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Presentation Materials (667 KB PDF) Pages 107 to 117 of Transcript Appendix 1: Materials used by Mr. Kos Page 1 Top panel Title: Current Deposit Rates and Rates Implied by Traded Forward Rate Agreements Series: LIBOR Fixings, 3 Month Forward and 9 Month Forward for the United States and Euro-area Horizon: January 2, 2002 to March 15, 2002 Description: In the U.S., 3 Month and 9M Forward rates increased, while LIBOR fixings were generally constant. In the Euro-area, 9M Forward rates increased significantly, while 3M Forward rates slightly increased and LIBOR fixings were little changed. Source: Bloomberg Bottom panel Title: Current Deposit Rates and Rates Implied by Traded Forward Rate Agreements Series: LIBOR Fixings, 3 Month Forward and 9 Month Forward for Japan Horizon: January 2, 2002 to March 15, 2002 Description: In Japan, LIBOR fixings were little changed, while 3M and 9M Forward rates slightly declined. Source: Bloomberg Page 2 Top panel Title: Fed Funds and Treasury Coupon Yields Series: Fed funds target rate and yields for the, 2- year, 10- year, and 30- year bonds. Horizon: January 2, 2002 to March 15, 2002 Description: The Fed funds target was left unchanged, and 2-, 10-, and 30- year yields were generally consistent. Source: Bloomberg Middle panel Title: 10-Year Industrial Corporate Debt Spreads to AAA Series: BBB to AAA, and A to AAA spreads Horizon: January 2, 2002 - March 15, 2002 Description: Spreads on BBB to AAA corporate ended the time period little changed, despite sharp price action in mid-to-late February, and again in mid-March. Spreads on A to AAA corporate debt tightened, with most price action occurring in late February. Bottom panel Title: Emerging Market and U.S. High Yield Spreads Series: Merrill Lynch High-Yield Spread and JP Morgan EMBI+ Sovereign Spread Horizon: January 2, 2002 to March 15, 2002 Description: Spreads of both indices narrowed, with most price action occurring late February. Source: Bloomberg, JP Morgan Chase Page 3 Top panel Title: S&P 100 Volatility Index (VIX) Series: VIX index Horizon: January 2, 2002 to March 15, 2002 Description: Volatility increased into early February, and then decreased in late February into early March. Source: Bloomberg Middle panel Title: Eurodollar Deposit Futures Implied Volatility (rolling 2nd contract) Series: Implied Volatility on Eurodollar Deposit Futures (rolling 2nd contract) Horizon: January 2, 2002 to March 15, 2002 Description: Volatility decreased over the time period. Source: Bloomberg Bottom panel Title: 1-Month and 1-Year Euro-Dollar Exchange Rate Option Implied Volatility Series: 1-Month and 1-Year Euro-Dollar Exchange Rate Option Implied Volatility Horizon: January 2, 2002 to March 15, 2002 Description: Implied volatility on both 1-year and 1-month euro-dollar options decreased over the time period. Source: Bloomberg Page 4 Top panel Title: Nikkei Stock Index Series: Nikkei Stock Index Horizon: January 2, 2002 to March 15, 2002 Description: The Nikkei stock index declined in January, only to pick up in February and March. Sharp increases were observed after the short selling rule change and the BOJ policy board meeting, when rates were left unchanged. Source: Bloomberg Middle panel Title: 10-Year JGB Yields Series: Yields on 10-Year JGBs Horizon: January 2, 2002 to March 15, 2002 Description: Yields on the 10-Year JGB increased in January and February, but began to fall in late February after the short selling rule change and the BOJ policy board meeting, when rates were left unchanged. Source: Bloomberg Bottom panel Title: Dollar Yen Exchange Rate Series: Yen per dollar Horizon: January 2, 2002 to March 15, 2002 Description: In January and February, the dollar steadily appreciated against the yen, but price action sharply reversed following short selling rule change and the BOJ policy board meeting, when rates were left unchanged. Source: Bloomberg Page 5 Top panel Title: Currency (M1 component) Monthly Growth Rates, saar Series: M1 growth rates Horizon: March 2001 to May 2002 Description: M1 growth rates spiked to very high levels in August 2001, but came back to historical average levels. M1 growth is forecasted to decrease in early 2002. Bottom panel Title: Domestic Financial Assets Held by the Federal Reserve Series: Maintenance period averages of SOMA holdings, and SOMA plus all RP holdings. Horizon: March 2001 to May 2002 Description: Assets in both the SOMA portfolio, and SOMA portfolio plus all RPs steadily increased. Appendix 2: Materials used by Mr. Reinhart Monetary Policy Alternatives Material for FOMC Briefing March 19, 2002 Exhibit 1 Policy Expectations Exhibit 1 includes five charts and tables that provide information on policy expectations and interest rate developments over the intermeeting period as well as data on past easing and tightening episodes going back to the 1980s. Top-left panel Changes in Expected Federal Funds Rate* over this Intermeeting Period A bar chart displays changes in the expected federal funds rate after various horizons from the current month to the second quarter of 2004. This chart conveys that a string of surprisingly strong data on spending and production released over the intermeeting period prompted the 10 to 55 basis point upward revision to market expectations. * Estimates from federal funds and eurodollar futures rates with an allowance for term premia and other adjustments. Return to text Top-right panel Expected Federal Funds Rate* A line chart shows the level of the expected federal funds rate on January 29, 2002 and March 18, 2002 and indicates that market prices now embed an anticipation that the funds rate will rise to 5¼ percent in mid-2004. Middle-left panel Features of Market Expectations Policy tightens soon after easing. Tightening is extended. Hard to square with economists' forecasts. The panel covers three points related to policy expectations. First, federal funds futures rates move significantly above 1¾ percent in a couple of months, apparently signaling the belief that policy will begin tightening on the heels of the end of the easing episode. Second, money market futures rates climb almost continually over the next couple of years, implying that policy tightening will be extended. Third, these expectations of imminent firming are difficult to square with the published forecasts of most market economists, who fail to foresee the sort of pressures on resources that would require action soon. Middle-right panel Policy Episodes, 1989 - 2001 Average Duration (Months) Easings 15 Pauses after easings 13 Tightenings Pauses after tightenings 11 10 Bottom panel Easing and Tightening Episodes A line chart shows the level of the target federal funds rate from 1984 thorough the current date. The range of the vertical axis spans 2 to 12 percent. Vertical bars in the chart denote easing and tightening episodes over the period. The average duration of these episodes are, again, summarized in the middle right panel. Exhibit 2 Exhibit 2 includes five charts that summarize analysis of a regime-switching model that formalizes the notion that market participants expect the nominal funds rate to return to a more sustainable level rapidly once the tightening process starts but also hedge their bets as to when that tightening will begin. Top-left panel Regime-Switching Model The Committee either - holds the funds rate at 1-3/4 percent. - tightens policy. Once tightening begins, the funds rate moves steadily, but fairly rapidly, up to a sustainable level. Probability of beginning to tighten is constant. The panel outlines the model and notes the assumptions that market participants expect the Committee either to keep the funds rate at its current level or to begin tightening; that once a tightening phase is begun, everyone expects that the funds rate will be steadily, but fairly rapidly, moved up to some sustainable level with no reversals or pauses; and that if the funds rate has continued to be held constant in any given month, market participants assign a constant probability of switching over to a tightening phase in the next month. Top-right panel Probability of Onset of Tightening Episode A line chart shows the evolution of estimates from this model of the market's assessment of the probability that the Committee will begin to tighten next month. The horizontal axis ranges from January 2, 2002 through March 18, 2002, and the range of probabilities spans 7 to 12 percent. The current reading is an 11 percent chance of tightening beginning next month. Middle-left panel Cumulative Probability of Tightening Episode A line chart describes the cumulative probability of a tightening episode, with the probabilities spanning 0 to 100 percent on the vertical axis and the horizon covering 1 to 15 months ahead on the horizontal axis. The chart conveys that according to current market prices, there is a one-in-two chance that the funds rate will be rising six months from now. Middle-right panel Implied Tightening Regime A line chart illustrates the implied tightening regime, from one to 15 months ahead on the horizontal axis, and from 2 to 6 percent on the vertical axis. The chart suggests how aggressive that rise in interest rates may be expected to be: Estimates derived from yesterday's closing futures rates suggest that market participants believe that once tightening starts, the funds rate will move up about as fast as it moved down. That is, within one year--or about at the norm of the prior decade. Bottom panel Simulation Using FRB/US Model Judgmental extension of the Greenbook to 2007. Expectations are formed based on past observations. Policy moves the real funds rate to its equilibrium in four quarters starting - next quarter (immediate scenario). - one-year later (intermediate scenario). - two-years later (delayed scenario). To address the question of the Committee's preferred inflation rates. The bottom panel describes the highlights of a simulation using the FRB/US model. The text notes that the simulations extend the Greenbook forecast until 2007, used the version of the model in which workers and investors form their expectations based on past observations of important macroeconomic variables, and covered the consequences of moving the real funds rate to its long-run equilibrium level of 3½ percent relatively smoothly in one year but alternatively beginning next quarter, one year, or two years later. Exhibit 3 Alternative Strategies Exhibit 3 contains four line charts that address the consequences of alternative monetary policy strategies over the period from 2001 through the end of 2006. Top-left panel Nominal Federal Funds Rate Top-right panel Real Federal Funds Rate1 Middle panel Civilian Unemployment Rate Bottom panel PCE Inflation (ex. food and energy) Top-left panel: A chart of three lines that show alternative paths of the nominal federal funds rate over time--from 2001 to the end of 2006, as noted on the horizontal axis--under the "immediate," "intermediate," and "delayed" alternatives reference earlier which start now, in one year, and in two years, respectively. The remaining charts follow the same pattern and cover real funds rate (the top-right panel), which ranges from zero to 5 percent on the vertical axis; the civilian unemployment rate (the middle panel), which ranges from 4 to 6.5 percent on the vertical axis; and PCE inflation (the bottom panel), which ranges from zero to 2.5 percent on the vertical axis. All told, these charts convey the notion that the longer the Committee waits to tighten, the more unemployment will be worked down at the expense of an ultimate step-up of inflation. The range of consequences is notable. For example, were policy to begin moving the nominal funds rate up next quarter, the drifting higher of the unemployment rate to 6¼ percent by year-end 2003 in the middle panel would open enough slack to induce core PCE inflation to settle at around ¾ percent. Also, delaying that process by one year or by two years would forestall that rise in unemployment at the cost of about 0.7 and 1.3 percentage points of higher inflation, respectively, down the road. 1. The real federal funds rate is calculated as the quarterly nominal funds rate minus the four-quarter percent change in the PCE chain-weight price index excluding food and energy. Return to text Return to top Home | Monetary policy | FOMC | FOMC transcripts Accessibility | Contact Us Last update: October 24, 2008
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