The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
l 2 . 3 - l^7Z. D a y to n & M o n tg o m e ry (Jo, P u blic L ijr a r y FEB 2 8 1966 DOCUMENT COLLECTION INDUSTRY WAGE SURVEY Cigarette Manufacturing JULY-AUGUST 1 9 6 5 Bulletin No. 1472 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS A rthur M. Ross, Commissioner y rssrr INDUSTRY WAGE SURVEY Cigarette Manufacturing JULY-AUGUST 1965 Bulletin No. 1472 December 1965 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Arthur M. Ross, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents Preface This bulletin su m m ariz e s the r e su lts of a B u reau of L ab o r S ta tistic s su rv ey of w ages and su pplem en tary benefits in the c ig are tte m anufacturing in du stry in Ju ly A ugust 1965. A se p a ra te r e le a se for the United S tates was i s sued within a few months of the p ay ro ll period to which the data r e la te . C opies a re av ailab le from the B u reau of L ab o r S ta tis tic s , W ashington, D. C. , 20212, o r from any of its region al o ffic e s. This study was conducted in the B u r e a u ’s D ivision of Occupation P ay , Toivo P . Kanninen, Chief, under the g en eral direction of L. R. L in sen m ay er, A ssis ta n t C om m iss io n e r , Office of W ages and In du strial R elation s. The a n a ly sis w as p rep ared by C h arles M. O ’Connor, under the im m ed iate su p erv isio n of L. E a r l L ew is. F ield work for the su rv ey was directed by the A ssista n t Regional D ir e c to rs for W ages and In du strial R elation s. Other re p o rts av ailab le from the B u re a u 's p r o gram of in du stry wage stu d ie s, a s w ell a s the a d d r e sse s of the B u re a u 's six region al o ffic e s, a r e liste d at the end of this bulletin. iii Contents Page In d u stry c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s _______________________________________________________ 1 P r o d u c ts and p r o c e s s e s ____________________________________________________ O cc u p atio n al sta ffin g _______________________________________________ _______ Union c o n tr a c t c o v e r a g e ____________________________________________________ M ethod of w age p a y m e n t____________________________________________________ A v e ra g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s ______________________________________________________ 2 2 2 2 2 E s ta b lis h m e n t p r a c t i c e s and su p p le m e n ta r y w age p r o v i s i o n s ________________ S c h ed u led w e ek ly h o u r s _____________ -____________________ _________________ Sh ift p r o v is io n s and p r a c t i c e s _____________________________________________ 4 4 4 H ealth , in su r a n c e , and p e n sio n p la n s _____________________________________ O th er s e le c te d b e n e f i t s _____________________________________________________ 5 5 T a b le s : 1. 2. O cc u p atio n al sta ffin g p a t t e r n ___________________________________________ O cc u p atio n al e a r n i n g s __________________________________________________ 6 7 E st a b lis h m e n t p r a c t i c e s and su p p le m e n ta r y w age p r o v is io n s : 3. S h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l s _________________________________________________ 8 5. 6. P a id v a c a t io n s _______________________________ -________ ______________ H ealth , in su r a n c e , and p e n sio n p l a n s __________________________ 9 9 A p p e n d ix e s: A. B. S c o p e and m eth o d o f s u r v e y ____________ O cc u p a tio n a l d e s c r i p t i o n s _____________________________________________- 11 14 Industry Wage Survey— Cigarette Manufacturing, July—August 1965 S u m m a ry S tr a ig h t- tim e e a r n in g s oi p ro d u ctio n and r e la t e d w o r k e r s in the c ig a r e t t e m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u stry a v e r a g e d $ 2 .5 1 an h our in Ju ly —A u g u st 1965, a c c o r d in g to a B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t is t ic s s u r v e y . M en, acco u n tin g fo r slig h tly m o r e than t h r e e fifth s of the 3 1 ,5 0 7 w o r k e r s c o v e r e d by the stu d y, 1 a v e r a g e d $ 2 .5 8 an h o u r, c o m p a r e d w ith $ 2 .3 8 fo r w om en , who w e re c h ie fly em p lo y ed a s in s p e c t o r s , p a c k e r s , and c a t c h e r s on c ig a r e t t e m a c h in e s. A m ong the o c c u p a tio n s stu d ie d s e p a r a t e ly , a v e r a g e s r a n g e d fr o m w e ll o v e r $ 3 an h ou r fo r m ac h in e a d ju s t e r s and m ain te n an c e c a r p e n t e r s , e le c t r ic ia n s , and m a c h in is ts (a ll m en ) to $ 2 .1 2 an h our fo r ja n it o r s (794 m en and 185 w om en ). E a r n in g s o f a ll but about 2 p e r c e n t o f the w o r k e r s w e re w ithin a ra n g e o f $ 1 .7 0 to $ 3 .5 0 an h o u r, w ith the m id d le h a lf o f the w o r k e r s* e a r n in g s betw een $ 2. 29 and $ 2. 6 8 . A p p ro x im a te ly 5 p e r c e n t o f the m en and 4 p e r c e n t of the w om en e a r n e d l e s s than $ 2 an h our at the tim e o f the stu d y . V ir tu a lly a ll of the w o r k e r s e a rn in g $ 3 o r m o r e (10 p e r c e n t of the to ta l) w e re m en . P r a c t i c a l ly a l l o f the w o r k e r s w e re in e sta b lish m e n ts p ro v id in g 7 p aid h o lid a y s a y e a r ; a s m u ch a s 4 w e e k s o f v a c a tio n p ay fo r th o se w ith q u alify in g p e r io d s of s e r v i c e ; r e t ir e m e n t p e n sio n b e n e fits; and a t l e a s t p a r t o f the c o s t of v a r io u s ty p e s o f h e alth and in su ra n c e b e n e fits. In d u stry C h a r a c t e r is t ic s L o c a tio n and E m p lo y m e n t. T he c ig a r e t t e m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u stry , at the tim e o f the su r v e y , w a s c o m p o se d of 15 e s ta b lis h m e n ts (o p e r a te d by 8 c o m p a n ie s) lo c a te d in th r e e S t a t e s . N orth C a r o lin a h ad 53 p e r c e n t of the 3 1 ,5 0 7 p ro d u c tio n and r e la t e d w o r k e r s in the in d u stry ; V ir g in ia , 26 p e r c e n t; and K en tu cky , 21 p e r cen t. F iv e o f the e s ta b lis h m e n ts e a c h em p lo y ed m o r e than 2, 500 w o r k e r s ; eig h t em p lo y ed betw een 1 ,0 0 0 and 2 ,5 0 0 ; and the o th er two w e re su b sta n tia lly s m a l le r . M o re than h a lf o f the em p lo y m en t in one S ta te w a s ac c o u n ted fo r by one c o m p an y . B e c a u s e o f th is and the B u r e a u 1s e s t a b lis h e d p o lic y o f av o id in g the p o s s ib le d i s c lo s u r e o f in fo rm a tio n p ro v id e d by an in d iv id u al com p an y , s e p a r a t e S ta te d a ta in th is r e p o r t a r e lim ite d to em p lo y m en ts and a v e r a g e s fo r a l l p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s . E m p lo y m e n t in Ju ly —A u g u st 1965 w a s a t about the sa m e le v e l a s in M ay I960 when a s im i la r study w a s con du cted , 12 d e sp ite a s u b s ta n tia l in c r e a s e in the p ro d u c tio n of c ig a r e t t e s d u rin g th is p e r io d . 1 See appendix A for scope and method of survey. Wage data contained in this bulletin exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 See Wage Structure: Cigarette Manufacturing. May 1960 (BLS Report 167, 1960). 1 2 P r o d u c ts and P r o c e s s e s , C ig a r e t t e s w e re the so le p ro d u c t in nine e s t a b lish m e n ts w hich to g e th e r em p lo y ed tw o -th ird s o f the in d u str y *s w o rk fo r c e . M in or p r o d u c ts in the re m a in in g s ix e sta b lish m e n ts in clu d ed sm o k in g to b a c c o , chew ing to b a c c o , and s m a l l c i g a r s . Both f ilt e r and n o n filte r c ig a r e t t e s w e re m a n u fa c tu re d in 13 o f the e s t a b lis h m e n t s , w hich a lto g e th e r ac c o u n ted fo r n in e -te n th s of the w o rk fo r c e . C ig a r e tt e m a n u fa c tu rin g i s a h igh ly m e c h a n iz e d in d u stry . T he to b a c c o g e n e r a lly m o v e s on c o n v e y o rs through the v a r io u s p r e fa b r ic a t io n s t a g e s su ch a s m ix in g , b u lk in g, and c u ttin g. T he c ig a r e t t e - m a k in g m a c h in e , ty p ic a lly atten d ed by an o p e r a to r and a c a tc h e r , p r o d u c e s fin ish e d c ig a r e t t e s fr o m a h o p p er o f sh re d d e d to b a c c o and a r o l l of p a p e r . T he p a p e r is a u to m a tic a lly fille d with the p r o p e r am oun t of to b a c c o , s e a le d , la b e le d , and the c ig a r e t t e s a r e cu t into s p e c if ic le n g th s. In the m a n u fa c tu r e of f i lt e r c ig a r e t t e s , the f i l t e r s a r e a ls o in c o r p o r a te d into the c ig a r e t t e s by th is m a c h in e . T he p ac k in g o f c ig a r e t t e s into p a c k a g e s o f 20 eac h , w ra p p e d in alu m in u m fo il, p a p e r , and c e llo p h an e , i s a ls o a c c o m p lish e d a u to m a tic a lly . O cc u p a tio n a l S ta ffin g . C ig a r e tte - m a k in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s (a lm o s t a ll m en ) and c ig a r e tte -m a k in g -m a c h in e c a t c h e r s (m o stly w om en) to g e th e r ac c o u n ted fo r n e a r ly th r e e -te n th s o f the p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s . (S e e ta b le 1 .) M ach in e p a c k e r s o f c ig a r e t t e s ac c o u n ted fo r slig h tly l e s s than a tenth o f the w o r k e r s . B etw een M ay I960 and the c u r r e n t su r v e y , the p r o p o r tio n s o f m ac h in e a d ju s t e r s and m a in ten an ce d e p a rtm e n t jo b s in c r e a s e d slig h tly , w h ile the p r o p o r tio n s o f c ig a r e t t e m a k in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c a t c h e r s , and m ac h in e p a c k e r s d e c r e a s e d slig h tly . Im p ro v e d p ro d u c tio n m eth o d s and f a s t e r m a c h in e s h ave c o n trib u te d to th e se ch an gin g r e la t io n s h ip s . Union C o n tra c t C o v e r a g e . E s t a b lis h m e n ts w ith c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g a g r e e m e n ts c o v e r in g a m a jo r it y o f th e ir w o r k e r s e m p lo y ed se v e n -te n th s o f the w o rk f o r c e . T he T o b a c c o W o rk e rs In te rn a tio n a l Union w a s the p r in c ip a l union in e a c h e sta b lish m e n t o p e r a tin g u n d er a c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g a g re e m e n t. M ethod o f W age P a y m e n t. V irtu a lly a ll o f the w o r k e r s w e re p a id on a tim e b a s i s u n d er fo r m a lly e s t a b lis h e d w age s y s t e m s . W age s y s t e m s p ro v id in g a r a n g e o f r a t e s fo r s p e c if ic o c c u p a tio n s a p p lie d to th r e e - fo u r th s o f the w o r k e r s ; th o se p ro v id in g sin g le r a t e s a p p lie d to n e a r ly a l l o f the r e m a in d e r . A v e r a g e H o u rly E a r n in g s S t r a ig h t - tim e e a r n in g s of the 3 1 ,5 0 7 p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d by the stu dy a v e r a g e d $ 2 . 51 3 an h our in Ju ly —A u g u st 1965, an in c r e a s e o f a p p r o x im a te ly 25 p e r c e n t sin c e M ay I 9 6 0 4 (tab le 2). W o rk e rs in both N orth C a r o lin a and V i r g in ia a v e r a g e d $ 2 .4 9 an h o u r, c o m p a r e d with $ 2 .5 6 fo r th o se in K en tu ck y . 3 The straight-time average hourly earnings in this bulletin differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau's monthly hours and earnings series ($2.60 in July 1965). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of individuals; in the monthly series, the sum of the man-hour totals reported by establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals. 4 BLS Report 167, op. cit. 3 N ation w ide, e a r n in g s o f m en a v e r a g e d $ 2. 58 an h o u r, c o m p a r e d with $ 2. 38 fo r w om en . A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s of w om en w e re n e a r ly the sa m e in e ac h o f the th re e S t a t e s ; th o se fo r m en w e re $ 2 . 5 4 in N orth C a r o lin a , $ 2 .5 7 in V ir g in ia , and $ 2 .6 9 in K en tu ck y . The d iffe r e n c e s in p ay fo r m en and w om en m a y h av e r e s u lt e d fr o m s e v e r a l f a c t o r s , in clu d in g v a r ia tio n s in the d istr ib u tio n o f the s e x e s am o n g e sta b lish m e n ts and jo b s w ith d is p a r a t e p ay le v e l s . F o r e x a m p le , slig h tly m o r e than a th ird o f the w om en w e re em p lo y ed a s c a t c h e r s on c ig a r e t t e m a c h in e s (a c o m p a r a tiv e ly u n sk ille d jo b ), w h e r e a s only about 2 p e r c e n t o f the m en w e re so em p lo y ed . On the o th er hand, a tenth o f the m en w e re em p lo y ed a s m ac h in e a d ju s t e r s o r a s s k ille d m ain ten an c e w o r k e r s ; none of the w om en w e re e m p lo y ed in th e se jo b s . D iffe r e n c e s n oted in n ation w ide a v e r a g e s fo r m en and w om en in the s a m e jo b m a y r e fle c t g e o g ra p h ic w age d if fe r e n t ia ls . A lso , jo b d e s c r ip t io n s u se d in c la s s if y in g w o r k e r s in w age s u r v e y s a r e u s u a lly m o r e g e n e r a liz e d than th o se u s e d in in d iv id u al e sta b lis h m e n ts b e c a u s e allo w an ce m u st be m a d e fo r m in o r d iffe r e n c e s am o n g e sta b lish m e n ts in s p e c if ic d u tie s p e r fo r m e d . E a r n in g s o f a ll but about 2 p e r c e n t of the w o r k e r s w e re w ithin a ra n g e o f $ 1 .7 0 to $ 3 .5 0 an h o u r; 4 . 4 p e r c e n t e a r n e d l e s s than $ 2 an hour and 10. 1 p e r cen t (a lm o st a l l m en ) e a r n e d $ 3 o r m o r e . T he m id d le h a lf o f the w o r k e r s e a r n e d b etw een $ 2 .2 9 and $ 2 . 6 8 . L a r g e ly b e c a u s e o f th e ir h e av y em p lo y m en t in a few jo b s h avin g s im i la r s k ill le v e ls , w o m en *s e a r n in g s w e re m o r e c o n c e n tra te d than m en , a s in d ic a te d in the fo llow in g tab u latio n : Percent of production workers Average hourly earnings Under $2.00 $2. 20 $2.40 $2.60 $2.80 $3.00 All workers Men Women T o ta l-------------------------- 100.0 100.0 100.0 $ 2 .0 0 ............... - .................... and under $2. 20-------------and under $2.40-------------and under $2.60-------------and under $2. 80-------------and under $3.00-------------and over--------------------- - 4 .4 11.8 27.8 22.3 16.6 7.1 10.1 4 .7 12.9 22.1 13.8 19.0 11.2 16.2 3 .7 9.9 37.0 36.1 12.6 .5 .1 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. O c c u p atio n al E a r n in g s O c c u p atio n al c la s s if ic a t io n s fo r w hich e a r n in g s d a ta a r e shown s e p a r a te ly in ta b le 2 a c c o u n te d fo r n e a r ly t h r e e - fifth s o f the p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s . A m ong th e se o c c u p a tio n s, a v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s w e re lo w e st fo r ja n it o r s ( $ 2 .1 2 ) and h ig h e st fo r m ain te n an c e e le c t r ic ia n s ($ 3 .4 1 ). M ain ten an ce c a r p e n t e r s , m a c h in is t s , and m ac h in e a d ju s t e r s a ls o a v e r a g e d m o r e than $ 3 an h o u r. C ig a r e tte - m a k in g m ac h in e o p e r a t o r s , acco u n tin g fo r an eighth o f the w o r k e r s , a v e r a g e d $ 2 . 7 2 an hour— $ 2 .7 7 on f ilt e r and $ 2 .6 1 on n o n filte r c i g a r e t t e s . C a t c h e r s fo r e ith e r type o f c ig a r e t t e a v e r a g e d $ 2 .3 6 an h o u r; m ach in e p a c k e r s , $ 2 .6 4 . E a r n in g s o f in d iv id u al w o r k e r s in m an y o f the o c c u p a tio n s w e re n a rro w ly d is tr ib u te d . T o illu s t r a t e , the s p r e a d o f the m id d le r a n g e 5 o f e a r n in g s fo r c i g a r e t t e p ac k in g in s p e c t o r s w a s 13 c e n ts an h o u r; fo r c a t c h e r s , 12 c e n t s ; and fo r p a c k in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , 9 c e n ts. Such c o n c e n tra tio n s la r g e ly r e f le c t the fa c t th at a lm o s t a ll o f the w o r k e r s in the in d u stry w e re tim e r a t e d ; fu r th e r m o r e , they in d ic a te th at c o m p a r a tiv e ly little v a r ia tio n e x is te d am o n g p lan t a v e r a g e s fo r s p e c i fie d jo b s , a s show n in the tab u latio n on the n ext p a g e . 5 The middle range is defined by two rates of pay; a fourth of the employees earned less than the lower of these rates and a fourth earned more than the higher rate. 4 Distribution of establishments by _____average earnings of— Under $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2. 50 $2.60 $2. 70 $2. 80 Average hourly earnings Ci gare tte- m aking machine operators Total establishments reporting the occupation--- ------ ----- 15 $2. 2 0 --------------- - .............. and under $2. 30---------------and under $2.40---------------and under $2. 50---------------and under $2. 60---------------and under $2. 70---------------and under $2. 80--------------and under $2. 90--------------- Ci gare tte- ma chine catchers 15 2 2 11 2 5 5 3 A lso , w ithin in d iv id u al e s t a b lis h m e n t s , a ll w o r k e r s in the sa m e o c c u p atio n r e c e iv e d the sa m e r a te , in m an y in s t a n c e s ; when d iffe r e n c e s did e x is t am o n g w o r k e r s w ithin an o c c u p atio n stu d ie d s e p a r a te ly , e a r n in g s of the h ig h e st p a id w o rk e r u su a lly e x c e e d e d th o se o f the lo w e st p aid by l e s s than 15 p e r c e n t. E s ta b lis h m e n t P r a c t i c e s and S u p p le m e n ta ry W age P r o v is io n s D a ta w e re a ls o o b tain ed on w o rk s c h e d u le s, sh ift d if fe r e n t ia ls , and su p p le m e n ta r y w age p r o v is io n s , in clu d in g p a id h o lid a y s , p a id v a c a tio n s , and v a r io u s h e alth , in su r a n c e , and p en sio n p la n s. Sch ed u led W eekly H o u r s . A w o rk sc h e d u le of 3 7 V2 h o u rs a w eek w a s in e ffe c t in e sta b lish m e n ts em p lo y in g 54 p e r c e n t o f the p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s in Ju ly —A u g u st 1965. F o r ty - h o u r sc h e d u le s a p p lie d to 38 p e r c e n t, and 3 2 -h o u r sc h e d u le s a p p lie d to the re m a in in g 8 p e r c e n t. Sh ift P r o v is io n s and P r a c t i c e s . A ll o f the w o r k e r s w e re em p lo y ed in p la n ts h av in g p r o v is io n s fo r se c o n d sh ifts and slig h tly m o r e than fo u r - fifth s w e re in p la n ts w ith p r o v is io n s fo r th ird s h ifts (tab le 3). S eco n d s h ifts a c tu a lly ac c o u n ted fo r th r e e - te n th s of the w o r k e r s at the tim e of the su r v e y . D iffe r e n tia ls fo r th e se w o r k e r s v a r ie d , w ith a th ird r e c e iv in g 8 p e r c e n t, a th ird r e c e iv in g 16 c e n ts, and the r e m a in d e r r e c e iv in g e ith e r 15 c e n ts o r 10 c e n ts ab ov e f i r s t - s h i f t r a t e s . T h ir d sh ift o p e r a tio n s acco u n ted fo r about 1 p e r c e n t of the w o rk fo r c e . P a id H o lid a y s . P a id h o lid a y s w e re p ro v id e d by a l l e sta b lis h m e n ts in the su r v e y (tab le 4). A lm o st a ll o f the p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s w e re in p la n ts g ra n tin g 7 d a y s an n u ally . New Y e a r 's D ay, F o u rth o f J u ly , L a b o r D ay, T h a n k sg iv in g D ay, and C h r is t m a s D ay w e re p aid h o lid a y s in a ll p la n ts . A d d itio n al h o lid a y s in clu d ed C h r is t m a s E v e in p la n ts em p lo y in g se v e n -te n th s of the w o r k e r s , and E a s t e r M on day in p la n ts em p lo y in g fo u r - fifth s o f the w o r k e r s . P a id V a c a tio n s . V ac atio n p ay w a s p ro v id e d to a ll p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s w ith q u alify in g p e r io d s o f s e r v ic e (tab le 5). V ac atio n p a y m e n ts fo r se v e n -te n th s o f the w o r k e r s w e re d e te rm in e d on the b a s i s o f the w o r k e r 1s r e g u la r pay fo r a sp e c ifie d len gth o f tim e (e. g ., 1 w eek , 2 w e e k s); fo r the o th e r s , p a y m e n ts w e re com p u ted a s a p e r c e n ta g e o f th e ir an n u al e a r n in g s . A ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id e d 2 w e e k s o f p ay a fte r 1 y e a r o f s e r v ic e , 3 w e ek s a f te r 10 y e a r s , and 4 w e e k s a fte r 25 y e a r s . E s t a b lis h m e n ts em p lo y in g o n e -fo u rth of the w o r k e r s g r a n te d 4 w eek s* pay a f te r 20 y e a r s of s e r v ic e . 5 H ealth , In su ra n c e , and P e n sio n P l a n s . L ife , h o sp ita liz a tio n , and s u r g ic a l in su r a n c e , fo r w hich e m p lo y e r s p aid a t l e a s t p a r t of the c o s t, w e re a v a ila b le to a ll o f the p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s (tab le 6 ). P r o v is io n s fo r e ith e r s ic k n e s s and a c c i dent in su ra n c e o r s ic k le a v e (p a r t ia l p ay o r w aitin g p e rio d ) a p p lie d to a ll w o r k e r s ; m e d ic a l in su r a n c e , to se v e n -te n th s; a c c id e n ta l death and d ism e m b e rm e n t in s u r a n c e , to about tw o -fifth s; and c a ta str o p h e in su r a n c e , to a six th . P e n sio n p la n s, p ro v id in g r e g u la r p a y m e n ts upon r e tir e m e n t (in ad d ition to th o se u n d er the F e d e r a l s o c i a l s e c u r it y p r o g r a m ) w e re u n iv e r s a lly p ro v id e d in the in d u stry . E x c e p t fo r the e m p lo y e e s pay in g p a r t of the c o s t o f h o sp ita liz a tio n , s u r g ic a l, m e d ic a l, and s ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t in su ra n c e in one e sta b lish m e n t, the ab o v e m en tio n ed b e n e fits w e re fin an ce d w holly by the e m p lo y e r s . O th er S e le c te d B e n e f it s . P a id le a v e fo r ju r y duty w a s p ro v id e d in e s t a b lish m e n ts h avin g 99 p e r c e n t o f the w o r k e r s and fu n e r a l le a v e p ay w a s p ro v id e d in th o se em p lo y in g 72 p e r c e n t of the w o r k e r s . F o r m a liz e d p r o f it - s h a r in g p la n s, in dependent of r e tir e m e n t p e n sio n p la n s, w e re in e ffe c t in e s ta b lis h m e n ts em p lo y in g 72 p e r c e n t of the w o rk f o r c e . P a r tic ip a tio n in the p la n s w a s con tin gen t upon em p lo y m en t fo r a sp e c ifie d len gth o f tim e ; com p an y c o n trib u tio n s w e re a llo c a te d to the a c c o u n ts of p a r tic ip a tin g e m p lo y e e s on the b a s i s of th e ir e a r n in g s ; and d istr ib u tio n o f the p r o fit s h a r e s to e m p lo y e e s w a s d e f e r r e d fo r a s p e c ifie d n u m b er o f y e a r s o r u n til r e t ir e m e n t. 6 Table 1. Occupational Staffing Pattern (P e r c e n t d is tr ib u t io n o f p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c i g a r e t t e m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t a b li s h m e n t s , by d e p a r tm e n t an d o c c u p a tio n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s , U n ited S t a t e s , J u l y —A u g u st 1965) D e p a rtm e n t a n d o c c u p a tio n A ll w o r k e r s M en W om en 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 T o t a l _________________________________ A m o n g the m i s c e l l a n e o u s an d b o x - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s . NO TE: 8 .0 .4 .8 1 .8 5. 0 _ - 1. 4 5. 1 61. 3 5 9 .5 .2 .9 7 .4 5 2 .4 51. 2 .4 2. 3 1 .4 7 5 .8 7 3 .0 - 2 .8 4. 5 2. 1 1 5 .0 1 0 .0 -5. 0 3 .4 2 .4 1 .8 .6 35. 5 2 3 .4 12. 1 13. 1 9. 1 4 .0 8. 5 1 7 .8 1 .8 8. 1 2. 3 2. 6 3. 2 7 .4 5 .8 .4 . 8 20. 2 14. 6 5. 6 5 .9 1 4 .4 1. 2 3 .2 1 .6 .2 1 .4 12. 7 2 3 .2 2 .8 1 6 .2 6 .0 6 .0 4 .2 .2 .2 . 1 . 3 . 1 . 1 . 5 2 .6 1 1 .9 9 .2 .7 1 .4 .5 6. 0 4. 1 4. 6 3. 1 . 7 .8 . 6 6. 5 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s --------------------------------------1 p ack ers, 0 3 5 1 1 5. . . 1. 3. M a in te n a n c e ________________________________ C arp e n te rs E l e c t r i c i a n s _____________________________ M a c h in is t s O t h e r ____________________________________ L e a f p r o c e s s in g (s t e m m in g , th r a s h in g , s e a r c h in g , e t c . ) _________________________ P r e f a b r i c a t io n (m ix in g , c u ttin g , e t c . ) ____ F a b r ic a t i o n (o r m a n u f a c t u r in g ) ___________ C i g a r e t t e s ______________________________ A d ju s t e r s , c e llo p h a n in g m a c h i n e s . . A d ju s t e r s , c ig a r e t t e - m a k in g m a c h i n e s ___________________________ A d ju s t e r s , c ig a r e t t e - p a c k in g m a c h i n e s ___________________________ C a t c h e r s , c i g a r e t t e m a c h i n e s _____ F i l t e r c i g a r e t t e s ........................... ...... N o n filte r c i g a r e t t e s ______________ M a k in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c i g a r e t t e ___________________________ F i l t e r c i g a r e t t e s _________________ N o n filte r c i g a r e t t e s ______________ P a c k e r s , c i g a r e t t e , m a c h in e _______ O th er 1 _______________________________ O th er t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s I n s p e c t io n __________________________________ I n s p e c t o r s , c i g a r e t t e m a k in g I n s p e c t o r s , c i g a r e t t e p a c k in g ___ ______ O t h e r ____________________________________ M a t e r ia l m o v e m e n t ______________________ _ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g ___..._____ T r u c k d r i v e r s ___________________________ T r u c k e r s , p o w e r ( f o r k l i f t ) -------------------T r u c k e r s , p o w e r (o th e r than f o r k l i f t ) __________________________________ O t h e r ______________________________________ C u s t o d i a l _____________________________________ J a n i t o r s __________________________________ W a tc h m e n _________________________________ O t h e r ______________________________________ P o w e r p l a n t __________________________________ O t h e r ______________________________________ 1. 1 .8 3 1 ,5 0 7 jo b s in c lu d e d are - - - 2. 1 1 .5 . .6 1.0 - 9 .3 1 .9 1 9 ,5 1 9 1 1 ,9 8 8 c e llo p h a n e - m a c h in e B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l 100. - o p e ra to rs, c a r to n Table 2. Occupational Earnings (N um ber and a vera ge stra ig h t-tim e hourly earn in gs1 o f production w o rk e rs in se le cte d occupations in cig a rette m anufacturing establish m en ts, United States, July—August 1965) O ccupation and se x A ll p roduction w ork ers . M e n ----------------------- Num A v e rage ber hourly of w ork earni ings ers 31, 507 $2.51 19,519 2.58 11,988 2.38 Num ber o f w ork ers r e ce iv in g straigh t-tim e hourly earnings of— flTTo $1. 80 $1. 90 $2. 00 $2. 10 $2. 20 $2. 30 $2. 40 $2. 50 $2. 60 $2. 70 $2. 80 $2. 90 $3. 00 $3. 10 $3. 20 $3. 30|$3. 40 $3. 50 $3. 60 $3. 70 $3.80 dex and and 70 under $1. 80 $1. 90 $2. 00 $2. 10 $2. 20 $2. 30 $2. 40 $2. 50 $2. 60 $2. 70 $2. 80 $2. 90 $3. 00 $3. 10 $3. 20 $3. 30 $3. 401$ 3. 50 $3. 60 $3. 70 $3. 80 ov er 54 35 19 438 300 138 274 164 110 610 428 182 1099 2607 2897 5862 4518 2508 3468 1750 1560 383 2134 2162 2160 1232 1466 2051 1652 1502 98 473 58 716 735 3702 3286 1042 1417 692 692 785 785 864 864 172 172 3 2 8 3 1 16 21 1 3 56 39 1 224 207 10 31 208 139 5 3 35 22 7 19 254 169 33 _ - 9 6 7 6 - - 5 5 9 - - 813 1! 813 42 42 305 293 12 38 38 115 115 36 36 S elected occupations A d ju sters (all m en): Cellophaning m a c h in e ____________ C igarette-m ak in g m a c h in e s -------C igarette-p ack in g m a c h in e s -------C a rp en ters , m aintenance (all m en).. C a tch ers, cig a rette m a c h in e _______ W o m e n _________________________ F ilte r c ig a r e tt e s . W o m e n _______ N on filter c ig a r e t t e s . W om en _ E le c tr ic ia n s , m aintenance (all m e n ). In sp ectors , cig a re tte m a k in g -----------W om en __________________________ I n s p e c to r s, cig a rette p a ck in g -----------W o m e n _________________ _________ J an itors________________________________ W om en _ L a b o r e rs , m a terial han dling__________ M e n _______________________________ M achinists , m aintenance (all m e n )____ M aking-m achin e o p e r a to r s , c ig a r e tt e . M e n _______________________________ W om en F ilte r c ig a r e t t e s . M e n ___________ N on filter c ig a r e t t e s ______ M e n ____________________ W o m e n _________________ P a ck e rs , cig a re tte m achine _ M e n ____________________ W om en _ T r u c k e r s , pow er (all m en): F o r k lift ___________________ Other than f o r k lift _______ W atchm en (all m e n )_________ 73 876 670 82 4, 721 4, 253 3, 155 2, 809 1,566 1,444 151 738 722 819 724 979 794 185 1,821 1,795 351 4, 122 3, 935 187 2, 870 2, 844 1,252 1, 091 161 2, 688 1, 160 1,528 3.24 3.19 3.15 3.29 2.36 2.38 2.36 2.39 2.36 2.36 3.41 2.53 2.52 2.46 2.47 2.12 2.13 2.06 2.22 2.22 3.38 2.72 2.73 2.58 2.77 2.77 2.61 2.61 2.57 2.64 2.70 2.59 264 22 211 2.41 2.38 2.34 2 4 _ _ 20 18 13 12 7 6 _ _ _ _ 2 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 3 _ 129 2 127 _ _ 23 20 3 3 3 - 47 23 293 173 120 7 7 8 7 407 376 31 828 822 - 113 109 4 291 291 - _ 2 2 27 27 _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 2 1 1 _ _ _ _ 12 12 _ 8 8 19 19 28 28 9 9 1 1 _ 10 . _ _ 2 2 - - 15 15 - 7 4 3 358 3 355 85 7 68 22 3 63 103 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . - _ 1 1 _ 2 _ - _ _ _ _ 10 _ 2 _ _ " 1 2 25 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and fo r w o rk on w ee k e n d s, h o lid a y s , and la te s h i f t s . 2 2 1 464 464 350 350 114 114 - _ 1 - 103 76 27 128 128 _ 1404 1131 1028 842 376 289 _ 2 263 27 263 27 47 488 46 421 37 37 2356 2345 1547 1538 809 807 _ _ . . _ 2 2 241 202 24 1 217 201 12 12 1 1 _ 2 2 - _ _ 14 14 1 37 37 7 4 _ 2 2 83 67 55 55 28 12 22 22 11 11 11 11 _ _ 4 5 537 520 _ - _ 201 201 43 43 2 7 1 171 170 185 184 - - - 10 13 73 49 9 3 - - 67 5 35 - - 13 - - - - - - 95 - - - - - - - - - - 74 59 - 709 574 135 123 121 586 453 133 262 106 156 31 10 53 - - 5 3 988 1017 944 1009 44 8 582 816 558 816 406 201 386 193 20 8 1461 255 226 539 922 29 2 1022 1022 20 307 307 1004 1004 18 18 307 307 - 47 12 157 - - - - - - - - - - - 315 262 53 19 V ir tu a lly a l l o f the p r o d u ctio n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d by the study w e re p a id on a tim e b a s i s . " 8 Table 3. Shift Differentials (S h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l s o f p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c i g a r e t t e m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s b y ty pe an d a m o u n t o f d if f e r e n t ia l, U n ite d S t a t e s , J u l y —A u g u st 1965) P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c tio n w o rk e In e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s 1 fo r — T h ir d o r S e c o n d s h ift o th e r la te w o rk s h if t w o rk S h ift d if f e r e n t ia l Tft+a, W ith s h if t p a y d i f f e r e n t i a l ______________ U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r ___________ __ 8 c e n t s ______________ ^________ ^____ 10 c e n t s ________ r_____________ ____ 15 c e n t s — ______ _ — 16 c e n ts -_____ - ___ — _____ 20 c e n ts t-—_______T1--,__________ „___ U n ifo rm p e r c e n ta g e 8 p e r c e n t ™ —™ —_______ ___ ___ . __ 10 p e r c e n t ____ _________ - - A c t u a lly w o rk in g on— S e c o n d s h if t T h ir d o r o th e r la te sh ift 100. 0 8 4 .6 3 0 .6 0 .9 100. 0 56. 0 .4 9 .7 17. 8 28. 1 44. 0 44. 0 8 4 .6 55. 6 9 .7 28. 1 17. 8 29. 0 3. 8 25. 2 3 0 .6 2 0 .6 0. 9 .8 - 3. 7 6 .9 10. 0 - 10. 0 10. 0 - .7 . 1 . 1 . 1 1 In c lu d e s e s t a b lis h m e n t s c u r r e n t ly o p e r a t in g la te s h i f t s , an d e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s c o v e r in g la te s h if t e v e n th ough th e y w e r e n ot c u r r e n t ly o p e r a t in g la te s h if t s . Table 4. Paid Holidays ( P e r c e n t o f p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c i g a r e t t e m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r p a id h o lid a y s , U n ite d S t a t e s , J u ly - A u g u s t 1965) N u m b e r o f p a id h o lid a y s a n d h o lid a y s p r o v id e d A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s --------------- ——------W o r k e r s in e s t a b li s h m e n t s p r o v id in g : 7 p a id h o lid a y s — — 8 p a id h o lid a y s - — H o lid a y s p r o v id e d : N ew Y e a r 's D a y . G o od F r i d a y - E a s t e r M o n d a y _________ — — ------ ------ — M e m o r ia l D a y __ — - F o u r th o f J u l y ----------- L a b o r D a y T__^____ —„ _________________________ T h a n k sg iv in g D a y D a y a f t e r T h a n k s g iv i n g -------------------------------C h ristm a s E v e - C h r i s t m a s D a y -------------------------------------------- 1 L e s s th an 0 . 5 p e r c e n t. P ercen t 100 99 1 100 28 79 22 100 100 100 (*) 72 100 9 Table 5. Paid Vacations ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c i g a r e t t e m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r p a id v a c a t io n s , U n ited S t a t e s , J u ly —A u g u st 1965) V a c a tio n p o lic y A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s _________________________ P ercen t 100 M eth od o f p a y m e n t W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p ro v id in g p a id v a c a t i o n s 1 L e n g t h - o f - t im e p a y m e n t ------------------------------------P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t ------------------------------------------ 100 72 28 A m ou n t of v a c a tio n p a y 12 A ft e r 1 y e a r : 2 w e e k s ------------------------------------------------------------A ft e r 10 y e a r s : 3 w e e k s ------------------------------------------------------------A fte r 20 y e a r s : 100 100 75 25 4 w e e k s ____ A ft e r 25 y e a r s : 100 1 S e r v i c e p a y m e n ts e it h e r d u rin g the s u m m e r o r a t the en d o f the y e a r to w o r k e r s w ith s p e c if i e d p e r i o d s o f s e r v i c e w e r e c l a s s i f i e d a s v a c a tio n p a y r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e th e r w o r k e r s to o k tim e o ff f r o m w o rk . 2 V a c a tio n p a y m e n ts su c h a s p e r c e n t o f an n u al e a r n in g s w e r e c o n v e r te d to a n e q u iv a le n t tim e b a s i s . Table 6. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c i g a r e t t e m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith s p e c if i e d h e a lth , i n s u r a n c e , an d p e n sio n p la n s , U n ited S t a t e s , Ju ly ^ -A u gu st 1965) T y p e of p la n 1 A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------W o rk e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g : L if e i n s u r a n c e ---------------------------------------------------------A c c id e n ta l d e a th an d d is m e m b e r m e n t i n s u r a n c e ______ S i c k n e s s an d a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e o r s i c k le a v e o r both S i c k n e s s an d a c c id e n t i n s u r a n c e ____________________ S ic k le a v e (fu ll p a y , no w a itin g p e r i o d ) ____________ S ic k le a v e ( p a r t i a l p a y o r w a itin g p e r io d )___________ H o s p it a liz a tio n i n s u r a n c e ----------------------------------------S u r g i c a l i n s u r a n c e --------------------------------------------------M e d ic a l i n s u r a n c e _______________________________________ C a t a s t r o p h e i n s u r a n c e __________________________________ R e t ir e m e n t p e n s i o n -------------------------------------------------- P ercen t 100 100 38 100 76 24 100 100 72 16 100 1 In c lu d e s on ly th o s e p la n s f o r w h ich a t l e a s t p a r t o f th e c o s t i s b o rn e b y the e m p lo y e r an d e x c lu d e s le g a l l y r e q u ir e d p la n s su c h a s w o r k m e n ’ s c o m p e n s a tio n a n d s o c i a l s e c u r i t y . A ll lif e i n s u r a n c e , a c c id e n t a l d e a th an d d is m e m b e r m e n t i n s u r a n c e , c a t a s t r o p h e in s u r a n c e , an d r e t ir e m e n t p e n s io n b e n e f it s w e r e fin a n c e d w h olly b y the e m p lo y e r s ; su c h fin a n c in g a l s o a p p lie d to h o s p it a liz a t io n , s u r g i c a l , m e d i c a l , and s i c k n e s s an d a c c id e n t i n s u r a n c e in a l l e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g t h e s e b e n e f it s , e x c e p t 1 th at a c c o u n te d f o r l e s s th an 1 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s . 2 U n d u p lic a te d t o t a l o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s i c k le a v e o r s i c k n e s s an d a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e sh ow n s e p a r a t e l y . Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey Sco pe o f S u rv ey T h e s u r v e y in c lu d e d a l l e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r i m a r i l y e n g a g e d in m a n u fa c tu r in g c i g a r e t t e s (in d u str y 2111 a s d e fin e d in the 1957 e d itio n o f the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r ia l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n M a n u a l an d 1963 S u p p le m e n t, p r e p a r e d by the U . S . B u r e a u o f the B u d g e t). S e p a r a t e a u x ilia r y u n its su c h a s c e n t r a l o f f i c e s an d r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r i e s w e r e e x c lu d e d . T h e n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s and w o r k e r s e s t im a t e d to b e w ith in s c o p e o f the s u r v e y d u rin g th e p a y r o ll p e r io d stu d ie d , a r e show n in the fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n : AH Production Establishments workers1 workers United States-........................- ................................... 15 36,127 31,507 Kentucky............................................................................. 4 7,931 6,765 North Carolina.................................................................. 5 19,033 16,629 Virginia............................................................................... 6 9,163 8,113 1 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers excluded horn the production worker category shown. M eth od o f Study D a ta w e re o b ta in e d by p e r s o n a l v i s i t s of B u r e a u f ie ld e c o n o m is t s u n d e r the d ir e c t io n o f th e B u r e a u * s A s s i s t a n t R e g io n a l D i r e c t o r s f o r W a g e s an d I n d u s t r ia l R e la tio n s . E s t a b lis h m e n t D e fin itio n A n e s t a b lis h m e n t , f o r p u r p o s e s o f t h is stu d y , i s d e fin e d a s a sin g le p h y s ic a l lo c a tio n w h e re in d u s t r ia l o p e r a t io n s a r e p e r f o r m e d . A n e s t a b lis h m e n t i s not n e c e s s a r i l y id e n tic a l w ith the c o m p a n y , w h ich m a y c o n s is t o f one o r m o r e e s t a b li s h m e n t s . P r o d u c tio n W o r k e r s T h e t e r m "p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , " a s u s e d in t h is b u lle tin , in c lu d e s w o rk in g fo r e m e n an d a l l n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s e n g a g e d in n o n o ffic e fu n c tio n s. A d m in is t r a t iv e , e x e c u tiv e , p r o f e s s i o n a l , an d t e c h n ic a l p e r s o n n e l, an d f o r c e - a c c o u n t c o n s tr u c tio n e m p lo y e e s , who w e re u t iliz e d a s a s e p a r a t e w o rk f o r c e on th e f i r m * s own p r o p e r t i e s , w e r e e x c lu d e d . O c c u p a tio n s S e le c t e d f o r S tu d y O c c u p a tio n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w a s b a s e d on a u n ifo r m s e t o f jo b d e s c r i p t io n s d e sig n e d to ta k e a c c o u n t o f in te r e s t a b lis h m e n t a n d i n t e r a r e a v a r i a t io n s in d u tie s w ithin th e s a m e jo b . (S e e a p p e n d ix B f o r t h e s e d e s c r i p t io n s . ) T h e o c c u p a tio n s w e r e c h o se n f o r t h e ir n u m e r i c a l im p o r t a n c e , t h e ir u s e f u l n e s s in c o lle c t iv e b a r g a in in g , o r t h e ir r e p r e s e n t a t iv e n e s s of th e e n t ir e jo b s c a l e in th e in d u s tr y . W ork in g s u p e r v i s o r s , a p p r e n t i c e s , l e a r n e r s , b e g in n e r s , t r a i n e e s , h a n d ic a p p e d , p a r t - t i m e , t e m p o r a r y , an d p r o b a t io n a r y w o r k e r s w e re not r e p o r t e d in th e d a ta f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s , but w e r e in c lu d e d in th e d a ta f o r a l l p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s . W age D a ta T h e w a g e in fo r m a tio n r e l a t e s to a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t im e h o u rly e a r n i n g s , e x c lu d in g p r e m iu m p ay f o r o v e r t im e an d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s , a n d la te s h if t s . In c e n tiv e p a y m e n ts , su c h a s th o s e r e s u lt i n g f r o m p ie c e w o r k o r p ro d u c tio n b o n u s s y s t e m s , an d c o s t o f - liv in g b o n u s e s w e r e in c lu d e d a s a p a r t o f the w o r k e r s ' r e g u l a r p a y ; but n o n p ro d u c tio n b o n u s p a y m e n ts , su c h a s C h r i s t m a s o r y e a r e n d b o n u s e s , w e r e e x c lu d e d . su c h as A v e r a g e h o u rly r a t e s o r e a r n in g s f o r e a c h o c c u p a tio n o r o th e r g ro u p o f w o r k e r s , m e n , w o m en , o r p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , w e re c a lc u la t e d by w e ig h tin g e a c h r a t e (o r 11 12 h o u rly e a r n in g s ) by th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g th e r a t e , t o t a lin g , an d d iv id in g by th e n u m b e r o f in d iv id u a ls * T h e h o u rly e a r n in g s o f s a l a r i e d w o r k e r s w e r e o b ta in e d by d iv id in g t h e ir s t r a i g h t - t im e s a l a r y by n o r m a l r a t h e r th an a c t u a l h o u r s . M eth od o f W age P a y m e n t In fo r m a tio n on m e th o d o f w a g e p ay m en t r e l a t e s to th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s p a id u n d e r th e v a r i o u s t im e an d in c e n tiv e w a g e s y s t e m s . F o r m a l r a t e s t r u c t u r e s f o r t i m e - r a t e d w o r k e r s p r o v id e sin g le r a t e s o r a r a n g e o f r a t e s f o r in d iv id u a l jo b c a t e g o r i e s . In th e a b s e n c e o f a f o r m a l r a t e s t r u c t u r e , p ay r a t e s a r e d e te r m in e d p r im a r il y w ith r e f e r e n c e to th e q u a lif ic a t io n s o f th e in d iv id u a l w o r k e r . A sin g le r a t e s t r u c t u r e i s on e in w h ich th e s a m e r a t e i s p a id to a l l e x p e r ie n c e d w o r k e r s in th e s a m e jo b c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . L e a r n e r s , a p p re n tic e s, o r p r o b a t io n a r y w o r k e r s m a y b e p a id a c c o r d in g to r a t e s c h e d u le s w h ich s t a r t b e lo w th e sin g le r a t e a n d p e r m it th e w o r k e r s to a c h ie v e th e f u l l - jo b r a t e o v e r a p e r io d o f t im e . In d iv id u a l e x p e r ie n c e d w o r k e r s m a y o c c a s i o n a l l y b e p a id a b o v e o r b e lo w th e s in g le r a t e f o r s p e c ia l r e a s o n s , but su c h p a y m e n ts a r e r e g a r d e d a s e x c e p t io n s . R a n g e - o f - r a t e s p la n s a r e th o s e in w h ich th e m in im u m a n d / o r m a x im u m r a t e s p a id e x p e r ie n c e d w o r k e r s f o r the s a m e jo b a r e s p e c if i e d . S p e c if ic r a t e s o f in d iv id u a l w o r k e r s w ithin th e r a n g e m a y b e d e te r m in e d by m e r i t , le n g th o f s e r v i c e , o r a c o m b in a tio n o f v a r i o u s c o n c e p ts o f m e r i t a n d len g th o f s e r v i c e . In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s a r e c l a s s i f i e d u n d e r p ie c e w o r k o r b o n u s p la n s . P ie c e w o r k i s w o rk f o r w h ich a p r e d e t e r m in e d r a t e i s p a id f o r e a c h u n it o f ou tpu t. P r o d u c tio n b o n u s e s a r e b a s e d on p ro d u c tio n in e x c e s s o f a q u o ta o r f o r c o m p le tio n o f a jo b in l e s s th an s t a n d a r d t im e . S c h e d u le d W eekly H o u r s D a ta on w e e k ly h o u r s r e f e r to th e p re d o m in a n t w o rk sc h e d u le f o r f u l l - t i m e p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on th e d a y s h ift. S h ift P r o v i s i o n s an d P r a c t i c e s S h ift p r o v is io n s r e l a t e to th e p o l ic ie s o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s e it h e r c u r r e n t ly o p e r a t in g la te s h if t s o r h a v in g f o r m a l p r o v is io n s c o v e r in g l a t e sh ift w o rk . P r a c t i c e s r e l a t e to w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on la te s h if t s a t the tim e o f the s u r v e y . S u p p le m e n ta r y W age P r o v i s i o n s S u p p le m e n ta r y b e n e fit s w e r e t r e a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y on th e b a s i s th a t i f f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s w e r e a p p lic a b le to h a lf o r m o r e o f the p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s in an e s t a b lis h m e n t , th e b e n e f it s w e re c o n s id e r e d a p p lic a b le to a l l su ch w o r k e r s . S i m i l a r l y , if fe w e r th an h a lf o f th e w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d , th e b e n e fit w a s c o n s id e r e d n o n e x is te n t in th e e s t a b lis h m e n t . B e c a u s e o f l e n g t h - o f - s e r v ic e a n d o th e r e lig ib ilit y r e q u ir e m e n t s , th e p r o p o r tio n o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g the b e n e f it s m a y b e s m a l l e r th an e s t im a t e d . P a id H o lid a y s . p r o v id e d a n n u a lly . P a id - h o lid a y p ro v isio n s P a id V a c a t io n s . The su m m ary of e x c lu d in g in f o r m a l p la n s w h e re b y tim e o ff p lo y e r o r th e s u p e r v i s o r . P a y m e n ts not p ay m e n t o f 2 p e r c e n t o f a n n u al e a r n in g s r e la te to f u l l - d a y a n d h a lf - d a y h o lid a y s v a c a t io n p la n s i s lim it e d to f o r m a l a r r a n g e m e n t s , w ith p a y i s g r a n t e d a t th e d i s c r e t i o n of th e e m on a t im e b a s i s w e r e c o n v e r te d ; f o r e x a m p le , a w a s c o n s id e r e d th e e q u iv a le n t o f 1 w e e k 's p a y . H e a lth , I n s u r a n c e , a n d P e n s io n P l a n s . D a ta a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r h e a lth , i n s u r a n c e , a n d p e n sio n p la n s f o r w h ich a l l o r a p a r t of th e c o s t i s b o rn e b y th e e m p lo y e r , e x c lu d in g p r o g r a m s r e q u ir e d by la w , su c h a s w o r k m e n 's c o m p e n s a tio n an d s o c i a l s e c u r i t y . A m ong th e p la n s in c lu d e d a r e th o s e u n d e rw ritte n by a c o m m e r c i a l in s u r a n c e co m p a n y a n d th o s e p a id d ir e c t ly by th e e m p lo y e r f r o m h is c u r r e n t o p e r a tin g fu n d s o r f r o m a fun d s e t a s i d e f o r t h is p u r p o s e . D eath b e n e f it s a r e in c lu d e d a s a f o r m o f lif e in s u r a n c e . S i c k n e s s an d a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e i s lim it e d to th a t ty p e o f i n s u r a n c e u n d e r w h ich p r e d e t e r m in e d c a s h p a y m e n ts a r e m a d e d ir e c t ly to th e in s u r e d on a w e ek ly o r m o n th ly b a s i s d u rin g i l l n e s s o r a c c id e n t d i s a b ilit y . In fo r m a tio n , i s p r e s e n t e d f o r a l l su ch p la n s to w h ich th e e m p lo y e r c o n t r ib u t e s a t l e a s t a p a r t o f th e c o s t . 13 T a b u la tio n s o f p a id s i c k le a v e p la n s a r e lim it e d to f o r m a l p la n s w h ich p r o v id e fu ll pay o r a p r o p o r tio n o f th e w o r k e r 's p ay d u rin g a b s e n c e f r o m w o rk b e c a u s e o f i l l n e s s ; in f o r m a l a r r a n g e m e n t s h a v e b ee n o m itte d . S e p a r a t e t a b u la t io n s a r e p r o v id e d a c c o r d in g to (1) p la n s w h ich p r o v id e f u ll p ay a n d no w a itin g p e r io d an d (2) p la n s p ro v id in g e ith e r p a r t i a l p ay o r a w a itin g p e r io d . M e d ic a l in s u r a n c e r e f e r s to p la n s p ro v id in g f o r c o m p le te o r p a r t i a l p ay m e n t o f d o c to rs* fe e s . S u ch p la n s m a y b e u n d e rw ritte n by a c o m m e r c i a l in s u r a n c e co m p a n y o r a n o n p ro fit o r g a n iz a t io n , o r th ey m a y b e s e l f - i n s u r e d . C a t a s t r o p h e in s u r a n c e , s o m e t im e s r e f e r r e d to a s e x te n d e d m e d i c a l in s u r a n c e , in c lu d e s p la n s d e s ig n e d to c o v e r e m p lo y e e s in c a s e o f s i c k n e s s o r in ju r y in v o lv in g an e x p e n se w h ich g o e s bey o n d th e n o r m a l c o v e r a g e o f h o s p it a liz a t io n , m e d i c a l , an d s u r g i c a l p la n s . T a b u la tio n s o f r e t ir e m e n t p e n s io n s a r e lim it e d to p la n s w h ich p r o v id e , upon r e t ir e m e n t , r e g u l a r p a y m e n ts f o r th e r e m a in d e r o f th e w o r k e r * s l if e . P a id F u n e r a l an d J u r y - D u t y L e a v e . D a ta fo r p a id f u n e r a l an d ju r y - d u ty le a v e a r e lim it e d to f o r m a l p la n s w h ich p r o v id e a t l e a s t p a r t i a l p ay m e n t f o r t im e l o s t a s a r e s u l t o f a tte n d in g f u n e r a ls o f s p e c if i e d f a m ily m e m b e r s o r s e r v in g a s a ju r o r . P r o f it - S h a r i n g P l a n s . T o b e c o n s id e r e d a f o r m a l p r o f i t - s h a r in g p la n f o r p u r p o s e s o f t h is stu d y , t h e r e m u s t b e a d e fin ite f o r m u la f o r c o m p u tin g e m p lo y e e s h a r e s w h ich i s an n o u n c ed in a d v a n c e , an d t h e r e m u s t b e a fix e d c o m m itm e n t to m a k e p a y m e n ts , e ith e r c u r r e n t o r d e f e r r e d , w h ich b e a r s a d i r e c t r e la t io n s h ip to c o m p a n y p r o f i t s o r d e c l a r e d d iv id e n d s. T h e r e f o r e , su c h p a y m e n ts a s C h r i s t m a s o r y e a r end b o n u s e s , w hich a r e n ot fix e d c o m m itm e n ts on th e p a r t o f m a n a g e m e n t, a r e e x c lu d e d ev en thou gh th ey a r e d e t e r m in e d on s o m e b a s i s in r e la t io n to th e y e a r ' s p r o f it . P a y m e n ts n e e d not b e s h a r e d e q u a lly by e m p lo y e e s ; th e y m a y b e s h a r e d a c c o r d in g to e m p lo y e e s 1 len g th o f s e r v i c e , p ay l e v e l, o r a n n u a l in c o m e . Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions The p r im a r y p u r p o s e o f p r e p a r in g jo b d e s c r i p t io n s f o r th e B u r e a u 's w a g e s u r v e y s i s to a s s i s t i t s f ie ld s t a f f in c l a s s i f y i n g into a p p r o p r ia te o c c u p a tio n s w o r k e r s who a r e e m p lo y e d u n d e r a v a r i e t y o f p a y r o ll t i t l e s and d if f e r e n t w o rk a r r a n g e m e n t s f r o m e s t a b lis h m e n t to e s t a b lis h m e n t and a r e a to a r e a . T h is p e r m it s the g ro u p in g o f o c c u p a tio n a l w a g e r a t e s r e p r e s e n t in g c o m p a r a b le jo b co n ten t. B e c a u s e o f th is e m p h a s is on in t e r e s t a b lis h m e n t and in t e r a r e a c o m p a r a b ilit y o f o c c u p a tio n a l c o n te n t, the B u r e a u 's jo b d e s c r i p t io n s m a y d i f f e r s ig n if ic a n t ly f r o m th o s e in u s e in in d iv id u a l e s t a b lis h m e n t s o r th o s e p r e p a r e d f o r o th e r p u r p o s e s . In a p p ly in g t h e s e jo b d e s c r i p t io n s , the B u r e a u 's f ie ld e c o n o m is t s a r e in s t r u c t e d to e x c lu d e w o rk in g s u p e r v i s o r s , a p p r e n t i c e s , l e a r n e r s , b e g in n e r s , t r a i n e e s , h a n d i c a p p e d , p a r t - t i m e , t e m p o r a r y , and p r o b a t io n a r y w o r k e r s . A D J U S T E R , M A C H IN E (F ix e r) S e t s u p , r e g u l a t e s , a n d /o r r e p a i r s to b a c c o p r o c e s s in g m a c h in e s . W ork in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : S e ttin g u p m a c h in e s to p ro d u c e th e d e s i r e d p r o d u c t; r e g u la tin g and a d ju s tin g th e m a c h in e s f o r e ffic ie n t o p e r a tio n ; a tta c h in g f ix t u r e s o r s p e c i a l d e v ic e s to the m a c h in e s ; e x a m in in g m a c h in e s fa u lty in o p e r a t io n to d e t e r m in e w h eth e r a d ju s tm e n ts o r r e p a i r s a r e n e c e s s a r y ; d is m a n t lin g o r p a r t l y d is m a n t lin g th e m a c h in e s , r e p la c in g b r o k e n , d a m a g e d ,o r w o rn p a r t s , o r p e r fo r m in g o th e r r e p a i r s and r e a s s e m b l i n g th e m a c h in e s . U s e s a v a r i e t y o f h a n d to o ls in a d ju s tin g , fit t in g , o r r e p la c in g p a r t s , f i x t u r e s , o r a tta c h m e n ts . F o r w a g e stu d y p u r p o s e s , w o r k e r s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s f o llo w s : A d ju s t e r , c e llo p h a n in g m a c h in e s A d ju s t e r , c ig a r e t t e - m a k in g m a c h in e s A d ju s t e r , c ig a r e t t e - p a c k in g m a c h in e s C A R P E N T E R , M A IN T E N A N C E P e r f o r m s th e c a r p e n t r y d u t ie s n e c e s s a r y to c o n s tr u c t and m a in ta in in go o d r e p a i r b u ild in g w o o d w o rk and e q u ip m e n t su c h a s b in s , c r i b s , c o u n t e r s , b e n c h e s , p a r t i t i o n s , d o o r s , f l o o r s , s t a i r s , c a s i n g s , and t r i m m a d e o f w ood in an e s t a b lis h m e n t . W ork in v o lv e s m o s t o f th e fo llo w in g : P la n n in g and la y in g ou t o f w o rk f r o m b lu e p r in t s , d r a w in g s , m o d e ls , o r v e r b a l in s t r u c t i o n s ; u s in g a v a r i e t y o f c a r p e n t e r 's h a n d to o ls , p o r t a b le p o w e r t o o ls , and s t a n d a r d m e a s u r in g in s t r u m e n t s ; m a k in g s t a n d a r d sh o p c o m p u ta tio n s r e la t in g to d im e n s io n s o f w o rk ; and s e le c t in g m a t e r i a l s n e c e s s a r y f o r th e w o rk . In g e n e r a l, the w o rk o f the m a i n t e n an ce c a r p e n t e r r e q u i r e s ro u n d e d tr a in in g and e x p e r ie n c e u s u a l l y a c q u ir e d th ro u g h a f o r m a l a p p r e n t ic e s h ip o r e q u iv a le n t t r a in in g and e x p e r ie n c e . C A T C H E R , C IG A R E T T E M A C H IN E G a t h e r s u p d o u b le h a n d fu ls o f c i g a r e t t e s at th e d i s c h a r g e en d o f th e m a k in g m a c h in e and g la n c e s a t both e n d s to c h e c k on co n d itio n , t o s s i n g ou t i m p e r f e c t o n e s and p la c in g p e r f e c t c i g a r e t t e s in t r a y s f o r p a c k a g in g ; and in f o r m s the m a k in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r o f d e f e c t s su c h a s o p en s e a m s and im p r o p e r f illin g . F o r w a g e stu d y p u r p o s e s , w o r k e r s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s fo llo w s : C a tc h e r , filte r c ig a r e tte s C a t c h e r , n o n filte r c i g a r e t t e s 14 15 E L E C T R I C IA N , M A IN T E N A N C E P e r f o r m s a v a r i e t y o f e l e c t r i c a l t r a d e fu n c tio n s su c h a s the i n s t a lla t io n , m a in te n a n c e , o r r e p a i r o f e q u ip m e n t fo r the g e n e r a t io n , d is tr ib u t io n , o r u tiliz a t io n o f e l e c t r i c e n e r g y in an e s t a b lis h m e n t . W ork in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : In sta llin g o r r e p a ir in g any o f a v a r i e t y o f e l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m e n t su c h a s g e n e r a t o r s , t r a n s f o r m e r s , sw it c h b o a r d s , c o n t r o l l e r s , c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s , m o t o r s , h e a tin g u n it s , co n d u it s y s t e m s , o r o th e r t r a n s m i s s i o n eq u ip m e n t; w o rk in g f r o m b lu e p r in t s , d r a w in g s , la y o u t, o r o th e r s p e c if i c a t io n s ; lo c a tin g and d ia g n o sin g tr o u b le in the e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m o r eq u ip m e n t; w o rk in g st a n d a r d c o m p u ta tio n s r e la t in g to lo a d r e q u ir e m e n t s o f w irin g o r e l e c t r i c a l eq u ip m e n t; and u sin g a v a r i e t y o f e l e c t r i c i a n ’ s h a n d to o ls and m e a s u r in g and t e s tin g in s t r u m e n t s . In g e n e r a l, the w o rk o f the m a in te n a n c e e l e c t r i c i a n r e q u i r e s ro u n d e d tr a in in g and e x p e r ie n c e u s u a lly a c q u ir e d th ro u gh a f o r m a l a p p r e n t ic e s h ip o r e q u iv a le n t t r a in in g and e x p e r ie n c e . IN S P E C T O R , C IG A R E T T E M A K IN G I n s p e c t s the outpu t o f c i g a r e t t e - m a k in g m a c h in e to s e e th at q u a lity o f c i g a r e t t e s i s u p to st a n d a r d ; and m a y s u p e r v i s e the c i g a r e t t e - m a c h in e c a t c h e r s . W ork in v o lv e s : E x a m in in g h a n d fu ls o f c i g a r e t t e s f o r p r o p e r f il l i n g , p r in tin g , and g lu in g ; ch e c k in g w e ig h t o f a p r e s c r i b e d s a m p le on s m a l l s c a l e s and len gth in a s m a l l g a g e ; and n o tify in g c i g a r e t t e -m a k in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r of i r r e g u l a r i t i e s so th a t m a c h in e c a n b e p r o p e r ly a d ju s te d . IN S P E C T O R , C IG A R E T T E P A C K IN G I n s p e c t s a ra n d o m s a m p le o f p a c k a g e s o f c i g a r e t t e s c o m in g f r o m the p ac k in g m a ch in e to c h e c k th a t the p rin te d a n d /o r c e llo p h a n e o r g l a s s i n e w r a p p e r i s s e a l e d , th a t the p rin te d w r a p p e r i s c e n t e r e d , and th a t th e la b e l s a r e a ffix e d in the c o r r e c t p o sitio n in a c c o r d a n c e w ith s p e c if i c a t io n s ; and n o t ifie s p a c k in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r o f any d e f e c t s in p a c k a g in g s o th at the m a c h in e c a n b e p r o p e r ly a d ju s te d . JA N IT O R (S w e e p e r ; c h a rw o m a n ; j a n i t r e s s ; c le a n e r ) C le a n s and k e e p s in an o r d e r ly co n d itio n f a c t o r y w o rk in g a r e a s and w a s h r o o m s , o r p r e m i s e s o f an o f f ic e , a p a r tm e n t h o u s e , o r c o m m e r c i a l , o r o th e r e s t a b lis h m e n t . D u tie s in v o lv e a c o m b in a tio n o f the fo llo w in g : S w e e p in g , m o p p in g o r sc r u b b in g , and p o lish in g f l o o r s ; r e m o v in g c h ip s , t r a s h , and o th e r r e f u s e ; d u stin g e q u ip m e n t, f u r n it u r e , o r f ix t u r e s ; p o lish in g m e t a l f ix t u r e s o r t r i m m i n g s ; and p ro v id in g s u p p lie s and m in o r m a in te n a n c e s e r v i c e s , c le a n in g l a v a t o r i e s , s h o w e r s , and r e s t r o o m s . W o rk e r s who s p e c i a l i z e in w indow w a sh in g a r e e x c lu d e d . L A B O R E R , M A T E R IA L H A N D LIN G ( L o a d e r and u n lo a d e r ; h a n d le r and s t a c k e r ; s h e lv e r ; t r u c k e r ; sto c k m a n o r sto c k h e lp e r ; w a r e h o u s e m a n o r w a r e h o u se h e lp e r ) A w o r k e r e m p lo y e d in a w a r e h o u s e , m a n u fa c tu rin g p la n t, s t o r e , o r o th e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t w h o se d u t ie s in v o lv e one o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g : L o a d in g and u n lo a d in g v a r io u s m a t e r i a l s and m e r c h a n d is e on o r f r o m fr e ig h t c a r s , t r u c k s , o r o th e r t r a n s p o r t in g d e v i c e s ; u n p a c k in g , sh e lv in g , o r p la c in g m a t e r i a l s o r m e r c h a n d is e in p r o p e r s t o r a g e lo c a tio n ; t r a n s p o rtin g m a t e r i a l s o r m e r c h a n d is e b y h a n d tru c k , c a r , o r w h e e lb a r r o w . L o n g s h o r e m e n , who lo a d and u n lo a d s h ip s a r e e x c lu d e d . M A C H IN IST , M A IN T E N A N C E P r o d u c e s r e p la c e m e n t p a r t s an d new p a r t s in m a k in g r e p a i r s o f m e t a l p a r t s o f m e c h a n ic a l e q u ip m e n t o p e r a t e d in an e s t a b lis h m e n t . W ork in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : I n t e r p r e t in g w r itte n in s t r u c t io n s an d s p e c if i c a t io n s ; p la n n in g an d la y in g ou t o f w o r k ; u sin g a v a r i e t y o f m a c h in i s t ’ s h a n d to o ls an d p r e c i s i o n m e a s u r in g i n s t r u m e n t s ; s e t tin g up an d o p e r a tin g s t a n d a r d m a c h in e t o o l s ; sh a p in g o f m e t a l p a r t s to c l o s e t o l e r a n c e s ; m a k in g s t a n d a r d sh o p c o m p u ta tio n s r e la t in g to d im e n s io n s o f w o rk , to o lin g , an d fe e d s a n d s p e e d s o f m a c h in in g ; h a v in g k n o w l e d g e o f the w o rk in g p r o p e r t i e s o f the c o m m o n m e t a l s ; s e le c t in g s t a n d a r d m a t e r i a l s , p a r t s , 16 M A C H IN IST , M A IN T E N A N C E — C on tin u ed and eq u ip m e n t r e q u ir e d f o r h is w o rk ; and fittin g and a s s e m b lin g p a r t s into m e c h a n ic a l e q u ip m e n t. In g e n e r a l, the m a c h i n i s t s w o rk n o r m a lly r e q u i r e s a ro u n d e d tr a in in g in m a c h in e - s h o p p r a c t ic e u s u a l l y a c q u ir e d th ro u g h a f o r m a l a p p r e n t ic e s h ip o r e q u iv a le n t tr a in in g and e x p e r ie n c e . M A K IN G -M A C H IN E O P E R A T O R , C IG A R E T T E O p e r a t e s on e a u to m a tic c ig a r e t t e - m a k in g m a c h in e o r m o r e . W ork in v o lv e s : L o a d in g o r r e g u la t in g the lo a d in g o f to b a c c o into the fe e d h o p p e r o f m a c h in e ( a l s o f i l t e r p lu g s o r r o d s into h o p p e r f o r f i l t e r c i g a r e t t e s ) ; m a y a d ju s t the m e c h a n is m r e g u la t in g the flow o f t o b a c c o ; p la c in g r o l l s o f c i g a r e t t e p a p e r and tip p in g m a t e r i a l (f o r th e m a k in g o f c o r k , s t r a w , o r iv o r y tip p e d c i g a r e t t e s ) on h o ld in g s p in d le s ; th r e a d in g p a p e r and tip p in g m a t e r i a l b e tw e e n g u id e r o l l s and a d ju s tin g f o r f r ic t io n te n sio n ; se ttin g the m o n o g r a m p rin tin g d e v ic e ; o b s e r v in g o p e r a t io n o f m a c h in e to s e e th a t it i s fu n ctio n in g p r o p e r ly ; and m a k in g any n e c e s s a r y a d ju s t m e n t o r r e p o r t in g m e c h a n ic a l f a u lt s to c i g a r e t t e - m a k in g - m a c h in e a d ju s t e r . F o r w a g e stu d y p u r p o s e s , w o r k e r s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s f o llo w s : M a k in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r , f i l t e r c i g a r e t t e s M a k in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r , n o n filte r c i g a r e t t e s P A C K E R , C I G A R E T T E , M A C H IN E T e n d s m a c h in e th at a u t o m a tic a lly g r o u p s and w r a p s c i g a r e t t e s into p a c k a g e s and a f f ix e s l a b e l s to e a c h p a c k a g e . W ork in v o lv e s : F illin g c i g a r e t t e h o p p e r b y s lid in g t r a y o f c i g a r e t t e s o v e r h o p p e r and re m o v in g e d g e o f t r a y , a llo w in g c i g a r e t t e s to f a l l in to h o p p e r; f illin g a p p r o p r ia t e h o p p e r s w ith l a b e l s , and p a s t e ; p la c in g s p o o ls o f p a p e r on s p in d le s and th r e a d in g th ro u g h r o l l e r s ; in s p e c tin g p a c k a g e s c o m in g f r o m m a c h in e f o r p r o p e r c e n t e r in g , fo ld in g , and g lu in g o f l a b e l s ; c le a n in g m a c h in e ; and m a k in g m in o r a d ju s tm e n ts to m a c h in e , su c h a s s e ttin g g u id e s and a d ju s tin g te n sio n on r o l l e r s . T R U C K E R , PO W ER O p e r a t e s a m a n u a lly c o n t r o lle d g a s o li n e - o r e le c t r i c - p o w e r e d tr u c k o r t r a c t o r to t r a n s p o r t g o o d s and m a t e r i a l s o f a l l k in d s ab ou t a w a r e h o u s e , m a n u fa c tu r in g p la n t, o r o th e r e s t a b lis h m e n t. F o r w a g e stu d y p u r p o s e s , w o r k e r s a r e c l a s s i f i e d b y ty p e o f t r u c k , a s fo llo w s : T r u c k e r , p o w e r (fo r k lift) T r u c k e r , p o w e r (o th e r th an fo r k lift) W ATCHM AN M a k e s ro u n d s and i l l e g a l e n try . of p r e m is e s p e r i o d ic a l l y in p r o te c tin g p r o p e r t y a g a in s t f i r e , th e ft, Industry Wage Studies T he m o s t r e c e n t r e p o r t s fo r in d u s t r ie s in clu d ed in the B u r e a u 's p r o g r a m o f in d u str y w age s u r v e y s sin c e Ja n u a r y 1950 a r e lis te d b elow . T h o se fo r w hich a p r ic e i s show n a r e a v a ila b le fr o m the S u p e rin ten d en t of D o c u m e n ts, U. S . G o v ern m e n t P rin tin g O ffice, W ash ington, D. C. , 20402, o r an y of it s r e g io n a l s a l e s o f fic e s . T h o se fo r w hich a p r ic e i s not shown m a y be ob tain ed fr e e a s lon g a s a su p p ly i s a v a ila b le , fr o m the B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , W ashington, D. C. , 2 0 212, o r fr o m an y o f the r e g io n a l o ffic e s show n on the in sid e b a c k c o v e r. I. Occupational Wage Studies M an u factu rin g B a s i c Iro n and S t e e l, 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1358 (30 c e n ts). C andy and O th er C o n fe c tio n e ry P r o d u c t s , I9 6 0 . B L S R e p o rt 195. ^C anning and F r e e z in g , 1957. B L S R e p o rt 136. C ig a r M a n u fa ctu rin g , 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1436 (30 c e n ts). C ig a r e tte M an u fa ctu rin g , I9 6 0 . B L S R e p o rt 167. C otton T e x t ile s , 1963. B L S B u lle tin 1410 (40 c e n ts). D is t ille d L iq u o r s , 1952. S e r i e s 2, N o. 88. F a b r ic a t e d S t r u c t u r a l S te e l, 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1463 (30 c e n ts). F e r t i l i z e r M a n u fa ctu rin g , 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1362 (40 c e n ts). F lo u r and O th er G ra in M ill P r o d u c t s , 1961. B L S B u lle tin 1337 (30 c e n ts). F lu id M ilk In d u stry , 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1464 (30 c e n ts). F o o tw e a r , 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1360 (45 c e n ts). H o sie r y , 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1456 (45 c e n ts). In d u str ia l C h e m ic a ls , 1955. B L S R e p o r t 103. Iro n and S te e l F o u n d r ie s , 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1386 (40 c e n ts). L e a th e r T an n in g and F in ish in g , 1963. B L S B u lle tin 1378 (40 c e n ts). M a c h in e ry M an u fa ctu rin g , 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1429 (35 c e n ts). M eat P r o d u c t s , 1963. B L S B u lle tin 1415 (75 c e n ts). M e n 's and B o y s ' S h ir ts (E x c e p t W ork S h ir ts ) and N ig h tw e a r, 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1457 (40 c e n ts). M e n 's and B o y s ' S u its and C o a ts , 1963. B L S B u lle tin 1424 (65 c e n ts). M isc e lla n e o u s P l a s t i c s P r o d u c ts , 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1439 (35 c e n ts). M isc e lla n e o u s T e x t il e s , 1953. B L S R e p o r t 56. M o to r V e h ic le s and M otor V e h ic le P a r t s , 1963. B L S B u lle tin 1393 (45 c e n ts). N o n fe rr o u s F o u n d r ie s , I9 6 0 . B L S R e p o r t 180. P a in ts and V a r n is h e s , 1961. B L S B u lle tin 1318 (30 c e n ts). P e tr o le u m R efin in g , 1959. B L S R e p o r t 158. P r e s s e d o r Blow n G la s s and G la s s w a r e , 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1423 (30 c e n ts). ^ P r o c e s s e d W aste, 1957. B L S R e p o r t 124. P u lp , P a p e r , and P a p e r b o a r d M ills , 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1341 (40 c e n ts). R a d io , T e le v is io n , and R e la te d P r o d u c t s , 1951. S e r i e s 2, N o. 84. R a ilr o a d C a r s , 1952. S e r i e s 2, N o. 86. *R a w S u g a r , 1957. B L S R e p o r t 136. So u th ern S a w m ills and P la n in g M ills , 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1361 (30 c e n ts). S t r u c t u r a l C la y P r o d u c t s , 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1459 (45 c e n ts). Sy n th etic F i b e r s , 1958. B L S R e p o rt 143. Sy n th etic T e x t il e s , 1963. B L S B u lle tin 1414 (35 c e n ts). T e x tile D yein g and F in ish in g , 1961. B L S B u lle tin 1311 (35 c e n ts). *'T o b ac co S te m m in g and R e d ry in g , 1957. B L S R e p o rt 136. * Studies of the effects of the $1 minimum wage. I. Occupational Wage Studies----Continued M an u fa ctu rin g — C ontinued W est C o a st S a w m illin g , 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1455 (30 c e n ts). W om en's and M i s s e s ' C o a ts and S u it s , 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1371 (25 c e n ts). W om en's and M i s s e s ' D r e s s e s , 1963. B L S B u lle tin 1391 (30 c e n ts). Wood H ou seh old F u r n itu r e , E x c e p t U p h o lste r e d , 1962, B L S B u lle tin 1369 (40 c e n ts). ^W ooden C o n ta in e r s , 1957. B L S R e p o rt 126. Wool T e x t ile s , 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1372 (45 c e n ts). W ork C lo th in g, 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1440 (35 c e n ts). N o n m an u factu rin g A uto D e a le r R e p a ir S h o p s, 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1452 (30 c e n ts). B anking, 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1466 (30 c e n ts). B itu m in o u s C o a l M in in g, 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1383 (45 c e n ts). C o m m u n ic a tio n s, 1964. B L S B u lle tin 1467 (20 c e n ts). C o n tra c t C lea n in g S e r v i c e s , 1961. B L S B u lle tin 1327 (25 c e n ts). C ru d e P e tr o le u m and N a tu r a l G a s P ro d u c tio n , I9 6 0 . B L S R e p o r t 181. D e p a rtm e n t and W om en's R e a d y -to -W e a r S t o r e s , 1950. S e r i e s 2, N o. 78. E a tin g and D rin k in g P l a c e s , 1963. B L S B u lle tin 1400 (40 c e n ts). E le c t r ic and G a s U t ilit ie s , 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1374 (50 c e n ts). H o s p it a ls , 1963. B L S B u lle tin 1409 (50 c e n ts). H o tels and M o te ls, 1963. B L S B u lle tin 1406 (40 c e n ts). L a u n d r ie s and C le a n in g S e r v i c e s , 1963. B L S B u lle tin 1401 (50 c e n ts). L ife In su r a n c e , 1961. B L S B u lle tin 1324 (30 c e n ts). II. Other Industry Wage Studies F a c t o r y W o r k e r s' E a r n in g s— D istrib u tio n by S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u rly E a r n in g s , 1958. B L S B u lle tin 1252 (40 c e n ts). F a c t o r y W o r k e r s' E a r n in g s— S e le c te d M an u fa ctu rin g In d u s t r ie s , 1959. B L S B u lle tin 1275 (35 c e n ts). R e ta il T ra d e : E m p lo y e e E a r n in g s in R e ta il T r a d e , Ju n e 1962 (O v e r a ll S u m m a r y o f the In d u stry ). B L S B u lle tin 1380 (45 c e n ts). E m p lo y e e E a r n in g s at R e ta il B u ild in g M a t e r i a ls , H a r d w a re , and F a r m E q u ip m en t D e a le r s , Ju n e 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1380-1 (25 c e n ts). E m p lo y e e E a r n in g s in R e ta il G e n e r a l M e rc h a n d ise S t o r e s , Ju n e 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1 380-2 (45 c e n ts). E m p lo y e e E a r n in g s in R e ta il F oo d S t o r e s , Ju n e 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1380-3 (40 c e n ts). E m p lo y e e E a r n in g s a t R e t a il A u to m otiv e D e a le r s and in G a so lin e S e r v ic e S ta tio n s, Ju n e 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1380-4 (40 c e n ts). E m p lo y e e E a r n in g s in R e ta il A p p a r e l and A c c e s s o r y S t o r e s , Ju n e 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1380-5 (45 c e n ts). E m p lo y e e E a r n in g s in R e ta il F u r n itu r e , H om e F u r n is h in g s , and H ou seh old A p p lia n c e S t o r e s , Ju n e 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1 380-6 (40 c e n ts). E m p lo y e e E a r n in g s in M isc e lla n e o u s R e ta il S t o r e s , Ju n e 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1380-7 (40 c e n ts). E m p lo y e e E a r n in g s in N o n m e tro p o litan A r e a s o f the South and N o rth C e n tr a l R e g io n s, 1962. B L S B u lle tin 1416 (40 c e n ts). Studies of the effects of the $1 minimum wage. * U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1966 0 - 7 9 7 - 4 5 8 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS REGIONAL OFFICES
@FedFRASER