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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU, No. 102
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN
IN 1928 AND 1929
COMPARED WITH INJURIES TO MEN
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[PuBLier-N o. 259-66TH CoNGREss]
[H. R 18229]
AN ACT To establish in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
·
Women's Bureau
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be established
in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the Women's
Bureau.
SEc. 2. That the said bureau shall be in charge of a director, a
woman, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensation of
$5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate standards
and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage-earning women,
improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunities for J?rofitable employment. The said
bureau shall have authority to mvestigate and report to the said
department upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of women in
industry. The director of said bureau may from time to time publish the results of these investigations in such a manner and to such
extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe.
SEc. 3. That there shall be in said bureau an assistant director, to
· be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an annual
compensation of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as shall be
prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary of Labor.
SEc. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be employed by said
bureau a chief clerk and such special agents, assistants, clerks, and
other employees at such rates of compensation and in such numbers
as Congress may from time to time provide by appropriations.
SEC. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish
sufficient quarters, office furniture, and equipment for the work of
this bureau.
SEc. 6. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and
after its passage .
.Approved, June 5, 1920.
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. N. DOAK, SECRETARY
WOMEN'S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU, No. 102
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN
IN 1928 AND 1929
COMPARED WITH INJURIES TO MEN
BY
MARIE CORRELL
•
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON: 1933
For ..Ie by the Superintendent of Documenta, Waahincton, D. C.
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CONTENTS
Pa.re
Letter of transm ittaL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _
Introduction _ _______ __________ ~- - ----- - - --- ----- -- -- - ----- - --- --Summary_ __________________________ ___ ___________ _____ __ ____
Extent of published data classified by sex __ _ - ------ -- -- - --- - ---- - - --Chara cter of published data classified by sex_ _______ ______ ___________
Number of wom en in jur ed and the proportion they formed of total persons
injured, in 15 States, 1927 to 1929______ ___ __ ____ __ ____ ____ _____ __
Extent of disability _ ___ __ _______________________________________ __
Nature of the injuries received __________________________ _________ ___
Age of injured persons ____ __ _______ ______________ __ ______________ __
Seriousness of injury, by age ___ _ _______ ___ _____ ______ __ ________
Cause of injury, by age ______ __ _______________________ ___ __ ____
Industries in which injuries occurred __ :______ _____________________ ___
Causes of injuries __ ~___ ___________ ______________________________ __
Wages of persons injured____ ______ _____ __ _________ ________ ______ __ _
Appendix-Page references in State reports classifying accident statistics
by sex, 1927, 1928, and 1929, used in Tables 1 to lL __ _______ ______
v
1
1
3
9
10
12
14
18
19
19
23
26
30
32
TABLES
1. Industrial injuries t a bulated by sex in 1927, 1928, and 1929, by States_
2. Distribution of inj uries to male and female employees by extent of disability, 1928 and 1929_______ ______ ___ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ __ ___ __ __
3. Distribution of injuries to male and female employees by nature of
injury, 1928 and 1929__ ____ __ ____ _____ ______________ ____ ____ _
4. Nature and location of injuries to male and female employees, Illinois,
1928 ___ ___ _________ _______ _______ ________________________ __
5. Distribution of injuries to male and female employees by a ge of injured,
1928 and 1929- - - - ---- ------ -- - - - ---- - ------ ~---- - --- - -- - --6. Distribution of injur ies to male and female employees by extent of disability and age group, 1928 and 1929__________________________
7. Distribution of injuries to male and female employees by ca.use and
age group, New Jersey, 1928__________________________________
8. Industrial dist ribution of injuries to male and female employees, 1928
and 1929 __ . __ _________________ ______________ __________ _____
9. Distribution of injuries to male and female employees by cause, 1928
and 1929 .. ----- - -- - --- - - - - - --------------- v ----------•» __
10. Cause of injuries to male and female employees, Illinoifs, 1928 by industry group ____ ___ ____ _______ ---------- ~----- ~-----------11. Distribution of injuries to male and female employees by weekly wage,
1928 and 1929 _____ ____ ____ ___________ ___________ _- - ____ _- _-__
11
13
15
16
20
22
23
24
~7
28
M
CHARTS
I. Extent of information on injuries to women for the period 1920 to 1929
in State reports givin~ the same information for men_ ____ ,. ______ _
II. Injuries tabulated, mirnmum period of disability, and employments
covered by law, in the 15 States that reported the sex of injured persons in 1928 and 1929 __ ___ _____ __ ____ __ __ __ ______ facing page__
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
WOMEN'S BUREAU,
Washington, December 21, 1932.
Srn: I have the honor to submit the second of the series of reports
by this bureau on the subject of industrial injuries to women. Under. taken in 1930, the series is designed not only to make public the
extent to which working women are injured but to call attention to
the inadequacy of accident data and the seriousness of their not being
reported at least by sex, age, extent of disability, industry and
occupation, and cause and nature of accident.
During the period covered by the present report, 1928 and 1929,
several States showed an increase in the proportion of the total that
were injuries to women. In the three great industrial States of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New York the numbers of women injured
in 1929 were, respectively, 5,700, 6,900, and 8,100. Such figures indicate the importance of complete and comparable data, without which
no adequate program of accident prevention can be developed.
Grateful acknowledgment is made of the assistance of State officials
and other authorities in the collection of this material. The report
has been written by Marie Correll, of the division of research.
Respectfully submitted.
MARY ANDERSON, Director.
Hon. W. N. DoAK,
Secretary of Labor.
V
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INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
COMPARED WITH INJURIES TO MEN
INTRODUCTION
This study is the second in a series of bulletins of the Women's
Bureau on industrial injuries. The first report, Industrial Accidents 1
to Men and Women (Bulletin 81), analyzed the facts on this subject
available in State reports for 1927, or the most recent previous year
since 1919. The present study covers the State data available for the
years 1928 and 1929.
As the data stand, they furnish important information about injuries
to women. There has been no attempt to make complete explanations of the differences in the data and in the trends shown by a
discussion of all variations in industries, occupations, laws, and compensation policies in the States, as there is no accurate method of
correlating these factors with accident data.
SUMMARY
Data on injuries classified by sex for one or both of the years 1928
and 1929 are available in published reports of 15 States: Col()rado,
Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, and Wisconsin. As these data cover the accident experience
of several industrially important States, the following facts regarding
the injury experience of women are significant:
Number.
Injuries to women were actually and relatively fewer than those to
~en; women were a smaller proportion of the total number injured
than of the total number gainfully employed. Nevertheless, more
than 5,000 women's injuries were r~ported in each of three States in
euch of the years 1927, 1928, and 1929. The proportions of all injuries reported that were injuries to women ranged from 1.1 :per cent
m one State to 12.7 per cent in another. The 1929 figures mdicate
that these proportions are increasing.
Severity.
With the exception of the most severe injuries-those that cause
death or permanent total disability, comprising less than 1.5 per
cent of the men's injuries in every State reporting-women's injuries
are similar to men's in severity. In the case of both men and women
there were slight increases in the severity of injuries in 1929 as
1 It is customary to use the word "accidents" In referring to injuries to workers, but In this report thf
word "injuries" is used because it more accurately describes the data, occupational diseases being included
in the reports of several States. Although inclu<led in the totals, occupat1onal diseases are not discussed
here. The available data classified by sax are summarized in a bulletin being prepared by the Wornen'1
Bureau, Occupational Diseases of Women-Their Prevention and Reportini.
1
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2
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
compared to 192.8 in three of the four States for which this can be
ascertained.
Nature.
Analysis of the nature of the injuries received in three States suggests only minor differences in the experience of men and women
workers. For both, in each State, bruises, contusions, and abrasions
or cuts and lacerations are the types of injuries received by the
largest number of workers. Illinois data for 1928 suggest that more
of women's injuries than of men's occur to fingers, hands, and arms
rather than to other parts of the body.
Age.
Large numbers of young people, both men and women, are injured
while at work. Much greater proportions of women's injuries than
of men's injuries are to young persons. In seven States from onefifth to more than one-third of the women injured were 20 years
of age or under, while the proportions of the men's injuries that were
to men in this age group were from one-fourteenth to one-sixth.
Another State, with age groupings th at are slightly different, shows a
similar experience. Data from the four States reporting on extent of
disability and age show that the injuries of workers 20 years of age
and under were only slightly less serious than those of other workers.
According to figures from one State, the only report available,
machinery is an especially important cause of accidents to younger
workers.
Industry.
For both men and women the numbers injured in the manufacturing
industries practically always are larger than those in any other
industry group. Slightly larger percentages of the injuries occur
in this group for women than for men. With the exception of manufacturing, the relative importance of the various industries from the
point of view of the number of injuries is different for the two sexes.
The group clerical, professional, and personal service ranks second for
women, followed by trade, while. mining, construction, and transportation are the more important groups for men.
Cause.
Machinery and falls cause more of women's than of men's injuries,
while falling objects and the handling of objects are more important
cause groups for men than for women. Data for the only State
providing such figures show that machinery is an especially important
cause of women's injuries in manufacturing, while falls cause large
proportions of those in most woman-employing industries. Another
State's experience is that most of women's serious injuries are due to
machinery.
Wages.
1\s would be expected, the wage on which compensation is based
averages much less for women than for men. In two States reporting
in 1928 on wa~e and sex, Illinois and Wisconsin, 26 and 34 per cent
of the women mjured, as contrasted with only 2 and 3 per ce~t of the
men, were earning less than $15 a week at the time of the injury.
In a third State, New York, with wages grouped somewhat differently,
35 per cent of the women and 3 per cent of the men were earning
$15 or less.
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EXTENT OF PUBLISHED DATA CLASSIFIED BY SEX
The published information on injuries to women in the United
States is that given in the reports of certain State agencies, usually
those administering compensation laws. This information is of two
types, for fem ale workers only and classified by sex. Most of the
reports are classified by sex, thus furnishing the more valuable type
of data. Chart I is a record of all the data published by the States
on injuries to women in the period 1920 to 1929. Only data classified
by sex are listed in the body of the chart, footnote references being
given to special reports for female workers.
Durin~ the period 1920 to 1929, 22 States have published some
facts on mjuries classified by sex. Data are available for every year~
in the period in the seven States, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Kentucky,
Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania. Il1inois would have
constituted the eighth State if its 1929 report had been issued at date
of writing this bulletin. The scattered and incompletely analyzed
nature of these data is indicated by the fact that only 12 States have
correlated sex with age, only 12 with extent of disability, 9 with
industry, 7 with cause of injury, 6 with conjugal condition, 5 with
wage, and 5 with nature of injury; and even fewer States have published any information on sex and time lost, location of injury, and
frequency rate.
·
The inadequacy of the data published from 1920 to 1927 was discussed in the first report of the Women's Bureau in this series. The
present report, using the data available for 1928 and 1929, emphasizes
more recent practice.
Published information about the number of women and men
injured in industry during one or both years of this period is available
in only 15 States-less than one-third of the total number. (See
Chart I.) As unpublished data on accidents to women can be
secured in only a few other cases, this means that in most States it is
not possible to lea.r n how many women each year are being injured.
Only 12 States have published facts on injuries to women in 1929, a
total that will become 13 when the Illinois report is issued. The
significant developments of 1928 and 1929 in the reports of injuries
classified by sex (Chart I) are that one State, Michigan for 1929,
published such facts for the first time since 1920; two States, Iowa
and Pennsylvania, that did not classify their data by sex in 1927,
have done so for 1928 and 1929; 3 Missouri and Nebraska, that published such data in 1927, failed to do so in 1928 and 1929; and two
other States, New Jersey and Georgia, that classified injuries by sex
in 1928, did not do so in 1929.
• Maryland excluded because the published data are incomplete for 1922 to 1924.
1 Pennsylvania, in its report of June, 1931, gives data by sex for all the yeara from 1916 to 1929,
152929°-33-2
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CHART
!.-Extent of information on injuriu to women for the period 1920 to 1929 in State reports giving the same information for men 1
[Asterisk <•) lndfrates States giving data for 1928 or 19:zq_ Reports are those available in published form October 1. 1931)
Type of information 1
, 1umber
of States
publish-
State•
Period covered by published reports '
~
Source
ing
Number in;ured ________
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22
Alabama_______ _ 1920 to 1922____________________________ First quadrennial report of Workmen's Compensation Commission, 1919-1922.
California _______ 1920 and 1921. _________________________ Annual reports of Industrial Accident Commission, years ended June 30, 1921 and
1922.
•Colorado _______ 1919-20 to 1928-29______________________ Annual and biennial reports of Industrial Commission, fourth to eleventh, periods
l\ov. 30, 1920 to 1930.
ended
•Georgia ________ 1927 and 1928__________ _____ ______ ___ __
and eighth annual reports of Industrial Commission, 1927 and 1928.
•Idaho _________ _ 1919-20 to 1921-22; 1922- 1924 to 1928- Seventh
Biennial reports of Industrial Accident Board, second to seventh, periods ended Oct.
31, 1920 to 1930.
1930.
• m1no1s_ - --- -- -- 1920 to 1928 •----- --------------------- Annual report of Industrial Commission, year ended June 30, 1921; annual recforts of
Depar~ment of Labor, fifth to twelfth, years enrled June 30, Hl22 to 1929; an Labor
Bulletm of Department of Labor. Vol. VIT, . o. 12, June. 1928.
•Indiana .. ___ ___ 1919-20 to 1928- 29 ___________ ___________ Annual reports of Inrlustrial Board, years ended Sept. 30, 1920 to 1929.
•Iowa. ____ ___ ___ 1925-26; 1927-28 and 1928-1930________ __ Biennial report of Bureau of Labor Statistics, period ended June 30, 1926; biennial
reports of Bureau of Labor, periods ended June 30, 1928 and 1910.
•Kentucky ____ __ 1919-20 to 1928-29 ______________________ Annual reports of Workmen's ComJ:nsation Board , years ended June 30, 1920 to 1!129.
•Maryland ______ 1919-20 to 1928-29 (1922 to 1924, incom- Annual reports of Industrial Acci ent Commission, sixth to fifteenth, years ended
plete periods).
Oct. 31, 1920 to 1929.
•Massachusetts 1919-20 to 1928-29____________________ _ Annual reports of Department of Industrial Accidents, years ended June 30, 1920 to
1929.
•Michigan __ __ __ 1928-29. --- ------ -- -- -- --- ----- -- ---- -- Labor and Industry, quarterly bulletin of Department of Labor and Industry, Vol. I,
l\o. 1, December 1 1930.
Minnesota ______ 1919-20 to 1923-24 ______ ________________ Seventeenth bienmal report of Defartment of Labor and Industries, period ended
June 30, 1920; biennial regorts of ndustrial Commission: First and second, periods
ended .June 30, 1922 an 1924.
Missouri. _____ __ 1927 (period incomplete) _______________ First annmil report of Workmen's Compensation Commission, Jan. 9to Dec. 31, J!l27.
Nebraska. _____ _ 1927 _.. _. ___ -- -- ___ -- _____ ------ -- __ --- BiPnnial report of Department of Labor, 1926- 1927.
•New Jersey ___ _ 1927 and 192!!.. ______________ __ ________ Industrial Bulletin of Department of Labor, vol. 2, No. 9, September, 1928, and vol. 3,
i\ O. 9, September. 1929.
•New York _____ 1919-20 to 1928-29 _________________ _____ Special bulletins of Department of Labor: No. 126. September, 1924, Analysis of work •
men's compensation cases closed July 1, 1922, to June 30, 1923; No. 142, March, 1926,
Compensation awards year ended June 30, 1924; Compensated accidents, July, 1914,
to June, 1922; No. 144, June, 1926, Some recent fiftres on accidents to women and
minors; o. 146, July, 1926, Accidents compensate in year ended June 30, 1925, Cost
of compensation; 'o. 148. January, 1927, Compensation statistics year ended
June 30, 1926; No. 157, August, 1928, Compensation statistics year ended June 30,
1927; o. 160, June, 1929, Cost of compensation year ended June 30, 1928; i'-'o. 170,
[June, 1931], Cost of compensation two years ended June 30 1930; and Industrial
Bulletin of Department of Labor, vol. 6, No. 7, April, 1927; voi. 7, No. 7, April, 1928;
and vol. 7, No. 9, June, 1928.
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•PeD.Illlylvania_ _ 1920 to 1929 ___________________________ _ Report of Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, 1920; special bulletin of Department
of Labor and Industry, No. 17. 1926, An analysis of compensated accidents to
minors for the year 1924; Labor and Industry, monthly bulletin of DepMtment of
Labor and Industry, Vol. I, No. 7, November, 1922, Vol. XIII, No. 12, December,
1926, Vol. XVIII, No. 6, June, 1931.
1926-27
to
192829
____
_____________
____
_
•Rhode Island __
Reports of Commissioner of Labor for the years 1927, 1928, 1929.
T~n~~<;ee____ ___ 1919-20- - - - - - - - - - - - - --- -- - - - - - -- -- - - - - - Eighth annual report of Bureau of Workshop and Factory Inspection, 1920.
V1rgmia ________ _ 1919-20 to 1920-21; 1921-1923 to 1923.- Annual reports of Industrial Commissi on: Second and third, periods endert. Sept. 110,
1920 and 1921; biennial reports of Industrial Commission, periods ended Sept. 30,
192/\. (Figures for 1920-21 include
nonfatal cases only; 1921- 1923 and
1~23 and 1925.
1923-1925. temporary total disabilities only.)
• ~ isconsin _____ _ 1923 to 1929. (1923, 1m, 1925 cover Labor Statistic~, Vol. TI, Nos. J and 2, January-February, 1924; Vol. IlI, Nos. 1 and 2,
January-February, 1925; Vol. I V, Nos. 4 and 5, April- May, 1926; No . 28, July 28,
iniuries by machinery only.)
1930.
J'requency rate ________ _
2
Industry ______________ _
9
New York ______ 1925- 26 _______________________________ _ Industrial Bulletin, vol. 7, No. 7, April, 1928.
Pennsylvania ___ 1924.. _______ ___ ___ _____ _____________ ___ Special bulletin of Department of Labor and Industry, No. 17, 1926, An analysis of
compensated accidents to minors for the year 1924.
California _______ ' 1920 and 1921__ _______________________ _ Same as for number injured.
*Illinois________ _ 1928 ________ ___________________ - - - - - - __ Twelfth annual report of Department of Labor, year ended June 30, 1929.
•Indiana _______ _ 1919-20 and 1920-21; 1925-26 to 1928- 29 _ Annual reports of Industrial Board, years ended Sept. 30, 1920, 1921, and 1926 to 1929.
Kentucky__ __ __ _ 1919-20 _________ __ ___________________ __ Annual report of Workmen's Compensation Board, June 30, 1919, to June 30, 1920.
*New
1927 and 1928__ -- - ---------- - ----- - - - - - Same as for number injured.
New Jersey___
York ___ ___ 1924-25
to 1926-27_____________________ _ Special bulletin of Department of Labor, No. 144, June, 1~, Some recent figures on
accidents to women and minors; and Industrial Bulletin, vol. 6, No. 7, April, 1927,
and vol. 7, No. 9, June, 1928.
*Pennsylvania __ 1920 to 1929 ___ ________ _______________ __ Report of Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Ul20; Labor and Industry, Vot Xill,
No. 12, December, 1926, and Vol. XVIII, No. 6, June, 1931.
1919-20 __________ ----------- - -- ___ ___ __ Same as for number inJured.
WISconsm ______ 1926 to 1929 ____ __ ____________________ __ Labor Statistics, o. 28, July 28, 1930, and No. 31, Sept. 25, 1930.
:~n~---____
a.oae ______________ ·---
7
•Illinois ________ _ 1928 ___ -- -- -- -- ---- -- -- -- - - - - -- -- - - - - - 1919-20 and 1920-21; 1925--26 to 1928-29_
1925-26; 1927-28 and 1928-1930_________ _
•Michigan _____ _ 1928-29 __ -- __ -- - - - --- --- -- - - -- - ----- - - •New Jersey ___ _ 1927 and 1928_________________________ _
New York ___ ___ 1924--25 to 1926-27_____________ ____ ____ _
Pennsylvania. __ 1924. ---- ___ • -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- -- -- _.
*Illinois___ ______ 1928 __________________________________ _
*Indiana ________ 1919-20 and 192o-21; 1925-26 to 1928-29 _
*Iowa_________ __ 1927-28 and 1928-1930_________________ _
Nebraska_______ 1927 ______________________ _______ _____ _
Pennsylvania___ 1920, 1924______ _____________________ __ _
:}~~~========
Nature of fnj(lt'y ______ _
Location of tnjury _____ _
5
2
See footnotes at end of table.
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Same as for industry.
Do.
Same as for number injured.
Do.
Do.
Same as for indu-;try.
Labor and Industry, Vol. XIII, No. 12, December, 1926.
Same as for industry.
Do.
Biennial reports of Bureau of Labor, periods ended June 30, 1928 and 1930.
Same as for number injured.
·
Report of Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, 1920; Labor and Industry, Vol. XII,
No. 6, May, 1925.
•minois _________ 1928___________________________________ . Twelfth a-nnual repon of Departm~nt of Labor~ year ended June 30, 102SI.
Indiana_________ 1919-20 and 1920-21; 1925-26 and 1926-27 Annual reports of Industrial Board, years endea Sept. 30, 1920, 1921, 192Ci, a.nd 1927.
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CHART
!.-Extent of information on injuries to women for the period 1920 to 1929 in State reports giving the same information for menContinued
~
[Asterisk (*) indicates States giving data for 1928 or 1929. Reports are those available in published form October 1. 1931]
Type of information '
Ex~ent of disability ___ _
Time lost_ _______ _____ _
Age ______________ ____ _
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Number
of States
publishing
State 1
I
P!lriod covered by published reports ' '
Source
Alabama ________ 1920 to 1922______ __ _____ ____ __ ___ __ ___ _ Same as for number injured.
*Idaho __________ 1911}-20 to 1921-22; 1922-24 to 1928-1930_
Do.
*Illinois _________ 1920 to 1928________________ _____ ___ ___ _ Annual
report of Industrial Com.mission, year ended June 30, 1921; annual reports
of Department of Labor, fifth to ninth, eleventh and twelfth, years ended June 30,
1922 to 1926, 1928, and 1929; and Labor Bulletin, Vol. VII, No. 12, June, 1928.
*Iowa___________ 1925-26; 1927-28 ______________________ __ Biennial report of Bureau of Labor Statistics, period ended June 30, 1926; biennial
report of Bureau of Labor, period ended June 30, 1928.
·•Maryland ___ ___ 1911}-20 to 1928-29 (1922 to 1924, incom- Same as for number injured.
plete periods).
*Massachusetts _ 1911}-20 to 1928-29 _____________________ _
Do.
*Michigan ______ 1928-29 ________ ___________ ________ ____ _
Do.
Minnesota______ 1911}-20 _______________________________ _ Seventeenth biennial report of Department of Labor and Industries, period ended
June 30, 1920.
*New Jersey ____ 1927 and 1928 ____ ___ __ _______ _________ _ Same as for number injured.
*New York _____ 1911}-20 to 1928- 29 __ ___________________ _ Same as for number injured, with the exception of special bulletin 14.4 and the Industrial Bulletin, vol. 7, No. 7.
•Pennsylvania __ 1920 to 1929 __ _______________ _________ __ Report of Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, 1920; Labor and Industry, Vol. I,
No. 7, Noverp.ber, 1922, Vol. XVIII, No. 6, June, 1931.
Virginia_________ 1911}-20 and 1920-21; 1921-1923 and Same as for number injured.
1923-1925.
4 Alabama ________ 1920 to 1922 ___ _________ ___ ____________ _
Do.
Illinois__ ________ 1925 _______________ ___ ___ ___ __________ _ Ninth
annual report of Department of Labor, year ended June 30, 1926.
N ~w. 1'.'ork_ _____ 1926-27 ____ ____ ______ . __ ______________ _ Industrial Bulletin, vol. 7, No. 9, June, 1928.
Vrrgmia_________ 1921-1923 and 1923- 1925 ___ ____________ _ Biennial reports of Industrial Commission, periods ended Sept. 30, 1923 and 1925.
12
12
flabaD?,a________ 1920 to 1922___________________________ _ Same as for number injured.
DQ,
Georgia________ 1927-28 ____ - --.- - ----------------------*Illinois _________ 1920 to 1928__ __ _____________________ ___ Annual report of Industrial Commission, year ended June 30, 1921; annual reports of
Department of Labor, fifth to twelfth, years ended June 30, 1922 to 1929.
*Indiana _______ _ 1911}-20 and 1920-21; 1925-26 to 1928-29_ Same as for industry.
•Maryland _____ _ 1923, 1924, 1924-25 to 1928-29 (1923 and Annual reports of Industrial Accident Commission, ninth to fifteenth, years ended
1924 incomplete periods).
Oct. 31, 1923 to 1929.
*Massachusetts_ 1911}-20 to 1928-29 __________ ___________ _ Same as for number injured.
Minnesota _____ _ 1919-20 to 1923-24 _____ ________________ _
Do.
•New Jersey ___ _ 1927 and 1928 ____ _____________________ _
Do.
•New York ____ _ 1911}-20 to 1928-29 ___ __________________ _ Same as for number injured, with the exception of the Industrial Bulletin, vol. 7, No. 7.
Pennsylvania __ _ 1924_ -- _--- ____ __- - _____ --- -- -- -- -- __ -- Special bulletin of Department of Labor and Industry, No. 17, 1926, An analysis of
compensated accidents to minors for the year 1924.
*Rhode Island__ 1926-27 to 1928-29 _____________________ _ Same as for number injured.
I *Wisconsin ______ 1926 to 1929 &_________________________ _ Labor Statistics, No. 25, Mar. 14, 1930, and No. 28, July 28, 1930.
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.....
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1:-:l
00
z>t:;:j
.....
(0
~
(0
Conjugal condition ____ _
Wage ______ _____ -- - -- - .
•Georgia ___ ___ __1 1927-28 ________ ________ _______ ________ _ Same as for number injured.
Maryland __ ___ __ 191~20 to 1921-22 __________________ ___ _ Annual reports or Industrial Accident Commission, sixth to eighth, years ended Oct.
31, 1920 to 1922.
Missouri_______ _ 1927 (incomplete) ____________ _________ _ Same as for number injured.
Nebraska__ _____ 1927 ___________________ _______________ _
Do.
P~n1:1-srlvania_ __ 1920 _______________ _________ . ___ ______ _ Report of Bureau or Workmen's Compensation, 1920.
V1.rgrma _________ 191~20 and 1920-21; 1921-1923 _________ _ Annual reports of Industrial Commission: Second and third, periods ended Sept. 30,
1920 and 1921; biennial report or Industrial Commission, period ended Sept. 30, 1923.
*Illinois _____ __ __ 1920 to 1924, 1926, 1928 ________________ _ Annual report of Industrial Commission, year ended June 30. 1921; annual reports of
Department of Labor, fifth to eighth, tenth, and twelfth, years ended June 30, 1922
to 1925, 1927, and 1929.
•Indiana _______ _ 191~20 to 1928-29 7 __ _________________ _ Same as for number injured.
_ ebraska_ ______ 1927 __________________________________ _
Do.
*New York _____ 191~20 to 1928-29 _____________________ _ Same as for number injured, with the exception or special bulletin 1« and the Industrial Bulletin.
*Wisconsin______ 1926 to 1929____________________ ___ ____ _ Labor Statistics, No. 28, July 28, 1930.
This chart does not include the following published data on women injured:
A. Compensation per disability for eye, arm, hand, foot, and leg losses. In report of Workmen's Compensation Bureau, Pennsylvania, 1920.
B. Machine accidents analyzed according to cities and counties in the State. Wisconsin Labor Statistics, Vol. II, Nos. 1 and 2, January- February, 1924; Vol. III, Nos. 1 and 2,
January-February, 1925; Vol. IV, Nos. 4 and 5, April, 1926. Analysis of temporary disability cases to females, 1926, 1927, 1928, in Wisconsin Labor Statistics, No. 25, Mar. 14, 1930.
C. Fatal accidents classified by industry, conjugal condition, and part or body injured; also blood-poison cases. In report of Workmen's Compensation Bureau, Pennsylvania,
1920; fatal accidents by industry, cause, and nature of injury, 1924. In Labor and Industry, monthly bulletin of Pennsylvania Department or Labor and Industry, Vol. XII, No. 5,
M ay 1925.
D. Fatal cases classified by conjugal condition and number of dependents, 191~20. In second annual report of Industrial Commission or Virginia, 1920.
E . Special study of 102 accidents to women classified by industry and cause or injury, 1924. In fifth annual report or Court or Industrial Relations, Kansas, year ended Dec.
31, 1924.
F. Special reports-New York Department or Labor: Some social and economic effects of work accidents to women. A study of 500 women compensated for permanent partial
injuries, 1918-20. Classified according to a~e, wage, occupation, industry, nature of injury, location of injury, cause or accident, manner or occurrence of machine accidents, extent
of disability, degree or impairment, proportion of infections, present earning capacity, ability to speak English, schooling, change of employer, experience on machines, and length of
time machine operators had been on accident job. Special Bul. 127, November, 1924. An analysis of 100 accidents on power punch presses, 1923-24. Classified by number of establishments, product of plan~,. and nature and location of injury. Special Bul. 131. New York food-canning accidents, July 1, 1928, to June 30, 1929, cases closed, classified by age
and extent of disability in .New York Industrial Bulletin, vol. 9, No. 7, April, 1930.
G. Special study-Cases or anthrax, by industry and extent of disability, 1922 to 1926. In Labor and Industry, monthly bulletin of Pennsylvania Department of Labor and
Industry, Vol. XIV, No. 6, June, 1927.
1 Type of injuries tabulated varies in different States and in some States from year to year.
3 It should be noted that since 1919 the following 26 States and the District or Columbia have not published any accident data classified by sex: Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut,
D elaware, Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Montanat.Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina1 North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South
Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West virginia, Wyoming; and the following additional States did not publish such data in 1928 or 1929: Alabama,
California, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Tennessee, and Virginia. Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, and South Carolina have no compensation laws.
• The foll owing examples illustrate the system used in indicating periods covered: 1920-calendar year; 1920-21-other than calendar year; 1920 to 19~11 calendar years, inclusively; 1920-21 to 1928-29- other than calendar years, inclusively.
6 Illinois annual report for 1929 not published Oct. 1, 1931. Preliminary figures for 1929 published in Illinois Labor Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 12, June, 1931, and reports on accidents
for 6 months, January to June, 1929, classified by sex, in Illinois Labor Bulletin, Vol. VIII, Nos. 8 to 12, and Vol. IX, No. 1, February to July, 1929, not included.
o Age of men injured not available for 1929.
t Wage for men not given.
1
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I-◄
z
I-'
CD
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(0
8
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
Data on inJuries classified by sex published by States for 19£8 and 1929
[Calendar years or fiscal years ending in lll28 or 1929]
States reporting injuries by sex andNumber
Indu,b"y
I
c,""'
Nature of Location
injury
of injury
Idisability
Extent of I
Age
l
Conjugal
condition
I
Wage
1928
Colo ________________________________________________________________ _____________________ _
Ga _________ ---- -------- ----- --------- ------- -------- --- -- ___________ Ga ____ ___ Ga _____ __
Idaho ______ ------------ ---- ------------------- ____ _______ Idaho ______ __ ___ _______ ___ ____ _
Ill __________ Ill__ ___ ____ Ill__ _______ Ill__ ______ Ill__ ____ __ Ill__ ______ Ill__ ________________ _
Ind ________ Ind _______ Ind _______ Ind ____________________________ Ind ________________ _ Ill.
Iowa ___________________ Iowa ______ Iowa ________________ Iowa 2____ _____________________ _ Ind.I
Ky _________ ------------------------------------------------------------------- . ----------Md ________ ------------ ------------ - -- -------- ___________ Md __ __ __ Md __ ______________ _
Mass ___________________ ------------ ______ ____________ ____ Mass _____ Mass ________ _______ _
N. J ________ N. J _______ N. J _______ ----------- ___________ N. J . 2____ N. J __ __ ____________ _
N. y _______ ------------ ------------ ----------- ___________ N. y _____ N. y _______________ _ N.Y.
tI-======= -~V~s======= ============!=======================Pa'====== ti;-================
1929
Wis.
3
----.-----,------,----.----.-----~:------r----~-·
Colo _____ ____ ______ ___ _ ----------------------- ___________________________________________ _
Idaho
_______ --------------------------------------------Idaho ____ --------------------- Ind.I
Ind _______
Ind _______
Ind _______ Ind _____ _ ----------- ___________
Ind ___ ______________
Iowa ___________________ Iowa ______ Iowa ________________________________________________ _
Ky _________ --- -- ---------------- --- ------- --------- -------- ------ ---- -- ----- ---------- ---Md _____ ___ ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- Md ______ Md ___ ___ --- -------Mass ___________________ ------------ ----------- ___________ Mass _____ Mass _________ ______ _
Mich _______ ------------ Mich ______ --•--·----- ___________ Mich _____ ----------- _______ ___ _
N. Y ______ _ ---- -·-···· - ------------ --- --------- ----------- N. Y ___ __ N. Y ____ _ ----------- N. Y.
Pa __ ______ _ Pa ________ ----------------------- _______ . ___ Pa.s ______ ----------- ____ ____ __ _
R.
_____ __ --------------- ------------------ ----------- Wis.I
R. !_ ___
__ ----------Wisr_________
Wis ____ ___ ----------- ----------_________________________________
_________
____ ___ Wis.
!~~~Fsa~~l~i:r:t~1~ :!Yn. not available.
1
llllnois report not published at date of closing present study, Oct. 1, 1931.
Such important information for accident prevention as the age of
the injured, the cause and the nature of the injury, the extent of the
ensuing disability, and the industry in which the injury occurred is
even more difficult to secure. The accompanying list shows how inco.mpletely analyzed with relation to these factors are the data published in 1928 and 1929. Colorado and Kentucky classified by sex
only the total number of injuries. Not more than nine States in one
year gave information by sex and any other factor, and that factor was
age, m 1928. Although nine States published information on sex
and extent of disability for one or both of the two years, only fourIllinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, and New York-gave age and
extent of disability cross classified. This is the only cross classification available for more than one State during this period.
For one or both of the years 1928 and 1929 data by sex are available for more than one State on cause (5 States), industry (5), wage
(4), and nature of injury (3). From the point of view of the analysis
of data by sex it is encouraging to note that Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin did more of this in the most recent two years than they had done
previously. New York, on the other hand, classified by sex fewer
types of information than are so classified in some of its earlier reports.
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CHART
ii.-injuries tabulated, minimum period oj disabiiity, and empioyment& covered
by law, in the 1$ States that
reported the sex oj injured petsons in
1928 and 192~
[Source: State laws and reports; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, series of reports of compensation laws, Bulletins 272, 332, 379, 423, and 496; and Monthly Labor Review, March, 1930)
State
Period covered by figures
tabulated
Colorado_. _______ Years ended Nov. 30, 1927, 1928,
1929.
Georgia ________ .. Jan. 1, 1927, to Dec. 31, 1928•••..
Idaho ••••••••••••• Nov. 1, 1926, to Oct. 31, 1928;
Nov. 1, 1928, to Oct. 31, 1930.
Illinois •••• -···-·· 1927-28.. ·-·····················
Indiana •• ·---····· Years ended Sept. 30, 1927, 1928,
1929.
Injuries tabulated
Employments covered 1 by accident•reporting law (marked *) or compensation law (where only injuries under compensation law are tabulated)
Minimum period of d i s a b i l i t Y i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i E l e c t i v e or compulsory compensation Jaw (where
of injuries tabulated
only injuries under law are tabulated)
Private
Public
Compensation claims ..•••••.. More than 10 days •••••••••. All except those having regularly less than 4 employees, farm and ranch labor, private domestic
service, and casual employees not in the usual course of employer's business. Voluntary as to
excepted employments.
Closed compensable cases ••••. More than 1 week .••••••••.. All except those haying regularly less than 10 employees, common carriers engaged in interstate trade
{or) commerce the motive power of which is steam, farm labor, domestic service, or employees not
m the usual course of employer's business. Voluntary as to excepted employmeqts.
All
conducted for giµn except agricultural pursuits, domestic service, outworkers, casual employment,
.••••do •••• ·-················· .•.•. do •••••••••••••••••.•••.
crews of aircraft while under way,1 and charitable institutions. Voluntary as to excepted employ•
ments.
.•... do.I .•••••••.••••••••...••...... do .•. . ···········--····· "Extrahazardous" employments as enumerated.' Farm labor and persons not in usual course of
employer's business excepted. Voluntary as to excepted employments.
Cases reported............... . More than 1 day······-···· •All .................. -.......•................. -······ ............•........................•........
.A.11 except elective officials, National Guard,
and members of volunteer fire departments. 1
Election presumed in absence of written notice. 1
Compulsory as to public employees.
All except public charities•••.••••••.•.••••••••••
Do.'
All except judges of election, clerks of election,
and jurors.
Compulsory.
All except officials and duly appointed members
of fire departments in cities of 200,000 or more.
•AIL ...........•...••.•..••.••.•.•.........•.•..
Do.
Iowa .•• ·-··-··-··· July 1, 1927, to June 30, 1928; . ..•. do .•••••••••••••.••••.••.. 2 days··············-······· • .A.11 except mines and railway train service•····-······-············································ • All ........................•....•........•..•...
July 1, 1928, to June 30, 1930.
Kentucky·-·-···· Years ended June 30, 1927, 1928, .•... do. e 1...................... More than 1 day ••••••••••.. All except those having less than 3 employees, agriculture, domestic service, and common carriers All municipal corporations having 3 or more Election in writing by employer and employee.'
employees. Voluntary as to others.
engaged in interstate commerce. Threshing and hulling grains and seeds are within the act.
1929.
1
Voluntary as to excepted employments.
Maryland.·--·•-•I Years ended Oct. 31, 1927, 1928, Compensation claims allowed. More than 3 days ••••••••••. "Extrahazardous" employments as enumerated} Casual employees, farm labor, domestic service, I All workmen employed for wages and engaged Compulsory.
country blacksmiths, wheelwrights, or similar rural employments excepted. Voluntary as to ' in extrahazardous employments, including
1929.
the State police force and guards of penal
works not extrahazardous.
institutions. Voluntary as to other employ•
ments.
Massachusetts .••• Years ended Jtme 30, 1927, 1928, Tabulatable injuries•··-····· 1 day or 1 shift •••••• --···· • AIL .•••••••••-·-········-····--·········-···-·-····················· ······························ •All ..•.•.....•.....••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.
1929.
Michigan ••••••••. July 1, 1928, to June 30, 1929•••.. Compensable cases ••••••••••. . More than 1 week •••••••••.. All except employees not in usual course of employer's business .•••••••••••.••••.•.••••...••••••.••. All except elected officials .•.......•.....•••... •. Election made ln writing., Compulsory as to
public employees.
New Jersey....... 1927-28.•••• ·--··--············· Closed compensable cases v.... ..... do..................... . All except casual employees......................................................................... All except elective officials and employees Election presumed in absence of written notice.10
receiving over $1,200.
Compulsory as to public employees.
New York ........ Years ended June 30, 1927, 1928, ..•.. do.'·············-········ · . .... do ••••••••••••••••••.•.. All enumerated "hazardous" employments,' and all others having 4 or more workmen.I Farm All employees ......•.•.•.•...••••••••••.•.•..••. Compulsory.
1929.
labor and domestic service excluded. Voluntary as to other employments.
Pennsylvania ••••. 1927, 1928, 1929 ••••....••.....•.. Cases reported• •.••••••••••••. 2 days .•••••••••••••••••••... All except !arm labor, domestic service, casual employees, and outworkers ..•••.•.•.•.••••....••••........ do .•....•..•.•.•••••••.•.......•.•••.•.••... Election presumed in absence of written notice.10
Compulsory as to public employees.
Rhode Island ••••. Years ended Sept. 30, 1927, 1928, Closed compensable cases .••.. More than 1 week .••••••.... All except those having less than 6 employees, farm labor, domestic service, casual employees, and .All employees of State, cities, and towns, except Election in writing by employer,2 and presumed
fire and police departments.
employees receiving over $3,000 a year. Voluntary as to excepted employments.
in absence of written notice by employee.
1929.
Compulsory as to State employees.
Wisconsin·----···· 1927, 1928, 1929 •••• ·-····-·-···· .•..• do.11 ••••••.••••••••••••••. _.... do...................... All except those having Jess than 3 employeES, domestic service, farm labor, and employees not in All except officials .••••••.•.•.••.•...•.•••••••••. Election presumed as to employers of 3 or more
usual course of employer's business.I Voluntary as to excepted employments. Voluntary Goint
persons in absence of written notice.n Com•
pulsory as to public employees.
election) as to steam railroads.
t Changes in laws, 1927 to 1929, are as follows: Colorado-Members of volunteer fire departments excepted by Session Law 1927, ch. 197,
sec. 2, effective May 1, 1927. Idaho-Judges of election, clerks of election, and jurors excepted by Session Law 1927, ch. 106, sec. 1, effective Mar.
2, 1927; crews of aircraft while under way excepted by Session Law 1929, ch. 88, sec. 1, approved Feb. 27, 1929. New York-Employments not
conducted for pecuniary gain included by Session Law 1928, ch. 755, sec. 1, effective Oct. 1, 1928. Wisconsin- Domestic service specificaJly
excepted. Voluntary election provided for employees not in usual course of employer's business, Session Law 1929, ch. 453, sec. 3, effective Sept. 3,
1929.
, Inducement to election is offered by abrogation of common•law defenses where employer rejects the law.
• .Also reports compensable cases occurring in 1928. Includes occupational diseases in certain occupations.
• The principal industrial employments are included.
• Reports of accidents to workers-in mines or in railway service are not received by the bureau of labor. All industrial accidents are reported,
however, to the compensation commissioner.
162929°-33. (Face p. 9J
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• Only employers subject to compensation act are required to report.
r Includes injury from gas or smoke in mines or from any gas.
• Occupational diseases included ·b y court decision.
• Designated occupational diseases included.
°Common•law defenses abrogated regardless of acceptance or rejection of act.
1
11 Includes occupational diseases.
u Common•law defenses abrogated where employers reject law. Employers of less than 3 persons lose defense of assumed risk if they do
.aot elect law.
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
9
In analyzing the injury experience of women for 1928 and 1929,
the Women's Bureau has had to face, in addition to the problems of
few and incompletely analyzed reports already discussed, the same
lack of uniformity and resulting noncomparability of data that caused
difficulty in analyzing the figures in Bulletin 81. It again emphasizes,
therefore, how important it is that States should follow the standard
methods of collecting, classifying, analyzing, and publishing statistics
of industrial accidents that are advocated by the International
Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions}
Although the number of States that publish data on injuries
classified by sex is not large, several important industrial States do so,
and in some cases the data are so analyzed that significant trends in the
injury experience of women workers are suggested.
CHARACTER OF PUBLISHED DATA CLASSIFIED BY SEX
The data compiled and analyzed here do not cover all injuries
suffered by women workers m these States. The injury figures published vary from State to State in several important respects, making
an aggregate for all the States meaningless. Descriptions of these
variat10ns in the material tabulated are given in Chart II. This
chart must be consulted in any interpretation of the tables in this
report.
In the fir:3t place, the data tabulated are not all for the same
period, some being for calendar years, others for fiscal years the dates
of which vary. For the present study, figures that cover a 2-year
period have been divided by two to give an estimate for one year . .
The second variation in the data tabulated is the compensation
status of the injuries. In no State does the compensation law require
that every worker injured shall be paid compensation, but some
States receive reports of injuries not covered by the compensation
law, while others receive only reports of injuries that are so covered.
This difference appears in the information published by the States.
The data from 5 States cover injuries reported regardless of their
compensation status (cases reported and tabulatable injuries); those
of 10 States cover only injuries eligible for compensation. Of these
IO States, 8 report the number of injuries that have been paid or
will be paid compensation (compensation claims allowed and closed
compensable cases), while the 2 others report the number of compensable cases (compensable cases and compensation claims).
The importance of the distinction between injuries reported and
compensable injuries becomes clearer when the third variation in
these data is considered- that is, the minimum period of disability
for injuries to be tabulatable. In the 5 States in the first group mentioned, all are tabulated in which the time lost is as much as one
day or shift to two days, while for the 10 States in the latter group
(those reporting compensable cases) from 3 to 10 days must have
elapsed. It should be noted that 8 of the 10 States have the same
period-more than one week.
A fourth difference in the injuries tabulated is that occupational
diseases are included by 6 States and not by the others.
4 U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Standardization of Industrial Accident Statistica.
Tbe revision of tbi~ bulletin has not been completed.
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Br;il. 276. 1920.
}Q
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
The employments covered by the State reports are a fifth varying
factor in these data of injuries. For some States all lines of employment are covered, but for the rest there are exceptions of one kind
or another. In several of theae States, persons having fewer emiployees than a certain number (from 10 to 3) are not covered, and in
most States agriculture, domestic service, and casual employments
are excepted.
Finally, ip. some States the employers specified as affected come
automatically under the compensation law, and in others operation
under the law is voluntary, allowance being made for an employer
to assume the entire risk of injuries to his employees. In certain
States operation under the law is compulsory for some employees
and voluntary for others.
These differences in the kind and scope of the data reported by the
States are important to understand as aids for accurate interpretation; but examination of the data shows that the figures available
are comparable if used with care. In any case, the data for the three
years 1927, 1928, and 1929 are reasonably comparable, Colorado,
Idaho, New York, and Wisconsin being the only States that made
any change in the phases of their compensation laws analyzed here.
Of course, differences in the industries in the States, in the numbers
of women employed, and in the administration of the laws-factors
that are impossible to evaluate completely-affect the data.
Naturally, it would not be possible to secure uniformity in the
compensation laws and practices of the States, but every effort should
be made to standardize the publishing of the facts about injuries so
that they can be compared and interpreted to facilitate understanding
of trends in the injury experience of employees and to aid in efforts
for prevention.
NUMBER OF WOMEN INJURED AND THE PROPORTION
THEY FORMED OF TOTAL PERSONS INJURED, IN 15
STATES, 1927 TO 1929
The number of injured women reported by 15 States, given in
Table 1, while not large in comparison with the number of men
injured, is large enough to show that employed women are not a
negligible factor in the total accident experience. In 3 States in
each of the years 1927, 1928, and 1929 over 5,000 women were injured.
The proportion of the total injured who were women varied during
this period from 1.1 per cent in Kentucky in 1928 and 1929 to 12.7
per cent in Rhode Island in 1927 and 1929. While less than 10 per
cent of a]] injured workers reported are women, the significant trend
that Table 1 shows is an increase in this proportion. For 1928 over
1927 this trend is not pronounced, but for 1929 it is definite, 8 of the
11 States having increases over 1928 or over both 1927 and 1928.
In general, the 1928 and 1929 experience verifies the conclusion
reached in the first report of the Women's Bureau in this series (Bulletin 81) that the proportion of women injured is higher where a large
percentage of all workers are women and where large proportions of
the women workers are in manufacturing. It is impossible without
data on employment and exposure to tell what caused the increase in
1929 in the proportion of all injuries reported that were injuries to
women workers. Wm. J. Maguire, of the Pennsylvania Department
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11
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
TAB LE
!.-Industrial injuries tabulated by sex in 1927, 1928 , and 1929, by States
[For sources of information, see appendix)
1927
Total
I
Male
1929
1928
State
I Female
I Male IFemale
Total
NUMBER
Total
I y fale IFemale
1
Colorado __ ____ ___ ___
5,751
5,566
185
5,312
Georgia _______ __ ____ _ 23 6,067
414 ta 6,067
5,653
Idaho __________ ___ ___ 3 7,594
a 7,594
7,413
181
Illinois. ____ ___ ___ . __ 52,591
2,086
51, 580
50, 505
Indiana ______ ________ 40,539
38, 745
1. 794
37,714
Iowa __ -······ -- ____ _ --- - ----- ----- -- -- --------7,897
Kentucky __ ____ ___ __ 26,021
25,524
497
23,395
Maryland . ___ ___ __ __ 14,521
13,686
835
13,902
Massachusetts ____ ___ 64,167
58,217
5,950
60,330
Michigan ___ ___ ____ __
New Jersey _______ __ _ 25,865
24, 053
1, 812
25,980
New York ___ __ ____ __ 98,984
91, 585
7,399
93,565
Pennsylvania _______ _ 160, 743 154,903
5, 840 152,498
Rhode I sland _____ __ _
3,985
3,479
506
3,831
W isconsin _______ __ __ 20,473
19,657
816
21,818
PER CENT
5,090
5,653
7,413
49,290
35,913
7,554
23,132
13,166
54,744
~'~ I
24,139
146,489
3,362
21,045
5, 467
222
5,281
186
414 -- -- -- - -- ----- ---- -------37, 840
181
7,544
296
2,290 --------- ----- ---- -------1, 801
40,931
38, 787
2. 144
343 37,195
6,881
314
211
19,365
19,154
263
14,147
736
13,410
737
60,195
54,460
Ii, 735
5, 586
35,923
34, 768
1,155
1,841 --------7,020 100,462
8,091
92,371
6,929
6,009 166,657 159, 728
3, 67] I
469
4,207
536
773
22,630
902
21, 7281
I
1
1
Colorado___ _________
100.0
96.8
3.2
100.0
95.8
4. 2
100.0 I
96. 6
3.4
Georgia ______ ____ ____ 2 1100.0
93. 2
6.8 23 100. 0
93.2
6.8 _________ ____ _________ __ __
Idaho ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ 3 100.0
97. 6
2.4 3100. 0
97.6
2.4 3100. 0
96.2
3.8
Illinois_ ___ ____ ___ ___
100.0
96. 0
4. 0
100.0
95.6
4.4 __ _____ _____ ___ _______ ___ _
Indiana ___ ___ ___ ____ _
100. 0
95.6
4. 4
100.0
95.2
4. 8
100.0
94. 8
5. 2
Iowa_-··· -····· -- --_ ___ _____ _ ___ _____ _ ___ __ ___ _
100. 0
95. 7
4. 3 3 100. O
95. 6
4. 4
Kentu cky __ __ ____ __ _
100.0
98.1
1.9
100. 0
98.9
1.1
100. 0
98. 9
1.1
Maryland ________ ___ , 100.0
94.2
5.8
100. 0
94.7
5.3
100. 0
94.8
5.2
Massachusetts__ ____ _
100. 0
90. 7
9. 3
100. 0
90. 7
9. 3
100. 0
90. 5
9. 5
Michigan_________ ____ __________ ___ ____ __ ______ _______ __________ __ _____ ____
100. 0
96.8
3.2
~=: ~~~~=========:
Pennsylvania_ ___ ____
Rhode Island__ __ ____
W isconsin __________ _
i88:8
100. O
100. 0
100.0
i~J
96. 41
87. 3
96. 0
U 100.
i88:80
3. 6
12. 7
4.0
100. 0
100.0
~t ~
96. 1
87. 8
96. 5
n ---iiiii:o· ··--iii.-iir
3. 9
12. 2
3.5
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
95. 8 1
87. 3
96. 0
---s:i
4. 2
12. 7
4. 0
For period covered and injuries tabulated see Chart II, facing p. 9.
Excludes the 104 fatal cases, not separated by sex.
a The numbers reported for a 2-year period have been divided by 2.
1
2
of Labor and Industry,6 analyzing the Pennsylvania experience with
accidents to working women, concludes that probably this increase
is primarily the result of women's increased industrial employment.
The fact that the 1930 census 6 shows an increase over 1920 in the
proportion of women among all gainfully employed persons for every
one of the 15 States furnishing accident data classified by sex adds
support to this conclusion.
Shifts in the industrial employment of men because of changing
business conditions probably explain the changes in the proportion of
the total injuries that were injuries to women in most of the States
showing an increase in 1928. Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, and Pennsylvania, States where mining is an important industry, undoubtedly
had fewer men employed in this industry in 1928 ; there was a decrease
in the number of accidents to men, a slight increase in the numbers of
women injured, and a consequent increase in the proportion of all
injuries that were those of women. In New Jersey, accidents to both
1 Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry. Labor and Industry, Vol. X\'III, No. 6, June,
1931, pp. 6 and 7.
& U. S. Bureau of the Census.
Gainful Workers in the United States by Industry Groups. (News
Release, Sept. 9, 1931.)
162929°-33--3
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12
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES '110 WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
men and women increased slightly, but there was a somewhat greater
proportional increase in the injunes to women.
In 1929, an active business year, most of the increases can not .be
explained entirely in this way, because injuries both to men and to
women increased in all but two of the States showing an increase in the
proportion of all injuries that were those of women. From the point
of view of the number of women injured, increases or decreases similar
to these :proportional changes occurred in most cases. The percentage
, ~hanges m the number of all accidents reported and in those for each
sex, from 1927 to 1928 and from 1928 to 1929, show greater fluctuations for women than for men. For both sexes there were more cases
of decreases in 1928 as compared to 1927 than of increases, 6 decreases
for women and 9 for men, and 5 cases of increases for women and 2 for
men. Thus there were more increases in injuries to women than
there were of increases for men.
From 1928 to 1929 the change was the same for women as for men in
9 cases, 7 being increases and 2 decreases. In Colorado and Massachusetts, where the change was not the same for both sexes, women's
injuries decreased in Colorado and increased in Massachusetts. The
percentage increases were much larger for women than for men, being
over 14 per cent in 6 States, though the largest increases for men were
9.2 per cent and 9 per cent. In Colorado the very large decrease for
women, 16.2 per cent, is due to an exceptionally high figure for 1928.
Regardless of the causal explanation of these data, which show a
trend of increasing injuries to women both in numbers and in the
proportion they form of all injuries, they emphasize the importance of
classifying accident figures by sex and the need for data on employment that would make it possible to compute frequency and severity
rates. The very fact that no cause or explanation of this trend can be
stated with assurance is evidence of the need for increased attention
to this phase of injury experience.
EXTENT OF DISABILITY
Not only have women proportionately fewer industrial injuries
than n;ien, but data from nine States given in Table 2 show that they
have fewer of the more serious injuries-those resulting in death or
permanent total disability. However, in the eight States reporting
for 1928, 45 women lost their lives as the result of industrial accidents,
and in the six States reporting for 1929, 27 lost their lives.
For both men and women, most of the injuries tabulated are those
that have caused only temporary disability, slightly more of those to
women than of those to men being of this nature. When it is considered
that in Idaho, Illinois, Michigan, and New York, of the States in Table
2, these temporary injuries must have kept the employee from work
more than a week or they would not have been included, they do not
appear unimportant. And the fact that permanent impairment of
some part of the body resulted in the cases of 441, 1,221, and 1,256
women, respectively, in Illinois in 1928 and New York in 1928 and
1929-constituting 19.3, 17.4, and 15.5 per cent of all injuries to
women in the respective States and years cited-indicates the appalling consequences of industrial injuries.
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TABLE
2.-Distribution of injuries to male and female employees by extent of disability, 1928 and 1929
[For sources of information, see appendix]
Per cent
Numbert
1
I
Fema.e
Male
Female
Male
State
Total
P erPerma- manent
TernFatal nent
porary
total partial
Total
Fatal
PerP ermaT ernporary
nent manent
t otal partial
Total
PerPerma- manent
TernFatal nent
porary
total partial
Total
Fatal
PerPerTemmaporary
nent manent
total partial
.
1928
I daho_____ _____ _____
27,413
59
4
327
7, 0231 ' 181 - ----- --- -- - 5
1761 ! 100. 0
Illinois_____________ a 49,290
441 5 1, 837 3 100. 0
5
1
30 11, 280 437, 434 6 2, 290
519
Iowa_______________
s 7,554
34 ------ -------- -- - -----1 ------- -------- - - - - ---- 8 100. 0
8 343
Maryland_.________
13, 166
92
6
603
12,465
736 - --- - - --- -- -31
705
100. 0
Massachusetts_ _____
54,744
12
1, 099
53, 297
5, 586
336
4 ---- --98
5,484
100. 0
8
New Jersey ________ _ 824,139
314 -- -- -- -- - --- -- -- ------ - 81,841
2~ --- --2· ·-1:22i~~:
New York______ ___ _ 86,545 1, 106
50 15, 800
09, 589
7, 020
Pennsylvania ___ __ __ ~ 146,489 . 2,058 ------ - ------- - -------- 86,009
7 ------- - - ------ - ------- 8 100. 0
l
--5:774-1
g
I
2. 8
91. 2
4. 4
94. 7 2 100. 0 __ ____ _____ __
o. 2 (7)
19. 3
e 80. 4
1. 1
.1
22. 9 I 75. 9 6 100.0
• 5 -- -- - - -------- -------- 8 100.0
• 3 ------ - ---- ---- ------.7
(7)
4. 6
94. 7
100.0 ------ ------4. 2
95. 8
.6
(7)
2.0
97.4
.1
1. 8
98. 2
100. 0
• 3 ------- -- -- ---- ------1. 3 - - ---- - --- - - - - -------- s 100.0
.3
(7)
17.4
82.3
1. 3
.1
18. 3
80. 4
100. 0
1. 4 ------ ---- - --- --- ----- s 100. 0
. 1 ------- -------- -------
o. 81 o. 1
1929
Idah o _____ . _______ __
27,544
Maryland _____ . ____
13,410
Massachusetts ___ .. _
54,460
Michigan __ ___ __ ___ .
34,768
New York ___ ___ ___
92,371
Pennsylvani fl ____ ___ s 159, 728
63
84
352
390
1,201
1,992
----------4
4
58
344
584
1,241
2,221
17,821
7, ]37
12,742
52,863
32, 153
73,291
------ -------- ---------
2 296 ------ ------9
287 I 2 100. 0
737 ------ ------37
700
100. 0
5,735
1 ------111
5,623
100.0
1,155
102
1,051
2 ------100.0
8,091
3
1,256
6, 816
100. 0
10
8 6,929
8 ------- ----- --- ----·--- s 100.0
For period covered and injuries tabulated see Chart II, facing p. 9.
The numbers reported for a 2-year period have been divided by 2.
• Includes 27 with extent of disability not reported.
' Inclu des 764 with combinations of some kinds of disability.
1
2
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0.8
.6
.6
1.1
1.3
1.2
----------(7)
(7)
.1
4. 6
4.4
2. 3
6.4
19. 3
94. 6
95.0
97.1
92.5
79.3 .
------ -------- --------
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
• 100.0
2
97.0
3.0
------ ------95. 0
5. 0
-----------(7) ------98.0
1. 9
91.0
o. 2 ------8.8
(7)
.2
15. 5
84.2
, l ------- -------- -------
6 Includes 6 with extent of disability not reported.
• Includes 71 with combinations of some kinds of disability.
T Less than 0.05 per cent.
• Reported only for fatals and non!atals.
....
co
I:,:)
co
14
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
Data on extent of disability are not ava.ile.ble for enough States
to determine conclusively whether or not there was an increase in the
severity of injuries to women in 1929, as well as an increase in their
number; however, of the four States that give complete data by sex
on the extent of disability caused by the injuries in 1928 and 1029,
three-Idaho, Maryland, and Massachusetts-show that more of the
women's injuries in 1929 than in 1928 caused permanent disability.
In New York, though the number disabled permanently showed an
increase over 1928, the proportion these formed of the total showed
a decline. For men the facts are similar, except that Maryland shows
a decrease in the proportion causing permanent disability and New
York shows an increase. The Michigan figures for 1929 show that a
larger proportion of the women's injuries than of the men's had more
than temporary effects.
In summarizing, these data on the extent of disability caused by
industrial injuries show, as would be expected, that women's injuries
had only temporary effects more commonly than men's injuries.
The more hazardous nature of certain of men's employments-for
example, mining, construction, transportation-makes this a foregone conclusion. Even for men, fatalities and permanent total disabilities were less than 1.5 per cent of all injuries reported in each State;
for women these were less than 0.5 per cent.
NATURE OF THE INJURIES RECEIVED
Three States-Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa-correlate data on
nature of injury and sex.
In each of these States the group showing the largest number of
injuries to men and to women was either bruises, contusions, and
abrasions or cuts and lacerations. Combined, these two classes formed
from 40 to 50 per cent of all the injuries during these two years.
Another group describing over 10 per cent ·of the injuries to both men
and women is sprains and strains.
Several injury groups in relation to the total show in more than one
State differences between the two sexes-for example, infections; cuts
and lacerations; bruises, contusions, and abrasions; and fractures.
In the two States reporting infections tor 1928 and the one for 1929,
over twice the proportion of the women's than of the men's injuries
were so classed. Larger proportions of the '\vomen than of the men
suffered cuts and lacera.tions, while the opposite is true of fractures
and of bruises, contusions, and abrasions.
Information on part of body injured and nature of injury, classified
by sex by Illinois for 1928 (Table 4), helps to form a more accurate
picture of the injuries that are received. With both men and women,
more injuries occur to the upper extremities (fingers, hands, or arms)
than to any other part of the body, and this is especially true of the
women, with whom the proportion is 58.6 per cent, while for men it
is 41.9 per cent. In every other location the men have the larger
proportion.
Of the two largest groups of injuries from the standpoint of the
nature of the injury, it will be noted that for both men and women
slightly higher proportions of the bruises, contusions, and abrasions
occurred to the lower extremities than to any other part of the body
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TABLE
3.- Distri bution of injuries to male and female employees by nature of injury, 1928 and 1929
[For sources of information, see appendix]
Number
Per cent 1
1
1928
Nature of injury
11linois
Male
Female
Male
Female
Iowat
Male
J!ie
Indiana
Male
Female
1929
1928
1929
Indiana
Iowa
Male
a
Illinois
Indiana
Female
Total. _. ___________ __5_2,_6_55_ _2_,0_95_ =3=5=,9=1=3=l=l=,=80=1=!==7=, =55=4= t==3=4=3=t=3=8=,7=8=7=l=2=,=14= 4 6,881 _ 314 -- - ---Not reported and indefinite____ __ ___ _______ ____
708
21
768
61 ________ ___ ___
742
67 __________ _______ _____
Total reported __________ __ 51,947 2,074 35,145 1, 740 7,554
343 38,045 2,077
6,881
314 100. 0
Amputation ____ ________ __ 1,661
59
593
28
110
4
675
28
125
3
3. 2
Asphyxiation__________ __ _
59 ______ _ _______ _ ______ _ ________ __ ____ ________ _______ ____ ____ __ _____
.1
Bruise, contusion, or ab493
7,630
318
1,482
51
8,372
366
1,457
52
rasion ____ _____ ________ _ 14,108
27. 2
4 5. 4
Burn or scald _______ ____ __ ◄ 2, 792 4 155
1,922
122
403
16
2, 151
146
351
21
Concussion_ _____ __ ___ __ __
74
8
14
1
24
3
40
1
20
1
.1
Crushing___ ______________
367
2
516
21 _______ _ ______
514
15 __________ __ __ _
•7
Cut or laceration _____ ___ _ 11,087
488 e 6,968 a 438 1 2, 157 1 130 e 7,666
a 571 1 1,694
7 99
21. 3
Dislocation_______ ___ __ ___
421
21
(8)
(8)
53
1
(S)
(8)
48
3
Drowning_______ _________
20 ___ ____ __ _____ _ __ _____ ____ __ __ ______
4 _______ _________ _____ _ (5).8
63
5 ________ _______
20 ______ ______ __ ____ ___
24
Electric shock__ __________
.1
Foreign substance in eye__ ____ __ ________________________
354
3 ________ ___ __ __
342
5 - ---- -Fracture__________ ___ ___ __ 8,263
187
3, 172
93
795
17
3,491
99
804
19
15.9
Freezing_____________ _____
32
1 _______ _ ____ ___
5 __ ___ _ ______ __ __ _____
7
.1
22
2 ____ ____ ___ ____
17
Gas fumes________ ________ _______ __________ __ ______ _____
---Infection _________ ________ 2,073
169 _____ ___ _______
671
64 ________ _______
620
65 -- - 4.
0
Inflammation______ _______
784
28 _______ _ __ _____
1 ___ __ ___________ _____ __________ ____ _
1. 5
60
4
12
60
10
10
Internal injury_______ _____ ___ ______ _____
-----Puncture_______________ __ 2, 122
163 ______ __ __ _____
(V)
(V) __ ___ ___ ____ ___
(O)
(V)
4. 1
Sickness_________________ _
320
4 ___ ________________ ___ __ ____ ____ ________________ _____ _____ _
.6
Sprain or strain__ _________ 7,598
285 105,663 10 228 11 1,214 11 38 106,125 10 249 111,083
11 33
14. 6
Multiple injuries ___ _______ ____________ -__
6
180
7
1
213
5 ------Not otherwise classified_ __
103
6
8,601
487
51
6
8,946
592
66 I
7
.2
Iowa 1
Male
Indiana
Female
Male
Iowa•
ii!ie
----- - - ----- _ ------- -- - - --- --- ---- -- --- -- -- - -- -- - --- --- -----__ _____ ________ _______ ____ ____ _________ ____ ____ __ ___________ _
100. o 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. o 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0
2. 8
I. 7 I 1. 6
1. 5
1. 2
1. 8
1. 3
1. 8
1. 0
_______ ____ ______ ____________ _______ _________________________ _
21. 7
23.8
5. 5
47.5
(•)
.4
.1
1. 5
23. 5 819.
(8)
1.0
18. 3
14. 9
19.6
4. 7
7. 0
5. 3
.1
.9
.3
1. 2 -- - ---- -- - ---8 25. 2 7 28. 6 7 37. 9
(8)
.7
.3
---- --- - ----- - -- --- -. 2 ------- ---- -- ----- -- ---- --- --- -- --
9.0
9.0
5.3
(5)
-- ---- - --- ----
-- ----8. 1
1. 4
-- - - --7. 9
.2
13. 7
-- - ---- ---------- - -- -- --- -- -- ---- ---- - --
---- ---
-- -----
22.0
5. 7
.1
1.4
8 20.1
()
(5)
21. 2
5. 1
.3
16.6
6. 7
.3
.7 -- ----27. 5 7 24. 6
(8)
.7
-----7
17. 6
7. 0
(•)
8
31. 5
1.0
-- ----- ------- ------
. 3 ---- - -- --- --- - -- ---- -
4. 7
.3
1.6
5. 0
4.8
11.7
6.1
- - -- - -.1
---- --.2
----- -9. 0
20. 7
------- -- - ---- -----.5
.1
.3
. 9 -- - ---- -------
10.5
5.0
9.2
. 1 ---- - -- -- ----.3
. 6 - ----- 8. 9
18. 7 ------(5)
------- --- ---.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
__ _____ ___ ____
(1)
(1)
__ _____ _______
(1)
(V)
- ------ ---- --- ------- ----- -- - ------ ------- ------- -----10 16. 1 10 13. 1 11 16. 1 11 11. 1 10 16. 1 10 12. 0 11 15. 7 11 10. 5
-- ----(5)
2. 4
2. 0
(6)
3.1
1. 6
24. 5
28. 0
.7
1. 7
23. 5
28. 5
1. 0
2. 2
.3
1 For period covered and injuries tabulated see Chart II, facing p. 9, except in the case of injuries tabulated for Illinois, for which State the present table shows compensable
cases occurrmg.
.
2 Some classifying has been done by the Women's Bureau.
a Some classifying has been done by the Women's Bureau. Numbers reported for a 2-year period have been divided by 2.
' Includes blisters.
s Included in sprain or strain.
6 Less than 0.05 per cent.
' Included in cut or laceration.
10 Includes dislocations and cases of hernia.
• Includes cut wounds.
r Includes punctures.
11 Includes cases of hernia.
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;i..
zt::,
~
tO
tv
tO
TABLE
4.-Nature and location of _injuriu to male and female employee3, lllinoi3, 19f8
[For sources of information, see appendix]
Location of injury
Nature of injury
Total reported
Male
I Female
Head (not otherwise classified)
Male
IFem4le
Face and neck
Male
I Female
Upper extremi- .
ties
Trunk
Male
IFemale
Male
IFemale
Lower extremities
Male
IFemale
Other and not
classified 1
Male
IFemale
~
~
NUMBER2
Total reported_________________________
Amputation or enucleation._ _________________ _
Asphyxiation (except drowning) ____ ________ _
Blister, not otherwlS6 classified ______________ _
Bruise, contusion, or abrasion ____ ___________ _
Burn or scald ____________________________ ___ _
Concussion _________________________ _______ __ _
Crushing ______________ ______ _____________ __ __
Cut or laceration _________________________ ___ _
Dislocation _____________ ___ ____ ______________ _
Drowning ___ _____ ____ _____ _______ ___________ _
Electric shock ______ __ _________ _____ ---- - - ___ _
Fracture
__ _____
- --__ _- _-- --- ---- ---- ___
Freezing _____
_______
___ --_________________________
Infection (septic) ______ ____ . _______________ __ _
Inflammation _______________________________ _
Puncture ________
-------- ----------------Sickness,
general --____________
___ _____________ _Sprain or strain (including hernia) __________ _
Not otherwise classified ______ _______________ _
a 51,842
12,059
3,156
80
1,952
1,656
59
16
9
59
104
7 --------- ---- -- --- --------14,091
492
643
30
241
2,682
147
213
4
347
74
8
74
8 --------367
29
2
1
11,081
484
1,077
24
1,095
420
21 --------- --------4
20 --------- --------- --------- --------63
5 --------- ------- - - --------8,256
187
250
2
165
32
1 --------- - -------- - - ---- --2,066
168
92
1
11
27
486
3
11
783
2,117
162
256 •
6
16
281 - -------- -- - ------ --------- --------7,589
285 - - -- ----- ------ -- 48
101
5
20
3
42
8,660
211
--------- --------- ---------
--------- --------6
2,649
15
73
--------- - - - -----51
11
204
--- ---- -52
--------- - - - - - -- ---------- -------- 4
1,105
------ --2
19
2
51
2
43
--- --- - -- ---- - ---2
4,386
--------25
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100. 0
1. 3
37. 6
6. 0
100. 0
100. 0
17.
30. 6
.8
15, 268
l, 504
57
124
1
100. 0
. 5 --------- --- ------ ---------
12. :l
1, 210
--------94
7
100
4,570
163
5
989
83
--------- ------ --- --------80
1
3
7,165
394
3
277
14
- - ---- --- - - - ------ ----------------- --------- --------18
3,157
112
27
1
3
1,631
155
2
135
16
1
936
136
- --- ----- --------- ------ --74
1,164
69
2
19
2
PER CENT DIS'l'RIBUTION BY NATURE OF INJURY
Total reported ___ ---- --- ----- ----- ___ __ 3 100. 0 • 100. 0
100. 0
t - - - - - + - - - - + -- - - 1
.Amputation or enucleatlon _________________ __
2. 9
3. 2
.5
Ai;phyxlntion (except drowning) _____________ _
.1
Bbster, not otherwise classified ____________ ___
.2
.3
Bruise, contui:ion, or abrasion _______________ _
27. 2
23. 9
20. 4
Bum or scald __________ _____ ________________ _
5. 2
7. 1
6. 7
21. 748
47. 4
2.4
100.0
100. 0
6. 9
4. 7
.4
21. 0
4. 6
13. 5
6. 9
.6
10
5,805
881
--------48
1,495
87
----------------3,547
3
313
89
861
-- --- ---1, 982
23
497
1,058
19
U"l
------ - --
14
---- --- ----- --- - -- -- -- - ----- --- ------- - -5
------- - ---- - -- - -
9 --------- ------ -- -
4
17
------ - -140
---------
11
5
281
9
11
~
~
t%J
3
59
--------- ------- -179
183
40
179
------- - - --------157
52
45
4 ----------------20
--------63
51
32
--------- - -----·- -
0
~
0
~
0
a::
t%J
z
z
>
zt:I
Concnssion _____ ______ ______ __________ ___ ___ __
Crushing __ ____ ______ ___ ________ _______ ______ _
Cut or laceration ____ __________ ______ ___ ____ __
Dislocation ___ __ ____ ______ __________ ____ ___ __
Drowning ______ __________________ ____ __ _____ _
E lectric shock __ __ _____________ ___ ~---- -- - - - -F
racture _____
__ ___ -- - - . --- -_______
-- -- -- -__- __
----F reezing
.__--________
___ --_--------Infection (septic) ______________ __ ____________ _
Inflammation ____ ______ ____ _____________ __ __ _
Puncture
__ -- - -____________
- - _- - - - - - - - - -______
- -- - - -___
- - -- -- -- -- -- -__
Sick
ness, ___
general
~
Sprain or strain (including hernia) ___ __ _____ _
Not ot herwise classified _____ _____________ ___ _
.1
.7
21. 4
(I)
.8
.1
15. 9
.1
4. 0
1. 5
4. 1
.4
2. 3
23. 5
1. 0
34. 1
30. 0
7. 9
2. 5
(1)
.2
9. 1
(1)
.9
lfl 0 _______ __
.1
56. 1
.2
--------- ------ - --
8. 2
:.!. 9
1. 3
]. 3
15. 4
3. 8
7. 9
8. 1
7. 5
.5 ----- -- -- --------- - - -- ----14.6
13. 8 ------ --- ---- -- --.2
.6
1.3
.2
-- -- ----- -- - ---- - - - - - - -- --- -- - - - ---- - - ---- - -- - - - - ----- --- - - -- -- --------- ----- - --- ------ - . 6 - - --- - - - .4
.1
.3
14. 8 - -- - - - ---- --- ---2. 4
1. 4
32. 9
32. 6
9. 8
10. 5
4. 3 -- --- ----- ------ .6
1. 4
1. 3
1. 2
.6
. 8 ---- - ---- -------- 1. 9 ----- -- -6. 0 ------- - ~- 5 --- - - -- -12. 8
8. 5
14. 5
9. 3
23. 2
10. 3
3. 0 ----------------- - ------- (1)
.1
.1
(1)
-------- - --- -- ---- - - ---- -- .6
•2
1. 4
7. 5
12. 8
2. 1
1. 8 - - - ------ - - - - - - --• 6 - - - ---- -•6
•9
•6
1. 3
.6
.8
1. 0
. 8 --- - - -- -.5
.5
4. 3
11. 2
5. 6
3. 4
.5
---- - - - - - - ----- -- - --- -- -- - - ----- - - -- - --- -- - - - ---- --- -- - -----· -- --- - -- -- 26. 6
2. 5
50. 6
35. 1
5. 4
5. 7
13. 0
28. 2
.9
.2 -- ---- - -.3
.9
.1
.2
.2 --------1. 0
PER CENT DISTRIBUTIO N BY LOCATIO N OF I N J UR Y
Total reported____ ___ ____ __ _________ __ _
a 100. O
a 100. O
6. 1
3. 9
Amputation or enucleation ________ __ _____ ___ _
Asphyxiation (except drowning) _________ ___ _
Blister, not otherWlS8 classified _____ ________ __
Bmiso, cont usion , or abr asion __ ______ ________
Burn or scald ___ __ ______ _____ ____ . _______ __ __
Concussion ______ ___ ______________ __________ __
Crushing ___ ___________ _- - __
Cut or laceration ____________ __ ____ ____ ____ __ _
Dislocation __ ______ ____ ____ ____ ______ - _- _- - -- -
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
100. 0
1. 0
1. 7
4. 6
7. g
6. 1
if:c~r~t'ock~==:::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::
Fracture __ _________ __-- --- - - - . - -- -- - - - - - - - - - -
(' )
0
- - - --- - - - -
- - - - - --
Freezing ___ ____ - - - ----- - _-- - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - -Infection (septic) ______ __________ __ _____ ____ __
Inflammation __ _______ ________ _______ _----- -Puncture ___ ___ _________ ___ ___ ___ __ - - - - -- - - - -Sickness, general_ __ ______ _________ ___ -- _____ _
Sprain or strain (including hernia) __ ___ _____ _
Not otherwise classified ___ _______ ___________ _
100. 0
100. 0
(4)
100. 0
100. 0
2. 0
16. 7
10. 2
. 5 - - -- ----- - - --- -- -- --- -- -- - -
(4)
100. 0
100. 0
(')
(')
100. 0
100. 0
7. 9
9. 7
(')
(4)
100. 0
(' )
2. 7
1. 7
12. 9
1. 2
10. 2
.5
5. 0
18. 8
2. 7
20. 3
3. 4
13. 9
9. 9
2. 3
1. 0 - - - -- - - --
1. 8
42. 0
58. 8
29. 5
24. 1
2. 0
90. 8
96. 6
7. 5
1. 7
•2
90. 4
32. 4
36. 9
33. 1
56. 5
9. 6
41. 2
32. 8
36. 4
27. 2
100. 0
21.8
.6
12. 4 - - - - - - ---
0. g
64. 7
81. 4
66. 0 - -- - -- - --
1. 3
2. fs
6. 7 -- -- - - -- -
13.1
42.8 - ---- ---13. 5
10. 7
. 4 -- ---- --20. 7 - -- ---- -- --- - - - - - - --- - -- -- -
--------- ---- - ---- --- ------ ---- -- --- - - ----- - - - -------- -- ------- - ------- - - - ------- - - ------3. 0
1. 1
2. 0
2. 1
13. 4
9. 6
38. 2
59. 9
4.3. 0
27. 3
100. 0 ------ - -. 4. ---··-----
--------- --------- --------- ------ - -- - - ------ - - --- ----- --- -- -- -- --------- -- ------- --------- --------- --- - ---- ·
100. 0
4. 5
(' )
62. 1
100. 0
12. 1
100.0 -- - - - ---- ---- - ---100. 0
100. 0 -- -- - ---100. 0
(4)
19. 8
100.0
3. 8
1
.6
.5
--------1. 4
3. 7
.8
---- - ---- - --- - --- ---- - -- -.6
-- - -----3. 0
.9
l. 8
78. 9
92. 3
15. 2
5. 4 -------- - -- --- ---6. 5 __.______ _
17. 2 --------11. 4 --·-- ----1. 4
1. 2
2. 0
.6
44. 2
84. 0
4.0. 7
10. 5
.2
--- - - ---- --------- --------- ------ - -- --- - ----- - -- - - -- - - ------ - -100. 0
.7
57. 8
26. 0
15. 3
24. 2
26. 1
49. 1
.1
--------24. 8 ----- - -- 18. 8 -- - - -- --22. 8 - - ----- -10. 9
- - --- - ---
- ------- -
1 This classification includes cases in which there was a generally shaken and bruised or crushed condition, not classifiable as to part of body; cases of sickness not classifiable
as to part of body; cases of multiple injuries in which it was not clear which part of body was most severely injured where the parts injured were not all in any one of the 5 major
groups.
'Compensable cases occurring d uring calen dar year.
a Excludes 813 injuries t o males and 36 to females for which one or both of these factors were not reported.
• Not computed; bose less than 50.
1 Less than 0.05 per cent.
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-
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1:-:)
00
co
1:-:)
co
18
IND U STRIAL LJJ U RIES TO WOME N IN 1928 AND 1929
(41.2 per cent for men and 36.4 per cent for women), while the largest
proportions of the cuts and lacerations (64.7 per cent for men and
81.4 per cent for women) occurred to the upper extremities. Infections also occurred more frequently in the upper extremities, the
proportions being 78.9 per cent for men and 92.3 per cent for women.
Cuts and lacerations of fingers, hands, or arms describe the largest
single group of all women's injuries. Bruises, contusions, or abrasions of upper and lower extremities and of the trunk; fractures, infections, and punctures of the upper extremities; and sprains and
strains of the lower extremities also were important.
These two t ables suggest that, with few exceptions, the kinds of
injuries received are similar for men and women, but that more of
women's injuries than of men's are to the upper extremities rather
than to other parts of the body.
AGE OF INJURED PERSONS
A striking difference between the women and the men injured in
industry is their age: The proportion of injured persons who are not
more than 20 years old is almost three times as large for women as for
men. This is due in part to the fact that a larger proportion of all
women employed than of all men employed are young. That youth
itself is a factor, however, appears when the age distribution of all
employed women is compared with the age distribution of the injured,7
as very much larger proportions of the injured women than of all
women employed are less than 20 or 21 years of age.
Information on the age and sex of injured persons, available for
nine States in 1928 and for five States in 1929, given in Table 5, when
compared with data available in 1927, shows no significant changes
in the proportion of all injuries that occur to younger workers. With
the exception of Massachusetts in 1928, in all the States for which
1928 and 1929 data could be classified by comparable groups, from 16
to 50 years inclusive, the largest proportions of women's injuries are
for the group 16 to 20 years. 8 Such a condition was true of men in
only one case, Rhode Island in 1929. The exception as noted is in
Massachusetts in 1928, where the proportions in two age groups16 to 20 and 21 to 25- were similar, the latter being slightly higher,
23.3 per cent as compared to 23.1 per cent. The percentages ranged
from 23.1 in Massachusetts in 1928 to 35.3 in Rhode Island in 1928.
The percentages of injuries to males that occurred to youths 16 to 20
years of a~e in these same States in the same years ranged from 7.9
m Illinois m 1928 to 16.2 in Rhode Island in 1929. In Indiana, New
Jersey, and Wisconsin, States where the age groupings given are
slightly different from those elsewhere, the same tendencies appear.
For the next age group, 21 to 25 years, the proportions of the injuries
to women are perceptibly larger than those to men in most of the States
given. Naturally, the proportions of the men's injuries in the age
groups beyond 25 years are larger than those of the women.
7 See t he first bulletin of this series, Women's Bureau Bul. 81, Industrial Accidents to Men and Women,
p. 23.
a Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, New York, and Rhode Island for 1928: Maryland, Massachusetts, New
York, and Rhode Island for 1929.
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INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
19
Seriousness of injury, by age.
Data giving the age and extent of disability of persons injured
(Table 6) lend additional emphasis to the importance of these large
numbers of injured workers who are young, because they show that
there is no pronounced difference in seriousness between the accidents
to young workers and those to other persons. Though in ew York
in 1928 and 1929 considerably larger percentages of the injuries to
persons under 21 years of age than of those to persons 21 years or
over were in the temporary group, in Illinois in 1928 and in Maryland
in the year following more of the younger group of women than of the
older were permanently disabled. Illinois figures for 1928 show that
the percentages of fatalities and permanent total injuries are practically the same for boys under 21 as for older men. Two of the
three fatal cases among women in this State were girls under 21 years
of age. Massachusetts for 1928 and 1929 shows no significant
differences as to injury experience between men and women or between
age groups, an exception to this being the proportions of permanent
partial injuries in the 1928 data.
Cause of injury, by age. 9
The causes of injuries classified by age-available in this period
only for New Jersey in 1928-show the importance of machinery as a
cause of injuries to young persons, especially to young women
(Table 7). Almost one-half (46.8 per cent) of all injuries to women
under 21 were caused by machinery, while for women of 21 years
and over this proportion was 23.7 per cent. For the older group of
women, falls, causing 36.4 per cent of their injuries, are the most
important single cause group.
Expressed in another way, women under 21, who constituted a
little less than 30 per cent of the total, suffered 45 per cent of the
machine injuries but only 12 per cent of the falls. The employment
of large numbers of young women on machine processes and of larger
numbers of older women than of younger ones in cleaning and other
lines of work where falls are common, undoubtedly accounts in no
small measure for these differences in the injury experience of the
two groups of women.
Considering the men's injuries, it will be noted that, as was true
for the women, the group of younger men (under 21) had a larger
proportion of all their injuries caused by machinery and a smaller
proportion by falls than had the older men, though the difference is
not so great as for the two groups of women. For both groups of
men, handling of objects was the largest single cause group.
Comparing the experiences of men and of women, a pronounced
difference is the much larger proportion of accidents to young women
than of accidents to young men that are due to machinery. Much
larger proportions of the older women's than of the older men's injuries are due to machinery and to falls, while for all women the handling of objects was a much less important accident cause than it was
for men.
·
The youth of the persons injured, according to these data, is a
factor in from one-fifth to over one-third of women's injuries and
e This is a comparison of the injury experience of yormg workers, persons under 21 years of age, with all
other workers, not with the various age groups of older workers.
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TABLE
5. -Distribution of injuries to male and female employees by age of injured, 1928 and 19t9
[For sources of information, see appendix]
Georgia
Age
Male
1
IFemale
Illinois
Male
IFemale
I
Indiana
Male
IF emale
Maryland
Male
Massachusetts
IFemale
Male
New J ersey
New York
IFemale
Male
IFemale
Male
IFemale
Rhode Island
Male
IFemale
Wisconsin
Male
IFemale
NUMBER' IN 1928
TotaL ____________
5,653
414
52,655
2,095
35, 913 1 1,801
13, 166
736
54, 744
5,586
24, 139
1,841
86,545
7,020
3,362
469
21,045
Total reported ___ _______
5,139
389
51,391
2,070
35,350
r, 752
12,950
714
54,744
5,586
24, 139
1,841
77,700
6,089
3,224
450
20,501
750
Under 16 years _____ ___ __
16 to 20 years ________ __ __
21 to 25 years ____________
26 to 30 years _____ _____ __
31 to 35 years ____________
36 to 40 years ____________
41 to 45 years ____________
46 to 50 years _____ _______
51 years and over _____ ___
66
813
1,017
874
636
569
364
347
453
10
93
134
4,073
63 1 6, OiO
50 I 7, 0)4
38 6 7,073
29 67,470
26 6 6,636
15 6 4,959
24 5 7,953
57
1,476
2,295
2,091
1,672
1,622
1,209
999
1,529'
18
212
117
98
68
68
38
41
309
5,756
9,101
8,071
8,083
6, 556
5,082
4,254
7,552
208
7,415
12,392
11,819
10,436
10,152
7,807
6,511
10,980
42
1,518
1,123
775
601
612
463
393
562
18
481
504
440
372
361
275
290
483
8
159
89
39
43
42
23
30
17
319
a 3,237
a 3,192
a 2,610
12,394
12,307
11,900
11,619
a 2,923
3
1126
1 78
I 69
I 75
I 48
143
a 53
100. 0
,--.7
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
24. 9
18. 4
12. 7
9. 9
10. 1
7. 6
6. 5
9. 2
.6
14. 9
15. 6
13. 6
11. 5
11. 2
8.5
9.0
15. 0
1. 8
35. 3
19. 8
8. 7
9. 6
9.3
5. 1
6. 7
3.8
1. 6
a 15. 8
a 15. 6
a 12. 7
I 11. 7
• 11. 3
3 9.3
17. 9
114_ 3
I 5. 3
a 29. 1
316.8
a 10.4
a 9. 2
a 10.0
I 6.4
1 5. 7
3 7. 1
11 -------- -------1 362
543 1 2,456
6 294 ------- - -------1 302 112,203
'636
5 250
-------- -------1344
1240 '9,129
1164 -------- -------1112 4 6,301
'224
6 149 4 5,256
'136
54
PER CENT
Total r eported ____ ____ __
Under 16 years __________
16 to 20 y ears __ ___ _____ __
21 to 25 y ears ____ ____ __ __
26 to 30 years _____ _______
31 to 35 y ears __________ __
36 to 40 years _____ _____ __
41 to 45 years ____ _______ _
46 to 50 years ___________ __
51 years and over ______ __
10'.). 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
lOJ. 0
15. 8
19. 8
17. 0
12. 4
11. 1
7. 1
6. 8
8. 8
2. 6
34. 4
16. 2
12. 9
9.8
7.5
6. 7
3. 9
6. 2
.2
7.9
111.8
I 13. 8
6 13. 8
614. 5
6 12. 9
19_6
6 15. 5
.5 ------ -26. 5
'6. 9
114. 2 ---- ---114. 6 '3i. 5
6 12. 1
-------1 25. 8
111. 6
I 7. 9 ----- --6 5.4
1 17. 8
6 7. 2
I 14. 9
--1. 3
100.0
-------'20. 7
------1 39. 2
-------'19. 6
--I-----12.8
'7.8
100. o I 100. 0
.4
11.4
17. 7
16.1
12. 9
12. 5
9. 3
7. 7
11.8
2. 5
29. 7
16. 4
13. 7
9. 5
9. 5
5. 3
5. 7
7. 6
I
112
22
72
1,291
2,346
517
1,303 8 21,721 81,3'.>2
715 -- ------- - - - -- -543 ---- --- -- -------567 ------- -- -------344 ------- -- -- -----364 --------- -------347 ---- ----- --------
3
773
40
1218
IN 1928
100. 0
100. 0
.6
10. 5
16. 6
14. 7
14. 7
12. 0
9.3
7.8
13. 8
2. 0
23. l
23. 3
12. 8
9. 7
10. 2
6. 2
6. 5
6. 2
100. 0
10'.l. 0
.3
1. 2
28. 1
9. 7
6 70. 7
6 90. 0
---- - -- - - -- --- - --
---- --- - - ---------------- -- ------------------- -- --------
------ -- --- -------- --- --
·-
.3
9. 5
15. 9
15. 2
13. 4
13. 1
10. 0
8. 4
14. 1
3
.....
tO
t...:i
00
.....
tO
t...:i
tO
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Indiana
Age
Male
IF&
male
M aryland
Male
I F&
male
M a.5Sachu•
setts
Male
I
Fe•
male
N ew York
Male
I
Fe•
male
Rhode
Island
Malo
Indiana
I J.:\"
8
Male
I F&
male
Massachu•
setts
Maryland
Malo
I J.:\"
Male
0
1
NUMBER' IN 1929
I
Male
I
Rhode
Island
mF&
ale
Malo
I.:.:r,
PER CENT ' IN 1929
TotaL . . . . . .... __
38, 787
2, 144113, 410
737
54,460
5,735
92,371
8,091
3,671
536
Total r ep or ted •• . . . . ....
38,177
2,101
13, 084
713
54,460
5,735
83,635
7,129
3,416
504
64
1,585
2,353
2,012
1,641
1,628
1,235
951
1,615
20
226
141
80
58
58
42
34
54
309
6,150
9, 135
8,011
7,009
6,405
5,206
4,345
7,890
82
1,408
1,193
686
587
614
427
325
413
'lJJ7
7,655
13,179
12,579
11,447
11,282
8,563
7,071
11,652
45
1,714
1,253
917
778
779
573
492
578
28
555
511
406
418
367
335
286
510
9
163
91
Under 16 years . . . - -- - - · ---- ----- ---- -- 16 to 20 years . .. - -- - -- - - 4 2,870 4 474
21 to 25 years __ _____ ___ . ------- -- -- ----26 to 30 years ____ ______ _ 413, 224 4757
31 to 35 years . _·------· ·
------ --4---36 to 40 y ears _. ________ _ ---4 0,499
427
41 to 45 y ears - .. -- - - --- - ---- ----- ------ 46 to 50 years __. ___ . ___ . 4 6,995 4 281
51 y ears and over ---- -·- 4 5,589 '162
I,:,:r,
New York
66
46
47
29
19
34
100. 0
100. 0
------- ------'7. 5 4 22. 6
--4 34.
---- - --4 --- -6
36.0
--4 24.
------- ---9 4 '}JJ. 3
--- --- ------418. 3 4 13. 4
414. 6
47. 7
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
.6
12.1
18. 0
15. 4
12. 5
12.4
9.4
7.3
12. 3
2.8
31. 7
19.8
11. 2
8.1
8.1
6. 9
4. 8
7. 6
.6
11. 3
16. 8
14. 7
12. 9
11.8
9. 6
8. 0
14. 5
1. 4
24.6
20. 8
12.0
10. 2
10. 7
7. 4
5. 7
7. 2
.2
9. 2
15. 8
15. 0
13. 7
13. 5
10. 2
8. 5
13. 9
.6
24.0
17. 6
12. 9
10. 9
10. 9
8. 0
6. 9
8.1
.8
16. 2
15.0
11. 9
12. 2
10. 7
9. 8
8.4
14. 9
1.8
32. 3
18.1
13. 1
9. 1
9. 3
5. 8
3. 8
6. 7
1 The numbers reported for a 2-year period have been divided by 2. Total excludes the 104 fatal cases, sex not reported.
2 For period covered and injuries t abulated see Chart II, facing p. 9, except 'in the case of injuries tabulated for Illinois, !or which State the present table shows compensable
cases occurring.
a Age groups are 17 and under, 18 and under 23, 23 and under 28, and in 5--year groups to 53 and over.
4 Age groups are under 20, 'lJJ and under 30, and in 10-year groups to 50 and over.
• Age groups are under 16, 16 to 20, 21 to 24, 25 to 29, and in 5-year groups to 50 and over.
• 21 and over.
co
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
tv
6.-Distribution of injuries to male and female employees by extent of disability and age group, 1928 and 1929
tv
[For sources of information, see appendix]
Numbert
Per cent 1
Male
Female
Male
Female
State and age group
Total
Fatal
P ermanent
total
I
PermaTernnent porary Total Fatal
partial
I
Per- Permama- Ternnent nent porary
total partial
Total Fatal
Per- P er- Ternmamapo- Total Fatal
nent nent rary
total partial
Per- P er- Temmamaponent nent rary
total partial
1928
lliinois:
Under 21 years _____
21 years and over ___
Maryland:
Under 21 years . __ __
21 years and over ___
Massachusetts:
Under 21 years _____
21 years and over ___
New York:
Under 21 years _____
21 years and over ___
2 3,784
544,885
1,533
11,417
37
465
4
25
6 -- --- -81
6
6,065
48,679
12
324
7,623
70,077
47
1,034
1
11
------48
703 a 3,039
609
10,385 633,986 71, 617
72
522
1,455
10,808
230
484
144
955
5,908
47,389
1,403
4,183
1,015
13,530
6,561
55,465
4,529
1,560
------1
138
295
------- ------------ - --------- ---------4 ------2 -- ----20
2
10
21
2
1
4 469
1,316
2 100.
5 100.
0
0
1.0
1. 0
220
463
100. 0
100.0
.4
.7
34
64
1,369
4,115
100.0
100.0
240
859
1,318
3,648
19
18
1
0.1
.1
18. 6 • so. 3 100.0
23.1 • 75. 7 7100. 0
-----.1--
4. 7
94. 9
4. 6
94. 7
100.0
100. 0
.2
•7
(g)
(g)
2. 4
2. 0
97.4
97.3
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
.6
1.5
-- ----.1
13. 3
19.3
86.1
79.1
100. 0
100. 0
227
449
100. 0
100. 0
o. 2 ------.6
-------
4.9
4.4
94. 8
95.1
100. 0
100. 0
27
84
1,463
4,160
100. 0
100. 0
.4
.7
(g)
(Q)
2.1
2.3
97. 4
97.0
100. 0
100. 0
206
956
1,550
4,400
100. 0
100. 0
.7
1. 5
(9)
14. 4
20.3
84. 9
78.1
100. 0
100.0
------0.1
22. 7
18. 2
------- ------------- ------------------. 1 ------.1 ------(g)
.4
4.3
4.3
95. 7
95. 7
2.4
1. 5
97.6
98. 4
15. 4
19. 0
84.5
80.5
----- -- ------------- ------------- -----(g)
-------
7. 7
3.9
92. 3
1. 8
2. 0
98.2
98.0
---.;:i-
11. 7
17. 8
88.1
81. 9
0.3
.1
4 71.0
8
81. 4
1929
Maryland:
Under 21 years _____
1,649
21 years and over ___ 11,435
Massachusetts:
Under 21 years .. ___
6,459
21 years and over ___ 48,001
New York:
Under 21 years _____
7,862
21 years and over. __ 75, 773
4
63
----------- --
81
499
1,564
10,873
246
467
28
32,1
1
3
137
1,104
6,293
46,570
1,490
4,245
56
1, 125
1
55
1,129
15,396
6,676
59,197
1,759
5,370
For period covered and injuries tabulated see Chart II, facing p. g_
• Includes 1 with extent of disability not reported.
• Includes 42 with combinations of some kinds of disability.
'Includes 14 with combinations of some kinds of disability.
5 Includes 24 with extent of disability not reported.
1
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
------- ------------- ------------------1 ------3 ------11
3
....
.1
.2
.2
• Includes 695 with combinations of some kinds of disability.
T Includes 4 with extent of disability not reported.
• Includes 36 with combinations of some kinds of disability.
• Less than 0.05 per cent.
96.1
(0
~
00
23
INDUSTRIAL INJURIEl5 TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
TABLE
1.-Distribution of injuries to male and female employees by cau3e and age
group, New Jersey, 1928
[For sources of information. see appendix]
Number
Male
Cause of injury
P er cent
1
Female
1
Male
Female
Under 21 years Under 21 years Under 21 years Under 21 years
and
21
21
and
21
and
21
and
years
over
years
over
years
years
over
over
TotaL __ ________ ______________ _ 2,418
Machinery ___________________________
578
Falls of persons ____ __________________
255
783
Handling of objects ' -------- - -------Stepping
on or striking against
jects ________________________
____ ob____
155
Explosions, electricity, heat, etc ______
118
Falling objects. ______________________
89
Vehicles ___ ___ ._. ____ __ __ . _______ . ____
300
Harmful substances __________________
32
Miscellaneous and indefinite _____ __ __
·108
1
1
- -- - - - - -- -- -- 21, 721
539
1,302
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
2,477
3, 600
7,580
252
64
101
308
11. 4
16. 6
34.9
46. 8
11. 9
18. 7
23. 7
229
23. 9
10. 5
32. 4
1,485
42
21
17
107
53
34
26
10
61
6.4
4. 9
3. 7
12. 4
1.3
4. 5
6. 8
5. 0
8.2
9.8
2.2
5. 2
7.8
3. 9
3.2
8. 2
4.1
2. 6
2. 0
.8
4. 7
1,086
1,780
2,118
469
l, 126
4
12
26
474
•7
2. 2
4. 8
36. 4
17. 6
Closed compensable cases, calendar year.
Includes hand tools.
from one-fourteenth to one-sixth of men's injuries. As facts about
the seriousness of injuries by age groups indicate that younger workers
suffer almost as large a proportion of serious injuries as do older
workers, their accidents can not be dismissed as being of slight importance. Finally, the data for one State suggest the importance of
machinery as a cause of accidents to younger workers. Regardless
of how many other conditions, such as the number of young persons
employed, the kind of work done, length of time on the job, and so
forth, may partially account for the accident experience of young
workers (as they do for that of all workers), the characteristics of
youth and its general inexperience undoubtedly are contributing factors in these accidents. Careful placement of all workers and more
careful training and supervision of new workers, essential in any
accident-prevention program, may help to prevent accidents to all
workers, but special protection, further excluding them from dangerous occupations and from operating certain machines, seems necessary for the younger workers.
INDUSTRIES IN WHICH INJURIES OCCURRED
Incompletely classified data on the industries in which accidents
occurred in 1928 in five States and in 1929 in three States (Table 8)
show the relative proportions of men's and women's injuries by industry groupings. Though these data would be more useful if there were
information on the total numbers employed in these industries, so that
the accident frequency could be computed, they supply important
evidence as to the source of the injuries reported. For both sexes and
for both years, manufacturing industries had the largest prol?ortions
of injuries in all the States but Pennsylvania in 1928, in which case
mining, metallurgy, and quarrying had a slightly larger number of
injuries to men than had manufacturing. In all cases, except Wisconsin in 1929, a greater proportion of the women's injuries than of
the men's were in manufacturing industries-the range for men being
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
8.-Industrial distribution of injuries to male and female employees, 19£8 and 1929
~
[For sources of information,
appendix]
1928
Indianat
Illinois
Industry
Male !Female
1929
New Jerseyt
Male !Female
Mal,
Pennsylvania
IFemal,
Wisconsin
1
Male !Female . Mae
1
I male
Fe-
Indiana
1
Mal~ !Female
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin 1
Male !Female
Male
I J:ie
NU M BER2
Total _____________________ __________
1
52, 655
• 2, 095
35, 913
1, 801
24, 139
1, 841
140, 489
6, 009
21. 045
Manufacturing ___ _--- - --- - --------------- - 21, 706
1,045 20,475
1,218 10,543
1,074
49,859
3,001 11,214
· -- t - - - - - t - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - -- 1 - - - Food, beverages, and tobacco ________ _ ________________ _ 2,085
213 -------- - ------- --------- -------- 1,168
Clothing ________________________________________ ______ _
(4)
79
166 ------- - - ------ - - -------- -------Textiles ________________________________________ _______ _
163
120
70 -------- - ------- - ------- - -------Metals and metal goods _______________________________ _
4,078
6,192
180
--------------------------Machinery and vehicles ____________ ____ _______________ _
947
88 - ------ - -------- - -------- -------Laundries and cleaning and dyeing __ __________________ _ 4,213
(5)
148
79 -------- - ------- - -------- -------~ther, rubber, and composition ____ _ ________________ _
445
391
95 -------- - ------ - --------- -------Paper, pulp, and pape1 goods _________________________ _
748
399
15 - - ------ ------- - --------- -------(1)
238
34 - ------- - ------ - - -------- -------~~~td wood products _______ ______________________ _ 3,057
3,123
107
---------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products ___ ____________________ _ ), 640
238
49 -------- - - ------ - ---- ---- -------Chemical!" ---------------------------- ________________ _
rn1
17 --------------- --------874
105
________ ________
_________ -------________
Other manufacturing __________________________________ _ 1,039
173
Olerical, professional, and personal service_ • 3, 655
7 213
773
38, 787
2, 144
159, 728
6,929
21,728
902
416
22,942
1,458
57,005
3,505
12,267
472
83
(4)
52
92
34
2,004
83
127
7, 131
5, 293
156
393
436
230
3,454
1,557
1,091
9S7
238
196
65
191
132
(1)
45
38
(')
31
2
1
38
1, 138
(1)
151
5,070
1,150
llO
(5)
413
816
123
19
(5)
37
158
47
17
125
2,934
240
114
191
(4)
88
75
101
24
(5)
(5)
49
43
40
1
3
t8
Clerical and professional_______________________________
Hotels, restaurants____________________ _________ ________
Care and custody of buildings_________ _________ ________
Miscellaneous, including domestic
service_______________________________________________
Trade_____________________________________
Transportation and public utilities________
~~~i
~~~~-------==========================
Mining,
metallurgy, and quarrying_______
4,452
3,985
~~
294
98
9,
1~6
8,676
Other industries ___________________________________________ _
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
281
200
230
120
50 ________ ________ _________ ________ ___ _____ _______
189 ________ ________ _________ ________ ________ _______
30 ________ ________ _________ ________ ________ _______
42
1,954
t~
~~
253
trn
137
7 639
I
3, 679
12 ________ ________ _________ ________ ________ _______
248 91, 55745
3,593
5,470
7
431
603 "
71,303
'142
53
4
15
3
f 337
....
~
8 196
63)
944
263
329
s 4,061
'215
884
291
c - -·- ~ - - - t - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - , 1 - - - - 1 - - -- 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
592
7,307
9, 1'19
18,532
1,033
134
43
6,263
9
1,593
---51,330
------ --------
1,696
2,093
4,271
398
427
2
72
7
15
181
306
124
20
2, 118
tm
~~
249
tm
139
70
220
31
8 --------- -------- - ------- -------
316
33
5
1
1
1
8,282
8,978
1,231
134
--::::-----·:-1
7,274
1,806
1,841
1,987
4,017
413
316
3
110
14
2
13
tv
00
PER CE"NTt
Total ________________________ __ _____
· 100. 0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
Manufacturing _____________ ____ __ ____ ____ _
41. 4
50. 1
57. 0
67. 6
43. 7
58. 3
5.8
.2
.3
17. 2
11. 7
11. 8
9. 2
3. 9
10. 0
4. 9
4. 4
5. 3
Food. beverages, and tobacco·--··- -- · ···-·--·· · ·-·-·-·
Clothing .. ·--····- · --· .. ··-··--------- ·----- ··. · ·-· ··-·
Textiles. ---·-· . . ·-·-······-------·---· ·-· ---·· . .. ..... .
Metals and metal goods.- -•-- ----··-·· · ··---· ·· ·····-··
Machinery and vehicles--· -·-··--···· · ···----· · ······-·
Laundries and cleaning and rlyeing .... ···----· · · · -·····
Leather, rubber, and composition._ ... ····-··· · .. ..... .
Paper, pulp, and paper goods .. _...... ···-- · ·· ···-··· · ·
Printing •..... ---·-·-·····-·- ·--···· .. ·· -·· -· . . . . ···· -·
Wood and wood products .... -- -- - · ·-·· ····-··· · · · ···-·
Stone, clay, and glass products ..... - . ....... . . . · ··· ··- ·
Chemicals·-·-· .... ··-· ··---- · -··----- · . ........ ······ -·
Other manu!acturing. __ ·-----·-·····-· ······-· · . .... . . .
Clerical, professional. and personal service_
6
7. 0
6
29. 9
8. 5
14. 1
4. 7
.9
Transportation and public utilities----·-· 7. 6
18. 4
Oonstmction.. ___ __ ··--··---···-···········
Agiiculture ..... -------·············-·---·
.5
(IO)
Mining, metallurgy, and quarrying .... -··
16. 6
.3
Other industries .. --.-·-·····-····--·-·---····---·····-···-·
1
2
.7
- - - ----- ------ ·- ···· ··
.• •.••• .
·· ·-·· ··
• .•• •. ..
- · ···· ··
34. 0
- ------- - - - -----·· ··--·· ·
·-·-·-···
····--···
· ····-···
. . .......
100. 0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100 0
100.0
49. 9
53.3
53.8
59. l
68. 0
35. 7
50. 6
56. 5
52.3
5. 6
5. 2
.2
.3
18. 4
13. 6
.4
1.0
1.1
.6
8. 9
4. 0
2. 8
2. 5
11. 1
9.1
3. 0
8. 9
6. 2
5. 1
5. 7
14. 8
1. 1
.6
.8
10. 7
(')
6. 7
11. 9
4. 4
(6)
5. 8
4. 9
(6)
4. 0
.3
.1
4.9
4. 5
34. 0
1. 6
15. 3
.5
.8
.3
3. 3
10. 3
1. 4
--------------·
·· ·----· ------·· ----- ·
····--··
··-· --· ·
. 8 ···- · ·-· . . ••.... ····· · -·· ··-·-·-·
8. 5
4. 6
2. 9
2.4
1. 9
5. 9
2. 7
.9
5. 8
1. 6
15. 6
··-···· ·
··---·- ·
· ·-·-·-·
· ··--·· ·
-·---·- ·
7
2. 6
.. .... . .
-· ····· ·
. . ..... .
- ·-·· ···
- · · ··· -7
11. 6
··--· · ···
- - · · ·- ···
···--····
- ·····--·
. .... . ...
8
2. 5
···· · ·-··-·--·------··
···--·-·
--··- · -·
8
3. 3
(')
.8
19. 4
4. 5
(6)
2. 1
3. 6
(E)
5. 5
(' )
9. 8
(')
8.3
11.2
2. 7
(6)
5.4
4.8
.9
.7
23. 3
5. 3
(')
1. 9
3.8
1. 7
7. 4
2. 2
.8
5.8
13. 5
1. 1
.5
.9
4. 4
.1
.3
5.3
4.1
32.3
(I)
E2, 5
8 3. 1
(!)
---------->---->----11--------- - - - - - - - -----1----•·---1-----1----
Clerical and protessional·---··-···--· · · ··-·---· ··-·-· -·
Hotels, restaurants.·-·······---········ · -··-·········-·
Oare and custody of buildings. . . .. . . _.·-·-·-·-·-·····-·
Miscellaneous, including domestic
service .. -----------·-·------··-·-·-··-·-----· -·····-·
Trade------ - ----- ----···- ·-····· ··-···-···
.4
1.1
1.1
------- -- ----- ·· ··-·- ·
··-···- ·
··---·· ·
·· ·· - ·· ·
·· -·-·· ·
100.0
.6
.6
.3
.1
5. 4
8. 6
15. 7
.7
10. 5
.4
2. 8 ···-··· · ..••. .•. ··-·· -· -· · · -·-·· · ·- ·----· -··-·-·
10. 5 · · -·--· · • •·••·• · ·---·-··· -·---·-· ·------· ··-·--1. 7 ····--· · ··-····· ·- ------ · ··-·-·-· ------- · ··----·
. 7 ··-·-·-· ·--··-·· ····-··-· ·--·---· ··------ ···---·
13. 8
2. 5
.4
.1
.1
• 6. 5
14. 9
22. 7
1.8
2.5
7 5.4
1
7. 7
2.0
.2
5. 0
6. 5
12. 7
17. 2
2. 2
.7
.s --------- -------35. 0
.1
.2
l
18. 3
4.3
26.5
8.1
9. 9
20.3
1. 9
2. 0
(10)
9. 3
.9
1.9
.1
5. 5
8.4
14. 6
.6
9. 7
.4
.4 -----·--· -·------ ··-·---· --· ---
14. 7
1. 5
.2
(10)
(10)
(10)
5. 2
5. 6
12. 8
17.8
1. 9
.5
4. 6
26.1
--- ------------(10)
3~. 6
8. 5
9.1
18. 5
1.9
1. 5
12. 2
L6
.2
1.4
(11)
Some classifying has been done by the Women's Bureau.
For period covered and injuries t abulated see Chart II, facing p. 9, except in the case of injuries tabulated for Dlinois. for which State the present table shows compensable cases
occurring.
t Totals include 276 males and 9 females with industry not reported. Per cents are based on 52,379 and 2,086.
• Included in textiles.
' Not obtainable. Laundries, cleaning and dyeing, and printing are combined in" Other manufactwing."
• Governmental (754 males and 1 female), professional (335 males and 104 females), and 11ervices not otherwi.~e classifed (2,566 males and 518 females).
1 Domestic and personal service is included in " Other industries."
• State and municipal government.
• Includes garages.
11 Less than 0.05 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
from 34 per cent to 59.1 per cent while for women it was from 49.9 per
cent to 68 per cent.
The industries having the next largest proportion of injuries to
women workers were those grouped as clerical, professional, and personal service, relatively unimportant employments for men from the
point of view of injuries. The Indiana figures suggest that this is due
to the relatively large numbers of injuries among women cleaners,
janitresses, and hotel and restaurant workers. Trade also was a more
important injury group for women than for men.
Construction was the industry group ranking second in men's
injuries in every State listed but Pennsylvania, where, as already
stated, the mining group and manufacturing outranked it. In
Indiana, in both years, transportation and public utilities also had
large numbers of accidents. The mining group is responsible for a
large proportion of accidents in all States in which the industry is
important.
The extent to which injuries to men and to women occur in the
different types of manufacturing industries varies greatly. The data
on numbers injured in manufacturing in Indiana and Wisconsin
suggest that men's injuries a.re more concentrated in a few employments than are women's. In each State two industry groups caused
one-half or more of the men's injuries in manufacturing-metals and
metal goods and machinery and vehicles in Indiana, and the first of
tliese and wood and wood products in Wisconsin. There was no such
large proportion of women's injuries in any two industry groups.
Larg-e proportions of the injuries occurred in the metals and metalgoods mdustry in both Indiana and Wisconsin for each sex and in each
year. In both States the food, beverage, and tobacco group, and in
Indiana clothing also caused large proportions of the injuries to women,
while machinery and vehicles and wood and wood products caused
more of the men's injuries.
CAUSES OF INJURIES
The most important causes of injuries are not the same for women
as for men. According to the data from five States (Table 9),
machinery and falls caused the largest proportions of women's
injuries in every case but Iowa in 1928, where, if the large group of
nnscellaneous and indefinite be excluded, falls ranked first, hand tools
second, and machinery third, while the handling of objects caused the
largest proportion of mjuries to men.
Machinery caused a much larger proportion of the women's than
of the men's injuries in every State but Iowa, where the proportions
were similar. For both sexes, the largest proportions of injuries due to
machinery were in Michigan in 1929, where 37.6 per cent of the
women's and 18 per cent of the men's injuries were caused by machinery.
The largest proportions caused by falls of persons were 29.2 per
cent for women in New Jersey in 1928 and 16.5 per cent for men in
Iowa in 1929. In all but one case, Michigan in 1929, falls were a
more important cause of men's injuries than was machinery; but for
women there were more machine accidents than falls.
Handling of objects, in every case the cause of a larger proportion
of the men's than of the women's injuries, was nevertheless an important
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TABLE
9.-Distribution of injuries to male and female employees by cause, 1928 and 1929
[For sources of information, see appendix]
1929
1928
Illinois
Cause of injury
Male
IFemale
I
Indfona •
Male
IFemale
I
I
I Female I Male
Iowa
Male
ew Jersey
1
1
j Female
I Iowa• I Michigan
IFemale j Male I Female Male j Female
Indiana 1
Male
NUMBER&
TotaL ________________ ____ ___________ __ __ • 52,655
Machinery _________ ___ ________________________
Falls of persons ___ _________________ _______ _____
Handling of objects ______________ ___ ______ _____
Stepping on or striking against objects _________
Hand tool<i_ -------------- ____________________
Explosions, electricity, heat, etc _______________
Falling objects __________ ______________________
Vehicles ___________ ____________________________
u:r:i::t::;~~-:~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~I
6,931
7,339
12,492
5,089
3,777
2,473
5,467
5,618
7i0
490
1,421
• 2,095
35,913
1,801
7,554
343
24, 139
1,841
38,787
2,144
488
556
336
232
95
128
61
64
33
16
65
3,332
4, 792
5,833
5,884
1,433
1, 868
5,604
2,374
415
217
4,161
395
378
205
313
90
106
86
25
26
4
173
1,052
1, 183
495
390
993
123
1,080
65
48
70
2
5
52
3,055
3,855
a 8,363
1,640
560
538
• 330
149
3,889
5,258
6,305
6,066
1,507
2,087
6,060
2,504
538
191
4,382
481
426
222
408
129
121
98
28
33
6
187
1,049
1,137
466
381
756
130
1,070
89
33
4
2,136
(7)
(1)
H
------ 19
--- 1,204
51
1,869
2,418
30
--------1
501
22
-----------------------146
1,234
87
6,881 .
54
12
1,737
314 '34,769
1,155
6,257
4,717
7,476
3,084
1,761
434
205
193
1~
52
61
6
7
47
42
12
42
2
443
14
4,027
3,220
1,792
146
1,838
--------·56
--------5
--------120
21
42
PER CENT•
Total_ ________________________ · __________
i
Machinery ________________________ ____ ________
Falls of persons ___ _______ _____________________
Handling of objects ______ __ ____________________
~n or striking against objects _________
l~8~;
0
Explosions, electricity, beat, etc _______________
Falling objects _______________ _---------------Vehicles ______________________ ____ _____________
Harmful substances ___________________________
Animals ___________________ _____ _______________
Miscellaneous and indefinite ________ ___ ____ ___
• 100.0
• 100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
'100. 0
100.0
13. 4
14. 1
24.1
9.8
7.3
4. 8
10. 5
10.8
1. 5
.9
2. 7
23.5
26.8
16. 2
11.2
4. 6
6. 2
2. 9
3.1
1.6
.8
3.1
9. 3
13. 3
16.2
16.4
4. 0
5.2
15. 6
6.6
1. 2
.6
11. 6
21.9
21.0
11.4
17. 4
5.0
5.9
4.8
1. 4
13. 9
15. 7
6. 6
5.2
13. 1
1.6
14.3
.9
.4
.1
28. 3
14. 0
20. 4
.6
1. 5
15. 2
12. 7
16. 0
6 34.6
6.8
30.4
29. 2
• 17. 9
8.1
10.0
13. 6
16. 3
15. 6
3. 9
5.4
15. 6
6.5
1.4
.5
11. 3
22.4
19. 9
10. 4
19. 0
6.0
5.6
4. 6
1. 3
1.8
.3
8. 7
15. 2
16. 5
6.8
5. 5
11. 0
1. 9
15. 6
1. 3
.8
.2
25.2
16. 6
19. 4
1.9
2. 2
15. 0
.6
4. 5
18. 0
13. 6
21.5
8,g
5.1
1.3
11. 6
g_ 3
5. 2
.4
5. 3
37.6
17. 7
16. 7
9.4
3.6
1.0
3.6
1.8
3.6
IJ I
9.6
(7)
(7)
5.0
4.0
--------5.5
7. 7
2.8
10.0
1.6
--------2.1
1. 2
.3
------------------------42. 6
5.1
4. 7
!
--------1.6
--------38. 2
--------4.8
1 Some classifying has been done by the Women's Bureau.
• Some classifying has been done by the Women's Bureau. The numbers reported for a 2-year period have been divided by 2.
• For period covered and injuries tabulated see Chart II, facing p. 9, except in the case of injuries tabulated for Illinois, for which State the present table shows compensable
occurring.
• Totals Include 788 males and 21 females with cause not reported. Percentages are based on 51,867 and 2,07-l
, Total includes 8 with cause not reported. Percentages are based on 34,761.
• Includes hand tools.
r Included in handling of objects.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CMeS
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....
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TABLE
10.-Came of injuries to male and female employees, Illinois, 1928, by industry group
[For sources of information, see appendix]
Industry group
Oause of injury
Agriculture Mining and
and extrac- quarrying;
tive indus- petroleum
wells
tries 1
Total
reported
Male
F~
I male Mole!,!'~,
Manufacturing
Transpor- •Communitation
cation
Trade and Professional
finance
service
I!!ie Mal•I .:~. Mal•I .!'~,
Male J;ie Male male
Construetion
I
Male! J!ie Male J:ie Male
I
Governmental
service
Services not
otherwise
classified
IF~ Mal•!~
I
I
Male\ male
Fe-
~
z
~
q
~
NUMBER2
~
l"J
TotaL. ___________________ J 51,728
Machinery
__ ___ ------------ --- - 6,916
Falls
of persons.
________________
7,321
Handling of objects __ __ _________ 12, 4.67
8~£= _on or striking_against_
5,079
Hand tooJs_______________ ______ _ 3,767
Explosions,
electricity,
heat,
etc.
Falling objects _______ _____ ___ ___ 2,468
Vehicles. __________ ---------- -- -Occupational
disease
and indus_________________
trial poisoning
Poisonous and corrosive substances.. _______ . _______ . ______
Animals ______________________ . __
Miscellaneous ___________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C1l
J
4 21,496 1,039 9,542
19 3,661
278
74 4, 4-02
292
327
103
735
487
554
336
19 ------ 352
608
44
48
1 1, 699
5,077
2,254
5,796
664
393
160 2,391
166 1,999
191 -----3
412
5
6
1,022
2
5
7
76
45
1
325
42
715
3 1,180
24
123
54
32
104
62
10
41
13
22
128
230
2,043
13 ------ 747
l, 355
23 ------ . 887
9 ------ 286 ------ 1,433
2,259
2 1, 4-00
13
52 ------ 1,320 ------ 1,047
118 1,171
56
668
237
38
39 1,182
18
808
271
250
101
1
165
1 1,015
----------2
-----13
22
18
1
21
51
450
314
107
199
835
43
10
8
9
8
29
18
13
8
34
10
73
42
18 -----100 -----213 ------
260
192
246
107
216
53
26
------
2
1
------
30
4
22
112
3
2,068
5,454
5,591
95
128
61
64
244
4
521
484
1,416
29
~1
258
1 8,506
------ -----4 -----26 -----7 ------
------
209
3
29 -----136 -----182 ------
272
109
501
16
9
23
1
I
-----1
----------1
1
------
5
143 -- -- -2
58
210 ------
9
55
165
11
23
5
2
3
4
10
------ ------ -----5 ----------3 -------- - -12
4
1
13
------
19
61
184
-----8
5
1
6
3
17
-----8
4
5
-----4
·1
7
96
2
4
11
26
1 2,523
-----1
------- ---------
-----------
227
589
520
512
~
56
0
175
92
=a
68
3
9
22
0
ts:
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PER CENT DISTRIBUTION BY CAUSE OF INJURY
Total_------------------- - 1 100. 0 1100.0 100. 0
Machinery ______________________
13. 4
23. 5
7.4
Falls of persons _________________
14. 2
26. 8 17.1
Handling of objects _____________
24.1
16. 2 18. 6
s~~f~ -~~-~~-~~~:~~ -~~~~~~ -
Hand tools ________ ______________
E!filosions, electricity, heat, etc_
F ling objects
__ ---------------Vehicles
_________________________
Occupational disease and industrial poisoning ________________
Poisonous
and corrosive
sub-__
stances __________
• _______ ____
Animals ________________________
Miscellaneous ______________ _____
9. 8
7. 3
4. 8
10. 5
10.8
11. 1
4. 6
6. 2
2. 9
3.1
.5
.2
1.0
.9
2. 7
1.4
.7
3. 1
(l)
5. 0
8. 9
3. 5
5. 0
20. 2
------ -----1. 6
10. 1
2. 7
1
(l)
100.0
100.0
4.1
7.1
20. 0
23. 6
10. 5
27.0
37. 8
15. 4
16. 0
7. 0
25.1
20. 9
5. 2
11. 3
27. 9
2. 5
27. 3
16. 2
1.4
56.8
4.1
7. 4
16. 2
26.8
8. 2
42. 1
18. 5
9. 8
31. 8
19.0
9. 7
39. 8
12. 6
3.0
17. 4
13.1
9.0
23. 3
20. 6
10. 9
34. 2
18.0
8. 8
10. 4
3. 4
26. 6
15. 5
9. 5
6. 3
6. 7
6. 5
4.9
11. 4
5.4
3. 7
3. 8
1. 7
12. 3
7.0
2. 5
12. 4
8.5
7. 4
6. 8
2. 8
4. 5
27. 7
7. 9
6. 5
6. 5
7. 6
18. 3
6. 8
2. 7
4. 1
10. 2
7.1
2. 4
4. 5
19. 0
14. 7
3. 4
2. 7
3.1
2. 7
8.9
5. 5
4. 0
2.4
10.4
9. 7
9.9
5. 7
2.4
13. 6
29.0
10. 3
7. 6
9. 8
4. 2
8. 6
10. 4
5.1
13. 3
.6
1.8
(5)
1.0
.3
.1
.1
.3
.1
.2
.3
1. 6
2.1
1. 3
.5
2. 3
1. 5
.9
2. 2
1. 5
.6
2. 2
.2
1. 5
4. 5
1. 7
1. 8
.9
5. 2
.5
1. 5
3. 5
1. 2
.9
4. 4
.8
.6
4. 3
100. 0
(l)
100. 0 100. 0 100.0
(')
100. 0
(l) 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0
5. 4
13. 5
------ ------ -----1.8
1.1
4. 3
5. 4
.3
.4
1. 4
4. 2
7. 8
3. 9
4. 9
.3
2. 7
3. 9
1.0
6. 8
1-4
zt::;;
q
Ul
8
~
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'=-4
q
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PER CENT DISTRIBUTION BY INDUSTRY GROUP
Ul
1
8
0
I
Total __ ------------------- 1100. 0 3100. 0
Machinery ______________________ 100.0 100. 0
Falls of persons ___ ______________ 100. 0 100. 0
Handling of objects _____ ______ __ 100. 0 100.0
Stepping
on or striking against
objects ________________________
100. 0
Hand tools ___ ___________________ 100.0
100. 0 100. 0
100. 0
100.0
Exfi1osions,
electricity,
heat,
etc_
Fa ling objects _______ _____ ______ 100. 0 100.
0
Vehicles _________________________ 100.0
100. 0
Occupational disease and industrial poisoning _________________ 100. 0
(l)
P oisonous and corrosive substances ________ ___ --- ___ -- ___ -- 100.0
(l)
Animals _________________________ 100.0
(l)
Miscellaneous ___________________ 100. 0 100. 0
0. 5
.3
.6
.4
(5)
0. 2
41. 6
50. 2
18. 4
0. 9
7.1
1.1
.2
73.4
30. 8
46. 5
80. 7
28. 9
49.4
9. 6
32. 7
16. 0
.6
1.1
1. 5
2. 8
5. 6
8. 2
.9
.6
40. 2
36.0
58.1
25. 7
18. 7
51. 3
58. 9
29. 7
63. 9
28. 1
23.1
17. 7
9. 6
21. 7
14. 5
.4
5. 3
6. 6
4. 1
3. 0
18. 2
II.I
•3
.3
.6
.4
.2
.9
------ -----.8
5. 4
.5
16. 4
8. 3
13. 6
14. 7
23. 5
11. 6
41. 4
23. 6
1.1
3. 3
.4
85. 7
4. 5
5. 6
28.1
12. 9
52. 2
22. 5
35. 4
27. 4
12. 0
14. 8
35. 4
.8
1. 6
1. 6
20. 3
0. 5
3.6
8. 5
14.1
0. 6
5.0
.1
1.0
.4
.2
7. 6
.9
4. 7
9. 8
9. 5
4. 9
22. 2
16.1
.5
1. 4
.5
2.1 I .3
7. 4
1. 7
3. 9
.8
.4
.5
.7
.4
.9
2. 2
2.1
2. 3
6. 6
15. 6
8. 9
8. 3
4. 3
3. 6
14. 9
18. 7
10. 5
6. 3
14. 8
12. 5
.6
.5
.5
.1
.6
------
5. 3
6. 2
3. 6
12. 6
13. 0
2.0 ------ -----1. 7
11. 4
11. 7
mining and quarrying and petroleum wells.
Compensable cases occurring during calendar year.
• Excludes 'll7 injuries to males and 27 to females for which one or both of these factors was not reported.
'Not computed ; base less than 50.
• Less than 0.05 pee cent.
1. 5
1.0
.6
.8
12. 3
1. 4
(5)
.2
4. 9
24. 8
3. 3
8. 0
4. 2
11. 5
31. 6
27. 4
5. 1
23. 0
27. 4
53.1
4. 9
14.1
1. 4
1.1
.7
1.8
3. 8
5.1
10.0
2. 0
3. 9
.4
.8
.8
L2
.6
1. 2
.8
2. 3
1.8
5. 8
4. 5
7.'il
4. 3
6. 3
6. 6
7. 8
10.8
~
0
a;:
l%J
z
z
H
I-'
(0
~
00
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33. 8
zt::;;
....
1 Except
(0
1
t-.:>
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
30
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
cause of injuries to women except in Iowa. Falling objects, another
important cause group of men's injuries, were responsible for much
smaller proportions of those to women.
That the greater importance of machinery as a cause of women's
than of men's injuries is due, at least in part, to the fact that lar~er
proportions of women's injuries than of men's are in the manufacturmg
industries, is suggested by Table 10, where data for Illinois in 1928 are
cross classified with cause and industry. For both men and women,
large proportions of all accidents (41.4 per cent and 50.1 per cent,
respectively) and even larger proportions of machine accidents (73.4
per cent and 80.7 per cent, respectively) occurred in manufacturing.
Of the injuries occurring in m anufacturing industries a larger proportion of those to women than of those to men were due to machmery?7:8 _per cent and 23.6. per ~ent, respectiv~ly. The 393 wome~'s
·m1uries caused by machmery m manufacturmg are more than twice
as many as any other single group of women's injuries. Handling
objects, a group responsible for more of the men's injuries in manufacturing than any other single cause, was important as causing
women's injuries in manufacturing also, as were falls .of persons and
stepping on or striking against objects.
Although these Illinois data emphasize machine injuries in manufacturing as an important group of women's injuries, the fact that in
Illinois a larger proportion of all women's injuries were caused by
falls (26.8 per cent) than by machinery (23.5 per cent) should be
noted. These falls were distributed over nearly all the industries
where women were injured; and they caused the largest proportion of
the injuries to women in 6 of the 10 industry groups. More women
injured by falls were employed in the service and manufacturing
groups than in any other.
Data from Michigan show that machine accidents caused more of
the serious injuries to women than did any other type. Machinery
was the cause of large proportions of the injuries in that State in
1929- 37.6 per cent for women and 18 per cent for men. Information on cause by extent of disability, available only for Michigan,
shows that of the women's permanent partial injuries (the two fatals
to women, neither caused by machinery, were the only injuries to
women more serious than permanent partials) 93.1 per cent were
caused by machinery. For men, machinery caused 68.4 per cent of
the permanent partial injuries. 10 When it is noted also that slightly
larger proportions of the women's than of the men's injuries in Michigan were of a permanent character (see Table 2) the importance of
machinery as the cause of most of the serious injuries to women in
this State is emphasized. In this connection it is significant to recall
that data on cause and age (see Table 7) suggest that the importance
of machinery as a cause of women's injuries may be partly due to
the youth of many women workers.
WAGES OF PERSONS INJURED
Working women receive much lower wages than do working men.
It follows that the compensation of injured women is much lower
than the compensation of injured men. How great is this difference
in wages in three industrially important States is shown in Table 11.
10 Michigan. Department of Labor and Industry.
pp. 33, 87.
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Labor and Industry, Vol. I, No. 1, December 1930,
31
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
In two States, Illinois and Wisconsin, 26 and 34 per cent, respectively,
of the women injured in 1928 as contrasted with only 2 and 3 per cent
of the men, were earning less than $15 a week at the time of the injury.
In a third State, New York, with a wage grouping slightly different,
35 per cent and 3 per cent, respectively, were earning $15 or less.
TABLE
ll.-Distribution of in1uries to male and female employees by weekly
wage, 1928 and 1929
[For sources o! information, see appendix]
19291
19281
Illinois
Weeklyw!lie
M al8
New York
I F•·
male
Male
IF::~·
Wisconsin
I
Mae
New York
I Fo-
male
Mal•
IFomalo
Wisconsin
I
FeM alO male
NUMBERI
Total. _____________ 52,655
Wages not reported ______
476
Total reported ___________ 52, 179
Less than $10 ___ _________
191
$10 and less than $15 _____
971
$15 and less than $20 _____ 3,619
$20 and less than $25 _____ 8,861
$25 and less than $30 _____ \l, 451
$30 and less than $35 _____ 9,254
$35 and less than $40 __ ___ 6, 012
$40 and Jess than $45 _____ 5,179
$45 and less than $50 _____ 3,204
$50 and Jess than $55 _____ 1,710
$55 and less than $60 _____
721
$60 and over _________ _____ 3,006
2,095
86,545
7,020
21,045
773
92,371
10
2,085
2,271
84,274
233
6,787
7
21,038
-----773
1,944
90, 427
91
3428
462 I 2,172
786 I 6,257
359 315,666
164 319,919
90 a14,279
61 I 7,557
29 I 5, 130
14 I 4,462
8 I 1,986
6 I 1,840
15 3 4,578
3
394
a 1,973
I
I
1,789
1,213
I 633
1309
1166
1122
1 97
a 21
124
146
8,091 21,728
240
17
7,851 21,711
902
-----902
1443
1553
75
25
12,362 32, 339
531
241
16,507 a 1,914
2,657
285
5,180
113 116,947 a 1,304
3746
63 120,573
3,835
a,432
4,066
20 I 14, 776
I 233
I 8,222
2,225
11
1135
1,183
7 16,091
I 98
529
8 15,051
129
12,158
31i3
132
150 ------ I 2,041
136
244 ------ 15,256
76
446
2,506
6,322
3,965
4,413
2,347
1,231
570
422
161
252
100. 0 100. 0
100. 0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
3. 2
31.2
36. 9
14. 6
8. 2
2.6
1.4
.9
1.0
3 .5
17.0
a 29. 8
I 24.4
a 16. 6
a 9. 5
.4
2.1
11. 5
24. 5
18. 3
20. 3
10.8
5. 7
2.6
1.9
.7
1. 2
2. 8
30.6
37. 7
15. 7
6.8
2.8
1. 2
1.1
1.3
------
2,5
276
340
142
61
25
11
10
12
----------------
PER CENTI
Total reported ____ _
100.0
100. 0
Less than $10 __________ ___
$10 and less than $15 _____
$15 and Jess than $20 _____
$20 and less than $25 _____
$25 and less than $30 _____
$30 and Jess than $35 _____
$35 and less than $40 _____
$40 and less than $45 _____
$45 and Jess than $50 _____
$50 and less than $55 _____
$55 and less than $60 _____
$60 and over______________
.4
1.9
6.9
17. 0
18. 1
17. 7
11. 5
9. 9
6.1
3. 3
1.4
5.8
4.4
22. 2
37. 7
17. 2
7.9
4.3
2.9
1.4
•7
.4
.3
•7
100.0
I
•5
12.6
17.4
118. 6
a 23. 6
116. 9
a 9. 0
I 6.1
I 5. 3
12.4
• 2. 2
I 5.4
100. 0
5. 8
129.1
126.4
a 17. 9
19. 3
14.6
a 2.4
I
•LS
I
1.4
I .3
I .4
I .7
.4
2. 5
12.6
24.6
18. 2
19. 3
10. 6
5.6
2.6
1. 7
•7
1.2
----------------
I 2.6
17.2
I 18. 7
• 22.s
1 16. 3
19.1
I 6. 7
15. 6
12.4
12. 3
I 5.8
15. 5
a 3.0
a 1. 7
I
1.2
.4
.4
I •5
I
I
----------------
1 In addition, Indiana reported the average weekly wage for females as $14.25 in 1928 and $14.13 in 1929.
2
For Illinois, compensable cases occurring, calendar year; for New York, closed compensable cases,
year ended June 30; for Wisconsin, closed compensable cases, calendar year.
• Wage groups are $10 and under, over $10 and including $15, over $15 and including $20, and in $5 groups
to over $60.
As the compensation payments in these three States, as in most
others, are a specific percentage of the wage received, it is evident
that the low wages of large numbers of women workers place them at a
decided disadvantage as compared with the average man in recovering the expense of an injury through compensation. Low wages,
which make the accumulation of savings to meet emergencies difficult
if not impossible, are an additional handicap to the injured worker in
reducing below an adequate sum the amount of compensation paid.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX
Page references in State reporl-$ cla:1sifying accident statutic, by sex, 19t7, 19t8, and 19t9, used in Table, 1 to 11
Page references for tableState
Publication
No. l
No. 2
No.3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
I No. 9
No. 10 No.
U
- - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - -1-------1----1----t----1--- - - - - - - ___, _ - - - - - Colorado ___ _______ _ Biennial repart of Industrial Commission, period ended
Nov. 30, 1930 (eleventh report).
Georgia_-- --------- Seventh and eighth annual reports of Industrial Commission, Jan. l, 1927, to Dec. 31, 1928.
Idaho_ --------. ··-- Biennial reports of Industrial Accident Board, period ended
Oct. 31:
1928 (sixth report) ...•..........•.........•..............
1930 (seventh report)-·-·-·-- ______ -·----·- - -··-·----·· ..
Illinois_ ••..•.••.... Annual reports of Department of Labor, years ended June 30:
1928 (eleventh report) •• ·······--···············--·······
1929 (twelfth report)··· ---····---··· · .... ······--··-···-·
Indiana ..••..••.. __ Annual reparts of Indust rial Board, years ended Sept. 30:
1927... ········-· ••.....•.............................•..
1928.•.•.....•..•••...... -· ...• ...•.. · · ................ · ·
1929...•..... -· -· -· _____ ... __ ·-·-. ___ .•.•.. -·. -- .. ___ . __ .
Iowa. ............. _ Biennial reports of Bureau of Labor, periods ended June 30:
1928 (twenty.third report)··························· -·-1930 (twenty.fourth report)·····---················-----Kentucky .•.• _••••. Annual reparts of Workmen's Compensation Board, years
ended June 30:
1927 (eleventh report).· ······-···········---·-··········
1928 (twelfth report) ---···············-·······-··········
Maryland......... .
An1~
~!~~;:~}\;1~1hai··iccra.en€·ccixiimissioii;·years·
ended Oct. 31:
1927 (thirtoonth report) ·--·--· ·-·········-··· ···· · ·······
1928 (fourteenth report) .• _··-···-···-··-····- -· ----·-· ··
1929 (fifteenth report) ... ---···- ·· --·······-·-···--··-·-·
Massachusetts .•. _. Annual reports of Department of Industrial Accidents, years
ended June 30:
1927 (fifteenth report) ..• -··-·-····-·-··-·-····-·-·-·····
1928 (sixteenth report) .... --··-··-·-··_ ••...• ··-._-·._ ••.
1929 (seventeenth report)-···-·· · ·······-············-· ..
Miehigan ........ . . Labor and Industry, quarterly bulletin of Department of
Laborandlndustry, Vol. I, No. l, December, 1930..•. ----··
New Jersey •••••... Industrial Bulletin of Department of Labor:
September, 1928..•.........•.......•••••.. ··--·--··· ••..
September, 1929.... - .......•. ·····----·----····-·-·· · ; ··
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Facing 10
23 -···· ··· ••• • •••• ·-··--··
139
139
121
121
84
84
84
2, 3
28, 63
78
19, 58 -·····-·
17, 56
26, 61
8, 9
9, 11
78
7, 9
22, 23 -······· •••••••• ····--·· ·---···· --···-·· -······ ·
72
84 ··--····
74
28, 63 ··••···· ···-··-26, 61 •••••••• ••••••••
7, 51
6, 50
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No. 157, Compensation statistics, year ended June 30,
1927 ---------------------- ------- -- -- ---- -- -- ---- -- ----
No. 160, Cost of compensation, year ended June 30, 1928__ _
No. 170, Cost of compensation, two years ended June 30,
-- __ -- -- - -- --- ---- ---- -- -- --- -- -- --- - --- - -- -- --- - Pennsylvania _____ _ Lebor1930_
and Industry Bulletin of Department of Labor and
Industry, Vol. XVITI, No. 6, June, 193L _________________ _
Rhode Island _____ _ Reports of Commissioner of Labor for years1927 -- _-------------------- -- ---- -- -- -- -- ____ -- ---- --- _--
1928_____ -------- · -- ---- --- ---- -------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
1929 _________________ ------- _-------- -- _--- __ -- -- ______ --
Wisconsin.. _______ _ Wisconsin Labor Statistics:
156
32, 33
127
9
73 --- ----- -------127
72
126
72 -------- -------- -------- --------
70
126 --- ----- -------- -------- --------
120
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9 -------- -------- --------
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU
[Any of these bulletins still available will be sent free of charge upon request
*No. 1. Proposed Employment of Women During the War in the Industries of
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 16 pp. 1918.
*No. 2. Labor Laws for Women in Industry in Indiana. 29 pp. 1919.
No. 3. Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. 8 pp. Fourth
ed., 1928.
No. 4. Wages of Candy Makers in Philadelphia in 1919. 46 pp. 1919.
*No. 5. T4e Eight-Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919.
No. 6. The Employment of Women in Hazardous Industries in the United
States. 8 pp. 1921.
*No. 7. Night-Work Laws in the United States. (1919) 4 pp. 1920.
*No. 8. Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920.
*No. 9. Home Work in Bridgeport, Conn. 35 pp. 1920.
*No. 10. Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia.
32 pp. 1920.
No. 11. Women Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1921.
*No. 12. The New Position of Women in American Industry. 158 pp. 1920.
*No. 13. Industrial Opportunities and Training for Women and Girls. 48 pp.
1921.
*No. 14. A Physiological Basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20 pp.
1921.
No. 15. Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work for Women. 26
pp. 1921.
.
No. 16. (See Bulletin 98.)
No . 17. Women's Wages in Kansas. 104 pp. rn21.
No. 18. Health Problems of Women in Industry . 6 pp. Revised, 1931.
No. 19. Iowa Women in Industry. 73 pp. 1922.
*No. 20. Negro Women in Industry. 65 pp. 1922.
No. 21. Women in Rhode Island Industries. 73 pp. 1922.
*No. 22. Women in Georgia Industries. 89 pp. 1922.
No. 23. The Family Status of Breadwinning Women. 43 pp. 1922.
No. 24. Women in Maryland Industries. 96 pp. 1922.
No. 25. Women in the Candy Industry in Chicago and St. Louis. 72 pp. 1923.
No. 26. Wom en in Arkansas Industries. 86 pp. 1923.
*No. 27. The Occupat ional Progress of Women. 37 pp. 1922.
No. 28. Women's Contributions in the Field of Invention. 51 pp. 1923.
No. 29. Women in Kentucky Industries. 114 pp. 1923.
No. 30. The Share of Wage-Earning Women in Family Support. 170 pp.
1923.
No. 31. What Industry Means to Women Workers. 10 pp. 1923.
No. 32. Women in South Carolina Industries. 128 pp. 1923.
*No. 33. Proceedings of the Women's Industrial Conference. 190 pp. 1923.
No. 34. Women in Alabama Industries. 86 pp. 1924.
No. 35. Women in Missouri Industries. 127 pp. 1924.
No. 36. Radio Talks on Women in Industry. 34 pp. 1924.
No. 37. Women in New Jersey Industries. 99 pp. 1924.
No. 38. Married Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1924.
No. 39. Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations. 87 pp. 1924.
No. 40. (See Bulletin 98.)
No. 41. Family Status of Breadwinning Women in Four Selected Cities. 145
pp. 1925.
No. 42. List of References on Minimum Wage for Women in the United Stat~s
and Canada. 42 pp. 1925.
.
No. 43. Standard and Scheduled Hours of Work for Women in Industry. 68 pp.
1925.
• Supply exhausted.
34
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDUSTRIAL -INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
35
No . 44. Women in Ohio Industries. 137 pp. 1925.
No. 45. Home Environment and Employment Opportunities of Women in
Coal-Mine Workers' Families. 61 pp. 1925.
No. 46. Facts about Working Women-A Graphic Presentation Based on
Census Statistics. 64 pp. 1925.
No. 47. Women in the Fruit-Growing and Canning Industries in the State of
Washington. 223 pp. 1926.
*No. 48. Women in Oklahoma Industries. 118 pp. 1926.
No. 49. Women Workers and Family Support. 10 pp. 1925.
No. 50. Effects of Applied Research Upon the Employment Opportunities of
American Women. 54 pp. 1926.
No. 51. Women in Illinois Industries. 108 pp. 1926.
No. 52. Lost Time and Labor Turnover in Cotton Mills. 203 pp. 1926.
No. 53. The Status of Women in the Government Service in 1925. 103 pp.
1926.
*No. 54. Changing Jobs. 12 pp. 1926.
No. 55. Women in Mississippi Industries. 89 pp. 1926.
No. 56. Women in Tennessee Industries. 120 pp. 1927.
No. 57. Women Workers and Industrial Poisons. 5 pp. 1926.
No. 58. Women in Delaware Industries. 156 pp. 1927.
No. 59. Short Talks About Working Women. 24 pp. 1927.
No. 60. Industrial Accidents to Women in New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
316 pp. 1927.
No. 61. The Development of Minimum-Wage Laws in the United States, 1912
to 1927. 635 pp. 1928.
No. 62. Women's Employment in Vegetable Canneries in Delaware. 47 pp.
1927.
No. 63. (See Bulletin 98.)
~o. 64. 'lhe Employment of Women at Night. 86 pp. 1928.
*No. 65. The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employment Opportunities of
Women. 498 pp. 1928.
No. 66-I. History of Labor Legislation for Women in Three States. 133 pp.
1929. (Separated from No. 66-II in reprint, 1932.)
No. 66-II. Chronological Development of Labor Legislat ion for Women in the
United States. 145 pp. 1929. (Revised and separated from No.
66-I in 1932.)
.
No. 67. Women Workers in Flint, Mich. 80 pp. 1929.
No . 68. Summary: The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employment Opportunities of Women. (Reprint of Chapter II of Bulletin 65.) 22
pp. 1928.
No. 69. Causes of Absence for Men and for Women in Four Cotton Mills.
24 pp. 1929.
No. 70. Negro Women in Industry in 15 States. 74 pp. 1929.
~o. 71. Selected References on the Health of Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1929.
No. 72. Conditions of Work in Spin Rooms. 41 pp. 1929.
No. 73. Variations in Employment Trends of Women and Men. 143 pp. 1930.
No. 74. The Immigrant Woman and Her Job. 179 pp. 1930.
~o. 75. What the Wage-Earning Woman Contributes to Family Support.
21 pp. 1929.
No. 76. Women in 5-and-10-cent Stores and Limited-Prioe Chain Department
Stores. 58 pp. 1930.
No. 77. A Study of Two Groups of Denver Married Women Applying for Jobs.
11 pp. 1929.
No. 78. A Survey of Laundries and TheJr Women Workers in 23 Oities. 166 pp.
1930.
No. 79. Industrial Home Work. 20 pp. 1930.
No. 80. Women in Florida Industries. 115 pp. 1930.
No. 81. Industrial Accidents to Men and Women. 48 pp. 1930.
No. 82. The Employment of Women in the Pineapple Canneries of Hawaii.
30 pp. 1930.
No. 83. Fluctuation of Employment in the Radio Industry. 66 pp. 1931.
No. 84. Fact Finding with the Women's Bureau. 37 pp. 1931.
No. 85. Wages of Women in 13 States. 213 pp. 1931.
No. 86. Activities of the Women's Bureau of the United States. 15 pp. 1931.
No. 87. Sanitary Drinking Facilities, with Special Reference to Drinking
Fountains. 28 pp. 1931.
• Supply exhausted.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
36
INDUSTRIAL INJURIES TO WOMEN IN 1928 AND 1929
No. 88. The Employment of Women in Slaughtering and Meat Packing. 210
pp. 1932.
No. 89. The Industrial Experience of Women Workers at the Summer Schools,
1928 to 1930. 62 pp. 1931.
No. 00. Oregon Legislation for Women in Industry. 40 pp. 1931.
No. 91. Women in Industry. A Series of Papers to Aid Study Groups. 79 pp.
1931.
No. 92. Wage-Earning Women and the Industrial Conditions of 1930-A
Survey of South Bend. 84 pp. 1932.
No. 93. Household Employment in Philadelphia . 88 pp. 1932.
No. 94. State Requirements for Industrial Lighting. A Handbook for the
Protection of Women Workers, Showing Lighting Standards and
Practices. 65 pp. 1932.
No. 95. Bookkeepers, Stenographers, and Office Clerks in Ohio, 1914 to 1929.
34 pp. 1932.
No. 96. Women Office Workers in Philadelphia. 17 pp. 1932.
No. 97. The Employment of Women in the Sewing Tra des of Connecticut. Preliminary report. 13 pp. 1932.
No. 98. Labor Laws for Women in the States and Territories. Revision of
Bulletin 63. 71 pp. 1932.
No. 99. The Installation and Maintenance of Toilet F acilities in Places of
Employment. 89 pp. 1932.
No. 100. The Effects on Women of Changing Conditions in the Cigar and
Cigarette Industries. 187 pp. 1932.
No. 101. The Employment of Women in Vitreous Enameling. 64 pp. 1932.
No. 102. Industrial Injuries to Women in 1928 and 1929 Compared with
Injuries to Men. 36 pp. 1933.
No. 103. Women Workers in the Third Year of the Depression: A Study of 109
Students in the Bryn Mawr Summer School. 15 pp. 1933.
No. 104. The Occupational Progress of Women , 1910 to 1930. (In press.)
Pamphlet-Women's Place in Industry in 10 Southern St ates. 14 pp. 1931.
Annual Reports of the Director, 1919, * 1920, * 1921, * 1922, 1923, * 1924, * 1925,
1926, 1927, * 1928, * 1929, * 1930, * 1931, and 1932.
• Supply exhausted.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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