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L i , 3 : / L> 3 G G R A Y I R O N F O U N D R I E S I N D U S T R Y , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 WQJJTTIPHB 8 B U L L E T I N 1 6 3 6 D a y to n & M o n tg o m ery Co. P ublic Lib rary FEB 6 1370 NOVEMBER 1969 D O C U M E N T C O L LE C T IO N U .S . D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS §1 St ill ; S stsis I : ■ 11■ ■ s jgj n ■ . ; For sa le by the Superintendent GRAY IR O N FO U N D R IES INDU STRY, 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 NOVEMBER 1969 B ulletin 1636 H 2T T U .S . D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R G e o r g e P. S h u ltz , S e c r e ta r y BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS G eo ffr ey H. Moore, C o m m iss io n e r of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 3 5 cents a Preface T he B u rea u o f L ab or S t a t is t ic s h a s b e e n p u b lish in g m e a s u r e s o f output p e r m a n -h o u r fo r s e le c te d in d u s tr ie s fo r m a n y y e a r s . T h e se m e a s u r e s a p p ea r in In d ex e s of O utput p e r M a n -H o u r, S e le c te d I n d u s tr ie s , 1939 a n d 1 9 4 7 - 6 7 , B L S B u lle tin 1 6 1 2 , D e c e m b e r 19 6 8 . T h is r e p o r t p r e s e n ts in d e x e s fo r th e g r a y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in d u str y fo r th e f ir s t tim e . T he stu d y w a s p r e p a r e d in th e O ffic e o f P r o d u c t iv ity , T e c h n o lo g y and G row th . T he a n a l y s i s and th e s t a t is t ic a l m e a s u r e s w e r e d e v e lo p e d b y Joh n L . C a r e y in th e D iv is io n o f In d u stry P r o d u c tiv ity S tu d ie s . R ic h a rd W. L yon in th e D iv is io n o f T e c h n o lo g ic a l S tu d ies w r o te th e s e c tio n on te c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n ts . iii ■ Page HHOO Contents re n d s in ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r , 1954—6 6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------e c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n ts ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M a te r ia ls h a n d lin g ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M o ld in g and c o r e m a k in g -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M e ta l m e lt in g -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I n s t r u m e n t a t io n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C le a n in g o f c a s t in g s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O utput p e r m a n -h o u r in d e x e s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 E m p lo y m e n t and m a n -h o u r in d e x e s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18 E m p lo y m e n t and p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s ----------------------------------------------------------------- 18 A ll e m p lo y e e m a n - h o u r s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 T a b le s: G ra y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in d u stry : 1. G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , s e le c t e d y e a r s , 1 9 5 4 -6 6 -------------------------------------------------------2. O utput p e r m a n -h o u r , u n it la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts , and r e la te d d a ta , a ll e m p lo y e e s , 1 9 5 4 -6 6 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. O utput p e r m a n -h o u r , u n it la b o r r e q u ir e m e n t s , and r e la te d d a ta , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 1 9 5 4 -6 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------4. O utput p e r m a n -h o u r , u n it la b o r r e q u ir e m e n t s , and r e la te d d a ta , n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------5. W h o le s a le p r ic e in d e x and p r o d u c t d e s c r ip t io n s ----------------------------------------------------6. P r o d u c t g r o u p s and w e ig h t s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 6 8 10 17 17 C h a r ts : G ra y ir o n fo u n d r ie s in d u str y : 1. O utput p e r a ll e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r , o u tp u t, and a ll e m p lo y e e m a n - h o u r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. O utput p e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r , ou tp u t, and p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n - h o u r s , 1 9 5 4 -6 6 -------------------------------------------------------------------3. O utput p e r n o n p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r , o u tp u t, and n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 -------------------------------------------------------------4. O utput p e r m a n -h o u r fo r a ll e m p lo y e e s , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , and n o n p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 1 9 5 4 -6 6 ------------------------------------------------------- 12 A p p e n d ix e s: A . F o u n d r y o p e r a t io n s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------B . G lo s s a r y o f t e r m s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C. A v e r a g e an n u a l r a te s o f ch a n g e ( p e r c e n t ) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 21 22 v 7 9 11 Indexes of Output Per Man-Hour: Gray Iron Foundries Industry, 1954—66 Introduction M easu rin g p rod u ctiv ity change is one w ay to d eterm in e w hether r e so u r c e s a re being u sed e fficien tly — a p r im a ry r eq u isite fo r im p rovin g a n ation 's eco n om ic w e ll-b e in g . If output p er m an -h ou r is in c r e a sin g , then m o re goods are being p r o duced p er unit of labor input and the econ om y is p o ten tia lly r ic h e r . T h u s, kn ow l edge of the d e g r ee and d irec tio n of p rod u ctiv ity m o v em en ts is e s s e n tia l for th ose r e sp o n sib le for en couraging eco n om ic grow th. Industry p rod u ctiv ity m e a su r e s have s e v e r a l valu able u s e s . By com bining th ese m e a su r e s w ith other in d u stry d ata, one can study the effe c ts of ch an ges in m anpow er u tiliza tio n , p r o ject future m anpow er r e q u irem en ts, an a ly ze tren d s in labor c o s ts , com p are p rod u ctiv ity p r o g r e ss am ong c o u n tr ie s, and exam in e the im p a ct of tech n o lo g ica l im p ro v em en ts on em p loym en t. The m e a su r e s p r esen te d in th is rep o rt r ela te output to one input— m a n -h o u rs. They do not m ea su re the s p e c ific contrib ution of la b o r, ca p ita l, or any oth er sin g le fa cto r. R ath er, th ey r e fle c t the jo in t e ffe c t of a num ber of in te r r e la te d in flu e n c e s, such as ch an ges in tech n o lo g y, ca p ita l in v estm en t p er w o rk er, ca p a city u tiliza tio n , layout and flow of o p er a tio n s, s k ill and effo rt of the w ork fo r c e , m a n a g eria l a b il ity , and lab o r-m a n a g em en t re la tio n s. T h ese m e a su r e s a re su b ject to cer ta in q u a lifica tio n s. B e ca u se of the d iffi cu lties of m ea su rin g qu ality ch an ge, of m ain taining c o n siste n t co v era g e betw een o u t put and lab or input, of reflectin g ch an ges in the d e g r ee of plant in teg ra tio n and sp e c ia liz a tio n and other s ta tistic a l lim ita tio n s, p rod u ctiv ity in d ex es should be r e garded as g en e ra l rath er than sp e c ific in d ica tio n s of output p er m an -h ou r m o v em en ts. T his rep o rt p r e se n ts m e a su r e s of output p er m an -h ou r for the gray iro n fou n d ries in d u stry . The in d ex es for th is in d u stry begin w ith 1954 sin ce annual data on m a n -h o u rs w ere not a v a ila b le e a r lie r ; in add ition , prod uct d e ta il for e a r lie r y e a r s w as not str ic tly co m p arab le w ith la ter y e a r s . The rep o rt in clu d es so m e a n a ly sis of tren d s in output p er m an -h ou r and rela ted s e r ie s , as w ell as a d e s c r ip tion of tech n o lo g ica l d evelo p m en ts that have o ccu rred in the in d u stry . It a lso co n tain s a d eta iled tech n ica l note w hich d e sc r ib e s the data so u r c e s and s ta tistic a l tech niq ues u tilized . Coverage o f Report The g ray iro n fou n d ries in d u stry in clu d es esta b lish m en ts that p r im a r ily m anu facture g ra y iro n c a s tin g s , includ ing c a s t iro n p r e s su r e p ip e, s o il p ip e, and pipe fittin g s. T his in d u stry is d esig n a ted Ind ustry 3321 in the 1967 Standard In d u strial C la ssific a tio n M anual (SIC). 1 2 Two types of esta b lish m en ts m ake up the ind ustry: (1) C o m m ercia l (jobbing) fo u n d ries; and (2) cap tive fou n d ries o p erated as sep a ra te e sta b lish m e n ts. T h ese two groups accoun t for about tw o -th ird s of the tonnage of g ray iro n ca stin g s m ade each y e a r . The rem ain in g p rod u ction of g ray iro n ca stin g s r e p r e se n ts eith er s e c ondary p rod u cts of esta b lish m en ts c la s s ifie d in other in d u stries or in term ed ia te p rod u cts of ca p tiv e fou n d ries that are in teg ra ted o p eratio n s of other m anufacturing p la n ts. T h ese in teg ra ted ca p tiv e fou n d ries prod u ce about 25 p e rcen t of the annual output of g ray iro n c a stin g s. In tegrated ca p tiv e fou n d ries and the e sta b lish m en ts w hich prod u ce g ray iro n c a stin g s as seco n d a ry p rod u cts a re not includ ed in th is r e p o rt b e ca u se th ey are not includ ed in the Standard In d u stria l C la ssific a tio n d efin ition . In add ition , sep a ra te em p loym en t and m an -h ou r data d ir e c tly rela ted to the p ro d u c tion of g ray iro n ca stin g s in th ese other esta b lish m en ts a re not a v a ila b le. General Characteristics O ver 1,100 esta b lish m en ts w ere op eratin g in the g ray iro n fo u n d ries in d u stry in 1963. (See table 1 .) M ost w ere of in term ed ia te s iz e — the 255 esta b lish m en ts w h o se em p loym en t ranged fro m 100 to 1 ,0 0 0 accoun ted fo r m o re than h a lf of in d u s try em p loym en t and valu e added. O nly 14 esta b lish m en ts had m o re than 1 ,0 0 0 e m p lo y e e s; th is group, h o w ev er, rep resen ted m o re than a fourth of in d u stry em p lo y m en t and valu e added. S in ce 1958, esta b lish m en t s iz e has grow n— the a v era g e num ber of em p lo y ees p er esta b lish m en t w as 106 in 1963, 86 in 1958. E m p loym en t in gray iro n fo u n d ries to ta led 1 4 0 ,7 0 9 in 1966 and m a k es up a m ajor p a rt of em p loym en t in a ll iro n and s te e l fo u n d ries— n e a r ly 60 p e rcen t in 1966. P ro d u ctio n w ork er em p loym en t in g ray iro n fou n d ries has b een co n siste n tly high as a p ercen ta g e of to ta l em p lo y m en t, ranging b etw een 85 and 90 p e rcen t th rou gh out the p erio d . (The ratio for a ll m anu facturin g w as 76 p e rcen t in 1966; for p r im a ry m e ta ls , it w as 82 p e r c e n t.) The in d u stry 's to ta l sh ip m en ts clim b ed to $ 2 .7 b illio n in 1966 from le s s than $ 1 .5 b illio n in 1958. P a r t of th is grow th r e fle c ts p r ic e in c r e a s e s . About tw o -fifth s of the valu e of sh ip m en ts r e p r e se n ts the c o s t of m a te r ia ls; the other th r e e -fifth s is valu e added. In tu rn, w a g es and s a la r ie s m ake up about th r e e fifth s of valu e added. F o r ty -fiv e S tates had esta b lish m en ts c la s s ifie d in the g ra y iro n fou n d ries in d u stry in 1963, but m o st of the em p lo y ees w orked in g ray iro n fou n d ries located e a s t of the M iss is sip p i R iv er. M ichigan and Ohio to g eth er had about 33 p ercen t of the em p loym en t and 39 p e rcen t of the valu e added in 1963. T h ese S tates tog eth er w ith I llin o is , Indiana, and W isco n sin accoun ted fo r o v er h a lf of the in d u stry 's e m p lo y m en t and valu e added. 3 T able 1. G ray Iron F ou n d ries Industry: G en era l C h a ra cte ristics, S e lec ted Y e a r s , 1954—66 Item E s ta b lis h m e n ts --------------------T otal em p loym en t ---------------E m p lo y ees p er esta b lis h m e n t------------------------ Unit 1954 1958 1963 1965 1964 1966 1 ,4 1 4 N um ber 1 ,3 1 0 1 ,1 3 9 (M (M - - d o - - 1 3 3 ,9 1 4 1 1 2 ,6 7 0 1 2 0 ,5 2 8 1 2 6,3 2 9 1 3 4 ,8 9 4 1 4 0 ,7 0 9 95 - -d o -86 106 (M (M O ( l ) P rod u ction w ork er em p loym en t ----------------------------- -do - - 1 1 8 ,2 8 8 9 6 ,4 1 4 1 0 4 ,2 3 9 1 0 9 ,8 2 8 1 1 7 ,1 0 9 1 2 2 ,1 4 2 P ro d u ctio n w o rk ers per 84 74 e s ta b lish m e n t---------------- -do - 92 (M (M (l ) R atio of p rod uction w o rk ers to a ll em 85. 6 p lo y e e s ---------------------------- P e r c e n t 88. 3 86. 5 86. 8 86. 8 86. 9 N onproduction w orker em p loym en t ------------------------ N um ber 1 5 ,6 2 6 1 6 ,2 5 6 1 6 ,2 8 9 16,50 1 1 7 ,7 8 5 1 8 ,5 6 7 64. 8 75. 9 171. 5 221. 3 32. 6 C apital exp en d itu res (new)— $ M illion s 49. 9 C apital exp en d itu res p er 373 e m p lo y e e ------------------------ D o lla rs 538 601 1 ,5 7 3 1,271 289 1 ,4 3 5 1 ,9 8 5 2, 286 2, 603 2 ,7 2 8 V alue of sh ip m en ts 2 ------------ $ M illion s 1 ,4 4 2 C ost of m a te r ia ls (including 593 623 814 e le c tr ic ity )-------------------------954 1 ,0 5 8 - -d o -1 ,0 9 7 V alue added by m anu fa ctu re --------------------------------811 - -d o -847 1 ,1 6 8 1 ,3 5 4 1 ,6 4 6 1 ,5 5 9 531 W ages and s a la r ie s ---------- - -d o -558 825 7 30 922 978 W a g e s -------------------------------- - -d o -596 680 760 80 3 459 419 1 N ot a v a ila b le. 2 Inclu des r e s a le s and other m isc e lla n e o u s r e c e ip ts. SOURCE: B ureau of the C en su s, U. S. D ep artm en t of C o m m erce. 4 Trends in Output Per Man-Hour, 1954—66 / Output p er m an -h ou r of a ll em p lo y ees in the g ray iro n fou n d ries in d u stry g rew 32 p e rcen t betw een 1954 and 1966— in c r e a sin g at an a v era g e rate of 2. 2 p e r cen t a y e a r . (See ch art 1 and appendix C .) 1 O ver the sa m e p e rio d , output p er m an -h ou r in a ll m anu facturin g w ent up at an a v era g e rate of 3. 1 p ercen t. P ro d u ctiv ity in g ray iro n fo u n d ries g rew u n even ly b etw een 1954 and 1966. The la r g e s t annual change w as an in c r e a se of 7 .8 p e rcen t in 1955, w hich m arked the in d u stry 's r e c o v e r y from the 1954 r e c e s s io n . Y e a r -to -y e a r in c r e a s e s ranged from 2. 1 to 5. 6 p ercen t in m o st su b seq u en t y e a r s w h ile th ere w ere sm a ll d e c r e a s e s in 4 y e a r s — only one d eclin e (2. 8 p e rcen t in 1957) w as of sig n ifica n t s iz e . G ray iro n fou n d ries output r o se an a v era g e of 2. 4 p e rcen t a y ea r ov er the sa m e p erio d . The y e a r -to -y e a r ch an ges in gray iro n fou n d ries output ranged from a 1 7 -p er cen t d e c r e a se to a 2 3 -p er cen t in c r e a s e . The slo w o v e r a ll grow th in output w as m atch ed w ith a com p arab le m o d est grow th in output p er m an -h ou r resu ltin g in a slig h t in c r e a se in m a n -h o u rs— about 0. 1 p e rcen t a y ea r during the 1954 -6 6 p erio d . The gray iro n fo u n d ries' e x p e rie n ce d iffered sh a rp ly b etw een the fir s t and secon d h a lv es of the p erio d . B etw een 1954 and 1961, output d eclin ed at an annual rate of 2. 4 p e rcen t d esp ite a su b stan tia l gain betw een 1954 and 1955. The annual rate of gain in output p er m an -h ou r w as only 1 .4 p e rcen t. In 1955, output r o se 23 p e rcen t from the r e c e s s io n le v e l of 1954, only to drop by 1958 to 13 p ercen t b elow the le v e l of 1954. Output in c r e a se d 23 p e rcen t again in 1959; sub sequ ent d e c r e a s e s w ere su b stan tia l but le s s s e v e r e than th o se of p rev io u s y e a r s . T otal m a n -h o u rs a lso d eclin ed during 1 9 5 4 -6 1 , av era g in g 3 .7 p e rcen t a y e a r . Sharp d e c lin e s betw een 1956 and 1958 and in I960 and 1961 m o re than o ffse t in c r e a s e s in 1955 and 1959. The d eclin e in the in d u stry 's output during the 1955-61 p erio d w a s, for the m o st p a rt, rela ted to the g en e ra l b u sin ess c y c le . F ro m 1955 to 1958, the p erio d in w hich the m o st s e v e r e drop in output o ccu rred , the output of four m ajor gray iro n consu m in g in d u str ie s— m a ch in ery , co n stru ctio n , s te e l, and a u to m o b iles— fe ll su b sta n tia lly . F or ex a m p le, the num ber of p a sse n g e r ca rs prod uced in 1958 w as 47 p e rcen t b elow the 1955 le v e l. The d eclin e in the output of th ese in d u stries no doubt a ffected the p rod uction of gray iro n c a stin g s. The d e c r e a se in r e sid e n tia l co n stru ctio n in I960 contributed to the d e c r e a s e in the output of gray iro n c a stin g s during that y e a r , w h ile dow nturns in s te e l, a u to s, r e sid e n tia l and n o n resid en tia l co n stru ctio n , and m a ch in ery in 1961 help ed to continue the d eclin e in the p rod uction of g ray iro n c a stin g s. R ela tiv ely low ca p ita l ex p en d itu res w ere a lso a fa cto r co n tribu ting to the low p rod u ctiv ity gain. C apital ex p en d itu res p er g ra y iro n foundry em p lo y ee w ere le s s than the a v era g e p er m anu facturin g em p lo y ee in ev e r y y ea r fro m 1954 to 1961. 1 Average annual rates in this report are based on the least squares trend line fitted to logarithms of the index numbers. In sharp co n tra st to the e a r lie r h a lf of the p e rio d , g ray iro n fou n d ries output in c r e a se d at an a v era g e annual rate of 10. 3 p e rcen t b etw een 1961 and 1966. At the sa m e tim e , output p er m an -h ou r r o se at an a v era g e annual rate of 3 .4 p e rcen t— m o re than tw ice the e a r lie r ra te. M an-h ours w ent up at the rate of 6. 7 p ercen t. The in c r e a se in g ray iro n output r e fle c ts the extended eco n o m ic b oom , p a rticu la r ly in p r o d u c ers' du rable equipm ent. Output for th is com pon ent of G ro ss N ation al P rod u ct in c r e a se d co n sid era b ly fa ste r than for the econ om y as a w h ole. The four m ajor gray iro n consu m in g in d u stries m en tion ed p r e v io u sly a ll enjoyed la rg e in c r e a s e s in output. (T he num ber of p a sse n g e r c a r s prod uced in c r e a se d 56 p e rcen t from 1961 to 1966.) O ther fa cto rs a sso c ia te d w ith the grow th in output and p rod u ctiv ity in gray iro n fou n d ries w ere quality im p ro v em en ts and in c r e a se d atten tion to the sp e c ific need s of the c u sto m e r s. In addition, m o re r e s o u r c e s w ere a llo ca ted to r e s e a r c h , m a rk et d evelo p m en t, a d v ertisin g , and p rom otion . C apital exp en d itu res p er em p lo y ee m o re than trip led betw een 1961 and 1966 and su rp a ssed the m anufacturing avera g e for the fir s t tim e in 1965. B eca u se of the u su a l lag b etw een ca p ita l exp en d itu res and resu lta n t p rod u ctiv ity in c r e a s e s , th is rapid in c r e a s e in ex p en d itu res m ay lead to fu rth er gain s in p rod u ctiv ity . The trend tow ard few er but la r g e r and m o re m e c h anized fo u n d ries undoubtedly has had a p o sitiv e effe c t on p rod u ctiv ity . 6 Table 2. G ray Iro n F ou nd ries Indu stry: Output P e r M an-H our, Unit L abor R eq u irem en ts, and R elated D ata, A ll E m ployees, 1954—66 Y ear 1954______ 1955______ 1956______ 1957______ 1958______ 1959------I960______ 1961______ 1962............ 1963______ 1964 _____ 1965______ 1966............ (Indexes 1957—59 = 100) Unit lab or re q u ire Output p e r— m ents in te rm s of— All All All All em ployee em ployee em ployee m an-ho ur em ployees m an -h o u rs Indexes 94.0 107. 2 103. 8 96. 4 96. 9 106. 6 102. 5 103. 7 112. 7 118. 8 130. 1 136. 6 134. 4 92. 8 100. 1 99.4 96. 6 100. 1 103.4 102. 8 105.4 109. 5 111. 8 118. 0 123. 0 122. 9 106. 3 93. 3 96. 4 103. 7 103. 2 93. 8 97. 6 96. 4 88. 8 84. 2 76. 8 73. 2 74. 4 107. 7 99. 9 100. 6 103. 5 99. 9 96. 7 97. 3 94. 9 91 .4 89. 4 84. 7 81. 3 81. 4 Output 100. 9 124. 2 118. 6 105. 1 87. 4 107. 5 99. 7 94. 5 107. 6 114. 6 131. 7 147. 5 151. 5 R elated data All All em ployee em ployees m an -h o u rs 107. 3 115. 9 114. 3 109. 0 90. 2 100. 8 97. 3 91. 1 95. 5 96. 5 101. 2 108. 0 112. 7 108. 7 124. 1 119. 3 108. 8 87. 3 104. 0 97. 0 89. 7 98. 3 102. 5 111.6 119. 9 123. 3 Source: O utput, em ploym ent, and hours b ased on data from the B u reau of the C ensus, U. S. D ep artm ent of C o m m erce; and the B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s, U. S. D ep artm ent of Labor. 7 C h a r t 1. G r a y Ir o n F o u n d r ie s I n d u s tr y : O u tp u t P e r A ll E m p lo y e e O u tp u t, a n d A ll E m p lo y e e M a n -H o u r : M a n -H o u r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 RATIO SCALE INDEX (1957-59=100) 1954 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Note: The measures of output used in this chart represent the total production of the industry resulting fromall employees and do not represent the specific output of any single group of employees. 8 Table 3. G ray Iron F ou nd ries Industry: Output P e r M an-H our Unit L abor R eq u irem en ts, and R elated D ata, P ro du ctio n W o rk ers, 1954r-66 Y ear 1954______ 1955______ 1956______ 1957______ 1958______ 1959--------I960______ 1961____ 1962______ 1963______ 1964--------1965______ 1966______ (Indexes 1957—59 = 100) Unit lab or re q u ire Output p e r— R elated data m ents in te rm s of— P ro du ctio n ctio n du ctio n du ctio n P ro du ctio n w o rk er P ro du ctio n P row du o rk er P wroorke Output 1 P ro w o rk er w o rk er rs w o rk ers m an -h o u rs m an-ho ur m an -h o u rs Indexes 92. 1 104. 8 102. 2 95. 7 98. 0 106.4 103. 2 104. 8 113. 0 118. 8 129. 6 136. 1 134. 1 90. 9 97. 0 97. 5 96. 0 101. 9 102. 7 103. 6 106. 7 109. 3 110. 9 115. 9 121. 0 121. 0 108. 5 95. 4 97. 8 104. 5 102. 1 94. 0 96. 9 95. 4 88. 5 84. 2 77. 1 73. 5 74. 6 110. 0 103. 1 102. 6 104. 2 98. 2 97. 4 96. 5 93. 8 91. 4 90. 1 86. 3 82. 6 82. 6 100. 9 124. 2 118. 6 105. 1 87. 4 107. 5 99. 7 94. 5 107. 6 114. 6 131.7 147. 5 151. 5 109. 5 118. 5 116. 0 109. 8 89. 2 101. 0 96.6 90. 2 95. 2 96. 5 101.6 108. 4 113. 0 111. 0 128. 0 121. 7 109. 5 85. 8 104. 7 96. 2 88. 6 98. 4 103. 3 113.6 121. 9 125. 2 1 The m e a su re s of output u sed in this table re p re se n t the to tal production of th in d u stry re su ltin g from all em ployees and do not re p re se n t the specific output of any single group of em ployees. S ource: O utput, em ploym ent, and hours b ased on data from the B u reau of the C ensus, U. S. D ep artm ent of C o m m erce; and the B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s, U.S. D ep artm ent of L abor. 9 C h a r t 2 . G r a y Ir o n O u tp u t P e r P r o d u c tio n a n d P r o d u c tio n W F o u n d r ie s I n d u s tr y W o r k e r M a n -H o u r , O u tp u t o r k e r M a n -H o u r s , 1 9 5 4 - 6 6 RATIO SCALE INDEX (1957-59=100) 1954 55 56 : 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Note: The measures of output used in this chart represent the total production of the industry resulting fromall employees and do not represent the specific output of any single group of employees. 10 Y ear 1954______ 1955______ 1956______ 1957______ 1958______ 1959--------I960______ 1961______ 1962____ 1963______ 1964______ 1965______ 1966______ Table 4. G ray Iron F ou nd ries Industry: Output P e r M an-H our, Unit L abor R eq u irem en ts, and R elated D ata, N onproduction W o rk ers, 1954—66 l (indexes 1957—59 - 100) Unit lab or re q u ire Output p e r— R elated data m ents in te rm s of— Non Non Non N on Non Non production production production production w o rk er production w o rk er production w o rk er w o rk er m a n -h o u r1 w o rk ers m an -h o u rs 1 Output 2 w o rk ers m an -h o u rs1 Indexes 108. 5 126. 0 114. 6 101.4 90. 4 107. 9 97. 5 97. 9 110. 1 118. 3 134. 1 139.4 137. 1 (108. 0) (126. 1) (114.4) (101. 3) (90.4) (108. 0) (97.5) (98. 0) (109.8) (117.9) (133. 2) (138. 9) (137. 2) 92. 2 79. 4 87. 3 98. 7 110. 6 92. 7 102. 6 102. 1 90. 8 84. 6 74. 6 71. 7 72. 9 (92.6) (79. 3) (87.4) (98. 8) (110.6) (9 2 . 6 ) (102.6) (102.0) (91. 1) (84. 8) (75. 1) (72.0) (72.9) 100. 9 124. 2 118. 6 105. 1 87. 4 107. 5 99. 7 94. 5 107. 6 114. 6 131.7 147. 5 151. 5 93. 0 98. 6 103. 5 103. 7 96. 7 99. 6 102. 3 96. 5 97. 7 96.9 98. 2 105. 8 110. 5 (93.4) (98.5) (103.7) (103.8) (96.7) (99. 5) (102. 3) (96.4) (98. 0) (97.2) (98. 9) (106.2) (110. 4) 1 The fig u res shown in p a re n th eses are sub ject to a w ider m arg in of e r r o r than other m e a su re s for this in d u stry because of the m ethod for estim atin g nonproduction w o rk er m a n h o u rs. (See tech n ical note, p. 14.) 2 The m e a su re s of output u sed in th is table re p re se n t the to tal production of the in d u stry re su ltin g from all em ployees and do not re p re se n t the specific output of any single group of em ployees. S ource: O utput, em ploym ent, and hours b ased on data from the B ureau of the C ensus, U. S. D ep artm ent of C om m erce; and the B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s, U.S. D ep artm ent of L abor. 11 Chart 3. Gray Iron Foundries Industry: Output Per Nonproduction Worker Man-Hour, Output, and Nonproduction Worker Man-Hours, 1954-66 INDEX (1957-59=100) 1954 55 56 RATIO SCALE 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Note: The measures of output used in this chart represent the total production of the industry resulting from a ll employees and do not represent the specific output of any single group of employees. 12 Chart 4. Gray Iron Foundries Industry: Output Per Man-Hour for A ll Employees, Production Workers, and Nonproduction Workers, 1954-66 INDEX (1957-59=100) 1954 55 56 RATIO SCALE 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 13 Technological Developments2 A lthough ch an ges in output g rea tly in flu en ce sh o rt-ru n p rod u ctivity m o v em en ts, lo n g -te r m tren d s are a ffected by a d d ition al, in te r r e la te d fa c to r s— tech n o lo g y, c a p i ta l in v estm en t, r e s e a r c h and d evelo p m en t, sk ill and effo rt of the w ork fo r c e , m a n a g e r ia l a b ility , and lab o r-m a n a g em en t r e la tio n s. C hanges in tech n o lo g y a re e s p e c ia lly im p ortan t, although th eir p r e c ise im p act cannot be m ea su re d . A utom ation in gray iron fo u n d ries red u ced labor req u irem en ts in m a te r ia ls handling and other key foundry op eration s over the p eriod co v ered by th is rep o rt. H ow ever, d iffu sio n of tech n ology w as reta rd ed to som e d eg ree by the r e la tiv e ly la r g e num ber of sm a ll plants in the in d u stry and the su b stan tia l volu m e of p rod u c tion in sm a ll lo ts. M a teria ls H andling M ech anization of m a te r ia ls handling, in volvin g in c r e a se d u se of c r a n e s, h o is ts , lift tr u c k s, lo a d e r s, and co n v ey o rs w as a m ajor fa cto r in the red u ction of in d u stry m an -h ou r req u irem en ts. Of p a rticu lar im p ortan ce w as the ex ten sio n of co n v ey o riza tio n from high volu m e production fo u n d ries to s m a lle r , jobbing fo u n d ries for fu n ction s such a s sand d e liv e r y , m old han dling, shak eout, and ca stin g fin ish in g . The a v a ila b ility of lo w -c o st m odu lar con veyor sy ste m s fa cilita ted th is ex ten sio n of co n v ey o riza tio n . M olding and C orem aking Im proved m old ing m a ch in es red u ced unit labor req u irem en ts in th is op eration w hich en g a g es about o n e-fifth of a ll production w o r k e r s. F a ste r m old c y c le s , m o re m a ch in e-co n tr o lled fu n ctio n s, and la r g e r fla sk s c h a r a c te r iz e th is new eq u ip m en t. One new m a ch in e, for ex a m p le, a cco m m o d a tes four p a ttern s p er fla sk in stead of tw o but d o es not req u ire ad d ition al o p er a to r s. M o reo v er, autom atic m old in g equipm ent su ited to high v o lu m e prod uction in sm a lle r fo u n d ries w as in sta lle d on a lim ited b a s is . N ew er co rem ak in g equipm ent introd uced featu red rapid op eratin g c y c le s , sim u ltan eo u s production of s e v e r a l c o r e s , and adap tability to im p roved co rem ak in g m a te r ia ls . A gradual in c r e a se in the u se of the s h e ll, carb on d io x id e, and other s p e c ia liz e d m old in g and co rem ak in g p r o c e s s e s a ls o im p roved e ffic ie n c y and ca stin g q u a lity . T h eir g r e a te st ap p lication w as in corem a k in g w h ere th ey g rea tly red u ced or elim in a ted the tim e and labor con su m in g baking op eration . T h ese new p r o c e s s e s lend th e m se lv e s to m ech a n iza tion and w ere in trod u ced m o st w id ely in high volu m e prod uction . M etal M elting C upolas continued to undergo im p ro v em en t and rem a in ed the p rin cip a l m eltin g u n its in the in d u stry . H ow ever, e le c tr ic m e ltin g , w hich a ffo rd s c lo se r co n tro l and p erm its g rea ter u tiliza tio n of scra p m e ta l, cam e into in c r e a se d u s e . E n actm en t of a ir pollution co n tro l law s w as anoth er fa cto r w hich en cou raged a shift to e le c tr ic m eltin g . G en era lly g rea ter p u rch ase and op eratin g c o s ts of e le c tr ic fu r n a c e s, on the other hand, reta rd ed th eir in trod u ction in som e fo u n d ries. 2 S ee app en dix A , p. 20, for a d iscu ssion o f foundry operations and appendix B, p. 21, for a glossary of term s. 14 In stru m en tation In cr ea se d em p h a sis on product quality and op eratin g e ffic ie n c y re su lte d in m o re in stru m en ta tio n for m ea su re m e n t and co n tro l. R adiograp hic (X -r a y ), su p er so n ic , p y ro m eter, and ra d io iso to p e u n its w ere in trod u ced m o re w id ely in m eltin g , sand p rep a ra tio n , in sp e ctio n , and other m ajor o p era tio n s. C om p u ters w ere in sta lled in s e v e r a l la r g e r fo u n d ries for accoun ting and production co n tro l. C leaning of C a stin g s T ech n o lo g ica l a d v a n ces have been introduced in the labor in ten siv e o p er a tion of clea n in g c a stin g s— a b o ttlen eck in foundry o p era tio n s— and have red u ced unit labor r eq u irem en ts. A sig n ifica n t num ber of high er sp eed grinding w h eels have been put into s e r v ic e in fo u n d ries of a ll s iz e s . H o w ev er, the a p p lication of contin uous b la st clea n in g to rep la ce batch m eth od s h as been lim ited to high v olu m e production fo u n d ries. M etallu rgy A d van ces in m eta llu rg y stren gth en ed the in d u stry 's co m p etitiv e p o sition r e la tiv e to other ty p es of m eta l fo rm in g . M ost im p ortan t h as been the d e v e lo p m en t of nodular (d u ctile) iron w hich accoun ted for about 5 p ercen t of to ta l gray iro n sh ip m en ts in 1966. N odular iron p o s s e s s e s m any p r o p erties of s te e l, in cluding high stren gth and d u ctility , that en a b les m any m eta l p a rts to be ca st in stead of fo rg ed , stam ped or w eld ed . A utom ob ile cra n k sh a fts, for ex a m p le, now can be ca st in stea d of fo rg ed . Technical Note Output P er M an-H our In d exes The in d ex es of output per m an -h ou r p resen ted in th is rep ort have been d evelop ed acco rd in g to p ro ced u res fo llo w ed by the B ureau of Labor S t a t is t ic s 3 for m ea su rin g change in the rela tio n b etw een in d u stry output and the m a n -h o u rs expended on that output. F or an ind ustry producing a sin g le un iform product or p erform in g a sin g le un iform s e r v ic e , the in d ex es sim p ly m e a su r e the change ov er tim e in the ratio: U nits p r o d u ced /m a n -h o u rs. F or an in d u stry producing a num ber of p rod u cts, the in d ex es r e p r e se n t the change o v er tim e in the ratio: W eighted output (of a sp ec ified co m p o site of p ro d u cts)/m a n -h o u r s. The sim p le st p roced u re for d evelop in g an ind ex of output per m a n -h ou r is to d ivid e the output ind ex by a m an -h ou r ind ex. The in d e x e s have been co n stru cted for th is in d u stry beginning in 1954, sin ce annual data for m a n -h o u rs w ere not a v a ila b le e a r lie r ; in add ition , product d eta il for e a r lie r y e a r s w as not s tr ic tly com p arab le w ith la ter y e a r s . Output Index F or co n stru ctin g in d ex es of output per m a n -h o u r, the id ea l output index w eig h ts (m u ltip lies) the q u a n tities of a ll prod ucts produced in the in d u stry by the m a n -h o u rs req u ired to m ake one unit of each product in a sp e c ifie d y ea r. T hus, th o se p rod ucts w hich req u ire m o re labor tim e a re given m o re im p o rta n ce. A l though unit m an -h ou r w eigh ts a re p refera b le for com bin in g prod uct data, they are 3 For a m ore d eta iled d escrip tion o f th e gen eral con cep ts and procedures, see C hapter 2 3 , "Output Per M an-H our M easures: Industries," BLS H andbook o f M ethods for Surveys and S tu d ies, B u lletin 1458, O ctober 1966. freq u en tly not a v a ila b le. T h erefo r e, it is often n e c e s s a r y to su b stitu te w eig h ts b e lie v e d p rop ortion al to unit m an -h ou r w eig h ts— u su a lly unit valu e w eig h ts. Both unit m an -h ou r w eig h ts and unit valu e w eig h ts w ere u sed at d ifferen t sta g es in co n stru ctin g the output ind ex for gray iro n fo u n d ries. The output in d ex es r e ly h ea v ily on co m p reh en siv e data c o lle c te d for the C en su s of M anu factures for 1954, 1958, and 1963. In d exes w ere com puted from the d eta iled quantity and valu e data for 1954-58 and 1958-63 and are r e fe r r e d to a s b ench m ark in d e x e s. A nnual in d ex es for in te r c e n sa l y e a r s a re b a sed on le s s d eta iled in form ation and a re adju sted to the bench m ark le v e ls . The 1954-58 and 1958-63 bench m ark in d ex es w ere co n stru cted in the fo l low ing m anner: 1. P h y sic a l quantity of sh ip m en ts in d ex es w ere com puted for each of the p rim a ry product c la s s e s in th is in d u stry . SIC 33211 M olds and sto o ls for h eavy s te e l in gots SIC 33212 C ast iro n p r e ssu r e pipe and fittin g s SIC 33213 C ast iro n s o il pipe and fittin g s SIC 33214 A ll other gray iro n c a stin g s F or each product c la s s , the q u a n tities of ind ividu al p rod ucts (SIC 7 -d ig it le v e l) w ere w eighted w ith 1958 unit v a lu es to obtain the p h y sica l quantity in d e x e s. T h ese in d ex es r e fle c t sh ip m en ts of c a stin g s from the gray iron fo u n d ries in d u stry and a lso c a stin g s shipped a s seco n d a ry p rod ucts from other in d u str ie s. (The q u a n tities and v a lu es of gray iro n c a stin g s m ade by co m p lete ly in teg ra ted cap tive fo u n d ries of plants c la s s ifie d in other in d u strie are ex clu d ed . ) B eca u se the gray iro n fou n d ries in d u stry a ccou n ts for about 88 p ercen t of the to ta l valu e of th e se p rim a ry product sh ip m en ts, it w as a ssu m ed that th ese product (w h erev er m ade) in d ex es w ere r e p resen ta tiv e of sh ip m en ts of p rim a ry prod ucts in the in d u stry. 2. The p h y sica l quantity in d ex es for SIC 5 -d ig it p rim a ry product c la s s e s w ere com bined w ith app rop riate 1958 m an -h ou r w eigh ts for a ll em p lo y ees to obtain an output ind ex of the in d u stry 's p rim a ry p rod u cts. M an-hour w eig h ts for 1958 w ere u sed for both 1954-58 and 1958-63 b en ch m ark s b e ca u se m an -h ou r e s tim a te s for 1954 w ere not a v a ila b le at the 5 -d ig it p rod uct le v e l. T h ese m an -h ou r w eig h ts w ere d evelop ed a s fo llo w s: (a) T otal m a n -h o u rs for plants sp ec ia liz in g in each 5 -d ig it product c la s s w ere d eriv ed fro m data on production w ork er m a n -h o u rs and nonproduction w ork er em p loym en t rep o rted in the C en su s of M anufa ctu res and from data on a v era g e h ou rs for nonproduction w ork er m a n -h o u rs estim a ted in th is study. (b) R atios of m a n -h o u rs to valu e of sh ip m en ts w ere com puted for each c la s s of sp e c ia liz e d p lan ts. (c) The ra tio s w ere m u ltip lied by the co rresp o n d in g valu e of p r i m a ry p rod ucts shipped by the w hole in d u stry to obtain the m an -h ou r w eig h ts. (T his p roced u re a ssu m e s that m a n -h o u rs per d ollar for ea ch product c la s s shipped by the w hole in d u stry a re the sam e as th o se for plants sp e c ia liz in g in that product c la s s . ) 3. The index of p rim a ry prod ucts of the in d u stry is fin a lly m u ltip lied by a " coverage" adju stm ent to rep r e se n t the to ta l output of the in d u stry . T his " coverage" adju stm ent is the ratio of the ind ex of valu e of ind ustry sh ip m en ts (after e x clu sio n of r e s a le s and in clu sio n of net add ition s to in v en to r ie s ) to the index of valu e of sh ip m en ts of p rim a ry p rod u cts. The fin a l in d u stry output index thus r e fle c ts in ven tory buildups and changing p r o p ortion s of seco n d a ry p rod u cts. The la tter effe ct ten d s to be m in im a l sin ce seco n d a ry prod ucts rep resen t only about 5 to 7 p ercen t of total sh ip m en ts. 16 A nnual p rod uction in d exes for in te r c e n sa l y ea rs w ere co n stru cted from d e flated v a lu es. A lthough e stim a te s of p h y sica l quantity a re a v a ila b le, th ey eith er u n d erstate or o v ersta te in d u stry output. The sh ip m en ts data rep orted in C urrent In d u strial R eports pu b lish ed by the B ureau of the C ensus and B u reau of M ines in clude captive foundry o p eratio n s w hich a re in tegrated co m p lete ly w ith the op eration s of esta b lish m en ts c la ss ifie d in other in d u stries so th ey o v e r sta te in d u stry production. The data on " sh ip m ents for sa le" exclu d e in terp la n t tr a n sfe r s , and u n d erstate in d u stry sh ip m en ts. F or 1958 and the y e a r s fo llo w in g , the value of sh ip m en ts of each p rim a ry prod uct c la ss (w h erev er m ade) w as d eflated by the app ropriate W h olesale P r ic e Index (ta b les 5 and 6). Ind exes of th e se d eflated valu es w ere com bined into a w h erev er m ade product index by w eighting them w ith m an -h ou r w eig h ts. M an-hour w eigh ts for 1958 w ere u sed from 1958 to 1963, w h ile 1963 m a n -h ou r w eigh ts w ere u sed after 1963. The in d exes w ere linked in 1963 to m ain tain a continuous s e r ie s . In each y ea r a sp e c ia l co v era g e ratio (to ta l valu e of in d u stry sh ip m e n ts/ total valu e of p rim a ry p rod ucts w h erev er m ade) w as u sed to adjust the w h erev er m ade index to an in d u stry index. T his in d u stry index w as adjusted to r e fle c t ch an ges in in v en to ries by the ratio: T otal valu e of in d u stry p rod uction to total valu e of in d u stry sh ip m en ts. The r e su lt w as the estim a ted in d u stry index of prod uction . F or the 1954 -5 8 p erio d , valu e data w ere not a v a ila b le annually for the s e p a rate p rim a ry product c la s s e s so the total valu e of sh ip m en ts w as d eflated by an ap p rop riate p r ic e ind ex. The W h olesale P r ic e Indexes fo r the 5 -d ig it p rim a ry prod u cts w ere w eighted w ith co rresp o n d in g 1958 p rim a ry product sh ip m en ts (w h er ev er m ade) to obtain a p rim a ry prod uct p r ic e ind ex. T his p r ic e index w as u sed to d efla te the total valu e of the p r im a ry p rod u cts (w h erev er m ad e). The index of d eflated valu e w as adjusted to an in d u stry b a sis by the sp e c ia l co v era g e ratio d e sc rib ed e a r lie r . T his ind ex w as adjusted for changes in in v en to ries to obtain the annual prod uction index. The annual in d ex es for the two p erio d s w ere adjusted to the in d ex es for the bench m ark y ea rs by lin ea r in terp o latio n . The ad ju stm en t fa cto rs w ere sm a ll; betw een 1954 and 1963, the cu m u lative adju stm ent w as 1 p ercen t. 17 T able 5. G ray Iron F ou n d ries Industry: W h olesale P r ic e Index and P rod u ct D escrip tio n s WPI D escrip tio n WPI Code 1 0 -1 5 -0 1 -1 1 1 0 -1 5 -0 1 -2 6 1 0 -1 5 -0 1 -3 1 1 0 -1 5 -0 1 -3 2 1 0 -1 5 -0 1 -0 1 Standard ingot m o ld , 7 ,0 0 0 pounds and o v er. P r e s s u r e pip e, c a st iro n , 6 in ch es to 24 in ch es in c lu s iv e , 1 8 -fo o t len g th s (con form in g to F ed e ra l sp e c ific a tio n s W. W -P -42 1 c la s s 150 or c la s s 250 or A m erica n W ater W ork A sso c ia tio n , C la ss B sp e c ific a tio n ). S o il pipe, ca st iro n , 4 in ch es, sin g le hub, extra heavy w eigh t, a v era g in g 60 pounds p er 5 -fo o t length. S o il pip e, ca st iro n , 4 in c h e s, sin g le hub, s e r v ic e w eigh t, a v era g in g 40 pounds per 5 -fo o t length. G ray iron c a s tin g s . (O ther than ingot m o ld s, c a st iron p r e ssu r e pipe and c a st iron so il pipe. ) T able 6. G ray Iron F o u n d ries Industry: P rodu ct G roups and W eights SIC code SIC title-p r o d u ct d escrip tio n M an-hour w eigh ts V alue w eig h ts (p e r (p ercen t of total) cent of product c la ss) 1963 1958 1963 1958 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 -1 5 -0 1 -1 1 2 .4 3. 2 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 .1 5 -0 1 -2 6 100. 0 100. 0 9. 7 9. 1 34. 8 23. 8 > 84. 5 24. 4 J f 1 3 .4 17. 0 < l 2. 1 1 0 -1 5 -0 1 31, 32 10. 4 100. 0 100. 0 8 .9 27. 8 55. 2 f 100. 0 WPI code 3321 G ray iron fou n d ries in d u stry 3321 1 M olds and sto o ls for heavy ste e l in gots 33212 - - C ast iron p r e ssu r e pipe and f it t in g s ___________________________ - -21 6 in ch es and under (in sid e d ia m e te r )_____________________ --2 3 O ver 6 in ch es to 8 in ch es in e lu siv e (in sid e d ia m eter)-------2 5 O ver 8 in ch es to under 14 in ch es (in sid e d ia m eter)--------3 1 14 in ch es to 24 in ch es in clu siv e (in sid e d ia m eter )------------5 1 O ver 24 in ch es (in sid e d ia m eter )- — — ------- — ---3 3 2 1 3 -- C ast iro n so il pipe and fittin g s, includ ing sp e c ia l fittin g s ----------- -2 1 Up to 3 in ch es (in sid e d ia m e te r )------------------------------------------3 1 O ver 3 in ch es to under 5 in ch es (in sid e d ia m eter) — - -41 5 in ch es and over (in sid e d ia m e te r )-------------------------------3 3 2 1 4 -- A ll other gray iro n c a s t in g s ------- 1 0 -1 5 -0 1 -0 1 R o lls for ro llin g m i l l s ------------ -31 --9 8 A ll other gray iron c a s tin g s — 79. 6 76. 7 16. 9 J 100. 0 100. 0 4. 3 3. 8 95. 7 96. 2 18 E m p loym en t and M an-H our Ind exes E m p loym en t and m an -h ou r in d ex es m e a su r e change in th e se c a te g o r ie s over a p erio d of tim e . E m p loy ees and em p lo y ee m a n -h o u rs a re trea te d a s h o m o g en e ous and a d d itiv e. T hus, the in d ex es do not r e fle c t ch an ges in q u a lita tiv e a sp e c ts of em p loym en t such a s sk ill, e ffic ie n c y , h ealth , e x p e r ie n c e , a g e, and sex of p e r so n s co n stitu tin g the a g g r eg a te. The m an -h ou r data re la te to to ta l tim e expended by em p lo y e e s in e sta b lish m e n ts c la s s ifie d in the in d u stry . T h ese data in clu d e hou rs spent not only on production of p rim a ry p rod ucts but a ls o on seco n d a ry products and m isc e lla n e o u s production. S ix labor input in d ex es have been d evelop ed for the gray iro n fo u n d ries in d u stry: A ll e m p lo y e e s, production w o r k e r s, nonproduction w o r k e r s, a ll em p lo y ee m a n -h o u r s, production w ork er m a n -h o u r s, and nonproduction w ork er m a n -h o u rs. "P rod uction w o rk ers" co v er w orking fo rem en and a ll n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk e r s (inclu ding lead m en and tr a in e e s) en gaged in fa b rica tin g , p r o c e s sin g , a sse m b lin g , in sp e ctin g , r e c e iv in g , sto ra g e, han dling, pack ing, w a reh o u sin g , shipp ing, m a in te n a n ce, r e p a ir , ja n ito ria l and w atchm an s e r v ic e s , product d evelo p m en t, a u x ilia ry production for p la n t's own u se (e. g. , pow erplant o p er a tio n s), reco rd k eep in g , and other s e r v ic e s c lo s e ly a s so c ia te d w ith production a c tiv itie s . The term thus in clu d es som e in d ire ct a s w ell a s d irec t plant lab or. "N onproduction w o rk ers" includ e em p lo y ees en gaged in the fo llo w in g a c tiv itie s: E x ec u tiv e, p u rch a sin g , fin a n ce, a ccou n tin g, le g a l, p e rso n n e l, c a fe te r ia , m e d ic a l, p r o fe ssio n a l and te c h n ic a l, s a le s , s a le s d e liv e r y , a d v e r tisin g , c r e d it, c o lle c tio n , in sta lla tio n and se r v ic in g of own p rod u cts, routin e o ffice fu n ctio n s, fa cto ry su p erv isio n (above the w orking fo rem a n lev el); and fo rce accoun t co n stru ctio n e m p lo y ees on the p a y ro ll en gaged in co n stru ctio n of m ajor ad d ition s or a ltera tio n s to the plant who a re u tiliz e d a s a sep a ra te w ork fo r c e . "A ll em p lo y ees" r ep resen t the sum of production w o rk e rs and non pro duction w o rk e rs. E m p loym en t and P rod u ction W orker M a n -H o u rs. The in d ex es of to ta l e m p loym en t, production w o r k e r s, production w ork er m a n -h o u rs, and nonproduction w o rk e rs w ere b a sed on data pu b lish ed by the B u reau of the C en su s. D ata for 1954, 1958, and 1963 w ere obtained from the C en su s of M a n u fa ctu res, and data for the rem a in in g y e a r s fro m the A nnual Su rvey of M a n u fa ctu res. 4 P rod u ction w ork er m a n -h o u rs includ e a ll the h ou rs at the plant, w orked or paid fo r, and ex clu d e paid tim e for v a c a tio n s, h o lid a y s, and sic k le a v e . O vertim e and other p rem iu m pay h ou rs a re includ ed on the b a s is of a ctu al tim e at the plant. A ll E m p loyee M a n -H o u rs. The ind ex of a ll em p lo y ee m a n -h o u rs for th is in d u stry is d e riv ed from th ree com p on en ts: (1) production w ork er m a n -h o u rs (from C en su s data); (2) num ber of nonproduction w o rk e rs (from C en su s data); and (3) an e stim a te of a v era g e annual h ou rs at w ork for nonproduction w o rk e rs (p r e pared by the B u reau of Labor S ta tis tic s for th is rep o rt and d eriv ed p r im a rily fro m D ep artm ent of Labor stu d ies). A v era g e annual h ou rs for nonproduction w o rk ers w ere d eriv ed by m u ltip ly in g estim a ted sch ed u led w eek ly h ou rs by the num ber of w eek s in the y ea r. T im e aw ay fro m the job , a s rep r e se n te d by v a rio u s ty p es of le a v e , w as su b tr a c te d fro m to ta l annual h ou rs to obtain annual hours at w ork. 4 Employees in central administrative offices and auxiliaries of gray iron foundries companies are not included. Sched uled w eek ly h ou rs for nonproduction w o rk e rs w ere estim a ted fro m un p u blished data c o lle c te d in BLS su rv ey s of em p lo y er ex p en d itu res for s e le c te d su p p lem en tary rem u n era tiv e p r a c tic e s . T h ese w ere a v a ila b le for SIC Group 33, P rim a r y M eta ls In d u stries, of w hich the gray iron fo u n d ries in d u stry is a part. The a v era g e annual hou rs w orked by nonproduction w o rk ers in th is in d u stry for s e le c te d y e a r s w ere estim a ted a s fo llo w s: Year 1954 1958 1963 1966 Average hours 1,884 1,876 1,882 1,874 T h ese e stim a te s w ere m u ltip lied by the num ber of nonproduction w o rk ers to obtain the m an -h ou r in d ex es for nonproduction w o rk ers show n in table 4. S in ce em p loym en t tren ds for nonproduction w o rk ers la r g e ly d eterm in e th eir m an -h ou r tren d s, any rea so n a b le a ltern a tiv e e stim a te s of paid tim e off would r e su lt in only m inor d iffe ren c es in the nonproduction w ork er m an -h ou r in d ex es and in no sig n ifica n t ch an ges in the a ll em p lo y ee m an -h ou r in d ex es. Appendix A. Foundry Operations F ounding or ca stin g is the p r o c e s s of form in g m eta l o b jects by pouring m o l ten m eta l into a m old and allow in g it to so lid ify . The shap e of the ob ject is d e te r m ined by the shape of the ca v ity in the m old . The m o st com m on m ethod of ca stin g m ak es u se of m old s co n stru cted of sand. M olding sand m ixed w ith a binding m a te r ia l, g e n e ra lly a type of cla y , is c o m p r e sse d around a pattern or m od el of the ob je c t to be ca st w hich has been p la ced in a fla sk or fra m e for containing the sand. The p attern then is w ithdraw n lea vin g a ca v ity in the sand into w hich m o lten m eta l from a fu rn ace is poured and allow ed to so lid ify . If the ca stin g is to be hollow or to contain p a s s a g e s , baked sand fo r m s , ca lle d c o r e s , in the shape of the d e sir e d hole or pavity are p laced in the m old b efo re the m eta l is pou red . When the ca stin g has hard en ed, it is shaken fr e e of the m old and co re sand and put through any n e c e s sa r y clea n in g and fin ish in g o p era tio n s. 20 Appendix B. Glossary of Terms B aking. The developm ent of d e sire d p ro p e rtie s in a co re through the action of heat on its b in d er. B in d er. A m a te ria l which se rv e s to hold m olding o r co re sand g rain s to gether. CO 2 P ro c e s s . A sp ecialized m olding and corem aking m ethod em ploying a binder of sodium silic a te which is "se t" by passing carbon dioxide gas into the m old or c o re . Cleaning and F in ish in g . The rem o val of ex ce ss m etal and rem aining m old m a te ria l from a castin g . The casting m ay be buffed or polished to im p rov e its finish or ap p e a ra n c e . C o re . A body of sand placed inside a m old to form an in te rio r opening in or a hole through a casting. C upola. A fu e l-fire d furnace fo r m elting iron . F la sk . A fram e or box of wood o r m e ta l for containing a sand m old. G ray Iro n . The m o st w idely used c a st iro n . So called from the app earan ce of its fra c tu re d su rface. High P ro du ctio n F o u n d ry . C h a ra c te riz e d by rela tiv e ly long production runs of a lim ited num ber of c a st shap es. H ighly m echanized. Jobbing F o u n d ry . C h a ra c te riz e d by re la tiv e ly sm all lot production. L ess m ech a nized, as a group, than high production fo u n d ries. \ M old. A body of sand or other heat re s is ta n t m a te ria l containing a cavity into w hich m olten m e ta l is poured to obtain a casting. M old C ycle. The s e rie s of step s com pleted in the production of a m old. N odular Iro n . A specially tre a te d iro n p o ssessin g ductility and having g re a te r stren g th than g ray iron. P a tte rn . A fo rm , u su ally of wood or m e ta l, used to shape the m old cavity into w hich a casting is form ed. Shakeout. The rem o val of m old and co re m a te ria ls fro m a casting after it has solidified. Shell P ro c e s s . A sp ecialized corem aking and m olding m ethod em ploying a heated m etal p a tte rn and a th erm o settin g p la stic b in d er. W ell suited for high production w ork. 21 Appendix C. Average Annual Rates of Change (Percent) 1 (To obtain annual r a te s of change b etw een any 2 y e a r s show n, find row for in itia l year at left of tab le and read figu re in that row under the te r m in a l y ea r show n on top) Initial year 1954_____ 1955-------1956_____ 1957_____ 1958_____ 1959-------I 9 6 0 _____ 1 9 6 1 _____ 1 9 6 2 _____ 1963_____ 1964_____ 1965_____ 1955 7. 8 . - 1956 1957 3. 5 1 . 1 -. 7 - 1. 8 - -2.8 - Term inal year 1958 1959 I 9 6 0 1 9 6 1 1 9 6 2 1963 Output pei all employee m an-hour 1.2 -. 3 .4 3. 6 - 1. 5 .7 1. 5 3. 4 3. 2 - 1.4 .8 1. 4 2.2 1. 3 -.6 - 1. 4 1. 0 1. 5 2. 0 1. 5 1. 0 2. 5 - 1. 6 1. 4 1. 8 2.2 2.0 2.0 3. 2 3. 9 - 1. 7 1. 6 1. 9 2. 3 2.2 2. 2 2. 9 3. 0 2. 1 _ - 1964 1965 2. 0 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.8 2. 8 2.8 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.6 2. 8 3. 4 3. 7 3. 8 5.6 - 1966 2. 5 2.9 3. 1 3. 7 3. 9 4. 1 4. 9 4. 2 - 2. 5 3. 0 3. 3 3. 4 3. 3 3. 3 2. 0 -. 1 1.7 1. 7 3. 0 4. 8 6.4 6.3 9. 0 11. 5 11. 5 13. 4 12. 0 - 2. 4 2. 5 3. 7 5. 3 6.7 6.7 8.7 10. 3 9. 8 10. 0 7. 3 2. 7 -3 . 0 -2 . 3 -1 . 3 -0 . 5 -3 . 8 -2 . 7 -1 .5 -. 5 -3 . 0 - 1 . 8 - . 6 .5 -1 . 4 - . 3 .9 1. 9 2.6 3.4 1. 6 .9 -2 .4 - . 2 3. 0 1. 8 4. 2 5. 1 . 7 2.6 9.6 7. 2 7. 3 6.9 4. 3 6 . 6 7. 0 8.2 8.9 _ 7.4 - 0. 1 .2 1. 2 Output 1954_____ 1955_____ 1956_____ 1957_____ 1958_____ 1959-------I 9 6 0 _____ 1 9 6 1 _____ 1 9 6 2 _____ 1963_____ 1964_____ 1965_____ 23. 1 8 . 4 0 . 8 - 4 . 4 -2 . 4 - 2 . 2 - -4 . 5 - 8 . 0 - 1 1 . 1 -5 . 8 -4 . 4 - -11. 4 -14. 2 -4 . 7 -3 . 2 - - 16. 8 .5 1. 1 - 23. 0 6 . 8 - -7 . 3 - t “ “ -2 . 4 -1 . 5 - 0 . 6 -4 . 0 -2 . 5 - 1 . 2 -3 . 1 -1 . 3 0 -. 8 .8 2.0 1. 6 2. 9 3. 8 —6 . 2 - . 5 2 . 1 -5 . 2 3.9 5. 6 13. 9 1 0 . 1 6.5 - 0.6 .3 1.6 3. 5 5. 3 4.6 7. 8 11. 2 10. 6 14. 9 - All employee man--hours 1954_____ 1955_____ 1956_____ 1957_____ 1958_____ 1959-------I 9 6 0 _____ 1 9 6 1 _____ 1 9 6 2 _____ 1963_____ 1964_____ 1965_____ 14. 2 4. 8 -0 . 4 -5 . 5 - -3 . 9 -6 .4 - 1 0 . 8 - - 8 . 8 -14. 5 - -19. 8 “ “ “ “ -3 . 8 - 6.4 -6. 1 -2.2 19. 1 “ S ee footnote at end of tab le. 22 -3 . 5 -5 . 2 -A . 5 -1 . 7 5.4 - 6.7 - -3 . 7 -5 . 0 -4 . 5 - 2.8 .1 -7 . 1 -7 . 5 “ 2.4 3. 8 3. 6 5. 2 6.7 6.3 6.5 5. 1 2.8 23 (T o obtain annual ra tes of change b etw een any 2 y e a r s show n, find row for in itia l y e a r at left of tab le and read figu re in that row under the term in a l y e a r show n on top)----C ontinued In itial y ea r Output p er a ll em p lo y ee 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 I960 1961 1962 1965 1963 1964 1.7 1.4 2. 3 3. 3 3. 5 3. 1 5. 4 7. 0 5. 4 - 2. 3 2. 2 3. 1 4. 0 4. 4 4. 4 6. 3 7. 6 7. 5 9. 6 - 2. 7 2.8 3. 6 4. 4 4. 8 5. 0 6.4 7. 2 6.9 7. 2 4.9 - - 2. 9 2.9 3. 6 4. 3 4. 5 4. 6 5. 5 5. 8 5. 1 4. 3 1. 6 2. 1 2.0 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 6 2. 5 2. 7 3.0 3. 2 3. 5 4. 4 1966 Output p er a ll em p lo yee I 9 5 4 -------1 9 5 5 -------- 1956-------1957-------1958-------1959-------I 9 6 0 -------1 9 6 1 -------1962-------1963-------1964-------1965-------- 14. 0 5. 0 0.4 -0. 5 - -3. 2 - 5 . 1 - 3 . 7 - -7 . 1 -3 . 4 .5 “ - 0. 7 0 . 6 0.7 8 -. 4 -. 1 .8 .8 .9 5. 2 2 . 8 2 . 0 10. 1 2. 8 1.7 - - 3 . 9 - 1 .4 1.2 _ - 1.2 .8 1. 6 2. 7 2.8 1.8 4.9 8.6 - - 1.6 Output p er p ro d u ction w o rk er m an - hour 1 9 5 4 -------- 1955-------1956-------1 9 5 7 -------1958-------1 9 5 9 -------I 9 6 0 -------1 . 9 6 1 -------1 9 6 2 -------1.963-------1964-------1965 6.7 3. 5 1.7 .4 -. 5 - - 1 .5 - - 2.2 1. 3 2.2 6.1 - - - - - ---------- - - - - - - - - “ - - - 2. 1 1. 6 2.2 3. 4 .8 - - 2. 0 1. 6 2.0 1.7 2.0 2. 3 1.5 1.9 2.9 - 1.9 2. 4 .9 .9 - - - 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.0 - - - 4. 4 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 4 2.6 2.8 2. 8 2. 9 3. 1 2. 2 - - - - . 2. 3 1.8 2. 2 2. 7 2. 5 - 1.9 2. 1 2.2 1.9 2. 1 2. 3 2.0 1. 5 - 2. 4 2. 2 2. 4 2. 7 2. 7 3. 0 4. 5 2.2 2. 2 0 P ro d u ctio n w o rk er m a n -h o u rs 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 ------------------- - ---------- - ---------- - 1 9 5 9 -------I 9 6 0 ---------1 9 6 i ---------1 9 6 2 ---------- 1963 1964 1965 15. 3 ---------- 4. 7 - 0 .9 - 6 . 5 -4 . 9 - 7 . 5 - 1 2 . 2 - 10.0 - 16. 0 - 21.6 - - - - ._ - - - -- - - i - - -4 . 5 -7 . 2 - 6.7 - 2.2 22.0 - - - - - - - - i -4 . 1 -5 . 9 -5 . 0 - 1 .9 5.9 - 8. 1 -4 . 3 5. 6 - 4 .9 - 3 .0 1 - 8.0 - 7 .9 — . i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ ---------- - - - - _ - ---------- - - - ---------- _ - -3 . 4 - 2.6 -1 . 5 - 0 . 6 -4 . 2 -3 . 0 - 1 . 6 5 -3 . 3 - 2.0 6 6 2 2. 1 -1 . 5 1. 1 3. 0 3. 9 1. 1 1.9 - 2. 6 2. 1 0 3. 4 3. 2 5. 0 5. 8 1 1 8 .0 8. 3 11. 1 8.1 5. 0 7. 4 7.7 10.0 8.6 7. 3 0.1 . 2 -. -. . - . . - _ _ _ - - - - - - i 1. 3 2. 7 4. 2 3. 9 5. 8 7. 3 6.7 6.7 5. 0 2. 7 24 (To obtain annual rates of change between any 2 years shown, find row for initial year at left of table and read figure in that row under the term inal year shown on top)--- Continued Initial yc ai 1954_____ 1955_____ 1956_____ 1957........... 1958_____ 1959-------I 9 6 0 _____ 1 9 6 1 _____ 1 9 6 2 _____ 1963_____ 1964_____ 1965_____ T erm inal year 1955 1956 1957 1958 13. 7 “ 5. 3 0 . 9 0. 3 -2 . 5 -4 .4 - 2 . 6 - -6 .4 - 2 . 1 2. 4 “ “ “ 1959 1 9 6 0 1 9 6 1 1 9 6 2 1963 Output per production worker 1. 3 1 . 2 -. 1 .2 1. 5 1. 3 5.4 3. 1 8.6 2.6 -3 . 0 “ 1. 2 .4 1. 2 2. 4 1. 7 -. 8 1. 5 - 1.6 1. 1 1.-9 2.9 2. 7 2.0 4. 6 7.9 ” 2. 0 1. 7 2. 5 3. 3 3. 4 3. 1 5. 1 6.5 5. 1 - 1964 1965 1966 2. 5 2.4 3. 2 4. 0 4. 2 4. 3 6.0 7. 1 7. 1 9.2 - 2. 9 3. 0 2. 9 3. 0 3. 6 3. 6 4.4 4. 2 4. 6 4.4 4. 8 4. 5 6. 1 5. 3 6.8 5. 5 6.7 4.9 7. 0 4. 2 5. 0 1. 7 - -1 . 5 0. 6 .8 1.4 1. 8 1. 7 2 . 1 3. 1 3.4 4. 6 4.6 5. 8 5. 5 5. 7 5.4 8.2 7. 1 9. 3 7. 4 8.6 6.3 8. 5 5. 1 4. 3 1. 5 - - 1. 2 0 0. 3 0 -. 1 .1 .6 .5 .7 2.0 2.6 4. 5 7. 4 - Output per nonproduction w orker m an-hour 1954_____ 1955_____ 1956_____ 1957_____ 1958____ 1959-------I 9 6 0 _____ 1 9 6 1 _____ 1 9 6 2 _____ 1963_____ 1964_____ 1965_____ 1954_____ 1955_____ 1956_____ 1957_____ 1958_____ 1959........... I 9 6 0 _____ 1 9 6 1 _____ 1 9 6 2 _____ 1963_____ 1964_____ 1965_____ 16. 7 5. 5 - - 2 . 6 - 1 . 6 -0 . 5 -3 . 5 - 2 . 0 - . 6 - 2 . 0 - .4 .9 .1 2. 7 1. 6 1.4 3. 0 4. 0 -4 . 7 . 5 3. 0 .6 6. 1 7. 1 12. 0 9. 7 7.4 Nonproduction w orker man- hours 2.9 -2 . 9 -5 . 6 -3 . 1 -3 . 0 -9 . 3 -1 0 .4 - 1 0 . 6 -5 . 3 —4. 4 - -11. 5 - 1 1 . 1 - 2 . 8 -2 . 5 - -10. 7 3. 3 .6 19. 5 3. 8 - -9 . 8 “ “ “ 5. 4 5. 3 “ 3. 8 0. 8 1. 2 2. 7 - . 5 - . 5 . 1 -3 .4 -1 . 9 - —6 . 8 - 2 . 1 2. 9 “ 0. 8 0 0. 3 0 . 1 0 -. 5 -. 5 -. 5 -. 7 - 1. 1 -. 9 -. 9 -. 2 -. 9 -. 8 -. 7 0 2. 9 .2 -. 2 2.8 - 1.6 - 1. 0 -. 9 - -5 . 8 - 2 . 1 -1 . 4 .4 1.7 _ -. 8 _ _ _ _ “ 2. 3 4. 0 5. 3 5. 1 8.4 10. 4 10. 1 12. 9 - -. 4 -. 7 -. 5 -. 1 -. 5 -.6 .7 .5 1. 7 - 0. 5 .4 .3 .6 1. 1 1. 2 1.6 2. 7 3. 3 4. 6 5.7 4. 0 1 Average annual rates are based on the least squares trend line fitted to the logarithm s of the index num bers. Other Recent BLS Publications on Productivity and Automation Indexes of Output P e r M an-H our— S elected In d u strie s, 1939 and 1947—67 (B ulletin 1612). O ctober 1968. 102 pp. 65 cen ts. A ir T ran sp o rtatio n In d u stry , 1947—64 (R eport 308). A ugust 1966. 14 pp. (F ree). A lum inum Rolling and D raw ing In d u stry , 1958—65 (R eport 314). D ecem ber 1966. 20 pp. (F ree). C oncrete P ro d u cts In d u stry , 1947—63 ( R eport 300). N ovem ber 1965. 20 pp. (F ree). F ootw ear Indu stry, 1947—63. July 1965. 17 pp. (F ree). Gas and E le c tric U tilities In d u stry , 1932—62. A p ril 1964. 19 pp. (F ree). H o siery In d u stry , 194 7—64. (R eport 307). June 1966. 22 pp. (F ree). M an-M ade F ib e rs Indu stry, 1957—63. O ctober 1965. 20 pp. (F ree). M otor V ehicles and Equipm ent In du stry, 1957—66 (B ulletin 1613). D ecem ber 1968. 31 pp. 45 cen ts. P rim a ry A lum inum In d u stry , 1947—62. S eptem ber 1964. 15 pp. (F re e ). Radio and T elev isio n R eceiving Sets In d u stry , 1958—66. N ovem ber 1968. 27 pp. (F ree). Im p licatio ns of A utom ation and O ther T echnological D evelopm ents— T echnology and M anpow er in the T extile Indu stry of the 1970's (B ulletin 1578, 1 9 6 8 ). 60 cents. M anpow er Planning for T echnological Change: C ase Studies of Telephone O p er a to rs (B ulletin 1574, 1968). 34 pp. 30 cen ts. Job R edesign for O lder W o rk ers, Ten C ase Studies (B ulletin 1523, 1967). 63pp. 40 cents. T echnological T rends in M ajor A m erican In d u stries (B ulletin 1474, 1966). 269pp. $ 1. 50. T echnological Change and D isem ploym ent of L abor a t the E stab lish m en t L evel. 1966. 17 pp. (F re e ). Im pact of Office A utom ation in the Insurance In d u stry (B ulletin 1468, 1966). 71 pp. 45 cen ts. Outlook fo r N u m erical C ontrol of M achine Tools: A Study of a Key T echnologi cal D evelopm ent in M etalw orking In d u stries (B ulletin 1437, 1965). 63 pp. 40 cen ts. L abor and M a te ria l R eq uirem ents fo r— School C o nstruction (B ulletin 1586, 1968). 23 pp. 30 cents. P riv a te O n e-F am ily H ouse C o nstruction (B ulletin 1404, 1964). 37 pp. 30 cents. P ublic Housing C onstruction (B ulletin 140 2, 1964). 42 pp. 30 cents. C ollege Housing C o nstruction (B ulletin 1441, 1965). 34 pp. 30 cen ts. Sew er Wrorks C o nstruction (B ulletin 1490, 1966). 31 pp. 30 cen ts. C o nstruction of F e d e ra lly A ided H ighw ays, 1958, 1961, and 1964 (R eport 299, 1966). . 17 pp. (F ree). P roductivity: A B ibliography, July 1966 (B ulletin 1514). 129 pp. 65 cen ts. Indu stry P ro d u ctiv ity P ro je c tio n s, A M ethodological Study. 1966. 5 pp. (F ree). Indexes of Output P e r M an-H our, H ourly C om pensation, and Unit L abor C osts in the M anufacturing S ecto r, 1947—68. O ctober 1969. 1 p. (F re e ). Indexes of Output P e r M an-H our for the P riv a te Econom y, 194 7 —6 8 . O ctober 1969. 4 pp. (F re e ). Indexes of Output P e r M an-H our, H ourly C om pensation, and Unit L abor C osts in the P riv a te S ector of the Econom y and th eN o nfarm S ecto r, 1947—68. O ctober 1969. 2 pp. (F re e ). S a les p u b lication s m ay be pu rch ased from the Superintendent of D ocu m en ts, U. S. G overn m en t P rin tin g O ffice, W ashington, D. C. 20402, or fro m reg io n a l o ffic e s of the B ureau of Labor S ta tistic s at the a d d r e sse s shown b elow . F r e e p u b lication s are a v aila b le as long as the supply la s ts , from the B ureau of L abor S ta tis tic s , U .S . D ep artm en t of L abor, W ashington, D. C. 20212. REGIONAL OFFICES Region I 1603-A Federal Office Building Boston, Mass. 02203 Region II 341 Ninth Avenue New York, N. Y. 10001 Region III Penn Square Building, Room 406 1317 Filbert St. Philadelphia, Pa. 19107 Region IV 1371 Peachtree S t., NE. Atlanta, Ga. 30309 Region V 219-S. Dearborn St. Chicago, 111. 60604 Region VI 411 N. Akard S t., Room 337 Dallas, Tex. 75201 Regions VII and VIII Federal Office Building 911 Walnut St. Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Regions IX and X 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 * U. S. G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E : 1969 O - 369-516 U.S. DEPA R TM EN T OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS W A S H IN G T O N , D .C . 20212 O FF I CI AL BUSINESS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR ( I C L A S S M A IL I I----------------------------------------------------- 1 | TH IR D
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