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r •■ RY 5 >1 IU 3 3 1.^ £ iH! 1L3-5L UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERTCINS, Secretary WOMEN’S BUREAU 4 MARY ANDERSON, Director + Hours and Earnings in Certain Men’s-Wear Industries KNIT UNDERWEAR WOVEN COTTON UNDERWEAR Bulletin of the Women’s Bureau, No. 163-2 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1938 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. 31 Digitized n3 for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve o>3 - %Bank of St. Louis Price 5 cents REPORTS ON MEN’S-WEAR INDUSTRIES IN THIS SERIES Bulletin Work Clothing; Work Shirts; Dress Shirts-------------------------------- 163-1 Knit Underwear; Woven Cotton Underwear.----------------------------- 163 2 Seamless Hosiery--------------------:------------------------------------------------ 163-3 Welt Shoes_____________________________________ ______________ 163-4 Raincoats; Sport Jackets-------------- ------------------------------------------- 163-5 Caps and Cloth Hats; Neckwear; Work and Knit Gloves; Hand kerchiefs 163-6 \ CONTENTS Page Letter of transmittal __________________________________________________ General introductionT__________________________________________________ Knit underwear Introduction________________ j Earnings and hours_______ 2 Week’s earnings____________________________ ___________________ Hours worked______ Average hourly earnings____ Woven cotton underwear Introduction Earnings and hours _ Week’s earnings _ _______________ ____________ ” Hours worked Average hourly earnings^ _ Earnings in individual firms10 v 2 2 4 5 7 7 7 7 g 9 TABLES KNIT UNDERWEAR 1. Number of establishments visited and number of men and women they employ, by State 2. Average and distribution of week’s earnings, by State________________ 3. Hours worked in the week recorded, by sex and State_________ _______ 4. Average and distribution of hourly earnings, by State________________ 2 3 4 6 WOVEN COTTON UNDERWEAR 1. Average and distribution of week’s earnings, by State________________ 2. Hours worked in the week recorded, by State_________________________ 3. Average and distribution of hourly earnings, by State________________ in 8 9 10 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL United States Department op Labor, Women’s Bureau, Washington, June 18, 1938. I have the honor to transmit a report on earnings and hours in the men’s knit-underwear and woven-cotton-underwear industries, two of the surveys made by this Bureau in order to present current wage data for the use of the Division of Public Contracts in determining prevailing minimum wages. Though the 13 men’s-wear industries surveyed constitute a closely related group, printing of these data in several pamphlets has been decided upon as a measure of economy m distribution. The reports were written by Arthur T. Sutherland, of the editorial division. Respectfully submitted. TT T, _ Mary Anderson, Director. Madam. LLon. b rances Perkins, Secretary of Labor. HOURS AND EARNINGS IN CERTAIN MEN’S-WEAR INDUSTRIES GENERAL INTRODUCTION This study of the men’s-underwear industry, one of several surveys of men’s-wear industries that come under the scope of the Public Contracts Act, was made by the Women’s Bureau in order to furnish wage and hour data to the Division of Public Contracts set up to administer the act.1 The data were copied from the firms’ pay rolls by agents of the Women’s Bureau, and in each instance a pay period was selected that was considered by the management as one repre sentative of normal factory operation. Only those plants were scheduled whose principal products were men’s undergarments. Because of the differences in the manufacturing processes, the data secured are divided according to whether the materials were knit or woven. In the knit-underwear section, comprising plants whose products consisted chiefly of knit union suits, drawers, shirts, athletic garments, and polo shirts, the fabric was knit and the garments were cut and fashioned on the premises. Some establishments had spinning departments and spun their own yarn, but, as these departments generally are classed with the cotton-textile industry, they have been omitted from this study. The second section, woven underwear, comprises plants that man ufacture woven athletic underwear, pajamas, and other sleeping gar ments from woven fabrics prepared in other plants. Where a single plant was producing both types of garment, the departments were separated and are included in their respective divisions. KNIT UNDERWEAR INTRODUCTION According to the Census of Manufactures for 1935, there were at that time 186 establishments with 34,930 employees in the knit-under wear industry. This number includes all establishments whose prod uct was valued at $5,000 or more. It includes boys’, women’s, misses’ and children’s garments, as well as men’s. The census did not report figures by State. _ However, the location of establishments in this in dustry is shown in Davison’s knit goods trade directory for 1935, according to which authority there were 230 firms making knit anklets and wristlets, union suits, and underwear. The most important States were Pennsylvania with 82 plants and New York with 43; MassachuA.1fi™imilIn‘waEf,4ei:erlni™fIon of ^ Secretary of Labor, which took effect August 2, 1937, states that ?n thotinfHhh0'h ® t°‘hour week m the North, and 32H cents an hour or $13 for a 40-hour week industry*1*11’ Slm111)6 4116 mmimum wage for employees on Government contracts in the men’s-underwear 84812°—38 1 2 HOTJKS AND EARNINGS IN MEN’S-WEAR INDUSTRIES setts followed with 13, and Illinois with 10. In each of 9 States there were 5 to 9 plants, and in each of 10 others there were fewer than 5. In the Women’s Bureau survey data were obtained from 72 firms in 12 States—Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and Wisconsin. These establishments employed 16,921 workers, or ap proximately 48 percent of the number reported by the Bureau of the Census. As shown in the summary following, the largest group of the employees reported were in New York, 4,667, followed by Pennsyl vania with 3,841, and Tennessee with 3,153. In this report Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio are combined as “other Midwest” and Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina as “other South,” because too few firms were scheduled in each of these for separate tabulation. The great majority of the workers, 79 percent, were women; they comprised over 80 percent of the work force in Wisconsin, Pennsyl vania, and the group “other South,” and were from 75 to 80 percent in the other State groups. Table I.—Number of establishments visited and number of men and women they employed, by State Number of Number of Number of establish employees men ments State Total Massachusetts_______ ____ _ - -New York------------------ -------------------------Pennsylvania------------------ ------ ---------Tennessee ____________________ - -Virginia __________________ _____ -.......... Wisconsin -----------------Other Midwest1_____ ____ ________ Other South 2------ ------------- ------------------- Women Number Percent of total 72 16,921 3,636 13,285 78.5 5 19 27 5 5 3 5 3 1,294 4,667 3,841 3,153 1,180 490 1,436 860 286 1,188 686 675 290 58 288 165 1,008 3,479 3,155 2,478 890 432 1,148 695 77.9 74.5 82.1 78.6 75.4 88.2 79.9 80.8 1 Includes 2 establishments each in Indiana and Ohio, and 1 in Illinois. 1 Includes 1 establishment each in Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina. EARNINGS AND HOURS Though it is not always possible to obtain complete data concerning earnings and hours, this information was reported for the vast majority of the employees in the plants visited. Week’s earnings were recorded for 16,386 workers, and the number of hours worked for 15,498. Week’s earnings. The average week’s earnings of all workers, regardless of the number of hours worked, amounted to $14.05. The average of $16.10 in Wisconsin was much the highest for any State. Also above the total were the averages for Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New York, and “other Midwest,” which varied only from $14.50 to $14.75. The group “other South” had the lowest wages, their average being only $11.25. Other relatively low averages were the $12.55 for Tennessee and the $13.55 for Virginia. KNIT UNDERWEAR Table 2.—Average Week’s earnings 3 and distribution of week’s earnings, by State Mas New Total sachu York setts Penn syl vania Ten nes see Vir ginia Wis con sin Other Mid Other Total Total west 1 South2 women men Number of em ployees ___ _ .16,386 1,294 4,667 3, 841 2, 618 1,180 490 1,436 860 Average earn ings 3___ ____ $14. 05 $14. 65 $14. 75 $14.50 $12. 55 $13. 55 $16.10 $14. 75 $11. 25 13, 285 3,101 $12.70 $19. 70 Percent of employees Under $5.. $5, under $10__ - ___ $10, under $15 . $15, under $20 $20, under $25___ $25, under $30___ ... $30 and over._____ S.2 17.8 43.8 24.6 6.4 2.2 2.0 5.7 16.2 34. 5 29.9 7.0 3.9 2.9 2.8 19.0 37.9 25.0 8.2 3.6 3. 5 2.8 16. 1 39.9 28.6 8.8 2.1 1.6 3.0 20.6 61. 5 12.6 1.8 .2 .2 1.4 15.7 53.2 23.7 4.2 .9 .8 0.4 8.0 38.6 39.8 6.9 3.5 2.9 2.4 12.7 42.2 32.7 6.3 1.6 2.0 8. 4 30. 3 45. 3 12.7 1.7 .6 .9 3. 5 20 8 49. 0 23. 0 3. 2 .4 .1 21. 5 31. 5 7. 0 12. 5 22.5 10.2 Cumulative percents Under $8 Under $10-- Under $12 Under $14 $14 and over__ _ $16 and over. __ $18 and over $20 and over $25 and over . ___ 11.1 21.0 35.4 55.8 15.4 21.9 2,9.4 45.9 12.2 21.9 35.3 51.1 8.6 19.0 33.0 50.5 11.3 23.6 47.0 77.8 7.0 17.0 32.0 61.8 3.3 8.4 11.6 37.1 9.0 15.2 25.7 41.7 23. 4 38. 7 55.6 78.0 12. 8 24. 3 40. 8 63.5 44.2 27.2 16.0 10.6 4.2 54.1 34.3 19.4 13.7 6.7 48.9 33.8 21.2 15.3 7.1 49.5 32. 5 19.9 12.5 3.7 22.2 8.6 3.6 2.2 .4 38.2 20.2 10.2 5.9 1.7 62.9 40.6 25.7 13.3 6.3 58.3 30.4 15. 5 9.9 3.6 22.0 11. 0 5.1 3. 3 1.5 36.5 77. 5 18. 5 64. 7 7.9 50. 7 3. 7 .5 4 20. 1 Average earnings of $12. 70 $12. 80 $12. 55 $13. SO $11. 90 $12. 70 $15.00 $13. 30 $10. 45 women_______ Average earnings of men _ $19. 70 $21.10 $21. 35 $19. 25 $15.10 $16.15 $24. 30 $20.45 $14. 80 1 * 3 4 Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina. The mean—the simple arithmetic average. 10.2 percent at $30 and over. From the foregoing it is apparent that the most common earnings were in the two wage intervals that combined form $10 and under $20. In each locality with the exception of Wisconsin, the largest group of workers, varying from 35 to 62 percent, had earnings of $10 and under $15; and in each of these but Tennessee and “other South,” the second largest group earned $15 and under $20. In Tennessee and “other South,” the second largest group earned $5 and under $10. The largest group in Wisconsin, 40 percent, earned $15 and under $20, but practically as many, 39 percent, had earnings of $10 and under $15. Because of the concentration of earnings just described, the pro portions at the extremes of the earnings scale were small. In only two localities were as many as 1 in 20 of the workers paid less than $5; these were Massachusetts with 6 percent, and “other South” with 8 percent. In only three States were as many as 1 in 20 paid $25 or more—6 percent in Wisconsin and 7 percent in Massachusetts and in New York. That men’s earnings were considerably higher than women’s earnings is shown in table 2. Women averaged $12.70 and men $19.70, a difference of $7. Twenty-four percent of the women, in contrast to 7 percent of the men, had earnings below $10; and only 8 percent of the women, in contrast to 51 percent of the men, earned $18 or more. HOURS AND EARNINGS IN MEN’S-WEAE INDUSTRIES 4 As usual there was wide variation in men’s and women’s earnings in the different States. Women’s average ranged from a low of $10.45 in the group “other South” to a high of $15 in Wisconsin. Other relatively high averages were $13.50 in Pennsylvania and $13.30 in “other Midwest.” For men the highest average was $24.30 in Wisconsin, followed by New York with an average of $21.35, Massachusetts with $21.10, and “other Midwest” with $20.45. In the other localities men averaged less than $20, the lowest figure being $14.80 for “other South.” It is interesting to note that in the Southern States, where wages were relatively low, the difference between men’s and women’s earn ings also was much less than the average, the men’s average exceeding the women’s average by only $3.20 in Tennessee, $3.45 in Virginia, and $4.35 in the “other South.” In Wisconsin, on the other hand, where the earnings were highest, men averaged $9.30 more than women. The difference in favor of men was very large also in New York ($8.80) and Massachusetts ($8.30). Hours worked. As the week’s earnings are materially affected by hours worked, it is important to know the hour standards obtaining in the various States. The data as to hours worked by the 15,498 employees for whom this information was reported are shown in table 3. In the week recorded, well over one-fifth (23 percent) of all employees worked 40 hours, and two-fifths worked more than 40 hours. In Massachu setts, Tennessee, Wisconsin, and the group “other South,” larger pro portions worked less than 40 hours than worked either 40 or more than 40, and in the group “other Midwest” the proportion who worked less than 40 hours was nearly as large as the proportion who worked 40 hours. In the other States—New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia— the largest groups of employees worked more than 40 hours. Table 3.—Hours worked in the week recorded, by sex and State Percent who worked— State Men W omen \11 employees Total Under Over Over Totai Under 40 40 40 40 40 40 hours hours hours hours hours hours Total—........ 15,498 1,289 4, 620 Pennsylvania------- 3,488 2,616 722 489 Other Midwest1 _ 1,415 859 Other South 2------ 38.2 42.2 38. 1 28.4 44. 7 25.5 58.7 36.0 44.5 22.9 33.6 12.3 12.5 40.0 19.4 25.8 36.4 24.3 38.9 24. 2 49.6 59.1 15.3 55.1 15.5 27.6 31.2 Percent who worked— Percent who worked — 12,504 1,008 3,451 2, 852 2, 476 445 431 1,146 695 43.6 47.6 46.9 31. 1 49.5 35.3 61. 5 40.7 49.9 23.4 30.3 12.1 11.9 43.6 22.2 26.0 37.8 20.3 33.0 22. 1 41.0 57.0 6.9 42.5 12.5 21.6 29.8 Total Under Over 40 40 40 hours hours hours 2,994 281 1,169 636 140 277 58 269 164 15.9 22.8 12.0 16.5 27.1 9.7 37.9 16. 4 21.3 20.7 63.4 45.6 12. 9 15.4 27. 1 14.8 24.1 30. 5 41. 5 31.7 75.1 68.1 45. 7 75. 5 37.9 53. 2 37.2 1 Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. 2 Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina. The comparison of wage and hour standards among the States indi cates that Wisconsin firms maintained the most favorable wage and hour standards, and those in Virginia and Pennsylvania had relatively low standards. Though Wisconsin ranked first in respect to average KNIT UNDERWEAR O week’s earnings, a larger proportion of the workers in this State than m any other worked less than 40 hours. In Pennsylvania and Virginia, on the other hand, though much more than half the employees worked over 40 hours, the average week’s earnings ranked fifth and sixth, respectively, among the localities. In Tennessee and the group “other South,” the combination of a relatively large proportion at less than 40 hours and low hourly earnings (see table 4) results in the lowest weekly earnings among all localities. It is obvious from these figures that much larger proportions of women than of men worked short hours. In each locality but Penn sylvania and Virginia the largest group of women worked less than 40 hours, though in New York, Tennessee, and “other Midwest,” a group with longer hours was nearly as large. In Pennsylvania and Virginia the chief groups, 57 and 43 percent, respectively, worked over 40 hours. The largest proportion of men in each locality hut Massachusetts, “other South,” and Wisconsin, and ranging from 46 to 76 percent, worked over 40 hours. In Massachusetts and “other South” the largest groups, respectively 46 and 42 percent, worked 40 hours, and the second largest groups worked over 40 hours; and in Wisconsin the proportions who worked less than 40 hours and over 40 hours were equal, 38 percent in each case. Average hourly earnings. For the 15,498 employees for whom hours worked were reported, hourly earnings were computed by dividing the week’s earnings of each employee by the number of hours he or she worked in the pay period. The range in hourly earnings was very wide, from less than 10 cents to $1.88, with an average for the total of 35.5 cents. On the basis of 5-cent intervals, the largest concentration occurred at 30 and under 40 cents—28 percent earning 30 and under 35 cents, and 21 percent earning 35 and under 40 cents. More than one-fourth, 26 percent, had earnings below 30 cents, 5 percent earning below 20 cents. Among the States the best earnings were in Wisconsin, with an average for all employees of 42 cents, followed by Massachusetts, with an average of 40_ cents. Though the largest group in Wisconsin, 25 percent, had earnings of 30 and under 35 cents, as many as 19 percent were in each of three intervals above this, including 50 cents and over. This proportion at the highest wage level was not ap proached by any other locality. In Massachusetts and in “other Midwest” the largest group of workers had earnings of 35 and under 40 cents. Lowest earnings were found in the group “other South,” where the workers averaged only 30.9 cents, and in Virginia, where they averaged 31.7 cents. In “other South” the largest proportion, 24 percent, had earnings of 30 and under 35 cents, but over two-fifths (43 percent) were in the earnings intervals below this. In Virginia equal propor tions, 26 percent in each case, earned 25 and under 30 cents, and 30 and under 35 cents. In each State there was a wide range in hourly earnings, but the proportions of workers with earnings at the two extremes of the wage scale differed materially. The proportion earning less than 25 cents was as high as 32 percent in the group “other South,” and 19 and 17 percent, respectively, in Pennsylvania and Virginia, in contrast to HOURS AND EARNINGS IN MEN’S-WEAR industries 6 only 5 and 7 percent, respectively, in Wisconsin and Massachusetts, 8 percent in Tennessee and in the group “other Midwest,1' and 12 percent in New York. At the other end of the wage scale were only from 1 to 4 percent in Tennessee, Virginia, and “other South,” com pared to 12, 14, and 19 percent, respectively, in New York, Massa chusetts, and Wisconsin, with earnings of 50 cents and over. 1 8.6 13.1 28.2 21.3 11.4 5.3 1.4 9.9 14.4 30.3 22.7 10.6 3.4 7.8 19.0 15.4 14.7 Average hourly earnings 1 (cents) Num ber Men em ployees 4.9 8.0 12, 504 33.4 2,994 44.2 .6 6. 2 5.5 20. 2 28.2 18.8 7.0 13.5 40.0 36.7 4.1 7.9 13.9 26.0 19.6 11.8 4.9 11.6 34.5 7.5 11.8 14.1 23.9 18.4. 10.8 5.5 8.2 .9 33.4 2.5 5.0 15.7 48.4 20. 3 6.0 1.2 31. 7 5.0 11.6 25.8 25.5 19.9 8.0 1.8 2.4 .6 24.5 19.4 18.8 12.9 18.6 .4 4.7 42.0 37.1 .6 7.0 9.0 20.8 35.0 14.3 7.4 5.9 30.9 14.9 16.6 11.3 24.0 14.6 10.7 4.0 4.0 12, 504 33.4 2,994 44. 2 Average hourly earnings 1 (cents) cents and over under 50 cents under 45 cents 40, cents 40 under 35, cents 35 under 30, cents 30 under 25, cents 25 under 20, 20 cents Under 4.5 N um ber Women employees Percent of employees who earned- 50 15,498 35.5 1,289 4, 620 3,488 2,616 722 489 1,415 859 and distribution of hourly earnings, by State 45, Total Massachusetts---------NewYork__ .. _ Pennsylvania . ___ Tennessee. ____ . Virginia Wisconsin... OtherMidwest2— _ Other South 3 Average hourly earnings (cents) State N um ber of employees with hours worked reported Table 4.—Average 1,008 3, 451 2, 852 2, 476 445 431 1,146 695 36.3 281 53.1 33.5 1,169 46.4 32.6 636 42. 7 32.5 140 36.9 31.0 277 32.6 39.6 58 59.9 269 46.3 34.9 164 35.2 29.9 3.9 3.0 12, 504 33.4 2,994 44. 2 9.2 4 29.1 1 The mean—the simple arithmetic average. 2 Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. 3 Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina. 4 6.7 percent earned 70 cents or more. The foregoing table shows the great difference in men’s and women’s hourly earnings. The average for all women was 33.4 cents, and the majority of them, 53 percent, earned 30 and under 40 cents. Less than one-fifth (18 percent) of the women earned 40 cents or more. By locality the women’s’hourly earnings ranged from 29.9 cents in “other South” and 31 cents in Virginia to 39.6 cents in Wisconsin. Men’s average hourly earnings amounted to 44.2 cents. Practically three-tenths of the men earned 50 cents and over, and not far from one-fourth earned 40 and under 50 cents. State averages for men varied from 32.6 cents in Virginia to 53.1 cents in Massachusetts and 59.9 cents in Wisconsin. WOVEN COTTON UNDERWEAR INTRODUCTION h In the woven-cotton-underwear industry earnings data were secured from 22 establishments in nine States. More than 2,000 persons were included in Maryland, but in the other States the numbers ranged from 82 to 556. The 22 firms employed 4,665 workers, of whom the very great majority were women. Data were not obtained for men employees in Delaware. Number of establish Number of Number of employees men ments State Total____ ____ __ 22 Delaware ._ _ Maryland_____ ______ _ Missouri- _____ Pennsylvania______ Other States 4...................... 1 2 3 4 6 4,665 383 2,105 420 471 1,286 Women Number Percent of total 4,385 w (2) 156 318 68 (2) 1,949 402 433 1,218 (0 92.6 91.9 94.7 Not obtainable; data for men not reported in all cases. Data for men not obtained. Data for men in 1 establishment not obtained. Includes 2 establishments each in Illinois and Indiana, and 1 each in New York, Ohio, and Virginia. EARNINGS AND HOURS Week’s earnings. The average of the week’s earnings of the 4,665 employees was $11.85. Earnings were highest in Pennsylvania, where the average was $12.75; they were somewhat lower in Missouri, $12.25, and in Maryland, $11.65, and were lowest in Delaware (women only), $8.60. More than two-fifths of all the workers earned $10 and under $15, while about three-tenths earned $5 and under $10 and over one-sixth were paid $15 and under $20. Seven percent earned less than $5 and only 5 percent earned as much as $20. In Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Missouri, the largest groups ranging from 31 to 48 percent, earned $10 and under $15; in Delaware the largest group earned $5 and under $10. Nearly one-fourth (24 percent) of the workers in Delaware (women only) were paid less than $6, but in the other States the proportion in this group was small, ranging only from 9 percent in Maryland and in Missouri to 13 per cent in Pennsylvania. Less than 1 percent of the women in Dela ware earned as much as $16, but in the other States the proportions with such earnings were 14 percent in Maryland, 17 percent in Missouri, and 25 percent in Pennsylvania. The average week’s earnings of the 4,385 women were $11.40, only 45 cents less than the average for all employees. The women in Pennsylvania had the highest earnings, shown by an average of $12.10, followed by Missouri and Maryland with averages of $11.85 and 7 HOURS AND EARNINGS IN MEN’S-WEAR INDUSTRIES 8 $11.20, respectively. Lowest earnings were in Delaware, the average in this State being only $8.60. Only 2 percent of the women earned as much as $20, and 11 percent earned less than $6. The largest group, 43 percent, earned $10 and under $15, and the second largest group, 31 percent, $5 and under $10. Table 1.—Average Total Week’s earnings Number of employAverage earnings 4_. 4, 665 $11. 85 and distribution of week’s earnings, by State Dela ware 2 383 $8.60 Mary land 2,105 $11. 65 Missouri Pennsyl vania 3 420 $12. 25 Total men Other States 1 Total women 471 $12.75 1,286 $12. 65 4,385 $11.40 280 $18. 85 8.3 29.3 31.2 19.7 7.4 4.0 4.2 25.9 41.4 23.9 3.4 1.2 7.4 30.5 42.6 17.3 2.1 .2 1.4 8.6 28.2 21.8 19.3 20.7 Percent of employees Under $5______ $5, under $10___ $10, under $15 $15, under $20--$25 and over. .. _ - 7.0 29.2 41.7 17.5 3.1 1.5 17.0 44.9 35.5 2.6 6.9 29.5 44.2 15.6 2.4 1.4 5.5 23.6 47.6 19.0 3.3 .9 Cumulative percents Under $6_____ Under $8______ Under $10_____ Under $12 Under $14__ - 10.1 20.6 36.2 52.7 70.7 23.8 41.3 61.9 80.9 95.0 9.1 20.2 36.4 55.2 74.0 9.3 18.6 29.0 44.3 70.5 12.8 22.5 37.6 49.9 63.1 7.0 15.1 30. 1 43.8 61.0 10.7 21.7 37.9 55.0 73.1 1.4 3.9 10.0 16.4 33.2 $14 and over___ $16 and over.. — 29.3 15.8 8.3 4.5 5.0 .8 26.0 13.7 6.9 3.8 29.5 16.9 8.6 4.3 36.9 25.4 16.5 11.4 39.0 19.6 10.0 4.7 26.9 13.1 6.0 2.3 66.8 57.9 43.9 40.0 $11.40 $8.60 $11.20 $11. 85 $12.10 $12. 20 $18. 85 (!) $17. 55 $20 and over. Average earnings of Average earnings of 1 2 3 * « (■) (*) $20.85 Includes 2 firms each in Illinois and Indiana, and 1 each in New York, Ohio, and Virginia. Data for men not obtained. Data for men in 1 establishment not obtained. The mean—the simple arithmetic average. Not computed; base less than 50. The average earnings of the 280 men amounted to $18.85, about 65 percent above the average for women. In only one separate State, Maryland, could the average be computed for men, and here it was $17.55. The largest group of men in all States combined, 28 percent, had earnings of $10 and under $15; 22 percent earned $15 and under $20 and 19 percent earned $20 and under $25. Only 1 percent earned less than $5, and 11 percent earned $30 or more. Hours worked. As shown in table 2, hours worked were reported for 3,859 employees, the largest group of whom worked 44 and under 48 hours. More than one-tenth worked 48 hours or longer. The proportions who worked under 35 hours, 35 and under 40, and 40 hours, varied only from 14 to 15 percent. In Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Missouri, the largest groups of employees, ranging from 34 to 56 percent, worked 44 hours or more: WOVEN COTTON UNDERWEAR 9 in Maryland the largest group, 55 percent, worked 44 and under 48 hours, and only 4 percent worked 48 or more. The proportion who worked less than 40 hours varied from 10 percent in Missouri to 36 percent in Delaware. Table 2.—Hours State worked in the week recorded, by State Percent who worked during the week— Number of em ployees with Over 40, hours Under 35 35, under 44, under 48 hours worked hours 40 hours 40 hours under 44 48 hours and over hours reported Total..................................... 3,859 14.0 14.3 14.9 9.4 36.4 11.0 Delaware__ _________ _ Maryland______ Missouri. ___________ Pennsylvania........... ........ Other States3____________ 1301 1,747 2 294 234 1,283 26.9 12.5 6.8 12.8 15.0 8.6 13.5 3.1 8.5 20.3 2.3 11.1 .3 29.2 12.6 3.9 9.9 16.7 14.7 11.6 55.2 24. 1 28.2 20.7 37.9 3.8 55.8 33.8 .2 Total women Total men.............. ............. 3,642 217 14.6 3.7 15.0 3.2 15.0 13.8 9.6 6.0 35.6 48.8 10.2 24.4 1 Data for men not obtained. 2 Data for men in 1 firm not obtained. 3 Illinois, Indiana, New York, Ohio, and Virginia. Much larger proportions of women than of men worked short hours. In all States combined only one-tenth of the women worked 48 hours or more, compared to 15 percent who worked less than 35 hours and 15 percent who worked 35 and under 40 hours. The largest group, however, 36 percent, worked 44 and under 48 hours. In Pennsylvania! Delaware, and Missouri from 31 to 55 percent of the women worked 48 hours or more; in Maryland the largest group worked 44 and under 48 hours. Practically one-half (49 percent) of the 217 men with hours worked reported worked 44 and under 48 hours, and 24 percent worked 48 hours or more. A little more than one-eighth worked 40 hours and only 7 percent worked less than 40. In Maryland three-fifths of the men worked 44 and under 48 hours, and one-fourth worked 48 hours or more. Average hourly earnings. Average hourly earnings were computed for 3,859 employees. Twenty-two percent earned 25 and under 30 cents; 18 percent earned under 20 cents; and 17 percent in each case averaged 30 and under 35 cents and 20 and under 25 cents. Fourteen percent averaged 40 cents or more. The largest groups in Maryland and Missouri averaged 25 and under 30 cents, and in Delaware under 20 cents. Thirty cents or more was earned by only 16 percent of the workers in Delaware, but 26 percent in Missouri and 37 percent in Maryland had such earnings. Hourly earnings were computed for 3,642 women, and for these the average amounted to 28.4 cents. Earnings were highest in Maryland, shown by an average of 27.6 cents, and lowest in Delaware, with 22.8! Missouri earnings were about half-way between. The distribution of earnings was about the same for women as for all employees. 10 HOURS AXD EARNINGS IN MEN’S-WEAR INDUSTRIES 1 Maryland. . ___ --------Missouri--------------- ------Other States 6_ 3 301 1,747 * 294 1,283 22.8 28.4 25.7 32.3 30.6 17.1 24. 1 13.4 27.2 17.3 14.3 14.8 26.2 28.8 36. 1 10.8 28.4 217 15.0 1.0 17.6 8.9 6.1 13. 9 4.8 5.1 17.9 21.4 12.2 301 4.2 1,624 1.7 284 9.5 1,215 22.8 27.6 25.3 31.4 (3) 123 * 10 68 earnings 1 (cents) A verage hourly Men em ployees N um ber earnings 1 (cents) 35 A verage hourly 45 Num ber under 45 cents 40, cents and over under 40 cents 35, 6.1 3,642 cents under 25, 7.7 2 3,859 29.2 18.0 16.6 22.1 17.1 12.3 Total Women employees 30, under 20, under 30 cents 25 cents Percent of employees who earned— Under 20 cents State and distribution of hourly earnings, by State Average hourly earnings (cents) N um ber of employees with hours worked reported Table 3.—Average 43.0 39.6 i*> 49.8 1 The mean—the simple arithmetic average. 2 Includes employees in 1 Pennsylvania establishment, not shown separately. 3 Data for men not obtained. * Data for men in 1 establishment not obtained. 6 Not computed; base less than 50. « Illinois, Indiana, New York, Ohio, and Virginia. Average earnings for the 217 men were 43 cents; for those in Mary land they were 39 cents. Almost one-fifth of the men earned 60 cents or more, and only 9 percent earned less than 25 cents. Almost one-fifth (19 percent) earned 30 and under 35 cents. Earnings in individual firms. Average hourly earnings were computed for 15 of the 22 estab lishments, and the range in these was from 20.5 cents to 42.3 cents, a difference of 21.8 cents. State Total------ Number of establish ments --------------------------------------- Delaware 2----------------- ------ ----- Maryland-------------------------------------------------Missouri--------- ----------------------------------------Other States3 - . Average hourly earnings 1 (cents) Lowest Highest Percent low est average is of highest 15 20.5 42.3 48.5 2 5 2 6 21.4 24.3 23.7 20.5 29.0 32.4 30. 3 42.3 73.8 75.0 78.2 48. 5. i The mean—the simple arithmetic average. 3 Data for men not obtained. 3 Illinois, Indiana, New York, and Pennsylvania. As shown in the summary, the difference between the lowest and the highest averages in the States shown separately ranged only from 6.6 cents to 8.1 cents. In the group of States combined as “other” the difference between the lowest and the highest average was 21.8 cents, indicating the strikingly different wage levels existing. o
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