-
-
5
10
1
-
_
-
_
“
-
-
2
4
1
3
2
3
1
1
3
1
2
-
“
-
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
“
“
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
p>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
- .
”
-
-
Other services
Checkout cashiers.........................
Women......................................
" _
_
27
24
23
12
_
5
6
5
6
41
53
_
1
Men............................................
255
4.45
3
9
8
18
9
14
17
14
Lodging quarters cleaners1
4...........
23
Room clerks...................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
2,031
552
189
352
4.33
5.61
5.73
5.51
8
11
_
-
-
-
11
7
_
11
8
_
15
_
11
6
3
8
21
3
_
4
11
19
28
15
200
51
6.50
8.89
_
_
_
-
-
-
_
' -
4
1
1
4
-
6
2
o
pi
7
7
8
p>
23
33
19
12
_
“
“ '
9
8
2
14
16
13
-
p>
2
3
1
8
3
8
1
-
2
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
6
6
1
-
p>
-
2
3
2
1
1
-
Maintenance
General maintenance workers5...
Stationary engineers5.....................
3
-
3
“
_
_
“
-
9
“
4
-
1 The New Orleans metropolitan area consists of Jefferson, Orleans, St Bernard, St Charles, St John the Baptist
and St. Tammany Parishes.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
4 Virtually all women.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
-
2
19
-
"
6
25
”
1
“
15
“
1
4
1
“
-
2
3
8
1
6
"
8 -47
5 Virtually all men.
8 Workers were distributed as follows: 2 percent at $9.75 and under $10; 21 percent at $10 and under $10.25; 18
percent at $10.25 and under $10.50; 2 percent at $10.75 and under $11; and 4 percent at $11.25 and over.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 20. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Washington, DC1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,1 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupatiori
Number (mean)
of
hourly
workers
wages
2.00
and 2.25
under
2.25 2.50
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
_
7
11
_
pi
8.50
and
over
°
Food aervlcao
3
Public bartenders...........................
Men............................................
Women............................ .........
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men............................................
Women..................................... .
Cocktail lounges..........................
348
224
112
2,173
946
1,062
337
Full-courae restaurants ...............
Men............................................
Women......................................
Other6...........................................
Men............................................
Waiters’ and waitresses’
assistants.....................................
Men............................................
Full-course restaurants...............
Men......................................... .
Other6...........................................
Men............................................
$6.49
6.78
5.68
3.54
3.86
3.10
3.31
_
21
14
31
20
1,456
640
733
380
271
3.22
3.39
2.94
4.98
4.98
27
19
37
-
844
642
680
531
164
111
5.27
5.12
5.09
4.97
6.03
5.87
-
603
3.95
270
_
-
_
-
1
2
1
1
10
2
27
4
3
6
6
3
4
4
30
33
21
34
1
2
p)
2
3
5
3
7
P)
P)
32
38
20
18
24
2
3
3
4
9
12
11
14
1
2
3
4
4
5
24
_
_
_
_
_
_
9
12
8
11
_
_
10
10
11
8
-
8
3
12
-
10
13
8
6
8
12
13
12
2
2
2
2
2
4
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
2
2
12
12
15
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
"
-
-
-
2
2
2
4
1
3
1
7
2
12
9
_
-
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
_
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
6
8
3
1
_
_
34
27
4
4
4
1
1
1
_
_
_
_
7
5
-
11
10
12
12
3
4
2
2
2
p>
5
7
43
1
-
-
16
13
23
pi
p>
p)
1
_
_
1
2
_
2
2
_
_
1
3
1
1
_
7
14
20
4
p>
p>
_
p>
p)
_
_
_
5
5
6
pi
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
pi
-
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
5
p)
p>
1
1
1
1
9
7
3
3
3
4
1
1
_
_
-
-
-
-
44
43
-
-
3
4
1
1
3
2
6
1
1
p>
_
_
_
_
p>
3
3
-
27
28
29
29
17
25
6
5
5
3
11
14
-
-
-
1
2
2
2
2
2
-
1
2
_
_
pi
p)
_
p)
p>
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
p)
p)
4
-
3
_
1
2
_
_
_
p)
1
p)
_
p>
1
p)
1
-
4
p>
p>
_
_
1
1
_
_
2
2
_
_
_
3
3
2
1
_
_
_
1
1
_
_
_
_
_
-
pi
4 29
30
19
1
2
p)
_
_
_
_
pi
_
_
_
pi
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
9
5
6
Other services
Bellpersons7...................................
-
2
2
5
16
5
1
1 The Washington metropolitan area consists of the District of Columbia; Calvert, Charles, Frederick, Montgomery,
and Prince Georges Counties, MD; Alexandria, Fairfax, Falls Church, Manassas, and Manassas Park Cities, VA; and
Arlington, Fairfax, Loudoun, Prince William, and Stafford Counties, VA.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
4 Workers were distributed as follows: 22 percent at $8.50 and under $8.75; 1 percent at $8.75 and under $9; and
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
2
-
percent at $9 and under $9.25.
5 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
6 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
7 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 21. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, Washington, DC1
(Percent distribution of workers In selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,1 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (In dollars) of—
Occupation
Number (mean)
of
hourly
workers
wages
3.75
and 4.00
under
4.00 4.25
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
950
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
9
10
3
1
_
-
34
33
4
4
-
13
14
5
2
8
6
13
-
_
...
p>
-
9.75 10.00 10.25
and
10.00 10.25 over
O
Food servtcee
Service bartenders.........................
Men............................................
Kitchen helpers..............................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Restaurant cooks ...........................
Men............................................
Short order cooks...........................
Men............................................
86
80
1.111
944
146
626
434
264
180
$7.84
7.85
6.41
6.46
5.92
7.82
7.74
7.06
7.14
32
634
484
4,425
4,041
1,299
8.59
8.26
6.23
5.93
5.95
6.39
545
486
102
96
8.55
8.70
12.31
12.20
K>
00
-
•
_
-
5
4
18
“
-
_
“
_
_
_
-
3
1
10
11
-
5
4
7
9
10
5
5
2
.
-
-
1
1
4
4
5
2
3
5
7
1
2
.
-
1
1
6
4
18
1
1
9
12
14
15
3
8
6
11
2
3
4
3
3
5
_
.
_
-
_
_
_
1
1
3
3
3
4
3
5
7
9
8
4
4
3
3
3
11
8
_
5
5
3
3
3
4
P>
0
1
1
p>
0
4
1
2
3
1
2
4
5
_
-
2
3
6
7
-
_
-
7
8
1
2
1
1
29
28
36
6
7
30
27
6
6
12
12
14
18
9
13
_
_
p>
0
4
2
3
4
19
18
6
9
-
_
6
8
-
-
-
-
J
-
-
-
p)
2
2
13
-
-
_
4 13
-
2
2
P)
p>
3
3
1
1
3
3
Other services
Checkout cashiers.........................
House porters................................
Men............................................
Lodging quarters cleaners.............
Women......................................
Room clerks...................................
2
3
3
3
4
4
-
_
_
1
1
11
10
5
9
12
3
1
5
8
7
5
5
6
6
5
5
5
7
14
16
9
9
8
5
5
4
4
6
2
2
5
5
13
19
2
1
3
3
8
1
3
1
1
1
3
2
5
5
5
5
1
1
_
_
_
_
5
6
2
3
11
_
1
1
3
3
3
-
4
6
3
3
1
33
29
26
25
3
3
4
3
3
2
p>
0
2
44
p>
p>
3
5
5
1
1
3
2
8
9
3
3
_
1
1
7
_
-
1
2
-
3
Maintenance
General maintenance workers......
Men............................................
Stationary engineers......................
Men............................................
_
-
_
-
“
“
-
4
4
_
“
-
.
-
“
“
*
-
“
•
“
' The Washington metropolitan area consists of the District of Columbia; Calvert, Charles, Frederick, Montgomery,
and Prince Georges Counties, MD; Alexandria, Fairfax, Falls Church, Manassas, and Manassas Park Cities, VA; and
Arlington, Fairfax, Loudoun, Prince William, and Stafford Counties, VA.
1 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers' bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are Included.
1 Less than 0.5 percent
4 Ail workers were at $1075 and under $11.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
1
1
-
-
•
“
_
_
“
10
11
“
-
-
-
“
“
5
5
“
3
4
4
4
2
2
“
8
9
17
18
“
“
3
3
21
22
‘24
24
•59
56
s Workers were distributed as follows: 1 percent at $10.25 and under $11; 8 percent at $11 and under $11.25; 5
percent at $11.25 and under $11.50; and 10 percent at $11.50 and over.
1 Workers were distributed as follows: 7 percent at $11 and under $11.25; 4 percent at $11.25 and under $11.50;
and 7 percent at $14 and under $14.25; 21 percent at $14.50 and under $14.75; 13 percent at $15.25 and under
$15.50; and 7 percent at $15.50 and over.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 22. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Chicago, IL1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number (mean)
of
hourly
workers
wages
2.00
and 2.25
under
2.25 2.50
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
9
11
7
1
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
3
5
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
8.50
and
over
°
Food a«vlces
K>
VO
Public bartenders...........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Waiters and waitresses..................
Women......................................
Cocktail lounges...........................
Women......................................
401
260
122
2,099
1,037
260
237
$6.05
6.10
5.93
3.46
3.16
3.07
3.05
Other*...........................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Waiters’ and waitresses’
assistants.....................................
Men............................................
Full-course restaurants...............
Men............................................
Other56..........................................
699
432
228
3.89
4.17
3.41
774
689
586
507
188
3.66
3.68
3.57
3.58
3.95
425
378
3.20
3.18
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
14
19
23
24
_
0
1
1
1
_
-
_
_
_
_
56
51
46
46
_
_
_
_
_
9
6
18
-
_
4
5
5
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
10
_
-
-
-
7
8
8
8
6
8
6
6
_
_
9
9
13
12
2
2
_
75
72
82
1
1
2
2
3
4
-
2
2
3
1
-
3
3
_
_
_
6
7
9
10
-
21
16
27
21
5
30
31
27
28
40
26
28
18
20
48
-
47
46
22
23
13
15
1
2
-
1
2
4
_
4
4
5
5
_
-
0
1
1
_
_
_
_
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
6
-
2
2
2
_
"
_
_
-
9
5
17
-
8
6
10
-
7
5
11
-
-
38
43
28
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
19
20
19
-
4
4
p>
1
pi
1
1
0
1
0
0
-
-
-
-
"
1
-
p>
p)
1
1
_
0
0
0
0
2
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
3
-
-
-
-
3
5
8
-
1
-
Other services
Bellpersons.....................................
Men............................................
-
1
2
_
-
3
1 The Chicago metropolitan area consists of Cook, Du Page, and McHenry Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
4 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
-
2
3
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
“
“ '
“
■
_
_
“
-
-
-
~
~
5 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
6 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 23. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, Chicago, IL’
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time houriy wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time houriy wages On dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Average
(mean) 3.35
hourly
and 3.50
wages under 4.00
3.50
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 16.00 17.00
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12,00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00
0
Food services
Service bartenders........................
Men............................................
Kitchen helpers..............................
Men............................................
Restaurant cooks...........................
Short order cooks..........................
Men............................................
32
19
911
776
718
41
38
$6.64
6.75
4.79
4.76
6.78
6.43
6.46
_
674
606
3,711
3,428
918
304
581
_
_
2
2
6
29
32
38
21
2
1
23
17
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
"
-
-
-
_
50
51
3
-
5.24
5.24
5.11
5.10
5.91
5.88
5.89
_
- ■
"
4
4
9
10
-
-
11
12
19
20
8
18
3
64
65
59
57
19
14
23
13
12
6
6
24
18
28
-
-
-
-
9
10
2
2
-
9
8
_
-
_
-
28
32
-
-
7
5
-
63
79
14
20
21
44
34
37
6
1
2
2
2
27
28
26
14
10
15
5
7
3
2
1
3
13
18
13
5
2
3
“
-
Other services
House porters ................................
Men............................................
Lodging quarters cleaners.............
Women ......................................
Room clerks...................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
7
5
5
5
-
-
c*)
-
-
-
-
“
-
“
”
“
“
Maintenance
General maintenance workers4 ....
254
7.29
Men............................................
108
17.03
' The Chicago metropolitan area consists of Cook, Du Page, and McHenry Counties.
.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers' bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
10
7
3
2
1
-
4
2
2
4
2
3
4
2
2
13
15
2
3
75
73
4 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of indtvidual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data, uvura
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
a
Table 24. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Detroit, Ml'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Average
Number (mean) 2.50
of
hourly
and 2.75
workers
wages under 3.00
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
-
°
Food tarvlc**
Public bartenders............................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Cocktail lounges14.........................
23
Full-course restaurants ...............
Men............................................
221
87
133
1,008
217
785
134
779
162
$5.24
5.93
4.77
3.01
3.27
2.94
3.23
2.92
3.18
Othei5...........................................
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Waiters’ and waitresses’
95
55
40
3.51
3.53
3.48
9
11
8
18
7
10
_
12
13
11
26
7
9
23
2
36
13
17
12
17
12
17
_
11
20
8
11
10
22
8
11
5
32
27
38
19
16
23
18
16
20
_
_
45
21
52
18
55
28
_
10
15
8
10
9
14
_
-
-
14
16
10
3
-
5
1
1
1
3
2
3
p)
1
-
2
2
2
p)
p>
1
1
-
-
4
4
5
-
1
2
2
4
-
-
4
2
5
-
23
29
19
-
2
2
2
p>
-
-
-
pi
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
_
-
_
-
3
2
4
p>
p)
-
-
-
9
15
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
8
5
6
7
8
1
1
3
12
26
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
•-
5
1
2
-
-
6
2
5
5
3
20
10
2
9
10
3
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
-
-
-
-
-
“
-
“
“
“
”
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
p)1
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Full-course restaurants...............
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Othei*...........................................
234
41
260
229
31
15
4.09
3.65
4.02
4.07
3.65
4.11
20
20
21
20
26
-
10
9
10
-
112
3.81
-
-
_
-
49
5
39
53
11
5
10
11
6
7
23
16
7
-
7
2
7
7
3
6
7
"
-
6
5
7
7
6
3
-
"
11
7
10
11
3
13
14
-
3
-
2
3
2
1
p>
3
-
1
-
8
5
8
8
6
1
1
“
-
Other services
Bellpersons7...................................
5
32
4
1 The Detroit metropolitan area consists of Lapeer, Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St Clair, and Wayne
Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
4 Virtually all women.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
5 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
6 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
7 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 25. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, Detroit, Ml’
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
(mean)
hourly
wages
3.35
and 3.50
under
3.50 3.75
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
9.00
9.50
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
ft
1
_
10.00 10.50 11.00
°
Food service*
KKchen helpers..............................
Men............................................
u>
K>
$4.72
4.70
Restaurant cooks..........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Short order cooks..........................
441
355
82
321
232
87
26
6.33
6.38
6.22
6.12
Women......................................
16
4
2
9
10
14
14
-
-
-
_
_
_
6.17
-
-
-
-
-
303
254
48
1,536
535
138
392
5.16
5.49
4.91
5.35
5.42
5.32
_
-
_
_
-
104
7.68
6
7
21
23
3
3
2
1
11
8
ft
1
7
8
'1
1
9
4
22
4
2
3
-
_
_
_
_
5
6
2
8
13
13
15
15
4
5
1
31
12
12
10
_
16
13
24
42
_
-
-
6
-
13
25
-
56
-
10
_
16
9
15
7
13
8
6
5
1
6
17
6
14
12
11
12
14
21
7
18
21
17
8
25
11
12
9
14
10
6
ft
8
12
7
2
8
3
5
3
6
ft
_
_
4
14
5
2
8
4
5
13
12
4
5
1
2
6
6
.
_
.
_
9
9
7
15
15
16
_
_
.
_
2
3
_
_
6
8
1
1
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
ft
_
_
1
ft
_
_
ft
ft
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
1
_
-
_
-
-
_
_
-
_
_
-
_
_
-
1
_
_
-
_
_
-
_
-
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
1
4
-
-
21
-
Other services
Men............................................
Women......................................
Lodging quarters cleaners4 ...........
Room clerks...................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
5
ft
1
-
5
-
7
4
-
7
9
1
11
3
2
7
4
3
4
14
23
14
10
12
9
ft
5
7
4
1
2
4
2
-
~
Maintenance
General maintenance workers6....
1 The Detroit metropolitan area consists of Lapeer, Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St Clair, and Wayne
Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9
14
2
5
6
3
3
4 Virtually all women.
5 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual Kerns may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 26. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Kansas City, MO-KS1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages.1 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages On dollars) of—
Occupation
Number (mean) 2.00
of
hourly
and 2.25
workers
wages under 2.50
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7,50
7.75
8.00
8.25
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
_
_
_
_
ft
8.50
and
over
•
Food services
Public bartenders............................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Cocktail lounges...........................
Women......................................
t*»
Men.............................................
Women.......................................
Other4...........................................
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Waiters' and waitresses’
assistants.....................................
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Other5...........................................
Men............................................
156
67
89
603
206
397
116
100
405
134
271
82
56
26
$5.15
5.41
4.95
2.64
2.84
2.54
2.63
2.55
2.53
2.68
2.46
3.21
3.15
3.36
212
189
23
193
174
19
19
15
3.90
3.88
4.04
-
-
-
3.85
3.78
4.42
4.21
_
-
_
“
80
72
8
2.95
2.98
2.71
21
21
25
9
8
13
_
25
15
30
23
27
30
21
34
4
5
-
_
22
13
27
25
26
.
18
22
16
16
17
_
.
13
18
10
15
14
_
_
15
28
9
9
8
22
15
26
25
27
19
7
21
18
27
8
10
7
6
4
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
14
4
21
1
ft
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
_
8
6
9
10
9
10
0
8
12
6
5
5
1
3
ft
6
1
10
8
6
7
4
12
6
10
13
4
_
_
_
_
_
6
7
4
_
_
10
13
4
1
6
2
15
_
_
4
4
4
8
8
9
25
24
35
17
17
9
28
30
17
10
11
4
3
3
4
1
1
9
_
-
_
-
5
5
-
9
11
-
23
42
32
40
18
11
11
13
32
21
5
7
11
5
_
-
2
5
11
13
10
11
-
11
8
38
10
10
13
18
18
13
11
13
-
.
_
1
2
1
2
2
4
4
3
1
3
0
_
.
p)
_
_
-
1
4
21
19
21
ft
1
_
_
_
0
1
_
_
_
_
2
2
13
10
15
.
_
_
_
_
13
16
10
ft
1
2
2
6
4
7
_
_
_
_
_
5
10
1
_
_
_
_
_
3
4
2
.
_
_
_
_
3
7
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
9
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
1
3
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ft
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
1
_
11
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
21
27
_
_
-
_
11
-
_
_
-
_
_
-
_
_
-
_
_
-
_
_
-
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
■
-
“
-
-
_
_
_
_
.
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
ft
ft
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
_
-
.
_
-
.
_
-
_
_
_
.
_
. _
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
“
“
_
_
1
4
1
2
_
-
Other services
Bellpersons.....................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
8
8
_
-
-
1 The Kansas City metropolitan area consists of Cass, Clay, Jackson, Lafayette, Platte, and Ray Counties, MO; and
Johnson, Leavenworth, Miami, and Wyandotte Counties, KS.
1
Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, rf provided, and premium pay lor overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
3
_
-
-
“
-
_
“
"
-
4 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
3 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
NOTE; Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may Include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 27. Employer-paid wages:: Nontipped occupations, Kansas City, MO-KS'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Average
(mean) 3.35
hourly
and 3.50
wages under 3.75
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
9.75
and
over
°
Food aorvlcot
Service bartenders........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
15
6
9
$5.19
5.30
5.12
Men............................................
Women......................................
Restaurant cooks...........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
266
37
260
179
81
4.45
4.83
5.64
5.70
5.49
House porters................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Lodging quarters cleaners14...........
23
271
199
72
1,285
4.53
4.49
4.62
4.27
Men............................................
Women......................................
153
315
5.02
4.94
172
12
6.84
10.48
_
-
_
7
1
1
_
P)
p>
_
-
_
-
_
-
20
33
11
27
17
33
33
56
7
17
3
5
16
20
7
13
33
1
0
5
10
9
11
26
14
5
4
6
30
43
3
3
4
8
14
6
6
6
6
8
17
17
16
3
5
2
2
4
1
0
3
7
8
4
2
3
4
3
8
1
1
1
1
p)
_
-
-
_
-
_
-
16
3
6
3
12
_
4
6
1
15
13
13
14
14
19
19
19
18
17
17
17
24
16
16
15
14
10
11
7
6
7
7
8
4
2
7
6
8
2
_
_
-
-
-
9
16
18
11
12
16
16
11
12
7
5
20
13
3
8
2
4
_
_
_
_
_
_
17
4
19
2
5
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
_
_
p>
p>
-
-
0
-
9
7
12
7
6
10
_
-
3
4
2
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
p>
1
-
-
p>
1
-
-
-
-
"
-
-
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
“
_
-
_
-
_
“
-
-
“
-
_
-
4
5
2
_
-
4
4
2
Other services
6
-
3
_
5
-
1
3
Maintenance
General maintenance workers5....
Stationary engineers5.....................
_
1 The Kansas City metropolitan area consists of Cass, Clay, Jackson, Lafayette, Platte, and Ray Counties, MO; and
Johnson, Leavenworth, Miami, and Wyandotte Counties, KS.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
4 Virtually all women.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
6
3
12
1
2
3
1
3
17
8
8
1
8
1
”
1
1
”
9
8 67
5 Virtually all men.
6 Workers were distributed as follows: 8 percent at $9.75 and under $10; 25 percent at $11 and under $11.25; and
34 percent at $11.25 and over.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 28. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Denver, CO'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages On dollars) of—
Occupation
Number (mean)
of
hourly
workers
wages
2.00
and 2.25
under
2.25 2.50
8.50
and
over
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
_
-
_
-
-
°
Food services
Public bartenders...........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men............................................
258
119
139
997
356
$4.58
4.72
4.45
2.49
2.67
Cocktail lounges4........................
190
2.45
58
10
1
13
11
_
21
23
20
«
1
ft
1
Men............................................
Women ......................................
2.30
2.33
3.65
4.11
59
58
26
18
22
14
3
3
2
9
4
3
9
9
7
11
8
8
29
19
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Men............................................
Waiters' and waitresses’
assistants.....................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
282
391
112
73
5
22
3
337
255
82
3.65
3.68
3.55
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
28
26
34
43
42
46
15
17
10
3
2
7
-
Men............................................
Women......................................
Other*...........................................
251
76
10
43
50
-
18
11
-
2
_
174
10
7
_
55
51
_
_
_
_
15
18
_
_
_
• _
5
3
9
9
1
-
2
_
_
_
_
_
11
10
_
_
-
-
_
-
-
3.67
3.52
4.03
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
26
37
10
3.24
17
-
19
-
33
1
1
3
2
4
36
29
42
1
1
3
_
11
8
13
_
-
_
1
1
_
-
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
3
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
9
12
2
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
60
30
12
3
-
1
5
7
_
-
7
6
7
5
5
5
5
10
_
_
-
11
16
7
_
-
_
4
3
6
_
-
_
-
_
<=)
(=)
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
0
_
i3)
i3)
_
_
-
-
-
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
c13) 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
_
-
-
1
1
-
5
8
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
1
2
Other services
Bellpersons7...................................
1
1 The Denver metropolitan area consists of Adams, Arapahoe, Denver, Douglas, and Jefferson Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
4 Virtually all women.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
6 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
7 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 29. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, Denver, CO'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 June 1968)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
(mean)
hourly
wages
3.35
and 3.50
under
3.50 3.75
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
6.00
6.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
9.75
and
over
_
“
_
-
-
-
-
_
-
_
_
-
_
-
p>
3
5
5 62
e
Food MTVlCOS
s
Service bartenders........................
Kitchen helpers..............................
Men............................................
Restaurant oooks ..........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Short order cooks..........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
10
444
346
354
291
63
108
84
24
$5.70
4.53
4.41
6.34
6.27
6.66
5.22
5.16
5.40
341
285
56
1,555
455
179
276
4.67
4.68
4.63
4.41
5.17
5.08
5.22
219
29
7.22
10.16
4
5
-
15
18
.
-
4
5
.
-
13
16
.
2
2
-
4
5
_
-
20
21
_
.
19
25
-
10
18
11
•
_
6
6
8
_
16
13
25
10
6
4
5
6
_
22
24
17
10
5
5
9
11
_
10
6
25
70
1
2
7
8
3
13
14
8
18
19
13
14
10
8
11
11
11
11
8
22
21
22
5
6
4
2
21
21
22
3
4
2
2
19
19
19
4
4
4
P)
3
2
3
m
“
_
“
-
5
7
2
2
1
1
21
23
8
8
6
17
1
1
18
13
40
2
2
-
p>
3
3
<*)
P)
_
1
2
4
1
P)
3
2
3
14
-
-
14
15
10
1
1
-
_
-
6
5
8
-
0
1
7
5
14
_
-
-
8
7
14
_
.
-
p)
_
_
-
-
.
-
.
_
-
_
.
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
“
_
-
_
-
.
-
-
1
1
3
1
1
.
_
pi
_
_
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
Other eervlcee
House porters................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Lodging quarters cleaners14...........
23
Room clerks...................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
_
“
5
_
-
6
7
-
10
1
2
-
“
“
9
20
20
18
7
4
7
1
_
13
4
4
4
28
24
50
28
9
11
8
_
_
_
-
“
2
2
_
_
_
p>
2
1
3
_
0
1
_
1
.
e>
1
.
1
_
_
-
12
“
-
-
Maintenance
General maintenance workers5....
Stationary engineers5.....................
_
“
3
1 The Denver metropolitan area consists of Adams, Arapahoe, Denver, Douglas, and Jefferson Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
4 Virtually all women.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
2
-
5
8
-
6
“
5
9
-
9
“
9
14
2
3
5
3
2
“
_
14
p>
5 Virtually all men.
5 Workers were distributed as follows: 3 percent at $10 and under $10.25; 24 percent at $10.50 and under $10.75;
21 percent at $11 and under $11.25; andd 14 percent at $11.25 and over.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include Information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 30. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 July 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
(mean)
hourly
wages
4.25
and 4.50
under
4.50 4.75
10.00 10.25
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9,50
9.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
10.00 10.25 10.50
°
Food services
u>
Public bartenders...........................
Waiters and waitresses..................
Cocktail lounges...........................
Women......................................
452
2,405
326
265
$6.00
4.36
4.31
4.33
6
80
85
81
5
15
10
13
Other*...........................................
Men............................................
Waiters' and waitresses'
581
442
4.51
4.55
59
57
Men............................................
796
748
4.40
4 35
Other • •..... ............. ...................
186
531
449
4
5
6
13
-
33
31
5
6
_
-
61
32
3
3
4.53
52
24
9
4.49
4.54
69
63
6
8
13
16
_
3
12
8
p>
_
24
p)
2
13
p)
- . _
_
_
-
_
p)
-
-
-
P)
p)
1
p>
_
_
p>
8
4
1
-
-
1
6
7
2
2
-
1
1
p)
p>
_
1
1
_
-
2
_
p)
p>
6
p>
_
1
1
_
-
1
p)
_
5
p>
_
p>
p>
_
_
-
p>
_
-
p)
p)
p>
p)
p)
p)
-
_
1
p>
-
_
_
_
_
p>
-
-
p>
-
-
-
-
p>
p)
_
- •
_
-
1
1
_
-
_
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
“
_
_
“
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
“
-
-
”
"
-
Other services
Bellpersons.....................................
Men............................................
_
“
2
2
1
1
1 The Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area consists of Los Angeles County.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and
for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by
the employer to the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
4 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
“
“
1
1
_
_
_
_
-
”
~
“
5 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
6 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall
data may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 31. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 July 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages On dollars) of—
Occupation
Number (mean)
of
hourly
workers
wages
4.25
and 4.50
under
4.50 4.75
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
_
_
24
2
1
2
2
3
16
2
2
5
5
1
4
p)
1
_
-
6
4
12
13
6
6
15
o
15
13
19
16
2
_
19
19
16
18
24
_
12
12
19
18
36
_
16
17
19
21
_
-
6
13
3
3
11
12
19
26
14
2
p)
14
-
17
3
16
2
11
12
2
11
1
16
_
_
_
_
11
2
_
15
10
2
10
9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00
and
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 over
Food services
Men............................................
Kitchen helpers..............................
Restaurant cooks...........................
Men............................................
Short outer cooks..........................
Men............................................
121
96
819
684
546
177
161
$7.22
7.23
5.05
7.53
7.60
7.15
7.19
_
22
4
4
6
10
-
719
3,623
3^221
1,140
5.27
4 87
4.89
6.42
10
31
29
2
6
8
9
2
330
103
96
7.25
17.31
17.33
6
1
1
_
_
9
9
_
_
-
_
6
7
7
7
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
p)
_
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
2
2
2
2
2
2
_
_
p)
p)
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
3
81
15
Other services
House porters................................
Women......................................
Room clerks...................................
22
_
1
p>
pi
Maintenance
General maintenance workers......
Stationary engineers ......................
7
-
3
-
.
-
13
-
5
_
7
-
1
_
14
_
4
_
1 The Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area consists of Los Angeles County.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
tha employees are included.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
6
3
1
3
2
p>
2
2
_
3
3 Less than 0.5 percent
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 32. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, Oakland, CA’
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 July 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
(mean)
of
hourly
workers
wages
4.25
and 4.50
under
4.50 4.75
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Other1...........................................
Men............................................
Waiters’ and waitresses'
assistants.....................................
Men............................................
Full-course restaurants_______
Men............................................
10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75
and
10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 over
•
Food services
Public bartenders............................
Men............................................
9.75
97
61
31
290
125
156
63
56
168
69
90
59
49
$9.51
9.63
9 09
4.67
4 71
4.67
4 59
4.63
4.70
4.76
4.69
4.68
4.69
38
30
23
23
14
42
41
97
73
97
73
5.76
5.49
5.76
5.49
57
49
6.11
6.08
_
-
_
-
_
-
30
32
31
39
29
23
50
19
22
51
31
20
24
13
18
13
18
25
33
25
33
3
4
11
12
_
-
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
4
_
_
_
_
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
2
_
2
2
_
16
16
31
30
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
4
3
1
_
3 43
48
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
-
3
-
2
15
8
4
5
4
5
3
2
1
_
1
9
7
9
7
_
1
-
_
1
-
_
_
_
-
_
_
3
4
7
10
7
10
5
7
5
7
7
14
16
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
31
21
31
21
_
_
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other sendees
Bellpersons.....................................
Men............................................
_
2
4
_
_
40
43
1 The Oakland metropolitan area consists of Alameda and Contra Costa Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3 Workers were distributed as follows: 8 percent were at $10.75 and under $11; 20 percent at $11 and under
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
18
20
$11.25; 12 percent at $11.75 and under $12; and 3 percent at $12 and under $12.25.
4 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 33. Employer-paid wages: Nontipped occupations, Oakland, CA'
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 July 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
(mean)
hourly
wages
4.25
and 4.50
under
4.50 4.75
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.50
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.50
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00
0
Food services
Kitchen helpers..............................
Men............................................
Restaurant cooks...........................
Men............................................
Short order cooks...........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
154
139
95
73
78
41
37
$6.74
6.85
10.03
9.96
7.90
7.83
7.98
105
81
650
616
209
59
142
6.32
6.33
6.10
6.06
6.74
7.17
6.55
102
7.41
1
1
_
-
-
1
-
5
6
_
- .
-
20
19
_
_
-
5
4
-
11
15
18
19
_
3
2
3
5
5
3
1
9
2
16
_
13
7
19
_
_
-
_
_
-
5
6
2
1
3
2
2
2
11
12
20
25
18
6
7
2
2
10
8
11
8
-
-
_
-
1
1
8
7
_
_
29
46
11
11
12
1
1
3
2
3
2
2
3
4
_
_
-
-
38
42
2
1
1
2
-
-
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
15
19
4
8
_
-
-
-
-
-
45
42
-
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
_
-
_
-
7
7
3
5
4
4
-
-
1
4
5
3
5
4
8
7
5
7
29
27
32
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
5
2
3
Other services
House porters................................
Men............................................
Lodging quarters cleaners.............
Women......................................
Room clerks...................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
2
1
13
14
11
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
-
-
4
5
14
14
-
-
_
_
-
_
17
-
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
-
-
-
_
p>
P)
30
25
1
1
p>
1
7
18
14
20
18
22
24
25
3
8
1
2
4
-
5
8
9
9
9
3
8
-
5
6
22
22
23
4
3
4
“
2
2
3
11
1
_
2
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Maintenance
General maintenance workers4 ....
1
-
1 The Oakland metropolitan area consists of Alameda and Contra Costa Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and
for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by
the employer to the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20
4
5
6
4
17
1
4 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall
data may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
,
Table 34. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, San Diego, CA1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,® July 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Average
(mean) 4.25
hourly
and 4.50
wages under 4.75
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.00
5.25
5.25
5.50
5.50
5.75
5.75
6.00
6.00
6.25
6.25
6.50
6.50
8.75
6.75
7.00
7.00
7.25
7.25
7.50
7.50
7.75
7.75
8.00
8.00
8.25
8.25
8.50
8.50
8.75
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
-
P)
-
“
P)
P>
-
-
9.75 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75
and
10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 over
•
Food ntvIom
Public bartenders...........................
Waiters and waitresses.................
Cocktail lounges...........................
238
1,130
176
$6.59
4.55
4.39
0
70
72
2
17
18
Other4...........................................
Waiters' and waitresses'
assistants.....................................
201
5.17
48
19
9
461
4.56
50
27
Other5...........................................
82
4.44
62
30
253
4.52
54
23
2
2
1
o
18
1
1
1
13
n
3
1
1
p>
14
5
3
-
-
5
2
-
-.
13
6
_
7
10
_
-
5
p>
8
1
1
p>
1
4
(®)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
p>
-
-
1
14
-
13
1
-
8
p)
4
_
4
-
8
P)
3
_
.
p>
-
-
p>
-
_
.
1
-
-
-
-
•
•
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
_
-
2
■
•
”
•
-
-
-
-
"
”
•
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
1
p>
2
*
Other services
Bellperaons.....................................
2
-
p>
1
4 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
5 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
1 The San Diego metropolitan area consists of San Diego County.
* Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, If provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers' bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
3
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of Individual Items may not equal 100. Dashes Indicate no data Overall data
may Include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Less than 0.5 percent
Table 35. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, San Diego, CA’
(Percent distribution of workers In selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,® July 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (In dollars) of—
Occupation
Number (mean) 4.25
of
hourly and 4.50
workers
under
4.50 4.75
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
8.00
8.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
8.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
_
_
9.75 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75
and
10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 over
0
Food services
Kitchen helpers............................
Restaurant cooks........................
Short order cooks........................
19
374
374
47
4.85
7.18
5.73
22
1
13
p>
337
2,072
516
4.96
4.82
5.74
14
27
5
299
250
6.53
6.32
5
6
13
22
-
25
3
-
17
23
10
9
11
2
-
14
1
38
19
16
3
14
17
8
20
8
5
1
1
5
6
5
5
3
1
1
2
_
-
9
-
14
4
17
1
1
9
p)
1
7
8
11
14
8
_
-
_
11
21
_
_
2
_
12
-
17
17
_
_
14
_
5
1
-
-
-
m
p)
p)
10
_
p)
-
_
3
_
1
_
1
p>
-
-
-
P)
_
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
_
1
-
1
-
-
_
-
P)
_
_
-
-
“
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
”
“
3
-
1
Other services
House porters..............................
Lodging quarters cleaners............
Room clerks................................
1
20
p)
5
1
5
7
8
4
3
p)
2
1
5
1
p>
4
12
2
2
2
_
_
P)
p)
*
-
_
-
p)
_
-
1
_
-
Maintenance
General maintenance workers.....
Men........................................
-
1 The San Diego metropolitan area consists of San Diego County.
® Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers' bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are Included.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
-
3
11
13
5
6
5
6
3
4
1
1
2
2
3
-
1
1
1
1
_
.
"
“
1
Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of Individual items may not equal 100. Dashes Indicate no data. Overall data
may Include Information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 36. Employer-paid wages: Tipped occupations, San Francisco, CA1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,2 July 1988)
Occupation
Average
Number
(mean) 4.25
of
hourly
and 4.50
workers
wages under
4.50 4.75
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages On dollars) of—
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50
°
Food services
Public bartenders............................
Men ............................................
Women ......................................
Waiters and waitresses..................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Cocktail lounges4........................
Full-course restaurants...............
Men............................. .............
Women......................................
Other6...........................................
Men......................................
Women .........______________
Waiters' and waitresses’
assistants6....................................
Full-course restaurants ...............
Other7.......................................
262
196
66
1,603
903
700
243
925
518
407
435
373
62
$11.39
12.19
9.03
5.86
6.03
5.63
5.78
5.72
5.84
5.56
6.19
6.27
5.71
_
22
13
33
30
26
18
36
9
6
23
_
-
545
457
88
6.17
6.17
6.15
19
21
11
6
3
20
523
5.28
16
1
7
8
6
6
5
8
1
11
7
35
_
-
_
2
1
3
3
2
5
_
-
_
1
2
1
1
_
1
3
_
3
4
1
5
7
2
_
_
_
_
1
2
_
_
_
p>
_
3
p)
_
_
-
_
_
-
3
1
9
1
2
1
1
2
_
_
_
8
11
6
9
7
6
2
18
48
50
46
52
48
1
11
48
3
_
2
3
-
_
_
_
-
-
1
2
7
_
27
p)
p)
1
1
-
_
-
6
7
_
_
_
2
_
_
2
4
1
_
_
1
1
p)
p>
6
7
5
p>
p>
■_
2
3
_
_
p)
1
C3)
5
4
9
p>
5
6
p>
t3)
7
6
9
p>
1
2
_
_
55
65
23
_
5
7
_
_
1
1
1
19
4
5
_
.
_
_
6
2
p>
(*)
10
56
54
66
4
5
-
1
-
-
-
p>
1
1
2
2
1
3
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*
-
-
-
-
p)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other services
Bellpersons.....................................
2 I^6.
-
5
65
8
-
2
-
n ^ranc'sco metropolitan area consists of Marin, San Francisco, and San Mateo Counties.
Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to
the employees are included.
4
JT,,0-5 l>ercen*‘
irtuaily all women.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
-
5 Includes counter, tray, and room service, and other than full-course restaurants.
8 Virtually all men.
7 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants,
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall data
may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 37. Employer-paid wages: Nontlpped occupations, San Francisco, CA1
(Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly wages,12 3July
4 1988)
Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly wages (in dollars) of—
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Average
(mean)
5.00
hourly
and 5.50
Under under
wages 5.00
5.50 6.00
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00
0
Food services
Men............................................
Kitchen helpers...............................
Men............................................
Women ......................................
Restaurant cooks...........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
Short order cooks..........................
Men............................................
Women......................................
34
12,46
_
_
744
690
54
547
442
105
278
169
109
7.80
7.72
8.74
11.95
11.86
12.33
9.81
9.76
9.88
7
7
658
94
2,545
826
405
421
8.36
7.16
8.02
8.89
9.21
8.59
2
4 13
220
9.16
1
_
_
_
-
_
2
2
_ •
_
-
_
6
7
_
_
-
11
12
_
_
3
-
7
33
3
4
2
2
3
4
1
2
1
50
47
56
_
46
44
67
5
6
3
2
4
-
11
11
15
3
3
4
-
-
9
8
19
5
6
4
2
6
2
6
6
1
2
1
3
_
0
12
19
6
17
2
15
4
2
7
61
38
56
18
15
20
5
6
2
21
23
19
4
5
4
17
20
14
3
9
15
9
14
8
8
ft
1
-
8
10
12
6
_
6
6
_
-
4
5
2
10
10
9
-
1
1
4
6
-
-
“
-
-
10
6
10
12
45
53
-
-
16
15
22
“
3
2
9
4
4
6
31
31
32
4
5
2
16
15
20
-
1
o
1
-
-
”
“
“
5
_
2
2
-
30
29
33
p>
a
_
_
_
-
-
-
2
2
-
9
9
8
-
-
_
-
2
3
_
_
_
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
“
“
“
-
■
*
_
—
"
“
Other services
Men............................................
Women......................................
Lodging quarters cleaners5...........
Room clerks...................................
Men............................................
Women......................................
-
1
-
3
-
pf
17
10
7
p>
14
1
17
10
1
3
-
-
6
-
3
1
10
12
8
-
1
1
1
18
1
m
Maintenance
General maintenance workers8 ....
3
1 The San Francisco metropolitan area consists of Marin, San Francisco, and San Mateo Counties.
2 Excludes tips and the value of meals, rooms, or uniforms, if provided, and premium pay for overtime and for
work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Service charges added to customers’ bills and distributed by the employer to the employees are included.
3 Less than 0.5 percent
4 All workers were at $4 and under $4.50.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
-
2
64
'36
6 Virtually all women.
8 Virtually all men.
7 All workers were at $20 and under $21.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate no data. Overall
data may include information for subclassifications not shown separately.
Table 38. Average hourly eamlnga: Tipped occupations
(Average hourly earnings1 and percent received as tips2 for workers in selected occupations, hotels and motels, selected metropolitan areas,3 June-July 1988*)
South
Northeast
Atlantic City
Occupation
Public bartenders...............................
Bellpersons.........................................
Waiters and waitresses.....................
Cocktail lounges..............................
Full-course restaurants...................
Other1
3...............................................
2
Waiters' and waitresses’
assistants..........................................
Full-course restaurants...................
Other3...............................................
Boston
New York
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
$10.40
38
$10.07
40
$15.55
39
9.85
9.57
5.78
64
34
6.26
26
8.02
43
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
$7.86
9.82
9.51
9.95
9.56
53
69
69
71
61
5.34
5.32
25
26
9
South—Continued
Miami-Hialeah
Public bartenders...............................
Bellpersons.........................................
Waiters and waitresses.....................
Cocktail lounges.............................
Full-course restaurants...................
Other3...............................................
Waiters' and waitresses'
assistants..........................................
Full-course restaurants...................
Other3...............................................
New Orleans
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
$8.01
6.99
7.75
7.57
8.24
6.40
52
54
65
69
70
43
$7.08
5.02
6.06
6.10
6 09
5.93
5.49
5.46
32
33
4.69
4.70
Dallas
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
$6.72
8.79
22
53
6.31
60
4.60
4.51
5.12
3
2
12
Houston
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
$7.12
5.36
5.41
5.90
5.19
5.71
30
37
53
63
56
42
$7.88
6.05
5.94
5.97
5.78
6.25
39
46
59
65
61
47
4.15
4.09
4.65
9
10
5
5.11
5.18
4.81
26
27
20
Midwest
Washington
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Chicago
West
Kansas City
Detroit
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
34
41
54
57
58
40
$9.16
36
$7.69
32
9.09
63
7.48
6.78
7.73
61
53
63
16
15
4.65
4.64
20
23
4.67
1 Employer-paid wages plus estimated hourly tips. Excludes premium pay for overtime and
for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts; also excludes the value of meals, rooms, and
uniforms provided in addition to cash wages.
2 Estimates are based on only those workers for whom tip information was obtained. For
procedures used in estimating tips, see appendix A.
3 For definitions of areas, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 2.
* The payroll month of reference was June 1988 for all areas except Boston. For this
area, July 1988 was the payroll reference month so that data reflect changes In the State
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Atlanta
Philadelphia
Percent
received
as tips
13
6.13
5
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
$7.46
5.60
6.58
6.18
6.78
6.14
4.30
4.26
4.67
Denver
Total
average
hourly
earnings
Percent
received
as tips
32
49
61
58
64
48
$7.11
37
5.80
5.13
5.86
57
54
61
10
10
5
4.05
4.04
4.43
10
10
g
minimum wage law which were effective July 1, 1988.
3 Includes counter, tray, and room service and other than full-course restaurants.
3 Includes cocktail lounges, counters, and other than full-course restaurants.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication
criteria. Data for Los Angeles-Long Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San Francisco did not
meet publication criteria.
Table 39. Scheduled weekly hours
(Percent of full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers in hotels and motels by scheduled weekly hours,' 18 metropolitan areas,' June-July 1988s)
Weekly hours
Atlantic
City
Boston
New
York
100
100
100
Philadel
Atlanta
phia
100
Houston
100
100
100
100
1
85
0
o
15
2
_
7
6
20
8
2
10
2
29
7
_
_
85
2
2
95
11
8
8
4
5
75
_
_
2
6
1
_
Chicago
Detroit
Kansas
City
Denver
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
3
7
13
10
2
2
1
2
1
-
5
2
.
_
_
_
6
11
4
3
8
17
-
-
-
5
3
28
3
_
_
-
-
_
_
-
_
92
3
3
85
_
-
_
_
_
_
60
51
91
81
4
63
_
_
_
' Data relate to the predominant schedule for full-time workers in each establishment.
3 For definitions of areas, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 2.
3 The payroll month of reference was June 1988 for all areas except Boston, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San Francisco. For these five areas, July 1988 was the payroll ref
erence month so that data reflect changes in State minimum wage laws which were effective July 1,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11
4
4
Los
Angeles- Oakland
Long
Beach
Wash
ington
New
MiamiHialeah Orleans
Dallas
1
5;
West
Midwest
South
Northeast
7
66
5
6
-
-
-
66
61
-
-
6
2
4
36
4
49
-
San
Diego
San Fran
cisco
100
100
_
11
1
80
6
8
12
19
-
8
-
56
-
90
“
10
-
1988.
4 Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no
data were reported.
Table 40. Scheduled weekly hours—selected occupations
(Percent of full-time workers in selected occupations in hotels and motels by scheduled weekly hours,1 18 metropolitan areas,2 June-July 198B3)
Northeast
Occupation and hours
Beltpersons
All workers .................................
Under 30 hours ............................
30 hours.......................................
Over 30 and under 35 hours......
35 hours.......................................
Over 35 and under 40 hours......
40 hours.......................................
Kitchen helpers
All workers................................
Under 30 hours ............................
30 hours.......................................
Over 30 and under 35 hours......
35 hours .........................
Over 35 and under 40 hours......
40 hours ........................................
Over 40 hours ..............................
South
Midwest
Atlantic
City
Boston
New
York
Phila
delphia
Atlanta
Dallas
100
45
16
39
100
5
3
6
84
100
2
31
2
64
100
9
2
5
7
76
100
3
_
10
8
80
100
_
11
1
4
7
78
100
_
100
_
_
11
_
100
<4)
100
5
3
3
89
100
4
67
3
26
"
100
4
7
89
-
100
_
9
14
6
4
66
100
72
9
17
1
New
Houston MiamiHialeah Orleans
Wash
Chicago
ington
100
12
_
_
100
4
13
7
20
3
86
_
100
57
85
100
_
17
10
6
67
-
100
2
2
_
2
10
85
-
100
100
_
_
_
100
3
2
100
4
100
100
_
_
_
■
_
_
_
100
-
3
_
14
20
14
5
47
-
100
3
2
12
83
100
9
_
_
_
95
2
9
77
3
Detroit
100
9
4
West
Kansas
City
Los
Denver Angeles- Oakland
Long
Beach
100
5
17
100
11
57
35
100
100
8
14
2
84
88
66
100
100
100
100
100
5
14
3
2
7
17
6
2
16
2
73
8
3
53
37
5
83
72
San Fran
cisco
100
2
100
5
11
4
80
1
San
Diego
90
24
16
57
89
11
100
5
2
14
8
29
41
100
100
12
100
86
14
-
Room cleaners
All workers ................................
Under 25 hours............................
25 hours....... :...............................
Over 25 and under 30 hours......
30 hours.......................................
Over 30 and under 35 hours......
35 hours................................
Over 35 and under 40 hours......
40 hours ........................................
Over 40 hours ..............................
100
3
1
2
50
21
23
“
100
10
5
4
7
75
100
2
76
1
21
-
100
_
100
1
O
60
18
21
100
7
6
5
4
4
11
100
17
10
4
70
“
100
11
_
3
7
7
9
74
-
_
_
_
100
5
5
100
6
12
16
9
15
3
9
_
_
_
7
3
28
13
49
-
8
1
23
8
56
-
2
2
8
8
81
-
16
6
75
2
53
-
67
-
100
12
5
7
26
4
100
_
11
100
100
100
100
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
_
100
2
3
100
_
2
20
15
4
59
8
5
5
78
100
100
100
10
18
13
5
52
22
7
24
3
46
4
7
7
41
40
100
100
4
100
12
11
6
100
5
12
6
23
20
21
19
2
20
16
31
5
10
21
15
28
4
27
1
8
5
51
19
100
2
17
76
7
10
5
10
16
47
90
10
Walters and waitresses
All workers .................................
Under 25 hours .......................
25 hours...............................
Over 25 and under 30 hours......
30 hours.......................
Over 30 and under 35 hours......
35 hours.................................
Over 35 and under 40 hours......
40 hours ......................................
Over 40 hours .............................
-
64
“
_
15
6
27
3
35
3
-
41
6
3
5
_
16
1
13
29
31
3
12
_
5
75
1 Data relate to the predominant schedule for full-time workers in each establishment.
2 For definitions of areas, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 2.
3 The payroll month of reference was June 1988 for all areas except Boston, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San Francisco. For these five areas, July 1988 was the payroll ref
erence month so that data reflect changes in State minimum wage laws which were effective July 1,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
_
36
13
44
7
13
12
8
9
51
18
5
3
11
62
100
5
5
_
_
7
4
80
100
3
14
83
-
100
11
13
30
4
21
10
11
100
8
87
3
2
1988.
4 Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no
data were reported.
Table 41. Paid holidays
(Percent of full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers in hotels and motels with formal provisions for paid holidays, 18 metropolitan areas,' June-July 19882)
Northeast
Number of
paid holidays
All workers......................
Workers in establishments providing
paid holidays.................................
1 to 8 half days.............................
Under 5 days...............................
5 days ............................
5 plus 4 half days........................
6 days ................................
7 days ....................................
8 days .................................
9 days ............................
9 plus 2 half days.......................
10 days ...................................
11 days...............................
12 days................................
South
Atlantic
City
Boston
New
York
100
100
100
100
99
93
100
99
Philadel
Atlanta
phia
100
Dallas
Houston
100
1
0
1
1
96
MiamiNew
Hialeah Orleans
1
6
16
35
6
8
10
68
13
40
Chicago
Detroit
Kansas
City
Denver
Los
AngelesOakland
Long
Beach
San San Fran
Diego
cisco
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
93
6
5
3
98
4
1
1
99
81
94
15
7
-
92
2
4
2
17
25
7
7
93
“
6
1
“
47
25
6
8
9
36
95
12
23
“
10
5
12
20
6
~
5
2
100
15
12
36
8
13
94
29
4
9
27
21
4
'
“
“
54
17
“
—
“
Wash
ington
100
12
3
18
10
43
West
100
1
For definitions of areas, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 2.
2 The payroll month of reference was June 1988 for all areas except Boston, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San Francisco. For these five areas, July 1988 was the payroll ref
erence month so that data reflect changes in State minimum wage laws which were effective July 1,
1988.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Midwest
“
“
3
—
~
—7
8
7
72
4
~
“
5
24
27
25
-
21
50
~
-
-
16
21
31
14
"
“
1
11
3
66
“
4
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that
no data were reported.
Table 42. Paid vacations
(Percent of full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers in hotels and motels with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, 18 metropolitan areas,' June-July 19882)
Vacation policy
Atlantic
City
Boston
New
York
All workers.................................
100
100
100
Method of payment
Workers in establishments providing
paid vacations.................................
Length-of-time payment..............
Percentage payment....................
99
10
90
100
100
“
After 6 months of service:
Under 1 week...............................
1 week..........................................
-
3
25
After 1 year of service:
Under 1 week...............................
1 week...........................................
2 weeks .........................................
99
0
Philadel
Atlanta
phia
Dallas
Houston
West
Midwest
South
Northeast
New
MiamiHialeah Orleans
Wash
ington
Chicago
Detroit
Kansas
City
Denver
LOS
Angeles- Oakland
Long
Beach
San
Diego
San Fran
cisco
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
“ •
98
96
2
100
100
99
99
98
98
99
99
100
100
“
100
100
“
99
99
“
95
90
5
100
100
99
99
100
100
—
100
100
"
100
100
100
100
4
-
13
-
-
6
-
-
-
12
1
4
4
5
“
1
“
0
1
15
55
45
85
15
87
12
43
57
56
43
59
39
75
24
63
37
73
27
91
8
95
71
29
1
86
12
76
21
7
-
-
4
94
“
16
84
"
15
85
3
19
95
"
17
82
-
93
16
84
“
_
14
85
-
94
3
76
16
84
“
-
93
7
4
92
2
16
74
10
6
86
8
2
89
7
4
88
7
11
84
5
3
83
13
2
93
4
49
45
“
3
34
63
-
3
32
64
"
2
24
72
-
4
44
51
9
46
44
2
60
2
79
-
-
59
84
16
0
-
-
-
-
-
~
Amount of vacation
pay3
After 2 years of service:
Under 1 week...............................
1 week...........................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........
2 weeks .........................................
3 weeks .........................................
After 3 years of service:
1 week..........................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........
2 weeks .........................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks.........
3 weeks .........................................
After 5 years of service:
1 week...........................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........
2 weeks ........................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks.........
3 weeks .........................................
4 weeks.........................................
After 8 years of service:
1 week..........................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........
2 weeks .........................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks.........
3 weeks ........................................
Over 3 and under 4 weeks.........
4 weeks .........................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
93
1
_
7
_
98
0
83
17
0
92
41
-
_
7
7
5
4
_
3
-
92
9
3
88
5
95
18
76
25
4
65
_
_
_
_
_
“
-
_
“
_
3
2
3
-
27
69
-
-
15
81
“
9
3
-
-
43
54
-
42
49
"
5
-
95
4
38
18
2
47
49
2
2
71
27
“
17
78
-
72
23
“
70
25
“
11
~
83
6
6
57
37
“
6
51
42
-
60
39
“
5
94
~
3
80
16
“
13
2
85
”
10
2
74
6
8
100
“
95
5
4
48
2
49
“
62
6
27
“
41
55
5
24
7
56
11
4
21
35
35
3
1
14
81
-
1
5
80
20
“
80
20
1
99
“
“
“
100
■
1
82
“
17
~
95
5
42
1
57
“
76
0
24
'
“
“
36
2
0
95
-
1
63
“
3
Table 42. Paid vacations—Continued
(Percent of full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers in hotels and motels with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, 18 metropolitan areas,' June-July 19882)
Northeast
Vacation policy
Atlantic
City
South
Boston
New
York
-
99
1
4
12
56
27
_
99
1
4
_
12
56
27
Philadel
Atlanta
phia
Dallas
Houston
Midwest
MiamiNew
Hialeah Orleans
Wash
ington
Chicago
Detroit
West
Kansas
City
Denver
Los
AngelesSan
Oakland
Long
Diego
Beach
San Fran
cisco
Amount of vacation
pay3—Continued
After 10 years of service:
1 week........................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........
2 weeks.......................................
3 weeks...................................
Over 3 and under 4 weeks.........
4 weeks ....................................
After 12 years of service:
1 week.............................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........
2 weeks.........................................
3 weeks....................................
Over 3 and under 4 weeks.........
4 weeks .......................................
After 15 years of service:
1 week.........................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........
2 weeks...........................
3 weeks....................
Over 3 and under 4 weeks.........
4 weeks .............................
Over 4 and under 5 weeks.........
5 weeks.......................................
After 20 years of service:
1 week...................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........
2 weeks..........................
3 weeks................................
Over 3 and under 4 weeks.........
4 weeks.........................
Over 4 and under 5 weeks.........
5 weeks.......................
6 weeks.........................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(4)
-
2
96
(4)
7
73
20
0
-
2
96
~
0
(4)
7
71
22
.
3
8
65
_
24
3
19
53
_
23
3
3
_
19
53
_
23
2
3
7
74
_
15
16
57
_
23
11
71
6
75
2
92
22
66
29
53
_
19
56
9
17
3
5
12
25
2
3
9
2
2
7
72
_
17
16
57
_
23
11
65
_
15
6
42
2
92
11
79
29
53
16
58
50
3
5
12
25
3
2
3
9
2
2
8
34
54
19
37
_
39
7
56
_
33
16
29
_
52
8
36
6
24
2
30
8
72
29
34
16
25
6
60
9
49
43
69
65
15
31
48
27
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
9
_
8
65
_
24
9
2
2
6
_
4
10
77
3
6
6
9
59
22
55
1
22
2
87
22
50
1
27
2
78
o
19
2
9
42
22
26
1
52
89
-
-
-
91
-
33
6
76
5
9
9
49
42
4
_
12
35
47
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
<4)
7
24
70
“
_
-
4
12
31
52
_
3
8
32
3
2
3
9
2
2
19
37
7
56
16
26
8
24
6
24
2
18
8
52
29
27
16
25
6
26
9
49
_
_
_
_
_
46
31
33
54
55
69
77
34
29
34
42
_
_
_
_
62
3
22
20
1
57
_
-
8
24
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
50
43
-
2
96
1
“
_
1
99
_
_
_
10
11
4
_
3
97
2
96
0
3
-
6
4
_
6
4
_
8
2
7
Table 42. Paid vacations—Continued
(Percent of full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers in hotels and motels with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, 18 metropolitan areas, June-July 19883)
Vacation policy
Atlantic
City
Boston
New
York
Philadel
Atlanta
phia
Dallas
Houston
West
Midwest
South
Northeast
MiamiNew
Hialeah Orleans
Wash
Chicago
ington
Detroit
Kansas
City
Denver
Los
Angeles- Oakland
Long
Beach
San San Fran
cisco
Diego
Amount of vacation
pay3—Continued
After 25 years of service:
n
4
3
3
_
2
.
_
_
-
-
-
7
56
16
26
8
24
6
24
2
18
6
29
27
23
16
25
27
1
8
32
19
37
_
_
_
_
-
-
92
49
36
23
26
47
50
57
73
8
52
34
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
31
-
-
7
24
_
1
30
7
2
20
16
5
3
7
7
_
_
_
11
4
-
-
After 30 years of service:5
0
4
3
3
3
2
9
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
16
26
8
24
6
24
2
18
8
52
29
27
4
“
6
26
9
49
53
3
8
42
“
-
1
12
31
8
32
19
37
7
56
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
30
92
45
36
23
26
47
50
57
73
34
23
27
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
40
7
7
20
-
14
31
6
26
52
3
9
-
-
-
-
2
96
7
24
n
0
7
7
16
_
1 For definitions of areas, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 2.
3 The payroll month of reference was June 1988 for all areas except Boston, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San Francisco. For these five areas, July 1988 was the payroll ref
erence month so that data reflect changes in State minimum wage laws which were effective July 1,
1988.
3 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time
basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual establish-
_
5
3
11
-
4
-
_
_
-
“
22
20
1
40
17
-
2
7
86
5
-
4
6
2
2
_
_
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
12
31
2
96
40
2
9
3
2
_
16
25
9
49
42
“
“
22
20
1
40
17
-
2
7
86
5
-
ment provisions for progression. For example, changes indicated at 20 years may include changes
that occurred between 15 and 20 years.
* Less than 0.5 percent.
5 Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that
no data were reported.
Table 43. Health, Insurance, and retirement plans
Noritheast
Type of plan
All workers................................
Workers in establishments providing.
Life insurance..............................
Noncontributory plans..........
Accidental death and
dismemberment insurance.......
Noncontributory plans..........
Sickness and accident insurance
or sick leave or both4..............
Sickness and accident
insurance............................
Noncontributory plans....
Sick leave (full pay, no
waiting period) ...................
Sick leave (partial pay or
waiting period) .................
Long-term disability insurance....
Noncontributory plans..........
Hospitalization, surgical, and
medical insurance.....................
Noncontributory plans..........
Health maintenance organization
Noncontributory plans..........
Dental care.............................
Noncontributory plans..........
Vision care..................
Noncontributory plans..........
Alcohol and drug abuse
treatment......................
Noncontributory plans..........
Hearing care..............................
Noncontributory plans..........
Retirement plans'...................
Pensions.....................
Noncontributory plans....
Lump-sum payments............
Noncontributory plans....
South
Atlantic
City
Boston
New
York
100
100
100
98
98
89
55
92
85
81
71
98
97
59
45
78
78
57
49
43
92
96
40
39
73
42
89
15
Philadel
Atlanta
phia
Dallas
New
Houston MiamiHialeah Orleans
West
Wash
ington
Chicago
Detroit
Kansas
City
Denver
Los
AngelesOakland
Long
Beach
San San Fran
Diego
cisco
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
46
89
55
72
13
78
57
81
34
94
65
95
85
93
67
75
46
82
42
79
55
83
75
84
51
97
92
77
41
69
43
57
13
48
43
74
34
76
59
92
85
93
67
60
37
58
28
31
20
13
6
64
51
17
17
88
93
75
63
86
94
92
85
64
59
39
89
62
98
71
64
50
47
20
7
17
10
18
8
36
13
68
50
83
76
66
55
23
13
45
17
10
2
17
5
-
96
72
81
63
55
33
76
19
56
47
37
32
36
54
86
“
6
“
11
13
6
7
3
17
11
11
~
-
54
“
-
8
7
7
11
9
9
80
37
30
18
55
27
29
26
74
30
43
9
51
13
26
9
73
40
85
55
81
50
28
18
83
74
93
83
88
76
84
81
90
45
60
15
72
26
-
94
88
91
84
97
92
89
86
74
35
22
22
34
12
2
22
22
76
35
16
9
33
19
9
20
20
63
32
24
12
58
51
36
8
8
92
83
84
81
69
63
63
6
6
28
95
87
85
82
92
92
84
23
10
0
0
11
6
6
6
26
22
15
8
99
98
50
37
96
96
96
96
98
17
41
8
70
14
26
6
97
88
9
92
58
52
27
29
37
91
91
22
22
91
91
86
98
17
13
4
83
66
46
17
17
97
88
85
82
88
79
51
48
91
91
85
-
36
J3
26
46
28
9
49
32
29
22
22
18
25
16
1
74
25
10
91
23
10
9
9
71
32
24
39
39
12
17
6
74
10
20
57
6
14
56
6
2
2
41
22
15
19
19
For definitions of items, see appendix A. Includes those plans for which the employer pays at
teast part of the cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers’ compensation and Social
Secunty; however, plans required by State temporary disability insurance laws are included if the em
ployer contributes more than is legally required or employees receive benefits over legal requiremente. "Noncontributory plans” include only those plans financed entirely by the employer.
For definitions of areas, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 2.
The payroH month of reference was June 1988 for all areas except Boston, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San Francisco. For these five areas, July 1988 was the payroll ref
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Midwest
39
11
«
11
9
27
22
62
36
51
35
42
21
14
8
81
10
34
3
57
5
31
“
97
59
59
38
92
55
42
40
80
66
25
14
90
52
16
12
79
49
48
40
79
51
6
6
44
40
24
4
4
58
3
21
81
51
26
23
71
64
53
12
12
17
2
10
2
72
68
64
5
5
51
37
66
65
65
3
3
3
3
38
29
21
9
9
96
80
4
42
35
18
8
8
-
erence month so that data reflect changes in State minimum wage laws which were effective July 1,
1988.
* Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown
separately.
5 Less than 0.5 percent.
* Unduplicated total of workers covered by pension plans and severance pay shown separately.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported.
Table 44. Health plan participation
(Percent of full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers in hotels and motels participating in specified health plans,' 18 metropolitan areas,2 June-July 19883)
Type of plan
ut
N>
Los
AngelesOakland
Long
Beach
San San Fran
cisco
Diego
MiamiNew
Houston
Hialeah Orleans
Wash
ington
Chicago
Detroit
Kansas
City
Denver
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
73
23
42
7
43
28
39
6
74
49
89
78
60
39
52
25
53
28
26
14
17
14
55
36
29
26
12
-
3
1
2
O
37
27
16
3
14
7
2
_
11
9
10
7
21
7
59
46
78
74
29
11
68
65
56
39
47
18
59
24
37
6
27
16
46
3
76
53
73
65
60
36
41
24
36
16
71
50
85
76
47
26
94
92
85
82
28
26
5
-
9
12
2
11
6
28
“
41
39
23
19
41
35
23
23
16
7
26
18
82
79
-
81
78
73
15
84
79
40
29
58
24
75
24
36
6
68
51
39
3
69
49
15
7
48
36
54
30
57
35
54
31
90
83
13
"
92
87
8
4
51
48
13
9
5
2
2
4
4
16
“
25
23
11
8
-
“
21
21
13
9
23
12
82
79
Atlantic
City
Boston
New
York
All workers................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
Hospitalization, surgical, and
medical insurance...........................
Noncontributory plans.....................
81
81
66
9
93
87
63
50
62
27
Health maintenance organization ....
Noncontributory plans.....................
17
4
17
5
3
"
22
15
Dental care .........................................
Noncontributory plans.....................
83
83
47
14
92
87
Vision care..........................................
Noncontributory plans.....................
83
83
20
6
Alcohol and drug abuse treatment ...
Noncontributory plans.....................
78
78
Hearing care.......................................
Noncontributory plans.....................
22
22
Philadel
Atlanta
phia
Dallas
6
—
’ For definitions of items, see appendix A. Includes those plans for which the employer pays at
least part of the cost. “Noncontributory plans" include only those financed entirely by the employer.
2 For definitions of areas, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 2.
3 The payroll month of reference was June 1988 for all areas except Boston, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San Francisco. For these five areas, July 1988 was the payroll ref
erence month so that data reflect changes in State minimum wage laws which were effective July 1,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
West
Midwest
South
Northeast
'
0
77
75
1988.
* Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that
no data were reported.
Table 45. Meal provisions: Selected occupations
(Percent of full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers in hotels and motels having formal meal provisions, 18 metropolitan areas,1 June-July 19882)
Northeast
Occupation and provision
Atlantic
City
Boston
New
York
94
91
96
3
6
9
South
Philadel
Atlanta
phia
Dallas
Houston
Midwest
MiamiNew
Hialeah Orleans
Wash
ington
Chicago
Detroit
46
41
11
2
97
”
3
84
6
9
1
81
18
1
73
14
9
4
86
6
8
76
9
11
4
84
13
West
Kansas
City
Los
Denver Angeles- Oakland
Long
Beach
San
Diego
San Fran
cisco3
72
9
13
5
23
69
7
86
6
8
37
61
Public bartenders
1 free meal........................
2 or 3 free meals ........................
Meals at reduced cost......................
No free or reduced cost meals........
88
82
6
4
1
33
5
4
11
52
8
37
3
92
8
57
9
33
92
8
-
70
9
10
12
69
6
20
5
45
40
6
9
100
84
6
9
86
“
14
42
41
6
11
100
-
43
44
7
6
100
-
46
45
100
77
-
4
-
Walters and waitresses,
cocktail lounges
1 free meal.............................
2 or 3 free meals..............
Meals at reduced cost....................
No free or reduced cost meals........
100
100
100
-
-
-
94
3
2
81
89
11
63
5
96
4
-
-
-
-
Walters and waitresses,
full-course restaurants
1 free meal............................
2 or 3 free meals......................
Meals at reduced cost...........
No free or reduced cost meals........
70
19
8
5
-
-
100
“
-
64
17
15
4
91
9
55
23
14
8
93
7
-
69
16
8
7
89
“
11
78
14
8
89
66
27
-
30
70
-
Walters’ and waitresses’
assistants, full-course restaurants
1 free meal..........................
2 or 3 free meals...........................
Meals at reduced cost.......................
No free or reduced cost meals.......
99
93
0
7
87
12
6
8
-
13
-
100
■
-
-
3
11
4
2
30
70
9
-
-
Kitchen helpers
1 free meal.......................
2 or 3 free meals............
Meals at reduced cost......
No free or reduced cost meals........
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
96
2
2
86
86
14
9
5
-
78
|
3
22
-
100
“
69
7
19
86
9
71
14
86
10
4
5
11
4
4
-
67
22
5
6
96
“
4
38
55
5
3
100
-
72
8
14
34
66
-
3
-
Table 45. Meal provisions: Selected occupations—Continued
(Percent of full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers in hotels and motels having formal meal provisions, 18 metropolitan areas,1 June-July 1988s)
Occupation and provision
Atlantic
City
Boston
97
100
New
York
Philadel
Atlanta
phia
Dallas
West
Midwest
South
Northeast
MiamiNew
Houston
Hialeah Orleans
Wash
ington
Chicago
Detroit
Kansas
City
75
100
93
7
25
73
8
16
4
76
13
11
1
80
12
7
“
68
17
8
7
96
_
_
39
4
42
1
57
55
_
6
17
27
1
56
_
19
9
27
2
9
39
53
_
Denver
Los
Angeles- Oakland San
Diego
Long
Beach
San Fran
cisco13 2
Restaurant cooks
2 or 3 free meals...............................
Meals at reduced cost.......................
No free or reduced cost meals........
1
1
92
8
-
89
3
6
2
91
9
46
1
25
9
29
2
87
13
-
_
-
4
“
44
47
4
5
100
-
56
3
9
16
44
-
67
9
14
'
"
28
72
'
Room clerks
1 free meal.......................................
No free or reduced cost meals........
75
11
8
77
7
6
44
1
33
11
51
35
_
22
5
26
5
1 For definitions of areas, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 2.
2 The payroll month of reference was June 1988 for all areas except Boston, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San Francisco. For these five areas, July 1988 was the payroll ref
erence month so that data reflect changes in State minimum wage laws which were effective July 1,
1988.
3 In San Francisco, about three-fifths of the waiters and waitresses, cocktail lounges, waiters and
waitresses, full-course restaurants, waiters' and waitresses' assistants, full-course restaurants, and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
62
13
17
-
26
12
-
4
37
4
7
9
52
11
13
5
restaurant cooks; and about one-half of the kitchen helpers, were in hotels and motels providing
three free meais daily.
4 Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE: Sums of individual items may not equal 100 because some hotels and motels in an area
may have had no employees in a given occupation, may have maintained no eating facilities, or no
data on provisions were available. Dashes indicate that no data reported.
Table 46. Other selected benefits
(Percent of full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers in hotels and motels with formal provisions for selected benefits,1 18 metropolitan areas,2 June-July 1988s)
Northeast
Benefit
South
Atlantic
City
Boston
New
York
Funeral leave.....................................
Jury-duty leave ...................................
Paid military leave..............................
Severance pay....................................
99
98
73
8
92
88
47
“
100
100
57
39
88
72
25
23
Uniform allowances13..........................
2
Uniforms only................................
Furnishes and cleans uniforms ...
Cleans uniforms only...................
Monetary allowance.....................
100
3
97
97
32
66
99
8
87
93
25
68
-
-
_
Philadel
Atlanta
phia
Midwest
MiamiNew
Hialeah Orleans
Dallas
Houston
73
89
38
15
87
95
19
22
88
91
7
21
79
49
36
2
100
54
46
93
29
64
93
56
37
93
19
74
West
Los
AngelesOakland
Long
Beach
Wash
ington
Chicago
Detroit
Kansas
City
Denver
66
70
19
3
92
71
8
7
32
59
20
-
71
94
12
-
63
87
44
16
59
86
15
15
53
55
18
2
49
49
7
-
42
59
10
4
94
95
5
3
100
28
63
98
28
69
1
98
15
82
94
22
72
92
32
60
96
31
63
2
95
12
80
3
82
8
74
91
89
-
-
84
9
68
3
5
-
2
San San Fran
Diego
cisco
Workers in establishments
with provisions for:
IA
LA
-
“
4
3
_
_
-
1 For definition of items, see appendix A.
2 For definitions of areas, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 2.
3 The payroll month of reference was June 1988 for all areas except Boston, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San Francisco. For these five areas, July 1988 was the payroll ref
erence month so that data reflect changes in State minimum wage laws which were effective July 1,
1988.
* In each of 14 areas, iess than 10 percent of the workers were in establishments where uniforms
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
_
9
_
were not required; in Dallas, Houston, Miami-Hialeah, Chicago, Detroit, and Los Angeles-Long Beach,
less than 10 percent were not provided uniform allowances. In Los Angeles-Long Beach 15 percent,
and in San Diego 17 percent, of the workers were offerred the option of a monetary allowance or
employer provided cleaning of uniforms. "Monetary allowances” refers to provisions in lieu of fur
nishing or cleaning uniforms, or both.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported.
Table 47. Employment by selected establishment characteristics
(Percent of full- and part-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers in hotels and motels by selected characteristics, 18 metropolitan areas,’ June-July 19882)
Characteristic
Denver
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
38
31
8
62
52
10
47
39
8
53
46
7
45
30
15
55
40
14
43
34
10
57
50
6
46
36
10
54
45
9
42
34
8
58
52
5
47
32
15
53
39
14
37
30
7
63
47
16
43
40
4
57
52
5
24
46
31
18
61
21
8
58
34
27
52
20
25
51
24
24
76
“
18
50
32
33
67
”
10
48
42
15
58
27
21
5
10
13
35
26
76
81
51
43
3
4
8
10
68
49
70
60
22
22
73
75
91
73
13
9
97
92
5
3
96
91
4
4
97
92
4
3
95
78
16
5
92
81
11
8
96
95
1
4
97
93
3
3
89
83
6
11
89
87
2
11
95
93
3
5
New
York
Phila
delphia
Atlanta
Dallas
Houston
All employees............................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Food service.......................................
Full-time.........................................
Part-time........................................
Other nonsupervisory, nonoffice......
Full-time.........................................
Part-time........................................
45
39
6
55
48
3
50
35
15
50
39
11
35
30
4
65
57
8
42
28
14
58
46
12
42
34
9
58
55
3
40
35
5
60
57
4
37
32
5
63
55
8
38
36
.2
62
59
3
38
31
6
62
56
7
3
3
94
12
60
27
9
47
43
24
62
15
33
36
31
20
56
24
19
72
9
21
54
25
95
87
24
29
85
82
36
41
7
6
4
2
-
-
99
89
10
1
98
95
3
2
90
74
16
10
95
82
13
5
84
73
11
16
95
93
2
5
92
82
10
8
Size of establishment
Food service.......................................
Other nonsupervisory, nonoffice......
Eating facilities
Establishment operates facilities......
Own account................................
Contracted out..............................
Does not operate facilities................
1 For definition of areas, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 2.
2 The payroll month of reference was June 1988 for all areas except Boston, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San Francisco. For these five areas, July 1988 was the payroll ref
erence month so that data reflect changes in State minimum wage laws which were effective July 1,
1988.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
San San Fran
cisco
Diego
Kansas
City
Wash
Chicago
ington
Boston
Labor-management contract
coverage31 2
Los
AngelesOakland
Long
Beach
Detroit
MiamiNew
Hialeah Orleans
Atlantic
City
Less than 100 employees.................
100-499 employees...........................
500 employees or more....................
West
Midwest
South
Northeast
3 Data relate to the percent of food service and other nonsupervisory, nonoffice employees in
each area in establishments where labor-management contracts covered a majority of such workers.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no
data.
Appendix A. Scope and
Method of Survey
Scope of survey
Tipped employees
The survey included hotels, motels, motor hotels, and
tourist courts engaged in providing lodging, or lodging and
meals, to the general public and which are in operation 9
months or more a year (part of industry 7011, and in Atlantic
City, part of industry 7999, as defined in the 1972 edition
of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual prepared
by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget). Seasonal
hotels and motels, and separate auxiliary units, such as central
offices and warehouses, were excluded.
Establishments studied were selected from those employing
20 workers or more at the time of reference of the data used
in compiling the universe lists. Table A-l shows the number
of establishments and workers estimated to be within the
scope of the survey, as well as the number actually studied
by the Bureau.
For the purposes of this survey, certain workers who cus
tomarily and regularly receive tips were designated as
“tipped employees.” Under the Fair Labor Standards Act
(flsa), “tipped employee” refers to any employee engaged
in an occupation in which he or she customarily and regu
larly receives more than $30 a month in tips. Tips received
by such an employee may be counted as part of wages in
an amount up to 40 percent ($1.34) of the current $3.35-perhour Federal minimum wage. The employer must inform
tipped employees about this tip credit allowance before using
the credit, and the employee must be allowed to retain all
tips (individually or through a pooling arrangement1). Also,
the employer must be able to show that the employee receives
at least the minimum wage in the combination of both wages
and tips. The cost or fair value of providing meals and lodg
ing may also be considered in meeting minimum wage
requirements.
Method of study
Occupational claaalflcatlon
Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s field
representatives to a probability-based sample of establish
ments within the scope of the survey. To obtain appropriate
accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than
of small establishments was studied. In combining the data,
each establishment was given an appropriate weight. All
estimates are presented, therefore, as relating to all estab
lishments in the industry, excluding only those below the
minimum size at the time of reference of the universe data.
Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of
job descriptions designed to take account of interestablish
ment and interarea variations in duties within the same job.
(See appendix B for these descriptions.) The criteria for selec
tion of the occupations were the numerical importance of the
occupation and appropriate representation of the entire job
scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices,
learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, temporary,
and probationary workers were not reported in the data for
selected occupations. However, part-time workers employed
on a regular basis were classified if they matched one of the
job descriptions.
Establishment definition
An establishment is defined for this study as a single phys
ical location where business is transacted. An establishment
is not necessarily identical with a company, which may con
sist of one establishment or more.
Part-time employees
Regular part-time employees are hired to work fewer
weekly hours than the establishment’s full-time employees
in the same general type of work. The determination was
based on the employer’s distinction between the two groups.
Employment
Estimates of the number of workers within the scope of
the study are intended as a general guide to the size and com
position of the labor force, rather than as precise measures
of employment.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Tip pools arc formal arrangements usually defined by management, where tipped
employees contribute a specified amount of their tips to a fund for distribution among
themselves, to others (noncontributors), or both.
57
Table A-1. Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of study and number studied, hotels and
motels, June-July 1988'
Number of establishments3
Workers in establishments
Within scope of study
Area2
Total, 18 areas...............
Within scope of
Actually studied
study
Total5
Nonsupervisory,
nonoffice
workers
Full-time,
nonoffice
workers
Part-time,
nonoffice
workers
1,999
582
316,112
256,197
220,195
36,002
177,954
40
104
165
87
25
29
33
32
47,553
15,923
33,726
11,925
32,484
12,924
26,930
10,262
30,853
9,538
23,584
7,594
1,631
3,386
3,346
2,668
31,498
8,729
17,036
7,313
190
140
115
123
85
199
38
33
37
33
26
42
18,960
14,879
12,666
14,905
12,504
25,321
15,706
12,514
10,816
13,207
10,692
20,484
13,934
11,436
9,429
12,542
9,308
16,841
1,772
1,078
1,387
665
1,384
3,643
9,790
8,394
6,840
7,701
6,711
10,965
120
76
66
34
26
24
23,512
8,072
7,254
18,560
6,883
5,943
15,720
4,843
4,989
2,840
2,040
954
10,832
4,946
5,411
82
160
43
98
106
31
52
18
33
36
9,839
24,760
4,106
13,274
16,933
8,551
21,281
3,412
11,370
14,178
6,962
18,449
2,428
8,807
12,938
1,589
2,832
984
2,563
1,240
5,396
15,022
2,759
7,930
10,681
Northeast
Atlantic City.............................
Boston......................................
New York.................................
Philadelphia.............................
Actually
studied2
South
Atlanta......................................
Dallas.......................................
Houston ...................................
Miami-Hialeah..........................
New Orleans............................
Washington...............................
Midwest
Chicago....................................
Detroit......................................
Kansas City..............................
West
Denver .....................................
Los Angeles-Long Beach ......
(Oakland....................................
San Diego................................
San Francisco..........................
1 The payroll month of reference was June 1988 for all areas ex
cept Boston, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Oakland, San Diego, and San
Francisco. For these five areas, July 1988 was the payroll reference
month so that data reflect changes in State minimum wage laws
which were effective July 1, 1988.
2 The areas are defined as follows: NORTHEAST: Atlantic City—
Atlantic and Cape May Counties; Boston—Suffolk County, 3 communi
ties in Bristol County, 4 in Essex County, 44 in Middlesex County, 26
in Norfolk County, 16 in Plymouth County, and 9 in Worcester County;
New York—New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, and
Richmond Counties) and Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Coun
ties; Philadelphia—Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, Philadel
phia, Counties, PA; and Burlington, Camden, and Gloucester Counties,
NJ; SOUTH: Atlanta—Barrow, Butts, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb,
Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Newton,
Paulding, Rockdale, Spalding and Walton Counties;Da//as—Collin,
Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Kaufman, and Rockwell Counties, TX; Houston—
Fort Bend, Harris, Liberty, Montgomery, and Waller Counties, TX;
Miami-Hiaieah—Dade County; Washington—District of Columbia; Cal
vert, Charles, Frederick, and Prince George’s Counties, MD; and Alex
andria, Fairfax, Falls Church, Manassas, and Manassas Park Cities,
and Arlington, Fairfax, Loudoun. Prince William, and Stafford Counties,
VA; MIDWEST: Chicago—Cook, Du Page, and McHenry Counties; De
troit— Lapeer, Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, and
Wayne Count\es\Kansas City—Cass, Clay, Jackson, Lafayette, Platte,
and Ray Counties, MO; and Johnson, Leavenworth, Miami, and Wyan
dotte Counties, KS; and WEST: Denver—Adams, Arapahoe, Denver,
Douglas, and Jefferson Counties; Los Angeles-Long Beach— Los An
geles County; Oakland—Alameda and Contra Costa Counties; San
Diego—San Diego County; and San Francisco—Mann, San Francisco,
and San Mateo Counties.
3 Includes only establishments with 20 workers or more at the time
of reference of the universe data.
* Data relate to total employment in establishments actually visited.
5 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers in ad
dition to the nonsupervisory, nonoffice category shown separately.
Wage data
paid wages and tip earnings, are presented. Also shown are
the estimated percentages of all cash earnings received as tips.
Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occu
pation were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earn
ings) by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling,
and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earn
ings of salaried workers, if any, were obtained by dividing
straight-time salary by normal (or standard) hours to which
the salary corresponds.
The median designates position; that is, one-half of the em
ployees surveyed received more than this rate and one-half
received less. The middle range is defined by two rates of
pay such that one-fourth of the employees earned less than
the lower of these rates and one-fourth earned more than the
higher rate.
Information on wages relates to employer-paid straight
time hourly wages, excluding premium pay for overtime and
for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Also ex
cluded are tips and the value of free rooms, meals, and uni
forms for employees receiving such perquisites, as well as
performance bonuses and lump-sum payments of the type
negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries, profit-sharing
payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or year-end
bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses. Cost-of-living
increases and service charges added to customers’ bills and
distributed by employers to their employees were included
as part of the employee’s regular pay. For selected “tipped”
occupations, average hourly earnings, including employer-
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58
Customer tips
Employee benefits
Estimates of customer tips refer to establishment averages
for tipped workers in specified job categories. These esti
mates were obtained from information provided by estab
lishment officials, usually after determining the tipping
pattern for the occupational groups and facilities involved.
In the process, account was taken of tipping and nontipping
customers, variations in tipping patterns among the different
serving locations (e.g., lunch counters, dining rooms, or
bars), as well as such informal practices as the sharing of
tips with other employees, including waiters’ and waitresses’
assistants.
One of the common procedures used to obtain estimates
of average hourly tips for the various waiter and waitress
categories and public bartenders was to (1) multiply the ap
propriate weekly receipts from the sale of food and drinks
by the employer’s estimate of the average percent tip per
customer bill, (2) sum these products, and (3) divide by die
total weekly hours worked by all employees in the specific
job category. The tips for waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants
were frequently determined in relation to those of the waiters
and waitresses with whom they worked. Similar procedures
were used to derive average hourly tip estimates for bellpersons by obtaining the number of guests accompanied to
and from their rooms and the number of room service
requests during a week.
Payments which were not considered tips included com
pulsory service charges which are distributed to employees,
and amounts distributed by employers providing banquet
facilities where the amount paid is set in negotiations between
the customer and the employer.
The published estimates were based on only those workers
for whom tip information was obtained.
Employee benefits in an establishment were considered
applicable to all nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers if they
applied to half or more of such workers in the establishment.
Similarly, if fewer than half of the workers were covered,
the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment.
Because of length-of-service and other eligibility require
ments, the proportion of workers receiving the benefits may
be smaller than estimated.
Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day and
half-day holidays provided annually.
Paid vacations. The summary of vacation plans is limited
to formal arrangements and excludes informal plans whereby
time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the employer
or supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted;
for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was
considered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The periods of
service for which data are presented represent the most com
mon practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual
establishment provisions for progression. For example,
changes in proportions indicated at 20 years of service may
include changes which occurred between 15 and 20 years.
Insurance, health, and retirement plans. Data are presented
for insurance, health, and retirement plans for which the em
ployer pays all or a part of the cost. The benefits may be
underwritten by a commercial insurance company, paid
directly by an employer or union from current operating
funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose, or provided
by a health maintenance organization (hmo). Workers
provided the option of an insurance plan or an hmo are
reported under both types of plans. Legally required plans
such as Social Security, workers’ disability compensation,
and temporary disability insurance are excluded.2 '
Life insurance includes formal plans providing indemnity
(usually through an insurance policy) in case of death of the
covered worker. Accidental death and dismemberment in
surance is limited to plans which provide benefit payments
in case of death or loss of limb or sight as a direct result
of an accident.
Metropolitan areas
The term “metropolitan areas,” as used in this bulletin,
refers to Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA’s) or Primary
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (pmsa’s), as defined by the
U.S. Office of Management and Budget through October
1984. In general, an MSA or pmsa is defined as a county or
group of contiguous counties which contains at least one cen
tral city of at least 50,000 inhabitants or a central urbanized
area of at least 100,000. Counties contiguous to the one con
taining such a city or area are included in an MSA if, accord
ing to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in
character and are socially and economically integrated with
the central city. In New England, where the city and town
are administratively more important than the county, they
are the units used in defining MSA’s.
1 Temporary disability insurance which provides benefits to covered workers disa
bled by injury or illness which is not work-connected is mandatory under State laws
in California, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island. Establishment plans which
meet only the legal requirements are excluded from these data, but those under which
(1) employers contribute more than is legally required or (2) benefits exceed those
specified in the State law are included. In Rhode Island, benefits are paid out of a
State fund to which only employees contribute. In each of the other three States, benefits
are paid either from a State fund or through a private plan.
State fund financing: In California, only employees contribute to the State fund;
in New Jersey, employees and employers contribute; in New York, employees con
tribute up to a specified maximum and employers pay the difference between the em
ployees’ share and the total contribution required.
Private plan financing: In California and New Jersey, employees cannot be required
to contribute more than they would if they were covered by the State fund; in New
York, employees can agree to contribute more if the State rules that the additional
contribution is commensurate with the benefit provided.
Scheduled weekly hours
Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work
schedule for full-time nonsupervisory, nonoffice employees.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
59
specialized facility) for addiction to alcohol or drugs.
Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans
which provide regular payments for the remainder of the
retiree’s life. Data are presented separately for lump-sum
retirement plans (one payment or several over a specified
period of time) made to employees on retirement. Establish
ments providing both lump-sum payments and pensions were
included in data for each, but establishments having optional
plans providing employees a choice of either lump-sum pay
ments or pensions were considered as having only pension
benefits.
Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal
plans3 which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’s
pay during absence from work because of illness; informal
arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are
provided for (1) plans which provide full pay and no wait
ing period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a
waiting period.
Long-term disability insurance plans provide payments to
totally disabled employees upon the expiration of sick leave,
sickness and accident insurance, or both, or after a specified
period of disability (typically 6 months). Payments are made
until the end of disability, a maximum age, or eligibility for
retirement benefits. Payments may be full or partial, but are
almost always reduced by Social Security, workers’ disa
bility compensation, and private pension benefits payable to
the disabled employee.
Hospitalization, surgical, and medical insurance plans pro
vide at least partial payment for: 1) hospital room charges;
2) inpatient surgery; and 3) doctors’ fees for hospital, office,
or home visits. These plans also typically cover other ex
penses such as outpatient surgery and prescription drugs.
An hmo provides comprehensive medical care in return
for preestablished fees. Unlike insurance, hmo’s cover rou
tine preventive care as well as care required because of an
illness and do not have deductibles or coinsurance (although
there may be small fixed copayments for selected services).
hmo’s may provide services through their own facilities;
through contracts with hospitals, physicians, and other
providers, such as individual practice associations (ipa’s);
or through a combination of methods.
Dental care plans provide at least partial payment for rou
tine dental care, such as checkups and cleanings, fillings,
and X-rays. Excluded are plans which cover only oral sur
gery or care required as the result of an accident.
Vision care plans provide at least partial payment for rou
tine eye examinations and/or eyeglasses. Plans which res
trict benefits to certain kinds of surgery or care required as
a result of an accident are not reported.
Hearing care plans provide at least partial payment for
hearing examinations, hearing aids, or both.
Alcohol and drug abuse treatment plans provide at least
partial payment or institutional treatment (in a hospital or
Health plan participation. Data relate to the proportion of
nonsupervisory, nonoffice workers participating in selected
health care plans. A plan is included even though it is only
offered to a minority of employees, or a majority of the em
ployees in an establishment do not choose to participate in it.
Paidfimeral and jury-duty leave.4 Formal plans which pro
vide at least partial payment for time lost as a result of
attending funerals of specified family members or serving
as a juror.
Military leave. Formal plans which provide excused absence
from work with full or partial pay while on annual training
duty. Plans that provide paid leave only for temporary emer
gency duty are excluded.
Severance pay. Formal plans providing for payments to em
ployees permanently separated through no fault of their own
for such reasons as technological change or closing or scal
ing down all or part of the establishment.
Uniform allowances. Data relate to establishment provisions
for uniforms, or laundering of uniforms, or both, or monetary
allowances in lieu of such provisions, covering a majority of
employees who are required to wear uniforms in the-occu
pations surveyed.
Meal provisions. Information relates to the number of daily
meals provided to employees in the selected occupations
without charge or at reduced price to the employees.
3 An establishment is considered as having a formal plan if it specifies at least the
minimum number of days of sick leave available to each employee. Such a plan need
not be written, but informal sick leave allowances determined on an individual basis
are excluded.
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4 When paid jury-duty leave is required by law, as it is in Alabama, Nebraska,
Tennessee, parts of Florida, and Massachusetts, plans are included only if the em
ployer provides the employees with benefits exceeding the legal requirement.
60
Appendix B. Occupational
Descriptions
The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the
Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field representatives
in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are
employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work
arrangements from establishment to establishment and from
area to area. This permits die grouping of occupational wage
rates representing comparable job content. Because of this
emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability
of occupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions differ
significantly from those used in individual establishments or
those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job
descriptions, the Bureau’s field representatives woe instructed
to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, begin
ners, trainees, and handicapped, temporary, and probationary
workers. However, part-time workers employed on a regular
basis were included if they matched one of the job descriptions.
The titles and 4-digit codes below the job titles in this ap
pendix are taken from the 1980 edition of the Standard Oc
cupational Classification Manual (soc), issued by the U.S.
Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical
Policy and Standards.
In general, the Bureau of Labor Statistics occupational
descriptions are much more specific than those found in the
SOC manual. Therefore, in comparing the results of this
survey with other sources, differences in occupational defi
nitions should be taken into consideration.
Kitchen helper
(5217: Kitchen worker, food preparation)
(5219: Miscellaneous food and beverage preparation
occupation)
Performs any combination of the following duties to main
tain kitchen work areas and restaurant equipment and utensils
in a clean and orderly condition: Sweeps and mops floors;
washes worktables, walls, refrigerators, and meat blocks;
segregates and removes trash and garbage; washes pots,
pans, and trays by hand; scrapes food from dirty dishes and
washes them by hand or places them in racks or on conveyor
to dishwashing machine; places silver in revolving
bumishing-machine tumbler, dips it in chemical solutions,
holds it against buffing wheel, and rubs it with cloth to re
move tarnish and restore luster; and transfers supplies and
equipment between storage and work areas by hand or
handtruck.
Restaurant cook
(5214: Cook, except short order)
Performs any combination of the following duties to pre
pare and cook soups, meats, vegetables, desserts, and other
foodstuffs for consumption in hotels, motels, and restaur
ants: Washes, peels, cuts, and shreds vegetables and fruits
to prepare them for use; cuts, trims, and bones meat prior
to cooking; bakes breads, rolls, cakes, and pies; and carves
meats, portions food on serving plates, adds gravies and
sauces, and garnishes servings to fill orders.
May be designated according to meal cooked or shift
worked, such as dinner cook; or according to food item pre
pared, such as roast cook; or according to method of cook
ing, such as broiler cook. May substitute for and relieve or
assist other cooks during emergencies or rush periods; or
supervise other kitchen workers.
Second cooks were excluded when the term referred to
a sous chef who acts as assistant to the chef, executive chef,
or supervising chef.
Food Services
Bartender
(5212: Bartender)
Mixes and serves alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks, fol
lowing standard recipes. Serves wines and draught or bot
tled beer. May collect money for the drinks served; order
or requisition ingredients and supplies; arrange bottled goods
and glasses about the bar to create an attractive display; or
wash glasses, bar, and equipment.
For purposes of this study, bartenders were classified ac
cording to whether they primarily worked at a service bar,
preparing drinks to be served in guestrooms or dining rooms;
or at a public bar, serving drinks directly to customers, as
follows:
Short order cook
(5215: Short order cook)
Prepares and cooks to order all kinds of foods which re
quire only a short time to prepare. May carve meats and fill
orders from a steamtable; prepare sandwiches; prepare salads
Public bar
Service bar
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61
majority of sales is derived from table service. Similarly,
cocktail lounges, night clubs, or supper clubs serving only
drinks, or short orders or both, are not considered full-course
restaurants. A full-course meal typically consists of a salad
or appetizer, an entree, dessert, and beverage.
and beverages; and serve meals to patrons over the counter.
May be designated according to type of food prepared, such
as griddle or fry cook.
Waiter or waitress
(5213: Waiter and waitress)
Other Services
Serves food and/or beverages to patrons: Presents menu,
answers questions, and makes suggestions regarding food
and service; writes order on check or memorizes it; relays
order to kitchen; serves courses from kitchen or service bars;
and fulfills any additional requests. When meal has been com
pleted, totals bill and accepts payment or refers patron to
cashier. May ladle soup, toss salads, portion pies and des
serts, brew coffee, and perform other services as determined
by establishment’s size and practices. May clear and reset
counters or tables at conclusion of each course.
Excluded were extra meal waiters, banquet waiters, cap
tains, and headwaiters. Also excluded were those whose
primary duties are heating or cooking prepared foods, such
as sandwiches, steaks, chops, cutlets, and eggs, even though
they also serve the food (see Short order cook).
For the purposes of this study, waiters and waitresses were
classified according to their predominant place of service,
as follows;
Bellperson
(5262: Baggage porter and bellhop)
Escorts guests to rooms, carrying hand luggage; switches
on lights and inspects room to insure that everything is in
order. Performs personal services for guests, such as run
ning errands, delivering packages, and supplying informa
tion about hotel services. May assist departing guests with
luggage. Notifies bell captain of unusual occurrences about
hotel or motel. May perform other duties, such as paging
guests, and keeping lobby tidy.
Excluded were head bellpersons and bell captains. Also
excluded were persons who drive vans that transport guests
to and from airports or other facilities and the hotel or motel.
Checkout cashier
(4643: Hotel clerk)
Cocktail lounges
Full-course restaurants
Other (including counter, tray, and room service,
and other than full course)
Receives payment from guests as they check out of the
hotel or motel. Retrieves statement of charges from file or
on a computer console, presents statement to guest, and
receives payment. May verify credit card or check transac
tions or answer simple questions about charges. Workers who
register, assign, and reassign rooms for guests were classified
as Room clerk even though they also serve as checkout cashier.
Waiters’ and waitresses’ assistant
(Busperson)
(5218: Waiters’/waitresses’ assistant)
House porter
Performs such tasks as clearing tables, replacing soiled
table linens with clean linens, replenishing butter and bread
servings for guests, filling water glasses, and bringing clean
silverware to dining room. May sweep and clean the dining
room, dust furniture and fixtures or perform other tasks such
as washing dishes, setting tables, and cleaning and polish
ing silverware.
For purposes of this study, waiters’ and waitresses’ assis
tants were classified according to their predominant place
of service, as follows:
(5244: Janitor and cleaner)
Maintains premises in clean and orderly manner. Duties in
clude one or more of the following: Cleaning hallways, lobbies,
and public lavatories; washing walls and ceilings; cleaning
carpets and furniture; and moving and arranging furniture.
Excluded were workers who specialize in floor waxing or
window cleaning.
Lodging quarters cleaner
(Room maid; room attendant)
(5242: Maid and houseman)
Full-course restaurants
Other (including cocktail lounges, counters,
and other than full course)
Performs routine duties, such as cleaning, dusting, and ser
vicing of guests’ rooms, under close supervision of house
keeper. May also clean baths.
NOTE: A full-course restaurant is defined as a dining fa
cility where full-course meals are available for at least the
midday or evening meal and the major portion of sales from
food and drink is derived from table service, as opposed to
counter service. Thus, coffee shops serving only short orders
are not considered full-course restaurants, even though the
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Room clerk
(4643: Hotel clerk)
Registers and assigns incoming guests to rooms and checks
62
out departing guests. Arranges transfer of registered guests
to other rooms. Among smaller hotels and motels, workers
are frequently assigned such additional duties as maintain
ing room records, including reservations; furnishing infor
mation to guests; distributing mail and telegrams; and
receiving payment for rooms.
Maintenance
General maintenance worker
(6179: Mechanic and repairer, not elsewhere classified)
Performs general maintenance and repair of building struc
tures and their mechanical, electrical, or sanitary systems.
May also perform general maintenance and repair of
machinery. Work requires a basic practical knowledge of
several maintenance trades in order to perform most of the
following: Keeping in good repair building woodwork;
replacing electrical switches, fixtures, and motors; occasional
painting or touching up of structure or equipment; repairing
or replacing plumbing fixtures; and replacing broken win
dow panes.
Excluded were positions that require a formal apprentice
ship or equivalent training in one or more crafts. Also
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
63
excluded were workers participating in such a program.
Stationary anglnaer
(6931: Stationary engineer)
Operates and maintains one or more systems which pro
vide heat, air-conditioning (cool, humidify, dehumidify,
filter, and circulate air), refrigeration, steam or hightemperature water, or electricity. Duties involve: Observ
ing and interpreting readings on gauges, meters, and charts
which register various aspects of the system’s operation; ad
justing controls to insure safe and efficient operation of the
system and to meet demands for the service provided; record
ing in logs various aspects of die system’s operation; and
keeping die engines, machinery, and equipment of the sys
tem in good working order. May direct and coordinate the
activities of other workers (not stationary engineers) in per
forming tasks directly related to operating and maintaining
the system or systems.
Excluded were head or chief engineers in hotels or motels
employing more than one engineer; workers required to be
skilled in the repair of electronic control equipment; and
workers in establishments producing electricity, steam, or
heated or cooled air primarily for sale; and boiler tenders.
Industry Wage Survey Bulletins
The most recent reports providing occupational wage data
for industries currently included in the Bureau’s program of
industry wage surveys are listed below. Bulletins still in print
are for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or
from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Publications Sales
Center, P.O. Box 2145, Chicago, 111. 60690. Order by title
and GPO Stock Number. Bulletins that are out of print, mark
ed with an asterisk (*), are available for reference at leading
public, college, or university libraries or at the Bureau’s
Washington or regional offices.
Manufacturing
Basic Iron and Steel, 1983. bls Bulletin 2221. $2.25*
Cigarette Manufacturing, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2276.
$1.25*
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes, 1987. bls Bulletin
2315. $3.50. GPO Stock No. 029-001-02986-1
Grain Mill Products, 1987. bls Bulletin 2325. $4.50*
Hosiery Manufacturing, 1987. bls Bulletin 2321.*
$3. GPO Stock No. 029-001-02987-0
Industrial Chemicals, 1986. bls Bulletin 2287. $2.50*
Iron and Steel Foundries, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2292.
$5.50. GPO Stock No. 029-001-02963-2.
Machinery Manufacturing, 1983. bls Bulletin 2229.
$3.50*
Meat Products, 1984. BLS Bulletin 2247. $6*
Men’s and Boys’ Shirts and Nightwear, 1987.
BLS Bulletin 2304. $3.25*
Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1984.
bls Bulletin 2230. $2.25*
Men’s and Women’s Footwear, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2291.
$3.50*
Millwork, 1984. BLS Bulletin 2244. $2*
Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1983. bls Bulletin 2223.
$4.75*
Petroleum Refining, 1985. bls Bulletin 2255. $2.25*
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1986.
bls Bulletin 2286. $3*
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1987. bls Bulletin 2324.
$5.50. GPO StockNo. 029-001-02993-4
__ __________J
Shipbuilding and Repairing, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2295.
$2. GPO Stock No. 029-001-02965-9
Structural Clay Products, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2288. $3.25*
Synthetic Fibers, 1985. BLS Bulletin 2268. $1.50*
Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1985. BLS Bulletin 2260.
$3.25*
Textile Mills, 1985, BLS Bulletin 2265. $5.50*
Wood Household Furniture, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2283.
$5.50*
Nonmanufacturing
Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1982. BLS Bulletin 2198. $2.25*
Banking, 1985. bls Bulletin 2269. $4*
Bituminous Coal Mining, 1982. BLS Bulletin 2185. Out of
print.
Certificated Air Carriers, 1984. BLS Bulletin 2241. $2*
Computer and Data Processing Services, 1987. bls Bulletin
2318. $3.50. GPO Stock No. 029-001-02988-8
Contract Cleaning Services, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2299.
$3. GPO Stock No. 029-001-02970-5
Department Stores, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2311.
$4.75*
Electric and Gas Utilities, 1982. bls Bulletin 2218. $4.75*
Hospitals, 1985. BLS Bulletin 2273. $12*
Hotels and Motels, 1988. BLS Bulletin 2335.
Life and Health Insurance Carriers, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2293.
$5*
Nursing and Personal Care Facilities, 1985.
bls Bulletin 2275. $5
GPO Stock No. 029-001-02921-7
Oil and Gas Extraction, 1988. BLS Bulletin 2334
Temporary Help Supply, 1987. BLS Bulletin 2313. $5
GPO Stock No. 029-001-02982-9
Employment
and Wages
Annual Averages
1987
Employment and Wages
Annual Averages, 1987
U S Department ot Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
November 1908
Bulletin 2314
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Bulletin 2314
A comprehensive portrait
of American business by State
Data available
• Number of reporting units, employment,
total annual wages, and average weekly
wages for 1,005 industries
Coverage
• 99 percent of American wage and salary
workers
Source of data
• Quarterly tax reports submitted to State
agencies by employers subject to unem
ployment insurance laws
Uses
•
•
•
•
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Economic forecasting
Business investment decisions
Government policymaking and regulation
Publications are available
from the
Superintendent
of Documents,
U.S. Government
Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402,
or the Bureau of
Labor Statistics,
Publications Sales Center
P.O. Box 2145
Chicago, IL. 60690
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Regional Offices
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REGION IV
REGION VI
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AMERICAN SAMOA
Region I
Kennedy Federal Building
Suite 1603
Boston, MA 02203
Phone: (617) 565-2327
Region II
Room 808
201 Varick Street
New York, NY 10014
Phone: (212) 337-2400
Region III
3535 Market Street
P.O. Box 13309
Philadelphia, PA 19101
Digitized forPhone:
FRASER (215) 596-1154
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Region IV
1371 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30367
Phone: (404) 347-4416
Region V
9th Floor
Federal Office Building
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
Phone: (312) 353-1880
Region VI
Federal Building
525 Griffin Street, Room 221
Dallas, TX 75202
Phone: (214) 767-6970
Regions VII and VIII
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, MO 64106
Phone: (816) 426-2481
Regions IX and X
71 Stevenson Street
P.O. Box 3766
San Francisco, CA 94119
Phone: (415) 995-5605
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Washington, D.C. 20212
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