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-Z . <Dc?6 0 Industry Wage Survey: Auto Dealer Repair Shops June 1978 U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics April 1980 Bulletin 2060 Industry Wage Survey: Auto Dealer Repair Shops June 1978 U.S. Department of Labor Ray Marshall, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner April 1980 Bulletin 2060 For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402-P rice $2.50 Preface This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and supplementary benefits provided by auto dealer repair shops in 23 met ropolitan areas in June 1978. Separate releases were issued earlier for each of the metropolitan areas covered by the survey. Copies of these may be obtained from the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or any o f its regional offices. This study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. Mary Kay Rieg of the Division o f Occupational Wage Structures prepared the analysis in this bulletin. Field work for the survey was conducted by the Assistant Regional Commissioners for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau’s program o f industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end o f this bulletin. Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission of the Fed eral Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor Statistics and cite Industry Wage Survey: Auto Dealer Repair Shops, June 1978, Bulletin 2060. iii C ontents Page Summary..................................................................................................................................................................................... Industry characteristics........................................................................................................................................................... Em ploym ent...................................................................................................................................................................... Productivity........................................................................................................................................................................ Occupational staffing....................................................................................................................................................... Unionization...................................................................................................................................................................... Method of wage payment................................................................................................................................................ Occupational earnings............................................................................................................................................................. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions......................................................................................... Scheduled weekly hours................................................................................................................................................... Paid holidays...................................................................................................................................................................... Paid vacations.................................................................................................................................................................... Health, insurance, and retirement p la n s ..................................................................................................................... Uniform allowances......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 Text tables: 1. Distribution of production workers by size of auto dealership, 23 areas, June 1978 ............................... 2. Percent of production workers in auto dealer repair shops employing apprentice automotive mechanics, 23 areas, June 1978 ..................................................................................................................... 3. Percent of production workers in unionized auto dealer repair shops, 23 areas, June 1978 ................. 4. Relative area pay levels, auto dealer repair shops, 23 areas, June 1978..................................................... 5. Earnings distributions for lubricators and painters in Detroit auto dealer repair shops, June 1978 .. 2 2 3 4 Reference tables: 1. Occupational staffing p attern ........................................................................................................................... 5 Occupational earnings: 2. Atlanta, Ga............................................................................................................................................................. 3. Birmingham, A la................................................................................................................................................... 4. Boston, Mass.......................................................................................................................................................... 5. Chicago, 111.................................................................................................................................................. 6. Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.......................................................................................................................................... 7. Denver-Boulder, C olo.......................................................................................................................................... 8. Detroit, Mich.......................................................................................................................................................... 9. Houston, Tex.......................................................................................................................................................... 10. Indianapolis, Ind................................................................................................................................................... 11. Kansas City, Mo.-Kans........................................................................................................................................ 12. Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.......................................................................................................................... 13. Memphis, Tenn.-Ark.-Miss................................................................................................................................ 14. Miami, Fla............................................................................................................................................................... 15. Milwaukee, W is..................................................................................................................................................... 16. Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis...................................................................................................................... 17. Nassau-Suffolk, N .Y ............................................................................................................................................ 18. New York, N .Y .-N .J............................................................................................................................................ 19. Philadelphia, Pa.-N .J........................................................................................................................................... 20. Pittsburgh, Pa........................................................................................................................................................ 21. Portland, Oreg.-Wash.......................................................................................................................................... 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 v 1 Contents—Continued Occupational earnings—Continued 22. St. Louis, M o.-Ill................................................................................................................................................... 23. San Francisco-Oakland, Calif............................................................................................................................. 24. Washington, D.C.-M d.-Va................................................................................................................................. 19 19 20 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 25. Method of wage payment: All production w orkers..................................................................................... 26. Types of incentive payments: Selectedoccupations....................................................................................... 27. Scheduled weekly h o u r s...................................................................................................................................... 28. Paid holidays......................................................................................................................................................... 29. Paid vacation s....................................................................................................................................................... 30. Health, insurance, and retirementplans............................................................................................................ 31. Uniform allow ances............................................................................................................................................ 21 22 24 25 26 28 29 Appendixes: A. Scope and method of survey............................................................................................................................... B. Occupational descriptions.................................................................................................................................. 30 33 vi Auto Dealer Repair Shops, June 1978 Summary for just under one-third of the production workers; those having 50 to 99 workers, for somewhat less than one-half; and larger establishments, for just over onefifth. These proportions vary widely by area, as shown in text table 1. Northeastern areas, for example, have much larger proportions of workers in small dealerships than do most areas studied in other parts of the country. Average straight-time hourly earnings of journeymen mechanics in auto dealer repair shops ranged from $7.42 in Memphis to over $10 an hour in Houston, San Fran cisco, and Detroit—4 o f 23 areas surveyed by the Bu reau o f Labor Statistics in June 1978.' Earnings for lu bricators, usually the lowest paid workers of the eight occupations studied,2 ranged from $3.38 in Philadelphia to $7.52 in Los Angeles-Long Beach. Painters ($6.24$14.34) and body repairers ($7.72-$l 1.53) usually had the highest average hourly earnings among the surveyed jobs. Occupational earnings levels in San Francisco-Oakland, Houston, and Detroit were typically among the highest reported; those in Boston, Memphis, Philadel phia, and Pittsburgh were generally among the lowest. The interarea spread in average hourly earnings, how ever, varied by occupation. Individual earnings of work ers also differed considerably within the same job and area, largely as a result o f the widespread use of incen tive wage plans. Paid holidays and paid vacations were provided for most of the production workers in nearly all areas. Life, hospitalization, surgical, basic medical, and major med ical insurance plans were provided to nine-tenths or more o f the production workers in most areas. Retire ment pension plans covered at least one-half of the workers in only 10 survey areas. 1See appendix A for scope and method o f survey and definition of terms used in this report. Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. The areas studied were Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SM SA’s) as defined by the U.S. Office o f Management and Budget through February 1974. 2See appendix B for job descriptions. 3An establishment, for purposes o f this study, was defined as all outlets o f a company within a survey area. Establishments thus de fined but employing fewer than 20 workers were excluded. Text table 1. Distribution of production workers by employ ment size of auto dealership, 23 areas, June 1978 Area Northeast: Boston.......................... Nassau-Suffolk............ New York....................... Philadelphia.................. Pittsburgh..................... South: Atlanta.......................... Birmingham.................. Dallas-Ft. Worth............ Houston......................... Memphis....................... Miami............................ Washington .................. North Central: Chicago......................... D etroit.......................... Indianapolis.................. Kansas City................... Milwaukee..................... Minneapolis-St. Paul ... St. Louis ....................... West: Denver-Boulder............ Los Angeles-Long Beach.......................... Portland......................... San Francisco-Oakland Industry characteristics Employment. About 209,200 workers were employed in 3,759 auto dealer establishments3 covered by the 23area survey in June 1978. Individual area employment levels ranged from just over 3,000 in Birmingham and Memphis to about 25,000 in Los Angeles-Long Beach. Other areas studied in which employment levels ex ceeded 10,000 were N ew York, Philadelphia, DallasFt. Worth, Houston, Washington, Chicago, Detroit, and San Francisco-Oakland. Approximately 115,900, or 55 percent, of the employ ees surveyed were production workers, defined as nonsupervisory employees and blue-collar worker supervi sors in all departments except the office and auto sales departments. For all areas combined, establishments with total employment of 20 to 49 workers accounted Percent of production workers in establishments with: 20-49 50-99 100 or more employees employees employees 64 85 68 50 50 35 15 27 34 40 21 25 15 13 27 2 14 64 51 34 13 35 55 47 14 24 51 74 39 43 39 28 24 23 36 33 25 38 52 56 51 51 49 51 58 21 20 26 14 18 24 4 18 22 29 46 54 56 53 48 28 22 18 6 1 6 16 11 _ 'Less than 5 percent. NOTE: Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 1 Text table 2. Percent of production workers in auto dealer repair shops employing apprentice automotive mechanics, 23 areas, June 1978 Productivity. The annual growth in output per employ ee hour in franchised new-car dealerships averaged 2.4 percent between 1973 and 1978, compared with 1.6 per cent for the private business sector as a whole. This relatively high productivity gain in a strongly cyclical industry resulted entirely from a 3.0 percent annual growth rate in total output—a weighted average o f the number of vehicles sold (1/3 weight) and the amount o f repair work performed (2/3 weight); output advances were slightly offset by an increase in employee hours of 0.5 percent a year over the period. Contributing to productivity gains were the adoption of modern man agement techniques that better monitored sales costs and inventories; the use o f improved laborsaving tech nology, such as diagnostic and testing equipment; and greater economies of scale that resulted from a steady drop in the number of dealers and a concomitant in crease in the average size of dealerships. Between 1973 and 1978, the value of service and parts sales o f fran chised new-car dealers grew by 12 percent, after ad justment for price increases.4 Percent San Francisco-Oakland............................... Minneapolis-St. Paul, St. Louis................. Pittsburgh, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Kansas City, Portland................................................... Boston, Washington, Chicago, Indianapolis, Denver-Boulder.................. New York, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Birmingham, Miami, Milwaukee............ Nassau-Suffolk, Memphis, Dallas-Ft. W orth....................................... 90 + 60-69 20-29 10-19 1-9 None of the estab lishm ents visited employed apprentice automotive mechan ics. Occupational staffing patterns varied slightly by es tablishment employment size. Executives, officials, and supervisors, for example, accounted for 16 percent of the employment in establishments with 20-49 workers, compared with 13 percent in those with 50-99 workers, and 10 percent in larger establishments. Office clerical employees, auto salesworkers, and production workers, on the other hand, accounted for relatively more o f the work force o f larger than o f smaller establishments. Occupational staffing. In the 23 areas combined, exec utive, supervisory, and office personnel made up 25 percent of the work force; auto salesworkers, 19 per cent; and production workers, 55 percent—about the same percentages as in June 1973, when a similar sur vey was conducted in 36 areas.5 Among production oc cupations journeyman automotive mechanic was nu merically most important, accounting for about 13 per cent of the total work force. (See table 1.) Other occu pations for which separate wage information was de veloped (automotive service mechanic, body repairer, lubricator, new-car get-ready worker, painter, parts clerk, and service sales worker) together constituted 20 percent of the total employment. Apprentice automotive mechanics and other appren tices in formally established programs registered with Federal or State governments accounted for less than 1 percent of the survey employment. Apprentice auto motive mechanics were employed by some establish ments in all but three areas. As indicated in text table 2, however, establishments with apprentices accounted for fewer than one-half of the production workers in all areas except Minneapolis-St. Paul, St. Louis, and San Francisco-Oakland at the time of the survey. Unionization. Establishments with collective bargain ing agreements covering a majority o f their production workers employed about one-fourth o f all production workers in the study. As shown in text table 3, the pro portion of workers in such establishments varied sub stantially by area. In 16 areas, for example, fewer than one-fifth of the workers were unionized; in the remain ing 7, in contrast, at least two-thirds were unionized. Major unions in the industry were the International Association o f Machinists and Aerospace Workers (AFL-CIO) and the International Brotherhood o f Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen, and Helpers of America (Ind.). In a number o f instances (particularly Text table 3. Percent of production workers in unionized auto dealer repair shops, 23 areas, June 1978 Area St. Louis, San Francisco-Oakland.............. New Y o rk..................................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul................................... Chicago........................................................ Kansas City, Nassau-Suffolk....................... Pittsburgh..................................................... Philadelphia, Detroit................................... Milwaukee, Birmingham.............................. Boston, Los Angeles-Long Beach.............. Atlanta, Dallas-Ft. Worth, Denver-Boulder, Houston, Indianapolis, Memphis, Miami, Portland, Washington................... 4John Duke, “New-Car Dealers Experience Long-Term Gains in Productivity”, Monthly Labor Review, March 1977, pp. 29-33; and unpublished data for 1978, Bureau o f Labor Statistics, Division of Industry Productivity Studies. 5See Industry Wage Survey: Auto Dealer Repair Shops, June 1973, Bulletin 1876 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1975). Data are not strict ly comparable for many areas surveyed in both 1973 and 1978 be cause o f large-scale changes in metropolitan area definitions institut ed by the Office o f Management and Budget in mid-1974. Area 2 Percent 95 + 85-89 80-84 75-79 65-69 15-19 10-14 5-9 1-4 None of the estab lishments visited had collective bargaining agreements covering a majority of their production workers. in Chicago, Kansas City, St. Louis, and San FranciscoOakland), these two unions had bargaining agreements with the same establishment. In 6 of the 7 most heavily unionized areas (in which at least two-thirds o f the production workers were cov ered by agreements) establishments typically united to negotiate bargaining agreements with local unions. In Nassau-Suffolk and in all other areas having a lower incidence o f unionization, independent (single-firm) bar gaining was the usual practice. in Philadelphia to $7.52 in Los Angeles-Long Beach. Most o f their area pay levels, however, were between $5 and $7.50 an hour. Based on six occupational classifications for which data are shown for all areas, San Francisco-Oakland had the highest average hourly pay levels, and Boston, Memphis, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh were the low est. The relative pay levels are presented in text table 4. The interarea spread in average earnings differed con siderably by occupation. For example, new-car getready workers in San Francisco averaged 85 percent more than their counterparts in Memphis, whereas the spread was 30 percent for service salesworkers, and 25 percent for body repairers. Earnings relationships between occupations also var ied widely by area. To illustrate, in Kansas City, body repairers averaged 28 percent more than lubricators; in Detroit and Houston, they averaged about 75 percent more; and in Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Port land, and Washington, they earned more than twice as much. Workers paid on an incentive basis in auto dealer re pair shops nearly always averaged higher earnings than those paid time rates in the same job and area, where comparisons were possible. (See tables 2-24.) The dif ferences in average earnings, however, varied among occupations within the same area, and for individual jobs by area. In Boston, for example, journeyman me chanics under incentive systems averaged 15 percent more than those paid time rates; the difference for body repairers was 41 percent. Corresponding differences in Philadelphia were 45 percent for journeyman mechan ics, and 36 percent for body repairers. Method o f wage payment. Incentive pay was the basis o f earnings for about one-half o f the production work ers in the survey; incentive workers were most com monly under flat-rate-percent or flat-rate-hours plans. Under the first plan, workers receive a stipulated pro portion (usually 45 to 50 percent) of the labor cost charged to the customer. Under the second, pay is com puted by multiplying the number of flat-rate hours pre determined for each task by an established hourly rate. (See tables 25-26.) Incentive wage systems applied to a majority of work ers in all occupations studied separately, except newcar get-ready workers. The predominant methods of incentive pay varied by occupation: Body repairers and painters were most often paid on the basis o f flat-rate percent; parts clerks and service salesworkers were vir tually always on commission; and incentive workers in the four remaining occupations—journeyman and serv ice mechanics, lubricators, and new-car get-ready work ers—most often were under flat-rate-hours systems. The method of pay varied by occupation among individual areas, however. Occupational earnings Eight occupations were selected for study to repre sent the various activities performed by production workers in auto dealer repair shops. These occupations accounted for just over three-fifths of the 112,863 pro duction workers covered by the survey. Average straight-time hourly earnings of journeyman automotive mechanics, numerically the largest occupa tional group studied, ranged from $7.42 in Memphis to over $10 an hour in Houston ($10.38), San FranciscoOakland ($10.49), and Detroit ($10.56). Hourly aver ages were between $8 and $10 in 14 other areas, and between $7.50 and $8 in the remaining 4 areas. Highest hourly averages usually were recorded for painters or body repairers. For painters, hourly earn ings averaged between $9 and $11.50 in 12 areas, and above $12 in 4 areas—Chicago ($14.34), Detroit ($12.62), Minneapolis-St. Paul ($12.36), and DenverBoulder ($12.28); for body repairers, hourly averages usually fell between $8 and $10, with Chicago ($11.53), Detroit ($11.37), and Houston ($11.28) topping out the range at over $11. Lubricators were typically the low est paid workers studied, averaging from $3.38 an hour Text table 4. Relative area pay levels in auto dealer repair shops, 23 areas, June 1978 (New York = 100) Area Relative pay level1 San Francisco-Oakland................................ Houston................................................... Detroit ... .......... ........................... Chicago, Los Angeles-Long Beach............ Dallas-Ft. Worth, Denver-Boulder, St. Louis..................................................... Miami, Minneapolis-St. Paul....................... Atlanta, Kansas City, Nassau-Suffolk, Portland, Washington................................ Birmingham, Indianapolis, Milwaukee....... Boston, Memphis, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh................................................... 125-129 120-124 115-119 110-114 105-109 100-104 95-99 90-94 85-89 1The pay index in this table was based on 6 jobs common to all areas (body repairers, lubricators, journeymen automotive mechanics, newcar get-ready workers, parts clerks, and service salesworkers). To minimize interarea differences in occupational composition, weights expressing constant employment relationships based on total employ ment in the respective jobs in all 23 areas were used. Aggregates were computed for each area by multiplying the average straight-time hourly earnings for the jobs by these weights and totaling. The ratio of these aggregates formed the basis for the index. 3 common in the following areas: Boston, Nassau-Suffolk., N ew York, Chicago, Minneapolis-St. Paul, St. Louis, and San Francisco-Oakland; in each case, at least sev en-tenths of the workers received 8 or more paid holidays. In a number o f instances, incentive workers were granted holiday pay which was substantially less than their usual pay. This was particularly the case in A t lanta, Memphis, Miami, Detroit, Dallas-Ft. Worth, Denver-Boulder, St. Louis, and Los Angeles-Long Beach. Text table 5. Earnings distributions for lubricators and painters in Detroit auto dealer repair shops, June 1978 Number of workers Lubricators Painters Straight-time hourly earnings 67 Under $4.80................................................. 11 8 $4.80 and under $5.60................................. 24 6 $5.60 and under $6.40................................. 16 $6.40 and under $7.20................................. 22 15 $7.20 and under $8.00................................. 11 10 $8.00 and under $8.80................................. 8 4 $8.80 and under $9.60................................. 4 37 $9.60 and under $10.40................................ 12 10 $10.40and under$11.20.............................. 4 26 $11.20 and under $12.00.............................. 32 $12.00and under$12.80.............................. 7 160 $12.80 and over............................................ 161 333 Number of w orkers.............................. $12.62 Average straight-time hourly earnings. $6.61 - Paid vacations. Paid vacations, after qualifying periods of service, were provided to virtually all production workers in each area. (See table 29.) Although vacation provisions varied substantially among the areas, typical provisions were 1 week of vacation pay after 1 year of service and 2 weeks after 2 or 3 years. Provisions for at least 3 weeks of vacation pay were common in the Northeast and North Central regions, generally after 10 to 15 years of service. Only in Chicago, Minneapo lis-St. Paul, St. Louis, and San Francisco-Oakland were a majority of workers covered by plans including 4 weeks o f vacation pay. Individual earnings were widely dispersed within the same job and area, especially in occupations typically paid on an incentive basis. In all areas but one, earnings o f the highest paid journeyman mechanics exceeded those o f the lowest paid by at least $10 an hour. In San Francisco, however, where virtually all were time rated, their earnings fell within a comparatively narrow range ($10.10-$13.50). The wide dispersion o f earnings within an occupa tion and area caused considerable overlapping of indi vidual earnings among jobs with substantially different pay levels. Text table 5 illustrates such an overlap be tween lubricators and painters in Detroit repair shops. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Establishments providing various health and insurance benefits, in many cases financed solely by the employer, accounted for nine-tenths or more o f the production workers in near ly all areas. (See table 30.) Benefits most frequently available were life, hospitalization, surgical, basic med ical, and major medical insurance, but the proportions of workers covered by these and other plans varied somewhat by location. Accidental death and dismem berment, and sickness and accident insurance, paid sick leave, or both, also applied to a majority o f the work ers in most areas. Long-term disability insurance cov ered no more than one-fourth o f the workers in any area except St. Louis, where it pertained to virtually all workers. Retirement pension plans, other than social security, were available to at least one-half o f the pro duction workers in only 10 areas, and were commonly financed entirely by employers. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Information was also obtained for production work ers on weekly work schedules and selected supplemen tary benefits, such as paid holidays, paid vacations, and health, insurance, and retirement plans. Scheduled weekly hours. Weekly work schedules o f 40 hours were in effect in establishments employing a ma jority o f the production workers in 20 of the 23 sur veyed areas. (See table 27.) Longer work schedules, typically 42-1/2 to 45 hours, were predominant in Bos ton, Dallas-Fort Worth, and Memphis. Uniform allowances. Formal provisions for furnishing and cleaning work clothing, or for paying at least part o f the cost o f these benefits, were reported by estab lishments employing a large majority of the production workers in nearly every area. (See table 31.) In the Northeastern areas, employers typically provided uni forms and cleaning rather than giving a monetary al lowance, as was customary in the South; elsewhere, no clear pattern emerged. Paid holidays. Paid holidays were provided to more than nine-tenths o f the workers in all areas. Provisions, however, varied considerably among, and, in many in stances, within areas. (See table 28.) Five to 7 paid hol idays a year were most common for workers in 16 of the areas studied. More liberal holiday provisions were 4 Table 1. Occupational staffing pattern (Percent distribution of workers in auto dealer repair shops by occupational group and size of establishment, 23 areas combined, June 1978) Establishments with— Occupational group All establish ments 20-49 workers 50-99 workers 100 workers or more All workers....................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Executives, officials, and nonworking supervisors.......................................................... Nonsupervisory office employees....................... Salesworkers, auto (new and/or used cars).... 13.4 11.8 19.4 16.2 11.0 18.1 12.8 11.7 19.9 10.4 13.1 20.3 All production workers.......................................... 55.4 54.7 55.6 56.1 Working supervisors ............................................. Body repairers........................................................ Lubricators.............................................................. Mechanics, automotive, journeymen.................. Mechanics, automotive, service.......................... New-car get-ready workers ................................. Painters ................................................................... Parts clerks............................................................. Service salesworkers............................................ Car preparation workers (except new-car getready workers) .................................................... Polishers.................................................................. Pickup and delivery workers (cars, customers and/or parts........................................................ Laborers (including car jockies, lot attendants, and utility workers) ....................... Helpers and learners............................................ Apprentices, auto mechanic1 ............................... Apprentices, other than auto mechanic1 .......... Janitors, porters, and cleaners ........................... Watchmen and guards......................................... All other workers.................................................... 2.7 4.8 1.0 13.2 2.7 2.4 1.3 4.9 3.3 3.3 3.9 1.1 15.5 3.0 2.3 .7 5.0 3.4 2.6 5.6 1.1 12.7 2.9 2.3 1.6 4.8 3.4 2.0 4.7 .7 11.1 1.9 2.7 1.7 4.8 2.8 2.0 1.1 1.9 1.0 2.2 1.1 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.6 2.1 2.4 5.8 1.9 .5 .2 1.3 .1 4.1 4.5 1.5 .6 .2 1.7 .1 3.3 5.5 2.0 .6 .2 1.0 .1 4.0 8.5 2.2 .4 .1 1.3 .2 5.6 1 Apprenticed under formally established programs registered with State or Federal Government. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 5 Table 2. Occupational earnings: Atlanta, Ga.1 The Atlanta Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Butts, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, because of changes in the universe over tim e and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with difNewton, Paulding, Rockdale, and Walton Counties, Ga. ferent pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are compared, designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage movements 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. Table 3. Occupational earnings: Birmingham, Ala.' 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage movements because of changes in the universe over tim e and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with dif- compared, 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated, Table 4. Occupational earnings: Boston, Mass.1 'T h e Boston Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Suffolk County; 16 communities in Essex County; 34 in Middlesex County; 26 in Norfolk County; and 12 in Plymouth County, Mass. 3 All or virtually all workers were men. “ Workers were distributed as follows: 13 at $12 and under $12.40; 8 at $12.40 and under $12.80; 1 at $13.20 and under $13.60; 5 at $14 and under $14.40; and 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are 3 at $14.40 and over. designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage movements s Workers were distributed as follows: 9 at $2.60 and under $2.80; and 5 at $2.80 and under $3. because of changes in the universe over tim e and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with d if ferent pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. Table 5. Occupational earnings: Chicago, III.1 (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) NUMBER OF WORKERS R E C E I V I N G S T R A I G H T - T I ME HOURLY EARN ING S OCCUPATION SELECTED 3.60 NUMBER AVERAGE AND OF HOURLY U N DER WORKERS EARNINGS* 4.00 4.00 4.40 4.40 4.80 r4 ” 8 0 l 5 . 2 0 5.20 5.60 (IN DOLLARS) 0F-- 5.60 6.00 6.40 6.80 7.20 7.60 8.00 8.40 8.80 9.20 9.60 0.00 0.40 10.80 1 .60 12 .0 0 2.40 2.80 13.20 13.60 AND OV E R 6.00 6.40 6.80 7.20 7.60 8.00 8.40 8.80 9.20 9.60 10.00 0.40 0.80 11.20 11.60 12.00 12.40 2.80 3.20 13.60 13 2 20 _ 48 10 - 15 _ 60 2 1 .20 PRODUCTION OCC UPATIONS1 BODY R E P A I R E R S ...................................................................... L U B R I C A T O R S ................................................................................ T I M E ....................................................................................... I N C E N T I V E ...................................................................... M EC H A N IC S, A U T O M O T IV E , J O U R N E Y M E N .. M EC H A N IC S, A U T O M O T IV E , S E R V I C E .............. T I M E ....................................................................................... NEW-CAR G E T - R E A D Y W OR KER S ............................... T I M E ....................................................................................... P A I N T E R S ........................................................................................... P A R T S C L E R K S ............................................................................. T I M E ....................................................................................... I N C E N T I V E ...................................................................... S E R V I C E S A L E S W O R K E R S ................................................. T I M E ....................................................................................... I N C E N T I V E ...................................................................... 1 ,004 110 80 30 2,640 56 52 1 58 147 1 91 637 346 291 $11.53. 5.46 4.81 7.20 9.60 5.73 5.80 5.33 5.15 14.34 5.99 - 12 13 19 51 19 - 45 6 13 - 12 - - - 7 - 23 4 - - 13 6 6 - - 13 - 13 61 - 61 - 5.29 6.81 13 542 7.46 - 84 458 5.82 7.76 13 13 - 13 - 2 32 13 2 61 10 _ 53 145 _ _ - 7 81 25 25 21 13 6 12 12 13 81 - 21 - 6 - 13 - 26 26 - 11 3 94 19 27 95 69 75 29 12 6 6 17 7 6 - 66 26 45 10 6 13 29 46 56 13 93 29 64 41 26 42 43 40 45 14 13 - 7 4 37 - _ _ 121 8 8 _ _ _ 333 324 _ _ 61 21 3 1 34 77 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ - 7 10 16 19 _ _ 37 _ 37 62 6 56 9 1 15 6 2 6 6 _ _ 14 _ _ 53 6 _ 39 - 38 - 56 - 24 - 49 - 13 - 13 - ‘ 235 - _ 6 - - - - - - - - 163 87 1 28 68 1 34 98 37 67 58 26 78 - - - - - - - - - 2 - 10 - 2 - 19 - 7 - 12 - 8 - *75 - - 6 6 - 16 6 14 16 14 _ _ - - 12 _ 21 2 _ 2 - 65 30 23 22 14 65 29 30 23 22 14 _ 88 - - 13 29 _ 62 _ _ 7 - _ 7 “ - “ - 6 6 " “ “ 237 - 4 4 The Chicago Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Cook, Du Page, Kane, Lake McHenrv and Will Counties III J ... „ ■ .. . ... . 2 . . . . . — ratnenry, ana win counties, in. All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentivc-ratad Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, ‘ Workers were distributed as follows: 46 at $13 Bn and unde, $ i a so a, e i a a j ' are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage $15.60. 12 at $15.60 and under $16; and 138 at $16 and over 2 at 514 80 and under $15.20; 8 at $15.20 and under movements because of changes in the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. 'W orkers were distributed as follows:15 at $1 3.60 and under $14, 6 at $14 and under $14 40 7 at $16 20 and unde, $ 16 fin- and 47 a, $ t K ' ,a d d at $16 and over, Table 6. Occupational earnings: Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.1 (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings’ of workers In selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) OCCUPATION SELECTED 3.80 A. 20 A 60 NUMBER OF WORKERS 5 . 0 0 5 .A 0 5 . 8 0 6 . 2 0 R E C E I V I N G - STRA.I G H T- T 6 . 6 0 7 . 0 0 7 .A 0 7 . 8 0 IM E HOURLY EARN I N GS 9 . 0 0 I 9 . A0 8 . 2 0 8 . 6 0 (IN DOLLARS) OF — 9 . 8 0 1 0 . 20|T 0 . I 1 2 . F o H 2 . 8 0 11 3 . A0T1 A . 0 0 p a 7£0 AND OV E R A. 60 5 00 5 . A0 5 .80 6 .20 21 1A 38 10 10 6 6 5A 36 18 2 13 2 33 2 2 5 39 2 37 2 _ 22 _ 6 .60 7 .00 I ^ ! * o 3 . A0 AND NUMBER AVERAGE UNDER HOURLY . 3 .A0 UNDER OF WORKERS EARN ING? 3 . 8 0 A .2 0 7 .80 32 A 98 7 7 20 6 1A 5 20 30 87 10 10 12 20 20 1A 20 36 8 .20 8.60 9.00 9 . A0 9.8010.20 10.6011.00 1 2 . 8 0 1 3 . AON A . 0 0 1 A . 6 0 PRODUCTION O C C U PA T IO N S1 L U B R I C A T O R S ................................................................................. MEC HA N IC S, A UT OM OT IV E , J O U R N E Y M E N . . MEC HA N IC S, A UT O M O T IV E , S E R V I C E .............. I N C E N T I V E ...................................................................... NEW-CAR G E T - R E A D Y W OR KER S ................................ T I M E ........................................................................................ I N C E N T I V E ...................................................................... P A I N T E R S ........................................................................................... PA RTS C L E R K S ............................................................................. I N C E N T I V E ...................................................................... S E R V I C E S A L E S W 0 R K E R S ................................................. A55 65 1 , A33 65 58 297 1 A5 1 52 203 50A 1 66 338 360 $ 9 .7 7 7 .19 9 .20 7.31 7 .68 7 . A8 5 .75 9 .13 1 0 .0 6 5 .89 A . 22 6.71 9 .20 1A 1A ! 22 22 ” 23 15 8 76 56 20 ' 12 10 5 12 12 3 2A 20 A " 69 2 32 22 10 37 10 27 13 56 A A 10 8 2 7 A1 A1 25 60 10 10 2A A 20 2 1 The Dallas-Fort Worth Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Collin, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Hood, Johnson, Kaufman, Parker, Rockwall, Tarrant, and Wise Counties, Tex. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular tim e. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage movements because of changes in the universe over tim e and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with d if 17 2 61 3 3 1A 12 2 3A 2A 10 1A 28 18 3 53 5 5 28 26 2 A 21 6 15 20 6 70 6 6 23 23 22 8 107 A * 22 10 10 2A 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. 4Workers were distributed as follows: 6 at $14.60 and under $15.20; 4 at $1 6.40 and under $17; 2 at $17 and under $17.60; 2 at $17.60 and under $18.20, and 8 at $18.20 and over, Workers were distributed as follows: 6 at $2.60 and under $3; and 16 at $3 and under $3.40. ferent pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between periods being com pared. Table 7. Occupational earnings: Denver-Boulder, Colo.1 (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 of workers in selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) *The Denver-Boulder Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Denver, Douglas, Gilpin, and Jefferson Counties, Colo. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are 4 Workers were distributed as follows: 12 at under $3.80; 4 at $3 .8 0 and under $4; and 2 at $4 and under $4.20. 5 All workers were at $3 .8 0 and under $4. designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage move 6 Workers were distributed as follows: 50 at under $3.80; 2 at $3.80 and under $4; 8 at $4 and under $4.20; and 3 at $4 .2 0 and under $4.40. ments because o f changes in the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. •W orkers were distributed as follows: 63 at under $3.80; 5 at $3 .8 0 and under $4; 17 at $4 and under $4.20; and 15 at $4 .2 0 and under $4.40. ’ Workers were distributed as follows: 3 at $14 and under $14.40; 1 at $14.40 and under $14.80; 2 at $14.80 and under $15.20; 3 at $15.20 and under $15.60; 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. 7Workerswere distributed as follows: 8 at $15.20 and under $15.60; 2 at $15.60 and under $16; 4 at $16 and under $16.40; and 9 at $1 6.40 and over. 5 al $1 5.60 and under $ 1 6 , 2 at $ 1 6 and under $16.40; and 3 at $16.40 and over. Table 8. Occupational earnings: Detroit, Mich.1 (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) 1 The D etroit Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Lapeer, Livingston, Macomb, Oakland, St. Clair, and Wayne Counties, Mich. 6Workers were distributed as follows: 13 at $13.20 and under $13.60; 24 at $13.60 and under $14; 26 at $14 and under $14.40; 8 at $14.40 and under Excludes premiums paid for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establish $14.80; 22 at $14.80 and under $15.20; 20 at $1 5.20 and under $15.60; and 70 at $15.60 and over. ments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected ’ Workers were distributed as follows: 4 at $2.40 and under $2.80; 24 at $2.80 and under $3.20; and 63 at $3.20 and under $3.60. wage movements because of changes in the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among *Workers were distributed as follows: 8 at $13.20 and under $13.60; 4 at $13.60 and under $14; 12 at $14 and under $14.40; 4 at $14.80 and under $15.20; establishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages 4 at $15.20 and under $15.60; and 26 at $1 5.60 and over. between the periods being compared. ’ Workers were distributed as follows: 33 at $1 3.20 and under $13.60; 12 at $1 3.60 and under $14; 14 at under $14.40; 9 at $14.40 and under $14.80; 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. 12 at $14.80 and under $15.20; 8 at $ 1 5.20 and under $ 1 5.60; and 67 at $15.60 and over. 4 Workers were distributed as follows: 14 at $13.20 and under $13.60; 29 at $13.60 and under $14; 10 at $14 and under $14.40; 19 at $14.40 and under 1 °Workers were distributed as follows: 24 at $2.80 and under $3.20; and 29 at $3.20 and under $3^60." $14.80; 23 at $14.80 and under $15.20; and 125 at $1 5.60 and over. 1 Workers were distributed as follows: 8 at $2.80 and under $3.20; and 13 at $3.20 and under $3.60. 5 All workers were at $3.20 and under $3.60. Table 9. Occupational earnings: Houston, Tex.' (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 of workers in selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) ’ The Houston Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Brazoria, Fort Bend, Harris, Liberty, Montgomery, and Waller Counties, Tex. 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, 4 Workers were distributed as follows: 25 at $17 and under $17.80; 10 at $17.80 and under $18.60; 8 at $18.60 and under $19.40; and 14 at $19.40 and are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage under $20.20. movements because of changes in the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among estab lishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. Table 10. Occupational earnings: Indianapolis, Ind.1 (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 of workers in selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) 3 .20 3 .6 0 4 .0 0 NUMBER AVERAGE UNDER AND OF HOURLY WORKERS EARNINGS* 3 . 2 0 UNDER 3 .60 4 .0 0 4 .4 0 OCCUPATION SELECTED PRODUCTION 4 .40 NUMBER OF WORKERS RECE 4 .8 0 5 .2 0 5.60 6 .00 6 .4 0 VING S T R A I G H T - T I M E HOURLY EARN ING S 7 .2 0 7 .60 8 .0 0 8 .4 0 8 .8 0 9 .2 0 4 .80 5 .20 7 .20 7 .60 5 .60 6 .00 6 .40 6 .80 8 .00 9.20 8 .80 8 .40 9 .60 ( I N DOLLARS) O F-9 .60 0 .00 0 .40 0 .80 0 . 0 0 1 0 . A0 0 . 8 0 2 . AO7 2 . 8 0 AND OVER 1 . 2 0 1 1 . 6 0 1 2 . 0 0 1 2 . A0 1 2 . 8 0 1 . 20 1 .60 2 .00 OCCUPATIONS B O D Y R E P A I R E R S ................................................................ L U B R I C A T O R S .......................................................................... I N C E N T I V E ................................................................ MECHANICS, AUTOMOTIVE, JOURNEYMEN. MECHANICS, AUTOMOTIVE, S E R V I C E _____ N E W - C A R G E T - R E A D Y W O R K E R S ........................... T I M E ................................................................................ I N C E N T I V E ................................................................ P A I N T E R S . - ................................................................................ P A R T S C L E R K S ...................................................................... T I M E ................................................................................ I N C E N T I V E ................................................................ S E R V I C E S A L E S W O R K E R S ............................................ T I M E ................................................................................ I N C E N T I V E ................................................................ M E N .......................................................................................... T I M E ................................................................................ I N C E N T I V E ................................................................ W O M E N .................................................................................... T I M E ......................................................................... * . 3 6 5 4 2 74 25 21 395 215 82 36 46 74 193 56 1 37 1 52 24 128 1 38 13 125 14 11 $ 8 .7 4 5.86 6 .40 8 .16 6 .94 6 .07 4 .52 7 .28 1 1 .1 0 5 .27 4 .35 5 .64 6.51 3 .85 7.01 6 .76 4 .37 7 .00 4 .08 3 .23 s4 7 10 mi 9 2 16 ’ 16 4 *4 - 2 4 4 6 15 3 3 14 11 3 13 13 5 - 7 2 2 13 13 7 5 2 13 6 9 3 3 - - - - 15 6 9 3 3 11 4 7 3 8 4 4 9 - - 3 3 9 9 15 11 12 6 4 2 29 29 23 23 23 - 9 - 6 16 12 6 6 6 6 3 3 - - - 3 4 4 7 7 - - - " - - 10 _ _ 10 12 8 4 4 27 2 25 12 _ 12 12 - 38 12 _ _ - 15 8 8 14 13 3 17 17 9 9 9 - 23 - 9 - - - _ 10 4 4 17 _ _ 34 16 5 3 2 _ 8 4 25 6 19 6 _ 4 6 _ 12 8 4 4 _ _ - 'T h e Indianapolis Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Boone, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Marion, Morgan, and Shelby Counties, Ind. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage movements because of changes in the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among estab lishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. - 3 2 2 12 5 6 17 _ 12 _ 9 _ _ 21 _ _ 16 7 3 _ 33 8 2 _ 6 5 13 4 9 13 3 _ 2 _ 7 7 10 _ 22 11 4 _ 4 2 - 11 16 6 5 - _ 5 3 2 10 _ 6 13 10 _ 10 10 _ 6 _ 10 10 - 3 _ - _ 10 10 10 _ - 2 _ _ _ _ - 5 5 5 _ - 10 _ 11 7 9 9 9 - 5 44 - 14 13 3 6 9 2 2 8 2 ~ - - 1A 2 6 3 3 2 - - 4 6 5 2 - - - - 4 4 - 2 2 - - 3 3 - 4 4 4 - <> 9 4 4 2 - _ - - - 6 - 8 3 3 11 6 2 2 2 3 13 11 - - - - 3 - 5 4 - 3 7 5 - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - “ “ 4 15 5 2 2 3 - - - 4 34 24 18 ‘ 25 - 2 2 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. 4Workers were distributed as follows: 6 at $12.80 and under $13.20; 3 at $1 3.60 and under $14; 4 at $14 and under $14.40; 4 at $14.40 and under $14.80; it $14.80 and under $15.20; and 11 at $15.20 and over. 5 All workers were at $2.80 and under $3.20. 6Workers were distributed as follows: 6 at $12.80 and under $13.20; 3 at $1 3.20 and under $13.60; 4 at $13.60 and under $14; 3 at $14 and under $14.80; 2 at $14.80 and under $15.20; and 7 at $15.20 and over. ’ Workers were distributed as follows: 6 at $2.40 and under $2.80; and 10 at $2.80 and under $3.20. Table 11. Occupational earnings: Kansas City, Mo.-Kans.' (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 of workers in selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) 'T h e Kansas C ity Standard M etropolitan Statistical Area consists of Cass, Clay, Jackson, Platte, and Ray Counties, Mo.; and Johnson and Wyandotte Counties, Kans. 2 Excludes premium pay fo r overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage move ments because of changes in the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. 3 A ll or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. 4 Workers were distributed as follows: 9 at $ 1 3 and under $13.40; 1 at $1 3.40 and under $13.80; 8 at $13.80 and under $14.20; 3 at $14.60 and under $15; 2 at $ 1 5 and under $15.40; and 6 at $15.40 and over. s Approxim ately one-half of the workers were paid on an incentive basis. 6 A ll workers were at $3 .4 0 and under $3.60. 7 All workers were at $ 3 .2 0 and under $3.40. •Workers were distributed as follows: 2 at $1 4 .6 0 and under $15; 5 at $15 and under $15.40; and 5 at $1 5.40 and over. ’ Workers were distributed as follows: 4 at $3 .4 0 and under $3.60; and 6 at $ 3 .6 0 and under $3.80. Table 12. Occupational earnings: Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.1 ‘ The Los Angeles-Long Beach Standard M etropolitan Statistical Area consists of Los Angeles County, Calif. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage move ments because of changes in the universe over tim e and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with at $16 and under $16.40; and 51 at $1 6.40 and over. 5 All workers were under $3.60. 6 Workers were distributed as follows: 88 at $14 and under $14.40; 44 at $14.40 and under $14.80; 17 at $14.80 and under $15.20; 51 at $15.20 and under $15.60; 34 at $15.60 and under $16; 25 at $16 and under $16.40; and 178 at $16.40 and over. different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being 7 Workers were distributed as follows: 38 under $3.60; 7 at $3 .6 0 and under $3.80; 4 at $3 .8 0 and under $4; and 12 at $4 and under $4.20. ‘ Workers were distributed as follows: 11 at $14 and under $14.40; 9 at $1 4.40 and under $14.80; 2 at $14.80 and under $15.20; 11 at $15.60 and under $16; compared. 3 A ll or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. 4 Workers were distributed as follows: 40 at $ 1 4 and under $14.40; 9 at $14.40 and under $14.80; 8 at $15.20 and under $15.60; 7 at $1 5.60 and under $16; 12 and 45 at $16.40 and over. 9 Workers were distributed as follows: 126 under $3.60; 38 at $3 .6 0 and under $3.80; 8 at $3 .8 0 and under $4; and 31 at $4 and under $4.20. Table 13. Occupational earnings: Memphis, Tenn.-Ark.-Miss.1 (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 2 of workers in selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) 1 The Memphis Standard M etropolitan Statistical Area consists of Shelby and Tipton Counties, Tenn.; Crittenden County, A rk.; and De Soto County, Miss. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and fo r w ork on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample o f establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage move ments because of changes in the universe over tim e and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in em ployment among establishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods b eim compared. ; AT. „ : Iff* ' *a **>*!>* 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. 4 All workers were at $2 .4 0 and under $2.80. 5Workers were distributed as follows: 13 at $2 .4 0 and under $2.80; and 10 at $2 .8 0 and under $3.20. •Workers were distributed as follows: 3 at $2 .4 0 and under $2.80; and 11 at $2.80 and under $3.20. Table 14. Occupational earnings: Miami, Fla.' 1 The Miami Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Dade County, Fla. ferent pay levels, Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are compared. 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage movements because o f changes in the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with d if Table 15. Occupational earnings: Milwaukee, Wis.' (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations In auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) 3.00 3.40 3.80 4.20 D O L L A R S ) OF — 1 0 .2 0 1 0 .6 0 3.40 3.80 4.20 4.60 0 .2 0 1 0 .6 0 1 1 .0 0 16 6 6 3 NUMBER OF WORKERS 2.60 OCCUPATION SELECTED NUMBER AVERAGE OF WORKERS EARNING^ STRA IG H T- IME HOURLY EARN ING S (IN 1.00 1 1 .6 0 AND 3.00 2 .60 AND OVER 1 .4 01 1 .80 1 2 .2 0 1 2 . 6 0 PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS* BODY R E P A I R E R S ......................................................... L U B R I C A T O R S .......................................................................... I N C E N T I V E ................................................................... M EC H A N IC S, A U T O M O T IV E , J O U R N E Y M E N .. M EC H A N IC S, A UT O M O T IV E , S E R V I C E .............. T I M E ................................................................................. I N C E N T I V E ................................................................... NEW-CAR G E T - R E A D Y W OR KER S................................ 1 I M F ................................................................................ I N C E N T I V E ............................................................ P A I N T E R S ............................................................... PA RT S C L E R K S ...................................................................... T I M E .......................................................................... I N C E N T I V E ............................................................ S E R V I C E S A L E S W O R K E R S ................................................. T I M E ............................................................................. I N C E N T I V E ...................................................................... 330 46 40 677 $8.67 4 5.57 5.97 3 _ _ 3 3 7.72 5.46 3 7 73 5 3 20 7 66 81 3 _ 3 7 1 5.64 7 . 36 2 _ 20 24 57 4.56 8.57 58 8.42 4.80 3 _ _ 228 107 121 1 52 31 121 3 . 76 3.92 5.58 6.69 4.93 7.14 5 5 _ 12 9 3 2 21 20 1 - 3 3 - - 1 4 4 _ 31 3 _ 3 18 5 30 28 3 6 15 3 16 7 10 2 4 3 4 1 S<andard, Me,rOPOli,an S' a,is,ical f raa consists of Milwaukee, Otaukee. Washington. and Waukesha Counties, Wis. bxcludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, ments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wage, between the periods being compared, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated movements because of changes ,n the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establish- "Workers were distributed as follows: 3 at $12.60 and under $13, 3 at $14.20 and under $14.60, and 2 at $15 and over. Table 16. Occupational earnings: Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis.' (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers In selected occupations In auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) OCCUPATION SELECTED “ 4 . 0 0 6 . A0 4 . 8 0 NUMBER AVERAGE UNDER AND OF HOURLY WORKERS EARNINGS1 4 . 0 0 UNDER 4 .40 4 .8 0 5 .20 NUMBER OF WORKERS 5 .60 6 .00 6 .40 6 .8 0 RECE IV IN G S T R A I G H T - ! IMF HOURLY EAR NINGS 7 .2 0 7 .60 8 .0 0 8 .4 0 8 .8 0 9 .20 9 .6 0 0 .0 0 5 .60 6 .00 7.20 7 .60 47 6 14 6 .40 6 .80 T I M E ................................................................................... I N C E N T I V E ...................................................................... 379 33 3A6 3 _ - - 3 3 - 3 3 - 7 7 - 20 20 - - - - - - - - - 12 - - 6.21 8.36 12.36 2 2 - 3 3 - 12 12 - 6.21 15 29 5.66 7.98 15 - 7.18 6.17 2 - 26 3 - 28 28 17 14 S9 .5 6 6 . 33 9 .87 3 - L U B R I C A T O R S ............................................................................. T I M E .................................................................................... 74 5.90 44 4.76 I N C E N T I V E ................................................................... 30 7.57 8.97 MECHANICS, AUTOMOTIVE, JOURNEYMEN.. T I M E .................................................................................... I N C E N T I V E ................................................................... 1 , 028 77 951 MECHANICS, AUTOMOTIVE, S E R V I C E .............. I N C E N T I V E ................................................................... 126 51 N E W - C A R G E T - R E A D Y W O R K E R S .............................. T I M E .................................................................................... 1 53 1 08 45 I N C E N T I V E ................................................................... P A I N T E R S ....................................................................................... C L E R K S .......................................................................... T I M E ................................................................................... I N C E N T I V E ................................................................... S E R V I C E S A L E S W 0 R K E R S ............................................... T I M E .................................................................................... I N C E N T I V E ................................................................... 1 34 395 301 94 195 53 1 A2 6.17 9.20 8.09 10.81 6.84 7.55 2 “ 3 _ 12 12 - 6 _ 6 - 12 9 2 2 - _ 3 21 19 3 _ - 8 15 12 3 6 6 37 18 3 6 2 2A - 6 _ 19 24 6 17 11 6 _ 26 6 4 2 2 9 77 71 6 85 9 - 29 29 - 8 6 15 3 37 15 5 2 2 - 2 17 9 - 12 2 _ 22 _ _ 85 _ 3 _6 6 3 3 _ 41 7 _ _ 14 _ _ _ 16 7 191 68 6 10 3 18 1 73 6 10 58 6 3 14 14 _ _ 33 10 23 18 _ 18 ’ The Minneapolis-St. Paul Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Anoka, Carver, Chisago, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott, Washington, and Wright Counties, Minn.; and St. Croix County, Wis. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage movements because of changes in the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establish ments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. 8 .80 8.00 8 .40 ( I N DOLLAt S ) 0 0 .4 0 0 .8 0 1 .20 0 .80 0 .40 0 .00 AND OVER 1 . 60 5 - 10 9 . 60 27 _ 19 17 20 - - - - 20 1 1 39 - 14 - 2 29 - 37 - 20 - 39 - 29 - 37 20 - - 3 3 2 - 8 3 3 .60 3 .20 2 .80 2 .40 2 .00 1 .20 9 .20 2 .A 0 1 . 60R 2 . 0 0 PRODUCTION OC CU PAT IO N S’ BODY R E P A I R E R S ...................................................................... PARTS 5 .20 3 33 22 _ 22 2 2 165 165 6 3 19 19 37 27 2 2 _ 3 - 2 48 3 50 2 68 68 3 3 11 9 2 3 20 13 12 8 2 11 9 3 14 14 _ 6 7 12 25 8 15 22 7 15 9 _ 6 _ 37 3 7 12 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48 _ _ 19 2 2 32 - _ 32 3 3 - 3 - 50 _ 2 25 - 3 3 2 - 2 25 9 2 6 _ - 3 _ 9 17 45 45 3 3 8 - 14 2 - 3 5 7 - 5 2 - 10 _ 3 7 11 - - 5 - 7 6 6 “ 6 5 7 6 13 3 10 7 10 8 “ 7 " 10 8 “ - 19 ~ ~ 22 ~ 30 30 - “ 19 3 3 8 “ ” - “ “ 15 “ ” “ 13 6 3 “ “ ” " 4 8 “ “ “ 5 " 5 442 13 22 “ 3 “ " 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. 4 Workers were distributed as follows: 8 at $13.60 and under $14; 4 at $14 and under $14.40; and 9 at $14.40 and under $14.80; 3 at $15.20 and under $15.60; and 18 at $16 and over. s Workers were distributed as follows: 6 at $14 and under $14.40; 3 at $15.20 and under $15.60; 3 at $1 5.60 and under $16; and 3 at $16 and over. 6 All workers were at $15.60 and under $16. 7Workers were distributed as follows: 3 at $13.60 and under $14; 3 at $14 and under $14.40; 3 at $14.40 and under $14.80; 2 at $14.80 and under $15.20; 5 at $15.20 and under $15.60; and 21 at $16 and over. Table 17. Occupational earnings: Nassau-Suffolk, N.Y.1 (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 of workers in selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) 1 The Nassau-Suffolk Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, N .Y . 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are ferent pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage movements 3 All or virtually all workers were men. because of changes in the universe over tim e and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with dif- 4 Approximately one-half of the workers were paid on an incentive basis. Table 18. Occupational earnings: New York, N.Y.-N.J.' (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 of workers in selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) ‘ The New Yo rk Standard M etropolitan Statistical Area consists of Bronx, Kings, New York, Putnam, Queens, Richmond, Rockland, and Westchester Counties, N .Y .; and Bergen County, N.J. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage move ments because of changes in the universe over tim e and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. 3 All or virtually all workers were men. 4 All workers were at $1 5.60 and under $16.20. Table 19. Occupational earnings: Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J.1 (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 of workers in selected occupations In auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) ‘ The Philadelphia Standard M etropolitan Statistical Area consists of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties, Pa.; and Burlington, Camden, and Gloucester Counties, N.J. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level o f occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage move ments because of changes in the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between periods being compared. 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. Table 20. Occupational earnings: Pittsburgh, Pa.' (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 of workers in selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) 1 The Pittsburgh Standard M etropolitan Statistical Area consists of Allegheny, Beaver, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties, Pa. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage move ments because of changes in the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. 3 A ll or virtually all workers were men. 4 A ll or virtually all workers were time-rated. Table 21. Occupational earnings: Portland, Oreg.-Wash.' ments because of changes in the universe over tim e and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, fo r example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. 5 Workers were distributed as follows: 3 at $1 2.20 and under $12.60; 2 at $1 2.60 and under $1 3; 3 at $ 1 3 and under $13.40; 6 at $13.80 and under $14.20; and 2 at $1 4.60 and over, Table 22. Occupational earnings: St. Louis, Mo.-lll.1 with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. Table 23. Occupational earnings: San Francisco-Oakland,Calif.1 , The San Francisco-Oakland Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Alameda. Contra Costa, Marin, San Francisco, and San Mateo Counties, Calif. Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular time. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage move ments because of changes in the universe over time and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared. 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were time-rated. 4 Workers were distributed as follows: 6 at $11.40 and under $11.80; 3 at $11.80 and under $12.20; 3 at $13.40 and under $13.80; and 3 at $13.80 and over. Table 24. Occupational earnings: Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va.1 (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 of workers in selected occupations in auto dealer repair shops, June 1978) The Washington, D.C. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of the District of Columbia; the cities of Alexandria, Fairfax, Falls Church, Manassas, and Manassas Park, Va., Arlington, Fairfax, Louden, and Prince William Counties, Va.; and Montgomery, Charles, and Prince Georges Counties, Md. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. These surveys, based on a representative sample of establishments, are designed to measure the level of occupational earnings at a particular tim e. Thus, comparisons made with previous studies may not reflect expected wage movements because of changes in the universe over tim e and associated necessary change in the sample composition, and shifts in employment among establishments with different pay levels. Such shifts, for example, could decrease an occupational average, even though most establishments increased wages between the periods being compared, 3 All or virtually all workers were men. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were incentive-rated. Table 25. Method of wage payment: All production workers (Percent of production workers in auto dealer repair shops by method of wage payment,1 23 areas, June 1978) Incentive workers paid on the basis of— Area Time-rated workers Total, 23 areas ................................................... Flat-rate hours Flat-rate percentage Individual bonus Group bonus Commission Other incentive plans 51 25 13 2 1 9 1 Northeast Boston ............................................................................ Nassau-Suffolk.............................................................. New York ....................................................................... Philadelphia.................................................................... Pittsburgh ....................................................................... 57 53 60 58 56 22 22 21 18 21 10 10 8 13 15 6 2 1 4 1 South Atlanta ............................................................................ Birmingham.................................................................... Dallas-Ft. W orth............................................................ Houston.......................................................................... Mem phis......................................................................... Miami .............................................................................. Washington.................................................................... 47 49 49 50 60 47 46 10 25 32 20 14 27 25 28 12 7 18 16 9 12 2 2 8 North Central Chicago .......................................................................... Detroit............................................................................. Indianapolis.................................................................... Kansas C ity.................................................................... Milwaukee ...................................................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul .................................................... St. Louis......................................................................... 49 44 27 40 32 45 54 25 26 37 47 36 32 46 15 18 19 1 10 16 - West Denver-Boulder............................................................. Los Angeles-Long B each........................................... Portland.......................................................................... San Francisco-Oakland.............................................. 50 40 39 98 22 29 27 14 13 19 - 1 For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix A. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. ft ft ft 1 9 1 - - ft ft - 1 4 - f t 4 4 3 13 11 5 3 12 13 12 12 9 11 5 2 - ft 1 - _ ft ft ft 1 1 (2) 1 4 - 10 11 14 6 12 4 - f t f2) 1 t2) 2 2 - 5 - 13 14 10 1 1 3 f2) (*) - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 26. Types of incentive payments: Selected occupations (Percent of workers in auto dealer repair shops paid on an incentive basis, 23 areas, June 1978) Area M rv> All incen tive workers Body repairers Lubricators Flat-rate percent Flat-rate percent Total 45 Over 45 and under 50 50 Flatrate hours All incen tive workers Total 45 Over 45 and under 50 Mechanics, automotive, journeyman Flat-rate percent 50 Flatrate hours All incen tive workers Total 45 Over 45 and under 50 50 Flatrate hours Total, 23 a re a s ................................. 88 50 5 3 40 37 51 17 2 2 8 30 87 22 6 2 10 61 Northeast Boston .................................................... Nassau-Suffolk..................................... New York .............................................. Philadelphia........................................... Pittsburgh .............................................. 66 45 78 87 89 22 28 33 35 51 17 10 2 4 5 10 10 1 14 19 31 37 41 14 42 46 38 22 80 35 - 2 70 20 - 10 - 30 - 30 15 - 5 10 15 - - - - - - - 85 89 74 95 83 27 20 19 36 31 7 10 8 2 2 2 4 8 9 6 7 34 21 47 66 51 45 51 South Atlanta ................................................... Birmingham ........................................... D a llas...................................................... Houston ................................................. M em phis................................................ Miami ...................................................... Washington ........................................... 96 99 100 100 97 100 99 80 53 37 59 76 38 58 5 2 21 38 3 72 40 31 15 28 32 54 16 38 63 41 21 62 38 62 47 97 83 77 68 28 32 31 25 36 18 5 5 12 8 23 7 - - - 27 18 14 11 5 21 29 66 58 41 29 7 98 100 100 100 98 100 96 55 24 17 45 47 21 16 6 7 22 19 5 3 1 4 - 8 5 3 1 - 45 24 5 3 27 12 9 44 73 83 55 52 75 67 North Central Chicago................................................... Detroit ..................................................... Indianapolis........................................... Kansas C ity ........................................... Milwaukee ............................................. Minneapolis-St. Paul........................... St. Louis ................................................ 99 99 100 96 99 91 93 96 82 53 40 87 3 8 11 - 1 5 - 96 78 36 24 87 14 - 2 - 16 21 16 23 11 14 2 - 7 29 20 4 3 - - - - - 96 99 99 96 93 89 15 -r - 9 32 52 67 46 27 19 7 35 35 19 4 - 27 71 84 89 87 41 19 16 29 16 23 - 17 44 92 59 3 93 - - - - 83 64 63 70 88 89 100 99 100 74 41 44 “ 2 6 4 11 - 62 18 23 26 58 56 80 89 10 - 26 27 3 - 4 3 3 - - 12 10 15 1 54 62 5 - 98 98 97 27 29 39 10 12 21 5 8 11 1 16 - West Denver-Boulder.................................... Los Angeles-Long B e a c h .................. Portland ................................................. San Francisco-Oakland ..................... All incen tive work ers 22 - - - New-car get-ready workers Painters Flat-rate percent Flat-rate percent Flat-rate percent Total 45 Over 45 and under 50 Flatrate hours All incen tive work ers '« If " 50 Total 45 Over 45 and under 50 68 16 2 1 11 49 35 6 1 Northeast Boston .................................................... Nassau-Suffolk..................................... New York .............................................. Philadelphia........................................... Pittsburgh .............................................. 51 42 42 61 61 10 11 9 7 9 2 - 31 35 25 15 23 4 16 11 1 4 - 3 4 36 25 30 49 54 - - - - 1 10 9 3 _ - - 1 South Atlanta .................................................... Birmingham ........................................... D a llas...................................................... 88 90 89 51 16 15 5 - ~ 37 67 74 19 33 51 8 14 3 8 - “ 42 10 15 - 50 Flatrate hours All incen tive work ers 2 - Mechanics, automotive, service Total, 23 a re a s ................................. See footnotes at end of table. 9 - Total 45 Over 45 and under 50 50 Flatrate hours 71 69 58 Parts clerks: All in centive work ers1 Service salesworkers: All incen tive work ers1 (*) 4 25 85 47 5 1 34 37 52 76 - 4 16 8 1 2 18 6 14 10 16 61 - 32 9 36 _ _ _ 10 _ _ 29 65 73 67 3 _ 18 36 46 43 56 52 94 90 51 59 6 3 11 29 33 88 100 95 58 76 25 71 76 67 89 87 97 “ - 3 - - _ 3 _ _ 6 - 29 - 52 48 10 56 28 67 22 24 68 Table 26. Types of incentive payments: Selected occupations—Continued (Percent of workers in auto dealer repair shops paid on an incentive basis, 23 areas, June 1978) Area All incen tive work ers Mechanics, automotive, service New-car get-ready workers Painters Flat-rate percent Flat-rate percent Flat-rate percent Total 45 50 Flatrate hours All incen tive work ers 33 14 74 41 61 15 30 43 2 4 3 2 1 - 4 24 9 - p •d.: - 63 76 52 55 40 - 55 20 56 13 43 * " a ' 70 5 4 29 22 - - 2 - - - 4 - 78 44 29 56 65 34 9 6 5 5 1 5 - 4 - _ _ - - - - Over 45 and under 50 South H ouston................................................. M em phis................................................ Miami ..................................................... Washington .......................................... 74 74 87 33 18 - - - - North Central Chicago.................................................. D etroit.................................................... Indianapolis.......................................... Kansas C ity .......................................... Milwaukee ............................................ Minneapolis-St. Paul........................... St. Louis ............................................... 98 100 52 90 40 - 34 19 3 - 10 - - - - - 93 48 82 15 4 53 1 41 6 7 6 - West Denver-Boulder................................... Los Angeles-Long B e ach ................. Portland ................................................ San Francisco-Oakland ..................... Total 1 Parts clerks and service salesworkers were paid on an incentive basis other than flat-rate percents or flat-rate hours, e.g. commission. 45 2 Over 45 and under 50 - Flatrate hours All incen tive work ers 4 2 14 26 31 86 48 100 89 18 2 32 43 I 43 49 24 22 100 97 91 «o 88 100 98 86 26 58 21 - 97 96 100 - 50 •a,. 4 Less than 0.5 percent, Total 45 47 29 28 47 19 10 3 3 * 100 79 2 51 12 2 s' d ? _ 38 - * 96 - 72 33 40 - 10 7 10 - Parts clerks: All in centive work ers’ Service sales work ers: All incen tive work ers’ 50 Flatrate hours 3 6 3 4 6 13 21 30 39 19 72 37 76 47 95 68 89 99 100 78 2 - 100 75 39 2 38 96 - - 418 i f 31 87 62 2 86 46 60 71 rv 57 53 22 - 85 79 84 81 80 73 10 5 (*) 3 - 44 11 27 - 25 63 60 - 71 58 71 91 92 90 20 Over 45 and under 50 - Table 27. Scheduled weekly hours (Percent of production workers in auto dealer repair shops by scheduled weekly hours,' 23 areas, June 197B) South Northeast Birm ing ham Dallas-Ft. Worth Hous ton Mem phis Miami 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 82 15 66 5 54 9 41 12 7 - - - 4 26 3 30 4 4 4 26 4 60 7 2 30 “ 98 2 - 2 - 43 13 12 25 7 76 6 4 - 76 2 22 - Boston NassauSuffolk New York All w orkers.................................................................. 100 100 100 100 100 40 h o u rs........................................................................... Over 40 and under 42.5 hours.................................... 42.5 hours........................................................................ Over 42.5 and under 44 hours.................................... 44 h ou rs........................................................................... 44.5 hours........................................................................ 45 h ou rs........................................................................... Over 45 hours ................................................................ 47 2 38 100 - 100 - 79 9 6 6 - Weekly hours - - - 3 10 - - - 1 Data relate to the predominant work schedule in each establishment. Phila Pitts Atlanta delphia burgh West North Central - 4 10 Kan sas City Mil wau kee MinneapolisSt. Paul St. Louis DenverBoulder Los An gelesLong Beach Port land San FranciscoOakland 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 65 4 26 5 100 - 77 4 3 3 11 3 90 4 6 “ 100 - 66 3 6 1 24 70 3 100 - 100 - Wash Chica Indian Detroit ington apolis go - 100 80 1 3 4 ‘‘ 11 - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. “ - - - 20 8 - - - - “ ” Table 28. Paid holidays (Percent of production workers in auto dealer repair shops with formal provisions for paid holidays, 23 areas, June 1978) Northeast Number of paid holidays NasBoston sauSuffolk New York South Phila Pitts Atlanta delphia burgh North Central Birm ing ham Dallas-Ft. Worth Hous ton Mem phis Miami Wash Chica Indian Detroit ington apolis go West Kan sas City Mil wau kee MinneapolisSt. Paul St. Louis DenverBoulder Los An gelesLong Beach Port land San FranciscoOakland All w orkers................................................................. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Workers in establishments providing paid holidays .............................................. Under 5 days .............................................................. 5 days ........................................................................... 5 days plus 1 or 2 half day s.................................... 6 days ........................................................................... 6 days plus 1 half d a y .............................................. 6 days plus 2 half d a y s ............................................ 6 days plus 3 half d a y s ............................................ 7 days ........................................................................... 7 days plus 1, 2 or 3 half d a y s ............................... 8 days ........................................................................... 8 days plus 1. 2, or 3 half d a y s .............................. 9 days ........................................................................... 9 days plus 1 or 2 half day s.................................... 10 days ......................................................................... 10 days plus 2 half d a y s .......................................... 11 d a y s ......................................................................... 11 days plus 2 half d a y s .......................................... 12 days or m o re ......................................................... 100 5 20 2 45 11 15 2 - 100 3 5 10 6 2 4 15 10 21 9 1 13 100 2 2 1 2 2 18 7 37 2 30 100 48 5 24 3 8 3 1 7 - 100 35 12 17 4 8 1 5 3 16 - 95 2 76 3 14 - 96 88 3 5 - 95 91 4 - 93 3 76 3 8 3 - 100 100 _ - 95 28 64 2 - 98 85 2 8 3 - 100 10 10 75 6 _ _ _ 100 65 10 7 11 2 4 3 _ - 95 4 91 _ _ - 100 _ _ 100 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 97 _ 88 2 2 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ 100 _ 17 4 3 2 3 32 35 _ _ 100 _ _ _ 1 4 - 94 _ 99 _ 91 _ 98 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ “ ~ " - - “ - - - ” ' Workers were distributed as follows: 9 percent at 12 days; and 4 percent at 13 days. Workers were distributed as follows: 25 percent at 12 days; and 5 percent at 13 days. 2 ~ 4 - 2 - 5 - 91 4 _ 82 _ _ _ _ _ 3 _ _ _ 95 _ _ _ _ _ 90 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 2 _ _ _ _ 4 _ _ _ 79 _ _ _ 19 _ - - - _ _ Table 29. Paid vacations (Percent of production workers in auto dealer repair shops with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, 23 areas, June 1978) South Northeast Vacation policy NasBoston sauSuffolk New York West North Central Phila Pitts Atlanta delphia burgh Birm ing ham Dallas-Ft. Worth Hous ton Mem phis Miami Indian Wash Chica Detroit ington apolis go Kan sas City Mil wau kee MinneapolisSt. Paul St. Louis DenverBoulder Los An gelesLong Beach Port land San FranciscoOakland All w orkers.................................................................. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Method of payment Workers in establishments providing paid vacations ............................................. Length-of-time payment............................................. Percentage paym ent.................................................. Flat sum ........................................................................ 99 86 11 2 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 15 43 42 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 88 12 - 100 100 - 100 97 3 - 100 88 12 - 100 100 - 100 80 20 - 100 100 - 100 61 39 - 100 100 - 100 100 - - 100 100 - 100 55 45 - 100 59 12 29 100 100 “ 7 48 43 98 2 81 19 94 6 88 9 29 64 7 14 73 13 100 - 3 94 3 100 - 29 47 24 3 86 11 96 2 2 91 1 6 98 2 98 2 94 4 2 97 3 100 - 92 8 24 65 11 7 83 3 7 100 - 6 9 84 - 8 92 - 2 2 95 - 40 1 59 - 46 8 47 - 22 31 1 45 - 6 26 7 61 - 51 49 - 27 3 70 - 21 79 - 9 43 7 42 - 3 25 72 - 4 96 - 12 88 - 31 69 - 89 11 - 33 9 54 4 - 19 78 3 - 100 - 30 70 - 18 1 6 74 - 26 15 59 - 98 2 6 5 86 .9 - 100 - 12 86 2 - 13 5 82 - 22 24 1 50 2 6 26 7 61 - 38 62 - 9 5 85 1 14 86 - 9 43 49 - 3 12 2 80 1 3 100 - 6 93 2 11 89 - 9 91 - 10 12 75 4 - 13 81 3 4 4 96 - 16 84 - 18 1 6 72 2 12 85 3 98 2 2 58 12 29 - 90 10 - 2 87 2 10 - 5 2 80 14 - 20 16 1 58 5 - 3 22 7 68 - 15 83 3 - 6 87 7 - 14 86 - 9 35 3 42 11 - 3 2 81 1 13 - 94 6 - 2 2 75 21 - 6 82 12 - 9 91 - 5 82 6 4 4 86 3 12 - 100 - 13 87 - 17 2 6 68 6 - 12 83 5 - 44 56 - 6 49 36 1 10 83 7 9 89 3 2 41 56 2 - 1 44 46 3 7 20 16 1 58 5 - 3 22 3 72 - 12 86 3 - 6 82 10 1 14 80 6 - 9 35 3 26 23 5 3 2 58 36 2 12 88 - 2 49 2 41 - 2 67 30 - 9 86 4 - 22 9 63 4 2 11 84 3 2 100 - 13 71 16 - 15 2 8 47 27 - 80 20 - 100 - 6 6 38 44 4 10 81 10 9 86 5 2 36 46 ’ 16 1 30 50 18 3 22 3 72 - 14 68 18 - 18 3 59 6 13 1 13 71 15 2 8 45 63 - - 9 31 7 26 23 5 8 13 78 7 “ 6 82 10 1 - - 12 86 3 - Amount of vacation pay1 After 1 year of service: Under 1 week .............................................................. 1 week .......................................................................... Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ....................................... 2 w e e k s ........................................................................ After 2 years of service: Under 1 week .............................................................. 1 w e e k ........................................................................... Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ....................................... 2 weeks ........................................................................ Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ....................................... 3 weeks ........................................................................ After 3 years of service: Under 1 week .............................................................. 1 week .......................................................................... Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ....................................... 2 weeks ........................................................................ Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ....................................... 3 weeks ........................................................................ After 5 years of service: Under 1 week .............................................................. 1 w e e k ........................................................................... Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ....................................... 2 weeks ........................................................................ Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ....................................... 3 w e e k s ........................................................................ Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ....................................... After 10 years of service: Under 1 week .............................................................. 1 w e e k .......................................................................... Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ....................................... 2 weeks ........................................................................ Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ....................................... 3 weeks ........................................................................ Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ....................................... 4 weeks ........................................................................ After 15 years of service: Under 1 week .............................................................. 1 week .......................................................................... Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ....................................... 2 weeks ........................................................................ Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ....................................... 3 weeks ........................................................................ Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ....................................... 4 w e e k s ........................................................................ See footnotes at end of table. 6 82 4 6 6 72 14 6 18 18 1 58 5 - - - 3 2 41 - 53 2 6 - - - 2 46 2 41 2 - 9 11 62 - - 36 79 - _ _ 9 - - - - - - - - 84 3 5 99 - 16 - 29 - 34 4 - - 78 22 Table 29. Paid vacations—Continued (Percent of production workers in auto dealer repair shops with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, 23 areas, June 1978) Northeast Vacation policy Amount o f vacation pay'—Continued After 20 years of service:1 2 Under 1 week ............................................................. 1 week .......................................................................... Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ...................................... 2 w e e k s ........................................................................ Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ...................................... 3 w e e k s ........................................................................ Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ...................................... 4 w e e k s ........................................................................ Over 4 and under 5 w e e k s ...................................... 5 weeks ........................................................................ NasBoston sauSuffolk 6 6 38 10 New York 9 South Atlanta Birm ing ham Dallas-Ft. Worth 1 30 18 18 1 58 3 22 3 72 12 86 - - Phila Pitts delphia burgh 2 36 - - - - 44 4 71 19 86 5 46 16 - - - - “ " Mem phis Miami 14 68 18 - 9 31 7 26 23 5 - - 40 26 5 - - 3 - - - - - - - - - 3 - 1 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes indicated at 10 years may include changes that occurred between 5 and 10 years. 2 Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service, except in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Hous ton 6 82 10 1 West North Central - - “ “ Wash Chica Indian Detroit ington apolis go 3 2 41 53 2 - 8 9 83 2 - 46 2 40 10 2 62 36 - Kan sas City Mil wau kee 9 _ 11 & 79 - _ 18 3 55 4 14 3 3 _ _ - - _ “ - - - Minne apolisSt. Paul St. Louis DenverBoulder _ - 13 _ 1 - 71 - 4 _ 16 7 84 3 5 95 _ _ - - Los An gelesLong Beach Port land 15 2 8 44 29 _ _ _ 42 58 2 34 4. 4 _ _ _ _ - - - - where 4 weeks of vacation pay were provided to 67 percent of the workers after 25 years of service, NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. _ _ 63 _ San FranciscoOakland Table 30. Health, insurance, and retirement plans (Percent of production workers in auto dealer repair shops with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,1 23 areas, June 1978) Northeast Type of plan All w orkers.................................................................. South Boston NassauSuffolk New York 100 100 100 100 100 93 24 99 99 98 98 100 85 84 18 95 95 97 97 99 74 9 100 79 79 78 4 21 1 99 14 99 14 99 14 99 14 31 9 1 Kan sas City Mil wau kee MinneapolisSt. Paul St. Louis DenverBoulder Los An gelesLong Beach Port land San FranciscoOakland 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 93 43 90 52 98 96 90 32 91 85 100 100 74 33 94 80 90 41 98 98 91 88 87 44 90 52 98 96 80 29 87 81 100 100 57 23 89 77 87 41 94 94 82 67 18 86 81 77 74 71 36 84 67 38 88 77 77 77 71 27 97 97 88 100 100 100 61 54 17 23 6 5 63 52 15 98 49 49 30 40 14 8 42 12 18 10 - 27 15 5 4 98 57 98 57 93 57 98 57 15 15 7 16 3 96 28 96 28 96 28 96 28 46 23 2 95 88 95 88 95 88 95 88 85 79 2 4 17 15 98 53 98 53 98 53 72 42 33 3 - 4 93 42 93 42 93 42 93 42 32 7 - 3 97 95 97 95 97 95 94 92 86 86 - 3 100 38 100 38 100 38 100 38 33 17 - 5 5 97 88 97 88 97 88 94 88 86 86 3 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 95 - 2 20 16 95 37 95 37 95 37 95 37 28 26 5 3 6 6 99 78 99 78 99 78 99 78 24 12 1 6 4 4 100 51 100 51 100 51 100 51 62 17 95 3 3 98 98 98 98 98 98 93 93 96 96 Birm ing ham Dallas-Ft. Worth Hous ton Mem phis Miami 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 93 84 100 51 91 43 93 34 89 58 92 46 98 59 97 38 93 88 99 84 87 77 92 44 56 22 84 32 76 51 70 33 94 59 87 35 100 81 81 100 82 73 82 77 69 60 40 11 58 18 10 56 39 12 66 46 25 63 12 - 43 21 19 100 100 74 14 28 39 39 17 43 3 3 100 100 100 100 99 99 93 93 73 68 2 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 97 95 97 92 6 12 12 100 86 100 88 100 88 97 84 56 35 20 20 100 91 100 91 99 90 97 88 76 44 3 5 5 100 40 98 38 100 43 100 4021 S 13 14 9 92 34 92 34 92 34 92 34 43 10 - - 10 20 8 97 65 97 65 97 65 97 65 19 15 - 13 6 95 41 95 41 95 41 95 41 37 26 - Phila Pitts Atlanta delphia burgh West North Central Wash Chica Indian Detroit ington apolis go Workers in establishments providing: Life insurance .............................................................. Noncontributory plan s............................................. Accidental death and dismemberment insurance....................................... Noncontributory p lans............................................. Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave or both2 ............................................... Sickness and accident insurance......................... Noncontributory p la n s .......................................... Sick leave (full pay, no waiting period)................................................... Sick leave (partial pay or waiting period) ............. - __.................... Long-term disability insurance.................................. Noncontributory p lan s............................................. Hospitalization insurance........................................... Noncontributory p lan s............................................. Surgical insurance....................................................... Noncontributory p lan s............................................. Medical insurance ....................................................... Noncontributory p lan s............................................. Major medical insurance ........................................... Noncontributory p lan s............................................. Retirement pension plans ......................................... Noncontributory p lan s............................................. No p la n s ........................................................................ “ 14 8 97 21 97 21 97 21 97 21 11 8 - 1 Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers’ compensation and social security; however, plans required by State temporary disability laws are included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or the employees receive benefits in excess of legal requirements. “Noncontributory plans” include only those plans financed entirely by the employer. - 2 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown separately, NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, Table 31. Uniform allowances (Percent of production workers in auto dealer repair shops furnishing or cleaning work clothing, or both,’ 23 areas, June 1978) Northeast Type of benefit All w orkers.................................................................. None or minority required to wear uniforms............................................................. Employer does not provide uniforms, cleaning, or m oney................................. Employer provides uniforms o n ly ............................ Employer provides cleaning only ............................ Employer provides uniforms and cleaning............................................................... Employer gives monetary allow ances.................................................................. 1 For definition of items, see appendix A. Boston NassauSuffolk New York 100 100 100 4 4 ~ - - - - “ “ 51 96 46 “ - South Phila Pitts delphia burgh 100 - 100 - 2 “ Atlanta Birm ing ham Dallas-Ft. Worth Hous ton Mem phis Miami 100 100 100 100 100 100 27 11 3 12 3 2 - 19 2 “ 13 - " West North Central “ 16 5 - - “ 100 87 86 15 7 12 14 5 “ 13 11 42 82 64 73 90 Wash Chica Indian Detroit ington apolis go 100 100 100 “ “ “ 1 - - 4 _ - - 22 8 84 73 91 100 Kan sas City Mil wau kee MinneapolisSt. Paul St. Louis DenverBoulder Los An gelesLong Beach Port land San FranciscoOakland 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 5 11 “ “ " - - - - - 12 3 - - - - - - 51 19 17 60 27 5 49 70 76 40 73 95 - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. “ - - 9 - 19 - - - 8 62 47 77 92 18 53 3 Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey Scope of survey Method of study Data were obtained by personal visits o f the Bureau’s field staff to a representative sample o f establishments within the scope of the survey. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. All estimates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time o f reference of the universe data. The survey included establishments engaged primari ly in selling new, or new and used automobiles (SIC 5511 as defined in the 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget). Establishments primarily selling trucks, used cars, and general automo bile repair shops were not included. Establishments studied were selected from those employing 20 workers or more at the time of reference o f the data used in compiling the universe lists. Table A -l shows the number of establishments and workers estimated to be within the scope of the survey, as well as the number actually studied by the Bureau. Establishment definition An establishment is defined for this study as all outlets of a company operating within the metropolitan area. Table A-1. Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of survey and number studied, auto dealer repair shops, 23 areas, June 1978 Number of establishments2 Area1 Workers in establishments Within scope of study Within scope of study Actually studied Actually studied Total3 Production workers Total, 23 areas .................................................................................. 3,759 832 209,225 115,876 60,745 Northeast Boston...................................................................................................... Nassau-Suffolk........................................................................................ New York ................................................................................................. Philadelphia.............................................................................................. Pittsburgh................................................................................................. 173 160 299 282 174 39 34 42 44 41 7,273 5,335 12,256 12,938 8,432 4,671 2,820 6,317 7,741 4,799 1,855 1,262 2,408 3,127 2,420 South A tlanta...................................................................................................... Birmingham.............................................................................................. Dallas-Ft. W orth...................................................................................... Houston.................................................................................................... Memphis................................................................................................... Miami ........................................................................................................ Washington.............................................................................................. 116 48 134 133 45 70 185 37 24 30 36 22 24 47 6,793 3,154 10,746 11,946 3,191 5,968 13,451 3,934 1,794 5,965 6,484 1,728 3,368 7,733 2,583 1,807 3,150 4,497 2,008 2,701 4,795 North Central Chicago.................................................................................................... Detroit....................................................................................................... Indianapolis.............................................................................................. Kansas C ity.............................................................................................. M ilwaukee................................................................................................ Minneapolis-St. Paul ............................................................................. St. Louis ................................................................................................... 376 244 72 97 90 113 136 45 51 26 31 31 33 37 19,619 14,379 3,992 5,035 4,722 6,560 6,430 10,410 8,329 1,917 2,443 2,630 3,708 3,411 3,126 3,602 1,602 1,913 1,833 2,317 2,005 West Denver-Boulder....................................................................................... Los Angeles-Long B each..................................................................... Portland.....................................................................................s............. San Francisco-Oakland........................................................................ 100 424 83 205 30 50 31 47 6,475 25,415 5,047 10,068 3,741 13,687 2,715 5,531 2,453 4,335 2,171 2,775 1 See footnote 1 of individual area tables 2-24 for definitions of selected areas. 2 Includes only those establishments with 20 workers or more at the time of reference of the universe data. 3 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers in addition to the production worker category shown separately, 30 Employment Estimates o f the number of workers within the scope o f the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition of the industry’s labor force, rather than as precise measures o f employment. Production workers The term “production workers” includes working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers in all depart ments except the office and auto sales. Included are workers in departments such as repair, service, and parts. Occupational classification Occupational classification was based on a uniform set o f job descriptions designed to take account of interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these descrip tions.) The criteria for selection of the occupations were: The number o f workers in the occupation; the usefulness o f the data in collective bargaining; and appropriate representation of the entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, tempo rary, and probationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations. Scheduled weekly hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers employed on the day shift. Wage data Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those based on flat-rate hours, flatrate percents, or other production bonus systems, and cost-of-living bonuses were included as part of the workers’ regular pay. Nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or category o f workers were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number o f workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number o f individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by dividing straighttime salary by normal (or standard) hours to which the salary corresponds. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Supplementary benefits in an establishment were considered applicable to all production workers if they applied to half or more o f such workers in the establishment. Similarly, if fewer than half of the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-ofservice and other eligibility requirements, the propor tion of workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day and half-day holidays provided annually. Method of wage payment Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primari ly by the qualifications of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period o f time. An experienced worker occasionally may be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum, maximum, or both o f these rates paid experienced workers for the same job are speci fied. Specific rates o f individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length of service, or a combination of these. Incentive workers are classified under flat-rate hours, flat-rate percentage, individual bonus, group bonus, or commission plans. Flat-rate hours is a method of pay computed by multiplying the number of hours establ ished for the job by an hourly rate, regardless of the amount o f time actually required to complete the work. Flat-rate percentage is a stipulated percentage of the labor cost charged to the customer. Bonus plans are for production in excess of a quota or for completion o f a task in less than standard time, either by an individual or a group. Under commission plans, earnings are based on a percentage o f value o f sales or on a combination of a stated salary plus a percentage. Paid vacations. The summary of vacation plans is limited to formal arrangements and excludes informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion o f the employer or supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment o f 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The periods o f service for which data are presented represent the most common practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, 31 changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of service may include changes which occurred between 5 and 10 years. rate tabulations are provided for (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Long-term disability insurance plans provide pay ments to totally disabled employees upon the expiration of sick leave, sickness and accident insurance, or both, or after a specified period of disability (typically 6 months). Payments are made until the end of disability, a maximum age, or eligibility for retirement benefits Payments may be full or partial, but are almost always reduced by social security, workers’ compensation, and private pension benefits payable to the disabled em ployee. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment of doctors’ fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance company or a nonprofit organization, or they may be a form of self-insurance. Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical or catastrophe insurance, includes plans designed to cover employees for sickness or injury involving an expense which exceeds the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the remain der of the retiree’s life. Establishments having optional plans providing employees a choice of either retirement severance payments or pensions were considered as having only retirement pension benefits. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are presen ted for health, insurance, and pension plans for which the employer pays all or a part of the cost, excluding programs required by law such as workers’ compensa tion and social security. Among plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insurance compa ny and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form of life insur ance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least a part of the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey, where temporary disability insurance laws require employer contributions,1 plans are included only if the employer (1) contributes more than is legally required, or (2) provides the employees with benefits which exceed the requirements of the law. Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’s pay during absence from work because of illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Sepa Uniform allowances. Data relate to formal provisions for uniforms worn in lieu of or over the employee’s personal clothing. 1 The temporary disability laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. 32 Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field rep resentatives in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establish ment to establishment and from area to area. This per mits the grouping o f occupational wage rates represent ing comparable job content. Because o f this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of oc cupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual es tablishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field rep resentatives were instructed to exclude working super visors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. tery, replacing battery, repairing tires, changing air and oil filters, packing front wheel bearings and universal joints, etc. Mechanic, automotive, journeyman Repairs, rebuilds, or overhauls major automotive as semblies o f automobiles and trucks such as engines, transmissions, clutches, and rear ends. Includes work ers who customarily are required to work on any of the major automotive assemblies listed above as well as those whose duties are normally limited to a specific major assembly such as transmissions. The mechanic’s work requires training usually acquired through an ap prenticeship program or equivalent training and expe rience. This classification does not include workers who only perform minor repair and tuneup of motor vehi cles. (See Mechanic, automotive, service.) It does, how ever, include fully qualified journeymen mechanics even though most of their time may be spent on minor re pairs and tuneups. Body repairer Repairs damaged bodies and body parts of automo tive vehicles. Duties involve most of the following: Re moving parts and equipment (e.g., upholstery and trim) to gain access to vehicle body and fenders; placing dol ly blocks against surface of dented area and beating op posite surface with hammer to remove dents; filling de pressions with solder, plastics, or other material; and removing excessively damaged parts, such as fenders, panels, grills, and attaching replacements. In addition, may file, grind, and sand repaired surface; paint repaired surface, and perform such related tasks as replacing broken glass. Excludes workers who specialize in body shop estimating, frame repairing and straightening, and bumper straightening. Mechanic, automotive, service Performs minor repair and tuneup of motor vehicles. Work may consist of a combination, or all o f the fol lowing: Replacing and adjusting fuel, electrical, and cooling system components, such as carburetor, fuel, and water pumps, distributor, voltage regulator, coil, and generator; replacing and adjusting system and com ponent parts, such as distributor breaker points and gen erator brushes; cleaning spark plug electrodes and set ting spark plug gap; replacing defective chassis parts, such as shock absorbers, brakeshoes, and wheel bear ings; and installing automobile accessories such as oil and air filters, windshield wiper blades, fan belts, and batteries. This classification does not include workers capable and required to repair major automotive assemblies, even though this type of work constitutes a minor part their time (see Mechanic, automotive, journeyman), or journeyman mechanics’ helpers. Lubricator Lubricates moving parts of automotive vehicles. Work involves: Selecting proper lubricants for various parts of chassis and motors; using grease guns to inject grease into such units as springs, universal joints, and steering knuckles; inspecting fluid level and changing or adding fluid if necessary to such units as steering gear, power steering reservoir, transmission, differen tial, and rear axle housing; draining oil from crankcase and refilling it; and spraying leaf springs with lubricant. May perform other related duties such as checking ra diator water level, checking and adding water to bat New-car get-ready worker Inspects and services new automobiles and makes mi nor repairs and adjustments to place vehicle in saleable condition. Work involves most o f the following: In specting vehicles delivered to dealer for damage and 33 most of the following: Ascertaining make, year, and type of part needed, sometimes inspecting damaged part to determine replacement required, or advising custom er of part needed according to description of trouble; discussing with customer the use and features o f vari ous parts based on knowledge of engines or equipment; reading catalog for stock number and price of part; ad vising customer on substitution or modification of parts when replacements are not available; examining re turned part to determine if it is defective, exchanging the part or refunding money; filling customer or repair department orders from stock, finding parts by location and stock number from catalog; marking and storing parts in stockroom according to pre-arranged plan; re ceiving and filling telephone orders for parts; keeping records; and making out sales slips. missing components and recording discrepancies; ex amining vehicles for loose or misaligned trim, doors, hardware, and other items and correcting defects; start ing engine and activating power equipment, such as electric windows, seats, and radio to detect faulty unit or system; observing functions or horn, lights, direc tional signals, cigarette lighter, and other electrical com ponents; touching up minor imperfections in paint; and installing optional equipment specified by customer such as mirrors, rugs, seat covers, and standard items such as wiper blades and hubcaps. May also apply under coating material to vehicles and time engine. Painter Repaints automobiles, buses, and trucks, or damaged places on such vehicles: Removes old paint; masks (cov ers) portions of automobile not to be painted; sands rough spots. Mixes paint to produce desired color or may use prepared paints. Applies paint, enamel, or oth er finishes to metal surfaces with brush or spray gun. May rub intermediate coats and polish final coat. Service salesworker (Automobile inspector; write-up person) Examines automobiles driven into garage by custom ers and determines need for and cost o f repairs. Ascer tains nature of needed repairs by testing, by question ing customer concerning performance of automobile, or by visual inspection. Estimates cost of repair and prepares itemized work order, listing cost o f parts and labor. Parts clerk Sells automobile parts to customers and fills requisi tions of service department for parts. Duties involve 34 Industry W age Studies The most recent reports providing occupational wage data for industries included in Bureau’s program of in dustry wage surveys are listed below. Copies are for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or from any of its regional sales offices, and from the regional offices of the Bureau of Labor Statistics shown on the inside back cover. Copies that are out of stock are available for reference purposes at leading public, col lege, or university libraries, or at the Bureau’s Washington or regional offices. M a n u fa ctu rin g Basic Iron and Steel, 1978-79. BLS Bulletin 2064 Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1939 Cigar Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1796 Cigarette Manufacturing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1944 Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1921 Fabricated Structural Steel, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1935 Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1763 Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2026 Fluid Milk Industry, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1871 Footwear, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1946 Hosiery, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1987 Industrial Chemicals, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1978 Iron and Steel Foundries, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1894 Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1835 Machinery Manufacturing, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2022 Meat Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1896 Men’s Shirts and Separate Trousers, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2035 Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1962 Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1914 Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1973-74, BLS Bulletin 1912 Nonferrous Foundries, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1952 Paints and Varnishes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1973 Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 17191 Petroleum Refining, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1948 Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1923 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2008 Semiconductors, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2021 Shipbuilding and Repairing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1968 Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin 16941 Structural Clay Products, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1942 Synthetic Fibers, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1975 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1967 Textiles, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1945 Wages and Demographic Characteristics in Work Clothing Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1858 West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704' Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulletin 17281 Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2007 Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1930 Nonmanu/acturing Appliance Repair Shops, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1936 Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2060 Banking and Life Insurance, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1988 Bituminous Coal Mining, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1999 Communications, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2029 Computer and Data Processing Services, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2028 Contract Cleaning Services, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2009 Contract Construction, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1911 Department Stores, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2006 Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968-69. BLS Bulletin 16711 Electric and Gas Utilities, 1979. BLS Bulletin 2040 Hospitals, 1975-76. BLS Bulletin 1949 Hotels and Motels, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2055 Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 16451 Metal Mining, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2017 Motion Picture Theatres, 1966. BLS Bulletin 15421 Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1976. BLS Bulletin 19741 Oil and Gas Extraction, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2014 Scheduled Airlines, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1951 Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulletin 17121 'Bulletin out of stock. 35 *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1980 0-311-416/3978 ml/ 1 s u p p lie s d a ta a n d a n a ly s is o n b o th c o n s u m e r a n d in d u s tria l p ric e s , ml/1 p ro v id e s a n a ly s is a n d d a ta o n e m p lo y m e n t a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t, ml/1 r e c o r d s c h a n g e s in w a g e s a n d fr in g e b e n e fits , h o u rs a n d e a rn in g s , p r o d u c tiv ity , a n d u n it c o s ts , ml/ 1 p u b lis h e s tim e ly r e p o r ts o n c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g , p lu s m o n th ly lis tin g s o f m a jo r a g r e e m e n ts th a t a re e x p irin g , ml/ 1 fe a tu r e s a n a ly tic a l a r tic le s o n th e la b o r fo rc e , in d u s tria l re la tio n s , a n d s ig n ific a n t c o u r t d e c is io n s in la b o r c a s e s , ml/1 o ffe rs th o u g h tfu l re v ie w s a n d tim e ly lis tin g s o f c u r r e n t b o o k s in th e fie ld s o f e c o n o m ic s a n d s o c ia l s c ie n c e s . 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