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Industry Wage Survey:
Electric and Gas Utilities
February 1978
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
1979
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Stock No. 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 2 4 1 9 - 3
Industry Wage Survey:
Electric and Gas Utilities
February 1978
U.S. Department of Labor
Ray Marshall, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
November 1979
Bulletin 2040
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Preface
This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of
Labor Statistics survey of wages and supplementary
benefits in privately operated electric and gas utility
systems in February 1978. A similar study was conduct
ed in November 1972.
A summary tabulation, providing nationwide and re
gional information, was issued in February 1979. Cop
ies are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Washington, D.C. 20212, or any of its regional offices.
This study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of
Wages and Industrial Relations. Carl Barsky of the Di
vision of Occupational Wage Structures prepared the
analysis. Field work for the survey was directed by the
Assistant Regional Commissioners for Operations.
Material in this publication is in the public domain
and may be reproduced without the permission of the
Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of La
bor Statistics and cite Industry Wage Survey: Electric
and Gas Utilities, February 1978, Bulletin 2040.
in
Contents
Page
Summary..................................................................................................................................................................
Industry characteristics...........................................................................................................................................
Employment............................................................................................................................
Productivity and technology........................................................................................................................
Location and type of service........................................................................................................................
Unionization...................................................................................................................................................
Occupational staffing......................................................................................................................................
Method of wage payment..............................................................................................................................
Apprenticeship and training programs.........................................................................................................
Occupational earnings.............................................................................................................................................
Regional variation.........................................................................................................................................
Type of system...............................................................................................................................................
Sex of w orker.................................................................................................................................................
Regression analysis........................................................................................................................................
Dispersion of earnings....................................................................................................................................
System practices and supplementary wage provisions..........................................................................................
Scheduled weekly h ours...............................................................................................................................
Shift differential practices............................................................................................................................
Paid holidays.................................................................................................................................................
Paid vacations.................................................................................................................................................
Health, insurance, and retirement p lan s.....................................................................................................
Other selected benefits..................................................................................................................................
Text tables:
1. Percent of physical and office workers in utility systems having collective bargaining agreements
covering a majority of such workers, February 1978.........................................................................
2. Percent of physical workers in utility systems with formal apprenticeship and training programs,
February 1978.....................................................................................................................................
3. Regional wage levels for selected occupational groups in utility systems as a percent of national
averages, February 1978 ....................................................................................................................
4. Earnings distribution of class B computer programmers and class D secretaries, Middle Atlantic
region, February 1978 ........................................................................................................................
Reference tables:
Occupational averages: Physical workers
1. All systems....................................................................................................................................
2. Electric systems............................................................................................................................
3. Gas transmission systems.............................................................................................................
4. Gas, except separate transmission systems..................................................................................
5. Combination systems...................................................................................................................
Occupational earnings:
6 . Auxiliary equipment operators, electric......................................................................................
7. Gas dispatchers............................................................................................................................
8 . Electricians, m aintenance...........................................................................................................
9. Janitors, porters, or cleaners.......................................................................................................
10. Service technicians, gas appliances............................................................................................
11. Watch engineers............................................................................................................................
v
1
\
\
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
2
3
3
4
6
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
19
21
23
Contents— Continued
Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional and technical workers:
12. All systems....................................................................................................................................
13. Electric systems............................................................................................................................
14. Gas transmission systems....................................
15. Gas, except separate transmission systems..................................................................................
16. Combination system s...................................................................................................................
Occupational earnings:
17. Cashiers..........................................................................................................................................
18. Computer programmers (business), class B ................................................................................
19. Computer systems analysts (business), class A............................................................................
20. Drafters, class B............................................................................................................................
21. Secretaries, class D .......................................................................................................................
22. Typists, class B........................
System practices and supplementary wage provisions:
23. Rate structure characteristics—All systems and by type of system............................................
24. Scheduled weekly hours: All systems..........................................................................................
25. Shift differential practices: All system s......................................................................................
26. Paid holidays: All systems...........................................................................................................
27. Paid holidays: By type of system..................................................................................................
28. Paid vacations: All systems.........................................................................................................
29. Paid vacations: By type of system ................................................................................................
30. Health, insurance, and retirement plans: Allsystems..............................
31. Health, insurance, and retirement plans: By type of system.........................
32. Other selected benefits: All systems............................................................................................
33. Other selected benefits: By type of system..................................................................................
Appendixes:
A. Regression analysis................................................................................................................................
B. Scope and method of survey.................................................................................................................
C. Occupational descriptions.....................................................................................................................
vi
24
27
30
31
34
37
39
41
42
43
44
45
46
46
47
47
48
50
52
53
54
54
55
59
63
Electric and Gas Utilities,
February 1978
Productivity and technology. From 1973 through 1977,
output per nonsupervisory employee hour rose 8 per
cent in electric and gas utilities. This reflected an 8-per
cent increase in output for nonsupervisory employees
coupled with a 3-percent drop in nonsupervisory em
ployee hours.2 Among the factors contributing to pro
ductivity gains were technological innovations in the
generation of power and increased use of electronic
data processing for services such as customer billing,
internal accounting, and data logging.
The impact of recent technological changes on oc
cupational staffing in the industry can be seen, to a lim
ited extent, by comparing occupational employment
levels between the Bureau’s 1972 and 1978 wage sur
veys. Although the two surveys do not measure pre
cisely the magnitude of changes in occupational em
ployment, some observations on the direction of the
changes can be made. For example, employment in
three laborer categories fell between 28 and 65 percent.
On the other hand, employment of nuclear control room
operators and computer-related workers rose sharply.
Summary
Occupational pay levels in the Nation’s privately op
erated electric and gas utilities typically increased be
tween 45 and 55 percent between November 1972 and
February 1978.' Average straight-time hourly earnings
among the 56 physical (plant) worker occupations cov
ered by the February 1978 survey ranged from $10.81
for watch engineers to $5.02 for janitors. Journeyman
line workers, numerically the most important classifi
cation, averaged $8.58. Virtually all physical jobs were
held by men.
Among the 24 office clerical and 19 professional and
technical job classifications studied, average earnings
ranged from $10.96 an hour for systems analysts work
ing independently or under general supervision (class
A) to $3.93 for messengers. Class B accounting clerks,
the most populous white-collar category, averaged
$5.08.
Among occupations for which data were available
for all nine regions studied separately, earnings were
usually highest in the Pacific States and lowest in the
Southwest. The interregional spread in average earn
ings varied by occupation and was generally greater
for the lower paid than for the relatively high-paid jobs.
Virtually all physical and office workers were em
ployed by utility systems with provisions for paid hol
idays, paid vacations, and at least part of the cost of
life, hospitalization, surgical, basic and major medical
insurance, and retirement pensions covering a majority
of their employees. Nine to twelve paid holidays a year
and between 2 and 5 weeks of vacation annually, de
pending on an employee’s length of service, were typ
ical for the industry.
Location and type of service. The Great Lakes and Mid
dle Atlantic regions each accounted for approximately
20 percent of the industry’s work force in February
1978; the proportions in the other regions ranged from
4 percent in the Mountain region to 14 percent in the
Southwest (table B-l).
Utilities providing a combination of electric and gas
services3 accounted for one-third of the nonsuperviso
ry workers covered by the survey; two-fifths were em1See appendix B for scope and method o f survey. In this survey,
working foremen and other nonsupervisory workers engaged in non
office functions are referred to as physical workers, according to in
dustry nomenclature. Descriptions used to classify workers in the
occupations surveyed are presented in appendix C. Wage data con
tained in this bulletin exclude premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
Industry characteristics
Employment. Electric and gas utility systems within
the scope of the Bureau’s survey employed about
477,000 nonsupervisory employees in February 1978down slightly from November 1972. Employment was
virtually unchanged in six regions; elsewhere, it fell 23
percent in New England, rose by 16 percent in the
Mountain States, and increased by 17 percent in the
Southeast. By type of system, employment grew 26 per
cent in gas transmission systems, declined 18 percent in
other gas systems, and remained stable in electric and
in combination electric and gas systems.
For an account o f the earlier study, see Industry Wage Survey: Elec
tric and Gas Utilities, November 1972, Bulletin 1834 (Bureau o f Labor
Statistics, 1975).
1Productivity Indexes for Selected Industries, 1978 Edition, Bulletin
2002 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1978). Data for 1977 are preliminary.
3Under the system o f classification used for this study, utilities were
considered as providing both electric and gas services if either serv
ice did not constitute 95 percent or more o f revenues obtained from
electric and gas services. If one service constituted 95 percent or
more of such revenues, the utility was considered as exclusively en
gaged in that service. Only the electric and gas operations of com
bination systems were included.
1
ployed in utilities exclusively engaged in generating,
transmitting, and/or distributing electric energy. About
one-sixth of the workers were employed in companies
engaged in the distribution of natural gas; the produc
tion or distribution, or both, of manufactured, mixed,
or liquefied petroleum gas; or any combination of these
services, including the transmission of natural gas. Sys
tems solely engaged in the transmission or storage of
natural gas, or both, employed 8 percent of the workers.
The proportions of workers in different types of util
ities varied substantially among regions. For example,
combination electric and gas systems employed approx
imately two-thirds of the workers in the Middle Atlan
tic States and about one-half in the Mountain and Pa
cific regions. By contrast, they employed less than onetenth in the Southeast and Southwest. Electric systems
accounted for four-fifths of the Southeast work force
but only one-fifth in the Middle Atlantic. Nearly threefifths of the natural gas transmission workers were in
the Southwest; most of the remainder were in the Great
Lakes region.
About three-fourths of the electric systems and the
electrical operations of combination systems visited
were engaged in all three aspects of the industry-the
generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical
energy. Most of the remaining systems performed two
of these functions.
One-fourth of the 130 electric and combination sys
tems producing electricity used only one source of pow
er in most cases, fossil fuel. The remaining systems
relied on a combination of power sources, including
fossil fuel, nuclear energy, hydroelectric power, gas
turbines, and internal combustion. The use of nuclear
fuel, which has increased dramatically in the 1970s,4
was most prevalent in the Middle Atlantic and Southeast
regions.
Unionization. Slightly less than four-fifths of the phys
ical workers, and slightly more than one-third of the
office clerical workers were in systems that had labormanagement agreements covering a majority of these
worker groups. As illustrated in text table 1, the extent
of collective bargaining agreement coverage varied by
region and type of system for both physical and office
workers. Among the systems in which both office and
physical workers were covered by agreements, the con
tracts in effect were usually with the same union. The
major union for both physical and office workers was
the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
(AFL-CIO). Other national and international unions
having a number of contracts in the industry included
the Utility Workers Union of America (AFL-CIO); the
United Mine Workers of America (Ind.); and, for office
workers, the Office and Professional Employees Inter
national Union (AFL-CIO).
Occupational staffing. Physical workers made up seventenths of the nonsuperviosry employment in Febru
ary 1978. Most of these workers were men; only for
one occupational group—janitors—did women account
for at least 10 percent of the workers. On the other
hand, women constituted at least three-fourths of all
the office clerical jobs studied except messengers, ninetenths of the industrial nurses, and seven-tenths of the
computer data librarians. Men made up at least seventenths of all other professional and technical
occupations.
Method o f wage payment. Virtually all physical and of
fice employees were paid on a time-rate basis. Formal
wage payment plans, incorporating ranges of rates for
specified occupations, applied to two-thirds of the phys
ical and nine-tenths of the office workers (table 23).
Plans providing a single rate for individual occupations
applied to three-tenths of the physical workers and to
a small proportion (less than 5 percent) of the office
workers. The remaining nonsupervisory employees had
their pay rates determined primarily on the basis of their
individual qualifications. Pay systems varied somewhat
by region, and within regions by type of utility. For
example, rate range plans accounted for nearly all of
the physical workers in gas, except separate transmis
sion systems in the Southwest; but less than half of the
gas transmission workers and only three-fifths of the
electric systems workers in that region were paid on a
rate-range basis.
Apprenticeship and training programs. Utility systems
having apprenticeship or training programs, or both,
Text table 1. Percent of physical and office workers in
utility systems having collective bargaining agreements
covering a majority of their workers, February 1978
Region and type of system
Physical
workers
Office
workers
All systems.........................................................
75-79
30-34
New England ...............................................
Middle Atlantic.............................................
Border S tates...............................................
Southeast.....................................................
Southwest.....................................................
Great Lakes .................................................
Middle W e s t.................................................
Mountain.......................................................
Pacific ...........................................................
95 +
90-94
80-84
50-54
35-39
90-94
90-94
75-79
95 +
40-44
60-64
60-64
75-79
10-14
75-79
95 +
25-29
2
Electric systems.................................................
Gas transmission systems ...............................
Gas, except separate transmission, systems .
Combination systems........................................
2
30-34
30-34
15-19
55-59
'Between 1970 and 1975 (the latest year for which data are
available) net nuclear generation o f electricity by privately owned
utilties increased nearly eightfold, from 19.1 to 152.0 billion kilowatthours. this resulted in nuclear power’s share o f total generation in
creasing from 1.6 to 10.2 percent. See Statistics o f Privately Owned
Electric Utilities in the United States, 1975, (Federal Power Commis
sion, 1977).
35-39
45-49
1 None of the establishments visited had union contracts covering a
majority of their workers.
2 Less than 5 percent.
2
Text table 2. Percent of physical workers in utility systems with formal apprenticeship and training programs, February 1978
Region
All apprenticeship
and training
programs
Formal
apprenticeship
programs
Formal training
programs
Both
apprenticeship and
training programs
All systems..............................................................................................................
55-59
15-19
30-34
10-14
New England...........................................................................................................
Middle Atlantic........................................................................................................
Border States..........................................................................................................
Southeast ................................................................................................................
Southwest................................................................................................................
Great Lakes ............................................................................................................
Middle West ............................................................................................................
Mountain.................................................................................................................
Pacific .....................................................................................................................
25-29
60-64
30-34
50-54
35-39
60-64
70-74
80-84
85-89
5-9
20-24
45-49
30-34
30-34
15-19
30-34
30-34
25-29
20-24
2
2
15-19
10-14
20-24
10-14
15-19
55-59
1
15-19
2
5-9
1
5-9
25-29
40-44
5-9
1 Less than 5 percent.
2 None of the establishments visited had union contracts covering a majority of their workers.
employed slightly les^ than three-fifths of the physical
workers in February 1978. Slightly less than one-fifth
of the workers were in systems with only formal ap
prenticeship programs registered with Federal or State
governments; nearly one-third were in systems having
formal training programs not registered with any gov
ernment agency, but involving both classroom and
workplace experience. Utilities operating both appren
ticeship and training programs accounted for about onetenth of the physical workers. As illustrated in text ta
ble 2, the extent of apprenticeship and training programs
varied widely among the regions.
Text table 3. Regional wage levels^ for selected occupational
groups in utility systems as a percent of national averages,
February 1978
(U.S. average=100)
Occupational earnings
Physical
workers
Office
workers
Professional
and
technical
workers
New England...............................
Middle Atlantic...........................
Border States.............................
Southeast...................................
Southwest...................................
Great L a k e s ...............................
Middle W e s t...............................
M ountain.....................................
P a c ific .........................................
96
106
94
92
88
103
101
100
111
103
113
92
96
91
102
89
92
120
98
110
96
91
89
102
100
99
113
1 Based on 17 physical, 11 office, and 9 professional and technical oc
cupations for which earnings data were tabulated for each region. In each
region, average hourly earnings were multiplied by the nationwide
employment in the respective occupations and the products were totaled.
The totals are expressed as percentages of the similar total for the Nation.
Among the 56 physical occupations selected to rep
resent utility systems’ wage structures, average earn
ings ranged from $10.81 an hour for watch engineers
and $10.71 for load dispatchers to $5.11 for gas plant
laborers and $5.02 for janitors (table 1). The occupa
tions studied separately accounted for nearly one-half
of the 336,000 physical workers within the scope of the
February 1978 survey. The 23,500 journeyman line
workers, the largest occupational group studied, aver
aged $8.58 an hour.
The 24 office clerical occupations studied made up
slightly more than one-fifth of the 141,000 office work
ers within the scope of the survey. Among these jobs,
average hourly earnings ranged from $8.26 an hour for
class A secretaries to $3.93 for messengers. Class B ac
counting clerks, the largest clerical category, averaged
$5.08 (table 12). Among the 19 professional and tech
nical categories studied, average earnings ranged from
$10.96 for class A systems analysts to $5.12 for
drafter-tracers.
Nationwide, increases in average hourly earnings be
tween November 1972 and February 1978 ranged from
45 to 55 percent for most jobs common to both studies.
During the same period, average hourly earnings of all
workers in the private nonfarm economy rose 47 per
cent, as measured by the Bureau’s Hourly Earnings In
dex. Occupational shifts had little impact on the over
Region
all average increase for either physical or office jobs.
For example, weighting 1978 occupational averages of
physical workers by 1972 employment produced an
overall increase of 50 percent in average earnings, rath
er than 52 percent when current employment weights
were used.
Regional variation. Average hourly earnings were usu
ally highest in the Pacific States and lowest in the
Southwest, among the occupations which could be com
pared in all nine regions (text table 3). The interregion
al spread in average earnings varied by occupation, but
was generally greater for the lower paid than for the
relatively high-paid jobs-a pattern commonly found in
BLS surveys. For example, load dispatchers in the Pa
cific averaged 30 percent more than their counterparts
in the Southwest. The corresponding spread for the
relatively low-paid janitor occupation was 53 percent.
Occupational pay relationships within regions varied
across the country. Ground truckdrivers, for example,
averaged 9 percent more than janitors in New England,
but 59 percent more in the Southwest and 62 percent
more in the Southeast. By contrast, the intraregional
3
spread between the highest and lowest paying mainte
nance jobs studied was 15 percent or less in all regions.
Text table 4. Earnings distribution of class B computer pro
grammers and class D secretaries, Middle Atlantic region,
February 1978
Type of system. Occupational averages also varied by
type of utility system (tables 2-5 and 13-16). Where
comparisons were possible, workers in combination sys
tems usually had the highest average earnings. Their
advantage over electric systems, however, typically was
less than 10 percent. Gas transmission workers in the
Southwest usually averaged at least 10 percent more
than their counterparts in other types of gas systems.
Hourly earnings
$8 00 and under $8.40 .....................................
$8 80 and over ..................................................
Number of .workers ...............................
Sex of worker. Where comparisons could be made for
workers in the same job and region, men usually aver
aged more than women. The differentials, however,
usually amounted to less than 10 percent for profession
al and technical categories, and 15 to 20 percent for
office clerical jobs.
Average earnings of men and women in the same re
gion and job may differ for several reasons, including
the unequal distribution of sexes in systems with differ
ent occupational pay levels and duties. For instance,
job descriptions in wage surveys are more generalized
than those in use in individual utility systems to allow
for variations in duties among systems. Also, to the ex
tent that individual pay rates are adjusted for length of
service, longer average service for one sex can result
in higher average pay for that sex.
11
1
23
11
24
29
7
18
46
170
$7.98
Secretaries,
class D
108
26
89
20
44
28
23
5
4
347
$6.54
lantic region, despite a 22-percent difference in hourly
averages. Such variations in individual earnings large
ly reflect the predominant use of rate ranges for spe
cific occupations within systems and the differences in
pay levels among systems.
System practices and supplementary wage
provisions
Information also was obtained on shift differentials
for physical workers; and, for both physical and office
workers, data were obtained on work schedules and the
incidence of selected supplementary benefits, including
paid holidays, paid vacations, and health, insurance, and
retirement plans.
Regression analysis. The preceding discussion did not
indicate the independent influence of wage-determining
variables such as system type and sex on wage levels.
Appendix A, however, presents a brief technical note
on the results of a multiple regression of 13 physical
and 7 office jobs, in which the singular effects of cer
tain characteristics were isolated to a considerable
degree. The characteristics that were examined include
type of system, region, and sex-for which cross tabu
lations were developed-as well as size of system and
unionizaton.
In some cases, there were considerable differences
between published earnings averages and those gener
ated by the multiple regression. For example, class B
accounting clerks in the Pacific region averaged $1.50
more than their counterparts in the Southeast, but ap
parently only half of this differential (75 cents) can be
attributed solely to regional differences (appendix table
A-3).5
Scheduled weekly hours. Work schedules of 40 hours
per week were in effect for nearly all of the physical
employees and slightly more than seven-eighths of the
office workers at the time of the survey (table 24).
Schedules of 37 1/2 hours applied to most of the re
maining office employees and were found primarily in
the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Southeast
regions.
Shift differential practices. Seven percent of the phys
ical workers were employed on second shifts and 5 per
cent were on third or other late shifts in February 1978
(table 25). Most of these workers received differential
pay—usually cents per hour premiums above day-shift
rates. Both nationwide and regionally, differentials var
ied considerably for second and third shifts; the most
common differentials were 15, 20, and 30 cents for sec
ond shifts and 20, 30, and 33 cents for third shifts.
Paid holidays. Paid holidays, ranging from 5 to 13 days
annually, were provided by all systems studied (table
26). Most physical workers in the New England, Mid
dle Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Pacific regions received
at least 11 days per year. Typical provisions in the oth
er four regions were for 9 or 10 days. Holiday provi-
Dispersion of earnings. Earnings of individual workers
varied widely within the same job and region (tables
6-11 and 17-22). Thus, a number of workers in compar
atively low paying occupations earned as much as, or
more than, some workers in jobs with significantly high
er averages. As illustrated in text table 4, there was a
considerable overlap of earnings for class B computer
programmers and class D secretaries in the Middle At
Computer
programmers,
class B
'See appendix A for a description o f the methodology used in the
regression analyses.
4.
sions for office workers were generally similar to those
for physical workers in the same region.
Variation in typical holiday provisions among the
four types of utilities was slight (table 27). Most work
ers in each type of utility system received 9 to 11 days
annually.
one-third; long-term disability insurance, to slightly less
than one-half; sick leave (typically at full pay with no
waiting period), to approximately nine-tenths; and den
tal insurance, to slightly more than one-third. Except
for dental and sickness and accident insurance, a ma
jority of covered employees did not contribute to the
cost of these health and insurance plans.
The incidence of most health and insurance plans
surveyed varied somewhat by type of system, as did
the extent to which the plans were financed wholly by
the employer (table 31).
Pension plans, providing regular payments for the
remainder of the retiree’s life (in addition to Federal
social security), were found in utility systems employ
ing virtually all of the physical and office employees.
Almost all of the pension plans were financed wholly
by the employers. Retirement severance pay plans were
rarely provided.
Paid vacations. All physical and office workers re
ceived paid vacations after qualifying periods of serv
ice (table 28). Most workers in each group received 2
weeks’ pay after 1 year of service, and 3 weeks’ pay
after 10 years. About half the physical and office work
ers received 4 weeks after 15 years of service; fourfifths received this benefit after 20 years. Three-fourths
were eligible for 5 weeks after 25 years. Vacation pro
visions varied somewhat by region. After 15 years of
service, for example, all physical workers in New Eng
land could receive 4 weeks of vacation pay; such pro
visions applied to less than one-tenth in the Southeast.
Variations by type of system are indicated in table 29.
Other selected benefits. Provisions for paid funeral
leave applied to nine-tenths of the physical and office
workers; paid jury-duty leave was available to slightly
higher proportions in each group (table 32). Both ben
efits covered at least four-fifths of the workers in each
region and each type of system (table 33).
Technological severance pay applied to one-sixth of
the physical and one-tenth of the office workers.
Health, insurance and retirement plans. Virtually all of
the physical and office workers were covered by the
following types of health or insurance plans: Life, hos
pitalization, surgical, basic medical, and major medical
(table 30). Accidental death and dismemberment insur
ance was available to nearly two-thirds of the workers
in each group; sickness and accident insurance, to about
5
Table 1. Occupational averages: Physical workers—all systems
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings* of workers in selected occupations, United States and regions, February 1978)
New England
United States
Department and occupation
See footnotes at end of table.
Border States
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West
Mountain
Pacific
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
of
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
of
hourly
hourly
of
workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
Electricity
Generation:
Auxiliary-equipment operators,
electric.......................................................... 5,329
Boiler operators ............................................ 1,984
Control-room operators,
conventional................................................. 3,879
Control-room operators, nuclear................
436
Control-room operator
assistants, conventional............................. 2,399
Control-room operator
assistants, nuclear......................................
179
Radiation monitors .......................................
242
Switchboard operators, class A .................
1,108
Switchboard operators, class B .................
231
Turbine operators .........................................
894
Watch engineers........................................... 2,899
Transmission and distribution:
Ground helpers............................................. 3,133
Line workers, journeyman .......................... 23,471
Load dispatchers.......................................... 1,343
P atrol..............................................................
309
Substation operators.................................... 1,531
Trouble shooters........................................... 5,671
Truckdrivers, ground .................................... 3,754
Installation and servicing:
District representatives ................................ 1,632
Meter repairers, class A .............................
2,813
Meter repairers, class B .............................
1,269
Service technicians,
electrical appliances ...................................
981
Gas
Transmission:
Auxiliary equipment operators,
gas transmission .........................................
Compressor operators.................................
Compressor station operators—
multiplant stations.......................................
Corrosion technicians...................................
Meter repair technicians (gas
transmission)................................................
O ilers..............................................................
Pipeline lead persons...................................
Pipeline repairers..........................................
Roustabouts..................................................
W elders..........................................................
Middle Atlantic
$6.92
8.05
314
133
$6.81
7.63
677
385
$7.67
8.30
224
179
$6.61
7.66
697
220
$6.24
7.91
761
68
$6.06
6.75
1,595
654
$7.10
8.41
295
218
$7.38
7.40
405
-
$6.99
-
361
-
$7.64
-
8.82
9.56
185
-
8.47
-
566
103
9.49
9.78
268
-
8.28
-
421
101
8.13
8.69
585
-
7.92
-
1,010
140
9.19
10.21
350
-
8.96
-
202
-
8.54
-
292
-
9.82
-
8.02
63
7.06
269
8.88
169
6.89
450
7.48
160
6.94
783
8.27
33
7.04
223
8.99
96
165
9.48
7.84
9.67
119
149
7.25
11.15
132
15
241
9.72
8.45
11.85
453
2,833
89
643
714
6.74
9.59
11.94
9.90
7.54
8.57
8.59
8.37
7.53
7.99
10.81
24
60
96
92
524
9.52
8.58
8.80
8.35
11.72
200
7.91
10.27
64
45
113
188
274
7.79
7.30
8.04
7.71
9.83
6.20
7.90
10.64
7.51
8.72
6.13
164
4,636
237
44
831
1,033
5.84
9.05
11.87
8.54
9.43
7.19
1,369
117
642
112
7.85
10.04
8.01
6.16
569
3,157
120
146
770
800
4.94
7.88
9.46
7.20
8.10
6.01
765
2,161
139
162
30
1,162
313
4.96
7.77
9.19
8.26
7.61
7.57
5.91
5.94
7.38
6.58
148
526
390
7.52
8.74
7.24
235
77
8.16
7.10
361
289
80
7.09
7.89
6.52
108
414
89
14
7.60
186
7.76
7.84
470
7.16
-
99
7.65
88
35
7.42
7.24
68
29
276
6.98
8.67
174
372
137
7.55
5.88
7.82
97
106
144
46
129
224
7.64
7.00
7.29
11.66
5.47
8.58
10.71
8.19
8.65
8.60
6.78
43
1,208
111
77
75
43
7.62
8.34
7.22
47
163
95
7.85
-
-
837
3,053
7.27
7.39
-
-
45
1,071
683
7.70
7.47
-
-
1,241
2,147
1,075
6,110
1,186
1,704
7.78
6.77
8.53
6.48
6.04
8.01
-
-
-
99
V
40
114
270
248
617
9.69
9.25
8.75
8.55
11.57
340
5,524
337
31
427
1,072
505
6.22
8.71
11.17
7.29
8.42
8.83
6.80
164
1,627
124
72
300
195
6.17
8.60
10.08
8.83
9.14
6.80
182
956
69
176
39
5.56
8.59
10.47
8.67
6.88
7.21
7.74
6.59
559
367
8.36
7.51
253
175
51
7.70
7.99
7.28
116
-
8.17
-
61
7.08
-
157
7.59
-
1,740
7.35
111
364
7.69
7.70
6.14
418
245
7.65
6.94
342
82
7.80
7.90
27
7.94
7.41
. 7.65
588
916
262
2,878
263
349
7.74
6.69
7.72
6.22
102
321
1,375
49
375
8.31
9.08
6.80
6.08
8.30
70
203
8.28
7.96
82
505
7.61
9.05
53
-
(
-
52
7.54
-
-
i
-
5.64
7.45
-
.
-
-
9.59
-
-
-
7.35
-
-
-
33
7.71
-
-
84
48
5.78
7.85
158
96
-
_
336
-
-
-
8.11
Table 1. Occupational averages: Physical workers—all systems—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and regions, February 1978)
United States
Department and occupation
New England
Middle Atlantic
Gas—Continued
Manufacture, storage, and pumping:
Auxiliary-equipment operators,
gas production............................................
412
Boiler operators ...........................................
78
Gas dispatchers...........................................
735
Laborers, gas p la n t.....................................
119
Installation and servicinggas mains, gas lines, meters,
and appliances:
Gas-main fitters ........................................... 6,628
Gas-main fitters’ helpers ............................ 2,852
Inspectors......................................................
564
Installers, gas m eter.................................... 3,235
Laborers, main installation
and service................................................... 2,574
Leak locators, g a s .......................................
457
Repairers, gas m eter...................................
1,116
Repair helpers, gas m eter..........................
283
Service technicians, gas
appliances.................................................... 11,509
Service technicians, regulator....................
663
Electricty an d /o r gas
Maintenance:
Electricians, maintenance........................... 6,125
Machinists, maintenance............................
1,672
Mechanics, automotive
(maintenance).............................................. 4,677
Mechanics, maintenance............................ 5,699
Pipefitters, maintenance .............................
347
Miscellaneous:
Guards ...........................................................
662
Janitors, porters, or cleaners..................... 4,495
Meter readers............................................... 16,075
Stock clerks................................................... 3,872
Truckdrivers2 ................................................. 3,039
Light (under 1 1/2 tons) ..........................
415
Medium (1 1/2 to and
including 4 tons) ......................................
1,091
Tractor-trailor.............................................
800
Heavy (straight, over 4 tons,
usually 10 wheels)...................................
234
$7.46
8.16
8.09
5.11
69
33
-
$6.99
7.84
-
57
134
-
$8.60
9.75
-
-
-
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West
50
$7.94
-
46
-
$6.26
-
148
-
$7.38
-
_
$8.15
-
55
_
_
_
_
_
_
7.50
5.85
7.25
7.48
286
76
7.09
6.88
1,949
562
137
-
7.92
6.42
7.43
-
330
160
87
7.26
5.30
6.38
316
233
82
-
5.60
4.07
6.99
-
406
172
4.57
5.28
2,142
345
323
7.85
6.80
_
7.31
604
105
_
_
5.32
7.11
7.12
5.91
107
54
10
6.83
7.32
6.68
323
129
222
31
5.71
7.88
7.51
6.63
306
90
-
5.53
7.18
-
599
24
123
21
4.30
5.17
6.12
5.74
55
72
_
6.04
5.38
_
503
130
250
66
6.58
7.25
7.60
6.56
_
124
_
6.89
_
7.47
7.89
787
13
7.42
7.24
2,936
115
7.86
7.65
558
55
7.70
6.47
889
-
6.14
-
805
-
5.32
-
2,587
202
8.05
8.21
1,303
51
8.50
8.72
474
-
7.62
-
839
226
8.80
8.89
409
68
7.83
7.87
567
_
7.75
-
709
152
7.99
7.66
1,642
379
8.74
8.84
7.90
8.18
8.61
239
395
-
7.28
7.53
-
1,065
707
-
8.30
8.58
_
279
492
_
7.60
7.89
_
426
800
_
7.42
8.06
_
576
923
_
6.92
7.90
_
1,116
1,487
85
6.00
5.02
6.20
6.86
6.91
6.57
205
696
312
95
-
5.61
6.39
6.53
6.75
-
154
845
3,997
890
512
-
6.13
5.47
6.53
7.48
7.35
-
473
1,180
213
348
-
4.77
5.92
6.36
6.53
-
334
2,090
258
247
_
3.70
5.65
6.06
6.10
-
59
663
1,344
456
759
156
4.90
3.72
4.58
5.91
6.68
6.88
6.62
7.39
-
-
144
7.88
150
40
6.40
6.79
61
_
5.71
_
363
197
7.11
-
-
-
-
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 Includes data for workers in classification in addition to those shown separately.
Border States
Mountain
Pacific
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age
hourly
of
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
of
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
hourly
of
of
workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
-
-
-
-
-
$7.52
6.33
-
40
_
$7.53
_
_
30
_
$9.89
_
_
157
90
_
89
7.87
5.77
7.18
955
_
_
6.36
_
_
7
56
_
7.19
6.85
_
_
125
60
_
7.66
5.66
7.20
7.65
314
-
7.42
-
-
481
246
8.72
8.58
278
128
8.72
8.79
726
347
9.39
9.41
8.00
8.29
8.84
268
460
_
7.91
8.25
_
149
199
_
8.15
8.29
559
236
24
8.66
9.39
8.57
137
1,273
3,323
1,059
433
16
6.12
5.50
6.56
6.87
7.18
6.45
375
961
179
147
_
5.42
6.51
6.92
6.78
_
136
554
109
236
_
5.20
5.99
6.62
7.09
_
191
1,930
262
5.70
6.59
7.53
6.45
7.02
123
168
6.60
7.65
-
_
30
7.37
_
-
-
24
7.04
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
_
-
_
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Table 2. Occupational averages: Physical workers—electric systems
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and regions, February 1978)
United States
Department and occupation
New England
Middle Atlantic
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West
Mountain
Pacific
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
of
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
Generation:
Auxiliary-equipment operators,
electric.......................................................... 3,960 $6.69
Boiler operators ............................................ 1,308
7.99
Control-room operators,
conventional................................................. 2,627
8.66
Control-room operators, nuclear................
332
9.38
Control-room operator
assistants, conventional............................. 1,544
7.72
Control-room operator
assistants, nuclear ......................................
125
8.09
8.54
Radiation monitors .......................................
184
Switchboard operators, class A .................
840
8.19
Switchboard operators, class B .................
177
7.43
Turbine operators .........................................
7.89
675
Watch engineers........................................... 1,934 10.65
Transmission and distribution:
Ground helpers............................................. 2,311
5.20
Line workers, journeyman .......................... 14,685
8.33
Load dispatchers..........................................
946 10.42
P atrol..............................................................
225
8.29
Substation operators....................................
702
8.36
Trouble shooters........................................... 3,780
8.29
Truckdrivers, ground .................................... 2,315
6.62
Installation and servicing:
District representatives ................................ 1,152
7.45
Meter repairers, class A .............................
8.14
1,671
Meter repairers, class B .............................
782
7.08
Service technicians,
electrical appliances ...................................
610
7.73
Maintenance:
8.34
Electricians, maintenance............................ 3,873
8.57
Machinists, maintenance.............................
793
Mechanics, automotive
(maintenance).............................................. 1,766
7.75
3,533
8.30
Mechanics, maintenance............................
Miscellaneous:
467
Guards ...........................................................
6.03
4.77
Janitors, porters, or cleaners..................... 2,093
Meter readers................................................ 6,307
5.87
Stock clerks................................................... 1,529
6.37
Truckdrivers2 ..................................................
763
6.41
Light (under 1 1 / 2 tons) ...........................
Medium (1 1/2 to and
including 4 to n s ).......................................
256
6.13
Tractor-trailor..............................................
6.97
173
Heavy (straight, over 4 tons,
usually 10 wheels)....................................
81. 6.63
306
103
173
-
$6.81
7.60
8.44
-
215
183
188
61
_
$7.33
8.06
8.99
9.41
_
192
107
$6.24
7.93
725
60
$6.01
6.72
1,283
460
529
-
7.87
-
739
-
9.15
-
265
-
107
7.31
430
7.49
116
7.14
496
7.80
_
.
64
45
109
184
245
7.79
7.30
8.07
7.72
9.83
_
.
.
441
8.98
162
493
_
_
_
109
1,833
84
18
213
178
5.70
8.69
10.56
8.47
8.82
6.90
1,112
91
585
90
7.78
9.91
7.89
6.12
543
2,945
114
145
762
792
4.96
7.89
9.44
7.21
8.11
6.02
709
1,980
129
162
938
254
5.00
7.80
9.10
8.26
7.63
5.94
5.94
7.11
6.59
123
121
8.25
7.10
152
47
7.67
6.46
327
278
80
7.18
7.90
6.52
361
85
7.78
6.67
14
7.60
186
7.76
61
7.08
-
505
-
7.75
-
501
60
8.11
7.72
1,143
175
47
94
93
7.33
-
95
366
92
8.46
8.54
-
-
_
7.46
10.64
5.85
-
68
7.48
-
120
361
7.02
7.55
205
309
7.71
8.36
152
273
7.28
7.93
339
689
7.54
8.18
214
407
7.38
8.02
-
126
282
169
5.48
6.27
6.29
5.23
6.52
6.64
6.44
249
802
133
33
4.23
5.78
6.01
6.02
263
1,538
195
3.63
5.84
6.05
370
780
239
231
4.13
4.58
5.55
6.03
-
-
212
566
137
38
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
.
_
-
-
-
-
13
-
6.79
-
workers in classification in addition to those shown separately.
$7.35
7.08
8.13
8.69
138
30
230
126
377
101
43
127
-
$7.00
8.49
8.19
-
70
7.94
9.81
689
111
28
-
697
213
-
_
7.24
11.77
327
$6.29
7.51
8.77
8.24
11.04
111
208
' Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 includes data for
Border States
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
39
-
6.96
-
202
$6.86
.
-
33
_
7.04
.
$9.72
-
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
8.69
11.62
96
73
7.84
10.65
70
10.93
139
12.68
129
3,358
262
15
709
211
5.89
8.59
11.24
7.68
8.69
6.75
67
783
54
70
-
5.81
8.81
10.49
8.84
-
112
534
30
-
5.36
8.28
9.26
-
209
1,451
71
62
227
697
6.75
9.54
11.95
10.16
9.97
7.53
8.27
7.40
136
84
-
7.38
8.45
-
26
60
8.75
8.03
-
_
343
275
55
7.15
8.73
8.71
331
-
8.77
-
8.15
-
.
_
-
-
-
425
899
7.97
8.58
98
307
8.55
8.49
24
119
7.30
8.31
189
-
108
534
1,282
497
116
14
6.12
5.22
6.25
6.79
6.85
6.41
185
5.53
4.81
5.33
5.55
6.42
-
-
-
7.12
164
-
-
49
-
105
-
9.47
-
8.80
9.20
-
15
_
-
176
-
_
9.72
-
.
91
_
8.55
.
-
-
50
214
44
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
64
6.94
-
628
51
15
-
5.98
7.85
7.97
28
7.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
18
6.79
-
-
-
-
-
-
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not m eet publication criteria.
Table 3. Occupational averages: Physical workers—gas transmission systems
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United
States and Southwest, February 1978)
United States1
2
Department and occupation
Transmission:
Auxiliary equipment operators,
gas transmission ........................................
Compressor operators ................................
Compressor station operators—
multiplant stations......................................
Corrosion technicians..................................
Meter repair technicians (gas
transmission)...............................................
Oilers.............................................................
Pipeline lead persons..................................
Pipeline repairers.........................................
Roustabouts.................................................
Welders.........................................................
Manufacture, storage, and pumping:
Gas dispatchers...........................................
Maintenance:
Electricians, maintenance...........................
Machinists, maintenance............................
Mechanics, automotive
(maintenance).............................................
Mechanics, maintenance............................
Miscellaneous:
Janitors, porters, or cleaners.....................
Truckdrivers3 .................................................
Medium (1 1/2 to and
including 4 to n s)......................................
Tractor-trailor.............................................
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and
for work on weekends, holidays, and late
shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to
the Southwest.
3 Includes data for workers in
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Southwest
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
508
2,487
$7.09
7.47
1,688
$7.42
892
212
7.78
7.95
405
140
7.69
7.93
816
1,930
464
4,863
500
545
8.04
6.83
8.86
6.51
5.76
8.11
539
887
182
2,586
243
258
7.96
6.77
8.11
6.40
5.74
8.12
119
8.05
87
8.15
185
123
7.92
7.77
141
67
7.97
7.88
133
555
7.33
7.94
434
7.90
154
772
3.91
7.20
110
462
3.45
7.17
261
211
6.93
7.58
203
124
7.00
7.42
classification in addition to those shown
separately.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data
were reported or that data did not meet
publication criteria.
Table 4. Occupational averages: Physical workers—gas, except separate transmission systems
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, February 1978)
United States2
Department and occupation
Transmission:
Auxiliary equipment operators,
gas transmission .........................................
Compressor operators.................................
Compressor station operators—
multiplant stations.......................................
Corrosion technicians...................................
Meter repair technicians (gas
transmission)................................................
Pipeline lead persons...................................
Pipeline repairers..........................................
Roustabouts..................................................
W elders..........................................................
Manufacture, storage, and pumping:
Auxiliary-equipment operators,
gas production.............................................
Boiler operators ............................................
Gas dispatchers............................................
Laborers, gas plant ......................................
Installation and servicinggas mains, gas lines, meters,
and appliances:
Gas-main fitters ............................................
Gas-main fitters’ helpers .............................
Inspectors......................................................
Installers, gas m eter.....................................
Laborers, main installation
and service...................................................
Leak locators, g a s ........................................
Repairers, gas m eter....................................
Repair helpers, gas m eter...........................
Service technicians, gas
appliances....................................................
Service technicians, regulator.....................
Maintenance:
Electricians, maintenance............................
Machinists, maintenance .............................
Mechanics, automotive
(maintenance)..............................................
Mechanics, maintenance.............................
Pipefitters, maintenance ..............................
See footnotes at end of table.
Number
of
workers
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.92
-
-
126
303
7.50
6.73
_
-
342
728
613
566
7.16
5.87
6.31
7.59
-
156
44
471
60
7.37
8.22
7.54
4.70
2,975
1,811
419
1,522
472
Average
hourly
earnings
New England
40
69
Middle Atlantic
Number
of
workers
31
Average
hourly
earnings
$7.55
Border States
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
-
-
-
-
50
$5.01
30
71
$5.98
85
5.43
66
276
_
_
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.41
7.32
-
-
22
44
6.77
7.47
-
-
6.39
4.58
-
133
_
101
6.59
_
8.74
_
_
_
_
30
-
7.31
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
$7.31
-
6.99
7.83
-
6.91
5.44
7.20
6.27
195
68
1,895
369
732
179
5.15
6.94
6.89
5.91
8,838
357
47
8.03
-
-
29
6.98
7.82
-
_
53
_
_
_
-
-
-
6.05
-
-
6.22
_
-
-
9.33
8.45
-
6.88
6.90
737
303
73
-
7.44
6.44
7.73
_
150
74
6.77
6.47
285
215
_
5.47
4.00
_
356
-
4.34
_
896
132
197
7.85
6.51
6.62
107
46
10
6.83
7.26
6.68
229
93
137
5.49
7.55
7.37
-
6.84
4.83
5.03
-
375
122
159
-
6.28
7.27
7.65
-
79
-
4.30
5.17
6.06
5.74
27
57
-
571
24
115
21
-
$6.72
-
7.31
7.50
746
13
7.40
7.24
1,670
65
7.67
7.75
558
25
845
-
6.13
-
758
_
1,703
_
7.99
-
1,091
_
7.19
-
63
54
7.69
7.70
-
24
22
7.74
7.64
-
_
_
18
9
7.60
7.82
-
-
702
281
32
7.47
7.38
7.30
110
-
7.42
-
_
7.94
_
_
224
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7.30
“
-
29
38
7.27
-
23
76
-
22
-
57
$6.79
-
58
Average
hourly
earnings
Middle West
-
7.70
6.43
40
_
31
47
-
_
65
6.45
5.21
_
_
5.90
_
-
-
-
-
-
_
12
-
Table 4. Occupational averages: Physical workers—gas, except separate transmission systems—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, February 1978)
United States2
Department and occupation
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
16
625
3,437
555
687
90
6.74
4.60
5.93
6.58
6.67
6.27
277
6.39
$7.27
New England
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Middle Atlantic
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Border States
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Southeast
Number
of
workers
Southwest
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
3.95
5.06
6.02
-
Miscellaneous:
Truckdrivers3 ..................................................
_
243
56
_
_
6.62
6.84
_
_
82
517
119
196
_
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
_
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
155
732
149
95
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
5.53
6.22
7.01
7.36
48
190
40
189
4.92
6.17
6.42
6.52
71
480
40
504
55
4.42
4.88
Medium (1 1/2 to and
Tractor-trailor..............................................
178
_
_
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Includes data for workers in classification in addition to those shown separately.
Great Lakes
Middle West
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
_
_
_
4.95
6.50
6.83
6.70
-
63
6.36
15
$7.83
327
37
-
6.54
6.80
-
_
_
-
-
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Table 5. Occupational averages: Physical workers—combination systems
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, United States and regions, February 1978)
Department and occupation
Electricity
Generation:
Auxiliary-equipment operators,
electric ..........................................................
Boiler operators ............................................
Control-room operators,
conventional.................................................
Control-room operators, nuclear................
Control-room operator
assistants, conventional............................
Control-room operator
assistants, nuclear.....................................
Radiation monitors ......................................
Switchboard operators, class A .................
Switchboard operators, class B .................
Turbine operators ........................................
Watch engineers..........................................
Transmission and distribution:
Ground helpers............................................
Line workers, journeyman ..........................
Load dispatchers.........................................
P atrol..............................................................
Substation operators...................................
Trouble shooters..........................................
Truckdrivers, ground ...................................
Installation and servicing:
District representatives ...............................
Meter repairers, class A .............................
Meter repairers, class B .............................
Service technicians,
electrical appliances ..................................
Gas
Transmission:
Compressor operators ................................
Compressor station operators—
multiplant stations......................................
Corrosion technicians..................................
Meter repair technicians (gas
transmission)................................................
Pipeline lead persons..................................
Pipeline repairers.........................................
Roustabouts..................................................
W elders..........................................................
Manufacture, storage, and pumping:
Auxiliary-equipment operators,
gas production.............................................
Gas dispatchers...........................................
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Middle West
Great Lakes
Middle Atlantic
United States2
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
1,365
676
$7.57
8.19
458
202
$7.82
8.52
312
194
$7.49
8.23
1,252
104
9.17
10.15
378
42
9.73
10.33
271
43
9.30
10.31
855
8.58
223
9.15
287
9.09
54
58
268
54
219
965
9.68
8.77
8.94
7.87
8.29
11.11
38
32
68
86
124
9.67
8.69
8.60
8.27
11.39
822
8,786
397
84
829
1,891
1,439
211
2,166
75
363
294
31
216
92
_
_
49
397
8.81
8.44
11.94
6.23
8.99
11.39
7.92
8.91
9.21
7.04
2,803
153
618
9.29
12.59
9.64
428
1,133
479
8.08
8.65
7.48
124
403
269
371
8.04
-
94
7.44
53
168
6.93
8.20
83
167
519
73
545
7.70
8.89
7.00
5.62
8.33
10
145
7.18
9.91
-
66
-
_
-
-
_
52
7.54
8.90
7.30
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
178
10
7.31
9.00
“
55
57
315
39
21
65
92
$7.50
7.84
85
8.20
-
Number of
workers
202
-
$7.46
-
_
-
-
7.44
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
79
11.35
70
422
39
76
-
5.88
8.97
11.40
9.33
-
64
-
6.42
8.89
10.93
9.12
6.84
844
70
166
8.41
9.77
6.87
9.45
8.50
7.84
117
91
22
8.09
7.57
6.63
_
_
-
_
_
-
8.77
-
-
-
-
-
47
_
_
_
-
7.88
-
-
-
-
_
-
7.96
7.72
6.58
5.99
14
-
-
7.38
-
100
8.06
-
9.00
"
See footnotes at end of table.
Average
hourly
earnings
_
-
8.89
-
-
Average
hourly
earnings
92
-
-
_
-
-
Number of
workers
Mountain
-
Table 5. Occupational averages: Physical workers—combination systems—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, United States and regions, February 1978)
United States1
2
Department and occupation
Gas—Continued
Installation and servicinggas mains, gas lines, meters,
and appliances:
Gas-main fitters ...........................................
Gas-main fitters’ helpers ............................
Inspectors.....................................................
Installers, gas m eter....................................
Laborers, main installation
and service..................................................
Leak locators, g a s .......................................
Repairers, gas m eter...................................
Repair helpers, gas m eter..........................
Service technicians, gas
appliances...................................................
Service technicians, regulator....................
Electricty and/or gas
Maintenance:
Electricians, maintenance...........................
Machinists, maintenance............................
Mechanics, automotive
(maintenance) .............................................
Mechanics, maintenance............................
Pipefitters, maintenance.............................
Miscellaneous:
Guards ..........................................................
Janitors, porters, or cleaners.....................
Meter readers...............................................
Stock clerks..................................................
Truckdrivers3 .................................................
Medium (1 1/2 to and
including 4 to n s )......................................
Tractor-trailor.............................................
Heavy (straight, over 4 tons,
usually 10 wheels)...................................
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
3,642
1,041
108
1,713
$7.98
6.56
7.28
8.56
679
88
381
104
5.79
7.83
7.55
5.90
2,661
306
Middle Atlantic
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
1,212
-
64
-
-
Number of
workers
1,246
30
-
94
6.22
85
12
7.75
7.01
-
8.02
8.35
1,266
50
8.10
7.53
884
76
2,004
702
8.88
9.14
449
-
9.15
_
2,076
1,330
126
8.22
8.16
8.68
750
_
149
1,623
6,331
1,672
817
6.11
5.61
6.67
7.38
7.32
551
2,914
634
297
238
7.00
7.60
132
7.46
-
-
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$7.85
-
8.00
Number of
workers
452
26
-
-
-
-
-
Mountain
Average
hourly
earnings
$7.75
6.29
_
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
-
-
_
-
_
-
-
$7.63
-
8.18
7.96
-
-
-
-
480
193
8.81
9.01
144
-
8.64
-
-
_
8.60
_
_
467
521
_
8.05
7.94
_
42
84
_
7.50
7.50
_
115
_
_
8.40
_
-
5.55
6.59
7.75
584
1,309
413
77
5.89
6.90
6.98
7.23
86
419
78
5.42
6.37
6.95
_
306
_
6.51
_
51
Middle West
_
7.11
-
-
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late
shifts.
criteria.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Includes data for workers in classification in addition to those shown separately.
$8.21
7.10
Great Lakes
7.73
-
91
7.50
-
43
_
21
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication
Table 6. Occupational earnings: Auxiliary equipment operators, electric
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and regions, February 1978)
Hourly earnings
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
Pacific
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings'................................
5,329
$6.92
314
$6.81
677
$7.67
224
$6.61
697
$6.24
761
$6.06
1,595
$7.10
295
$7.38
405
$6.99
361
$7.64
Total ...............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $ 5 .0 0 .......................................................
1.1
-
-
1.8
-
7.1
$5.00
$5.10
$5.20
$5.30
$5.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .1 0 ....................................
$ 5 .2 0 ....................................
$ 5 .3 0 ....................................
$ 5 .4 0 ....................................
$ 5 .5 0 ....................................
.7
.5
2.8
.4
1.2
_
-
_
.7
5.4
9.4
4.5
-
.9
5.0
.6
7.3
$5.50
$5.60
$5.70
$5.80
$5.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .6 0 ....................................
$ 5 .7 0 ....................................
$ 5 .8 0 ....................................
$ 5 .9 0 ....................................
$ 6 .0 0 ....................................
.5
1.3
3.4
4.1
2.0
_
_
5.7
19.7
1.9
.9
-
.9
.9
6.7
-
.4
4.9
6.6
7.6
17.0
_
_
-
$6.00
$6.10
$6.20
$6.30
$6.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .1 0 ....................................
$ 6 .2 0 ....................................
$ 6 .3 0 ....................................
$ 6 .4 0 ....................................
$ 6 .5 0 ....................................
2.2
3.2
2.4
5.7
7.6
5.7
-
-
-
$6.50
$6.60
$6.70
$6.80
$6.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .6 0 ....................................
$ 6 .7 0 ....................................
$ 6 .8 0 ....................................
$ 6 .9 0 ....................................
$ 7 .0 0 ....................................
1.5
4.1
3.1
2.3
3.3
7.0
1.9
6.4
1.2
6.6
1.9
3.4
$7.00
$7.10
$7.20
$7.30
$7.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 7 .1 0 ....................................
$ 7 .2 0 ....................................
$ 7 .3 0 ....................................
$ 7 .4 0 ....................................
$ 7 .5 0 ....................................
3.4
4.1
2.9
2.3
1.8
2.5
20.1
7.6
1.3
-
2.1
5.6
5.0
7.2
3.0
$7.50
$7.60
$7.70
$7.80
$7.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 7 .6 0 ....................................
$ 7 .7 0 ....................................
$ 7 .8 0 ....................................
$ 7 .9 0 ....................................
$ 8 .0 0 ..................................................
2.9
6.4
4.0
4.7
2.5
$8.00
$8.10
$8.20
$8.30
$8.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 8 .1 0 ..................................................
$ 8 .2 0 ..................................................
$ 8 .3 0 ..................................................
$ 8 .4 0 ..................................................
$ 8 .5 0 ..................................................
3.4
2.0
.3
1.2
.6
-
$8.50 and under $ 8 .6 0 ..................................................
1.5
-
See footnotes at end of table.
.1
1.0
.1
_
_
6.4
10.2
1.8
.6
36.8
10.0
-
_
-
_
.1
-
-
-
2.4
1.1
13.5
2.1
.5
_
.2
_
-
_
2.0
.1
21.3
.3
2.0
.1
1.0
.1
5.6
2.0
9.0
6.2
5.6
25.3
.5
10.9
2.4
3.3
4.1
3.5
11.3
1.4
7.1
12.5
.7
6.2
.6
2.9
3.4
1.2
6.3
3.0
10.1
.5
_
3.3
-
-
_
2.6
-
-
-
9.4
4.0
1.8
-
3.4
.1
3.0
-
-
1.8
.4
2.2
1.0
2.6
.5
-
-
_
.3
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
-
-
2.6
.1
-
-
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
_
1.5
-
-
-
.6
14.3
-
-
-
_
.3
-
_
.5
1.0
1.7
.5
.5
-
-
_
-
_
6.8
1.2
2.0
1.0
31.6
.6
3.2
.8
1.8
5.8
12.9
5.4
5.4
2.0
5.4
5.9
7.7
12.5
-
3.9
6.9
.1
2.9
3.6
3.7
2.7
1.0
8.6
8.1
14.2
9.8
.1
.9
2.6
5.3
.5
_
.9
-
4.7
5.1
-
-
-
.8
11.1
_
-
-
-
12.3
-
-
-
3.4
-
3.9
.6
2.0
8.5
4.7
1.0
_
2.5
8.3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13.9
_
24.7
10.2
-
-
-
3.4
_
-
-
-
17.2
3.1
-
-
10.2
-
4.4
Table 6. Occupational earnings: Auxiliary equipment operators, electric—Continued
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and regions, February 1978)
Hourly earnings
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
$8.70 and under $ 8 .8 0 ....................................
$8.80 and under $ 8 .9 0 ....................................
$8.90 and under $ 9 .0 0 ....................................
0.2
.6
.4
3.5
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
$9.00 and o v e r.................................................
1.6
-
9.6
-
-
-
Middle
West
Mountain
_
_
_
-
-
0.1
11.2
-
-
6.1
1.0
.7
-
-
Southwest Great Lakes
Pacific
,,
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
late shifts.
Dashes indicate no data.
Table 7. Occupational earnings: Gas dispatchers
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and selected regions, February 1978)
United
States2
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings'................................
735
$8.09
33
$7.84
134
$9.75
50
$7.94
46
$6.26
148
$7.38
55
$8.15
40
$7.53
30
$9.89
Total ..............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $ 5 .0 0 ......................................................
2.4
-
-
8.0
8.7
4.1
3.6
-
-
$5.00
$5.10
$5.20
$5.30
$5.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .1 0 ....................................
$ 5 .2 0 ....................................
$ 5 .3 0 ....................................
$ 5 .4 0 ....................................
$ 5 .5 0 ....................................
1.9
1.0
.4
.8
1.6
_
-
_
.7
-
_
-
_
8.7
8.7
9.5
.7
1.4
5.4
_
1.8
-
10.0
5.0
-
-
$5.50
$5.60
$5.70
$5.90
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .6 0 ....................................
$ 5 .7 0 ....................................
$ 5 .8 0 ....................................
$ 6 .0 0 ....................................
1.0
1.5
.4
.1
_
-
.7
1.5
-
18.0
2.0
13.0
-
1.4
-
-
- ,
-
-
$6.00
$6.20
$6.30
$6.40
$6.60
$6.70
$6.80
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .1 0 ....................................
$ 6 .3 0 ....................................
$ 6 .4 0 ....................................
$ 6 .5 0 ....................................
$ 6 .7 0 ....................................
$ 6 .8 0 ....................................
$ 6 .9 0 ....................................
.4
3.0
1.4
2.3
1.0
.3
3.1
_
6.1
54.5
.7
-
_
2.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
-
4.3
32.6
-
_
12.8
.7
-
_
14.5
1.8
_
5.0
5.0
5.0
-
$7.00
$7.10
$7.20
$7.30
$7.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 7 .1 0 ....................................
$ 7 .2 0 ....................................
$ 7 .3 0 ....................................
$ 7 .4 0 ....................................
$ 7 .5 0 ....................................
1.6
.4
1.1
1.2
2.6
_
-
_
.7
_
-
_
2.2
4.3
-
1.4
1.4
2.0
-
_
5.5
1.8
3.6
5.0
2.5
5.0
12.5
-
$7.50
$7.60
$7.70
$7.80
$7.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$7.60 ,...s..............................
$ 7 .7 0 ....................................
$ 7 .8 0 ....................................
$ 7 .9 0 ....................................
$ 8 .0 0 ....................................
1.4
12.0
1.6
1.4
3.9
_
12.1
_
1.5
3.0
2.0
10.0
_
4.3
-
_
5.4
4.1
.7
10.9
3.6
1.8
1.8
5.0
5.0
7.5
-
-
$8.00
$8.20
$8.40
$8.60
$8.80
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 8 .2 0 ....................................
$ 8 .4 0 ....................................
$ 8 .6 0 ....................................
$ 8 .8 0 ....................................
$ 9 .0 0 ....................................
6.8
5.9
6.9
5.3
3.1
_
-
.7
9.0
13.4
9.0
5.2
4.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
-
10.9
2.2
_
18.2
3.4
8.1
1.4
2.7
5.5
7.3
10.9
-
7.5
2.5
2.5
-
3.3
16.7
16.7
$ 9 .2 0 ....................................
$ 9 .4 0 ....................................
$ 9 .6 0 ....................................
$ 9 .8 0 ....................................
$10.00 .................................
1.1
3.3
1.9
1.9
1.0
_
_
_
2.0
4.0
2.0
-
_
-
7.3
2.5
-
1.4
8.8
.7
.7
4.1
_
3.0
12.1
3.0
4.5
3.0
.7
6.0
-
_
$10.00 and under $10.40 ...............................
3.4
-
4.5
32.0
-
-
Hourly earnings
$9.00
$9.20
$9.40
$9.60
$9.80
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
S ee footnotes at end of table.
-
-
Southeast
-
_
Southwest Great Lakes
Mountain
-
Pacific
-
_
33.3
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
7.5
-
Table 7. Occupational earnings: Gas dispatchers—Continued
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and selected regions, February 1978)
—
Hourly earnings
United
States1
2
New
England
$10.40 and under $10.80 ...............................
$10.80 and under $11.20 ...............................
$11.20 and under $11.60 ...............................
1.0
1.2
5.2
6.1
3.0
-
$11.60 and o v er..............................................
2.3
-
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
26.1
-
-
9.0
-
-
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
—
- i
Southwest Great Lakes
Mountain
Pacific
_
2.5
-
7.3
9.1
1.8
2.5
10.0
3.3
-
-
-
16.7
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
Dashes indicate no data.
Table 8. Occupational earnings: Electricians, maintenance
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and regions, February 1978)
Hourly earnings
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
Pacific
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings1 .2...............................
6,125
$8.50
474
$7.62
839
$8.80
409
$7.83
567
$7.75
709
$7.99
1,642
$8.74
481
$8.72
278
$8.72
726
$9.39
Total ...............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $ 7 .0 0 .......................................................
3.0
3 12.7
.2
6.4
6.2
5.6
.3
1.2
4.3
-
5.1
3.7
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.8
1.1
2.0
.3
2.7
1.1
1.1
.5
.5
5.8
.1
.4
.4
1.7
.8
.4
.4
-
.2
3.4
10.5
20.8
39.9
3.4
10.2
33.7
26.8
6.5
.7
5.1
5.1
2.4
7.3
.5
.2
.4
4.9
6.2
3.7
1.2
4.8
.4
1.1
-
-
.5
.7
-
.5
6.9
5.8
43.9
-
3.3
2.4
2.4
1.8
2.3
3.3
1.2
8.6
6.1
.4
-
.2
5.1
10.0
8.6
.4
_
7.8
-
4.1
.9
1.1
1.4
-
9.9
-
6.6
7.0
3.7
4.3
.4
.8
1.2
10.8
25.6
13.5
.7
1.1
30.6
-
.4
33.3
10.2
_
-
3.3
25.4
5.4
12.9
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
-
7.2
2.1
8.2
18.3
1.4
16.0
2.7
10.0
-
45.0
.7
.7
-
1.2
1.9
.6
.8
.7
5.5
(3)
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
_
.1
2.2
2.8
.3
-
_
-
.4
-
1.1
-
-
-
-
-
3.7
-
-
_
$7.00
$7.10
$7.20
$7.30
$7.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 7 .1 0 ....................................
$ 7 .2 0 ....................................
$ 7 .3 0 ....................................
$ 7 .4 0 ....................................
$ 7 .5 0 ....................................
1.0
1.3
2.3
2.0
1.3
1.5
11.8
3.0
18.4
10.1
$7.50
$7.60
$7.70
$7.80
$7.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 7 .6 0 ....................................
$ 7 .7 0 ....................................
$ 7 .8 0 ....................................
$ 7 .9 0 ....................................
$ 8 .0 0 ....................................
1.0
1.9
4.6
6.5
6.4
.4
1.5
.6
7.8
4.8
.2
$8.00
$8.10
$8.20
$8.30
$8.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 8 .1 0 ....................................
$ 8 .2 0 ....................................
$ 8 .3 0 ....................................
$ 8 .4 0 ....................................
$ 8 .5 0 ....................................
2.7
1.6
6.5
3.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
27.0
.2
3.7
2.1
.5
8.0
7.5
$8.50
$8.60
$8.70
$8.80
$8.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 8 .6 0 ....................................
$ 8 .7 0 ....................................
$ 8 .8 0 ....................................
$ 8 .9 0 ....................................
$ 9 .0 0 ....................................
3.4
2.8
3.9
9.8
2.5
_
1.3
$9.00
$9.10
$9.20
$9.30
$9.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 9 .1 0 ....................................
$ 9 .2 0 ....................................
$ 9 .3 0 ....................................
$ 9 .4 0 ....................................
$ 9 .5 0 ....................................
5.7
4.3
3.1
5.7
2.4
$9.50
$9.60
$9.70
$9.80
$9.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 9 .6 0 ....................................
$ 9 .7 0 ....................................
$ 9 .8 0 ....................................
$ 9 .9 0 ....................................
$10.00 .................................
$10.00 and o v e r...............................................
.6
.2
.1
.2
.5
-
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts.
2 Workers were distributed as follows: 1.3 percent under $6.70; 10.5 percent at
$6.70 to $6.80; and 0.8 percent at $6.90 to $7.00.
_
-
-
-
6.1
45.7
3 Less than 0.05 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
Dashes indicate no data.
-
1.1
Table 9. Occupational earnings: Janitors, porters, or cleaners
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and regions, February 1978)
Hourly earnings
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
Pacific
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings’ ................................
4,495
$5.02
205
$5.61
845
$5.47
473
$4.77
334
$3.70
663
$3.72
1,273
$5.50
375
$5.42
136
$5.20
191
$5.70
Total ..............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
.6
2.3
1.5
1.3
3.3
.9
.9
4.8
22.0
2.0
2.1
1.5
1.7
1.3
.8
1.7
.4
3.9
1.8
3.0
9.9
5.7
.5
2.7
7.2
5.6
2.6
2.1
.9
1.5
1.9
.6
.8
1.5
1.8
3.9
22.2
5.4
3.6
1.5
3.0
5.1
1.7
1.7
14.1
3.0
5.4
1.8
.6
$2.65
$2.70
$2.80
$2.90
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
$ 2 .7 0 ....................................
$ 2 .8 0 ....................................
$ 2 .9 0 ....................................
$ 3 .0 0 ....................................
3.9
.6
.5
.7
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
.1
$3.00
$3.10
$3.20
$3.30
$3.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 3 .1 0 ....................................
$ 3 .2 0 ....................................
$ 3 .3 0 ....................................
$ 3 .4 0 ....................................
$ 3 .5 0 ....................................
.6
.7
1.8
1.8
1.1
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
$3.50
$3.60
$3.70
$3.80
$3.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 3 .6 0 ....................................
$ 3 .7 0 ....................................
$ 3 .8 0 ....................................
$ 3 .9 0 ....................................
$ 4 .0 0 ....................................
.6
1.5
2.3
4.3
1.6
_
_
$4.00 and
$4.10 and
$4.20 and
$4.30 and
$4.40'and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 4 .1 0 ....................................
$ 4 .2 0 ....................................
$ 4 .3 0 ....................................
$ 4 .4 0 ....................................
$ 4 .5 0 ....................................
2.3
1.6
1.7
2.4
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
2.2
.8
.2
6.7
.6
$4.50
$4.60
$4.70
$4.80
$4.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 4 .6 0 ....................................
$ 4 .7 0 ....................................
$ 4 .8 0 ....................................
$ 4 .9 0 ....................................
$ 5 .0 0 ....................................
2.0
2.6
1.3
1.2
1.5
.5
1.0
.5
1.5
1.0
2.7
.7
1.5
.2
.4
.4
16.1
3.2
2.3
2.7
$5.00
$5.10
$5.20
$5.30
$5.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .1 0 ....................................
$ 5 .2 0 ....................................
$ 5 .3 0 ....................................
$ 5 .4 0 ....................................
$ 5 .5 0 ....................................
5.4
4.8
2.2
3.5
2.9
17.6
8.8
.9
.6
3.0
12.3
7.8
5.7
7.8
3.2
4.2
-
1.2
$5.50
$5.60
$5.70
$5.80
$5.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .6 0 ....................................
$ 5 .7 0 ....................................
$ 5 .8 0 ....................................
$ 5 .9 0 ....................................
$ 6 .0 0 ....................................
2.1
5.7
5.6
3.1
2.7
.5
8.3
4.4
21.1
.1
.5
.2
$6.00
$6.10
$6.20
$6.30
$6.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .1 0 ....................................
$ 6 .2 0 ....................................
$ 6 .3 0 ....................................
$ 6 .4 0 ....................................
$ 6 .5 0 ....................................
3.8
4.4
3.5
1.3
1.0
S ee footnotes at end of table.
-
.5
2.0
1.0
-
-
8.8
3.9
-
2.4
11.2
_
15.6
6.3
5.4
1.0
.4
-
.5
9.5
2.4
1.1
_
_
.3
-
3.7
_
-
_
-
-
-
_
_
.7
1.3
.5
.3
1.3
1.6
1.5
4.8
2.9
5.7
3.0
.2
.8
.5
7.6
1.0
.3
.5
.3
4.0
.5
1.7
3.5
.6
.5
7.1
1.1
.2
1.3
1.7
.3
.5
1.9
.5
1.1
2.1
5.9
2.1
.6
6.9
1.4
.6
.9
.8
3.2
.8
3.5
.9
_
_
-
_
-
-
.3
-
_
_
_
-
4.5
1.3
23.9
.6
-
-
-
_
-
_
.2
_
-
_
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
1.0
.3
9.8
11.5
3.2
.3
3.9
2.7
1.2
6.8
3.4
.6
3.1
1.6
16.0
6.9
8.2
2.8
2.0
2.0
3.3
_
2.1
1.1
.3
-
.3
_
12.8
26.1
3.7
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
1.5
-
.7
_
_
_
-
5.9
-
_
_
5.1
.7
2.9
8.1
_
.7
_
2.9
8.8
5.1
5.9
5.9
-
-
2.6
-
1.6
1.6
.5
2.1
_
4.7
11.0
.5
_
2.9
2.1
‘ -
1.5
5.1
19.9
_
-
35.3
_
_
_
6.3
1.0
31.4
-
_
_
-
-
Table 9. Occupational earnings: Janitors, porters, or cleaners—Continued
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and regions, February 1978)
Hourly earnings
United
States
$ 6 .6 0 ....................................
$ 6 .7 0 ....................................
$ 6 .8 0 ....................................
$ 6 .9 0 ....................................
$ 7 .0 0 ....................................
3.1
.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
$7.00 and o v e r..................................................
.4
$6.50
$6.60
$6.70
$6.80
$6.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
4.9
1.1
3.7
2.8
-
-
-
.4
Middle
West
Mountain
Pacific
-
-
14.7
-
8.6
-
2.0
' Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts.
Southwest Great Lakes
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.6
2.6
4.2
-
-
-
-
.9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
Dashes indicate no data.
Table 10. Occupational earnings: Service technicians, gas appliances
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and selected regions, February 1978)
Hourly earnings
United
States2
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings'................................
11,509
$7.47
787
$7.42
2,936
$7.86
558
$7.70
889
$6.14
805
$5.32
2,587
$8.05
1,303
$7.20
314
$7.42
Total ..............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $ 4 .0 0 ......................................................
.4
1.0
4.5
-
$4.00
$4.10
$4.20
$4.30
$4.40
.2
.2
.1
.2
.5
2.2
1.9
.5
2.1
5.1
_
$4.50
$4.60
$4.70
$4.80
$4.90
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
$ 4 .10....................................
$ 4 .20....................................
$ 4 .30....................................
$ 4 .4 0 ....................................
$ 4 .5 0 ....................................
$ 4 .6 0 ....................................
$ 4 .7 0 ....................................
$ 4 .8 0 ....................................
$4 .9 0 ....................................
$5 .0 0 ....................................
.4
.6
.4
.3
.4
-
-
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
.1
.2
-
-
1.0
.7
.4
_
-
-
_
$5.00
$5.10
$5.20
$5.30
$5.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .1 0 ....................................
$5 .2 0 ....................................
$5 .3 0 ....................................
$ 5 .4 0 ....................................
$ 5 .5 0 ....................................
1.3
1.3
.9
.3
.4
$5.50
$5.60
$5.70
$5.80
$5.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .6 0 ....................................
$ 5 .7 0 ....................................
$ 5 .8 0 ....................................
$ 5 .9 0 ....................................
$ 6 .0 0 ....................................
1.4
.8
.4
.6
.3
$6.00
$6.10
$6.20
$6.30
$6.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$6 .1 0 ....................................
$ 6 .2 0 ....................................
$ 6 .3 0 ....................................
$ 6 .4 0 ....................................
$ 6 .5 0 ....................................
1.0
.9
1.0
.8
1.9
2.5
.3
1.0
$6.50
$6.60
$6.70
$6.80
$6.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .6 0 ....................................
$ 6 .7 0 ....................................
$ 6 .8 0 ....................................
$ 6 .9 0 ....................................
$ 7 .0 0 ....................................
1.2
.4
6.7
1.3
.9
7.1
2.0
8.1
.5
6.6
$7.00
$7.10
$7.20
$7.30
$7.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 7 .1 0 ....................................
$7 .2 0 ....................................
$ 7 .3 0 ....................................
$ 7 .4 0 ....................................
$ 7 .5 0 ....................................
3.2
2.0
1.7
3.5
5.0
$7.50 and under $ 7 .6 0 ....................................
4.0
See footnotes at end of table.
-
_
-
-
.3
.5
.1
.4
_
.8
_
-
_
1.2
1.1
3.0
2.5
.2
1.2
1.2
_
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.5
4.5
.2
_
1.1
_
_
_
-
1.1
.4
_
.7
4.0
(3)
8.1
2.3
1.4
1.0
1.3
23.1
5.9
2.5
1.9
4.4
.6
9.1
3.8
1.3
6.7
-
.5
-
.3
.3
.3
.6
1.3
.1
4.4
1.1
1.3
2.0
5.0
3.6
3.7
2.5
2.9
.9
.8
3.0
2.2
1.5
12.4
15.0
7.0
1.5
4.5
15.0
3.7
2.2
.4
1.2
.4
.5
.4
.7
6.1
.2
.2
4.9
10.6
.4
.5
.5
.1
9.2
_
4.8
.2
3.8
-
_
_
-
-
1.0
5.3
5.8
-
-
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
.1
-
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.1
-
_
_
2.5
_
-
_
_
.1
.2
-
_
_
-
_
_
.1
3.6
.1
_
.4
_
_
.5
.4
.2
.2
_
_
1.3
_
.6
2.5
1.9
.6
_
.4
-
-
.3
7.8
.7
1.4
.2
.1
27.2
.1
.1
1.4
6.4
1.3
10.9
20.9
10.2
-
7.2
-
-
10.7
8.5
-
.2
.2
1.2
.3
2.0
.3
.5
1.9
-
-
2.0
10.6
-
-
7.3
-
4.8
15.9
_
4.5
_
_
Table 10. Occupational earnings: Service technicians, gas appliances—Continued
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and selected regions, February 1978)
Hourly earnings
ho
to
United
States1
23
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
$7.60
$7.70
$7.80
$7.90
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
$ 7 .7 0 ....................................
$ 7 .8 0 ....................................
$ 7 .9 0 ....................................
$ 8 .0 0 ....................................
1.0
4.8
2.3
13.6
9.9
1.9
10.3
_
11.6
.4
.3
5.2
4.1
-
-
_
1.2
0.3
5.3
.6
14.9
0.1
17.8
7.0
-
$8.00
$8.10
$8.20
$8.30
$8.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 8 .1 0 ....................................
$ 8 .2 0 ....................................
$ 8 .3 0 ....................................
$ 8 .4 0 ....................................
$ 8 .5 0 ....................................
3.0
3.5
4.4
.7
3.6
_
15.5
-
.9
12.2
.2
.3
-
_
39.4
-
_
1.8
-
-
11.2
1.9
16.0
.8
“
4.8
21.7
“
$8.50
$8.60
$8.70
$8.80
$8.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 8 .6 0 ....................................
$ 8 .7 0 ....................................
$ 8 .8 0 ....................................
$ 8 .9 0 ....................................
$ 9 .0 0 ....................................
2.8
1.0
1.9
2.8
6.8
_
_
16.1
-
-
-
9.3
.1
7.4
10.6
13.3
14.3
“
$9.00 and o v e r.................................................
1.7
-
-
1
and
2
3
-
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
late shifts.
Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
Less than 0.05 percent.
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
.5
15.3
-
-
-
7.4
-
.3
.1
“
-
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
Dashes indicate no data.
Table 11. Occupational earnings: Watch engineers
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and regions, February 1978)
Hourly earnings
ro
co
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
Pacific
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings'................................
2,899
$10.81
224
$11.66
524
$11.72
200
$10.27
274
$9.83
505
$9.05
617
$11.57
165
$9.67
149
$11.15
241
$11.85
Total ..............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $ 8 .0 0 ......................................................
3.5
3.6
-
-
.1
.8
1.2
.3
1.0
_
_
1.8
.9
.9
4.5
_
-
2.0
3.0
$8.00
$8.10
$8.20
$8.30
$8.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 8 .1 0 ....................................
$ 8 .2 0 ....................................
$ 8 .3 0 ....................................
$ 8 .4 0 ....................................
$ 8 .5 0 ....................................
$8.50
$8.60
$8.70
$8.80
$8.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 8 .6 0 ....................................
$ 8 .7 0 ....................................
$ 8 .8 0 ....................................
$ 8 .9 0 ....................................
$ 9 .0 0 ....................................
1.1
1.5
1.3
2.9
2.0
$9.00
$9.10
$9.20
$9.30
$9.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 9 .1 0 ....................................
$ 9 .2 0 ....................................
$ 9 .3 0 ....................................
$ 9 .4 0 ....................................
$ 9 .5 0 ....................................
.9
2.0
1.0
1.3
3.7
2.2
.4
3.1
-
-
$9.50
$9.60
$9.70
$9.80
$9.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 9 .6 0 ....................................
$ 9 .7 0 ....................................
$ 9 .8 0 ....................................
$ 9 .9 0 ....................................
$10.00 .................................
2.6
1.2
1.8
2.1
2.1
_
_
_
.9
.9
-
.9
-
-
3.1
_
2.0
-
-
2 18.4
_
.7
.4
_
5.1
.2
-
-
-
-
_
12.1
_
_
_
.6
_
.2
6.1
.7
3.4
-
_
1.0
.4
.7
.4
.7
.4
.5
3.5
1.5
-
2.2
1.8
1.1
3.3
23.4
_
1.6
7.1
1.1
1.3
2.4
1.8
1.0
.6
.4
.2
.4
2.5
2.0
12.5
2.0
13.5
15.3
4.0
1.8
1.8
5.5
2.4
1.6
1.0
6.5
-
2.4
1.3
1.6
2.4
1.5
2.0
2.5
.5
2.0
.5
10.9
5.8
4.7
4.7
9.9
6.1
8.5
5.3
.4
2.8
4.1
1.8
2.9
2.9
3.7
-
.8
.4
.4
.2
16.0
-
$10.00
$10.20
$10.40
$10.60
$10.80
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$10.20
$10.40
$10.60
$10.80
$11.00
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
4.4
6.0
5.0
2.0
6.1
2.2
4.0
3.1
3.6
4.0
16.0
.2
.2
14.9
$11.00
$ 11.20
$11.40
$11.60
$11.80
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$11.20
$11.40
$11.60
$11.80
$12.00
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
2.9
3.2
4.8
2.6
4.4
1.8
1.8
13.8
2.2
.9
4.0
5.7
5.9
3.4
7.4
.5
1.5
3.5
1.5
10.5
$12.00
$12.40
$12.80
$13.20
$13.60
$14.00
$14.40
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
under $12.40 ...............................
under $12.80 ...............................
under $13.20 ...............................
under $13.60 ...............................
under $14.00 ...............................
under $14.40 ...............................
o v e r...............................................
5.8
3.2
4.4
3.3
2.8
2.9
1.7
1.8
2.7
5.8
7.1
15.2
2.7
8.0
2.9
4.8
12.8
3.8
.4
10.3
6.0
1.0
-
-
5.5
3.6
6.9
8.5
.4
7.9
_
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
_
_
-
_
-
_
_
2.0
2.0
_
_
_
2.0
_
_
_
_
-
-
_
.2
1.0
.3
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
_
1.3
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
13.3
1.2
24.2
4.8
1.8
_
_
.7
_
_
.6
.6
-
3.4
1.2
1.2
3.4
_
1.3
_
_
.8
-
2.4
6.1
5.4
9.4
9.4
2.1
2.1
29.5
.4
.4
6.5
5.0
4.5
2.3
6.5
6.1
1.8
1.2
1.2
2.4
5.4
9.4
12.1
10.1
10.7
3.3
9.1
7.1
2.9
14.1
5.5
5.7
5.2
3.6
2.4
4.2
11.5
9.4
3.4
1.3
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts.
2 Workers were distributed as follows: 9.5 percent under $7.40; 3.8 percent at
percent at $7.70 to $7.80; and 2.0 percent at $7.90 to $8.00.
$7.50 to $7.60; 1.2 percent at $7.50 to $7.60; 1.6 percent at $7.60 to $7.70; 0.4
Dashes indicate no data.
-
_
_
_
7.5
8.7
5.0
9.5
7.5
4.1
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
Table 12. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—all systems
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, United States and regions, February 1978)
United States
Occupation
Selected office occupations
Accounting clerks............................................
M e n ..............................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Bookkeeping-machine operators2 ................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
W om en........................................................
Cashiers............................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
File clerks.........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Key entry operators3 .......................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
Messengers......................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Order clerks2 ....................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
W om en........................................................
Payroll clerks....................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Secretaries2-3.....................................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
Class D ..........................................................
Class E ...........................................................
Stenographers3 ................................................
General ..........................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
New England
Middle Atlantic
Border States
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West
Mountain
Pacific
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
of
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
6,590
1,321
5,113
3,084
903
2,106
3,506
418
3,007
22
19
17
14
2,801
229
2,562
608
524
92
277
223
239
26
213
2,931
1,372
1,559
640
303
321
42
36
16
15
523
68
453
8,617
501
1,771
2,216
2,545
1,513
4,831
2,521
$5.70
6.44
5.51
6.40
6.94
6.19
5.08
5.34
5.03
4.55
4.57
4.29
4.28
4.69
5.46
4.62
4.47
4.49
5.19
4.42
4.43
4.25
4.10
4.26
5.31
5.78
4.89
3.93
3.97
3.90
5.12
5.07
4.79
4.75
6.01
6.98
5.86
6.37
8.26
7.17
6.46
5.88
5.41
5.19
4.81
678
570
319
257
359
46
313
98
91
244
113
131
20
14
56
48
643
66
132
245
200
139
47
$5.83
5.85
6.31
6.34
5.40
5.14
5.44
4.97
4.82
5.03
5.36
4.76
4.56
4.79
6.04
5.92
6.68
8.00
7.10
6.45
6.25
5.08
4.84
742
191
551
349
122
227
393
69
324
312
69
243
52
10
42
9
38
29
511
278
233
125
37
88
87
19
68
1,325
105
365
277
347
160
872
312
$6.47
6.90
6.32
7.41
7.56
7.33
5.63
5.71
5.61
5.68
6.64
5.41
5.42
5.44
5.41
6.50
5.26
5.22
6.23
6.92
5.41
4.48
4.37
4.53
6.89
7.82
6.63
7.41
9.31
7.91
7.69
6.54
6.02
5.90
5.02
614
111
503
274
74
200
340
37
303
197
8
189
57
54
8
7
167
68
99
48
14
34
40
33
755
28
108
171
292
156
256
179
$4.88
5.86
4.66
5.66
6.32
5.42
4.25
4.95
4.17
4.38
4.45
4.38
5.26
5.30
4.12
4.19
4.76
5.57
4.20
3.97
4.43
3.78
_
5.96
5.6S
5.96
7.54
7.20
6.24
5.79
4.81
4.18
3.99
809
179
630
272
69
203
537
110
427
710
704
84
- %
76
35
32
_
$2 6
153
173
68
49
19
_
_
58
8
50
1,066
78
334
254
189
211
698
392
$5.73
6.49
5.51
6.37
7.18
6.09
5.41
6.06
5.24
4.42
4.42
3.43
3.45
3.56
3.58
4.42
4.84
4.06
3.96
4.27
3.18
5.16
5.44
5.12
5.97
7.39
6.71
5.65
5.51
5.09
4.76
4.41
1,254
742
631
623
435
_
521
477
138
110
21
71
46
40
346
126
220
149
_
65
12
53
1,597
49
264
341
452
491
1,007
454
$5.31
5.05
6.05
4.56
4.44
_
4.29
4.26
3.92
4.00
4.41
4.09
3.43
3.41
4.42
4.97
4.10
3.42
_
5.42
6.24
5.24
5.74
7.26
6.65
6.01
5.37
5.26
4.58
4.22
1,377
229
1,148
729
202
527
648
27
621
7
7
_
183
183
154
22
132
26
79
12
67
49
10
39
535
337
198
108
55
53
99
9
90
1,369
73
214
409
388
285
1,092
633
$5.71
7.44
5.36
6.40
7.69
5.91
4.93
5.63
4.90
5.46
5.46
_
5.01
5.01
4.71
4.85
4.69
5.43
4.56
5.17
4.45
4.57
4.47
4.60
4.98
5.24
4.53
4.04
4.12
3.96
5.96
7.80
5.78
6.50
8.18
7.42
6.71
5.97
5.81
5.46
5.15
455
428
212
192
243
7
236
_
398
314
34
7
17
185
63
122
27
10
15
67
65
633
28
155
247
179
24
285
157
$4.59
4.52
5.56
5.50
3.75
4.64
3.72
_
4.56
4.37
4.45
4.72
4.33
4.70
4.92
4.59
3.78
3.86
3.77
-
5.95
5.96
5.69
7.33
6.50
5.64
5.03
3.84
5.19
4.75
123
36
87
65
32
33
58
54
_
112
112
118
56
62
57
32
25
19
19
482
11
63
130
191
149
116
$4.84
5.60
4.52
5.37
5.65
5.10
4.24
4.17
_
4.89
4.89
5.11
5.55
4.72
3.43
3.20
3.73
5.57
5.57
5.54
7.90
6.93
6.16
5.08
5.30
5.07
538
84
454
233
73
160
305
11
294
_
270
249
37
33
8
21
19
38
13
32
27
747
63
136
307
333
231
$7.35
7.83
7.26
7.93
8.01
7.89
6.91
6.62
6.92
5.05
5.12
5.75
5.76
6.92
5.32
5.32
4.20
3.75
6.89
6.94
7.48
9.!50
7.89
6.84
5.96
5.93
Table 12. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—all systems—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings’ of workers in selected occupations, United States and regions, February 1978)
United States
Occupation
Selected office occupations
Senior.............................................................
Switchboard operators3 .................................
Switchboard operators-receptionists3 ..........
Transcribing-machine typists3 .......................
Typists...............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class A3 .........................................................
Class B ..........................................................
W om en.......................................................
Selected professional and technical
occupations
Computer data librarians...............................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Computer operators2 ......................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class A ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Computer programmers (business)..............
M e n ..............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class A ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class C .........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Computer systems analysts
(business)........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class A ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class B ..........................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
New England
Middle Atlantic
Border States
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West
Mountain
Pacific
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age
hourly
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
of
of
workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
2,310
822
201
43
2,338
2,186
1,002
1,336
1,202
$5.61
5.12
4.46
4.77
4.48
4.49
4.98
4.10
4.08
94
22
69
1,357
1,073
264
429
376
631
501
124
295
196
99
2,093
1,494
639
473
1,065
763
270
389
258
119
6.12
5.68
6.35
6.62
6.80
5.96
7.70
7.80
6.50
6.59
6.16
5.33
5.40
5.20
8.00
8.12
9.21
9.28
7.78
7.86
7.54
6.65
6.76
6.42
1,927
1,566
336
748
642
91
874
9.69
9.84
9.00
10.96
11.04
10.39
9.20
92
69
14
23
23
$5.21
5.27
4.87
4.34
4.34
3.67
3.67
560
132
28
449
441
247
202
198
$6.40
5.86
4.04
5.26
5.25
5.85
4.54
4.53
123
91
32
29
25
6.68
7.09
5.51
7.37
7.59
25
9
16
253
226
27
126
116
6.68
5.01
7.63
7.89
7.97
7.18
8.57
8.55
78
78
-
-
-
74
63
11
20
154
114
40
32
68
6.87
6.94
6.48
4.95
8.23
8.27
8.12
9.48
-
-
-
95
86
32
24
6
7.57
355
273
82
114
96
170
130
40
71
47
24
194
162
32
94
87
7
90
9.76
9.92
8.97
10.69
10.71
10.41
9.16
299
261
38
155
143
12
105
-
7.94
-
-
20
-
7.26
-
7.87
7.88
5.26
5.53
8.27
8.45
7.67
9.65
9.78
7.98
8.02
7.86
6.75
6.95
6.37
10.84
10.90
10.42
11.68
11.64
12.11
9.95
77
58
25
276
276
58
-
$4.62
4.59
5.19
3.78
3.78
4.30
-
306
105
38
156
156
50
106
106
$5.21
4.62
4.19
4.00
4.00
4.64
3.69
3.69
7
7.41
7.77
6.36
9.34
9.60
6.91
7.18
6.21
5.83
5.90
-
7
151
118
33
43
36
7
83
65
18
25
17
338
228
110
80
64
16
190
126
64
68
38
30
4.88
4.88
5.87
5.92
5.69
6.75
6.90
6.01
5.66
5.65
5.73
5.04
4.91
7.49
7.65
7.17
8.35
8.43
8.05
7.70
7.80
7.51
5.90
5.84
5.97
9.15
9.22
8.78
10.04
10.01
159
134
25
48
48
8.89
8.99
8.34
10.47
10.47
-
8
8
111
79
32
30
24
6
45
35
10
36
20
111
83
28
28
24
72
52
20
11
7
148
123
25
38
34
-
5.96
5.96
5.96
6.03
5.81
6.08
6.06
6.18
6.39
6.59
5.70
5.34
5.02
-
-
77
9.07
-
-
-
64
8.73
553
162
22
480
186
294
-
$4.89
4.50
4.06
4.18
4.43
4.03
-
459
159
33
570
566
294
276
272
$5.89
5.37
5.15
4.54
4.54
4.90
4.15
4.15
31
5.22
5.05
5.50
5.67
6.82
6
_
_
253
195
58
83
75
8
107
72
35
61
48
13
419
318
101
157
131
26
207
149
58
55
38
17
7.28
_
6.78
6.85
6.56
8.01
8.05
7.62
6.54
6.56
6.50
5.58
5.40
6.23
7.98
8.14
7.49
8.89
8.91
8.75
7.56
7.73
7.13
7.01
7.09
6.82
513
428
85
205
175
30
224
9.61
9.75
8.90
10.93
11.09
10.00
9.08
18
203
160
46
99
89
10
58
34
24
279
-
-
5.56
5.56
5.52
4.36
4.48
4.19
7.78
-
112
102
9.08
7.41
-
-
-
-
65
259
170
85
-
136
6.11
8.73
8.66
10.20
-
8.24
128
51
26
60
52
17
43
37
_
_
_
93
62
42
34
_
45
6
_
_
119
-
27
_
76
-
_
16
14
_
103
77
_
41
28
11
41
$5.73
4.90
4.01
4.49
4.64
4.92
4.32
4.47
_
_
_
6.70
7.27
7.71
7.88
_
6.08
4.26
_
7.86
8.47
8.10
_
5.71
5.82
_
9.43
9.61
10.41
10.71
9.60
9.27
33
27
8
135
135
43
92
92
_
_
_
$6.10
5.19
3.59
4.29
4.29
4.52
4.18
4.18
_
_
_
59
7
_
134
131
82
79
81
68
13
13
13
_
43
35
8
25
20
113
94
19
28
25
_
57
44
13
28
25
_
6.40
6.45
6.16
7.43
7.43
6.48
6.46
6.55
5.73
5.79
7.90
7.93
7.75
8.92
9.01
_
7.92
7.92
7.92
6.86
6.89
_
6
_
89
74
15
17
16
_
40
32
8
32
26
6
205
167
38
_
_
6
96
77
19
55
42
13
97
84
36
35
9.85
10.01
_
11.06
11.12
155
127
28
46
43
46
9.46
-
_
_
_
$5.82
4.93
4.87
4.85
_
4.69
4.65
6.97
_
_
7.25
7.29
7.02
8.00
8.11
7.09
7.18
6.73
7.05
6.93
7.56
9.02
9.05
8.88
_
10.63
8.60
8.51
8.94
7.80
7.74
7.99
10.66
10.96
9.30
12.26
12.36
_
91
10.43
Table 12. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—all systems—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and regions, February 1978)
United States
Occupation
Selected professional and technical
occupations—Continued
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Drafters.............................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Drafters-tracers.............................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Electronics technicians1
23
' 4...............................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
Peripheral equipment operators...................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Registered industrial nurses .........................
W om en........................................................
New England
Middle Atlantic
710
159
305
214
86
3,885
3,291
1,089
1,003
1,471
1,273
1,093
849
208
232
166
66
1,638
720
741
154
65
50
15
146
133
$9.29
8.82
7.98
8.04
7.88
6.87
7.03
8.34
8.38
7.02
7.10
5.59
5.68
5.28
5.12
5.27
4.76
8.36
8.83
8.24
6.72
6.76
6.94
6.14
7.39
7.46
67
23
165
153
12
64
63
78
72
6
20
16
11
7
-
$9.31
8.71
7.40
7.47
6.45
7.74
7.76
7.52
7.59
6.72
5.91
5.92
7.18
5.78
-
_
12
12
_
6.79
6.79
93
12
14
480
426
54
175
167
119
104
15
162
137
25
24
6
252
148
69
32
25
7
38
36
$9.98
9.73
9.55
7.86
8.02
6.62
9.30
9.30
7.84
8.01
6.70
6.74
6.83
6.21
5.06
4.70
8.97
9.61
8.20
7.32
7.39
7.06
7.50
7.55
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West
Mountain
Pacific
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number ag e^ Number age Number age
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
2 Includes data for workers in classification in addition to those shown separately.
3 Virtually all women.
4 Virtually all men.
Border States
65
33
24
370
322
48
125
115
10
68
65
91
79
12
86
63
23
182
103
57
22
_
15
15
$9.07
8.29
8.51
6.65
6.82
5.48
8.25
8.26
8.17
6.66
6.76
5.91
6.03
5.12
5.09
5.26
4.62
7.75
8.36
7.62
5.23
_ •
_
6.89
6.89
48
16
538
481
57
123
115
174
166
8
234
194
7
6
154
44
90
_
8
8
$8.70
8.79
5.70
5.80
4.84
7.60
7.66
5.81
5.83
5.41
4.64
4.71
4.88
4.77
7.40
8.07
7.40
_
6.99
6.99
100
35
38
16
669
486
202
164
305
217
143
94
266
153
77
36
_
18
“
$8.32
8.00
7.25
7.36
6.29
6.46
7.58
7.68
6.26
6.36
4.71
4.75
7.73
8.22
7.42
6.30
_
6.70
“
192
32
84
61
23
751
689
62
154
153
342
317
25
204
181
23
51
38
13
292
63
194
32
31
$9.11
8.90
7.79
7.92
7.47
6.99
7.12
5.53
8.64
8.64
7.26
7.32
6.53
5.91
6.01
5.19
4.56
4.73
4.04
8.46
9.03
8.31
-
_
8.08
8.07
32
227
63
53
95
83
57
180
61
117
-
_
“
$9.49
7.23
9.41
9.40
7.18
7.24
5.37
8.86
9.12
8.80
-
_
“
40
245
210
35
85
83
75
67
8
85
60
25
103
47
42
-
_
”
$9.47
6.61
6.78
5.61
7.85
7.85
6.71
6.78
6.16
5.29
5.31
5.25
8.58
9.32
8.16
-
_
-
73 $10.62
18
9.65
440
7.87
357
8.01
7.27
83
98
8.91
90
8.93
8
8.74
97
6.54
62
6.67
35
6.32
110
9.90
84
9.60
_
_
-
-
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Overall occupation may include workers not classified by sex.
Table 13. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—electric systems
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and regions, February 1978)
United States
Occupation
Selected office occupations
Accounting clerks............................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Bookkeeping-machine operators..................
Class B ...........................................................
Cashiers............................................................
W om en........................................................
File clerks.........................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
W om en........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Key entry operators2 ......................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
Messengers......................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Payroll clerks....................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Secretaries2 ......................................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
Class D ..........................................................
Class E ...........................................................
Stenographers2 ................................................
General ..........................................................
Senior.............................................................
Switchboard operators2 .................................
W om en........................................................
Switchboard operators-receptionists2 ..........
Transcribing-machine typists2 .......................
Typists...............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A2 .........................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
New England
Middle Atlantic
Border States
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West
Mountain
Pacific
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age
of
hourly
hourly
of
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
of
hourly
hourly
of
of
hourly
hourly
of
hourly
of
workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
2,860
537
2,242
1,395
330
1,065
1,465
1,177
10
10
928
876
290
248
34
32
110
146
16
130
987
478
509
216
94
108
212
21
191
3,237
190
729
1,004
840
474
2,511
1,430
1,081
373
345
103
29
1,238
1,104
458
$5.61
6.38
5.44
6.26
6.82
6.09
4.99
4.84
3.84
3.84
4.63
4.64
4.21
4.24
5.12
5.07
4.13
-
4.06
4.22
4.03
4.90
5.25
4.56
3.93
4.04
3.86
5.77
6.27
5.72
6.38
8.02
7.11
6.28
5.81
5.85
5.20
4.87
5.63
4.98
5.01
4.47
4.78
4.28
4.28
4.82
208
96
66
30
12
8
36
30
287
72
50
48
11
37
45
39
7
10
10
$6.46
-
5.30
5.48
4.90
4.04
3.97
6.03
5.95
6.77
7.29
6.38
-
5.74
5.54
5.79
5.28
5.44
4.10
4.13
4.13
157
54
103
84
34
50
73
20
53
28
28
13
_
_
10
_
70
32
38
28
7
21
12
12
223
69
53
40
364
165
199
40
39
-
$6.76
7.07
6.60
7.44
7.57
7.36
5.97
6.21
5.88
5.60
5.60
4.57
_
4.48
_
-
_
5.33
5.98
4.79
3.84
4.04
3.78
6.52
6.52
6.80
7.33
6.64
5.76
5.58
4.88
6.16
5.45
5.44
-
-
-
“
“
393
47
168
39
129
8
106
101
15
15
_
_
100
25
75
18
18
331
7
41
96
148
39
158
-
-
43
43
11
-
“
$4.51
5.89
5.48
5.96
5.33
5.55
4.43
4.41
4.50
4.50
_
_
4.51
5.21
4.28
_
5.54
_
5.54
5.90
7.77
7.26
6.01
5.58
5.07
4.14
4.40
4.40
4.40
—
-
“
525
416
172
-
131
353
285
285
280
56
_
_
_
_
_
201
120
81
43
29
14
37
33
754
61
239
170
133
151
638
341
297
66
66
26
145
145
47
$6.11
5.86
6.89
6.64
5.73
5.50
4.19
4.19
3.41
_
_
_
4.63
4.80
4.37
3.97
4.27
3.33
5.31
_
5.25
6.26
7.67
7.00
5.94
5.89
5.19
4.82
4.44
5.25
4.83
4.83
4.39
4.01
4.01
4.60
435
208
93
115
227
138
126
51
_
_
_
-
_
_
129
44
85
_
_
27
7
20
507
21
97
176
126
87
370
210
160
60
11
263
-
$5.62
6.46
6.71
6.25
4.85
4.18
4.12
3.81
_
_
, _
_
_
4.49
5.07
4.19
_
_
4.78
6.22
4.28
5.73
7.21
6.12
5.91
5.15
5.39
4.73
4.31
5.28
4.48
3.87
4.23
-
75
4.52
582
43
28
231
15
216
_
65
65
66
58
_
_
$5.17
6.29
6.94
4.47
5.08
4.43
_
5.68
5.68
4.51
4.49
_
_
25
25
4.10
4.10
_
_
_
4.88
5.06
4.69
4.28
4.40
4.20
5.36
_
5.30
6.83
8.37
7.52
6.93
6.09
_
_
217
, 110
107
48
19
29
34
_
32
564
23
96
227
162
-
595
352
243
86
80
22
342
338
156
-
5.52
5.35
5.77
5.32
5.27
5.24
4.55
4.55
4.98
103
93
51
47
52
6
46
_
_
75
65
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
56
16
40
13
7
_
24
_
24
170
_
48
60
54
-
_
_
_
20
20
11
_
21
21
-
$5.52
_
5.50
6.59
_
6.55
4.47
4.85
4.42
_
_
5.51
5.61
_
_
__
_
_
_
5.02
5.40
4.87
3.97
3.97
_
7.09
_
7.09
6.43
_
7.16
6.33
6.00
-
58
13
45
31
13
18
27
_
27
_
_
48
48
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
34
25
16
_
_
130
7
15
45
57
-
52
-
_
_
5.54
5.54
4.06
4.18
4.18
-
_
_
7
7
_
53
53
33
$4.62
5.47
4.37
5.34
5.47
5.25
3.79
_
3.79
_
5.20
5.20
. _
_
_
_
_
_
_
4.89
4.97
3.74
_
_
_
_
_
5.40
7.29
6.84
5.34
5.01
_
5.23
_
4.45
4.45
_
4.04
4.04
4.18
121
36
85
71
27
44
50
41
139
119
25
_
_
_
_
_
10
10
84
56
_
_
_
$7.06
7.33
6.95
7.33
7.49
7.24
6.68
6.64
_
_
4.91
5.05
5.94
_
_
_
5.53
5.53
_
_
5.75
6.10
_
_
10
7.20
_
8
7.25
_
_
8.07
_
6.79
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
52
70
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
36
36
-
_
_
4.57
4.57
-
Table 13. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—electric systems—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and regions, February 1978)
United States
Occupation
Selected office occupations
Class B ...........................................................
W om en........................................................
Selected professional and technical
occupations
Computer data librarians................................
Women ........................................................
Computer operators3 .......................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Computer programmers (business)..............
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Computer systems analysts
(business)........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Drafters.............................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
S ee footnotes at end of table.
New England
Middle Atlantic
Border States
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West
Mountain
Pacific
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
hourly
of
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
of
of
workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
780
658
$3.96
3.92
-
-
25
20
530
400
130
129
113
16
274
205
69
125
82
5.92
6.12
6.45
6.60
6.01
7.49
7.59
6.84
6.51
6.60
6.23
5.27
5.22
5.36
7.97
8.18
7.51
9.10
9.29
7.97
8.08
7.76
6.41
6.57
6.11
-
$7.28
7.68
5.81
6.99
7.78
-
43
880
625
215
259
194
435
317
109
186
114
60
656
540
106
237
217
302
241
60
117
82
34
1,881
1,630
523
47
37
10
8
31
-
9.65
9.82
76
62
14
8.78
11.04
11.09
9.45
9.52
9.17
7.35
7.32
7.42
6.68
6.82
8.33
$4.27
4.26
-
-
-
-
7.68
7.82
9.06
9.19
-
$5.62
5.58
5.73
5.63
6.42
6.83
5.79
-
202
178
24
70
7.72
7.95
5.98
9.25
71
70
-
33
25
8
86
83
43
9.71
9.89
8.93
9.05
9.23
8.49
7.41
7.43
7.92
37
34
10
9
53
39
14
19
20
12
8
19
18
178
152
26
44
98
98
97
73
24
24
21
52
39
13
21
253
165
88
56
45
11
149
97
52
23
-
-
113
98
-
-
9.55
9.50
6.16
6.40
4.76
7.87
43
43
8
429
384
99
$3.73
3.73
-
-
186
182
$4.18
4.18
6.02
6.10
5.78
7.24
7.29
5.82
5.83
5.80
5.13
7.54
7.70
7.24
8.05
8.08
7.96
7.82
7.90
7.66
6.13
-
-
$5.41
5.57
4.91
7.38
7.31
5.45
5.38
4.05
4.05
4.05
6.98
7.11
6.04
-
115
81
34
36
33
45
26
19
32
22
169
120
49
83
63
20
59
39
20
27
18
9
6.82
6.80
6.87
8.31
8.41
6.52
6.14
7.05
5.64
5.17
8.15
8.34
7.70
8.89
8.96
8.68
7.80
8.01
7.41
6.64
6.87
6.19
9.03
10.04
8.49
8.59
6.21
7.48
154
130
24
69
65
63
51
12
22
10.01
10.19
9.03
11.26
11.27
9.46
9.50
9.31
7.63
7.67
7.57
6.79
6.92
5.64
8.77
8.80
8.89
10.41
10.41
9.48
5.77
5.87
7.89
85
64
21
15
14
47
39
23
11
12
110
34
47
41
16
22
17
223
81
14
8
420
379
41
71
12
12
$3.31
3.31
21
11
10
8
7
7.30
8.93
5.52
9.22
9.13
-
-
-
12
8
55
50
43
38
8
8
22
22
17
17
-
6.17
4.97
8.63
8.48
9.06
8.91
5.84
5.84
10.03
10.03
9.89
9.89
“
20
20
35
30
6
6
17
13
60
55
19
17
30
27
22
20
12
11
10
9
91
82
35
$3.80
3.80
6.43
6.46
7.74
7.74
6.19
6.18
7.52
7.53
8.64
8.69
7.19
7.23
9.97
10.11
10.78
10.92
9.01
9.12
6.43
6.46
7.13
30
30
40
31
9
6
6
21
15
107
83
24
26
24
63
48
148
118
30
50
$4.26
4.26
7.21
7.27
6.98
8.22
8.22
6.87
6.96
10.55
10.97
9.10
12.90
13.07
10.37
10.65
7.47
7.62
6.88
8.76
Table 13. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—electric systems—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and regions, February 1978)
United States
Occupation
Selected professional and technical
occupations—Continued
M e n ..............................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Drafters-tracers.............................................
M e n ..............................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Electronics technicians4 .................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
Peripheral equipment operators...................
M e n ..............................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Registered industrial nurses .........................
W om en........................................................
1
2
3
4
New England
Middle Atlantic
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West
Mountain
Pacific
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
hourly
hourly
hourly
of
of
of
of
workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
492
669
602
579
461
102
110
75
35
936
391
419
126
28
22
6
71
60
$8.38
6.83
6.87
5.37
5.42
5.22
4.78
4.78
4.77
8.19
8.75
8.16
6.58
6.68
6.87
5.98
7.44
7.58
43
-
$7.92
7.10
5.78
-
-
-
10
7
9
9
6.77
6.77
70
51
50
62
42
-
142
56
53
-
$9.25
8.32
8.32
6.23
6.37
-
40
53
52
56
46
25
11
89
36
31
22
-
8.66
9.64
8.13
-
-
-
-
-
“
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
Virtually all women.
Includes data for workers in classification in addition to those shown separately.
Virtually all men.
Border States
_
-
$7.98
6.65
6.69
5.40
5.54
3.85
4.06
7.26
8.57
7.18
5.23
-
93
124
119
7
6
-
143
85
8
8
$7.91
5.83
5.84
4.88
4.77
-
7.36
7.42
_
6.99
6.99
67
89
49
-
172
101
35
36
_
_
-
$7.50
5.91
4.73
-
7.44
7.98
7.09
6.30
_
-
70
182
164
18
134
122
12
_
23
80
_
_
20
19
$8.79
7.09
7.15
6.50
5.91
5.97
5.32
_
4.55
8.68
_
_
8.35
8.36
_
76
43
_
_
_
-
_
_
$9.35
_
9.01
_
_
_
-
34
29
27
_
_
-
34
27
_
_
_
_
-
$7.09
6.44
6.52
_
_
_
_
8.44
8.20
_
_
_
-
45
54
44
10
30
19
11
_
_
75
_
_
_
_
_
-
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Overall occupation may include workers not classified by sex.
$8.82
7.67
7.68
7.58
5.89
5.79
6.07
_
_
9.78
_
_
_
_
-
Table 14. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—gas transmission systems
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and Southwest, February 1978)
United States2
Occupation
Selected office occupations
Accounting clerks............................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
Women .
File clerks ....
W om en........................................................
Class A ....
Women
Class B ....
.............................................
Women
Class C ..........................................................
.................................................
Women
Key entry operators ........................................
W om en.....................
Class A ...........................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B3 .........................................................
Messengers......................................................
M e n ..............................................................
Women ........................................................
Payroll clerks....................................................
Women ........................................................
Secretaries3 ......................................................
Class A .........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
Class D ..........................................................
Class E ...........................................................
Stenographers ...............................................
Women ........................................................
General ..........................................................
Senior.............................................................
Switchboard operators....................................
W om en........................................................
Typists3 .............................................................
Class B ...........................................................
1
2
3
4
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
339
203
136
103
116
96
19
17
61
51
36
28
127
117
50
$5.50
6.03
4.70
4.71
4.02
4.04
4.64
4.63
4.02
4.01
3.70
3.72
4.48
4.51
4.76
77
129
65
62
40
32
1,371
33
158
226
361
593
591
512
314
253
277
259
80
76
254
130
124
4.31
3.35
3.31
3.39
6.08
5.85
5.75
7.93
6.94
5.84
5.71
5.29
4.55
4.61
4.20
4.23
4.94
4.99
4.50
4.50
4.17
4.46
3.87
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Occupation
_
Computer data librarians...............................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Computer operators.......................................
M e n ..............................................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
Computer programmers (business)..............
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Computer systems analysts
(business)........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
221
138
62
64
58
11
11
4.61
4.10
4.16
4.67
4.67
26
3.63
80
80
32
32
48
103
51
52
26
24
705
4.61
4.61
4.94
4.94
4.39
3.35
3.33
3.37
5.77
5.84
5.87
85
84
144
376
432
407
193
168
239
239
56
56
201
109
92
7.13
6.36
6 08
5.32
4.49
4.50
4.16
4 14
4.76
4.76
4.41
4.41
4.16
4.37
3.92
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
Includes data for regions in addition to the Southwest.
Virtually all women.
Virtually all men.
United States2
Southwest
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
Class C ..........................................................
W om en........................................................
Drafters.............................................................
M e n ..............................................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
Number of
workers
20
10
10
97
$5.37
5.87
4.87
5.86
28
54
45
15
12
199
87
94
18
12
6
6.37
5.91
6.04
4.70
4.71
8.53
9.73
7.78
6.61
6.71
6.42
291
211
8.84
8.88
86
60
166
131
39
10.38
10.22
8.43
8.53
7.19
424
6.81
135
183
131
90
8.25
6.75
6.92
5.12
139
65
6
8.58
8.78
7.29
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Registered industrial nurses3 ........................
Average
hourly
earnings
_
Southwest
Number of
workers
20
10
10
64
52
16
38
_
85
62
_
_
Average
hourly
earnings
$5.37
5.87
4.87
5.72
5.79
6.27
5.77
_
_
9.40
9.79
_
_
_
188
120
63
51
27
8.64
8.55
8.58
10.50
10.29
73
8.29
15
293
212
87
143
100
48
35
13
46
34
7.35
6.80
7.04
8.09
6.83
7.05
4.97
4.95
5.02
8.71
8.04
_
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Overall occupation may include workers not classified by sex.
Table 15. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—gas, except separate transmission systems
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, February 1978)
United States2
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Selected office occupations
Accounting clerks............................................
M e n ..............................................................
Women ........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Bookkeeping-machine operators..................
Cashiers3 ...........................................................
File clerks.........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Key entry operators3 .......................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
Messengers......................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Payroll clerks....................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Secretaries3 ......................................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
Class D ..........................................................
Class E ...........................................................
Stenographers3 ................................................
General ..........................................................
Senior.............................................................
Switchboard operators3 .................................
Switchboard operators-receptionists3 ..........
Transcribing-machine typists3 .......................
Typists...............................................................
Class A ...........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
1,473
355
1,118
634
247
387
839
108
731
6
1,045
30
8
22
22
6
16
625
243
382
90
63
27
118
17
101
1,560
89
415
329
657
70
438
248
190
150
54
14
223
89
134
$5.35
6.03
5.14
6.04
6.39
5.81
4.84
5.20
4.78
5.02
4.44
4.59
4.38
4.67
4.63
4.18
4.81
4.74
5.27
4.41
4.21
4.34
3.92
5.81
6.99
5.62
6.24
7.32
6.85
6.02
6.05
4.20
5.12
4.81
5.51
4.80
4.14
4.76
4.68
5.06
4.42
Selected professional and technical
occupations
Computer data librarians3 ..............................
Computer operators4 .......................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A4 .........................................................
8
304
265
39
101
5.95
6.32
See footnotes at end of table.
New England
Number
of
workers
115
111
11
8
104
103
43
53
41
14
12
124
9
48
12
-
35
27
6.49
5.14
7.43
9
Average
hourly
earnings
$5.86
5.86
5.89
5.85
5.86
5.86
5.72
5.48
5.51
6.23
5.96
6.88
7.06
6.98
5.29
-
6.67
6.77
8.10
Middle Atlantic
Number
of
workers
129
40
89
48
26
22
81
14
67
44
28
13
10
196
6
46
38
96
42
36
17
34
-
30
24
17
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.46
7.38
6.05
7.93
7.90
7.97
5.59
6.42
5.42
5.36
4.37
5.22
4.47
6.98
7.10
7.36
7.21
6.98
5.47
5.18
3.77
4.78
-
7.12
7.86
8.29
Number
of
workers
61
43
25
76
28
8
-
-
18
17
“
Average
hourly
earnings
$5.33
5.11
5.58
4.15
5.25
6.38
-
6.51
6.61
-
Southwest
Southeast
Border States
Number
of
workers
241
65
176
82
59
159
42
117
375
99
25
74
13
19
_
15
152
11
66
15
31
49
40
26
10
-
43
39
16
Average
hourly
earnings
$5.02
5.55
4.82
5.44
5.02
4.80
5.01
4.72
4.58
3.95
4.74
3.68
4.07
4.89
4.83
5.16
6.31
5.62
4.86
4.36
4.27
4.31
3.99
3.62
-
5.55
5.57
6.02
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
-
-
-
107
74
11
9
223
9
62
126
98
40
-
52
42
-
_
$3.99
3.67
5.98
5.75
5.48
6.23
5.86
4.77
4.89
4.53
-
5.34
5.60
_
-
Great Lakes
Number
of
workers
175
44
131
103
39
64
72
67
_
153
108
45
33
27
6
20
17
279
17
72
97
93
102
56
34
8
116
52
64
54
49
_
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.08
7.17
5.72
6.63
7.18
6.29
5.31
5.17
_
4.83
5.15
4.05
3.89
4.01
3.35
6.10
5.85
6.27
7.71
7.26
5.88
5.64
6.05
4.94
5.06
4.62
4.57
5.18
4.07
Middle West
Number
of
workers
79
77
57
55
_
_
_
58
18
40
19
19
184
49
55
66
_
-
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$5.23
5.23
5.80
5.82
_
_
5.12
5.43
4.98
5.76
5.76
5.59
6.17
5.61
4.79
-
6.69
6.81
_
-
6.63
6.77
_
-
-
-
32
30
Table 15. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—gas, except separate transmission systems—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, February 1978)
United States2
Occupation
Selected professional and technical
occupations— Continued
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Computer programmers (business)..............
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Computer systems analysts
(business)........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
D rafters.............................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en........................................................
Class A ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
Class B ...........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
M e n ..............................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Drafters-tracers.............................................
M e n ..............................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Electronics technicians4 ..................................
Class A ...........................................................
S ee footnotes at end of table.
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
138
126
12
65
42
23
327
240
87
54
47
7
179
125
54
94
68
26
$6.11
6.10
6.23
5.04
5.32
4.52
7.54
7.66
7.21
8.72
8.93
7.25
7.52
7.62
7.29
6.90
6.86
7.02
331
261
70
141
108
33
145
119
26
45
34
11
555
465
90
87
79
246
216
30
175
135
40
47
35
12
90
39
9.50
9.63
9.03
10.58
10.80
9.87
8.88
8.95
8.54
8.14
8.29
7.68
6.45
6.66
5.37
6.99
7.09
6.82
6.99
5.59
5.75
5.96
5.03
6.12
6.34
5.48
7.89
8.13
New England
Number
of
workers
25
18
27
23
12
12
16
12
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.19
6.11
8.36
8.29
8.39
8.39
-
_
_
_
_
9.17
9.44
7.78
7.86
8.02
8.02
_
_
_
_
-
-
45
42
34
34
Middle Atlantic
Number
of
workers
7
' 7
62
49
13
6
6
41
33
8
15
_
82
75
7
-
32
28
35
35
_
_
_
_
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.81
6.81
7.63
7.79
7.02
8.82
8.82
7.87
7.92
7.67
6.47
_
_
_
_
_
7.53
7.67
6.06
8.11
8.19
_
7.04
7.04
_
_
_
_
Border States
Number
of
workers
14
14
11
8
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
64
55
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.19
6.19
6.68
6.38
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
6.33
6.44
_
_
_
_
Southeast
Number
of
workers
25
25
_
_
41
31
10
8
6
18
_
12
_
22
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
20
_
_
_
61
53
8
_
_
_
_
20
_
_
_
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
Average
hourly
earnings
$5.36
5.36
_
_
_
6.45
6.60
6.00
7.69
8.15
_
6.79
5.32
_
8.32
_
_
8.17
_
_
4.81
4.94
3.98
_
_
_
3.88
_
_
_
Southwest
Number
of
workers
14
14
_
25
15
_
71
49
22
16
12
_
37
25
12
_
_
-
16
12
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
102
64
38
_
47
27
20
32
13
_
_
_
_
-
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$5.37
5.37
4.54
4.73
7.33
7.43
7.10
8.28
8.68
_
7.43
7.39
7.50
_
_
9.46
9.37
_
_
_
_
_
5.36
5.51
5.11
_
5.46
5.53
5.36
4.40
4.15
_
_
-
Great Lakes
Number
of
workers
26
24
_
12
9
56
30
26
_
_
47
26
21
_
154
115
39
65
45
_
57
48
9
32
22
10
97
87
_
70
68
18
11
_
_
37
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.77
6.77
5.54
5.80
7.83
8.50
7.06
_
_
7.74
8.39
6.94
_
-
9.60
9.78
9.08
11.03
11.52
_
8.81
8.82
8.77
8.13
8.34
7.68
6.52
6.73
_
_
6.97
6.99
5.07
5.49
_
_
_
7.94
-
Middle West
Number
of
workers
11
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$5.39
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
Table 15. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—gas, except separate transmission systems—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, February 1978)
United States1
2
Occupation
Selected professional and technical
occupations— Continued
Class B ...........................................................
Class C ..........................................................
Registered industrial nurses34........................
1
2
3
4
Number
of
workers
36
15
15
New England
Middle Atlantic
Southwest
Southeast
Great Lakes
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
“
“
-
“
”
-
“
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
$7.91
7.21
7.44
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
Virtually all women.
Virtually all men.
Border States
“
8
Average
hourly
earnings
Middle West
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
-
-
-
$7.56
“
“
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Overall occupation may include workers not classified by sex.
Table 16. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—combination systems
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings’ of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, February 1978)
United States2
Occupation
Selected office occupations
Accounting clerks...........................................
M e n ..............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class A ..........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W o m en .......................................................
Class B ..........................................................
M e n .............................................................
Women .......................................................
Cashiers...........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
File clerks........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class A3 ........................................................
Class B ..........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class C3 ........................................................
Key entry operators .......................................
W om en.......................................................
Class A3 ........................................................
Class B ..........................................................
W om en.......................................................
Messengers.....................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Payroll clerks...................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Secretaries3'4....................................................
Class A ..........................................................
Class B ..........................................................
Class C .........................................................
Class D .........................................................
Class E ..........................................................
Stenographers3 ...............................................
General .........................................................
Senior............................................................
Switchboard operators...................................
Switchboard operators-receptionists............
W om en.......................................................
Typists3 ............................................................
Class A ..........................................................
Class B ..........................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
Number of
workers
1,918
360
1,558
852
290
562
1,066
70
996
827
165
662
172
14
158
33
84
14
70
55
1,192
1,127
601
591
543
205
81
124
153
24
129
2,449
189
469
657
687
376
1,291
529
762
219
39
35
623
325
298
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.12
7.09
5.90
6.99
7.63
6.67
5.43
4.86
5.47
5.07
5.75
4.90
5.18
5.68
5.14
5.74
5.03
5.68
4.89
5.08
6.03
5.97
6.50
5.55
5.44
4.16
4.13
4.18
6.46
7.47
6.27
6.79
9.00
7.63
7.18
5.90
5.26
5.51
5.00
5.86
5.78
4.82
4.70
4.91
5.39
4.39
Middle Atlantic
Number of
workers
456
97
359
217
62
155
239
35
204
221
68
153
39
33
7
28
22
397
394
230
167
166
91
64
62
16
46
906
78
250
211
110
466
111
355
88
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.37
6.60
6.31
7.29
7.42
7.23
5.54
5.15
5.61
6.20
6.64
6.00
5.70
5.68
6.81
5.54
5.47
6.49
6.49
7.04
5.73
5.73
4.60
4.70
7.31
7.83
7.12
7.66
9.83
8.17
6.49
6.02
6.20
5.19
6.52
6.07
-
Great Lakes
Number of
workers
263
129
67
59
19
44
36
161
161
119
42
42
15
11
41
41
227
27
25
65
352
199
153
38
85
69
16
Average
hourly
earnings
$7.38
6.75
5.08
5.01
5.55
4.88
4.73
5.28
5.28
5.50
4.67
4.67
3.98
3.88
6.12
6.12
6.76
7.88
7.28
7.00
5.10
4.91
5.35
5.75
4.42
4.49
4.12
Middle West
Number of
workers
265
258
96
90
169
168
204
61
61
42
42
22
22
219
11
50
80
59
71
32
20
10
10
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$3.98
3.95
4.80
4.75
3.52
3.52
4.37
4.11
4.11
3.95
3.95
4.91
4.91
5.32
7.12
6.22
5.53
4.41
4.85
4.35
4.68
3.63
3.63
“
Table 16. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—combination systems—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, February 1978)
United States2
Occupation
Selected professional and technical
occupations
Computer data librarians...............................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Computer operators.......................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class A ..........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class B ..........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class C .........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Computer programmers (business)..............
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class A ..........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class B ..........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class C .........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Computer systems analysts
(business).......................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class A ..........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class B ..........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class C .........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Drafters............................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Class A5 ........................................................
Class B ..........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
41
10
31
426
340
86
171
155
16
165
125
40
90
60
30
687
533
154
239
205
34
357
264
93
91
64
27
$6.64
5.26
7.08
7.22
7.44
6.35
8.22
8.20
8.43
7.00
7.28
6.12
5.74
5.84
5.55
8.11
8.28
7.54
9.24
9.36
8.55
7.67
7.75
7.45
6.88
7.01
6.57
649
554
95
284
257
27
261
219
42
104
78
26
1,025
901
124
344
373
324
49
10.21
10.33
9.53
11.25
11.30
10.77
9.59
9.68
9.13
8.91
8.93
8.87
7.49
7.60
6.70
8.74
7.63
7.67
7.36
Middle Atlantic
Number of
workers
23
9
14
186
168
102
93
61
53
283
215
68
108
90
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.65
5.01
7.70
8.05
8.02
8.71
8.67
7.84
7.85
Number of
workers
_
84
65
19
31
26
36
22
14
17
17
-
120
89
31
55
36
19
8.39
8.58
7.77
9.69
9.84
7.93
7.95
7.87
6.81
6.99
6.47
236
205
31
133
121
12
73
64
_
_
_
_
196
173
23
95
36
26
10
11.18
11.22
10.89
11.84
11.82
12.11
10.17
10.21
_
_
_
8.15
8.24
7.46
9.35
6.93
7.21
6.19
-
Great Lakes
-
140
120
20
72
67
60
45
15
_
_
48
42
6
11
_
218
207
11
68
84
79
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.79
6.94
6.28
7.96
7.98
6.39
6.82
5.72
5.49
5.49
7.95
8.08
7.12
8.78
8.80
7.15
7.32
6.66
10.69
10.86
9.54
8.55
7.45
7.54
5.81
8.48
7.87
7.94
-
Middle West
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
-
_
_
$6.62
7.13
_
_
6.67
7.48
_
_
_
_
6.24
6.37
6.04
-
-
-
_
28
21
_
_
16
11
_
_
_
_
35
21
14
21
15
6
_
10
12
66
55
_
28
26
-
6.28
6.52
5.68
8.74
10.60
_
_
_
_
_
5.75
5.98
6.23
6.23
-
Table 16. Occupational averages: Office clerical, professional, and technical workers—combination systems—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations, United States and selected regions, February 1978)
United States2
Occupation
CO
05
Selected professional and technical
occupations—Continued
Class C .........................................................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Drafters-tracers............................................
Electronics technicians"5 ...............................
Class A ..........................................................
Class B ..........................................................
Peripheral equipment operators...................
M e n .............................................................
W om en.......................................................
Registered industrial nurses3 ........................
Number of
workers
249
204
45
-
473
227
221
22
15
7
54
Average
hourly
earnings
Middle Atlantic
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.13
6.21
5.77
-
-
-
-
-
8.73
9.16
8.29
5.99
6.08
5.80
7.32
' Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Virtually all women.
4 Includes data for workers in classification in addition to those shown
separately.
-
106
-
Great Lakes
Number of
workers
$9.48
-
-
31
7.51
51
47
15
148
32
93
-
Average
hourly
earnings
$6.21
6.21
4.73
8.33
8.83
8.04
-
Middle West
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
-
$4.55
-
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
-
-
-
-
5 Virtually all men.
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data were reported or that data did not meet
publication criteria. Overall occupation may include workers not classified by
sex.
Table 17. Occupational earnings: Cashiers
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and regions, February 1978)
Hourly earnings
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
Pacific
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings'................................
2,801
$4.69
98
$4.97
312
$5.68
197
$4.38
710
$4.42
521
$4.29
183
$5.01
398
$4.56
112
$4.89
270
$5.05
Total ..............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
_
_
_
_
-
-
_
1.8
9.8
5.4
_
$2.65
$2.70
$2.80
$2.90
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
$ 2 .7 0 ....................................
$ 2 .8 0 ....................................
$ 2 .9 0 ....................................
$ 3 .0 0 ....................................
.2
.4
.7
1.1
_
-
$3.00
$3.10
$3.20
$3.30
$3.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 3 .1 0 ....................................
$ 3 .2 0 ....................................
$ 3 .3 0 ....................................
$ 3 .4 0 ....................................
$ 3 .5 0 ....................................
1.1
.8
3.2
4.4
2.5
2.0
4.1
2.0
2.0
$3.50
$3.60
$3.70
$3.80
$3.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 3 .6 0 ....................................
$ 3 .7 0 ....................................
$ 3 .8 0 ....................................
$ 3 .9 0 ....................................
$ 4 .0 0 ....................................
2.2
2.6
3.5
5.2
3.0
_
4.1
13.3
$4.00
$4.10
$4.20
$4.30
$4.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 4 .1 0 ....................................
$ 4 .2 0 ....................................
$ 4 .3 0 ....................................
$ 4 .4 0 ....................................
$ 4 .5 0 ....................................
5.5
3.0
2.2
2.7
5.9
2.0
4.1
2.0
-
$4.50
$4.60
$4.70
$4.80
$4.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 4 .6 0 ....................................
$ 4 .7 0 ....................................
$ 4 .8 0 ....................................
$ 4 .9 0 ....................................
$ 5 .0 0 ....................................
1.7
4.6
3.1
1.8
2.9
2.0
4.1
5.1
2.0
10.2
_
$5.00
$5.10
$5.20
$5.30
$5.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .1 0 ....................................
$ 5 .2 0 ....................................
$ 5 .3 0 ....................................
$ 5 .4 0 ....................................
$ 5 .5 0 ....................................
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.1
_
$5.50
$5.60
$5.70
$5.80
$5.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .6 0 ....................................
$ 5 .7 0 ....................................
$ 5 .8 0 ....................................
$ 5 .9 0 ....................................
$ 6 .0 0 ....................................
$6.00
$6.10
$6.20
$6.30
$6.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .1 0 ....................................
$ 6 .2 0 ....................................
$ 6 .3 0 ....................................
$ 6 .4 0 ....................................
$ 6 .5 0 ....................................
See footnotes at end of table.
1.2
1.3
1.0
5.4
1.7
2.5
2.7
1.5
6.0
1.2
.6
1.0
1.9
1.6
1.1
_
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
3.1
6.1
2.0
6.1
1.9
6.7
_
_
-
.1
1.7
2.5
.7
_
_
.8
1.0
1.3
2.0
1.0
6.6
7.6
2.0
1.7
.4
1.3
8.2
3.2
1.5
2.3
5.4
4.4
2.1
16.9
1.1
2.2
1.0
.5
.5
2.3
1.8
1.0
1.3
.3
1.3
6.1
1.0
4.1
4.6
3.6
1.7
2.8
6.1
10.1
1.5
.4
3.6
1.2
4.2
1.9
1.6
_
4.4
2.7
-
6.5
4.8
4.5
2.0
8.8
8.9
1.8
1.0
1.0
_
2.9
12.2
3.6
1.0
.5
5.1
3.0
1.0
1.5
4.5
8.0
11.1
8.8
1.7
2.1
9.2
1.6
3.3
1.6
1.6
5.5
6.8
3.8
5.5
4.3
5.5
4.5
_
5.4
1.8
-
1.5
3.6
6.6
1.0
1.0
1.8
2.1
1.8
3.5
2.8
.8
15.0
7.1
1.5
.4
4.4
2.2
_
3.5
.8
1.0
_
1.6
2.2
3.0
1.0
2.0
.5
-
.6
1.3
1.0
2.8
2.4
.8
1.0
_
3.8
4.4
_
_
8.8
-
2.2
-
18.1
.8
1.8
3.0
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.5
4.2
.7
.7
9.6
.1
.4
_
_
.4
-
_
1.8
.8
.3
1.0
-
1.8
2.7
21.4
.9
8.0
4.1
5.2
3.0
19.6
.7
.8
.1
.3
3.1
-
.4
2.7
_
_
_
.3
_
1.0
5.8
1.3
3.5
.6
5.8
1.0
9.0
-
1.3
6.7
1.3
.6
13.1
.3
.6
-
7.1
9.6
1.5
_
.5
“
-
_
_
-
.5
_
19.1
.5
1.1
2.2
3.3
1.1
_
.8
.5
_
.5
.8
1.8
_
_
.9
4.5
1.8
1.8
4.5
_
_
_
_
1.5
3.0
.7
3.3
5.2
5.9
.4
4.4
_
.4
3.0
3.0
.7
5.9
3.3
1.9
3.7
.9
.5
_
1.5
.5
_
1.9
.9
_
-
3.0
6.7
Table 17. Occupational earnings: Cashiers—Continued
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,’ United States and regions, February 1978)
United
States
New
England
$ 6 .6 0 ....................................
$ 6 .7 0 ....................................
$ 6 .8 0 ....................................
$ 6 .9 0 ....................................
$ 7 .0 0 ....................................
0.8
.2
.1
.2
.2
-
$7.00 and o v e r.................................................
3.6
6.1
Hourly earnings
00
00
$6.50
$6.60
$6.70
$6.80
$6.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
Middle
Atlantic
4.8
.6
.3
1.6
2 20.8
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts.
2 Workers were distributed as follows: 2.6 percent at $7.00 to $7.20; 14.7
percent at $7.20 to $7.40; 0.3 percent at $7.40 to $7.60; 2.2 percent at $7.80 to
Border
States
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
Pacific
1.0
2.0
-
-
-
0.5
-
0.8
1.5
.3
-
1.8
.9
1.8
”
-
-
-
8.2
3.0
2.7
-
$8.00; and 1.0 percent at $8.00 and over.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
Dashes indicate no data.
Table 18. Occupational earnings: Computer programmers (business), class B
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,’ United States and selected regions, February 1978)
United
States2
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings'................................
1,065
$7.78
170
$7.98
72
$6.91
190
$7.70
102
$7.41
207
$7.56
76
$8.10
57
$7.92
96
$8.60
Total ..............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $ 5 .5 0 ............ .........................................
2.8
4.1
6.9
1.6
2.9
1.0
3 13.2
1.1
_
1.4
1.0
1.0
2.6
1.3
-
3.9
5.3
8.7
3.4
_
2.6
2.6
-
3.5
-
Hourly earnings
$5.50
$5.60
$5.70
$5.80
$5.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .6 0 ....................................
$ 5 .7 0 ....................................
$ 5 .80....................................
$ 5 .90....................................
$ 6 .00....................................
1.3
2.2
1.1
.5
1.0
.6
.6
.6
.6
_
$6.00
$6.10
$6.20
$6.30
$6.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .1 0 ....................................
$ 6 .2 0 ....................................
$ 6 .3 0 ....................................
$ 6 .4 0 ....................................
$ 6 .5 0 ...................................
1.8
1.5
2.1
2.3
2.7
$6.50
$6.60
$6.70
$6.80
$6.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .6 0 ...................................
$ 6 .7 0 ...................................
$ 6 .8 0 ...................................
$ 6 .9 0 ....................................
$ 7 .0 0 ....................................
2.1
2.3
5.1
1.6
3.8
$7.00
$7.10
$7.20
$7.30
$7.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 7 .1 0 ....................................
$ 7 .2 0 ....................................
$ 7 .3 0 ....................................
$ 7 .4 0 ....................................
$ 7 .5 0 ....................................
$7.50
$7.60
$7.70
$7.80
$7.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$8.00
$8.20
$8.40
$8.60
$8.80
and
and
and
and
and
$9.00
$9.20
$9.40
$9.60
$9.80
and
and
and
and
and
5.6
5.6
4.2
4.2
Southeast
-
1.1
1.1
2.1
Southwest Great Lakes
2.0
2.9
-
Middle
West
-
2.8
2.8
8.3
4.2
-
2.6
4.2
1.1
2.1
3.9
1.0
2.9
2.9
4.7
1.2
2.4
2.8
2.8
2.8
1.4
2.8
5.8
2.1
9.5
2.1
8.9
4.9
7.8
2.0
9.8
1.4
4.8
6.8
2.4
1.0
2.6
2.6
1.3
2.8
1.7
2.3
3.1
4.3
1.8
1.2
2.9
.6
5.9
1.4
2.8
2.8
5.6
5.6
2.6
.5
.5
2.1
2.1
1.0
1.0
4.9
4.9
2.9
3.4
2.4
1.9
3.4
8.7
_
$ 7 .6 0 ....................................
$ 7 .7 0 ....................................
$ 7 .8 0 ....................................
$ 7 .9 0 ....................................
$ 8 .0 0 ....................................
1.9
4.6
2.3
1.3
1.5
4.7
11.8
1.2
1.2
2.9
1.4
1.4
-
1.1
2.6
1.6
1.6
7.8
4.9
1.0
under
under
under
under
under
$ 8 .2 0 ....................................
$ 8 .4 0 ....................................
$ 8 .6 0 ....................................
$ 8 .8 0 ....................................
$ 9 .0 0 ....................................
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.5
1.2
2.9
5.9
4.7
2.9
2.1
4.7
2.6
3.2
5.3
under
under
under
under
under
$ 9 .2 0 ....................................
$ 9 .4 0 ....................................
$ 9 .6 0 ....................................
$ 9 .8 0 ....................................
$10.00 .................................
2.4
3.2
1.8
2.7
3.3
2.4
8.2
2.9
4.1
$10.00 and under $10.20 ...............................
3.1
-
See footnotes at end of table.
-
.6
8.8
_
-
_
Mountain
-
Pacific
-
3.5
-
1.8
_
14.6
5.2
-
_
1.0
-
-
-
-
-
1.8
1.8
7.0
5.3
3.1
-
_
-
1.0
1.0
_
2.6
6.6
1.3
7.0
1.8
1.8
7.0
1.0
-
1.0
3.4
1.4
1.9
1.9
2.6
2.6
2.6
-
7.0
3.5
-
1.0
2.1
1.0
2.0
1.0
9.8
1.0
7.8
7.2
.5
1.9
1.0
-
6.6
6.6
-
-
8.8
7.0
1.8
1.8
5.3
5.2
1.0
1.0
2.1
5.2
-
2.1
5.3
2.6
5.3
3.2
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.4
.5
1.4
1.4
6.8
3.9
3.9
-
1.8
7.0
8.8
1.8
1.8
9.4
2.1
5.2
6.3
6.3
-
3.2
2.0
1.4
21.1
-
6.3
_
-
22.2
_
-
_
_
-
Table 18. Occupational earnings: Computer programmers (business), class B—Continued
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and selected regions, February 1978)
United
States2
Middle
Atlantic
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
0.5
1.6
.6
.9
0.6
1.2
.6
1.2
$11.00 and o v e r...............................................
1.1
2.9
Hourly earnings
O
$10.20
$10.40
$10.60
$10.80
'
and
2
3
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
$10.40
$10.60
$10.80
$11.00
Border
States
_
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
_
-
0.5
Middle
West
Mountain
Pacific
10.5
_
1.8
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.0
1.0
-
-
-
-
2.1
5.2
3.1
6.3
-
-
-
2.4
-
-
2.1
-
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
late shifts.
Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
Workers were distributed as follows: 5.3 percent under $5.20; 2.6
0.5
-
-
percent at $5.20 to $5.30; and 5.3 percent at $5.40 to $5.50.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
Dashes indicate no data.
Table 19. Occupational earnings: Computer systems analysts (business), class A
(Percent distribution of workers by straigbt-time hourly earnings,1 United States and regions, February 1978)
Hourly earnings
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
Pacific
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings'................................
748
$10.96
94
$10.69
155
$11.68
38
$10.04
48
$10.47
85
$10.20
205
$10.93
41
$10.41
36
$11.06
46
$12.26
Total ..............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $ 8 .0 0 ......................................................
1.7
-
2.6
2.6
12.5
1.2
-
-
2.8
-
_
2.1
-
_
_
1.3
.6
.6
2.6
2.6
7.9
4.7
1.2
4.7
1.2
-
2.8
-
_
.5
2.4
2.0
_
-
_
2.1
4.2
-
4.9
7.3
-
_
-
_
5.2
_
3.4
4.9
2.9
4.4
7.8
7.3
2.4
7.3
12.2
2.4
_
_
2.1
2.1
4.2
7.1
2.4
5.9
9.4
8.2
8.3
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
_
4.3
6.5
$8.00
$8.20
$8.40
$8.60
$8.80
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 8 .2 0 ....................................
$ 8 .4 0 ....................................
$ 8 .6 0 ....................................
$ 8 .8 0 ....................................
$ 9 .0 0 ....................................
.7
.4
1.2
1.6
1.5
$9.00
$9.20
$9.40
$9.60
$9.80
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 9 .2 0 ....................................
$ 9 .4 0 ....................................
$ 9 .6 0 ....................................
$ 9 .8 0 ....................................
$10.00 .................................
3.7
2.4
3.2
6.1
5.7
4.3
6.4
11.7
1.3
6.5
1.3
10.5
2.6
2.6
13.2
5.3
-
-
-
-
-
$10.00
$10.20
$10.40
$10.60
$10.80
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$10.20
$10.40
$10.60
$10.80
$11.00
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
5.3
5.5
6.3
4.4
5.1
11.7
2.1
8.5
6.4
8.5
2.6
5.8
5.2
3.9
.6
5.3
7.9
13.2
5.3
6.3
4.2
10.4
4.2
6.3
3.5
7.1
10.6
1.2
8.2
6.3
6.8
4.4
7.3
2.9
4.9
9.8
7.3
4.9
11.1
10.9
$11.00
$11.20
$11.40
$11.60
$11.80
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$11.20
$11.40
$11.60
$11.80
$12.00
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
6.3
6.0
6.4
2.5
3.6
13.8
6.4
9.6
1.1
-
6.5
4.5
7.1
3.2
2.6
5.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
1.2
9.4
2.4
4.7
6.3
6.3
2.0
5.4
3.4
2.4
17.1
-
8.3
11.1
19.4
5.6
_
$12.00
$12.40
$12.80
$13.20
$13.60
$14.00
and
and
and
and
and
and
under $12.40 ...............................
under $12.80 ...............................
under $13.20 ...............................
under $13.60 ...............................
under $14.00 ...............................
o v e r...............................................
4.1
2.4
2.8
2.9
3.7
4.1
5.3
-
3.2
2.6
3.2
7.7
12.3
9.7
4.2
2.1
2.1
-
1.2
2.4
2.4
-
4.9
3.9
4.9
2.0
2.0
2.9
4.9
-
8.3
2.8
2.8
5.6
6.5
4.3
4.3
6.5
4.3
2 21.7
-
1.1
1.1
“
-
2.6
10.5
_
-
-
-
4.9
-
2.8
-
-
-
-
6.5
8.7
2.2
4.3
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
late shifts.
Dashes indicate no data.
2 Workers were distributed as follows: 10.9 percent at $14.00 and under $14.80;
8.7 percent at $14.80 to $15.60; and 2.2 percent at $15.60 to $16.40.
Table 20. Occupational earnings: Drafters, class B
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and regions, February 1978)
United
States1
23
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings'................................
1,471
$7.02
78
$7.52
119
$7.84
68
$6.66
174
$5.81
305
$6.26
342
$7.26
95
$7.18
75
$6.71
Total ...............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $ 4 .5 0 ......................................................
1.8
-
1.7
5.9
7.5
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
-
_
_
2.9
8.8
2.9
5.7
3.4
6.3
Hourly earnings
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
-
1.1
-
.7
1.3
.3
1.6
.3
.9
.3
.6
-
_
1.1
-
2.7
1.3
1.3
-
_
2.3
.3
.6
1.5
2.1
1.1
1.1
-
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
3.2
3.2
2.1
5.3
4.0
2.7
10.7
$4.50
$4.60
$4.70
$4.80
$4.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 4 .6 0 ....................................
$ 4 .7 0 ....................................
$ 4 .8 0 ....................................
$ 4 .9 0 ....................................
$ 5 .0 0 ....................................
.6
1.2
.7
1.2
1.0
_
-
$5.00
$5.10
$5.20
$5.30
$5.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .1 0 ....................................
$ 5 .2 0 ....................................
$ 5 .3 0 ....................................
$ 5 .4 0 ....................................
$ 5 .5 0 ....................................
2.0
1.6
1.1
1.8
1.4
_
-
_
-
1.5
2.9
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.9
1.7
1.7
4.0
2.3
6.6
3.0
3.0
4.6
3.3
$5.50
$5.60
$5.70
$5.80
$5.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .6 0 ....................................
$ 5 .7 0 ....................................
$ 5 .8 0 ....................................
$ 5 .9 0 ....................................
$ 6 .0 0 ....................................
1.9
1.6
2.3
2.4
2.2
_
-
_
1.5
-
.8
1.7
-
1.5
3.3
3.0
4.3
6.2
3.6
1.2
1.5
-
-
4.0
3.4
8.6
5.2
2.9
$6.00
$6.10
$6.20
$6.30
$6.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .1 0 ....................................
$ 6 .2 0 ....................................
$ 6 .3 0 ....................................
$ 6 .4 0 ....................................
$ 6 .5 0 ....................................
2.2
3.9
1.4
2.9
1.9
_
6.4
-
_
2.3
13.8
4.0
2.3
6.3
5.6
4.6
2.3
3.9
.7
.9
2.0
.9
2.6
2.3
2.1
6.3
-
1.7
2.5
4.4
5.9
2.9
1.5
4.4
$6.50
$6.60
$6.70
$6.80
$6.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .6 0 ....................................
$ 6 .7 0 ....................................
$ 6 .8 0 ....................................
$ 6 .9 0 ....................................
$ 7 .0 0 ....................................
1.8
2.7
3.1
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.6
7.7
5.1
1.7
-
2.9
1.5
4.4
1.1
.6
-
2.3
5.6
4.3
2.6
2.6
4.7
5.8
7.9
5.0
2.1
1.1
4.2
4.2
3.2
2.7
$7.00
$7.20
$7.40
$7.60
$7.80
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 7 .2 0 ....................................
$ 7 .4 0 ....................................
$ 7 .6 0 ....................................
$ 7 .8 0 ....................................
$ 8 .0 0 ....................................
3.7
6.3
5.6
3.1
2.2
3.8
30.8
11.5
-
.8
11.8
7.6
-
4.4
5.9
2.9
-
.6
.6
1.1
2.0
3.3
5.6
1.0
-
4.7
4.1
11.1
5.6
3.2
10.5
13.7
2.1
2.1
-
8.0
6.7
6.7
1.3
$8.00
$8.20
$8.40
$8.60
$8.80
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 8 .2 0 ....................................
$ 8 .4 0 ....................................
$ 8 .6 0 ....................................
$ 8 .8 0 ....................................
$ 9 .0 0 ....................................
3.4
4.1
6.5
10.3
1.4
_
_
23.1
-
11.8
17.6
2.5
23.5
5.9
4.4
8.8
7.4
-
2.9
1.7
2.9
-
.7
.7
5.2
.7
.3
6.1
.6
12.6
1.2
.9
3.2
2.1
3.2
4.2
4.0
5.3
1.3
1.3
4.0
$9.00 and o v e r.................................................
3.6
-
3.4
5.9
-
2.0
4.7
3 15.8
2.7
-
-
3.8
-
-
-
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 All workers were at $9.00 to $9.10.
-
-
.6
.9
-
4.2
1.1
-
4.0
2.7
1.3
8.0
_
5.3
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
Dashes indicate no data.
Table 21. Occupational earnings: Secretaries, class D
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and regions, February 1978)
-0 fr-
Hourly earnings
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
Southeast
Southwest Great Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
Pacific
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings1 ................................
2,545
$5.88
200
$6.25
347
$6.54
292
$5.79
189
$5.51
452
$5.37
388
$5.97
179
$5.03
191
$5.08
307
$6.84
Total ..............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $ 4 .0 0 ......................................................
3.1
-
3.8
7.4
3.1
-
2 16.8
4.7
_
_
$4.00
$4.10
$4.20
$4.30
$4.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 4 .1 0 ....................................
$ 4 .2 0 ....................................
$ 4 .3 0 ....................................
$ 4 .4 0 ....................................
$ 4 .5 0 ....................................
1.6
.9
1.7
1.4
2.1
$4.50
$4.60
$4.70
$4.80
$4.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 4 .6 0 ....................................
$ 4 .7 0 ....................................
$ 4 .8 0 ....................................
$ 4 .9 0 ....................................
$ 5 .0 0 ....................................
$5.00
$5.10
$5.20
$5.30
$5.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$5.50
$5.60
$5.70
$5.80
$5.90
and
and
and
and
and
$6.00
$6.10
$6.20
$6.30
$6.40
-
.5
-
.9
.6
.6
.9
1.7
1.3
2.2
2.1
3.7
2.8
.5
2.5
1.0
.5
1.5
.3
.9
.6
.3
6.1
$ 5 .1 0 ....................................
$ 5 .2 0 ....................................
$ 5 .3 0 ....................................
$ 5 .4 0 ....................................
$ 5 .5 0 ....................................
2.8
2.7
2.8
5.1
2.3
1.0
.5
3.0
4.5
-
4.0
.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
5.1
3.4
1.0
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .6 0 ....................................
$ 5 .7 0 ....................................
$ 5 .8 0 ....................................
$ 5 .9 0 ....................................
$ 6 .0 0 ....................................
3.7
2.2
2.7
3.3
3.1
2.5
2.0
2.5
6.5
3.5
1.7
.3
3.2
2.9
3.7
3.1
2.1
3.4
5.8
3.8
9.5
6.2
3.1
4.6
3.3
2.4
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .1 0 ....................................
$ 6 .2 0 ....................................
$ 6 .3 0 ....................................
$ 6 .4 0 ....................................
$ 6 .5 0 ....................................
2.7
4.7
2.9
3.1
1.8
8.5
7.0
5.0
8.5
1.0
1.4
2.9
1.7
1.4
1.2
5.1
8.9
5.1
12.0
3.8
2.1
1.1
3.7
1.6
1.6
2.2
1.5
3.1
2.0
3.5
3.9
12.1
1.5
2.6
2.8
$6.50
$6.60
$6.70
$6.80
$6.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 6 .6 0 ....................................
$ 6 .7 0 ....................................
$ 6 .8 0 ....................................
$ 6 .9 0 ....................................
$ 7 .0 0 ....................................
3.9
1.9
4.6
.8
7.3
4.5
1.0
18.0
.5
2.0
14.1
4.3
6.1
.3
1.2
3.4
.3
.7
1.4
3.4
11.1
3.2
3.7
2.1
4.2
.4
.9
.4
1.1
1.1
.3
3.6
12.1
.8
.5
$7.00
$7.20
$7.40
$7.60
$7.80
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 7 .2 0 ....................................
$ 7 .4 0 ....................................
$ 7 .6 0 ....................................
$ 7 .8 0 ....................................
$ 8 .0 0 ....................................
2.2
1.6
3.0
.7
3.6
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.4
2.1
2.1
.3
-
_
.4
2.9
3.5
4.3
3.5
9.2
2.3
5.8
.7
1.0
.5
4.9
1.0
2.3
$8.00 and o v e r.................................................
1.8
2.0
9.2
.3
-
2.1
-
-
.3
-
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts.
2 Workers were distributed as follows: 8.4 percent under $3.50; 1.1 percent at
$3.50 to $3.60; 1.7 percent at $3.60 to $3.70; 1.7 percent at $3.70 to $3.80; 1.7
-
3.8
.7
1.4
1.0
1.0
.5
2.1
1.1
4.8
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.3
2.9
.5
3.4
.5
2.1
5.6
2.2
5.6
4.5
1.7
4.2
1.0
2.6
1.6
8.9
.3
4.5
1.7
.3
1.6
2.1
3.7
3.2
3.2
3.3
4.9
2.0
8.8
2.9
.5
1.5
1.3
3.1
2.3
2.2
1.7
3.9
2.8
3.4
2.6
5.8
2.6
11.5
2.1
3.7
1.1
2.6
3.7
5.8
5.1
7.7
2.7
8.4
2.0
4.4
3.1
1.5
10.1
2.3
1.1
.6
3.9
2.2
6.7
7.3
4.2
2.6
4.7
2.1
3.9
1.3
1.6
3.2
3.2
10.6
3.4
.6
2.2
2.8
6.3
4.7
2.1
6.3
1.6
1.0
.3
.7
.3
1.3
1.0
5.8
.5
.3
.3
4.2
-
-
_
_
_
_
-
-
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.8
1.8 __
.6
1.7
.6
-
_
.6
1.1
-
_
_
_
.3
.7
1.3
1.0
2.3
.3
1.3
_
_
_
-
-
2.1
.5
.5
-
11.2
2.0
.7
_
_
49.8
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
2.3
1.0
5.2
1.3
16.9
-
-
-
percent at $3.80 to $3.90; and 2.2 percent at $3.90 to $4.00.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
Dashes indicate no data.
Table 22. Occupational earnings: Typists, class B
(Percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings,' United States and selected regions, February 1978)
Middle
West
United
States2
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Number of workers..........................................
Average hourly earnings'................................
1,336
$4.10
23
$3.67
202
$4.54
106
$3.69
294
$4.03
276
$4.15
43
$4.32
92
$4.18
82
$4.69
Total ..............................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $ 3 .0 0 ......................................................
2.7
-
-
9.4
2.0
.7
7.0
1.1
-
$3.00
$3.10
$3.20
$3.30
$3.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 3 .1 0 ....................................
$ 3 .2 0 ....................................
$ 3 .3 0 ....................................
$ 3 .4 0 ....................................
$ 3 .5 0 ....................................
2.2
3.2
3.7
5.4
4.4
_
17.4
-
_
1.0
1.0
2.5
1.9
1.9
.4
6.9
1.4
1.1
4.7
4.7
9.3
9.3
4.7
_
5.4
4.3
6.5
7.6
-
10.4
5.7
.3
2.0
4.1
3.4
1.2
1.2
$3.50
$3.60
$3.70
$3.80
$3.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 3 .6 0 ....................................
$ 3 .7 0 ....................................
$ 3 .8 0 ....................................
$ 3 .9 0 ....................................
$ 4 .0 0 ....................................
4.8
6.5
6.4
4.5
4.0
17.4
26.1
17.4
4.3
13.0
5.0
6.9
5.4
.5
5.9
13.2
12.3
6.6
11.3
4.7
3.4
2.4
4.1
8.2
3.7
2.5
9.1
15.6
6.5
4.3
_
4.7
4.7
2.3
4.7
_
16.3
2.2
1.1
1.2
6.1
8.5
1.2
6.1
$4.00
$4.10
$4.20
$4.30
$4.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 4 .1 0 ....................................
$ 4 .2 0 ....................................
$ 4 .3 0 ....................................
$ 4 .4 0 ....................................
$ 4 .5 0 ....................................
8.2
5.4
4.8
4.7
4.9
_
5.0
12.4
6.9
3.5
1.5
5.7
3.8
2.8
3.8
1.9
25.9
4.8
9.5
8.8
12.2
4.3
8.3
1.8
3.6
4.7
_
7.0
-
2.2
2.2
-
4.9
1.2
4.9
15.9
2.4
$4.50
$4.60
$4.70
$4.80
$4.90
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 4 .6 0 ....................................
$ 4 .7 0 ....................................
$ 4 .8 0 ....................................
$ 4 .9 0 ....................................
$ 5 .0 0 ....................................
2.4
5.2
3.3
1.2
1.6
_
4.5
5.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
-
.3
3.4
-
_
4.7
-
6.5
21.7
7.6
-
-
-
-
2.9
6.5
10.1
.7
1.1
$5.00
$5.10
$5.20
$5.30
$5.40
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
$ 5 .1 0 ....................................
$ 5 .2 0 ....................................
$ 5 .3 0 ....................................
$ 5 .4 0 ....................................
$ 5 .5 0 ....................................
1.9
1.1
.1
1.1
.6
_
-
5.9
2.5
.5
3.0
_
.9
-
1.4
-
$ 5 .6 0 ....................................
$ 5 .7 0 ....................................
$ 5 .8 0 ....................................
$ 5 .9 0 ....................................
$ 6 .0 0 ....................................
.8
.4
.4
.4
.2
_
5.4
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.0
.5
-
-
$6.00 and o v e r.................................................
3.1
-
9.4
-
Hourly earnings
$5.50
$5.60
$5.70
$5.80
$5.90
'
and
2
3
and
and
and
and
and
under
under
under
under
under
4.3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
late shifts.
Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
All workers were at $6.00 to $6.10.
Southeast
-
Southwest Great Lakes
-
Mountain
Pacific
-
-
9.8
1.2
1.2
6.1
3.7
-
.7
.7
.4
1.1
-
_
4.7
-
1.1
1.1
2.4
1.2
13.4
-
-
_
.4
.7
1.1
.4
_
-
_
1.1
2.2
3.7
2.4
2.4
-
-
1.8
3 27.9
-
7.3
-
-
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
Dashes indicate no data.
Table 23. Rate structure characteristics: All systems and by type of system
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems by type of system and type of rate structure,' United States and regions, February 1978)
Type of utility and
rate structure
New
United
Middle Border South South Great Middle
New
United
Middle Border South South Great Middle
Mountain Pacific
Mountain Pacific
west Lakes West
States England Atlantic States east
States England Atlantic States east
west Lakes West
Physical workers
All systems:
All time-rated workers.................................
Formal plans...............................................
Range of rates .......................................
Single rates..............................................
Individual ra te s ...........................................
Electric systems:
All time-rated workers.................................
Formal plans...............................................
Range of rates .......................................
Single ra te s ..............................................
Individual r a te s ..........................................
Gas transmission systems:
All time-rated workers.................................
Formal plans...............................................
Range of rates .......................................
Single ra te s ..............................................
Individual ra te s ...........................................
Gas, except separate transmission
systems:
All time-rated workers.................................
Formal plans...............................................
Range of rates .......................................
Single rates..............................................
Individual ra te s ...........................................
Combination systems:
All time-rated workers.................................
Formal plans...............................................
Range of rates .......................................
Single ra te s ..............................................
Individual ra te s ...........................................
100
99
68
31
1
100
98
47
51
2
100
100
78
22
100
98
91
7
2
100
96
63
34
4
100
100
71
28
(2)
100
100
23
77
100
99
74
25
1
100
96
23
73
4
100
100
59
41
-
100
100
93
7
-
100
100
96
4
-
100
92
60
31
8
100
100
83
16
<*)
100
100
26
74
100
100
35
65
“
100
100
100
“
-
100
100
1
99
“
100
100
9
91
“
100
100
45
55
“
100
100
43
57
100
100
100
-
100
98
65
33
2
100
100
64
36
-
100
100
77
23
-
100
100
52
48
-
100
81
72
9
19
100
100
97
3
-
100
99
47
52
1
100
100
70
30
“
100
100
93
7
“
100
100
85
15
“
100
100
38
62
100
100
100
“
100
100
91
9
100
100
69
31
-
-
-
' For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix B.
Less than 0.5 percent.
2
100
100
63
37
Office workers
-
100
100
71
29
-
100
94
91
4
6
100
95
82
12
5
100
98
95
3
2
100
91
90
1
9
100
94
92
1
6
100
86
84
2
14
100
100
96
4
(*>
100
80
72
8
20
100
93
89
4
7
100
100
97
3
_
100
100
67
33
-
100
94
89
5
6
100
100
73
27
(2)
100
91
71
19
9
100
83
81
2
17
100
99
97
2
1
100
81
76
6
19
100
100
100
-
100
90
90
10
100
98
98
2
100
100
95
5
-
100
100
42
58
-
100
100
100
-
100
93
93
7
100
100
100
-
-
-
100
100
100
_
100
100
100
_
100
40
40
_
60
100
100
100
_
-
100
99
99
1
100
100
100
_
-
100
_
100
100
100
17
83
-
100
100
94
6
-
100
100
88
12
_
100
92
90
3
8
100
77
77
23
100
95
95
5
_
100
78
78
_
22
100
100
100
_
100
99
88
11
1
100
73
73
_
27
100
89
89
_
11
100
100
100
_
100
100
33
67
100
100
41
59
-
100
100
68
32
-
100
96
92
3
4
100
98
97
1
2
100
100
100
-
100
100
100
-
100
100
100
-
100
33
33
67
100
100
95
5
<*>
100
72
47
24
28
100
100
93
7
-
100
100
98
2
-
-
-
100
100
59
41
-
100
100
74
26
-
-
-
-
100
100
100
-
-
-
-
-
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no
data.
Table 24. Scheduled weekly hours: All systems
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems by scheduled weekly hours,' United States and regions, February 1978)
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
All workers............................................
100
100
100
100
100
40 hours ..........................................................
42 hours ..........................................................
O th e r................................................................
100
(2)
-
100
100
100
100
-
-
-
-
-
“
“
“
All workers............................................
100
100
100
100
100
Under 37.5 hours ...........................................
37.5 hours .......................................................
38.75 hours .....................................................
40 hours ..........................................................
2
8
1
88
13
20
67
_
_
3
13
85
20
1
79
Weekly hours
South
east
South
west
Great
Lakes
Middle
West
Mountain
Pacific
100
100
100
100
100
97
3
100
100
100
-
-
-
100
<-
~
“
100
100
100
100
_
100
_
100
_
Physical workers
Office workers
_
19
-
81
’ Data relate to the predominant schedule for full-time day-shift
workers in each establishment.
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
100
(*)
4
95
_
-
1
- 99
2
98
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not
equal 100.
CD
Table 25. Shift differential practices: All systems
(Percent of physical workers in electric and gas utilities systems employed on late shifts by amount of shift differential, United States and regions, February 1978)
United States
Shift differential
Workers employed on second and
third shifts .......................................................
Receiving shift differential ..........................
Uniform cents per ho ur.............................
Under 10 cents........................................
10 cents ...................................................
Over 10 and under 15 ce n ts ................
15 cents ...................................................
Over 15 and under 20 ce n ts ................
20 cents ...................................................
Over 20 cents..........................................
Uniform percentage...................................
Under 10 percent....................................
10 percent................................................
Other formal paid differential ..................
1 Less than 0.05 percent.
New England Middle Atlantic Border States
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West
Mountain
Pacific
2nd
shift
3rd
shift
2nd
shift
3rd
shift
2nd
shift
3rd
shift
2nd
shift
3rd
shift
2nd
shift
3rd
shift
2nd
shift
3rd
shift
2nd
shift
3rd
shift
2nd
shift
3rd
shift
2nd
shift
3rd
shift
2nd
shift
3rd
shift
7.0
6.5
5.9
.1
.3
.5
.7
.6
.6
3.1
.3
.3
5.4
4.9
4.6
.1
.2
.1
0
.4
.5
3.2
.1
(’)
.1
.2
9.2
9.2
9.0
6.7
6.7
6.5
6.4
6.4
4.8
4.2
4.2
3.4
6.5
6.5
6.5
.1
1.4
.8
1.1
.1
3.1
“
5.0
5.0
5.0
.1
.1
1.6
.1
3.0
”
4.5
4.5
4.5
.9
.3
1.6
.5
1.2
O
“
3.2
3.1
3.1
.7
.8
.1
.6
.8
.1
—
6.9
4.9
4.9
1.2
.5
.2
3.0
—
6.6
4.6
4.6
1.2
(')
(’)
3.4
“
9.4
9.4
8.4
.2
.8
.7
1.5
1.2
3.9
.6
.6
.4
7.1
7.1
6.5
-
7.5
6.4
5.7
.2
.2
2.1
.2
.4
2.6
.7
.7
-
6.1
5.0
4.9
.2
.3
.4
4.0
.1
.1
-
8.5
7.2
6.4
.1
4.4
1.3
.7
.8
.8
-
7.5
6.4
5.6
.1
5.5
.8
5.5
4.1
3.9
1.5
.2
2.2
-
4.5
3.0
2.9
1.4
1.5
-
.8
“
.1
.1
-
.3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.2
1.1
7.7
.1
.1
-
.2
1.1
5.3
.1
.1
~
.3
.1
4.4
.4
.4
1.1
.3
3.1
.1
.1
.6
NOTE:
-
(’)
.1
.9
.5
5.1
.3
.3
.3
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate
no data.
Table 26. Paid holidays: All systems
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States and regions, February 1978)
Number of
paid holidays
United
New
Middle Border South South Great Middle
United
New
Middle Border South South Great Middle
Mountain Pacific
Mountain Pacific
States England Atlantic States east
west Lakes West
west Lakes West
States England Atlantic States east
Physical workers
All workers............................................. 100
Workers in systems
providing paid holidays................................. 100
Under 8 days.................................................
1
8 days ............................................................
4
8 days plus 2 half days ..............................
0
9 days ............................................................
24
9 days plus 1 or 2 half d a ys......................
2
10 days ..........................................................
20
10 days plus 1 or 3 half days....................
0
11 days ..........................................................
23
11 days plus 1 or 2 half days....................
3
12 days ..........................................................
20
12 days plus 1 half d a y ..............................
2
13 days ..........................................................
1
1
Office workers
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
-
100
(’)
-
100
1
2
1
12
100
6
4
75
100
2
17
3
66
5
8
-
100
-
100
4
7
39
14
30
7
-
100
1
47
100
2
1
100
1
4
1
23
2
22
(’)
21
3
21
1
1
100
-
100
-
100
1
1
1
6
100
5
6
65
100
2
13
6
66
5
8
_
100
-
100
4
11
40
9
30
6
-
100
1
_
100
_
3
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
50
14
36
11
12
11
53
9
4
56
11
18
15
-
-
“
(’)
0
1
22
(’)
38
2
33
-
-
46
6
-
17
79
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
”
”
4
“
“
“
Less than 0.5 percent.
(’)
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
53
12
35
9
8
13
59
7
4
59
11
24
-
-
-
21
0
(’)
1
27
1
35
1
32
-
-
_
-
_
_
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-v l
Table 27. Paid holidays: By type of system
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States, February 1978)
Number of
paid holidays
Gas
transmission
systems
Gas, except
separate
transmission
systems
Combination
systems
Electric
systems
Physical workers
Gas
transmission
systems
Gas, except
separate
transmission
systems
Combination
systems
Office workers
All workers............................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Workers in systems
providing paid holidays.................................
Under 8 days................................................
8 days ...........................................................
8 days plus 2 half days ..............................
9 days ...........................................................
9 days plus 1 or 2 half days......................
10 days .........................................................
10 days plus 1 or 3 half days....................
11 days .........................................................
11 days plus 1 or 2 half days....................
12 days .........................................................
12 days plus 1 half d a y ..............................
13 days .........................................................
100
2
3
O
33
1
22
22
2
14
2
100
-
100
2
11
(')
19
5
25
19
7
7
100
1
1
1
8
(’)
13
(')
30
3
38
5
~
100
2
4
0
30
0
25
O
20
2
15
100
100
2
9
(’)
27
3
24
100
1
2
3
5
1
14
(’)
28
4
39
4
-
’ Less than 0.5 percent.
-
59
7
30
-
5
-
-
“
4
-
52
9
35
-
-
4
-
17
6
8
-
-
_
2
“
4
-
15
82
_
-
(’)
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no
data.
Electric
systems
-
40
55
4
_
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals. Dashes indicate no data.
Table 28. Paid vacations: All systems
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and regions, February 1978)
Vacation policy
New
Middle Border South South Great Middle
United
Middle Border South South Great Middle
New
United
Mountain Pacific
Mountain Pacific
west Lakes West
States England Atlantic States east
west Lakes West
States England Atlantic States east
Office workers
Physical workers
All workers............................................. 100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Method of payment
Workers in systems
providing paid vacations ............................... 100
Length-of-time paym ent............................... 100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Amount of vacation pay’
After 6 months of service:
Under 1 w e e k ................................................
1 week ...........................................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks ........................
2 weeks .........................................................
After 1 year of service:
1 week ...........................................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks .........................
2 weeks .........................................................
Over 2 w eeks................................................
3 weeks .........................................................
After 2 years of service:
1 week ...........................................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks .........................
2 weeks .........................................................
Over 2 w eeks................................................
After 5 years of service:
1 week ...........................................................
2 weeks .........................................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks ........................
3 weeks .........................................................
After 10 years of service:
Under 3 w eeks..............................................
3 weeks .........................................................
Over 3 and under 4 weeks ........................
4 weeks .........................................................
After 12 years of service:
Under 3 w eeks..............................................
3 weeks .........................................................
Over 3 and under 4 weeks .........................
4 weeks .........................................................
Over 4 and under 5 weeks .........................
After 15 years of service:
Under 3 w eeks..............................................
3 weeks .........................................................
Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s .........................
4 weeks .........................................................
5 weeks .........................................................
After 20 years of service:
Under 4 w eeks..............................................
4 weeks .........................................................
Over 4 and under 5 w e e k s .........................
5 weeks .........................................................
S ee footnotes at end of table.
4
26
10
2
33
14
20
36
28
-
14
8
8
2
27
11
-
5
22
10
-
7
11
3
2
6
44
2
-
84
3
-
6
19
2
-
2
33
12
3
32
16
31
43
30
-
31
8
13
1
32
19
-
5
29
10
-
4
20
6
2
5
46
1
-
83
2
-
26
1
-
30
ft
69
ft
ft
2
_
98
-
30
70
-
42
1
57
-
7
91
2
-
1
ft
99
-
40
ft
60
-
48
50
2
-
99
1
-
78
22
ft
ft
18
81
ft
ft
2
98
-
16
84
-
18
2
80
-
3
97
1
-
ft
ft
99
-
20
ft
79
-
34
65
1
-
99
1
-
72
27
ft
ft
2
0
97
1
100
-
100
-
11
1
88
-
1
97
2
100
f t
5
95
ft
98
2
99
1
100
ft
ft
ft
99
ft
100
-
100
-
3
2
95
-
1
98
1
100
ft
99
ft
99
1
99
1
“
100
ft
ft
78
6
16
16
84
74
6
21
90
1
8
92
3
4
74
1
25
-2
82
16
-
69
9
22
91
9
84
16
ft
79
5
17
13
87
72
4
24
86
2
13
92
2
5
78
1
20
ft
88
12
-
66
8
26
90
10
86
14
1
95
ft
4
5
93
2
1
77
22
2
98
ft
-
100
-
91
1
7
98
2
1
95
ft
4
_
100
-
1
98
1
-
_
96
4
96
4
100
-
1
97
2
-
4
92
4
1
81
17
ft
99
ft
-
ft
100
-
90
1
10
98
2
77
23
-
99
1
-
1
97
2
-
2
96
2
-
1
77
22
-
2
81
15
2
-
ft
92
1
6
-
75
18
7
-
73
18
8
1
ft
87
6
6
ft
83
17
-
99
1
-
1
96
3
-
1
95
4
-
1
81
17
-
ft
85
12
3
-
ft
92
2
5
-
78
12
10
-
65
26
8
1
100
22
1
77
52
1
46
94
6
ft
62
38
2
35
16
46
44
3
53
67
33
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
19
18
61
1
ft
44
6
50
ft
100
-
24
1
75
-
29
2
69
-
92
8
-
ft
68
32
-
ft
36
13
51
-
“
46
3
51
-
70
30
-
“
23
26
49
1
1
84
1
14
1
94
1
4
2
64
-
2
66
13
19
1
92
2
3
70
ft
81
13
2
83
-
5
27
5
15
ft
83
17
97
3
1
87
6
6
ft
1
44
6
50
ft
1
83
5
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
47
100
-
-
53
-
34
78
17
4
f t
1
86
-
14
-
98
-
2
f t
1
85
3
11
-
-
61
100
-
-
39
”
1
79
2
19
-
f t
-
Table 28. Paid vacations: All systems—Continued
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and regions, February 1978)
Vacation policy
New
New
Middle Border South South Great Middle
Middle Border South South Great Middle
United
United
Mountain Pacific
Mountain Pacific
west Lakes West
west Lakes West
States England Atlantic States east
States England Atlantic States east
Physical workers
Office workers
A m o u n t o f v a catio n p a y '— C on tin ued
After 25 years of service:
Under 4 w eeks..............................................
4 weeks .........................................................
Over 4 and under 5 weeks ........................
5 weeks .........................................................
Over 5 and under 6 weeks ........................
6 weeks .........................................................
After 30 years of service:3
Under 4 w eeks..............................................
4 weeks .........................................................
Over 4 and under 5 weeks ........................
5 weeks .........................................................
Over 5 and under 6 weeks ........................................
6 weeks .........................................................
1
23
1
75
(1
2)
1
5
95
-
1
8
1
99
ft
70
2
19
“
1
99
1
74
10
16
1
19
1
79
-
1
74
4
21
-
2
46
52
-
1
3
82
1
14
1
11
2
86
2
31
42
-
-
26
2
98
0
-
ft
60
2
37
1 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time
basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual
establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes indicated at 10 years may include
changes that occurred between 5 and 10 years.
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
2
26
60
12
52
48
-
6
2
92
-
2
13
63
27
64
0
85
-
-
-
22
8
-
1
22
1
76
ft
1
1
7
f t
14
74
3
15
6
94
3
97
-
1
99
1
81
13
6
1
15
2
83
-
1
66
3
30
-
2
44
54
-
1
3
76
2
19
1
11
2
86
2
24
54
-
-
-
20
ft
2
98
ft
ft
1
66
2
31
1
32
58
10
49
51
-
8
3
89
-
1
15
17
ft
-
_
67
67
_
-
17
16
-
87
_
12
3 Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service,
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no
data.
Table 29. Paid vacations: By type of system
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United
States, February 1978)
Vacation policy
Electric
systems
Gas
transmission
systems
Gas, except
separate
transmission
systems
Combination
systems
Electric
systems
Gas
transmission
systems
Gas, except
separate
transmission
systems
Combination
systems
Office workers
Physical workers
All workers............................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Method of payment
Workers in systems
providing paid vacations ..............................
Length-of-time payment..............................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
5
17
9
3
34
7
2
47
2
-
4
27
17
2
3
22
14
3
33
9
(2)
1
57
2
-
2
33
16
4
29
24
(2)
76
-
42
58
-
18
100
-
21
f t
100
-
22
78
-
1
(2)
98
1
100
-
1
99
ft
4
96
-
(2)
99
1
100
-
1
99
f t
1
99
-
1
80
9
10
33
4
63
79
8
13
86
14
(2)
83
8
9
38
3
58
79
6
15
82
18
2
97
2
96
(2)
2
100
-
59
41
100
-
(2)
1
98
<*>
1
2
95
1
59
41
2
82
12
4
-
59
41
-
1
93
1
5
-
97
2
1
<*>
1
82
13
4
-
59
41
-
1
91
2
7
-
1
56
11
32
-
8
92
-
48
4
48
-
34
2
64 •
11
89
-
54
3
43
-
Amount of vacation pay'
After 6 months of service:
Under 1 w e e k ...............................................
1 week ..........................................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks ........................
2 weeks ........................................................
After 1 year of service:
1 week ..........................................................
Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ........................
2 weeks ........................................................
Over 2 w eeks...............................................
3 weeks ........................................................
After 2 years of service:
1 week ..........................................................
Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ........................
2 weeks ........................................................
Over 2 w ee ks...............................................
After 5 years of service:
1 week ..........................................................
2 weeks ........................................................
Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ........................
3 weeks ........................................................
After 10 years of service:
Under 3 w eeks.............................................
3 weeks ............. ...........................................
Over 3 and under 4 weeks ........................
4 weeks ........................................................
After 12 years of service:
Under 3 w eeks.............................................
3 weeks ........................................................
Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ........................
4 weeks ........................................................
Over 4 and under 5 w e e k s ........................
After 15 years of service:
Under 3 w eeks.............................................
3 weeks ........................................................
Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ........................
4 weeks ........................................................
5 weeks ........................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
f t
70
1
f t
f t
ft
f t
82
(2)
(*)
f t
f t
53
12
34
-
f t
79
-
f t
3
f t
97
2
0
f t
-
35
2
63
ft
Table 29. Paid vacations: By type of system—Continued
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United
States, February 1978)
Vacation policy
Electric
systems
Gas
transmission
systems
Gas, except
separate
transmission
systems
Combination
systems
Electric
systems
Gas
transmission
systems
Physical workers
Amount of vacation pay'—Continued
After 20 years of service:
Under 4 w eeks.............................................
4 weeks ........................................................
Over 4 and under 5 w ee ks........................
5 weeks ........................................................
After 25 years of service:
Under 4 w eeks.............................................
4 weeks ........................................................
Over 4 and under 5 w ee ks........................
5 weeks ........................................................
Over 5 and under 6 weeks ........................
6 weeks ........................................................
After 30 years of service:3
Under 4 w eeks.............................................
4 weeks ........................................................
Over 4 and under 5 weeks ........................
5 weeks ........................................................
Over 5 and under 6 w ee ks........................
6 weeks ........................................................
1
83
8
9
1
34
1
64
0
1
11
ft
72
ft
16
-
26
4
70
-
89
11
-
46
-
54
1 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted
to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do
not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For
example, changes indicated at 10 years may include changes that occurred
between 5 and 10 years.
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
2
78
7
13
1
20
3
76
1
19
1
62
3
14
Gas, except
separate
transmission
systems
Combination
systems
Office workers
-
99
-
1
-
14
86
-
1
-
78
6
15
1
86
5
8
1
32
1
66
ft
1
9
ft
73
ft
16
-
30
3
67
-
92
8
-
50
-
50
2
79
5
14
-
99
-
1
2
19
2
78
-
16
84
-
-
-
2
17
1
69
2
10
-
-
1
-
83
7
9
3
Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of
service.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals. Dashes indicate no data.
Table 30. Health, insurance, and retirement plans: All systems
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,' United States and regions, February 1978)
Type of plan
United
New
Middle Border South South Great Middle
New
Middle Border South South Great Middle
United
Mountain Pacific
Mountain Pacific
States England Atlantic States east
west Lakes West
west Lakes West
States England Atlantic States east
Office workers
Physical workers
All workers .......................................................
Workers in establishments providing:
cn
r\j
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Life insurance................................................
99
Noncontributory p la n s ..............................
51
Accidental death and
64
dismemberment insurance........................
Noncontributory p lan s ..............................
38
Sickness and accident insurance
or sick leave or both1
2 ................................
95
33
Sickness and accident insurance...........
Noncontributory plans ...........................
14
Sick leave (full pay,
no waiting period)....................................
79
Sick leave (partial pay
or waiting period)......................................
11
Long-term disability insurance ...................
45
Noncontributory plan s..............................
29
Hospitalization insurance............................. 100
Noncontributory plan s............................... 61
Surgical insurance........................................ 100
Noncontributory plan s............................... 61
Medical insurance.........................................
99
Noncontributory plan s............................... 60
Major medical insurance.............................. 98
Noncontributory plan s...............................
56
Dental insurance...........................................
36
Noncontributory plan s............................... 24
Retirement plans3 .........................................
99
Pensions .....................................................
99
Noncontributory plans ...........................
87
Severance pay ...........................................
n
No plans ........................................................
100
55
100
45
100
23
100
51
100
49
100
71
99
88
100
19
100
28
99
51
100
53
100
38
100
26
100
61
100
47
99
69
99
89
100
24
100
34
86
51
76
33
33
20
86
71
81
46
57
28
58
57
83
19
18
17
65
39
88
49
73
28
28
21
87
68
83
46
60
36
62
62
86
24
20
19
80
35
11
100
64
30
100
15
15
91
27
14
89
17
16
93
26
8
96
8
8
93
10
3
100
55
6
90
31
14
68
21
4
99
69
31
86
15
14
80
34
16
90
15
14
90
22
9
96
10
10
89
7
2
100
44
8
70
98
74
83
75
57
75
93
93
81
63
99
68
72
77
74
82
85
94
32
32
100
99
100
99
100
99
100
99
50
45
100
100
100
“
2
24
24
100
84
100
84
98
83
98
65
60
58
100
100
91
0
-
19
28
18
100
80
100
80
100
80
82
62
23
23
100
100
57
-
5
37
21
100
60
100
60
100
60
100
58
13
1
97
97
93
-
61
24
100
36
100
36
100
36
99
36
12
8
97
97
76
28
39
33
100
61
100
61
100
61
100
61
18
9
100
100
87
-
21
54
54
100
93
100
93
100
93
100
93
24
24
100
100
91
-
82
65
100
19
100
19
100
19
100
19
44
8
100
100
87
“
7
86
22
100
13
100
13
100
13
100
21
93
43
100
100
97
-
6
46
29
99
63
99
63
99
63
98
58
37
27
99
99
86
0
O
20
20
100
98
100
98
100
98
100
99
60
57
100
100
100
“
27
27
100
83
100
83
100
83
100
61
63
60
100
100
92
(4)
12
5
26
40
16
23
100
100
83
56
100
100
83
56
100
100
56
83
79 ‘ 100
62
55
27
16
27
1
96
100
96
100
93
60
“
”
60
21
100
36
100
36
100
36
99
36
10
5
98
98
72
0
“
13
38
31
100
74
100
74
100
74
100
73
24
14
100
100
87
-
14
50
50
99
92
99
92
99
92
99
92
20
20
100
100
89
0
84
79
100
24
100
24
100
24
100
24
46
16
100
100
85
-
6
90
29
100
17
100
17
100
17
100
21
90
51
100
100
97
-
“
O
“
1 Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally
required plans such as workers’ compensation and social security; however, plans required by State
temporary disability laws are included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or the
employees receive benefits over legal requirements. “Noncontributory plans” include only those plans
financed entirely by the employer.
2 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown
4
~
separately.
3 Unduplicated total of workers covered by pension plans and severance pay shown separately.
4 Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no
data.
Table 31. Health, insurance, and retirement plans: By type of system
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,' United States, February 1978)
Type of plan
Electric
systems
Gas
transmission
systems
Gas, except
separate
transmission
systems
Combination
systems
Electric
systems
Physical workers
cn
co
Gas
transmission
systems
Gas, except
separate
transmission
systems
Combination
systems
Office workers
All workers ......................................................
Workers in establishments providing:
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Life insurance...............................................
Noncontributory plans..............................
Accidental death and
dismemberment insurance........................
Noncontributory plans..............................
Sickness and accident insurance
or sick leave or both1
2 ................................
Sickness and accident insurance...........
Noncontributory plans ...........................
Sick leave (full pay,
no waiting period)....................................
Sick leave (partial pay
or waiting period).....................................
Long-term disability insurance...................
Noncontributory plans..............................
Hospitalization insurance............................
Noncontributory plans..............................
Surgical insurance.......................................
Noncontributory plans..............................
Medical insurance........................................
Noncontributory plans..............................
Major medical insurance.............................
Noncontributory plans..............................
Dental insurance..........................................
Noncontributory plans..............................
Retirement plans3 ........................................
Pensions ....................................................
Noncontributory plans ...........................
Severance pay ..........................................
No plans .......................................................
99
49
100
77
100
67
100
39
99
53
100
77
100
65
99
36
66
47
76
51
66
46
57
20
68
49
80
55
68
45
58
20
96
24
11
95
22
22
95
30
27
93
48
11
88
25
11
97
26
26
96
27
24
88
43
11
77
77
83
80
77
79
88
81
13
40
21
100
55
100
55
99
54
99
55
19
11
99
99
78
4
75
47
100
63
100
63
100
63
100
63
23
15
100
100
99
1
-
8
55
49
100
65
100
65
100
65
100
65
33
29
100
100
92
0
10
42
26
100
66
100
66
100
66
96
51
62
43
99
99
92
7
38
17
99
57
99
57
99
57
99
58
23
12
99
99
78
3
79
50
100
65
100
65
100
65
100
65
24
14
100
100
100
1
-
6
59
47
100
63
100
63
100
63
100
63
29
24
100
100
86
0
5
42
31
100
69
100
69
100
69
95
53
62
-
1 Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the
cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers' compensation and
social security: however, plans required by State temporary disability laws are
included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or the
employees receive benefits over legal requirements. “Noncontributory plans”
include only those plans financed entirely by the employer.
2 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance
and
3
pay
4
_
_
-
0
99
99
93
_
-
sick leave shown separately.
Unduplicated total of workers covered by pension plans and severance
shown separately.
Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals. Dashes indicate no data.
Table 32. Other selected benefits: All systems
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems with formal provisions for funeral leave pay, jury duty pay, technological severance pay, and cost-of-living adjustments,' United States
and regions, February 1978)
Middle Border South South Great Middle
New
New
Middle Border South South Great Middle Mountain Pacific United
United
Mountain Pacific
west Lakes West
States England Atlantic States east
west Lakes West
States England Atlantic States east
Item
Office workers
Physical workers
Workers in establishments
with provisions for:
Funeral le a v e ...................................................
Jury-duty lea ve.................................................
Technological severance p a y ........................
93
95
15
100
100
35
100
100
26
97
90
3
87
88
15
81
92
7
93
93
8
1 For definition of items; see appendix B.
100
100
81
99
12
99
99
42
90
92
12
99
100
24
100
100
23
97
88
3
82
84
13
85
94
6
93
95
5
87
99
7
68
68
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no
data.
cn
-c*
99
99
46
Table 33. Other selected benefits: By type of system
(Percent of physical and office workers in electric and gas utilities systems manufacturing establishments with formal provisions for funeral leave pay, jury duty
pay, technological severance pay, and cost-of-living adjustments,' United States, February 1978)
Item
Electric
systems
Gas
transmission
systems
Gas, except
separate
transmission
systems
Combination
systems
Electric
systems
Physical workers
Gas
transmission
systems
Gas, except
separate
transmission
systems
Combination
systems
Office workers
Workers in establishments
with provisions for:
Funeral le a v e ..................................................
Jury-duty leave................................................
Technological severance p a y .......................
' For definition of items; see appendix B.
90
92
13
85
98
18
99
100
16
97
97
15
89
91
12
88
97
17
99
100
14
87
88
12
NOTE; Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals. Dashes indicate no data.
Appendix A. Regression
Analysis
Conventional methods of analyzing wage variations
using published averages typically stop short of meas
uring the independent influence on wage levels of such
factors as size of establishment, location, and union con
tract status. The independent effect of employment size
on earnings, for example, may be obscured by earnings
differentials associated with regional location or
unionization.
One method of isolating the independent effect on
wages of various establishment and worker character
istics is multiple regression. By this method, the esti
mated wage differential for a given variable is deter
mined independently. The variables included in tables
A-l and A-2 are defined, where necessary, in Appen
dix B-Scope and Method of Survey.
In the regression equation, one category of each of
the variables is not shown explicitly, but its influence
is embodied in the constant term. In tables A-l and A-2,
therefore, the categories represented by the constant
term are small employment size (100-999), electric sys
tem,1nonunion, and female worker. The average wage
level relating to this set of suppressed characteristics is
represented by the value of the constant term. The co
efficients of the explicit variables represent the differ
entials associated with categories of the characteristics
which differ from the basic set embodied in the constant.
To determine the effects of the coefficients on aver
age wage levels, the values of the new variables in ta
bles A-l and A-2 replace those suppressed in the con
stant term. For example, for journeymen line workers
in large systems (5,000 workers or more), estimated
earnings are higher by 82 cents when other factors are
held constant. Further, if these workers are located in
the Pacific region, another $1.37 is added to the con
stant term, which raises the average hourly earnings to
$9.21. Wage differences found by simple comparison of
published averages may be labeled gross differentials;
those isolated by multiple regression techniques are net
differentials. As illustrated in table A-3, net differentials
are generally smaller than gross differentials. The small
er size of net wage differentials is to be expected, be
cause of the aforementioned tendency for characteris
tics associated with higher wages, such as unionization
and system size, to be found in combination. Regres
sion techniques, thus, permit a more precise measure
ment of the impact of individual factors on the wage
structure of an industry.
It should be emphasized that the regression technique
is not sufficiently complete to measure with certainty
the independent effect on wage levels of employee and
establishment characteristics. As tables A-l and A-2
show, the regression analysis failed to account for be
tween 23 and 75 percent of the variation in average
earnings levels for the selected occupations. (See coef
ficient of determination, R .) This could mean that oth
er factors, beyond the scope of the survey, influenced
the estimates. However, by holding constant the char
acteristics within the survey scope, estimates for differ
entials definitely were improved.
1For five jobs not found in electric systems, combination systems
were embodied in the constant.
Table A-1. Regression analysis of straight-time hourly earnings, selected physical occupations, electric and gas utilities,
February 1978
(Standard errors, cents per hour, shown in parentheses)
Item
Constant.................................
Auxiliary District
equipment represen
operators, tatives
electric (electric)
Electri
cians
mainte
nance
Gas dis
patchers
Gasmain fit
ters
Janitors
Laborers,
Meter
Journey
Service
main in
Pipeline
Watch
Load
techni
men line
repairers,
stallation
dis
repairers
engineers
workers
class A
cians, gas
and serv patchers
(gas)
(electric)
(electric)
(electric)
appliances
ice (gas)
$5.76
(.50)
$5.61
(8 0 )
$7.12
(2 3 )
$6.51
(1 4 2 )
$5.44
(5 1 )
$3.03
(2 3 )
$7.02
(.18)
$4.61
(3 6 )
$7.92
(6 8 )
$7.20
(.28)
$4.57
(1 2 3 )
$5.83
(4 4 )
$8.62
(6 3 )
1,000-2,499 employees
-.0 1
(.24)
.91
(.52)
.17
(.18)
1.32
(4 5 )
.55
(3 0 )
.06
(.17)
.53
(.17)
.56
(.23)
1.02
(.41)
.60
(2 3 )
.02
(.29)
.27
(2 5 )
- .6 5
(4 6 )
2,500-5,000 employees
.32
(.22)
-.1 0
(5 8 )
.26
(.17)
1.11
(.40)
.70
(2 8 )
-.0 3
(.16)
.57
(.17)
.26
(2 2 )
.29
(.46)
.42
(2 3 )
-.3 7
(.33)
.95
(2 5 )
.40
(-48)
.22
(.22)
.80
(4 7 )
.55
(.16)
1.84
(.60)
.59
(3 2 )
.22
(.17)
.82
(.16)
-.11
(.53)
1.57
(.45)
.63
(.22)
1.77
(7 0 )
.94
(3 0 )
.98
(.48)
—
—
—
.14
(.30)
-.1 4
(.61)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.06
(.62)
—
—
.36
(2 8 )
—
—
—
—
.31
(2.24)
.49
(.18)
.32
(1 0 5 )
.34
(.40)
-.6 8
(4 3 )
.33
(.10)
-1 .2 2
(.46)
—
—
.51
(2 1 )
—
—
-.11
(.14)
.35
(.11)
—
-.5 8
(.22)
—
—
—
—
.27
(1 0 )
—
.44
(.34)
-1 .8 9
(1 05)
.16
(1 3 )
.53
(6 3 )
—
—
- .2 8
(2 5 )
—
—
—
-.1 0
(3 0 )
.78
(.37)
1.22
(.31)
.40
(•36)
(2)
(.30)
.83
(.24)
1.19
(3 6 )
.53
(.33)
1.10
(3 4 )
-.0 7
(.23)
.30
(.35)
-1 .0 8
(.94)
-.2 9
(6 6 )
1.13
( 8 5 ),
.19
(.83)
1.24
(.59)
-.0 1
(6 4 )
1.88
(7 3 )
-.2 3
(4 5 )
1.30
(.59)
.11
(7 2 )
.01
(.23)
.97
(.20)
.10
(2 3 )
.39
(.20)
.93
(.18)
.98
(.22)
.90
(.26)
1.43
(2 0 )
.23
(.18)
—
1.47
(.79)
2.45
(.62)
.52
(.73)
-.3 3
(6 6 )
.98
(.71)
.73
(7 3 )
.17
(.77)
2.45
(8 5 )
-.1 7
(.44)
.67
(1 1 9 )
1.37
(5 1 )
1.78
(4 0 )
1.27
(4 9 )
-1 .3 7
(4 8 )
1.73
(.39)
1.33
(4 5 )
2.16
(5 9 )
2.24
(4 8 )
.30
(3 4 )
—
1.66
(.29)
1.27
(.23)
.94
(.24)
-.0 5
(.23)
1.42
(.21)
1.48
(2 4 )
1.15
(.32)
1.54
(2 9 )
.42
(.17)
.51
(1 1 )
-.0 6
(2 5 )
.79
(.18)
-.1 0
(.22)
-.0 3
(1 9 )
.54
(.17)
.59
(.23)
.59
(.26)
1.37
(1 9)
.39
(.17)
—
2.56
(3 8 )
1.24
(2 7 )
.85
(.28)
- .2 8
(.30)
2.09
(.27)
1.11
(3 3 )
.57
(4 7 )
.27
(3 8 )
.05
(2 7 )
—
1.87
(.69)
2.27
(.58)
1.00
(6 4 )
.33
(6 3 )
1.90
(.52)
.59
(6 5 )
1.26
(7 5 )
2.82
(6 8 )
.44
(.51)
—
- .6 3
(3 2 )
.58
(.25)
.20
(.28)
- .1 4
(2 4 )
.33
(.24)
.01
(3 1 )
- .1 8
(1.52)
1.02
(.83)
.47
(-59)
-.0 6
(-47)
.54
(.48)
.95
(.55)
.10
(1 1 1 )
.38
(1.21)
-.3 7
(.33)
.81
(.88)
1.16
(4 0 )
.94
(3 4 )
1.06
(4 5 )
-1 .4 0
(.42)
1.15
(3 6 )
.66
(3 7 )
.96
(5 4 )
1.09
(4 0 )
.57
(.26)
—
2.64
(7 0 )
2.14
(5 5 )
1.32
(.64)
.35
(5 4 )
1.79
(5 1 )
.80
(7 3 )
1.62
(7 1 )
2.03
(6 1 )
.59
(4 3 )
—
.39
.34
.57
.58
.64
.57
.61
.77
.38
.48
.37
.61
.49
$.66
6.92
$.96
7.62
$.50
8.50
$1.08
8.09
$.70
7.50
$.68
5.02
$.52
8.58
$.51
5.32
$1.29
10.71
$.64
8.34
$.56
6.48
$.67
7.47
$1.16
10.81
118
57
138
74
92
233
144
56
101
130
43
81
94
100
52
136
69
91
162
142
54
98
125
37
79
94
VARIABLE1
Size of system:
5,000 employees or
m o re ...........................
Type of system:
Gas transmission..........
Gas, except separate
transmission.............
Com bination.................
Region:
New England.................
Middle A tla n tic.............
Border S ta te s ...............
Southwest.....................
Great Lakes...................
Middle West...................
Mountain.........................
Pacific.............................
Union3 .....................................
M ale........................................
Statistical information:
Adjusted coefficient of
determination (R2) . . .
Standard error of the
estim ate.....................
Mean (Y ).........................
Number of o b s e rv a tions(N).......................
Number of establishments(S).....................
'The values embodied in the constant term were: 100 to 999
employees, Southeast region, nonunion, female, and, except for five jobs,
electric systems. For gas dispatchers, gas-main fitters, main installation
and service workers, pipeline repairs, and gas appliance technicians,
combination systems are embodied in the constant.
2Less than $0,005.
3Refers to establishments where a majority of physical workers are
covered by labor-management contracts.
(3 5 )
1.52
(2 6 )
.26
(.21)
—
—
NOTE: Since the regression coefficients are based on a sample, they
may differ from the figures that would have been obtained from a complete
census of the industry. Chances are about 2 out of 3 that an estimate from
the sample would differ from those in a total census-derived value by less
than the standard error, and 19 out of 20 that the difference would be less
than twice the standard error. “Y” is the mean of the earnings (dependent)
variable weighted by production workers. “N” is the number of observa
tions used in each regression equation; it exceeds the number of
establishments (S) by the number of instances where men and women are
employed in the same job. Dashes indicated that variable is not applicable
for regression equation.
56
Table A-2. Regression analysis of straight-tim»hourly earnings, selected office, professional, and technical occupations, electric and
gas utilities, February 1978.
(Standard error, cents per hour, shown in parentheses)
Item
Constant........................................................
Cashiers
Computer
programmers
(business),
class B
Computer
systems
analysts
(business),
class A
Drafters,
class B
$4.43
(.22)
$4.10
(.18)
$6.08
(.37)
$8.78
(.65)
$4.73
(3 3 )
$7.86
(3 9 )
$4.85
(3 0 )
$3.24
(.28)
.41
(.20)
.60
(.19)
.84
(.21)
.14
(.20)
.62
(.18)
.79
(.25)
.53
(3 3 )
1.46
(3 2 )
1.57
(3 2 )
.24
(.47)
.80
(.45)
1.90
(.48)
-.2 0
(.25)
.17
(2 3 )
.64
(2 4 )
.40
(.33)
.50
(3 0 )
-.6 5
(.33)
.09
(.23)
.54
(2 4 )
.56
(2 7 )
.36
(2 4 )
.31
(2 1 )
.47
(2 1 )
.38
(3 1)
.12
(.16)
.45
(.17)
1.67
(.3.49)
-.0 3
(.17)
.16
(2 1 )
.87
(3 7 )
-.1 0
(.31)
-.0 9
(.26)
.60
(.47)
.24
(.35)
-.0 4
(3 2 )
.97
(.25)
.15
(.20)
.36
(.18)
.68
(3 7 )
-.7 4
(4 5 )
-.4 4
(.29)
.56
(2 2 )
-.0 7
(1 8 )
-.0 4
(.19)
-.1 1
(.22)
.34
(2 1 )
.26
(.17)
-1 .2 9
(8 4 )
.03
(4 5 )
- .5 2
(5 3 )
-1 .0 2
(.45)
.58
(.39)
.73
(.45)
-.3 4
(.54)
1.56
(4 4 )
.35
(2 8 )
.84
(.34)
.46
(.33)
-.2 1
(.32)
.02
(.29)
.34
(.29)
-.5 5
(.35)
-.2 9
(.34)
.69
(.33)
1.00
(.18)
—
—
-.0 2
(.49)
.54
(3 2 )
- .1 9
(2 9 )
.43
(.24)
.50
(2 6 )
.61
(.40)
.38
(3 2 )
.77
(.34)
.18
(.18)
.57
(.61)
Accounting
clerks,
class B
Electronics
Secretaries,
technicians,
class D
class B
Typist,
class B
VARIABLE'
Size of system:
1,000-2,499 employees.....................
2,500-5,000 employees.....................
5,000 employees or more...................
Type of system:
Gas transmission.................................
Gas, except separate transmission ..
Com bination........................................
Region:
New England.........................................
Middle A tlantic.....................................
Border S ta te s .......................................
Southw est............................................
Great Lakes..........................................
Middle W est..........................................
Mountain................................................
Pacific....................................................
Union2 ............................................................
M ale...............................................................
Statistical information:
Adjusted coefficient of'determination
(R2) ......................................................
Standard error of the estim ate............
Mean (Y) ............................................
Number of observations (N )...............
Number of establishments ( S ) ............
-.2 3
(.26)
-.4 5
(.25)
-1 .7 4
(.25)
-.61
(.21)
-.3 9
(.22)
-1 .5 7
(.30)
-.9 0
(.46)
.75
(2 7 )
.96
(.15)
.24
(.17)
.62
(3 8 )
.33
(.29)
-.3 7
(3 1 )
.01
(.22)
.02
(.31)
- .4 0
(.26)
.48
(.36)
.45
(.26)
.67
(.22)
.45
(.26)
.88
(.43)
-.0 4
(.39)
-1 .0 4
(4 4 )
-.1 4
(3 7 )
-.2 6
(3 2 )
.39
(.41)
.36
(4 6 )
.83
(3 9 )
.56
(.23)
.44
(.20)
1.10
(.57)
.93
(5 7 )
-.5 0
(.66)
.03
(.59)
.56
49)
.58
(.65)
.79
(.65)
1.82
(.61)
.27
(.27)
.46
(.32)
1.65
(.38)
1.64
(-35)
.66
(.38)
.49
(.27)
1.24
(2 5 )
1.21
(.33)
.81
(.36)
1.58
(3 2 )
.70
(.18)
.62
(.20)
.56
$ .80
5.08
218
157
.31
$ .83
4.69
161
136
.25
$1.14
7.78
172
136
.31
$ 1 .1 7
10.96
127
98
.49
$ .88
7.02
183
136
'The variables embodied in the constant were: 100 to 999 employees,
electric systems, Southeast region, nonunion, and female.
2Workers in systems with a majority of office workers covered by
labor-management agreements.
.50
$ .73
8.24
70
69
.52
$ .67
5.88
115
113
.25
$ .53
4.10
96
88
NOTE: For an explanation of standard errors and statistical information,
see the note to table A -1 .
57
Table A-3.
Hourly earnings differentials associated with selected characteristics, electric and gas utilities, February 1978
(Standard errors, cents per hour, shown in parentheses)
Occupational category
Physical:
Auxiliary equipment operators, e le c tric ...........
District representatives (electric ).....................
Electricians, maintenance...................................
Janitors...................................................................
Load dispatchers..................................................
Meter repairers, class A (electric).....................
Watch engineers (e le c tric ).................................
Office, professional, and technical:
Accounting clerks, class B .................................
Cashiers.................................................................
Computer programmers (business), class B ..
Computer systems analysts (business), class A
Combination vs. electric
systems
Net
Gross
differentials
differentials
$0.88
.63
54
.84
.97
.51
.46
.44
.44
-.3 0
.21
$0.49 (.18)
.34 (.40)
.33 (.10)
.35 (.11)
.44 (.34)
.16 (.13)
- .1 0 (.30)
.45
.16
- .0 9
- .0 4
(.17)
(.21)
(.26)
(.32)
NOTE: Dashes indicate that data are not available or that they do not
meet publication criteria.
58
Pacific to Southeast
__ [ecjion
Net
Gross
differentials
differentials
$1.40
1.64
2.00
2.48
1.70
2.02
1.50
.63
.90
1.79
$1.10 (.34)
- .23 (.45)
1.43 (.20)
1.54 (.29)
2.82 (.68)
1.52 (.26)
2.03 (.61)
.75
.45
.83
1.82
(.27)
(.26)
(.39)
(.61)
Male to female
workers
Gross
Net
differentials
differentials
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
$ .31
.84
.32
.65
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
$ .24
.45
.44
.46
(.17)
(.26)
(.20)
(.32)
Appendix B. Scope and
Method of Survey
Nonsupervisory workers include employees such as
line and cable workers, maintenance and repair wor
kers, power dispatchers, electricians, meter readers,
laborers, general office clerks, office-machine opera
tors, janitors, guards, and other employees below the
supervisory level whose services are closely associated
with those of employees listed above. Administrative,
executive, professional, and technical employees are
excluded. Nonsupervisory workers are divided into
two groups—physical workers and office workers.
In this survey, working foremen and other nonsuper
visory workers engaged in nonoffice functions are
called physical workers according to industry nomencla
ture. Temporary or force-account construction em
ployees, who are utilized as a separate work force
engaged in construction of major additions or alter
ations, are excluded. Permanent employees who are
regularly employed on routine construction work,
however, are included. Physical workers employed in
services other than gas or electric services are exclud
ed.
Office workers include all nonsupervisory office wor
kers. Office workers who may have been employed in
the operation of allied services are included.
Professional and technical workers include all full-time
professional and technical employees, such as computer
operators, programmers, and systems analysts, drafters,
drafter-tracers, electronics technicians, and registered
industrial nurses. Although such workers are not
included in the “nonsupervisory workers” category,
separate wage data were developed for selected profes
sional and technical occupations. (See tables 12-22.)
Scope of survey
The survey included privately operated utility sy
stems engaged in the (1) generation, transmission,
and/or distribution of electric energy; (2) transmission
and/or storage of natural gas; (3) transmission and
distribution of natural gas, and the manufacture and/or
distribution of manufactured or mixed gas; and (4)
production and/or distribution of both electricity and
gas (industry groups 491, 492, and part of 493 as
defined in the 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial
Classification Manual prepared by the U.S. Office of
Management and Budget). Allied services rendered by
the systems (such as water, steam heat or power,
telephone services, and transportation) were excluded.
Separate auxiliary units such as separate central offices
were included.
Systems studied were selected from those employing
100 workers or more at the time of reference of the data
used in compiling the universe lists. Table B-l shows
the number of systems and workers estimated to be
within the scope of the survey, as well as the number
actually studied by the Bureau.
Method of study
Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s
field representatives to a sample of systems within the
scope of the survey. To obtain appropriate accuracy at
minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of
small systems was studied. All estimates are presented,
therefore, as relating to all systems in the industry,
excluding only those below the minimum size at the
time of reference of the universe data.
Employment
Estimates of the number of workers within the scope
of the study are intended as a general guide to the size
and composition of the industry’s labor force, rather
than as precise measures of employment.
Definitions
A system, for purposes of this study, includes the
outlying as well as the central location (or locations) at
which electricity is generated or from which gas is
distributed, transmitted, and/or stored. If both a parent
company and a subsidiary were operating systems,
these were considered as separate units.
Occupational classification
Occupational classification was based on a uniform
set of job descriptions designed to take account of
intersystem and interarea variations in duties within the
59
Table B-1. Number of establishments and workers within scope of survey and number studied, electric and gas utilities,
February 1978
Workers in establishments
Number of establishments2
Region'
Within scope of study
Within scope of
Actually studied
study
Total3
Actually studied
Physical
workers
Office workers
All systems:
United S tates...................................................................
New England .............................................................
Middle Atlantic...........................................................
Border States ............................................................
Southeast...................................................................
Southwest ..................................................................
Great Lakes...............................................................
Middle W e s t...............................................................
Mountain.....................................................................
Pacific.........................................................................
388
46
39
36
64
59
65
37
23
19
231
24
27
22
27
31
42
25
18
15
644,220
31,948
119,180
50,380
82,154
87,302
139,075
42,789
24,792
66,600
336,103
14,781
62,901
26,586
44,411
44,270
70,276
23,707
12,763
36,408
140,849
7,016
25,495
10,282
17,913
21,008
30,545
8,592
5,855
14,143
539,348
21,573
104,752
39,774
72,600
60,718
121,447
31,913
24,127
62,444
Electric systems:
United S tates...................................................................
New England .............................................................
Middle Atlantic...........................................................
Border States ............................................................
Southeast...................................................................
Southwest ..................................................................
Great Lakes...............................................................
Middle W e s t...............................................................
Mountain.....................................................................
Pacific.........................................................................
188
26
9
21
42
30
26
15
11
8
101
12
8
11
15
15
16
10
8
6
281,842
16,740
26,102
25,505
66,724
37,009
66,166
12,622
7,927
23,047
149,024
8,597
14,317
12,756
36,296
19,745
33,992
7,161
4,410
11,750
57,557
3,146
4,329
5,544
13,768
8,474
13,064
2,361
1,602
5,269
244,361
10,424
24,827
22,307
61,019
28,173
58,558
11,272
7,620
20,161
Gas transmission systems:
United S tates...................................................................
Southwest ..................................................................
31
16
20
9
49,661
29,769
25,768
15,321
10,268
6,263
34,028
18,573
Gas, except separate transmission systems:
United S tates...................................................................
New England .............................................................
Middle Atlantic...........................................................
Border States ............................................................
Southeast...................................................................
Southwest ..................................................................
Great Lakes...............................................................
Middle W e s t...............................................................
94
13
14
7
18
8
17
6
58
6
10
6
9
4
11
5
99,538
5,856
14,522
6,933
10,535
14,545
22,345
11,423
50,490
2,742
8,192
3,871
5,444
6,745
10,614
5,980
25,421
1,405
3,222
1,406
3,065
4,491
5,945
2,569
81,357
3,589
12,210
6,800
6,947
10,720
19,917
9,423
Combination systems:
United S tates...................................................................
New England .............................................................
Middle Atlantic...........................................................
Great Lakes...............................................................
Middle W e s t...............................................................
75
6
16
16
14
52
5
9
12
9
213,179
9,122
78,556
44,719
13,724
110,821
3,362
40,392
22,667
7,706
47,603
2,418
17,944
10,130
2,844
179,602
7,330
67,715
39,054
8,708
1
The regions used in this study include N e w E n g l a n d — Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
M id d le
A t la n t ic — N e w
Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; B o r d e r
S t a t e s — Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and
West Virginia; S o u t h e a s t — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina,
and Tennessee; S o u t h w e s t — Arkansas,
Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; G r e a t L a k e s — Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; M i d d l e W e s t — Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
North Dakota, and South Dakota; M o u n t a i n — Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals. Dashes indicate no data.
or more levels did not meet publication criteria; or (2)
information to subclassify workers was not available.
same job. (See appendix C for these descriptions.) The
criteria for selection of the occupations were: The
number of workers in the occupation; the usefulness of
the data in collective bargaining; and appropriate
representation of the entire job scale in the industry.
Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners,
trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and
probationary workers were not reported in the data for
selected occupations.
For occupations which present data separately by
levels, the levels may not add to totals because (1) One
Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and P a c i f i c — California,
Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.
2 Includes only systems with 100 workers or more at the time of
reference of the universe data.
3 Includes executive, professional, and other workers in addition to the
physical and office worker categories shown separately.
Wage data
Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly
earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for
work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive
payments, such as those resulting from piecework or
production bonus systems, and cost-of-living bonuses
60
were included as part of the workers’ regular pay.
Nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or
yearend bonuses, were excluded.
Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each
occupation were calculated by weighting each rate (or
hourly earnings) by the number of workers receiving
the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of
individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers
were obtained by dividing straight-time salary by
normal (or standard) hours to which the salary corre
sponds.
they applied to half or more of such workers in the
system. Similarly, if fewer than half of the workers
were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent
in the system. Because of length-of-service and other
eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers
receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated.
Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day
and half-day holidays provided annually.
Paid vacations. The summaries of vacation plans are
limited to formal arrangements and exclude informal
plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the
discretion of the employer or supervisor. Payments not
on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment
of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the
equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The periods of service for
which data are presented represent the most common
practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual
system provisions for progression. For example,
changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of service
may include changes which occurred between 5 and 10
years.
Rate structure characteristics
Tabulations of rate structure characteristics relate to
the number of workers paid under the various time
wage systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated
workers provide single rates or a range of rates for
individual job categories. In the absence of a formal
rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily by
the qualifications of the individual worker. A single
rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all
experienced workers in the same job classification.
Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be
paid according to rate schedules which start below the
single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full
job rate over a period of time. An experienced
worker occasionally may be paid above or below the
single rate for special reasons, but such payments are
exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the
minimum, maximum, or both of these rates paid
experienced workers for the same job are specified.
Specific rates of individual workers within the range
may be determined by merit, length of service, or a
combination of these.
Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are presen
ted separately for health, insurance, pensions, and
retirement severance plans for which the employer
pays all or a part of the cost, excluding programs
required by law such as workers’ compensation and
social security. Among plans included are those under
written by a commercial insurance company and those
paid directly by the employer from his current op
erating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose.
Death benefits are included as a form of life insur
ance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that
type of insurance under which predetermined cash
payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly
or monthly basis during illness or accident disability.
Information is presented for all such plans to which the
employer contributes at least a part of the cost.
However, in New York and New Jersey, where
temporary disability insurance laws require employer
contributions,1 plans are included only if the employer
(1) contributes more than is legally required, or (2)
provides the employees with benefits which exceed the
requirements of the law.
Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to
formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of
the worker’s pay during absence from work because of
illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Sepa
rate tabulations are provided for (1) plans which
provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans
providing either partial pay or a waiting period.
Long-term disability insurance plans provide pay
ments to totally disabled employees upon the expiration
Scheduled weekly hours
Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work
schedule for full-time physical workers (or office
workers) employed on the day shift.
Shift practices and differentials
Data relate to shift practices of establishments during
the payroll period studied and are presented in terms of
the proportion of physical workers actually employed
on the shifts indicated.
System practices and supplementary wage
provisions
Supplementary benefits in a system were considered
applicable to all physical workers (or office workers) if
1 The temporary disability laws in California and Rhode Island do
not require employer contributions.
61
plans which provide regular payments for the remain
der of the retiree’s life. Data are presented separately
for retirement severance pay (one payment or several
over a specified period of time) made to employees on
retirement. Systems providing both retirement sever
ance payments and retirement pensions to employees
were considered as having both retirement pensions
and retirement severance plans; however, systems ha
ving optional plans providing employees a choice of
either retirement severance payments or pensions were
considered as having only retirement pension benefits.
of sick leave, sickness and accident insurance, or both,
or after a specified period of disability (typically 6
months). Payments are made until the end of disability,
a maximum age, or eligibility for retirement benefits.
Payments may be full or partial, but are almost always
reduced by social security, workers’ compensation, and
private pension benefits payable to the disabled em
ployee.
Medical insurance refers to plans providing for
complete or partial payment of doctors’ fees. Such
plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance
company or a nonprofit organization, or they may be a
form of self-insurance.
Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as
extended medical or catastrophe insurance, includes
plans designed to cover employees for sickness or
injury involving an expense which exceeds the normal
coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans.
Dental insurance, for purposes of this survey, usually
covers fillings, extractions, and X-rays. Excluded are
plans which cover only oral surgery or accident
damage.
Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to
Paid funeral and jury-duty leave. Data for paid funeral
and jury-duty leave relate to formal plans which
provide at least partial payment for time lost as a result
of. attending funerals of specified family members or
serving as a juror.
Technological severance pay. Data relate to formal plans
providing for payments to employees permanently
separated from the company because of a technological
change or plant closing.
62
Appendix C. Occupational
Descriptions
requiring proper phasing of motors. Examines condi
tion of equipment, observes oil level and pressure,
lubricates moving parts, checks for water and oil leaks,
knocks or engine misses. May make minor adjustments
to auxiliary equipment when needed and record hourly
pressure and temperature readings.
The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions
for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field repre
sentatives in classifying into appropriate occupations
workers who are employed under a variety of payroll
titles and different work arrangements from establish
ment to establishment and from area to area. This per
mits the grouping of occupational wage rates represent
ing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis
on comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’s
job descriptions may differ significantly from those in
use in individual establishments or those prepared for
other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the
Bureau’s field representatives were instructed to ex
clude working supervisors, apprentices, learners,
beginners, trainees, and handicapped, temporary, parttime, and probationary workers.
Boiler operator
Operates one or more boilers used to generate
power. Work involves: Regulating rate of fuel, air and
water supply, and ash disposal on boilers equipped with
mechanical types of combustion equipment (stoker,
pulverized fuel, oil, or gas); inspecting and observing
boiler performance; using standard instruments in
order to regulate and maintain proper steam pressure.
Compressor operator
(Engine-room operator, assistant shift engineer,
booster-pump operator)
Operates internal combustion and/or turbine enginedriven compressor units and other related equipment
during the assigned shift. Loads and unloads com
pressor, starts and stops engines, controls the speed of
the engines to maintain designated operating pressures,
temperatures, and lubrication. May make minor ad
justments and repairs to compressor engines and equip
ment when needed.
Physical Occupations
Auxiliary-equipment operator, electric
Operates such equipment (auxiliary to boilers or tur
bines) as pumps, condensers, evaporators, deaerators,
water-treating equipment, blowers, compressors, and
coal-pulverizers, in a generating plant; also, checks and
reports or records instrument readings. Coal-conveyor
operators are excluded.
Compressor station operator—multi-plant stations
(Main engineer, shift leader, plant operator)
Coordinates the operations and operational mainte
nance of internal combustion and/or turbine engine
driven compressor units and related equipment in the
various multi-plant buildings to maintain designated
suction and discharge pressures during the assigned
shift. M aintains direct com m unications with
dispatcher, reporting pressures and temperatures and
receiving operating orders. Translates orders into in
structions to the multi-plant component operators in
terms of combinations of units, unit speeds, etc., to
balance unit loads. Directs and trains personnel in
compressor operations and preparation of operating
reports. Keeps informed of any overhaul work which
may affect plant operation.
Auxiliary-equipment operator, gas production
Operates one or more units of auxiliary equipment,
such as exhausters, condensers, tar extractors, scrub
bers, pressure regulators, and fuel handling, purifying
or purging equipment in a gas production plant. Work
involves: Controlling the flow of gas, water, steam, oil,
tar, etc., between units; observing pressure gauges,
thermometers, flow meters, and other instruments in
order to operate equipment properly and to test gas for
elimination of impurities; making necessary adjust
ments and minor repairs.
Auxiliary-equipment operator, gas transmission
(Auxiliary engineer, auxiliary operator, auxiliary
plant operator)
Operates auxiliary engines, generators, motors,
pumps, and other auxiliary equipment during the
assigned shift. Maintains constant check of instrument
control board to assure effective output. Increases or
decreases facilities in operations as load needs change,
Control-room operator, conventional
(Mechanical operator; steam-plant operator)
Under general supervision, operates the control
room switchboards of a steam generating station to
63
assure maximum efficiency of all equipment and
switchgear which have their controls in the control
room, including boilers, turbines, and generators.
Work involves most o f the following: Observing control
board gauges and instruments which indicate load
changes, temperatures, pressures, flow of steam and air,
coal conditions, flow of water, etc.,; operating neces
sary controls to assure maximum efficiencv of boilers
and turbines; starting and stopping turbines and other
machines as necessary; inspecting automatic controls,
checking operation of auxiliary equipment; performing
necessary operations in connection with regular inspec
tion and cleaning of equipment.
Control-room operator, nuclear
Under general supervision, controls the operation of
reactor, turbine-generator units, and other plant equip
ment of a steam generating nuclear station to assure
maximum safety and efficiency of all equipment having
their controls in the control room. Work involves most
of the following: Observing and interpreting control
board gauges and instruments which indicate reactor
power level, load changes, temperatures, pressures,
flow of steam, air, water, etc.; operating controls as
necessary to start up and shut down reactor, to assure
maximum safety and efficiency of the reactor, boilers,
turbines, and generators; starting and stopping other
machines as necessary; inspecting automatic controls,
checking operation of auxiliary equipment (e.g.,
pumps, compressors, switchgear); and performing
necessary operations in connection with regular inspec
tion and cleaning of equipment. May assist in refueling
operations. Must be licensed by the U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission as a reactor operator at the station to which
he is assigned.
Control-room operator assistant, conventional
Usually, under direct supervision, assists controlroom operator or assistant engineer of a steam generat
ing station in the operation of equipment and
switchgear which have their controls in the control
room, including boilers, turbines, and generators.
Work involves most o f the following: Operating controls
to produce maximum boiler and turbine efficiency,
subject to decision of supervisor; recording instrument
readings as required; making routine inspections of
equipment, noting temperatures, loading, and operat
ing conditions and reporting conditions to supervisor;
inspecting and cleaning sumps, pumps, gauges, intake
screens, ignition burners, and oil torches, and lancing
boiler tubes when necessary; occasionally, fires boilers
from cold to full pressure and starts turbines, under
supervision.
Control-room operator assistant, nuclear
Usually, under direct supervision, assists the con
trol-room operator of a steam generating nuclear sta
tion in the operation of the reactor, turbine-generator
units, and other plant equipment which have their con
trols in the control room. Work involves most o f the
following: Operating controls to produce maximum
reactor, boiler, turbine, and generator efficiency, sub
ject to decision of supervisor; recording instrument
readings as required; making routine inspections of
equipment, noting temperatures, loading, and operat
ing conditions and reporting conditions to supervisor;
inspecting the cleaning of sumps, pumps, gauges, and
intake screens. May assist in refueling operations as
directed. May relieve nuclear control-room operator
for short periods of time. Must be licensed by the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission as a reactor operator at the
station to which he is assigned.
Corrosion technician
(Cathodic engineer, senior; cathodic technician)
Conducts surface potential and pipe-to-soil surveys
on the main lines, feeder lines, and dehydration equip
ment within the assigned area. Makes soil resistivity
tests to effectively locate new cathodic protection in
stallations. Installs and maintains electrical equipment
associated with the prevention of corrosion requiring
knowledge of power line distribution systems and
electrical safety codes. Tests protected pipe-line to
measure the efficiency of installed units.
District respresentative
(Utility person; service worker)
Usually serves as all-round company representative
in o u t ly in g
are as a d ja c e n t to c e n tra l c itie s w h e re in
work does not ordinarily justify employment of more
specialized personnel. Work involves most o f the
following: Reading meters; connecting and disconnect
ing meters; collecting overdue bills; making minor
repairs on meters and/or appliances; maintaining
records of services performed.
Electrician, maintenance
Performs a variety of electrical trade functions such
as the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment
for the generating, distribution, or utilization of
electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most
o f the following: Installing or repairing any of a variety
of electrical equipment such as generators, transfor
mers, switchboards, controllers, circuit breakers,
motors, heating units, conduit ’ systems, or other
transmission equipment; working from blueprints,
drawings, layout, or other specifications; locating and
diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or equip
ment; working standard computations relating to load
requirements of wiring or electrical equipment; using a
64
variety of electrician’s handtools and measuring and
testing instruments. In general, the work of the mainte
nance electrician requires rounded training and ex
perience usually acquired through a formal apprentice
ship or equivalent training and experience.
Inspector
(Leak inspector; maintenance inspector)
Inspects installations and equipment of a gas utility
company to insure safe and efficient operation of the in
stallations. Work involves: Inspecting distribution
mains and services to locate leaks by making flash tests
or by taking samples, using a combustible indicator;
making a report on the findings. May, in addition, per
form other duties connected with the inspection and
servicing of meters and regulators.
Gas dispatcher
Insures adequate supply of gas of suitable pressure to
meet consumer demands by directing control of
volume of gas entering distribution system. Work in
volves: Determining pressure adjustments necessary to
meet current conditions; issuing instructions to in
crease or decrease pressure in accordance with deter
mined requirements; if mixed gas is used, determines if
proper mixture is being maintained and instructs mix
ing station to correct deviations.
Installer, gas meter
Installs and removes gas meters and connects and
disconnects gas supply to meters. May, in addition,
make minor adjustments and repairs on customer’s ap
pliances, and may perform simple appliance installa
tion work.
This classification does not include workers whose
duties are primarily connected with the installation,
servicing, and repairing of gas appliances. (See service
technician, gas appliance)
Gas-main fitter
(Gas fitter, street department; gas-street worker;
pipe layer)
Performs laying,joining, and related tasks in install
ing, removing, or repairing gas mains, services and re
lated equipment or in repairing leaks. May, in addition,
do welding work, assist in excavation work, or direct
helpers or laborers in this work.
Janitor, porter, or cleaner
Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory
working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office
or other establishment. Duties involve a combination of
the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing and
polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other
refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures;
polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing sup
plies and minor maintenance services; cleaning lavato
ries, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize
in window washing are excluded.
Gas-main fitter’s helper
Assists the gas-main fitter in laying,joining, remov
ing, or repairing gas mains, services and related equip
ment. Work involves a combination of the following:
Performing excavation work; cutting and threading gas
pipe to size in preparation for connection; assisting fit
ter or welder in making welds; cutting out section of
pipe to be replaced.
(See also laborer, main installation and service)
Laborer, gas plant
(Clinker; gas-plant helper)
Performs various laboring tasks in gas making or gas
purification plant, such as: Removing ashes and hard
clinker material from the generator of a gas producer
or water-gas set; loading coal or coke in hand trucks
from storage pile or railway cars, transporting to
generator and periodically charging fuel into genera
tor; mixing purifying material and renewing mixtures
in purification vats; cleaning tar separators; assisting
maintenance workers or gas makers; performing
miscellaneous cleanup work around plant.
Ground helper
Serves as a helper to a line worker in the setting up of
overhead lines for the transmission of electricity. Work
involves: Handling and passing necessary materials,
tools, and related equipment from the ground to poles
within reach of lineman; digging holes; and hoisting
poles.
(See also truckdriver, ground)
Guard
Laborer, main installation and service
Performs routine police duties, either at fixed post
or on tour, maintaining order using arms or force
where necessary. Includes gate-workers who are stationed
at gate and check on identity o f employees and other per
sons entering.
Performs such laboring tasks as digging ditches,
backfilling, and lifting and carrying materials involved
in the installation, removal or repair of gas mains.
(See also gas-main fitter’s helper)
65
Leak locator, gas
Mechanic, automotive (maintenance)
(Gas-leak inspector)
Inspects gas pipe lines to locate leaks. Makes test
holes in ground and operates combustible gas indicator
to determine extent and approximate location of
leakage.
Repairs automobiles, buses, motortrucks, and trac
tors of an establishment. Work involves most o f the
following: Examining automotive equipment to diag
nose source of trouble; disassembling equipment and
performing repairs that involve the use of such
handtools as wrenches, gauges, drills or specialized
equipment in disassembling or fitting parts; replacing
broken or defective parts from stock; grinding and ad
justing valves; reassembling and installing the various
assemblies in the vehicle and making necessary adjust
ments; alining wheels, adjusting brakes and lights, or
tightening body bolts. In general, the work of the
automotive mechanic requires rounded training and
experience usually acquired through a formal appren
ticeship or equivalent training and experience.
Line worker, journeyman
(Line worker, first class)
A journeyman who performs individually, or with
the assistance of helpers, construction and maintenance
work related to the erection and repair of overhead
transmission or underground residential distribution
(URD) power lines of all classes and voltages, struc
tures and other equipment to conduct electricity from
power source to place of use. May be required to
specialize on live primary lines of high voltage using
hot line tools.
(See also trouble shooter)
Mechanic, maintenance
Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment of an
establishment. Work involves most o f the following-. Ex
amining machines and mechanical equipment to diag
nose source of trouble; dismantling or partly disman
tling machines and performing repairs that mainly in
volve the use of handtools in scraping and fitting parts;
replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained
from stock; ordering the production of a replacement
part by a machine shop or sending of the machine to a
machine shop for major repairs; preparing written
specifications for major repairs or for the production of
parts ordered from machine shop; reassembling
machines; and making all necessary adjustments for
operation. In general, the work of a maintenance
mechanic requires rounded training and experience
usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or
equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this
classification are workers whose primary duties involve
setting up or adjusting machines.
Load dispatcher
(System operator)
Supervises on one or more shifts all station and
substation operations in the production of electricity by
issuing telephonic orders based upon the allocation of
load (current production and demand) and the opera
tion of high tension lines including interconnections
with other companies. Uses his knowledge of generat
ing equipment and operating setups in all stations on
the system to direct in detail the handling of normal
and emergency situations, proper loading of apparatus
and circuits.
Machinist, maintenance
Produces replacement parts and new parts in making
repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment oper
ated in an establishment. Work involves most o f the
following: Interpreting written instructions and
specifications; planning and laying out of work; using a
variety of machinist’s handtools and precision measur
ing instruments; setting up and operating standard
machine tools; shaping of metal parts to close
tolerances; making standard shop computations relat
ing to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds and speeds of
machining; knowledge of the working properties of the
common metals; selecting standard materials, parts,
and equipment required for his work; fitting and assem
bling parts into mechanical equipment. In general, the
machinist’s work normally requires a rounded training
in machine-shop practice usually acquired through a
formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and ex
perience.
Meter repairer
Tests, repairs, and may make installations of meters
in company-owned plants an d ' substations or on
customer’s premises.
Workers who specialize in the tasks of a meter in
staller or in routinized single phase testing are ex
cluded.
For wage study purposes, meter repairers are
classified as follows:
Class A - Tests, calibrates, repairs, and may install all
types o f switchboards, portable, or other meters
(polyphase or instrument transformers).
Class B - Tests, repairs, and may install single phase
or self-contained polyphase meters. May perform duties
listed for class A meter repairer under direct supervi
sion.
66
Reads meters consisting of recording dials to note
consumption of electricity, gas, steam, or water during
period elapsed since previous reading; records finding
for billing purposes. Observes and reports changes in
customer location, rate classification, leaks, grounds,
meter tampering, power diversion, and other ir
regularities.
of pipe required; making standard tests to determine
whether finished pipes meet specifications. In general,
the work of the maintenance pipefitter requires
rounded training and experience usually acquired
through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training
and experience. Workers primarily engaged in installing
and repairing building sanitation or heating systems are
excluded.
Meter technician, gas transmission
Pipeline lead person
(Measurement technician; meter inspector)
Tests, calibrates, repairs, and adjusts positive and.
orifice meters and other measuring and regulating
equipment used in recording volumes of gas. Disman
tles equipment, examines parts and mechanisms,
replaces worn or broken parts, reassembles and tests
for proper operation. May inspect, repair, or adjust gas
measurement and dehydration equipment in the main
tenance shop or at the field location.
(Crew chief, sub-crew leader, crew leader)
Acts in the capacity of lead person, directing
pipeline maintenance crew. Installs and maintains main
line, feeder line, and dehydration equipment. Repairs
and services main line valves, assembles and disassem
bles purchase and sales meter installations. Instructs
maintenance crew in facilities operating, repairing and
safety procedures, use and care of tools and work
equipment.
Oiler
Pipeline repairer
Assists compressor operator in operation of the com
pressor engines and other related equipment, during
the assigned shift. Operates by-pass valves, observes
pressures, and assists compressor operator in loading
and unloading compressors, starting and stopping
engines. Lubricates all moving parts, wipes up excess
oil and cleans engines. Periodically checks bearings,
lubricating systems, and water temperatures. Performs
plant housekeeping duties incidental to orderly station
upkeep.
Performs general duties to maintain pipeline rightof-way. As a member of pipeline crew, repairs and
services main line valves, assists in installation and
maintenance of main line, feeder line, and dehydration
equipment. Repairs terraces and washouts, cuts weeds
and plants grass, repairs and rebuilds fences, stencils
mile post markers. May perform helper’s duties to
welder, operators of trucks, cranes and crawler-tread
tractors.
Meter reader
Radiation monitor
(Radiation control technician; radiation protec
tion technician)
Under general supervision, maintains radiation
safety, monitoring equipment, and controlled release of
radioactive materials in accordance with established
procedures in a nuclear station. Work involves most of
the following: Makes routine radiation surveys using
detecting and counting instruments and recording the
data; takes samples to determine radioactivity level of
water, gases, and solid material, using portable and
laboratory testing equipment; records test data and
notifies supervisor of findings; services and calibrates
radiation monitoring instruments and equipment; ob
serves the receipt, storage, loading and unloading of
fuel, shipments of irradiated materials, and controls
the disposal of radioactive wastes; performs decon
tamination of personnel and equipment as required.
Patrol
(Line walker; line inspector)
Patrols electric transmission lines to inspect visually
and report condition of transmission and distribution
lines, substations and related equipment. Work in
volves: Searching for insulator or wire breakage or
damage; preparing written report on condition of
equipment and evidence of obstructions that might
result in breakdown of electric service; ordinarily is not
required to make repairs.
Pipefitter, maintenance
Installs or repairs water, steam, gas or other types of
pipe and pipe fittings in an establishment. Work in
volves most of the following: Laying out of work and
measuring to locate position of pipe from drawings or
other written specifications; cutting various sizes of
pipe to correct lengths with chisel and hammer or oxyacetylene torch or pipe-cutting machine; threading
pipe with stocks and dies; bending pipe by hand-driven
or power-driven machines; assembling pipe with coup
lings and fastening pipe to hangers; making standard
shop computations relating to pressures, flow, and size
Repairman, gas meter
Cleans and repairs one or more types of gas meters.
Work involves a combination o f the following:
Disassembling gear train, cleaning, and repairing or
replacing corroded or worn parts; dismounting and
67
throughout the gas distribution system to control the
pressure.
repairing or replacing cracked or broken bellows;
removing, regrinding, and reinstalling valves; reassem
bling and adjusting meters, including indexes and pre
payment devices; performing tests on meters.
Stock clerk
Receives, stores, and issues equipment, material,
merchandise, or tools in a stockroom or storeroom.
Work involves a combination of the following: Checking
incoming orders; storing supplies; applying identifica
tion to articles; issuing supplies; taking periodic inven
tory or keeping perpetual inventory; making up neces
sary reports; requesting or ordering supplies when
needed. Stockroom laborers, tool crib attendants, and
employees who supervise stock clerks and laborers are ex
cluded.
Repair helper, gas meter
(Shop helper)
Assists the meter repair technician and testing crew
by performing such tasks as: Unloading, sorting and
cleaning meters brought in form repairs; dismantling or
stripping meters; washing or removing paint from
unassembled parts; oiling meter diaphragms; painting
reassembled meters; storing repaired meters.
Roustabout
Substation operator
Performs manual duties in connection with com
pressor and pipeline operation and maintenance. Digs
ditches, dopes and backfills yard piping, loads and
unloads trucks, performs general yard clean-up. Acts as
helper in maintenance crew, painting equipment and
buildings, rough carpentry as needed. /Iss/ste in major
or minor engine and pipeline repair operations under
the direction of a skilled lead person.
Exclude workers whose duties are primarily con
cerned with maintaining pipelines and their right-ofways. (See pipeline repairers)
Is in charge of and carries responsibility for substa
tion to which assigned. Work involves most o f the
following: Directing, advising, and delegating tasks to
all workers in the substation; responsibility for the
operation of all equipment and for minor types of
maintenance and repair; properly switching high and
low voltage feeders associated with the station; carry
ing out orders issued by the load dispatcher; observing
normal and emergency operating methods and regula
tions.
Service technician, electrical appliance
Switchboard operator
Installs, services, or repairs one or more types of
electrical appliances in the shop or on the customer’s
premises.
(Generator-switchboard operator; hydrostation
operator)
Checks and carries out orders received from load
dispatcher (system operator) relative to switching in
either a steam or hydro-generating plant. Work in
volves: Distributing load on generating equipment;
maintaining proper voltage and frequency; keeping a
log of load conditions on machines, lines, and
transformer banks. In hydro-generating plants, these
switching duties may be combined with other plant
operations (i.e., generator operating).
Operators of switchboards in substations are ex
cluded.
For wage study purposes, switchboard operators are
classified as follows:
Service technician, gas appliance
Services, repairs, and installs gas appliances and
controls in homes or commercial or industrial establish
ments. Work involves a combination o f the following:
Connecting and disconnecting customer’s gas ap
pliances or equipment; cleaning, regulating, and
repairing one or more types of gas equipment and
automatic devices such as thermostats, thermocouples,
solenoid valves, pressure regulators, and such other
devices as may be in use on stoves, water heaters, fur
naces, air-conditioning units, refrigerators, and other
gas-consuming appliances; checking for and repairing
gas leads on customer’s premises; making investigations
incident to high bill complaints. May, in addition, in
stall and remove gas meters and regulators and may
turn gas on or off on customer’s premises.
This classification does not include workers who
specialize in meter installation work. (See installer, gas
meter)
Class A. Performs frequent switching and testing in a
plant with high generating capacity having varied and
complex equipment, wherein disturbances in the system
might have far-reaching effects in causing interruptions
to service over a large area which involves high
voltage.
Class B. Performs less frequent switching and testing in
a plant having a limited amount of varied equipment,
wherein disturbances would have little effect upon the
systems. Usually found in plants having low generating
capacity.
Service technician, regulator
(Regulator repairer)
Installs and removes, regulates, adjusts, inspects and
repairs all types of gas regulator devices, located
68
Troubleshooter
Watch engineer
A journeyman line worker with extensive knowledge
of either transmission or distribution systems who per
forms the following duties in an effort to assure
customers continous electric service in cases o f trouble:
Locates and reports sources of trouble; performs neces
sary construction, maintenance or repair to restore
service in cases of line transformer or fuse failures. Or
dinarily familiar with all circuits and switching points
in order to safely cut circuit feeders in cases of “burn
downs.”
(See also line worker)
(Shift engineer; plant operator)
Supervises employees responsible for the operation
and maintenance of turbines, generators, boilers,
switchboards, transformers, and other equipment or
machinery in a steam power or lighting plant supplying
mechanical or electrical power for distribution. In
larger plants, may be found working under the general
direction of the superintendent-in-charge.
Welder
(District welder, welder A or AA)
Performs electric and oxyacetylene welding re
quired for pipeline district and compressor station
operation and maintenance. Lays out, cuts, files, and
prepares material for welding. Fabricates drip and
valve assemblies, sets road casings, performs the weld
ing required for pipeline repair and for maintenance of
rolling stock and stationary equipment. May perform
pipefitting duties necessary for pipeline installations.
Must have a general knowledge of the working proper
ties of metals and understand the hazards involved in
welding high pressure vessels. May direct other mainte
nance personnel assigned to assist with welding opera
tion.
Truckdriver
Drives a truck within a city or industrial area to
transport materials, merchandise, equipment, or men
between various types of establishments such as:
Manufacturing plants, freight depots, warehouses,
wholesale and retail establishments, or between retail
establishments and customers’ houses or places of busi
ness. May also load or unload truck with or without
helpers, make minor mechanical repairs, and keep
truck in good working order. Sales route and over-theroad drivers are excluded.
For wage study purposes, truckdrivers are classified
by type and rated capacity of truck, as follows:
Office Occupations
Truckdriver (combination o f sizes)
Truckdriver, light truck (straight truck, under 1 1/2 tons,
usually 4 wheels)
Truckdriver, medium truck (straight truck, 1 1/2 to 4 tons
inclusive, usually 6 wheels)
Truckdriver, tractor-trailer
Truckdriver, heavy truck (straight truck, over 4 tons,
usually 10 wheels)
Accounting clerk
Performs one or more accounting clerical tasks such
as posting to registers and ledgers; reconciling bank ac
counts; verifying the internal consistency, complete
ness, and mathematical accuracy of accounting docu
ments; assigning prescribed accounting distribution
codes; examining and verifying for clerical accuracy
various types of reports, lists, calculations, posting,
etc.; or preparing simple, or assisting in preparing more
complicated, journal vouchers. May work in either a
manual or automated accounting system.
The work requires a knowledge of clerical methods
and office practices and procedures which relates to the
clerical processing and recording of transactions and
accounting information. With experience, the worker
typically becomes familiar with the bookkeeping and
accounting terms and procedures used in the assigned
work, but is not required to have a knowledge of the
formal principles of bookkeeping and accounting.
Positions are classified into levels on the basis of the
following definitions:
Truckdriver, ground
Works as helper to line worker in the setting up of
overhead lines for the transmission of electricity; duties
include driving a truck which is generally equipped
with a winch.
(See also ground worker and truckdriver)
Turbine operator
(Turbo-generator operator)
Controls operations of turbines and/or generators
used in the production of electric power within steam
and hydroelectric plants. Observes, records, and in
terprets readings of all standard indicators or instru
ments customarily used in a power plant to determine
efficiency of operation; is responsible for starting and
shutting down of turbines, generators, and/or auxiliary
equipment, in accordance with local demands. May be
assisted by helpers or auxiliary-equipment operators.
Class A. Under general supervision, performs account
ing clerical operations which require the application of
experience and judgment, for example, clerically proc
essing complicated or nonrepetitive accounting trans
actions, selecting among a substantial variety of
69
prescribed accounting codes and classifications, or
tracing transactions through previous accounting ac
tions to determine source of discrepancies. May be
assisted by one or more class B accounting clerks.
Class A. Classifies and indexes file material such as
correspondence, reports, technical documents, etc., in
an established filing system containing a number of
varied subject matter files. May also file this material.
May keep records of various types in conjunction with
the files. May lead a small group of lower level file
clerks.
Class B. Under close supervision, following detailed in
structions and standardized procedures, performs one
or more routine accounting clerical operations, such as
posting to ledgers, cards, or work sheets where iden
tification of items and locations of postings are clearly
indicated; checking accuracy and completeness of
standardized and repetitive records or accounting
documents; coding documents using a few prescribed
accounting codes.
Class B. Sorts, codes, and files unclassified material by
simple (subject matter) headings or partly classified
materials by finer subheadings. Prepares simple related
index and cross-reference aids. As requested, locates
clearly identified material in files and forwards
materials. May perform related clerical tasks required
to maintain and service files.
Class C. Performs routine filing of material that has
already been classified or which is easily classified in a
simple serial classification system (e.g., alphabetical,
chronological, or numerical). As requested, locates
readily available material in files and forwards
materials; may fill out withdrawal charge. May per
form simple clerical and manual tasks required to
maintain and service files.
Bookkeeping-machine operator
Operates a bookkeeping machine (with or without a
typewriter keyboard) to keep a record of business
transactions.
Positions are classified into levels on the basis of the
following definitions:
Class A. Keeps a set of records requiring a knowledge
of and experience in basic bookkeeping principles and
familiarity with the structure of the particular account
ing system used. Determines proper records and
distribution of debit and credit items to be used in each
phase of the work. May prepare consolidated reports,
balance sheets, and other records by hand.
Key entry operator
Operates keyboard controlled data entry device
such as keypunch machine or key operated magnetic
tape or disk encoder to transcribe data into a form
suitable for computer processing. Work requires skill
in operating an alpha-numeric keyboard and an under
standing of transcribing procedures and relevant data
entry equipment.
Positions are classified into levels on the basis of the
following definitions:
Class B. Keeps a record of one or more phases or sec
tions of a set of records usually requiring little
knowledge of basic bookkeeping. Phases or sections in
clude accounts payable, payroll, customers’ accounts
(not including a simple type of billing described under
machine biller), cost distribution, expense distribution,
inventory control, etc. May check or assist in prepara
tion of trial balances and prepare control sheets for the
accounting department.
Class A. Work requires the application of experience
and judgment in selecting procedures to be followed
and in searching for, interpreting, selecting, or cdding
items to be entered from a variety of source documents.
On occasion may also perform routine work as
described for class B.
Cashier
Receives money from customers in payment of ac
counts, bills, or sales tickets, gives receipts, makes
necessary change, and balances cash received against
cash register or other record of receipts. Additional
duties may include: Cashing checks, authorizing
disbursements, or making up payroll or bank deposits.
Cashiers who do general bookkeeping are excluded.
Note: Excluded are operators above class A using the
key entry controls to access, read, and evaluate the
substance of specific records to take substantive ac
tions, or to make entries requiring a similar level of
knowledge.
Class B. Work is routine and repetitive. Under close
supervision or following specific procedures or
detailed instructions, works from various standardized
source documents which have been coded and require
little or no selecting, coding, or interpreting of data to
be entered. Refers to supervisor problems arising from
erroneous items, codes, or missing information.
File clerk
Files, classifies, and retrieves material in an
established filing system. May perform clerical and
manual tasks required to maintain files.
Positions are classified into levels on the basis of the
following definitions:
70
reports. In a nonautomated payroll system, computes
wages. Work may require a practical knowledge of
governmental regulations, company payroll policy, or
the computer system for processing payrolls.
Messenger
Performs various routine duties such as running er
rands, operating minor office machines such as sealers
or mailers, opening and distributing mail and other
minor clerical work. Exclude positions that require
operation of a motor vehicle as a significant duty.
Secretary
Assigned as a personal secretary, normally to one in
dividual. Maintains a close and highly responsive rela
tionship to the day-to-day activities of the supervisor.
Works fairly independently receiving a minimum of
detailed supervision and guidance. Performs varied
clerical and secretarial duties requiring a knowledge of
office routine and understanding of the organization,
programs, and procedures related to the work of the
supervisor.
Order clerk
Receives written or verbal customers’ purchase or
ders for material or merchandise from customers or
sales people. Work typically involves some combina
tion of the following duties: Quoting prices; determin
ing availability of ordered items and suggesting
substitutes when necessary; advising expected delivery
date and method of delivery; recording order and
customer information on order sheets; checking order
sheets for accuracy and adequacy of information
recorded; ascertaining credit rating of customer; fur
nishing customer with acknowledgement of receipt of
order; following-up to see that order is delivered by the
specified date or to let customer know of a delay in
delivery; maintaining order file; checking shipping in
voice against original order.
Exclude workers paid on a commission basis or
whose duties include any of the following: Receiving
orders for services rather than for material or merchan
dise; providing customers with consultative advice
using knowledge gained from engineering or extensive
technical training; emphasizing selling skills; handling
material or merchandise as an integral part of the job.
Positions are classified into levels according to the
following definitions:
Exclusions Not all positions that are titled “secretary”
possess the above characteristics. Examples of positions
which are excluded from the definition are as follows:
a. Positions which do not meet the "personal” secre
tary concept described above;
b. Stenographers not fully trained in secretarial type
duties;
c. Stenographers serving as office assistants to a
group of professional, technical, or managerial
persons;
d. Assistant type positions which entail more
difficult or more responsible technical, ad
ministrative or supervisory duties which are not
typical of secretarial work, e.g., Administrative
Assistant, or Executive Assistant;
e. Positions which do not fit any of the situations
listed in the sections below titled “Level of Super
visor,” e.g., secretary to the president of a com
pany that employs, in all, over 5,000 persons;
f. Trainees.
Class A. Handles orders that involve making judgments
such as choosing which specific product or material
from the establishment’s product lines will satify the
customer’s needs, or determining the price to be quoted
when pricing involves more than merely referencing a
price list or making some simple mathematical calcula
tions.
Level o f Secretary’s Supervisor (LS)
Secretaries should be matched at one of the four LS
levels described below according to the level of the
secretary’s supervisor within the company organiza
tional structure.
Class B. Handles orders involving items which have
readily identified uses and applications. May refer to a
catalog, manufacturer’s manual, or similar document
to insure that proper item is supplied or to verify price
of ordered item.
LS-1
a. Secretary to the supervisor or head of a
small organizational unit (e.g., fewer than
about 25 or 30 persons); or
b.
Secretary to a nonsupervisory staff
specialist, professional em ployee, a d
ministrative officer or assistant, skilled
technician or expert. (NOTE: Many com
panies assign stenographers, rather than
secretaries as described above, to this level
of supervisory or nonsupervisory worker.)
LS-2. a. Secretary to an executive or managerial per
son whose responsibility is not equivalent to
one of the specific level situations in the
Payroll clerk
Performs the clerical tasks necessary to process
payrolls and to maintain payroll records. Work in
volves most of the following: Processing workers’ time
or production records; adjusting workers’ records for
changes in wage rates, supplementary benefits, or tax
deductions; editing payroll listings against source
records; tracing and correcting errors in listings; and
assisting in preparation of periodic summary payroll
71
dents whose primary responsibility is to act personally
on individual cases or transactions (e.g., approve or
deny individual loan or credit action; administer in
dividual trust accounts; directly supervise a clerical
staff) are not considered to be “corporate officers” for
purposes of applying the definition.
definition for LS-3, but whose organiza
tional unit normally numbers at least
several dozen employees and is usually
divided into organizational segments which
are often, in turn, further subdivided. In
some companies, this level includes a wide
range of organizational echelons; in others,
only one or two; or
b. Secretary to the head of an individual plant,
factory, etc., (or other equivalent level of
official) that employs, in all, fewer than
5,000 persons.
LS-3. a. Secretary to the chairman of the board or
president of a company that employs, in all,
fewer than 100 persons; or
b. Secretary to a corporate officer (other than
chairman of the board or president) of a
company that employs, in all, over 100 but
fewer than 5,000 persons; or
c. Secretary to the head (immediately below
the officer level) over either a major corpor
ate-wide functional activity (e.g., market
ing, research, operations, industrial rela
tions, etc.) or a major geographic or
organizational segment (e.g., a regional
headquarters; a major division) of a com
pany that employs, in all, over 5,000 but
fewer than 25,000 employees; or
d. Secretary to the head of an individual plant,
factory, etc., (or other equivalent level of
official) that employs, in all, over 5,000 per
sons; or
e. Secretary to the head of a large and impor
tant organizational segment (e.g., a middle
management supervisor of an organiza
tional segment often involving as many as
several hundred persons) of a company that
employs, in all, over 25,000 persons.
LS-4. a. Secretary to the chairman of the board or
president of a company that employs, in all,
over 100 but fewer than 5,000 persons; or
b. Secretary to a corporate officer (other than
the chairman of the board or president) of a
company that employs, in all, over 5,000
but fewer than 25,000 persons; or
c. Secretary to the head, immediately below
the corporate officer level, of a major seg
ment or subsidiary of a company that
employs, in all, over 25,000 persons.
Level o f Secretary’s Responsibility (LR)
This factor evaluates the nature of the work relation
ship between the secretary and the supervisor, and the
extent to which the secretary is expected to exercise in
itiative and judgment. Secretaries should be matched at
LR-1 or L R -2, described below, according to their
level of responsibility.
Level of Responsibility 1 (LR-1)
Performs varied secretarial duties including or com
parable to most of the following:
a. Answers telephones, greets personal callers, and
opens incoming mail.
b. Answers telephone requests which have standard
answers. May reply to requests by sending a form
letter.
c. Reviews correspondence, memoranda, and reports
prepared by others for the supervisor’s signature to
ensure procedural and typographical accuracy.
d. Maintains supervisor’s calendar and makes appoint
ments as instructed.
e. Types, takes and transcribes dictation, and files.
Level o f Responsibility 2 (LR—2)
Performs duties described under LR-1 and, in addition
performs tasks requiring greater judgment, initiative,
and knowledge of office functions including or com
parable to most of the following:
a. Screens telephone and personal callers, determining
which can be handled by the supervisor’s subordi
nates or other offices.
b. Answers requests which require a detailed
knowledge of office procedures' or collection of in
formation from files or other offices. May sign
routine correspondence in own or supervisor’s
name.
c. Compiles or assists in compiling periodic reports on
the basis of general instructions.
d. Schedules tentative appointments without prior
clearance. Assembles necessary background
material for scheduled meetings. Makes arrange
ments for meetings and conferences.
e. Explains su p erv iso r’s requirem ents to other
employees in supervisor’s unit. (Also types, takes
dictation, and files.)
NOTE: The term “corporate officer,” used in the
above LS definition refers to those officials who have a
significant corporate-wide policy-making role with
regard to major company activities. The title “vice
president,” though normally indicative of this role,
does not in all cases identify such positions. Vice presi
72
reports, memoranda, and letters; composing simple let
ters from general instructions; reading and routing in
coming mail; answering routine questions, etc.
The following chart shows the level of the secretary for each LS
and LR combination
Level of secretary's supervisor
Level of secretary’s responsibility
L S - 1 ..............................................
L S - 2 ..............................................
L S - 3 ..............................................
L S - 4 ..............................................
LR-1
LR-2
E
D
C
B
D
C
B
A
Switchboard operator
Operates a telephone switchboard or console used
with a private branch exchange (PBX) system to relay
incoming, outgoing, and intrasystem calls. May pro
vide information to callers, record and transmit
messages, keep record of calls placed and toll charges.
Besides operating a telephone switchboard or console,
may also type or perform routine clerical work (typing
or routine clerical work may occupy the major portion
of the worker’s time, and is usually performed while at
the switchboard or console). Chief or lead operators in
establishments employing more than one operator are
excluded. For an operator who also acts as a recep
tionist, see Switchboard operator-receptionist.
Stenographer
Primary duty is to take dictation using shorthand,
and to transcribe the dictation. May also type from
written copy. May operate from a stenographic pool
May occasionally transcribe from voice recordings (if
primary duty is transcribing from recordings, see
Transcribing-Machine Typist).
Switchboard operator-receptionist
At a single-position telephone switchboard or con
sole, acts both as an operator—see Switchboard Opera
tor—and as a receptionist. Receptionist’s work in
volves such duties as greeting visitors; determining
nature of visitor’s business and providing appropriate
information; referring visitor to appropriate person in
the organization, or contacting that person by
telephone and arranging an appointment; keeping a log
of visitors.
NOTE: This job is distinguished from that of a secre
tary in that a secretary normally works in a confidential
relationship with only one manager or executive and
performs more responsible and discretionary tasks as
described in the secretary job definition.
Stenographer, general
Transcribing-machine typist
Dictation involves a normal routine vocabulary.
May maintain files, keep simple records or perform
other relatively routine clerical tasks.
Primary duty is to type copy of voice recorded dicta
tion which does not involve varied technical or
specialized vocabulary such as that used in legal briefs
or reports on scientific research. May also type from
written copy. May maintain files, keep simple records,
or perform other relatively routine clerical tasks. (See
Stenographer definition for workers involved with
shorthand dictation.)
Stenographer, senior
Dictation involves a varied technical or specialized
vocabulary such as in legal briefs or reports on scien
tific research. May also set up and maintain files, keep
records, etc.
Typist
Uses a typewriter to make copies of various
materials or to make out bills after calculations have
been made by another person. May include typing of
stencils, mats, or similar materials for use in duplicat
ing processes. May do clerical work involving little
special training, such as keeping simple records, filing
records and reports, or sorting and distributing incom
ing mail.
OR
Performs stenographic duties requiring significantly
greater independence and responsibility than
stenographer, general, as evidenced by the following:
Work requires a high degree of stenographic speed and
accuracy; a thorough working knowledge of general
business and office procedures and of the specific busi
ness operations, organization, policies, procedures,
work-flow, etc. Uses this knowledge in performing
stenographic duties and responsible clerical tasks such
as maintaining followup files; assembling material for
Class A. Performs one or more o f the following: Typing
material in final form when it involves combining
material from several sources; or responsibility for cor
rect spelling, syllabication, punctuation, etc., or techni
cal or unusual words or foreign language material; or
73
Class A. In addition to work assignments described for
a Class B operator (see below), the work of a Class A
operator involves at least one of the following:
planning layout and typing of complicated statistical
tables to maintain uniformity and balance in spacing.
May type routine form letters, varying details to suit
circumstances.
•
Class B. Performs one or more o f the following: Copy
typing from rough or clear drafts; or routine typing of
forms, insurance policies, etc., or setting up simple
standard tabulations; or copying more complex tables
already set up and spaced properly.
•
D eviates fro m standard procedures to a v o id the loss o f
in fo rm a tio n o r to conserve co m p u te r tim e even though
the procedures a p p lie d m a te ria lly a lte r the co m p u te r
u n it’s p ro d u c tio n plans.
Tests new pro gra m s, a p p lica tio n s, and procedures.
• Advises programmers and subject-matter experts on
setup techniques.
•
Professional and
Technical Occupations
Assists in (1 ) m a in ta in in g , m o d ify in g , and d e ve lo p in g
o p e ra tin g systems o r program s; (2) d e ve lo p in g o p e ra t
ing in s tru c tio n s and techniques to cove r p ro b le m
situa tion s; a n d /o r (3 ) sw itch in g to em ergency backup
p ro c e d u re s (such assistance re q u ire s a w o r k in g
know ledge o f p ro gra m language, c o m p u te r features,
and softw are systems).
Computer data librarian
Maintains library of media (tapes, disks, cards,
cassettes) used for automatic data processing applica
tions. The following or similar duties characterize the
work of a computer data librarian: Classifying, catalog
ing, and storing media in accordance with a stand
ardized system; upon proper requests, releasing media
for processing; maintaining records of releases and
returns; inspecting returned media for damage or ex
cessive wear to determine whether or not they need
replacing. May perform minor repairs to damaged
tapes.
An operator at this level typically guides lower level
operators.
Class B. In addition to established production runs,
work assignments include runs involving new
programs, applications, and procedures (i.e., situations
which require the operator to adapt to a variety of
problems). At this level, the operator has the training
and experience to work fairly independently in carry
ing out most assignments. Assignments may require the
operator to select from a variety of standard setup and
operating procedures. In responding to computer out
put instructions or error conditions, applies standard
operating or corrective procedures, but may deviate
from standard procedures when standard procedures
fail if deviation does not materially alter the computer
unit’s production plans. Refers the problem or aborts
the program when procedures applied do not provide a
solution. May guide lower level operators.
Computer operator
In accordance with operating instructions, monitors
and operates the control console of a digital computer
to process data. Executes runs by either serial process
ing (processes one program at a time) or multi-process
ing (processes two or more programs simultaneously).
The following duties characterize the work of a com
puter operator:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Class C. Work assignments are limited to established
production runs (i.e., programs which present few
operating problems). Assignments may consist pri
marily of on-the-job training (sometimes augmented by
classroom instruction). When learning to run
programs, the supervisor or a higher level operator
provides detailed written or oral guidance to the opera
tor before and during the run. After the operator has
gained experience with a program, however, the opera
tor works fairly independently in applying standard
operating or corrective procedures in responding to
computer output instructions or error conditions, but
refers problems to a higher level operator or the super
visor when standard procedures fail.
Studies o p e ra tin g in s tru c tio n s to de te rm in e equipm en t
setup needed.
Loads eq uipm en t w ith re q u ire d item s (tapes, cards,
disks, paper, etc.).
Switches necessary a u x ilia ry eq uipm ent in to system.
Starts and operates com p uter.
Responds to o p e ra tin g and com p uter o u tp u t in s tru c
tions.
R eview s e rro r messages and makes co rre c tio n s d u rin g
o p e ra tio n o r refers problem s.
M a in ta in s o p e ra tin g re co rd .
May test-run new or modified programs. May assist
in modifying systems or programs. The scope of this
definition includes trainees working to become fully
qualified computer operators, fully qualified computer
operators, and lead operators providing technical assis
tance to lower level operators. It excludes workers who
monitor and operate remote terminals.
For wage study purposes, computer operators are
classified as follows:
Computer programmer (business)
Converts statements of business problems, typically
prepared by a systems analyst, into a sequence of
detailed instructions which are required to solve the
74
segments of complex programs. Programs (or seg
ments) usually process information to produce data in
two or three varied sequences or formats. Reports and
listings are produced by refining, adapting, arraying, or
making minor additions to or deletions from input data
which are readily available. While numerous records
may be processed, the data have been refined in prior
actions so that the accuracy and sequencing of data can
be tested by using a few routine checks. Typically, the
program deals with routine record-keeping type opera
tions.
problems by automatic data processing equipment.
Working from charts or diagrams, the programmer
develops the precise instructions which, when entered
into the computer system in coded language, cause the
manipulation of data to achieve desired results. Work
involves most o f the following: Applies knowledge of
computer capabilities, mathematics, logic employed by
computers, and particular subject matter involved to
analyze charts and diagrams of the problem to be
programmed; develops sequence of program steps;
writes detailed flow charts to show order in which data
will be processed; converts these charts to coded in
structions for machine to follow; tests and corrects
programs; prepares instructions for operating person
nel during production run; analyzes, reviews and alters
programs to increase operating efficiency or adapt to
new requirements; maintains records of program
development and revisions.
OR
A^orks on complex programs (as described for Class A)
under close direction of a higher level programmer or
supervisor. May assist higher lever programmer by in
dependently performing less difficult tasks assigned,
and performing more difficult tasks under fairly close
direction.
(NOTE: Workers performing both systems analysis and
programming should be classified as systems analysts if
this is the skill used to determine their pay.)
Does not include employees primarily responsible
for the management or supervision of other electronic
data processing employees, or programmers primarily
concerned with scientific and/or engineering problems.
For wage study purposes, program m ers are
classified as follows:
May guide or instruct lower level programmers.
Class C. Makes practical applications of programming
practices and concepts usually learned in formal train
ing courses. Assignments are designed to develop com
petence in the application of standard procedures to
routine problems. Receives close supervision of new
aspects of assignments, and work is reviewed to verify
its accuracy and conformance with required pro
cedures.
Class A. Works independently or under only general
direction on complex problems which require compe
tence in all phases of programming concepts and prac
tices. Working from diagrams and charts which identify
the nature of desired results, major processing steps to
be accomplished, and the relationships between various
steps of the problem solving routine, plans the full
range of programming actions needed to efficiently
utilize the computer system in achieving desired end
products.
At this level, programming is difficult because com
puter equipment must be organized to produce several
interrelated but diverse products from numerous and
diverse data elements. A wide variety and extensive
number of internal processing actions must occur. This
requires such actions as development of common
operations which can be reused, establishment of
linkage points between operations, adjustments to data
when program requirements exceed computer storage
capacity, and substantial manipulation and resequenc
ing of data elements to form a highly integrated
program.
May provide functional direction to lower level
programmers who are assigned to assist.
Computer systems analyst (business)
Analyzes business problems to formulate procedures
for solving them by use of electronic data processing
equipment. Develops a complete description of all
specifications needed to enable programmers to pre
pare required digital computer programs. Work in
volves most of the following: Analyzes subject-matter
operations to be automated and identifies conditions
and criteria required to achieve satisfactory results;
specifies number and types of records, files and docu
ments to be used; outlines actions to be performed by
personnel and computers in sufficient detail for pre
sentation to management and for programming
(typically this involves preparation of work and data
flow charts); coordinates the development of test
problems and participates in trial runs of new and
revised systems; and recommends equipment changes
to obtain more effective overall operations. (NOTE:
Workers performing both systems analysis and
programming should be classified as systems analysts if
this is the skill used to determine their pay.)
Does not include employees primarily responsible
for the management or supervision of other electronic
Class B. Works independently or under only general
direction on relatively simple programs, or on simple
75
data processing employees, or systems analysts pri
marily concerned with scientific or engineering
problems.
For wage study purposes, systems analysts are
classified as follows:
Class A. Works independently or under only general
direction on complex problems involving all phases of
systems analysis. Problems are complex because of
diverse sources of input data and multiple-use require
ments of output data. (For example, develops an inte
grated production scheduling, inventory control, cost
analysis, and sales analysis record in which every item
of each type is automatically processed through the full
system of records and appropriate followup actions are
initiated by the computer.) Confers with persons con
cerned to determine the data processing problems and
advises subject-matter personnel on the implications of
new or revised systems of data processing operations.
Makes recommendations, if needed, for approval of
major system installations or changes and for obtaining
equipment.
May provide functional direction to lower level
systems analysts who are assigned to assist.
Class B. Works independently or under only general
direction on problems that are relatively uncompli
cated to analyze, plan, program, and operate. Problems
are of limited complexity because sources of input data
are homogeneous and the output data are closely re
lated. (For example, develops systems for maintaining
depositor accounts in a bank, maintaining accounts
receivable in a retail establishment, or maintaining in
ventory accounts in a manufacturing or wholesale
establishment.) Confers with persons concerned to
determine the data processing problems and advises
subject-matter personnel on the implications of the
data processing systems to be applied.
OR
Works on a segment of a complex data processing
scheme or system, as described for class A. Works inde
pendently on routine assignments and receives instruc
tion and guidance on complex assignments. Work is
reviewed for accuracy of judgment, compliance with
instruction, and to insure proper alignment with the
overall system.
Class C. Works under immediate supervision, carrying
out analysis as assigned, usually of a single activity.
Assignments are designed to develop and expand prac
tical experience in the application of procedures and
skills required for systems analysis work. For example,
may assist a higher level systems analyst by preparing
the detailed specifications required by programmers
from information developed by the higher level
analyst.
Drafter, class A
Plans the graphic presentation of complex items
having distinctive design features that differ signifi
cantly from established drafting precedents. Works in
close support with the design originator, and may
recommend minor design changes. Analyzes the effect
of each change on the details of form, function, and
positional relationships of components and parts.
Works with a minimum of supervisory assistance. Com
pleted work is reviewed by design originator for consis
tency with prior engineering determinations. May
either prepare drawings, or direct their preparation by
lower level drafters.
Drafter, class B
Performs nonroutine and complex drafting assign
ments that require the application of most of the stand
ardized drawing techniques regularly used. Duties
typically involve such work as: Prepares working draw
ings of subassemblies with irregular shapes, multiple
functions, and precise positional relationships between
components; prepares architectural drawings for con
struction of a building including detail drawings of
foundations, wall sections, floor plans, and roof. Uses
accepted formulas and manuals in making necessary
computations to determine quantities of materials to be
used, load capacities, strengths, stresses, etc. Receives
initial instructions, requirements, and advice from
supervisor. Completed work is checked for technical
adequacy.
Drafter, class C
Prepares detail drawings of single units or parts for
engineering, construction, manufacturing, or repair
purposes. Types of drawings prepared include
isometric projections (depicting three dimensions in ac
curate scale) and sectional views to clarify positioning
of components and convey needed information. Con
solidates details from a number of sources and adjusts
or transposes scale as required. Suggested methods of
approach, applicable precedents, and advice on source
materials are given with initial assignments. Instruc
tions are less complete when assignments recur. Work
may be spot-checked during progress.
Drafter-tracer
Copies plans and drawings prepared by placing trac
ing cloth or paper over drawings and tracing with pen
or pencil. (Does not include tracing limited to plans
primarily consisting of straight lines and a large scale
not requiring close delineation.)
and/or
Prepares simple or repetitive drawings of easily
76
visualized items. Work is closely supervised during
progress.
Electronics technician
Works on various types of electronic equipment and
related devices by performing one or a combination of
the following: Installing, maintaining, repairing,
overhauling, troubleshooting, modifying, constructing,
and testing. Work requires practical application of
technical knowledge of electronics principles, ability to
determine malfunctions, and skill to put equipment in
required operating condition.
The equipment—consisting of either many different
kinds of circuits or multiple repetition of the same kind
of circuit—includes, but is not limited to, the follow
ing: (a) Electronic transmitting and receiving equip
ment (e.g., radar, radio, telephone, sonar, navigational
aids), (b) digital and analog computers, and (c) in
dustrial and medical measuring and controlling equip
ment.
This classification excludes repairers of such stand
ard electronic equipment as common office machines
and household radio and television sets; production
assemblers and testers; workers whose primary duty is
servicing electronic test instruments; technicians who
have administrative or supervisory responsibility; and
drafters, designers, and professional engineers.
Positions are classified into levels on the basis of the
following definitions:
Class A. Applies advanced technical knowledge to
solve unusually complex problems (i.e., those that
typically cannot be solved solely by reference to
manufacturers’ manuals or similar documents) in
working on electronic equipment. Examples of such
problems include location and density of circuitry,
electro-magnetic radiation, isolating malfunctions, and
frequent engineering changes. Work involves: A
detailed understanding of the interrelationships of cir
cuits; exercising independent judgment in performing
such tasks as making circuit analyses, calculating wave
forms, tracing relationships in signal flow; and
regularly using complex test instruments (e.g., dual
trace oscilloscopes, Q-meters, deviation meters, pulse
generators).
Work may be reviewed by supervisor (frequently an
engineer or designer) for general compliance with ac
cepted practices. May provide technical guidance to
lower level technicians.
with the interrelationships of circuits; and judgment in
determining work sequence and in selecting tools and
testing instruments, usually less complex than those
used by the Class A technician.
Receives technical guidance, as required, from
supervisor or higher level technician, and work is
reviewed for specific compliance with accepted prac
tices and work assignments. May provide technical gui
dance to lower level technicians.
Class C. Applies working technical knowledge to
perform simple or routine tasks in working on
electronic equipment, following detailed instructions
which cover virtually all procedures. Work typically
involves such tasks as: Assisting higher level techni
cians by performing such activities as replacing compo
nents, wiring circuits, and taking test readings; repair
ing simple electronic equipment; and using tools and
common test instruments (e.g., multimeters, audio sig
nal generators, tube testers, oscilloscopes). Is not re
quired to be familiar with the interrelationships of cir
cuits. This knowledge, however, may be acquired
through assignments designed to increase competence
(including classroom training) so that worker can ad
vance to higher level technician.
Receives technical guidance, as required, from
supervisor or higher level technician. Work is typically
spot checked, but is given detailed review when new or
advanced assignments are involved.
Peripheral Equipment Operator
Operates peripheral equipment which directly sup
ports digital computer operations. Such equipment is
uniquely and specifically designed for computer ap
plications, but need not be physically or electronically
connected to a computer. Printers, plotters, card
read/punches, tape readers, tape units or drives, disk
units or drives, and data display units are examples of
such equipment.
The following duties characterize the work of a
peripheral equipment operator:
•
•
•
•
Class B. Applies comprehensive technical knowledge to
solve complex problems (i.e., those that typically can
be solved solely by properly interpreting manufac
turers’ manuals or similar documents) in working on
electronic equipment. Work involves: A familiarity
•
•
77
L o a d in g p rin te rs and p lo tte rs w ith c o rre c t paper; a d
ju s tin g c o n tro ls fo r form s, thickness, tension, p rin tin g
density, and lo c a tio n ; and u n lo a d in g ha rd copy.
L a b e llin g tape reels, disks, o r card decks.
C hecking labels and m o u n tin g and d is m o u n tin g desig
nated tape reels o r disks on specified units o r d rive s.
Setting c o n tro ls w h ich regulate o p e ra tio n o f the e q u ip
m ent.
O bserving panel lig h ts fo r w arnings and e rro r in d ic a
tion s and ta kin g a p p ro p ria te actio n.
E xa m in in g tapes, cards, o r o th e r m a te ria l fo r creases,
tears, o r o th e r defects w h ich c o u ld cause processing
problem s.
This classification excludes workers (1) who moni
tor and operate a control console (see computer opera
tor) or a remote terminal, or (2) whose duties are
limited to operating decollates, bursters, separators,
or similar equipment.
first aid to the ill or injured; attending to subsequent
dressing of employees’ injuries; keeping records of pa
tients treated; preparing accident reports for compen
sation or other purposes; assisting in physical examina
tions and health evaluations of applicants and
employees; and planning and carrying out programs in
volving health education, accident prevention, evalua
tion of plant environment, or other activities affecting
the health, welfare, and safety of all personnel. Nursing
supervisors or head nurses in establishments employing
more than one nurse are excluded.
Registered industrial nurse
A registered nurse who gives nursing service under
general medical direction to ill or injured employees,
or other persons who become ill or suffer an accident,
on the premises of a factory or other establishment.
Duties involve a combination o f the following: Giving
78
Industry Wage Studies
and from the regional offices of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics shown on the inside back cover. Copies that
are out of stock are available for reference purposes at
leading public, college, or university libraries, or at the
Bureau’s Washington or regional offices.
The most recent reports providing occupational wage
data for industries included in the Bureau’s program of
industry wage surveys since 1960 are listed below.
Copies are for sale from the Superintendent of Docu
ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402, or from any of its regional sales offices,
Manufacturing
Structural Clay Products, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1942
Synthetic Fibers, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1975
Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1967
Textiles, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1945
Wages and Demographic Characteristics in Work
Clothing Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1858
West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704
Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS
Bulletin 1728
Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1977. BLS Bulletin
2007
Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered,
1974. BLS Bulletin 1930
Basic Iron and Steel, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1839*
Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1975. BLS
Bulletin 1939
Cigar Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1976
Cigarette Manufacturing, 1976, BLS Bulletin 1944
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes, 1976. BLS Bulletin
1921
Fabricated Structural Steel, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1935
Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1763
Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1977. BLS
Bulletin 2026
Fluid Milk Industry, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1871
Footwear, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1946
Grain Mill Products, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2026
Hosiery, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1987
Industrial Chemicals, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1978
Iron and Steel Foundries, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1894
Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1973. BLS Bulletin
1835
Machinery Manufacturing, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2022
Meat Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1896
Men’s Shirts and Separate Trousers, 1978. BLS
Bulletin 2035
Men’s and Boy’s Suits and Coats, 1976. BLS Bulletin
1962
Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin
1914
Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1973-74. BLS Bulletin
1912
Nonferrous Foundries, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1952
Paints and Varnishes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1973
Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin
1719
Petroleum Refining, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1948
Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1975. BLS
Bulletin 1923
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1977. BLS
Bulletin 2008
Semiconductors, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2021
Shipbuilding and Repairing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1968
Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS
Bulletin 1694
Nonman ufacturing
Appliance Repair Shops, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1936
Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1876
Banking and Life Insurance, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1988
Bituminous Coal Mining, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1999
Communications, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2029
Computer and Data Processing Services, 1978. BLS
Bulletin 2028
Contract Cleaning Services, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2009
Contract Construction, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1911
Department Stores, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2006
Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees,
1968-69. BLS Bulletin 1671
Electric and Gas Utilities, 1979. BLS Bulletin 2040
Hospitals, 1975-76. BLS Bulletin 1949
Hotels and Motels, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1883
Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin
1645'
Metal Mining, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2017
Motion Picture Theatres, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1542'
Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1976. BLS
Bulletin 1974
Oil and Gas Extraction, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2014
Scheduled Airlines, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1951
Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS
Bulletin 1712
'Bulletin out of stock.
79
☆
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 19 7 9 -0 -3 1 1 -4 1 6 (169)
24 Hour CPI Mailgram Service
C onsum er Price In d e x data n o w are available b y m ailgram w ith in 24 hours o f the CPI release. T he new service
is being o ffe re d by the Bureau o f L a b o r S tatistics th ro u g h
the N a tio n a l T e ch n ica l In fo rm a tio n Service o f the U.S.
D e p a rtm e n t o f C om m erce.
The CPI M A IL G R A M service provides unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted data b o th fo r th e A ll U rb an Consum ers
(C P I-U ) and fo r the U rb an Wage Earners and C lerica l
W orkers (C PI-W ) Indexes as show n o n the C PI-U sample
page be lo w . The unadjusted data in clu d e the cu rre n t
m o n th ’s in d e x and the percent changes fro m 12 m o n th s
ago and one m o n th ago. The seasonally adjusted data are
the percent changes fro m one m o n th ago.
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS ( C P I - U ) :
AVERAGE ( 1967 : IOC)
GROUP
ALL ITEMS
ALL I T E M S ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 = 1 0 0 )
u.S.
CI TY
UNADJ
INDEX
PER
S ADJ
PER
CHG
MAY
1979
UNADJUSTED
CHG F E R
CHG
1
FROM
12 F R O M
M0
MO
2 19.1
299.0
FOOD AND BEVERAGES
FOOD
FOOD AT HOME
CEREALS AND BAKERY PRODUCTS
MEATS. POULTRY. F I S H , AND EGGS
DAIRY PRODUCTS
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
FOOD AWAY FROM HOME
228.2
HOUSING
RENT, RESI DENTIAL
H0ME0UINERSH1P
FUEL AND OTHER U T I L I T I E S
FUEL OI L , COAL, AND BOTTLED GAS
GAS ( P I P E D ) AND ELECTRI CI TY
HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS AND OPERATION
222.9
AGO
10.8
-
MO
AGO
FROM
1
AGO
1 .2
1. 1
-
. 7
11.2
11.9
.8
. 9
1 t . 3
. 7
. 5
2 16.2
9.5
.8
292.2
19.9
11.1
239.3
233.9
203.8
226.8
291.1
173.8
259.9
2 7<2
2
369 ’ 3
251.6
189.2
. 7
. 9
1. 0
. 1
3.9
. 7
. 1
- .2
11.7
1. 1
1. 1
11.3
6.8
1.2
1. 0
1.2
19.6
1. 3
1. 3
2 . 1
9 . 1
2.2
9.8
2.6
. 3
2.6
. 9
. 9
. 0
7 . 7
23.2
8.2
7 . 5
.8
1. 0
APPAREL AND UPKEEP
166.1
3.9
TRANSPORTATION
NEU CARS
USED CARS
GASOLINE
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
20 7 . 7
13.9
2.9
165.8
8 . 7
11.3
. 9
2.7
- . 5
5.5
5 . 0
193.3
3 . 1
. 9
. 7
MEDICAL CARE
MEDICAL CARE SERVICES
236 . 3
259.9
8.9
9 . 9
. 5
00
29 7 . 7
00
ENTERTAINMENT
OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES
PERSONAL CARE 1 /
20 5 . 9
. 6
5
. 6
6 . 6
. 7
. 5
193.9
7 . 5
. 9
. 5
193.9
7 . 5
.6
.6
COMMODITIES
COMMODITIES LESS FOOD AND EEVERAGES
NON'DURABLES LESS FOOD AND LEVERAGES
DURABLES
205.8
192.9
195.7
SERVICES
ALL ITEMS LESS FOOD
ENERGY \ /
ALL ITEMS LESS FOOD AND ENERGY
229.5
2 C3 . 9
W
29.1
1. 8
1. 1
13 9 . 2
260.8
209.1
10.9
1.2
. 9
10.9
1. 5
12.0
10.0
2 . 0
1. 1
1. 0
1. 9
10.3
1. 1
1. 3
10.5
19.8
9.5
1. 3
9 . 2
1. 2
9.2
. 9
. 9
. 5
NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED.
O R D E R F R O M : N a tio n a l T e ch n ica l In fo rm a tio n Service, 5285 P ort R o ya l Road, S p rin g fie ld , V irg in ia 22161
Please e n t e r ______ s u b scrip tio n (s) to C O N S U M E R PR IC E IN D E X M A IL G R A M (N T IS U B /1 58 ).
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Handbook
of Labor
Statistics
1978
Ibbles include:
The 1978 edition of the Handbook of Labor Statistics
makes available in one 620-page volume the major
series produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Each table is complete historically, beginning with the
earliest reliable and consistent data and running
through calendar year 1977. The volume includes
index and technical notes.
Labor force
Employment
Unemployment
Hours
Productivity and unit labor costs
Compensation
Prices and living conditions
Unions and industrial relations
Foreign labor statistics
General economic data
Mail Order Form to:
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nearest you (listing
elsewhere) or
Superintendent of
Documents, U.S.
Government
Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402
Make checks
payable to
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Documents
Please s e n d _______ copies of BLS Bulletin 2000 Handbook of Labor Statistics
1978 Stock No. 029-001-02194-1 at $9.50 a copy.
Name____________
Organization________
Address___________
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1371 Peachtree Street, N.E.
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Phone: (404) 881-4418
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