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APPENDIX Notes for FOMC Meeting July 11, 1979 Scott E. Pardee Since the last meeting of the FOMC we have had yet another reversal of market sentiment toward the dollar, which has over the past four weeks come under heavy selling pressure. Through most of early 1979, the dollar had been buoyed by a sustained reflux of funds from last year but by late May-early June this reflux tapered off, leaving the dollar increasingly vulnerable in the downward direction. Most market participants and officials here and abroad had come to expect that sooner or later there would be renewed pressure on the dollar in view of our continuing very high rate of inflation, our large trade deficit, and the many uncertainties around the world which could spark a burst of dollar selling. As it turned out, the trigger mechanism for the shift in market sentiment was interest rates. Over the course of the spring interest rates had been raised in most industrialized countries in response to rapidly expanding aggregates and to sharp hikes in producer and consumer prices--in excess of one percent per month, even in countries such as Germany, Switzerland and Japan. The Federal Reserve had also moved on the funds rate in April, but by early June many market rates in the United States began to hack off, and exchange traders took note of the fact that the Federal Reserve was holding steady on the funds rate even though the growth of the monetary aggregates remained strong. Meanwhile, interest rates elsewhere continued to rise, punctuated by a 2 percentage point jump in the Bank of England’s minimum lending rate, to 14 percent, as part of the Thatcher Government’s first budget proposal. The prospects were for more hikes in rates abroad, particularly for Germany. Officials of the Bundesbank were making no secret of their eagerness to tighten monetary policy further, and indeed of their view that the D-mark should sooner or later appreciate against the dollar and the EMS partner currencies. A further element in the adverse swing in market sentiment reflected changing attitudes toward the relative ability of countries to cope with the higher oil prices and the tightening of oil supplies and with the energy problem generally. By early June the scramble for spot oil by other countries had slowed and spot prices had peaked, but there were reports that U. S. oil firms had for the first time begun to shop in those very expensive markets to meet U. S. needs. The growing gasoline shortages in the United States were taken as further evidence of the lack of an effective energy policy in this country. The shortages not only generated an immense amount of bad publicity for us abroad but also affected many foreign exchange traders and their corporate customers personally, as they also had to wait in line for gas. The very sour attitude this created toward the Administration and anyone else who might conceivably be blamed for the situation carried over to attitudes toward the dollar. It was not merely a matter of psychology. People were beginning to recognize that the sharp increase in oil pricesboth the rise that had already occurred and that expected from an OPEC meeting in Geneva in late June--was going to add substantially to our oil import bill and thereby 2 hamper our efforts to further reduce our trade deficit. Poor price and trade figures for the United States reinforced market pessimism. On intervention, the Treasury--facing both the OPEC meeting in Geneva and the seven-nation summit in Tokyo during the last week of June--decided that it was an inopportune time to have a sharply declining dollar. So when pressure on the dollar erupted beginning on Friday June 1 5 the Desk went into the market forcefully to maintain a sense of two-way risk in the market and to halt the dollar decline. At first we were only using Treasury marks but later the intervention was split, as before, between the Federal Reserve and the Treasury. The pressure became very heavy, however. and although the Swiss National Bank quickly joined in with heavy intervention on its own account, the Bundesbank was not prepared to mount a major effort to hold the dollar-mark rate at the then prevailing levels. The market sensed this, and the apparent lack of coordination added to the tension in the market. Elsewhere, the British authorities were letting sterling rise very sharply, and it was beginning to pull other currencies up against the dollar. By the week of June 25-29, which included the OPEC meeting and the Tokyo summit, with the dollar already down by about 3 percent. the Bundesbank had agreed to dig in should hrther pressure develop. During that week the Desk had people [on duty] each night--an officer and a trader--to monitor markets in Hong Kong and Singapore to intervene there if necessary. This was for two reasons. First, we had the unusual situation in which the summit was taking place in the Far Eastern time zones, with ample press coverage, and anything that came from the meetings ofthe individual delegations, or even press speculation, could have an exaggerated effect on exchange dealings in those hours. Second. we were still not sure that the Bundesbank would step in and push the rate back up if it found the dollar lower at the opening as a result of such exaggerated dealings. Thus, we made sure we handed over to the Bundesbank a steady market with a reasonably firm dollar rate. As it turned out, when the rate dipped to DM 1.83 on June 28 the Bundesbank picked up from us at 7:30 in the morning Frankfurt time, dealing in of Singapore and Hong Kong, and hammered the rate back up with some open intervention. That action, and follow-up intervention since, has erased many questions about the Bundesbank’s intentions. So far in July trading has continued to be exceedingly erratic, with the dollar at or near its recent lows. Sterling provided some fireworks, rocketing up to $2.25 before receding to the $2.23 level, bolstered by the high interest rates there and by North Sea oil. The market has become thin as traders await the President’s message in his upcoming address. Traders are so jumpy that last Friday there was even a flurry of activity on a mmor that the President was canceling because he had had a nervous breakdown. Reports that the President will not [unintelligible] oil prices reversed dollar selling today. In this atmosphere, we have continued to intervene to maintain orderly trading conditions but have not dug in. On balance, since the last FOMC meeting the dollar has declined by 4% percent against the German mark and the Swiss franc and by % percent against the Japanese yen, 3 which has not been caught up in the latest pressures in the markets. Sterling, on the other hand. is up by a net 8 percent. The Desk’s purchases of marks during the period amounted to $849 million, mostly early in the period and mostly for the Treasury, with $306 million of the marks for System account. Our sales of marks for Treasury and System account amounted to $2.7 billion. These compare with dollar intervention purchases by the Bundesbank of during the same period. The System’s share of U. S. mark sales was $1.2 billion, financed mainly by swap drawings, which right now amount to $905 million. In the hectic trading following the release of our trade figures in late June we also sold $69 million of Swiss francs for System account, which entailed drawing $36 million on the swap line with the Swiss National Bank. That drawing has been repaid at a modest profit. We did not operate in Japanese yen during the period. The immediate outlook remains highly uncertain. The market is concerned about interest rates. Market participants have noted that the yield in dollar asset markets is [unintelligible] it has been since December 1977. The Bundesbank has given signals that it is likely to raise its discount rate tomorrow. Energy policy in the United States, in terms of President Carter’s next initiatives and the response of Congress and the public, will still be on the minds of many market participants. We have shown, I think, that intervention can contain some of the pressure on the dollar for a time, but we already have had to dig fairly deep into our mark resources. The $2.8 billion of intervention over the past month is on the same scale as we had last November and December--after the November I program--and we cannot sustain a pace like that for very long without help in other policy areas. Some good news on hndamentals would, of course, help. €OW MEETING J U L Y 11, 1979 REPORT O F OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS Reporting on open market operations, Mr. Sternlight made the following statement. Since the May 2 2 meeting the Account Management has aimed steadily for reserve conditions consistent with a Federal funds rate remaining around 10 1/4 percent--the objective first adopted in late April. For about the first two weeks of the period the aggregates were tracking well within their ranges, but by early June growth seemed to be well up in the ranges--and by mid-June the estimates for May-June growth pushed through the upper ends of the tolerance ranges: This degree of strength would have called for a firmer stance by the Desk, but the Chairman recommended in view of recent signs of weakness in the economy and uncertainties in the outlook that the System's 10 1/4 percent objective remain unchanged, and a majority of the Committee concurred. Later in June, estimated growth increased slightly further, but the Committee, in the course of a telephone discussion on June 27, left unchanged the June 15 decision to retain a 10 1/4 percent funds rate objective. The latest aggregate data, available in early July, showed May-June growth lightly below where it appeared in late June--but still well above the Committee's ranges. For the most part, the funds rate held quite close to 10 1/4, though it sank well below that the day after the last meeting, and pushed above in late May as banks tried to sort out the confusion o f differing Memorial Day holidays. Again, in late June and early July the rate pushed up for a few days because of cautious bank reserve management in the week that included the end-of-June statement date and the July 4 holiday. For the whole period, the funds rate averaged 10.30 percent--up 10 basis points from the preceding five weeks' average. Early in the period, operations were directed mainly at absorbing reserves, and included the redemption of $200 million of bills and sales of $ 5 4 7 million of bills to foreign accounts. From about mid-June, the emphasis changed to one of predominantly supplying reserves, and outright activity included the purchase of $371 million of Federal agency issues and $693 million of Treasury coupon issues in the market, as well as the net purchase of $ 8 2 2 million of bills and $ 4 2 million of coupon issues from foreign accounts. The market purchase of agency issues was the first in about a year, while the purchase of Treasury coupon issues was the first since February. Outright operations were supplemented, as usual, by frequent and sizable short-term reserve adjustments through repurchase agreements and matched sale purchase transactions. While the funds rate was essentially steady, most market interest rates registered a substantial decline for the period. Market participants continued to regard the System's interest rate objective as holding unchanged, but sentiment was buoyed repeatedly by signs of a slowing economy and this was regarded as evidence that a cyclical peak in rates was near at hand or had been passed. The softer economy was seen as virtually ruling out any significant further firming of monetary policy, despite the continuing signs of inflation and the evidence in June of rapid growth in the aggregates. The large rise in oil prices--ordinarily a factor that might have led to higher rates--was seen by some as an event that could reinforce recessionary tendencies, and hence be a neutral or even downward influence on rates. In the last few days, rates have backed up and reversed part of the earlier declines, as participants began to focus more on the vulnerability of the dollar, and the possible budget impact of new energy initiatives or anti-recession measures. Treasury bills fell a net of roughly 50 basis points over the interval, and part way through the interval, in late June, some shorter maturity bills were down around 100 basis points from the level just before the last meeting. That steep decline partly reflected seasonal demands, exacerbated by the maturing of a large block of cash management bills after the June tax date. Strong speculative demand in the bill futures market, and the resumption of foreign account buying, in the wake of renewed dollar support activities, added to demands that temporarily pulled 3-month bills down to around 8 . 8 0 percent. The more recent back-up in rates emerged after dealers had stocked up in anticipation of demands that failed to materialize, and after financing costs rose abruptly. In last Monday's bill auctions, 3- and 6-month issues went at about 9 . 2 7 and 9.16 percent--down from 9 . 7 4 and 9 . 6 0 the day before the last Committee meeting. Y i e l d s d e c l i n e d a b o u t 4 0 - 7 5 b a s i s p o i n t s on most i n t e r m e d i a t e t e r m T r e a s u r y i s s u e s and some 30-40 b a s i s p o i n t s o n l o n g e r i s s u e s , a l t h o u g h t h e T r e a s u r y raised n e a r l y $ 4 b i l l i o n t h r o u g h s a l e s of coupon i s s u e s o v e r t h e p e r i o d . An i s s u e of $ 1 . 5 b i l l i o n 15-year bonds was a u c t i o n e d o n J u n e 2 1 , when rates w e r e n e a r t h e i r low f o r t h e p e r i o d . 8.81 percent, S o l d a t a n average r a t e of t h e bonds ended t h e p e r i o d a t a d i s c o u n t from i s s u e p r i c e , t o y i e l d about 8.93 p e r c e n t , w i t h d e a l e r s s t i l l holdi n g some o f t h e i r p u r c h a s e s i n i n v e n t o r y . F o r t h e most p a r t , d e a l e r s h e l d low i n v e n t o r i e s o r n e t s h o r t p o s i t i o n s i n over-one- year m a t u r i t i e s , a l t h o u g h h o l d i n g s t e m p o r a r i l y b u l g e d j u s t a f t e r f r e s h s u p p l i e s were a u c t i o n e d . T y p i c a l l y , t h e big p r i c e g a i n s o c c u r r e d a g a i n s t a background o f d e c l i n i n g i n v e n t o r i e s , as c u s t o m e r demand p r e s s e d o n d e a l e r s u p p l i e s . I n t h e coming month, T r e a s u r y demands a r e e x p e c t e d t o be moderate. T h e r e w i l l be the u s u a l 2 - y e a r month-end n o t e , and t h e q u a r t e r l y r e f u n d i n g of August 1 5 m a t u r i t i e s , i n which t h e m a r k e t e x p e c t s t h a t t h e T r e a s u r y may r a i s e p e r h a p s $ 2 b i l l i o n o n t o p of t h e n e a r l y $ 5 b i l l i o n amount h e l d by t h e p u b l i c . The System holds n e a r l y $ 1 . 6 b i l l i o n of t h e August 1 5 m a t u r i t i e s , and w e would p l a n t o exchange t h e s e f o r new i s s u e s - l e a n i n g somewhat, as i n May, toward the s h o r t e r o p t i o n s o f f e r e d by t h e T r e a s u r y . F i n a l l y , I ' d l i k e t o c a l l t o t h e Committee's a t t e n t i o n t h a t l e g i s l a t i o n w a s signed i n e a r l y J u n e extending t h e Treasury's a u t h o r i t y t o borrow up t o $5 b i l l i o n d i r e c t l y from t h e F e d e r a l Reserve b u t a l s o m o d i f y i n g t h a t a u t h o r i t y i n ways t h a t have made obsolete paragraph 2 of the authorization for domestic open market operations. We have been discussing with Treasury the implications of those modifications and should have a revision to propose in the authorization f o r the next meeting. James L. K i c h l i n e J u l y 11, 1979 -- INTRODUCTION FOMC CHART SHOW F o r o u r p r e s e n t a t i o n t h i s morning w e w i l l be r e f e r r i n g t o t h e package of c h a r t s d i s t r i b u t e d t o you. The f i r s t c h a r t i n the package d i s p l a y s t h e p r i n c i p a l assumptions t h a t u n d e r l i e t h e f o r e c a s t . M - 1 growth i s assumed t o average 6 p e r c e n t i n 1979 and 1980, measured i n the a b s e n c e of s h i f t s t o ATS accounts. This assumption i s unchanged from t h a t u s e d i n r e c e n t p r o j e c - t i o n s and i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e midpoint of t h e l o n g e r - r u n r a n g e p r e s e n t e d a s A l t e r n a t i v e B i n the Bluebook. The f i s c a l p o l i c y assumptions a r e a l s o l i t t l e changed from t h o s e w e have been u s i n g s i n c e e a r l y t h i s y e a r . However, r e c e n t developments i n world o i l m a r k e t s have l e d t o a s u b s t a n t i a l change i n t h e o i l p r i c e assumption. The r e c e n t OPEC d e c i s i o n i s e s t i m a t e d t o r e s u l t i n a n a v e r a g e c o n t r a c t s a l e s p r i c e of $21.00 p e r b a r r e l , or more t h a n 60 p e r c e n t h i g h e r t h a n t h e p r i c e i n December 1978. of $2.00 p e r b a r r e l h a s been assumed. During 1980, a f u r t h e r r i s e Thus f o r the two y e a r s combined o i l p r i c e s a r e assumed t o r i s e c l o s e t o 80 p e r c e n t compared w i t h the assumption of a l i t t l e o v e r 20 p e r c e n t when t h e Committee d i s c u s s e d i t s l o n g e r - r u n r a n g e s i n February. We have assumed t h a t o i l p r i c e s u p p l i e s w i l l be t i g h t b u t adequate a t t h e s e h i g h e r p r i c e s and t h a t r e t a i l f u e l d i s r u p t i o n s w i l l d i s a p p e a r by t h e f a l l of t h i s y e a r . The n e x t c h a r t d e p i c t s movements i n t h e f e d e r a l budget. In the c u r r e n t f i s c a l y e a r we a n t i c i p a t e a d e f i c i t of $ 2 8 - 1 / 2 b i l l i o n , a shade l e s s t h a n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w i l l announce t h i s F r i d a y i n i t s midyear update. For 1980 there a l s o a r e o n l y s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e s t a f f and adminis t r a t i o n e x p e c t a t i o n s , a s shown i n t h e t a b l e . Even though t h e budget d e f i c i t -2- i s e x p e c t e d by t h e s t a f f t o grow somewhat n e x t y e a r , t h i s i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o weaker economic a c t i v i t y , a n d t h e budget p o s t u r e i n o u r judgment is s t i l l one of r e s t r a i n t . A s d i s p l a y e d i n t h e n e x t c h a r t , i n d i c a t o r s of economic a c t i v i t y i n r e c e n t months have shown weakness. Growth of nonfarm employment slowed con- s i d e r a b l y i n t h e second q u a r t e r , and m a n u f a c t u r i n g employment a c t u a l l y declined. I n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n i n May o n l y r e c o v e r e d s t r i k e - r e l a t e d l o s s e s of t h e p r e v i o u s month, and p r e l i m i n a r y i n f o r m a t i o n f o r June s u g g e s t s a s l i g h t decline i n output. T o t a l r e t a i l sales i n r e a l terms have d e c l i n e d a s u b s t a n - t i a l 6 - 1 / 2 p e r c e n t from t h e peak i n December. I n June--not shown on the chart--we e s t i m a t e t h a t sales i n r e a l terms dropped 2 p e r c e n t , l e d by a s h a r p f a l l i n a u t o s a l e s ; s a l e s of domestic makes were a t a 7 . 2 m i l l i o n u n i t a n n u a l r a t e , t h e s l o w e s t monthly pace i n f o u r y e a r s . Housing market a c t i v i t y , a s measured by s t a r t s , changed l i t t l e i n A p r i l and May, and remains w e l l below levels i n 1978. Given t h e i n f o r m a t i o n now a v a i l a b l e the s t a f f e s t i m a t e s t h a t r e a l GNP d e c l i n e d a t a 1 - 1 / 2 p e r c e n t a n n u a l r a t e d u r i n g t h e second quarter. M r . Z e i s e l w i l l c o n t i n u e t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n w i t h a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e s t a f f ' s f o r e c a s t of t h e domestic n o n f i n a n c i a l economy. Joseph S. Zeisel July 11, 1979 FOMC CHART SHOW The evidence seems quite persuasive that the economy turned down in the second quarter, and thus, as indicated in the next chart, real GNP suffered a slight drop over the first half of this year. We are now fore- casting that the decline will continue in the latter half of 1979, at about a 2-114 per cent annual rate. For the year as a whole this results in a reduction in real GNP of about 1-114 per cent. Our projections call for a fractional upturn early next year, with only a slightly stronger second half. For 1980 as a whole, real GNP is expected to increase by only about 314 per cent. The key element in both the recent and prospective deterioration of activity is the weakness of personal consumption expenditures. The next chart addresses some of the major factors underlying the poorer performance of consumer markets recently. The top panel shows the sharp decline of after-tax real weekly earnings since the end of 1977. While these data are an impel-fectmeasure of family income, they do dramatically reflect the erosion of real earnings by the latest round of accelerating inflation. - 2 The c o n c u r r e n t d e t e r i o r a t i o n of consumer a t t i t u d e s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n the middle panel. Recent Michigan Survey r e p o r t s show consumers' e x p e c t a - t i o n s of p r i c e i n f l a t i o n a t a r e c o r d h i g h and i n d i c a t e t h a t buying c o n d i t i o n s f o r c a r s were r a t e d more u n f a v o r a b l e t h a n a t any time i n t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s . The w i l l i n g n e s s of consumers t o i n c r e a s e t h e i r u s e of c r e d i t played a s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t i n s u s t a i n i n g growth of r e t a i l s a l e s f o r much of this e x p a n s i o n . However, a s shown i n t h e bottom p a n e l , by l a t e l a s t y e a r , consumers' d e b t b u r d e n s had reached h i s t o r i c a l l y h i g h rates. I n such c i r c u m s t a n c e s , consumer spending p r o p e n s i t i e s become v u l n e r a b l e t o any ,fwd a s t h e Lop p a n e l o f t h e n e x t c h a r t shows, slower t-nployment growth, a s h o r t e r workweek and a c c e l e r a t i n g i n f l a t i o n c u t t h e g a i n i n r e a l income s h a r p l y i n t h e f i r s t h a l f of t h i s y e a r . This p l a y e d a key r o l e in t h e r e c e n t d e c l i n e i n r e a l r e t a i l s a l e s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r by M r . K i c h l i n e . In r e g a r d s t o t h e f u t u r e , we a r e f o r e c a s t i n g a n a c t u a l d r o p i n r e a l income i n t h e second h a l f of 1979 and o n l y a s l u g g i s h r e c o v e r y d u r i n g 1980. R e c e n t l y , consumer s p e n d i n g h a s been f u r t h e r undermined by the s h a r p runup i n petroleum p r o d u c t p r i c e s and g a s o l i n e s h o r t a g e s . Increased u n c e r t a i n t i e s - 3 r e g a r d i n g s u p p l i e s have a p p a r e n t l y damped r e t a i l s a l e s , a f f e c t e d v a c a t i o n p l a n s and c u t i n t o a wide range of o t h e r household a c t i v i t i e s . One e s p e c i a l l y n o t a b l e impact has been t h e reduced demand f o r l a r g e r , l e s s f u e l - e f f i c i e n t c a r s ; a s a r e s u l t , t o t a l a u t o s a l e s have plummeted. We e x p e c t s h o r t a g e s of f u e l s t o d i m i n i s h l a t e r t h i s y e a r , b u t p r i c e i n c r e a s e s a l r e a d y announced imply--as t h e middle p a n e l shows--that the s h a r e of d i s p o s a b l e income g o i n g t o e n e r g y p r o d u c t s w i l l be r i s i n g p r e c i p i - tously. Some $20 b i l l i o n t h a t would o t h e r w i s e b e a v a i l a b l e for p u r c h a s e of d i s c r e t i o n a r y goods such a s consumer d u r a b l e s w i l l i n s t e a d be f l o w i n g o v e r s e a s i n 1979 t o pay f o r t h e added c o s t of imported o i l . A s t h e bottom p a n e l i n d i c a t e s , t h e s e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s have l e d us t o e x p e c t a v e r y s l u g g i s h o u t l o o k f o r r e a l consumer demand--a d e c l i n e f o r 1979 a s a whole, and o n l y a l i m i t e d r i s e i n 1980. Many of t h e f o r c e s which have been a f f e c t i n g consumer a t t i t u d e s a r e l i k e l y t o be undermining b u s i n e s s c o n f i d e n c e a s w e l l . As t h e t o p p a n e l of t h e n e x t c h a r t shows, new c a p i t a l goods o r d e r s a p p e a r t o have a l r e a d y topped o u t i n r e a l terms. As i n d i c a t e d i n t h e m i d d l e p a n e l , t h e p r e s s u r e s on c a p a c i t y s h o u l d be d i m i n i s h i n g a s m a r k e t s weaken, and p a s t performance s u g g e s t s t h a t t h i s w i l l lead t o c u t b a c k s i n c a p i t a l s p e n d i n g , a s shown i n t h e bottom p a n e l . 1 - 4 But from an historical point of view, the contraction in capital outlays is relatively mild, reflecting the moderate overall decline in noninvestment demand, the lack of significant financing problems and needs to adjust to changes in the cost and availability of energy. Thc rate of inventory iiivestment is likely to mirror dcvelopnients in fixed capital spending and other final demands. A s the top panels of the next chart show, there are indications of a backup in stocks recently, reflecting the downturn in consumer demand, particularly for large cars. But businesses are likely to adjust output rather promptly--as they have in recent years--and, as shown in the middle panel, we expect the rate of inventory accumulation to decline through the remainder of 1979 and remain minimal in 1980. However, as is evident in the bottom panel, we are not anti- cipating a substantial inventory adjustment. Indeed, our expectation is that business will be keeping stocks about in line with growth of final sales. Housing is also likely t o continue to be a negative factor in overall growth through the kalance of 1979. As is shown in the t o p panels - 5 o f t h e n e x t c h a r t , d e p o s i t growth a t t h r i f t s and t h e commitments o f S&Ls have been on a g e n e r a l downtrend, f o l l o w i n g t h e s u r g e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of MMCs. I n t h e f a c e o f g e n e r a l l y weak d e p o s i t growth and a r e l a t i v e l y t i g h t F e d e r a l Home Loan p o l i c y on advances, t h e s e l e n d e r s a r e l i k e l y t o c o n t i n u e t o reduce o u t s t a n d i n g commitments. Given s l u g g i s h income growth and r a p i d l y e s c a l a t i n g homeownership costs--now a g g r a v a t e d by r i s i n g e n e r g y prices--we have assumed t h a t h o u s i n g a c t i v i t y w i l l c o n t i n u e t o s l a c k e n . A s t h e bottom p a n e l shows, we a r e now f o r e c a s t i n g s t a r t s t o bottom o u t a t a b o u t a 1 - 1 / 2 m i l l i o n annual r a t e a t t h e end of t h i s y e a r , and t o edge up d u r i n g 1980, l a r g e l y i n r e s p o n s e t o s t r o n g u n d e r l y i n g demands. A s t h e n e x t c h a r t shows, w e e x p e c t l i t t l e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o growth from government spending through 1980. The t o t a l p u r c h a s e s of f e d e r a l , s t a t e and l o c a l governments a r e p r o j e c t e d t o show no r i s e a t a l l i n r e a l terms d u r i n g 1979,assuming no new f i s c a l i n i t i a t i v e s . Such programs a s c o u n t e r - c y c l i c a l revenue s h a r i n g and l o c a l p u b l i c works g r a n t s have l e v e l e d o u t or a r e d e c l i n i n g , and governments g e n e r a l l y have curbed t h e growth of spending. The r e a l i n c r e a s e i n government purchases i s p r o j e c t e d a t o n l y a 1 p e r c e n t a n n u a l r a t e i n 1980. - 6 - The next chart compares our projection of overall activity with previous postwar contractions. The absence of'the serious distortions that precipitated the post-1973 recession is a key to the milder decline expected this time. The relative drop projected for real GNP is about equal to the average of the four preceding post-World War I1 recessions. However, the upturn projected to begin in 1980 is expected to lack the vigor of the earlier recoveries. This reflects in large measure the impact on consumer and business behavior of continued rapid inflation, the assumed lack of new fiscal policy initiatives and a policy of monetary restraint--associated with the effort to bring inflation under control. The modest recovery forecast for 1980 reflects a bottoming-out of housing activity, the small upturn anticipated in business fixed investment and an improvement in net exports. Consistent with the weakness in overall activity, we are projecting substantially reduced growth in total employment this year--as shown in the next chart--and only a small increase in 1980. Nonfarm payroll employment is projected to decline by about half a million from peak to trough, as reductions in manufacturing employment--reflecting production cuts, particularly in consumer durables and capital related products--are partly offset by continued--albeitmodest--grDwth in the service sectors. - 7 - growth t h a n i n r e c e n t y e a r s , we a n t i c i p a t e t h a t i n a d d i t i o n t o normal i n c r e a s e s i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f w o r k i n g a g e , a s i g n i f i c a n t number of women will z n t e r t h e l a b o r m a r k e t , particularly i n an envirocmenc in whicl, r e a l family - inco,;i,:s a r c b r i n g r e d u c e d by b o t h r e c e s s i o n ~ n dr a p i d l y r i s i n g p r i c e s . 1.11us, t h e unemployment r a t e i s p r o j e c t e d t o r i s e q u i t e r a p i d l y , p a r t i c u l a r l y l a t e r t h i s y e a r , and c o n t i n u e up d u r i n g 1980, r e a c h i n g a b o u t 8 per c e n t by y e a r end. p e r f o r m a n c e of p r o d u c t i v i t y . Continued upward p r e s s u r e on wogzs, i n r e s p o n s e t o p a s t and prospective i n f l a t i o n i s e x p e c t e d to o f f s e t t h e e f E e c t s o f l a b o r market s l a c k ; c o m p e n s a t i o n i s p r o j e c t e d t o r i s e by c l o s e t o 10 p e r c e n t i n 1980, svmewhar above t h i s y e a r ' s e x p e c t e d i n c r e s s e . A s t h e m i d d l e p a n e l shows, we e x p e c t l i t t l e h e l p from improved p r o d u c t i v i t y p e r f o r m a n c e i n damping t h e i m p a c t on l a b o r c o s t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in mCn r a r t e r n : . S m e impsovcxent i n p r o d u c t i v i t y growth i s l i k e l y a s o v e r a l l o u t p u t bottoms out--a t y p i c a l c y c l i c a l performance--but gains w i l l p r o b a b l y b e modest, i n l i n e w i t h t h e s l u g g i s h r e c o v e r y p r o j e c t e d . - 8 - As a r e s u l t , while b7e a r e p r o j e c t i n g some moderation i n t h e r i s e of u n i t l a b o r c o s t s n e x t y e a r from t h e 1979 p a c e , t h e s e c o s t s w i l l s t i l l be putcine. c o n s i d e r a b l e up..,ard prcs.,<lre on p r i c e s . T h e n e x t c h a r t a d d r e s s e s t h e o t h e r m a j o r f o r c e s which have been f u e l i n g i n f l a t i o n r e c e n t l y - - e n e r g y and food p r i c e s . The t o p p a n e l p r e s e n t s o u r c u r r e n t f o r e c a s t of o v e r a l l e n e r g y p r i c e i n c r e a s e s . The s h a r p r i s e t o o v e r a 40% r a t e a t y e a r - e n d r e f l e c t s t h e a d j u s t m e n t s f o r OPEC o i l , a s w e l l as t h e impact of d e c o n t r o l of d o m e s t i c c r u d e , and m a r k e t f o r c e s which are p u t t i n g upward p r e s s u r e on e n e r g y p r i c e s . Our assumption of a 10 p e r c e n t f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e i n OPEC o i l p r i c e s i n 1980 p e r m i t s e n e r g y p r i c e i n c r e a s e s t o moderate s u b s t a n t i a l l y n e x t y e a r . N o n c t h e l c s s , even w i t h such a d e c e l e r a t i o n , energy p r i c c s a r c s t i l l e x p c c t c d t o be r i s i n g a t a 20 p e r c e n t a n n u a l r a t e toward year-end. And of c o u r s e , t h e feedback e f f e c t s of e a r l i e r e n e r g y p r i c e i n c r e a s e s on wages and o t h e r c o s t s w i l l s t i l l be f u e l i n g i n f l a t i o n . :Is tile 1 1 u t L i n 1 1 p ~ i i i i ~Sl ~ I O W S , wi.Lli somc improvcmc.nt i n supplies, f o o d p r i c e i n c r e a s e s are p r o j e c t e d t o e a s e s l i g h t l y i n 1980 from the 11 p e r cent r a t e now f o r e c a s t f o r t h i s y e a r . However, r e p o r t s o f poor g r a i n h a r v e s t s .. - 9 in the USSR and elsewhere in Eastern.Europe have recently introduced uncertainties in regard to even t h i s outlook for modest improvement. The next chart shows our current view of the outlook for overall inflation. Prices excluding food and energy items--what has sometimes been called the underlying rate of inflation--are projected to be rising at about an 8 per cent rate in 1980,little different from the expected increase for Less pressure from OPEC oil permits some easing of overall price this year. increases during 1980, b u t we are forecasting prices to still be increasing at a rate in excess of 9 per cent at year end. Mr. Truman will continue with a discussion of the international situation. E.M. Truman July 71, 1979 FOMC Chart Show Presentation The f i r s t international c h a r t summarizes the assumptions and projections underlying t h e s t a f f ' s outlook f o r the external s e c t o r of the U.S. economy over the next s i x q u a r t e r s . T h a t outlook is dominated by recent and prospective o l l price developments, which a r e depicted i n the upper left-hand panel. As Mr. Kichline has indicated, we now expect t h a t the average price of U.S. petroleum imports w i l l rise by 60 percent during 1979 and have assumed t h a t t h e price will rise by a f u r t h e r 10 percent d u r i n g 1980. Moving clockwise, the next panel shows the s t a f f ' s projection f o r the average increase i n co'isumer p r i c e s i n foreign i n d u s t r i a l countries. The average i n f l a t i o n rate abroad is expected t o remain somewhat lower t h a n i n the United S t a t e s . However, following the s h a r p improvement d u r i n g 1978, i n f l a t i o n abroad is expected t o average almost a d o u b l e - d i g i t r a t e d u r i n g t h e four q u a r t e r s of 1979 before subsiding some- what i n 1980. The increase this year w i l l be s t r o n g l y influenced by dramatically higher o i l prices, by the absence of a further d o l l a r depreciation, and, a s always, by a number of special f a c t o r s . The d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n the o i l and i n f l a t i o n s i t u a t i o n abroad, a l o n g w i t h actual and expected policy responses t o i t , have l e d us t o mark down our forecast f o r real economic a c t i v i t y , as i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n the next panel. The average growth of real GNP i n foreign i n d u s t r i a l countries i s expected t o slow from about 4 percent d u r i n g 1978, t o about 3-1/4 percent t h i s year, and t o about 2-1/2 percent next year. -2- The last panel shows the weighted-average foreign exchange value The d o l l a r has declined somewhat since l a t e May and e a r l y of t h e d o l l a r June; i t i s about 7 percent higher than a t t h e end of l a s t October b u t 15-1/2 percent lower t h a n it was i n September 1977. The s t a f f expects t h a t by the second half of 1980, the foreign exchange value of t h e d o l l a r will be e s s e n t i a l l y unchanged from i t s average level i n May and June of t h i s year. T u r n i n g t o the upper left-hand panel of the next c h a r t , the volume of U.S. non-agricultural exports, shown by the red l i n e , has increased sharply since e a r l y l a s t year in response t o the d o l l a r ' s - depreciation d u r i n g 1977 and 1978 and f a s t e r growth abroad. Although the volume of such exports appears t o have declined l a s t q u a r t e r , we expect a rebound i n the second half of the year, followed by a slowing through the end of 1980 i n l i n e w i t h the projected moderation of growth abroad. Again moving clockwise, our a g r i c u l t u r a l exports have been on a plateau a t an annual r a t e of around $30 b i l l i o n f o r about a year. However, as a consequence of poor growing conditions i n t h e U.S.S.R. and i n Eastern Europe, the volume and value of such exports should pick up over the next several quarters. Turning t o t h e import side, the e f f e c t s o f the projected decline i n U.S. o i l imports -- economic a c t i v i t y should begin t o show up i n lower nonboth value and volume -- toward the end of 1979. By the fourth quarter of 1980, the volume of non-oil imports i s expected t o be 2 percent lower t h a n the estimated rate l a s t quarter. -3- T h e l a s t panel on t h i s c h a r t shows our o i l imports. The volume o f such imports is expected t o average about 8-1/2 million barrels per day in 1979, s l i g h t l y lower than t h e r a t e in 1978. However, the value of our o i l imports i s expected t o r i s e by more than $20 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s d u r i n g 1979 t o around $65 b i l l i o n a t an annual rate by the fourth quarter of t h i s year. Because of higher o i l prices and reduced aggregate demand, t h e volume of U.S. in 1980. o i l imports i s expected t o decline t o l e s s than 8 MMB/d T h i s would be comfortably within t h e U.S. commitment a t the Tokyo Summit, w h i c h , on an equivalent basis, is t o l i m i t o i l imports t o l e s s than 9.4 MMB/d. The l a s t international chart summarizes the s t a f f ' s outlook f o r the external s e c t o r of the U.S. - economy. As i s shown i n t h e upper panel, the t r a d e d e f i c i t is expected t o be somewhat larger over the remainder of t h i s year than i t has been i n the l a s t three quarters. The influence of higher p r i c e s f o r imported o i l will o f f s e t higher exports and the e f f e c t s on imports of reduced U.S. economic a c t i v i t y . However, t h e t r a d e d e f i c i t i s expected t o decline t o less t h a n $20 b i l l i o n i n 1980 l a r g e l y r e f l e c t i n g the continuing e f f e c t s of reduced U.S. economic a c t i v i t y . Taking account of t he Comnerce Department's recent, sharp upward revision i n U.S. net direct investment income, t h e U.S. current account d e f i c i t i s expected t o be sharply reduced t o about $5 b i l l i o n t h i s y e a r , compared with $14 b i l l i o n l a s t year. For 1980, we a r e projecting a current account surplus of around $14 b i l l i o n . The middle panel t r a n s l a t e s these developments i n t o t h e GNP accounts. Real imports of goods and services are expected t o decline -4 - t h r o u g h e a r l y 1980. Real exports of goods and services a r e expected t o increase through the second quarter o f 1980, cushioning the decline i n U.S. economic a c t i v i t y , and t h e n level o f f . The bottom panel shows net exports of goods and services a s measured i n the GNP accounts i n real terms (the red l i n e ) and i n nominal terms (the black l i n e ) . Note t h a t between t h e f i r s t and t h i r d quarters of t h i s year net exports a r e expected t o be e s s e n t i a l l y unchanged i n real terms b u t decrease sharply i n nominal terms. T h i s divergent movement r e f l e c t s t h e terms-of-trade loss resulting from the sharp increase i n the relative price o f o i l , a loss t o the United States t h a t has depressing e f f e c t s on domestic economic a c t i v i t y . Against the backgroAd of what I have presented t h i s morning, t h e outlook f o r the foreign exchange value of the d o l l a r i s surrounded by even g r e a t e r uncertainty than usual. Several c o n f l i c t i n g influences a r e l i k e l y t o be f e l t over t h e next 18 months: F i r s t , the d i f f e r e n t i a l between U.S. and the average foreign i n f l a t i o n r a t e has narrowed, b u t t h e U.S. r a t e will remain higher than the foreign rate. Second, the U.S. current account is expected t o move i n t o substantial s u r p l u s , b u t the improvement i s not expected u n t i l e a r l y 1980 and may well be viewed as temporary when i t comes. T h i r d , while the s t a f f has assumed t h a t U.S. monetary conditions will be l i t t l e changed i n the second half of 1980 from what they a r e today, we expect over the projection period a f u r t h e r , general tightening of monetary conditions abroad, implying a narrowing of i n t e r e s t - r a t e d i f f e r e n t i a l s favoring dollar-denominated assets. In reaching a judgment on the net -5- e f f e c t f a c t o r s , the s t a f f has projected, as I indicated e a r l i e r , t h a t by the second half of 1980 the foreign exchange value of the d o l l a r will be e s s e n t i a l l y unchanged from i t s average level i n May and June of t h i s year. Mr. Kichline will now conclude our presentation. James L. K i c h l i n e J u l y 11, 1979 CONCLUSION -- FOMC CHART SHOW The f i r s t c h a r t i n t h e l a s t s e c t i o n of your p a c k e t shows a p r o j e c t i o n of f u n d s r a i s e d by domestic n o n f i n a n c i a l s e c t o r s developed a l o n g w i t h t h e s t a f f ' s economic f o r e c a s t . Funds r a i s e d i n 1979 a r e p r o j e c t e d t o r e c e d e from t h e peak l e v e l reached l a s t y e a r , and t o f a l l f u r t h e r i n 1980. The d e c l i n e i n t o t a l f u n d s r a i s e d t h i s y e a r i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o reduced demands by t h e f e d e r a l government, r e f l e c t i n g a s m a l l e r budget d e f i c i t and some drawing down of c a s h b a l a n c e s t o m e e t f i n a n c i n g demands. The emergence of a l a r g e r budget d e f i c i t n e x t y e a r w i l l g e n e r a t e an i n c r e a s e i n T r e a s u r y borrowing. In p r i v a t e s e c t o r s , funds r a i s e d a r e p r o j e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e a l i t t l e t h i s y e a r compared w i t h 1978, b u t heavy borrowing was a l r e a d y undert a k e n i n t h e f i r s t h a l f and borrowing i s e x p e c t e d t o d r o p Over t h e remainder of t h e p r o j e c t i o n p e r i o d . The r e d u c t i o n i n t o t a l p r i v a t e borrowing i s a s s o c i - a t e d w i t h t h e weakness of economic a c t i v i t y a l o n g w i t h maintenance of a f i r m monetary p o l i c y . The household s e c t o r , shown i n t h e n e x t c h a r t , a c c o u n t s f o r about t w o - t h i r d s of t h e d e c l i n e p r o j e c t e d i n t o t a l c r e d i t demands. The s l o w e r pace of housing a c t i v i t y i n t h e GNP p r o j e c t i o n a s w e l l as s l u g g i s h m a r k e t s f o r d u r a b l e goods w i l l g e n e r a t e r e d u c e d consumer c r e d i t demands. Total household borrowing i s e s t i m a t e d t o have peaked i n t h e l a t t e r h a l f of 1978 and by 1980 i s p r o j e c t e d t o r u n around o n e - f i f t h below t h a t l e v e l . But, a s shown i n t h e bottom p a n e l , h o u s e h o l d l i q u i d i t y - - m e a s u r e d by the p r o p o r t i o n of income n o t committed t o d e b t s e r v i c e - - i s only expected t o s t o p eroding i n s t e a d of e x p e r i e n c i n g t h e u s u a l c y c l i c a l i n c r e a s e ; the e x p a n s i o n of d i s p o s a b l e income i s r e s t r a i n e d w h i l e household borrowing remains q u i t e -2h i g h , p a r t l y r e f l e c t i n g some c o n t i n u e d p r e f e r e n c e f o r goods and d e b t p o s i t i o n s i n a h i g h i n f l a t i o n environment. C o r p o r a t e borrowing, shown i n t h e t o p p a n e l of t h e n e x t c h a r t , i s p r o j e c t e d t o d e c l i n e a p p r e c i a b l y from t h e peak reached i n t h e f i r s t h a l f of E x t e r n a l f i n a n c i n g needs a r e e x p e c t e d t o f a l l as i n t e r n a l l y a v a i l - t h i s year. a b l e funds c o n t i n u e t o grow w h i l e e x p e n d i t u r e s on i n v e n t o r i e s and f i x e d c a p i t a l moderate. Long-term f i n a n c i n g i s p r o j e c t e d t o rise o v e r t h e p r o j e c - t i o n p e r i o d a s f i r m s fund p a r t of t h e h i g h volume of s h o r t - t e r m d e b t taken on r e c e n t l y . T h a t f u n d i n g w i l l l e a d t o some improvement i n b a l a n c e s h e e t r a t i o s , shown i n t h e bottom p a n e l . However, t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g of balance s h e e t s i s much less t h a n t h a t which o c c u r r e d i n 1975 and 1976, r e f l e c t i n g a v a r i e t y of f a c t o r s i n c l u d i n g t h e avoidance of s h a r p c u t b a c k s i n c o r p o r a t e spending t h a t would accompany a deeper r e c e s s i o n , and t h e absence of wides p r e a d f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t would g e n e r a t e p r e s s u r e s t o l i q u i f y . Firm f i n a n c i a l c o n d i t i o n s w i l l t e n d t o r e s t r a i n improvement of b a l a n c e s h e e t r a t i o s of d e p o s i t a r y i n s t i t u t i o n s , shown i n t h e n e x t c h a r t . A t b o t h conunercial banks and s a v i n g s and l o a n a s s o c i a t i o n s t h e e r o s i o n of s e l e c t e d b a l a n c e s h e e t r a t i o s i s expected t o moderate o r h a l t , b u t a r e t u r n t o more u s u a l r a t i o s a t a t i m e of c y c l i c a l downturn seems u n l i k e l y . This r e s u l t r e f l e c t s t h e maintenance of f a i r l y s t r o n g c r e d i t demands r e l a t i v e t o i n f l o w s of t r a d i t i o n a l s o u r c e s of funds. T h a t is, i n t e r e s t r a t e s remain w e l l above f i x e d i n t e r e s t r a t e c e i l i n g s and under t h o s e c o n d i t i o n s i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e n o t f l o o d e d w i t h r e l a t i v e l y low c o s t funds. The n e x t c h a r t shows i n t e r e s t r a t e s thought t o be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h the projection. In t h e l a t t e r h a l f of t h i s y e a r and e a r l y n e x t y e a r t h e T r e a s u r y b i l l r a t e i s e x p e c t e d t o f a l l t o around the 8 - 1 / 4 t o 8-1/2 p e r c e n t a r e a , about a p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t less t h a n t h e a v e r a g e rate i n t h e f i r s t h a l f . -3 of 1979. Given a c o n s i d e r a b l e pickup i n growth of nominal GNP n e x t y e a r and a t t e m p t s t o h o l d M-1 growth t o 6 p e r c e n t , t h e b i l l r a t e i s e x p e c t e d t o r i s e l a t e r i n 1980. I n long-term m a r k e t s , s t r o n g demands f o r f u n d s , h i g h i n f l a t i o n r a t e s , and l i t t l e change i n s h o r t - t e r m i n t e r e s t rates a r e e x p e c t e d t o r e s u l t i n maintenance of bond r a t e s n e a r r e c e n t levels. The l a s t c h a r t i n t h e package d i s p l a y s t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d from model s i m u l a t i o n s employing 1 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t f a s t e r or s l o w e r M-1 growth t h a n i n t h e 6 p e r c e n t base f o r e c a s t . A l l of t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s p r e s e n t e d p r o - v i d e a p a t t e r n of slow r e a l growth a f t e r 1979, h i g h r a t e s of i n f l a t i o n , and r i s i n g unemployment. Developments so f a r t h i s y e a r - - p a r t i c u l a r l y energy p r i c e and s u p p l y d i s r u p t i o n s and l a r g e r t h a n a n t i c i p a t e d food p r i c e i n f l a t i o n - - h a v e r e s u l t e d i n a c o n s i d e r a b l e s e t b a c k t o a c h i e v i n g a p a t h of m o d e r a t e economic growth and s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e d r a t e s of i n f l a t i o n . For monetary p o l i c y a l o n e c h e r e seems t o be l i t t l e i n t h e way of p o l i c y o p t i o n s which would y i e l d s u b s t a n t i a l l y improved r e s u l t s d u r i n g the n e x t y e a r o r two. But p o s s i b l e outcomes f o r a l t e r n a t i v e monetary p o l i c i e s c o u l d w e l l b e a l t e r e d i n coming months; t h e r e s p o n s e of t h e economy t o u n c e r t a i n e n e r g y developments i s f a r from c l e a r and t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n may w e l l u n d e r t a k e i n i t i a t i v e s t h a t change t h e c o u r s e of economic events. To a s s i s t i n the d e l i b e r a t i o n s t h i s morning y o u r a t t e n t i o n m i g h t b e d i r e c t e d t o t h e a d d i t i o n a l t a b l e d i s t r i b u t e d t o you w h i c h compares t h e s t a f f ' s forecast t o revised administration forecasts. The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f i g u r e s . a r e scheduled t o be r e l e a s e d on F r i d a y and a r e c o n f i d e n t i a l u n t i l t h a t t i m e . A s can be s e e n , growth of nominal GNP i n 1979 i s a p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t lower i n the staff forecast due p r i n c i p a l l y t o weaker r e a l GNP. The s t a f f a l s o f o r e - c a s t s a slower pace of e x p a n s i o n i n r e a l GNP i n 1980 and a p p r e c i a b l y h i g h e r i n f l a t i o n and unemployment. CONFIDENTIAL (FR) CLASS 11-FOMC Material for Staff Presentation to the Federal Open Market Committee July 11, 1979 - - MONETARY POLICY = Growth of M-1 averages 6 percent (without ATS) in 1979 and 1980 Interest rates move lower into early 1980 and rise over balance of forecast FISCAL POLICY Unified budget expenditures of $494 billion in FY 1979 Unified budget expenditures of $542 billion in FY 1980 OIL PRICES OPEC average price of about $21 .OO per barrel effective Mid-1979; price increases in 1980 amounting to about $2.00 per barrel FEDERAL BUDGET* r Billions 01 ars i - 500 100 300 - 1980 Admin. FRB I 1970 *Fiscal years I I 1972 I I 1974 I I 1976 I 200 514 509 542 542 20% 33 Receipts Expenditures Deficit I 1978 I 198 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY Thousands ONFARM EMPLOYMENT - of workers lex, I00 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION 1 Average Monthly Change - I400 150 300 145 200 140 100 I H2 H1 1978 (I1 1978 02 1979 1979 REAL RETAIL SALES r Billions of 1972 dollars 1 OUSING STARTS - Millions ( its 1.2 46 45 2.0 44 DOMESTIC AUTO SALES 43 1 .a Millions of units 1.6 1 I- b j l ! 1978 1979 1.4 I 1978 1979 Change from previous period, annual rate, percent r REAL GNP 1972 Dollars I 1974 I 1975 I 1976 I 1977 I 1978 I 1979 1980 - 7 - 96 - - 94 - 92 - 90 I I MICHIGAN SURVEY RESEARCH CENTER - - 90 - 60 - 70 I I - - - 23 - :J - 22 - 21 I I /-. ,',' - 1 ' I I I I I I -f--/"j - 9 - 8 - 7 REAL NEW ORDERS Nondefense Capital Goods I-- I& Total Billions of 1972 dollars 1 h A - 13 - I I 1976 - 11 Machinery I 9 - 7 I I 1977 - 1978 1979 1973 03 Pre-Recession Peak . 1980 87 8% -. - 85 \ \ I/ L \\ \ \ \ - 80 ”\ ’*\%_, I I I I 2 - :/ - 150 - --c-. -.-.------. - 130 - 110 I I I I - MANUFACTURES’ INVENTORIES Annual rate, billions of dollars AUTO STOCKS - Millions of units 1 Change in Book Value 1.4 -. 1.2 1.o .8 .6 I - 1977 1978 1977 1979 1978 1979 - - 1972 Dollars, NIA Basis - - 20 BUSINESS INVENTORIES RELATIVE TO SALES I I I I I DEPOSIT GROWTH AT THRIFT INSTITUTIONS Change from previous period, annual rate, percent OUTSTANDING COMMITMENTS AT SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS Billions of dollars i - r 1 r 16 i- 36 12 32 8 28 4 1977 1978 24 1977 1979 I 1 1978 1979 HOUSING STARTS Millions of units 2.0 1.5 1.o 0.5 1 I 1974 I 1975 I 1976 I I 1977 1978 I 1979 1980 REAL GoV’T- * PURCHASES OF GOODS AND SERVICES Change from previous periods annual rate, pe - ?nt 5.0 2.5 +0 - t 2.5 I 1974 I I 1976 I I 1978 REAL GOV’T. * PURCHASES AS A SHARE OF GNP I 1980 P r t nt 23 22 21 20 19 1974 * 1976 Federal and Stale and Local 1978 1980 REAL GNP c Index, peak quarter - i00 Cyclical Comparison 108 104 100 96 LABOR MARKET Change from previous PI annual rate, mil IIIIClVlLlAN LABOR FORCE W EMPLOYMENT i 0 2 + -0 I I 1974 1975 I I 1976 I I 1977 1978 1979 1980 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE Per cent - 8 )/f - 7 / / / / - 6 // / - 5 I 1974 I 1975 I 1976 I 1977 I 1978 I 1979 I 1980 I UNIT COST INDICATORS Nonfarm Business Sector Change from year earlier, annual rate, per cent - - - 10 compensation per hour c-- 8 I I 1974 I I I 1976 1978 1980 4 2 + 0 2 1974 - 1976 1978 198 2 8 d I I I I I PRICES - - nt’ - .O - !O \ & 20 - 10 annual rate, per -znergy I/\ I \ \ I \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ I N I I I 1976 1977 I 1978 1979 1980 Change from year ea ?r, annual rate, per1 It Food - 0 + 0 - I I 1976 1977 I I 1978 1979 1980 GROSS BUSINESS RODUCT PRICES - I 1976 Change from year earlier, annual rate, percent 1 I 1977 I 1978 I I 1979 1980 AVERAGE PRICE OF APORTED OIL - Dollars per el FOREIGN IFLATION* Q4lQ4 percentage c ? 3 14 Consumer Prices i r’ I f I B 20 I I I I d 16 6 12 4 E 2 4 1 1978 WEIGHTED AVG. EXCHANGE VALUE March 1973=100 THE U S . DOLLAR* 1 FOREIGN ROWTH* Q4lQ4 percentage c e Real GNP 4 - 2 1977 *Average of G-10countries plus Switzerland using total 1972-1976 average trade 1978 1979 1980 U.S. MERCHANDISE TRADE NON-AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS Billions of 1972 dollars, AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS Billions of dollars, - 1 Billions of 1972 dollars, ratio scale Billions of dollars, ratio scale 40 - 30 80 20 _----. 60 Volume Volume c-- 10 40 d L 1980 1976 1978 I I 1976 I I 1978 I 1980 NON-OIL IMPORTS OIL IMPORTS Millions of barrelslday, ratio scale ratio ss le. - r Billions of 1972 dollars, ratio scale Billions of dollars, ratio scale 80 40 , , 20 1976 1978 1980 1976 1978 1980 MERCHANDISE TRADE AND CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCES - - - Billions of dollars - 20 Current Account +0 I@*---- -- - - 20 Trade &lance - 40 - I I I I 1974 I I 1976 1978 GNP EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES 1980 Billions of 1972 dollars r 1 - Bil Ins of 1972 dollars Billions of dollars 20 0 - 0------- 20 /-10 : 8 ' +0 I I - - lo +0 - 10 - - 10 2t - - 20 I I I I I FUNDS RAISED BY OMESTIC NONFINANCIAL §ECTORS - Billions of ws U S . Government Private 100 300 200 - 100 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 HOUSEHOLDS Billions of dollars 3orrowing 10 60 20 40 I 1974 I I 1976 r I I 1978 I 19E P-W . - t - 0 - 'a Liquidity Share of Disposable Income For Other Than Debt Service ----____. - t 76 L , 1974 1976 1978 1980 CORPORATE FINANCE Billions of dollars r 1974 ---7 1976 1978 1980 Liquid Assets to Short-Term Liabilities Short-Term Total Debt 1974 1976 1978 1980 -- BALANCE SHEET RATIOS - ti0 Commercial Banks Securities to Earning Assets - 30 c 25 ..-----_- - _*_--*--_. .20 - I- Savings and Loans B 6 .4 I 1974 I I 1976 I I 1978 I 1980 INTEREST RATES Pel I 1970 I I 1972 I I 1974 I I 1976 I I 1978 I I 19E ONETARY POLICY ALTERNATIVES 3EAL GNP ( % ) * 1979 1980 1981 5 per cent M-1 -1.5 0 0.5 6 per cent M-1 -1.3 0.8 1.4 7 per cent M-1 - 1.1 1.3 2.5 5 per cent M-1 9.5 8.8 8.7 6 per cent M-1 9.6 9.0 9.1 7 per cent M - 1 9.6 9.1 9.5 5 per cent M-1 6.9 8.3 9.6 6 per cent M-1 6.9 7.9 8.7 7 uer cent M-1 6.8 7.6 8 .O 5 per cent M-1 9% 10% 103~ 6 per cent M - 1 8 !h 9% 9% 7 per cent M-1 7 3L 8% 8 3h PRICES (%) UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ( % ) 3 MONTH TREASURY BILL RATE ( % ) ' M1 growth rates equivalent to those in the absence of ATS. GNP implicit deflator measured from fourth quarter to fourth quarter. Level end quarter of each year Comparison of Staff and Administration Economic Forecasts Staff I _ 1979 Administration Staff 1980 Administration Nominal G X ’ (percent change Q I V to Q I V ) 8.2 9.2 9.8 10.3 Real GNP (percent change Q I V to OW) -1.3 -0.5 0.8 2.0 GNP Implicit Deflator 9.6 9.8 9.0 8.1 6.9 6.6 7.9 6.9 (percent change Q I V to Q I V ) Unemploymenr Rate (QIV, in percent)
@FedFRASER