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1 Technical information: (202) 691-6378 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ Media contact: 691-5902 USDL 04-2402 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Wednesday, December 1, 2004 LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN-BORN WORKERS IN 2003 In 2003, foreign-born workers made up about 14 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force age 16 and over, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. About 21.1 million, or 67.4 percent of the foreign born, were in the labor force, compared with 66.1 percent of the native born. The unemployment rates for the foreign born and native born in 2003 were 6.6 and 5.9 percent, respectively, both slightly higher than in 2002. This news release compares the labor force characteristics of the foreign born with those of their nativeborn counterparts. These data on nativity are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey of households that is the primary source of information on the nation’s labor force. The foreign born are persons residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. For further information about the survey, see the Technical Note. Demographic Characteristics The demographic characteristics of the foreign-born labor force differ significantly in many respects from those of the native born. For example, men made up a larger proportion of the foreign-born labor force (60 percent) in 2003 than they did of the native-born labor force (52 percent). Also, the proportion of the foreign-born labor force made up of those of prime working age (25- to 54-year olds) is higher than for their native-born counterparts (76 and 69 percent, respectively). (See table 1.) A much higher proportion of the foreign-born than the native-born labor force resided in the West region—37 and 20 percent, respectively, in 2003. About 36 percent of the native-born labor force lived in the South and 26 percent resided in the Midwest, compared with 30 and 11 percent, respectively, of the foreign born. (See table 6.) About 48 percent of the foreign-born labor force was Hispanic or Latino, and 22 percent was Asian, compared with only about 7 and 1 percent, respectively, of the native-born labor force. Just 1 out of 5 of the foreign-born labor force was white, compared with nearly 4 out of 5 of the native-born labor force. (Data in this release are presented for non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and Asians and for persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. See the Technical Note for more information.) (See table 1.) In terms of educational attainment, nearly 30 percent of the foreign-born labor force 25 years old and over had not completed high school, compared with only about 7 percent of the native-born labor force. About equal proportions of both the foreign and native born had a college degree (31 and 32 percent, respectively). 2 Labor Force Participation In 2003, foreign-born men were more likely to be labor force participants (80.6 percent) than their native-born counterparts (72.3 percent). In contrast, foreign-born women were less likely to be labor force participants than native-born women—54.2 versus 60.4 percent. For men as well as women, the differences held across age groups. (See table 1.) The labor force participation rate for foreign-born women with children under age 18 was 59.6 percent in 2003, compared with 73.6 percent for native-born mothers. Among women with children under age 3, the participation rate for the foreign born was 44.7 percent, while that for the native born was 62.3 percent. About 95 percent of both foreign- and native-born fathers with children under 3 were in the labor force. (See table 2.) Foreign-born blacks, Asians, and Hispanics or Latinos were more likely to be in the labor force than their native-born counterparts. Among the foreign born, the labor force participation rate for whites (59.9 percent) was lower than for blacks (74.5 percent), Asians (67.2 percent), and Hispanics or Latinos (69.9 percent). The lower labor force participation rate for foreign-born whites is due, in part, to their older age profile. (See table 1.) The labor force participation rate of the foreign born 25 years old and over who had not completed high school (60.9 percent) was higher than that for their native-born counterparts (37.6 percent). Among high school graduates who did not attend college, the participation rate for the foreign born also was higher than that for the native born. The difference in participation rates between the native born with a high school education or less and their foreign-born counterparts was partly because the native born with these levels of education tended to be older, on average, than the foreign born. At the upper end of the educational scale, however, the participation rate for foreign-born college graduates was 76.5 percent, about the same as the rate for the native born—78.5 percent. (See table 1.) The participation rate of the foreign born without a high school diploma was much higher than that for the native born with the same level of education among blacks and Hispanics or Latinos. In comparison, among college graduates, the participation rates of foreign-born whites, Asians, and Hispanics or Latinos were lower than those of their native-born counterparts. However, foreign-born blacks with college degrees were more likely to participate in the labor force than their native-born counterparts. (See table 3.) Unemployment In 2003, unemployment rates of foreign- and native-born men were about the same—6.2 and 6.3 percent, respectively. Among women, however, the jobless rate of the foreign born was 7.1 percent, compared with 5.5 percent for the native born. Overall, the unemployment rates of the foreign born in most of the major age groups tended to be higher than the rates for the native born; the exception was 16- to 24-year olds, where the rate for the foreign born was somewhat lower. (See table 1.) The unemployment rates for the foreign born were higher than those for their native-born counterparts for most levels of education. Among those without a high school diploma, however, the foreign born were less likely to be unemployed than the native born. Occupation Foreign-born workers were concentrated in service occupations (23 percent) and in production, transportation, and material moving occupations (18 percent) in 2003. By way of comparison, the proportions of native-born workers employed in these occupations were 15 and 12 percent, respectively. In 2003, 3 17 and 10 percent, respectively, of foreign-born workers were employed in professional and related occupations and in management, business, and financial operations occupations, compared with proportions of 21 and 15 percent for the native born. (See table 4.) Foreign-born men were more likely than native-born men to be employed in service; natural resources, construction, and maintenance; and production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Compared with native-born women, foreign-born women were more likely to be employed in service and in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Both foreign-born men and women workers were less likely to be employed in professional and related occupations and in sales and office occupations than their native-born counterparts. Earnings In 2003, the median usual weekly earnings of foreign-born full-time wage and salary workers were $489 compared with $643 for the native born. Among the men, the median earnings for the foreign born were $503 per week, compared with $732 for the native born. Similarly, the median for foreign-born women was $459, compared with $567 for the native born. As with the native born, the earnings of the foreign born increased with education. The foreign born age 25 and over with less than a high school education earned $369 per week in 2003, while the earnings of those with college degrees were more than twice as much—$909 a week. (See table 5.) Technical Note The estimates in this release are based on annual average data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS, which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that provides information on the labor force status, demographics, and other characteristics of the nation’s civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. In response to the increased demand for statistical information about the foreign born, questions on nativity, citizenship, year of entry into the United States, and the parental nativity of respondents were added to the CPS beginning in January 1994. Prior to 1994, the primary sources of data on the foreign born were the decennial census, two CPS supplements (conducted in April 1983 and November 1989), and, to some extent, information collected by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (formerly known as the Immigration and Naturalization Service). In January 2003, the Census Bureau introduced a large upward adjustment to the population controls for the CPS as part of its annual update of population estimates. This adjustment increased estimates for all population and labor force categories. Consequently, estimated levels for 2003 are not strictly comparable with those for 2002. The upward adjustments in labor force levels, however, had only negligible effects on ratios such as the labor force participation rate and the employment-population ratio. In addition, there were several other significant changes introduced into the CPS in January 2003 that affected the data presented in this release. For a detailed discussion of these changes, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings and available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf on the BLS Web site. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the “true” population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings. Concepts and definitions Foreign born. The foreign born are persons residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born population includes legallyadmitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such as students and temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. Native born. The native born are persons born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Race and ethnicity groups. In this release, the data are presented for non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and Asians and for persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. These four groups are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive. Other race groups (including persons who selected more than one race category) are included in the overall totals but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop statistically reliable estimates. The presentation of the data on race and ethnicity in this release differs from that which appears in most analyses of CPS labor force data in that persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are separated from the race groups. Because persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity can be of any race, they are usually included in the race groups as well as shown separately in the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity group. The reason for the difference in the data presentation in this release is because about half of the foreign born are of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity and they have somewhat different labor force characteristics than the non-Hispanic foreign born. Employed. Employed persons are (a) all those who, during the survey reference week, did any work at all as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family-operated enterprise; and (b) all those who did not work but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, vacation, childcare problems, labor disputes, or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off and whether or not they were seeking other jobs. Unemployed. The unemployed are persons who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work at that time, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not be looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed. Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. Labor force participation rate. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. Table 1. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations by selected characteristics, 2002-03 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2002 2003 Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian labor force Unemployed Total ParticipaEmployed tion rate Number Unemployment rate Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployed Total ParticipaEmployed tion rate Number Unemployment rate FOREIGN BORN Total 16 years and over .................... Men ..................................................... Women ............................................... 30,096 15,049 15,047 20,279 12,102 8,177 67.4 80.4 54.3 18,998 11,401 7,598 1,281 702 579 6.3 5.8 7.1 31,331 15,669 15,662 21,117 12,634 8,482 67.4 80.6 54.2 19,731 11,850 7,881 1,385 784 601 6.6 6.2 7.1 Age 16 to 24 years ..................................... 25 to 34 years ..................................... 35 to 44 years ..................................... 45 to 54 years ..................................... 55 to 64 years ..................................... 65 years and over ............................... 4,200 7,366 7,085 4,993 3,052 3,400 2,558 5,664 5,739 3,980 1,890 448 60.9 76.9 81.0 79.7 61.9 13.2 2,298 5,312 5,420 3,762 1,781 425 260 352 319 218 108 23 10.2 6.2 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.2 4,135 7,784 7,450 5,245 3,195 3,521 2,456 5,925 6,026 4,200 2,016 494 59.4 76.1 80.9 80.1 63.1 14.0 2,203 5,551 5,673 3,935 1,903 465 252 375 353 264 113 28 10.3 6.3 5.9 6.3 5.6 5.8 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1 White non-Hispanic or Latino 2 ........... Black non-Hispanic or Latino 2 ........... Asian non-Hispanic or Latino 2 ........... Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ................. 6,890 2,189 7,261 13,667 4,086 1,613 4,913 9,605 59.3 73.7 67.7 70.3 3,856 1,494 4,647 8,943 230 119 267 662 5.6 7.4 5.4 6.9 7,128 2,391 6,867 14,627 4,267 1,782 4,613 10,226 59.9 74.5 67.2 69.9 4,048 1,631 4,324 9,513 219 152 289 713 5.1 8.5 6.3 7.0 Educational attainment Total, 25 years and over .................. Less than a high school diploma ........ High school graduates, no college 3 ... Some college or associate degree ..... Bachelor’s degree and higher 4 .......... 25,895 8,288 6,440 4,069 7,099 17,721 5,025 4,275 2,961 5,461 68.4 60.6 66.4 72.8 76.9 16,701 4,661 4,034 2,775 5,231 1,020 364 240 186 230 5.8 7.2 5.6 6.3 4.2 27,196 8,823 6,778 4,147 7,447 18,661 5,376 4,596 2,991 5,698 68.6 60.9 67.8 72.1 76.5 17,528 4,949 4,335 2,811 5,433 1,133 427 261 180 265 6.1 7.9 5.7 6.0 4.7 Total 16 years and over .................... 187,474 Men ..................................................... 89,536 Women ............................................... 97,938 124,584 65,397 59,186 66.5 73.0 60.4 117,487 61,502 55,984 7,097 3,895 3,202 5.7 6.0 5.4 189,837 90,766 99,072 125,393 65,603 59,790 66.1 72.3 60.4 118,005 61,481 56,523 7,389 4,122 3,267 5.9 6.3 5.5 31,142 31,106 36,809 34,718 23,291 30,408 19,808 26,532 31,187 28,617 14,420 4,020 63.6 85.3 84.7 82.4 61.9 13.2 17,385 24,994 29,815 27,519 13,893 3,881 2,423 1,538 1,372 1,097 527 140 12.2 5.8 4.4 3.8 3.7 3.5 31,762 31,237 36,296 35,277 24,533 30,733 19,642 26,418 30,669 29,071 15,296 4,298 61.8 84.6 84.5 82.4 62.3 14.0 17,148 24,832 29,207 27,979 14,696 4,143 2,494 1,585 1,462 1,092 600 155 12.7 6.0 4.8 3.8 3.9 3.6 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1 White non-Hispanic or Latino 2 ........... 148,567 Black non-Hispanic or Latino 2 ........... 22,432 2,335 Asian non-Hispanic or Latino 2 ........... Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ................. 12,296 99,263 14,312 1,527 8,338 66.8 63.8 65.4 67.8 94,605 12,803 1,416 7,647 4,658 1,509 110 691 4.7 10.5 7.2 8.3 148,569 22,484 2,228 12,924 98,833 14,215 1,414 8,587 66.5 63.2 63.5 66.4 94,057 12,644 1,342 7,859 4,776 1,571 73 727 4.8 11.1 5.1 8.5 Educational attainment Total, 25 years and over .................. 156,332 Less than a high school diploma ........ 20,094 High school graduates, no college 3 ... 52,421 Some college or associate degree ..... 41,899 4 Bachelor’s degree and higher .......... 41,918 104,776 7,574 33,489 30,656 33,057 67.0 37.7 63.9 73.2 78.9 100,102 6,874 31,744 29,319 32,165 4,674 700 1,745 1,337 892 4.5 9.2 5.2 4.4 2.7 158,075 19,333 52,701 42,594 43,447 105,751 7,271 33,330 31,058 34,093 66.9 37.6 63.2 72.9 78.5 100,857 6,588 31,522 29,609 33,138 4,894 682 1,808 1,449 955 4.6 9.4 5.4 4.7 2.8 NATIVE BORN Age 16 to 24 years ..................................... 25 to 34 years ..................................... 35 to 44 years ..................................... 45 to 54 years ..................................... 55 to 64 years ..................................... 65 years and over ............................... 1 Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 2 Beginning in 2003, includes persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. Asian data for 2002 include Pacific Islanders. 3 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 4 Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees. NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2003, estimated levels for 2003 are not strictly comparable with those for 2002. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 2. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by presence and age of youngest child and sex, 2002-03 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2002 2003 Characteristic Total Men Women Total Men Women With own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 11,752 8,921 75.9 8,393 71.4 528 5.9 5,568 5,200 93.4 4,949 88.9 251 4.8 6,184 3,721 60.2 3,444 55.7 277 7.4 12,520 9,488 75.8 8,896 71.1 592 6.2 5,985 5,593 93.4 5,284 88.3 309 5.5 6,534 3,895 59.6 3,611 55.3 283 7.3 With own children 6 to 17, none younger Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 5,836 4,646 79.6 4,401 75.4 245 5.3 2,705 2,486 91.9 2,379 88.0 107 4.3 3,131 2,160 69.0 2,022 64.6 138 6.4 6,253 4,975 79.6 4,688 75.0 287 5.8 2,893 2,663 92.0 2,516 87.0 147 5.5 3,360 2,313 68.8 2,172 64.7 140 6.1 With own children under 6 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 5,916 4,275 72.3 3,992 67.5 283 6.6 2,863 2,714 94.8 2,570 89.8 144 5.3 3,053 1,561 51.1 1,422 46.6 139 8.9 6,267 4,513 72.0 4,208 67.1 305 6.8 3,092 2,930 94.8 2,769 89.5 162 5.5 3,174 1,582 49.8 1,439 45.3 143 9.0 With own children under 3 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 3,512 2,466 70.2 2,294 65.3 172 7.0 1,722 1,636 95.0 1,543 89.6 92 5.7 1,790 830 46.4 751 41.9 80 9.6 3,740 2,618 70.0 2,450 65.5 168 6.4 1,878 1,786 95.1 1,693 90.2 93 5.2 1,862 832 44.7 757 40.6 75 9.0 With no own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 18,344 11,358 61.9 10,605 57.8 753 6.6 9,481 6,902 72.8 6,452 68.0 450 6.5 8,862 4,456 50.3 4,154 46.9 302 6.8 18,811 11,629 61.8 10,836 57.6 793 6.8 9,684 7,041 72.7 6,566 67.8 475 6.8 9,127 4,588 50.3 4,270 46.8 318 6.9 With own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 53,574 44,537 83.1 42,488 79.3 2,050 4.6 23,583 22,297 94.5 21,453 91.0 843 3.8 29,991 22,241 74.2 21,034 70.1 1,206 5.4 53,492 44,271 82.8 42,196 78.9 2,075 4.7 23,593 22,261 94.4 21,421 90.8 839 3.8 29,899 22,010 73.6 20,774 69.5 1,236 5.6 With own children 6 to 17, none younger Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 30,389 26,108 85.9 25,091 82.6 1,018 3.9 13,358 12,513 93.7 12,084 90.5 429 3.4 17,031 13,596 79.8 13,007 76.4 589 4.3 30,167 25,839 85.7 24,784 82.2 1,054 4.1 13,334 12,444 93.3 12,004 90.0 440 3.5 16,833 13,394 79.6 12,780 75.9 614 4.6 FOREIGN BORN NATIVE BORN See footnotes at end of table. Table 2. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by presence and age of youngest child and sex, 2002-03 annual averages — Continued (Numbers in thousands) 2002 2003 Characteristic Total Men Women Total Men Women With own children under 6 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 23,185 18,429 79.5 17,397 75.0 1,032 5.6 10,225 9,784 95.7 9,370 91.6 414 4.2 12,960 8,645 66.7 8,027 61.9 618 7.1 23,324 18,432 79.0 17,411 74.6 1,021 5.5 10,259 9,816 95.7 9,417 91.8 399 4.1 13,065 8,616 65.9 7,994 61.2 621 7.2 With own children under 3 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 13,648 10,653 78.1 10,032 73.5 621 5.8 6,087 5,851 96.1 5,602 92.0 250 4.3 7,561 4,801 63.5 4,430 58.6 371 7.7 13,625 10,518 77.2 9,900 72.7 617 5.9 6,037 5,787 95.9 5,541 91.8 245 4.2 7,588 4,731 62.3 4,359 57.4 372 7.9 With no own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... 133,900 Civilian labor force .............................................. 80,046 Participation rate ............................................. 59.8 Employed .......................................................... 74,999 Employment-population ratio .......................... 56.0 Unemployed ..................................................... 5,047 Unemployment rate ........................................ 6.3 65,953 43,101 65.4 40,049 60.7 3,052 7.1 67,947 36,946 54.4 34,950 51.4 1,996 5.4 136,346 81,123 59.5 75,809 55.6 5,314 6.6 67,173 43,343 64.5 40,060 59.6 3,283 7.6 69,173 37,780 54.6 35,749 51.7 2,031 5.4 NATIVE BORN—Continued NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2003, estimated levels for 2003 are not strictly comparable with those for 2002. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 3. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 25 years and over by educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2002-03 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2002 Characteristic Less than a high school diploma 2003 High school graduates, no college 1 Some college or associate degree Bachelor’s degree and higher 2 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college 1 Some college or associate degree Bachelor’s degree and higher 2 FOREIGN BORN White non-Hispanic or Latino 3 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 971 344 35.4 325 33.4 19 5.6 1,817 982 54.0 927 51.0 55 5.6 1,202 748 62.2 699 58.2 48 6.5 2,313 1,681 72.7 1,605 69.4 76 4.5 910 291 32.0 274 30.1 17 6.0 1,857 1,029 55.4 978 52.6 51 5.0 1,238 772 62.4 730 59.0 42 5.5 2,506 1,825 72.8 1,749 69.8 76 4.2 Black non-Hispanic or Latino 3 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 382 242 63.3 216 56.6 26 10.6 536 397 74.2 374 69.9 23 5.8 441 372 84.3 346 78.5 26 6.9 483 419 86.8 400 82.8 19 4.6 366 223 60.9 195 53.3 28 12.5 629 494 78.5 458 72.9 35 7.1 477 393 82.2 361 75.7 31 7.9 564 490 86.9 458 81.2 32 6.6 Asian non-Hispanic or Latino 3 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 906 418 46.2 383 42.3 35 8.4 1,329 883 66.4 837 63.0 46 5.2 1,052 765 72.7 718 68.2 47 6.2 3,157 2,449 77.6 2,354 74.6 96 3.9 867 405 46.7 366 42.2 39 9.7 1,304 863 66.2 811 62.2 51 6.0 932 675 72.4 628 67.3 47 7.0 3,033 2,321 76.5 2,211 72.9 110 4.7 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 6,021 4,018 66.7 3,735 62.0 284 7.1 2,735 1,995 72.9 1,879 68.7 116 5.8 1,351 1,062 78.6 997 73.8 65 6.1 1,123 891 79.3 853 75.9 38 4.3 6,645 4,436 66.8 4,095 61.6 341 7.7 2,916 2,160 74.1 2,040 70.0 120 5.6 1,428 1,093 76.6 1,036 72.6 58 5.3 1,247 983 78.9 940 75.4 44 4.4 White non-Hispanic or Latino 3 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 13,708 4,949 36.1 4,570 33.3 379 7.7 42,308 26,440 62.5 25,263 59.7 1,177 4.5 33,828 24,356 72.0 23,412 69.2 944 3.9 36,975 28,946 78.3 28,210 76.3 736 2.5 13,010 4,713 36.2 4,348 33.4 365 7.7 42,044 26,005 61.9 24,811 59.0 1,194 4.6 33,809 24,276 71.8 23,312 69.0 965 4.0 37,843 29,493 77.9 28,708 75.9 786 2.7 Black non-Hispanic or Latino 3 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 3,606 1,349 37.4 1,159 32.1 191 14.1 6,359 4,303 67.7 3,912 61.5 391 9.1 5,005 3,864 77.2 3,607 72.1 257 6.6 2,848 2,338 82.1 2,242 78.7 96 4.1 3,448 1,267 36.8 1,088 31.6 179 14.1 6,410 4,292 67.0 3,878 60.5 414 9.6 5,001 3,820 76.4 3,521 70.4 298 7.8 3,022 2,458 81.3 2,364 78.2 95 3.9 Asian non-Hispanic or Latino 3 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 85 30 35.3 27 32.2 3 8.8 337 216 64.2 204 60.6 12 5.5 409 311 76.0 292 71.5 18 5.9 645 528 81.8 507 78.6 21 4.0 132 50 38.0 46 34.7 4 8.8 294 174 59.0 167 56.8 7 3.8 358 251 70.2 243 68.0 8 3.1 755 611 81.0 593 78.6 18 3.0 NATIVE BORN See footnotes at end of table. Table 3. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 25 years and over by educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2002-03 annual averages — Continued (Numbers in thousands) 2002 Characteristic 2003 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college 1 Some college or associate degree Bachelor’s degree and higher 2 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college 1 Some college or associate degree Bachelor’s degree and higher 2 2,365 1,123 47.5 1,010 42.7 113 10.1 2,887 2,172 75.2 2,041 70.7 131 6.0 2,218 1,818 82.0 1,726 77.8 92 5.1 1,248 1,083 86.8 1,054 84.4 29 2.7 2,324 1,088 46.8 977 42.1 110 10.2 3,078 2,270 73.7 2,129 69.1 141 6.2 2,487 2,008 80.7 1,890 76.0 118 5.9 1,350 1,142 84.6 1,099 81.4 43 3.8 NATIVE BORN—Continued Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 2 Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees. 3 Beginning in 2003, includes persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. Asian data for 2002 include Pacific Islanders. NOTE: Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2003, estimated levels for 2003 are not strictly comparable with those for 2002. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 4. Employed foreign-born and native-born persons 16 years and over by occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages (Percent distribution) Foreign born Native born Occupation Total Men Total employed (thousands) ........................................................... Percent ........................................................................................... 19,731 100.0 11,850 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations ......................... Management, business, and financial operations occupations ........ Management occupations .............................................................. Business and financial operations occupations .............................. Professional and related occupations ............................................... Computer and mathematical occupations ...................................... Architecture and engineering occupations ..................................... Life, physical, and social science occupations ............................... Community and social services occupations .................................. Legal occupations ........................................................................... Education, training, and library occupations ................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations .......... Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ......................... 26.3 9.6 6.8 2.8 16.8 3.0 2.0 1.2 1.0 .4 3.3 1.5 4.5 Service occupations ........................................................................... Healthcare support occupations ....................................................... Protective service occupations ......................................................... Food preparation and serving related occupations .......................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ......... Personal care and service occupations ............................................ Women Total Men Women 7,881 100.0 118,005 100.0 61,481 100.0 56,523 100.0 24.8 9.9 7.8 2.1 14.9 3.6 2.9 1.2 .7 .4 2.0 1.4 2.6 28.7 9.1 5.2 3.9 19.5 2.0 .7 1.3 1.3 .4 5.1 1.6 7.2 36.2 15.3 11.1 4.2 20.9 2.2 2.0 1.0 1.7 1.2 6.0 2.0 4.9 33.8 16.9 13.3 3.6 17.0 2.9 3.2 1.0 1.3 1.2 2.9 2.0 2.3 38.8 13.6 8.8 4.8 25.2 1.3 .6 .9 2.2 1.2 9.4 2.0 7.7 22.9 2.5 .8 8.0 8.1 3.4 18.2 .5 1.1 8.1 7.2 1.2 29.9 5.6 .5 7.8 9.4 6.6 14.9 2.1 2.2 4.8 2.8 3.0 11.9 .4 3.3 3.6 3.4 1.3 18.2 3.9 .9 6.2 2.3 4.9 Sales and office occupations .............................................................. Sales and related occupations ......................................................... Office and administrative support occupations ................................. 18.4 9.4 9.0 13.3 8.2 5.2 26.0 11.3 14.7 27.0 11.9 15.1 18.3 11.7 6.7 36.4 12.3 24.2 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........ Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ....................................... Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ........................... 14.1 2.1 9.0 3.1 22.2 2.6 14.7 4.9 2.0 1.3 .4 .3 9.7 .5 5.4 3.8 17.7 .8 10.0 6.9 .9 .2 .3 .3 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ............ Production occupations .................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations ............................. 18.3 11.3 7.0 21.5 11.9 9.7 13.4 10.5 2.9 12.2 6.3 5.9 18.2 8.6 9.6 5.7 3.9 1.8 NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2003, estimated levels for 2003 are not strictly comparable with those for 2002. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers for the foreign born and native born by selected characteristics, 2002-03 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2002 Foreign born 2003 Native born Characteristic Earnings Foreign born of foreign born as Median Median percent of weekly weekly Number native earnings earnings born Native born Earnings of foreign born as Median percent of weekly native earnings born Number Median weekly earnings Number Total, 16 years and over ........................... Men ............................................................. Women ....................................................... 14,759 9,265 5,494 $478 497 437 85,322 47,079 38,243 $627 716 547 76.3 69.4 79.9 15,227 9,666 5,560 $489 503 459 85,076 46,560 38,516 $643 732 567 76.0 68.7 80.8 Age 16 to 24 years ............................................. 25 to 34 years ............................................. 35 to 44 years ............................................. 45 to 54 years ............................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................. 65 years and over ....................................... 1,665 4,397 4,354 2,827 1,302 214 337 468 524 527 518 457 9,456 20,387 23,271 21,261 9,595 1,351 389 610 693 729 696 509 86.5 76.7 75.5 72.3 74.5 89.8 1,512 4,642 4,493 2,984 1,355 241 345 466 522 567 600 500 9,278 20,134 22,602 21,461 10,084 1,516 393 615 716 742 725 518 87.7 75.8 72.8 76.4 82.8 96.6 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1 White non-Hispanic or Latino 2 ................... Black non-Hispanic or Latino 2 ................... Asian non-Hispanic or Latino 2 ................... Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ......................... 2,783 1,207 3,525 7,203 660 494 660 384 67,206 10,451 968 5,934 666 500 683 508 99.1 98.8 96.6 75.6 2,863 1,266 3,250 7,690 681 515 689 398 66,371 10,258 991 5,944 683 515 732 523 99.7 99.8 94.0 76.1 Educational attainment Total, 25 years and over .......................... Less than a high school diploma ................ High school graduates, no college 3 ........... Some college .............................................. Bachelor’s degree and higher 4 .................. 13,095 3,691 3,177 2,155 4,072 503 361 444 553 891 75,866 4,829 23,940 22,440 24,656 670 412 552 638 948 75.1 87.6 80.5 86.6 94.0 13,715 4,034 3,359 2,135 4,186 511 369 467 576 909 75,798 4,559 23,724 22,475 25,040 688 430 569 647 971 74.2 86.0 82.1 89.0 93.6 Number 1 Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 2 Beginning in 2003, includes persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. Asian data for 2002 include Pacific Islanders. 3 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 4 Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees. NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2003, estimated levels for 2003 are not strictly comparable with those for 2002. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 6. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by census regions and divisions, 2002-03 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2002 2003 Civilian labor force Census regions and divisions Civilian noninstitutional population Total Participation rate Employed Civilian labor force Civilian noninstituUnemployed tional Unemploy- population Number ment rate Unemployed Total Participation rate Employed Number Unemployment rate FOREIGN BORN Northeast .................. New England .......... Middle Atlantic ........ 6,952 1,325 5,627 4,594 918 3,676 66.1 69.3 65.3 4,318 868 3,449 276 50 226 6.0 5.4 6.2 6,936 1,334 5,601 4,577 920 3,657 66.0 68.9 65.3 4,275 856 3,419 301 63 238 6.6 6.9 6.5 South ........................ South Atlantic ......... East South Central ................ West South Central ................ 8,553 5,047 5,800 3,436 67.8 68.1 5,447 3,228 353 209 6.1 6.1 9,158 5,442 6,305 3,753 68.8 69.0 5,932 3,545 373 208 5.9 5.5 386 265 68.6 255 10 3.6 389 275 70.7 262 12 4.5 3,120 2,099 67.3 1,964 135 6.4 3,327 2,277 68.5 2,125 153 6.7 Midwest .................... East North Central .. West North Central ................ 3,379 2,641 2,343 1,807 69.3 68.4 2,196 1,690 147 117 6.3 6.5 3,504 2,683 2,404 1,814 68.6 67.6 2,235 1,688 169 126 7.0 6.9 738 536 72.7 506 30 5.6 820 589 71.8 546 43 7.3 West ......................... Mountain ................. Pacific ..................... 11,212 1,868 9,344 7,543 1,290 6,253 67.3 69.1 66.9 7,038 1,211 5,827 505 79 426 6.7 6.1 6.8 11,733 1,835 9,899 7,831 1,287 6,544 66.7 70.2 66.1 7,290 1,210 6,079 542 77 465 6.9 6.0 7.1 Northeast .................. New England .......... Middle Atlantic ........ 35,481 9,862 25,619 23,257 6,753 16,504 65.5 68.5 64.4 21,969 6,432 15,537 1,288 322 966 5.5 4.8 5.9 35,685 9,809 25,876 23,066 6,670 16,396 64.6 68.0 63.4 21,754 6,321 15,433 1,312 348 964 5.7 5.2 5.9 South ........................ South Atlantic ......... East South Central ................ West South Central ................ 68,150 35,189 44,173 22,893 64.8 65.1 41,719 21,694 2,454 1,199 5.6 5.2 69,398 35,584 44,841 23,041 64.6 64.8 42,265 21,850 2,576 1,191 5.7 5.2 12,619 7,908 62.7 7,452 456 5.8 12,890 8,077 62.7 7,591 487 6.0 20,343 13,373 65.7 12,574 799 6.0 20,924 13,723 65.6 12,824 899 6.5 Midwest .................... East North Central .. West North Central ................ 47,049 32,789 32,349 22,080 68.8 67.3 30,586 20,784 1,763 1,296 5.5 5.9 46,720 32,487 32,088 21,877 68.7 67.3 30,221 20,504 1,867 1,374 5.8 6.3 14,260 10,268 72.0 9,801 467 4.5 14,233 10,210 71.7 9,717 493 4.8 West ......................... Mountain ................. Pacific ..................... 36,793 12,107 24,686 24,804 8,293 16,512 67.4 68.5 66.9 23,213 7,820 15,393 1,592 473 1,119 6.4 5.7 6.8 38,034 12,477 25,557 25,398 8,471 16,928 66.8 67.9 66.2 23,765 7,996 15,769 1,634 475 1,159 6.4 5.6 6.8 NATIVE BORN NOTE: The states (plus the District of Columbia) that comprise the census divisions are: New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont); Middle Atlantic (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania); South Atlantic (Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia); East South Central (Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee); West South Central Division (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas); East North Central (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin); West North Central (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota); Mountain (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming); Pacific (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington). Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2003, estimated levels for 2003 are not strictly comparable with those for 2002. See the Technical Note for further information.