The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
Industry Wage Survey Cigarette Manufacturing, May-June 1971 Bulletin 1748 U.S. D E P A R TM E N T OF LABOR B ureau of Labor Statistics 1972 Dayton & Montgomery Co. Public Library OCT 101972 DOCUMENT COLLECTION Industry Wage Survey Cigarette Manufacturing, May-June 1971 Bulletin 1748 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR J. D. Hodgson, Secretary B U R E A U O F L A B O R S TA T IS T IC S G e o ffre y H. M oo re, C o m m is s io n e r 1972 F o r sale b y the S u p erintendent of D ocum ents, U.S. G overnm ent P rin tin g Office W ashington, D .C . 20402 - Price 30 cents P r e fa c e This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and related benefits in the cigarette manufacturing industry in May-June 1971. A similar survey was conducted in July-August 1965. A separate release for the United States was issued in January 1972. Copies of this release are available from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or any of its regional offices. This study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Rela tions. The analysis was prepared by Donald S. Ridzon in the Division of Occu pational Wage Structures. Field work for the survey was directed by the Assist ant Regional Directors for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin. iii C on ten ts Page Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... Industry characteristics ................................................................................................................................... Location and employment ............................................................................................................................ Occupational staffing ................................................................................................................................... Products and processes ............................................................................................................................... Unionization ................................................................................................................................................ Method of wage payment ............................................................................................................................. Average hourly earnings ......................... Occupational earnings ..................................................................................................................................... Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions ........................................................................ 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 Scheduled weekly hours .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Shift provisions and practices ..................................................................................................................... 3 Paid holidays ....................................... Paid vacations ....................... ............. Health, insurance, and retirement plans Other selected benefits ....................... Tables: 1. Occupational staffing pattern ....................................................................................................... 5 2. Occupational earnings .................................................................................................................. 6 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 3. Shift differentials ........................................................ 7 4. Paid holidays .................................................................. 7 5. Paid vacations .............................................................................................................................. 7 6. Health, insurance, and retirement plans ...................................................................................... 8 7. Other selected benefits ................................................................................................................. 8 Appendixes: A. Scope and method of survey ....................................................................................................... 9 B. Occupational descriptions .......................................................................................................... 13 v C ig a re tte M a n u fa c tu rin g Summary ed by individual companies, separate State data in this report are limited to employments and averages for all production workers and for men and women. Straight-time earnings of production and related workers in the cigarette manufacturing industry averaged $3.68 an hour in May-June 1971. One-half of the 31,474 workers covered by the s tu d y 1 earned from $3.20 to $3.60 an hour and slightly over onefourth earned $4 or more. Men, approximately two-thirds of the workers, averaged $3.77 an hour, compared with $3.50 for women, who were employed primarily as inspec tors, packers, and catchers on cigarette machines. Among the occupations studied separately, hour ly averages ranged from $3.18 for janitors to $4.75 or higher for maintenance carpenters, electricians, and machinists. Cigarette-making machine opera tors, the largest group, averaged $3.91 an hour— 13 cents more than cigarette machine packers and 52 cents more than catchers on cigarette machines. Paid holidays (usually 8 or 9 annually) and paid vacations after qualifying periods of service were provided to all employees. Virtually all workers were covered by retirement pension plans and life, hospitalization, surgical, basic medical, and sick ness and accident insurance, all financed entirely by their employers. Profit-sharing plans and cost-ofliving pay adjustments applied to nearly threefourths of the workers. The number of production workers in May-June 1971 was virtually the same as in July-August 1965, w hena similar study of the industry was conducted.2 From 1965 through 1970, however, the annual average number of production workers in cigarette manufacturing ranged from 1 to 7 percent above the 1965 level, according to the B ureau’s monthly em ployment series.3 Cigarette manufacturing plants typically employ more than 1,000 workers. Six of the 14 establish ments in the 1971 survey employed over 2,500 workers, and five employed between 1,000 and 2,500. The remaining three establishments together employed fewer than 250 workers. Occupational staffing. Production worker em ployment was about the same in May-June 1971 as in July-August 1965, but the composition of the la bor force changed. For example, the fabrication (manufacturing) departm ent accounted for 55.6 percent of the production workers in 1971 com pared with 61.3 percent in 1965. During the same period, other departments, such as maintenance and material movement, increased their share of the work force, as the following tabulation shows: Industry characteristics Location and em ploym ent. Of the 14 establish ments covered by the survey, 13 (operated by 8 companies) were located in three States. North Carolina accounted for approximately 48 percent of the industry’s 31,474 production workers, and K en tucky and Virginia each had about 26 percent. More than one-half of the workers in Kentucky and North Carolina were employed in one establish ment; in Virginia, two establishments dominated the employment. Because of the B ureau’s policy of avoiding possible disclosure of information provid Department M a in ten a n c e ........................ L eaf p r o c e s s in g .................. P refa b rica tio n ..................... F a b r ic a tio n ........................... . . . In sp ectio n .............................. Material m o v e m e n t............ C u s t o d ia l.............................. P o w e rp la n t........................... O t h e r ..................................... 5.0 1.4 5.1 61.3 8.1 7.4 4 .6 .6 6.5 7.3 .8 6.1 5 5 .6 5.3 9.5 5.2 .6 9 .4 NOTE: Because o f rounding, sum s o f individual item s may n ot equal 1 00. * See Industry Wage Survey: Cigarette Manufacturing JulyAugust 1965(BLS Bulletin 1472, 1965). 3Employment and Earnings, United States, 1909-70 (BLS Bul letin 1312-7), pp. 327-29; and Employment and Earnings, Vol. 1 See appendix A for scope and method of survey. Wage data in this report exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Percent o f production workers 1965 1971 17, No. 9, March 1971. 1 Most of the employment decline in the fabrica tion department was among catchers on cigarette making machines, who accounted for 15 percent of the industry’s labor force in 1965, but for only 8.9 percent in 1971.4 (See table 1.) This decrease of approximately 2,000 catchers (primarily women) largely accounted for the loss of about 1,600 women in the industry. On the other hand, the number of men increased as employment in the maintenance, material movement, and custodial departments expanded. The estimated effect such changes have had on the industry’s overall wage level is provided later in the earnings section of this bulletin. Average hourly earnings Straight-time earnings of the 31,474 production workers covered by the survey averaged $3.68 an h o u r5 in May-June 1971— up 47 percent since JulyAugust 1965.6 This increase, substantially higher than that recorded for all nondurable manufacturing during the same period (38 percent), 7 reflects, in part, increased rates negotiated under collective bargaining agreements in cigarette manufacturing just before the survey. Also, the effect of the pre viously mentioned changes in the industry’s occu pational staffing pattern is estimated to be about 3 cents. That is, had the staffing pattern remained constant since 1965, straight-time earnings of pro duction workers in 1971 would have averaged $3.65 an hour instead of $3.68. Products and processes. Filter cigarettes were the primary product in 11 establishments employing 92 percent of the industry’s production workers. Nonfilter cigarettes were the primary product in the remaining three establishments. In addition, sec ondary products, such as chewing tobacco, sm ok ing tobacco, and little cigars were produced in sev en establishments. Men, two-thirds of the industry’s labor force in 1971, averaged $3.77 an hour, compared with $3.50 for women. (See table 2.) This wage advantage for men amounted to 8 percent— about the same as in 1965, when men averaged $2.58 and women $2.38. Differences in pay for men and women may be the result of several factors, but are largely due to the distribution of the sexes in the industry among jobs with disparate pay levels. For example, nearly onefourth of the women, but less than 2 percent of the men, were employed as catchers on cigarette m a chines (a low-paid job compared with the industry average). On the other hand, about one-fifth of the men and virtually none of the women were em ployed as machine adjusters or in skilled mainte nance jobs, where they averaged over $1 an hour more than catchers. Cigarette manufacturing consists largely of auto matic processes. The tobacco generally moves through the prefabrication stages (mixing, bulking, and cutting) on conveyors. The cigarette-making machine, typically attended by an operator and a catcher, produces finished cigarettes from a hopper of shredded tobacco and a role of paper. The paper is filled automatically with the proper amount of tobacco, sealed, labeled, and the cigarettes are cut into specified lengths. The making machine also incorporates the filter into filter cigarettes. The packaging of cigarettes in aluminum foil, paper, and cellophane also is accomplished automatically. Unionization. Three-fourths of the industry’s workers were in establishments having collective bargaining agreements covering a majority of their employees. The principal union in the industry is the Tobacco Workers International Union (AFLCIO). One-half of the industry’s production workers earned from $3.20 to $3.60 an hour; slightly more than one-fourth earned at least $4. (See table 2.) W om en’s earnings were more highly concentrated than m en’s, largely because women were employed heavily in a few jobs, such as catchers, inspectors, M ethod o f wage paym ent. All of the industry’s workers were paid on a time basis. Formal plans providing a single rate for a specific occupation cov ered 52 percent of the workers; those providing a range of rates for a given occupation applied to 48 percent. 5 The straight-time hourly earnings in this bulletin differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series (S3.89 in June 1971). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of individuals; in the monthly series, the sum of the man-hour totals reported by es tablishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals. 6 Op. cit., BLS Bulletin 1472. 7 Op. cit., BLS Bulletin 1312-7; and E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , Vol. 18, No. 3, September 1971. i 4 Workers classified as catchers in the 1965 study inspected stacked cigarettes at the making machine. In the 1971 study, workers were classified into one of two catcher categories: Those inspecting a n d stacking cigarettes and those only inspect ing cigarettes at the discharge end of the machine. Thus, the de cline in employment for catchers performing both functions was nearly 2,400 instead of 2,000 as noted above for all catchers. and 2 amounts usually were less than 10 percent. As indi cated in the following tabulation, comparatively lit tle variation was usually found among plant aver- and packers, that had similar pay levels. The per cent of men and women paid specified amounts is shown in the following tabulation: A ll p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers T o t a l .................................... Under $ 3 . 0 0 .............................. $ 3 .0 0 and under $3.2Q . . . . $ 3 .2 0 and under $ 3 .4 0 . . . . $ 3 .4 0 and under $ 3 .6 0 . . . . $ 3 .6 0 and under $ 3 .8 0 . . . . $ 3 .8 0 and under $ 4 .0 0 $ 4 .0 0 and under $ 4 .2 0 . . . . $ 4 .2 0 and over........................... ages for specified jobs: M en Women 10 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100.0 1.2 5.0 31.0 1 8 .6 9 .6 7.7 12.2 14.7 1.3 4 .4 3 0 .6 12.7 7.7 7.2 14.1 2 1 .9 1.0 A verage h o u rly earnings T otal establishm ents re porting the occu p ation 6.4 31.7 30.5 13.3 8 .6 8.3 .1 E stablishm ent average for the job: Under $ 3 .0 0 ........................... $ 3 .0 0 and under $ 3 .2 0 - • • $3 .2 0 and under $ 3 .4 0 . . . $ 3 .4 0 and under $ 3 .6 0 . . . $ 3 .6 0 and under $ 3 .8 0 . . . $ 3 .8 0 and under $ 4 .0 0 . . • $ 4 .0 0 and under $ 4 .2 0 . . . NOTE: Because o f rounding, sum s o f individual item s may not equal 100. Workers in North Carolina (nearly half the total work force) averaged $3.73 an hour, compared with $3.67 in Kentucky and $3.64 in Virginia. Men and women in North Carolina averaged $3.79 and $3.57, respectively; in Kentucky, $3.78 and $3.50; and in Virginia, $3.73 and $3.48. Catchers (stack a n d inspect) 13 11 1 1 2 1 4 4 * 3 6 2 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Data also were obtained on certain establishment practices, including work schedules, shift differen tials, and selected supplementary wage benefits, such as paid holidays, paid vacations, and various health, insurance, and retirement plans. Occupational earnings Scheduled weekly hours. Three-fourths of the industry’s production workers were in plants sched uling day-shift workers 37 1/2 hours a week. About one-tenth of the workers had a 41-hour weekly schedule; virtually all of the remaining employees were scheduled for 47 1/2 or 52 1/2 hours at the time of the survey. A number of occupations representing various activities and wage levels in the industry were stud ied separately. (See table 2.) Among these occupa tions, which accounted for 54 percent of the produc tion workers, average hourly earnings ranged from $3.18 for janitors to $4.82 for maintenance electri cians. Cigarette-making machine operators, num er ically the most important, averaged $3.91 an hour— $3.94 for filter cigarettes and $3.73 for nonfilter. Machine packers of cigarettes averaged $3.78 and catchers on making machines averaged $3.39 an hour for filter and $3.35 for nonfilter cigarettes. Earnings of individual workers in most of the occupations studied were narrowly distributed. In 11 of 13 jobs, one-half or more of the workers had earnings that differed by no more than 20 cents an hour. (See table 2.) For example, three-fifths of the making machine operators earned from $3.90 to $4.10 an hour, and the same proportion of catchers who inspect and stack cigarettes at the making machine earned from $3.30 to $3.50. Such concentrations of individual earnings large ly reflect the universality of time rates in the indus try. As mentioned previously, slightly more than one-half of the workers were paid under systems providing a single rate for a specific job. When differences existed in the earnings of workers in the same establishment and occupation, however, the M aking-m achine o p erators Shift provisions and practices. Virtually all of the workers were employed in plants having provisions for second and third shifts. (See table 3.) About one-third of the production workers in the industry were actually employed on second shifts in MayJune 1971. They received either 8 percent or 24 or 25 cents an hour more than day-shift rates. Slightly less than one-tenth of the labor force were on thirdshifts and usually received a premium of 10 percent or 35 cents an hour for late shift work. Paid holidays. All of the production workers cov ered by the survey were provided paid holidays annually by their employers. (See table 4.) Slightly more than three-fifths of the workers received 9 paid holidays a year, one-fourth received 8 holi days, and virtually all of the remainder were provid ed 10 paid holidays. All or nearly all of the workers received New Y ear’s Day, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas Day. Good Friday, Easter Monday, the day after Thanksgiving, and Christmas Eve also 3 and dismemberment insurance applied to 55 per cent. were provided to substantial proportions of the work force. Paid vacations. Paid vacations, after qualifying periods of service, also were provided to produc tion workers by all establishments. (See table 5.) Three-fourths of the w orkers’ vacation payments were determined by the em ployee’s regular pay for a specified length of time. For the remaining onefourth, vacation payments were based on a stipulat ed percent of the em ployee’s annual earnings, which was converted to an equivalent period of time for this study (i.e., 2 percent equals 1 week, etc.) Typical vacation provisions in the industry were 2 w eeks’ pay after 1 year of service, 3 w eeks’ after 8 years, 4 w eeks’ after 15 years, and 5 w eeks’ after 25 years, which was the maximum provided. Health , insurance, and retirement plans. Virtual ly all establishments paid the full cost of life, sick ness and accident, hospitalization, surgical, and basic medical insurance plans. (See table 6.) Major medical insurance was available to 85 percent of the labor force in May-June 1971 and accidental death Retirement pension plans (in addition to Federal social security) covered virtually all workers and were financed entirely by the employers. Retire ment severance pay was nonexistent in the indus try. Other selected benefits. Provisions for paid leave while attending the funeral of a family member or while serving as a juror covered virtually all of the industry’s production work force. (See table 7.) Formal profit-sharing plans, 8 independent of re tirement pension plans, were in effect in establish ments employing nearly three-fourths of the w ork ers. Cost-of-living pay adjustments, based on the B ureau’s Consumer Price Index, were available to nearly three-fourths of the employees in the indus try. 8 Considered a formal profit-sharing plan in this study if the nlan met certain criteria which are explained in appendix A. 4 T a b le 1. O c c u p a tio n a l s ta ffin g p atte rn ( P e r c e n t d i s t r ib u t io n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in c i g a r e t t e m a n u f a c tu r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , b y d e p a r t m e n t a n d o c c u p a tio n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s , U n ite d S t a t e s , M ay ^-Ju n e 1971) D e p a r tm e n t a n d o c c u p a tio n T o t a l ______________________________________________ M a in t e n a n c e _____________________________________________ C a r p e n t e r s ---------------------------------------------------------------E l e c t r i c i a n s ----------- -----------------------------------------------M a c h i n i s t s _________________________ _____ ______ O th e r _________________________________________________ L e a f p r o c e s s in g ( s t e m m i n g , t h r a s h i n g , p ic k in g o r s e a r c h i n g , e tc . ) _________________________ P r e f a b r i c a t i o n ( m ix in g , c u ttin g , e t c . ) _ _____________ F a b r i c a t i o n (o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ) _____ ________________ C i g a r e t t e s ___________________________________________ A d j u s te r s , m a c h i n e __________ ________________ C a t c h e r s , c i g a r e t t e m a c h in e ( in s p e c t a n d s ta c k c i g a r e t t e s ) ---------------------------------------F i l t e r c i g a r e t t e s ------ ------------------------------------_________ N o n f ilte r c i g a r e t t e s _________ ___ C a t c h e r s , c i g a r e t t e m a c h in e ( in s p e c t o n l y ) ----------------------------„ -------- ---------------------- __ F i l t e r c i g a r e t t e s ---------------------------------------------N o n f ilte r c i g a r e t t e s _______________ __________ M a k in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c i g a r e t t e -------------F i l t e r c i g a r e t t e s ----------------------------------- ----N o n f ilte r c i g a r e t t e s ---------------------------------------P a c k e r s , c i g a r e t t e , m a c h in e ---------------------------O th e r 2 ___ __________________________ __________ ___ O th e r to b a c c o p r o d u c t s _______________ _____________ I n s p e c t io n ----------------------------------------------------------------------I n s p e c t o r s , c i g a r e t t e m a k i n g ______________________ I n s p e c t o r s , c i g a r e t t e p a c k i n g ______________________ O th e r -------------------------------------------------------------------------M a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t -------------------------------------------------------L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g ---------------------------------T r u c k e r s , f o r k l i f t ---------------------------------------------------T r u c k e r s , o t h e r th a n f o r k l i f t ______________________ O th e r --------------------------------------------------------------------------C u s to d ia l ______ _________________ ____________________ J a n i t o r s --------------------------------------------------------------------W a tc h m e n ----------------------------------------------------------------O th e r --------- ------------------------------------------------------------P o w e r p l a n t ---------------------------------------------------------------------O th e r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------N u m b e r of w o r k e r s -------------------------------------------------------1 L e s s th a n 0. 05 p e r c e n t . 2 A m ong th e m i s c e l l a n e o u s j o b s in c lu d e d a r e b o x - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s . NOTE: B e c a u s e of r o u n d in g , ------------ m ------------w o rk e rs M en W om en 100. 0 100. 0 7. . . 1. 4. 3 3 8 3 8 10. . 1. 2. 7. 9 5 2 0 2 . 6. 55. 54. 6. 8 1 6 2 2 . 8. 48. 47. 9. 5 1 7 8 3 100. 0 _ _ 1. 2. 69. 67. n 3 1 7 3 7 .4 6. 5 .9 1. 4 1. 1 . 3 19. 7 17. 3 2. 1 1. 5 .7 .8 13. 2 11. 4 1. 8 9. 1 16. 7 1. 4 5. 3 1. 8 2. 6 .9 9. 5 5. 7 1. 8 .2 1. 9 5. 2 3. 8 .4 .9 .6 9 .4 (M 4. 2. 2. 5. 3. 1. 16. 20. 2. 14. 5. 6. 2. 3 1 ,4 7 4 (T) 17. 0 15. 1 1. 9 5. 4 14. 7 .9 . 9 (M .5 .4 14. 3 8. 5 2. 6 .2 2. 9 6. 8 4. 8 .6 1 .4 1. 0 8. 8 2 1 , 107 ___________________ C ) (M (r ) 1. 8 1. 8 (M 10. 5 1 0 ,3 6 7 c e ll o p h a n e - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s , c a r t o n p a c k e r s , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l i te m s m a y n o t e q u a l 100. 5 2 4 6 9 7 5 4 4 2 5 7 0 and T a b le 2 . O c c u p a tio n a l e a rn in g s ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c i g a r e t t e m a n u f a c tu r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , U n ite d S t a t e s , M ay—J u n e 1971) O c c u p a tio n a n d s e x A l l p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s _________ M e n ___________________________ W o m e n _______ ___________ _____ N um ber of w o rk e rs 3 1 ,4 7 4 2 1 ,1 0 7 1 0 ,3 6 7 A v er N u m b e r of' w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t- ti im e h<s u r l y ie a r n in LgS of— age h o u r ly U nder and and e a rn $ 2 .8 0 u n d e r in g s 1 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .3 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3.50 $ 3 .6 0 $ 3 .7 0 $ 3 .8 0 $ 3 .9 0 $ 4 .0 0 $ 4 .1 0 $ 4 .2 0 $ 4 .3 0 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 .5 0 $ 4 .6 0 $ 4 .7 0 $ 4 .8 0 $ 4 .9 0 $ 5 .0 0 $ 5 .1 0 $ 5 .2 0 o v e r $ 3 . 68 2 361 3. 77 262 3. 50 99 12 8 4 15 13 2 533 223 310 1 ,0 4 9 5 ,8 9 6 3 ,8 5 3 3, 078 2 , 766 974 698 4 , 321 2, 142 1 ,2 3 0 1 ,4 4 8 365 351 1 ,5 7 5 1 ,7 1 1 1 ,8 4 8 1, 318 609 2, 036 1 ,7 6 6 657 1 ,2 6 5 978 552 788 105 771 3 , 543 297 2 ,7 6 4 215 779 82 244 237 7 527 524 3 1 ,0 5 0 246 1 ,0 4 9 243 3 1 670 210 713 713 572 571 1 606 606 - 79 79 269 269 - 200 200 132 132 - S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s A d j u s t e r s , m a c h i n e ( 1 ,9 5 8 m e n a n d 1 w o m a n ) ____________ C a r p e n te r s , m a in te n a n c e ( a l l m e n ) ________________________ C a tc h e rs , c ig a r e tte m a c h in e ( in s p e c t a n d s ta c k c i g a r e t t e s ) . . M e n ................ ...........................— W o m e n _____________________ F i l t e r c i g a r e t t e s ......... .............. M e n ............................ .................... W o m e n _____________________ N o n f i lt e r c i g a r e t t e s (67 m e n a n d 219 w o m e n ) _______ C a tc h e r s , c ig a r e tte m a c h in e ( in s p e c t o n ly ) (2 m e n a n d 476 w o m e n ) _____________________ E l e c t r ic i a n s , m a in te n a n c e ( a l l m e n ) ------------------------------------I n s p e c t o r s , c i g a r e t t e m a k in g (5 m e n a n d 574 w o m e n ) ----------J a n i t o r s ___________________________ M e n ________________________ W o m e n _____________________ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g ( a l l m e n ) ------------------------------------M a c h in is ts , m a in te n a n c e ( a l l m e n ) ________________________ M a k in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s , c i g a r e t t e s ______________________ M e n ________________________ W o m e n _____________________ F i l t e r c i g a r e t t e s ____________ M e n ________________________ W o m e n _____________________ N o n f i lt e r c i g a r e t t e s (397 m e n a n d 177 w o m e n ) ----------P a c k e r s , c ig a r e tte , m a c h i n e _________________________ M e n ________________________ W o m e n _____________________ T r u c k e r s , p o w e r (6 0 5 m e n a n d 1 w o m a n ) ---- -----------------------F o r k l i f t .............................................. O t h e r __________________________ W a tc h m e n ( a l l m e n ) ------------------- 1 ,9 5 9 4 . 61 - . - - - - 3 - - - - - 56 44 12 72 24 - 467 157 13 212 19 - 110 4 . 75 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 32 - - - 57 8 - 12 - 39 38 39 39 35 40 34 _ 34 26 26 _ . _ . . . _ - 7 1 6 7 1 6 . . _ - 719 155 564 572 135 437 393 7 386 349 7 342 990 87 903 981 85 896 189 45 144 111 _ 111 1 1 1 _ 1 - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - _ - . - - - - 1 1 - - 3. 35 8 - - - - 147 44 9 78 47 8 3. 39 - - - - - - 208 227 43 251 4 . 82 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 1 69 37 97 - 18 26 - 68 18 19 15 2 41 32 9 . - 9 9 - 113 113 - 392 286 106 386 334 52 163 141 22 103 103 1 ,8 0 2 3. 26 20 - 1 16 96 1 ,1 8 1 352 60 75 - 1 423 4. 79 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 - 2 - - 1 226 - 136 - - 8 3 46 4 , 173 3, 587 586 3, 599 3, 190 409 3 .9 1 3. 92 3. 82 3. 94 3. 94 3. 93 _ _ _ - 8 7 1 6 5 1 . _ - 4 4 . - - 10 10 _ 10 10 - 2 2 _ 2 2 - 119 19 100 2 2 - 51 10 41 12 10 2 79 79 . 79 79 - 660 560 100 448 379 69 525 465 60 500 440 60 400 329 71 356 288 68 2 ,0 8 2 1 ,9 3 8 144 1 ,9 5 1 1 ,8 1 1 140 199 136 63 199 136 63 34 28 6 34 28 6 - - - - - - - - - - 25 44 131 40 5 107 7 87 398 20 879 323 556 ” " ” “ “ * * * ‘ “ 2 , 334 296 2, 038 2 , 048 229 1 ,8 1 9 286 579 1 ,2 0 7 1 ,0 1 8 189 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. - - - - 1 161 106 137 155 - 18 - 574 3. 73 - 2 - 4 - - - 117 39 - 212 2 ,8 6 3 1, 132 1 ,7 3 1 3. 78 3. 75 3. 80 6 _ 6 2 2 - _ - - 52 12 40 145 . 145 267 233 34 14 14 88 2 86 898 468 43 0 3. 3. 3. 3. 1 1 * - “ " 1 1 1 52 41 37 4 61 92 66 26 " 467 453 14 20 - - 4 - “ 4 606 558 48 134 50 49 52 34 - - - “ 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l id a y s , a n d l a t e s h if t s . V i r t u a l l y a l l of t h e p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y t h e s tu d y w e r e p a id on a t i m e b a s i s . 2 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o llo w s : 2 a t $ 1. 80 to $ 1. 90; 1 a t $ 2 to $ 2 . 10; 11 a t $ 2 . 20 to $ 2 . 30; 7 a t $ 2 . 30 t o $ 2 . 4 0 : 62 a t $ 2 . 40 to $ 2. 50; 35 a t $ 2 . 50 to $ 2 . 60; 5 a t $ 2 . 60 to $ 2. 70; a n d 238 a t $ 2 . 70 to $ 2 . 80. 3 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o llo w s : 37 a t $ 5 . 20 to $ 5 . 30; a n d 9 a t $ 5 . 50 to $ 5 . 6 0. T a b l e 3 . S h i f t d if f e r e n t ia ls T a b l e 4 . P a id h o lid a y s (S h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l s o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in c ig a r e t t e m a n u f a c tu r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s b y ty p e a n d a m o u n t o f d i f f e r e n t i a l s , U n ite d S t a t e s , M a y ^-Ju n e 1971) ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in c i g a r e t t e m a n u f a c tu r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v is i o n s f o r p a id h o lid a y s , U n ite d S t a t e s , M ay~-June 1971) P e r c e n t of p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s — In e s ta b l is h m e n t s h a v in g f o r m a l p r o v is i o n s 1 f o r — T h ird - o r S e c o n d s h if t o th e r la te w o rk s h if t w o r k S h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l s N u m b e r o f p a id h o lid a y s a n d h o lid a y s p r o v id e d A c u a lly w o r k in g on— T h ird o r o t h e r la t e s h if t Second s h if t T o t a l ------------------------------------------------------------ 99. 9 9 9 .4 33. 8 8. 8 W ith s h if t p a y d i f f e r e n t i a l ---------------------------- — U n if o rm c e n ts p e r h o u r --------------------------------- 99. 9 63. 4 9 9 .4 62. 8 33. 8 21. 0 8. 8 7. 5 _ _ 10 18 24 25 28 32 35 c e n ts c e n ts c e n ts c e n ts c e n ts c e n ts c e n ts ----------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------________________-__________________ ___________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 4 1 9 5 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ - .6 6. 9 1. 3 _ - ------- 36. 6 36. 6 12. 8 - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36. 6 _ 12. 8 100 26 63 11 H o lid a y s p r o v id e d : 2 --------------- -----------N ew Y e a r 1 s D a y W a sh in g to n * s B i r t h d a y ____ _________ G o o d F r i d a y ----------------------- --------------E a s t e r M o n d a y ____________________ _ M e m o r ia l D ay _____ _______________ F o u r t h o f J u l y _________________________ F r id a y b e fo re L a b o r D ay _ _______ L a b o r D a y ------------------------------------------T h a n k s g iv in g D a y ________ ___________ D a y a f t e r T h a n k s g i v i n g ______ ______ C h ristm a s E ve ______________________ C h r i s t m a s D a y _______________________ . 36. 6 A ll p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s ___________ W o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s p r o v id in g : 7 d a y s p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s _____________ d a y s -------------------------------- ------------9 d a y s _______________________ _________ 10 d a y s -___________ ___ _____ ________ 8 _ _ 9. 5 11. 1 .3 25. 9 36. 9 U n if o r m p e r c e n t a g e ---------------------------------8 p e rc e n t 10 p e r c e n t . . 25. 33. 3. 1. 3 1 1 I n c l u d e s e s t a b l i s h m e n t s c u r r e n t l y o p e r a t in g la t e s h if t s , e v e n th o u g h t h e y w e r e n o t c u r r e n t l y o p e r a t in g la t e s h if t s . L e s s th a n 0. 5 a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v is i o n s c o v e r i n g l a t e s h if t s T a b le 5 . P a id v a c a tio n s ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c i g a r e t t e m a n u f a c tu r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r p a id v a c a t i o n s , U n ite d S ta te s , M ay—J u n e 1971) V a c a tio n p o lic y P ercen t A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s ------------- ------------------------- 100 M e th o d of p a y m e n t W o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s p r o v id in g p a id v a c a t i o n s 1 ------------- -----------------------------------------------L e n g t h - o f - t i m e p a y m e n t _______________________ P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t ________________ ____________ V a c a tio n p o lic y 100 74 26 A m o u n t o f v a c a tio n p a y 2 A fte r 1 y e a r of s e rv ic e : 2 w e e k s _____________________________________________ 100 A f te r 5 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 2 w e e k s ___________________ __________________________ 100 P ercen t A m o u n t o f v a c a t i o n p a y 2__ C o n tin u e d A f t e r 20 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e : 3 w eeks 4 w eeks _ ___ _ (1234 ) 99 ... A f te r 25 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e : 3 w eeks ..... 4 w e e k s ____ ______ 5 w eeks . . .... . ... ._ . ... , . . _. A f t e r 30 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e : 3 w eeks ... .. ... .......... .. ....................... 3 w ppks . . .. . __ A f t e r 10 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e : (4 ) 26 74 (4 ) 1 99 3 100 A f t e r 15 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 3 w eeks _ _ _ __ 4 w e e k s ____________________________________________ w ere 1 S e r v ic e p a y m e n ts e i t h e r c l a s s i f i e d a s v a c a tio n p a y 2 V a c a tio n p a y m e n ts s u c h 3 A l a r g e m a j o r i t y o f th e 4 L e s s th a n 0. 5 p e r c e n t . 26 74 P e rce n t M a x im u m v a c a t i o n 3 w e e k s ______ _______ ____________________________ 4 wp.plcft ................ . ... 5 w eeks _______ _ (4 ) (4 ) 99 d u r in g th e s u m m e r o r a t th e e n d o f th e y e a r to w o r k e r s w ith s p e c i f ie d p e r i o d s of s e r v i c e r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e t h e r w o r k e r s to o k t im e o ff f r o m w o r k . as p e rc e n t of a n n u a l e a rn in g s w e re c o n v e rte d to a n e q u iv a le n t t im e b a s i s . w o r k e r s w e r e in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s p r o v id in g 3 w e e k s v a c a t i o n p a y a f t e r 8 y e a r s of s e r v i c e . p e rc e n t. (M 100 (M 51 82 99 100 3 100 100 74 74 100 T a b l e 6 . H e a lt h , in s u ra n c e , a n d r e t ir e m e n t p la n s T a b le 7. O th e r s e le c te d b e n e fits ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in c i g a r e t t e m a n u f a c tu r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith s p e c i f ie d h e a lt h , i n s u r a n c e a n d r e t i r e m e n t p l a n s , U n ite d S t a te s , M ay—J u n e 1971) ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in c i g a r e t t e m a n u f a c tu r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s p r o v id in g f u n e r a l l e a v e p a y , j u r y d u ty p a y , c o s t - o f - l i v i n g a d j u s t m e n t s , a n d p r o f i t s h a r i n g p l a n s , U n ite d S t a t e s , M ay —J u n e 1971) T y p e of p la n A ll p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s ......... -....................... -........... W o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s p r o v id in g : L i f e i n s u r a n c e _____________________________________ N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s -------------------------------------A c c i d e n t a l d e a th a n d d i s m e m b e r m e n t in s u r a n c e . N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s _________________________ S i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e o r s ic k le a v e o r b o th 12 __________________________________________ S i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e _____________ N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s _____________________ S ic k le a v e ( fu ll p a y , n o w a itin g p e r i o d ) ______ S ic k l e a v e ( p a r t i a l p a y o r w a itin g p e r i o d ) ----H o s p i t a l i z a t i o n i n s u r a n c e _________________________ N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s _________________________ S u r g i c a l i n s u r a n c e ................................. —................ -......... N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s _________________________ M e d ic a l i n s u r a n c e _______________________________ N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s _________________________ M a jo r m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e _________________________ N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s .................................... .............. R e t i r e m e n t p l a n s 4_________________________________ P e n s io n p l a n s _________________________________ N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s _____________________ S e v e r a n c e p a y _________________________________ No p l a n s ___________________________________________ P e rce n t 100 99 99 55 55 99 99 99 I te m 1 A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s ____________________ _____ ______ W o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith p r o v i s i o n s f o r : F u n p r a 1 1psvp p a y .................................................................... Tivry d u ty p a y ......................... ..................... O n s t - o f - li n in g a H jn s tm p n ts ................................. ....................... Ra spH nn OPT O th e r b a s i s ________________________ ______________________ P r o fit s h a rin g p la n s .......................... 1 F o r d e fi n i ti o n s of i t e m s , s e e a p p e n d ix A . (3 ) 99 99 99 99 99 99 85 85 99 99 99 (3 ) 1 I n c l u d e s t h o s e p la n s f o r w h ic h a t l e a s t p a r t o f t h e c o s t i s b o r n e b y t h e e m p l o y e r a n d e x c lu d e s l e g a l ly r e q u i r e d p l a n s , s u c h a s w o r k m e n 1 s c o m p e n s a ti o n a n d s o c ia l s e c u r i ty ; h o w e v e r , p l a n s r e q u i r e d b y S t a te t e m p o r a r y d i s a b i li ty la w s a r e in c lu d e d if t h e e m p l o y e r c o n t r i b u t e s m o r e th a n i s le g a l ly r e q u i r e d o r t h e e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e b e n e f i t s in e x c e s s o f th e l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . "N o n c o n trib u t o r y p l a n s " in c l u d e o n ly t h o s e p la n s f in a n c e d e n t i r e l y b y t h e e m p l o y e r . 2 U n d u p lic a te d t o t a l o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v in g s ic k le a v e o r s i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e sh o w n s e p a r a te l y . 3 L e s s th a n 0. 5 p e r c e n t . 4 U n d u p lic a te d t o ta l of w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y p e n s io n o r r e t i r e m e n t s e v e r a n c e p a y m e n t s sh o w n s e p a r a t e l y . P ercen t 100 99 99 74 74 74 A p p e n d ix A. S c o p e and M e th o d of S u r v e y Scope of survey Occupations selected for study The survey included all establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing cigarettes (industry 2111 as defined in the 1967 edition of the Standard In dustrial Classification Manual, as prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget) Separate auxiliary units, such as central offices and research laboratories were excluded. The number of establishments and workers with in the scope of the survey during the payroll period studied are shown in the following tabulation: Occupational classification was based on a uni form set of job descriptions designed to take ac count of interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these descriptions.) The occupations were chosen for their numerical importance, their usefulness in collective bargaining, or their representativeness of the entire job scale in the industry. Working super visors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and proba tionary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations, but were included in the data for all production workers. E stab lish m en ts A ll w o rk e rs 1 P ro d u ctio n w orkers United States2 . . . 14 36,373 31,474 Kentucky . . . North Carolina Virginia........... 3 5 5 9,449 17,613 9,291 8,093 15,227 8,142 Wage data Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for over time and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems and cost-of-living bonuses, were included as part of the workers’ regular pay; but nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Average hourly rates or earnings for each occu pation or other group of workers, such as men, women, or production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by di viding their straight-time salary by normal rather than actual hours. 1Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers excluded from the production worker category shown. 2 Includes information in addition to State data shown sep arately. Method of study Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bu reau’s field staff under the direction of the Bureau’s Assistant Regional Directors for Operations. Establishment definition An establishment, for purposes of this study, is defined as a single physical location where industri al operations are performed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with the company, which may consist of one or more establishments. Production workers Method of wage payment The term “ production workers,’’ as used in this bulletin, includes working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice acitivities. Administrative, executive, professional and techni cal personnel, and force-account construction em ployees, who were employed as a separate work force on the firm’s own properties, were excluded. Information by method of wage payment relates to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job catego ries. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay 9 rates are determined primarily by the qualifications of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time. Individual expe rienced workers occasionally may be paid more or less than the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are regarded as exceptions. Rangeof-rate plans are those in which the minimum or maximum rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates of individual workers within the range be determined by merit, length of service, or a combination of various con cepts of merit and length of service. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predeter mined rate is paid for each unit of output. Produc tion bonuses are based on production over a quota or for completion of a task in less than standard time. plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the employer or the supervisor. Pay ments not on a time basis were converted; for ex ample, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The periods of service for which data are presented were selected as representative of the most com mon practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progres sion. For example, the changes in proportions indi cated at 10 years of service may include changes which occurred after 8 years. Health , insurance, and retirement plans. Data are presented for health, insurance, and retirement plans for which all or a part of the cost is borne by the employer, excluding only programs required by law, such as workmen’s compensation and social security. Among the plans included are those un derwritten by a commercial insurance company and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form of life in surance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predeter mined cash payments are made directly to the in sured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least part of the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey where temporary disability insurance laws require employer contributions,1 plans were included only if the employer (1) contributed more than is legally required, or (2) provided the employ ees with benefits which exceeded the requirements of the law. Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’s pay during absence from work be cause of illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are provided accord ing to (1) plans which provide full pay and no wait ing period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment of doctors’ fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commercial insur ance company or a nonprofit organization, or they may be a form of self-insurance. Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as catastrophe insurance, includes the plans de signed to cover employees in case of sickness or Scheduled weekly hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers employed on the day shift. Shift provisions and practices Data relate to the provisions in establishments having formal provisions for late-shift operations and to the practices in those establishments operat ing extra shifts during the payroll period studied. Supplementary wage provisions Supplementary benefits were treated statistically on the basis that if formal provisions for supple mentary benefits were applicable to one-half or more of the production workers in an establish ment, the benefits were considered applicable to all such workers. Similarly, if fewer than one-half of the workers were covered, the benefit was con sidered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility require ments, the proportion of workers receiving the ben efits may be smaller than estimated. Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day and half-day holidays provided annually. Paid vacations. The summary of vacation plans is limited to formal arrangements, excluding informal 1 The temporary disability insurance laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contribution. 10 result of attending funerals of certain family mem injury involving an expense which goes beyond the bers or serving as a juror. normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Profit-sharing plans. To be considered a formal profit-sharing plan for purposes of this study, there Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to must be a definite formula for computing employee plans which provide regular payments for the re shares which is announced in advance, and there mainder of the retiree’s life. The incidence of retire must be a fixed commitment to make payments, ei ment severance pay (one payment or several over a ther current or deferred, which bears a direct rela period of time) was also studied. Establishments tionship to company profits or declared dividends. providing both severance pay and pensions were Therefore, such payments as Christmas or yearend considered as having both retirement pension and bonuses, which are not fixed commitments on the retirement severance pay. Establishments having part of management, are excluded even though they optional plans providing a choice of either were are determined on some basis in relation to the considered as having only retirement pension bene fits. year’s profit. Payments need not be shared equally by employees; they may be shared according to an Paid funeral and jury duty leave. Data for paid • employee’s length of service, pay level, or annual funeral and jury duty leave relate to formal provi income. sions for at least partial payment for time lost as a 11 A p p e n d ix B . O c c u p a tio n a l D e s c r ip tio n s The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage sur veys is to- assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrange ments from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field staff is instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. work of the maintenance carpenter requires round ed training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Adjuster, machine (Fixer) Sets up, regulates, and/or repairs tobacco pro cessing machines such as cigarette-making, ciga rette-packing, and cellophaning machines. Work involves most of the following: Setting up machines to produce the desired product; regulating and ad justing the machines for efficient operation; attach ing fixtures or special devices to the machines; examining machines faulty in operation to deter mine whether adjustments or repairs are necessary; dismantling or partly dismantling the machines, re placing broken, damaged, or worn parts, or per forming other repairs and reassembling the ma chines. Uses a variety of handtools in adjusting, fit ting, or replacing parts, fixtures, or attachments. Catcher, cigarette machine Gathers up double handfuls of cigarettes at the discharge end of the making machine and glances at both ends to check on condition, discarding imper fect ones and placing perfect cigarettes in trays for packaging; and informs the making-machine opera tor of defects such as open seams and improper fill ing. Where conveyors connect the making machine (s) and packaging machine (referred to as combina tion units), or, where high speed making machines use automatic stacking devices to place cigarettes in trays for transporting to packaging machine, the employee examines the cigarettes for visual flaws as they are discharged from the making machine but does not stack the cigarettes in trays. Workers per forming detailed inspection of cigarettes, including the use of scales and gages, are to be classified as inspector, cigarette-making. For wage study purposes, catchers are to be clas sified by type of cigarette and whether or not catch ing and stacking duties are performed by the em ployee, as follows: Catcher, cigarette machine (inspect and stack cigarettes) Filter cigarettes Nonfilter cigarettes Carpenter, maintenance Performs the carpentry duties necessary to con struct and maintain in good repair building wood work and equipment such as bins, cribs, counters, benches, partitions, doors, floors, stairs, casings, and trim made of wood in an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Planning and laying out of work from blueprints, drawings, models, or verbal instructions; using a variety of carpenter’s handtools, portable powertools, and standard mea suring instruments; making standard shop computa tions relating to dimensions of work; and selecting materials necessary for the work. In general, the 13 Catcher, cigarette machine (inspect only) Filter cigarettes Nonfilter cigarettes Laborer, material handling (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockman or stock helper; warehouse man or warehouse helper) Electrician, maintenance A worker employed in a warehouse, manufactur ing plant, store, or other establishment whose du ties involve one or more of the following: Loading and unloading various materials and merchandise on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transport ing devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing materi als or merchandise in proper storage location; trans porting materials or merchandise by handtruck, car, or wheelbarrow. Longshoremen, who load and un Performs a variety of electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for the generation, distribution, or utili zation of electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Installing or repair ing any of a variety of electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, control lers, circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit systems, or other transmission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, layout, or other specifi cations; locating and diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements of wir ing or electrical equipment; and using a variety of electrician’s handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In general, the work of the mainte nance electrician requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal ap prenticeship or equivalent training and experience. load ships are excluded. Machinist, maintenance Inspects the output of cigarette-making machine to see that quality of cigarettes is up to standard; and may supervise the cigarette machine catchers. Work involves: Examining handfuls of cigarettes for proper filling, printing, and gluing; checking weight of a prescribed sample on small scales and length in a small gage; and notifying cigarette-mak ing machine operator of irregularities so that ma chine can be properly adjusted. Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs of metal parts of mechanical equip ment operated in an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Interpreting written instruc tions and specifications; planning and laying out of work; using a variety of machinist’s handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting up and operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tool ing, and feeds and speeds of machining; having knowledge of the working properties of the com mon metals; selecting standard materials, parts, and equipment required for his work; fitting and assem bling parts into mechanical equipment. In general, the machinist’s work normally requires a rounded training in machine-shop practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent train ing and experience. Janitor Making-machine operator, cigarette (Sweeper; charwoman; janitress; cleaner) Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office or other establishment. Duties involve a com bination of the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furni ture, or fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trim mings; and providing supplies and minor mainte nance services, cleaning lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. Operates one automatic cigarette-making ma chine or more. Work involves: Loading or regulat ing the loading of tobacco into the feed hopper of machine (also filter plugs or rods into hopper for filter cigarettes); may adjust the mechanism regulat ing the flow of tobacco; placing rolls of cigarette paper and tipping material (for the making of cork, straw, or ivory tipped cigarettes) on holding spin dles; threading paper and tipping material between guide rolls and adjusting for friction tension; setting the monogram printing device; observing operation of machine to see that it is functioning properly; Inspector, cigarette making 14 and making any necessary adjustm ent or reporting m echanical faults to cigarette-m aking machine ad juster. sion on rollers. When cigarettes are not autom ati cally fed into the m achine, w orker may also fill ciga rette hopper by sliding tray of cigarettes over hop per and allowing cigarettes to fall into hopper. For wage study purposes, w orkers are classified as follows: Trucker, power Making m achine operator, filter ciga rettes xMaking machine operator, nonfilter ciga rettes O perates a manually controlled gasoline- or elec tric-pow ered truck or tractor to transport goods and m aterials of all kinds about a w arehouse, m anufac turing plant, or other establishm ent. For wage study purposes, w orkers are classified by type of truck, as follows: Packer, cigarette machine Tends m achine that autom atically groups and wraps cigarettes into packages and affixes labels to each package. W ork involves: Filling appropriate hoppers with labels, and paste; placing spools of paper on spindles and threading through rollers; inspecting packages coming from machine for proper centering, folding, and gluing of labels; cleaning m achine; and making minor adjustm ents to machine, such as setting guides and adjusting ten T rucker, power (forklift) T rucker, power (other than forklift) Watchman Makes rounds of prem ises periodically in protect ing property against fire, theft, and illegal entry. 15 In d u stry Wage Studies The most recent reports for industries included in the Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys since January 1960 are listed below. Copies are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintI. ing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, or any of its regional sales offices, and from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C., 20212, or from any of its regional offices shown on the inside back cover. Occupational Wage Studies Manufacturing Price Basic Iron and Steel, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1602 .............................................................................................................. $0.55 Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1732 .................................................................................45 Cigar Manufacturing, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1581...................................................................................................................... 25 Cotton and Man-Made Fiber Textiles, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1637.................................................................................. 1.00 Fabricated Structural Steel, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1695 ......................................................................................................... 50 Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1531.............................................................................................................. 30 Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1576 ..........................................................................................25 Fluid Milk Industry, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1464 ...................................................................................................................... 30 Footwear, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1634 ........................................................................................................................................75 Hosiery, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1562 ..........................................................................................................................................70 Industrial Chemicals, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1529 .................................................................................................................... 40 Iron and Steel Foundries, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1626 ..................................................................................................... 1.00 Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1 6 1 8 ...................................................................................................55 Machinery Manufacturing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1664 ........................................................................................................... 65 Meat Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1677 ....................................................................................................................... 1.00 Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1659 .................................................. 65 Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 6 ........................................................................................ 1.00 Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1690 .................................................................................................. 60 Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1679 ............................................................................................................. 75 Nonferrous Foundries, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1726 ................................................................................................................. 50 Paints and Varnishes, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1524 .................................................................................................................... 40 Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 9 ................................................................ ..................... 1.25 Petroleum Refining, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1526 ...................................................................................................................... 30 Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1713 ........................................................................................50 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1608 .............................................................................................. 60 Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1694 ..........................................................................................50 Structural Clay Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1697 ............................................................................................................. 65 Synthetic Fibers, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1540 ...........................................................................................................................30 Synthetic Textiles, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1509 ........................................................................................................................ 40 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1965-66. BLS Bulletin 1527................................................................................................ 45 I. O ccupa tiona l Wage Studies— C o n tin u e d West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1 7 0 4 .......................................................................................................... $0.45 Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1728..........................................................................................35 Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1649 .......................................................................................................45 Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1651......................................................................60 Wool Textiles, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1551................................................................................................................................. 45 Work Clothing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1624 ............................................................................................................................... 50 Nonmanufacturing Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1689 ........................................................................................................... 50 Banking, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1703 .......................................................................................................................................... 65 Bituminous Coal Mining, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1583 ..............................................................................................................50 Communications, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1696 ...........................................................................................................................30 Contract Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1644 ......................................................................................................... 55 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1566 .......................................................................... 30 Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968—69. BLS Bulletin 1671........................................................... 50 Electric and Gas Utilities, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1 6 1 4 ..............................................................................................................70 Hospitals, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1688 ................................................................................................................................ 1.00 Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1645.....................................................................................................75 Life Insurance, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1569 ............................................................................................................................... 30 Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1542................................................................................................................35 Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1967—68. BLS Bulletin 1638 ...................... .......................................................... 75 Scheduled Airlines, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1734 .........................................................................................................................45 Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 2 .................................................................................60 II. Other Industry Wage Studies Employee Earnings and Hours in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the South and North Central Regions, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1552 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Employee Earnings and Hours in Eight Metropolitan Areas of the South, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1533 ............................ 40 Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade, June 1966Retail Trade (Overall Summary). BLS Bulletin 1584 ........................................................................................ 1.00 Building Materials, Hardware, and Farm Equipment Dealers, BLS Bulletin 1584-1 ................................................30 General Merchandise Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-2 .....................................................................................................55 Food Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-3................................................................................................................................. 60 Automotive Dealers and Gasoline Service Stations. BLS Bulletin 1 5 8 4 4 ................................................................. 50 Apparel and Accessory Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584t5 ................................................................................................ 55 Furniture, Home Furnishings, and Household Appliance Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-6 ......................................... 50 Miscellaneous Retail Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-7 ....................................................................................................... 65* *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 U8U-792/l$lS 1-3 BUREAU OF LABOR S T A T IS T IC S REG IONAL OFFICES Region I R egion V 1 6 0 3 J F K Federal B u ild in g G o v e rn m e n t C e n te r B oston , Mass. 0 2 2 0 3 Phone: 8 th F lo o r, 3 0 0 S o u th W ack er D rive C hicago, III. 6 0 6 0 6 P hone: 3 5 3 - 1 8 8 0 (A re a C ode 3 1 2 ) 2 2 3 -6 7 6 2 (A re a C ode 6 1 7 ) R egion II R egion V I 1 5 1 5 B ro a d w a y N e w Y o r k , N .Y . 1 0 0 3 6 1 1 0 0 C om m e rc e S t., R m . 6 B 7 D allas, T e x . 7 5 2 0 2 Phone: 9 7 1 -5 4 0 5 (A re a C ode 2 1 2 ) Phone: Region I I I 7 4 9 - 3 5 1 6 (A re a C ode 2 1 4 ) R egion V I I an d V I I I 4 0 6 Penn Square B u ild in g Fe deral O ffic e B u ild in g 1 3 1 7 F ilb e r t S t. 9 1 1 W a ln u t S t., 1 0 th F lo o r P h ila d e lp h ia , Pa. 1 9 1 0 7 Kansas C ity , M o . 6 4 1 0 6 Phone: Phone: 3 7 4 -2 4 8 1 (A re a C od e 8 1 6 ) 5 9 7 -7 7 9 6 (A re a C ode 2 1 5 ) R egion IV R egion IX an d X S u ite 5 4 0 4 5 0 G o ld e n G ate A ve. B ox 3 6 0 1 7 1 3 71 P eachtree S t. N E . A tla n ta , G a. 3 0 3 0 9 Phone: San Francisco, C a lif. 9 4 1 0 2 5 2 6 -5 4 1 8 (A re a C ode 4 0 4 ) •• P hone: 5 5 6 - 4 6 7 8 (A re a C ode 4 1 5 ) Regions V I I and V I I I w ill be serviced b y Kansas C ity . Regions IX an d X w ill be serviced b y San Francisco. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR THIRD CLASS MAIL [ BUREAU OF LABOR STA TISTIC S W A SH IN G T O N . O .C. 20212 P O S T A G E A N D F E E S PAID O F F I C I A L BUSIN ESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300 U.S. D E P A R TM E N T O F LABOR
@FedFRASER