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S T U D Y OF C O N S U M E R PU RCH ASES U R B A N SERIES F a m ily N E x p e n d it u r e e w Y o r k C in i t y 1 9 3 5 -3 6 Bulletin JSfo. 643 V O L U M E II U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS in cooperation with WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION U N IT E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T OF LABO R F ra n ces P e r k in s , S ecretary B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S ISADOR LuBIN C om m issio n er S id n e y W A. il c o x C h ie f Statistician F. H in b ic h s C h ief E co n o m ist H u g h S. H anna C h ie f , E d itoria l and Research STAFF FOR THE STUDY OF CONSUMER PURCHASES: URBAN SERIES F a it h M. W il l ia m s C h ief, C ost o f L iv in g D ivisio n A. D. H. K aplan Director i l d r e d P a r t e n , Associate Director. Sampling and Income Analysis Associate Director M J. M . H a d l e y , Associate Director, Col lection and Field Tabulations M A. C. R o s a n d e r , Statistician, Tabular Analysis E r ik a B e r n a r d B a r t o n , for Tabulation R W. visor u t h A y r e s , Metropolitan Super il d r e d H artsough , Analyst, Ex penditure Analysis H artm an W ulff, Assistant Director for Sampling L enore A . E p s t e i n , Assistant Analyst in Preparation of Manuscript UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Frances Perkins, Secretary B U R E A U OF L A B O R ST A T IS T IC S Isador Lubin, Commissioner in cooperation w ith W O R K S PROGRESS A D M IN IS T R A T IO N + Fam ily Income and Expenditure in N ew Y ork C ity, 1935-36 V O L U M E II Fam ily Expenditure + Prepared by A. D. H. KAPLAN, FAITH M. WILLIAMS and ALICE C. HANSON Bulletin 7s[o. 643 U N IT E D ST A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE W A S H IN G T O N : 1939 STUDY OF CONSUMER PURCHASES: URBAN SERIES For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D . C. Price 30 cents CONTENTS Page Preface ___________________________________________________________________ C hapter I.— Introduction________________________________________________ C hapter II.— The family balance sheet__________________________________ C hapter III.— Food______________________________________________________ C hapter IV.— Home maintenance________________________________________ C hapter V.— Clothing and personal care_________________________________ C hapter VI.— Transportation____________________________________________ C hapter VII.— Minor categories of expenditure__________________________ C hapter VIII.— Surplus and deficit items________________________________ C hapter I X .— Summary__________________________________________________ T abular Summary ________________________________________________________ A ppendix A.— New York sampling procedure____________________________ A ppendix B.— Schedule form and glossary________________________________ A ppendix C.— Communities and racial groups surveyed by the Study of Consumer Purchases____________________________________ A ppendix D.— Analysis of expenditures by families of given type, occu pational group and income: Rank test method and results___________________________________________________ A ppendix E.— Variability in family expenditures_________________________ A ppendix F.-—Family type composition of occupational groups and occupational composition of family type groups________ vn 1 12 22 33 45 54 64 79 89 102 179 191 215 218 225 228 List o f Text Tables Chapter I T able 1.— Distribution of adjusted family income________________________ 2. — Distribution of money value of current family living, by major groups_______________________________________________________ 3. — Distribution of money expenditures for current family living, by major groups_____________________________________________ 6 7 10 Chapter I I T able 4.— Average money income and money expenditures for current family living________________________________________________ 5. — Average net surplus and deficit_____________________________ 6. — Average total money expenditures and net surplus or deficit, by occupational group_______________________________________ 7. — Average total money expenditures and net surplus or deficit, by family type_______________________________________________ hi 13 15 19 20 IV CONTENTS Chapter I I I Page T able 8.— Average expenditures for food_________________________________ 9.— Average money expenditures for food away from home______ 10. — Average money expenditures for food, by occupational group _ 11. — Average money expenditures per meal per equivalent adult, by occupational group________________________________________ 12. — Average money expenditures for food, by family ty p e ____ 13. — Rank comparison, by family type, of (A) the average money expenditures for food per family and (B) average money expenditures per meal per equivalent adult_________________ 24 26 28 29 30 32 Chapter I V T able 14.— 15. 16.— 17.— 18. Average expenditures for home maintenance_________________ 34 — Percentage of families reporting home ownership__________ 35 Average money expenditures for household operation. ___ 36 Average expenditures for housing, by occupational group____ 37 — Average money expenditures for household operation and for furnishings and equipment, by occupational group_________ 40 19. — Average expenditures for home maintenance, by occupational group__________________________________________________________ 41 20. — Average expenditures for housing, by family type_________ 42 21. — Average money expenditures for household operation and for furnishings and equipment, by family typ e_________________ 43 22.— Average expenditures for home maintenance, by family type__ 44 Chapter V T ab le 23.— Average money expenditures for clothing and personal care__ 24. — Average money expenditures for clothing and personal care, by occupational group________________________________________ 25. — Average annual money expenditures of husbands and wives for clothing, by occupational group__________________________ 26. — Average money expenditures for clothing and personal care, by family type________________________________________________ 27. — Average annual money expenditures of husbands and wives for clothing, by family type__________________________________ 46 50 51 52 53 Chapter V I T able 28.— Average money expenditures for total transportation_________ 29. — Average money expenditures for automobile purchase and operation, per family reporting such expenditures__________ 30. — Average money expenditures for transportation, by occupa tional group___________________________________________________ 31. — Proportion of families owning automobiles and average money expenditures for automobile operation per reporting family, by occupational group________________________________________ 32. — Average money expenditures for transportation, by family ty p e____________________________________________________________ 33. — Proportion of families owning automobiles and average money expenditures for automobile operation per reporting family, by family ty p e________________________________________________ 54 56 59 60 62 63 CONTENTS V Chapter V I I Page T able 34.— Average money expenditures for the minor categories________ 35.— Distribution of money expenditures for medical care________ 36. — Distribution of money expenditures for contributions and personal taxes_________________________________________________ 37. — Average money expenditures for the minor categories com bined, by occupational group________________________________ 38. — Average money expenditures for the minor categories com bined, by family type_________________________________________ 65 67 75 77 78 Chapter V I I I T able 39.— Component items making up surpluses and deficits__________ 40. — Average insurance premiums paid as a percentage of average money income and of all surplus items______________________ 41. — Increases and decreases in amounts due on installment pur chases__________________________________________________________ 80 82 85 Chapter I X T able 42.— Percentage distribution of families according to total money value of current family living________________________________ 43. — Expenditures for food, clothing, and housing combined, and for automobiles, recreation, and household help combined; average amounts and percentage of average total expendi tures and of average total income___________________________ 44. — Distribution of adjusted family income_____________________ 90 92 98 List o f Figures F ig u r e 1.— Family types for expenditure study____________________________ 2. — Food and clothing as percentages of total money expenditures at selected income levels, New York, 19 35-36______________ 3. — Transportation as a percentage of total money expenditures, at selected income levels, New York, 19 35 -3 6______________ 4. — Source and disposition of funds used for family living, in 1 year, at selected income levels, New York, 19 35-36-----------5. — Relative changes in for specified categories of expenditures with changes in income, New York, 1935-36______________ 6. — Relative changes in for specified categories of expenditures with changes in income, New York, 1935-36_______________ 4 23 55 86 96 97 PR E FA C E This analysis of family expenditures forms volume II of the Study of Consumer Purchases in New York City. Volume I dealt with the incomes received by New York families. It provided the background for the present section, which is a study of the manner in which the family incomes were spent. The New York survey was part of an investigation conducted in 1936 by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics in 32 cities vary ing in size, and representing different sections of the country. It was paralleled by a study of small-city, village, and farm families conducted by the Bureau of Home Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture. Both surveys, which together constitute the Study of Consumer Purchases, were administered under a grant of funds from the Works Progress Administration. The National Resources Committee and the Central Statistical Board cooperated in the Nation-wide study. The plans for the project were developed and the administration was coordinated by a technical committee composed of representatives of the following agencies: National Resources Committee, Hildegarde Kneeland, chairman; Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, Faith M . Williams; Bureau of Home Economics, D ay M onroe; Works Progress Administration, M ilton Forster; and Central Statis tical Board, Samuel J. Dennis. The present investigation differs from any previously undertaken in that it represents the first effort to study the incomes and expendi tures of all strata of the community simultaneously. Past studies of family consumption have generally been confined to a limited income and occupational group, or to a particular locality. Such isolated studies did not throw light on the relative position occupied by the particular group under investigation in the population as a whole. They did not reveal how the consumption pattern of one group in the population differed from that of families in another occu pational group or income class. The present study of family expenditures will permit comparisons among different sections of the country, among communities of vary ing degrees of urbanization, and between white and Negro families in the same community. It covers a wide range of family incomes, from those just above the relief level to incomes of more than $10,000. It was planned, moreover, to supply a sample that would allow for V II V III PREFACE comparison among different occupational groups and among families of varying composition. The analysis of family expenditures in the following pages indicates that differences in income have a predominant influence on family patterns of spending and saving. Despite wide variations in the out lays of individual families, however, the number and age of family members also have an important effect on the amounts spent at given income levels for such categories as food and education, and, in turn, for certain groups of items that are nonpersonal in nature. The occupational classification of a family has relatively little bearing on family expenditures other than for housing and household operation, in the case of white families in New York. On the other hand, the racial group in which New York families belong clearly influences the pattern of family spending and saving. A t the lower economic levels Negro families appear to live more closely within their current in comes than do white families with corresponding incomes, and at the higher levels they accumulate more substantial reserves for the future. For certain groups of goods and services, such as clothing and personal care, however, Negro families spend more than white families, while for food and many of the less important categories, the former reported substantially smaller expenditures. In view of the fact that responsibility for certain parts of this survey was shared by persons outside the regular staff of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Bureau takes pleasure in acknowledging the services of Edith Handler and Esther E. Nelson, associate supervisors, Ruth Eisner, John E. Kreh, Jr., Theodore Malcolm, Laura W . Nathan, M ilton Neufeld, Catherine Routsky, David Schatzow, and Eleanor M . Sherman, assistant supervisors of the survey in New York City. Acknowledgment is also made to Frances W . Valentine, Jesse R. W ood, Jr., and William Loudon, who were in charge of computation and tables; Joseph A. Smith in charge of machine tabulation; D orothy McCamman, who served as chief check editor; Marie Bloch, Ethel Cauman, and Verna M ae Feuerhelm, who were in charge of editing and review. I s a d o r L u b in , Commissioner of Labor Statistics. M ay 1939. AREAS IN NEW YORK CITY C O VERED BY THE STUDY OF CONSUMER PURCHASES NATIVE AREA. CENSUS TRACTS IN WHICH MORE THAN O N E-TH IR D OF ALL FAMILY HEADS WERE LISTED AS NATIVE BORN BY THE 1930 CENSUS. FOREIGN AREA. ALL OTHER CENSUS TRACTS IN WHICH TWO-THIRDS OR MORE OF ALL FAMILY HEADS WERE LISTED AS FOREIGN BORN BY THE 1930 CENSUS. UNITED STATES B UREAU OF L A B O R STATISTICS X Bulletin 7S[o. 643 (Vol. II) of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics Family Expenditure in N ew Y ork C ity, 1935-36 Chapter I Introduction The analysis of family income and expenditure data obtained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the Study of Consumer Purchases is divided into three parts. The present volume represents the second stage in the analysis of the data collected in New York City. Volume I showed the distribution of New York families by income class, occupation, family type, nativity, and home tenure. The second and third parts of the analysis both are concerned with data on expenditures for family living. In the present volume, this analy sis will be confined mainly to a consideration of the size and relative importance of expenditures for the main categories of family living, with only incidental reference to the constituent items in these cate gories. As in volume I variations associated with income, occupa tion, and family type are of primary concern. The third part of the analysis involves a study of the detailed items included in each major group, and will take the form of special reports on commodities and services which will appear later as bulletin 648. The Study of Consumer Purchases in New York has shown that family income in that city aggregated about $3,686,000,000 in 1935-36. Approximately one-half the families had incomes below $1,540. Almost one-third of the families were estimated to have received relief or nonrelief incomes under $1,000; another one-third to have incomes between $1,000 and $2,000; one-fifth, incomes between $2,000 and $3,000; and the remainder (almost one-seventh) incomes of $3,000 and more.1 These figures on the distribution of income refer to all families irrespective of race, nativity, and family composition and include those that received relief some time during the year as well as those that remained independent of public assistance. T h e survey of fam ily expenditures in this city was intended to show prim arily the w ay in which expenditures vary with incom e and certain other characteristics of the fam ily. I t w as, therefore, lim ited to white 1 These estimates were derived in part from a direct survey of a sample of the population. See vol. I, appendix B, sec. 2, part (e) for description of methods used in deriving these estimates. 1 F A M IL Y 2 E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y and Negro families that included a husband and wife, both native born, living in selected areas, and that received no relief during the year.2 While it is important, when analyzing the expenditure data, to bear in mind the fact that families for the expenditure study were selected from this limited proportion of the population, it is not to be assumed that the expenditure patterns of the excluded groups are necessarily different for comparable income, occupational, and family type groups. The Bureau of Labor Statistics is making a comparison of the expenditures of families with native and foreign-born home makers in the wage-earner and clerical groups having comparable income and family composition. Preliminary results do not indicate significant differences in expenditures for groups of items by the two nativity groups. (See p. 214.) The samples of families whose expenditures were covered in the Consumers Purchases Study in New York were further restricted by excluding all families with incomes under $500, as well as those with no gainfully occupied members, and by limiting the occupa tional groups represented in the lower and the upper portions of the income scale.3 T h e collection of expenditure schedules was confined to five fam ily types, elim inating thereby the least frequent and m o st of the largest types in the com m u n ity. T h e types included, which are shown p ic- torially in figure 1, m a y be described in term s of the num ber and age of m em bers other than husband and wife, as follow s: T ype I II Ill No other person (families of two). One child under 16 (families of three). Two children under 16 (families of four). 2 The purpose of these qualifications was to eliminate as far as possible factors of economic stress, broken family ties, and alien customs, which might tend to obscure the relationship of income, occupation, and family type to the expenditure patterns of white and Negro families. In order to reduce the time necessary for field work (which was in any case very great in this metropolitan area) this survey of family expenditures was confined to families living in districts composed of census tracts in which the 1930 Census of Population showed that at least one-third of the heads were native born (designated Native Area). The collection of a separate sample of Negro families made it possible to analyze separately the influence of special characteristics of the Negro group in family expenditures. Approximately 95 percent of the families in New York are white, and virtually all the remainder Negro. Of the white families, slightly less than two-fifths were native born. On the basis of the limited sample obtained in the area in which less than one-third of the heads were native born it is estimated that about 82 percent of all native white families and about 87 percent of all native Negro families lived in the Native Area. Of these native white families in the Native Area, 70 percent contained both husband and wife; of the native Negroes in the Native Area, 56 percent were complete. Of the last-mentioned groups, approxi mately 85 percent of the whites and 56 percent of the Negroes met the nonrelief eligibility requirement of the study of expenditures. Even within these groups of nonrelief native complete families, however, only families of certain membership composition were of the types interviewed for expenditures. Thus, by progressive reduction (after a few other minor restrictions), there remain the groups represented by the expenditure data. These groups constitute approximately one-seventh of all white and Negro families in New York City. s Among white families, all occupational groups were represented in the income classes between $1,250 and $4,000; only business and professional families at the income levels above $4,000; only wage earners between $500 and $750; and only wage-earner and clerical families between $750 and $1,250. Among Negro families, all occupational groups were included at the income levels between $750 and $3,000; only salaried business and professional above $3,000; and only wage earners between $500 and $750, IN T R O D U C T IO N 3 Type IV V One person 16 or over and one or no other person, regardless of age (families of three or four). One child under 16, one person 16 or over, and one or two others, regardless of age (families of five or six). Since, in N ew Y o rk , fam ilies of these five types included about 88 per cent of both the nonrelief n ative white and N egro com plete fam ilies in the areas surveyed, it is probable th at the omission of the other families did n ot m aterially affect the results.4 These various limitations resulted in the selection of two samples of families whose average income was higher than the average for all families of the same racial group in New York. Half the white families represented in the section of the New York investigation dealing with consumer expenditures were found to have incomes above $2,120, as compared with about $1,810 for all native white complete families, and $1,585 for all white families. Half the Negro families represented by the expenditure data had incomes above $1,325, as compared with about $835 for all native Negro complete families.5 The expenditure schedule used in the Study of Consumer Pur chases provided for recording information on family expenditures classified under 16 categories, varying in urgency from food and shelter to recreation, gifts, and minor items of a miscellaneous character. The schedule called for information also on such matters as the size and facilities of dwellings occupied, and on the ownership of automobiles and household equipment, including radios, phonographs, mechanical refrigerators, washing machines, and vacuum cleaners. In addition, account was taken of transactions during the report year that increased or decreased the family assets or liabilities.6 The consumption analysis for New York is based on schedules from 1,703 white families and 294 Negro families, covering a 12-month period that ended on December 31, 1935, or a subsequent date not later than November 30, 1936.7 The expenditure data show that as income increased the amounts spent for each important category of consumer goods and services increased. Expenditures for the different < Certain other minor eligibility requirements were imposed to eliminate families whose living patterns are not adapted to statistical analysis. See appendix A, on sampling, for a complete list of the eligibility requirements. 5 No separate estimate of the income of all Negro families is presented because Negro incomplete families residing in the Native Area were not requested to give information on income. While it was necessary to estimate the income of this group in order to build up an all-community distribution, a different basis of computing the income of the incomplete Negro families results in figures which can be used only in broad estimates where they form only a small fraction of the total. (See vol. I, appendix B.) • See glossary, appendix B, for definitions of the various categories of expenditure and the items included under each. 7 These families constituted a sample composed as nearly as possible of the same number of families in each income class, within each family type and each occupational group. Since this method of collection, by design, failed to preserve the proportions of the several groups that were found in the population of families eligible for the expenditure schedule, it was necessary to use the proportions obtaining in the eligible sample as weights for all averages that represented combinations of occupational groups, of family types, or of income classes. See appendix A, for a description of the method of sampling, and Tabular Summary for the number of expenditure schedules at each income level. 4 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y FIG. i FAMILY TYPES FOR EXPENDITURE STUDY TYPE III TYPE IV MEMBER OPTIONAL FOR TYPE O U N ITE D STATES BUREAU OF LABOR S T A T IS T IC S 0 1t i i C <5 AGE ALTERNATIVE IN T R O D U C T IO N 5 groups of items did not increase in the same relative proportions, however.8 Thus, while average expenditures for food and home maintenance were substantially larger among families with high incomes than with low, these two important groups declined in relative importance. Expenditures for all the other major consump tion categories tended to absorb an irregularly increasing share of income over the major portion of the income range. At the highest levels, however, only the category which includes gifts, contributions, and personal taxes continued to receive a rising share of income. Among white families with incomes of $500 to $750, average total expenditures for current living exceeded average incomes by 62 per cent; among Negro families, by 2 percent.9 Average deficits declined rapidly at succeeding income levels among white families until, at the $2,000 to $2,250 level, aggregate surpluses approximately balanced aggregate deficits (see table 1). White families with incomes between $2,250 and $5,000 had surpluses that averaged from 2 to 4 percent of incom e; thereafter, the average net surplus rose rapidly until it reached almost one-fifth of the total income of the group receiving $10,000 and more. Above the $2,000 level, the aggregate savings of the Negro families consistently exceeded their aggregate deficits; their net savings at succeeding income levels were considerably larger than those of white families at comparable income levels. The level at which a family lives in any given year depends not only upon its current income, its past savings, and its credit standing, but also upon goods and services received without money expense. The most important of these nonmoney items for most families is the un paid services of the housewife, but it is so difficult to secure an adequate evaluation of these services that this contribution to family income was omitted from this survey. It was possible, however, to secure data on the value of housing received by home owners without money expense in the year of the survey, of housing received as gift or pay, and of food and fuel received without money expense. The data given in table 1 include all these nonmoney items in the figure given * While the present study represents an investigation of differences in expenditure patterns of families at different income levels, it provides inferential though not direct evidence on how any given group of families would alter the apportionment of their spending if their incomes were raised or lowered. Thus, it is convenient to express difference in expenditures among families at different income levels as relative changes with income. The relative increase over the income range in the outlay for a given category pro vides an indication of the “ elasticity” of expenditures for that category. Elasticity may be measured in terms of the percentage increase over a given income range in average outlay for the category (as in ch. IX ), or it may be indicated by a comparison of the increase in average expenditures for the category in question with the increase in income or in total expenditures. Since the expenditure base has generally been used in the distribution of family expenditures, it has been convenient throughout the greater part of the report to speak of expenditures for specific groups of items as being relatively elastic or inelastic, according to whether amounts spent constituted an increasing or decreasing proportion of total expenditures. It will be apparent from tables 1, 2, and 3 that the elasticity of any category is much lower when computed in relation to income rather than to expenditures, because of the influence of deficits at the lower economic levels, and of savings in the upper portion of the income scale. » While the term “expenditure” is used, it must be recognized that although part of this deficit was met by withdrawals from past savings, part of it accrued in the form of unpaid bills and other obligations. 6 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY T able 1 .— D istrib u tio n o f adjusted f a m i ly in com e 1 2 Percentage of adjusted income represented by — Money value of current family living Income class Aver age ad justed income Total Contri Net Cloth sur Home ing and Trans Medi butions and Other plus * cal Food mainte per porta per items nance sonal tion care sonal care taxes 3 4 7 8 6 White families $670 $500-$749......................... 916 $750-$999...................... ....... 1,146 $1,CK)0—$1,249..................... $1,250-$1,499_____________ 1,381 $1,500-$1,749_____________ 1, 629 $1,750-$],999_____________ 1,883 $2,000-$2,249-...................... 2,137 $2,250-$2,499— ............... .1 ^ 2,369 , 751 $2,500-$2,999.............. ........ 3,224 $3,000-$3,499____________ $3,500-$3,999_____________ 3, 735 4,472 $4,000-$4,999_____________ $5,000-$7,499_____________ 5, 889 ,453 $7,500-$9,999_____________ $ and over_________ 18, 481 2 10,000 8 161.9 122.2 109. 5 106.8 103.9 102.2 101.3 98.9 98.4 99.0 96.2 97.7 95.9 94.1 80.4 62. 5 49.1 42.1 38. 36.0 36.3 34.3 33.3 32.2 31.1 30.2 33.3 32.3 34.4 26.0 69.3 50.2 43.3 42.0 39.4 36. 3 37.2 33.8 32.3 30.9 27.8 27.0 24.1 19.2 15.0 11.3 9.1 8.1 6 9.5 9. 6 10.1 10.7 10.8 11.4 12.3 13.4 12.0 11.8 10.2 8.1 4.5 2.6 3.8 3.8 4.6 5. 4.5 5.8 7.8 7.0 6 8.1 6.4 7.8 7.6 6.0 1.9 2.3 4.4 4.3 4.8 4. 2 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.5 5.1 3.4 2.5 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.5 . 2. 5 3.1 3.6 5.3 4.8 5.7 7.5 9.0 13.1 2.5 0.3 0.9 26 9.9 7.6 6.3 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.4 7.5 6.8 7.7 7.3 9.2 7.9 8.6 8.8 2.1 2.3 1.8 4.1 3.4 4.6 7.1 19.4 Negro families $500-$749..........—.......... . $750-$999________________ $1,000-$1,249_____________ $1,250-$1,499_____________ $1,500-$1,749_____________ $1,750-$1,999____________ $2,000-$2,249________ $2,250-$2,499_____________ $2,500-$2,999____________ $ and over__________ 3,000 $681 968 1,149 1, 431 1, 675 1,899 2,119 2, 386 2, 729 4, 020 102.1 107.7 103.0 101.3 97.7 104.1 95.2 90.7 94.3 88.5 37.8 42.2 36.3 35. 7 32.8 34.7 29.6 26.7 27.6 16.9 53.0 43.6 42. 38.2 36.2 38.3 34.3 33.6 31.0 36.8 6 4.1 9.1 9.7 11.3 12.8 12.0 13.6 11.1 12.0 9.8 1.6 3.4 3.5 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 6.5 8.5 5.3 2.8 2. 7 2.7 2.9 3.5 3.0 3.8 2.9 2.7 2.6 3.0 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.5 5.7 10.4 2.8 5.7 5.6 6.1 6.6 8.1 7.0 5.5 6.6 6.6 2.4 4.6 8.5 5.2 9.8 1 The adjusted family income figure used in this table represents total family income as used in the income classification (money income plus the value of housing received without direct expense), and, in addition, the value of food and fuel obtained without money expense. The value of current family living plus surplus (or minus deficit) does not equal exactly 100 percent of adjusted family income because of the net balancing difference. See glossary, appendix B; and Tabular Summary, table 1. Includes expenditures for food and the value of food obtained without money outlay. * Includes expenditures for housing, household operation and furnishings and equipment, and the value of housing and fuel obtained without money outlay. Includes expenditures for automobile purchase and operation, and other transportation. • Excludes sales taxes, which were included in the expense for the items to which they applied; automobile taxes, which were included in automobile operation expense; taxes on owned homes, included in housing expense; and taxes on other real estate,which were deducted from the gross income from such property. Includes expenditures for recreation, reading, education, tobacco, and miscellaneous items. Net surplus represents the excess of average money income over average current money expenditures. See ch. II. Among white families, average net deficits declined from 60.9 percent to 0.7 percent of adjusted family income in the income classes below $2,260; among Negro families, they ranged from 6.5 percent to 0.3 percent. See Tabular Summary, table 1, col. . 2 3 8 7 8 8 for total income, and in the appropriate categories under the heading “ money value of current family living” 10 as a percentage of total income. It is of considerable interest, however, to follow average consumption patterns at successive income levels without regard to 18 Throughout the bulletin the term “ expenditures” is used to include both money expenditures and the estimated money value of certain items obtained without money outlay during the year. The terms “ total expenditures-for current living” and “ money value of current family living” are thus synonymous and will be used interchangeably. Since nonmoney items of consumption have been recorded only for nousing, fuel, and food, money expenditures for all other categories represent the only measure of family spending for those categories. 7 I N T R O D U C T IO N the source of the funds used, and without regard to savings. The distribution given in table 2 shows expenditures for the major cate gories as a percentage of total expenditures for current living, and throws into high relief the changes in emphasis which follow changes in income status. T a b l e 2 .— D istrib u tio n o f m on ey value o f current f a m i ly living , by m ajor groups Income class Average total money value of current family livine 1 Percentage of money value of current family living Food Home main tenance Clothing and personal care Trans porta tion Contri butions Medical and per care sonal taxes 2 Other items White families $500-5:749........................ ....... $750-$999 ________________ $1,000-$1,249 ............. _ $1,250-$1,499______________ $1,500-$1,749_____ _____ $1,750-$1,999______________ $2,000-$2,249 _________ $2,250-$2,499______________ $2,500-$2,999 _____________ $3,000-13,499_____ ____ ___ $3,500-$3,999______________ $4,000-$4,999______________ $5,000-$7,499........... ......... $7,500-19,999____ ____ ____ $ and over __ . _ 10,000 $1,085 1,120 1,254 1,475 1,692 1,926 2,165 2,342 2,707 3,191 3,594 4,367 5, 650 7,951 14,851 42.7 41.1 39. 39.3 38.0 35. 5 36. 7 34.2 32.8 31.1 29.0 27. 25.2 20.4 18.6 6 6 38.6 40.2 38.4 36.2 34. 35. 5 33.8 33.7 32.7 31.4 31.4 34.0 33. 7 36.6 32.3 6 7.0 7.4 7.4 8.9 9.3 9.9 . 10.9 10 6 11.6 12.5 13.9 12.3 12.3 10.8 10.0 2.8 2.1 3.4 3.5 4.4 5.5 4.5 5.9 8.0 7.1 8.4 6.6 8.1 8.0 7.5 1.2 1.9 4.1 4.1 4.6 4.2 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.8 4.2 4.7 5.4 4.2 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.4 2.5 2.4 3.1 3.6 5.4 4.9 5.9 7.8 9.6 16.4 6.1 6.2 5.7 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.3 7.6 6.9 7.7 7.6 9.4 8.2 9.2 11.0 Negro families $500-$749____ _____ ______ $750-$999_________________ $1,000-$1,249.................... ___ $1,250-$1,499 ____ $1,500-$1,749______________ $1,750-SI,999.. __________ $2,000-$2,249 __________ $2,250-$2,499______________ $2,500-$2,999______________ $3,000 and over __________ $695 1,043 1,184 1,450 1,636 1, 976 , 018 2,165 2, 573 3, 559 2 37.0 39.2 35.3 35.3 33.6 33.4 31. 2 29.5 29.2 19.0 52.0 40.4 41.3 37.7 37.0 36.9 36.0 37.0 32.9 41.6 4.0 8.4 9.5 11.1 13.1 11. 5 14.3 12.2 12.7 11.1 1.6 3.2 3.4 4.3 4.4 4. 2 4.8 7.2 9.0 6.0 2.4 2.6 2.6 2. 6 3.0 3 .J , 3.1 4.2 3.1 3.1 0.3 .9 2.5 3.0 2.2 2.9 3.3 3.8 6.1 11.8 2.7 5.3 5.4 6.0 6.7 7. 7 7.3 6.1 7.0 7.4 1 See glossary, appendix B, for the definition of money value of current family living. 2 See table 1, footnotes 3-7, for definition of the categories included in the money value of current family living. Food and home maintenance (including housing, household opera tion, furnishings and equipment) together accounted for more than one-half the total expenditures of white and Negro families at every income level. Among white families with incomes below $1,500, and Negro families with incomes below $1,250, food and home maintenance absorbed more than three-fourths of the total. Average expenditures for food exceeded those for home maintenance among white families receiving incomes up to $3,000, but they were lower than those for home maintenance among Negro families at all income levels studied. While both categories were of outstanding importance, they declined relatively as income rose. The proportion going for food declined more rapidly than that for home maintenance, however. Indeed, 80694°— :>9------- 2 § F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y among white families, home maintenance expenditures declined slowly as a proportion of total expenditures to the $4,000 level, but thereafter claimed a slightly larger share of this total. Clothing, commonly included among the basic essentials along with food and home maintenance, generally took the third largest share of expenditures for current family living. Clothing and personal care combined accounted for one-tenth or more of aggregate outlay among white families in all income classes above $1,750 and among Negro families in all income classes above $1,250. Clothing expenditures, unlike those for food and home maintenance, increased in relative im portance as income rose, somewhat more rapidly among Negro than among white families. Expenditures for transportation occupied a relatively large place in family spending patterns in all except the lower income groups. Although the ownership of automobiles is less common in New York City than in less densely populated urban areas, automobile expendi tures were substantial, particularly among white families at the higher income levels, reflecting the striking growth within a generation in the importance of automobiles. More than one-half the white families with incomes of $2,500 and more owned automobiles, but for both white and Negro families with incomes of $500 to $750 expendi tures for transportation represented only bus and trolley fares, with occasional short railroad trips. All other categories of expenditure together absorbed less than one-tenth of expenditures for current living at the income levels below $1,000, as compared with about one-seventh of the total among white and Negro families receiving incomes of $2,000 to $2,250, and nearly one-third among white families with incomes of $10,000 and more. Medical-care expenditures constituted, on the average, between 4 and 5 percent of current living among white families at all income levels except the lowest. They ranged from $13 at the lowest level to $631 for families with incomes of $10,000 and more. Negro families spent slightly more than white families for medical care at the income levels between $500 and $1,000 but somewhat less at succeeding levels. The variations concealed in the average expendi tures for medical care at any given income level, however, tended to be greater than those found in expenditures for any other category. At almost every income level a few families reported no expenditure for medical care and some reported very heavy expenses. The category designated “ contributions and personal taxes” in the present study differs in character somewhat from the other groups of expenditure items. Insofar as gifts made to persons outside the economic family are balanced by gifts received, such expenditures constitute a part of family consumption. Sums spent for items such I N T R O D U C T IO N 9 as money contributions toward the support of individuals or institu tions, and personal taxes, represent aspects of family spending that are less directly converted to goods and services consumed than arc expenditures for the other categories. Nevertheless, for taxes and contributions to religious organizations, at least, the families making such expenditures receive returns in a variety of forms that constitute important elements in their pattern of living. Outlays of this type were the most elastic among the categories of expenditures. The increase was very gradual, however, at the income levels below $3,000, in the case of white families, and below $2,500 for the Negro group. Expenditures for recreation, tobacco, reading, education, and miscellaneous items have been grouped in the accompanying tables under the heading “ other items.” Tobacco generally received about 2 percent of the total expenditures of white and Negro families. Approximately half as much was spent for books, newspapers, and magazines. Education expenditures were generally negligible except at the highest income levels studied for the two groups. Expendi tures for amusement and recreational equipment received a slowly increasing share of the total at successive income levels, rising, in the case of white families, for example, from less than 2 percent of total expenditures at the lowest levels to more than 4 percent among those receiving incomes of $5,000 and more. In a community as highly urbanized as New York the pattern of consumption may be measured fairly accurately in terms of money expenditures for current family living. For white families, the dis tribution of money expenditures, as shown in table 3, is very similar to the distribution of the money value of current family living, presented in table 2. Since the value of housing obtained without money expense in the year of the survey was at most income levels the largest nonmoney item in the value of family living (although it was by no means large), home maintenance was the only category which represented in general a slightly larger proportion of the value of family living than of money expenditures. In a few income classes, food also was a little greater as a percentage of the value of living than as a percentage of money expenditures, while all other categories were naturally slightly more important in total expenditures than in total money value of living. The differences between average money expenditures and the average money value of living ranged irregularly from $30 to $70 among white families at the income levels below $7,500. At no income level did the latter exceed total money expenditures by more than 6 percent. Food and housing received without money expense were more important elements in the consumption of Negro than of white families. Together they averaged $176 or about one-third as much as money expenditures at the $500 level, and $119, or about one-eighth of money 10 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y expenditures at the $750 to $1,000 income level. Among Negro families with incomes of $3,000 and more, some of which owned their homes and others of which received rent as pay, the nonmoney values of housing averaged $704, or almost a fifth as much as total money expenditures. A t the upper and lower income levels, therefore, the distribution of total money expenditures did not correspond so closely to the distribution of the value of current family living for Negro as for white families. At each of the intervening income levels, however, the value of current family living was less than 6 percent greater than money expenditures. T a b l e 3 . — D istrib u tion o f m o n ey expenditures f o r current f a m i ly living, by m a jor groups Percentage of total money expenditures Income class Average total money expendi tures i Food Home mainte nance 2 Clothing Trans and per porta sonal care tion 3 Contribu Medical tions and Other personal items 8 care taxes4 White families $500-$749...... ........................ $750-$999........ ...................... $1,000-$1,249...... ............ . $1,250-$1,499______________ $1,500-$1,749_______ _____ _ $1,750-$1,999.................. . $2,000-$2,249______________ $2,250-$2,499______________ $2,500-$2,999______________ $3,000-$3,499______________ $3,500-$3,999______________ $4,000-$4,999______________ $5,000-*$7,499______________ $7,500-49,999______________ $10,000 and over................... $1,037 1, 058 1,208 1,440 1,660 1,888 2,123 2,301 2,652 3,153 3, 534 4,300 5,582 7,796 14,830 41.7 41.6 39.8 39.6 38.0 35.4 36.7 34.2 32.8 31.3 29.1 27.8 25.1 20.4 18.2 38.9 38.6 37.4 35.2 34.1 35.0 33.4 33.0 32.1 30.8 30.7 33.3 33.2 35.7 32.5 7.3 7.8 7.7 9.2 9.4 10.1 10.8 11.0 11.8 12.7 14.1 12.4 12.5 11.1 10.1 2.9 2.4 3.5 3.6 4.5 5.6 4.6 6.0 8.2 7.1 8.5 6.7 8.2 8.2 7.6 1.3 2.0 4.2 4.2 4.7 4.2 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.9 4.3 4.7 5.5 4.2 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.4 2.6 2.5 3.2 3.7 5.5 5.0 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.0 6.6 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.9 7.0 7.8 7.7 9.5 8.4 9.3 7.9 9.8 16.4 11.0 0.4 3.7 2.7 3.1 2.3 3.0 3.4 3.9 7.0 7.9 7.5 Negro families $500-$749........ ..................... . $750-$999_________________ $1,000-$1,249______________ $1,250-Sl,499______________ $1,500-$1,749______________ $1,750-$1,999____ ____ ____ $2,000-$2,249_________ ____ $2,250-$2,499______________ $2,500-$2,999______________ $3,000 and over___________ $519 924 1,123 1,400 1,568 1,935 1,980 2,103 2,532 2,855 40.5 36.1 35.9 33.8 31.7 32.6 30.7 29.1 29.3 23.8 44.6 40.9 39.4 38.3 37.7 37.0 35.9 36.6 32.2 27.1 5.4 9.6 10.0 11.4 13.6 11.7 14.5 12.6 13.0 13.9 2.1 3.5 3.5 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.8 7.4 9.1 7.4 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.2 4.3 3.2 3.8 1.0 6.2 14.7 6 .0 5.7 6.2 6.1 7.0 9.3 1 See glossary, appendix B, for the definition of expenditures that was used in this study. 3 Includes expenditures for housing, household operation, and furnishings and equipment. 3 Includes expenditures for automobile purchase and operation, and other transportation. 4 Excludes sales taxes, which were included in the expense for the items to which they applied; automobile taxes, which were included in automobile operation expense; taxes on owned homes, included in housing expense; and taxes on other real property, which were deducted from the gross income from such property. 8 Includes expenditures for recreation, tobacco, reading, education, and other items. The ensuing report will attempt to indicate in more detail the answers to questions toward which the investigation was directed. For example: As we move up the income scale, which categories of expenditure rise wdth greatest regularity? Which are most irregular? How do these changes in expenditures vary as between smaller and I N T R O D U C T IO N 11 larger, or younger and older families, or, let us say, between the wageearner and professional groups? At what income level do families definitely enter the market, or recede from the market, for particular kinds of goods and services? Which are relatively urgent items in the family budget; which assume the behavior of luxuries? It is hoped that consideration given to questions like these may have a bearing on such problems as the establishment of wage scales; the development of family budgets; estimates of national consumption; the relative taxability of successive income strata in the community; the feasibility of current marketing programs; and, in the large, the problem of keeping production in balance with consumption. Chapter II The Family Balance Sheet The family balance sheet for families studied in New York may be presented by comparing current money income with money expenditures for current family living. Such a balance sheet, calcu lated for groups at successive economic levels, measures the changing relationship between income and consumption. It reflects the prev alence of spending financed through deficit, among the low income groups, and of mounting surpluses among the higher income families. Among New York City white families in every income class under $2,250, total money expenditures exceeded current money incomes (see table 4). At the income level $500 to $750, the excess of expendi tures averaged more than $400 per family for the year. To make up this difference, the families drew on savings or other reserves, bought on credit, or contracted debts. At successively higher income levels, the excess of money expenditures over money income decreased steadily to an average of $28 at the $2,000 to $2,250 level. Among families with incomes of $2,250 to $2,500, the balance of money income and expenditure changed to a surplus of almost $30. Average money incomes, at the successive income levels, were consistently greater than average total money expenditures for current living. The excess grew progressively larger until, for the group of white families with incomes of $10,000 and over (average money income of $18,460), it averaged almost 20 percent of money income. The number of Negro families studied in New York was so much smaller than the number of white families,1 that the relationships between the figures on their average money income and average total money expenditures assume much less regular patterns than the averages for white families (see table 4). Nevertheless, among Negro families at all but one income level up to $2,000, expenditures exceeded income, while at succeeding income levels the general trend was toward an increasing excess of incomes over expenditures. It is interesting, moreover, that Negro families had smaller total expendi tures, on the average, than white families, at all but one income level between $500 and $3,000. At the lowest comparable income * Only among Negro families with incomes of $750 to $2,250 were more than 20 families scheduled at each level, whereas among white families, at all levels between $750 and $10,000, more than 40 families were scheduled. The differences in the number of schedules obtained reflects the relative scarcity of Negro families in white-collar occupational groups, which made it impossible to obtain the projected number of schedules. See appendix A, on sampling, for number of expenditure schedules planned for each income, occupational, and family type group, and Tabular Summary for number of schedules actually completed. 12 THE F A M IL Y BALANCE 13 SH E E T level, white families spent twice as m uch as N egro fam ilies, but at succeeding levels, the expenditures of white families were at m ost 5 to 15 percent higher than those of the N egroes studied. T able 4 .— A verage m o n ey in com e and m o n e y expend itures fo r current fa m i ly living 1 White families Income class Money income $500-$749_-________ _________ ________________ ____ _________ $750-$999_______________ ______ _____________________________ $1,000-$1,249________________________________________________ $1,250-$1,499________ ____________________ ____ _____________ $1,500-$1,749____________ ___________________________________ $1,750-$1,999___________________________________ _______ ____ $2,000-$2,249_______ ________________________________________ $2,250-$2,499________________________________________________ $2,500-$2,999________________________________________________ $3,000-$3,499_________ ______________________________________ $3,500-$3,999___________________ ____________________________ $4,000-$4,999________________________________________________ $5,000-$7,499________________________________________________ $7,500-89,999_____________ __________________________________ _____ $ and o v e r ____________________________________ 10,000 $622 854 1,099 1, 346 1,597 1,845 2,095 2, 328 2, 696 3,186 3, 675 4,405 5, 821 8,298 18, 460 Money expendi tures for family living $1,037 1,058 1,208 1,440 1,660 1,888 2,123 2, 301 2, 652 3,153 3, 534 4, 300 5,582 7, 796 14, 830 Negro families Money income $505 849 1,088 1, 381 1, 607 1,858 2,081 2, 324 2,688 23,316 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Money expendi tures for family living ' $519 924 1,123 1,400 1,568 1,935 1,980 2,103 2, 532 2, 855 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 2 1 The difference between average money income and average money expenditures equals the average net surplus or deficit, shown in table 5, except for the balancing difference (never as much as 5.5 percent of total receipts or disbursements, whichever was larger, for any scheduled family). The net balancing difference is given in the Tabular Summary, table 1. 2 Data for Negro families with incomes of $3,000 and more were combined. Cu rren t in com e and f a m i l y resou rces .— While over a period of years families are necessarily limited by income in the level of living which they maintain, this does not mean that in any given year a family must match expenditures for current living with current income. The older family may be living on the capital as well as the income of its past accumulations. The young head of family with good prospects may assume obligations, perhaps on furniture or an automobile, be yond the income of the given year. In spite of variations in annual income, the family of a business or professional executive may show little deviation in yearly expenditures, even though the result is a current surplus in some years and current deficit in others. A large emergency expense for medical care may leave no choice, where ac cumulated savings are small, except to encumber the income of future months. Ordinarily it is not to be expected that a family in the lower half of the income scale will be able to make a cash purchase of a dur able good like a gas range or an automobile out of current earnings, or even out of available savings. Hence in a given year it is to be expected that a fraction of the families will increase their liabilities for the purpose of improving the level of their living while others are keeping well within their incomes and perhaps reducing their liabili ties on last year’s commitments. 14 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y The particular year covered by the Study of Consumer Purchases, 1935-36, was one in which many families had not completely recovered from the preceding depression period. Income status was still low when compared with the more favorable years of the 1920’s. But business conditions were improving and wages, as well as employ ment, were on the increase. It is understandable that after re stricted buying for several years, families began to incur obligations beyond current incomes, predicated upon the hope of steady employ ment and future increases of income. Thus the net deficit for a family or a group of families as of the given year may not reflect a chronic tendency to live beyond income, but rather an optimistic outlook in 1935-36 regarding future income. This impression will be confirmed by the data on net installment obligations taken from the New York City expenditure schedules, which show that, for both white and Negro families, the installment commitments carried over at the end of the schedule year were substantially greater both in number of families and in average amount, than the commitments with which the year began.2 Had the Study of Consumer Purchases been conducted at another stage in the business cycle, the surplus and deficit picture would per haps have been different in some important respects. At some later date family balance sheets may be studied for a number of successive years, to determine the regularity with which families balance net increases in assets against net increases in liabilities. Meanwhile, an examination of the surpluses and deficits of New York families for the single year 1935-36, shows that in several income groups there were families with strikingly unbalanced budgets for the year. These cases are apt to distort the averages for the group. Such instances of ran dom fluctuation in the sample need not, however, obscure the domi nant patterns shown by the data. S u rp lu s an d deficit b y in com e levels .3— The figures given in table 4 for total money income and total money expenditures for current * See analysis of surplus and deficit items, ch. VIII. *The average surpluses and deficits shown in table 5 are compiled from detailed reports of changes in assets and changes in liabilities. These detailed reports were treated as part of the record of money outlays and money receipts to determine whether the total reported money disbursements balanced with the total re ported money receipts. As used in the present study, the term disbursements includes money expenditures for current living and amounts spent to increase assets or decrease liabilities, while the term receipts includes money income and funds used for family living which were obtained through decreasing assets or increasing liabilities. A schedule was accepted if money receipts and money disbursements agreed within 5 per cent. It follows from this method that the difference between average money income and average current ex penditures shown in table 4 will not agree precisely with the average surplus or deficit for all families shown in the last column of table 5 (see discussion of balancing difference in glossary). Except at the highest income level, average net balancing differences among New York white families were negative, the amounts ranging from $7 to $77. Among Negro families, the average net balancing differ ences were negative at the income levels between $750 and $2,000, and positive at all but one other level studied. Except among Negro families with incomes of $3,000 and more, the net balance, whether negative or positive, never exceeded $26. No attempt was made to force a balance. It would have been impossible to account for relatively minor discrepancies on individual schedules without unduly prolonging the field interviews. They may have resulted from errors in estimating income, expenditures, savings, or deficits. THE F A M IL Y BALANCE 15 SH E E T family living represent averages for all families at the given income levels. There were families at each interval along the income scale, however, that showed a net surplus and others that showed a deficit for the year (see table 5). In addition, there were a few families at most income levels that broke even for the year, and reported neither surplus nor deficit. T a b l e 5 . — A verage net su rp lu s and deficit Families having surplus 1 Families having deficit 1 Average net surplus or deficit (—) Income class Percent age of families Average amount Percent age of families Average Average amount amount 2 Percent age of money income White families $500-$749__............. ................. ........... ............ $750-$999_____________________ __________ $1,000-$1,249____ ________________________ $1,250-$1,499_______________________ _____ $1,500-$1,749___ _________________________ $1,750-$1,999_____________________________ $2,000-$2,249_____________________________ $2,250-$2,499_______ _____________________ $2,500-$2,999_____ _______________________ $3,000-$3,499____ ________________________ $3,600-$3,999___ _________________________ $4,000-$4,999_____________________________ $5,000-$7,499_____________________________ $7,500-$9,999___ _________________________ $ and over--------------------------------------- 10,000 12 31 48 51 62 58 61 72 69 66 77 71 75 77 83 $8 45 52 67 87 139 154 165 228 289 335 551 667 1, 509 4,586 68 59 38 45 36 36 36 27 28 32 23 29 21 23 17 $598 352 316 269 307 284 304 254 343 420 469 808 1, 084 2,539 1,377 366 323 39 334 6 U 31 2 2 2 -$408 -195 -9 6 -86 -5 6 -20 -1 4 49 62 58 152 154 271 579 3, 590 4 3 5 7 19 Negro families $500-$749_....................... ......... _........ ............ $750-$999._______ ______ _________________ $1,000-$ t,249____ ________________________ $1,250-$1,499__............... — _____ _________ $1,500-$1,749_____________________________ $1,750-$1,999_____________________________ $2,000-$2,249_______________ _____ _______ $2,250-$2,499 __________ ____ _________ $2,500-$2,999___ _________________________ $3,000 and over__________________________ 38 30 57 51 75 52 82 94 79 67 $45 26 46 80 96 76 168 217 290 926 40 45 42 32 22 42 11 21 22 $88 158 110 142 141 219 369 417 1,009 —$18 -6 3 -20 -4 41 -5 1 96 204 141 394 34 32 37 (*) 3 33 5 9 5 12 1 Excludes families whose schedules showed an exact balance for the year. 2 For a reconciliation of the average net surplus or deficit with the difference between average income and expenditure, as shown in table 4, p. 13, see Tabular Summary, table 1. 3 Deficit. *Less than 1 percent. Among the white families with annual incomes between $500 and $750, 12 percent reported net surpluses for the year; however, these averaged only $8 per family reporting them. Above the $1,250 level of family income a net surplus was reported by a majority of white families, although even at the income levels between $3,500 and $10,000, 20 to 30 percent reported deficits. It was only among families with incomes of $10,000 or over that more than 80 percent kept money expenditures below money income. The average surpluses of those white families which came out ahead at the end of the year’s operation were under $100 in all income 16 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y classes below $1,750. Thereafter, the average amounts increased rapidly at successive income levels, to almost $700 at the $5,000 level, and to more than $4,500 for the highest income group studied. The average deficits of white families that did not make ends meet, on the other hand, exceeded $250 throughout the income range. Among the deficit families with incomes of $500 to $750, the deficits averaged $600. At successive income levels up to $3,000, they varied from $250 to $350. Among the deficit families at each income level above $3,000, the excess of money expenditures over money income averaged over $400, and almost as much as $2,600 for that quarter of the families with incomes of $7,500 to $10,000 which operated at a current deficit. When aggregate surpluses and aggregate deficits are added together for all white families at a given income level, the surpluses of families reporting them were more than counterbalanced by the larger amounts of the deficits incurred by the families which ended the year in the red up to the $2,250 income level. Above the $2,250 line, the fami lies having surpluses were numerous enough, and the amounts were large enough, to outweigh the deficits. The average net surplus for all white families at an income level did not reach as much as 4 percent of money income until the $3,500 to $4,000 level was reached and exceeded 7 percent of money income only among families with in comes of $10,000 and over. Among the Negro families studied, the limited number of cases yields averages with more random fluctuations, but the general pattern with respect to surplus and deficit is the same as for the whites. There were no consistent differences, at comparable income levels, in the proportion of white and Negro families having surpluses or deficits. The average deficits of families having them, however, were generally much smaller among Negro than among white families. In summary, then, the Negro families studied in New York City had smaller average net deficits than did the white families studied, they reported a net surplus lower in the income scale, and had larger surpluses at the higher levels. Although the number of Negro families studied is so limited, particularly at th’e higher income levels, that generalization must be severely qualified, this situation suggests that they were receiving in 1935-36 incomes more nearly in accordance with those they had received in earlier years than were the white families; in other words, that the pattern of spending and saving of nonrelief Negro families was probably less affected by depression conditions than was true of nonrelief white families at the same income levels. It may also be true that credit facilities were less available to Negro than to white families. THE F A M IL Y BALANCE SH EET 17 The difference between the ability of the two groups to secure deficit financing is of course most striking at the lowest income level covered, where the average spending pattern was very different, even though average incomes were very similar. At this income level, the white group spent 32 percent more than their current incomes for food and home maintenance alone, while the Negro group kept their expenditures for these items 9 percent below their current incomes. The difference between the net deficits accumulated by those white and Negro families at this very low income level appears to have been due to the fact that a relatively large proportion of the white families at this level had had larger incomes in the past, and had thus accumu lated reserves in the form of savings and credit standing. It would appear, however, that very few of the Negro families had either exten sive assets on which to draw, or credit standing which would have made it possible to borrow. Not until the $2,250 level did with drawals from savings among Negro families average as much as $50. In no one income group did their borrowings average more than $83. Among the white group, on the other hand, average withdrawals from savings reached a maximum at the highest income level ($10,000 and over) with a total of $2,402, and average increases in liabilities were largest at the $7,500 to $10,000 level with a total increase in liabilities over the year of $402. By way of caution, however, it should be noted, that an average net surplus or deficit amounting to only a small percentage of income is of little significance because of the allowable balancing error on each schedule. Thus, it may be said that as a group the white families with incomes of $1,750 to $3,500 and Negro families with incomes of $1,000 to $2,000 came out about even during the year 1935-36, since their average net surpluses or deficits amounted to no more than 3 percent of money income at any of the income levels included in those ranges. While the frequency and amount of surpluses were thus closely related to income, tne averages presented here partly obscure the wide variations among families in the same income class in the balance sheet record for the year. Within the same income, occupational, and family type group, one or two families may have made an unus ually large expenditure during the schedule year, as for the purchase of an automobile and a refrigerator or other expensive equipment item, and then, toward the end of the year, have incurred a large emergency medical bill. Exclusion of such a family from the average for the cell might have resulted in an average surplus rather than an average deficit for that group of families.4 4 For an illustration of a specific case of this nature for Chicago, where detailed data were available at the time of the preparation of the report, see U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. No. 642, Family Income and Expenditure in Chicago, Washington, 1939, vol. II, ch. II. 18 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y S u rp lu s and deficit as related to occupational g r o u p .— In spite of fluctuations,5 some fairly consistent differences appear among families of different occupational groups when their current money incomes are balanced against their total money expenditures for current living. Table 6 gives the average money expenditures over the span of in comes ($1,250 to $4,000) within which all six occupational groups were represented among white families. It will be seen that families classified as independent professional spent more, on the average, at most income levels than did those in other occupational groups,6 despite the fact that the average size of their families was smaller than was the case for any other group except the salaried professional. The independent business families ranked second and the salaried professional, third, in relative size of money expenditures, at com parable income levels. The families of salaried business or clerical workers generally spent least, at given income levels, ranking below those in the wage-earner group. As a natural corollary, families of independent professional and independent business operators had average deficits higher in the income scale than did families in the other occupational groups, and clerical and salaried business families had average surpluses at lower income levels.7 When the Negro families studied were classified by occupational group, random irregularities became even more pronounced than in the case of the white families (table 6). In general, there was a slight tendency for the clerical group to spend more, at given income levels, than wage-earner families or those in the business and professional groups.8 5 The sequence from substantial deficit to substantial surplus was continuous when the data were analyzed by income alone. In the tabulation by occupational categories or family type, however, random irregulari ties appear, since the averages were based on smaller numbers of families. These irregularities resulted from wide variation on the part of individual families from the average for the group as a whole. 6 In the case of an independent professional or business executive family that was listed in one of the low income brackets, the relatively high expenditure total usually gave a truer picture of the family’s accepted social and economic level than did the low net income figure reported for the current year. 7 These differences must not be attributed wholly to occupational grouping, however, since the size and composition of families varies somewhat from one occupational group to another (see Tabular Summary, table 2). Nevertheless, the computation of simple averages (i. e., an average of the averages for each family type, with no reference to the relative frequency of these types) for families of all types within each occupa tional group indicates fairly clear occupational differences, with independent business and professional fami lies having relatively small surpluses and large deficits, and salaried business and clerical families ranking at the opposite extreme. See appendix D. 8 Due to the small number of schedules collected from Negro business and professional families all data have been combined for these families. As in the case of the white group, the size and age composition of families varied somewhat from one occupational category to the next. In view of the small number of sched ules obtained from Negro families, however, it was not practicable to analyze occupational differences within the several family type groups in respect either to total expenditures or any given consumption category. Similarly, it was impossible to make comparisons among the family type groups with occupation and income held constant. 19 THE FAMILY BALANCE SHEET T able 6. — Average total m o n ey expenditures and net su rp lu s or deficit ( — ), by occupational group Negro families White families Income class Wage earner Cleri cal Inde pend ent busi ness Inde pend ent profes sional Sala ried busi ness Sala ried profes sional Wage earner Cleri cal Busi ness and profes sional Average total money expenditure 1 $750-$999______ ________ $1,000-$1,249..... ............... $1,250-$1,499— ...... ......... $1,500-$1,749-..............$1,750-$1,999____ _______ $2,000-$2,249.................... $2,250-$2,499................. . $2,500-$2,999_____ ______ $990 1,151 1,372 l, 595 1,910 2,177 2,297 2, 667 $1,270 1,332 1, 561 1, 718 1,854 2, 054 2, 265 2, 620 $1,379 1, 734 1,873 2,173 2,415 2, 792 $3,000-$3,499__............... $3,500-$3,999__________ 3,287 3, 393 3,127 3,497 3,148 3, 722 (2) (2) (2) (2) $2,078 2,001 2,207 2,120 2,454 2,699 3,069 3,839 (2) (2) $1, 771 1,867 2,074 2,404 $1,497 1,782 1,885 2, 276 2,275 $938 1,118 1,391 1,580 1,928 1,850 1,952 $913 1, 255 1,468 1,482 1.938 2,072 2,200 $734 1,081 1,424 1,581 1,945 1,977 2,138 2, 550 3,106 3,443 2, 640 3,019 3, 625 2,545 (2) (2) 2,604 (2) (2) 2,366 (3) (3) —$73 -1 5 6 13 -5 2 240 274 168 (2) (2) $2 -7 7 -4 6 151 -3 1 -1 122 28 (2) (2) $6 -2 3 -9 6 64 -6 4 87 233 318 (3) (3) (2) (2) (t) Average net surplus or deficit ( - ) i?750-$999................ ........ $1,000-$1,249....... ........... $1,250-$l,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-$3,499____ _____ $3,500-$3,999___............ -$100 -3 2 -4 3 5 -4 5 -5 8 48 63 -8 0 228 -$495 -235 -176 -115 33 50 67 70 120 100 (2) (2) $24 -113 -5 9 -8 6 -8 2 -3 4 -2 1 54 (2) (2) -$762 -435 -454 -4 5 -9 6 22 55 -9 5 (2) (2) (t) -$144 -2 1 18 20 147 93 354 (2) (2) —$98 -119 -1 9 -130 113 67 208 129 1 See glossary, appendix B, for the definition of expenditures that was used in this study. 2 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level. 3 Comparable data not available, t Fewer than 3 cases. S u rp lu s and deficit as related to f a m i l y t y p e .9— In accordance with expectations, the data show that the more members there are in the family, the higher the income level at which average money income is sufficient to cover average money expenditures for current living, or, on the other hand, at which average net deficits will give way to aver age net surpluses (see table 7). The contrast is particularly marked among white families. At most income levels, the size of the deficit was directly related to family size, and conversely the size of the sur plus was in general smaller for the larger families. For example, among white families at the income level $1,000 to $1,250, the deficit amounted to $36 on the average for the two-person families, $76 for families containing one or two children under 16, and $214 for those with three to six members at least three of them 16 or over. At the income level $4,000 to $5,000 the average surpluses for the three groups were $387, $116, and $24, respectively. 9 Data have been combined, for purposes of analysis, for families containing one child under 16 (type II) with those containing two children (type III); and for families of three or four, at least three of them 16 or over (type IV) with those containing five or six members, at least three of them 16 or over (type V). 20 T F A M IL Y able E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y 7 .— A verage total m o n ey expenditures and net su rp lu s or deficit ( — ), by f a m i ly typ e Family type 1 Income das' Average total money expenditures2 1 II and III IV and V Average net surplus or deficit (—) i II and III IV and V White families $750-$999____________________ $1,000-$1,249___ _____________ $1,250-$l,499_________________ $1,500-$1,749_________________ $1,750-$! ,999........................ ... $2,000-$2,249___ _____________ $2,250-$2,499___ _____________ $2,500-$2,999___ _____________ $3,000-$3,499___ _____________ $3,500-$3,999_________________ $4,000-$4,999___ _____________ $5,000-$7,499___ _____________ $7,500-$9,999___ _____ _______ $1,016 1,127 1,419 1,637 1,870 2,103 2,258 2,6018 3,161 3,420 4,166 5,382 8,460 $1,003 1,207 1,402 1,645 1,913 2, 111 2,269 2,592 3, 212 3, 718 4,362 5,343 7,260 $1,241 1,325 1,524 1,707 1,870 2,158 2,373 2,744 3,097 3, 473 4, 342 5,983 7, 718 -$124 -3 6 -6 4 -3 4 (*) -9 95 98 122 292 387 481 169 -$110 -7 6 -5 6 -3 9 -3 4 25 79 108 -5 39 116 524 1,033 -$489 -214 -158 -104 -21 -7 2 -2 3 -8 64 152 24 -153 535 —$4 -5 2 -3 9 -4 0 -3 8 -3 4 365 -$325 -2 9 -2 5 20 -9 7 197 148 Negro families $750-$999______ ______________ $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-$1,499_________________ $1,500-$1,749___ _____________ $1,750-$1,999___ _____________ $2,000-$2,249______ , _________ $2,250-$2,499___ _____________ $893 1,096 1,392 1,538 1,996 2,028 2,162 $932 1,152 1,383 1,631 1,872 2,114 1,908 $1,105 1,169 1,431 1,579 1,929 1,826 2,187 —$56 -1 19 84 -2 9 89 151 i The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband and wife, as follows: T ype I No other persons (families of 2). II 1 child under 16 (families of 3). III 2 children under 16 (families of 4). IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4). V 1 child under 16,1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6) ; See glossary appendix B, for the definition of expenditures that was used in this study. ♦Less than $1. The two-person families in the white groups reported average sur pluses at all income levels above $2,250, while families containing three to six members, at least three of them 16 or over (types IV and V ), had an average deficit at each income level up to $3,000. At all but one income level up to $3,000, furthermore, these families had the largest expenditures. At succeeding levels, however, there was no consist ent family type relationship, in respect either to total expenditures or net surpluses. Differences between small and large families in aver age money expenditures and in the balance sheet were thus significant mainly at the lower income levels where it appears that, regardless of income, there is a certain minimum below which large families cannot reduce their expenditures and meet the standards of their social group. At the higher levels, where a greater variety of choice is possible, the differences were by no means consistent. Among the Negro families studied, the number of cases is so small when an analysis is made by family type that no clear pattern of contrast appears. In general, the two-person families ended the year THE F A M IL Y BALANCE SH EET 21 with the most favorable balance of income and expenditures, report ing net surpluses several income levels lower in the scale than the larger families (see table 7). Families of three to six members (types IV and V), on the other hand, tended to have the largest average expenditures. It would appear that family type has a more direct influence upon fche size of total money expenditures at a given income level than does occupational classification. It should be noted, however, that the dollar differences among families of varying types in average total money expenditures as shown on table 7, although fairly consistent, were not very large.10 In general, it is to be expected that average total expenditures would vary less, according to occupational or family type classification, than would the outlays for a specified cate gory, since families may compensate for extra requirements in one area of consumption by economies in another. S u rp lu s or deficit ite m s .— The present chapter has been concerned chiefly with a consideration of money expenditures in relation to family incomes, and the net surpluses or deficits reported by families in the several income, occupational, and family type groups. There re main questions as to the kind of surplus or deficit items reported and their relative importance among the different groups analyzed. Such information throws light on the means by which families financed expenditures that were in excess of income, and the forms of saving adopted by those that ended the year with a surplus. This analysis will form the subject matter of chapter V III, following the discussion of expenditures for current family living. 10 When a comparison is made between the total money expenditures of the different family type groups within each occupational category, the differences are not significant, although differences in the balance sheet record are clearly defined (see appendix D), because of variations in the average money incomes of families of different type at given income levels. Chapter III Food The New York families studied generally spent more for food than for any other single category of consumption, regardless of whether current family income was $500 or $10,000.1 Average amounts spent for food increased steadily at successive income levels, from almost $1.18 per day among white families with incomes between $500 and $750 to almost $3 per day among those with incomes averaging about $4,000 (at the income levels between $3,500 and $5,000), and over $7 a day among the relatively small number with incomes of $10,000 or more.2 Among the Negro families studied, which were somewhat smaller than the white families studied,3 the average amounts spent for food increased with somewhat less regularity, from 58 cents per day at the $500 to $750 level to only about $1.85 per day among families with incomes averaging $4,000.4 Although money expenditures for food increased at successive in come levels— more than twofold for both white and Negro families from the $500 to $750 level to the $2,500 to $3,000 level— they rep resented declining proportions .of total money expenditures for cur rent family living (see table 8). Thus, for the white families studied, there was a slow but consistent decline in the proportion going ,o food, from 42 percent at the $500 to $750 level to 18 percent for the group with incomes of $10,000 and over (see fig. 2). The percentage of money expenditures absorbed by food dropped clearly below 40 at the $1,500 level, and below 30 only at the $3,500 income level. Among the Negro families, which spent less for food than white fam ilies at every comparable income level, food took at most 36 percent of the total beginning at the $750 level. From the $1,500 level to the $3,000 level among Negro families, the proportion of money expenditures going to food remained rather steadily around 32 to 29 percent. 1 When expense for household operation and furnishings are added to housing expense proper and the sum treated as one category, home maintenance, food ranked second among white families with incomes of $3,500 or more, and among Negro families at all income levels. The category “food expense” included not only expenditures for the family’s regular meals and for miscellaneous items like candy, soft drinks, and liquor, but also a considerable part of the family’s enter tainment bill. It was not practicable to keep apart the recreational and the food-consuming aspects of what was spent in eating out—to separate the restaurant checks for night-club and after-theatre parties, for example, from those for family meals away from home. The range of choices of the various families in respect to the use of meals as an auxiliary to entertainments, communal activities, and “going out” thus tends to complicate the problem of comparing the food expenditures of families at different income levels. 3 See Tabular Summary, table 2. 4 The surprisingly low average food expenditures of Negro families with incomes of $3,000 and more are doubtless attributable to the small number of cases represented, and not indicative of a reversal of tendency. 2 22 23 FOOD Fig. 2 FOOD AND CLOTHING AS PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL MONEY EXPENDITURES AT SELECTED INCOME LEVELS NEW YORK, 19 3 5 -19 3 6 NONRELIEF FAMILIES INCLUDING HUSBAND AND WIFE BOTH NATIVE BORN FOOD PERCENTAGE WHI TE FAMILIES NEGRO FAMILIES percentage ------------------------------------------------- 5 0 5 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - AND UNOCR AW UNOCR AND UNDER ANO UNDER ANO UNDER AND UNDER ANDUNDER 1000 f5 0 0 2000 2 50 0 3500 5000 10,000 ANDUNDER ANO UNDER AND UNOER ANDUNDER 1000 1500 2000 250 0 40 ANO OVER CLOTHING PERCENTAGE 20 NEGRO FAMI LI ES WHI TE FAMILIES percentage I 20 niiiiiiiiii 7 50 1250 1750 2250 3000 4000 7 50 0 ANO UNOCR ANO UNOCR ANDUNDER ANO UNOCR ANDUNDER ANO UNDER ANO UNOCR 1000 1500 2000 2500 U. S. BUREAUOFLABOR STATISTICS 8 0 6 9 4 ° — 3 9 ---- 3 350 0 5000 10,000 7 50 1250 1750 2 25 0 ANDUNDER ANDUNDER ANO UNOER ANOUNDER 1000 INCOME CLASS IN D OLLARS 1500 2000 2500 3000 ANO OVER 24 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY T able 8 . — Average expenditures for food Average money expenditures for food Per family Income class Amount Per meal Percentage per equiva of total lent adult money expendi tures 1 Average value per family of food ob tained without money expense Average total money value of food per meal per equivalent adult White families $500-$749---------- ------- ------------- ---------------------$750—$999___________________________________ $1,000-$1,249________________________________ $1,250-$!,499________________________________ $1,500-$1,749________________________________ $1,750-$1,999_______________________________ $2,000-$2,249________________________________ $2,250-$2,499________________________________ $2,500-$2,999________________________________ $3,000-$3,499________________________________ $3,500-$3,999________________________________ $4,000-$4,999________________________________ $5,000-$7,499________________________________ $7,500-$9,999____ _____ _____________________ $10,000 and over...... ................... ............ ............ $432 440 481 570 629 669 779 787 868 987 1,024 1,194 1,402 1,590 2, 710 41.7 41.6 39.8 39.6 38.0 35.4 36.7 34.2 32.8 31.3 29.1 27.8 25.1 20.4 18.2 $0.154 .146 .164 .186 .204 .215 .247 .243 .258 .285 .293 .318 .363 .401 .516 $32 20 15 10 13 16 16 13 21 8 15 15 19 35 52 $0.165 .163 .169 .189 .208 .220 .252 .247 .264 .287 .297 .322 .368 .410 .526 $47 75 15 38 53 29 22 28 9 $0.097 .157 .159 .190 .196 .214 .231 .235 .256 . 238 Negro families $500-$749---------- ------------------------------------------$750-$999___________________________________ $1,000-$1,249________________________________ $1,250-$1,499________________________________ $1,500-$1,749__________________________ ____ $1,750-$1,999________________________________ $2,000-$2,249________________________________ $2,250-$2,499_____________ ____ _____________ $2,500-$2,999______________________ ____ _____ $3,000 and over. _ - ________ _________ ____ $210 334 403 474496 630 607 610 742 678 40.5 36.1 35.9 33.8 31.7 32.6 30.7 29.1 29.3 23.8 $0.079 . 128 .153 .176 .177 .205 .223 .225 .253 . 238 1 See glossary, appendix B, for definition of expenditures that was used in this study. M oney expense per meal per equivalent adult.5— In m arked contrast to the decline in the percentage of total expenditures devoted to food, the average expense per m eal per adult equivalent rose steadily at successive incom e levels (see table 8 ). A lth ou gh w hite fam ilies at the low est incom e level studied allocated 42 percent of their total m oney expenditures to food, they spent on the average on ly about 15 cents per m eal per person. A t the m edian incom e level, $ 2 ,0 0 0 to $ 2 ,2 5 0 , these families devoted less than 37 percent of their total m on ey expenditure to food, y e t they spent alm ost 25 cents per m eal per person. T h o se at the top of the incom e scale, w ith incom es of $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 and over, devoted only 18 percent of their m on ey expenditure to food, and spent alm ost 52 cents per m eal per equivalent adult. T h e corresponding figures for N egro fam ilies at the $500 to $750 level 8 Money expenditures per meal per person were computed on the basis of total food expense (except for food eaten while traveling) divided by the number of equivalent adults who were members of the house hold. Persons who were in the household less than the full year and children whose food consumption was less than an adult’s were counted as fractions of an equivalent adult. For methods of computation and the fractions of a standard food unit assigned to a given age, see glossary, appendix B. 25 FOOD and the $ 2 ,0 0 0 to $ 2 ,2 5 0 level were 8 cents and 22 cents. A t the $ 3 ,0 0 0 and over incom e level, N egro fam ilies spent 24 cents per m eal per person. Expense fo r food away from home.— T h e change in the character of the expense category labeled “ fo o d ” is exemplified b y the proportion of total food expense allotted to food consum ed aw ay from hom e, as distinguished from food served at hom e or carried from hom e. A m o n g both white and N egro families there was, at succeeding incom e levels, a general though irregular increase in the proportion of total food expense w hich w ent for eating out. W h ite families w ith incom es between $500 and $750 devoted 7 percent of their m oney expenditures for food to this purpose, while those w ith incom es of $ 1 ,750 and over spent m ore than 15 percent in this w ay (see table 9). T hese figures are distinctly higher than those found for families in C hicago, the other m etropolitan area covered in this in v estig ation ; there the corre sponding percentages were 3 percent and 11 percent, respectively.6 A t the upper end of the incom e scale, native white families in N ew Y o rk C ity w ith incom es of $ 5 ,0 0 0 or over devoted m ore than onefourth of their food expenditures to eating out. A m o n g the N egro families studied at practically every incom e level, the percentage of total food expenditures used for food aw ay from hom e was lower than in the case of the white families. A t the lower incom e levels, food aw ay from hom e comprised chiefly m eals at work (see table 9 ). In other words, this item partook m ore of the character of an occupational expense than of recreation or entertainm ent. Am ong the white families with incom es below $ 1 ,7 5 0 , and N egro families with incom es of $ 1 ,0 0 0 to $ 1 ,5 0 0 , three fourths or m ore of the am ounts spent for food aw ay from hom e w ent for m eals at work. A t higher incom e levels am ong the white fam ilies, this kind of expenditure decreased in im portance until at the levels of $ 4 ,0 0 0 and above, it accounted for less than half of the total. H ow ever, am ong N egro fam ilies at all levels above $ 1 ,0 0 0 , m eals at work constituted m ore than half of the total expense for food aw ay from hom e. A s the m ore recreational item s included assum ed increasing im portance, the expenditures for m eals at work declined in relation to the total spent for food aw ay from h om e.7 0 See U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. 642, Family Income and Expenditure in Chicago, Washington, 1939, vol. II, ch. III. 7 These figures are taken from detailed data on food expenditures to be published in a later bulletin. Pre liminary examination of these data for white families indicates that when family income was less than $1,750, food away from home (exclusive of meals at work) consisted chiefly of such items as candy, ice cream, soft drinks, liquor, and the like. At succeeding levels, however, meals away from home, both while living at home and while traveling or on vacation, were of increasing importance. This is in contrast to the situation in Chicago, where such meals were relatively unimportant below the $4,000 or $5,000 level. (See U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. No. 642, Family Income and Expenditure in Chicago, Washington, 1939, vol. II, ch. III.) The average amounts reported by New York white families for meals and board at school were negligible except at the highest income levels. 26 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY T a b l e 9 .— Average m oney expenditures for food away from home Total food away from home Income class Percentage Amount of total food expendi tures Meals at work Other food away from home White families $500—$749_____________ ________ _______ _____________________ $750-$999........... .......... ................................................ ................. . . $1,000-$1,249_________________________ ____ _________________ $1,250-$1,499________________________ ________________ ______ $1,500-$1,749____________________ _________ ____ _____ ______ $1,750-11,999____________ ____________________________ ______ $2,000-$2,249__________________________________________ ____ _ $2,250-12,499.............. ................. ......., _______________ _____ ___ $2,500-$2,999___________________ ______ _____________________ $3,000-$3,499________________ _______________________________ $3,500-$3,999________ ______ _____ __________________________ $4,000-$4,999...................................... ........... ................................. $5,000-$7,499_________________________ ________ _____________ $7,500-$9,999................................... ............................................ $10,000 and over..______________ ___________________________ $30 40 49 68 91 105 157 140 166 226 268 290 408 432 1,113 6.9 9.1 10.2 11.9 14.5 15.7 20.2 17.8 19.1 22.9 26.2 24.3 29.1 27.2 41.1 $23 30 41 50 69 76 100 102 109 132 142 128 155 158 213 $7 10 8 18 22 29 57 38 57 94 126 162 253 274 900 $13 26 45 41 62 61 43 79 48 $3 14 7 11 28 42 47 30 28 44 Negro families $500-$749._..................................... ........................................... $750-$999___________________________ ____ ______ _________ _ $1,000-$1,249____________________ ____________ ____ _________ $1,250-$1,499_________________________ ______ _______________ $1,500-$1,749_____________________________ ____ ______ _____ _ $1,750-$1,999________________________________________________ $2,000-$2,249................ ........ ................................... ........ .............. $2,250-$2,499..................................................................................... $2,500-$2,999_______________ ______ _________________________ $3,000 and over__________ _____ ________ __________________ $3 27 33 56 69 104 108 73 107 92 1.4 8.1 8.3 11.8 13.9 16.5 17.8 12.0 14.4 13.6 Food obtained without money expense.— T h e extrem ely sm all m oney expenditures for food am ong N egro families in the lower incom e groups are explained in part b y the fact that purchases of food were supplem ented for m an y families by food received as gift or p ay, or, in a few cases, obtained from hom e gardens. Average am ounts of such food varied rather widely from one incom e class to another, show ing no consistent tendency to increase or decrease at successive incom e levels (see table 8 ). A m o n g white families, food obtained w ithout m oney expense never added as m uch as 8 percent to total m oney ex penditures for food. A m o n g Negroes, particularly in the low incom e groups, however, it m ade a substantial contribution to the fam ily food supply, averaging over one-fifth as m uch as m oney expenditures for food am ong those with incom es of $500 to $750. T h e im portance of “ free” food m a y also be measured on a per m eal per person basis: am ong white fam ilies, the total value of food per m eal per person was m ore than 1 cent higher than the m oney expense per m eal per person only at the $500 lev el; am ong Negro families, however, the former exceeded the latter b y m ore than 1 cent at all b u t one incom e level between $500 and $1 ,7 5 0 . FOOD 2? I t is evident, then, that in the case of the white families studied, except at the lowest incom e levels, m oney expense for food m a y be taken to represent substantially the total value of food consum ed. A m on g the N egro families studied, on the other hand, food received w ithout m oney expense was of considerably greater im portance. T his was probably because of the fact that a considerable proportion of the Negro families included earners in dom estic service or restaurant workers, who frequently receive food as pay. Summary of racial differences in relation to food .— Before examining the food expenditures of families of varying occupational classification and fam ily com position, it m a y be of interest to sum m arize the differ ences between white and Negro families. W h ite families spent from 6 to 51 percent m ore for food than did Negro families at com parable incom e levels. T h e low total m oney expense for food of N egro fa m ilies reflected in som e part their relatively sm all expenditures for food aw ay from hom e. Furtherm ore, Negro fam ilies at m ost incom e levels received substantially m ore food w ithout m oney expense than did white families. T h e value of such food, however, was by no m eans sufficient to counterbalance the difference in m oney expenditures for food am ong white and Negro families with incom es of less than $750. On the other hand, at the incom e levels from $750 to $1,5 0 0 the two racial groups consum ed food with about the sam e value per m eal per equivalent adult. A t these incom e levels differences in food expendi tures per fam ily reflect n ot only food received w ithout m oney expense but also the fact th at N egro families were smaller than white fam ilies.8 T h e relatively low food budgets of these Negro families m a y therefore reflect dietary habits som ew hat different from those of white fam ilies.9 Money expenditures for food among occupational groups.— T here were no striking differences in average m oney expenditures for food am ong the various occupational groups studied. C om parisons are possible am ong white families at incom e levels from $1,2 5 0 to $ 4,000 (see table 10). W age-earner families in general spent som ew hat m ore for food, at a given incom e level, than did families in the other occu pational categories, while families in the salaried professional group clearly spent least. T h e ratio of food expense to total expense varied som ew hat m ore than did food expense itself. T h e salaried profes sional group generally spent the sm allest proportion of total outlays for food, but clerical families ranked with wage-earner fam ilies, above other occupational groups, in the percentage of expenditures going for food. 8See Tabular Summary, table 2. 8Both in Columbus and the Southeastern cities covered in this study, a similar relationship was found between white and Negro families in respect to food expenditures. See TJ. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. 644, Family Income and Expenditure in Nine Cities of the East Central Region; and Bull. 647, Family Income and Expenditure in Selected Southeastern Cities, Washington, 1939, vol. II, ch. III. FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY 28 T a b l e 10 .— A verag e m o n e y expenditures f o r fo o d , b y occup ation al group White families Income class Wage earner Cleri cal Inde pend ent busi ness Inde pend ent profes sional Negro families Sala ried busi ness Sala ried profes sional Busi ness and profes.sional Wage earner Cleri cal $345 408 480 510 574 500 586 814 0) 0) $347 419 408 537 583 687 652 682 0) 0) $169 359 517 487 764 592 584 739 (2) (2) 38.1 33.4 27.8 29.5 30.1 33.2 29.6 26.2 0) 0) 23.0 33.2 36.3 30.9 39.3 29.9 27.4 31.3 (2) (*) Amount $750-$999....................... $1,000-$1,249................. $1,250-$1,499.................. $1,500-$1,749.... ............. $1,750-$1,999................. $2,000-$2,249................. $2,250-$2,499_ ............ $2,500-$2,999.................. $3,000-$3,499_________ $3,500-$3,999............ . $422 489 591 629 685 810 780 871 1,005 1,028 $495 465 558 633 652 786 805 869 1,056 1,003 0 (*> $492 635 646 744 739 915 939 1,143 0) 0) $583 738 811 616 766 887 927 1,093 0) 0) (t) $595 669 702 821 848 943 999 C) 0) $493 549 615 727 748 816 868 993 Percentage of total money expenditures 3 $750-$999....................... $1,000-$1,249......... ........ $1,250-$1,499____ _____ $1,500-$1,749................. $1,750-$1,999____ ____ _ $2,000-$2,249.............. ... $2,250-$2,499.............. . $2,500-$2,999_________ $3,000-$3,499...... ......... $3,500-$3,999.............. . 42.7 42.4 43.2 39.6 35.9 37.2 34.0 32.6 30.6 30.4 39.1 34.9 35.8 36.8 35.2 38.4 35.5 33.1 33.8 28.7 0) 0) 35.7 36.6 34.5 34.3 30.6 32.9 29.9 30.6 0) 0) 28.1 37.0 36.8 29.1 31.4 32.9 30.4 28.5 0) 0) (t) 33.6 35.9 33.9 34.1 33.3 30.4 29.0 0) 0) 33.0 30.7 32.6 31.9 32.9 31.0 28.8 27.5 36.8 36.5 34.5 32.3 29.8 27.0 30.0 31.9 0) 0) 1Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level. * Comparable data not available. * See glossary, appendix B, for the definition of expenditures that was used in this study. fFewer than 3 cases. A lthou gh the white wage-earner families had the highest average food expenditures per fam ily th ey had the lowest expenditures per m eal per person (see table 11). T h e wage-earner group tended to h ave larger fam ilies and a greater num ber of persons 16 years of age and over than other occupational groups. T heir high average m oney expense for food was thus the result of fa m ily size.10 T h e salaried professional fam ilies, on the other hand, tended to h ave the low est average num ber of persons per fam ily, and correspondingly, the highest expense per m eal per person, indicating th at their low total food expenditures were likewise a reflection of fam ily size.11 One factor in the ability of wage-earner families to keep food ex pense per m eal per person relatively low was the com paratively sm all am oun ts which th ey spent for food aw ay from h o m e .12 A lth o u g h the differences are n ot entirely consistent, fam ilies in the two professional and the clerical groups tended to m ake the highest ou tlays for food aw ay from h om e, w ith independent business families at the opposite extrem e. E x cep t for the latter group, how ever, wage earners gener ally had the sm allest expenditures of this type. 10 See Tabular Summary, table 2, for average number of persons per family. 11 No consistent differences were found between the averages for food expenditures for the 6 occupational groups. See appendix D. 11 See Tabular Summary, table 3. 29 FOOD T a b l e 11.— Average m o n e y expenditures per m eal per equivalent adult , by occupational group White families Income class Wage earner Cleri cal $750-$999_............. ........ $0.144 $1,000-$1,249.............. . .173 $1,250-$1,499................. .188 $1,500-$1,749_________ .203 .211 $1,750-$1,999................. $2,000-$2,249......... ........ .241 $2,250-$2,499............ .219 $2,500-$2,999____ _____ .253 $3,000-$3,499................. .260 .272 $3,500-$3,999.............. . $0.154 . 145 .189 .205 .217 .252 .260 .259 .306 .301 Inde pend ent busi ness 0) 0) $0.154 .206 .210 .253 .239 .262 .244 .294 Inde pend ent profes sional 0) (0 $0.184 .241 .255 .231 .241 .277 .284 .287 Negro families Sala ried profes sional Sala ried busi ness 0) 0) (t) (*) 0) $0.213 .234 .225 .261 .260 .290 .287 $0.202 .195 .212 .256 .253 .267 .310 .306 Wage earner Cleri cal $0.134 .152 .179 .179 .193 .194 .223 .251 $0.120 .181 .157 .194 .204 .243 .220 .274 0) 0) 0) 0) Busi ness and profes sional $0,049 .144 .152 .163 .229 .222 .232 .216 (2) (*) 1 E x p e n d i t u r e s c h e d u l e n o t t a k e n fo r f a m i l i e s a t t h i s i n c o m e l e v e l . 3 C o m p a r a b le d a ta n o t a v a ila b le . tF e w e r th a n 3 cases. A m o n g the N egro fam ilies studied within the incom e range $750 to $ 3 ,0 0 0 , there was no clear tendency for families of any occupational group to have consistently high m oney expenditures for food (table 10). W h e n food expense is expressed as a proportion of total m oney expenditures, wage-earner families tended to rank high. Clerical families tended to m ake the largest outlays per m eal per person (table 11). T h e average value of food received w ithout m oney expense was found to be of considerable im portance am ong N egro families, particularly at the lower incom e levels. Since the m ajor portion of such food m a y be assum ed to have comprised m eals received as p ay b y dom estic or restaurant workers (wage earners) and food which such workers were allowed to carry hom e, it m igh t be expected th at wage-earner families w ould h ave reported the largest am ounts of such food. There were no clear occupational differences, however, in the am oun t of food obtained w ithout m oney expense, suggesting th at supplem entary earnings of N egro families in the clerical, business, and professional occupations were frequently derived from subsidiary earners in dom estic or restaurant work. M oney expenditures fo r food among fam ily type groups.— W h e n the average food expenditures of families of varying com position are com pared, m uch m ore clearly defined differences appear than am ong families of the various occupational groups. T hese differences reflect chiefly the num ber of m em bers in the economic fam ily and to a lesser degree the age of those m em bers. A m o n g both white and Negro fam ilies, at alm ost every incom e level the tw o-person fam ilies spent least for food, the families with one or two children under 16 and no others (types I I and I I I ) spent the next largest am ounts, and the fam ilies containing three to six m em bers, at least three of them over 16 (types I V and V ) spent the m ost (see table 12). Such striking uni- 30 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y fo rm ity in the rank order of these expenditures at every single incom e level indicates a very clear relationship between num ber of m ouths to be fed and size of the fam ily food bill. T a b l e 1 2 .— A verage m o n e y expenditures f o r fo o d , b y f a m i ly typ e Family type1 Income class Amount I II and III Percentage of total expenditures23 IV and V 1 II and III IV and White families $750-$999— .............................. $1,000-$1,249_........................... $1,250-$1,499............................. $1,500-$1,749............................. $1,750-81,999................... - ........ $2,000-82,249........................ — $2,250-82,499............................. $2,500-82,999.................... ........ $3,000-83,499............................. $3,500-83,999............................. $4,000-84,999.............. .......... $5,000-87,499......... ............ . $7,500-89,999-........................... $416 420 500 570 573 702 703 704 869 875 1, 018 1,209 1, 221 $419 492 570 636 709 789 793 916 993 1,063 1,166 1,348 1,645 $524 40.8 551 655 684 37.3 35.2 34.8 30.6 33.6 31.2 27.0 27.6 25.6 24. 5 22.5 14.5 709 840 846 934 1,064 1,078 1, 343 1, 618 1,813 41.7 40.9 40.7 42.2 41.6 43.1 40.1 38.8 37.1 37.5 34.9 35.3 30.9 28.6 26.7 25. 2 37.9 38.9 35.7 34.0 34.4 31.0 31.0 27.1 22.7 23.5 39.8 37.3 36.4 33.0 34.1 28.8 30.8 33.5 38.1 37.4 35.1 37.0 33.8 35.6 Negro families $750-$999.................................. $1,000-81,249____ ____ _______ $1,250-81,499________________ $1,500-81,749.............. .............. $1,750-81,999......... ................... $2,000-82,249...................... ...... $2,250-82,499________________ $310 378 436 444 561 600 565 $371 429 503 538 637 607 587 $370 445 534 554 713 617 778 34.7 34.5 31.3 28.8 * 28. 1 29.6 26.2 i The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband and wife, as follows: Type I No other persons (families of 2). II 1 child under 16 (families of 3). III 2 children under 16 (families of 4). IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4). V 1 child under 16,1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6). 2See glossary, appendix B, for the definition of expenditures that was used in this study. 3Horizontal lines mark income levels below which food takes two-fifths or more of total money expendi ture and above which it takes less than one-fourth of total money expenditure. T h e differences in average food expenditures am ong fam ilies of different size are reflected in the proportion of total m oney expenditures devoted to food. Clearly, the larger the fam ily, the greater im portance of the food item (see table 12). the A m o n g white families it was only at the lowest level shown in table 12 ($750 to $ 1 ,0 0 0 ) th at those containing only husband and wife devoted over tw o-fifths of their total m oney expenditures to food, whereas for families with FOOD 31 one or two children under 16 this was true up to the $ 1 ,5 0 0 level, and for fam ilies containing three to six m em bers (types I V and V ) , up to the $ 1 ,7 5 0 level. Sim ilarly, tw o-person fam ilies w ith incom es of $ 4 ,0 0 0 or m ore spent less than one-fourth of their expenditures for food, whereas the larger fam ilies spent m ore than th at up to the $ 7 ,500 incom e level. T h e percentage of total expenditure devoted to food was m ore rigid am ong the larger than am ong the smaller fam ilies, especially at the lower incom e levels. T h u s, for exam ple, am ong white families con taining m ore than two m em bers, there was relatively little change in this proportion within the incom e range from $750 to $ 1 ,7 5 0 , while am ong tw o-person families there was a decline of m ore than one-fifth. W h ile average expenditures for food were thus directly related to fam ily size, expense per m eal per person showed a clear inverse rela tionship (see table 13). T h u s the tw o-person fam ilies, at com parable income levels, alm ost w ithout exception had the lowest total food expenditures and the highest expenditures per m eal per person. Con versely, families containing three to six m em bers, at least three of them over 16 (types I V and V ) , had the highest total food expendi tures and the lowest expenditures per m eal per equivalent adult. Such differences are explained in part b y the fact th at unit food costs are com m on ly som ew hat lower when food is purchased and pre pared in relatively large quantities. I t is probable, also, th at large families purchased som ew hat cheaper foods than did sm all fam ilies, and th at at the lower incom e levels the form er generally had less adequate diets. C ertain ly, the sm all families spent more on food aw ay from h o m e,13 which undoubtedly expenditures per m eal per person. helped to increase their Summary.— F ood expenditures were of outstanding im portance am ong the N e w Y o r k C ity families studied. A lthou gh average food expenditures increased less rapidly over the incom e range than total m oney expenditures, it was only am ong the white families with incomes of $ 7 ,5 0 0 or over, and N egro families w ith incom es of $ 3 ,0 0 0 or over, th at they accounted for less than one-fourth of this total. W h ile part of this increase was due to a m ore generous and p robably a m ore adequate diet am ong the higher incom e fam ilies, another part of it was due undoubtedly to the increasing im portance of the luxury item s in the food budget. T h is is typified b y the increasing im por tance in the food budget of expenditures for food aw ay from hom e. T h e rising expense per m eal per person at successive incom e levels probably reflects both factors. T h e value of food received w ithout m oney expense was particularly im portant for N egro families at the lower incom e levels. 18See Tabular Summary, table 3. 32 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY T a b l e 13 .— R a n k com p a rison b y f a m i ly typ e, o f (A) the average am ount o f fo o d expen ditu res per fa m i ly , and (B) expenditures per m eal per equivalent a d u lt 1 F a m ily ty p e * I n c o m e c la s s I A B II and III IV A A B and V B W h i t e fa m ilie s $ 7 5 0 ~ $ 9 9 9 ........ ................................................................................................................ $ 1 , 0 0 0 - $ 1 , 2 4 9 ____________________________ ________________________________ $ 1 , 2 5 0 - $ 1 , 4 9 9 ______________ _______ _______ ________________________________ $ 1 , 5 0 0 - $ 1 , 7 4 9 ___________ __________________ ________ ______________________ $ 1 , 7 5 0 - $ 1 , 9 9 9 .................. .......................................................... .................................. $ 2 , 0 0 0 - $ 2 , 2 4 9 ............................................................................................................... $ 2 , 2 5 0 - $ 2 , 4 9 9 _____ _______ __________________________ _______ _____________ _ $ 2 , 5 0 0 - $ 2 , 9 9 9 ....................... .................................................. ............... ..................... $ 3 , 0 0 0 - $ 3 , 4 9 9 _______ ____________________ ______________ .________________ $ 3 , 5 0 0 - $ 3 , 9 9 9 _____ ___________ _______ _______ _________ ___________________ $4,000-$4,999____ ____ _______ _____________________ $5,000-$7,499___ ____ ______ _______________________ $7,500-$9,999________________________ _______ ______ $10,000 and over.............. .............. ..................... ............... 2 -3 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -3 2 2 2 1-2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -3 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1-2 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 2-3 3 2 2 1-2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 Negro families $750-1999..... ................. .................... ......................— . $1,000-$1,249____ _________________________________ $1,250-$1,499___ ____ _____________________________ $1,500-$1,749_____ __________ _____________________ $1,750-SI,999______________________________________ $2,000-$2,249______________________________________ $2,250-$2,499___ __________________________________ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 i Low numbers in the A columns indicate high money expenditures for food per family; low numbers in the B columns indicate high money expenditures per meal per person. Tied ranks indicate approximately equal expense by families of different types. s The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband and wife, as follows: Type I XI III IV V No other persons (families of 2). 1 child under 16 (families of 3). 2 children under 16 (families of 4). 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4). 1 child under 16, 1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 for 6). Occupational classification seems to have m uch less to do with fam ily food expenditures than does the size and com position of the fam ily. W h ite wage-earner fam ilies in general had rather high aver age food expense, due chiefly to the num ber of persons in wage-earner fam ilies, which was slightly larger than am ong other occupational groups. A m o n g the N egro families, no clear difference in food expend itures am ong different occupational groups was found. T h e relationship between fam ily com position and average food expenditure at given incom e levels was strikingly close. T h e larger families spent m ore for food, both in dollar am ounts and in propor tion to their total expenditures for current living. T hese larger sum s were n ot proportional to the increases in fam ily size, however, so th at an alm ost perfect inverse correlation appeared between fam ily size and expense per meal per person. Chapter IV Home Maintenance N e x t to food, shelter is the m ost im portant category in the fam ily budget. C losely related to expenditures for housing itself are those for household operation and for furnishings and equipm ent. For som e purposes it is convenient to consider th em in com bination under the heading of hom e m aintenance. Housing . 1— Since at alm ost all incom e levels there were families that owned their hom es or obtained rent-free dwellings as a gift or in exchange for services, the housing category is represented in fam ily consum ption patterns n ot only b y m oney outlay but also b y the value o f the occupancy of owned hom es, insofar as th at value exceeds the current m oney expenditures for taxes, m ortgage interest, insurance, and repairs, and b y the occupancy value of rent-free dwellings. A s in the case of food, expenditures for housing (including fuel, light, and refrigeration) increased alm ost w ithout exception from one incom e level to another am ong the N ew Y o rk white and N egro fa m ilies studied, but relatively less rapidly than total expenditures for current fam ily living (see table 14). T h u s, at the $500 to $750 incom e level, housing expenditures averaged $377 am ong white families and $340 am ong N egro fam ilies, representing 35 and 49 percent, respec tively, of total expenditures. A m o n g both groups in the incom e class $ 1 ,5 0 0 to $ 1 ,7 5 0 , housing expenditures am ounted to about $ 5 00, or 30 percent of total expenditures. T h e housing expenditures of white families with incom es th at averaged about $4,0 0 0 were less than $900 and absorbed about 20 percent of total expenditures, while the housing expenditures of the N egro families th at had a similar average incom e were about $200 higher and constituted 33 percent of all expenditures for current living. i It should be noted that great caution must be exercised in making any comparison of the housing data reported in this chapter with those presented in vol. I, ch. V. The discussion in vol. I, based on the short schedule used with the large random sample, centered mainly about the rents for the family home reported by renting families and the rental values of owned family homes, while this chapter deals with money expenditures and the money value of housing reported by all families regardless of tenure, and also includes money expenditures for lodging for family members away from home. In vol. I, expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration were included only when they were covered by the rent reported and it was therefore impos sible to give the rent figures without them; in this chapter, such expenditures are in all cases included. The imputed value of home ownership as reported on the family schedule and presented in vol. I, was a computed figure; the data in this chapter on nonmoney value of housing reflect the actual housing expenses reported by home-owning families. Finally, in vol. I, the averages at any given income level, for all families and families of specified occupational groups included the larger families (types VI, VII, VIII, and other) which did not furnish expenditure schedules; and the averages for all families and families of specified type groups included families with no gainfully employed members, likewise excluded from the expenditure sample. 33 34 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY T a b l e 14 .— A verage expenditures f o r home m aintenance Obtained without money expendi tures 2 Household operation Furnishings and equip ment ! Money expendi tures 1 Housing Total Total home maintenance Household operation Obtained without money expendi tures 2 Money expendi tures 1 Housing Tota Income class Percentage of total expenditures Furnishings and equip ment Total home maintenance Amounts 34.7 35.4 33.3 30.5 29.6 28.0 27.2 26.5 25.3 23.4 22.4 23.3 21.5 22.7 19.3 33.3 31.6 30.8 28.8 28.5 26.9 26.0 25.3 24.0 22.5 21.1 22.1 20.6 21.2 19.5 1.4 3.8 2.5 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 .9 1.3 1.2 .9 1.5 -.2 3.3 2.6 3.2 3.5 3.4 4.* 4.5 4.9 4.8 5.9 6.6 8.5 10.2 10.1 11.2 0.6 2.2 1.9 2.2 1.6 3.4 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.0 3.8 1.8 49.0 35.7 36.1 31.1' 30.0 28.4 29.6 30.9 26.8 33.2 30.4 31.5 32.2 30.3 29.1 27.8 28.8 29.3 25.5 13.4 18.6 4.2 3.9 .8 .9 .6 .8 1.6 1.3 19.8 2.9 2.7 3.5 2.7 4.6 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.1 6.3 0.1 2.0 1.7 3.9 2.4 4.1 2.7 1.7 2.0 2.1 White families $500-$749............................ $750-$999.......................... . $1,000-$1,249................. . $1,250-$1,499......... ........... . $1,500-$1,749...................... $1,750-$1,999...................... $2,000-$2,249...................... $2,250-$2,499...................... $2,500-$2,999.............. ........ $3,000-$3,499...................... $3,500-$3,999.................... . $4,000-$4,999...................... $5,000-$7,499....... .............. $7,500-$9,999_______ ____ $10,000 and over................ $419 450 482 533 586 683 733 789 886 1,002 1,129 1, 487 1,902 2, 907 4, 793 $377 $361 396 354 417 386 450 425 502 483 539 517 588 562 621 593 684 650 747 717 805 760 1,017 965 1, 212 1,163 1,807 1,687 2,868 2,899 $16 $36 42 29 31 41 25 51 19 57 22 79 26 99 28 114 34 131 30 188 45 238 52 372 49 574 120 803 -31 1,667 $6 25 24 32 27 65 46 54 71 67 86 98 116 297 258 38.6 40.2 38.4 36.2 34.6 35.5 33.8 33.7 32.7 31.4 31.4 34.0 33.7 36.6 32.3 Negro families $500-$749_.................. ........ $361 $340 372 $750-$999._......................... 422 427 $1,000-$1,249...................... 489 451 547 $1,250-$1,499______ ______ 606 491 $1,500-$1,749................. 562 $1,750-$1,999___________ _ 729 598 $2,000-$2,249_____ _______ 727 670 $2,250-$2,499____________ 802 688 846 $2,500-$2,999____________ $3,000 and over__________ 1,480 1,180 $211 328 381 439 476 550 582 636 656 476 $129 44 46 12 15 12 16 34 32 704 $20 28 42 39 76 87 75 96 106 224 $1 22 20 57 39 80 54 36 52 76 52.0 40.4 41.3 37.7 37.0 36.9 36.0 37.0 32.9 41.6 1Includes all current money expenditures for the family home and the vacation home (interest, taxes, repairs, and insurance for owned home, and rent for rented homes), and expenditures for lodging for family members away from home, including room rent at school. Expenditures for fuel, light, and re frigeration are combined with expenditures for housing, since rent as paid by many families included one or more of these items. See Tabular Summary, table 4-A. 2Includes imputed income from home ownership, rent received as gift or pay, and fuel obtained without money expense. Includes expenditures for household help, laundry, telephone, and other items of household operation. A lthou gh the value of housing received w ithout m oney expense was substantial for som e families, averaged for all white families it am ounted to less than $55 at all but one incom e level and generally constituted no m ore than 2 percent of total expenditures. M oreover, these values showed no clear tendency to increase at successive incom e levels. A s would be expected, hom e ownership was n ot very com m on in N ew Y o rk C it y ; at no incom e level did as m a n y as one-fourth of the white families studied own their hom es, and at all but four of the incom e levels above $ 2 ,5 0 0 , less than one-fifth reported hom e ow ner ship (see table 15). T h e average value of rent received as pay or gift was abou t equal to or greater than the im puted income from hom e ownership for all white fam ilies with incomes below $1 ,7 5 0 . A t higher levels, the latter generally comprised the m ajor portion of average n onm oney housing values. HOME MAINTENANCE 35 T a b l e 15 . — P ercentage o f fa m ilie s reporting home ow nersh ip Income class White families Percent $500-$749........... $750-$999_.......... $1,000-$1,249___ $1,250-$1,499...... $1,500-$1,749...... $1,750-$1,999...... $2,000-$2,249...... $2,250-$2,499...... $2,600-$2,999___ $3,000-$3,499...... $3,500-$3,999___ $4,000-$4,999...... $5,000-$7,499...... $7,600-$9,999...... $10,000 and over. 13 5 8 13 10 14 22 17 23 23 18 23 13 Negro families Income class Percent $500-$749............ $750-$999........ $1,000-$1,249...... $1,250-$1,499...... $1,500-$1,749...... $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249...... $2,250-$2,499...... $2,500-$2,999...... $3,000-$3,499...... $3,500-$3,999...... $4,000-$4,999...... $5,000-$7,499...... $7,500-$9,999...... $10,000 and over. 5 1 1 2 3 4 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 12 21 ' 22 1Data for Negro families with incomes of $3,000 and over were combined H o m e ownership was even less com m on am ong the N egro than am ong the white families studied in N ew Y o rk . A t all but two incom e levels, rent received as g ift or pay was substantially m ore im portant for this group than the im puted value derived from hom e ownership.2 T h e average value o f housing received w ithou t m oney expense varied m ore irregularly from one incom e level to the n ext am ong Negro than am ong white families. T h e am ounts ranged only from $12 to $46 at the levels between $750 and $ 3 ,0 0 0 , but averaged $1 2 9 , comprising m ainly rent as p a y ,3 at the $500 to $750 level, and $704 at the $ 3 ,0 0 0 and over level.4 T h u s, am ong white families in N ew Y o rk , the average m oney values of housing were little higher than average m oney expenditures as shown on table 14, b u t for N egro families, on the other hand, the total m oney value of housing increased considerably m ore regularly with incom e than did the current m oney expenditures. Household operation.— T h is category included two m ain groups of item s— household help, for which the proportion of families reporting expenditure increased m arkedly with incom e, and supplies and serv ices, which were in the expense account of all families. T h e average outlays for supplies and for laundry, telephone, and miscellaneous services increased som ew hat less rapidly than total expenditures, am ong white fam ilies, am ounting to $36 for those with incomes of $500 to $ 7 5 0 , $85 for those at the m edian income interval ($2,000 to $ 2 ,2 5 0 ) and $412 for those in the highest bracket (see table 16). 2 See Tabular Summary, table 4. 3 See Tabular Summary, table 4. All families at this income level were in the wage-earner group. The $129 probably represents mainly housing facilities supplied to janitors or boarding-house managers as partial payment for services. « Most of the nine families in this income class were in the salaried professional group. Two families, one that of a teacher and the other that of an orchestra leader, owned their homes; three families of ministers received rent as pay evaluated at about $125 a month. 36 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY A m o n g N egro families, they increased slightly m ore rapidly than total expenditures, am ounting to $20 at the low est incom e level and m ore than $100 for those families with incom es of $ 2 ,500 and more. In contrast to expenditures for supplies and miscellaneous services, those for household help absorbed a sharply increasing proportion of total expenditures am ong white families at the higher incom e levels. T h is item was negligible for N egro families w ith incom es below $3,0 0 0 . A m o n g the w hite fam ilies studied, outlays for household help averaged $5 a year or less for fam ilies with incomes below $2,0 0 0 . T h e y ranged from $10 to $100 for those having incom es between $ 2 ,0 0 0 and $ 4 ,0 0 0 , approached $200 for the $ 4 ,0 0 0 to $ 5 ,0 0 0 group, and rose to $1,2 5 5 for those in the $1 0 ,0 0 0 and over class. T h e substantial increase in these averages reflects in large part the increasing proportion of families th at em ployed household help (see table 16). Less than 10 percent of the families below the $ 2 ,0 0 0 level, but m ore than 70 per cent o f those with incomes over $ 4 ,0 0 0 , reported expenditures for dom estic help. N in e out of ten families with incom es of $ 5 ,0 0 0 or m ore reported such p a y m e n ts; for som e o f the remainder this service was included in rent. T a b l e 16 .— A verage m o n e y expenditures fo r household o p er a tio n 1 White families Negro families Paid household help Income class $500-$749 ............... $750-$999............... — $1,000-81,249.............. $1,250-81,499 ______ $1,500-81,749........... . $1,750-81,999.......... . $2,000-? 2,249_______ $2,250-82,499.............. $2,500-82,999.......... $3,000-83,499.............. $3,500-$3,999_............ $4,000-84,999.......... $5,000-87,499........ . $7,500-89,999............. $10,000 and over------ Total household operation Amount $36 29 41 51 57 • 79 99 114 131 188 238 372 574 803 1,667 $1 1 4 5 14 18 22 58 91 181 369 543 1,255 Families reporting Percent age Average amount 3 2 6 8 22 22 19 42 54 71 89 87 97 $33 50 67 62 64 82 116 138 168 255 415 624 1,294 Other Other Total Paid services household household services and and operation help supplies supplies $36 29 40 50 53 74 85 96 109 130 147 191 205 260 412 $20 28 42 39 76 87 75 96 ' 106 2224 (2) (2) (2) <5 (2) (♦) $2 3 5 6 1 1 282 (2) (2) (2) (2) f2) $20 26 39 39 71 81 74 96 105 2142 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1Other than for fuel, light, and refrigeration, which were included with expense for housing proper. * Data for Negro families with incomes of $3,000 and over were combined. ♦Less than $1. T h e rise in the average outlays for household help am ong fam ilies em ploying help suggests, furtherm ore, th at with rising incom es these N ew Y o r k C ity fam ilies em ployed fu ll-tim e help m ore frequently than p art-tim e help and sim ilarly, trained servants m ore com m only than general workers. A m o n g white families with incom es of $ 5 ,0 0 0 37 HOME MAINTENANCE and m ore, for exam ple, more than twice as m uch was spent for full tim e as for p art-tim e help.5 Occupational differences in expenditures for housing.— H ou sing is one category of expenditure in which significant differences were found am ong the different occupational groups in the case of the white fam ilies studied. W age-earn er fam ilies consistently ranked low in their housing expenditures, while the independent business and professional fam ilies ranked high 6 (see table 17). T a b l e 17 .— A verage expenditures f o r h o u sin g ,l by occupational group White families Income class $750-$999____________ $1,000-$1,249_________ $1,250-$1,499_.......... $1,500-$1,749_............ . $1,750-$1,999_________ $2,000-$2,249_............ . $2,250~$2,499_________ $2,500-$2,999_......... . $3,000-$3,499............... . $3,500-$3,999_............ . Wage earner Cleri cal $362 388 425 486 520 552 593 625 704 757 $506 477 475 518 546 591 629 706 746 796 Inde pend ent busi ness (2) (2) $493 504 612 680 722 807 904 878 Inde pend ent profes sional (2) (2) $607 576 588 638 702 801 851 816 Negro families Sala ried busi ness (2) (2) (t) $568 554 633 608 710 725 839 Sala ried profes sional Wage earner Cleri cal (2) (2) $528 541 583 585 614 693 719 802 $368 422 453 484 580 611 614 676 (2) (2) $378 476 441 538 527 587 690 715 (2) (2) Busi ness and profes sional $430 438 450 484 554 601 704 656 - (3) (3) 1 Includes money expenditures for housing (rents, taxes, and current upkeep of owned homes) and for fuel, light, and refrigeration, and the value of housing and fuel obtained without money expense. 3 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level. * Comparable data not available. tFewer than 3 cases. T h e differences found am ong the N egro fam ilies, on the other hand, were only those which m igh t have been expected in any random sam ple and give no indication of a clear-cut tendency for fam ilies classified as wage-earner or clerical to spend for housing am ounts different from those reported b y business and professional fam ilies.7 Furnishings and equipment.— T h e proportion of total expenditures devoted to furnishings and equipm ent showed no clear tendency to 6 Based on tabulations appearing in a later bulletin. •This is in accord with the rent data secured in the random sample of complete white families covered in the Native Area in New York City, which indicated that at most income levels wage earners paid the lowest rents, while families in the business and professional categories paid the highest rents See vol. I, ch. VI. When an occupational comparison is made for families within each type group, the contrast is most strik ing for families of types IV and V. Nevertheless, within each of the type groups, wage-earner families ranked low, and families of self-employed business and professional workers ranked high. See appendix D. A possible explanation for the relatively high value of housing reported by the white business and pro fessional group in New York, as in other communities studied, is the use of their homes for entertaming clients and colleagues, a use that is in part an occupational expense, but one not easily separable from the family expenditures with which it is associated. 1 1t is probable that the status of the various occupational groups differs somewhat as between white and Negro families. For example, the family of a head waiter or Pullman porter (wage earner) may enjoy a social position in the Negro community comparable to that of a salaried business or professional family among the whites. As regards housing consumption, limitations in the supply of housing available to Negro families may operate to eliminate such occupational variations in housing expenditures as are found among white families. 38 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY increase at higher income levels among either the white or the Negro families studied. In general it fluctuated between 2 and 3 percent, although at the $500 to $750 level it averaged less than 1 percent for both racial groups. The low figure at this income level suggests that there was almost no purchase of substantial items of furniture or equipment, and that the purchases made were generally limited to such small items of household equipment as require frequent replacement. H o m e m a in ten a n ce .— The findings with regard to the various types of expenditure connected with operating a home may be summarized by considering all expenditures for home maintenance in combination. Average expenditures for this purpose increased from $419 among New York white families at the $500 to $750 income level, to about $1,250 for those with incomes that averaged $4,000, and almost $4,800 among those with incomes of $10,000 and more (table 14). Among Negro families in the former two income groups, home mainte nance expenditures averaged $361 and $1,480. These expenditures, which accounted for about one-third of total expenditures for families at almost all income levels above $1,500, declined relatively over the income scale from $750 to $3,500. Due entirely to the rising expenditures for household help, home mainte nance took a larger proportion of total expenditures at income levels above $4,000. S u m m a r y o j racial differences in h ou sin g co n su m p tio n .— In contrast to the findings with regard to racial differences in food expenditures, the Negro families studied in New York generally spent for housing as much as or more than white families at comparable income levels above $1,000. This is a reflection of the fact that Negro families in New York City frequently must pay more than whites for com parable housing facilities. Social custom has, in general, restricted the residence of Negro families to certain sections of the city, and this fact has made it possible for landlords in these sections to ask and to receive higher rents than would have been paid for similar property in other areas. It is interesting that in Columbus, Ohio, where a white and a Negro sample were likewise included in the survey, Negro families generally spent more than white families for housing, whereas in the Southeastern cities, the reverse situation was consistently true.8 As has been noted, the value of housing received without money outlay was in general of little importance in New York City. At several income levels between $1,250 and $4,000, where all occupational groups were represented among the white families, the business and professional groups reported no housing received without money 8 See U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulls. 644 and 647: Family Income and Expenditures, Washing ton, 1939, vol. II, ch. IV. A forthcoming report on housing will analyze in some detail the types of dwelling and the bousing facilities available to the families covered in this survey. HOME MAINTENANCE 39 expense. With very few exceptions, the average for all families in a given group was less than 7 percent of the total money value of hous ing. Wage-earner families with incomes of $3,500 to $4,000, reported the highest average value, amounting to $86 or 14 percent of all housing consumed.9 Rent received as gift or pay was of relatively little importance for any group, but was most frequently reported for wage-earner families. Except among wage-earner families with incomes of $500 to $1,750, and among white-collar families at a few scattered levels, imputed income from home ownership was considerably more important. Home ownership tended to be most common among independent business families, followed by wage-earner families. The average amounts of imputed income from owned homes were generally largest for the independent professional families, however, suggesting that the homes owned by this group had relatively high rental values. It is of interest to note that among Negro families rent as pay or gift was most important for wage-earner families, constituting the major portion of their nonmoney housing values. O ccupational differences in m o n e y expen ditu res fo r household opera tio n .— In regard to money expenditures for household operation, a marked occupational difference was found among white families but not among Negroes. Among the former, those classed as independent professional clearly had the highest expenditures for household opera tion, while the lowest expenditures for this category were reported by wage-earner families, followed by those in the clerical groups. At the $1,250 to $1,500 level, for example, wage-earner families spent $39 for household operation, while independent professionals spent $126; at the median income level ($2,000 to $2,250), wage earners spent $84 and independent professionals $175, while at the $3,500 to $4,000 level the figures were $156 and $470, respectively (see table 18).10 At every income level between $1,250 and $4,000, the proportion of families employing household help was larger for the independent professional group than for any other.11 Wage-earner families least frequently reported expenditures for household help. As might be expected, therefore, the outlays for household help, averaged for all families in each group, were generally highest for the self-employed professional families and lowest for wage earners. These differences accounted for a large portion of the differences in expenditures for all household operation. The remainder was accounted for by differ ences in expenditures for household supplies and miscellaneous services, since the occupational patterning for these expenditures was similar to that found for household help. 8 See Tabular Summary, table 4. 10 These differences remain clearly defined when simple averages for families of all types within each occupational group are compared as regards household operation See appendix D 11 See Tabular Summary, table 6. 8 0 6 9 4 °— 39------ 4 40 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY T able 18.— Average m oney expenditures for household operation and fo r furnishings and equipment , by occupational group White families Income class Wage earner Cleri cal Inde pend ent busi ness Inde pend ent profes sional Negro families Sala ried busi ness Sala ried profes sional Wage earner Cleri cal $27 43 37 78 69 74 92 107 (2) (2) $19 32 48 49 82 64 105 103 (2) (2) $25 19 54 41 117 14 66 35 (2) (2) $1 6 88 32 24 95 32 38 (2) (2) Busi ness and profes sional Household operation 1 $750-$999..... ................... $1,000-$1,249............... . $1,250-$1,499.................. $1,500-$1,749____ _____ $1,750-$1,999.............. $2,000-$2,249............. $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999............. $3,000-$3,499._........... . $3,500-$3,999................. . $24 34 39 49 70 84 87 101 157 156 $43 58 66 60 78 98 120 131 172 206 (2) (2) $67 65 103 130 139 199 283 282 (2) (2) $126 156 236 175 180 254 235 470 (2) (2) (t) $90 94 108 170 135 209 217 (2) (2) $80 66 86 108 115 161 181 298 $40 42 52 84 122 104 91 109 (3) (3) Furnishings and equipment $750-$999..... ................. . $1,000-11,249__________ $1,250-$1,499............. $1,500-$1,749__________ $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-$3,499_____ ____ $3,500-83,999........ ......... $31 25 24 32 103 65 70 89 65 106 $3 22 54 17 33 39 40 54 54 61 (2) (2) $14 28 44 24 53 43 62 52 (2) (2) $52 12 9 55 87 42 69 104 (2) (2) (t) $34 30 21 37 51 107 112 (2) (2) $11 67 20 36 53 103 64 103 $1 40 45 41 51 20 11 111 (3) (3) 1 Other than fuel, light, and refrigeration. 2 Expenditure schedule not taken for families at this income level. 3 Comparable data not available. tFewer than 3 eases. A m o n g the N egro fam ilies studied in N e w Y o r k , the business and professional fam ilies tended to spend the m ost, at given incom e levels, for household operation (see table 18). Differences between w age- earner and clerical fam ilies were negligible. M oreover, the excess of expenditures reported b y business and professional families was sm all in am ount. I t will be recalled th at the em ploym en t of house hold help was uncom m on am ong N egro families. H en ce, in each of the three occupational groups, the expenditures shown on table 18 comprised alm ost entirely outlays for household supplies and m iscel laneous services other than help. Furnishings and equipment among occupational groups.— When* ex penditures for furnishings and equipm ent are considered for families at given incom e levels classified by occupational group, no clear-cut pattern emerges for either white or N egro families. T h is results in part from the wide variations am ong families in the purchase of the more expensive articles of equipm ent needing infrequent replacem ent, for which expenditures in any given year m a y be adjusted to m eet the current fam ily situation. Accordingly, average expenditures vary irregularly from one group to another, m aking it difficult to discern a 41 HOME MAINTENANCE regular pattern of expenditures related to occupational group or to fam ily com position. Am ong the white fam ilies, how ever, those in group tended to spend slightly more than the others. the wage-earner T h e som ew hat larger average expenditures of the w hite wage-earner fam ilies for furnishings and equipm ent, particularly for such articles as refrigera tors and other substantial furniture item s, m a y be explained partly b y the fact th at ou tlays for furnishings and equipm ent are influenced by the type of dwelling occupied. T h e fact th at business and professional families m ore frequently occupy m odern fully-equipped apartm ents finds reflection in fewer purchases of such equipm ent on their part. By their outlays for durable equipm ent the wage-earner fam ilies tend to m ake up som e of the difference between their relatively low rents and the higher ones characteristic of the w hite-collar occupa tional groups. H om e m ain tena nce expenditures am on g occupational g ro u p s .— A m o n g white fam ilies, expenditures for hom e m aintenance of w age earners generally averaged lower than those of clerical families. F a m i lies of independent professional workers had the highest expenditures of this type, followed, at m ost incom e levels, by families of selfem ployed business workers (see table 19). T h e differences between the expenditures of wage-earner and independent professional fam ilies at given incom e levels were substantial, ranging from one-fifth to three-fifths of the housing expenditures of wage earners. A m o n g the Negroes, likewise, wage-earner families tended to rank low in respect to this total, but the differences were considerably smaller than in the case of white families. T able 19. — Average expenditures for home maintenancef by occupational group White families Income class $750-$999....... ................ $1,000~$1,249................... $1,250-$1,499............... $1,500-$1,749.......... ........ $1,750-$1,999........ .......... $2,000-$2,249_____ ____ $2,250-$2,499.......... ........ $2,500-$2,999...... ............ $3,000-$3,499................... $3,500-$3,999................... Wage earner Cleri cal $417 447 488 567 693 701 750 815 926 1, 019 $552 557 595 595 657 728 789 891 972 1,063 Inde pend ent busi ness (2) (2) $574 597 759 834 914 1,049 1, 249 1,212 Inde pend ent profes sional (2) (2) $785 744 833 868 969 1,097 1,155 1,390 Negro families Sala ried busi ness (2) (*) (t) $692 678 762 815 896 1,041 1,168 Sala ried profes sional Wage earner Cleri cal (2) (2) $619 674 689 729 782 957 964 1,203 $420 484 544 603 766 699 772 818 (2) (2) $398 514 577 619 633 746 827 856 (2) (2) Busi ness and profes sional $471 520 547 609 727 725 806 876 (3) (3) 1Includes all current money expenditures for housing (rents, taxes, and current upkeep of owned homes); for fuel, light, and refrigeration; for household operation, furnishings and equipment; and the value of hous ing and fuel received without money expense. 2 Expenditure schedule not taken for families at this income level. 3 Comparable data not available, tFewer than 3 cases. 42 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY E x p en d itu res f o r hom e m aintenance am on g f a m i l y typ e g ro u p s .— In contrast to the rather clear differences found among white families belonging to the various occupational groups in expense for housing, the variations in expenditures for this category among families of different type were by no means pronounced (see table 20). Among white families, home ownership, and hence the amount of imputed income received from owned homes, was greatest among families con taining three to six members, at least three of them over 16 (types IV and V ).12 The average value of rent received as pay or gift was also most important among these families.13 Since money expenditures for housing, on the other hand, tended to be slightly higher for the two-person families than for the others, it is not surprising that the money value of housing showed no clear relationship to family composition. Among Negro families, likewise, no pattern emerges when the aver age money values of housing are compared for the several family type groups. Home ownership and hence imputed income from owned homes was negligible for all groups. Rent as pay was generally of least importance for the two-person families, which had the largest money expenditures for housing, at least above the $1,250 income level. T able 20.— Average expenditures for housingf by fa m ily type Family type2 I $750-$999____________________ $1,000-$1,249_______ ______ $1,250-SI,499_____ ___________ $1,500-$1,749............... ................ $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249................... ............ $2,250-$2,499_____ ___________ $2,500-$2,999........ ........... .......... $3,000-$3,499....................... ....... $3,500-$3,999...................... ........ $4,000-$4,999_________________ $5,000-$7,499............— - ........ . $7,500-$9,999................. .............. Negro families White families Income class II and III $387 410 478 509 538 610 594 691 688 677 936 1,345 2,107 $375 382 416 502 542 574 622 675 795 870 1,126 1,141 1.621 IV and V $453 481 468 495 542 587 640 687 753 832 978 1,171 1. 731 I $366 427 453 500 567 589 688 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) II and III $362 433 434 504 557 579 671 (*) (3) (3) (3) (3) (*) IV and V $458 414 462 469 560 621 620 (3) (3) (3) (3) O) (3) 1 Includes money expenditures for housing (rents, taxes, and current upkeep of owned homes) and for fuel, light, and refrigeration, and the value of housing and fuel obtained without money expense. The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband and wife, as follows: 2 Type I No other persons (families of 2). II 1 child under 16 (families of 3). III 2 children under 16 (families of 4). IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4). V 1 child under 16, 1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others regardless of age (families of 6 or 6). 3 Comparable data not available. M oney expenditures for household operation, as shown in table 21, likewise showed no consistent differences among Negro families of 12 See Tabular Summary, tables 4 and 4-A. 13 See Tabular Summary, table 4. HOME MAINTENANCE different types. 43 I t is interesting, how ever, th at am ong w hite families those containing three to six m em bers, at least three over 16 (types I V and V ) , ranked highest at the three low est incom e levels. A t the levels above $ 2 ,2 5 0 , how ever, families w ith one or two children under 16 (types I I and I I I ) had the largest expenditures for household operation, and in all b u t one bracket the older families (types I V and V ) had the low est.14 T h e relatively large expenditures by the fa m ilies w ith children suggest the use of household help and outside laundry service, as soon as incom e perm its, in order to take care of the addi tional dem ands upon the h om em aker resulting from the presence of children in the household. No clear pattern o f fam ily type differences in expenditures for furnishings and equipm ent was discernible am ong white or N egro families (see table 2 1). T 21.— Average money expenditures for household operation and furnishings and equipment , by fa m ily type able Family type 1 Household operation 2 Income class I II and III Furnishings and equipment IV and V I II and III IV and V White families $750-$999................ ................ .. $1,000-$1,249........ .................. $1,250-$1,499................. .............. $1,500-$1,749............................. $1,750-$1,999.......... ................ $2,000-$2,249.......................... $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_______ _________ $3,000-$3,499............................... $3,500-$3,999........ ...................... $4,000-$4,999...................... ........ $5,000-$7,499..................... ........ $7,500-$9,999............................... $25 40 52 51 90 109 115 139 191 242 349 584 714 $26 35 46 60 76 105 126 148 233 332 474 609 951 $42 55 59 57 72 81 100 107 147 174 299 532 757 $24 34 40 22 63 32 57 96 66 108 119 91 583 $35 25 34 35 51 50 60 59 71 79 81 148 163 $8 8 20 24 87 55 43 65 65 80 98 104 192 $35 22 65 28 109 53 41 $3 19 72 SO 73 105 41 $6 13 27 34 49 22 12 Negro families $750-$999..................................... $1,000-$1,249________ ____ _ $1,2&0-$1,469_________________ $1,500-$l,749........ ................. . $1,750-$1,999______ __________ $2,000-$2,249........ .................... . $2,250-$2,499........ ...................... $27 45 35 88 90 92 117 $20 36 46 67 98 62 66 $53 44 43 61 70 60 73 1 The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband and wife, as follows: T ype I II III IV V 2 Other No other persons (families of 2). 1 child under 16 (families of 3). 2 children under 16 (families of 4). 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4). 1 child under 16,1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (familes of 5 or 6). than fuel, light, and refrigeration. 14 When the influence of the varying occupational distribution within each family type is eliminated, and a comparison made at the levels between $1,750 and $4,000, families of type II and III consistently rank high and those of types IV and V are at the other extreme. See appendix D. 44 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY When housing, household operation, and furnishings were com bined to represent home maintenance, as shown in table 22, there emerged no clear-cut distinction in the pattern of expenditures by family type for the white group, although at all income levels above $2,250, families of three to six persons with at least three members over 16 (types IV and V) had lower expenditures than families con taining one or two children under 16 (types II and III). Families containing only husband and wife shared high rank with families containing one or two children under 16 over the major portion of the income range. Among Negro families with incomes of $1,000 to $2,500, home maintenance expenditures were consistently lowest for the older families of three to six members (types IV and V ), but the dollar differences were very small. T able 2 2 .— Average expenditures for home maintenance,l by fa m ily type Family type 2 White families Income class I $750-$999_____________________ $1,000-$1,249......... ........... ........ $1,250-$1,499...... .......... ............. $1,500-$1,749_______ _____ _ $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249........ ................... . $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999............... ......... . $3,000-$3,499_________________ $3,500-$3,999________ _____ _ $4,000-$4,999_______ _____ _ $5,000-$7,499................ .............. $7,500-$9,999................. ............. $436 484 570 582 691 751 766 926 945 1,027 1,404 2,020 3,404 Negro families II and III IV and V $436 442 496 597 669 729 808 882 1,099 1,281 1,681 1,898 2,735 $503 544 547 576 701 723 783 859 965 1,086 1,375 1,807 2,680 I $428 494 553 616 766 734 846 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) II and III IV and V $385 488 552 651 728 746 $517 471 532 564 679 703 705 778 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (*) («) 1Includes all current money expenditures for housing (rents, taxes, and current upkeep of owned homes); for fuel, light, and refrigeration; for household operation, furnishings and equipment; and the value of housing and fuel received without money expense. 2 The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband and wife, as follows: T ype I No other persons (families of 2). II 1 child under 16 (families of 3). III 2 children under 16 (families of 4). IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4). V 1 child under 16, 1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6). 5 Comparable data not available. C h a p te r V C lo th in g a n d P e rs o n a l C a re For m ost of the families studied in N ew Y o r k C ity , clothing 1 absorbed the third largest share of total expenditures for current fam ily living. White families with incomes between $500 and $1,000 spent only about one-seventh as much for clothing as for food and between one-fifth and one-sixth as much for clothing as for housing, while those with incomes of $3,500 to $4,000 spent two-fifths as much for clothing as for food and over one-half as much as for housing. At the $10,000 and over level, the relationships had changed again, with clothing taking almost half as much as food expenditure, which, in turn, was slightly smaller than housing expenditures. Among the Negro families studied, clothing expenditures averaged less than onetenth as much as food or housing at the $500 to $750 level, and about one-half as much at the $3,000 and over level. The proportion of total money expenditures allotted to clothing about doubled for white families as incomes rose from $500 to $3,000, and about tripled over the same income range for Negro families (see table 23). Such elasticity is a characteristic commonly associated with luxury goods. The basic clothing expenditures, however, are almost by definition necessity goods. The very small average out lays made by families at the lowest income levels suggest that they purchased little more clothing than that required by the climate and conventions. The rapid rise in expenditures over the income levels indicates, on the other hand, an increasing proportion of comforts and even luxuries as style and variety became factors of increasing importance. Nevertheless, an upper limit to clothing expenditures is indicated by the fact that at successive income levels above $4,000 (where only white families were studied), the proportion of the total going to clothing declined several points. This suggests that com peting forms of expenditure such as household service, recreation, automobile, and gifts and contributions were relatively more elastic than clothing among families of higher incomes. 1 Purchases of all wearing apparel, accessories and jewelry, and expenditures for cleaning and pressing and for materials and paid help used in home sewing were classified as expenditures for clothing in this investigation. 45 46 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY T a b l e 2 3 . — Average m o n ey expenditures f o r clothing and persona l care Percentage of total money expendi tures 1 Amount Income class Clothing and per sonal care combined Clothing Personal care Clothing and per sonal care combined Clothing Personal care White families $500-$749..... ............ ........ .......... $750-$999—_............... ................. $1,000-$1,249_______ _________ $1,250-$1,499_____ _____ _____ $1,600-$! ,749........................... $1,750-$1,999.......................... $2,000-$2,249______ ______ $2,250-$2,499...... ................... . $2,500-$2,999_________________ $3,000-$3,499_________________ $3,500-$3,999_________________ $4,000-$4,999...... ......................... $5,000-$7,499............................... $7,500-$9,999........................... . $10,000 and over................... . $76 83 93 132 157 190 229 255 313 398 500 535 697 859 1,491 $57 63 71 102 123 151 184 206 258 330 415 454 588 738 1,273 $19 20 22 30 34 39 45 49 55 68 85 81 109 121 218 7.3 7.8 7.7 9.2 9.4 10.1 10.8 11.0 11.8 12.7 14.1 12.4 12.5 11.1 10.1 5.5 6.5 5.9 7.1 7.4 8.0 8.7 8.9 9.7 10.5 11.7 10.5 10.5 9.5 8.6 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.4 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.5 5.4 9.6 10.0 11.4 13.6 11.7 14.5 12.6 13.0 13.9 3.7 7.3 7.4 9.1 10.8 9.2 11.4 10.3 10.5 11.9 1.7 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.8 2.5 3.1 2.4 2 5 2.*0 Negro families $500-$749_.................................... $750-$999..... ............ - ................ $1,000-$1,249...... ........ ............... $1,250-$1,499............................... $1,500-$1,749............................... $1,750-$1,999____ ____________ $2,000-$2,249...... .......... ............. $2,250-$2,499______ . ____ ____ $2.500-$2,999_____ _____ _____ $3,000 and over____________ _ 1 See $28 88 112 161 214 227 288 265 328 395 $19 67 83 128 170 178 226 215 265 339 $9 21 29 33 44 49 62 50 63 56 glossary, appendix B, for the definition of expenditures that was used in this study. Thus, the clothing expenditures of white families studied in New York City showed a high degree of elasticity up to the $4,000 income level, with a slackening in relative importance thereafter. From the $500 to the $4,000 level, average expenditures for clothing increased more than sevenfold, from $57 to $415, while the proportion of total money expenditures going for clothing items more than doubled, rising from 5.5 to 11.7 percent (see fig. 2). At income levels beyond $4,000, although the average dollar expenditures continued to increase steadily, reaching a high of $1,273 for the groups with incomes of $10,000 or more, the proportion of total money expenditures for current living allotted to clothing tapered off to 8.6 percent. Clothing expenditures showed an even greater elasticity among Negro than among white families; only the outlays for contributions and personal taxes showed a more rapid relative increase over the income range studied. The proportion of total money expenditures absorbed by clothing more than tripled in a shorter income span than that studied for white families, rising from 3.7 percent at the $500 to $750 level to 11.9 among families with incomes of $3,000 and more. CLOTHING AND PERSONAL CARE 47 At every comparable income level between $750 and $3,000, Negro families reported higher average clothing expenditures than white families, both in absolute amounts and in proportion of total money expenditures for current family living.2 These higher clothing ex penditures, as well as the relatively high housing expenditures by Negro families are in contrast with their relatively low food expendi tures. The very small expenditures for clothing at the lower income levels— less than $100 per family, on the average, for both white and Negro families with incomes between $500 and $1,250— may be attrib uted in some part to deferral of clothing expenditures by families in temporarily straitened circumstances. They are more easily understood, however, when it is borne in mind that, when rigid economy is necessary, exchanges of clothing are made between family members; that articles of clothing are often made and remade at hom e; and that gifts of new or partly worn clothing are frequently received, particularly by families with children. Preliminary data are available for the white families studied regarding clothing gifts made by persons outside the economic family. At all income levels, the value of such gifts to infants under 2 years of age was greater, on the average, than the amounts spent for their clothing. The value of clothing gifts to children 2 to 11 years of age averaged at least one-fourth as large as the outlays for their clothing, at income levels up to $2,000. Although the value of clothing gifts was relatively less important for older family members, such gifts were reported by a substantial proportion of the families.3 E x p en d itu res fo r p erson a l care .— It might be expected that expendi tures for personal care (including barber-shop and beauty-parlor services, toilet articles and cosmetics) would be far more elastic than those for clothing. On the contrary, however, as table 23 indicates, amounts spent for personal care by white families increased only fourfold between the $500 to $750 level and the $3,500 to $4,000 level, while the proportion of total money expenditures used for per sonal care remained almost steadily at 2 percent within this entire income range. Beyond this range, as was true of clothing, expendi tures for personal care increased, but less rapidly than total money expenditures. Negro families spent more, on the average, for personal care than white families, at all comparable income levels above $500. The proportion of total money expenditure devoted to personal care was therefore somewhat higher among Negro than among white families, 3 Negro families studied in Columbus, Ohio, and the Southeastern cities included in this study also had higher clothing expenditures than the white families studied. See U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulls. G44 and 647, Family Income and Expenditures, Washington, 1939, vol. II, ch. V. 3 Based on tabulations of data for white families in New York and Chicago, combined, to appear in a later bulletin. 48 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY ranging between 2 and 3 percent. As in the case of white families, this percentage showed a marked stability through these income ranges. T h e relatively constant share of total expenditures allotted to per sonal care b y the n ative white and N egro families studied in all the cities covered b y the S tu d y of C onsum er Purchases is indicative o f the extent to which barber-shop and beauty-parlor services, as well as toilet articles and cosm etics, have becom e an integral part o f the level o f living of A m erican fam ilies even in the lower incom e groups. Expenditures for personal care were classified into two major groups: Personal services, including barber-shop and beauty-parlor expenditures, and toilet articles and preparations. Among both white and Negro families studied in New York, the amount of money going both to personal services and to toilet articles and preparations increased at successive income levels,4 but the relative increase was greater for personal services. Among the white families studied, outlays for toilet articles and preparations were greater than those for personal services up to the $1,750 income level, whereas, at higher levels, expenditures for services were relatively more important. Among Negro families, on the other hand, expenditures for personal services were greater than those for toilet articles and preparations at all except the $500 to $750 income level. E x p en d itu res o f husbands an d w iv es .— There was a clear tendency among both the white and Negro families covered in the New York survey for the clothing expenditures of wives to exceed those of husbands.5 Among the white families with incomes between $750 and $4,000, the proportion of family clothing expenditure going to wives' apparel ranged from 37 to 42 percent, that going for husbands' apparel from 30 to 38 percent. Above the $4,000 income level, the disparity between the outlays of husbands and wives became progres sively greater; among families with incomes of $10,000 or more, 54 percent of the family clothing expenditures was used for the wives, and only 30 percent for the husbands. Among the Negro families studied, the differences between the clothing expenditures of husbands and wives were in general of about the same relative magnitude as in the case of white families. For personal services,6 on the other hand, at least among white families with incomes under $2,250, the husbands spent larger amounts than the wives— enough larger so that when expenditures for clothing and personal services are considered together, the average figure for husbands was approximately equal to that for wives, and at several 4 See Tabular Summary, table 7. 5 See Tabular Summary, table 6. 6 Based on tabulations appearing in a later bulletin. CLOTHING AND PERSONAL CARE 49 income levels greater. It is likely that the major portion of the hus bands’ expenditures on personal services, in the lower income brackets (which did not, after all, reach an average of $10 per year below the $1,750 income level for white families and the $2,000 level for Negro families) was devoted to haircuts. This was undoubtedly a larger item for men than for women. It is possible for women to care for their hair at home at very small money expense. Above the $2,250 level, the personal care expenditures of wives exceeded those of husbands by increasingly large amounts, until, at the highest level, they were more than twice as great. Among Negro families, wives had the larger expenditures at the income levels between $1,000 and $3,000. Clothing and personal-care expenditures among occupational groups.— At those income levels at which it is possible to compare families clas sified in different occupational groups ($1,250 to $4,000 for white families, and $1,000 to $3,000 for Negro families) there is little evidence that the occupational factor had an important influence on average family expenditures for clothing and personal care (see table 24). Such differences as do appear will be noted in the distribution of the family clothing expenditures as between husbands and wives. It is interesting, however, that among white families at given income levels, those in the salaried professional group tended to have the largest clothing expenditures, and those in the salaried business group the largest outlays for personal care.7 Among the Negroes, on the other hand, clerical families clearly ranked high in expenditures for personal care, and families in the business and professional group low. Detailed examination of the schedules indicates that at a given income level variations in the clothing expenditures of individual families of any one occupational group were usually far greater than the differences in the average clothing expenditures of the families in each of the several occupational groups, and often as great as the dif ferences in the average expenditures of families at opposite ends of the income scale. Such wide individual differences are due in some part to the number of family members, other than husband and wife, for whom clothing must be provided. They are also due to differences in the amount of free clothing received by different families, and to the fact that during the report year, some families purchased major items of clothing, such as overcoats, and some did not. Differences in clothing expenditures among families within the same income and occupational group reflect also wide divergences in family tastes and habits, particularly at the upper income levels, where there is greater freedom of consumer choice. 7 When simple averages are computed for white families in each occupational group, to eliminate the effect of the varying proportions of families in the constituent type groups, no significant occupational differences in clothing expenditures are found. See appendix D. 50 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY T able 24. — Average m o n e y expenditures f o r clothing and personal care , by occupational group Negro families White families income class Wage earner Cleri cal Inde pend ent busi ness Inde pend ent profes sional Sala ried busi ness Sala ried profes sional Wage earner Cleri cal Busi ness and profes sional Clothing $750-$999.............. .......... $1,000-$1,249_____ ____ $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749____ _____ $1,750-$1,999........ .......... $2,000-$2,249............. $2,250-$2,499................... $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-$3,499........ .......... $3,500-$3,999...... ............ $53 63 101 115 154 202 187 284 352 370 $95 89 102 120 143 163 210 237 321 471 0) 0)$86 174 151 190 183 280 313 371 C) ) $175 133 183 177 238 257 287 407 0 0) (?) (t) $119 165 178 242 222 320 363 0) 0$129 ) 184 171 222 244 222 344 429 $66 84 115 173 171 189 168 261 ) 0 (?) $54 90 229 145 240 226 261 263 (?) 0) $89 67 153 174 147 293 206 276 00 (?) Personal care $750-$999....................... $1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249_............. . $2,250-82,499__________ $2,50Q-$2,999........ .......... $3,000-83,499__________ $3,500-83,999__________ $18 21 29 34 38 44 48 55 72 75 $26 24 32 33 41 42 50 55 68 95 0) (l) $25 38 41 57 36 59 70 77 0) 0)$58 42 46 35 52 51 58 84 0 0 ) ) (t) $37 45 43 54 60 72 85 0) 0)$31 52 35 49 47 50 56 81 $20 30 33 43 50 56 43 63 ) 0 (?) $20 22 $25 26 38 58 49 72 58 64 (?) 0) 31 40 48 48 49 61 (?) (2) 1 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level. Comparable data not available. tFewer than 3 cases. 2 When the clothing expenditures of husbands and wives in each occupational group are considered separately, some interesting differences appear (see table 25). Among the white families the husbands in the two professional groups usually spent more than those in other groups for clothing, while wives in the salaried professional group stood out as having the highest expenditures of this type. Wives in families classified as self-employed generally spent the next largest amounts for clothing. There was no clear relationship between the expenditures of husbands or wives, respectively, in the other occupational groups, although those in wage-earner families tended to rank low. At the median income interval for white families ($2,000 to $2,250), for example, the average expenditures of husbands in the independent and salaried professional groups were $85 and $84, respectively, while the average expenditures of husbands in the other four occupational groups ranged between $60 and $68. Among the Negro families studied, husbands in the clerical group ranked clearly above the husbands in business and professional as well as wage-earner families in the amounts spent for clothing. In the case of the Negro wives, however, differences in clothing expenditures were smaller and* less regular, although a tendency was found foi those in the wage-earner group to spend least. 51 CLO TH IN G AND PERSONAL CARE T a b l e 25.— A verage annual m o n e y expenditures o f husbands and w ives f o r clothing , b y occupational group Negro families White families Income class Wage earner Cleri cal Inde pend ent busi ness Inde pend ent profes sional Sala ried busi ness Sala ried profes sional Wage earner Cleri cal Busi ness and profes sional Husbands $750-$999..................... $1,000-$1,249............... $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749.................. $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250~$2,499.................. $2,500-$2,999................... $3,000-$3,499____ _____ $3,500-$3,999................. . $19 22 32 33 49 66 61 90 96 92 $18 34 50 45 49 64 78 73 97 145 0) 0)$31 56 55 68 65 82 76 108 0) 0$10 ) 0 58 72 85 99 94 95 152 0) 0) (t) $42 65 60 79 84 109 121 0) 0)$53 74 72 84 85 78 128 126 $27 37 43 62 62 49 53 95 ) ) 0 0 $25 45 75 74 78 85 113 104 ) ) 0 0 $50 30 73 68 47 144 79 61 (2) (2) Wives $750-999.............. .......... $1,000-$1,249............. $1,250-$l, 4 9 9 ................. $1,500-$1,749____ ____ _ $1,750-$1,999____ _____ $2,000-$2,249____ _____ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999.................. $3,000-$3,499__________ $3,500-$3,999_ ........... $23 24 39 49 61 77 69 99 124 124 $33 30 38 43 61 60 86 95 135 171 0) 0)$36 0) 0)$34 80 64 87 82 133 135 163 53 89 82 98 114 133 200 0 0 ) ) (t) $42 74 83 98 88 119 142 0) 0)$56 88 74 99 112 102 173 204 $33 35 51 77 53 $20 $37 31 52 74 61 126 108 146 41 141 68 133 86 105 98 105 100 106 0) (0 0) 0) (2) (2) 1 Expenditure schedule not taken for families at this income level. Comparable data uot available, t Fewer than 3 cases. 2 Clothing and personal-care expenditures among families of varying composition.— When the total clothing and personal-care expenditures of the New York families of varying types covered in this survey are compared, it appears that family composition had little more in fluence than occupational classification on the amount of such expend itures (see table 26). There was a tendency among white families, however, for those containing one or two children under 16 to make the smallest outlays, and for those containing three to six members, at least three of them 16 or over (types IV and V), to spend the most, but the differences were not sharply defined.8 The fact that the total clothing expenditures of two-person fami lies tended to average almost as high as those of families containing three to six members (types IV and V) is very surprising, and is in contrast to the findings in other cities covered in this survey. It is probably explained in part by the fact that among white families in New York wives were earners two or three times as frequently in the two-person families as in those containing at least three members over 16 (and about five times as often as in families with one or two 8 When the effect of the varying proportions of families of each occupational group in each family type is eliminated, these family type differences do not appear to be significant. See appendix D. 52 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y children under 16),9 and that, except at highest income levels, employed women generally have higher clothing expenses than do nonemployed women. The relatively high total clothing expenditures of the small families may also be in part a reflection of the luxury nature of cloth ing expenditures; that is, the smaller the number of persons to be supported from the family funds, the larger the amounts spent by the husband and wife (see table 27). T a b l e 2 6 .— A verage m o n e y expenditures f o r clothing and personal care , b y f a m i ly typ e Family type i Clothing Income class I II and III Personal care IV and V I II and III IV and V White families $62 56 106 126 158 181 $750-$999...................................... $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-$1,499...... ........ ........... $1,500-$1,749............... ......... . $1,750-$1,999______ ____ _____ $2,000-$2,249_________ ____ _ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ $3,000-$3,499____________ ____ $3,500-$3,999........ ............ .......... $4,000-$4,999_________________ $5,000-$7,499_________________ $7,500-$9,999_______ _________ 202 241 341 443 495 482 652 $44 80 94 117 149 180 207 239 316 405 425 589 696 $101 77 110 130 149 191 207 288 334 407 452 675 830 $18 21 30 32 44 47 47 55 71 84 77 95 98 $19 24 29 37 37 41 61 82 79 97 129 $26 23 31 35 38 47 48 60 72 87 85 133 132 $19 31 34 43 46 75 37 $28 29 36 43 44 63 42 50 50 Negro families $71 83 126 161 167 198 251 $750-$999....... ............................ $1,000-$1,249...... ................... . $1,250-$1,499_________________ $1,500-$1,749______ ______ _ $1,750-$1,999..................... ......... $2,000-$2,249___ _____ _______ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $52 86 129 186 203 310 156 $93 77 132 173 163 208 184 $20 28 32 44 57 56 60 i The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband and wife, as follows: T ype I II III IV V 2 No other persons (families of ). 1 child under 16 (families of 3). 2 children under 16 (families of 4). person 16 or over and or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4). child under 16, 1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or ). 1 1 1 6 Since the composition of the white families at any given income level has very little influence upon the total amount spent for clothing, it follows that the expenditures per person tend to be greater in the smaller families. Thus at almost every income level up to $5,000 both the husbands and wives in families with young children spent substantially less than those consisting exclusively of the married couple (see table 27). Similarly, in white families containing a third adult, husbands and wives tended at almost all income levels 4 See vol. I, Tabular Summary, sec. B, tables 4 and 6. C L O T H IN G AND PER SO N A L 53 CARE to spend less on clothing than in families with young children. This may reflect the fact that many gifts of clothing for the children were received from persons outside the family, and that clothing was commonly transferred from one family member to another. Further more, since the style factor is relatively unimportant with reference to children’s clothes, they can be outfitted at considerably less expense than adults, even though clothes must be purchased more frequently for them. T able 2 1 .— A verage annual m o n ey expenditures o f husbands and w ives f o r clothing , by f a m i ly typ e Family type ! Husbands Income class 1 II and III Wives IV and V l II and III IV and V White families $750-$999_____ ______________ $1,000-$1,249________ ________ $1,250-$1,499_____ ___________ $1,500-$1,749_________________ $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499__________ ____ $2,500-12,999_________________ $3,000-$3,499_________________ $3,500-$3,999_________ _______ $4,000-$4,999........ ............... . $5,000-$7,499...... ................... — $7,500-$9,999...... ..............- ........ $25 28 55 57 66 80 93 95 125 186 192 180 269 $15 30 31 38 50 67 72 87 106 139 152 196 235 $13 15 31 28 39 53 57 69 77 84 104 150 188 $36 27 51 67 90 97 109 146 214 257 303 284 383 $15 30 37 47 56 70 86 81 130 180 180 299 340 $22 18 27 36 44 51 88 60 82 106 123 206 314 Negro families $750-$999......................... ........ . $1,000-$1,249_____ _____ _____ $1,250-$1,499______ _____ ____ $1,500-$1,749_____ ____ ______ $1,750-11,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499____________ ____ $32 49 55 73 67 91 105 $19 24 39 66 71 118 52 $38 19 36 51 40 50 62 1 $39 34 70 88 98 106 146 $20 39 56 77 70 139 55 $30 34 40 51 37 73 40 i The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband and wife, as follows: T ype I No other persons (families of 2). II 1 child under 16 (families of 3). III 2 children under 16 (families of 4). IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4). V 1 child under 16,1 person 16 or over, and or others, regardless of age (families of or ). 1 2 6 6 Among the Negroes, no clear family type differences were found in respect to total family clothing expenditures (table 26). When the average expenditures of husbands and wives are considered separately, however, the same family type relationship appears as among white families, though the differences are less clearly defined. When personal-care expenditures are compared for white and Negro families of three type groups, there is no clear pattern (see table 26). Moreover, among white families the maximum difference in average expenditures at any one income below $5,000 never exceeded $11. C h a p te r V I T r an sp o r t a tio n The elasticity of the transportation item in the budget of the New York native white and native Negro families studied offers eloquent testimony to the mobility of the American family. Despite the handicaps to automobile traffic in such a dense center of population as New York, expenditures for automobile travel as well as for other forms of transportation, showed a marked tendency to increase at higher incomes. The white families at the lowest income level studied spent on the average only about one-fourteenth as much for transportation as for food; at the other end of the scale, they spent on the average about two-fifths as much for transportation as for food. Among Negro families at the $500 to $750 income level only about one-twentieth as much was spent for transportation as for food, while among those with incomes of $3,000 and over, the pro portion had increased to about one-third. Between white families that received incomes of $750 to $1,000 and those that received 10 times as much ($7,500 to $10,000) average expenditures for trans portation multiplied almost twenty-sixfold (see table 28). The share of total money expenditures for current family living absorbed by transportation thus increased from less than 3 percent among white families with incomes below $1,000 to 7 or 8 percent for families with T able 2 8 .— A verage m o n e y expenditures f o r total transportation White families Income class Amount $500-$749__________________________________________ _____ $750-$999_________________________ •________________ ____ $1,000-$1,249______________________________________________ $1,250-$1,499______________________________________________ $1,500-$1,749______________________________________________ $1,750-$1,999______________________________________________ $2,000-$2,249_____________________________________________ $2,250-$2,499______________________________________________ $2,500-$2,999______________________________________________ $3,000-13,499______________________________________________ $3,500-$3,999______________________________________________ $4,000-$4,999_____________________________________________ $5,000-$7,499______________________________________________ $7,500-$9,999______________________________________________ $ and over______________________ _______ __________ 10,000 $30 25 43 52 75 106 97 138 216 225 302 287 457 640 1,116 Negro families Percentage Percentage of total of total money ex Amount money ex penditures penditures 1 2.9 2.4 3. 5 3.6 4.5 5.6 4.6 6.0 8.2 7.1 8.5 6.7 8.2 8.2 7.6 1 $11 33 40 62 72 83 96 156 232 213 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 2 i See glossary, appendix B, for the definition of expenditures that was used in this study. 8 Data for Negro families with incomes of $3,000 and more were combined. 54 2.1 3.5 3.5 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.8 7.4 9.1 2 7.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 55 TRAN SPOR TATIO N incomes of $2,500 or more (see fig. 3). Among Negro families studied, expenditures for transportation increased from $33 on the average for families in the $750 to $1,000 group to $232 for those in the $2,500 to $3,000 income class. The share of total money expenditures for transportation rose steadily from less than 4 to 9 percent for these two groups. This category of expenditure included three main items: Net expense for automobile purchase (gross price less trade-in allowance on old Fig. 3 TRANSPORTATION AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL MONEY E XPENDI TURES AT SELECTED INCOME LEV ELS NEW YORK, 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 3 6 NO NRELIEF FAMILIES INCLUDING HUSBAND AND WIFE BOTH NATIVE BORN WHITE 750 1250 1750 NEGRO FAMILIES FAMILIES 2250 3000 4000 7500 ANOUNOER ANOUNOER ANOUNOER ANDUNDER ANO UNDER ANOUNOER ANO UNDER 1000 1500 2000 2500 750 1250 1750 2250 ANDUNDER ANDUNDER ANOUNOER ANOUNOER 3500 5000 10000 1000 INCOME CLASS IN OOLLARS 1500 2000 2500 percen ta g e 10 3000 ANO OVER U. S. B U R EA U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S cars), expense of automobile operation and of other transportation, local and interurban. An effort was made to eliminate from the family expenditures all transportation expense properly chargeable to business carried on by family members.1 All other transportation was included, however, from trolley trips to and from school and place of work to week-end or holiday trips made by automobile, train, boat, or airplane. Part of the rapid expansion in average expenditures for transportation at the upper income levels is doubtless attributable to more frequent and more extended holiday trips taken by these families. i Travel for business purposes was treated as an occupational expense and deducted from income. 80694°— 39------- 5 F A M IL Y 56 E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y A u to m o b ile p u rch a se .— The great density of population in New York City proper, and the speed and low cost of subway transportation are not conducive to ownership of automobiles by individual families. Consequently the figures for New York City show a low proportion of families reporting automobile ownership and purchase as compared with other cities included in the present survey. Nevertheless, the proportion of families that purchased automobiles during the year increased sharply with income (see table 29). Thus, none of the white families with incomes below $1,000 and only 2 percent of those with incomes between $1,000 and $1,500 reported automobile pur chase during the study year. The proportion rose to about 6 percent among families with incomes from $1,500 to $2,500; varied from 12 to 18 percent among those in the brackets from $2,500 to $7,500; and rose to 25 and 46 percent in the two highest brackets covered. The aver age net expense of purchase, for the families purchasing, was less than $150 at the income levels between $1,000 and $1,500, reflecting the fact that purchases were chiefly of used cars. The average was over $360 at all income levels above $2,500 and $628 for those at the $7,500 to $10,000 level. The proportion of Negro families purchasing cars was negligible at all income levels below $2,250. At the $2,500 to $3,000 level, 10 per cent of the families studied purchased cars, and at the highest level, 22 percent.2 T a b l e 2 9 .— A verage m o n e y expenditures f o r autom obile purchase and f o r autom obile op era tio n , per f a m i ly reporting such expend itures White families Income class Auto mobile owner ship, per centage of fam ilies re porting $500-$749_ ................ $750-$999_____ ____ $1,000-$1,249_______ $1,250-$1,499_.......... $1,500-$1,749_______ $1,750-$1,999_______ $2,000-$2,249_______ $2,250-$2,499_______ $2,500-12,999. ........... $3,000-$3,499_______ $3,500-$3,999__......... $4,000-$4,999_______ $5,000-$7,499_______ $7,500-$9,999_______ $ and over___ 8 9 12 18 31 31 39 55 49 63 52 63 84 76 Automobile purchase Per centage of fam ilies re porting 2 2 5 6 7 7 18 12 17 13 18 25 46 Negro families Per Aver age centage of fam ex ilies re pense porting $150 100 200 333 214 257 361 475 394 392 522 628 541 Auto mobile owner ship, per Aver centage age of fam ex ilies re pense porting Automobile operation 8 9 15 20 37 37 46 53 52 63 54 65 $38 89 73 115 116 92 148 175 194 236 228 294 414 495 6 6 6 8 9 11 28 42 47 (2) (2) (*) (2) (2) 1 Automobile purchase Per centage of fam ilies re porting Automobile operation Per Aver centage age of fam ex ilies re pense porting 2 1 $100 100 3 4 223 350 6 850 10 1,050 122 164 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) to 0) to to 0) 2 6 6 9 13 Aver age ex pense $50 100 250 144 162 218 204 143 1264 (i) ) (i) ) 11 i 44 0) 6 0) 0 28 42 0) 86 10,000 80 1Data for Negro families with incomes of $3,000 and more were combined. 2Comparable data not available. 2The relatively high expenditures of Negro families with incomes between $2,000and $3,000, as well as 0) 0) 0) the low expenditures of the families studied at the $3,000 and over level, are attributable to the chance fluctuations of a small sample. Since the number of Negro families studied at these income levels was very small, one or two exceptional cases may have had considerable influence upon averages for the groups. 57 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N Automobile operation.— T h e proportion of families owning cars was, of course, considerably larger than the proportion purchasing at practically all incom e levels. A m o n g the white fam ilies, the propor tion owning increased fairly steadily from 8 percent at the $750 to $1,0 0 0 level to between 49 and 63 percent am ong those w ith incom es of $2,5 0 0 to $ 5 ,0 0 0 and to over 75 percent or m ore am ong those with incom es over $ 7 ,5 0 0 . In the N egro group the proportion increased from 6 percent at the former level to 47 percent am ong those w ith incom es of $ 3 ,0 0 0 and m ore. W h en m oney expenditures for autom obile purchase and operation are averaged for all families 3 regardless of whether they owned or operated cars, average operation expense appears to have been greater at each incom e level than the average expenditures for purchase. Starting with an average of $3 for white families at the $750 to $ 1 ,0 0 0 level, expense of autom obile operation rose fairly regularly to $100 or m ore for families with incom es above $ 3 ,0 0 0 , and to over $350 for those with incom es above $ 7 ,5 0 0 . I t represented less than 1 percent of total m oney expenditures below the $ 1 ,5 0 0 level, and even at the $ 7 ,500 to $1 0 ,0 0 0 level constituted less than 5 percent of the total m oney expenditures for current living. A m o n g the N egro fam ilies the trend was roughly the sam e, with expenditures at the $ 3 ,0 0 0 and over level averaging $115, or 4 percent of the total. W h en the average expense of operation is com puted per fam ily operating an autom obile, as shown on table 29, the increase appears rather con sistent for white fam ilies, from $38 at the $750 to $ 1 ,0 0 0 level to $495 at the $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 level. A m o n g the Negro families studied, on the other hand, the trend was irregular. M u c h of the rapid increase in average expense, as com puted on an all-fam ily base, is to be explained in term s of the increasing per centages of families owning and operating autom obiles. Som e of it undoubtedly is attributable also to more extensive use of the auto m obile b y the owning fam ily. A t the higher incom e levels, the data suggest th at autom obile owners used their cars w ith increasing fre quency for week-end and holiday trips for the fam ily, as well as for local transportation. A t all incom e levels, the largest single item in autom obile operation was the expenditure for gasoline. Garage rent and parking charges were next in im portance, reflecting the prohibition on all-night street parking and the high land values of the m etropolis.4 Other transportation.— In contrast to expenditures for autom obile purchase and operation, average expenditures for other transportation of N ew Y o r k C ity families studied increased very slowly at succeeding *See Tabular Summary, table 8. 4 Based on tabulations appearing in a later bulletin 58 F A M IL Y levels.6 E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YO R K C IT Y T h u s, while they constituted approxim ately 75 percent or m ore of total transportation expenditures am ong white families w ith incom es of less than $ 1 ,5 0 0 , they am ounted to only 28 percent of this total at the $ 3 ,5 0 0 to $ 4 ,0 0 0 level and only 20 percent at the $ 7 ,5 0 0 to $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 level. F or the $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 and over class, however, they ju m ped sharply to $471 or 42 percent of total transportation expendi tures. T h u s, in the incom e ranges covered b y this investigation it was at the low incom e levels th at expenditures for public conveyances bulked largest in total transportation expenditures. T h e relatively high expenditures of N e w Y o r k white families with incomes of $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 and m ore suggests th at am ong families with incom es higher than those of the families cooperating in this stu dy, expenditures for trans continental and overseas travel m a y exceed am ounts spent for auto m obile transportation. For white families studied, the proportion of total m oney expendi tures for current living devoted to transportation other than b y the fam ily autom obile was generally 2 to 3 percent. com es, these expenditures trolley, and bus fares. consisted alm ost A t the lower in entirely of subw ay, F or families with incomes of less than $ 1 ,7 5 0 they were greater, on the average, than expenditures for autom obile operation and purchase com bined. At alm ost all higher incom e levels, how ever, average expenditures for transportation other than by the fam ily autom obile were exceeded b y those for autom obile operation alone. A m o n g the N egro fam ilies, other transportation expense exceeded th at for autom obile purchase and m aintenance, on the average, for all families studied w ith incom es below $2 ,2 5 0 . I t accounted for 91 percent of total transportation expense am ong families at the $750 to $ 1 ,0 0 0 incom e level, decreasing to 60 percent for families with incom es between $ 2 ,0 0 0 and $2 ,2 5 0 . In general, average expenditures for the fam ily autom obile were larger for white than for N egro families at a given incom e level, while the reverse was true as regards other transportation expenses. T ran sportation expen ditu res am on g different occupational g ro u p s .— W h en expenditures for all form s of transportation are considered in com bination, certain differences appear am ong occupational groups for white fam ilies though n ot for N egro families. A m o n g the form er, at the incom e levels between $ 1 ,2 5 0 and $ 4 ,0 0 0 , those in the w ageearner and salaried professional groups tended to rank the highest and the independent business families the lowest (see table 3 0 ).6 T h e average transportation expenditures of wage-earner and salaried professional fam ilies showed the m ost m arked increase over the incom e 8See Tabular Summary, table 2. « These occupational differences remain clearly defined when the influence of the varying family type composition of the six occupational groups is eliminated. See appendix D. 59 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N range in which comparisons are possible. T hose of independent professional families increased less rapidly over this sam e range. W h e n com parisons are m ade of average m oney expenditures for autom obile operation and other transportation com bined, am ong the w h ites, families in the wage-earner and salaried professional groups again rank high, and independent business families fall at the other extreme (see table 3 0 ).7 comparison of In the case of the N egro families studied, expenditures for a u tom obile operation and other transportation indicates a tendency for the wage-earner families to spend the m ost. T able 30 .— A verage m o n e y expenditures f o r transportation, by occupational group Negro families White families Income class Wage earner Cleri cal Inde pend ent busi ness Inde pend ent profes sional Sala ried busi ness Sala ried profes sional Wage earner Cleri cal $32 42 58 70 85 154 139 269 0) 0) $15 31 73 48 122 68 59 270 0) 0) Busi ness and profes sional Total transportation $750-$999........... .............. . $1,000-$1,249............... . $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-13,499__________ $3,500-$3,999__________ $21 30 47 75 109 127 189 244 312 334 $39 73 64 70 117 77 105 230 178 316 0) 0) $33 85 63 69 73 117 211 214 0) 0) $140 80 65 61 118 135 150 227 0) 0) (t) $127 49 95 132 168 187 238 Q) 0) $46 99 108 132 134 182 238 371 $52 3C 82 96 55 6f 286 91 (2) (2) Automobile operation and other transportation $750-$999_____ _____ _ $1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-SI,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ $1,750-SI,999_........ ........ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-$3,499__________ $3,500-$3,999.......... ........ $20 30 45 67 84 97 152 159 182 329 $39 62 62 63 95 73 94 161 162 182 0) 0) $27 51 63 65 73 110 128 206 0) 0) $140 80 65 61 96 128 146 193 0) 0) (t) $69 49 95 123 121 187 238 0) 0) $46 99 102 92 133 141 171 264 $32 42 58 70 85 112 139 152 0) 0) $15 31 62 48 86 68 59 123 0) 0) $32 35 45 58 58 40 51 50 C1) 0) $15 31 52 47 51 68 59 85 0) 0) $31 3C 82 96 55 66 125 91 (2) (2) Other transportation $750-$999......................... $1,000-$1,249..............— $1,250-$1,499_............ . $1,500-$1,749__________ $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249____ _____ $2,250-$2,499............. $2,500-$2,999.......... ........ $3,000-$3,499__________ $3,500-$3,999.......... ........ $16 29 36 41 40 42 45 55 57 97 $39 37 46 45 45 52 53 62 75 75 0) 0) $23 31 34 39 50 51 61 83 0) 0) $140 42 58 49 44 53 56 85 0) 0) (t) $44 39 54 64 51 78 94 C1) 0) $46 69 59 64 65 72 66 88 $21 36 36 76 55 66 36 65 (2) (2) 1 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level. 2 Comparable data not available, t Fewer than 3 cases. 7 These differences may well be related to the fact that part of the cost of automobile purchase and opera tion was deducted from income where the automobile was necessary to the conduct of a business operation. This presumably occurred more often in the case of independent business and independent professional families than among wage earners and clerical families. 60 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y The occupational differences in the expenditures for automobile operation and other transportation of white families reflect largely occupational variations in expenditures for automobile operation.8 When expenditures for transportation other than by automobile are considered separately, families in the salaried professional group tended to rank highest, and those in the independent business group lowest, with no clear differences among the other groups.9 It is interesting that the automobile operation expenditures of wage-earner families exceeded their expenditures for other transpor tation at all levels above $1,750, while the expenditures for automobile maintenance by white-collar families were consistently the larger only at income levels above $2,250 or $2,500. T a b l e 31, — P rop ortio n o f fa m ilie s ow n in g autom obiles, and average m o n ey ex p en d i tures f o r autom obile operation per f a m i l y , reporting ex p en d itu re , b y occupational group White families fncome class Wage earner Cleri cal Inde Inde pendent pendent busi profes ness sional Negro families Sala ried busi ness Sala ried profes sional Wage earner Cleri cal Busi ness and profes sional 11 11 14 28 19 Percentage of families owning automobiles $750-$999_________ ____ $1,00Q-$1,249__________ $1,250-$1,499__________ $l,500-$l,749__________ $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249................... $2,250-$2,499_ ____ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-$3,499............... . $3,500-$3,999.......... ........ 11 4 10 21 34 37 56 63 62 81 21 16 11 33 28 39 54 32 48 0) 0) 9 30 26 29 11 36 59 40 0) 0) 33 14 23 48 42 34 55 0) 0) (t) 50 0) 0) 17 6 23 37 48 58 75 37 23 27 41 44 55 75 7 5 6 13 33 20 43 0) 0) 70 25 25 O 0) (2) (2) Automobile operation per family reporting expenditure $750-$999 ................... $1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-$1,499 $1,500-$1,749__........— . $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249 _____ $2,250-$2,499........ .......... $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-$3,499__________ $3,500-$3,999__________ $36 25 60 124 98 117 191 173 181 286 $119 84 129 143 64 79 187 272 223 0) 0) $67 80 116 76 64 219 114 308 0) 0) $115 50 52 108 188 265 196 (!) 0) (t) $114 167 114 159 132 202 180 0) 0) $81 187 104 139 138 167 241 $25 $100 260 200 142 218 440 237 0) 0) $91 9 250 152 0) 0) 188 162 m 116 (2) (2) 1 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level. 2 Comparable data not available. tFewer than 3 cases. At all but the two lowest comparable income levels ($1,250 to $1,750), a greater proportion of wage-earner than of other families reported automobile ownership (see table 31). Over the income ranges between $1,250 and $4,000, families in the independent profes8 When the influence of the varying family type composition of the six occupational groups is eliminated, it appears that wage earners, followed by salaried professional families, generally spent the most for automobile operation, while families in the self-employed categories fell at the opposite extreme. See appendix D. » No consistent occupational differences in other transportation expenditures appear, however, when averages are computed for families of the several occupational groups at given income levels, with each family type group having equal weight. See appendix D. T R A N S P O R T A T IO N 61 sional and business categories generally contained the smallest pro portion of automobile owners. In general, however, differences in the percentages of car owners among families of different occupational groups at given income levels were not striking. When the average automobile operation expenses of white families in the six occupational groups are computed per car-operating family, no clear differences are to be found (see table 31). Among the Negro families, car ownership was rather irregularly distributed among the various occupational groups at given income levels, probably owing to the small number of cases scheduled. Despite the general correspondence noted between expenditures for transportation and occupational classification, there were sometimes greater variations among families in one occupational group at a given income level than among families in different occupational or different income groups. T ran sportation expen ditu res am ong fa m ilie s o f different t y p e .— When families at given income levels are grouped according to their com position, significant differences appear in their expenditures for trans portation (table 32). This is true of both white and Negro families. Whether total transportation or only outlays for automobile operation and other transportation are considered, two-person families tended to spend the most, closely followed by families with at least three members over 16 (types IV and V), while families with one or two children under 16 (types II and III) generally spent the least. Among two-person families, there is not only the matter of transportation of one or both to and from work or shopping expeditions, but extra trips in the evenings to movies or other entertainment and week-end or vacation outings. With small children in the family, the wife is less frequently an earner, and the husband and wife may limit the number of excursions to movies as well as of week-end or vacation trips, thus tending to reduce the total family bill for transportation. The relatively large transportation expenditures of families containing three to six members at least three of them over 16, reflect the greater average number of earners and of persons likely to seek entertainment outside the home. In view of the pressure of additional members upon the family income, however, there was generally less spent for transportation by these families than by the two-person families. Average expenditures for automobile operation alone showed no clear relationship to family type, although the two-person families tended to rank high. Families with children, however, clearly ranked low in respect to other transportation expenditures, while those con taining three to six members, at least three of them over 16, tended to spend the most.10 10 The low rank of families of types II and III and the high rank of those of types IV and V are clearly marked when the influence of the varying occupational characteristics of falnilies in the several type groups is eliminated. See appendix D. 62 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y T a b l e 3 2 . — A verage m o n e y expenditures f o r tra nsporta tion , by f a m i ly typ e Family type 1 Automobile operation and other transportation Total transportation Income class II and III I IV and V II and III I IV and V Other transportation Hand III I IV and V White families $750-$999__________ $1,000-$!,249______ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ $1,750-$1,999______ $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499______ $2,500-$2,999______ $3,000-$3,499______ $3,500-$3,999______ $4,000-$4,999______ $5,000-$7,499______ $7,500-$9,999______ $27 47 52 95 132 81 200 285 274 352 242 504 662 $18 37 50 60 99 102 105 173 173 330 288 388 624 $37 49 51 75 87 106 130 209 232 256 316 483 638 $25 37 50 83 93 78 165 185 202 269 220 430 517 $18 37 48 50 85 80 94 115 143 220 223 316 479 $37 49 51 65 78 90 115 162 164 226 258 353 462 $21 32 45 47 48 52 51 60 60 100 102 273 105 $15 29 32 36 38 40 49 45 63 52 114 135 119 $35 35 40 45 43 55 56 69 76 100 119 125 150 $53 56 63 72 68 87 86 $27 39 43 57 53 51 42 $29 26 40 63 44 65 31 $53 34 55 61 68 63 86 Negro families 1 $750-$999__________ $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ $1,750-$1,999______ $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499........ . $31 39 64 77 89 118 110 1 $29 35 49 63 87 65 309 $53 56 63 72 68 87 86 $28 39 64 77 89 87 110 $29 35 44 63 66 65 104 1The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband and wife, as follows: T ype I II III IV V No other persons (families of 2). 1 child under 16 (families of 3). 2 children under 16 (families of 4). 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4). 1 child under 16, 1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6) The pattern of automobile ownership showed no consistent rela tionship to family type for either the white or Negro families studied (table 33). It is interesting to note, however, that among the whites more than one-half of the two-person families owned automobiles at all but one income level above $2,500. More than one-half the fam ilies of three to six members, at least three of them over 16, had auto mobiles at each income level above $2,500, while more than half the families containing one or two children reported ownership only at the levels above $3,500. No clear relationship appeared between family size and automobile operation expense per owning family (see table 33). It should be noted, however, that the two-person families had the lowest expenditures at all but one income level between $1,000 and $2,250, and the highest at all succeeding levels up to $5,000. The excess of their expenditures at the upper levels was quite substantial, suggesting that they took trips away from home far more frequently than did the larger families. 63 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N T 33 .— P ro p o rtio n o f fa m ilie s ow n in g autom obiles , and average m o n ey exp en d i tures f o r autom obile operation per f a m i ly reporting ex p en d itu re , by f a m i ly typ e able Family type 1 Income class Percentage of families owning auto mobiles II and III I IV and V Automobile operation expense per family reporting expenditure I II and III IV and V White families $750-$999_.................................... $1,000-$1,249.......... - ................. $1,250-$1,499............................... $1,500-$1,749............................... $1, 750-$l, 999............................. $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499........................— . $2,500-$2,999........ ...................... $3,000-$3,499_________________ $3,500-$3,999_________________ $4,000-$4,999____ ______ ____ _ $5,000-$7,499..............- .............. $7,500-$9,999........ ....................... 7 6 8 20 35 28 44 61 51 60 44 52 91 9 6 18 14 34 34 35 48 43 72 51 72 74 i 8 18 8 20 24 30 39 57 53 58 59 64 87 $57 83 38 164 94 70 204 212 273 282 268 302 453 $33 100 76 93 124 103 102 149 178 233 202 259 486 $25 93 157 87 140 100 144 169 154 214 236 321 343 $56 80 6 122 $220 200 183 Negro families $750-$999 ............................... $1,000-$1,249 .............................. $1,250-$1,499...... ......................... $1,500-$1,749........ ...................... $1,750-$1,999................................ $2,000-$2,249 ....................... $2,250~$2,499 . ........................ 11 7 11 18 17 28 $25 16 5 7 8 50 10 4 6 11 300 182 200 212 243 218 146 1 The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband and wife, as follows: T yp e I No other persons (families of 2). II I child under 16 (families of 3). III 2 children under 16 (families of 4). IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4). V 1 child under 16,1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6). In conclusion, it seems worth emphasizing that the most noteworthy thing about automobile ownership is not the differences among families of different composition or occupational classification at a given in come level, but the rapid increase with family income. The same generalization holds true, to a somewhat less degree, with reference to transportation expenditures as a whole. C h a p te r V H M in o r C a te g o rie s o f E x p e n d itu re The major family expenditures for food, home maintenance, clothing, personal care, and transportation, absorbed over 90 percent of the total money expenditures of New York white families with incomes between $500 and $1,000, but only about 76 percent of the expenditures of those receiving incomes of $5,000 and more. Among the Negro families studied, the proportion going to these major expenditures was over 90 percent for families with incomes of $500 to $1,000, and 80 percent for families with incomes of $2,500 and more. Thus, at succeeding income levels, families had a progres sively larger share of their money expenditures to devote to the com bination of necessities and luxuries included in the categories of medical care, recreation, tobacco, reading, education, contributions, personal taxes, and other miscellaneous items (see table 34).1 It should be noted at the outset that there is no clear line of division on the basis of urgency or elasticity of demand between the items included in m ajor categories of expenditure discussed in previous chapters and the minor categories to be treated in this chapter. At all income levels, but notably at the higher levels, the food budgets of most families included, in addition to a subsistence or even a comfort minimum, expenditures for entertaining and for candy, liquor, and the like for family consumption. Certainly at the higher levels there are many elements of conspicuous consumption in expenditures for home maintenance and for clothing and personal care. Although some expenditures for transportation are an essential part of most family budgets, an automobile is rarely a necessity to a family living in a metropolis with adequate transportation facilities. Yet auto mobile purchase and operation represented a substantial part of the transportation expenditures of many of the New York families studied. Expenditures for medical care, on the other hand, although treated as one of a group of minor expenditures, are not always a matter of free consumer choice. Examination of the detailed data indicates that even at the low income levels, individual families were frequently called on to make very substantial expenditures for medical care. Moreover, emergency expenditures of this type often necessitate sub sequent reductions in the so-called major expenditures. Contribu1 At no income level below $3,000 among white families or below $2,500 among Negro families was more than 5 percent of total money expenditures devoted to any one of these minor categories. 64 M IN O R C A T E G O R IE S 65 OF E X P E N D IT U R E tions to community welfare and to religious organizations also repre sent expenditures which low income families may feel obliged to incur, and certainly taxes are involuntary expenditures. T 34 .— Average m o n e y expenditures f o r the m in or categories able Total Income class Percent Medical Recrea age of care tion Amount total money expendi tures 1 Tobac co Read ing Contri butions Educa and per tion sonal taxes2 Other White families $500-$749 _____ $750-$999__________ $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ $1,750-$1,999______ $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499______ $2,500-$2,999______ $3,000-$3,499______ $3,500-$3,999______ $4,000-$4,999______ $5,000-$7,499______ $7,500-$9,999______ $10,000 and over___ $96 102 140 178 232 262 311 360 403 571 624 849 1,173 1,920 4, 689 9.2 9.6 11.6 12.4 14.0 13.9 14.5 15.8 15.1 18.1 17.6 19.8 21.0 24.6 31.6 $13 21 51 60 78 80 101 108 118 152 173 184 265 428 631 $16 19 23 34 44 55 66 74 86 120 127 180 217 315 960 $17 21 31 39 43 47 50 57 55 60 64 84 82 91 138 $13 12 14 16 20 22 24 27 30 37 39 45 54 56 98 $20 11 2 2 4 6 9 6 7 20 33 91 90 163 377 $17 12 17 23 40 49 53 73 98 172 177 256 442 763 2,427 $6 2 4 3 3 8 15 9 10 11 9 23 104 58 Negro families $500-$749................. $750-$999__________ $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ $1,750-$1,999______ $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499______ $2,500-$2,999______ $3,000 and over____ $38 91 125 168 195 278 278 304 416 793 7.4 9.9 11.2 12.0 12.4 14.4 14.1 14.3 16.4 27.8 $17 27 31 38 49 67 63 90 80 109 $4 20 28 35 47 74 75 62 97 86 $13 25 22 39 41 44 40 43 49 31 $2 10 13 12 17 21 27 25 29 48 (*) C) (*) (*) $1 2 4 4 3 90 $2 9 30 43 36 58 67 83 156 421 (*) (*) $1 3 10 2 1 2 8 1 See glossary, appendix B, for the definition of expenditures that was used in this study. 2Excludes sales taxes, which were included in the expense for the items to which they applied; auto mobile taxes, which were included in automobile operation expense; and taxes on real estate, which were deducted from the gross income from such property. ♦Less than $1. The total amount devoted to these so-called minor categories of expenditure thus depended largely upon the individual family situation during the year for which expenditures were reported. It is quite normal for families to differ widely from the average with respect to amounts spent on these categories. For that reason, average expend itures for these categories are less representative of the expenditures of the individual family in a given year than are the amounts spent on a more stable and recurrent category such as food or housing. Par ticularly with reference to the data for families of a given type or occupational group, it must be borne in mind that, more often than not, the averages reflect the presence of some families which reported no expenditure during the year for the specific category, and of others which reported substantial amounts. 66 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y M e d ic a l care .— Medical care expenditures were the largest of these minor categories among the white families studied in New York City at the income levels between $1,000 and $3,000; at all levels above $3,000, they were exceeded in amount by contributions and personal taxes; and at the $10,000 level, by recreation expenditures as well (see table 34). Among the Negro families studied, however, expendi tures for medical care were consistently greater than those for any other minor category only up to the $1,250 income level. Among the white families studied, average expenditures for medical care increased steadily at successive income levels. Thus, white families with incomes between $500 and $1,000 spent an average of less than $20 for medical care, those at the median level ($2,000 to $2,250), about $100, those with incomes from $7,500 to $10,000, $428, and those with incomes of $10,000 and over, $631. The increase was in about the same proportion as that in total money expenditures, however.2 A t the two lowest income levels, medical expenses aver aged less than 2 percent of total money expenditures for current living, but at all except one of the succeeding levels, they ranged between 4 and 5 percent of the total. Among the Negro families studied, there was a general tendency for medical care expenditures to increase with income. They rose from an average of $17 for the Negro families with incomes between $500 and $750 to $109 for those with incomes of $3,000 or more. A t the income levels between $500 and $1,000, Negro families spent more than white families for medical care. At all comparable income levels above $1,000, however, white families spent more for medical care than Negro families. The marked difference in prevailing expenditures at different income levels raises the question as to whether the families at low income levels actually had less illness, secured less expensive medical attention, received free clinical service for major illnesses, or simply went without medical care during illnesses that at higher income levels were pro fessionally attended. It seems evident from preliminary examination of some of the detailed figures on medical care and the evidence derived from other studies 3 that the explanation is not to be found in less illness at the lower income levels. It was found in Chicago, for example (where it may be supposed conditions are not essentially different from those in New York) that in general, large medical expenditures on the part of individual families reflected the cost of hospitalization and emergency surgical attention.4 The average number of days of hospitalization (for those families reporting hos2 See Tabular Summary, table 2. 3 For example, the National Health Survey, Sickness and Medical Care Series, Preliminary Bull. No. 2, Illness and Medical Care in Relation to Economic Status, U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, 1938, 4 See U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. No. 642, Family Income and Expenditure in Chicago, Wash ington, 1939, vol. II, ck. VII. M IN O R 67 CATEGORIES OF EX PE N D IT U R E pitalization) tended to be definitely greater among the low income than among the high income families. This clearly suggests that the greater frequency of large medical expenditures among the high income families is in great part a result of more costly treatment and more adequate preventive care, rather than of greater incidence of illness. T 35. — D istrib u tio n o f m o n ey expenditures f o r m edical care 1 able Percentage of total medical care expenditures Income class Average total amount Physi cian Den tist Ocu list Other Hospi Eye special taliza glasses ist tion Medi cine and drugs Health and ac cident Other insur ance 2 White families $500-$749.................. $750-$999_................. $1,000-$1,249_______ $1,250-$1,499_______ $1,500-$1,749_______ $1,750-$1,999_______ $2,000-$2,249_______ $2,250-$2,499_______ $2,500-$2,999_______ $3,000-$3,499_______ $3,500-$3,999_______ $4,000-$4,999_______ $5,000-$7,499_______ $7,600-19,999_______ $10,000 and over___ $13 21 61 60 78 80 101 108 118 152 173 184 265 428 631 33 31 33 21 25 29 32 24 25 21 20 25 19 20 22 13 26 8 20 20 31 16 25 27 29 37 23 23 19 28 (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 3 5 8 11 7 9 7 9 16 11 8 12 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 22 29 13 7 15 19 8 10 7 9 8 5 6 1 3 5 3 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 42 20 16 13 17 12 13 12 13 11 10 10 8 5 6 7 7 8 2 2 3 3 3 5 4 4 7 6 7 13 5 9 3 2 9 5 8 5 9 4 6 13 19 29 10 4 14 2 5 6 1 3 3 13 17 26 21 17 12 19 10 14 8 6 5 19 14 2 7 3 8 1 13 5 11 10 4 5 4 3 3 35 Negro families $500-$749_______ $750-$999.________ $1,000-$1,249_______ $1,250-$1,499_______ $1,500-$1,749_______ $1,750-$1,999_______ $2,000-$2,249— $2,250-$2,499_______ $2,500-$2,999 $3,000 and over____ $17 27 31 38 49 67 63 90 80 109 64 22 31 18 24 21 20 45 18 11 36 13 16 31 41 29 12 41 35 1 5 (*) (*) (*) 1 1 2 O 6 3 9 6 10 13 5 2 1 11 14 15 7 7 1 Summary of data to be published in a later bulletin. 2 Excludes automobile accident insurance. 2 Includes nursing care, examinations and tests, clinic visits, and medical appliances. * Less than 1 percent. When the medical care expenditures of New York City white families studied are analyzed according to constituent items, it is found that at the lowest income level ($500 to $750) medicine and drugs absorbed almost half of total medical care expenditure, with the general practi tioner receiving only one-third of the total (see table 35). From the $750 to the $2,250 incomes, there was a general, though slightly irregular, tendency for bills of the general practitioner to absorb the major portion of the total, with dental bills coming a close second. Beginning at the $2,250 income level, the situation was reversed, with expenses for dental service tending to exceed those for any other 68 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y category of medical care, and the general practitioner receiving the second greatest amounts. These two items together accounted for roughly half of the total expenditures for medical care of these white families. Thus, the proportion going for dental care tended to in crease with increasing income, while that going to the general physician tended to decline somewhat in relative importance at higher income levels. On the other hand, expenditures for specialists other than dentists and oculists increased irregularly from 3 percent of total medical care expenditures at the $500 to $750 level to more than 11 percent for the families with incomes of $5,000 or over. Medicines and drugs, which, from the $750 to $2,500 income level, generally represented the third largest item of medical expense, showed a marked tendency to decrease in relative importance from the low to the high income levels. The proportion they formed of total medical expenditures was 20 percent for white families with in comes of $750 to $1,000, and less than 6 percent for families with incomes of $7,500 or more. The relatively large expenditures of this type among families at the lower incomes suggest more frequent resort to drug-store remedies than to a physician's care, but they may also indicate the utilization of clinic services in offices and factories and the payment for prescriptions obtained there. Since expenditures for hospitalization represented primarily emer gency expenditures, they showed little direct relationship to income as a percentage of total medical expenditures. In a few cases they exceeded average expenditures for the general practitioner or dentist, but more frequently fell far below these two types of expense. Eye glasses took from 2 to 5 percent of total medical expenditures, with no clear tendency to vary with income. Health and accident insurance, on the other hand, showed a surprising tendency to absorb a decreas ing proportion of the total from the lowest to about the $1,750 income level, and then to absorb an increasingly large proportion of the total. This situation suggests that low income families pay for relatively expensive forms of industrial or accident insurance, that the middle income families tend to neglect this item, while the high income fami lies take seriously the question of providing for health contingencies and set aside relatively substantial sums for this purpose. Very little was spent, on the average, by the white families studied in New York City for oculists' care, for nursing services, clinic visits, or medical appliances and supplies. The small expenditures for oculists' care as compared with the larger outlays for eyeglasses sug gests frequent resort to examinations offered as a free service by optical dealers with purchase of eyeglasses. There was a tendency, however, for expenditures for oculists' services to increase in relative importance after the $4,000 income mark was passed. The families with incomes below $1,250 made no expenditure at all for private M IN O R CATEGORIES OF E X PE N D IT U R E 69 nurses. Throughout the income range practically no expenditure was reported for visiting nurses, although small amounts were re ported for clinic services up to the $3,500 income level. The very small amounts reported for clinic visits may be accounted for not by failure to use the clinic services available in the city, but rather by the fact that merely nominal charges are made at many clinics. Among New York City white families studied, there were some at all income levels which reported the receipt of some free medical care.6 It seemed impractical to ask for an estimate of the value of free care, and therefore it cannot be related to the families’ expendi tures for medical care. The percentage of families reporting such free medical care ranged from 14 to 18 percent at the income levels between $750 and $1,500.6 It dropped to about 4 to 7 percent in the middle income ranges, but then rose to at least 11 percent among families with incomes of $4,000 and over. In these higher income brackets, at least, it is probable that medical treatment received without money expense was given as a professional courtesy to the families of medical men. Among the low income families, the free care was doubtless that provided by private or public welfare agencies. The small pro portion of families in the middle income ranges that received free med ical care supports the oft-repeated assertion that moderate income families, often unable to afford adequate medical care, are yet too proud to accept, or unable to qualify for, free care. At the lowest income level studied, the Negro families, contrary to the situation among the white families studied, spent over half of their total for physicians’ services, and less than one-seventh for medi cine and drugs. At succeeding income levels, expenditures for physi cians, dentists, and medicine and drugs together absorbed roughly 54 to 75 percent of total medical care expenditures. There was a general, though irregular, tendency for expenditures for the physician and for medicines and drugs to take a decreasing proportion of medical care expenditures as incomes rose, while dentists received an increasing share of the total. Expenditures for other medical services were of relatively little importance for the Negro families studied, and varied erratically from one income level to the next. At most income levels, some Negro families received medical care without incurring money expense therefor. Almost two-thirds of those with incomes of $500 to $750, and over one-quarter of those in the next income class received some free care. These proportions were sub stantially larger than among white families with corresponding in1Based on tabulations appearing in a later bulletin. 6 New York City has medical facilities that are probably among the best in the country even in relation to the need of its great population. There are many hospitals and medical agencies in the city which furnish free service to families which can demonstrate their need therefor. Many of the hospitals and clinics, how ever, adjust their fees in accordance with what they can ascertain of the family’s financial status, and most families which are not on relief are charged at least a nominal fee. 70 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y comes. At successive income levels to $2,250, at least one in nine, and at the $1,500 level, one in three, Negro families received some treat ment without money expense. Neither the occupational group in which a family was classified nor the family’s composition had much bearing on expenditures for medical care. It may be of interest, however, to note that among the white families studied in New York City, those consisting of husband and wife only tended to make the smallest outlays.7 R ecrea tion an d leisu re-tim e a ctivities .— Expenditures for recreation8 were exceeded, among the white families, by expenditures for tobacco at the levels below $1,500 (see table 34). At succeeding levels up to $2,500, they were next largest to expenditures for medical care, among the minor categories; thereafter, they were exceeded also by outlays for contributions and personal taxes. Among the Negro families studied, expenditures for recreation or for tobacco were second to those for medical care at the lower income levels, but at the higher levels recreation expenditures frequently exceeded those for medical care, although they were smaller than outlays for contributions and personal taxes. The recreation expenditures of Negro families, moreover, generally averaged slightly larger than those of white families at comparable income levels. When the average expenditures for tobacco and reading,9 which are recreational in nature, are grouped with average expenditures for recreation proper, the combined amounts were at all income levels, for both white and Negro families studied, greater than those for medical care. These expenditures combined were likewise greater than outlays for contributions and personal taxes among white families at all income levels below $5,000, and among Negro families at all income levels except the highest studied. Expenditures for items classified under the heading of recreation increased steadily at ascending income levels among the white fam ilies studied, from an average of $16 for all families with incomes from $500 to $750, to $960 for families with incomes over $10,000. M ore over, these expenditures showed a definite tendency to increase more rapidly than total money expenditures. They averaged less than 2 percent of this total among white families with incomes below $1,250, and more than 4 percent for those with incomes of $4,000 and more. Among the Negro families studied, expenditures for recreation showed a general, though irregular, tendency to increase at successive income levels. 7 See Tabular Summary, table 2. 8 Includes admissions to movies, theaters, spectator sports, dances, concerts and lectures; games and sports club dues; and recreational supplies and equipment. • Books and journals used in formal study and technical literature that is occupational rather than recre ational in character, were not included in determining the amount spent for reading. These were classed, respectively, as formal education expense and as an occupational expense deductible from income. M IN O R C A T E G O R IE S OF E X P E N D IT U R E 71 Expenditures classified under the category “ recreation,” by no means represented the full amounts spent on leisure-time activities. Amounts spent for food and liquor used when entertaining friends have not been separated from the family food expenditures. Expend itures for owned and rented vacation homes as well as camping sites used while on vacation were included as housing expenditures. The cost of cruises was allocated to food and transportation. Expenditures for automobile pleasure trips have been included under automobile operation expense, and similarly, railroad and other fares for vacation trips have been considered transportation expenses. Use of bathing beaches on Long Island frequently involved only the cost of subway or boat fare, which appeared under the heading of transportation rather than of recreation. Many art exhibits and museums in New York City are open to the public free of charge. Of the sums spent on recreation, as defined in this survey, a larger share went to motion-picture admission fees than to any other group of items, among white families at the income levels below $2,500.10 Thereafter, expenditures of this type declined in relative importance. Outlays for other admissions averaged less than $15 for the year for families with incomes below $3,500. The same was true, up to the $4,000 level, of expenditures for equipment and fees for participation in games and sports. All other recreation expenditures, including radio and musical instruments, toys, pets, entertaining at home, and club dues, increased with income at a fairly steady rate. They ab sorbed less than one-third of recreation expenditures among families with incomes between $500 and $1,000, and roughly one-half among those having incomes of $5,000 and more. Among the Negroes throughout the income range, on the other hand, average outlays for motion-picture admissions and “ other” recreation together accounted for almost all recreation expenditures. At some levels, the former were the larger, at other levels, the latter. Recreation expenditures among families of different type and occupa tional group}1— When average recreation expenditures of white fam ilies in the several occupational groups are compared, it appears that those in the wage-earner and professional groups tended to make the largest outlays, and those in the business groups the smallest.12 Among the Negroes, however, occupational classification appeared to bear little relationship to recreation expenditures. When families of different type are compared as regards recreation expenditures, no clear differences are found for the Negro group. In the case of white families, those containing only husband and wife 10 See Tabular Summary, table 9. See Tabular Summary, table 9. W h e n the effect of the varying f a m i l y t y p e d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n t h e s e v e r a l o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p s i s e l i m i n a t e d ! occupational differences in r e c r e a t i o n e x p e n d i t u r e s d o n o t a p p e a r t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t , a l t h o u g h w a g e - e a r n e r f a m i l i e s rank high, with b u s i n e s s f a m i l i e s a t t h e o p p o s i t e e x t r e m e . S e e a p p e n d i x D . 11 12 8 0 6 9 4 °— 39------ 6 72 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y appear to have made the largest outlays at all but two income levels between $1,250 and $10,000, but there were no consistent differences between families with one or two children (types II and III) and those with at least one member, other than husband and wife, over 16 (types IV and V ).13 T oba cco .— Tobacco was one of the less elastic categories in the budgets of New York City white and Negro families. White families generally spent slightly more than Negro families at comparable levels, but in neither case were the expenditures large (see table 34). Among white families, such expenditures amounted to $17 at the $500 to $750 level and to less than six times as much at the $7,500 level. Thus, tobacco outlays averaged between 2 and 3 percent of total money expenditures for current family living for white and Negro families with incomes below $3,000 and $2,500, respectively.14 For white families studied at higher levels, the proportions were slightly lower. When the tobacco expenditures of white and Negro families of different type are compared, it appears that families containing one or two children under 16 tended to spend somewhat less than the two-person families or those containing three to six members, including one or more over 16, in addition to husband and wife.16 Occupational differences were more clearly marked, in the case of white families, with those in the professional groups ranking low in tobacco expendi tures and those in the independent business group, high.16 R e a d in g .— The average expenditures of New York families for reading were generally even smaller than those for tobacco, constitut ing throughout the income range roughly 1 percent of total money expenditures for current living.17 In general, white families spent slightly more for this item than did Negro families (see table 34). Among the majority of families of both racial groups a substantial share of these expenses went for newspapers.18 Among white families, at least, the occupation in which a family was classified had a significant bearing on reading expenditures. Wage-earner and independent business families generally had the lowest expenditures and those in the professional groups the highest.19 is When averages are computed giving the figures for each occupational group within each family type an equal weight, no significant family type differences in recreation expenditures are found, although fam ilies of type I generally rank high, and those of types IV and V at the other extreme. See appendix D. 14 See Tabular Summary, table 2. 15 When occupation and income are held constant, for white families, the family type differences are negligible. See appendix D. i8 These occupational differences in tobacco expenditures are sharply defined when the influence of family type factors is eliminated from the averages for each group. See appendix D. 17 See Tabular Summary, table 2. 18 Based on tabulations appearing in a later bulletin. 19 This remains true when the influence of the varying type composition of the several occupational groups is eliminated. See appendix D. M IN O R C A T E G O R IE S O F E X P E N D I T U R E 73 Among the Negroes, for which all business and professional families were considered together, families in the wage-earner group tended to rank low and those in the clerical group at the opposite extreme. Two-person families among both whites and Negroes tended to spend somewhat more than the larger families for reading. F orm a l ed u ca tion .— While almost all families reported some expendi ture for reading, expenditure for formal education was reported by less than one-half the white families with incomes below $4,000, and by less than half the Negro families at all levels studied.20 These expendi tures, which included school books and supplies, tuition, and fees for special lessons such as music or dancing, averaged less than 1 percent of total money expenditures for current living among white families at the income levels between $1,000 and $4,000.21 This was true of Negro families with incomes below $3,000. In general, white families spent on the average slightly more for formal education than Negroes at the same income level. The free provision of school books by the public education system in New York City meant that families at the lower income levels usually had small or negligible expenditures under this heading. At the higher income levels, however, education expenditures increased rapidly among the white families studied; among the Negro families studied, they showed a pronounced jump at the two highest income levels shown in table 34. Expenditures for tuition, and, to a lesser extent, for special lessons, which were very small at most of the lower income levels, showed a tendency to expand at higher income levels much more rapidly than the expenditures for books and supplies.22 The expenditures reported for education do not include expenses of room or board at school, which were treated as housing and food costs, respectively. No such expenses were reported by Negro fami lies, nor, with one exception, by the white families with incomes below $3,000. Even at considerably higher incomes the average disburse ments of this type were not large.23 This is readily accounted for in the case of families living in New York City, where the facilities of several large universities are accessible to college students who can live at home. The occupation in which a family was classified appears to have had little bearing on direct expenditures for formal education. Family type and education, on the other hand, were directly related. Fami lies of three to six members, at least three of them 16 or over (types IV and V ) generally made the largest outlays since they frequently contained at least one person of high-school or college age. Two* 20 Based on tabulations appearing in a later bulletin. 21 See Tabular Summary, table 2. 22 Based on tabulations appearing in a later bulletin. 23 Based on tabulations appearing in a later bulletin. 74 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y person families, on the other hand, naturally had very small expendi tures of this type.24 C on tribu tion s and p erson a l ta xes .— Expenditures for contributions to individuals and institutions and for personal taxes 25 were among the most elastic of any category of expenditure. For some purposes it is convenient to think of them as a single category of expenditure, differing from other types of expenditure in that they are not under taken for the direct satisfaction of the material needs of the family making the expenditure. Up to the $3,000 level virtually the entire outlay was for contributions (see table 36). It rose from about $12 to $98 for the white families between the income levels of $750 to $1,000 and of $2,500 to $3,000. Contributions rose from 1 percent to about 4 percent of total money expenditures between these levels. Beyond the $3,000 level among white families the combined cate gory of “ contributions and personal taxes” became more important than expenditures for medical care or recreation, and from the $5,000 level approximated or exceeded expenditures for transportation. The amounts spent increased sharply above the $3,000 income level to $763, almost 10 percent of total money expenditures, for families with incomes between $7,500 to $10,000, and $2,427, or 16 percent of total money expenditures, for families with incomes of $10,000 and over. Contributions and personal taxes both increase in absolute amount from one income level to the next. But the rising percentage of total expenditures going to this combined category of expense is due largely to the inclusion of personal taxes. Since husband and wife families are exempt from Federal income tax up to $2,500 and families with two dependents up to $3,300, it follows that personal taxes first ac count for any substantial part (7 percent) of this combined category of expense at the income level of $3,500 to $4,000. At the $7,500 to $10,000 level, personal taxes account for $247 or almost one-third of the combined expenditures for contributions and personal taxes, and at the highest level surveyed, for over $1,600 or two-thirds of this category of expense. Contributions, as distinct from personal taxes, constitute about 5.5 percent of the total money expenditures of fami lies with incomes of $3,000 to $3,500, about 6.5 percent of the total at the level of $7,500 to $10,000, and about 5.5 percent among the group of families with incomes of more than $10,000. In other words, while contributions expand more rapidly than total expenditures at incomes below $3,000, above that level they increase in about the same proportion. “ See Tabular Summary, table 2; and appendix D. Excludes sales taxes, which were included in the expense for the items to which they applied; automo bile taxes, which were included in automobile operation expense; taxes on owned homes, included in housing expense; and taxes on other reai estate, which were deducted from the gross income from such property. M IN O R T able C A T E G O R IE S 75 OF E X P E N D IT U R E 36 ,— D istrib u tion o f m o n ey expenditures f o r contributions and personal taxes 1 Percentage of total contributions and personal taxes Income class Average total amount Religious institu tions Commu Gifts to nity wel Personal other fare taxes 3 persons 2 agencies Support of rela tives 2 Other White families $500-$749_______ _________ $750-$999_________________ $1,000-$1,249______________ $1,250-$1,499______________ $1,500-$1,749______________ $1,750-$1,999______________ $2,000-$2,249______________ $2,250-$2,499_____________ $2,500-$2,999_____________ $3,000-$3,499______________ $3,500-$3,999.____ ________ $4,000-$4,999______________ $5,000-$7,499____ _________ $7,500-$9,999______________ $10,000 and over............. . $17 12 17 23 40 49 53 73 98 172 177 256 442 763 2, 427 62 59 47 50 38 29 30 26 23 15 23 18 10 4 3 10 16 24 6 24 17 22 33 35 50 31 36 43 34 13 24 22 25 41 35 51 43 36 38 28 32 27 18 18 10 4 3 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 9 5 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 1 (*) 1 (*) (*) 2 7 11 21 32 67 Negro families $500-$749...................... $750-$999 ........ $1,000-$1,249— $1,250-$1,499____ $1,500-$1,749 _ $1,750-$1,999______ ____ $2,000-$2,249______________ $2,250-$2,499.................. __ $2,500-$2,999....... ............ . $3,000 and over,. . .......... $2 9 30 43 36 58 67 83 156 421 92 35 37 38 23 20 23 27 14 9 8 26 45 36 39 46 33 43 57 51 39 18 18 34 31 36 27 23 14 (*) (*) (*) (*) 3 1 4 2 3 9 2 8 1 2 4 1 3 15 > Summary of data to be published in a later bulletin. 2 Refers to persons outside the economic family. 3 Amounts reported for taxes under this heading do not include sales taxes, which were included in the expense for the items to which they applied; automobile taxes, which were included in automobile operation expense; taxes on owned homes, which were treated as an expense of home ownership; nor taxes on other real property, which were deducted from the gross income from such property. * Less than 1 percent. Among white families with incomes below $1,750, contributions to religious organizations formed the largest portion of the expenditures for this group of items, with gifts to persons (other than relatives)26 not members of the economic family, second in importance. At succeeding levels, outlays for the support of relatives increased rapidly in relative size, until above the $3,000 level they generally exceeded in amount gifts to other persons. Donations to community welfare agencies were generally small, averaging no more than $6 for the year among families with incomes below $4,000. 29 Included are all nonmoney gifts to persons not members of the economic family. Gifts exchanged with in the family are entered in the appropriate sections of the schedule. The character of gifts to nonfamily members is not known, however; hence, from the point of view of market analysis, a study of aggregate purchases for specific categories, made from these expenditure data, will somewhat underestimate the total purchases made by these families. A study of check list data gives an indication of the value of clothing and of furnishing or equipment re ceived as gifts from persons outside the family. It seems reasonable to assume that the value of such gifts was roughly equivalent to the amounts spent by members of the families studied fbr similar gifts to persons outside the family. No information was requested, however, concerning the value of other types of gifts received. 76 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y When all the expenditures included in this category are considered together, it appears that Negro families generally spent more than white families at comparable income levels above $1,000, the excess reflecting mainly larger outlays for the support of relatives by Negro families. Throughout the income range studied for Negro families, contributions to relatives tended to be larger than any other item included in this category. Gifts to other persons and donations to religious organizations were next in importance. The other items were of negligible importance. No personal property or income taxes were reported by Negro families with incomes below $3,000. The occupation in which New York white and Negro families were classified appears to have had no bearing on their total expenditures for contributions and personal taxes.27 Family size, on the other hand, appears to have been closely related to outlays of this type. The two-person families tended to spend considerably more than the larger families; this was consistently true among white families with incomes of $1,500 to $10,000,28 and of Negro families with incomes of $750 to $2,250. This is probably due chiefly to variations in the average amounts given to relatives and other persons not members of the economic family, since small families, having fewer persons to support on a given income, are more apt to have funds available to be used in this way. Furthermore, among families at the higher income levels, differences in number of dependents likewise affect the amounts paid in income taxes. S u m m a r y .— In view of the miscellaneous character of the disburse ments included in this chapter, it is not surprising that no clear occupational differences appear when they are considered as a group (see table 37). Among the Negro families studied, there was a slight tendency for those in the clerical group to spend more than other families for all the minor categories combined, at least at the income levels above $1,750. Among the white families, when all income groups between $1,250 and $4,000 were considered, no clear differences appeared. However, at the income levels between $1,250 and $2,250, independent professional families generally spent most, followed by salaried professional families, while families of wage earners and busi ness workers vied for low rank in size of expenditures. Among white families with incomes of $2,250 to $4,000, on the other hand, there was a tendency for wage-earner families to make the largest outlays for the minor categories. It seems highly probable that not only family income, but also individual family tastes, incidence of illnesses, and circumstances regarding dependent relatives were of much greater importance than 11 See Tabular Summary, table 2. The high rank of the two-person families remains characteristic when averages giving the constituent occupational groups an equal weight are compared. See appendix D. M IN O R C A T E G O R IE S 77 OF E X P E N D IT U R E the occupation in which a family was classified in explaining the magnitude of this type of expenditure. T able 37.— A verage m o n ey expenditures f o r the m in or occupational group categories White families Income class Wage Clerical earner $750-$999..... ............................ $1,000-$!,249............................ $1,250-$1,499_.......................... $1,500-$1,749............................ $1,750-$1,999............................ $2,000-$2,249...... ..................... $2,250-$2,499............................ $2,500-$2,999_________ _____ $3,000-$3,499............................ $3,500-$3,999.......... ................. $90 126 156 200 262 319 383 420 626 653 $143 166 216 281 253 286 328 384 564 605 Inde pend ent busi ness 0) 0) $173 223 256 304 518 417 425 709 com bined , by Negro families Inde Busi pend Salaried Salaried ness busi profes Wage Clerical and ent earner profes ness sional profes sional sional (9 0) $337 308 308 408 336 329 546 638 (0 0) (t) $202 267 305 353 388 577 619 (9 (9 $179 224 300 424 324 427 595 583 $96 118 171 204 305 252 328 320 0) 0) $74 175 143 175 311 305 358 502 (0 0) $59 136 197 175 207 254 213 410 (9 (8) 1 Expenditure schedules not taken for families at this income level. * Comparable data not available, t Fewer than 3 cases. Family size, on the other hand, appears to have been somewhat more closely related than occupation, to the magnitude of expendi tures for the items comprised in the group called minor categories. There was a tendency among both white and Negro families for those containing only husband and wife to spend the most for these cate gories and for families with one or two children under 16 (types II and III) to spend the least. This tendency was rather clear among the Negro families with incomes of $750 to $2,500. In the case of white families, those with one or two children ranked clearly low only at the income levels above $2,500. In general, families which had relatively high expenditures for one of these categories had relatively low expenditures for another. Thus, in the case of white families, for example, those in the inde pendent professional group ranked lowest in respect to tobacco expenditures and highest in respect to outlays for recreation. Simi larly, two-person families tended to spend the least for medical care and the largest amounts in the form of contributions and personal taxes. Racial differences in the average expenditures for the six categories covered in this chapter were in general clearly defined, though by no means always large in amount. Negro families tended to make the larger outlays for recreation and, at the income levels above $1,000, for contributions and personal taxes, while white families generally spent more for the remaining categories. When all are considered together, the average expenditures of white families were greater than those of Negroes at all but two comparable income levels. 78 T F A M IL Y able E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y 38 ,— A verage m o n ey expenditures f o r m inor categories com bin ed , by f a m i ly typ e Family type 1 Income class White families I $750-$999_________________ _ $1,000-$1,249...... ............ ............ $1,250-$1,499_____ ___________ $1,500-$1,749_________________ $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249................. .............. $2,250-$2,499_______ _________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ $3,000-$3,499____ _______ ____ $3,500-$3,999_________________ $4,000-$4,999_____ ___________ $5,000-$7,499_________________ $7,500-$9,999_________________ $76 134 189 236 285 367 347 410 667 647 962 1,127 2,335 Negro families II and III IV and V $89 144 183 217 259 286 347 370 582 582 800 1,054 1,650 $176 135 159 245 239 290 387 436 495 638 815 1,327 1,822 I II and III $91 132 182 201 316 322 330 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) IV and V $124 119 152 200 262 195 424 $84 114 154 176 249 311 154 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 The 5 family types are distinguished on the basis of the number and age of members other than husband and wife, as follows: Type I No other persons (families of 2). II 1 child under 16 (families of 3). III 2 children under 16 (families of 4). IV 1 person 16 or over and 1 or no other person, regardless of age (families of 3 or 4). V 1 child under 16, 1 person 16 or over, and 1 or 2 others, regardless of age (families of 5 or 6). Comparable data not available. Chapter VIII Surplus and Deficit Items A summary of the relationship between the income and expenditures of the families studied in New York City was presented in chapter II. It was shown that, at succeeding income levels, an increasing propor tion of both white and Negro families ended the year 1935-36 with a net surplus, and a decreasing proportion reported a negative balance of income and expenditures. Correspondingly, there was a shift from fairly large average deficits for families with incomes of less than $1,000 (an average net deficit of $252 for white families, and $56 for Negro families) to substantial average surpluses for families at the top of the income scale (well over $2,000 for white families with incomes of $7,500 and more). The nature o j changes in assets and lia bilities .— M any of the families which ended the year with a net surplus drew upon their reserves or incurred obligations with respect to one or more of the items which went to make up the deficit side of the balance sheet. On the other hand, most of those families who went into the red for the year re ported some surplus items; most of them, for instance, paid insurance premiums. The purpose of the present chapter is to make a more detailed analysis of surplus and deficit, in order to show the relative importance, among families at different income levels, of negative and positive changes in family assets and liabilities, and of the various asset and liability items.1 We will thus be investigating the component changes which, balanced against one another, made up the average net surplus or deficit discussed in chapter II. It must be recognized at the start that it was not one of the aims of the Study of Consumer Purchases to measure the total net worth of the families interviewed. The family was asked to report, not the total amount of its bank accounts, or its outstanding bills, but only the net increase or the net decrease which had taken place in each item during the schedule year. As was noted above, almost all families had paid some insurance premiums for the year, which meant an increase in assets. Some families, in order to make these payments, had withdrawn sums from bank accounts, which decreased their assets. Purchases of property would increase the family’s invest1 The following discussion is based on a summary of detailed data to be published in a later bulletin. 79 80 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y ments, but might involve a corresponding change on the other side of the ledger, through withdrawals from the savings account, or the signing of a note at the bank. Payments on the principal of a mortgage were classified as a reduc tion in liabilities, as were payments on bills incurred before the begin ning of the schedule year.2 On the other hand, taking out a mortgage on property, or increasing the principal of an existing mortgage, meant an increase in liabilities. So also did unpaid balances on installments or other credit purchases made during the year. Loans obtained from a bank or from other sources likewise increased liabilities. Im p o r ta n t su rp lu s ite m s .2,— The data presented in table 39 bear out the statement that surplus items were not inconsiderable in average amount, even at income levels where there was a sizeable average net deficit. On the other hand, while there were substantial deficit items even at the upper income levels, these were far outweighed by the surplus items, which averaged well over $1,000 for white families with incomes of $5,000 and more. T able 39 .— C om p o n en t item s m aking u p su rp lu ses and deficits Average net change 1— Surplus items: Increases in assets Bank accounts.. Investments. _ Insurance____ __ Other____ ___ Decreases in liabili ties_____ ____ __ Mortgage pay ments Loans due_____ Balances due __ Other__________ Deficit items: Decreases in assets.. Bank accounts.. Investments___ Insurance______ Other__________ Increases in liabili ties______________ Mortgages pay able _____ Loans due.......... Balances due__ Other................ . 05 t'69 05 5 0 0/= 5* € 8 NO 69 g 05 Tt< 05 05 $1,000-$1,249 Item 66- 05 05 2 o <N Ss- 8 <N of 69 05 05 eT 69 05 05 <N ci 69 k < N <N €9 lNO i 6 NO 69 69 of 69 05 0 5 05 05 °1 CO 69 05 05 05 f CO 69 CO 69 l 69 05 S 05 oT 69 £ © in 69 69 8 $10,000 and over (1 W H IT E FAMILIES -$408 -$195 —$96 —$86 —$56 —$20 —$14 $49 $62 $58 $152 $154 $271 $579 $3, 590 S3 69 9 64 66 140 166 4 2 59 1 6 42 86 1 10 7 112 11 34 30 45 61 120 163 264 14 11 25 78 75 166 179 114 123 162 189 202 371 377 4 3 12 10 10 15 70 11 11 16 33 49 11 2 10 51 1 11 11 10 3 11 1 4 5 8 3 8 136 1 4 4 2 3 1 7 5 2 91 2U 61 100 53 86 14 21 1 63 1 19 104 89 2 11 2 108 273 61 48 80 88 68 28 12 8 2 55 15 8 31 47 13 7 6 24 36 18 161 43 81 20 17 29 17 15 m 83 97 4 6 1 2 167 U 4 338 407 715 38 24 38 61 36 36 30 4 3 1 6 7 11 13 9 15 1 7 22 16 6 16 9 11 10 8 16 2 in 78 110 5 5 35 4 23 19 6 (*) 44 20 22 2 1 31 200 227 367 890 1 ,5 4 4 116 61 39 14 2 590 6 ,0 6 5 404 1,684 415 2,119 673 2,079 52 183 114 79 33 2 677 80 17 10 3 2 ,4 0 1 89 152 127 270 262 11 21 10 35 92 25 23 64 38 78 6 4 26 24 158 159 767 419 1,353 99 177 104 64 89 402 37 23 1 40 44 4 4 1 31 64 230 145 1 31 30 38 ""26 158 100 58 35 35 38 4 3 a 7 360 35 7 104 45 52 7 See footnote on p. 81. 2 This was true whether the payment was made from current income or was defrayed through a change in some asset or some other liability item. 3 “ Surplus items” has been used to mean items of increase in assets and decrease in liabilities. These are distinguished from “ deficit items,” i. e., items of decrease in assets and increase in liabilities. The final family surplus or deficit (as distinguished from surplus or deficit items) may be computed as the balance between these two sets of items. It will be seen that this balance is (except for balancing difference, see glossary, p. 200) necessarily the same as the difference between current money income and current money sxpenditure. SU R P LU S AND DEFICIT 81 IT E M S T able 39.— Component items making up surpluses and deficits— Continued Average net change 1________ _________ —$18 —$63 —$20 Surplus items: Increases in assets___________ _____ Bank accounts, j___ ___ ______ Investments. . _______ Insurance_____________________ Other . ___ Decreases in liabilities_______ . .. Mortgages payments. _______ Loans due Balances due__________ _____ Other. ________ . _ ______ Deficit items: Decreases in assets_____________ .. Bank accounts_____ ________ Investments______ ____ ____ Insurance_____________ . ___ Other . ___ . . . . ___ Increases in liabilities.. _________ Mortgages payable ____________ Loans due_________ _____ . Balances due____ ______ _____ Other___________ ____________ SO 89 46 30 10 19 4 4 38 (* ) 4 —$4 80 17 4 38 21 80 £ IS 34 4* 24 I <N $204 $141 $394 1 03 149 54 364 308 575 83 32 171 16 77 8 32 37 201 89 278 11 78 29 10 64 66 93 2 8 8 15 2 (*) 6 44 SI 31 60 179 125 87 807 4 25 2 11 2 4® 34 180 188 3 11 34 114 127 267 66 37 24 44 7 50 81 7 13 37 45 36 38 13 18 19 5 10 86 50 86 60 S3 83 34 11 8 16 10 30 10 14 16 6 18 5 36 1 4 29 (*) 28 48 7 17 11 6 32 s $96 16 4 12 05 S $41 —$51 2 2 (*) 05 05 <N $3,000 and over i | $2,000-$2,24C m- S j § | $1,500-$1,749 item ©5 s $750-$999 $500-$749 || NEGRO FAMILIES 4 185 22 1This net figure represents the algebraic sum of all increases in assets and decreases in liabilities, on the positive side, and of decreases in assets and increases in liabilities, on the negative side. * Less than $1. A closer examination of these figures shows th at the change from average net deficit to average net surplus was chiefly the result of the growing im portance of those item s which w ent to increase assets— chiefly insurance,4 bank accounts, and, am ong the white families at the upper incom e levels, investm ents of one kind or another. A ll such increases com bined am ounted, on the average, to less than $100 for both white and N egro families with incom es below $ 1 ,5 0 0 but averaged over $700 am ong white families with incomes between $ 4 ,000 and $ 7 ,5 0 0 , over $ 1,500 for those at the $7,5 0 0 level, and $ 6 ,000 for families in the highest bracket covered. A m on g the increases in assets, the item of greatest general im por tance was insurance prem ium s paid. T his exceeded all other surplus item s at all incom e levels am ong Negro families, and was exceeded only by other investm ents am ong those white families with incomes of $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore. In fact, as table 40 indicates, insurance prem ium s paid accounted for m ore than half of all surplus item s am ong white families with incomes up to $3 ,0 0 0 , and am ong N egro families with incomes up to $ 2 ,250. Furtherm ore, average insurance premiums 4 In a study among Federal employees carried on by the Bureau of Labor Statistics just prior to the initiation of this investigation, the schedule provided for securing information on the type of insurance covered by the premiums reported. It was found that very frequently informants were unable to provide the information and the question was not included in the present schedule. It is, therefore, impossible to estimate how much of the amount paid in life insurance premiums represents savings and how much, was paid for insurance protection during the schedule year. 82 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y paid accounted for a rising proportion of average money income at successive income levels, among both white and Negro families (see table 40). Thus, while other forms of saving tended to increase more rapidly with income than did insurance, the latter rose more rapidly than did money income itself. T able 40 .— A verage insurance p rem iu m s paid as a percentage o f m o n e y in com e and o f su rp lu s item s White families Lncome class $500-$749 ____ ___ _ $750-$999 _________________________________ ___ ____ _ $1,000-$1,249__________________________________________ $1,250-$1,499 __________________________________ $1,500-$1,749______________________ ___________________ $1,750-$1,999__________________________________________ $2,000-$2,249 ______________________________________ $2,250-$2,499__________________________________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________________________ _____ _ $3,000-$3,499 _______________________________ ______ $3,500-$3,999_______________________________ __________ $4,000-$4,999_______ _______________________ ____ _____ $5,000-$7,499 _____ _____ ___________________________ $7,500-$9,999. _______________________________ ______ ___ $10,000 and over_______ ____ ___ ____________ _________ Negro families Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage of all of all of money of money surplus surplus income income items 1 items1 5 6 4 4 5 6 5 5 6 6 6 8 6 8 11 75 61 68 77 59 72 56 64 57 48 46 49 37 41 34 6 2 3 3 4 100 66 77 38 61 89 57 32 45 35 4 4 5 6 28 (?) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (0 (2) (2) (*) 1 Surplus items consist of increases in assets and decreases in liabilities. 2Data for Negro families with incomes of $3,000 and over were combined. It is worth noting that, at the income levels up to $2,250, average insurance premiums paid by white families tended to exceed those of Negro families, while, at higher income levels, the reverse was true (see table 39). This is in contrast to the situation found in Atlanta, Ga., where average insurance premiums paid by Negro families were greater than those of white families at most income levels over $1,000.5 Next to insurance, increases in bank accounts generally furnished the largest addition to assets, among both white and Negro families. Increasing rather steadily in average amount at successive income levels, they exceeded $200 for Negro families with incomes of $3,000 and over. At higher income levels, among the white families, they mounted rapidly. At a few income levels, increases in bank accounts were exceeded in average amount by increases in investments,6 which in general showed a less regular relationship to income. Investment increases, which covered real estate, securities, and business investments, were generally unimportant among the Negro families, and averaged $100 for the year among the white families only at incomes of $4,000 and over. Other increases in assets, including chiefly loans to individuals 5 See U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. No. 647, Family Income and Expenditure in Selected South eastern Cities, Washington, 1939, vol. II, ch. VIII. 6 This item took no account of changes in the market value of securities or real estate held; the amounts reported represented the outlays for new investments. SURPLUS AND D E F IC IT IT E M S 83 outside the family and improvements on real estate owned by the family, amounted to $25 or less on the average among Negro families at all income levels studied, and $15 or less among white families with incomes below $5,000. Decreases in liabilities were a much less important element in the total of surplus items than were increases in assets. They also showed a less direct relationship to income. For the Negro families, such decreases averaged as much as $30 only at incomes of $2,500 and over, and no one item predominated. Among white families, decreases in liabilities were somewhat more substantial. At a few income levels, payments on the principal of outstanding mortgages was the chief item. Such payments varied irregularly with income, however, and were in general less important than among families studied in Chicago, probably because of the infrequency of home ownership in New York City. Of other decreases in liabilities, none averaged as much as $50 at any income level, repayments on loans due to banks or individuals being the larger at some income levels, and payments on balances due exceeding them at others. R e ductions in “ other” liabilities, including chiefly rents and taxes due, were insignificant. The deficit side o j the ledger .— The total of deficit items showed a less direct relationship to income than did the total of surplus items, as might be expected. Among white families, decreases in assets exceeded increases in liabilities at all income levels. This was true among the Negro families, however, only at incomes of $2,000 and over (see table 39). This relationship suggests again that white families had more substantial reserves, which could be drawn on as necessity arose, than did Negro families. Among both white and Negro families, decreases in assets consisted at most levels chiefly of reductions in bank accounts. As the most liquid form of asset, it is only natural that they would be drawn upon first to meet emergencies. Among white families, such reductions averaged close to $100 at most income levels. Among Negro fami lies, however, they averaged less than $40 except at incomes of $2,250 and above, although they generally exceeded in amount the increases in bank accounts which contributed to surplus. Among the white families, an average net decrease in bank accounts was reported for the year except among families with incomes of $5,000 and over. Reductions in investments were negligible among Negro families, probably because they had few such resources to draw upon. Among white families, they were small at most income levels, but among the few families with incomes of $7,500 and over they exceeded even withdrawals from bank accounts in average amount. At incomes of $2,250 and above, they were in general smaller than the increases recorded on the surplus side. Insurance policies settled or surren- 84 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y dered varied widely in average value at different income levels, as might be expected. They amounted to as much as $75 only among those white families with incomes of $5,000 and over. Other decreases in assets were small and irregular in amount. Increases in liabilities showed only a limited relationship to incom e. A family’s capacity to increase its liabilities depends partly on re sources accumulated in previous years and partly on credit status; but on the other hand, such increases reflect in part emergency situations which bear little relation to current income. Increases in mortgages payable were in general unimportant among both white and Negro families. Increases in loans due varied errati cally over the income range, but at a number of levels were the largest liability item on the deficit side of the ledger. It is worth noting that at every income level among the white families, and at most income levels among the Negroes, the increases in such loans were larger than the decreases reported among surpluses. The fact that at most income levels the borrowing reported by white families was larger than that reported by Negroes probably reflects the greater ease with which white families secure credit. Increases in balances due vied with loans as the predominant item among increases in liabilities. They showed little tendency to increase with income, but among white families with incomes of $1,750 and over, varied between $20 and $60 in average amount. In contrast to other increases in liabilities, increases in balances due among Negro families, at least at the income levels below $2,000, tended to be larger than among white families with comparable incomes. Increases in balances due were generally larger than the decreases which went to make up surpluses, so that, as in the case of loans due, there was in general a net increase for the year covered by the Study. It is perhaps only natural that in a year of recovery following a severe depression families should show a willingness to increase their current obligations. Balances due included bills due the doctor, the grocer, and the department store, and amounts due on installment purchases. Examination of the detailed figures indicates that install ment purchases were the predominant factor in the increases reported. It is therefore worth while to analyze these in some detail. As the figures in table 41 indicate, the percentage of families report ing increases during the year in amounts due on installment purchases were at almost every income level substantially larger than the pro portion reporting decreases. This discrepancy was particularly marked among Negro families at the lower income levels. Further more, at incomes between $750 and $2,000, the percentage of families reporting increases in installment balances due was definitely higher among the Negroes than among the whites. Within these income limits, also, the average amount of increase for those Negro families SU R PL U S AND D E F IC IT 85 IT E M S reporting increases was substantially larger than the average decrease per family reporting decreases. Among the white families, the amounts of increase all the way up the income scale tended to equal or exceed the decreases of those families which had decreases for the year.7 T able 41 . — In crea ses and decreases in a m ou n ts due on insta llm ent purchases Negro families White families income clas.^ $500-$749.................... $750-$999...... .......... . $1,000-$1,249________ $1,250-$1,499________ $1,500-$1,749._........... $1,750-$1,999............ $2,000-$2,249________ $2,250-$2,499-............. $2,500-$2,999.............. $3,000-$3,499._........... $3,500-$3,999_........... $4,000-$4,999...... ........ $5,000-$7,499________ $7,500-$9,999_........... _ $10,000 and over____ Reporting decreases Reporting increases Reporting decreases Reporting increases Percent age Average amount 6 9 6 6 7 3 $133 44 100 67 86 100 157 217 178 150 267 267 100 7 6 9 6 6 3 2 Percent age 6 10 16 13 12 22 15 12 18 12 18 10 10 7 11 Average amount Percent age Average amount 4 8 2 0) $25 50 20 67 109 22 370 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 h (9 (9 Percent age (t) $100 62 108 83 132 120 142 217 433 150 200 230 400 400 3 11 9 10 (9 <9 (9 23 22 26 12 26 11 19 16 122 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 Average amount $117 59 131 142 162 82 32 231 1 164 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 1 Data for Negro families with incomes of $3,000 and over were combined t Averages are not presented for fewer than 3 cases. The net result of these changes was that, at most income levels, both white and Negro families ended the report year with larger sums due on installment purchases than they carried into the year at its beginning. The bulk of the increases, among the white families, resulted from automobile purchases, though at the lower income levels installment purchases of furniture were fairly important. Among the Negroes, purchases of furniture and clothing were most important. S ou rce an d disp osition o f fu n d s u sed fo r fa m ily livin g .— By way of conclusion, it may be interesting to examine the source of all the funds used for family living at selected income levels and the total disbursements of families at those levels.8 In figure 4, the source and distribution of total funds used are presented, by way of illustration, for families at selected income levels. It will be seen that among 7In this connection it is pertinent to note estimates of the volume of credit sales in relation to total retail sales in recent years. The Retail Credit Survey (U. S. Dept, of Commerce) for 1937 points out that between 1929 and 1933, credit sales declined both absolutely and in proportion to total retail sales, comprising 31 percent of all retail sales in 1929, and only 28 percent in 1933. The trend since then has been in the opposite direction, so that credit sales bore somewhat the same relation to total retail sales in 1937 as in 1929. It is estimated that installment sales (as a part of credit sales) reached a peak of 13 percent of total retail sales in 1929, and since then have not exceeded 12 percent of the total. Between 1935 and 1937 they increased from 10.9 to 11.7 of the total. 8 Funds used included current money income together with amounts withdrawn from accumulations of previous years and unpaid obligations incurred during the year covered by the survey. Money disburse ments, on the other hand, comprised money expenditures for consumei goods and services, increases in assets, and decreases in previously incurred obligations. FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY 86 Fig. 4 SOURCE AND DISPOSITION OF FU N D S USED FOR FAMILY LIVING IN ONE YEAR AT SELECTED INCOME LEVELS NEW YORK. 19 3 5- 19 36 NO NRELIEF FAM ILIES INCLUDING HUSBAND AND W IFE BOTH NATIVE BORN WHITE FAMILIES INCOME CLASS PERCENTAGE ( In D ollars J 20 0 40 60 80 500 AND UNDER 750 750 AND UNDER 1000 2000 AND UNDER 2250 7500 AND UNDER 10,000 1 0 ,0 0 0 AND OVER NEGRO FAMILIES 500 AND UNDER 750 750 AND UNDER 1 000 1750 AND UNDER 2000 2500 AND UNDER 3 000 3000 AND OVER SOURCE OF FUNDS m m MONEY IN C O M E fe&gsfl DECREASE IN ASSETS INCREASE IN L IA B IL IT IE S U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS DISPOSITION OF FUNDS ■ ■ MONEY EXPENDITURES INCREASE IN ASSETS t:'v.-yX| DECREASE IN LIABILITIES \ * ,W /A 100 SURPLUS AND DEFICIT ITEMS 87 white families at the lowest income level ($500 to $750), current money income provided only 58 percent of the funds disbursed during the year, decreases in assets supplying no less than 27 percent, or almost one-half as large a share of the total. The remaining 15 per cent of funds used came from increases in liabilities. Almost all dis bursements were used to purchase consumer goods and services. On the other hand, among those with incomes of $7,500 to $10,000, money income provided about 90 percent of the funds used for family living; while about 16 percent of disbursements were used to increase family assets, rather than for current living. An understanding of the economy of the lowest income families studied depends on several factors. The expenditures of relief fami lies were not surveyed, but it was noted in volume I that native white complete families on relief in New York City averaged 4.1 persons. On the average there was at least one child under 16 in every relief family, and two children in every second one. The nonrelief families with incomes of $500 to $750 averaged only 2.9 persons. There was, on the average, one child under 16 in about every second one of these nonrelief families. In part, therefore, the ability to remain selfsupporting at low income levels depended upon the size of the family and its age composition. Furthermore, the present study indicates that, at least among native whites, most of the nonrelief families in the income class $500 to $750 had enjoyed higher incomes in previous years and hence had some resources other than current income on which they were able to draw. During the year of the survey, these families spent nearly as much for consumer goods and services as those with incomes of $750 to $1,000. The group of native white families at this income level that fur nished expenditure schedules is small— only 16 families. Neverthe less, the data are interesting, and the distribution of the deficits by amounts is consistent with similar data from families at this income level in other large cities. The current deficit in New York City (excess of current money expenditures over current money income) was increased by payments on insurance premiums. Twelve families carried enough insurance so that the average payment on insurance premiums for the 16 families amounted to $33. Bank accounts provided the most important source of funds to meet the expenditures that current income did not cover. Half the families withdrew enough from past savings to aver age $273 for the whole group of families. Loans, principally from relatives, were the next most common source of needed funds for cur rent living. One-fourth of the families borrowed amounts large enough to average $81 for the group. Increases in mortgages payable amounted to $43, representing an advance secured by one family. 8 0 6 9 4 °— 39--------7 88 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY Unpaid balances due on credit purchases provided an additional $20. Of this amount, only $6 represented unpaid grocer or doctor bills, while the remainder represented the unpaid installment obligations of one family. The surrender of insurance policies and increases in miscellaneous liabilities contributed only small amounts to funds for family living when averaged for the 16 families. From an analysis of these figures it appears that commercial credit is not generally available to families at the lowest income level as a means of meeting current obligations. Thus, the major portion of the net deficit for the group was financed out of past savings and a relatively small part by current borrowing. White families studied at the $750 to $1,000 income level reported a net deficit only half as large as that of the families just considered. Their deficit financing was even more strongly marked by reliance on past accumulations rather than on credit than was the case among the lowest economic group. The Negro families in New York with incomes between $500 and $1,000 that remained off relief differed from the native white families either as regards the availability of past accumulations or as regards the tendency to draw upon them.9 None of the Negro families at the lowest income level reported withdrawals from bank accounts, and even at the next higher level, borrowings were considerably more im portant than withdrawals from savings in meeting the relatively small deficits incurred by the group as a whole. 9 Only 8 Negro families in the lowest income class were studied, but at the next level, 32 furnished data on expenditures. Hence, considered together, the data should be fairly reliable Chapter IX Summary Variation of expenditures among families with similar incomes.— So far in this report expenditures have been discussed primarily in terms of averages for groups of families. These averages have cut through the inherent differences between individual families and have indicated certain characteristics of the general pattern of ex penditure. In the last chapter, however, there was some discussion of the variation in surpluses and deficits. This variation was the inevitable consequence of very considerable variations in total expenditures for consumer goods and services found in given income classes. Differences in family responsibilities, in the emergencies met during the year, in standards of living, in savings habits, in savings accumulated in previous years, and in ability to secure credit combine to produce great differences in expenditures among families with almost identical incomes. Even at the low income levels, there is a wide dispersion of total family expenditures (see table 42). Among white families with current incomes of $500 to $750, money value of current family living ranged from $600 to $1,900, exceeding $750 for about four-fifths of the group. Among families at all succeeding income levels up to $10,000, total expenditures in 40 to 65 percent of the cases fell within the limits of the income interval in which the families were classified. While at higher incomes, as has already been noted, larger and larger proportions of the families lived within their incomes, the tendency to extreme differences in current expenditures remains. In general, at any given income, the highest expenditure was three or four times as great as the lowest. A similar distribution of the Negro families studied in New York City reveals considerably less dispersion of total family expenditures, particularly at the lower income levels. Thus, among families with incomes of $500 to $750, the money value of current family living ranged only from $500 to $1,100. Among families at the income levels between $1,000 and $2,000, three-fifths or more of the cases fell within the limits of the income intervals in which the families were classified. Below the $2,500 level, the highest value reported by Negro families in any one income class was generally no more than twice as great as the lowest. 89 able 42.- CO O -P ercen ta g e distribution of families according to total m oney value o f current fa m ily living Lncome class 05 5 0 0 5 00 69 A 05 69 s 0 05 5 05 0 5 0 C5 5 05 69 A m 69 A (N 8 A 8 o 69 6 7 9 19 1 6 16" 24 3 6 3 12 19 13 1 05 0 05 0 5 lO sCO 050 s 99 €9 69 69 A 8 § 1 00 8 8 69 9 9 09 99 6 6 2 3 2 2 2 9 9 "~5~ 4 2 33 20 9 4 8 2 14 20 22 14 1 4 8 19 1 3 05 0 5 69 A (*) 1 8 f of 09 05 8 04 l of 69 1 2 12 19 11 1 3 4 15 16 3 (*) (*) 3 12 19 4 05 (*) (*) 05 3 5 18 8 2 (*) 1 3 12 12 2 1 1 1 2 5 6 11 1 ~T Ico 43 85 0 69 A O 05 69 A o o 69 18 9 21 11 11 5 6 32 20 9 36 4 10 26 20 2 8 CO l CO 05 5 0 i 05 5 0 CO 69 A 8 69 69 05 5 C5 0 00 | 8 69 69 A A 8 69 69 5 40 4 4 ___ 4 10 9 7 1 10 36 11 05 5 0 kO 69 A © 05 8 1t'. of 69 05 5 0 of 69 05 8 of9 © 05 8 of SI of 69 of 69 of 69 8 £ g 04 I CO 05 05 04 l1C SI 05 5 0 CO 69 A 8 of 69 l 3 l 2 1 14 51 38 12 l 1 t *y i i 2 12 39 23 2 (*) (*) 3 9 30 12 4 (*) 4 21 20 3 1 2 (*> 12 1 58 6 2 41 46 6 1 29 70 8 05 CO 8 Tf I 04 99 ©1 O of 69 05 5 0 00 of A 8 of 69 05 8 of A o 05 of 69 1 CO 69 8 © CO 69 ic CO 69 g ©l 05 0 05 5 69 8 kO 69 69 16 6 5 11 5 23 5 22 11 — - 05 I o *0 69 1 A o 69 80 0 69 1 O o 00 69 $1,100-$1,199 < 05 0 5 1 1 1 (*) 1 -<*-)'(*)’ 2 3 1 6 1 2 3 16 17 7 5 3 9 9 6 1 2 1 3 YORK I 0 5 0O 5 C 05 8 8 085 0S5 8 05 8 8 of SI 8 8 8 tf 69 A A A g© 1 8 8O 8 8 lO of C 99 8 69 69 €9 8 05 69 A NEW Income class C5 5 0 ko 69 A 8 69 05 IN CO & 05 5 1 8 0Cof5O 8 00 of0 69 of 8 A f A © o CO I 0 8 of of of9 69 of0 8 69 €9 € NEGRO FAMILIES 05 5 0 04 69 05 8 C ofO IC ofO 69 E X P E N D IT U R E g C O g m A A A © o oCO 1 8 0g5 g § < 69 69 m 09- 69 69 69 19 6 26 6 13 100 3 13 32 ~lk~ 16 100 3 24 34 100 1 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 69 F A M IL Y $500-$74-9 $7/;fi-$QQQ nnn-$i 9,4Q $l’250-$L499 $1/SIin— $1749 $1750-$1,999 $2,000-$2,249_______ $2,250-$2,499 $2,500-$2,999...... ...... $3,000-$3,499_______ $3,500-$3,999______ $4nnn-$4,999 $5,000-$7,499_______ $7,500-$9,999_______ $10,000and over_______ C5 5 0 05 69 1 $2, 400-$2, 499 , 05 .2 $2,100-$2,199 WHITE FAMILIES j $10,000and over || T 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 22 6 10 17 7 6 C IT Y $500-$749_______________________ $750-$999 ........... $1,000-$1,249____________________ $1,250-$1,499 __________________ $1,500-$1,749 . _ . . $1,750-$1,999.____ _______________ $2,000-$2,249____________________ $2,250-$2,499___ ________ $2,500-$2,999 - .............. .............. $3,000 and over--------------------------- 2 2 31 10 1 14 17 5 20 26 6 3 25 16 4 4 12 15 28 5 6 7 4 ___ 13 25 5 16 11 1Includes money expenditures and value of food, housing, and fuel received without money expense in year of the survey * Less than 1 percent 3 4 ___ 11 4 6 21 ’ ll" 11 This total is also referred to as “ total expenditures” . SU M M AR Y 91 When the data are further subdivided to show expenditures for the individual categories, the variations from family to family are even wider, relatively, than are found in total expenditures for current living. Such variations reflect the wide differences among families in their habits and tastes, as well as in the circumstances that operate in any given year to modify their usual pattern of spending.1 The share o f fo o d y clothing , and hou sin g in the f a m i l y budget .— Despite the wide range in total expenditures at any given income level, certain limits (elastic to be sure) are set to a family's expenditures for many consumption goods and services by the sums absorbed by the three necessities of life— food, clothing, and shelter. Attention has already been drawn to the fact that, at the upper income levels, all three of these categories, and particularly clothing and food, included a con siderable proportion of luxury items. Indeed, expenditures for cloth ing behave somewhat like those for a luxury commodity, increasing steadily in importance at successive income levels, at least up to $4,000. Nevertheless, these three groups of expenditure ordinarily took precedence over all other items in the budget. Their importance is attested by the fact that more than one-half of average total expenditures was spent for these three categories by all families studied in New York City except the few in the white group with incomes of $10,000 and more (see table 43). Among white fam ilies they accounted for more than three-quarters of total expenditures at the income levels below $1,500, and more than three-fifths of the total at all levels up to $5,000. Among Negro families, the share of total expenditures that went for food, clothing, and housing declined with less regularity. More than three-quarters of the total went for these goods and services among Negro families with incomes below $1,500; more than three-fifths, however, was spent in this manner even by the highest income groups studied. A t succeeding income levels, therefore, steadily increasing propor tions of total expenditures were available for other consumption purposes. In terms of income, the showing was much more striking, particularly in the case of white families. For white families with incomes of $500 to $750, current income was insufficient, on the average, to cover even the necessities. Among white families at the next higher income level, these essentials took almost all of current income. At higher income levels, however, the proportion devoted to the necessities of living declined steadily, to less than 75 percent at the $1,750 level; to less than 50 percent at the $7,500 level; and to 37 percent for the small number receiving incomes of $10,000 or more. 1See appendix E, for further discussion of variability in family expenditures. 92 T FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY 4 3 .— Expenditures for food , clothing, and housing combined, and for auto mobiles , recreation, and household help combined: Average amounts and percentage of average total expenditures and of average total income 1 able Food, clothing, and housing Automobiles, recreation, and household help Income class Amount Percentage Percentage of total ex of total Amount penditures income Percentage Percentage of total ex of total income penditures White families $500-$749___........................................ $750-$999________________________ $1,000-$1,249..................................... $1,250-$1,499____________ ____ _ $1,500-$1,749_____________________ $1,760-$l,999...... ................. .............. $2,000-$2,249___________ _____ _ $2,250-$2,499_____________________ $2,500-$2,999_____________________ $3,000-$3,499________________ ____ $3,500-$3,999____________ _______ _ $4,000~$4,999_____________________ $5,000-$7,499______________ ____ $7,500-$9,999........................... .......... $10,000 and over..... .......................... $898 919 984 1,132 1,267 1,375 1,567 1,627 1,831 2,072 2,259 2,680 3,221 4,170 6,903 82.8 82.1 78.6 76.7 74.9 71.4 72.4 69.5 67.6 64.9 62.9 61.4 57.0 52.4 46.5 134.0 100.3 85.9 82.0 77.8 73.0 73.3 68.7 66.6 64.3 60.5 59.9 54.7 49.4 37.4 $16 22 35 48 81 123 129 178 266 336 434 535 871 1,371 2,860 1.5 2.0 2.8 3.3 4.8 6.4 6.0 7.6 9.8 10.5 12.1 12.3 15.4 17.2 19.3 2.4 2.4 3.1 3.5 5.0 6.5 6.0 7.5 9.7 10.4 11.6 12.0 14.8 16.2 15.5 0.6 2.4 3.1 3.5 4.0 5.5 5.6 7.9 10.2 8.4 0.6 2.6 3.2 3.6 3.9 5.7 5.4 7.1 9.6 7.4 Negro families $500-$749_.................. ......... ............. $750-$999..... ..................... ................. $1,000-$1,249____________ ____ _ $1,250-$1,499_____________________ $1,500-$1,749__ ________ _________ $1,750-$1,999____________ ____ _ $2,000-$2,249_____ __________ ____ $2,250-$2,499____ _____ __________ $2,500-$2,999__________ _____ ____ $3,000 and over___________________ $616 848 928 1,091 1, 210 1,399 1,453 1,523 1,704 2,197 88.6 81.3 78.4 75.2 74.0 70.8 72.0 70.3 66.2 61.7 90.5 87.6 80.8 76.2 72.2 73.7 68.6 63.8 62.4 54.7 $4 25 37 51 65 108 114 170 263 298 1 The income and expenditure figures used in preparing this table include the money value of food, housing, and fuel received without money expense in the year covered by the schedule. The housing figure includes expenditures for fuel, light, and refrigeration, but does not include expenditures for household help, other types of household operation, or furnishings and equipment. E x p en d itu r e s f o r recreation , a u tom obiles , and household h elp .— In contrast to the large but declining share of the total absorbed by food, clothing, and housing may be placed average expenditures for the categories which to most metropolitan families are luxuries— automobiles (purchase and operation), recreation, and household help (see table 43). These expenditures increased much more rapidly than did total expenditures, or even total income. They accounted for less than 4 percent of total expenditures for current living among white and Negro families with incomes below $1,500, but for over 15 percent among white families with incomes of $5,000 or more. Thus, among white families, while the share of total expenditures devoted to the necessities of life declined by about one-third (from the income levels under $1,000 to those over $5,000), the portion absorbed by these three luxury categories multiplied more than eight times. Similarly, as the share of income going to the necessity items declined by more than one-half, that used for the luxury categories increased almost seven times. 93 SUM M ARY Relative changes in expen ditu res w ith changes in in c o m e .— The fore going chapters have shown differences in the relative increases in expenditures for the several categories of goods and services as successively larger incomes make possible a growing latitude in con sumers’ choices. It is possible to obtain a rough measure of the elasticity of various types of expenditure over a given income range by comparing on a percentage basis the average expenditures of families at the lower and upper ends of that range. Elasticity varies in different parts of the income scale, and is also greater or less depending on the length of the range selected for comparison, since average expenditures increase in successive income classes. When average expenditures of the white families studied in New York City are compared over a range that begins with the group receiving $500 to $1,250 and ends with those receiving $5,000 and more, the following percentage increases in expenditures are obtained for the individual categories, arranged in order from the smallest relative increase to the largest: P er c e n ta g e in c r e a s e F ood 1___________________________________________________________ 272 Tobacco_________________________________________________________ 273 Housing 2_________________________________________ 324 Reading_________________________________________________________ 400 Personal care_____________________ 557 Furniture and equipment______________________________________ 736 750 Transportation otherthan by automobile_____________________ Medical care____________________________________________________ 913 Clothing_________________________________________________________ 1 ,0 7 0 Recreation______________________________________________________ 1, 890 Household operation___________________________________________ 2, 292 Education_______________________________________________________ 2, 386 Automobile operation__________________________________________ 4, 417 Contributions and personal taxes_____________________________ 6, 493 Automobile purchase___________________________________________ 7, 100 ! Including the value of food received without money expense. Including expense for fuel, light, and refrigeration and the value of housing and fuel received without money expense. 2 Over this range, which represents an increase of 824 percent in total income, total expenditures for current family living increased 598 percent. A net deficit of $160 was replaced by a surplus of $1,144. Average expenditures for food and tobacco increased less than 300 percent, while at the other extreme, outlays for contributions and personal taxes and for automobiles rose more than 4,000 percent. The lists appearing below present the individual categories2 arranged in order corresponding to the percentage increase in average 2 The elasticity of expenditures for education and automobile purchase is not presented for Negro families since no expenditures were reported for automobile purchase by families with incomes of $1,000 to $1,250, and education expenditures of less than $1 were reported at both levels. 94 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y expenditures over the income range from $1,000-$1,249 to $2,250$2,499 for both white and Negro families. For white families, this income range represents an increase of about 107 percent in total in com e; for Negro families it involves an increase of 108 percent in total income. White Families Housing L__ _ _ _ _ -------Food 2_ . _ _ _ -- Transportation other than by automobile____ ______ Tobacco. ____________________ Reading. ---------------------------Medical care. ._ ----------- -------Personal care__________________ Furnishings and equipment-----Household operation . -----Clothing__________ . ------------Education. --------------- ---------Recreation. _ . Contributions and personal taxes Automobile purchase__________ Automobile operation. ----------- Percentage increase 49 61 62 84 93 112 123 125 178 190 200 222 329 500 750 Percentage Negro Families increase Transportation other than by automobile_________________ 41 Food 2________________________ 53 Housing 1_____________________ 57 Personal care_________________ 72 Furnishings and equipment__ 80 Reading. _____________________ 92 Tobacco______________________ 95 Recreation.. _ _ ________ 121 Household operation. ______ 128 C loth in g________ __ 159 Contributions and personal taxes. _____ _____ 177 Medical care__ _ ________ 190 Automobile operation_______ 850 «Including expense for fuel, light, and refrigeration, and the value of housing and fuel received without. money expense. 2Including the value of food received without money expense. Over this range, the total expenditures of white families increased by 87 percent while those of Negro families rose 83 percent. For white families, this represented a shift from a net deficit of $96 to a net surplus of $49, while for Negroes, it meant a shift from a deficit of only $20 to a surplus of $204. The elasticity of expenditures for hous ing, tobacco, medical care, and automobile operation was greater among Negro than among white families, but the elasticity for all other categories of expenditure was greater among white families. Medical care was one of the most elastic types of expenditure among Negro families over this income range, but was relatively inelastic among white families. The manner in which income elasticity in expenditures varies in different parts of the income scale is indicated by a comparison of the order of elasticity of the categories shown above for white families with incomes of $1,000-$1,249 to $2,250-$2,499 with the list which follows for white families with incomes of $4,000-$4,999 to $7,500$9,999: P er c e n ta g e in crea se Tobacco_________________________________________________________ Transportation other than by automobile____________________ Reading_________________________________________________________ Food 1___________________________________________________________ Including the value of food received without money expense 8 12 24 34 95 SUMMARY P er c e n ta g e in c r e a s e Personal care___________________________________________________ Clothing_________________________________________________________ Recreation______________________________________________________ Housing 2________________________________________________________ Education_______________________________________________________ Household operation___________________________________________ Medical care____________________________________________________ Automobile operation__________________________________________ Contributions and personal taxes_____________________________ Furnishings and equipment____________________________________ Automobile purchase___________________________________________ 49 63 75 78 79 116 133 189 198 203 208 2Including expense for tuel, light, and refrigeration, and the value of housing and fuel received without money expense. The range from $4,000 to $10,000 represents an increase in income of about 89 percent and a growth in expenditures of 82 percent, as against increases of 107 and 87 percent in income and expenditures, respectively, for white families with incomes between $1,000 and $2,500. The most striking change in the relative elasticity for individ ual categories between the lower income range and the upper is found in the case of housing, which was least elastic among families in the lower range and was intermediate in relative elasticity among the higher income families. In comparison with other groups of items, clothing and recreation were less elastic at the upper than at the lower levels. The change over the income range in average expenditures by New York white families for the main categories is shown graphically in figures 5 and 6. These figures indicate both the level of outlay and the relative increase in different parts of the income range.3 The relatively slow increase for both food and housing, noted in chapters III and IV, are strikingly shown in figure 5. Among fhe other cate gories, a number show very similar relative increases. All categories of expenditure showed a definite tendency toward a slower relative in crease at the higher income levels, although this was least clearly marked with respect to contributions and personal taxes, recreation, and education. This flattening of the curves reflects the growing importance of various forms of savings with increases in incomes. E x p en d itu res o f w hite and N eg ro fa m ilie s at successive in com e levels .— In spite of the considerable variation in the expenditures of families of the same composition, occupational group, and income, there is a very high degree of consistency in the average expenditures of groups of families in the same income class that are similar in most other re spects, and in the average expenditures of families in adjacent income brackets. In other words, when New York families are considered one at a time, there is found to be a great variety in the way they plan * Average expenditures were smoothed and plotted on double logarithmic paper. 96 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY F ig . 5 RELATIVE CHANGES IN SPECIFIED CATEGORIES OF EXP E N D ITU R E WITH CHANGES IN INCOME NEW YORK, 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 3 6 WHITE NONRELIEF FAMILIES INCLUDING HUSBAND AND WIFE BOTH NATIVE BORN A N N U A L EXPEN D ITURE ( In D o lla r s ) A N N U A L E X P E N D IT U R E (In D o lla r s ) The slopes o f fhs linos show the porcont increase in expenditure corresponding to th e p ercen t increase in income. A slope g r e a te r th an th a t o f a 4 5 degree lin e represents o gain o f the specified kind o f expenditure re la tiv e ly g re a te r than the gain in income; a slope less th a n th a t o f a 4 5 degree lin e represents a gain relatively smaller. u.s.bureauoflabor statistics 97 SUMMARY Fig. 6 RELATIVE CHANGES IN SPECIFIED CATEGORIES OF EXPENDITURE W ITH CHANGES IN INCOME NEW YORK, 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 3 6 WHITE NONRELIEF FAMILIES INCLUDING HUSBAND AND WIFE BOTH NATIVE BORN A N N U A L EXPENDITURE ( In D o lla r s ) AN N U A L EXPEN D ITURE ( In D o lla rs ) IOOO 900 800 700 6 00 500 400 300 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I The slopes o f the lin es show the percent increase in exp en d itu re corresponding to the p ercen t increase in income. A slope g re a te r than th a t o f a 4 5 degree lin e represents a gain o f the s p e c ifie d k in d o f e xp en d itu re re la tiv e ly g re a te r than the gain in i n c o m e a slope less than t h a t o f a 4 5 degree tin e represents a gain re latively sm aller. U . S.BUREAUOFLABORSTATISTICS F A M IL Y 98 E XP E N D IT U R E I N NEW YORK CITY their family budgets. When they are classified into relatively homogeneous groups, however, their average expenditures assume such regularity of design that it becomes quite reasonable to speak of the “ patterns of expenditures” at successive income levels in this metro politan area. The design becomes even more pronounced when all the families studied are grouped into five broad income classes, and the pattern of expenditures is considered for families with incomes: under $1,000; $1,000 to $2,000; $2,000 to $3,000; $3,000 to $5,000; $5,000 and over (see table 44). T Income class able Total adjusted income 44 .— D istrib u tio n o f adjusted f a m i ly incom e 1 Total money value of cur rent family living Food Home mainte nance Medi cal care Contri butions and per sonal taxes $27 73 157 259 652 $19 70 110 164 385 $13 35 77 187 989 $68 108 175 282 801 3.2 4.7 6.4 7.2 6.9 2.2 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.1 1.5 2.2 3.1 5.2 10.4 8.0 $29 58 153 212 $25 41 75 109 $8 38 98 421 $49 91 153 265 3.2 4.0 6.4 5.3 2.7 2.9 3.2 2.7 0.9 2.7 4.1 10.5 6.4 6.6 Clothing Trans and per porta sonal tion care Other Average amount W h it e F a m il ie s $500-$999_________ $1,000-$1,999_____ $2,000-$2,999_____ $3,000-$4,999_____ $5,000 and over___ $850 1,562 2, 450 3, 588 9, 456 $1,111 1,634 2,435 3, 510 8,333 $461 614 836 1,044 1,788 $442 584 811 1,122 2,796 $81 150 271 452 922 Percentage of income $500-$999..... ........ . $1,000-$1,999_____ $2,000-$2,999.......... $3,000-$4,999_____ $5,000 and over___ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 130.7 104.6 99.4 97.8 88.1 54.3 39.3 34.1 29.1 18.9 52.0 37.4 33.1 31.3 29.5 9.5 9.6 11.1 12.6 9.8 6 .9 7.1 7.8 8.5 Average amount N e g r o F a m il ie s $500’-$999_________ $1,000-11,999_____ $2,000-$2,999........ . $3,000 and over___ $920 1,432 2,375 4,020 $985 1, 450 2,226 3,560 $384 501 669 678 $412 559 783 1,481 $78 162 294 395 Percentage of income $500-$999__............ $1,000-$1,999_____ $2,000-$2,999_____ $3,000 and over___ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.1 101.3 93.7 88.6 41.7 35.0 28.2 16.9 44.8 39.0 33.0 36.8 8.5 11.3 12.4 9.8 5.3 6 .4 1See glossary for definition of items included in each category. F a m ilie s with in com es fro m $ 5 0 0 to $ l f l 0 0 .— Among white families in this income group, total incomes averaged $850, and total expendi tures for current family living, $1,111. Food and home maintenance together amounted to 6 percent more than current family income, food alone taking 54 percent of income, home maintenance another 52 percent. Clothing and personal care expenses amounted to barely 10 SUM M ARY 99 percent. The family outlay for transportation represented 3 percent of income and for medical care only 2 percent. Expenditures for the remaining categories in the family budget, recreation, reading, educa tion, tobacco, gifts, contributions to religious and community welfare organizations, and personal taxes, averaged $81 at this level, bringing the total expenditures to a point 31 percent above current income. Among Negro families at the $500 to $999 income level, total in comes averaged $920, and total expenditures only 7 percent more. Thus, at the lowest levels studied, the average incomes of Negro families were $70 higher than those of white families, while their total expenditures averaged about $25 lower. Food and home maintenance accounted for 42 and 45 percent, respectively, of total income, sub stantially less than among white families. Clothing and personal care took a slightly smaller portion of income than among white families. Transportation and medical care each claimed about 3 percent, and the minor categories about 6 percent. F a m ilies with in com es fro m $ 1 ,0 0 0 to $ 2 ,0 0 0 . — The current incomes of white families in this next class averaged $1,562, and expenditures for current living, $1,634, a current deficit of not quite 5 percent. Food and home maintenance amounted to 77 percent of total income. Clothing and personal care expense remained at 10 percent of the total. Expenditures for transportation and medical care each showed a marked gain over those in the lowest income group, rising from 3.2 to 4.7 percent and 2.2 to 4.5 percent, respectively. The share of income going to the remaining categories declined slightly to 9 percent. Negro families in this income class had current incomes that came within 1 percent of balancing with expenditures. Their incomes were over $100 lower than those of white families and their expenditures almost $200 lower. Food and home maintenance, however, together took almost as large a share of income (74 percent) as among white families. Clothing and personal care took over 11 percent of the total, representing a substantial increase over the expenditures at the preceding level. Expenditures for transportation increased to 4 per cent of income, but those for medical care showed no increase as a proportion of the total. The minor categories received the same share of income as among white families, representing a marked increase above the share received at the preceding level. F a m ilie s w ith in com es fr o m $ 2 ,0 0 0 to $ 8 ,0 0 0 . — The expenditures of white families in this group were just covered by their incomes. Expenditures for food, home maintenance, clothing, and personal care together took 78 percent of income, or only slightly more than food and home maintenance alone among white families with incomes of $1,000 to $2,000. Clothing and personal care, however, took a slightly larger share of the total than at the former level. Transpor tation expenditures continued to increase in relation to income, while 100 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E I N NEW YO R K C ITY medical expenditures maintained the same relative position, and the remaining categories increased slightly. For Negro families with incomes from $2,000 to $3,000, current incomes, averaging $2,3/5, were sufficient to cover all expenditures for current living, leaving a margin of 6 percent for reducing deficits accumulated in the past and for providing reserves for future use. The three major categories of expenditure took but 73 percent of income. Transportation took 6 percent of income and medical care one-half as much, leaving over 10 percent for recreation, reading, education, tobacco, gifts, and personal taxes. F a m ilies w ith in com es f r o m $ 3 ,0 0 0 to $ 5 ,0 0 0 . — Average current incomes of $3,588 left white families in this group a margin of about 2 percent for savings and repayment of past obligations after all ex penditures for current living were accounted for. The tendencies observed in the preceding groups were maintained, with food and house maintenance declining to 60 percent, and clothing and trans portation increasing slowly in importance. The share of income taken by medical care was the same. That of the remaining items was substantially larger, reflecting mainly the increase from 3.1 to 5.2 in average outlays for gifts, contributions, and personal taxes. Since relatively few Negro families with incomes above $3,000 were studied, all have been grouped together for purposes of analysis. Their expenditures for current living averaging $3,560, only $50 higher than those of white families with incomes of $3,000 to $5,000, although their incomes averaged over $400 higher. At this level, food took a much smaller share of the total than at lower levels, but home maintenance, a slightly larger share than at the preceding level. Clothing, transportation, and medical care all declined as a propor tion of income, while outlays for gifts to individuals, contributions to religious and community welfare institutions, and personal taxes, took over twice as large a share of income as in the $2,000 to $3,000 class. The remaining categories again averaged between 6 and 7 percent of income. F a m ilie s w ith in com es o j $ 5 ,0 0 0 and over.— The incomes of wdiite families in the highest of the broad income groups covered by the New York survey averaged $9,456. Only 88 percent of these incomes were spent for all items of current consumption. Food, home main tenance, clothing, and personal care each took a smaller proportion of the total than at the preceding level, absorbing in combination only 58 percent. The share of income received by gifts, contributions to the church and community welfare organizations, and persona] taxes rose to over 10 percent, or almost $1,000 while the proportion received by transportation, medical care, and the other minor cate gories remained about the same. SUM M ARY 101 D ifferen ces in the living pattern s o f w hite and N eg ro fa m ilie s .— The chief difference between New York white and Negro families is a difference in the income levels at which the majority live. Thus, of the native-born complete families living in areas where at least onethird of the family heads are native bom , 14 percent of the white families and 44 percent of the Negro families received relief at some time during the year 1935-36. Of those families that received no relief, 8 percent of the white group and 20 percent of the Negroes received incomes below $1,000; 24 percent of the former and 4 percent of the latter had incomes of $3,000 and more.4 At given income levels, however, certain clearly defined differences between white and Negro families appear in the pattern of spending and saving. Food expenditures were generally lower at given income levels, due at least in part, to the smaller size of Negro families and their relative importance declined more rapidly over the income range among Negro than among white families. Expenditures for home maintenance, on the other hand, were relatively larger and decreased more slowly at successive income levels among the former than among the latter. A later report may show fundamental differences in the type and quality of the housing facilities enjoyed by the two groups. The proportion of family income spent for clothing and personal care rose more rapidly among Negro than among white families with incomes below $3,000. Transportation expenditures absorbed a relatively small share of income, and one that was about the same among families in the two racial groups in the income classes below $3,000; they were somewhat more important for white families in the higher income groups, however. Expenditures for the remain ing categories rose more rapidly in importance with increases in income among Negroes than among white families, but they generally ac counted for a smaller proportion of the current incomes of the former than the latter. Expenditures for current family living exceeded incomes, on the average, among both white and Negro families with incomes below $2,000, but the excess was substantially greater for the former. At higher income levels, when all expenditures for consumer goods and services were accounted for, Negro families had a much wider margin than white families for savings and the repayment of previously incurred obligations. These differences may represent in part varia tions in the standards of living of the white and Negro families studied in New York City. They certainly reflect in part more restricted opportunities for spending in the case of Negro families, as well as greater employment security and greater ease in securing credit on the part of white families. 4 See vol. I, Tabular Summary, sec. B, table 1 T A B U L A R SU M M A R Y Averages are in all cases, except as indicated in table 1-A, based on the number of families reporting expenditures, whether or not they reported expenditure for the particular item. The data presented in the folio whig tables summarize, by major groups, the expenditures of native white and native Negro families (separately) living in New York. The data on expenditures were obtained only from nonrelief families containing husband and wife, both native born. N ot all families meeting these qualifications were scheduled, but the number of eligible families in the different income, occupational, and family type groups is given in column 2 of table 1 in order to show the relative frequency in the community. (See statement in section on sampling, appendix A, concerning the character of the “ eligible” sample.) It should be noted that column 2 of tables 1-A ff presents the actual number of families reporting income. Data presented for “ All families” and for each family type group (white), represent only families of wage earners at the income level $500 to $750, and only families of wage earners and clerical workers at the level $750 to $1,250. At the levels $1,250 to $4,000, families of all occupational groups studied are represented, but at $4,000 and above only families of the business and professional groups are included. Data presented for “ All families” and for each occupational group include families of types I through V. In the case of the Negro families, data for “ All families” and for each family type group represent only families of wage earners at the income level $500 to $750. At income levels $750 to $3,000, families of all occupational groups studied are included, but at income levels of $3,000 and above only families of the business and professional groups are included. Data for “ All families” and for eaeh occupational group include families of types I through V. For eligibility requirements and methods used in deriving averages, see appendix A; and for definitions of terms used in the tables, see glossary (appendix B ). 102 CONTENTS Page Table White 1. B alance of family income and expenditure : Number of eligible families, average net money and nonmoney income, average money expenditure for family living, net surplus or deficit, and balancing difference, by occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36 __ _ _ _ __ 1-A. N et surplus or deficit : Percentage of families having a surplus or deficit, and average amounts reported, by occu pation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36 — 2. Summary of family expenditure : Average money expenditure for specified groups of goods and services, by occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36 _ _ 3. F ood: Average value of all family food, money expenditure for food at home and away from home, average value of food home-produced or received as gift or pay, and money expense per meal per food expenditure unit, by occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36 ____ __ 4. H ousing : Average value of housing secured with and without money expenditure, by occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36______ _ _ _ ___ __ 4-A . M oney expenditure for family home by owners and renters, and facilities included in rent for family home : By occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36_____ ______________________ _____________ 5. H ousehold operation : Average money expenditure for groups of items of household operation and percentage distribution of such expenditure, by occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935—36 _______ _ ________________ 6. Clothing : Average money expenditure for clothing for husband and wife and other family members, and percentage distribu tion of such expenditure, by occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36______ _ _ ___________ _ 7. Personal care : Average money expenditure for toilet articles and preparations, and services, and percentage distribution of such expenditure, by occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935—36 __ ____________ _ __________ _ __ 8. A utomobile operation and purchase: Percentage of families owning and purchasing automobiles, average money expendi ture for all families, average expenditure for operation, and purchase, by occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36___________________________ _____ ,___________ 9. R ecreation : Average money expenditure for recreation of specified types, by occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935—36___________ ___________________________________ 107 151 110 153 113 155 123 161 126 163 129 165 132 167 135 169 138 171 141 173 144 175 103 8 06 9 4 °— 39-------8 Negro W h ite F a m ilie s 105 107 TABULAR S U M M A R Y T 1.— B alan ce o f fa m ily in c o m e a n d ex p en d itu re: N u m b er o f eligible fa m ilie s , average net m o n e y and n o n m o n e y in c o m e, average m o n e y expend iture fo r f a m i ly living , net su rp lu s or deficit, and balancing d ifference , b y occu p ation , f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 -S 6 able [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native bornj Average net income Occupational group, family type, and income class Number of eligible families1 (2' fl) Total Non M oney8 money from housing8 (3) (4) (5) Average Average Averagmoney net sur bal expendi plus or net ancing ture for differ deficit family ence 6 (-)* living4 (6) (7) (8) A l l fa m ilie s $500-$749.................................... .............. $750-$999__________ ________ _________ $1,000-$1,249_____________ _____ _____ $1,250-$1,499________ ____ ___________ $1,500-$1,749...... ............................ ........ . 3, 552 9,731 18,895 25,522 30,299 $635 896 1,129 1,371 1,616 $622 854 1,099 1,346 1,597 $13 42 30 25 19 $1,037 1,058 1,208 1,440 1,660 -$408 -195 -9 6 -8 6 -5 6 —$7 -9 -1 3 -8 -7 $1,750-$1,999.................... ........... ............ $2,000-$2,249___ ____ ________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________________ $2,500-$2,999_-__________ ____________ $3,000-$3,499........................... ................. 32,477 31,671 22^ 239 39,075 22,269 1,867 2,121 2,356 2,729 3,216 1,845 2,095 2,328 2,696 3,186 22 26 28 33 30 1,888 2,123 2,301 2,652 3,153 -2 0 -1 4 49 62 58 -2 3 -1 4 -2 2 -1 8 -2 5 $3,500-$3,999........................... ...............$4,000-$4,999......... .................. ................ $5,000-$7,499..______ ________________ $7,500-$9,999___ ____ ________________ $10,000 and over...................................... 12,955 7,015 9,164 2,866 3,941 3,720 4,457 5,870 8,418 18,429 3,675 4,405 5,821 8, 298 18,460 45 52 49 120 -3 1 3,534 4,300 5, 582 7,796 14,830 152 154 271 579 3, 590 -1 1 -4 9 -3 2 3,552 7,403 12,955 14,657 15,821 635 902 1,131 1,362 1,622 622 871 1,106 1,322 1,597 13 31 25 40 25 1,038 990 1,151 1,372 1,595 -408 -1 0 0 -3 2 -4 3 5 15,134 11,045 7 911 15’ 851 5,910 2,328 1,866 2,123 2,349 2,744 3,201 3,700 1,835 2,097 2,309 2,723 3,195 3,614 31 26 40 21 6 86 1,910 2,177 2,297 2, 667 3,287 3,393 -4 5 -5 8 48 $750-$999___________ ______ __________ $1,000-$1,249_________________________ $1,250-$1,499_________________________ $1,500-$1,749_________________________ $1,750-$! ,999._____ __________________ 2,328 5,940 8,029 10,627 11,880 880 1,125 1,382 1,608 1,875 800 1,084 1,376 1,595 1,866 80 41 6 13 9 1,270 1,332 1,561 1,718 1,854 -495 -235 -176 -115 25 -1 3 -9 -8 -2 1 $2,000-$2,249________________ ________ $2,250-$2,499______ ____ ____ ________ $2,500-$2,999_________________________ $3,000-$3,499_________________________ $3,500-$3,999.____ _____ _____________ 13,731 8,776 12,896 7,493 4,299 2,122 2,348 2,717 3,250 3,682 2,094 2,326 2,671 3,218 3,626 28 22 46 32 56 2,054 2, 265 2,620 3,127 3,497 50 67 70 120 100 -1 0 $1,250-$1,499______ _____ ____________ $1,500-$1,749_____ ____ ______________ $1,750-$1,999............. ........... ................. . $2,000-$2,249_________________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________________ 1,701 2,060 2,000 2,716 1,313 1,390 1,609 1,851 2,114 2,347 1,386 1,591 1,808 2,089 2,299 4 18 43 25 48 1,379 1,734 1,873 2,173 2,415 24 -113 -5 9 -1 7 -3 0 -86 2 -3 4 $2,500-$2,999........................... ................. $3,000-$3,499_________________________ $3,500-$3,999._......................................... $4,000-$4,999............................................. $5,000-$7,499............................................. 3,284 2,269 1,194 1,015 2,119 2,745 3,122 3,774 4,353 5,748 2,700 3,063 3,770 4,298 5,740 45 59 4 55 8 2,792 3,148 3,722 4,213 5,886 -3 4 -5 8 -6 4 54 131 -9 1 -4 6 -5 5 $7,500-,$9,999_____ _______ ___________ $10,000 and over........ .............................. 597 1,284 8, 549 14,464 8,379 14,573 170 -109 7,101 14,200 1,401 541 -123 -168 O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : ea rn er -7 7 40 W age $500-$749______________ _______ _____ $750-$999____________________________ $1,000-$1,249__________ ______________ $1,250-$1,499_.______ _______ ________ $1,500-$1,749_________________________ $1,750-$1,999.________ _______________ $2,000-$2,249___ ________ ____________ $2,250-$2,499_________________________ $2,500-$2.999___________ ____ ________ $3,000-$3,499_______ _________________ $3,500-$3,999_________________________ 63 -8 0 228 -8 -1 9 -1 3 -7 -3 -30 -2 2 -36 -7 -1 2 -7 C le r ic a l 33 -6 -19 -2 9 29 In d ep en d e n t b u sin ess See p. 147 for notes on this table. -8 2 -21 -6 -6 108 T F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E I N NEW YO R K CITY 1. — B alan ce o f fa m ily in c o m e and expen ditu re: N u m b er o f eligible fa m ilie s , average net m o n ey and n o n m on ey incom e, average m o n ey expenditure fo r fa m i ly living, net surp lus or deficit, and balancing difference, by occu p a tion , fa m i ly typ e, and incom e, in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued able Aver;age net income Occupational group, family type, and income class Num ber of eligible families (2) (1) Total Money Nonmoney from housing (3) (4) (5) Average Average Average money sur net bal expendi net plus or ancing ture for deficit differ family ence (-) living (6) (7) $2, 078 2,001 2,207 2.120 2,454 -$762 -435 -454 -4 5 -9 6 $69 -1 1 42 7 12 22 55 -9 5 -374 535 -4 3 9 -5 8 -100 44 (8) In d e p e n d e n t p r o fes sio n a l $1,250-$1,499 ____ __________________ $1,500-$1,749_____________ ___________ $1,750-$1,999_________________________ $2,000-$2,249_________________________ $2,250-$2,499______________ _____ _____ 120 298 418 746 538 $1,385 1,599 1,834 2,127 2,395 $1, 385 1,555 1,795 2, 082 2,370 $2,500-$2,999_____ ___________________ $3,000-$3,499................. .................... . $3,500-$3,999______ __________________ $4^000-$4,999_________________________ $5,000-17,499_____ ___________________ 955 836 776 1,194 1,582 2,735 3,187 3,686 4,580 5, 917 2,678 3,133 3, 686 4, 608 5, 911 -2 8 6 2,699 3,069 3,839 5,082 5,332 $7,500-$9,999.................................... . $10,000 and over................ ............. — - 657 1,284 8, 567 23,438 8, 597 23,360 -3 0 78 10,251 17, 060 -1,491 5,954 -163 346 $1,250-$1,499____________________ ____ $1,500-$1,749_________________________ $1,750-$1,999______ __________________ $2,000-$2,249_— _____ _______________ $2,250-$2,499_................ .......................... 120 657 1,463 1,522 1,611 (t) 1,618 1,842 2,103 2,415 (t) 1,617 1,836 2,092 2,402 1 6 11 13 (t) 1,771 1,867 2,074 2, 404 (t) -144 -2 1 18 20 (t) -1 0 -1 0 (*) -2 2 $2,500-$2,999_________________________ $3,000-$3,499_________________________ $3,500-$3,999_________________________ $4,000-$4,999_________________________ $5,000-$7,499_________________________ 2,716 2,955 2,060 1,821 2, 627 2,722 3,199 3,812 4,470 5, 844 2,690 3,165 3,783 4,390 5, 837 32 34 29 80 7 2,550 3,106 3, 443 4,170 5, 749 147 93 354 252 157 -7 -3 4 -1 4 -3 2 -6 9 $7,500-$9,999_............................. .............. $10,000 and over---------------------- 1,045 1,134 8,313 17, 981 8, 242 18,041 71 -6 0 7, 541 13, 513 736 4, 559 -3 5 -3 1 $1,250-$1,499 ________________________ $1,500-$1,749___ ____ ________________ $1,750-$1,999___ ____ ________________ $2,000-$2,249-------- -----------------------------$2,250-$2,499________ ________________ 895 836 1,582 1,911 2,090 1,395 1, 638 1,870 2,117 2,362 1, 395 1,639 1,837 2,110 2,358 -1 33 7 4 1, 497 1, 782 1,885 2, 276 2, 275 —98 -119 -1 9 -130 113 —4 -2 4 -2 9 -3 6 -3 0 $2,500-$2,999___ ________ ____________ $3,000-$3,499_________ _______________ $3,500-$3,999__ ____ _________________ $4,000-$4,999_________________________ $5,000-$7,499...................... ....................... 3, 373 2,806 2,298 2,985 2,836 2, 687 3,264 3,714 4,435 5,955 2, 678 3, 218 3, 679 4,369 5,815 9 46 35 66 140 2,640 3,019 3,625 4,097 5, 339 67 208 129 313 498 -2 9 -9 -7 5 -4 1 -2 2 $7,500-$9,999............................................. $10,000 and over ...................................... 567 239 14,940 8, 302 7,969 15,013 -7 3 333 6,154 12, 493 1,819 2, 671 -4 -151 $500-$749.......................... ......................... $750-1999............................ .................. $1,000-$1,249______ __________________ $1,250-$1,499............. .......... ..................... $1,500-$1,749_________________________ 1,821 3,910 6,656 8,209 9,672 615 896 1,112 1,370 1,617 625 877 1,077 1,343 1,613 -1 0 19 35 27 4 982 1,016 1,127 1,419 1, 637 -356 -124 -3 6 -6 4 -3 4 -1 -1 5 -1 4 -1 2 10 $l,750-$l,999.-___________ ___________ $2,000-$2,249.... ......................................... $2,250-$2,499............................................ $2,500-$2,999___ _________ ___________ $3,000-$3,499_____ _____ _____________ 9,701 9,164 5, 761 10,060 6,149 1,873 2,104 2,354 2,696 3,243 1,860 2,078 2, 347 2,683 3, 237 13 26 7 13 1,870 2,103 2, 258 2, 608 3,161 (*) $44 39 45 25 57 54 S a la r ie d b u s i n e s s (t) S a la r ie d p r o f e s s i o n a l F a m ily ty p e : T ype 1 6 *Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown, tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. -9 95 98 122 -1 0 -1 6 . -6 -2 3 -4 6 TABULAR T 109 SU M M AR Y 1. —B a la n c e o f f a m i l y in c o m e a n d e x p e n d itu r e : N u m b er o f eligible fa m ilies, average net m o n ey and n o n m o n ey in com e, average m o n ey exp en d itu re fo r f a m ily living, net surplus or deficit, and balancing difference, b y o ccu p a tion , f a m i ly typ e, and incom e, in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 -8 6 —Continued able Average net income Occupational group, family type, and income class Num ber of eligible families (2) (1) F a m i l y t y p e : T y p e 1— Total Money Non money from housing (3) (4) (5) Average Average Average money bal expendi net sur net or ancing ture for plus differ deficit family ence (-) living (6) (7) (8) Con. 3,164 1,910 2, 716 836 806 $3,728 4, 505 5,908 8,473 20, 534 $3, 720 4,474 5,854 8, 561 20, 413 $8 31 54 -8 8 121 $3, 420 4,166 5,382 8,460 15, 602 $292 387 481 169 4,646 $8 -7 9 -9 -6 8 165 $500-$749_______ ____________________ $750-$999____ ____ __________________ $1,000-81,249_________________________ $1,250-81,499.______ _________________ $1,500-$1,749____________ ____________ 1,045 3,791 7, 552 10, 597 11,851 653 902 1,134 1, 360 1, 615 653 880 1,123 1, 340 1,596 22 11 20 19 1,075 1,003 1,207 1,402 1, 645 -408 -110 -7 6 -5 6 -3 9 -1 4 -1 3 -8 -6 -1 0 $1,750-$1,999.________ _______________ $2,000-82,249_________________________ $2,250-82,499_________________________ $2,500-82,999_________________________ $3,000-83,499.________ _______________ 13,224 12,955 8,956 14, 537 7,373 1,856 2,136 2, 353 2, 717 3,205 1,848 2,120 2,313 2, 681 3,193 8 16 40 36 12 1, 913 2, 111 2, 269 2, 592 3, 212 -3 4 25 79 108 -5 -3 1 -1 6 -3 5 -1 9 -1 4 $3,500-83,999_________________________ $4,000-84,999_________________________ $5,000-$7,499_________________________ $7,500-89,999_________________________ $10,000 and over............ .......... .............. 3,881 2,389 3,194 866 1,314 3, 725 4,501 5,858 8,452 16, 255 3, 700 4, 424 5,827 8,233 16, 306 25 77 31 219 -5 1 3,718 4, 362 5, 343 7, 260 13, 877 39 116 524 1,033 2,773 -5 7 -5 4 -4 0 -6 0 -344 $500-8749_____ ____ _________________ $750-8999..________ ______ __________ $1,000-81,249_________________________ $1,250-81,499_________________________ $1,500-81,749_________________________ 686 2,030 4,687 6, 716 8, 776 662 888 1,146 1, 391 1,618 570 762 1,093 1, 362 1, 581 92 126 53 29 37 1,129 1,241 1,325 1, 524 1,707 -544 -489 -214 -158 -104 -1 5 10 -1 8 -4 -2 2 $1,750-$1,999_________________________ $2,000-82,249_________________________ $2,250-82,499_________________________ $2,500-82,999. „ _____ ________________ $3,000-83,499._______ ________________ 9,552 9, 552 7, 522 14,478 8,747 1,877 2,116 2,359 2, 763 3, 208 1, 824 2,077 2, 331 2, 722 3,143 53 39 28 41 65 1,870 2,158 2, 373 2, 744 3,097 -2 1 -7 2 -2 3 -8 64 -2 5 -9 -1 9 -1 4 -1 8 $3,500-83,999_________________________ $4,000-84,999_________________________ $5,000-$7,499_________________________ $7,500-89,999_________________________ $10,000 and over_____________________ 5,910 2, 716 3,254 1,164 1, 821 3, 713 4, 385 5, 848 8, 354 19,063 3, 634 4, 341 5,787 8,157 19,150 79 44 61 197 -8 7 3, 473 4, 342 5, 983 7,718 15,177 152 24 -153 535 3,712 9 -2 5 -4 3 -9 6 261 $3,500-$3,999_________________________ $4,000-84,999_________________________ $5,000-87,499_________________________ $7,500-89,999_________________________ $10,000 and over_____________________ T y p e s I I a n d 111 T ypes I V and V 110 T F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YO R K C IT Y 1 - A . — N e t s u rp lu s o r d e fic it: Percentage o f fa m ilies having a su rp lu s or deficit , and average am ounts reported , b y occu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e , tw 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 1 able [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families— Occupational group, family type, and income class Report ing income4 Report ing ex pendi tures (2) (3) (1) A ll Average net sur plus or deficit (-) (4) Percentage of fami lies having 2— Average amount for families having3— Surplus Deficit Surplus Deficit (5) (6) (7) (8) fa m ilie s $500-$749_........__........................... $750-$999........................................ $1,000-$1,249....... .......................... $1,250-$1,499..... ................. .......... $1,500-$1,749._.......................... 119 326 633 856 1,015 16 44 .89 142 162 -$408 -195 -9 6 -8 6 -5 6 12.3 30.9 48.5 51.0 62.4 68.4 59.4 38.3 44.6 35.8 $8 45 52 67 87 $598 352 316 269 307 $1,750-$1,999.............. ................... $2,000-$2,249....... .......................... $2,250-$2,499..... ................... ........ $2,500-$2,999..... ................... ........ $3,000-$3,499..... .......................... , 1,088 1,061 745 1,309 746 195 166 144 210 160 -2 0 -1 4 49 62 58 58.2 61.2 71.7 69.2 66.5 35.5 35.5 27.2 28.0 31.9 139 154 165 228 289 284 304 254 343 420 $3,500-$3,999.................................. $4,000-$4,999....... .......................... $5,000-$7,499..... ....................... $7,500-$9,999_____________ ____ $10,000 and over........... ................ 434 235 307 96 132 113 88 95 43 36 152 154 271 579 3,590 77.2 70.8 75.3 76.8 83.3 22.8 29.2 21.3 23.2 16.7 335 551 667 1,509 4,586 469 808 1,084 2,539 1,377 $500-$749............................. ......... $750-$999............. ................. ........ $1,000-$1,249— .................. .......... $1,250-$1,499....... .......................... $1,500-$1,749__________________ 119 248 434 491 530 16 37 67 79 66 -408 -100 -3 2 -4 3 5 12.3 36.2 50.6 57.7 67.6 68.4 55.4 37.0 37.2 32.4 8 50 57 76 96 598 213 165 234 185 $1,750-$1,999................................ $2,000-$2,249................................. $2,250-$2,499............ ................. $2,500-$2,999.................................. $3,000-$3,499__........................... . $3,500-$3,999......................... ........ 507 370 265 531 198 78 68 43 38 63 32 16 -4 5 -5 8 48 63 -8 0 228 53.6 46.8 72.0 68.2 60.7 86.0 40.4 53.2 25.8 29.8 39.3 14.0 157 162 186 217 277 378 319 252 333 285 631 693 $750-$999_.................................. $1,000-$1,249.............................. . $1,250-$1,499._.............................. $1,500-$1,749..... ................... ........ $1,750-$1,999..... ............................ 78 199 269 356 398 7 22 35 43 48 -495 -235 -176 -115 33 14.1 44.0 32.2 56.1 66.6 71.8 41.0 65.4 39.1 28.5 7 34 50 75 131 691 610 294 402 186 $2,000-$2,249_____________ ____ $2,250-$2,499.__.................... ........ $2,500-$2,999................................. $3,000-$3,499..... ............... ......... . $3,500-$3,999..... ............... ............ 460 294 432 251 144 53 41 49 38 19 50 67 70 120 100 75.3 73.4 68.8 68.2 74.7 20.1 26.6 28.0 27.6 25.3 143 142 218 223 230 289 139 286 116 285 $1,250-$1,499..... ........ .................. $1,500-$1,749............................ $1,750-$1,999..... ........................ $2,000-$2,249................................. $2,250-$2,499..... ............................ 57 69 67 91 44 12 17 34 23 10 24 -113 -5 9 -8 6 -8 2 87.5 76.2 39.7 55.4 53.4 12.5 23.8 35.7 34.2 46.6 53 55 128 173 120 176 651 308 532 313 $2,500-$2,999.................................. $3,000-$3,499.................................. $3,500-$3,999.................................. $4,000-$4,999.................................. $5,000-$7,499„_............... ............. 110 76 40 34 71 23 23 16 13 18 -3 4 -2 1 54 131 —91 81.9 58.8 62.2 67.6 76.1 18.1 41.2 37.8 32.4 23.9 238 316 503 617 611 1,265 502 685 883 2,326 $7,500-$9,999.................................. $10,000 and over........................... 20 43 8 10 1,401 541 66.7 69.0 33.3 31.0 2,594 1,699 988 2,035 O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : ea rn er W age C le r ic a l In d ep en d en t b u sin ess See p. 147 for notes on this table. TABULAR T 111 SU M M AR Y 1 -A . —N e t s u rp lu s o r d e fic it: Percentage o f fa m ilie s having a su rp lu s or deficit, and average a m ounts reported, b y occup ation , f a m i l y typ e, and in com e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 S 5 -S 6 —Continued able Number of eligible families— Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) In d ep en d en t Report ing income Report ing ex pendi tures (2) (3) Average net sur plus or deficit (-) (4) Percentage of fami lies having— Average amount for families having— Surplus Deficit Surplus Deficit (5) (6) (7) (8) p ro fessio n a l $1,250-$1,499__............................... $1,500-$1,749__________ _______ $1,750-$1,999___............................. $2,000-$2,249................................ . $2,250-$2,499_______________ 4 10 14 25 18 3 6 6 8 14 -$762 —435 -454 -4 5 -9 6 $2,500-$2,999............................. . $3,000-$3,499._-_______ ________ $3,500-$3,999......... .......... ............. $4,000-$4,999.............................. $5,000-$7,499.............................. . 32 28 26 40 53 21 20 22 14 23 $7,500-$9,999.........__.......... ......... $10,000 and over............... ......... 22 43 13 16 $1,250-$1,499..... .......................... . $1,500-$1,749__________________ $1,750-$1,999__________________ $2,000-$2,249__________________ $2,250-$2,499__________________ 4 22 49 51 54 2 18 19 17 19 $2,500-12,999....... ..................... . $3,000-$3,499__________ _______ $3,500-$3,999__________________ $4,000-$4,999............................. . $5,000-$7,499__________________ 91 99 69 61 88 22 23 15 29 25 147 93 354 252 157 66.0 69.2 91.3 75.4 64.4 30.2 30.8 8.7 24.6 23.6 361 324 393 517 439 301 425 57 561 534 $7,500-$9,999_............................ . $10,000 and over........................... 35 38 13 736 4,559 81.9 88.6 18.1 11.4 972 5,158 331 96 $1,250-$1,499......... ................. ....... $l,500-$l,749-__............................. $1,750-$1,999.............. ................... $2,000-$2,249................................. $2,250-$2,499_______ _______ ___ 30 28 53 64 70 11 12 20 22 22 -9 8 -119 -1 9 -130 113 46.7 49.6 61.5 63.7 73.6 32.3 50.4 34.5 36.3 26.4 43 79 130 159 178 365 313 287 636 68 $2,500-$2,999.................................. $3,000-$3,499__..................... ........ $3,500-$3,999_________________ $4,000-$4,999___________________ $5,000-$7,499....... ........ ................. 113 94 77 100 95 32 24 25 32 29 67 208 129 313 498 66.8 79.5 72.5 77.6 78.8 26.6 20.5 27.5 22.4 21.2 229 409 348 518 887 323 571 447 397 948 $7,500-$9,999______________ ___ $10,000 and over 19 8 9 4 1,819 2,671 91.6 100.0 8.4 1,987 2,671 12 S a la r ie d 52.0 44.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 48.0 42.6 $127 115 $762 435 454 231 345 22 55 -9 5 -374 535 64.8 61.4 64.4 49.6 85.9 31.2 34.5 35.6 50.4 14.1 182 274 348 681 652 308 328 896 1,413 177 -1,491 5,954 65.1 89.8 34.9 10.2 1,051 6,704 6,232 647 b u sin ess 6 (t) -144 —21 18 20 (t) 42.3 76.6 51.4 82.7 (t) 57.7 23.4 41.1 17.3 (t) 118 82 189 192 (t) 336 359 192 803 S a la r ie d p r o f e s s i o n a l F a m ily typ e: T ype I $500-$749_________ _____ ______ $750-$999____ _____ ___________ $1,000-$1,249..... ...................... $1,250-$1,499___________________ $1,500-$1,749.............................. 61 131 223 275 324 8 14 19 37 39 -356 -124 -3 6 -6 4 -3 4 12.5 28.8 48.4 58.0 73.1 62.4 56.0 30.6 40.3 26.9 8 38 37 57 62 572 239 176 241 294 $1,750-$1,999....... .......................... $2,000-$2,249__________________ $2,250-$2,499__________________ $2,500-$2,999....... ......................... $3.000-$3.499__________________ 325 307 193 337 206 38 43 32 46 46 (*) -9 95 98 122 52.9 67.4 81.3 55.8 84.3 37.5 28.3 18.0 35.6 15.7 132 138 159 324 300 187 360 189 233 834 tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. ‘ Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. 112 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YORK C IT Y T a b l e 1 - A . —N e t s u rp lu s o r d e fic it: Percentage o f fa m ilies having a su rp lu s or deficit, and average am ounts reported, hy occu p ation , f a m i ly ty p e , and in com e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 3 6 —Continued Number of eligible families— Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) F a m ily ty p e : T ype Report ing income Report ing ex pendi tures (2) (3) Average net sur plus or deficit (-) (4) Percentage of fami lies having— Average amount for families having— Surplus Deficit Surplus Deficit (5) (6) (7) (8) 7—Con $3,500-$3,999_______________ $4,000-$4,999___________________ $5,000-$7,499___________________ $7,500-$9,999________ _________ $10,000 and ov er..._____ ______ 106 64 91 28 27 26 20 24 13 8 $292 387 481 169 4, 646 81.7 88.0 65.0 87.2 83.7 18.3 12.0 23.5 12.8 16.3 $441 652 928 1,463 5, 677 $372 1, 558 519 8, 648 650 $500-$749........................................ $750-$999______________________ $1,000-$1,249___________________ $1,250-$1,499.............................. $1,500-$1,749..... .......................... 35 127 253 355 397 5 19 42 68 70 -408 -110 -7 6 -5 6 -3 9 20.0 27.8 57.1 47.9 55.7 80.0 62.9 34.8 44.4 39.9 15 50 65 75 90 514 197 325 207 223 $1,750-$1,999_________________ _ $2,000-$2,249................................ . $2,250-$2,499_________________ _ $2,500-$2,999__________________ $3,000-$3,499_________________ _ 443 434 300 487 247 91 69 70 83 62 -3 4 25 79 108 -5 62.1 61.6 67.7 80.4 55.9 37.3 36.2 30.0 18.0 42.0 114 166 186 205 279 282 213 157 317 383 $3,500-$3,999..... ............................ $4,000-14,999___________________ $5,000-$7,499__________________ $7,500-$9,999__________________ $10,000 and over_______________ 130 80 107 29 44 42 31 42 16 16 39 116 524 1,033 2, 773 67.7 69.3 91.6 87.4 68.9 32.3 30.7 8.4 12.6 31.1 264 580 664 1, 439 4, 376 433 928 t, 000 2, 032 778 23 68 157 -544 -489 -214 -158 -104 40.9 34.7 47.3 59.9 66.7 59.1 54.6 50.3 40.1 51 43 72 114 816 863 419 382 429 T y p e s 11 a n d I I I T ypes I V and V 294 3 11 28 37 53 $1,750-$1,999______________ ___ $2,000-$2,249___________________ $2,250-$2,499___________________ $2,500-12,999___________________ $3,000-$3,499__________________ 320 320 252 485 293 66 54 42 81 52 -2 1 -7 2 -2 3 -8 64 58.2 54.8 69.1 67.2 63.0 30.9 41.5 30.9 32.8 34.7 182 151 143 204 281 411 373 395 442 326 $3,500-$3,999__________________ $4,000-$4,999______________ _ $5,000-$7,499__________________ $7,500-$9,999________________ _ $10,000 and over_______________ 198 91 109 39 61 45 37 29 14 12 152 24 -153 535 3,712 81.1 60.1 68.0 61. 5 93.4 18.9 39.9 32.0 38.5 6.6 319 419 460 1,626 4, 271 566 571 1, 456 1, 208 4,197 $500-$749............. ..................... — $750-$999________ _____ _______ $1,000-$1,249.____ _____________ $1,250-$1,499__________________ $1,500-$1,749____ ____ ____ ____ 225 T a b l e 2 . —S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y e x p e n d itu re : Average m on ey expenditure fo r specified groups o f goods and services, by occupation, fa m ily typ e , and incom e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 3 6 1 [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eli gible families Aver age Occupational group, num family type, and ber of Total Report Report income class persons ing in ing ex per come 2 pendi family tures (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Household operation Food Hous ing 3 (6) (7) Fuel, light, refrig eration (8) Fur nish Auto Other ings Cloth mo trans ing porta and bile 4 tion Other equip ment (9) (10) (ID (12) (13) Per sonal care (14) Con tribu For tions Medi Recre To Read mal and Other cal ation 5 bacco ing educa per items care tion sonal taxes6 (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) A l l fa m ilie s 119 326 633 855 1,015 16 44 89 142 162 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 1,037 1,058 1,208 1, 440 1,660 432 440 481 570 629 306 276 303 345 398 55 78 83 80 85 36 29 41 51 57 6 25 24 32 27 57 63 71 102 123 3 11 13 33 30 22 32 39 42 19 20 22 30 34 13 21 51 60 78 16 19 23 34 44 17 21 31 39 43 13 12 14 16 20 20 11 2 2 4 17 12 17 23 40 $1,750-$1,999_........ $2,000-$2,249________ $2,250-$2,499_______ $2,500-$2,999________ $3,000-$3,499________ 1,088 1,061 745 1, 309 746 195 166 144 210 160 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.5 1,888 2,123 2,301 2,652 3,153 669 779 787 868 987 428 471 506 536 615 89 91 87 114 102 79 99 114 131 188 65 46 54 71 67 151 184 206 258 330 63 49 86 158 158 43 48 52 58 67 39 45 49 55 68 80 101 108 118 152 55 66 74 86 120 47 50 57 55 60 22 24 27 30 37 6 9 6 7 20 49 53 73 98 172 3 8 15 9 10 $3,500-$3,999_______ $4,000-$4,999_______ $5,000-$7,499________ $7,500-$9,999............. $10,000 and over 434 235 307 96 132 113 88 95 43 36 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.3 3, 534 4, 300 5,582 7, 796 14, 830 1,024 1,194 1, 402 1, 590 2,710 640 841 1,032 1,527 2, 738 120 124 131 160 161 238 372 574 803 1,667 86 98 116 297 258 415 454 588 738 1, 273 216 174 285 513 645 88 113 172 127 471 85 81 109 121 218 173 184 265 428 631 127 180 217 315 960 64 84 82 91 138 39 45 54 56 98 33 91 90 163 377 177 256 442 763 2,427 11 9 23 104 58 6 2 4 3 SU M M A R Y $500-$749____ $750-$999___________ $1,000-11,249________ $1,250-$1,499________ $1,500-$1,749_............. TABULAR Average money expenditure in dollars See p. 147 for notes on this table CO T able 2 . — S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y e x p e n d itu r e : Average m oney expenditure f o r specified groups o f goods and services , by occupation , fa m ily typ et and incom e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 S 5 -8 6 —Continued 1 0) (2) (3) Aver age number of Total persons per family (4) (5) Household operation Food Hous ing (6) (7) Fuel, light, refrig eration (8) Fur nish Other Auto ings Cloth mo trans and ing porta bile tion Other equip ment (9) CIO) (ID (12) (13) Per sonal care (14) Con For tribu Medi Recre To tions Read mal Other cal ation bacco ing educa and items care per tion sonal taxes (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) Percentage of total money expenditures 16 44 89 142 162 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 41.7 41.6 39.8 39.6 38.0 29.5 25.1 25.1 24.0 24.0 5.3 7.4 6.9 5.5 5.1 3.5 2.7 3.4 3.5 3.4 0.6 2.4 2.0 2.2 1.6 5. 5 5.9 5.9 7.1 7.4 0.3 .9 .9 2.0 2.9 2.1 2.6 2.7 2.5 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.3 2.0 4.2 4.2 4.7 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.4 2.7 1.6 2.0 2.6 2.7 2.6 1.3 1. 1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.9 1.0 .2 .1 .2 1.6 1. 1 1.4 1.6 2.4 0.6 .2 .3 .2 $1,750-$1,999________ $2,000-$l,249________ $2,250-$2,499________ $2,500-12,999________ $3,000-$3,499............. . 1,088 1,061 745 1,309 746 195 166 144 210 160 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.4 36.7 34.2 32.8 31.3 22.7 22.2 22.0 20.2 19.5 4.7 4.3 3.8 4.3 3.2 4.2 4.7 4.9 4.9 6.0 3.4 2.2 2.3 2.7 2.1 8.0 8.7 8.9 9.7 10.5 3.3 2.3 3.7 6.0 5.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 4.2 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.8 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 .3 .4 .3 .3 .6 2.6 2.5 3.2 3.7 5.5 .2 .4 .7 .3 .3 $3,500-$3,999________ $4,000-$4,999......... $5,000-$7,499________ $7,500-$9,999________ $10,000 and over____ 434 235 307 96 132 113 88 95 43 36 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 29.1 27.8 25.1 20.4 18.2 18.2 19.5 18.5 19.6 18.5 3.4 2.9 2.3 2.0 1.1 6.7 8.6 10.3 10.3 11.2 2.4 2.3 2.1 3.8 1.7 11.7 10.5 10.5 9.5 8.6 6.1 4.1 5.1 6.6 4.4 2.4 2.6 3.1 1.6 3.2 2.4 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.5 4.9 4.3 4.7 5.5 4.2 3.6 4.2 3.9 4.0 6.5 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.2 .9 1.1 1.0 l.C .7 .7 .9 2.1 1.6 2.1 2.5 5.0 6.0 7.9 9.8 16.4 .3 .2 .4 1.3 .4 YORK Average money expenditure in dollars O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : W a g e ea rn er 119 248 434 491 530 16 37 67 79 66 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.3 1,038 990 1,151 1, 372 1,595 432 422 489 591 629 306 252 285 306 372 55 79 78 79 89 36 24 34 39 49 6 31 25 24 32 57 53 63 101 115 5 1 11 34 30 16 29 36 41 19 18 21 29 34 14 19 36 36 58 16 16 25 36 34 17 22 33 40 49 13 12 13 16 18 20 3 1 2 2 17 12 16 24 36 6 2 2 3 $1, 750-$l,999............. . $2,000-$2,249........ . $2,250-$2,499........ . $2,500-$2,999........ . $3,000-$3,499________ $3,500-$3,999________ 507 370 265 531 198 78 68 43 38 63 32 16 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 3.6 1,910 2,177 2,297 2, 667 3,287 3, 393 685 810 780 871 1, 005 1,028 389 435 464 480 572 513 100 91 89 123 128 158 70 84 87 101 157 158 103 65 70 89 65 106 154 202 187 284 352 370 69 85 144 189 255 237 40 42 45 55 57 97 38 44 48 55 72 75 77 98 125 122 195 183 54 69 80 93 124 176 54 50 62 50 58 68 20 23 24 28 31 37 6 8 6 6 18 34 47 53 71 111 194 154 4 18 15 10 6 1 C IT Y $500-$749................... $750-$999..... ........... $1,000-$1,249........ . $1,250-$1,499........ . $1,500-$1,749........ . N E W 119 326 633 855 1,015 IN $500-$749_................... $750-$999.................... $1,000-$1,249......... $1,250-$1,499________ $1,500-$1,749________ E X P E N D IT U R E A l l fa m ilie s F A M IL Y Number of eli gible families Occupational group, family type, and Report Report income class ing in ing ex come pendi tures ^ Percentage of total money expenditures W age earner $500-$749 ...... $750-$999__________ $1,000-$1,249__.......... $1,250-$1,499....... . $1,500-$1,749.............. 119 248 434 491 530 16 37 67 79 66 2. 9 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 41. 7 42.7 42.4 43.2 39.6 29. 5 25.5 24.8 22.4 23.3 5. 3 8.0 6.8 5.8 5.6 3. 5 2.4 2.9 2.8 3.1 0. 6 3.1 2.2 1.7 2.0 5.5 5.4 5.5 7.4 7. 2 0.5 .1 .8 2. 1 2. 9 1.6 2.5 2.6 2. 5 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.1 1. 3 1.9 3.1 2.6 3.6 1. 5 1. 6 2.2 2.6 2.1 1.6 2.2 2.9 2.9 3.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.9 .3 .1 .1 .1 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.3 $1,750-$1,999............ . $2,000-$2,249_______ $2,250-$2,499_______ $2,500-$2,999_______ $3,000-$3,499_______ $3,500-$3,999_______ 507 370 265 531 198 78 68 43 38 63 32 16 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 3.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.9 37.2 34.0 32.6 30.6 30.4 20.4 20.0 20.2 18.0 17.4 15.1 5.2 4.2 3.9 4.6 3.8 4.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.8 4.6 5.4 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.0 3.1 8.1 9.3 8.1 10.6 10.7 10.9 3.6 3.9 6.2 7.1 7.8 6.9 2. 1 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.7 2.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 4.0 4.5 5.4 4.6 5.9 5.4 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.8 5. 2 2.8 2.3 2.7 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 1.1 .3 .4 3 .2 .5 1.0 2.5 2.4 3.1 4.2 5.9 4.5 0.6 .2 .1 .2 .2 .8 .7 .4 .2 (*) Average money expenditure in dollars $750-$999___________ $1,000-$1,249_______ $1,250-$1,499_______ $1,500-$1,749_______ $1,750-$1,999_______ 78 199 269 356 398 7 22 35 43 48 2.9 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 1, 270 1,332 1, 561 1, 718 1,854 495 465 558 633 652 352 343 382 424 458 74 92 87 80 79 43 58 66 60 78 3 22 54 17 33 95 89 102 120 143 36 18 25 72 39 37 46 45 45 26 24 32 33 41 29 83 96 115 74 28 17 31 55 54 20 26 37 34 41 13 15 18 22 21 36 6 1 8 8 12 18 26 45 55 $2,000-$2,249_______ $2,250~$2,499_______ $2,50O-$2,999_______ $3,000-$3,499.......... $3,500-$3,999_______ 460 294 432 251 144 53 41 49 38 19 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.3 2,054 2. 265 2,620 3,127 3, 497 786 805 869 1, 056 1,003 467 527 550 629 626 96 80 no 85 114 98 120 131 172 206 39 40 54 54 61 163 210 237 321 471 25 54 168 103 241 52 53 62 75 75 42 50 55 68 95 96 96 99 127 161 63 72 86 120 97 50 52 60 62 67 24 28 32 40 35 8 8 5 33 15 44 65 91 175 213 7 11 7 17 (*) 5 1 7 2 TABULAR SUMMARY Clenca Percentage of total money expenditures Clenca $750-$999_._............ $1,000-$1,249_______ $1,250-$1,499_______ $1,500-$1,749_______ $1,750-$1,999_______ 78 199 269 356 398 7 22 35 43 48 2.9 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.1 34.9 35.8 36.8 35.2 27. 7 25.7 24.5 24. 7 24. 7 5. 8 6.9 5.6 4. 7 4.3 3.4 4.4 4.2 3.5 4.2 0. 2 1.6 3.5 1.0 1.8 7. 5 6.7 6.5 7.0 7.7 2.7 1.1 1.4 3.9 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.2 2. 3 6.2 6.1 6.7 10 2. 2 1.3 2.0 3.2 2.9 1. 6 2.0 2.4 2.0 2.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.1 2.8 .4 .1 .5 .4 0.9 1. 4 1. 7 2.6 .0 0.4 1 4 .1 (*) $2,000-$2,249_______ $2,250-$2,499_______ $2,500-$2,999_______ $3,000-$3,499.............. $3,500-$3,999_______ 460 294 432 251 144 53 41 49 38 19 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 38.4 35.5 33.1 33.8 28. 7 22.7 23.3 21.0 20.1 17. 9 4.7 3.5 4.2 2.7 3.3 4.8 5.3 5.0 5.5 5.9 1.9 1.8 2.1 1. 7 1.7 7.9 9.3 9.0 10.3 13.5 1.2 2.3 6.4 3.3 6.9 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.7 4.7 4.2 3.8 4.1 4.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.8 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0 .4 .4 .2 1.0 .4 2. 1 2.9 3.5 5.6 6.1 <*) “'Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown See p. 147 for notes on this table. .3 .4 .2 5 h—1 Cji T able 2 . — S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y e x p e n d itu r e : Average m oney expenditure f o r specified groups o f goods and services , by occup ation , fa m ily ty p e , and incom e , in 1 yea ry 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued (1) (2) (3) Aver age num ber of Total persons per family (4) (5) Household operation Food Hous ing (6) (7) Fuel, light, refrig eration (8) Con Fur tribu nish Other Per Medi For tions Auto ings Cloth mo trans sonal and Other cal Recre To Read mal ing and per items care care ation bacco ing educa bile porta tion equip tion sonal Other ment taxes (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) Average money expenditure in dollars Independent business $1,250-$1,499_______ $1,500-$1,749_______ $1,750-41,999. ........ $2,00042,249_______ $2,25042,499............. 57 69 67 91 44 12 17 34 23 10 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.3 1,379 1, 734 1,873 2,173 2,415 492 635 646 744 739 422 405 480 568 560 67 81 89 87 114 67 65 103 130 139 14 28 44 24 53 86 174 151 190 183 10 54 29 30 23 23 31 34 39 50 25 38 41 57 36 91 52 91 110 122 21 53 48 50 51 38 52 38 54 84 10 18 21 18 25 1 1 1 3 5 12 40 40 66 135 $2,50042,999_______ $3,00043,499.... ......... $3,50043,999_______ $4,00044,999_______ $5,00047,499.... ......... $7,50049,999_______ $10,000 and over------ 110 76 40 34 71 20 43 23 23 16 13 18 8 10 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.6 2,792 3,148 3,722 4,213 5,886 7,101 14,200 915 939 1,143 1,225 1, 574 1,532 2,417 636 724 740 906 1,153 1,541 2,898 126 121 134 118 135 137 183 199 283 282 450 696 733 1, 767 43 62 52 101 77 107 354 280 313 371 428 606 546 1, 365 66 150 131 94 304 568 433 51 61 83 102 104 121 379 59 70 77 76 117 103 183 141 118 207 179 361 159 731 80 87 145 175 205 277 829 60 73 83 115 89 142 155 28 34 36 44 46 38 97 14 4 79 58 41 100 514 90 106 155 124 366 969 1, 779 4 3 4 18 12 28 116 (*) 7 17 3 96 Percentage of total money expenditures Independent business $1,25041,499_______ $1,50041,749............. $1,75041,999........ — $2,00042,249............ $2,250-$2,499_______ 57 69 67 91 44 12 17 34 23 10 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.7 36.6 34.5 34.3 30.6 30.6 23.4 25.6 26.2 23.2 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.0 4.7 4.9 3.7 5.5 6.0 5.7 1.0 1.6 2.3 1.1 2.2 6.2 10.0 8.1 8.7 7.6 0.7 3.2 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.6 1.5 6.6 3.0 4.9 5.1 5.0 1.5 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.7 3.0 2.0 2.5 3.5 0.7 1.1 1.1 .8 1.0 0.1 (**) .1 .1 .2 0.9 2.3 2.1 3.0 5.6 (*) 0.4 .9 .1 4.0 $2,50042,999............. $3,00043,499_______ $3,50043,999_______ $4,00044,999_______ $5,00047,499_______ 110 76 40 34 71 23 23 16 13 18 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.9 29.9 30.6 29.1 26.7 22.8 23.1 19.9 21.5 19.6 4.5 3.8 3.6 2.8 2.3 7.1 9.0 7.6 10.7 11.8 1.5 2.0 1.4 2.4 1.3 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.2 10.3 2.4 4.7 3.5 2.3 5.2 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.4 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.0 5.1 3.7 5.6 4.2 6.1 2.9 2.8 3.9 4.2 3.5 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.7 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 .8 .5 .1 2.1 1.4 .7 3.2 3.4 4.2 2.9 6.2 .1 .1 .1 .4 .2 $7,50049,999_............ $10,000 and over------ 20 43 8 10 3.3 3.6 100.0 100.0 21.6 17.1 21.8 20.5 1.9 1.3 10.3 12.4 1.5 2.5 7.7 9.6 8.0 3.0 1.7 2.7 1.5 1.3 2.2 5.1 3.9 5.8 2.0 1.1 .5 .7 1.4 3.6 13.6 12.5 .4 .8 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY Number of eli gible families Occupational group, family type, and Report Report income class ex ing in ing come pendi tures * ^ Average money expenditure in dollars Independent profes sional 37 45 39 41 56 59 83 17 23 99 150 103 116 487 67 158 182 316 415 755 3,174 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 .8 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.0 .8 1.1 .6 .5 0.1 (*) (*) (*) .1 .6 .7 2.6 3.0 1.9 1.1 2.9 2.7 5.0 1.9 3.3 3.8 2.5 5.1 4.7 6.2 7.8 7.4 18.6 (t) 39 49 52 55 63 64 55 79 96 99 47 (t) 19 22 24 29 28 36 41 42 53 61 122 4 10 14 25 18 3 6 6 8 14 3.5 2.7 3.0 2.4 3.1 2,078 %001 2,207 % 120 2,454 583 738 811 616 766 504 457 468 515 584 103 75 81 78 93 126 156 236 175 180 52 12 9 55 87 175 133 183 177 238 38 7 12 74 140 42 58 49 44 58 42 46 35 52 160 76 92 156 89 54 63 102 112 82 37 32 43 28 40 28 28 29 33 26 $2,500-$2,999.............. $3,000-$3,499....... . $3,500-$3,999............ $4,000-$4,999.............. $5,000-$7,499_______ $7,500-$9,999_______ $10,000 and over____ 32 28 26 40 53 22 43 21 20 22 14 23 13 16 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.4 2,699 3,069 3,839 5,082 5,332 10,251 17,060 887 927 1,093 1,253 1,370 1,906 3,128 640 695 732 1,065 1,026 2, 206 2,915 104 102 84 99 129 250 152 254 235 470 610 664 1, 442 1, 889 42 69 104 140 108 344 205 257 287 407 560 610 964 1, 311 82 94 142 158 180 342 679 53 56 85 197 93 205 709 51 58 84 86 114 119 253 84 132 121 112 125 690 588 75 126 125 197 228 365 1, 268 45 46 60 82 82 88 196 2.6 3.1 4.6 5.3 3.3 2.8 4.1 3.2 3.9 4.3 3.6 7.4 (t) 52 38 52 64 64 135 126 134 222 377 880 4 10 14 25 18 32 28 26 40 53 22 43 3 6 6 8 14 21 20 22 14 23 13 16 3.5 2.7 3.0 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.1 37.0 36.8 29.1 31.4 32.9 30.4 28.5 24.6 25.8 18.6 18.3 24.2 22.9 21.2 24.3 23.8 23.7 22.6 19.1 21.0 19.3 21.5 17.1 4 22 49 51 54 91 99 69 61 88 35 38 2 18 19 17 19 22 23 15 29 25 13 6 (t) 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.8 (t) 1, 771 1,867 2,074 2,404 2,550 3,106 3,443 4,170 5,749 7,541 13, 513 (t) 595 669 702 821 848 943 999 1,237 1, 337 1, 625 2,610 (t) 482 467 536 500 591 588 689 787 1,109 1,318 2, 299 6.1 7.8 10.7 8.2 7.3 9.4 7.7 12.2 12.0 12.5 14.1 11. 1 2.5 .6 .4 2.6 3.5 1.6 2.2 2.7 2.8 2.0 3.4 1.2 (t) (t) 85 90 81 94 108 86 95 170 87 135 103 : 209 121 217 284 145 116 505 149 629 153 1, 311 (t) 34 30 21 37 51 107 112 83 82 186 240 5.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.3 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.4 .9 4 16 12 16 29 400 23 8.4 6.6 8.3 8.3 9.7 9.5 9.4 10.6 11.0 11.4 9.4 7.7 1.9 .3 .6 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.1 3.4 3.3 4.0 6.7 2.1 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.2 3.9 1.7 2.0 4.2 2.8 2.1 2.1 1.6 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.2 1.7 2.1 1.2 1.5 7.7 3.8 4.2 7.4 3.6 3.1 4.3 3.2 2.2 2.3 6.7 3.4 0.4 .4 .1 .1 .5 .3 .3 .5 3.9 .1 (t) 119 165 178 242 222 320 363 440 588 792 1, 207 ct) 83 10 41 68 117 109 144 253 435 712 808 (t) 44 39 54 64 51 78 94 78 214 101 358 (t) 37 45 43 54 60 72 85 77 115 157 213 (t) 47 107 109 128 136 164 177 172 276 443 632 (t) 43 1 48 2 65 74 2 8 84 19 157 20 198 73 280 92 498 138 746 85 2, 539 (t) (*) tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. (t) 2 2 1 1 5 2 2 5 11 8 9 117 "Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. 9 3 Average money expenditure in dollars Salaried business $1,250-$1,499_............ $1,500-$1,749............ . $1,750-$1,999_______ $2,000-$2,249_______ $2,250-$2,499_______ $2,500-$2,999_______ $3,000-$3,499_______ $3,500-$3,999............. $4,000-$4,999_______ $5,000-$7,499_.......... . $7,500-$9,999__.......... $10,000 and over____ 8 Percentage of total money expenditures Independen: professional $1,250-$1,499...........__ $1,500-$1,749............ $1,750-$1,999 _ _ $2,000-$2,249_______ $2,250-$2,499........... $2,500-$2,999............. $3,000-$3,499_______ $3,500-$3,999........... . $4.000-14,999.............. $5,000-$7,499. ............ $7,500-$9,999............. $10,000 and over____ 2 1 (*) (*) TABULAR SUMMARY 2 56 100 42 70 94 $1,250-11,499 ............ $i;500-$l',749_............ $1,750-$1,999 ____ $2,000-$2^249.............. $2,250-$2,499.............. T able 2.— Sum m ary of fam ily expenditure: Average m oney expenditure fo r specified groups of goods and services , by occupation, fam ily typ e , and incom e , in 1 yea r , 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued Household operation Number of eli gible families (1) (4 (3) (2) (5) Food (6) Con Fur tribu nish Other For tions Per Medi Recre ings Cloth Auto trans sonal Hous To Read mal and Other mo porta cal ing Fuel, and ing ation ing bacco per items educa bile care care tion light, Other equip tion sonal refrig ment taxes eration (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21- (t) 0.1 1 .1 (t) 2.4 2.6 3.1 3.1 (t) 0.1 Percentage of total money expenditure^ Salaried business $1,250-$1,499.............. $1,500-$1,749.............. $1,750-$1,999_______ $2,000-$2,249.............. $2,250-$2,499.............. 4 22 49 51 54 2 18 19 17 19 <t) 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.3 (t) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (t) 33.6 35.9 33.9 34.1 (t) 27.2 25.1 25.8 20.8 (t) 4.8 4.3 4.1 4.0 (t) 5.1 5.0 5.2 7.1 (t) 1.9 1.6 1.0 1.5 (t) 6.7 8.8 8.6 10.1 (t) 4.7 .5 2.0 2.8 (t) 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.7 (t) 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.2 (t) 2.7 5.7 5.3 5.3 (t) 2.9 2.0 2.5 2.7 (t) 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.3 (t) 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 $2,500-$2,999............. $3,000-$3,499............. $3,500-$3,999.............. $4,000-$4,999.............. $5,000-$7,499.............. 91 99 69 61 88 22 23 15 29 25 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 30.4 29.0 29.7 23.2 23.2 18.9 20.0 18.9 19.3 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.5 2.0 5.3 6.7 6.3 6.8 8.8 2.0 3.4 3.3 2.0 1.4 8.7 10.3 10.5 10.6 10.2 4.5 3.5 4.2 6.1 7.6 2.0 2.5 2.7 1.9 3.7 2.4 2.3 2.5 1.8 2.0 5.3 5.3 5.1 4.1 4.8 2.5 4.3 3.7 3.2 3.9 2.5 2.1 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 .9 .3 .6 .6 1.7 1.6 3.3 5.1 5.8 6.7 8.7 !i (*) .i |7,500-$9,999.............. $10,000 and over........ 35 38 13 2.9 2.8 100.0 100.0 21.5 19.4 17. 5 2.0 1 -3 1.1 | 9.7 2.5 1.8 10.5 8.9 9.5 6.0 1.3 1 2.6 2.1 1.6 5.9 4.7 5.0 6.5 1.3 .3 .8 .9 1.8 .6 9.9 18.8 .1 21 12 20 1 30 8 5 2 2 6 17.0 (*) (*) (*'' ^2 .2 .1 Average money expenditure in dollars Salaried p rofession a l $1,250-$1,499.............. $1,500-$1,749.............. $1,750-$1,999.............. $2,000-$2,249.............. $2,250-$2,499.............. 30 28 53 64 70 11 12 20 $2,500-$2,999_______ $3,000-$3,499.............. j $3,500-$3,999.............. $4,000-$4,999.............. 1 113 94 77 100 22 22 2.6 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.1 1,497 * 1,782 1,885 2,276 2,275 32 24 25 32 3.1 2.8 3.1 3.1 2,640 3,019 3,625 4,097 493 549 615 727 748 473 448 474 506 526 55 93 76 72 84 80 66 86 108 115 11 67 20 36 53 816 868 993 1.133 582 589 671 762 97 84 96 123 161 103 64 103 90 181 298 305 129 184 171 222 244 222 344 429 430 30 49 68 69 110 172 283 160 46 69 59 64 65 31 52 35 49 47 65 53 112 123 79 32 53 69 90 76 36 35 38 54 50 25 31 30 36 72 50 56 81 141 146 185 220 86 117 126 203 54 50 51 78 35 41 48 48 66 88 105 83 4 13 9 33 90 36 47 92 75 92 190 121 261 5 4 6 42 19 6 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK Aver age num Occupational group, ber of Total family type, and Report Report income class ex persons ing in ing per come pendi tures family $5,000-$7,499.............. $7,500-$9,999.............. $10,000 and over____ 95 19 8 29 9 4 8.2 3.3 3.8 5,339 6,154 12,493 1,353 1,220 2, 503 875 1,113 3,008 144 99 137 497 458 1,624 180 649 107 562 578 896 188 287 835 228 90 227 95 76 248 262 379 328 214 185 388 65 24 160 59 63 69 117 331 440 462 584 1,364 38 18 159 80694 Percentage of total money expenditures Salaried, professional 30 28 53 64 70 11 12 20 22 22 2.6 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.0 30.7 32.6 31.9 32.9 31.7 25.0 25.1 22.2 23.1 3.7 5.2 4.0 3.2 3.7 5.3 3.7 4.6 4.7 5.1 0.7 3.7 1.1 1.6 2.3 8.6 10.6 9.1 9.8 10.7 1.7 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.9 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.1 2.9 1.9 2.2 2.1 4.3 3.0 5.9 5.4 3.5 2.1 3.0 3.7 4.0 3.3 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.2 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.6 0.8 1.1 .1 1.3 .2 0.5 2.0 2.5 4.0 3.3 0.3 .1 .1 .2 .2 $2,500-$2,999.............. $3,000-$3,499__.......... $3,500-13,999.............. $4,000-$4,999............ . $5,000-$7,499.............. 113 94 77 100 95 32 24 25 32 29 3.1 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 31.0 28.8 27.5 27.6 25.3 22.0 19.5 18.6 18.6 16.4 3.7 2.8 2.6 3.0 2.7 6.1 6.0 8.2 7.4 9.3 3.9 2.1 2.8 2.2 3.4 8.4 11.4 11.8 10.5 10.5 4.2 5.7 7.9 3.9 3.5 2.7 2.2 2.4 2.6 4.3 1.9 1.8 2.2 2.0 1.8 5.3 4.8 5.1 5.4 4.9 3.3 3.9 3.5 5.0 4.0 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 .5 .3 .9 2.2 2.2 3.5 6.3 3.3 6.4 8.7 .2 1.4 .5 .1 .7 $7,500-$9,999...... ........ $10,000 and over____ 19 8 9 4 3.3 3.8 100.0 100.0 19.8 20.0 18.1 24.1 1.6 1.1 7.4 13.0 10.5 .8 9.4 7.2 4.7 6.7 1.5 1.8 1.2 2.0 6.2 2.6 3.0 3.1 .4 1.3 1.0 .6 5.4 3.5 9.5 10.9 .3 1.3 1 1 2 12 12 16 26 57 Average money expenditure in dollars Family type: Type 1 $500-$749.......... $750-$999__............... $1,000-$1,249.............. $1,250-$1,499_............ $1,500-$1,749.............. 61 131 223 275 324 8 14 19 37 39 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 982 1,016 1,127 1,419 1,637 387 416 420 500 570 337 306 305 376 435 53 62 70 74 70 35 25 40 52 51 4 24 34 40 22 48 62 56 106 126 6 15 7 48 35 21 32 45 47 17 18 21 30 32 12 13 54 59 57 10 14 21 37 54 20 23 29 43 41 12 14 13 18 21 $1,750-$1,999.............. $2,000-$2,249.............. $2,250-$2,499........... $2,500-$2,999.............. $3,000-$3,499.............. 325 307 193 337 206 38 43 32 46 46 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1,870 2,103 2, 258 2,608 3,161 573 702 703 704 869 458 516 521 608 610 67 68 66 70 72 90 109 115 139 191 63 32 57 96 66 158 181 202 241 341 84 29 149 225 214 48 52 51 60 60 44 47 47 55 71 75 128 61 99 98 58 87 88 86 123 49 50 57 54 60 22 26 32 36 42 $3,500-$3,999.............. $4,000-$4,999.............. $5,000-$7,499.............. $7,500-$9,999.............. $10,000 and over........ 106 64 91 28 27 26 20 24 13 8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3,420 4,166 5,382 8,460 15,602 875 1,018 1,209 1,221 2,529 602 816 1,200 2,075 2,682 67 88 90 120 155 242 349 584 714 1,814 108 119 91 583 191 443 495 482 652 1,441 252 140 231 557 867 100 102 273 105 601 84 77 95 98 237 160 124 174 704 650 137 267 204 401 1,010 65 106 88 79 97 41 49 59 65 112 ’“Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 each. (*) 5 4 79 64 108 121 323 2 9 1 9 20 202 16 386 27 11 577 8 948 18 3,136 26 3 14 130 62 (*) 3 5 1 TABULAR SUMMARY $1,250-$1,499.............. $1,500-$1,749.............. $1,750-$1,999.............. $2,000-$2,249.............. $2,250-$2,499.............. T able 2 »— S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y e x p e n d itu r e : Average m on ey expenditure fo r specified groups o f goods and services , by occup ation , fa m ily typ e , and in com e , m 1 ?/ear, 1 9 8 5 - 3 6 — Continued (1) (2) (3) Aver age num ber of Total persons per family (4) (6) Household operation Food (6) Con Fur nishOther Per Medi For tribu Auto tions Hous ings Cloth mo trans sonal cal Recre To Read mal and Other ing Fuel, ing and care ation bacco ing educa bile porta per items care light, Other equip tion tion sonal refrig ment taxes eration (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (20) (21 Percentage of total money expenditures Type 1 $500-$749................... $750-$999................... $1,000-$1,249_______ $1,250-$1,499..........$1,500-$1,749.............. 01 131 223 275 324 8 14 19 37 39 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.5 40.8 37.3 35.2 34.8 34.3 30.0 27.1 26.5 26.6 5.4 6.1 6.2 5.2 4.3 3.6 2.5 3.5 3.7 3.1 0.4 2.4 3.0 2.8 1.3 4.9 6.1 5.0 7.5 7.7 0.6 1.3 .5 2.9 3.6 2.1 2.8 3.2 2.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.2 1.3 4.8 4.1 3.5 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.6 3.3 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.5 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.3 $1,750-$1,999.............. $2,000-$2,249............ $2,250-$2,499.............. $2,500-$2,999.............. $3,000-$3,499.............. 325 307 193 337 206 38 43 32 46 46 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30.6 33.6 31.2 27.0 27.6 24.5 24.6 23.1 23.4 19.3 3.6 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.3 4.8 5.2 5.1 5.3 6.0 3.4 1.5 2.5 3.7 2.1 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.2 10.8 4.5 1.3 6.6 8.6 6.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 4.0 6.1 2.7 3.8 3.1 3.1 4.1 3.9 3.3 3.9 2.6 2.4 2. 5 2.1 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 $3,500-$3,999.............. $4,000-$4,999.............. $5,000-$7,499.............. $7,500-$9,999_______ $10,000 and over........ 106 64 91 28 27 26 20 24 13 8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 25.6 24.5 22.5 14.5 16.2 17.6 19.6 22.3 24.6 17.2 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.0 7.1 8.4 10.8 8.4 11.6 3.1 2.9 1.7 6.9 1.2 12.9 11.9 8.9 7.7 9.2 7.4 3.9 4.3 6.6 5.6 2.9 2.4 5.1 1.2 3.9 2.4 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.5 4.7 3.0 3.2 8.3 4.2 4.0 6.4 3.8 4.7 6.5 1.9 2.5 1.6 .9 .6 1.2 1.2 1.1 .8 .7 0.1 .1 .1 (*) .1 .2 (*) 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.8 3.5 (*) 4.2 3.0 4.8 4.6 10.2 (*) 0.4 .2 .1 .4 .3 .6 .5 .6 .2 .1 .1 5.9 9.3 10.7 11.2 20.1 .8 .1 .3 1.5 .4 2 1 3 1 12 8 18 20 33 14 3 3 1 4 10 8 6 16 41 53 57 82 122 8 Average money expenditure in dollars Types 11 and 111 $500-$749................... $750-$999................... $1,000-$1,249.............. $1,250-$1,499....... . $1,500-$1,749.............. 35 127 253 355 397 19 42 68 70 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 1,075 1,003 1,207 1,402 1,645 503 419 492 570 636 329 274 291 320 400 41 79 79 76 83 24 26 35 46 60 12 35 25 34 35 53 44 80 94 117 3 8 18 24 25 15 29 32 36 20 19 24 29 37 12 23 40 71 79 12 14 29 31 40 17 19 38 40 45 13 11 15 15 18 $1,750-$1,999.............. $2,000-$2,249.............. $2,250-$2,499.............. $2,500-$2,999.............. $3,000-$3,499.............. 443 434 300 487 247 91 69 70 83 62 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.4 1,913 2, 111 2,269 2,592 3, 212 709 789 793 916 993 435 464 491 526 683 98 94 90 111 100 76 105 125 148 233 51 50 60 59 71 149 180 207 239 316 61 62 56 128 110 38 40 49 45 63 37 41 50 50 61 86 95 120 118 221 54 58 74 84 121 47 47 54 48 58 21 22 26 28 36 (19) 5 (*) 6 1 4 8 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY Number of eli gible families Occupational group, family type, and Report Report income class ex ing in ing come pendi tures 1 $3,500-$3,999.............. $4,000-$4,999.............. $5,000-$7,499.............. $7,500-$9,999.............. $10,000 and over........ 130 80 107 29 44 42 31 42 16 16 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5 3, 718 4,362 5,343 7,250 13, 877 1,063 1,166 1,348 1,645 2,593 718 939 983 1,238 2,653 127 110 127 164 208 332 474 609 951 1.769 79 81 148 163 356 405 425 589 696 1,293 278 174 253 505 609 52 114 135 119 327 82 79 97 129 204 170 222 229 390 648 123 146 190 282 718 56 90 57 91 189 40 42 46 60 87 23 47 63 142 403 159 241 447 664 1, 777 11 12 22 21 43 Percentage of total money expenditures Types II and III $500-$749................... $750-$999__................ $1,000-$1,249.............. $1,250-$1,499............. $1,500-$1,749.............. 35 127 253 355 397 5 19 42 68 70 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 46.9 41.7 40.9 40.7 38.8 30.6 27.3 24.1 22.8 24.3 3.8 7.9 6.5 5.4 5.0 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.6 1.1 3.5 2.1 2.4 2.1 4.9 4.4 6.6 6.7 7.1 0.3 .7 1.2 1.5 2.3 1.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.1 2.3 3.3 5.1 4.8 1.1 1.4 2.4 2.2 2.4 1.6 1.9 3.1 2.9 2.7 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.2 (*) 0.1 .2 .1 $1,750-$1,999.............. $2,000-$2,249.... ......... $2,250-$2,499.... ......... $2,500-$2,999_ ............ $3,000-$3,499.... ......... 443 434 300 487 247 91 69 70 83 62 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.1 37.5 34.9 35.3 30.9 22.7 22.0 21.6 20.3 21.3 5.1 4.5 4.0 4.3 3.1 4.0 5.0 5.5 5.7 7.3 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.2 7.8 8.5 9.1 9.2 9.8 3.2 2.9 2.5 4.9 3.4 2.0 1.9 2.2 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.2 1.9 1.9 4.5 4.5 5.3 4.6 6.9 2.8 2.7 3.3 3.2 3.8 2.5 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 .2 .5 .4 .2 .5 2.1 2.5 2.5 3.2 3.8 .3 (*) .4 .2 .2 $3,500-$3,999.............. $4,000-$4,999_............ $5,000-$7,499.... ......... $7,500-$9,999_ ............ $10,000 and over_____ 130 80 107 29 44 42 31 42 16 16 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.6 26.7 25.2 22.7 18.7 19.3 21.5 18.4 17.1 19.1 3.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 1.5 8.9 10.9 11.4 13.1 12.7 2.1 1.9 2.8 2.2 2.6 10.9 9.7 11.0 9.6 9.3 7.5 4.0 4.7 6.9 4.3 1.4 2.6 2.5 1.6 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 4.6 5.1 4.3 5.4 4.7 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.9 5.2 1.5 2.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.0 .9 .8 .6 .6 1.1 1.2 2.0 2.9 4.3 5.5 8.4 9.1 12.8 .3 .3 .4 .3 .3 1.1 .8 " T 1.5 1.4 2.0 i .2 .2 .1 $500-$749 .................. $750-$999.................... $1,000-$1,249________ $1,250-$1,499.............. $1,500-$1,749.............. 23 68 157 225 294 3 11 28 37 53 3.7 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3 1,129 1,241 1,325 1, 524 1,707 442 524 551 655 684 188 223 320 345 352 80 104 107 94 105 58 42 55 59 57 4 8 8 20 24 88 101 77 110 130 2 14 11 30 25 35 35 40 45 23 26 23 31 35 20 35 63 45 99 37 36 15 34 37 9 24 22 32 43 17 12 12 16 20 102 52 7 3 11 36 17 15 26 32 $1,750-$1,999.............. $2,000-$2,249_______ $2,250-$2,499_______ $2,500-$2,999_______ $3,000-$3.499.............. 330 320 252 485 293 66 54 42 81 52 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.6 1,870 2,158 2,373 2,744 3, 097 709 840 846 934 1,064 390 438 512 498 562 99 110 100 147 126 72 81 100 107 147 87 55 43 65 65 149 191 207 288 334 44 51 74 140 156 43 55 56 69 76 38 47 48 60 72 76 84 131 132 132 52 58 62 90 116 44 55 60 63 62 20 22 24 29 33 14 12 10 10 38 32 44 67 98 108 1 15 33 14 6 $3,500-$3,999.............. $4,000-$4,999_______ $5,000-$7,499_______ $7,500-$9,999_______ $10,000 and over___ 198 91 109 39 61 45 37 29 14 12 4.0 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.7 3,473 4,342 5,983 7,718 15,177 1,078 1,343 1,618 1,813 2,873 610 773 941 1,349 2,824 143 161 170 185 130 174 299 532 757 1, 528 80 98 104 192 217 407 452 675 830 1,185 156 197 358 488 572 100 119 125 150 518 87 85 133 132 220 183 192 377 257 611 123 149 254 279 1,113 68 67 102 98 119 38 44 56 47 100 49 175 182 291 517 175 177 324 703 2,583 2 11 32 147 67 *Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. (*) 1 3 3 TABULAR SUMMARY Average money expenditure in dollars Types IV and V T able 2 . — S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y e x p e n d itu r e : Average m on ey expenditure fo r specified grou p s o f goods and services , by occu p a tion , fa m ily ty p e , and in com e , m I yea r , 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 — Continued (1) (2) (3) Aver age num ber of Total persons per family (4) (5) Household operation Food Hous ing (6) (7) Con Fur Other Per Medi nish For tribu tions Other trans ings Cloth Auto Recre To Read mal mo porta sonal cal and Fuel, ing and bile care care ation bacco ing educa per items light, Other equip tion tion sonal refrig ment taxes eration (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) 06) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) Percentage of total money expenditures Types IV and V $500-$749_.................. $750-$999___............... $1,000-$1,249_______ $1,250-$1,499.............. $1,500-$1,749.............. 23 68 157 225 294 3 11 28 37 53 3.7 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.1 42.2 41.6 43.1 40.1 16.7 18.0 24.2 22.6 20.6 7.1 8.4 8.1 6.2 6.2 5.1 3.4 4.2 3.9 3.3 0.4 .6 .6 1.3 1.4 7.8 8.1 5.8 7.2 7.6 0.2 1.0 .7 1.8 2.2 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.0 2.1 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.8 4.8 3.0 5.8 3.3 2.9 1.1 2.2 2.2 0.8 1.9 1.7 2.1 2.5 1.5 1.0 .9 1.0 1.2 9.0 4.2 .5 .2 .6 3.2 1.4 "(*)■ 1.1 0.1 1.7 .2 1.9 .2 $1,750-$1,999............ . $2,000-$2,249.............. $2,250-$2,499.............. $2,500-$2,999......... $3,000-$3,499_______ 320 320 252 485 293 66 54 42 81 52 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.9 38.9 35.7 34.0 34.4 20.8 20.3 21.7 18.1 18.1 5.3 5.1 4.2 5.4 4.1 3.8 3.8 4.2 3.9 4.7 4.6 2.5 1.8 2.4 2.1 8.0 8.9 8.7 10.5 10.8 2.4 2.4 3.1 5.1 5.0 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.3 4.1 3.9 5.5 4.8 4.3 2.8 2.7 2.6 3.3 3.7 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 .7 .6 .4 .4 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.8 3.6 3.5 .1 .7 1.4 .5 .2 $3,500-$3,999.............. $4,000-$4,999.............. $5,000-$7,499....... . $7,500-19,999_______ $10,000 and over........ 198 91 109 39 61 45 37 29 14 12 4.0 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 31.0 31.0 27.1 23.5 19.0 17.6 17.8 15.8 17.5 18.6 4.1 3.7 2.8 2.4 .9 5.0 6.9 8.9 9.8 10.1 2.3 2.3 1.7 2.5 1.4 11.7 10.4 11.4 10.8 7.8 4.5 4.5 6.0 6.3 3.8 2.9 2.7 2.1 1.9 3.4 2.5 2.0 2.2 1.7 1.4 5.3 4.4 6.3 3.3 4.0 3.5 3.4 4.2 3.6 7.3 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.3 .8 1.1 1.0 .9 .6 .7 1.4 4.0 3.0 3.8 3.4 5.0 4.1 5.4 9.1 17.0 .1 .3 .5 1.9 .4 ♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY Number of eli gible families Occupational group, family type, and Report Report income class ex ing in ing come pendi tures to to TABULAE SUMMARY 123 T a b l e 3.— F o o d : A verag e value o f all f a m i ly fo o d , m o n e y expend iture fo r fo o d at hom e and a w a y f r o m h o m e , average value o f f o o d h om e-produced or received as gift or p a y , and m o n e y expen se per meal per fo o d expend iture unit, by occupation, fa m ily ty p e , and in com e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 1 [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native bornj Number of eli gible families Average Occupational group, value family type, and of all family Report income class Report ing ex food ing in come 1 pendi tures (1) (4) (3) (2) of Average Average expenditure Percentage expenditure value of Average money for food purchased for food food home- expendi ture per pro meal duced per food Away Away or re expendi At At from ceived All from home home home ture 2 home as gift unit3 or pay (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) All families $500-$749................. $750-$999..... ........... $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-^1,499........... $1,500-$1,749........... 119 326 633 855 1,015 16 44 89 142 162 $464 460 496 580 642 $432 440 481 570 629 $402 400 432 502 538 $30 40 49 68 91 93.1 90.9 89.8 88.1 85.5 6.9 9.1 10.2 11.9 14.5 $32 20 15 10 13 $0.154 .146 .164 .186 .204 $1,750-$1,999........... $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499__......... $2,500-$2,999______ $3,000-83,499______ 1,088 1,061 745 1,309 746 195 166 144 210 160 685 795 800 889 995 669 779 787 868 987 564 622 647 702 761 105 157 140 166 226 84.3 79.8 82.2 80.9 77.1 15.7 20.2 17.8 19.1 22.9 16 16 13 21 8 .215 .247 .243 .258 .285 $3,500-83,999.......... $4,000-84,999______ $5,000-87,499______ $7,500-89,999______ $10,000 and over___ 434 235 307 96 132 113 88 95 43 36 1,039 1,209 1,421 1,625 2,762 1,024 1,194 1,402 1,590 2,710 756 904 994 1,158 1,597 268 290 408 432 1,113 73.8 75.7 70.9 72.8 58.9 26.2 24.3 29.1 27.2 41.1 15 15 19 35 52 .293 .318 .363 .401 .516 $500-8749_________ $750-8999_________ $1,000-81,249______ $1,250-$l,499.......... $1,500-81,749______ 119 248 434 491 530 16 37 67 79 66 464 442 498 503 642 432 422 489 591 629 402 385 439 526 543 30 37 50 65 86 93.1 91.2 89.8 89.0 86.3 6.9 8.8 10. 2 11.0 13.7 32 20 9 12 13 .154 .144 .173 .188 .203 $1,750-81,999— ....... $2,000-82,249.......... $2,250-82,499______ $2,500-82,999______ $3,000-83,499........... $3,500-83,999......... . 507 370 265 531 198 78 68 43 38 63 32 16 703 838 788 903 1,007 1,033 685 810 780 871 1,005 1,028 590 662 658 719 806 758 95 148 122 152 199 270 86.1 81.7 84.4 82.5 80.2 73.7 13.9 18.3 15.6 17.5 19.8 26.3 18 28 8 32 2 5 .211 .241 .219 .253 .260 .272 $750-8999................ $1,000-81,249........... $1,250-81,499— ....... $1,500-81,749......... $1,750-81,999— ....... 78 199 269 356 398 7 22 35 43 48 512 494 561 644 664 495 465 558 633 652 446 416 483 532 537 49 49 75 101 115 90.1 89.5 86.6 84.0 82.4 9.9 10.5 13.4 16.0 17.6 17 29 3 11 12 .154 . 145 .189 .205 .217 $2,000-82,249______ $2,250-82,499______ $2,500-82,999______ $3,000-83,499.......... $3,500-83,999______ 460 294 432 251 144 53 41 49 38 19 792 822 882 1,059 1,019 786 805 869 1,056 1,003 611 653 693 794 733 175 152 176 262 270 77.8 81.1 79.7 75.2 73.1 22.2 18.9 20.3 24.8 26.9 6 17 13 3 16 .252 .260 .259 .306 .301 $1,250-81,499______ $1,500-81,749............ $1,750-81,999.......... . $2,000-82,249______ $2,250-82,499______ 57 69 67 91 44 12 17 34 23 10 501 635 654 774 752 492 635 646 744 739 435 561 567 617 620 57 74 79 127 119 88.4 88.3 87.8 82.9 83.9 11.6 11.7 12.2 17.1 16.1 9 .154 .206 .210 .253 .239 $2,500-82,999______ $3,000-83,499........... $3,500-$3,999............ $4,000-84,999............ $5,000-87,499........... 110 76 40 34 71 23 23 16 13 18 932 943 1,167 1,253 1,574 915 939 1,143 1, 225 1,574 748 738 884 939 1,188 167 201 259 286 386 81.7 78.6 77.3 76.6 75.5 18.3 21.4 22.7 23.4 24. 5 Occupational group: Wage earner Clerical Independent busi ness $7,500-89,999-........ 20 8 1,532 1,532 1,139 393 74.3 25. 7 43 $10,000 and over___ 10 2, 481 2,417 1,731 686 71.6 28.4 See p. 147 for notes on this table. *Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. (*) 8 30 13 17 4 24 28 .262 .244 .294 .270 . 372 64 . 349 .434 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY 124 T a b l e 3. — F o o d : A verage value o f all f a m i ly f o o d , m o n ey expend iture fo r fo o d at hom e and a w a y f r o m hom e, average value o f fo o d hom e-produced or received as gift or p a y , and m o n ey exp en se per meal per fo o d expenditure unit, by o ccu p a tion , f a m i ly typ e, and in com e, in 1 year, 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 — Continued of Average Average expenditure Percentage expenditure value of Average money for food purchased for food food expendi Average home- ture value Occupational group, per pro family type, and of all meal duced per family Report food income class Report ing ex Away Away or re expendAt At food ing in from home from ceived All home home pendi ture come home as gift tures unit or pay Number of eli gible families (1) (2) (3) (4) (6) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) • Independent pro fessional $1,250-$1,499........ . $l',500-$L749............ $1,750-$1,999.......... . $2,000-$2,249............ $2,250-$2,499______ 4 10 14 25 18 3 6 6 8 14 $597 739 820 628 777 $583 738 811 616 766 $475 588 530 501 646 $108 150 281 115 120 81.5 79.7 65.4 81.3 84.3 18.5 20.3 34.6 18.7 15.7 $14 1 9 12 11 $0.184 . 241 .255 . 231 .241 $2,500-$2,999______ $3,000-$3,499............ $3,500-$3,999______ $4,000-$4,999........... $5,000-$7,499.......... . 32 28 26 40 53 21 20 22 14 23 915 934 1,098 1,255 1,379 887 927 1,093 1,253 1,370 710 755 817 1,004 1,001 177 172 276 249 369 80.0 81.4 74.7 80.1 73.1 20.0 18.6 25.3 19.9 26.9 28 7 5 2 9 . 277 .284 . 287 . 285 . 350 $7,500-89,999______ $10,000 and over___ 22 43 13 16 1,918 3,177 1,906 3,128 1,549 1, 856 357 1,272 81.3 59.3 18.7 40.7 12 49 .376 .527 $1,250-81,499........ $1,500-81,749______ $1,750-$1,999.......... $2,000-$2,249__......... $2,250-82,499______ 4 22 49 51 54 2 18 19 17 19 (t) 636 687 716 841 (t) 595 669 702 821 (t) 496 555 584 651 (t) 99 114 118 170 (t) 83. 4 83.0 83.2 79.3 (t) 16.6 17.0 16.8 20.7 (t) 41 18 14 20 (t) .213 .234 .225 .261 $2,500-82,999______ $3,000-83,499______ $3,500-$3,999______ $4,000-84,999......... . $5,000-87,499______ 91 99 69 61 88 22 23 15 29 25 877 968 1,013 1,260 1,386 848 943 999 1,237 1,337 688 733 736 930 875 160 210 263 307 462 81.1 77.7 73.7 75.2 65.5 18.9 22.3 26.3 24.8 34.5 29 25 14 23 49 .260 . 290 . 287 . 338 . 369 $7,500-89,999______ $10,000 and over___ 35 38 13 6 1,666 2,656 1,625 2,610 1,084 1,149 541 1,461 66.7 44.0 33.3 56.0 41 46 .474 .604 $1,250-81,499............ $1,500-81,749........... $1,750-81,999........... $2,000-82,249.......... $2,250-82,499______ 30 28 53 64 70 11 12 20 22 22 542 595 646 738 761 493 549 615 727 748 416 470 521 567 594 77 79 94 160 154 84.4 85.6 84.7 78.0 79.4 15.6 14.4 15.3 22.0 20.6 49 46 31 11 13 .202 .195 .212 .256 .253 $2,500-82,999______ $3,000-83,499............ $3,500-83,999........... $4,000-84,999______ $5,000-87,499........... 113 94 77 100 95 32 24 25 32 29 820 885 1,017 1,144 1, 363 816 868 993 1,133 1,353 626 628 727 837 954 190 240 266 296 399 76.7 72.3 73.2 73.9 70.5 23.3 27.7 26.8 26.1 29.5 4 17 24 11 10 .267 .310 .306 .335 .359 $7,500-$9,999___....... $10,000 and over.:.. 19 8 9 4 1,305 2,543 1,220 2,503 861 1, 616 359 887 70.6 64.6 29.4 35.4 85 40 .351 .476 61 131 223 275 324 8 14 19 37 39 432 448 447 516 584 387 416 420 500 570 361 367 363 425 461 26 49 57 75 109 93.3 88.2 86.4 85.0 80.9 6.7 11.8 13.6 15.0 19.1 45 32 27 16 14 . 177 .184 . 187 .232 . 259 129 204 172 185 306 77.5 70.9 75.5 73.7 64.8 22.5 29.1 24.5 26.3 35.2 28 12 14 8 4 .264 .318 .312 .321 .384 Salaried business Salaried pro fessional Family type Type I $500-8749........... . $750-8999 $1,000-81,249............ $1,250-81,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ 38 573 444 801 $1,750-$1,999______ 325 702 498 714 $2,000-82,249______ 307 43 32 703 717 531 $2,250-82,499______ 193 704 712 519 46 $2,500-82,999______ 337 869 563 46 873 $3,000-83,499______ 206 tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. TABULAR SUMMARY T 125 3.— F o o d : A verage value o f all fa m i ly fo o d , m o n e y expenditure f o r fo o d at hom e and a w a y fr o m hom e, average value o f fo o d hom e-produced or received as gift or p a y , and m o n e y exp en se per m eal p er f o o d expenditure u nit, by occupa tion, f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e, in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued a b l e Number of eli gible families Average value Occupational group, of all family type, and family income class Report Report ing ex food ing in pendi come tures 0) (2) (4) (3) of Average Average expenditure Percentage expenditure value of Average for food purchased money for food food home- expendi ture per pro meal duced per food Away Away or re At At from home All from ceived expendi home home ture home as gift unit or pay (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Family type: Type 1— Contd. $3,500-$3,999______ $4,000-$4,999______ $5,000-$7,499______ $7,500-$9,999______ $10,000 and over___ 106 64 91 28 27 26 20 24 13 8 $887 1,023 1, 216 1,276 2,611 $875 1,018 1, 209 1,221 2,529 $574 689 772 845 1, 384 $301 329 437 376 1,145 65.6 67.7 63.9 69.2 54.7 34.4 32.3 36.1 30.8 45.3 $12 5 7 55 82 $0.380 .391 .449 .459 .607 $500-$749_________ $750-$999_________ $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ 35 127 253 355 397 5 19 42 68 70 528 429 498 579 647 503 419 492 570 636 464 387 448 503 545 39 32 44 67 91 92.2 92.4 91.1 88.2 85.7 7.8 7.6 8.9 11.8 14.3 25 10 6 9 11 .143 .126 .154 .173 .198 $1,750-$1,999______ $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499______ $2,500-$2,999______ $3,000-$3,499_.......... 443 434 300 487 247 91 69 70 83 62 720 793 801 932 1,003 709 789 793 916 993 606 658 654 759 790 103 131 139 157 203 85.5 83.4 82. 5 82.9 79.6 14.5 16.6 17.5 17.1 20.4 11 4 8 16 10 .209 .236 .237 .258 .282 $3,500-$3,999______ $4,000-14,999______ $5,000-$7,499______ $7,500-$9,999______ $10,000 and over___ 130 80 107 29 44 42 31 42 16 16 1,073 1,180 1,378 1,676 2, 635 1,063 1,166 1,348 1, 645 2, 593 821 903 1,023 1, 241 1,696 242 263 325 404 897 77.2 77.4 75.9 75.4 65.4 22.8 22.6 24.1 24.6 34.6 10 14 30 31 42 .278 .291 .330 .356 .476 $500-$749__.............. $750-$999__.............. $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ 23 68 157 225 294 3 11 28 37 53 453 538 565 661 699 442 524 551 655 684 416 486 504 593 611 26 38 47 62 73 94.1 92.7 91.5 90.5 89.3 5.9 7.3 8.5 9.5 10.7 11 14 14 6 15 .109 .111 .148 . 151 .154 $1,750-$1,999______ $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499______ $2,500-$2,999______ $3,000-$3,499______ 320 320 252 485 293 66 54 42 81 52 718 878 866 970 1,071 709 840 846 934 1,064 626 694 728 773 875 83 146 118 161 189 88.3 82.6 86.1 82.8 82.2 11.7 17.4 13.9 17.2 17.8 9 38 20 36 7 .173 . 192 . 197 .214 .218 $3,500-$3,999______ $4,000-$4,999______ $5,000-$7,499______ $7,500-$9,999______ $10,000 and over___ 198 91 109 39 61 45 37 29 14 12 1,098 1,365 1, 635 1,836 2,921 1,078 1, 343 1, 618 1,813 2,873 811 1,057 1,150 1,319 1,620 267 286 468 494 1, 253 75.2 78.7 71.1 72.8 56.4 24.8 21.3 28.9 27.2 43.6 20 22 17 23 48 .256 .291 .324 .393 .505 Types 11 and III Types I V and V 126 F A M IL Y EXPEN D ITU RE IN N E W Y O R K CITY T a b l e 4 .— H o u s i n g : A verag e value o f h ousing secured w ith and without m o n e y exp en d itu re, by occu p ation , f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, i n 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of Aver eligible families age value of all Occupational housing group, family Re plus type, and in Report port fuel, come class ing ex light, ing income 2 pendi and re tures friger ation 0) (4) (3) (2) Aver age ex pense for fuel, light, and refrig era tion Average value of housing secured 1 Aver age money ex Without money value With penditure expenditure of all hous ing All Fam Other Rent pay hous ily hous Total Owned home8 as ing home3 ing 8 or gift (6) (5) (7) (8) (9) (10) (12) (ID Per centage of hous ing value secured without money expend iture ® (13) All families $500-$749_.......... $750-$999............ $1,000-$1,249___ $1,250-$1,499___ $1,500-$1,749___ $1,750-81,999___ $2,000-82,249___ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ $3,000-$3,499___ $3,500-$3,999___ $4,000-$4,999___ $5,000-87,499___ $7,500-89,999___ $10,000 and over. 119 326 633 855 1,015 1,088 1,061 745 1,309 746 434 235 307 96 132 16 44 89 142 162 195 166 144 119 248 434 491 530 507 370 265 531 198 78 16 37 67 79 43 38 63 32 16 78 199 269 356 398 460 294 432 251 144 35 43 48 53 41 49 38 19 210 160 113 88 95 43 36 $374 396 416 450 502 539 588 621 683 747 805 1,017 1, 212 1,807 2,868 $55 78 83 80 85 89 91 87 114 102 120 124 131 160 161 $319 $306 $306 318 276 276 303 333 303 344 370 345 m 395 417 425 450 4*4 471 467 497 534 495 506 524 569 536 645 615 596 640 685 611 893 841 791 943 1,081 1,032 1,647 1, 527 1,307 2,707 2,738 2,177 <"*) $1 3 3 4 $13 42 30 25 19 $16 21 11 21 9 10 14 23 22 19 29 50 89 26 28 33 30 45 52 49 220 120 561 -31 11 12 -83 21 25 22 45 52 21 92 -34 19 16 9 8 3 7 8 8 4.1 13.2 9.0 6.7 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.8 4.7 6.6 28 28 3 5.8 4.5 7.3 - 1.1 Occupational group: Wage earner $fi00-$749 $750-$999______ $1,000-11,249___ $1,250-$1,499___ $1,500-$1,749___ $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ $3,000-$3,499___ $3,500-$3,999___ 66 68 374 362 388 425 486 520 552 593 624 704 757 55 79 78 79 89 100 91 89 123 126 158 319 283 310 346 397 420 461 504 501 578 599 306 252 285 306 372 389 435 464 480 572 513 306 252 285 306 370 387 432 459 475 562 501 432 384 388 437 467 495 549 696 661 682 352 343 382 424 458 467 527 550 629 626 352 343 379 419 455 464 518 539 606 598 (*) (*) ‘ 2 2 3 5 5 10 12 13 31 25 40 25 31 26 40 -3 3 O 12 11 17 19 27 21 6 86 21 6 86 80 41 80 36 6 6 16 28 25 28 14 14 7 13 4.1 11.0 8.1 11.6 6.3 7.4 5.8 7.9 4.2 1.0 14.4 Clerical $7nn-$Q99 $1,000-$1,249___ $1,250-$1,499___ $1,500-81,749...... $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ $3,000-83,499___ $3,500-83,999___ 7 22 506 476 475 517 548 591 629 706 746 796 74 92 87 80 79 96 80 110 85 114 3 5 3 3 9 11 23 28 13 9 28 7 9 27 22 22 46 32 56 27 8 56 5 6 1 19 24 18. 5 10.7 1.5 3.0 1.9 5.7 4.0 7.7 4.8 8.2 Independent business 422 422 4 2 12 493 426 $1,250-81,499___ 57 67 405 401 4 18 423 18 604 $1,500-$1,749.._. 69 17 81 3 43 32 480 523 477 34 612 89 $1,750-81,999___ 67 25 25 680 593 568 561 7 23 87 $2,000-82,249___ 91 560 560 48 48 114 44 10 722 608 $2,250-82,499 . . 614 22 681 45 45 636 110 23 807 126 $2,500-82,999___ 686 904 121 783 724 38 59 59 $3,000-83,499___ 76 23 740 699 4 134 744 41 4 $3,500-83,999___ 40 16 878 906 858 48 55 55 118 961 34 13 1,079 $4,000-84,999___ 8 96 8 18 1,296 135 1,161 1,153 1,057 $5,000-87,499___ 71 176 170 170 1,848 137 1,711 1,541 1,365 20 8 $7,500-89,999___ 521 -109 -109 2,972 183 2,789 2,898 2,377 10 $10,000 and over. 43 See p. 147 for notes on this table. ♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. 2 11 .7 4.3 8.2 4.2 7.9 6.6 7.5 .5 5.7 .7 9.9 -3 .9 127 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e 4 .— H o u s i n g : A verage value o f h ousing secured with and without m o n ey expenditure, by occu p ation , f a m i ly typ e, and in com e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 —Con. Number of Aver eligible families age value of all Occupational housing group, family Re plus type, and in Report port fuel, come class ing ex light, ing income pendi and re tures friger ation (1) (3) (2) (4) Aver age ex pense for fuel, light, and refrig era tion Aver age value of all hous ing (5) (6) (7) $504 501 507 560 609 697 749 732 1,037 1,032 2,176 2,993 $504 $472 457 457 468 458 515 502 584 554 640 620 695 665 732 692 1,065 1,003 1, 026 965 2, 206 1,816 2,915 2,190 (t) 483 473 547 513 623 622 718 867 1,116 1,389 2,239 (t) 482 467 536 500 591 588 689 787 1,109 1,318 2,299 Average value of housing secured Per centage of hous ing With money ex ‘ Without money value penditure expenditure secured without All Fam Other Rent money Owned hous ily hous Total pay expend home as ing home ing or gift iture (8) (9) (10) (12) (11) (13) Independent professional $1,250-$l,499___ $1,500-$1,749___ $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ $3,000-$3,499___ $3,500-$3,999___ $4,000-$4,999___ $5,000-$7,499___ $7,500-$9,999___ $10,000 and over. 4 3 10 6 6 8 14 25 18 32 28 26 40 53 22 43 14 21 20 22 14 23 13 16 $607 576 588 638 702 801 851 816 1,136 1,161 2,426 3,145 $103 75 81 78 93 104 (t) 568 554 633 608 710 725 839 (t) 102 84 99 129 250 152 $32 10 13 30 20 30 40 62 61 390 725 $44 38 45 25 57 54 $44 39 45 25 57 54 8.8 -28 -28 6 -30 78 -2 .7 6 -30 78 7.7 8.0 4.1 8.2 7.2 .6 -1 .4 2.6 Salaried business $1,250-$1,499___ $1,500-$1,749___ $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ $3,000-$3,499___ $3,500-$3,999___ $4,000-$4,999___ $5,000-$7,499___ $7,500-$9,999___ $10,000 and over. 4 2 22 18 19 17 19 49 51 54 91 99 69 61 88 35 38 22 23 15 29 25 13 1,012 6 1,232 1,538 2,392 11 12 20 22 22 528 540 583 585 614 85 81 86 95 87 103 121 145 116 149 153 (t) (t) (t) 480 2 1 1 466 6 528 8 11 22 13 478 566 25 32 570 18 34 663 26 29 49 738 80 1,022 87 7 1,100 218 71 381 -6 0 1,918 (t) 1 (t) (t) $6 11 -2 0 32 34 29 80 -2 1 71 -69 33 28 9 .2 1.1 2.0 2.5 5.1 5.5 4.0 9.2 .6 5.1 -2 .7 Salaried profes sional $1,250-$1,499___ $1,500-$1,749___ $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ $3,000-$3,499___ $3,500-$3,999___ $4,000-$4,999___ $5,000-$7,499___ $7,500-$9,999___ $10,000 and over. 30 28 53 64 70 113 94 77 100 95 19 8 32 24 25 32 29 9 4 688 719 802 951 1,159 1, 545 3,072 473 473 473 55 93 447 448 448 474 507 76 458 72 513 495 506 84 530 497 526 582 97 591 555 84 589 576 635 706 96 671 630 123 762 828 716 144 1,015 775 875 99 1,446 1,113 1,036 137 2,935 3,008 2, 256 16 11 29 27 13 41 46 100 77 752 140 333 -73 —1 13 7 3 -9 46 35 65 77 190 -73 -1 0 -1 0 —1 33 7 4 9 46 35 66 20 1 18 1 —. 2 6.5 1.4 .8 1.5 7.2 5.0 8.0 63 143 13.8 23.0 -2 .5 19 24 -3 .0 5.8 10.3 6.7 Family type: Type I $5ftft-$749 61 380 53 8 327 337 337 $750-$999 131 387 62 325 14 306 306 410 340 304 $1,000-$1,249___ 223 19 70 305 $1,250-$1,499___ 74 403 375 275 477 37 376 324 $1,500-$1,749___ 70 439 435 433 39 509 $1,750-$1,999___ 325 471 457 538 67 458 38 $2,000-$2,249___ 542 510 307 43 610 516 68 32 594 504 $2,250-$2,499___ 193 521 66 528 $2,500-$2,999___ 691 70 621 594 337 46 608 72 $3,000-$3,499___ 206 46 688 616 610 589 67 610 602 $3,500-$3,999___ 106 26 677 581 $4,000-$4,999___ 64 754 20 935 88 847 816 1,344 $5,000-$7,499___ 91 24 90 1,254 1,200 1,112 $7,500-$9,999___ 120 1,987 2,075 1, 619 28 13 2,107 27 155 2,803 2, 682 2,380 $10,000 and over. 8 2,958 t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 17 14 19 35 27 4 13 26 7 13 21 21 6 8 1 1 2 1 6 62 88 456 302 31 54 -8 8 121 11 15 2 12 2 13 26 7 12 6 8 30 54 1 1 -8 8 109 1.0 2.8 4.8 1.3 12 2.1 1.0 1.3 3.7 4.3 -4 .4 4.3 128 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY T a b l e 4 .— H o u s i n g : A verage value o f h ousing secured w ith and without m o n e y exp en d itu re , b y occu p ation , f a m i l y typ e, and in com e, in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 —Con. Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and in come class (1) Aver age value of all housing Re plus Report port fuel, ing ing ex light, income pendi and re tures friger ation (2) (4) (3) Aver age expense for fuel, light, and refrig era tion Aver age value of all hous ing (5) (6) Average value of housing secured Per centage of hous ing With money ex Without money value penditure expenditure secured without money All Fam Other Rent expend hous ily hous Total Owned as pay home ing home ing or gift iture (7) (8) (9) (10) (12) (11) (13) Types II and III $500-$749______ $750-$999______ $1,000-$1,249___ $1,250-$1,499___ $l,50O-$l,749___ $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499----$2,500-$2,999___ $3,000-13,499. $3,500-$3,999___ $4,000-$4,999___ $5,000-$7,499___ $7,500-$9,999___ $10,000 and over. 35 127 253 355 397 443 434 300 487 247 130 80 107 29 44 5 19 42 68 70 91 69 70 83 62 42 31 42 16 16 $370 375 381 416 502 541 574 621 673 795 870 1,126 1,141 1,621 2,810 $41 79 79 76 83 98 94 90 111 100 127 110 127 164 208 $329 $329 $329 274 274 296 302 291 291 340 320 318 400 395 419 443 432 435 464 480 459 531 491 477 562 513 526 683 657 695 743 665 718 1,016 939 879 1,014 983 899 1,457 1,238 1,162 2,602 2,653 2,215 $2 5 3 5 14 13 26 53 60 84 76 438 $22 11 20 19 8 16 40 36 $5 2 $17 9 8 20 11 4 16 4 22 18 26 12 12 25 77 31 219 -51 25 77 8 219 -51 10 23 7.4 3.6 5.9 4.5 1.8 3.3 7.5 6.4 1.7 3.4 7.6 3.1 15.0 - 2.0 Types I V and V $500-$749........... $750-$999______ $1,000-$1,249___ $1,250-$1,499___ $1,500-$1,749___ $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ $3,000-$3,499___ $3,500-$3,999___ $4,000-$4,999___ $5,000-$7,499___ $7,500-$9,999___ $10,000 and over. 23 3 68 11 157 225 294 320 320 252 485 293 198 91 109 39 61 28 37 53 66 54 42 81 52 45 37 29 14 12 360 453 480 468 494 542 587 640 686 753 832 978 1,172 1,731 2,867 80 104 107 94 105 99 280 349 373 374 389 443 477 540 539 627 689 817 188 188 223 223 320 320 345 345 352 352 390 386 110 436 438 512 100 509 147 498 488 562 550 126 593 143 610 161 739 773 941 170 1,002 847 185 1, 546 1,349 1,190 130 2, 737 2,824 2,059 (*) (*) 4 2 3 10 12 17 34 94 159 765 92 126 53 29 37 53 39 28 41 65 79 44 61 197 -87 ♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. 12 92 26 15 21 30 29 28 31 44 79 44 6 127 -87 80 34 27 14 16 23 10 10 21 55 70 32.9 36.1 14.2 7.7 9.5 12.0 8.2 5.2 7.6 10.4 11.5 5.4 6.1 12.7 -3 .2 TABULAR SUMMARY 129 T a b l e 4 - A . — M o n e y e x p e n d it u r e fo r f a m i l y h o m e b y o w n e rs a n d r e n t e r s , a n d f a c ilit ie s in c lu d e d in r e n t fo r f a m i l y h o m e : B y occup ation , f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 l l ££ S Refrigeration (12) (13) 2 86 $314 254 366 362 391 $312 295 324 351 405 65 58 2 60 1 67 74 (*) 17 85 89 85 78 82 354 351 383 401 542 438 479 515 554 619 82 (*) 82 (*) 2 91 2 79 1 93 23 23 18 23 13 77 444 666 77 597 845 81 648 1,018 75 1,106 1,419 87 1,734 2,271 13 314 308 501 346 374 312 274 311 322 387 65 45 60 58 342 335 313 400 612 432 400 438 493 495 541 544 210 § 3 3 Light 3 (8) Garage Renters © w fl © C3 £ 1 | 3 Renting © S (4) bD Percentage of renters having specified facilities included in rent2 Furnishings Reporting expenditures £ o o (1) —. Reporting inU come3 Occupational group, family type, and income class Home owners Average Percentage money ex of families J pense for family home Number of eligible families ^ Percentage with none of K these facilities ineluded in rent [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] All families 119 $500-$749_______ 326 $750-$999 633 $1,000-$1,249_____ 855 $i;250-$l',499_____ $1,500-$1,749_____ 1,015 16 44 89 142 162 13 5 $1,750-81,999_____ 1,088 $2,000-$2,249_____ 1, 061 745 $2,250-$2,499_____ $2,500-82,999_____ 1, 309 746 $3,000-83,499_____ 195 166 144 13 210 22 160 434 235 307 96 132 113 $500-$749 ______ $750-$999 _______ $1,000-$1,249_____ $1,250-81,499____ $1,500-$1,749____ 119 248 434 491 530 16 37 67 79 $1,750-$! ,999____ $2,000-82,249 ... $2,250-82,499 ___ $2,500-82,999_____ $3,000-83,499_____ $3,500-83,999 . . . . 507 370 265 531 198 78 $3,500-$3,999_____ $4,000-$4,999_____ $5,000-87,499_____ $7,500-89,999 .. $10,000 and over,. 88 95 43 36 8 5 9 10 14 81 89 82 92 85 92 86 4 91 16 100 3 5 100 100 100 26 17 25 39 44 99 99 99 99 99 56 63 69 60 82 2 3 5 6 8 2 1 8 4 3 4 9 17 6 11 8 3 17 4 2 2 98 97 70 100 100 86 96 100 100 8 2 2 2 4 1 1 (*) 4 (*) 4 3 5 3 4 77 94 98 12 2 4 O c c u p a t ional gr o up: Wage earner 66 12 81 89 85 90 80 68 16 9 14 24 27 43 80 91 84 76 73 57 12 88 43 38 63 32 16 2 1 4 3 1 16 100 26 7 8 4 100 100 100 21 2 2 1 68 7 8 72 83 91 72 82 76 9 3 2 10 11 22 8 12 7 3 2 97 28 35 100 100 39 63 60 44 71 40 100 100 100 100 48 33 47 52 100 100 100 98 3 7— 3 2 6 2 Clerical $750-8999 _______ $1,000-$1,249_____ $1,250-81,499____ $1,500-81,749_____ $1,750-81,999_____ 78 199 269 356 398 35 43 48 7 $2,000-82,249_____ $2,250-82,499____ $2,500-82,999_____ $3,000-83,499_____ $3,500-83,999_____ 460 294 432 251 144 53 41 49 38 19 $1,250-81,499 . . . $1,500-81,749 ____ $1,750-$1,999____ $2,000-82,249_____ $2,250-82,499____ 57 69 67 91 44 17 34 23 $2,500-82,999 ____ $3,000-83,499____ $3,500-83,999 ____ $4,000-84,999_____ $5.000-87,499_____ 110 22 24 7 4 7 12 14 18 6 22 76 93 94 93 283 396 443 382 365 352 377 417 461 100 87 362 387 363 513 299 476 540 578 631 689 78 94 78 98 85 3 302 348 348 406 416 413 507 585 494 96 83 94 87 30 100 668 456 762 536 708 687 498 916 605 1,082 95 94 79 94 81 86 82 91 78 61 74 83 6 88 2 5 4 9 6 2 11 6 ~ ~8 15 2 10 98 100 97 68 58 73 63 5 5 100 100 86 95 80 4 100 100 100 96 60 59 63 69 100 100 100 85 84 58 78 94 5 5 5 5 Independent busi ness 76 40 34 71 12 3 14 21 6 10 36 23 23 16 13 18 36 34 26 15 6 97 86 77 88 64 64 66 74 85 94 668 5 4 17 5 6 6 28 19 94 100 100 100 5 6 $7,500-89,999 ____ 24 542 1, 667 20 8 100 100 76 90 24 $10,000 and over.. 43 10 9 91 2,254 2,371 100 100 100 10 See p. 147 for notes on this table. *Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 for expenditures, or less than 1 for proportions of families reporting are not shown. 130 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY T a b l e 4t- A . — M o n e y e x p e n d itu r e fo r f a m i l y h o m e b y o w n e rs a n d r e n t e r s , a n d f a c ilit ie s in c lu d e d in r e n t fo r f a m i l y h o m e : B y occupation, fa m ily type, and incom e , in 1 year, 19S 5 -S 6 — Continued Refrigeration Mechanical refrigerator £«E §* ® bfl 2d rt ©© £ (12) 52 "c3 1 £ q Garage S H Light Furnishings (8) 3 Renters 0 ©3 H 3 Percentage of renters having specified facilities included in rent Home owners 3 Average money ex pense for family home 3 Renting Owning 3 Reporting expenditures Percentage of families ^ -55 0) Reporting income Occupational group, family type, and income class ^ “ Number of eligible families (15) Independent professional 4 3 10 6 6 8 $1;250-$l ,499 $1,500-$1,749 $1,750-$1,999 $2,000-$2,249 $2,250-$2,499 14 25 18 $2,500-$2.999 $3.000-$3,499 $3,500-$3,999 $4 000-$4,999 $5,000-$7,499 32 28 26 40 53 21 20 22 14 23 $7,500-$9.999 22 13 161 43 14 $286 270 259 185 $472 529 493 546 558 100 100 92 80 7 473 655 678 95 6 5 4 4 100 27 73 12 88 16 7 84 93 24 14 76 668 100 24 92 76 691 817 1,026 560 1,079 91 92 95 36 9 64 1,914 1,603 91 1,015 2, 263 75 8 86 100 50 50 50 100 25 75 100 100 93 8 8 91 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 75 82 92 71 83 89 83 76 90 9 7 9 7 4 6 100 95 Salaried business $1,250~$1,499_____ $1,500-$1,749 $1,750-$l,999 ___ $2,000-$2,249_____ $2 250-$2,499 4 2 22 18 19 17 19 49 51 54 $2,500-$2,999_____ $3,000-$3,499_____ $3,500-$3,999____ $4,000-$4,999 ___ $5,000-$7,499_____ 91 99 69 61 $7,500-$9,999__ __ $10,000 and over_. 22 (t) 5 (t)90 (t)310 (t)493 (t)70 10 10 12 10 23 15 29 25 20 35 38 13 21 6 23 $1,250-$1,499_____ $1,500-$1,749_____ $1,750-$1,999_____ $2,000-$2,249_____ $2,250-$2,499_____ 30 28 53 64 70 11 12 20 22 22 6 11 $2,500-$2,999_____ $3,000-$3,499_____ $3,500-$3,999_____ $4,000-$4,999_____ $5,000-$7,499_____ 113 94 77 32 24 25 32 29 19 14 16 24 28 9 4 13 8 61 131 223 275 324 14 19 37 39 8 12 88 17 35 13 90 82 448 413 582 90 83 80 65 84 371 588 313 614 524 706 623 780 828 1, 076 86 469 542 492 (t) (t) 95 88 5 6 85 (t) ()100 (t) (t) (t) 69 8 85 23 5 88 8 22 6 10 89 93 96 79 534 1, 258 77 1, 684 2,117 88 100 474 459 483 500 504 100 10 4 14 4 12 100 100 100 80 80 78 100 100 100 100 79 81 52 93 74 88 100 100 100 94 94 94 61 77 67 63 94 8 5 4 7 Salaried professional $7,500-$9,999_____ $10,000 and over.. 100 95 19 100 4 94 85 96 96 375 426 310 75 556 453 458 549 626 86 84 76 68 78 100 557 595 652 773 872 505 1, 257 2,311 61 96 90 85 6 4 8 92 100 89 91 74 6 6 4 11 5 4 100 95 100 4 9 4 100 100 10 8 3 26 98 4 6 4 13 100 100 77 87 84 90 59 100 100 83 30 100 100 100 9 71 73 77 79 85 14 100 100 100 100 6 99 3 2 100 100 100 10 6 3 4 99 6 4 Family type: Type I $500-$749.............. $750-$999________ $1,000-$1,249........ $1,250-$1,499....... . $1,500-$1,749_....... 6 8 3 88 93 84 89 95 558 249 411 390 306 328 334 380 439 325 38 9 91 $1,750-$1,999....... . 354 466 96 307 43 5 94 $2,000-$2,249_....... 518 437 98 193 90 $2,250-$2,499......... 32 10 356 100 525 337 46 92 8 $2,500-$2,999......... 396 100 610 206 46 $3,000-$3,499......... 7 93 438 601 100 t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 1 1 6 8 3 3 100 14 31 40 57 57 82 85 91 87 94 14 5 3 i l 6 2 131 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e A -A .— M o n e y e x p e n d itu r e fo r f a m i l y h o m e b y o w n e rs a n d r e n t e r s , a n d fa c ilit ie s in c lu d e d in r e n t fo r f a m i l y h o m e : B y occupation , f a m i ly ty p e , Number of eligible families Average money ex pense for family home Percentage of renters having specified facilities included in rent Refrigeration £ (12) £ Garage S (ii) © p Mechanical re<23 frigerator Furnishings (8) 2b ae 3 3 Renters c ©3 H 3 Home owners Renting 3 3 (3) Owning * cn © £ .a ! ■E'd o0 p,® © g q 0) ^ Occupational group, familytype, and income class Reporting income 1 Percentage of families ^ Percentage with none of & these facilities inw eluded in rent and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 —Continued Family type: Type 1— Con. $3,500-$3,999_____ $4,000-$4,999......... $5,000-$7,499_____ $7,500-$9,999____ $10,000 and over.. 106 64 91 28 27 26 4 20 12 24 13 96 $418 $585 778 501 85 588 1,176 89 4,123 1,318 92 1,061 2,441 89 88 100 100 100 100 329 282 296 331 406 60 50 51 65 78 423 463 501 545 665 77 82 5 32 24 692 969 945 68 688 1,396 76 1,480 2,324 79 96 79 15 8 11 8 5 4 9 4 11 85 91 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 4 8 3 28 Types II and III $500-$749............ _ $750-$999_______ $1,000-$1,249_____ $1,250-$1,499_____ $1,500-$1,749____ 35 127 253 355 397 5 19 42 $1,750-$1,999_____ $2,000-$2,249_____ $2,250-$2,499____ $2,500-$2,999_____ $3,000-$3,499____ 443 434 300 487 247 91 69 70 83 62 $3,500-$3,999_____ $4,000-$4,999_____ $5,000-$7,499_____ $7,500-$9,999_____ $10,000 and over.. 130 80 107 29 44 42 31 42 16 16 68 70 100 1 8 94 88 308 554 302 403 9 90 89 84 78 82 533 444 438 370 607 11 13 20 18 19 20 91 88 81 80 92 511 540 574 4 2 1 95 9 33 50 100 4 99 97 98 98 47 61 67 56 85 6 92 65 100 100 100 100 80 91 95 100 100 100 100 22 18 3 3 39 41 52 43 5 3 7 6 4 5 10 12 2 17 4 20 3 7 19 5 10 100 100 100 2 8 9 88 78 96 5 8 2 3 100 100 2 5 5 (*) 4 6 11 5 86 5 Types I V and V $500-$749________ $750-$999_______ $1,000-$1,249_____ $1,250-$1,499........ $1,500-$1,749_____ 28 37 53 33 13 19 7 19 33 79 71 91 74 265 157 225 294 379 349 386 300 253 358 346 358 50 41 50 53 54 $1,750-$1,999_____ $2,000-$2,249_____ $2,250-$2,499_____ $2,500-$2,999_____ $3,000-$3,499_____ 320 320 252 485 293 66 21 54 42 81 52 13 18 32 24 72 85 82 293 271 356 418 530 430 461 525 515 584 74 64 89 63 82 $3,500-$3,999_____ $4,000-$4,999_____ $5,000-$7,499_____ $7,500-$9,999____ $10,000 and over.. 198 91 109 39 61 45 37 29 14 37 33 33 26 7 426 709 634 778 672 936 66 661 1, 531 93 2,254 2.131 88 23 68 3 11 12 68 75 63 67 67 210 79 80 77 100 50 8 1 1 1 3 3 5 7 6 6 8 8 3 14 99 97 99 10 2 2 100 100 100 10 4 98 21 12 5 5 100 100 88 100 23 13 31 68 62 81 68 91 100 1 2 2 2 5 5 9 132 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY T a b l e 5 .— H o u s e h o ld o p e r a t io n : A verage m o n ey expenditure fo r grou ps o f item s o f household operation and percentage distribution o f such expen d itu re , b y occu p a tio n , f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eli gible families Average money expenditure for household operation Percentage of total household opera tion expenditure Paid household Occupational g ro u p , family type, and in help Fuel, Fuel, come class Report Report light, light, ing ex Other and ing in pendi Total and re re items3 friger friger Average Percent come 1 tures ation 2 amount age of ation2 families having (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Paid house Other hold items3 help (10) (11) All families $500-$749 ____________ $750-8999 __________ $1,Q00-$1,249___________ $1,250-11,499___________ $1,500-81,749___________ 119 326 633 855 1,015 16 44 89 142 162 $91 107 124 131 142 $55 78 83 80 85 $1 1 4 3 2 6 $36 29 40 50 53 60.4 72. 9 66.9 ‘ " a s ' .8 61.0 59.9 2.8 39.6 27.1 32.3 38.2 37.3 $1,750-$1,999___________ $2,000-$2,249___________ $2,250-$2,499___________ $2,500-82,999_____ ____ _ $3,000-83,499______ ____ 1,088 1,061 745 1,309 744 195 166 144 210 160 168 190 201 245 290 89 91 87 114 102 5 14 18 22 58 8 22 22 19 42 74 85 96 109 130 53.0 47.9 43.3 46.5 35.2 3.0 7.4 8.9 9.0 20.0 44.0 44.7 47.8 44.5 44.8 $3,500-$3,999___________ $4,000-84,999___________ $5,000-87,499___________ $7,500-89,999___________ $10,000 and over------ 434 235 307 96 132 113 88 95 43 36 358 496 705 963 1,828 120 124 131 160 161 91 181 369 543 1,255 54 71 89 87 97 147 191 205 260 412 33.5 25.0 18.6 16.6 8.8 25.4 36.5 52.3 56.4 68.7 41.1 38.5 29.1 27.0 22.5 $500-8749______________ $750-8999 _____ _____ $1,000-$1,249___________ $1,250-81,499__________ $1,500-81,749__________ $1,750-81,999__________ 119 248 434 491 530 507 16 37 67 79 66 68 91 103 112 118 138 170 55 79 78 79 89 100 (*) 2 4 60.4 76.7 69.6 67.0 64.5 58.8 (*) 1 36 24 34 39 49 69 .6 39. 6 23.3 30.4 33.0 35. 5 40.6 $2,000-$2,249_____ _____ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-82,999___________ $3,000-83,499___ _____ $3,500-83,999................. . 370 265 531 198 76 43 38 63 32 16 175 176 224 283 314 91 89 123 126 158 8 2 6 31 22 10 10 13 27 10 76 85 95 126 134 52.0 50.6 54.9 44.5 50.3 4.3 1.1 2.7 11.0 7.0 43.7 48.3 42.4 44.5 42.7 $750-8999______________ $1,000-81,249__________ $1,250-81,499___________ $1,500-81,749___________ $1,750-81,999__________ 78 199 269 356 398 7 22 35 43 48 117 150 153 140 157 74 92 87 80 79 4 2 7 3 3 7 13 5 43 54 64 53 75 63.2 61.3 56.9 57.1 50.3 2.7 1.3 5.0 1.9 36.8 36.0 41.8 37.9 47.8 $2,000-82,249__________ $2,250-82,499___________ $2,500-82,999......... ......... $3,000-83,499__________ $3,500-83,999__________ 460 294 432 251 144 53 41 49 38 19 194 200 241 257 320 96 80 110 85 114 12 22 13 49 58 26 25 13 45 52 86 98 118 123 148 49.5 40.0 45.6 33.1 35.6 6.2 11.0 5.4 19.1 18.1 44.3 49.0 49.0 47.8 46.3 Occupational group: Wage earner Clerical Independent business $1,250-81,499__________ 12 134 67 67 57 50.0 50.0 $1,500-81,749__________ 69 17 146 81 3 62 55.5 2.0 42.5 5 $1,750-81,999____ ______ 21 34 192 82 67 89 46.4 10.9 42.7 28 $2,000-82,249__________ 91 23 217 46.1 87 30 100 40.1 13.8 47 $2,250-82,499__________ 44 10 253 27 112 114 45.0 10.7 44.3 22 $2,500-82,999................... 23 325 126 79 120 38.8 24.3 36.9 110 42 $3,000-83,499___________ 404 121 76 23 146 137 30.0 36.1 33.9 55 $3,500-83,999__________ 32.2 16 416 119 134 163 28.6 39.2 40 79 $4,000-84,999__________ 34 13 568 271 118 179 20.8 47.7 31.5 90 $5,000-87,499_____ _____ 71 831 211 18 16.2 58.4 135 485 25.4 100 $7,500-89,999................... 8 20 202 15.7 61.1 23.2 870 137 531 92 $10,000 and over.......... . 43 10 1,950 183 1,405 362 9.4 72.0 18.6 100 See p. 148 for notes on this table. *Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 for expenditures, or less than 1 for pro portions of families reporting are not shown. TABULAR 133 SUM M ARY T a b l e 5 .— H o u s e h o ld o p e r a t io n : A verage m o n e y expenditure fo r grou ps o f item s o f household operation and percentage distribution o f such expen d itu re , by occupa tio n , f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eli gible families Occupational g r o u p , family type, and in come class Report ing in come (1) (2) Average money expenditure for household operation Percentage of total household opera tion expenditure Paid household help Fuel, Fuel, Report light, light, ing ex- Total and Other and re re pendiitems friger friger Average Percent age of tures ation amount families ation having (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Paid house Other hold items help (9) (10) $94 111 92 124 118 133 132 162 182 205 329 490 45.0 32.5 25.6 30.8 34.1 29.0 30.3 15.2 14.0 16.3 14.8 7.4 14.0 19.5 45.4 20.2 22.7 33.8 30.6 55.6 60.4 57.9 65.8 68.6 41.0 48.0 29.0 49.0 43.2 37.2 39.1 29.2 25.6 25.8 19.4 24.0 5 18 18 39 20 52 63 60 77 89 89 (t) 88 80 90 122 106 148 125 188 205 263 389 (t) 48.6 46.3 44.3 35.9 39.2 33.0 35.8 33.8 18.7 19.2 10.4 (t) 1.1 8.0 9.3 18.1 13.1 19.6 27.2 22.4 48.3 47.0 63.0 (t) 50.3 45.7 46.4 46.0 47.7 47.4 37.0 43.8 33.0 33.8 26.6 6 12 15 18 29 36 39 65 60 86 63 100 67 57 82 106 93 122 131 162 201 202 234 374 40.8 58.5 46.9 40.0 42.2 37.6 31.7 24.4 28.7 22.5 17.8 7.8 9.6 5.7 2.5 1.1 11.0 15.1 18 9 34.5 24.3 46.0 40.2 71.0 49.6 35.8 50.6 58.9 46.8 47.3 49.4 41.1 47.0 31.5 42.0 21.2 4 7 10 38 23 18 57 73 78 94 89 100 35 25 40 51 48 83 95 94 123 122 153 168 212 293 368 60.2 71.3 63.6 58.7 57.8 42.7 38.4 36.5 33.5 27.4 21.7 .8 2.5 4.4 8.1 11.6 7.6 26.2 28.8 41.4 55.2 49.9 73.4 39.8 28.7 36.4 40.5 39.7 52.9 53.5 51.9 58.9 46.4 49.5 38.5 31.4 35.7 18.7 (11) Independent professional $1,250-$1,499___ _______ $1,500-81,749................... $l'750-$l,999................... $2,000-82,249................ __ $2'250-$2'499........... ........ $2,500-$2,999.............. . $3^000-83,499........... ........ $3,500-83,999____ ______ $4'000-$4'999.............. . $5^000-$7'499................... $7^500-$9'999.............. ___ $10,000 arid ovar 4 10 14 25 18 32 28 26 40 53 22 43 3 6 6 8 14 21 20 22 14 23 13 16 $229 231 317 253 273 358 337 554 709 793 1,692 2,041 $103 75 81 78 93 104 102 84 99 129 250 152 $32 45 144 51 62 121 103 308 428 459 1,113 1,399 4 22 49 51 54 91 99 69 61 88 35 38 2 18 19 17 19 22 23 15 29 25 13 6 (t) 175 175 194 265 222 312 338 429 621 778 1, 464 (t) 85 81 86 95 87 103 121 145 116 149 153 (t) 30 28 53 64 70 113 94 77 100 95 19 8 11 12 20 22 135 159 162 180 199 258 265 394 428 641 557 1,761 55 93 76 72 84 97 84 96 123 144 99 137 50 33 64 77 52 60 66 100 100 100 100 100 Salaried business $1,250-$1,499................... $1,500-81,749................ . $1,750-81,999........... ........ $2,000-$2,249................... $2,250-82,499____ ______ $2,500-82,999__________ $3,000-83,499____ ______ $3,50O-$3,999__________ $4,000-84,999__________ $5,0G0-$7,499__________ $7,500-89,999__________ $10,000 and over_______ 2 14 18 48 29 61 92 96 300 366 922 (t) Salaried professional $1,250-$1,499_.................. $1,500-$1,749........... ........ $1,750-$1,999.__________ $2,000-$2,249___ _______ $2,250-$2,499___________ $2,500-82,999 __________ 83,000-83,499____ ______ $3,500-83,999___________ $4,000-84,999___________ $5,000-87,499......... ......... $7,500-89,999____ ______ $10,000 and over....... ...... 22 32 24 25 32 29 9 4 13 9 4 2 22 39 50 136 104 295 224 1, 250 Family type: Type I 88 61 8 53 $500-$749 62 131 87 14 $750-8999______________ 19 110 70 223 $1,000-81,249 126 74 1 37 $1,250-81,499___________ 275 121 3 324 39 70 $1,500-$1,749_................. 7 67 325 38 157 $1,750-$1,999___________ 68 14 43 177 307 $2,000-82,249.................... 21 181 66 193 32 $2,250-82,499___________ 16 46 209 337 70 $2,500-82,999___________ 69 206 263 72 46 $3,000-83,499.................... 89 309 26 67 106 $3,500-83,999............... . 181 437 88 $4,000-$4,999_____ _____ 20 64 $5f00n-$7,499 372 24 674 90 91 $7,500^89,999 416 13 834 120 28 1,446 155 27 8 1,969 $10,000 and over.............. t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 20.1 13.4 14.4 7.9 134 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY T a b l e 5 .— H o u s e h o ld o p e r a t io n : A verage m o n e y expenditure fo r groups o f item s o f household o p eration and percentage distribution o f such expend iture, b y occupa tio n , f a m i ly typ e, and in com e, in 1 ye a r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eli gible families Average money expenditure for household operation Percentage of total household opera tion expenditure Paid household Occupational g r o u p , help family type, and in Fuel, Fuel, come class Report Report light, light, ing ex Other and ing in pendi Total and re re items friger come friger Average Percent age of tures ation ation amount families having (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Paid house Other hold items help (8) (9) (10) (11) 3 7 22 29 27 54 79 88 100 86 90 $24 26 35 45 58 70 88 100 107 148 152 201 192 248 397 63.1 75.2 69.3 62.3 58.0 56.3 47.2 41.7 42.9 30.0 27.7 18.8 17.2 14.7 10.5 (*) 0.8 1.4 3.5 8.6 12.0 15.8 26.1 39.2 46.8 56.7 63.0 69.4 36.9 24.8 30.7 36.9 40.6 40.2 44.2 46.3 41.3 43.9 33.1 34.4 26.1 22.3 20.1 7 4 7 6 9 12 12 23 28 52 74 86 100 58 42 49 57 52 69 76 92 101 122 140 198 213 242 442 58.0 71.2 66.0 61.4 64.8 57.9 57.6 50.0 57.8 46.1 45.1 35.0 24.2 19.6 7.8 3.7 1.3 3.1 1.7 2.6 4.0 2.4 9.2 10.7 22.0 45.4 54.7 65.5 42.0 28.8 30.3 37.3 32.1 40.4 39.8 46.0 39.8 44.7 44.2 43.0 30.4 25.7 26.7 (7) Types II and III $500-$749_______ ____ $750-$999______________ $1,000-$1,249___________ $1,250-$1,499___________ $1,500-$1,749___________ $1,750-$1,999___....... ........ $2,000-$2,249___________ $2,250-$2,499___________ $2,500-$2,999___________ $3,000-$3,499___________ $3,500-$3,999___________ $4,000-$4,999___________ $5,000-$7,499___________ $7,500-$9,999___________ $10,000 and over_______ 35 127 253 355 397 443 454 300 487 247 130 80 107 29 44 5 19 42 68 70 91 69 70 83 62 42 31 42 16 16 $65 105 114 122 143 174 199 216 259 333 459 584 736 1,115 1,977 $41 79 79 76 83 98 94 90 111 100 127 110 127 164 208 $1 2 6 17 26 41 87 180 273 417 703 1,372 23 68 157 225 294 320 320 252 485 293 198 91 109 39 61 3 11 28 37 53 66 54 42 81 52 45 37 29 14 12 138 146 162 153 162 171 191 200 254 273 317 460 702 942 1, 658 80 104 107 94 105 99 110 100 147 126 143 161 170 185 130 6 2 5 3 5 8 6 25 34 101 319 515 1,086 (*) 2 (*) Types IV and V $500-$749 . . ________ $750-$999 ______ $1,000-$1,249___________ $1,250-$1,499___________ $1,500-$1,749___________ $1,750-$1,999___________ $2,000-$2,249___________ $2,250-$2,499___________ $2,500-$2,999___________ $3,000-$3,499___________ $3,500-$3,999___________ $4,000-$4,999___________ $5,000-$7,499___________ $7,500-$9,999___________ $10,000 and over........ . See p. 148 for notes on this table. •Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. TABULAR T 135 SUM M ARY 6.— Clothing: A vera g e m o n e y expenditure f o r clothing fo r husband and w ife and other f a m i ly m em bers , and percentage distribution o f such expend iture , by occup ation , f a m i ly t y p e } and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 a b l e [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and in come class (1) Report Report ing ex ing income 2 pendi tures (2) (3) Average money expenditure for clothing i Percentage of total fam ily clothing expenditure All family mem bers Hus band Wife Other family mem bers Hus band Wife Other family mem bers (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) All families $500-$749____ ____ ____ $750-$999______________ $1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$!,749__________ $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-$3,499__________ $3,500-$3,999__________ $4,000-$4,999__________ $5,000-$7,499__________ $7,500-$9,999......... ......... $10,000 and over_______ 119 326 633 855 1,015 1,088 1,061 745 1, 309 746 434 235 307 96 132 16 44 89 142 162 195 166 144 210 160 113 88 95 43 36 $57 63 71 102 123 151 184 206 258 330 415 454 588 738 1, 273 $16 19 26 39 42 52 66 72 82 100 125 144 175 226 387 $24 25 26 39 50 63 72 83 100 135 165 191 261 342 688 $17 19 19 24 31 36 46 51 76 95 125 119 152 170 198 28.1 30.2 36.6 38.3 34.1 34.4 35.9 34.9 31.8 30.3 30.1 31.7 29.8 30.6 30.4 42.1 39.6 36.6 38.3 40.7 41.8 39.1 40.3 38.8 40.9 39.8 42.1 44.4 46.4 54.0 29.8 30.2 26.8 23.4 25.2 23.8 25.0 24.8 29.4 28.8 30.1 26.2 25.8 23.0 15.6 119 248 434 491 530 507 370 265 531 198 78 16 37 67 79 66 68 43 38 63 32 16 57 53 63 101 115 154 202 187 284 352 370 16 19 22 32 33 49 66 61 90 96 92 24 23 24 39 49 61 77 69 99 124 124 17 11 17 30 33 44 59 57 95 132 154 28.1 35.8 34.9 31.7 28.7 31.8 32.7 32.6 31.7 27.3 24.9 42.1 43.4 38.1 38.6 42.6 39.6 38.1 36.9 34.9 35.2 33.5 29.8 20.8 27.0 29.7 28.7 28.6 29.2 30.5 33.4 37.5 41.6 78 199 259 356 398 460 294 432 251 144 7 22 35 43 48 53 41 49 38 19 95 89 102 120 143 163 210 237 321 471 18 34 50 45 49 64 78 73 97 145 33 30 38 43 61 60 86 95 135 171 44 25 14 32 33 39 46 69 89 155 18.9 38.2 49.0 37.5 34.3 39.3 37.1 30.8 30.2 30.8 34.8 33.7 37.3 35.8 42.6 36.8 41.0 40.1 42.1 36.3 46.3 28.1 13.7 26.7 23.1 23.9 21.9 29.1 27.7 32.9 $1,250-$1,499........... ........ 57 $1,500-$1,749......... ......... 69 $1,750-$1,999__________ 67 $2,000-$2,249__________ 91 $2,250-$2,499__________ 44 $2,500-$2,999__________ 110 $3,000-$3,499__________ 76 $3,500-$3,999................... 40 $4,000-$4,999__________ 34 $5,000-$7,499____ ______ 71 $7,500-$9,999__________ 20 43 $10,000 and over............. See p. 14S for notes on this table. 12 17 34 23 10 23 23 16 13 18 8 10 86 174 151 190 183 280 313 371 428 606 546 1, 365 31 56 55 68 65 82 76 108 108 165 154 423 36 80 64 87 82 133 135 163 186 278 186 728 19 38 32 35 36 65 102 100 134 163 206 214 36.0 32.2 36.4 35.8 35.5 29.3 24.3 29.1 25.2 27.2 28.2 31.0 41.9 46.0 42.4 45.8 44.8 47.5 43.1 43.9 43.5 45.9 34.1 53.4 22.1 21.8 21.2 18.4 19.7 23.2 32.6 27.0 31.3 26.9 37.7 15.6 Occupational group: Wage earner $500-$749_____________ $750-$999_____________ $1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ $1,750-$!,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-$3,499__________ $3,500-$3,999.............. Clerical $750-$999_____________ .$1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-$1,499____ ______ $1,500-$1,749__________ $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999____ ______ $3,000-$3,499__________ $3,500-$3,999__________ Independent business 80694°— 39- -10 136 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY Average money expenditure for clothing for husband and wife and other family members, and percentage distribution of such expenditure, by occupation, family type, and income, in 1 year, 1935-36— Continued T a b l e 6 .— C l o t h i n g : Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and in come class (1) Average money expenditure for clothing Percentage of total fam ily clothing expenditure Report ing income Report ing ex pendi tures All family mem bers Hus band Wife Other family mem bers Hus band Wife Other family mem bers (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Independent professional $1,250-$1,499.................. $1,500-$1,749____ ______ $1,750-$1,999......... ......... $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499____ ______ $2,500-$2,999____ ______ $3,000-$3,499......... ......... $3,500-$3,999................... $4,000-$4,999____ ______ $5,000-$7,499__________ $7,500-$9,999.............. — $10,000 and over_______ 4 10 14 25 18 32 28 26 40 53 22 43 3 6 6 8 14 21 20 22 14 23 13 16 $175 133 183 177 238 257 287 407 560 610 964 1,311 $100 58 72 85 99 94 95 152 185 174 276 363 $34 53 89 82 98 114 133 200 275 305 524 676 $41 22 22 10 41 49 59 55 100 131 164 272 57.2 43.7 39.3 48.1 41.6 36.6 33.1 37.3 33.0 28.5 28.6 27.7 19.4 39.8 48.7 46.3 41.2 44.3 46.3 49.2 49.1 50.0 54.4 51.6 23.4 16.5 12.0 5.6 17.2 19.1 20.6 13.5 17.9 21.5 17.0 20.7 4 22 49 51 54 91 99 69 61 88 35 38 2 18 19 17 19 22 23 15 29 25 13 6 (t) 119 165 178 242 222 320 363 441 588 792 1,207 (t) 42 65 60 79 84 109 121 142 184 250 399 (t) 42 74 83 98 88 119 142 183 254 363 720 (t) 35 26 35 65 50 92 100 116 150 179 88 (t) 35.3 39.4 33.7 32.6 37.8 34.1 33.3 32.2 31.3 31.6 33.0 (t) 35.3 44.8 46.6 40.5 39.7 37.2 39.1 41.5 43.2 45.8 59.7 (t) 29.4 15.8 19.7 26.9 22.5 28.7 27.6 26.3 25.5 22.6 7.3 30 28 53 64 70 113 94 77 100 95 19 8 11 12 20 22 22 32 24 25 32 29 9 4 129 184 171 222 244 222 344 429 430 562 578 896 53 74 72 84 85 78 128 126 142 174 200 257 56 88 74 99 112 •102 173 204 165 231 257 393 20 22 25 39 47 42 43 99 123 157 121 246 41.1 40.2 42.1 37.8 34.8 35.1 37.2 29.4 33.0 31.0 34.6 28.7 43.4 47.8 43.3 44.6 45.9 46.0 50.3 47.5 38.4 41.1 44.5 43.9 15.5 12.0 14.6 17.6 19.3 18.9 12.5 23.1 28.6 27.9 20.9 27.4 61 131 223 275 324 325 307 193 337 206 106 64 91 28 27 8 14 19 37 39 38 43 32 46 46 26 20 24 13 8 48 62 56 106 126 158 181 202 241 341 443 495 482 652 1,441 20 25 28 55 57 66 80 93 95 125 186 192 180 269 522 28 36 27 51 67 90 97 109 146 214 257 303 284 383 919 41.7 40.3 50.0 51.9 45.2 41.8 44.2 46.0 39.4 36.6 42.0 38.8 37.4 41.3 36.2 58.3 58.1 48.2 48.1 53.2 56.9 53.6 54.0 60.6 62.8 58.0 61.2 58.9 58.7 63.8 Salaried business $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249......... ......... $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-$3,499__________ $3,500-$3,999____ ______ $4,000-$4,999__________ $5,000-$7,499__________ $7,500-$9,999__________ $10,000 and over_______ Salaried professional $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749____ ______ $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-$3,499__________ $3,500-$3,999__________ $4,000-$4,999__________ $5,000-$7,499__________ $7,500-$9,999__________ $10,000 and over......... Family type: Type I $500-$749_....................... $750-$999____ _________ $1,000-$1,249_____ _____ $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749......... .......... $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000-$3,499__________ $3,500-$3,999____ ______ $4,000~$4,999__________ $5,000-$7,499.................. $7,500-$9,999................... $10,000 and over............. t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 1 1 2 2 4 2 18 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.3 2.2 .6 3.7 TABULAR T 137 SU M M AR Y 6.— C lo th in g : A verage m o n e y expenditure f o r clothing fo r husband and w ife and other f a m i ly m em bers, and percentage distribution o f such ex p en d itu re, by occup ation, f a m i ly ty p e , and in com e, in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued able Number of eligible families 0 ccupational g r o u p , family type, and in come class (1) Average money expenditure for clothing Percentage of total fam ily clothing expenditure Report ing income Report ing ex pendi tures All family mem bers Hus band Wife Other family mem bers Hus band Wife Other family mem bers (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) T y p e s I I and I I I $500-$749______________ $750-$999______________ $1,000-$1,249___________ $1,250-$1,499___________ $1,500-$1,749___________ $1,750-$1,999___________ $2,000-$2,249___________ $2,250-$2,499___________ $2,500-$2,999___________ $3,000-$3,499___________ $3,500-$3,999___________ $4,000-$4,999___________ $5,000-$7,499___________ $7,500-$9,999___________ $10,000 and over_______ 35 127 253 355 397 443 434 300 487 247 130 80 107 29 44 5 19 42 68 70 91 69 70 83 62 42 31 42 16 16 $53 44 80 94 117 149 180 207 239 316 405 425 589 696 1,293 $15 15 30 31 38 50 67 72 87 106 139 152 196 235 402 $22 15 30 37 47 56 70 86 81 130 180 180 299 340 695 $16 14 20 26 32 43 43 49 71 80 86 93 94 121 196 28.3 34.1 37.5 33.0 32.5 33.6 37.2 34.8 36.4 33.6 34.3 35.8 33.3 33.8 31.1 41.5 34.1 37.5 39.4 40.2 37.6 38.9 41.5 33.9 41.1 44.5 42.3 50.8 48.8 53.7 30.2 31.8 25.0 27.6 27.3 28.8 23.9 23.7 29.7 25.3 21.2 21.9 15.9 17.4 15.2 23 68 157 225 294 320 320 252 485 293 198 91 109 39 61 3 11 28 37 53 66 54 42 81 52 45 37 29 14 12 88 101 77 110 130 149 191 207 288 334 407 452 675 830 1,185 11 13 15 31 28 39 53 57 69 77 84 104 150 188 315 15 22 18 27 36 44 51 60 88 82 106 123 206 314 582 62 66 44 52 66 66 87 90 131 175 217 225 319 328 288 12.5 12.9 19.5 28.2 21.5 26.2 27.7 27.5 24.0 23.0 20.6 23.0 22.2 22. 7 26.6 17.0 21.8 23.4 24.5 27.7 29.5 26.7 29.0 30.5 24.6 26.1 27.2 30.5 37.8 49.1 70.5 65.3 57.1 47.3 50.8 44.3 45.6 43.5 45.5 52.4 53.3 49.8 47.3 39.5 24.3 T y p e s I V and V $500-$749______________ $750-$999_______________ $1,000-$1.249___________ $1,250-$1,499___________ $1,500-$1,749___________ $1,750-$!,999___________ $2,000-$2,249___________ $2,250-$2,499___________ $2,500-$2,999___________ $3,000-$3,499___________ $3,500-$3,999___________ $4,000-$4,999___________ $5,000-$7,499___________ $7,500-$9,999___________ $10,000 and over_______ 138 T FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY 7.— Personal care: A verage m o n ey expenditure fo r toilet articles and p r e p arations, and services, and percentage distribution o f such exp en d itu re, by o ccu p a tion, f a m i ly ty p e , and in com e, in 1 year, 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 able IWhite nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born! Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class Average money expenditure for personal care Report ing in come 1 Report ing ex pendi tures Total (2) (3) (4) (1) Percentage of total personal care ex penditure Toilet Toilet articles Services a articles Services * and prep and prep arations arations (6) (5) (7) (8) A l l fa m ilie s $500-$749_____________ ________ $750-$999.... ................................... $1,000-$1,249_................................ $1,250-$1,499.................................. $1,500-$1,749__...................... ........ 119 326 633 855 1,015 16 44 89 142 162 $19 20 22 30 34 $8 9 10 14 17 $11 11 12 16 17 42.1 45.0 45.5 46.7 50.0 57.9 55.0 54.5 63.3 50.0 $1,750-$1,999................................. $2,000-$2,249_________ _________ $2,250-$2,499___ _____ _________ $2,500-$2,999.................... .............. $3,000-$3,499____ ________ _____ 1,088 1,061 745 1,309 746 195 166 144 210 160 39 45 49 55 68 22 25 27 31 39 17 20 22 24 29 56.4 55.6 55.1 56.4 57.4 43.6 44.4 44.9 43.6 42.6 $3,500-$3,999___________________ $4,000-$4,999................................. $5,000-$7,499__________________ $7,500-$9,999._____ ____________ $10,000 and over...................... . 434 235 307 96 132 113 88 95 43 36 85 81 109 121 218 52 50 73 76 149 33 31 36 45 69 61.2 61.7 67.0 62.8 68.3 38.8 38.3 33.0 37.2 31.7 $500-$749...................................... . $750-$999__............. .................... . $1,000-$1,249___________________ $1,250-$1,499____ ____ _________ $1,500-$1,749_______ ____ ______ 119 248 434 491 530 16 37 67 79 66 19 18 21 29 34 8 8 9 14 17 11 10 12 15 17 42.1 44.4 42.9 48.3 50.0 57.9 55.6 57.1 51.7 50.0 $1,750-$1,999_.................... ............ $2,000-$2,249....................... .......... $2,250-$2,499........................... . $2,500-$2,999................................ $3,000-$3,499_......... .................. . $3,500-$3,999......................... ........ 507 370 265 531 198 78 68 43 38 63 32 16 38 44 48 55 72 75 22 24 25 30 44 38 16 20 23 25 28 37 57.9 54.5 52.1 54.5 61.1 50.7 42.1 45.5 47.9 45.5 38.9 49.3 $750-$999_...................................... $1,000-$1,249......................... ........ $1,250-$1,499................................. $1,500-$1,749.................. ............... $1,750-$1.999........................... . 78 199 269 356 398 7 22 35 43 48 26 24 32 33 41 13 12 15 16 22 13 12 17 17 19 50.0 50.0 46.9 48.5 53.7 50.0 50.0 53.1 51.5 46.3 $2,000-$2,249............................ . $2,250-$2,499........................... . $2,500-$2,999.................................. $3,000-$3,499__........................... $3,500-$3,999......................... ........ 460 294 432 251 144 53 41 49 38 19 42 50 55 68 95 24 28 30 36 61 18 22 25 32 34 57.1 56.0 54.5 52.9 64.2 42.9 44.0 45.5 47.1 35.8 $1,250-$1,499................................. $1,500-$1,749................................ . $1,750-$1,999__.................. ............ $2,000-$2,249......... ........................ $2,250-$2,499................................. 57 69 67 91 44 12 17 34 23 10 25 38 41 57 36 13 21 25 34 18 12 17 16 23 18 52.0 55.3 61.0 59.6 50.0 48.0 44.7 39.0 40.4 50.0 $2,500-$2,999.................................. $3,000-$3.499.................................. $3,500-$3,999.................................. $4,000-$4,999.................................. $5,000-$7,499.................................. 110 76 40 34 71 23 23 16 13 18 59 70 77 76 117 38 41 46 49 83 21 29 31 27 34 64.4 58.6 59.9 64.5 70.9 35.6 41.4 40.3 35.5 29.1 $7,500-$9,999.................................. $10,000 and over........................... 20 43 8 10 103 183 71 128 32 55 68.9 69.9 31.1 30.1 O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : earn er W age C lerica l I n d e p e n d e n t b u sin es s See p. 148 for notes on this tab:le, TABULAR T 139 SU M M AR Y 7.— Personal care: A verage m o n e y expenditure fo r toilet articles and p rep arations, and services, and percentage distribution o f such expenditure, by occupa tion , f a m i l y typ e, and in com e, in 1 ye a r , 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 — Continued able Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) Average money expenditure for personal care Report ing in come Report ing ex pend! tures Total Services (2) (3) (4) (5) Percentage of total personal care ex penditure Toilet Toilet articles articles and prep Services and prep arations arations (6) (7) (8) In d e p e n d e n t p r o fes sio n a l $1,250-$1,499_.................. ............ . $1,500-$1,749................................. $1,750-$l,999................................. $2,000-$2,249.................................. $2,250-$2,499_______________ _ 4 10 14 25 18 3 6 6 8 14 $58 42 46 35 52 $26 27 22 18 27 $32 15 24 17 25 44.8 64.3 47.8 51.4 51.9 55.2 35.7 52.2 48. G 48.1 $2,500-$2,999__________________ $3,000-$3,499__________________ $3,500-$3,999__________________ $4,000-$4,999__________________ $5,000-$7,499........... ..................... 32 28 26 40 53 21 20 22 14 23 51 58 84 86 114 33 34 57 54 79 18 24 27 32 35 64.7 58.6 67.9 62.8 69.3 35.3 41.4 32.1 37.2 30.7 $7,500-$9,999_.............................. . $10,000 and over__________ ____ 22 43 13 16 119 253 72 174 47 79 60.5 68.8 39.5 31.2 $1,250-$1,499.................................. $1,500-$1,749......................... ........ $1,750-$1,999.................................. $2,000-$2,249........... ....................... $2,250-$2,499.............. ................. . 4 22 49 51 54 2 18 19 17 19 17 18 21 19 (t) 54.1 60.0 51.2 64.8 (t) 45.9 40.0 48.8 35.2 $2,500-$2,999................................. $3,000-$3,499___________________ $3,500-$3,999__________________ $4,000-$4,999_........... .............. $5,000-$7,499_................................ 91 99 69 61 88 22 23 15 29 25 60 72 85 77 115 35 45 53 50 79 25 27 32 27 36 58.3 62.5 62.4 64.9 68.7 41.7 37.5 37.6 35.1 31.3 $7,500-$9,999_________ _________ $10,000 and over......... ............ . 35 38 13 6 157 213 102 139 55 74 65.0 65.2 35.0 34.8 $1,250-$1,499.................................. $1,500-$1,749.................................. $1,750-$1,999_................................. $2,000-$2,249.................................. $2,250-$2,499.................................. 30 28 53 64 70 11 12 20 22 22 31 52 35 49 47 15 29 16 27 26 16 23 19 22 21 48.4 55.8 45.7 55.1 55.3 51.6 44.2 54.3 44.9 44.7 $2,500-$2,999.................................. $3,000-$3.499___________________ $3,500-$3,999.................. ............... $4,000-$4,999___________________ $5,000-$7,499.................. ............... 113 94 77 100 95 32 24 25 32 29 50 56 81 83 95 28 32 50 49 57 22 24 31 34 38 56.0 57.1 61.7 59.0 60.0 44.0 42.9 38.3 41.0 40.0 $7,500-$9,999______ ____________ $10,000 and over_______________ 19 8 9 4 76 248 40 179 36 69 52.6 72.2 47.4 27.8 $500-$749_...................................... $750-$999_______ ______________ $1,000-$1,249......... ........................ $1,250-$1,499............................... . $1,500-$1,749__............................... 61 131 223 275 324 8 14 19 37 39 17 18 21 30 32 6 8 9 14 17 11 10 12 16 15 35.3 44.4 42.9 46.7 53.1 64.7 55.6 57.1 53.3 46.9 $1,750-$1,999.................................. $2,000-$2,249._........................... . $2,250-$2,499__......................... $2,500-$2,999.............. .................. $3,000-$3,499.................................. 325 307 193 337 206 38 43 32 46 46 44 47 47 55 71 26 26 25 32 38 18 21 22 23 33 59.1 55.3 53.2 58.2 53.5 40.9 44.7 46.8 41.8 46.5 $3,500-$3,999__............................... $4,000-$4,999.................................. $5,000-$7,499.................................. $7,500-$9,999.................................. $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 a n d over........................... 106 64 91 28 27 26 20 24 13 84 77 95 98 237 56 45 62 51 168 28 33 47 66.7 58.4 65.3 52.0 70.9 33.3 41.6 34.7 48.0 29.1 S a la r ie d b u s i n e s s (t) 37 45 43 54 (t) 20 27 22 35 (t) S a la ried p r o fe s s io n a l F a m ily t y p e : T ype I 8 t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 32 69 140 T FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY 7.— Personal care: A verage m o n e y ex p enditure fo r toilet articles and p rep arations , and services , and percentage distribution o f such expen d itu re, by occupa tion , f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued able Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) Average money expenditure for personal care Report ing in come Report ing ex pendi tures Total Services (2) (3) (4) (5) Percentage of total personal care ex penditure Toilet articles and prep Services arations (7) (6) Toilet articles and prep arations (8) T y p e s I I and I I I $500-$749______________________ $750-$999 _____________________ $1,000-$1,249 _________________ $1,250-$1,499__________________ $1,500-$1,749___________________ 35 127 253 355 397 5 19 42 68 70 $20 19 24 29 37 $9 9 11 14 18 $11 10 13 15 19 45.0 47.4 45.8 48.3 48.6 55.0 52.6 54.2 51.7 51.4 $1,750-$1,999___________________ $2,000-$2,249___________________ $2,250-$2,499___________________ $2,500-$2,999___________________ $3,000-$3,499___________________ 443 434 300 467 247 91 69 70 83 62 37 41 50 50 61 19 23 28 28 37 18 18 22 22 24 51.4 56.1 56.0 56.0 60.7 48. G 43.9 44.0 44.0 39.3 $3,500-$3,999___________________ $4,000-$4,999___________________ $5,000-$7,499___________________ $7,500-$9,999___________________ $10,000 and over.. _ _________ 130 80 107 29 44 42 31 42 16 16 82 79 97 129 204 52 48 62 82 136 30 31 35 47 68 63.4 60.8 63.9 63.6 66.7 36.6 39.2 36.1 36.4 33.3 $500-$749______________________ $750-$999_____________________ $1,000-$1,249___________________ $1,250-$1,499___________________ $1,500-$1,749___________________ 23 68 157 225 294 3 11 28 37 53 23 26 23 31 35 11 13 11 15 16 12 13 12 16 19 47.8 50.0 47.8 48.4 45.7 52.2 50.0 52.2 51.6 54.3 $1,750-SI,999________________ $2,000-$2,249___________________ $2,250-$2,499___________________ $2,500-$2,999__________________ $3,000-$3.499___________________ 320 320 252 485 293 66 54 42 81 52 38 47 48 60 72 21 27 26 33 42 17 20 22 27 30 55.3 57.4 54.2 55.0 58.3 44.7 42.6 45.8 45.0 41.7 $3,500-$3,999___________________ $4,000-$4,999___________________ $5,000-$7,499___________________ $7,500-$9,999___________________ $10,000 and over_______________ 198 91 109 39 61 45 37 29 14 12 87 85 133 132 220 50 55 93 90 150 37 30 40 42 70 57.5 64.7 69.9 68.2 68.2 42.5 35.3 30.1 31.8 31.8 T ypes I V and V 141 TABULAR SUMMARY T 8.— A u to m o b ile operation and p u rch ase : P ercentage o f fa m ilies ow ning and 'purchasing a u tom obiles , average m o n ey expend iture fo r all fa m ilies fo r opera tion and p urchase , b y occupation, f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 able [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class Percentage of all families Report ing in come 1 Report ing ex pendi tures Owning auto mobiles (2) (3) (4) 0) Average money expenditure of all families Purchas Operation ing auto and pur mobiles chase (5) (6) Opera tion 2 Purchase (net)3 (7) (8) All families $500-$749__________ $750-8999_____________ _____ $1,000-$1,249__________________ $1,250-$1,499__________________ $1,500-$1,749___________________ 119 326 633 855 1,015 16 44 89 142 162 8 9 12 18 2 2 5 $3 11 13 33 $3 8 11 23 $3 2 10 $1,750-$l,999___________________ $2,000-$2,249___________________ $2,250-$2,499.____ _____________ $2,500-82,999__________________ $3,000-83,499___________________ 1,088 1,061 745 1,309 746 195 166 144 210 160 31 31 39 55 49 6 7 7 18 12 63 49 86 158 158 43 34 68 93 101 20 15 18 65 57 $3,500-83,999__________________ $4,000-84,999__________________ $5,000-87,499__________________ $7,500-89,999__________________ $10,000 and over.. ____________ 434 235 307 96 132 113 88 95 43 36 63 52 63 84 76 17 13 18 25 46 216 174 285 513 645 149 123 191 356 396 67 51 94 157 249 Occupational group: Wage earner $500-8749______________________ $750-$999_____ ____ $1,000-81,249______________ $1,250-$1,499__________________ $1,500-81,749___________________ 119 248 434 491 530 16 37 67 79 66 11 4 10 20 3 6 5 1 11 34 4 1 9 26 2 8 $1,750-81,999________________ $2,000-82,249___________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-82,999___________________ $3,000-83,499___________________ $3,500-83,999__________________ 507 370 265 531 198 78 68 43 38 63 32 16 34 37 56 63 62 81 5 15 12 25 22 6 69 85 144 189 255 237 44 55 107 104 125 232 25 30 37 85 130 5 Clerical $750-$999______________________ $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-81,499___________________ $1,500-81,749___________________ $1,750-$1,999___________________ 78 199 269 356 398 7 22 35 43 48 21 16 11 33 7 2 2 10 36 18 25 72 25 16 18 50 11 2 7 22 $2,000-82,249___________________ $2,250-82,499___________________ $2,500-82,999___________________ $3,000-83,499___________________ $3,500-$3,999.................................. 460 294 432 251 144 53 41 49 38 19 28 39 54 32 48 1 5 17 8 29 25 52 168 103 241 21 41 99 87 107 4 11 69 16 134 $1,250-$1,49£____ ______________ $1,500-$1,749______ ____________ $1,750-81,999__________________ $2,000-$2^49__________________ $2,250-82,499_________ ___ 57 69 67 91 44 12 17 34 23 10 9 30 26 29 11 3 5 10 54 29 30 23 4 2)0 29 26 23 6 34 $2,500-82,999___________________ $3,000-83,499___________________ $3,500-83,999_______________ $4,000-84,999___________________ $5,000-87,499..._.......................... 110 76 40 34 71 23 23 16 13 18 36 59 40 43 52 9 18 5 7 28 66 150 131 94 304 59 67 123 79 151 7 83 8 15 153 $7,500-$9,999___________________ $10,000 and over_______________ 20 43 8 10 76 72 32 40 568 433 398 274 170 159 1 Independent business See p. 148 for notes on this table. 3 4 142 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y T a b l e 8 .— A u to m o b ile o p eration and p u rc h a se : Percentage of fam ilies owning and purchasing automobiles, average m oney expenditures fo r all fam ilies fo r opera tion and purchase, by occupation, fa m ily typ e , and incom e , 1 9 8 5 -3 6 — C on tin u ed . Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) Percentage of all families Report ing in come Report ing ex pendi tures Owning auto mobiles (2) (3) (4) Average money expenditure of all families Purchas Operation ing auto and pur chase mobiles (5) (6) Opera tion Purchase (net) (7) (8) In d e p e n d e n t p r o fessio n a l $1,250-$1,499______ _______ ____ $lj500-$l,749.................................. $1^750—$1,999.............. .................. $2j000-$2,249...............................__ $2,250-$2,499.................................. 4 10 14 25 18 3 6 6 8 14 33 14 23 48 $2,500-$2,999.................................. $3,000-$3,499________ __________ $3,500-$3,999..... ............................ $4,000-$4,999....... .......................... $5,000-$7,499..... ............................ 32 28 26 40 53 21 20 22 14 23 42 34 55 58 78 $7,500-$9,999.............. ................... $10,000 and over........................... 22 43 13 16 92 77 $1,250-$1,499_................................ $1,500-$1,749_________ ________ $1,750-$1,999_.................. .............. $2,000-$2,249.................................. $2,250-$2,499....................... .......... 4 22 49 51 54 2 18 19 17 19 $2,500-$2,999................................ $3,000-$3,499.................. ............... $3,500-$3,999__________________ $4,000-$4,999___________________ $5,000-$7,499________ __________ 91 99 69 61 88 22 23 15 29 25 48 58 75 69 62 $7,500-$9,999___________________ $10,000 and over------------ ------- 35 38 13 6 $1,250-$1,499___________________ $1,500-$1,749___________________ $1,750-11,999___________________ $2,000-$2,249_____ _____________ $2,250-$2,499__________________ 30 28 53 64 70 $2,500-$2,999__________________ $3,000-$3,499___________________ $3,500-$3,999_________ ________ $4,000-$4,999___________________ $5,000-$7,499__________________ $7,500-$9,999_________________ _ $10,000 and over_........... ............. 13 $38 7 12 74 $38 7 12 52 $22 4 4 28 22 16 82 94 142 158 180 75 90 108 75 159 7 4 34 83 21 8 40 342 679 309 338 33 341 S a la r ie d b u s i n e s s (t) 17 6 23 37 (t) 12 5 13 (t) 83 10 41 68 (t) 25 10 41 59 (t) 58 9 22 29 117 109 144 253 435 70 109 144 166 258 87 177 88 77 46 51 712 808 398 615 314 193 11 12 20 22 22 37 23 27 41 4 3 9 4 30 49 68 69 30 43 28 68 6 40 1 113 94 77 100 95 32 24 25 32 29 44 55 75 44 65 9 12 24 8 2 110 172 283 160 188 69 105 176 131 176 41 67 107 29 12 19 8 9 4 78 81 81 287 835 287 326 509 $500-$749______________________ $750-$999______________________ $1,000-$1,249__________________ $1,250-$1,499___________________ $1,500-$1,749_______________ 61 131 223 275 324 8 14 19 37 39 7 6 8 20 7 6 3 3 6 15 7 48 4 5 5 36 2 10 2 12 $1,750-$1,999___________________ $2,000-82,249___________________ $2,250-$2,499___________________ $2,500-$2,999______________ ___ $3,000-83,499.................................. 325 307 193 337 206 38 43 32 46 46 35 28 44 61 51 11 1 10 18 12 84 29 149 225 214 45 26 114 125 142 39 3 35 100 72 $3,500-83,999.................................. $4,000-84,999................................. $5,000-87,499.................................. $7,500-89,999__________________ $10,000 and over........................... 106 64 91 28 27 26 20 24 13 8 60 44 52 91 9? 22 12 12 19 37 252 140 231 557 867 169 118 157 412 652 83 22 74 145 215 47 S a la ried p r o fes sio n a l F a m ily ty p e : T ype 1 f Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. T A BU LAR T 143 SUM M ARY 8 . — A u to m o b ile op eration an d p u r c h a se : Percentage of fam ilies owning and purchasing automobiles, average m oney expenditure fo r all fam ilies for opera tion and purchase , by occupation, fa m ily type, and income, 1 9 8 5 -8 6 — C on tin u ed. able Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class (l) Average money expenditure of all families Percentage of all families Report ing in come Report ing ex pendi tures Owning auto mobiles (2) (3) (4) Purchas Operation ing auto and pur chase mobiles (6) (5) Opera tion Purchase (net) (7) (8) T y p e s I I and I I I $500-$749_______ ___ ______ $750-$999 ............. ... ................. $l,00(j-$l,249 __ ___________ $1,250-$1,499___________________ $1,500-$1,749__________________ 35 127 253 355 397 5 19 42 68 70 9 6 18 14 4 6 $3 8 18 24 $3 8 16 14 $2 10 $1,750-$1,999__________________ $2,000-$2,249__________________ $2,250-$2,499__________________ $2,500-$2,999__________________ $3,000-$3,499__________________ 443 434 300 487 247 91 69 70 83 62 34 3435 48 43 3 10 5 20 10 61 62 56 128 110 47 40 45 70 80 14 22 11 58 30 $3,500-$3,999__________________ $4,000-$4,999__________________ $5,000-$7,499__________________ $7,500-$9,999__________________ $10,000 and over_______________ 130 80 107 29 44 42 31 42 16 16 72 51 72 74 73 21 9 19 29 40 278 174 253 505 609 168 109 181 360 374 110 65 72 145 235 $500-$749________ _____________ $750-$999 ________ ____________ $1,000-$1,249 _____ ____________ $1,250-$1,499 ____ $1,500-$1,749___________________ 23 68 157 225 294 3 11 28 37 53 8 18 8 20 5 2 14 11 30 2 14 11 20 10 $1,750-$1,999___________________ $2,000-$2,249__________________ $2,250-$2,499__________________ $2,500-$2,999___________________ $3,000-$3,499___________________ 320 320 252 485 293 66 54 42 81 52 24 30 39 57 53 5 8 8 17 14 44 51 74 140 156 35 35 59 93 88 9 16 15 47 68 $3,500-$3,999__________________ $4,000-$4,999___________________ $5,000-$7,499___________________ $7,500-$9,999___________________ $10,000 and over., _ ___________ 198 91 109 39 61 45 37 29 14 12 58 59 64 87 70 12 20 22 28 54 156 197 358 488 572 126 139 228 312 298 30 58 130 176 274 T ypes I V and V 144 T F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E I N able NEW YORK C IT Y 9.— R ec rea tio n : Average money expenditure for recreation of specified types , by occupation , fa m ily typ e , and income , in 1 year, 1 9 8 5 -3 6 [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families Occupational, group, family type, and income class 0) Average money expenditure for recreation Paid admissions Report ing in come1 Report ing ex pendi tures Total (2) (3) (4) Movies Other 3 (5) (6) Equip ment for games and sports Other (7) (8) A l l fa m ilie s $500-$749_...................................... $750-$999________ ____ ________ $1,000-$1,249___________________ $1,250-$1,499___________________ $1,500-$1,749___________________ 119 326 633 855 1,015 16 44 89 142 162 $16 19. 23 34 44 $13 12 11 19 24 $1,750-$1,999___________________ $2,000-$2,249__________________ $2,250-$2,499___________________ $2,500-42,999___________________ $3,00043,499___________________ 1,088 1,061 745 1,309 746 195 166 144 210 160 55 66 74 86 120 25 29 30 35 46 $3,50043,999___________________ $4,00044,999___________________ $5,00047,499___________________ $7,50049,999___________________ $10,000 and over_______________ 434 235 307 96 132 113 88 95 43 36 127 180 217 315 960 44 49 49 53 68 $5004749____ - _____ _________ $7504999______________________ $1,00041,249___________________ $1,25041,499___________________ $1,50041,749___________________ 119 248 434 491 530 16 37 67 79 66 16 16 25 36 34 13 12 12 20 18 $1,75041,999___________________ $2,00042,249__________________ $2,25042,499___________________ $2,50042,999___________________ $3,00043,499___________________ $3,50043,999___________________ 507 370 265 531 198 78 68 43 38 63 32 16 54 69 80 93 124 176 22 32 29 36 47 45 5 9 9 8 13 25 $7504999...... .................................. $1,00041,249___________________ $1,25041,499___________________ $1,50041,749__________________ $1,75041,999___________________ 78 199 269 356 398 7 22 35 43 48 28 17 31 55 54 13 9 17 31 29 1 2 4 7 $2,00042,249__________________ $2,25042,499___________________ $2,50042,999__________________ $3,00043,499__________________ $3,50043,999__________________ 460 294 432 251 144 53 41 49 38 19 63 72 86 120 97 28 30 40 51 45 5 11 9 20 22 $1,25041,499................................. $1,50041,749___________________ $1,75041,999___________________ $2,00042,249______________ _ $2,25042,499__________________ 57 69 67 91 44 12 17 34 23 10 21 53 48 50 51 17 23 29 27 27 $2,50042,999___________________ $3,00043,499______________I . . . . $3,50043,999___________________ $4,00044,999___________________ $5,00047,499___________________ 110 76 40 34 71 23 23 16 13 18 80 87 145 175 205 34 44 52 55 67 $7,50049,999___________________ $10,000 and over_______ _______ 20 43 8 10 277 829 65 49 $1 2 $3 6 11 11 15 6 7 10 9 14 3 6 6 6 13 21 24 28 36 47 21 26 38 65 160 14 27 24 56 193 48 78 106 141 539 (*) $1 1 3 3 (*) (*) (*) O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : W a g e ea rn er 1 1 1 3 3 11 12 13 3 4 7 6 14 18 24 24 35 43 50 88 2 3 3 15 7 10 17 15 5 5 4 13 10 25 26 33 36 20 1 1 1 2 4 26 13 20 16 9 9 17 16 40 7 6 6 25 13 30 28 70 79 85 62 159 38 168 112 453 (*) 1 1 3 2 (*) (*) C le r ic a l (*) I n d e p e n d e n t b u sin ess (*) See p. 148 for notes on this table. •Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. 3 5 2 6 C) TABULAR S U M M A R Y 145 T a b l e 9.— R ec rea tio n : Average m oney expenditure for recreation of specified ty p e s , by occupation, fa m ily type, and income, in 1 year, 1 9 S 5 -3 6 — C on tinu ed [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) Average money expenditure for recreation Paid adimissions Report ing in come Report ing ex pendi tures Total (2) (3) (4) Movies Other (5) (6) Equip ment for games and sports Other (7) (8) I n d e p e n d e n t p ro fessio n a l $1,250-$1,499_________ _________ $1,500-$1,749__________________ $1,750-$1,999 ___ ______ $2,000-$2,249__________________ $2,250-$2,499___________________ 4 10 14 25 18 3 6 6 8 14 $54 63 102 112 82 $30 29 42 32 33 $2,500-$2,999__________________ $3,000-$3,499__________________ $3,500-$3,999___________________ $4,000~$4,999__________________ $5,000-$7,499______________ ___ 32 28 26 40 53 21 20 22 14 23 75 126 125 197 228 28 33 41 39 45 $7,500-$9,999___________________ $10,000 and over______ _____ 22 43 13 16 365 1,268 42 74 $1,250-$1,499__________ ________ $1,500-$1,749__________________ $1,750-$1,999__________________ $2,000-$2,249__________________ $2,250-$2,499___________________ 4 22 49 51 54 2 18 19 17 19 (t) $2,500-$2,999__________________ $3,000-$3,499___________________ $3,500-83,999___________________ $4,000-$4,999__________________ $5,000-$7,499___________________ 91 99 69 61 88 22 23 15 29 25 64 135 126 134 222 23 41 44 52 51 9 14 9 23 41 10 21 15 12 26 22 59 58 47 104 $7,500-$9,999___________________ $10,000 and over. ____________ 35 38 13 6 377 880 57 84 83 99 82 253 155 444 $1,250-$!,499___________________ $1,500-$1,749......... ........................ $1,750-81,999___________________ $2,000-$2,249___________________ $2,250-$2,499__________________ 30 28 53 64 70 11 12 20 22 22 32 53 69 90 76 20 24 21 32 31 5 5 2 10 10 1 1 1 23 6 6 23 45 25 29 $2,500-$2,999___________________ $3,000-83,499__________________ $3,500-$3,999__________________ $4,000-$4,999__________________ $5,000-$7,499___________________ 113 94 77 100 95 32 24 25 32 29 86 117 126 203 214 30 43 38 49 36 10 8 27 26 27 7 7 17 25 31 39 59 44 103 120 $7,500-$9,999___________________ $10,000 and over_______________ 19 8 9 4 185 388 45 69 51 78 16 69 73 172 $500-$749______________________ $750-$999 _____________________ $1,000-$1.249___________________ $1,250-$1,499___________________ $1,500-$1.749___________________ 61 131 223 275 324 8 14 19 37 39 10 14 21 37 54 7 11 12 20 30 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 8 13 19 $1,750-$1,999___________________ $2,000-$2,249___________________ $2,250-$2,499___ _____ _________ $2.500-$2,999___________________ $3,000-$3,499___________________ 325 307 193 337 206 38 43 32 46 46 58 87 88 86 123 23 32 33 30 48 10 13 17 9 23 4 8 10 6 16 21 34 28 41 36 S a la rie d $2 3 17 13 $22 26 43 27 21 9 13 28 36 52 6 8 23 55 21 32 72 33 67 110 53 229 64 188 206 777 (*) $5 17 36 15 b u sin es s 52 38 52 64 (t) 29 22 24 30 (t) 1 2 4 5 (t) 2 2 2 4 (t) 20 12 22 25 S a la ried p r o fe s s io n a l F a m ily ty p e : T y p e 1 •Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown, tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 146 T able FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY 9 .— R e c r e a tio n : Average money expenditure for recreation o f specified types > by occupation , fa m ily type , and income , in j? year , 1 9 3 5 -3 6 — C on tin u ed [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class 0) F a m ily ty p e : T y p e I — Reporting in come Report ing expenditures (2) (3) Average money expenditure for recreation Paid admissions Total (4) Movies Other (5) (6) Equip ment for games and sports Other (7) (8) Con. $3,500-$3,999............................. __ $4,000-$4,999............ ........ ............ $5,000-$7,499.................. ............... $7,5G0-$9.999.................................. $10,000 and over.................... ....... 106 64 91 28 27 26 20 24 13 8 $137 267 204 401 1,010 $41 38 42 47 91 $500-$749_____ _____ ____ _____ $750-$999______________________ $1,000-$1,249___________ _______ $1,250-$1,499_____ ______ ______ $1,500-$1,749.______ ___________ 35 127 253 355 397 5 19 42 68 70 12 14 29 31 40 9 10 12 17 20 $1,750-$1,999___________________ $2,000-$2,249_................................ $2,250-$2,499__............................... $2,500-$2,999___________________ $3,000-$3,499__________________ 443 434 300 487 247 91 69 70 83 62 54 58 74 84 121 27 25 26 34 38 $3,500-$3,999______________ _ $4,Q00-$4,999___________________ $5,000-$7,499___________________ $7,500-$9,999___________________ $10,000 and over........................... 130 80 107 29 44 42 31 42 16 16 123 146 190 282 718 34 47 44 47 49 $500-$749 ________ ____________ $750-$999 . _____ ____________ _ $1,000-$1,249___________________ $1,250-$1,499___________________ $1,500-$1,749___________________ 23 68 157 225 294 3 11 28 37 53 37 36 15 34 37 30 16 9 22 21 $1,750-$1,999___________________ $2,000-$2,249__________________ $2,250-$2,499__________________ $2,500-$2.999___________________ $3,000-$3,499_______________ _ 320 320 250 485 293 66 54 42 81 52 52 58 62 90 116 $3,500-$3.999______________ _ $4.000-$4,999___________________ $5,000-$7,499__________________ $7.500-$9,999__________________ $10,000 and over_______________ 198 91 109 39 61 45 37 29 14 12 123 149 254 279 1,113 $44 36 44 106 94 $21 61 17 80 308 $31 132 101 168 517 T y p e s I I and I I I 2 3 3 15 12 16 3 5 8 9 10 3 4 4 7 11 21 24 36 34 62 14 20 31 46 144 14 13 15 42 113 61 66 100 147 412 2 1 (*) 1 1 2 2 (*) (*) 1 T y p e s I V and V 4 4 1 1 5 19 6 4 11 26 34 32 40 51 4 4 5 9 12 1 5 5 5 12 21 15 20 36 41 52 59 60 61 72 13 24 41 51 200 10 15 37 48 200 48 51 116 119 641 (*) Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0 1 are not shown. Footnotes for Tables in Expenditure Tabular Summary TABLE 1 1 See glossary, appendix B, for eligibility requirements. 2 Money income is equal to the sum of money expenditure (column 7) plus net surplus or deficit (column 8) plus net balancing difference (column 9). 3 Nonmoney income from housing includes imputed income from owned family or vacation homes plus rent received as pay or gift (average amounts based on all families, whether or not they reported such nonmonoy income). 4 Includes purchases on cash or credit basis. Does not include money disbursements resulting in an increase in family assets or a decrease in liabilities. (Examples of disbursements not treated as expendi tures will be found in the glossary, appendix B.) 3 See glossary, appendix B, for definitions of surplus and deficit. 6 Represents the average net difference between reported money receipts and reported money disburse ments. See glossary, appendix B. A maximum balancing difference within 5.5 percent was allowable on each schedule. TABLE 1-A 1A surplus represents an increase in assets or a decrease in liabilities^ or both; a deficit represents a de crease in assets or an increase in liabilities, or both. 2 Some families reported neither surplus nor deficit for the year, therefore the sum of columns 5 and 6 does not always equal 100 percent. 3 Since the average amounts in these two columns are based on the number of families reporting surplus or deficit, respectively, they do not add to the average net surplus or deficit shown in column 4 for all familes. 4 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. TABLE 2 4 The averages in this table include money expenditures for goods and services purchased on either cash or credit basis. They do not include value of goods and services received without money expense. Averages are based on all families, whether or not they reported expenditures for the specified categories. 2 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 3 Housing expenditures include the money expense of home owners and rent contracted for by renting families for family homes and other housing. The value of fuel, light, and refrigeration is included when furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate. 4 Includes all expenditures for operation and maintenance (see table 8), and the net purchase price (gross price less trade-in allowance) of automobiles bought during the schedule year. The proportion of automo bile expense chargeable to business has been deducted. See glossary, appendix B. 5 Includes paid admissions, equipment and supplies for games, sports and other recreation, club dues, and the like. Does not include expense for transportation, food, or lodging while traveling on vacation. 3 Taxes include only poll, income, and personal property taxes. All other taxes, such as those on real estate, amusements, and retail sales taxes are included as a part of the expenditure for these items. Gifts do not include gifts from one member of the economic family to another. TABLE 3 4 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 2Includes expenditures for board at school, which amounted to less than 5 percent of average food expense for all families except those with incomes of $10,000 and over. Among families in the business and profes sional categories, it amounted at most to an average of $412 at the income level $10,000 and over. For fam ilies of types IV and V, it amounted at most to an average of $459 at the same income level. 3 See glossary, appendix B, for method of deriving this figure. TABLE 4 1 Includes housing expenditure for both owners and renters. Average amounts for renting families are based on rental rate contracted for. Value of fuel, light, and refrigeration is included when furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate. See table 4-A for percentage of families for whom these facili ties were included as part of the rental rate. 2 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 3 See table 4-A for separation of expense for owning and renting families. 4 Includes net money expenditure for owned or rented vacation homes, lodging while traveling or on vaca tion and room at school. 3 See glossary, appendix B, for method of deriving this figure. Includes nonmoney income from owned vacation homes, which amounted at most to an average of $19 for all families, at the income level, $7,500$9,999. 8 Percentages based on the average value of all housing (column 6). TABLE 4-A 4 These two percentages do not always add to 100, since families that both owned and rented during the year, or received rent as gift or pay, are not included in columns 4 through 7. 2 Percentages based on renting families reporting these facilities included in rent at the end of the schedule year. These data are not available by family type. 3 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 147 148 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YO R K C IT Y TABLE 5 1 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 2 Excludes value of fuel, light, and refrigeration furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate. Fuel received without money expense is not included in this average, but amounted to less than 5 percent of money expense for fuel, light, and refrigeration for all families except those at the income level, $500-$749. 3 See glossary, appendix B, for items included. TABLE 6 1 Value of clothing gifts from one family member to another are included in the average expenditure for the member receiving such gifts. Gifts of clothing to or from individuals outside the economic family are excluded. 2 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 3 For families of type I, averages and percentages shown in columns 7 and 10 are for individuals who were members of the economic family less than 27 weeks, and were therefore not considered equivalent members in determining family type. See glossary, appendix B, for method of classifying families by type. TABLE 7 1 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 2 See glossary, appendix B, for items included. TABLE 8 1 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 2 To obtain the average expense of operation for families owning automobiles, divide the average shown in this column by the corresponding figure in column 4 and multiply by 100. The error in this estimate results from the fact that some families owning automobiles did not operate them; some operated auto mobiles which they did not own. See page 56. 3 To obtain the average net purchase price (gross price less trade-in allowance) for families purchasing automobiles, divide the average shown in this column by the corresponding figure in column 5 and multiply by 100. TABLE 9 1 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 2See glossary, appendix B, for items included. Negro Families 149 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e 1 .— B a la n c e o f f a m i l y fa m ilie s , average net m o n e y and f a m i l y livin g , net su rp lu s or f a m i l y ty p e , and in co m e, in 1 151 I n c o m e a n d e x p e n d i t u r e : N u m b er o f eligible n o n m o n e y in co m e, average m o n ey expen d itu re f o r deficit, and balancing difference, b y o ccu p a tion , yea r, 1 9 8 5 -8 6 [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Average net income Occupational group, family type, and income class Number of eligible families 1 Total Money 2 Non money from housing 3 (5) (2) (3) (4) $500-$749_________ ___________________ $750-$999_____________________________ $1,000-$1,249_________________________ $1,250-$1,499__________________________ $1,500-$1,749_____ ____ _______________ 428 2,139 3,209 2,460 1,952 $633 892 1,134 1,392 1,622 $505 849 1,088 1,381 1,607 $1,750-$1,999_________________________ $2,000-$2,249_________________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________________ $2,500-$2,999________________ ____ ____ $3,000 and over_________ ______ ______ 936 722 427 508 241 1,870 2,097 2,358 2,720 4,020 $500-$749_____________________________ $750-$999_____________________________ $1,000-$1,249_________________________ $1,250-$1,499_________________________ $1,500-$1,749_________________________ 428 1,871 2,674 2,112 1,283 $1,750-$1,999____ ____ ________________ $2,000-$2,249________________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________________ $2,500-$2,999_____ ____ _______________ Average money Average Average sur net bal expendi net ancing ture for plus or differ deficit family ence® (-)8 living 4 (6) (7) $128 43 46 11 15 $519 924 1,123 1,400 1,568 —$18 -6 3 -2 0 -4 41 $4 -1 2 -1 5 -1 5 , O 1,858 2,081 2, 324 2,688 3,316 12 16 34 32 704 1,935 1,980 2,103 2,532 2,855 -5 1 96 204 141 394 -2 6 5 17 15 67 633 892 1,135 1,391 1,609 505 852 1, 087 1,383 1,586 128 40 48 8 23 519 938 1,118 1,391 1, 580 -1 8 -7 3 -1 5 6 13 4 -1 3 -1 6 -1 4 -7 481 241 134 187 1,863 2,118 2, 350 2,737 1,840 2,118 2, 266 2, 737 23 84 1,928 1,850 1,952 2,545 -5 2 240 274 168 -3 6 28 40 24 $750-$999____ ______________________ _ $1,000-$1,249_________________________ $1,250-$1,499_______________________ $1,500-$1,749____________ _______ $1,750-$1,999____ ___ ______ 134 214 241 241 187 908 1,142 1,407 1,637 1,877 908 1,142 1,407 1,637 1,877 913 1,255 1,468 1,482 1,938 2 -7 7 -4 6 151 —31 -7 -3 6 —15 4 —30 $2,000-$2,249_________________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________________ $2,500-$2,999____________ _____ _______ 347 160 214 2,095 2,333 2,678 2, 063 2,318 2,645 32 15 33 2,072 2, 200 2, 604 -1 122 28 -8 -4 13 $750-$999_____________________________ $1,000-$1,249______________ ___________ $1,250-$1,499_________________________ $1,500-$1,749__________ _ _________ $ 1 , 750-$l,999________ _____ 134 321 107 428 268 876 1,118 1,390 1,652 1,877 744 1,065 1, 286 1, 652 1,877 132 53 104 734 1,081 1,424 1, 581 1,945 -2 3 -9 6 64 -6 4 6 4 7 -4 2 7 -4 $2,000-$2,249_............... ........... ........ $2,250-$2,499_________________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________________ $3,000 and over_______________________ 134 133 107 241 2,063 2, 395 2, 775 4,020 2,063 2,389 2,688 3,316 1,977 2,138 2,366 2,855 87 233 318 394 -1 18 4 67 $500-$749_____________________________ $750-$999_____________________________ $1,000-$1,249_________________________ $1,250-$1,499 ___ $1,500-$1,749_________________________ 241 1,284 1,765 1,337 989 622 891 1,134 1,390 1,633 1,076 1,390 1,628 $1,750-$1,999_________________________ $2,000-$2,249 _______ $2,250-$2,499 $2,500-$2,999__________________________ $3,000 and ov er... ___________________ 348 320 240 214 133 1,870 2,109 2,352 2,645 4,104 2,109 2,352 2,626 3,792 (1) (8) A l l fa m ilie s O c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : ea rn er W age C le r ic a l B u s i n e s s a n d p r o fes sio n a l F a m ily ty p e : T ype 1 See p. 177 for notes on this table. 8 0 6 9 4 °— 39-------11 6 87 704 589 833 1 ,9 1 0 33 58 58 5 -4 0 19 312 616 893 1,096 1,392 1,538 1,996 2,028 2,162 2,569 2,750 19 84 7 -4 -1 9 -2 1 6 -2 9 89 151 39 994 -5 7 -8 39 18 48 -3 4 -5 6 - 1 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY 152 T 1 . —B a l a n c e o f f a m i l y i n c o m e a n d e x p e n d i t u r e : N u m b er o f eligible fa m ilie s , average net m o n ey and n o n m o n e y in co m e , average m o n e y expend iture fo r f a m i ly livin g , net su rp lu s or deficit, and balancing difference, by occu p a tion , f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 —Continued able [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Avers ge net income Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) Number of eligible families (2) Total Money Non money from housing (3) (4) (5) (t) (t) Average Average Average money expendi net sur net bal ture for plus or ancing deficit differ family ence (-) living (6) (7) (8) (t) (t) Types II and III $500-$749____________________ _____ _ $750-$999_____________________________ $1,000-81,249_________________________ $1,250-81,499_________________________ $1,500-81,749_________________________ 53 668 936 508 375 $1,750-81,999_________________________ $2,000-82,249___ ___ _________ 82,250-82,499_________________________ $2,500-82,999_________________________ 321 161 107 27 (t) $907 1,121 1,362 1, 618 $903 1, 090 1,328 1, 592 1,881 2,076 2, 362 1,803 2,076 2,249 (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) $4 31 34 26 $932 1,152 1,383 1, 631 (t) -8 4 -5 2 -3 9 -4 0 78 1,872 2,114 1,908 -3 4 113 (t) -3 8 365 -$25 -1 0 -1 6 1 -3 1 —4 -2 4 (t) (t) (t) (t) Types I V and V $500-8749_____________________________ $750-8999_____________________________ $1,000-81,249_________________________ $1,250-81,499_________________________ $1,500-81,749_________________________ 134 187 508 615 588 841 1,157 1,422 1,606 761 1,129 1,404 1, 580 $1,750-81,999___ ___ ____ $2,000-82,249_________________________ $2,250-82,499___________ ____ _________ $2,500-82,999_________________________ $3,000 and over_____________ _______ 267 241 80 267 108 1,855 2,094 2, 371 2, 794 3,915 1,855 2,047 2,340 2,748 2, 721 (t) tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. (t) 80 28 18 26 1,105 1,169 1,431 1, 579 -325 -2 9 -2 5 20 47 31 46 1,194 1, 929 1,828 2,187 2,457 2, 987 -9 7 197 148 282 -3 5 8 -1 9 -11 -2 -1 9 23 24 5 9 92 TABULAR SUMMARY T 153 JL-A.— N e t s u r p l u s o r d e f i c i t : P ercentage o f fa m ilies having a su rp lu s or deficit , and average am ou n ts reported , b y occu p ation , f a m i l y ty p e , and in co m e , m 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 1 able [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class Average net surplus or Report Reporting deficit ing in expendi (-) come 4 tures (2) (1) (3) (4) Percentage of fam ilies having2 Average amount for families having3 Surplus Deficit Surplus Deficit (5) (6) (7) (8) All families $500-$749______________________ $750-$999______ ____ __________ $1,000-$1,249__________________ $1,250-$1,499__________________ $1,500-$1,749__________________ 16 80 120 92 73 8 32 54 45 53 —$18 -6 3 -2 0 -4 41 37.5 30.5 56.9 51.2 74.8 40.0 44.8 41.6 31.7 22.0 $45 26 46 80 96 $88 158 110 142 141 $1,750-$1,999__________________ $2,000-$2,249__________________ ...... $2,250-$2,499..... ........ . $2,500-$2,999__________________ $3,000 and over. ____________ 35 27 16 19 9 32 27 15 19 9 -5 1 96 204 141 394 52.3 81.5 93.8 78.9 66.7 41.5 11.1 219 369 21.1 22.2 76 168 217 290 926 417 1,009 $500-$749_........... .......... ...... $750-$999______________________ $1,000-$1,249_____________ ____ $1,250-$1,499__________________ $1,500-$1,749______________ ___ 16 70 100 79 48 8 25 38 36 33 -1 8 -7 3 -1 5 6 13 37.5 29.2 59.6 57.1 68.0 40.0 49.8 38.5 28.1 29.2 48 20 45 80 87 90 159 109 142 158 $1,750-$1,999___________________ $2,000-$2,249___________________ $2,250-$2,499__________________ $2,500-$2,999..................... ............ 18 9 5 7 16 9 5 7 -5 2 240 274 168 49.0 100.0 100.0 85.7 44.6 69 240 274 272 193 $750-$999______________________ $1,000-$! ,249__________________ $1,250-$1,499__________________ $1,500-$1,749________.............. $1,750-$1,999__________________ 5 8 9 9 7 4 6 6 7 7 2 -7 7 -4 6 151 -3 1 40.0 50.0 22.2 100.0 71.4 $2,000-$2,249__________________ $2,250-$2,499 ________ $2,500-$2,999__________________ 13 6 8 13 6 8 -1 122 28 69.2 100.0 75.0 $750-$999_____________ _ . $1,000-$1,249__________________ $1,250-$1,499 .. $1,500-$!,749__________ $1,750-$1,999___________________ 5 12 4 16 10 3 10 3 13 9 6 -2 3 -9 6 64 -6 4 40.0 38.8 81.2 45.0 20.0 61. 1 50.0 12.5 45.0 $2,000-$2,249__________ ____ $2,250-$2,499___________________ $2,500-$2,999____________ _____ $3,000 and over_______ 5 5 4 9 5 4 4 9 87 233 318 394 80.0 80.0 75.0 66.7 $500-$749______________________ $750-$999______________________ $1,000-$! ,249____________ $1,250-$1,499________________ $1,500-$1,749___________________ 9 48 *66 50 37 5 16 22 15 24 -3 4 -5 6 -1 19 84 34.5 66.3 62.7 91.3 $1,750-$1,999___________________ $2,000-$2,249___________________ $2,250-$2,499............... $2,500-$2,999.................................. $3,000 and over___ ____________ 13 12 9 8 5 12 12 8 8 5 -2 9 89 151 39 994 57.1 75.0 100.0 87.5 100.0 Occupational group: earner W age 14.3 454 Clerical 50.0 55.5 28.6 23.1 25.0 5 26 54 151 71 121 122 240 180 104 287 368 608 Business and professional 102 62 84 98 180 77 192 40 240 25.0 22.2 109 290 428 926 12 1,009 60.0 45.8 33.7 18.7 8.7 26 50 84 115 57 142 101 182 241 Family type: Type I See p. 177 for notes on this table. 34.0 8.3 12.5 88 135 151 208 994 232 193 1,144 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY 154 T 1 - A . — N e t s u r p l u s o r d e f i c i t : Percentage o f fa m ilie s having a su rp lu s or deficit, and average a m ounts reported, b y occupation , f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 y e a r , 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 —Continued able [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families Occupational group, familytype, and income class (1) Average net sur plus or Report Reporting deficit ing in expendi (-) come tures (2) (3) Percentage of fam ilies having Average amount for families having Surplus Deficit Surplus (4) (5) (6) (7) Deficit (8) Types II and III $500-$749_________ ____ _______ $750-$999_____ _____ __________ $1,000-$1,249__________________ $1,250-$1,499____ ______ _______ $1,500-81,749......................... ........ 2 25 35 19 14 2 12 21 12 11 (t) -8 4 -5 2 -3 9 -4 0 (t) 31.4 46.6 27.6 61.8 (t) 35.4 48.0 52.6 28.5 (t) $29 34 90 53 $1,750-$1,999........................... ....... $2,000-82,249............ ............. ....... $2,250-82,499 ........... ........ $2,500-$2 999___________________ 12 6 4 1 11 6 4 1 -3 8 -3 4 365 (t) 36.7 83.3 75.0 (t) 55.0 16.7 98 102 487 (t) (t) $500-8749___________ ____ _____ ______________________ $1,000-81,249__________________ $1,250-81,499___________________ $1,500-$1,749______ ____________ 1 5 4 $750-8999 7 11 19 18 23 22 18 (t) -325 -2 9 —25 20 (t) (t) $1,750-81,999..____ ____________ $2,000-82,249............... ............... $2,250-$2,499_........... ........... ........ $2,500-$2,999 ........................... $3,000 and over... ____________ 10 9 3 10 4 9 9 3 10 4 -9 7 197 148 282 -358 (t) (t) $37 142 122 256 134 712 Types I V and V ■[Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. (t) 43.2 45.6 55.3 65.0 88.9 100.0 80.0 25.0 (t) 71.6 56.8 42.9 40.0 35.0 11.1 20.0 50.0 37 59 74 49 246 148 362 584 454 79 121 52 368 198 40 1,008 T able 2 . — S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y e x p e n d i t u r e : Average m o n e y expenditure f o r specified groups o f goods and services , by occupation , f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 yea ry 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 1 [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eli gible families Occupational group, family type, and income class Aver age num Re Report ber of Total port ing ex persons per ing in pendi family come tures Household operation Food Hous ing 3 (6) (7) 2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Fuel, light, refrig eration Fur nish Auto Other Per ings Cloth mo trans sonal and ing bile * porta care tion Other equip ment (8) (9) (101 (11) (12) (13) (14) Con tribu Medi Recre To Read For tions Other mal cal and items ing ation 5 bacco edu per care cation sonal taxes8 (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) Average money expenditure in dollars A l l fa m ilie s $500-$749..................... $750-$999..... ............. $1,000-$1,249.......... . $1,250-$1,499............. $1,500-$1,749............... 16 80 120 92 73 8 32 54 45 53 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 519 924 1,123 1,400 1, 568 210 334 403 474 496 158 260 316 361 396 53 68 65 78 80 20 28 42 39 76 1 22 20 57 39 19 67 83 128 170 3 6 16 13 11 30 34 46 59 9 21 29 33 44 17 27 31 38 49 4 20 28 35 47 13 25 22 39 41 2 10 13 12 17 $1,750-$1.999............. . $2,000-$2,249________ $2,250-$2,499________ $2,500-$2,999________ $3,000 and over______ 35 27 16 19 9 32 27 15 19 9 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.9 1,935 1,980 2,103 2. 532 2,855 630 607 610 742 678 468 506 542 561 358 82 76 94 95 118 87 75 96 106 224 80 54 36 52 76 178 226 215 265 339 28 38 108 165 130 55 58 48 67 83 49 62 50 63 56 67 63 90 80 109 74 75 62 97 86 44 40 43 49 31 21 27 25 29 48 2.4 (*) (*) (*) 1 2 4 4 (*) 3 90 2 9 30 43 36 (*) (*) 58 67 83 156 421 1 3 10 2 1 2 8 Percentage of total money expenditures A l l fa m ilie s $500-$749__________ $750-$999___________ $1,000-$1,249________ $1,250-$1,499________ $1,600-11,749............. 16 80 120 92 73 8 32 54 45 53 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.5 36.1 35.9 33.8 31.7 30.4 28.1 28.1 25.8 25.3 10.2 7.4 5.8 5.6 5.1 3.8 3.0 3.7 2.8 4.8 0.2 2.4 1.8 4.1 2.5 3. 7 7.3 7.4 9.1 10.8 0.3 .5 1.2 .8 2.1 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.8 1.7 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.8 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.1 0.8 2.2 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.7 1.9 2.8 2.6 0.4 1.1 1.2 .8 1.1 $1,750-$1,999............... $2,000-$2,249________ $2,250-$2,499________ $2,500-$2,999............... $3,000 and over______ 35 27 16 19 9 32 27 15 19 9 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.9 2.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.6 30.7 29.1 29.3 23.8 24.2 25.6 25.8 22.2 12.5 4.2 3.8 4.5 3.8 4.1 4.5 3.8 4.6 4.2 7.8 4.1 2.7 1.7 2.0 2.7 9.2 11.4 10.2 10.5 11.9 1.5 1.9 5.1 6.5 4.5 2.8 2.9 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.5 3.1 2.4 2.5 2.0 3.5 3.2 4.3 3.2 3.8 3.8 3.8 2.9 3.8 3.0 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.7 See p. 177 for notes on this table. ♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. (*) (*) (*) 0.1 .1 .2 .2 (*) ‘ .1 3.2 0.4 1.0 2.7 3.1 2.3 3.0 3.4 3.9 6.2 14.7 (*) 0.1 (*) .2 .5 .1 (*) .1 .3 T a b l e 2 . —Sum m ary o f f a m i l y e x p e n d i t u r e : A verage m on ey expenditure fo r specified groups o f goods and services, b y occupation, f a m ily typ e, and incom e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 3 6 — Continued Cn O [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eli gible families (2) (3) (4) (5) Household operation Food Hous ing (6) (7) Fuel, light. refrig eration (8) Fur nish Other ings Cloth Auto trans Per mo and ing porta sonal bile care tion Other equip ment (9) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) 06) (17) 08) Con For tribu tions Other mal and edu per items cation sonal taxes (19) (20) (21) Average money expenditure in dollars O cc u p a tio n a l g r o u p : W a g e ea rn er 16 70 100 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.0 3.3 519 938 1,118 1,391 1,580 1,928 1,850 1,952 2, 545 210 345 408 480 510 574 500 586 814 158 259 307 364 377 467 535 432 598 53 68 67 79 84 90 76 98 78 20 27 43 37 78 69 74 92 107 1 25 19 54 41 117 14 66 35 11 19 66 84 115 173 171 189 168 261 7 13 12 27 114 88 219 32 35 45 58 58 40 51 50 9 20 30 33 43 50 56 43 63 17 27 28 38 58 76 74 99 80 4 22 29 35 49 87 55 47 78 13 27 21 38 40 51 45 52 58 2 10 13 11 (*) (*) (*) 16 20' 20 2 10 2 2 7 1 1 19 30 5 27 46 35 60 57 103 (*) (*) 1 4 4 4 3 66 Percentage of total money expenditures 16 70 100 79 48 18 9 5 7 8 25 38 36 33 16 9 5 7 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.0 3.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.5 36.8 36.5 34.5 32.3 29.8 27.0 30.0 . 31.9 30.4 27.6 27.5 26.2 23.9 24.2 28.9 22.1 23.5 10.2 7.2 6.0 5.7 5.3 4.7 4.1 5.0 3.1 3.8 2.9 3.8 2.7 4.9 3.6 4.0 4.7 4.2 0.2 2.7 1.7 3.9 2.6 6.1 .8 3.4 1.4 3.7 7.0 7.5 8.3 10.9 8.9 10.2 8.6 10.2 2.1 0.6 .9 .8 1.4 6.2 4. 5 8.6 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.7 3.0 2.2 2.6 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.6 3.0 2.2 2.5 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.7 3.7 3.9 4.0 5.1 3.1 0.8 2.3 2.6 2.5 3.1 4.5 3.0 2.4 3.1 2.5 2.9 1.9 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.3 0.4 1.1 1.2 .8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 (*) (*) (*) 0.4 .4 (*) 3.1 3.1 5.4 0.1 .1 .1 .2 1.1 2.4 3.3 2.2 2.6 (*) (*) 0.1 .3 .2 .2 .1 C IT Y $500-$749_______ $75Q-$999_______ $1,000-$1,249____ $1,250-$1,499____ $1,500-11,749____ $1,750-$1,999____ $2,000-$2,249____ $2,250-$2,499____ $2,500-$2,999........ YO R K W a g e ea rn er N E W 79 48 18 9 5 7 8 25 38 36 33 16 9 5 7 IN $500~$749___________ $750-$999___________ $1,000-$1,249________ $1,250-$1,499________ $1,500-$1,749________ $1,750-$1,999________ $2,000-$2,249________ $2,250-$2,499________ $2,500-$2,999________ (10) Medi Recre To Read cal ation bacco ing care E X P E N D IT U R E (1) Aver age num Re Report ber of Total port ing ex persons per ing in pendi family come tures F A M IL Y Occupational group, family type, and income class Average money expenditure in dollars C le r ic a l $750-$999___ $1,000-$1,249. $1,250-$1,499. $1,500-$1,749. $1,750-$1,999. $2,000-$2,249. $2,250-$2,499. $2,500'$2,999. 5 8 9 9 7 13 6 8 4 6 6 7 7 13 6 8 3.2 1 6 88 66 19 32 48 49 82 32 24 54 90 229 145 240 80 99 104 64 105 103 95 32 38 226 261 263 347 419 408 437 583 302 419 381 477 461 76 57 60 61 2.7 913 1, 255 1, 468 1, 482 1,938 2.9 3.0 2.4 2, 072 2.604 687 652 682 475 576 578 2.2 2.6 2.1 2,200 21 10 25 26 38 58 49 63 26 45 78 24 41 38 40 70 16 28 36 46 33 18 16 17 23 (*) 71 15 31 52 47 51 68 185 59 85 72 58 64 63 115 80 84 77 125 41 45 46 32 32 29 (*) 2.6 1.8 2.2 1.1 21 1 1 1 3 27 26 75 2 74 89 219 0.1 0.3 1.7 7 2 22 (*) 1 31 4 1 Percentage of total money expenditures C le r ic a l ,$2,000-$2,249_.. $2,250-$2,499_.. $2,500-$2,999_.. 5 8 4 6 6 9 9 7 7 7 13 13 6 8 6 8 38.1 33.4 27.8 29.5 30.1 33.1 33.4 26.0 32.2 23.8 8.3 4.5 4.1 4.1 3.4 2.1 2.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.9 3.0 2.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 33. 2 29.6 26.2 22.9 26.2 3.9 4.5 4.0 3.1 4.8 4.0 3. 2 2.2 2.6 2.1 22.2 2.5 3.3 3.3 4.2 0.1 1.2 5.9 7.2 15.6 9.8 12.4 4.6 1. 5 1.4 10.1 .5 6.0 '2.1 1.6 1.4 .1 3.7 10.9 11.9 7.0 2.5 3.5 3.2 2.6 3.3 2. 7 3.3 2.7 2.1 2.6 2.3 5.0 1.8 3.3 2.6 3.9 2.5 3.0 4.0 2.7 3.6 2.4 3.1 1.7 3.5 3.0 5.2 3.1 4.0 3. 5 4.8 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.6 2.5 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.5 (*) 1.8 1.8 0.2 (*) .1 1.6 .1 3.9 .3 .1 3.6 4.0 8.4 2 1 57 15 43 43 6 3 90 63 50 188 421 1 8 (*) .2 (*) SU M M A R Y Average money expenditure in dollars B u s in e s s and p r o fes sio n a l 5 $750-$999_____________ $1,000-$1,249_________ $1,250-$1,499_________ $1,500-$1,749_________ $1,750-$1,999_________ 4 16 10 $2,000-$2,249_________ $2,250-$2,499_________ $2,500-$2,999_________ $3,000 and over______ 5 5 4 9 12 3 3 13 9 3. 6 2. 7 5.0 2.9 3.4 734 1,031 1,424 1,581 1, 945 169 359 517 487 764 231 333 249 408 474 67 52 97 76 80 122 5 2.6 1,977 2,138 2, 366 2, 855 592 584 739 678 534 614 461 358 67 84 108 118 104 91 109 224 10 4 4 9 2.4 3.7 2.6 40 42 52 84 1 40 45 41 51 20 11 111 76 89 67 153 174 147 293 206 276 339 20 22 37 21 47 26 30 36 70 52 31 40 48 29 27 75 26 43 256 29 130 65 30 62 83 48 49 61 56 45 52 81 109 1 10 17 40 43 51 25 55 40 41 88 30 31 38 31 58 73 86 11 10 12 21 22 8 28 22 26 48 TA B U LA R $750-$999______ $1,000~$1,24^_. $1.250-Sl,499.. $1,500-$1,749_ -. $1,750-$1,999.-. •Average amounts of less than $1 and peicentages of less than 0.1 are not shewn. Cn T able %,— S u m m a r y o f f a m i l y e x p e n d i t u r e : Average m o n ey expenditure f o r specified grou ps o f goods and services, by occupation, fa m i ly typ e, and incom e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 — Continued ^ §q [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eli gible families (2) (3) (4) (5) Food Hous ing (6) (7) Fuel, light, refrig eration (8) Fur nish Other ings Cloth Auto mo trans and ing porta bile tion Other equip ment (9) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) 5 3 10 4 16 10 3 13 9 5 5 4 9 5 4 4 9 0.1 4.8 4.1 5.4 3.9 3.7 5.3 6.3 3.4 3.9 4.6 4.1 5.3 4.3 4. 6 7.8 1.0 3.6 2.7 5.0 2.9 3.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 23.0 33.2 36.3 30.9 39.3 31.5 30.8 17.5 25.9 24.4 9.1 4.8 2.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 29.9 27.4 31.3 23.8 27.0 28.8 19.5 12.5 2.4 3.7 2.6 6.8 3.7 3.2 2.6 2.6 .5 4.7 2.7 12.1 6.2 10.7 11.0 5.1 2.9 3.3 2. 5 4.4 2.7 1.6 7.6 14.8 9.6 11.7 11.9 12.0 1.2 4.5 2.8 3.3 1.4 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2. 5 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.0 4.0 2.5 5.3 1.7 2. 2 0.1 1.6 2.8 2.3 2.4 3.4 3.8 1.4 2.3 3.9 2. 5 2. 1 1. 5 .9 4.5 2.7 3.1 3.0 1. 5 1.4 1.4 4 19 30 34 42 18 26 19 47 40 72 85 80 98 54 39 51 61 40 30 23 28 27 34 40 2.7 2. 6 1.6 1.1 .8 1.1 5. 3 1.0 0.1 2.7 2.2 0.3 1.0 1.1 .1 1.7 3.2 3.2 2.3 7.9 14.7 (*) .3 4 2 13 3 13 38 55 49 1.3 1.1 YO R K Average money expenditure in dollars F a m ily ty p e : T y p e 1 $1,750-81,999............... $2,000-82,249............... $2,250-82,499 ___ $2,500-82,999 $3,000 and over.......... 9 48 66 5 16 22 50 37 15 24 13 8 12 12 8 8 5 5 12 9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 616 893 1,096 1,392 1, 538 229 310 378 436 444 218 235 312 374 423 56 73 57 78 72 22 1 27 45 35 35 88 65 28 15 71 83 126 161 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1,996 2,028 2,162 2, 569 2,750 561 600 565 680 663 511 517 608 598 465 96 72 80 84 65 90 92 117 106 185 109 53 41 35 79 167 198 251 228 361 22 4 21 20 36 67 68 213 130 14 27 39 43 57 28 32 44 53 51 42 69 84 57 56 60 58 41 13 20 20 23 32 34 49 92 66 90 107 131 10 12 18 9 2 32 78 89 70 219 377 (*) (*) (*) C IT Y $500-$749 $750-8999 $1,000-81,249 ........... $1,250-81,499 -- . $1,500-$1,749............... N E W 12 IN $2,000-82,249 _ $2,250-82,499 . $2,500-82,999.............. $3,000 and over.......... (11) Con For tribu Medi Recre tions Other To Read mal and items cal ing edu ation bacco per care cation sonal taxes Percentage of total money expenditures B u sin e ss and p r o fessio n a l $750-$999 _ ........ $1,000-81,249 ..........— $1,250-81,499............. $1,500-81,749............... $1,750-81,999 - (10) Per sonal care E X P E N D IT U R E 0) Household operation F A M IL Y Occupational group, family type, and income class Aver age num Re Report ber of Total port ing ex persons per ing in pendi family come tures 3 1 2 13 Percentage of total money expenditures Type I $500-$749................... $750-$999.... ............... $1,000-$1,249_............ $1,250-$1,499.............. $1,500-$1, 749.............. 9 48 66 60 37 5 16 22 15 24 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.2 34.7 34.5 31.3 28.8 35.4 26 3 28.5 26.9 27.5 9.1 8. 2 5.2 5.6 4.7 3.6 3.0 4.1 2.5 5.7 0.2 3.9 2.0 4.7 1.8 2.4 8 0 "orB" 7.6 9.0 ’ " ’ i’ s" 1.3 10.5 2.3 3. 0 3.5 3.1 3.7 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.3 2.9 3.3 2. 6 2.9 2.4 3.2 0.6 2.1 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.9 1.7 3.4 2.6 0.6 1.1 1.2 .9 1.2 $1,750-$1,999.............. $2,000-$2,249.............. $2,250-$2,499_______ $2,500-$2,999.............. $3,000 and over...... . 13 12 9 8 5 12 12 8 8 5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.1 29.6 26.2 26. 5 24.1 25.6 25.5 28.2 23.3 16.9 4.8 3.6 3.7 3. 3 2.4 4.5 4.5 5.4 4.1 6.7 5.5 2.6 1.9 1. 4 2.9 8.4 9.8 11.6 89 13.1 2.6 2. 5 1.9 2. 7 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.2 1.5 4.6 3.2 4.2 4. 2 4.8 3.6 4.2 3.7 3.8 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.8 1. 5 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.2 1. 3 1.4 1.8 3.3 3.1 8.3 4.7 0.2 .4 .1 1.2 0.3 1.5 3.5 4.0 3.2 (*) (*) (*) 3.9 4.4 3.2 8.5 13.7 0.2 (*) .1 (t)4 (t) 0.5 Average money expenditures in dollars Types II and III 2 25 35 19 14 2 12 21 12 11 $1,750-$1,999______ $2,000-$2,249........... $2,250-$2,499........... $2,500-$2,999.......... 12 6 4 1 11 6 4 1 (t) (t)292 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.2 (t) 932 1,152 1,383 1,631 (t)371 429 503 538 320 322 380 (t) 62 82 74 98 (t) 20 36 46 67 3.4 3.7 2.8 1,872 2,114 1,908 637 607 587 414 507 467 65 72 91 98 62 66 (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) 3 19 72 80 73 105 41 (t) (t)52 86 129 186 203 310 156 (t) (t) 9 9 (*) 43 278 (t) (t) 29 26 40 63 (t) 19 31 34 43 Ct) 22 27 47 42 (t) 24 29 44 56 (t) 25 22 27 33 44 65 31 (t) 46 75 37 66 75 19 (t) 58 85 19 (t) 36 28 17 (t) 16 34 16 (f) 2 11 (*) (t) 57 71 83 (t) (t) 2.7 1.9 2.0 2.0 (t) 1.0 1.2 .8 1.0 (t) (*) 0.1 .1 .1 (t) 0.4 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.3 .9 1.6 .8 .1 .5 (*) (t) 3.0 3.4 4.4 (t) (t) (t) 9 14 11 16 (t) (*) 1 1 1 1 20 24 27 1 14 7 (t) Percentage of total money expenditures Types II and III $500-$749.................... $750-$999..... ........... . $1,000-$1,249......... . $1,250-$1,499.............. $1,500-$1,749............ 2 25 35 19 14 2 12 21 12 11 $1,750-$1,999.............. $2,000-$2,249.............. $2,250-$2,499.............. $2,500-$2,999............ 12 6 11 6 4 1 4 1 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (t) 39.8 37.3 36.4 33.0 (t) 31.3 27.8 23.3 23.3 (t) 6.7 7.1 5.3 6.0 (t) 2.1 3.1 3.3 4.1 (t) 0.3 1.6 5.2 4.9 (t) 5.6 7.5 9.3 11.4 3.4 3.7 2.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 34.1 28.8 30.8 22.1 24.0 24.5 (t) 3.5 3.4 4.8 (t) 5.2 2.9 3.5 (f) 3.9 5.0 2.1 (f) 10.8 14.7 8.2 (f) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) '6.8 .7 (*) 2.3 14.5 (t) (t) 3.1 2.3 2.9 3.9 (t) 2.0 2.7 2.4 2.6 (t) 2.4 (t) 2.6 2.3 3.4 2.6 2.5 3.2 3.4 2.4 3.1 1.6 2.5 3.5 1.9 (t) 3.5 3.5 1.0 3.1 4.0 1.0 (t) (t) (t) .9 (t) (t) TABULAE SU M M A R Y $500-$749._.............. $750-$999._.............. $l,000-$lt249........... $1,250-$1,499........... $1,500-$l,749........... (t) 0.1 .1 .7 .3 _ (t) •Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown, tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. Cn CO T a b l e 2 . — S u m m a r y o f fa m ily exp en d itu re: Average money expenditure for specified groups of goods and services, by occupation, fam ily type, and income , in 1 year, 1985—36 — Continued C7> O [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eli gible families (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 03) (14) (15) 06) (17) 08) (19) (20) (21) (t) (t) O) (t) (t) 1 4 2 1 18 34 20 23 22 31 22 58 1 1 1 6 164 33 32 119 105 476 13 3 4 NEW (3) Food Con Fur nish Other Per Medi For tribu Auto tions Hous ings Cloth mo trans sonal cal Recre To Read mal and Other and Fuel, ing ing edu bile porta care ation bacco ing cation per items care light, Other equip tion sonal refrig ment taxes eration E X P E N D IT U R E I N (2) (1) Household operation (t) 1.8 3.0 2.2 3.0 (t> 0.7 .8 .8 1.1 (t) (*) 0.1 .3 .1 (t) 0.1 1.5 2.4 1.3 (t) 0. 2 3.2 1. 9 1.1 2.5 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 .9 1.9 .1 .1 (*) .2 5.5 1.7 1.8 5.5 4.3 16.0 .7 Average money expenditure in dollars Types I V and V $500-$749___________ $750-$999___________ $1,000-$1,249........ ___ $1,250-$1,499_______ $1,500-$1,749_............ 5 7 19 23 22 1 4 11 18 18 (t) 45 3.8 3.9 3.8 (t) 1,105 1,169 1,431 1,579 (t) 370 445 534 554 (t) 311 325 364 361 (t) 67 61 80 81 (t) 53 44 43 61 $1,750-$1,999....... ...... $2,000-$2,249 ______ $2,250-$2,499 ______ $2,500-$2,999........ . $3,000 and over_____ 10 9 3 10 4 9 9 3 10 4 4.0 3.4 3. 7 3.7 3.0 1, 929 1,826 2,187 2,457 2,987 713 617 778 792 698 475 490 446 540 221 85 84 142 107 184 70 60 73 111 273 6 13 27 34 (t) 93 77 132 173 49 22 12 67 73 163 208 184 296 310 (t) (t) 22 8 11 24 52 128 (t) 28 29 36 43 (f) 76 32 39 55 (t) 17 23 30 51 (t) 20 35 32 47 68 63 86 67 81 44 63 42 66 75 37 51 187 66 82 93 54 62 96 125 62 35 24 61 32 (t) 4.8 2.9 3.8 3.9 (t) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 (t) 6.9 2.7 2.7 3.5 (t) 1.5 2.0 2.1 3.2 3. 5 3.4 4.0 2.7 2.7 2.3 3.4 1.9 2.7 2.5 1.9 2.8 8. 6 2.7 2.7 4.8 3.0 2.8 3.9 4.2 8 10 11 17 2 2 8 YO R K (t) 53 34 55 61 Percentage of total money expenditures Types I V and V 5 7 19 23 22 1 4 11 18 18 (t) 4.5 3.8 3.9 3.8 (t) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (t) 33.5 38.1 37.4 35.1 (t) 28.2 27.8 25.4 22.8 (t) 6.1 5.2 5.6 5.1 (t) 4.8 3.8 3.0 3.9 (t) 0.5 1.1 1.9 2.1 (i) 8.4 6.6 9.2 11.0 $1,750-$l,999............ . $2,000-$2,249.............. $2,250-$2,499.............. $2,500-$2,999....... . $3,000 and over_____ 10 9 3 10 4 9 9 3 10 4 4.0 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.0 33.8 35.6 32.2 23.4 24.6 26.8 20.4 22.0 7.5 4.4 4.6 6. 5 4.4 6.2 3.6 3.3 3.3 4.5 9.1 2.5 1.2 .5 2.7 2.4 8.5 11.4 8.4 12.1 10.4 'Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. (t) 1.9 .6 .7 1.3 2.1 4.3 f Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. .1 .5 .1 .1 CITY $500-$749................... $750-$999 __________ $1,000-$1,249_______ $1,250-$1,499....... . $1,500-$1,749....... ....... F A M IL Y Occupational group, family type, and income class Aver age num ber of Total Re Report persons port ing ex per ing in pendi family come tures T A BU LAR S U M M A R Y 161 T a b l e 3.— F ood : Average value of all fam ily food , m oney expenditure for food at home and away from home, average value of food home-produced or received as gift or pay, and money expense per meal per food expenditure unit, by occupation, fa m ily type, and income, in 1 year, 1 93 5 -S 6 [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligi ble families 0 ecupational group, f ami l y type, and income class (1) Average value of all Report family Report ing ex food ing in come1 pendi tures (2) . (3) (4) Average expenditure Percentage of Average Average expenditure value of money for food purchased for food food expendi home- ture per pro meal per or food ex Away Away duced At At received pendi from home from All home home1 ture home3 as gift or pay unit3 (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) All families $500-$749_________ $750-$999_________ $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ 16 80 120 92 93 8 32 54 45 53 $257 409 418 512 549 $210 334 403 474 496 $207 307 370 418 427 $3 27 33 56 69 98.6 91.9 91.7 88.2 86.1 1.4 8.1 8.3 11.8 13.9 $47 75 15 38 53 $0. 079 .128 . 153 .176 . 177 $1,750-$1,999______ $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499______ $2,500-$2,999______ $3,000 and over - 35 27 16 .19 9 32 27 15 19 9 659 629 638 751 678 630 607 610 742 878 526 499 537 635 586 104 109 73 107 92 83.5 82.2 88.0 85.6 86.4 16.5 17.8 12.0 14.4 13.6 29 22 28 9 .205 .223 .225 .253 .238 $500-$749_________ $750-$999_________ $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ 16 70 100 79 48 8 25 38 36 33 247 411 424 516 580 210 345 408 480 510 207 319 374 429 448 3 26 34 51 62 98. 6 92.5 91.6 89.4 87.8 1.4 7.5 8.4 10.6 12.2 47 .66 16 36 70 .079 .134 . 152 . 179 .179 $1,750-$1,999______ $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499______ $2,500-$2,999_____ 18 9 5 7 16 9 5 7 613 531 644 816 574 500 586 814 509 450 538 700 65 50 48 114 88.7 90.0 91.8 86.0 11.3 10.0 8.2 14.0 39 31 58 2 .193 .194 .223 .251 $750-$999_________ $1,000-$1,249 ___ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ $1,750-$1,999______ 5 8 9 9 7 4 6 6 7 7 366 419 477 455 587 347 419 408 437 583 324 402 299 347 467 23 17 109 90 116 93.4 95.9 73.3 79.4 80.1 6.6 4.1 26.7 20.6 19.9 19 69 18 4 .120 . 181 .157 .194 .204 $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499______ $2,500-$2,999______ 13 6 8 13 6 8 702 652 692 687 652 682 565 584 575 122 68 107 82.2 89.6 84.3 17.8 10.4 15.7 15 $750-$999_________ $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-11,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ $1,750-$1,999______ 5 12 4 16 10 3 10 3 13 9 427 384 517 506 793 169 359 517 487 764 135 329 475 407 599 34 30 42 80 165 79.9 91.6 91.9 83.6 78.4 20.1 8.4 8.1 16.4 21.6 258 25 $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499______ $2,500-$2,999______ $3,000 and over....... 5 5 4 9 5 4 4 9 618 615 759 678 592 584 739 678 414 480 642 586 178 104 97 92 69.9 82.2 86.9 86.4 30.1 17.8 13.1 13.6 26 31 20 Occupational group: Wage earner Clerical 10 .243 .220 .274 Business and professional Seep. 177 for notes on this table. 19 29 .049 .144 .152 .163 .229 .222 .232 .216 .238 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY 162 T a b l e 3.— F o o d : A verag e value o f all f a m i ly fo o d , m o n e y expenditure f o r fo o d at hom e and a w a y fr o m hom e, average value o f fo o d hom e-produced or received as gift or p a y , and m o n e y expen se per m eal per fo o d expenditure u n it, by occupation, f a m i ly typ e, and in com e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 —Continued Number of eligi ble families 0 ccup a t i ona l group, f ami l y type, and income class (1) Average value of all family Report Report ing ex food ing in pendi come tures (2) (4) (3) Average expenditure Percentage of Average Average expenditure value of money for food purchased for food food expendi home- ture per pro meal per or food ex Away Away duced At At received pendi from from All home home home home as gift ture unit or pay (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Family type: Type 1 $500-$749...............$750-$999- .............. $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,600-$!,749______ 9 48 66 60 37 16 22 15 24 5 $269 418 384 477 499 $229 310 378 436 444 $225 292 350 379 374 $4 18 28 57 70 98.3 94,2 92.6 86 9 84.2 1.7 5.8 7.4 13.1 15.8 $40 108 6 41 55 $0.104 .142 .174 .207 .201 $1,750-$1,999______ $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499______ $2,500-$2,999______ $3,000 and over____ 13 12 9 8 5 12 12 8 8 5 561 606 592 682 663 561 600 565 680 663 434 468 478 580 566 127 132 87 100 97 77.4 78.0 84.6 85.3 85.4 22.6 22.0 15.4 14.7 14.6 (*) 6 27 2 .251 .282 .258 .310 .276 $500-$749________ _ $750-$999_________ $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ 2 25 35 19 14 2 12 21 12 11 (t) 375 449 524 606 (t) 371 429 503 538 (t) 325 390 451 496 (t) 46 39 52 42 (t) 87.6 90.9 89.7 92.2 (t) 12.4 9.1 10.3 7.8 4 20 21 68 (t) .113 .132 .146 .170 $1,750-$1,999______ $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499______ $2,500-$2,999______ 12 6 4 1 11 6 4 1 681 635 626 (t) 637 607 587 (t) 552 511 545 (t) 85 96 42 (t) 86.7 84.2 92.8 (t) 13.3 15.8 7.2 (t) 44 28 39 .188 .173 .193 (t) $500-$749_________ $750-$999_________ $1,000-$1,249______ $1,250-$1,499______ $1,500-$1,749______ 5 7 19 23 22 1 4 11 18 18 (P 472 486 576 591 (t) 370 445 534 554 (t) 356 404 477 469 (t) 14 41 57 85 (t) 96.2 90.8 89.3 84.7 (t) 3.8 9.2 10.7 15.3 (t) 102 41 42 37 (t) .084 .117 .132 .143 $1,750-$1,999............ $2,000-$2,249______ $2,250-$2,499_.......... $2,500-$2,999.__r___ $3,000 and over____ 10 9 3 10 4 9 9 3 10 4 761 657 795 808 698 713 617 778 792 698 616 533 707 686 613 97 84 71 106 85 86.4 86.4 90.9 86.6 87.8 13.6 13.6 9.1 13.4 12.2 48 40 17 16 .167 .178 .167 .207 .190 Types II and III (t) Types I V and V ♦Average amounts cf less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 163 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e 4 . —H o u s i n g : A verage value o f h o u sin g , secured w ith and without m o n e y exp en d itu re , b y occu p ation , f a m i ly t y p e , and in co m e , in 1 t/ear, 1 9 3 5 -8 6 [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families Occupational group, familytype, and in come class (1) Aver Aver age value age ex Aver of all pense age housing for value plus fuel, Report Report fuel, light, of all ing in ing ex light, and re hous come * pendi and re frigera ing tures frigera tion tion (2) (3) (4) Average value of housing secured1 Per centage of hous ing With money ex Without money value penditure expenditure secured without All Fam Other Own Rent money hous ily hous Total ed as pay expend ing home3 ing 4 home8 or gift iture (6) (7) (8) $286 303 362 372 411 $158 ‘260 316 361 396 82 480 522 76 94 576 95 593 118 1,062 (5) (9) (10) (11) $158 260 316 361 395 (*) $1 $128 43 46 11 15 $3 1 1 2 468 506 542 561 358 466 503 539 556 336 2 3 3 5 22 12 16 34 32 704 -15 16 8 32 197 (*) 1 128 40 48 8 23 02) (13) All families $500-$749~_....... $750-$999______ $1,000-$1,249___ $1,250-$1,499___ $1,500-$1,749___ 16 80 120 92 73 8 32 54 45 53 $339 371 427 450 491 $53 68 65 78 80 $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ $3,000 and over_. 35 27 16 19 9 32 27 15 19 9 562 598 670 688 1,180 $500-$749........... $750-$999______ $1,000-$1,249 . $1,250-$1,499___ $1,500-$!,749___ 16 70 100 79 48 8 25 38 36 33 339 367 422 451 484 53 68 67 79 84 286 299 355 372 400 158 259 307 364 377 158 259 307 364 376 $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ 18 9 5 7 16 9 5 7 580 611 614 676 90 76 98 78 490 535 516 598 467 535 432 598 467 534 429 595 1 3 3 $750-$999______ $1,000-$1,249___ $1,250-$1,499___ $1,500-$1,749___ $1,750-$1,999___ 5 8 9 9 7 4 6 6 7 7 378 476 441 538 527 76 57 60 61 66 302 419 381 477 461 302 419 381 477 461 302 419 380 475 454 1 2 7 $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499 _ $2,500-$2,999___ 13 6 8 13 6 8 587 690 715 80 99 104 507 591 611 475 576 578 470 576 572 $750-$999______ $1,000-$1,249___ $1,250-$1,499___ $1,500-$1,749___ $1,750-$1,999___ 5 12 4 16 10 3 10 3 13 9 430 438 450 484 554 67 52 97 76 80 363 386 353 408 474 231 333 249 408 474 231 333 247 407 473 2 1 1 $2,000-$2,249 _ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ $3,000 and over.. 5 5 4 9 5 4 4 9 601 704 656 1,180 67 534 84 620 108 548 118 1,062 534 614 461 358 534 606 454 336 8 7 22 $128 40 45 10 13 44.8 14. 2 12.7 3.0 3.7 27 2.5 3.1 5.9 5.4 66.3 26 507 Occupational group: Wage earner 23 44. 8 13. 4 13. 5 4 128 38 48 8 19 -29 52 4.7 84 16.3 2 84 2.2 6.0 Clerical 5 6 32 15 33 32 15 33 132 53 104 19 12 29 113 41 75 36.2 13.7 29.4 6 87 704 6 87 197 507 1.0 15.9 66.3 6.3 2. 5 5.4 Business and professional See page 177 for notes on this table. * Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. 164 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY T a b l e 4 . — H o u s i n g : A verage value o f h ousing secured with a nd without m o n e y expenditure, by occup ation , f a m i ly ty p e , and in com e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 —Con. Number of eligible families Occupational group, familytype, and in come class 1 Aver age Aver value age ex of all pense housing for plus fuel, Report Report light, fuel, ing ex ing in pendi light, and re come and re frigera tures frigera tion tion (2) (3) (4) (5) Average value of housing secured Aver age money ex Without money value With penditure expenditure of all hous ing All Fam Other Own Rent hous ily hous Total ed as pay ing home ing home or gift (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) $33 58 58 $2 2 (12) Per centage of hous ing value secured without money expen diture (13) Family type: Type I $5Q0-$749 ____ $750-$999______ $1,000-$1,249___ $1,250-$1,499 $1,500-$1,749___ 9 48 66 50 37 5 16 22 15 24 $307 366 427 452 500 $56 •73 57 78 72 $251 293 370 374 428 $218 235 312 374 423 $218 235 312 374 422 (*) $1 $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ $3,000 and over,. 13 12 9 8 5 12 12 8 8 5 567 589 688 701 842 96 72 80 84 65 471 517 608 617 777 511 517 608 598 465 508 512 604 590 456 3 5 4 8 9 2 25 35 19 14 2 12 21 12 11 (t) (t) (t) $33 56 56 13. 5 19.8 15.7 5 5 1.2 -40 -4 0 -8 .5 19 312 19 312 3.1 40.2 Types II and III $500-$749______ $750-$999 $1,000-$1,249 $1,250-$1,499. $1,500-$!,749___ $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249 $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ 12 6 4 1 11 6 4 1 $500-$749______ $750-$999_. . . $1,000-$1,249 $1,250-$1,499___ $1,500-$1,749___ 5 7 19 23 22 $1,750-$1,999___ $2,000-$2,249___ $2,250-$2,499___ $2,500-$2,999___ $3,000 and over.. 10 9 3 10 4 (t) 358 433 430 504 557 579 671 (t) 62 82 74 98 65 72 91 296 351 356 406 492 507 580 292 320 322 380 414 507 467 292 320 322 376 413 507 467 (t) 4 1 (t) 4 31 34 26 (t) 4 31 34 26 78 113 (t) 8 (t) 1.3 8.8 9.6 6.4 78 15.9 105 19.5 (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) 1 4 11 18 18 (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) 9 9 3 10 4 560 621 619 693 1,602 Types I V and V 458 414 462 468 67 T61 80 81 391 353 382 387 475 85 84 537 142 477 107 586 184 1, 418 311 325 364 361 475 490 446 540 224 311 325 363 361 474 488 441 536 185 1 80 28 18 26 1 47 2 5 31 4 46 39 1,194 ♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than three cases. 5 47 31 46 444 80 28 13 26 750 20. 5 7.9 4.7 6. 7 8.7 6.5 7.8 84.2 TABULAR SUMM ARY 165 T able 4 - A . — M o n e y e x p e n d it u r e s f o r f a m i l y h o m e b y o w n e r s a n d r e n t e r s , a n d f a c i l i t i e s i n c l u d e d i n r e n t f o r f a m i l y h o m e : B y occupation, f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 ye a r , 1 9 S 5 -S 6 Percentage with none of these facilities included in rent (14) (12) •p Mechanical refrigerator 16 8 8 4 2 100 92 97 100 96 16 1 7 7 16 4 3 8 20 100 100 100 100 100 22 35 35 73 60 20 16 9 9 5 3 100 91 98 100 94 16 o 03 £5 Light £ § (8) & Garage (6) §® S Renters 1 W Q Renting g ©M Furnishings (4) 3 bo •-.2 © Ph Percentage of renters having specified facilities included in rent2 3 Reporting expendi tures Reporting income g ‘3 * o @ (1) q Occupational group, family type, and in come class ex Number of Percentage Average pense for eligible family of families 1 families home ^ £ w [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Cs S-i o All families $500-$749________ $750-$999________ $1,000-$1,249_____ $1,250-$1,499_____ $1,500-$1,749_____ 16 80 120 92 73 8 32 54 45 53 5 1 1 2 58 80 89 96 94 $294 214 245 266 $274 292 355 373 413 42 59 89 84 87 $1,750-$1,999_____ $2,000-$2,249......... $2,250-$2,499_____ $2,500-$2,999_____ $3,000 and over _. _ 35 27 16 19 9 32 27 15 19 9 3 4 12 21 22 93 96 81 79 44 878 359 448 281 371 466 508 598 629 570 94 100 85 100 100 $500-$749________ $750-$999________ $1,000-$1,249_____ $1,250-$1,499_____ $1,500-$1,749_____ 16 70 100 79 48 8 25 38 36 33 274 291 344 372 402 42 59 86 82 86 $1,750-$1,999_____ $2,000-$2,249_____ $2,250-$2,499_____ $2,500-$2,999_____ 18 9 5 7 16 9 5 7 470 533 531 595 87 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 21 22 $750-$999________ $1,000-$1,249_____ $1,250-$1,499_____ $1,500-$1,749_____ $1,750-$1,999_____ 5 8 9 9 7 4 6 6 7 7 302 418 380 475 454 80 100 89 85 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 12 22 30 43 $2,000-$2,249_____ $2,250-$2,499_____ $2,500-$2,999_____ 13 6 8 13 6 8 8 17 25 92 83 75 359 508 346 479 589 648 100 80 100 100 100 100 33 60 67 5 12 4 16 10 3 10 3 13 9 20 8 25 40 80 50 100 100 207 214 245 323 402 372 409 472 100 100 93 100 10 100 86 100 100 100 40 10 20 100 100 100 100 4 4 2 — — 4 — Occupational group: Wage earner 4 3 6 58 82 89 98 91 87 100 80 100 381 266 878 4 6 3 6 5 6 5 4 71 Clerical 100 100 100 100 100 17 Business and professional $750-$999________ $1,000-$1,249_____ $1,250-$1,499_____ $1,500-$1,749_____ $1,750-$1,999_____ 100 534 100 5 5 $2,000-$2,249_....... 80 389 660 100 20 4 $2,250-$2,499_____ 5 692 50 50 216 100 4 $2,500-$2,999_____ 4 44 22 570 371 100 9 $3,000 and over... 9 See p. 178 for notes on this table. t Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 14 7 60 38 100 60 1 20 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY 166 T able 4 ^ A . — M o n e y e x p e n d it u r e s f o r f a m i l y h o m e b y o w n e r s a n d r e n t e r s , a n d f a c ilit ie s in c lu d e d i n r e n t f o r f a m il y h o m e : and in co m e , in 1 ye a r , 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 —Continued Percentage of families o s Percentage of renters having specified facilities included in rent a 53 © ©-E5 (2) (3) (4) ' '3 % "3 £ bjo® Xi bfl ss 22 £ O (6) (7) 80 74 85 $381 214 96 266 $273 281 362 374 431 (5) 8,2 2o fl.9 -a 'm -3 © be oo (1) Average money ex pense for family home (8) (9) (10) (11) rent Occupational group, family type, and in come class Number of eligible families B y o ccu p a tion , f a m i ly ty p e , (12) (13) (14) (15) Family type: Type I $500-$749............ $750-1999.............. $1,000-$1,249_____ $1,250-$1,499-....... $1,500-$1,749_____ 100 91 $1,750-$1,999_____ $2,000-$2,249_____ $2,250-$2,499_____ $2,500-$2,999......... $3,000 and over... 100 100 88 325 (t) (t) 80 473 512 610 627 570 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 Types II and III $500-$749.............. $750-$999.............. $1,000-$1,249......... $1,250-$1,499......... $1,500-$1,749......... $1,750-$1,999......... $2,000-$2,249_____ $2,250-$2,499_____ $2,500-$2,999_____ (t) 96 96 91 90 207 (t) 296 338 356 412 (t) 74 79 (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) 25 100 50 389 18 71 (t) 456 507 740 (t) (t) 86 100 100 100 (t) 90 (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) 89 95 (t) (t) (t) (t) 100 90 100 100 100 (t) Types I V and V $500-$749________ $750-$999________ $1,000-$1,249_____ $1,250-$1,499_____ $1,500-$1,749_....... $1,750-$1,999......... $2,000-$2,249......... $2,250-$2,499_....... $2,500-$2,999......... $3,000 and over... 72 90 91 94 245 359 508 267 371 376 359 386 384 470 504 408 652 100 91 94 83 90 100 50 100 tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. (t) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (t) 86 (t) TABULAR SUMMARY 167 T a b l e 5.— H ou seh old o p era tio n : Average money expenditure for groups of items of household operation and percentage distribution of such expenditure, by occupa tion , fam ily type , and income , in 1 year , 1 9 3 5 -3 6 INegro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native bornj Number of eligible families Average money expenditure for house hold operation Percentage of total household opera tion expenditure Paid he•usehold Occupational group, family type, and in Fuel, hesip Fuel, Report light, come class light, Paid Report ing ex Other and and house Other ing in pendi Total refrig Percent items3 refrig hold items3 come 1 tures era Average age of era help tion 2 tion 2 amount families having (1) (2) (4) (3) (5) (8) (7) (6) (9) (10) $20 26 39 39 71 72.6 70.8 60.8 66.7 51.3 (*) 2.1 2.8 81 74 96 105 142 48.5 50.3 49.5 47.3 34.5 3.6 20 25 40 37 * 71 72.6 71.6 60.9 68.1 51.9 (*) 2.1 2.7 64 74 92 107 56.6 50.7 51.6 42.2 3.1 19 27 48 49 82 80.0 64.1 55.6 55.5 44.6 (11) All families $500-$749.......... .............. $750-$999_______ ______ $1,000-$1,249___________ $1,250-$1,499.__.............. $1,500-$1,749_.................. 16 80 120 92 73 8 32 54 45 53 $73 96 107 117 156 $53 68 65 78 80 $1,750-$1,999_................. $2,000-$2,249........ ........... $2,250-$2,499..... .............. $2,500-$2,999._................. $3,000 and over________ 35 27 16 19 9 32 27 15 19 9 169 151 190 201 342 82 76 94 95 118 $500-$749..... ................... $750-$999_....................... $1,000-$1,249................... $1,250-$1,499__................. $1,500-$1,749..... .............. 16 70 100 79 48 8 25 38 36 33 73 95 110 116 162 53 68 67 79 84 $1,750-$1,999__............... . $2,000-$2,249______ ____ $2,250-$2,499___.............. $2,500-$2,999..... .............. 18 9 5 16 9 5 7 7 159 150 190 185 90 76 98 78 $500-$749.......... .............. $750-$999....... .................. $1,000-$1,249___________ $1,250-$1,499___ _______ $1,500-$1,749..... .............. 5 8 9 9 7 4 6 6 7 7 95 89 108 110 148 76 57 60 61 66 $1,750-$1,999.................... $2,000-$2,249___............... $2,250-$2,499___.......... 13 6 8 13 6 8 144 204 207 80 99 104 5 12 4 16 10 3 10 3 13 9 107 94 149 160 202 67 52 97 76 80 (*) $2 3 6 2 5 5 2 6 1 9 1 82 5 44 2 6 2 4 7 3.2 .7 .5 23.9 27.4 27.1 36.4 33. 3 45. 5 47.9 49.0 50.5 52.2 41.6 Occupational group: Wage earner n 3 7 3 5 6 5 19 4.3 27.4 26.3 36.4 31.9 43.8 40.3 49.3 48.4 57.8 Clerical 1 8 2 12 63 105 101 55.6 48.5 50.2 20 40 42 52 84 108 62.6 55.3 65.1 47.5 39.6 2 102 $2,000-$2,249_._............... 5 5 171 67 20 4 84 91 5 175 $2,250-$2,499 .................. 108 4 4 217 109 $2,500-$2,999 _____ 9 342 118 82 44 142 9 $3,000 and over________ See p. 178 for notes on this table. •Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. 39.2 48.0 49.8 34.5 5.6 20.0 30.3 44.4 44.5 55.4 1.0 43.7 51.5 48.8 6.9 37.4 44.7 34.9 52.5 53.5 .7 Business and professional $750-$999......................... siTnna-&ir?4Q $1,250-$1,499................... $1,500-$1,749._................. $1,750-$1,999__................. 8 0 6 9 4 °— 39 12 14 1.2 23.9 59.6 52.0 50.2 41.6 F A M IL Y 168 E X P E N D IT U R E I N NEW YO R K C ITY T a b l e 5.— H ou seh old o p era tio n : Average money expenditure for groups of items of household operation and percentage distribution of such expenditure , by occupa tion, fa m ily type, and income , in 1 year, 1 9 3 5 -8 6 — Continued Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and in come class Report ing in come (1) (2) Average money expenditure for house hold operation Percentage of total household opera tion expenditure Paid household help Fuel, Fuel, light, Paid Report light, ing ex Total and Other and house Other refrig Percent items refrig hold items pendi era Average age of tures era help tion amount families tion having (4) (3) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Family type: Type I ___ $500-$749 _ _ $750-$999 _ ______ $1,000-$1,249___________ $1,250-$1,499 ___ $1,500-$1,749__________ 9 48 5 16 66 22 50 37 15 24 113 160 $56 73 57 78 72 $1,750-$1,999____ ______ $2.000-$2,249___________ $2,250-$2,499 _________ $2,500-$2,999 ________ $3,000 and over._ - _ 13 12 12 8 8 186 164 197 190 250 96 72 80 84 65 2 12 21 12 11 (t)82 (t)62 165 82 74 98 163 134 157 65 72 91 12 9 8 5 5 $78 100 102 27 39 35 79 71.8 73.0 55.9 69.0 45.0 83 91 117 106 123 51.6 43.9 40.6 44.2 26.0 24.8 (t) (t) $22 $6 9 9 4 7 1 9 17 62 40 5.9 5.6 3.8 .6 28.2 27.0 38.2 31 0 49.4 44.6 55.5 59.4 55 8 49.2 Types II and III (t) (t) (t)20 $500-$749______________ $750-$999_____ ______ $1,000-$1,249___________ $1,250-$1,499 _________ $1,500-$1,749 __________ 25 35 19 14 $1,750-$1,999___________ $2,000-$2,249___________ $2,250-$2,499___________ $2,500-$2,999__________ • 12 * 6 4 11 6 1 1 (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) 1 (t) 120 (t)67 (t) 18 Ct)24 (t)35 2 4 118 120 36 46 67 12 17 86 62 66 75. 6 69. 5 61. 7 59.4 39.9 53. 7 58.0 (t) (t) 24.4 30. 5 38.3 40. 6 7.4 52.7 46. 3 42 0 (t) (t) 15.0 (t) (t) 29.2 .9 23.4 45.2 41* 7 34 0 50.0 36.3 Types I V and V $500-$749-____________ $750-$999______________ $1,000-$1,249___________ $1,250-$1,499___________ $1,500-$1,749___________ 5 7 19 23 $1,750-$1,999___________ $2,000-$2,249........ ........... $2,250-$2,499___________ $2,500-$2,999........ ........... $3,000 and over________ 10 22 4 11 18 18 9 3 9 9 3 10 10 4 4 105 123 142 156 144 215 218 457 61 80 81 85 84 142 107 184 44 43 61 2 10 107 50 fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 70 60 73 109 166 (t) 55.8 58.1 65. 0 57. 0 54.8 58. 3 66.0 49.1 40.3 1 i 41. 9 35. 0 43.0 T A BU LAR S U M M A R Y 169 T a b l e 6.— C loth in g : Average money expenditure for clothing for husband and wife and other fam ily members, and percentage distribution of such expenditure, by occupation, fa m ily type, and income, in 1 year, 1 9 8 5 -3 6 [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and in come class (1) Average money expenditure for clothing 1 Percentage of total fam ily clothing expenditure Report ing in come 2 Report ing ex pendi tures All family mem bers Hus band Wife Other family mem bers Hus band Wife Other family mem bers (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) All families $500-$749_____________ $750-$999_____________ $1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-$l,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ 16 80 120 92 73 8 32 54 45 53 $19 67 83 128 170 $7 28 37 47 65 $6 32 35 60 75 $6 7 11 21 30 36.8 41.8 44.6 36.7 38.2 31.6 47.8 42.2 46.9 44.2 31.6 10.4 13.2 16.4 17.6 $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000 and over________ 35 27 16 19 9 32 27 15 19 9 178 226 215 265 339 61 84 84 92 98 71 102 104 112 174 46 40 27 61 67 34.3 37.2 39.1 34.7 28.9 39.9 45.1 48.4 42.3 51.3 25.8 17.7 12.5 23.0 19.8 $500-$749_____________ $750-$999_____________ $1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ 16 70 100 79 48 8 25 38 36 33 19 66 84 115 173 7 27 S7 43 62 6 33 35 51 77 6 6 12 21 34 36.8 40.9 44.0 37.4 35.8 31.6 50.0 41.7 44.3 44.5 31.6 9.1 14.3 18.3 19.7 $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ 18 9 5 7 16 9 5 7 171 189 168 261 62 49 53 95 53 86 98 100 56 54 17 66 36.3 25.9 31.5 36.4 31.0 45. 5 58.4 38.3 32.7 28.6 10.1 25.3 $750-$999_____________ $1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ $1,750-$1,999__________ 5 8 9 9 7 4 6 6 7 7 54 90 229 145 240 25 45 75 74 78 20 41 141 68 133 9 4 13 3 29 46.3 50.0 32.8 51.0 32.5 37.0 45.6 61.6 46.9 55.4 16.7 4.4 5.6 2.1 12.1 $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500~$2,999__________ 13 6 8 13 6 8 226 261 263 85 113 104 105 105 106 36 43 53 37.6 43.3 39.5 46.5 40.2 40.3 15.9 16.5 20.2 $750-$999_____________ $1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ $1,7,50-$1,999__________ 5 12 4 16 10 3 10 3 13 9 89 67 153 174 147 50 30 73 68 47 37 31 52 74 61 2 6 28 32 39 56.2 44.8 47.7 39.1 32.0 41.6 46.3 34.0 42.5 41.5 2.2 8.9 18.3 18. 4 26.5 $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999__________ $3,000 and over________ 5 5 4 9 5 4 4 9 293 206 276 339 144 79 61 98 126 108 146 174 23 19 69 67 49.2 38.4 22.1 28.9 43.0 52.4 52.9 51.3 7.8 9.2 25.0 19.8 9 48 66 50 37 5 16 22 15 24 15 71 83 126 161 6 32 49 55 73 6 39 34 70 88 3 40.0 45.1 59.0 43.7 45.3 40.0 54.9 41.0 55.6 54.7 20.0 $1,750-$1,999__________ 13 $2,000-$2,249__________ 12 $2,250-$2,499__________ 9 $2,500-$2,999__________ 8 $3,000 and over_______ 5 See p. 17 8 for notes on this table. 12 12 8 8 5 167 198 251 228 361 67 91 105 112 135 98 106 146 116 226 2 1 40.1 46.0 41.8 49.1 37.4 58.7 53.5 58 2 50.9 62.6 1.2 .5 Occupational group: Wage earner Clerical Business and profes sional Family type: Type I ® $500-$749_____________ $750-$999_____________ $1,000-$1,249 _________ $1,250-$1.499__________ $1,500-$1,749 _________ 1 .7 170 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY T a b l e 6.— C lo th in g : A verag e m o n e y expenditure fo r clothing fo r husband a nd w ife and other fa m i ly m em bers, and percentage distribution o f such exp en d itu re, by occup ation , f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 — Continued Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and in come class (1) Average money expenditure for clothing Percentage of total fam ily clothing expenditure Report ing in come Report ing ex pendi tures All family mem bers Hus band Wife Other family mem bers Hus band Wife Other family mem bers (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (t) (t) (t) $20 39 56 77 (t) $13 23 34 43 (t) 36.5 27.9 30 2 35.5 (f) 38.5 45.4 43.4 41.4 (t) 70 139 55 62 53 49 (t) 35.0 38.1 33.3 34.5 44.8 35.3 (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) 32.2 44.1 30.3 29.5 (t) 26.9 31.2 42.4 41.0 24.5 24.0 33.7 25.3 16.8 22.7 35.1 21.7 36.8 35.5 52.8 40.9 44.6 37.9 47.7 Types II and III $500-$749_____________ $750-$999_____ ________ $1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ 2 25 35 19 14 2 12 21 12 11 $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-$2,999_____ ____ _ 12 6 4 1 11 6 4 1 f500-$749_____________ $750-$999______ _______ $1,000-$1,249__________ $1,250-$1,499__________ $1,500-$1,749__________ 5 7 19 23 22 1 4 11 18 18 $1,750-$1,999__________ $2,000-$2,249__________ $2,250-$2,499__________ $2,500-82,999.................. $3,000 and over............... 10 9 3 10 4 9 9 3 10 4 $52 86 129 186 203 310 156 $19 24 39 66 71 118 52 (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) 25.0 26.7 26.4 23.1 30.5 17.1 31.4 Types I V and V 93 77 132 173 163 208 184 296 310 38 19 36 51 40 50 62 75 52 fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 30 34 40 51 (t) 25 24 56 71 37 73 40 109 110 86 85 82 112 148 40.9 24.7 27.3 29.5 171 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e 7 .— P e r s o n a l c a r e : A verage m o n e y expenditure fo r toilet articles and p r ep ations, and services, and percentage distribution o f such ex pen d itu re, by occupation, f a m i ly typ e, and in co m e , in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] of total Number of eligible Average money expenditure for Percentage personal care ex families personal care penditure Occupational group, family type, and income class Report ing in come 1 Report ing ex pendi tures Total (2) (3) (4) (1) Toilet Toilet articles Services 2 articles Services 2 and prep and prep arations arations (6) (5) (7) (8) All families $500-$749_ _____ ______________ $750-$999______ ____ _________ $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-$1,499_________________ $1,500-$1.749________ ____ ____ 16 80 120 92 73 8 32 54 45 53 $9 21 29 33 44 $4 11 16 18 24 $5 10 13 15 20 44.4 52.4 55.2 54.5 54.5 55.6 47.6 44.8 45.5 45.5 $1,750-$1,999________ _________ $2,000-82,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2.999..___________ ____ $3,000 and over............. ............. 35 27 16 19 9 32 27 15 19 9 49 62 50 63 56 29 36 28 32 31 20 26 22 31 25 59.2 58.1 56.0 50.8 55.4 40.8 41.9 44.0 49.2 44.6 $500-$749____________________ $75Q-$999____________________ $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-$1,499 ________________ $1,500-$1,749_________________ 16 70 100 79 48 8 25 38 36 33 9 20 30 33 43 4 10 17 18 25 5 10 13 15 18 44.4 50.0 56.6 54.5 58.1 55.6 50.0 43.4 45.5 41.9 $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ 18 9 5 7 16 9 5 7 50 56 43 63 30 32 20 27 20 24 23 36 60.0 57.1 46.5 42.9 40.0 42.9 53.5 57.1 $750-$999____________________ $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-$1,499___________ ____ _ $1,500-$1,749___ ______ _______ $1,750-$1,999_________________ 5 8 9 9 7 4 6 6 7 7 25 26 38 58 49 16 10 20 27 27 9 16 18 31 22 64.0 38.5 52.6 46.6 55.1 36.0 61.5 47.4 53.4 44.9 $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2.499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ 13 6 8 13 6 8 72 58 64 42 34 36 • 30 24 28 58.3 58.6 56.2 41.7 41.4 43.8 $750-$999__________ _________ $1,000-$1,249_............... .............. $1,250-$1,499_____ ___________ $1,500-$1,749_____ ___________ $1,750-$1,999_________________ 5 12 4 16 10 3 10 3 13 9 20 22 31 40 48 7 10 11 20 28 13 12 20 20 20 35.0 45.5 35.5 50.0 58.-3 65.0 54.5 64.5 50.0 41.7 $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-82,899..................... ......... $3,000 and over____ _________ 5 5 4 9 5 4 4 9 48 49 61 56 27 29 30 31 21 20 31 25 56.2 59.2 49.2 55.4 43.8 40.8 SO. 8 44.6 $500-$749_............... ................... $750-$999_................................... $1,000-$1,249............. .................. $1,250-$1,499............................... $1,500-$1,749.................. ............ 9 48 66 50 37 5 16 22 15 24 13 20 28 32 44 6 12 15 18 21 7 8 13 14 23 46.2 60.0 53.6 56.2 47.7 53.8 40.0 46.4 43.8 52.3 $1,750-$1,999.......... ............... $2,000-$2,249_______ __________ $2,250-$2,499__............... ............ $2,500-$2,999..... .......................... $3,000 and over........................... See p. 178 for notes on this table. 13 12 9 8 5 12 12 8 8 5 57 56 60 58 41 36 30 35 28 20 21 26 25 30 21 63.2 53.6 58.3 48.3 48.8 , 36.8 46.4 41.7 51.7 51.2 Occupational group: Wage earner Clerical Business and professional Family type: Type I 172 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY T a b l e 7 .— P e r s o n a l c a r e : A verag e m o n e y expenditure f o r toilet articles and p rep a rations , and services, and percentage distribution o f such expen d itu ref b y occupa t i o n f a m i l y typ e, and incomey in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 — Continued Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) Average money expenditure for personal care Report ing in come Report ing ex pendi tures Total (2) (3) (4) (5) (t) Percentage of total personal care ex penditure Toilet Toilet articles Services articles Services and prep and prep arations arations (fi) (7) (8) $8 18 18 27 (t) $11 13 16 16 (t) 42.1 58.1 52.9 62.8 (t) 57.9 41.9 47.1 37.2 26 49 22 20 26 15 56.5 65.3 59.5 (t) 43.5 34.7 40.5 (t) 19 14 19 17 (t) 32.1 51.7 47.2 60.5 (t) 67.9 48.3 52.8 39.5 21 27 25 33 30 52.3 57.1 40.5 50.0 60.0 47.7 42.9 59.5 50.0 40.0 Types I I and III $500-$749____________________ $750-$999____________________ $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-$1,499_________________ $1,500-$1,749_________________ 2 25 35 19 14 2 12 21 12 11 <t) $19 31 34 43 $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ 12 6 4 1 11 6 4 1 46 75 37 $500-$749____________________ $750-$999____________________ $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-$1,499_________________ $1,500-$1,749_________________ 5 7 19 23 22 1 4 11 18 18 $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ $3,000 and over______________ 10 9 3 10 4 9 9 3 10 4 (t) (t) (t) Types I V and V (t) 28 29 36 43 44 63 42 66 75 fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. (t) 9 15 17 26 23 36 17 33 45 (t) 173 TABULAR SUMMARY T a b l e 8 .— A u t o m o b i l e o p e r a tio n a n d p u r c h a s e : P ercentage o f fa m ilies o w n in g and purchasin g autom obiles, average m o n ey expend iture f o r all fa m ilies fo r opera tion, and purchase , b y occupation, f a m i ly ty p e , and in com e, in 1 yea r 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) All families Report Report ing ex ing income1 pendi tures (2) Percentage of all families Owning Purchas Opera automo ing auto tion and biles mobiles purchase (4) (3) Average money expenditure of all families (5) (6) Opera tion 2 Purchase (net)3 (7) (8) $500-$749____________________ $750-$999____________________ $1,000-$1,249___ _____________ $1,250-$1,499_________________ $1,500-$l,749 ___ 16 80 120 92 73 8 32 54 45 53 6 6 6 8 2 1 $3 6 16 13 $1 6 15 13 $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249___ _____________ $2'250-$2^499_________ ________ $2'500-$2^999_________________ $3,000 and over. . __ _ 35 27 16 19 9 32 27 15 19 9 9 11 28 42 47 3 4 6 10 22 28 38 108 165 130 21 24 57 60 116 $500-$749 _____________ $750-$999 ___________________ $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-$1,499 . _______ ___ $1,500-$1,749 . ___ 16 70 100 79 48 8 25 38 36 33 4 7 5 6 7 13 12 7 13 12 $1,750-$1,999 . __________ $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499 ________________ $2.500-$2,999_________________ 18 9 5 7 16 9 5 7 13 33 20 43 27 114 88 219 27 72 88 102 117 $750-$999 _____ $1,000-$1,249 $1,250-$1,499___ _____ ________ $1,500-$1,749 .................... $1,750-.$1,999_________________ 5 8 9 9 7 4 6 6 7 7 11 11 14 14 21 1 71 10 1 35 36 $2,000-$2,249 . _____ $2,250-$2,499 $2,500-$2,999_________________ 13 6 8 13 6 8 25 12 185 38 U7 5 12 4 16 10 5 5 4 9 3 10 3 13 9 5 4 4 9 50 40 37 10 27 47 26 47 26 256 29 130 92 29 116 164 9 48 66 50 37 13 12 9 8 5 16 22 15 24 12 12 8 8 5 5 Occupational group: Wage earner Clerical 11 14 11 $2 1 14 51 105 14 42 11 Business and professional $750-$999 . ________________ ____ $1,000-$1,249 _ ____ $1,250-$1,499_________________ $1,500-$1,749 . ___ ...... $1,750-$1,999 $2,000-$2,249 ._ ____________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ $3,000 and over________ ______ 28 19 70 25 44 22 11 4 4 1 3 8 21 20 36 67 68 213 130 21 20 36 36 68 66 105 147 25 20 14 Family type: Type I $500-$749 . . ______________ $750-$999____________________ $1,000-$1,249 ... ______ $1,250-$1,499_________________ $1,500-$1,749 _ ______ $1,750-$1,999_______ _________ $2,000-$2,249___ ____ _________ $2,250-$2.499_________________ $2,500-$2,999...________ ______ $3,000 and over _____ ______ 7 11 18 17 28 38 40 12 40 31 Types 11 and 111 2 2 $500-$749____________________ (t) (t) (t) 12 $750-$999______ ______________ 25 $1,000-$1,249_________________ 35 21 16 9 19 12 5 5 $1,250-$1,499........ ......... ......... . 9 14 11 7 $1,500-$1.749____ ____________ See p. 178 for notes on this table. ■[Averages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. ♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. (t) (t) 9 4 (*) 5 174 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY T a b l e 8 .— A u t o m o b i l e o p e r a tio n a n d p u r c h a s e : P ercentage o f fa m ilies ow n in g and purchasin g autom obiles, average m o n e y expend iture f o r all fa m ilie s f o r opera tion,, and purchase, by occupation, f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 yea r , 1 9 3 5 —8 6 — Continued Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) Report ing income Report ing ex pendi tures (2) (3) Percentage of all families Average money expenditure of all families Owning Purchas Opera automo ing auto tion and biles mobiles purchase (4) (5) (6) Opera tion Purchase (net) (7) (8) Types II and / / / —Continued 12 6 4 1 11 6 4 1 $500-8749____________________ __________ $750-8999 _ $1,000-81,249______ __________ $1,250-81,499________ ____ ____ $1,500-81,749 ______ _________ 5 7 19 23 22 1 4 11 18 18 $1,750-81,999 . _______ $2,000-82,249 ______ $2,250-$2,499___ ________ $2,500-82,999 .................. ........... $3,000 and over______________ 10 9 3 10 4 9 9 3 10 4 $1,750-$1,999 ________________ $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-82,499.____ ___________ $2,500-82,999_________________ 8 8 $43 $22 $21 50 25 73 205 (t) 278 (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) Types I V and V (t) 10 4 6 (t) 22 8 11 11 24 24 20 50 52 128 52 128 fAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 22 8 11 TABULAR 175 SUM M ARY T a b l e 9 .— R e c r e a t io n : A verage m o n e y expenditure f o r recreation o f specified typ es, by occu p ation , f a m i ly ty p e , and in co m e, in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 8 6 [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) Report Report ing ex ing income 1 pendi tures (3) (2) Average money expenditure for recreation Paid adimissions Movies Other 2 Equip ment for games and sports (5) (6) (7) Total (4) Other 2 (3) A l l fa m ilies $500-$749 _________ $750-$999_________ __________ $1,000-$1,249______ ______ ____ $1,250-$1,499_____ ___________ $1,500-$1,749.......... .................... 16 80 120 92 73 8 32 54 45 53 $4 20 28 35 47 $4 7 12 16 19 $1 2 3 4 $1,750-$1,999..................... ......... $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ $3,000 and over______________ 35 27 16 19 9 32 27 15 19 9 74 75 62 97 86 35 23 27 35 26 9 14 9 19 11 $500-$749__............................ . $750-$999_________ __________ $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-$1,499________________ _ $1,500-$1,749_________________ 16 70 100 79 48 8 25 38 36 33 4 22 29 35 49 4 7 13 15 19 $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249 _____ _____ _____ $2,250-$2,499_____ _____ ______ $2,500-$2,999______ ____ ______ 18 9 5 7 16 9 5 7 87 55 47 78 36 22 21 39 9 6 15 14 $750-$999 ________ __________ $1,000-$1,249.________________ $1,250-$1,499_________________ $1,500-$1,749_________________ 5 8 9 9 4 6 6 7 24 41 38 40 16 17 26 13 2 8 5 7 $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249__ ____ __________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ 7 13 6 8 7 13 6 8 70 84 77 125 34 22 41 38 12 22 2 29 $750-$999 _________ _______ $1,000-$1,249 _______________ $1,250-$1,499 ______________ ____________ $1,500-$1,749 $1,750-$1,999_________________ 5 12 4 16 10 3 10 3 13 9 1 17 40 43 51 5 9 22 35 2 6 6 _______ $2,000-$2,249 _____ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ $3,000 and over ......................... 5 5 4 9 5 4 4 9 88 58 73 86 27 17 22 26 7 12 9 11 $500-$749 .......... ...... ................. $750-$999_______ ____________ $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-$1,499................... ........$1,500-$1,749_________________ 9 48 66 50 37 5 16 22 15 24 4 19 30 34 42 4 6 10 13 15 $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ $3,000 and over__________ __ _ 13 12 9 8 5 12 12 8 8 5 72 85 80 98 54 31 23 32 18 14 (*) C) 1 $12 13 16 23 4 2 2 10 4 26 36 24 33 45 $1 O ccu p a tion a l g r o u p : W a g e earner (*) 1 2 2 3 C lerical (*) (*) (*) 1 1 6 (*) 2 36 27 11 23 2 6 15 7 18 1 4 2 21 23 36 32 37 1 1 1 10 30 15 9 2 1 4 54 27 41 45 2 11 17 18 21 1 2 1 14 7 28 41 31 32 22 1 (*) 14 13 18 26 B u s in e s s and p rofession a l F a m ily ty p e : T y p e 1 (♦) See p. 178 for notes on this table, ♦Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. 2 3 3 4 12 19 16 34 11 (*) <*) (*) 176 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y T a b l e 9 . —R e c r e a t io n : A verage m o n e y expenditure f o r recreation o f specified ty p e s , b y occu p ation , fa m i ly ty p e , and in co m e , in 1 yea r, 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 —Continued Number of eligible families Occupational group, family type, and income class (1) Average money expenditure for recreation Paid admissions Report ing income Report ing ex pendi tures Total (2) (3) Movies Other (4) (5) (0) (t) Equip ment for games and sports Other (7) (8) Types II and III $500-$749____________________ $750-$999____________________ $1,000-$1,249________ _•________ $1,250-$1,499_________________ $1,500-$1,749_________________ 2 25 35 19 14 2 12 21 12 11 (t) $24 29 44 56 (t) $10 14 22 22 $1,750-$1,999______ ____ ______ $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ 12 6 4 1 11 6 4 1 58 85 19 31 17 8 $500-$749____________________ $750-$999 __________ ______ $1,000-$1,249_________________ $1,250-$1,499_________________ $1,500-$1,749_________________ 5 7 19 23 22 1 4 11 18 18 $1,750-$1,999_________________ $2,000-$2,249_________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________ $2,500-$2,999_________________ $3,000 and over______________ 10 9 3 10 4 9 9 3 10 4 (t) (t) $1 2 2 5 (t) (*) 5 14 1 (t) (t) $2 1 1 $13 11 19 28 1 3 21 51 10 (t) (t) (t) (t) Types I V and V (t) 17 23 30 51 93 54 62 96 125 (t) 2 16 15 25 (t) 45 26 40 49 41 •Average amounts of less than $1 and percentages of less than 0.1 are not shown. tAverages and percentages not computed for fewer than 3 cases. 1 2 3 9 7 6 11 (*) (*) 11 2 4 7 15 6 13 23 28 19 18 34 73 Footnotes for Tables in Expenditure Tabular Summary TABLE 1 1 See glossary, appendix B, for eligibility requirements. 2 Money income is equal to the sum of money expenditure (column 7) plus net surplus or deficit (column 8) plus net balancing difference (column 9). 3 Nonmoney income from housing includes imputed income from owned family or vacation homes plus rent received as pay or gift (average amounts based on all families, whether or not they reported such non money income). 4 Includes purchases on cash or credit basis. Does not include money disbursements resulting in an increase in family assets or a decrease in liabilities. (Examples of disbursements not treated as expendi tures will be found in the glossary, appendix B.) 8 See glossary, appendix B, for definitions of surplus and deficit. 6 Represents the average net difference between reported money receipts and reported money disburse ments. See glossary, appendix B. A maximum balancing difference within 5.5 percent was allowable on each schedule. TABLE 1-A 1A surplus represents an increase in assets or a decrease in liabilities, or both; a deficit represents a decrease in assets or an increase in liabilities, or both. 2 Some families reported neither surplus nor deficit for the year, therefore the sum of columns 5 and 6 does not always equal 100 percent. 3 Since the average amounts in these two columns are based on the number of families reporting surplus or deficit, respectively, they do not add to the average net surplus or deficit shown in column 4 for all families. 4 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. TABLE 2 1The averages in this table include money expenditures for goods and services purchased on either cash or credit basis. They do not include value of goods and services received without money expense. Averages are based on all families, whether or not they reported expenditures for the specified categories. 2 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 3 Housing.expenditures include the money expense of home owners and rent contracted for by renting families for family homes and other housing. The value of fuel, light, and refrigeration is included when furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate. 4 Includes all expenditures for operation and maintenance (see table 8), and the net purchase price (gross price less trade-in allowance) of automobiles bought during the schedule year. The proportion of automo bile expense chargeable to business has been deducted. See glossary, appendix B. ®Includes paid admissions, equipment and supplies for games, sports and other recreation, club dues, and the like. Does not include expense for transportation, food, or lodging while traveling on vacation. 6 Taxes include only poll, income, and personal-property taxes. All other taxes, such as those on real estate, amusements, and retail sales taxes are included as a part of the expenditure for these items. Gifts do not include gifts from one member of the economic family to another. TABLE 3 1For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 2Includes expenditures for board at school, which amounted to less than 5 percent of average food expense for all families except those with incomes of $10,000 and over. Among families in the business and profes sional categories, it amounted at most to an average of $412 at the income level, $10,000 and over. For fam ilies of types IV and V, it amounted at most to an average of $459 at the same income level. 3 See glossary, appendix B, for method of deriving this figure. TABLE 4 1 Includes housing expenditure for both owners and renters. Average amounts for renting families are based on rental rate contracted for. Value of fuel, light, and refrigeration is included when furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate. See table 4-A for percentage of families for whom these facili ties were included as part of the rental rate. 2For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 3 See table 4-A for separation of expense for owning and renting families. 4 Includes net money expenditure for owned or rented vacation homes, lodging while traveling or on vaca tion and room at school. 8See glossary, appendix B, for method of deriving this figure. Includes nonmoney income from owned vacation homes, which amounted at most to an average of $19 for all families, at the income level $7,500$9,999. 6 Percentages based on the average value of all housing (column 6). 177 178 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y TABLE 4-A 1These two percentages do not always add to 100, since families that both owned and rented during the year, or received rent as gift or pay, are not included in columns 4 through 7. 2 Percentages based on renting families reporting these facilities included in rent at the end of the schedule year. These data are not available by family type. 8 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. TABLE 5 1For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 2Excludes value of fuel, light, and refrigeration furnished by the landlord and included in the rental rate. Fuel received without money expense is not included in this average, but amounted to less than 5 percent of money expense for fu el,light, and refrigeration for all families except those at the income level, $500-$749. 8See glossary, appendix B, for items included. TABLE 6 1Value of clothing gifts from one family member to another are included in the average expenditure for the member receiving such gifts. Gifts of clothing to or from individuals outside the economic family are excluded. 2For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 8 For families of type I, averages and percentages shown in columns 7 and 10 are for individuals who were members of the economic family less than 27 weeks, and were therefore not considered equivalent members in determining family type. See glossary, appendix B, for method of classifying families by type. TABLE 7 i For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 8See glossary, appendix B, for items included. TABLE 8 1 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 2To obtain the average expense of operation for families owning automobiles, divide the average shown in this column by the corresponding figure in column 4 and multiply by 100. The error in this estimate results from the fact that some families owning automobiles did not operate them; some operated auto mobiles which they did not own. See page 56. 3 To obtain the average net purchase price (gross price less trade-in allowance) for families purchasing automobiles, divide the average shown in this column by the corresponding figure in column 5 and multiply by 100.. TABLE 9 1 For an estimate of the total number of eligible families in each group see table 1, column 2. 2 See glossary, appendix B , for item s included. A p p e n d ix A N e w Y o r k S am p lin g P ro c e d u re T he Controlled Sample Several considerations prom pted the decision to em ploy a relatively unique sam pling procedure in the S tu d y of C onsum er Purchases. T h e S tu d y aimed to describe expenditure patterns of families of differ ent size and com position regardless of their numerical im portance in the com m u n ity as a whole. I t was necessary therefore to restrict the num ber of schedules obtained from the m ore num erous elements of the population and to secure a disproportionate num ber from the rarer groups. T hese controls facilitate the typ e of analysis which “ holds other things equal” while the effect of a given factor is investi gated. W h en an equal num ber of cases is secured for fam ilies of given type, occupation, and incom e, it is m uch easier to study changes in expenditure patterns w ith increase in incom e, holding occupation, and fam ily type relatively constant. In addition, since the collection of statistics on fam ily expenditures is very tim e-con su m in g and re quires great skill, it was necessary to lim it the num ber of schedules secured to a m in im u m which would yield reliable generalizations. T h e present stu d y attem pted to throw light on the expenditure p a t terns of all classes of the population— high incom e groups as well as low , families deriving their incom es prim arily from business and pro fessional occupations as well as the clerical and wage-earner groups. Still another consideration was the desire to provide results which would be com parable from one city to another and in different regions of the country, m inim izing or controlling the differences in racial, n ativity , or occupational com position of the population in each place. F rom the point of view of com parability w ith future studies, further m ore, the restriction of the S tu d y to an A m erican-born population was deem ed advisable since the control of im m igration is resulting in a progressively larger proportion of native-born individuals in this country. A “ controlled sam p le” accom panied b y a random sam ple seemed to m eet all of these requirem ents.1 A ppendix A of volum e I presented a detailed description of the sam pling procedure used in the Study of i The use of a “controlled sample” was proposed in “A suggested plan for an inquiry into the economic and social well-being of the American people” prepared by a special committee of the Social Science Research Council in September 1929. The circumstances under which the present study was conducted made pos sible a large preliminary random sample and thus permitted the selection of families for the expenditure survey both by income, occupation, and family type. 179 180 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C ITY a random sam ple of N e w Y o rk fam ilies; the present discussion will therefore be concerned prim arily w ith the controlled sam ple. General collection 'procedure.— Before turning to the m ethod b y which the sam ple was controlled, a brief description of the general sam pling and collection procedure of the Stu d y is presented. T h e inform ation of the N e w Y o r k stu dy was secured through inter views of fam ilies b y field agents who recorded the inform ation given b y fam ily m em bers upon schedule form s shown on page 193 ff.2 T h e addresses of fam ilies to be interviewed were obtained b y a random sam pling of the addresses listed in the R eal Property In ven to ry Sheets of 1934 for N ew Y o r k C ity . T h e lists were divided into two groups— those for census tracts in which one-third or m ore of the fam ily heads were n ative born (as determ ined from the 1930 census tabulations) and the lists for the remaining census tracts. One in every 25 ad dresses in the first group, designated as the N a tiv e-b o rn A rea, was drawn b y random sam pling of the addresses, while only one in 250 addresses in the tracts containing m ore than tw o-thirds foreign-born heads was selected for the field survey. T h e first field agent assigned to each fa m ily obtained the “ record card” (which related prim arily to n ativ ity and num ber of persons in the fa m ily ), and if the fam ily proved to contain husband and wife, both n ative born, who had been married at least a year, a “ fam ily schedule” (covering data on fam ily m em bership com position, occupation, obtained in the sam e interview .3 incom e, and housing) was T h e record-card random sam ple in the N a tiv e-b o rn Area yielded approxim ately 5 2,000 families of which about 1 4,500 were of the n ativity and m em bership com position asked to give the fam ily schedule inform ation. In the Foreign-born A rea 2,567 families were drawn in the sam ple and assigned for interview on the fam ily schedule data. W h e n the fam ily schedule was returned to the office, it was edited for com pleteness and consistency. T h e total fam ily incom e vras com puted and codes for the incom e, occupation, and fa m ily typ e were placed on the card. I f the fam ily lived in the N a tiv e-b o rn A rea and proved to belong to the group from which expenditure inform ation was desired (on the basis of the controls described below ), a different field agent was assigned to secure such data. T h e second agent ex- 2An investigation of family income and consumption by means of schedules filled after the end of the report year is confronted with questions concerning the degree of accuracy with which families may be expected to remember details of expenditures made over a period of 12 months. It is admittedly impossible to obtain by the schedule method precise records of expenditures for each item included in family living. It is believed, however, that accuracy sufficient for the purposes of generalization can be achieved. One means toward this end followed by the Study of Consumer Purchases was the use of highly detailed schedule forms which served to remind families of the wide variety of items for which they might have incurred expenditures during the year. Such schedules, filled through painstaking interviews, provided data that in the great majority of cases undoubtedly represented closely the spending patterns of the families interviewed. 3In New York, native Negro families as well as native white families were included as eligible. In addi tion to the main sample, a smaller sample consisting of foreign-born families and of incomplete native white and Negro families was asked to give the family schedule or income data. 181 N E W YORK SAMPLING PROCEDURE plained to the fam ily the purpose and plan of the expenditure stu dy and then proceeded to obtain the details called for on the “ expendi ture schedule” (see schedule form , p. 193 ff). In the course of this second interview the field agent also reviewed w ith the fam ily selected item s reported on the fam ily schedule. E a ch fam ily selected for the controlled sam ple was asked n ot only for the expenditure schedule inform ation, bu t also for the detailed check list data. (Check list forms and check list data will be presented in later bulletins.) O f the 1,997 families giving expenditure data, 576 families also gave detailed food check lists and 850 reported the furnishings and equipm ent check list detail. In addition, inform ation on the clothing check list was supplied for 3 ,225 fam ily m em bers in this controlled sample. When the expenditure schedules and check lists were returned to the office, a careful editing and arithmetic check of the entries took place. The repeated and careful editing of each schedule for rea sonableness and internal consistency was of vital importance to the quality of the schedules obtained. This process helped not only to identify schedules that were wholly or partly fictitious, but also to correct errors arising from unintentional mistakes on the part of the family or the interviewer. The complexity of the schedule and the interdependence of many sections made intelligent editing at once vitally necessary and unusually effective for attaining reason able accuracy in the results. E v e ry expenditure schedule had to m eet certain requirements before it was acceptable for tabulation. The more im portant of these were: (1) T h a t the schedule com pleteness. m eet certain standards with respect to Schedules were considered sufficiently com plete for tabulation if the total expenses of all m ajor groups of item s were reported. T hu s, because of the lim itation of tim e and funds, sched ules were considered acceptable toward the close of the field work even though the expenditure for every specific item was n ot recorded. In general, however, relatively few schedules contained unknow n expense item s since section totals were usually secured b y addition of the expenses for specific item s. (2) That the information given appeared to be reliable. None of the standards for acceptability of expenditure schedules was so construed as to permit the acceptance for tabulation of a schedule which was considered unreliable by either the field agent or the supervisor. A schedule with many unexplained on is dons and incon sistencies was withheld from tabulation on the grounds of unrelia bility, even though, strictly speaking, it fell.within the definition of an acceptable schedule. 182 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY (3) That the discrepancy between receipts and disbursements was less than 5.5 percent. This is referred to as the “ balancing differ ence’ ’ and is described in the glossary. (4) That additional information secured during the expenditure interview did not make the family “ ineligible” for an expenditure schedule according to the eligibility requirements shown below. Schedules which were unacceptable for tabulation were returned to the agent or to a check interviewer who attempted to secure the missing information from the family, or, in the case of too large a balancing difference, an effort was made to determine whether the income or the expenditure data, or both were in error. A random sample of no less than one out of every five of the first expenditure schedules submitted by each agent was checked with the family by a member of the supervisory staff. Later a larger or smaller proportion was checked as conditions warranted, but never less than 1 in 20 schedules was “ check interviewed,” and fictitious schedules or serious errors were thus caught. The early results of rechecking determined, in the case of each agent, whether his work should be more or less intensively checked thereafter, or whether he should be dismissed. On the whole, the percentage of agents guilty of deliberate falsification was very small. Controls or eligibility requ irem en ts .— Only families living in the Native-born Area described above and having specified characteris tics were asked to give information on their expenditures. The characteristics of the families treated as eligible for the controlled sample in New York were as follows: 1. N a tiv ity and color..— White families or Negro families in which both the hus band and wife were born in continental United States or Alaska. 2. F a m ily co m p o sitio n . — Families of types I to V as defined in the glossary p. 199. A combination of type II with III and IV with V was made for the pur pose of tabulation and analysis. Families in which the husband and wife had been married at least a year and families in which both husband and wife were dependent on a common income for at least 27 weeks of the schedule year. 3. N o n r elie f status.— Families not having received relief during the schedule year. 4. L iv in g arrangem ents. — Families maintaining housekeeping quarters for at least 9 months during the schedule year. 5. R oom ers and boarders.— Families not having roomers or boarders, or families having not more than the equivalent of one roomer and/or boarder for the year. (Sons and daughters or other relatives with separate incomes, from whom it was impossible to obtain complete information on expenditures were treated as boarders or as guests, depending on whether they paid the family for room and/or board.) 6. G uests. — Families with not more than the equivalent of one guest for half a year (26 guest weeks). (If guests lived with the family for 27 weeks or more the family was not asked to give the expenditure data.) 7. O ccupational grou p . — Six occupational groups. Families were classified in the occupational group from which the major part of their earnings was se- NEW YORK SAMPLING PROCEDURE 183 cured. In New York enough data were secured from the native white families to make possible a separate analysis of the families in six different occupational groups. For the native Negro sample, however, it was necessary to combine all business and professional groups. (See table 1, and glossary, p. 200. 8. In c o m e class .— Native white families having incomes ranging from $500 to over $10,000 and native Negro families having incomes from $500 to over $3,000. The income classes eligible varied with the different occupational groups. Since families in the business and professional categories were relatively infrequent at the lower income levels and since the same was true of wage-earner and clerical families at the upper levels, it seemed inadvisable to attempt to secure data from the same income classes for each occupational group. N ot only would it have been very time-consuming and expensive to locate the infrequent occupa tional groups at the extremes of the income scale but expenditure data secured from such families would not have been representative of any large group. Among the white families, therefore, in the income levels under $1,250 the expenditure study was limited to families in the wage-earner and clerical groups. At the higher income brackets of $4,000 and over, the wage-earner and clerical groups were relatively infrequent. Families of business and professional persons, on the other hand, predominated at the highest income levels in the white group, so it was from such occupational groups that the expenditure patterns of relatively high income families were secured. Among the Negro families, expenditure data for families having incomes of $500 to $750 were secured from only the wage-earner group; while at the income level of $3,000 and over the Study was limited to the salaried professional and salaried business occupations. The classification of families on the basis of the three controls of income class, occupational group, and family type constitutes what has been referred to in this manuscript as a “ cell.” Since the number of cases to be secured in each cell was limited to 6, it was of paramount importance to obtain randomness in the selection of families for these “ cells.” Great care was therefore taken to guard against the intro duction of a bias. Even the first small random sample would have yielded all the desired cases for the most frequent population groups. If the cells drawn from the modal population group had been filled from the first sample, they would have been much more homogeneous with respect to the period covered by the data than cells which rep resent the less frequent population groups, and any greater variability within the latter cells might have been attributed to income, occupa tion, or family type, while it might actually have been due to price changes occurring while the Study was in progress. This possible bias was minimized by the provision that not more than 50 percent of the cases in cells representing the most frequent population groups were to be chosen from any one of the series of random samples secured in the family income survey and that all expenditure schedules which 8069^°— 39------ 13 184 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY were discarded later because income and expenditures did not balance should be replaced by cases drawn from recent samples. It is recog nized, however, that these provisions did not entirely eliminate the bias introduced by the time element. An effort was made to obtain six families of each occupational group in each cell. The number of native white families called for by plans which were formulated prior to the field work is shown in table 1. Insofar as practicable, the collection staff attempted to secure the number of schedules shown in this plan. In the course of the survey, it was observed that the original plans tended to eliminate too many of the lower income wage-earner and clerical families, so the eligibility requirements were altered so as to include wage-earner families with incomes between $500 and $750 and clerical families with incomes of $750 to $1,000. The number of expenditure schedules obtained and used in the tabulations varies from the number shown in the plans (see table 1). The discrepancies may be attributed to several factors, the most important of which was the fact that families of specified types at certain income levels were not sufficiently numerous to yield the desired number of schedules, particularly since only slightly more than 3 percent of all families in the city were interviewed in the ran dom sample. Furthermore, not all families from which expenditure data were desired contributed the information. Some had moved out of the city, others could not be found at home, while still others were unable or unwilling to give the detailed information requested. Of the schedules which were secured, a number had to be discarded because of inconsistency, incompleteness, or unreliability of data shown. T able 1. — N u m b er o f fa m ilie s desired and num ber obtained in controlled sam ple [Nonrelief native white complete families] $500-$749 ...................... $750-$999......................... $1,000-$1,249 $1,250-$1,499...................... $1,500-SI,749.......... ............. $1,750-$1,999..................... . $2,000-$?,249........................ $2,250-$2,499........................ $2,500-$2,999.....................$3,000-$3,499........................ $3,500-$3,999........................ $4,000-$4,999........................ $5,000-$7,499 ............... $7,500-$9,999 ............... $10,000 and over................ . 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 16 37 67 79 66 68 43 38 63 32 16 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 1Equally distributed among 5 family types. 7 22 35 43 48 53 41 49 38 19 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 12 17 34 23 10 23 23 16 13 18 8 10 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3 6 6 8 14 21 20 22 14 23 13 16 See p. 199 for description of types. 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 2 18 19 17 19 22 23 15 29 25 13 6 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Obtained Salaried professional Desired1 Obtained Salaried business Desired i 'O <D .ts cn V A Obtained Obtained Independent Independent professional business Desired1 Obtained Desired * Clerical Obtained Income class Desired 1 Wage earner 11 12 20 22 22 32 24 25 32 29 9 4 N E W YORK SAMPLING PROCEDURE 185 Shortly after the collection had been started, it became evident that there were insufficient cases in the random sample of native Negro families to provide six expenditure schedules of clerical or six of business and professional families in each cell. Of the Negro clerical families in the random sample, only 65 met the eligibility requirements for the study of expenditures; information on expenditures was obtained from 57 of these families. Similarly, in the combined bus iness and professional groups, there were 70 eligible families, 60 of which contributed the expenditure data. Another obstacle to an exact control of the number of schedules in each cell resulted from shifts in the cell classification of families after the detailed interview on expenditure data. The income class in which the family was classified on the basis of the relatively short family schedule interview did not always correspond with the income class in which the family fell on the basis of the interview for expendi tures. The shifts arose partly from the fact that the methods of computing income differed slightly for the two schedules, and partly from the fact that sources of income which the family had forgotten to mention to the agent obtaining the family schedule data occasionally came to light in the course of the long interview in connection with the discussion of expenditures.4 In general, these shifts were com pensating and involved changes of only one income interval— to the next higher or lower income class. Changes in the family type classification also resulted from the longer interview, largely because of differences in the definition of the economic family. Whereas all related persons living under the same roof, or eating at least two meals daily with the family whose income could be ascertained were included in coding the family type for purposes of the family schedule tabulation, only persons dependent on a common family fund whose expenditures could also be ascertained * Because of the extensive coverage of the family income survey, it was necessary to keep the time of the family schedule interview as short as possible. On that account information on the expenses of an owned home other than interest payments was not obtained from the families covered in the large random sample. Therefore, in estimating nonmoney income from home ownership for the income report, it was necessary to resort to a table of estimated average expenses at given rental values. During the expenditure interview, however, figures were obtained on expenses such as taxes, repairs, special assessments, and insurance and thus a revised figure on the nonmoney income from owned home was computed by subtracting the actual rather than the estimated expenses from the total annual rental value. Similarly, for families having boarders the income figure on the family schedule included the estimated net income from boarders after deductions had been made for the cost of food; these deductions varied with the amount of the payment for board and were estimated on the basis of data secured in the Bureau of Labor Statistics study of the money disbursements of wage earners and clerical workers. At .the time of the expenditure schedule interview, detailed information was obtained on the food expenditures of the family, from which it was possible to compute more accurately the money expense for boarders' food, and thus to gage more correctly the net income from boarders. No attempt was made at the time of the family schedule interview to determine nonmoney income from an owned vacation home. This figure was obtained, however, from information secured during the expend iture interview, and is included in the income figure by which families in the controlled sample were classified. Furthermore, rent received as a gift is not included in the income figure of the family schedule but it was taken into account in deriving the income classification of families giving expenditure data. 186 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY were regarded as members of the economic family in the controlled sample. The discrepancies in the codes resulting from these dif ferences, however, were negligible. The shifts in occupational code resulting from the longer interview also were relatively infrequent. Aside from the effect of discrepancies arising from different defini tions of the economic family, the longer interview brought to light additional facts concerning the net earnings of various family mem bers. Detailed information on automobile expenditure, for example, occasionally revealed a different and more accurate figure for occupa tional expenses than that which had been deducted when reporting the net earnings of family members in the family schedule interview. The above discussion of changes in cell code has been presented primarily to give the reader some insight into the type of problems involved in obtaining equal numbers of cases in each cell in the con trolled sample. Since the final classification of the families into family type, income, and occupational group was prepared during the final office edit of an expenditure schedule, it was inevitable that changes would tend to increase the number of schedules in some cells and decrease the number in others. W eig h tin g the controlled sa m p le ,— Having limited the number of schedules obtained from families in different income, occupational, or family type groups, it is obviously impossible to treat the results as though they comprised a random sample and constituted a proportional cross section of each of the elements of the population. It is not valid, for example, to add together the expenditures of an equal num ber of wage earners, clerical, and business and professional workers at the $1,250 to $1,500 income level and assume that the resulting figure represents the expenditures of families as a whole in this income bracket. Such an assumption would be justifiable only if (a) the ex penditures of the different occupational groups were identical within an income class or if (6) the random sample contained an equal number of families in each occupational group at the given income class. Since one of the purposes of the present study was to discover whatever variations there may be in the expenditure patterns of families in different occupational groups, the first assumption was obviously precluded. The results of the analysis do suggest certain basic differences in the expenditure habits of the various occupational groups, so that, except for the relationship among broad categories of expenditure, it is not safe to assume an identity of pattern. As for the second assumption, the random sample analyses have revealed great differences in the proportions of families in the various occupa tional groups, so simple summation of the expenditures of the several groups will not yield an accurate picture of family disbursements. Family types or income brackets also should not be combined without 187 NEW YORK SAMPLING PROCEDURE first taking into account the number of cases in the random sample of eligible families. T able 2 . — In c o m e distribution o f fa m ilies in N e w Y o r k sh ow in g relation o f controlled sam p le o f white fa m ilie s to random sa m p les 1 Native white complete families All native white families All (1) (2) (3) (4) Total families__________________________ 1,938,551 723,031 520,134 413,611 Relief families_________ _______________ N onrelief families______________________ 416,968 1,521,583 135,200 587,831 82,857 437,277 58, 358 355,253 Under $250_________________ ______ $250-$499_______ ______________ ____ $500-$749___________________ _____ _ $750-$999................ ............ ................... $1,000-$1,249________________ ______ $1,250-$1,499____ ____ _____________ $1,500-$1,749_______________________ $1,750-$1,999_____________ ____ ____ $2,000-$2,249______ ____ ___________ $2,250-12,499____ __________________ $2,500-$2,999________ ______ _______ $3,000-$3,499_______________________ $3,500-$3,999__________________ ____ $4,000-$4,999_____ _________________ $5,000-$7,499________________ ______ $7,500-$9,999______________ ________ $10,000 and over............................ ....... 22,910 28, 576 54,922 105,227 157,880 154,862 168,897 163,837 143,117 100,079 155,001 92,659 49,887 53,286 44,355 10,461 15,627 8,676 9,615 17,578 32,520 51,256 52,373 61,186 63,136 56,561 42,094 68, 756 40,985 23,036 24,720 21,790 5,188 8,361 3, 584 4,663 11,359 21,954 35,991 41,374 47,212 48,362 44,262 31,785 53, 519 30,605 18,062 17,458 16,905 4, 661 5,521 2,955 3,612 7,881 14,597 26,119 30,746 36, 627 38, 657 37,045 26,448 46,806 26,328 15, 612 15,910 16,179 4,328 5,403 Income class All families * In Na Eligible for Con tive-born controlled trolled Area3 sample4 sample ® (5) 3,552 9,731 18,895 25, 522 30,299 32,477 31, 671 22, 239 39,075 22,269 12,955 7,015 9,164 2,866 3,941 (6) 16 44 89 142 162 195 166 144 210 160 113 88 95 43 36 i Figures in columns 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 represent the estimated number in a 100 percent coverage. aEstimated from samples. Includes all complete and incomplete families, both native and foreign born, in the white, Negro, and other color groups (see vol. I, Tabular Summary, sec. A). * The Native-born Area includes all census tracts in which one-third or more of the family heads were native born. 4 These figures are the weights for the controlled sample. Due to cell shifts (see discussion, p. 185) the number of eligible families used in weighting differs slightly from the number of eligible families obtained on the basis of the family schedule interview. For occupational groups and family types, see pp. 228 ff. * Unweighted count of the number of expenditure schedules secured. For occupational groups and fam ily types, see Tabular Summary, table 1-A, column 3. All expenditure averages and percentages of families reporting specified expenditures shown in the Tabular Summary and text tables are weighted by the frequency of eligible families in the constituent groups.6 Thus, the figures for each occupational group at each income level were derived by weighting or multiplying the averages for the constituent family type groups by the number of eligible cases in each. Similarly the averages for each family type have been weighted by the frequency of the different occupational groups in given family types. Furthermore, the averages for each income bracket have been built up by weighting the occupational averages which in turn have been weighted by the family type averages. If the reader is inter• Shifts in cells presented some difficulty in preparing the basic tabulations, namely, expenditure schedules appeared in cells for which no weights were available since no eligible cases had been classified in these cells in the tabulation of the random sample. It was decided to give cells in which no random sample schedules were secured but in which expenditure schedules appeared a weight equivalent to the number of expenditure schedules appearing in the tabulations. These arbitrary weights would tend to make the number of fam ilies in the city appear greater than was actually found but counterbalancing these added weights was the fact that a number of cells which contained eligible cases in the random sample had no expenditure schedules, and thus were not utilized. 188 FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY ested in further combinations of data by income level, he should multiply the averages shown for such income levels by the number of eligible families in each. The weights for each income class are shown in table 2, column 5; and table 2a, column 3. These tables also enable the reader to compare the eligible sample of native complete families with the random sample of all native complete families for each color group. T able 2a . — In c o m e d istribution o f fa m ilie s in N e w Y o r k , sh ow in g relation o f controlled sa m p le o f N eg ro fa m ilie s to ra n d om sa m p les 1 N a t i v e N < s g r o c o m p le t e e f a m i l i e s * A ll Income class fa m ilie s 3 (1 ) T o t a l f a m i l i e s ...................................................................... ..................... ............... 1 ,9 3 8 , 551 E l ig i b l e fo r A ll c o n t r o lle d s a m p le * (2 ) (3 ) 4 1 6 ,9 6 8 N o n r e l i e f f a m i l i e s ________________________________________________________ 1 ,5 2 1 ,5 8 3 U n d e r $ 2 5 0 ............ .................. ............................................................................. $ 2 5 0 - $ 4 9 9 ..................................- ............................. .......................................... .. 2 2 ,9 1 0 28, 576 94 251 $ 5 0 0 - $ 7 4 9 .......................................... .................. .................. ............................ $ 7 5 0 - $ 9 9 9 .................................... ............... .......................................... .................. $ 1 , 0 0 0 - $ 1 , 2 4 9 _ .............................. ............................. ............. ............................. $ 1 , 2 5 0 - $ 1 , 4 9 9 .............................. .. ............................................. ............. ............. $ 1 , 5 0 0 - $ 1 , 7 4 9 __________ _______________________ ___________ ___________ 5 4 ,9 2 2 105, 227 910 3 ,5 1 2 157, 88 0 1 5 4 ,8 6 2 4 ,8 3 0 3 ,8 2 6 3 ,1 6 8 1 6 8 ,8 9 7 1 6 3 ,8 3 7 1 4 3 ,1 1 7 1 0 0 ,0 7 9 1 5 5 ,0 0 1 92, 659 4 9 ,8 8 7 53, 286 4 4 ,3 5 5 10, 4 61 15, 6 2 7 (4 ) 39, 577 R e l i e f f a m i l i e s ................................................................................. .. .................. . _ _ $ 1 , 7 5 0 - S I , 9 9 9 __________ ______________________________________________ $ 2 , 0 0 0 - $ 2 , 2 4 9 _______________ __________________________________________ $ 2 ,2 5 0 ~ $ 2 ,4 9 9 ...................................... ............................. .................................... $ 2 , 5 0 0 - $ 2 , 9 9 9 ........................................................... .......... .................................. $ 3 , 0 0 0 - $ 3 , 4 9 9 __________ ______________________________ ________________ $3,5 0 0 - $ 3 , 9 9 9 ................... .. .................. .. ............. ..................... .................. .. _ . $ 4 , 0 0 0 - $ 4 , 9 9 9 ................... .......... ............. .......... ............. ............. ........................ $ 5 , 0 0 0 - $ 7 . 4 9 9 __________ _______________________________________ _______ $ 7 , 5 0 0 - $ 9 , 9 9 9 ......................................................... ............... ................................ $10,000 a n d o v e r ...................................................... ....................................... C o n tr o lle d s a m p le * 17, 311 22, 2 6 6 2,070 1,192 722 753 501 219 62 125 31 428 2 ,1 3 9 3 ,2 0 9 2 ,4 6 0 1 ,9 5 2 936 722 427 508 241 8 32 54 45 53 32 27 15 19 9 i Figures in columns 1, 2, and 3 represent the estimated number In a 100-percent coverage. 3 Estimated from samples. Includes estimates for all complete and incomplete families, both native and foreign born, in the white, Negro, and other color groups (see vol. I, Tabular Summary, sec. A ). 3 Figures are not shown for all native Negro families (incomplete as well as complete) since an income distribution of incomplete native Negro families was not obtained from the field survey. < These figures are the weights for the controlled sample. Due to cell shifts (see discussion, p. 185) the number of eligible families used in weighting differs slightly from the number of eligible families obtained on the basis of the family schedule interview. For occupational groups and family types, see pp. 228 ff. 1 Unweighted count of the number of expenditure schedules secured. For occupational groups and family types, see Tabular Summary, table 1-A, column 3. Because expenditure data are based on only those eligible families living in census tracts in which the proportion of native-born family heads was one-third or more of the total family heads, it is important to compare the income distribution in the Native and Foreign-bom Areas.6 The median income of nonrelief native white complete families surveyed in the income study was consistently higher— for each occupational group and each family type— in the Native-born Area than in the Foreign-born Area (sec table 3). Since income tends to be correlated with expenditures, these income differences in the two areas should be kept in mind if estimates of expenditure patterns are to be made for all nonrelief native white complete families in New • See sampling appendix of vol. I of this bulletin. N E W YO R K S A M P L IN G 189 PROCEDURE York City as a whole on the basis of expenditure data for only those families living in the Native Area. While it is possible to make an estimate of the total consumption of New York families by income levels from the expenditure data and the income distribution shown in column 1 of table 2, such an estimate presupposes that expenditures of foreign families, incomplete families, and families securing relief are like those of the nonrelief native com plete families surveyed in this study. The Bureau of Labor Statistics is making a comparison of the expenditures of families with native and foreign-born homemakers in the wage-earner and clerical groups having comparable incomes and family composition. Preliminary results do not indicate significant differences in expenditure for groups of items by the two nativity groups. As yet, no data are available on the comparison of expenditures of the incomplete and complete families. T 3 . — M edian income and 'percentage distribution of native white complete fam ilies living in the Native-born Area and in the combined Native and Foreignborn Areas , by occupational group and fam ily type able [Nonrelief families] Occupational group Area All Native-born Area: 100.0 Percentage........................ Median income....... ........ $2, 111 Combined Native and For eign-born Areas: Percentage.....................— 100.0 $2,023 Median income............ Wage earner Cleri cal Inde pendent business Inde pendent profes sional Salaried business Salaried profes sional 40.5 $1,806 30.8 $2,153 $2, 282 8.8 3.2 $3,922 6.7 $3,245 7.4 $3,064 43.1 $1,728 29.9 $2,113 $2,191 2.8 6.4 $3,116 $2,994 8.8 $3,823 6.6 Other 2.6 $871 2.4 $832 Area AH Native-born Area: 100.0 Percentage..................... Median income________ $2, 111 Combined Native and For eign-born Areas: 100.0 Percentage-...................... Median income— .......... $2,023 I II III IV 27.7 $1,925 19.2 $2,000 13.1 $2,139 26.2 $1,861 20.3 $1,906 14.1 $2,027 > See glossary p. 199, for description of family type. V VI VII $2,315 20.6 7.9 $2,343 5.8 $1,968 2.4 $2,345 3.3 $3,010 19.8 $2,220 7.6 $2,257 5.9 $1,886 $2,225 2.6 3.5 $2,841 Other Appendix B Schedule Form and Glossary 191 193 SCHEDULE FORM AND GLOSSARY Facsimile o f Expenditure Schedule CONFIDENTIAL n m i m M In T•trle heIn fo ation thhochefuntorrm iarg .igIttk illnotbo—nbO yM annygct anvdolu ptvm nogotn tto m athllaobto tatollom ngpeunrp oiet. wiU (i e m M t n iM M t M n H It o nr It to except eicorit ee U . S . D epa r tm e n t o p L abor BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS I , YEAR COYERED BY Schedule No. . C ity __ ____... C . T . or E. D . . STUD Y OF, SCHEDULE 12 monthi beginning Code N o .. IN COOPERATION WITH NATIONAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON CONSUMER PURCHASES _ , 1935 and ending.. Agent--------------- A Federal W erln Project _______ , 1936 Date of interview .. E X P E N D IT U R E 8 C H K D U 1 E —U R B A N 193 V. HOUSING EXPENSE (during schedule year) II. COMPOSITION OF ECONOMIC FAMILY Number ot weeks— MEMBERS 0 7 FAM ILY A B o RENTED HOME (excluding vacation home) Present home' Other homo $--------------- s ................. Present home Other home S--------------- $ _____ « . . . . ,...... f ... __ 1 > N<’ rnhf»r o f months occupied __ 2. M onthly rental rate--------------------8 . Rental concessions____ __________ 2. W ife - 4. 3 4 -----------------____________ 5. Repairs paid for b y family. 6. 5 ________ ____________ Number o f months: 7________ g, m . RESIDENCE | 10. Paid on principal o f mortgage ___ ___ II dnrinff vest* IV. LIVING QUARTERS OCCUPIED _________ (at end of schedule year) | of 2. Total number of room « (excluding bathrooms) . 13. Taxes payable In schedule year, ayfwpt +Qt m . Total number of persona occupying these rooms (including family, roomers, paid help, and others) . 14. Special assessments— .----- — ........ — 4. If family is now renting, does rent include: No b □ □ □ □ □ O □ b. c. d. Garage. Furnish ings. Heat. Water. 1 16 Tnanwm«e» f?r*t tornado No □ □ Light. /. □ □ R e fr ig e ra to r (mechanical). □ o. □ In living quarters. b. □ Indoors, other. c. □ Outdoors. . Running water: e. □ Hot or cold. b. □ Cold only, e. □ None. . Location of toilets: a. □ In living quarters. b. □ Indoors, other. e. □ Outdoors. . Number of toilets: « . Flush____ b. Other............ .................. — — _____ .. 17. Other,__ , ____________ __________ Yes e. 18. T otal for months owned 19. T otal for months occupied (11-17) Refrigeration. ...................... as owner 20. HOUSING FACILITIES . Water supply: xxrsNsa roa months owhxs 11. Interest on mortgage------------------- l i v i n g q n n r te r e Yea O^C’ pled A* o w ner..._________ H 9. Structural additions to home u during year ______ ____ In city dUffeg schedule year.. a. ___ T otal expense (4 + 5 ) ------ . OWNED HOME (excluding vacation home) 6 1. Tvp* T otal rent...—___ T otal for fam ily’s hom e (6 + 1 9 )--------------------------- 9. Heating (check principal m ethod): a. □ Central, steam or water. b. □ Central, air. e. □ Stoves (not kitch en). d. □ Kitchen stove only. e. □ Fireplace. / . □ None. VACATION h o m e Expenseforyear 21. Vacation hom e owned: N et expense fo r months $ -------------. . . 22. Vacation hom e rented: f « r ^nnnthc nemipiAd R ent and repairs ,... ........ ... 23. Lodging while traveling o r on v a c a t io n ------ -— 10 . L ig h t in g : 24. a. □ Electricity. b. □ Gas. c. □ Kerosene. ,d. □ Other. 1 1 . Cooking fuel: а. □ Gas. б . □ Electricity. e. O W ood or coal. i . □ Kerosene or gas oline. s. * □ Other. T otal 21-23................................................ M ONEY VALUE OF HOUSING RECEIVED (without direct money payment) Value 25. Rental value o f housing received as gift or pay.. -----------------. . . 26. N et m oney value o f occupancy o f family.’s VtnmA . . _________ ____ 27. N et m oney value o f occupancy o f owned vacation home (1) _____________ ________ —........ FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK CITY 194 VI. HOUSEHOLD OPERATION B A 1 O 1 . 1 1 1 Latest season FUEL, LIGHT, end REFRIGERATION Unit Pries 1 1 1 Earlier Seasons Months— . . _____ Months- Months- Mentha.................. Total expense fotyear . (for office use) Quantity Expense Quantity Expense Quantity Expense Quantity Expensa Quantity Expensa 1. Coal: B it. a 2. Coke □ * « Anth. □ $- $ _____ .... $ TTnnl nil 4 . W ood p K indling □ — 5 . Kerosene □ G a s- 6 $ ____ 5 .------- — Briqts. □ . E lectricity r. a ™ .... — — ____ XXX .. . — XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX — — XXX XXX XXX XXX — XXX — 8 . Ice. 9. T o ta l (1 - 8 ) .. __________ XXX XXX A B 0 |D Lives PAID HOUSEHOLD HELP E | F Employed a | h J Expense per week Whs. In Out F.T. P.T. No. meals Dol* lsrs Expense lor year 11. Cook or general . office visits at $ ~ Physician: - _ home calls at $—. .$------- Oculist— w o m a n ________ IS Physician: . Dentist____ w orker. 12. Cleaningmanor 14. XXX VH. MEDICAL CARE 10. Value of fuel gathered by family or received free, $ „ 1 1 Tjuinrirmni _________________ Other specialist (specify)-. Clinic visits: Number------ .. at $._ Hospital room or b e d :-------days at $... 15. Private nurse: In hosp.____ days at $—. 16. Aprons, uniforms, and gifts to paid 1 Private nurse: At home-------days at 17. Visiting nurse:___ _______visits at $------- T o t a l (11-16)_______________ Examinations and tests <sti isthded start)____ Medicines and drugs. OTHER HOUSEHOLD EXPENSE Eye glasses__________ 18. Medical appliances and supplies— Water ren t- Health and accident insurance__ 19. Telephone: Number m os._______ ; per mo. $____ Other-------------------------------------------20. Laundry sent out: Number wks-------- ; amt. $-----21. T o ta l ( 1 - 1 6 ) - Vffl. RURAL— URfiAN BACKGROUND Specify servioe---------------- ----- ----------------------- A 22. Laundry soap and other cleaning supplies... 24. Moving, express, freight, eto------------.— — 1! B 0 » State No. yean Husband 23. Stationery, postage, telegrams-------------------- No.yaars !1 L On & farm or in open e n u n try 26. Other.-----------------------------------------------— . 26. T o t a l ( 1 8 - 2 5 ) ______________________________ 27. T otal h o u s e h o ld o p e r a t io n ( 9 - f 1 7 - f 2 8 )_ 2. In village of less than 3. In city of 2,500 to 10,000. I 4. In city of 10,000 or more. _______ ................ _______ <*> * Wife State SC H E D U L E FORM AND 195 GLOSSARY IX. RECREATION XII. EDUCATION B I School attended during schedule year Public Private Paid admissions to— . Movie*: Winter— 1 . Nursery school, kindergarten. Spring----- 2. Elementary school________ Summer—. 3. High o r preparatory sohooL. Fall— 4. Business o r technical sohooL. 5. College, graduate, o r profes______ Bional school______ 6 . Plays, pageants, concerts, lectures, forums... 6 . Ball games, other spectator sports___________ 7. Dances, circuses, fairs.,.. Previous education G A M E S A N © S PO R T S 8. Equipment, supplies, fees, licenses (enter year’s 6 . Total, tuition (1 -5 D )___ 7. Total, books and sup plies (1-5E )__________ expense fo r each item ): Hunting, $_____________ ; Fishing, $-------------------- ; Camping, $----------- ; Trapping (sport), $------------; 8 . Special lessons... Hiking, $______________ ; Riding) $-----------------------; 9. Other (excluding board and rent)-------------------- Baseball, $______ ;Tennie, $----------- ; Golf, $-----------; T o t a l < 6 - 9 ) .. Bicycles, $________ ; Skates, sleds, skis, $------------; Billiards and bowling, $______ ; Boats, $-------------- ; 1 1 . Board at school o r col Cards, chess, other games, $---------- ; Other, $-------- lege1 2 . R oom rent a t school or ______ college----- ....-------------- . T o ta l (all items 8 ) __________________________ _____ O T H E R R E C R E A T IO N Highest grade com pleted by: 13. H usband _____ __14. * W ife _____________ 15. Son or daughter over 16 years with m ost schooling: a. S e x ________________ l . A g e -----------------------c. Member o f economic family? Yes □ N o □ X m . OCCUPATIONAL EXPENSE (not reported as businessexpenseor as deduction from grosslncome) . Radio: Purchase----------------------------11. Batteries, tubes, repairs,.. 12. Musical instruments (specify)----13. Sheet music, phonograph records. 1 . Union dues, fees— 14. Cameras, films, photo supplies— 15. Children's toys, p lay equipm ent- . Business and professional association dues— 16. Pets (purchase and care)------------- . Technical books and journals________________ 17. Entertaining in and ou t o f home--------Dues t o social and recreational clubs— . Supplies and equipment------------- -------- ----- ----. Other________ ___ -____ ____ ____ ______ — — Other (specify)-----------------------------------T o t a l ( 1 - 1 9 ) ---------------------- X . TOBACCO XIV. PREVIOUS OCCUPATION OF HUSBAND 1. Cigarettes: Packages per week— ------- * . 2. Cigars: Number per week----------- ----- . Was husband’s occupation same during schedule year t in 1929? Yes □ N o □ . I f not, his occupation in 1929 w a s ________________________ XV.;'GIFTS, COMM UNITY WELFARE, AND TAXES 3. T obacco: A ll other------------------ — 4. Smokers’ supplies-----------— --------5. T o t a l ( 1 - 4 ) ------------------------------------------------------- . Gifts (Christmas, birthday, other) to persons n ot members o f econom ic fam ily (not charity)--------. Contributions to support relatives not members of economic family_____________________________ XI. READING . Donations to other individuals___________________ 1 . Newspapers: D a ily - 2. Community chest and other welfare agencies___ W eekly— Church, Sunday school, missions____ “ axes: Poll, income, income personal property (payable Taxes: , - ’ ’ year, except back taxes)----------------in schedule 3. Magazines (subscriptions and single copies)— 4. Boaka(noi icfcwl boob) bangkt Ions* year: Hamhr.— 5. Bookrentals and library loot, piblk sod natal librarioi— 6. Booh borrowedIron paths aad roalal Ebrariei: Nnmber.. 7. ________________T o tal Oth< T otal ( 1 - 7 ) - (1 -6 )---- (8) 196 FAM ILY EXPENDITURE IN N E W YORK OITY XVI. USUAL FOOD EXPENSE DURING EACH SEASON OF SCHEDULE YEAR r ,1 ▲ i i as FOOD AT BOHS Food expense at— t . Grocery or general store (ex cluding soap, matches, eto.) tx. a# Per week Per month X.-______ * .....- - Per week Per month i i n i Earlier seemne Latest eeeeae of year a# iv Per week Per month Per week * ____ X .... Per month Per week Par month .x ■ M tV. Per wade X _____ * Par month Per week Per month X- ____ .... Per week Per month X _______ $ ------------ 4 . Vegetable and fruit market Additional expense for food Qthome— 8 . Other food at 9. T otal for week or month (1-8) 10. T otal for season___ — tool aw at from; v e in (Excluding meals white sway at school, and meals carried home) Per week Per month Parweek Per month Expense for— 13. Meals while traveling or on Other meals aw at — 16. 18 th™.— . S o ft drinVa, h aor, a to . . . . . . 19. T otal for week or 20 . T o t a l f o r m a so n ... xnrmth __ POOP RAISED AT HOMS OR RECEIVED AS OU T OR PAT DURING SCHEDULE TEAR TOTAL TOOP EXPENSE DURING SCHEDULE TEAR 21. Money value of f o o d 2 4 . B a u e d for fa m flv ’a o w n n i e . X F o o d a t h o m e (Item 10) 22. Food away from home (item !am 25. Recteived as gift or pajr 23. 26. . T o t a l ........ .................. ., (A) T o t a i ___ ... X ................ 197 SCHEDULE FORM AND GLOSSARY XVII. AUTOM OBILES (ow ned a t any tim e during year) XIX. OTH E R TRAVEL AN D T RAN SPO RTATIO N LOCAL—TO W O XX, SOHOOX* STORES, ETO. L. b o w m any m onth* during year did you own: • 1 autom obile, — - 1. Bus, trolley, taxi, train, ferry boat, rent o f auto* mobile__------------------------------------------------------------- m o a ; > 2 autom obile*,____ m os.; c 3 autom obile#,------- r m oe.; n o autom obiles,------- xnoa. O T H E R T R A V EL (Excluding bnalawi travel) AUTOMOBILES OWNED A T END O f SCHEDULE YEAH 2. Railroad (inoludlng Pullman)--------------------3. Interurbaa bus ■ ------------ 4. Other (speoify vehicle).,— ....— ................. . PURCHASE A N D UPKEEP DURINQ YEAR 5. Of motorcycle........ ............ — ...... ........................... 6. Of boat, airplane, other vehicle..,,., — ..... . ....... 19Gross price o f ear bought during year $— ________x x x x 7. Trade-in allowance fo r used oar, 3_______ ______ — 8. Proportion of motorcycle □ or other vehicle □ expense ohargeawe V> business. _________ _— xxxx T otal (1- 6 ) ____ ________ ____ ___________ . Net price o f oar bought (5 minus 6) ....... .......... 8 . M onth p urchased__ ,___ Terms: Cash □ XX . PERSO N AL CARE Installment □ 9. T ota l number o f miles driven during year (all owned oars) _______________miles. SERVICES 1 0 . Average miles p er gallon o f gasoline,*:___ miles. 1. W ife :.Haireut (usual price, . — — ) , shampoo, manicures, facials, other............... otfi waves, manldurhs, — FTnehendt Haircut HidMiit idiiia nrln* __ shlVeS, 2. Husband: (usualI price,______ j , *n»ves, shampoos, other. . . . . . . . -----------------------------------3. Children under 16: Haireuta (usual price, _______ — —) » other____________ ________ ____________ 4. Other members of family: Haireut (usual price, __), other. g a s o l in e 1 1 . Latest__________________ 12. _________ TOILET ARTICLES A N D PREPARATIONS 5. Toilet s o a p s :----------- eakes a t— ____________ T ooth paste and powder, mouth wash, 14. . Shaving soap and 15. . 16. 8 . Cold cream, powder, rorge, nail polish, perfum e... T o t a l von t e a k (11-18)— Ix penM lor year 9. Brushes, etc., combe, raxors, flies_____________ 10. Other toilet articles and preparations— 11. T otal (1 -1 0 ).. 17. Oil: Num ber o f quart*. XX L EQ U IPM EN T O W N ED BY FAM ILY 18. Tires, tubes: Purchase. 1 A 19. Repairs, replacements, service 0 Garage rent, packing_________ Owned at end of schedule year Licenses, including registration fee KIND OP EQUIPMENT Fines, damages paid to others— Autom obile insurance (all types)— Yes No * 1L * If purchased la schedule year Price Season purchased Tolls (bridge, ferry, tunnel)___ — xxxx Accessories (including automobile radio)— Other (including association dues)— 27. T o t a l (7 ,1 6 , and 1 7 -2 6 ).., ...... 4. Refrigerator, a la c t r ie .______ 5. Other mechanical refrigerator. ......... fi. Toe Viot XVIII. C LO TH IN G EXPENSE V. Pressure cooker. 8 . Washing machine, power____ (M ake n o entry i f cheek list is used) 9. Washing m eohihe, other— 13. Other sewing machine. . —— xxxx $____ ii1 3. Radio__________________ —— — — _ XXIL FURN ISHINGS AND EQUIPM ENT (M ake n o entry if check list is used) < Purchased in schedule year n o t included in items 4-13, section X X I. («) T otal expense fo r year, $_______ — ___________. . . . . . . . . . . . Ur-W M 198 Expense for 1. Interest on debts incurred for family living other than mortgage on owned hnme ___ __ S ... Y esP No □ 4. Legal expense (not business) 5. Loss, other than business loss 7. Other — ----- $--------- 6 - Funeral, cemetery-------- 2 . Did family have checking account at any tune daring schedule year? Expense for year - - 8. _ T otal (1-71 - - ____________ F A M IL Y . XXIV. CHANGES IN FAMILY ASSETS AND LIABILITIES DURING SCHEDULE Y E A R ___________ 1935 t o ___________ 1 9 3 _ (Excluding changes dne to increases or decreases in th e value o f property which has not changed hands) C H A N G E S IN P R O P E R T Y O W N E D B Y F A M IL Y A N D A M O U N T S D U E F A M IL Y B A | C H A N G E S I N D E B T S O W E D B Y F A M IL Y D 0 * Changes in assets during schedule year Net amount of increase 4. $ Net amount o f decrease * I n v e s t m e n t s in h im in e sa 24. . _______ x x x x x x x x S o ld N et amount of decrease ft i n d i v i d u a l s ................ Rents due in schedule y***, X X X X X X X X u n p a id 27. Back taxes (due before schedule year)_____ X X X X X X X X x x x x x x x x 2 fi, Taxes due in s c h e d u l e year, unpft'^ x x x x x x x x _ to X X X X X X X X NEW f ie ld N o te s d n e 25. Back rents (due before schedule year)_____ 26. x x x x x x x x h on ris* P u r c h a s e r ! R ft IN XXXXXXXX 5. R e a l esta te* P u rch a ser! 7 R to n lrs A n d N et amount of increase 21. M ortg a g es o n o w n ed h om e 25. Mortgages on other real estate 23. Notes due to banks, insurance companies, ___________ small loan c o m p a n i e s I n c h e c k in g a c c o u n ts fi » Liabilities 1 . M o n e y in s a v i n g s A c c o u n t s 2. 1 Changes in liabilities "during schedule year M oney, stocks, real estate, other assets E X P E N D IT U R E X X X X X X X X 10. x x x x x x x x S o ld x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a n n u ity ) 15. Insurance policies surrendered ............. ......... x x x x x x x x l f i . T n a n r a n c e p o l i c i e s c e ttle r! x x x x x x x x 17. Loans made by family to others during schedule year (balance not repaid)---------18. Repayments to family on loans made h e f o r e s c h e d u le y e a r 19. A ll other (specifiy) 20 T o t a l (1-19) .. . . - ... ______ 0 0 _______ ___________ ,.................... • x x x x x x x x 32. Balance due on installment purchases made in schedule year (specify goods pur chased): (a) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 33 34. x x x x x x x x fh) C IT Y 13. Insurance premiums paid (life, endowment, Other bills d u e 31. Payments on installment purchases made prior to schedule year (specify goods purchased): (*> ____ 30. x x x x x x x x 11. Improvements on owned home YORK X X m . OTHER FAM ILY EXPENSE x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (&) x x x x x x x x GO x x x x x x x x All oth*r (#rp T o t a l (21-33)_______________ »«—«aso SCHEDULE FORM AND GLOSSARY 199 Classifications and Definitions of Terms Used in Text and Tabular Summary The following glossary of terms is limited to those classifications and definitions needing explanation for the interpretation of the tabular and textual material on the summary of expenditures. Later publi cations, presenting more detailed data in particular fields of consump tion, will contain further definitions. Items appearing on the ex penditure schedule and on the expenditure summary which are not discussed in the present volume are omitted from the glossary. Any system of classifying goods and services necessarily has certain limitations and may not meet the needs of all groups or agencies which utilize the data. The classification adopted for the Study of Consumer Purchases is in substance one that has been found useful in other studies and which thus has the advantage of yielding comparable data. Since the uses to which specific goods may be put by consum ers vary considerably from family to family and even within the family circle, depending upon a multiplicity of factors, the decision to classify commodities in one category rather than another were necessarily arbitrary. The classifications determined upon have, however, been applied consistently throughout the tabulations. The expenditures of each family during the report year have been classified under 16 major groups of goods and services, as presented in table 2 of the Tabular Summary. This classification has been used over a period of years in similar studies of family living by such agencies as the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor and the Bureau of Home Economics of the Department of Agriculture. Specific definitions of terms should be prefaced by the explanation that, whenever a sales tax was in force in a particular community dur ing the period covered by the Study, the estimated total amount of sales tax paid for each taxable item appearing on the schedule was added to the total expense for the item. Fam ily .— For purposes of the Study of Consumer Purchases, an economic family was defined as a group of persons belonging to the same household and dependent upon a common income.1 Expendi ture data were secured only from families including both a husband and a wife. In New York City, the expenditure survey was restricted to families of five types. Fam ily type .— Families were classified, according to the number and age of members, in addition to husband and wife, in one of five types, as follows:2 T ype I II Ill No other persons (families of two). One child under 16 (families of three). Two children under 16 (families of four). 1 For more detailed definition see vol. I of this bulletin, glossary. * Sec Dictogram of family types, p. 4. 80694 ° — 39— —14 200 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y Type IV V O ne person 16 or ov er an d on e or n o oth er person, regardless o f age (fam ilies o f three or fou r). One child under 16, one person 16 or over, an d one or tw o others, regardless o f age (fam ilies o f five or s ix ). The above family types are based upon the equivalent number of persons under 16 years of age and the equivalent number 16 years or over in the economic family during the year. By the use of a conversion table the number of weeks of membership of persons in the economic family for only a portion of the schedule year is expressed in terms of equivalent members. If the economic family contained, in addition to the married couple, only one person who was a member for 26 weeks or less, he was not regarded as an equivalent member; had he been in the family for 27 weeks he would have been classified as one equiva lent member. If two persons, both of whom were under 16 years, were members of the economic family for a total of from 27 weeks through 78 weeks, together they counted as one equivalent member; had there been members for a total of from 79 through 130 weeks, they would have been counted as two equivalent members. The same method of computation applied to persons 16 and over. If, however, the family contained one person 16 years of age or over and one child under 16 years, each for less than 27 weeks, neither would be counted as a member of the economic family, although the period of membership for the two together equaled more than 26 weeks. O ccu pational g r o u p .— Families were also classified in one of seven groups: Wage-earner, clerical, independent business, independent pro fessional, salaried business, salaried professional, and families with no gainfully employed members.3 In general, the wage-earner classi fication included all types of skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled manual jobs which are usually paid b y the hour, day, or week, rather than on a monthly or annual salary basis. In the clerical classification were grouped store clerks and salesmen working for others, as well as office workers. Professional, semiprofessional, and technical workers were included in the independent professional group when employed on their own account, and in the salaried professional group when they were employed b y others on a salary basis. Persons classified in the independent business group were entrepreneurs owning and operating businesses of any type. Also classified in the independent business category were families which derived the major portion of their earned income from roomers and boarders. The salaried business category consisted mainly of salaried managers and officials; chief officers of corporations drawing salaries, as well as minor executives, were thus * The occupational categories are based upon the Works Progress Administration’s Manual of Work Divi sion Procedure, sec. 2, “ Occupational classification” (June 1935); and “ Index of occupations,” Circ. No. 2A (September 1935). SCHEDULE FORM AND GLOSSARY 201 classified in the salaried business group, even though some owned controlling interest in the business. The seventh category consisted of families that had no earnings from an occupation. The occupational classification of a family was determined by the occupational group from which it derived the major portion of its earnings during the report year, whether that portion was contributed by one or more family members.4 Incom e.— The total income by which the family was classified included money income (derived from earnings and other sources such as interest, dividends, pensions, etc.), and in addition, non money income from housing (for owners, the difference between rental value of the home and current expense for interest, repairs, mortgages, and the like; for renters, the value of rent, received as a gift or pay). To arrive at the figure for earnings from gainful occupations of family members (wages, salaries, profits, and other withdrawals from business for family use, tips, commissions, and bonuses), occupa tional expenses were deducted. Similarly, the figures for earned income not attributable to individual members (i. e., income from family enterprises such as the keeping of roomers and boarders or casual work in the home) represented net rather than gross income from such sources. Items classified as nonearned money income were: Interest and dividends; rents from property; pensions, annui ties and benefits; gifts in cash, etc.5 Adjusted family income, presented in chapters I and IX , consists of total income plus the value of food and fuel obtained without money expense. Expenditures.—Money expenditures include all money expenses incurred during the report year for current family living, whether or not the full amount was paid during the year.6 Balances remaining unpaid at the end of the year were handled as increases in liabilities. Total expenditures include money expenditures and the value of food and fuel obtained without money expense. Total expenditures are thus synonymous with “ money value of current family living” defined below. Value o f fam ily living .— The money value of current family living consisted of money expenditures for current living, and the value of housing, food, and fuel obtained without direct money expense. The value of housing included the imputed net income from owned family and vacation homes and the rental value of housing received as gift or pay. (See below, under Nonmoney income from housing.) * For more detailed statement, see vol. I of this bulletin, glossary. * For more detailed statement of the components of income as used in the Study. (See vol. I, glossary.) * This was not true in the case of a few items such as fire insurance premiums on owned homes and con tributions to the Community Chest. For these items only the amounts paid during the year were classed as expenditures 202 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y S u rp lu s or deficit .— The difference between the family's total money income for the year and its total money expenditure was, if a positive sum, a surplus, or, if a negative sum, a deficit. This sur plus or deficit was accounted for by one or more of a series of changes in assets and liabilities, described below. R e c e ip ts .— The term receipts has been used to designate current money income plus funds made available through liquidation of assets or through credit. D isb u r se m e n ts .— The term disbursements has been used to desig nate money expenditures for current family living plus money used to decrease debts incurred before the beginning of the report year or to increase assets. B a la n cin g differen ce .— Due to the difficulty experienced by families, few of which kept detailed records, in accounting in toto for receipts and disbursements, a margin of tolerance was set up for discrepancies between the two. If the difference amounted to less than 5.5 percent of receipts or disbursements, whichever was larger, the schedule was tabulated, this amount being carried as a balancing difference. If the discrepancy was 5.5 or larger, the schedule was discarded. In cases where disbursements exceeded receipts, as accounted for by the family, the balancing difference was negative; if receipts exceeded disburse ments, the difference was positive. FOOD Included here were all family expenses for food, together with ex penditure for such items as ice cream, candy, soft drinks, beer, and alcoholic beverages. Cod-liver and haliver oil were also considered food. N onfood articles which may be bought in grocery stores, such as cleaning supplies, matches, soap, tobacco, and food for pets were excluded from this category. F o o d at h om e .— A distinction was made between food purchased to be prepared at home and food purchased and eaten away from home. In the former category was included the cost of any food prepared at home but eaten away from home, such as home-prepared lunches for work, school, or picnics. Cost of articles such as coffee, milk, or other food, bought at work or school to supplement the home-prepared lunches was classified with expense for food away from home. Food purchased to be prepared in a vacation home occupied by the family was classified as expense for food at home. The amount spent for food served to boarders was derived through use of the average expense per meal per equivalent adult (explained below), and was deducted from total expense for food at home, so that the figures shown in table 2, column 6, and table 3 of the Tabular Summary represent net family expense. S C H E D U LE FO RM AN D 203 GLOSSARY Food away from home.— Included here was expense for meals at work and at school (except for food carried from home), including board at school, meals while traveling or on vacation (except for food prepared in a vacation home), meals purchased on a business trip for which there was no reimbursement by an employer, other meals eaten out, and ice cream and candy, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages consumed away from home. Expense for food away from home necessarily included in many cases some expense for service and entertainment as well as food costs proper. Value of food home-produced or received as a gift or pay.— A value was placed on all food which was raised for family consumption or given to the family as a gift or in lieu of cash payment for services. All such food was evaluated at the retail prices prevailing in the com munity. N o deductions from the evaluation of home-produced food were made for the cost of seeds and implements or for the value or cost of labor. If members of the family received a substantial number of free meals as guests in excess of the number of meals furnished to guests (not counting house guests), the value of meals so received in excess of those furnished was tabulated. An evaluation was made of meals which were furnished to members of the family without charge by the employer or paid for from expense accounts. Examples of such instances are salesmen reimbursed for meals taken while traveling, students working for their board at school, or waiters who received meals as part o f their pay. Likewise, if the owner of a store or an employee occasionally brought home food which he received from his place of business with out payment, such food was evaluated at local retail prices and included in the total value of food received without direct money expense. However, if the store proprietor charged himself for food which he brought home regularly for family consumption, the retail value of such food was added to his money earnings and the goods were entered as purchases in the subsection for food at home. Average expenditure per meal per equivalent adult.— In recognition of the variations in quantity, and thus in expense, of food consumption among persons of different ages, the following scale of relative expense for various persons served from the family food supply was adopted:7 P erso n R ela tiv e fo o d e x p e n se 20 years o f age an d o v e r __________________________________________1. 0 13 to 19 years_____________________________________________________ 1. 1 6 to 12 years______________________________________________________ .9 U nder 6 years_____________________________________________________ .6 7 T h i s s c a le o f fo o d r e la t iv e s w a s d e v e lo p e d fr o m d a t a s e c u r e d f r o m t h e B u r e a u o f H o m e E c o n o m ic s o f th e D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r ic u l t u r e , w h i c h fu r n is h e d in f o r m a t io n o n s t a n d a r d fo o d a l lo w a n c e s , b a s e d o n a c tt ia l Xood e x p e n s e r e c o r d s, d iffe r e n tia te d b y a g e , se x , a n d a c t i v it y . 204 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YO R K C IT Y T h ese relatives were applied whether the person was a m em ber of the econom ic fam ily or a boarder, guest, or dom estic servant. relative factor applied to nurses for the sick was 0 .9 . The T h e term equivalent adult is used in the text as representing one food expendi ture unit. It was assumed that 21 meals per week were eaten by each member of the economic family during that portion of the report year spent at home. For other members of the household (boarders, house guests, household help, and nurses) the actual number of meals eaten was ascertained. The average expense per meal per equivalent person was derived by dividing the total family food expense (after subtraction of expense for food eaten while traveling or on vacation) by the total number of equivalent person meals. In order to determine the expense for meals served to boarders, the average expense per meal per food expenditure unit was multiplied by the total number of meals served to boarders; the resulting sum was deducted from the total family expense for food at home. HOME M AINTENANCE Housing expense.— E a ch fam ily reported expense incurred during the report year, for fam ily hom e and other housing. A verage am ounts for renting families are based on the rental rate contracted for, m inus any concessions granted b y the landlord, and plus any repairs paid b y the tenant. H ou sing expense for renting families included fuel, ligh t, and/or refrigeration when one or m ore of these item s was included in the rental rate. F or owning fam ilies, all expense incurred for repairs, interest, insurance, and the like was included. Because of the fa ct th at fuel, light, and refrigeration were included in the rent paid b y m a n y renting fam ilies, all tables in the text o f the report th a t show housing expense include fuel, light, and refrigeration with housing. In tables 2, 4 , and 4 - A of the T ab u la r Su m m ary, how ever, housing expense does n ot include fuel, light, and refrigeration. No attempt was made to apportion and deduct from family expense an amount for space rented to roomers. Since, however, expenditure data were not taken from families having the equivalent of more than one lodger throughout the year, the value of such space was not an important item to the families. Housing expense incurred during the report year and not paid by the end of the year was included here and also carried as an increase in liabilities. Family home.— A verage expense, as shown in table 4 , colum n 8, includes only expense for living quarters occupied by the family group, whether such quarters were rented or owned. Other housing.— Included in housing expense as show n in table 2, b u t shown separately in table 4 , colum n 9, is expense for vacation h om e, lodging while traveling, and room at school. S C H E D U LE FO RM AN D GLOSSARY 205 Expenses for a vacation home, whether owned or rented, were of the same type as for a family home. If a family owned a vacation home and rented it out during any part of the schedule year, the total rent received was subtracted from total expense incurred for the home and only the net amount was tabulated. If the rent received exceeded expenses for the year, no net expense was incurred and the positive balance was included as a part of the fam ily’s income. Excluded from expense for lodging while traveling was the amount paid by a family member while traveling on business or while working out of town. These amounts were considered occupational expense and were deducted from gross earnings in arriving at family income. H o u s in g received w ith m o n e y exp en d itu re .— See below, under Non money income from housing. M o n e y expen ditu res f o r rented and ow ned f a m i l y h o m es .— For the purpose o j comparing the housing expenses of home owners and renters (table 4 -A , columns 6 and 7) a family was classified as renting only if it rented during the entire year (and received no rent as gift or pay), and as owning only if it occupied an owned home during the entire year. Expense for renters includes only expense for dwelling quarters occupied by the entire family group. The number of months of occupancy of the rented home was multiplied by the monthly rental rate to obtain the total amount of rent paid. From this sum was deducted the value of any rental concessions received by the family. Concessions were distinguished from rent as pay or gift and defined as occupancy given free by the landlord for a limited time as an in ducement to the family to rent the living quarters. T o the total rent paid vas added the value of repairs or improvements paid for by the tenant, if the landlord did not reimburse the family. Rental expenses incurred but not paid during the schedule year were included here, and also carried as an increase in family liabilities. Housing expense for owned home for the year included interest on the mortgage, refinancing charges, taxes payable, expense for repairs and replacements, special assessments, and premiums for fire, tornado, or earthquake insurance on the home. For all these items except insurance, the expense figure refers to amounts incurred during the schedule year, whether or not they were entirely paid before the end of the year. Balances remaining unpaid were carried as increases in liabilities. In the case of insurance premiums, no attempt was made to prorate payments for previous or coming years as an allocation of expense for the schedule year. Structural additions and other per manent improvements to the home were not classed as current ex penditures for housing but as increases in assets. (See below, Assets and liabilities.) If the home owned and occupied by the family was a two-family or multiple-family house, only that portion of the expense which applied 206 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YO R K C IT Y to the living quarters of the owners family was included as expense of owned home. The basis for this allocation was the comparative monthly rental values of the dwelling units under consideration. The remaining expense was deducted from gross rents to derive a net figure which was added to the family’s income. F a cilities included in ren t .— Families that were renting their homes at the end of the schedule year were asked to state which of a specified list of housing facilities were furnished by the landlord and covered by the rental rate for the living quarters. These data are presented in table 4 -A of the Tabular Summary. Facilities were n o t considered to h ave been included in the rent if the fam ily paid separate am ounts for their use, over and above the rental for the living quarters them selves. N o n m o n e y in com e f r o m h o u sin g .— An attempt was made to evaluate all housing received without direct expense, whether in.the form of rent as pay or gift, or of imputed income from an owned home. Aver age amounts of such value are shown in table 4, columns 10-12, Tabular Summary. If a family received any rent as part of wages or salary, as in the case of a minister, a resident manager, or a janitor, the estimated monthly rental value was multiplied by the number of months such premises were occupied, and the resulting amount was included as a part of the fam ily’s income. If a family occupied rent free during any part of the schedule year, a home that was owned by a relative or friend, the rental value was estimated for the period, and from it was subtracted any housing expense incurred by the family in connec tion with such occupancy. The net figure was then added to the fam ily’s income. Housing furnished to individual family members while away from home, whether as gift or in return for services, was not included in nonmoney income from housing, which relates solely to housing that served as the family home. M uch more important, on the average, than rent as pay or gift, was imputed income from owned home. If a family during any part of the schedule year occupied a home owned by a member of the family the rental value of this home was estimated (in relation to rental rates on equivalent quarters) for the period of- occupancy. From this sum were deducted all expenses incurred for the home, for interest on a mortgage, repairs, taxes, special assessments, and pre miums for insurance, during the period of occupancy. The remaining amount was considered as imputed income from housing, and included as a nonmoney part of the fam ily’s total income. If the expenses were greater than the estimated rental value, the family was considered to have had a negative income from housing. T h is procedure applied to either a fam ily hom e or an owned v aca tion h om e. T h e n et effect was to place m a n y h om e owners in a S C H ED U LE FORM AN D GLOSSARY 207 higher income class ($250 intervals) than they would have been classified in on the basis of money incomes alone. Household operation.— The data for household operation expense presented in tables 2 and 5 of the Tabular Summary, included three groups of items: fuel, light, and refrigeration; paid household help; and other items of household operation, such as laundry and cleaning supplies, telephone, and water rent. The expenses for operating both family and vacation home occupied by the family were included. In all tables in the text and in all text discussion, expenditures for house hold operation exclude amounts spent for fuel, light, and refrigeration, which were included with housing (see above, under Housing expense). If certain expenses for operation, such as fuel, light, or water rent, were paid by the family for a period when the home was rented to some other family, such expenses were excluded from the scheduled family’s total household operation expense and were deducted from the gross rents received in computing net income from rent. The average expense for fuel, light, and refrigeration, as shown in table 2, column 8; table 4, column 5; and table 5, column 5, of the Tabular Summary is an understatement of expense for this category since, in the case of renters, one or more of these items was sometimes included in the rent, and covered by the rental rate. P aid household help.— Included in this subsection was the expense for the em ploym en t of household help, b oth full and part tim e, b y the fam ily during the year. Nursemaids were classified as household help, but the fees charged by nurses caring for the sick were grouped with medical care. Ex pense for the employment of seamstresses for the duration of a specific job to make or repair clothing for the family, or to sew household linens or make slip covers was included with expense for clothing and furnishings, respectively. The cost of employing a laundress was included in this subsection only if the laundry work was done on the family’s premises. Besides the cash wages paid by the family to servants, the total expense for household help included carfare for which the servants w^ere reimbursed by the family, and the amounts spent by the family during the year to outfit their servants, as well as amounts given in tips and presents to doormen, elevator men, and delivery boys not directly employed by the family. The money value of gifts which did not represent a direct money expense to the family was not included in the expense of household help. Meals furnished to servants by the family were considered a part of family food expense rather than part of the wages paid. Other items o f household operation expense :— Grouped in this sub section were expenditures for such items of household operation as water rent, telephone, laundry sent out, laundry soap and other clean- 208 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YO R K C IT Y ing supplies, stationery and postage, telegrams, moving charges, expiess and freight fees, household disinfectants and insecticides, wood and metal polishes, paper products for household use, and fees for garbage and ash removal. F u r n ish in g s an d e q u ip m en t .— Classified as furnishings and equip ment were kitchen, cleaning, and laundry equipment, furniture, glass ware and china, silverware, household textiles, floor coverings, lug gage, and gardening equipment. Included in this grouping also were articles of household equipment such as mechanical refrigerators, ice boxes, pressure cookers, washing and ironing machines, vacuum cleaners, and sewing machines. Yard goods for the making of household linens, draperies, and slip covers, as well as the cost of paid help for sewing these articles were likewise combined with expense for furnishings. Premiums paid for fire and theft insurance on furnishings, expense for repairs, the cleaning of furnishings and equipment, and fees for renting furniture were also incorporated in this group of expenditures. Premiums paid during the year for insurance on furnishings were included in the total regard less of the duration of the insurance which the premium covered. The recorded prices of furniture and equipment included charges for financing articles bought on an installment plan. If, in the purchase of any of these items, a used article of the same kind was traded in, the amount recorded was the net price, that is, the gross price minus the trade-in allowance. CLOTHING Besides those articles ordinarily regarded as clothing, the following items were also so classified: Accessories such as gloves, handker chiefs, purses, umbrellas, jewelry, ties and collars, belts, garters, and suspenders; yard goods, yarns, and findings for clothing made at home; the cost of paid help for the making of clothing; dry-cleaning and pressing of clothing; repair of shoes and charges for shoeshines; fees for renting articles of clothing; flowers for personal wear; premiums paid for insurance on clothing and jewelry. These items of expense were allocated to the individual members for whom the expense was incurred. Articles of clothing purchased for wear at work and special clothing bought for participation in sports were included with clothing. PERSONAL CARE T oilet articles an d p rep a ra tio n s .— Under “ toilet articles and prepa rations^ were included the following items: Toilet soaps, dentifrices, shaving soaps and creams, facial and hand creams and lotions, powders, rouge, lipsticks, and perfumes; and equipment for personal care such as brushes and combs, razors, files, scissors, curling irons, hair dryers, powder puffs, and sanitary supplies. S C H E D U LE FORM AN D GLOSSARY 209 P e r so n a l services .— The following items were classified as services: Haircuts, shampoos, shaves, all types of waves, manicures, facials, eyebrow trims, dyeing and dressing of hair, Turkish baths. Tips to barbers and beauty operators were combined with the charge for the service. TR AN SP O R T AT IO N A u to m o b ile e x p en se .— Data on automobile expense refers to auto mobiles driven by the family which were used either partly or wholly for family purposes. Expense for operation of automobiles used for business purposes was not regarded as a family expense, but was included with other deductible expenses in arriving at net earnings of the family. “ Family” use of a car was defined as operation of the car for such purposes as transportation to and from work, school, theater, and shopping centers, as well as for vacation travel and driving for pleasure. The use of the family car in pursuit of one’s gainful occupation was defined as business use of an automobile. The most common example of this is the use of the family car by a physician or a salesman for making professional or business calls. The procedure used by the agent in obtaining information on auto mobile expense was to ask for the total annual expense for each item specified on the schedule. If the family used its automobile partly for family and partly for business purposes, the agent then asked the family to estimate the proportion of the use which was chargeable to business. This was expressed as a percentage, and represented the proportion of business use over the period of the entire schedule year. The family was asked to base its estimate of the proportion of automobile use applicable to business on the mileage and the amount of time during which the car was so used. The complement of this proportion, representing the expense appli cable to family use, was then applied to each item of operating expense, as well as to the net purchase price of a car bought during the year. Since further refinement of the data was not feasible, the same per centage was applied to each item of expense; no account was taken of internal variations in business use as between different items, as the family was asked to report the over-all percentage. The amount of the total operating expenses which was chargeable to business was regarded as an occupational expense deductible from gross earnings. Likewise, the proportion of the net purchase piice of an automobile bought during the schedule year which was chargeable to business (in the same proportion as the operating expense) was re garded as an investment of the family funds in business and was so classified in the section showing assets and liabilities, unless this amount had been excluded from the total income originally reported 2 10 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E on the fa m ily schedule. IN N E W YO R K C IT Y H ow ever, the total am oun t still owing on such a car at the end of the year was recorded as a debt in the section on assets and liabilities, w ithout distinction between fam ily and business proportions. In clu ded in the gross purchase price of a car were financing charges other than for insurance when the car was purchased on the install m en t plan. T h e net price of a car bou ght during the year was derived b y subtracting from the gross contract price the am ou n t allowed on the trade-in of another car. T h e expense for operation included the follow ing item s: gasoline, oil, tires and tubes, repairs and service, garage rent, parking fees, licenses including registration fees, fines and dam ages paid, au tom o bile insurance, tolls, accessories for the car, and association dues. In addition to the cost of operating a car owned b y the fa m ily, operation expenditures included the am oun t paid or shared b y a fa m ily m em ber for operating a car owned b y som eone n o t a m em ber of the econom ic fam ily and the am ount paid b y a fam ily m em ber for a driver’s license. Other travel and transportation.— T h e cost of transportation other th an b y autom obile was designated as “ other travel and transporta tio n .” A s in the case of autom obile expense, travel for business pur poses was excluded from the record of fam ily expenditures. D a ily travel to and from w ork was regarded as a fam ily expense. Besides the cost of transportation on public vehicles, there was com bined under this heading the am oun t spent for the purchase and operation of vehicles other than autom obiles, such as a m otorcycle, b oa t, or airplane. If, how ever, these vehicles were m aintained pri m arily for recreational purposes, the expense was classified as an expenditure for recreation. MEDICAL CARE D a t a on expenditures for m edical care include all expense incurred for the care of m em bers of the econom ic fam ily during the schedule year. T h e total m edical care bill covered fees of physicians, dentists, oculists, and other specialists, cost of hospitalization and nurses’ fees, fees for m edical exam inations and tests, cost of medicines, drugs, and m edical appliances and supplies, and health or infirm ary fees paid at college. In clu ded also was the am ount paid out for prem ium s on insurance which provided benefits in case of sickness or accident, as well as the cost of subscribing to cooperative “ hospital p lans” and m em bership dues to group h ealth associations. W h e n accident or sick benefits were included in a life insurance policy, the proportion of the total prem ium s which applied to health insurance was ascer tained and grouped w ith m edical care expense. A similar procedure S C H ED U LE FO RM A N D 211 GLOSSARY was follow ed w ith respect to dues to fraternal organizations if dues covered the cost of health and accident insurance. A m o u n ts which em ployers of fa m ily m em bers deducted from wages or salaries for accident or health insurance were included w ith m edical care expense. In these instances, the am ount deducted was now added to wages if such am ounts had originally been excluded in determ ining the incom e of the fam ily. C ash benefits received during the year from health and accident insurance were included w ith current m on ey incom e and the expense for the illness was recorded as an expense for m edical care. N o esti m ate was m ade of the value of care supplied directly b y an insurance com pan y or an em ployer under the term s of an insurance or benefit plan. RECREATION E xpenditures for recreation covered adm ission fees to com m ercial entertainm ents, the cost of supplies and equipm ent for participating in gam es and sports, and expense for m iscellaneous entertainm ent item s. Paid adm issions to m ovies, plays, concerts, lectures, ball gam es and other spectator sports, dances, and circuses were included in the expense for recreation. T h e expense for com m ercial entertainm ent covered the am ounts spent b y the fa m ily for paid adm issions for their guests, bu t food and refreshm ents bou ght for guests were classified as food expense. Included in the recreation category was the cost of equipm ent, supplies, fees, and licenses necessary for participation in gam es and sports such as hunting, tennis, golf, the various winter sports, bicycling, billiards and bow ling, card and other table gam es. Expense for lodging while on vacation was classified as housing, rather than as recreation expense. In the case of sum m er cam ps, when no alloca tion of the total expense could be m ade b y the fa m ily, one-fourth of the total was classified w ith recreation expense. T h e cost of food on vacation trips was classified with other food expense. Expense for sport uniform s or sport clothes was classified w ith other clothing expense. E xpenditures for a vacation cruise were divided am ong food, lodging, and travel, and were n ot classified as recreation expense. T h e third subdivision of recreation expense covered expenditures for such item s as the purchase and repair of radios (not autom obile), of m usical instrum ents, care of pets, the cost of children’s and p lay equipm ent, and dues to social and recreational clubs. TOBACCO Besides the outlay for cigars, cigarettes, and other tobacco, total tobacco expenditures included the am oun t spent for sm oking supplies such as pipes, pipe cleaners and racks, cigarette holders, tobacco 212 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E pouches, ard ash trays. with furniture. IN N E W YO R K C IT Y Smoking stands, however, were grouped READING Expenditures for reading consisted of outlay for general reading matter such as newspapers and magazines, and the purchase and rental of books. The cost of books and journals which family members purchased for use in their occupational pursuits was deducted from their earnings and thus was treated as an occupational expense. Books and journals purchased for use at schools attended by members of the family were combined with expense for education. Picture books for very young children who were members of the economic family were con sidered toys and incorporated with expense for recreation. EDUCATION The total expenditures for education consisted of tuition fees and expense for books and supplies for all formal educational pursuits, whether for initial training, for recreational purposes, or for improving one’s occupational qualifications. The cost of room and board at school or college was included under housing and food expense, respec tively. Included in the total expense for education was the cost of lessons in music and art; bridge, games, and sports; dancing; knitting and sewing; tuition for religious education that was separate from church dues; and fees for correspondence courses. The supplies for special lessons, however, were not as a rule combined with education expense, but were entered in more appropriate sections of the schedule. For instance, supplies for music lessons, such as sheet music and instru ments, were grouped with recreation expense. The same is true of supplies for bridge lessons and of special equipment for lessons in various types of sports. Special clothing for dancing was classified as clothing expense, as were supplies for knitting and sewing lessons. CONTRIBUTIONS A N D PERSONAL TAXES Expenditures for gifts which were recorded in this section of the schedule were restricted to gifts and donations made by family members to persons outside the economic family and to organiza tions. Presents bought by one family member for another were classified in appropriate sections of the schedule. Gifts to household help and other servants were combined with expense for paid help, while the amount of tips given to persons per forming a personal service, such as waitresses, hairdressers, and the like, was added to the expense for the service in question. Classified in this category were expenditures for presents for special occasions to persons outside the economic family, contributions to S C H E D U LE FORM AN D 213 GLOSSARY the support of relatives n o t m em bers of the fam ily, charitable don a tions to individuals and to com m u n ity chests and other welfare agen cies, donations to church and religious organizations, and contribu tions to political parties, alum ni associations, and the like. C ontributions to the support of relatives usually covered such item s as cash given to relatives for current living expenses, bills paid (not incurred) for nonm em bers of the fam ily for such item s as m edical care, or for funeral expenses assum ed b y the fam ily. A m o u n ts paid in prem ium s for the insurance of persons who were n ot m em bers of the econom ic fam ily were also included in gifts m ade b y the fa m ily, regardless of the beneficiary of the policy. T h e purchase price of gifts of property, such as real estate or stocks and bonds, was included with the total expense for gifts if the property was purchased during the schedule year. Poll, incom e, and personal property taxes which fall due within the schedule year were incorporated in the total for this section. I f the taxes remained unpaid at the end of the year th ey were also entered as an increase in fam ily liabilities. E xcluded from the taxes entered here were real property taxes and personal property taxes on autom obiles. Sales and other excise taxes were added to the price o f each item of expense rather than recorded as a lum p sum , and am usem ent taxes were included with recreation expense. OTH ER ITEMS OF FAM ILY EXPENSE M iscellaneous item s of fa m ily expenditure which were n ot readily classifiable w ith other m a jo r groups of consum er goods and services were com bined under this heading. T h is included expenditures for such item s as interest on debts incurred for fa m ily living (other than m ortgage on an owned h om e), fees for legal advice on fa m ily problem s as opposed to business m atters, fa m ily losses, cost of funerals for m em bers of the econom ic fam ily, together w ith the purchase price and upkeep of a cem etery lot. Classified as fa m ily loss was the am oun t of m oney lost through th eft or accident, personal loans m ade during the year which were w ritten off at som e tim e during the year as uncollectible, rent paid for a dwelling after the fam ily had m oved from it, or before the fam ily had m oved into it, and the am oun t of installm ents paid during the year on articles which were repossessed through failure to m eet further p aym en ts. ASSETS AN D LIABILITIES T h e difference betw een the fa m ily ’s total m oney incom e for the year and its total expenditures was accounted for, apart from the balanc ing difference, b y one or m ore o f a series o f changes in assets and liabilities. A ssets include all property owned b y the fam ily and 214 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YO R K C IT Y amounts due to the family; liabilities include all amounts owed by the family. Among assets, as discussed in chapter I X of the text above, were bank accounts (including checking accounts, savings accounts, and money on hand), investments (including real estate, securities, invest ments of family funds in business), insurance (premiums paid or policies settled or surrendered), and such items as improvements on owned home or other real estate, loans made to others, and that portion of the soldiers’ bonus or of a cash gift or inheritance received during the schedule year which was not spent for current living. Among liabilities were amounts payable on principal of mortgages on the family home or other real estate, loans due to banks, small loan companies, insurance companies, or individuals, bills due (including charge accounts and other bills and balances due on installment pur chases), and other items such as rents and taxes due. The record was restricted to money changes, that is, changes in assets and liabilities resulting from purchase and sale of property, and other money transactions. Changes in assets due to the increase or decrease in market value of real estate, securities, or other personal property were disregarded unless such property was sold. The record was restricted to the disposition of family funds; business funds were excluded from the analysis. N o attempt was made to determine the total assets or the total liabilities of the families. Rather, they were asked to report only as to increases and decreases that had taken place during the scheduled year. In the case of each individual item only the net increase or decrease was included in the tabulation. For instance, instead of recording as a liability the total amount which the family owed on installment purchase contracts, only the amount by which such obliga tions at the end of the year was greater or less than the sum owed at the beginning of the year was ascertained. In determining the amount of net surplus or of net deficit attributable to each family, four separate totals were obtained. These were: net amount of increase in assets, net amount of decrease in assets, net amount of increase in liabilities, and net amount of decrease in liabilities. The sum of the total increase in assets plus the total decrease in debt represents the disposition o f funds not used for current expendi tures during the schedule year. The sum of the total decrease in assets and the total increase in debt represents funds which were made available to the family for current spending but which were not considered current income. The difference between these two sums gave the net change in all assets and obligations over the year’s period. A positive result denoted a net surplus or an excess of assets over debts, while a negative figure denoted a net deficit, or excess of liabilities over assets. A p p e n d ix C C o m m u n itie s a n d R a c ia l G ro u p s S u rv e y e d b y tb c S tu d y o f C o n s u m e r P urch ases The cities covered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in reports on family expenditures in the Study of Consumer Purchases are as follows: Region Metropolitan and large cities Northeast __ _______ . New York, N. Y l 2 ... Providence, R. I. Southeast_____ ____ ___ Atlanta, Ga.2________ East Central Chicago, Ill-.i................. Columbus, Ohio.2 West Central-Rocky Mountain. Omaha, Nebr.-Council Bluffs, Iowa. Denver, Colo. Pacific Northwest_____ Portland, Oreg.. ______ Middle-sized cities Small cities Haverhill, I lass...........- ......... Greenfield, Mass. New Britain, Conn. Wallingford, Conn. Westbrook, Maine. Willimantic, Conn. Columbia, S. C.2 Mobile, Ala.2 Muncie, Ind..... ............. ....... Beaver Falls, Pa. Connellsville, Pa. New Castle, Pa. Logansport, Ind. Springfield, 111. Mattoon, 111. Peru, Ind. Dubuque, Iowa. Springfield, Mo. Butte, Mont. Pueblo, Colo. Aberdeen-Hoquiam, Wash. Bellingham Wash. Everett, Wash. The metropolitan centers of Chicago and New York have been treated separately from the other large cities. 2 Information obtained from both white and Negro families. Communities covered by the Bureau of Home Economics in reports on family expenditures in the Study of Consumer Purchases are as follows: Region Small cities New England. Central. Mountain and Plains Pacific. Southeast: White and Negro fam ilies. Mount Vernon, Ohio___ New Philadelphia, Ohio. Beaver Dam, Wis. Lincoln, 111. Boone, Iowa. Moberly, Mo. Columbia, Mo. Billings, Mont_________ Dodge City, Kans. Greeley, Colo. Logan, Utah. Provo, Utah. Astoria, Oreg__________ Eugene, Oreg. Klamath Falls, Oreg. Olympia, Wash. Albany, Ga____________ Gastonia, N. C. Griffin, Ga. Sumter, S. C. Villages 6 in Vermont______ 8 in Massachusetts. 7 in Pennsylvania- 6 in Ohio. 8 in Michigan. 6 in Wisconsin. 8 in Illinois. 11 in Iowa. 6 in Kansas........ . 9 in North Dakota. 4 in Colorado. 1 in Montana. 2 in South Dakota. 12 in California____ 5 in Oregon. 7 in Washington. 8 in Georgia________ 7 in South Carolina. 8 in North Carolina. 10 in Mississippi. White families only 2 in Vermont. 3 in New Jersey. 1 in Pennsylvania. 3 in Ohio. 1 in Michigan. 1 in Wisconsin. 4 in Illinois. 5 in Iowa. 4 in Kansas. 4 in North Dakota. 3 in Colorado. 1 in Montana. 1 in South Dakota. 1 in central California. 2 in southern California. 5 in Oregon. 1 in Washington. 2 in North Carolina. 2 in Mississippi. 2 in South Carolina. 7 in Georgia. 2 in North Carolina. 4 in South Carolina. 1 in Georgia. 2 in Mississippi. 1 in Mississippi. Negro families only 8 06 9 4 °— 39- Farm counties -15 2X5 216 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YO R K C IT Y An investigation of the income and money disbursements of families of wage earners and clerical workers was undertaken by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the fall of 1934 for the purpose of revising the cost of living index published currently by the Bureau. The data from that investigation cover 1 year within the period 1934-36 and include details on income, family composition, expenditures for prin cipal categories and for detailed items of consumption for a total sam ple of 14,469 families of employed wage earners and lower salaried clerical workers in 42 cities, all with population over 50,000. Data on quantities of food, clothing and furnishings, and equipment pur chased; on types of medical care received; and on changes in assets and liabilities are also included. A summary of these findings is presented in United States Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 638. The individual cities for which data are available and the bulletins in which the detailed data appear are as follows: North Atlantic Region , N ew York City (B. L. S. Bull. 637, Vol. I): White and Negro families. North Atlantic Region , Eleven Cities (B. ! Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N . Y . Johnstown, Pa. Lancaster, Pa. Manchester, N . H. Philadelphia, Pa. (white and Negro families). S. Bull. 637, Vol. II): Pittsburgh, Pa. (white and Negro families). Portland, Maine. Rochester, N. Y. Scranton, Pa. Springfield, Mass. East North Central Region , (B. L. S. Bull. 636): Cincinnati, Ohio (white and Negro families). Cleveland, Ohio., Columbus, Ohio. Detroit, Mich. Grand Rapids, Mich. Indianapolis, Ind. (white andNegro families). Lansing, Mich. Milwaukee, Wis. W est North Central and M ountain Region (B. L. S. Bull. 641): Denver, Colo. Kansas City, Mo. and Kansas City, Kans. (white and Negro families). Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. St. Louis, Mo. (white and Negro families), Salt Lake City, Utah. C O M M U N IT IE S AN D R A C IA L GROUPS SUR VEYED 217 Southern R eg io n (B. L. S. Bull. 640): Baltimore, M d. (white and Negro families). Birmingham, Ala. (white and Negro families). Dallas, Tex. Houston, Tex. (white other than Mexican and Mexican families). Jackson, Miss, (white and Negro families). Jacksonville, Fla. Louisville, K y. (white and Negro families). Memphis, Tenn. (white and families). Mobile, Ala. (white and families). New Orleans, La. (white and families). Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va. and Negro families). Richmond, Va. (white and families). Pacific R egio n (B. L. S. Bull. 639): Los Angeles, Calif, (white other than Mexican and Mexican fam ilies) . Sacramento, Calif. San Diego, Calif. San Francisco, Calif. Seattle, Wash. Negro Negro Negro (white Negro A p p e n d ix D A n a ly s is o f E x p e n d itu re s b y F a m ilie s o f G iv e n T y p e , O c c u p a tio n a l G ro u p , an d In c o m e : R a n k T e s t M e th o d a n d R e s u lts 1 One of the purposes of the present study is to discover whatever differences there ma}^ be in the expenditure patterns of families of different composition that belong to the same income and occupa tional group, and likewise differences in the expenditure patterns of families in different occupational groups but of the same composition and the same income class. The determination of such differences is complicated both by the extreme variability of the expenditures of families of the same composition, occupational group, and income class in any one year, and by the small number of schedules which it was possible to secure for one cell within the time and funds available for the present study. Emergencies of various sorts, differences in debts carried over from the previous year or in accumulated reserves, and in personal tastes result in very wide differences in expenditures among families with identical incomes, with children of the same age, and with fathers of the same occupational status. In any extensive investigation of family expenditures, the classification of families must allow for a range of income within each cell, a range in the ages of the children, and the grouping of occupations, thus increasing the possibility of variation. An examination of the average expenditures of families of a given type, occupational group, and income class emphasizes the need for developing some method of summarizing the differences and of test ing their significance. The method used in this report is based on a chi-square test devel oped by M ilton Friedman and reported in the Journal of the Ameri can Statistical Association for December 1937. The Basic Principle. In this test of significance the average dollar expenditures are trans formed into ranks. The basic principle is that if a two-way table of observations represents a random or arbitrary arrangement by classes, then any one of the possible (p ) rank orders is equally likely to fall in a given cell. If several sets of such ranks are considered, then the average of the ranks for any given class will tend to be the same as that for any other class; that is, equal to the average of (jp) ranks. * Prepared by A. O. Rosander. 218 A N A L Y S IS OF 219 E X P E N D IT U R E S This is illustrated in the following example of eight sets of ranks each based on four classes: Ranks Mean rank per set Set Class A a.................... ............ ....... ........ . - ................. ........... b________ ________________________________________ d___________ _____________________________________ e____ ______ __________________ _______________ f .______________ ____ ____________________________ g - ............... ...................... - ------- -----------------------------h_____ _______ ___________________________________ Sum (Sr).------------------------------------------------ -----------Mean rank per class (f)-_____ _______________ ____ Mean of pranks ______ _____ ________ 1 3 2 1 4 3 2 4 Class B Class C Class D 3 1 4 3 2 1 4 2 4 2 1 4 3 2 1 3 2 4 3 2 1 4 3 1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 20 20 20 20 20 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Under such an arrangement of ranks, one may infer that the four classifications, A, B, C, and D, represent arbitrary or random group ings of homogeneous observations; that is, that there is no significant difference between the expenditures of families of types A, B, C, and D represented by this sample. On the other hand it would be possible to obtain the following pat tern of eight sets of ranks each based on four classes: Here the pattern of ranks is clearly defined. From such a pat tern one may infer that the classes A, B, C, and D do not represent arbitrary classifications of homogeneous observations but that the categories indicate real differences in the expenditure habits of the population from which the data were collected. In these examples departure of the column (class) means from 2.5, the mean of 4 ranks, is used to summarize the differences. In the first example the departure was zero for each column, while in the second example the departure of the means for each class from the average was a maximum. A similar measure of departure is that of the sums per column from the expected sum of 20. What is needed is a method of appraising the importance of these departures; this is provided by a test of significance which will now be described. 220 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YO R K C IT Y Having secured a summary value for each column and its departure from the average value for all columns, we need a test to show the probability that this particular difference could have arisen from random fluctuations in sampling. If this probability is high, generally more than 5 percent, the chances may be large enough to warrant acceptance of the hypothesis of homogeneity; but if the probability is low, say 1 percent, the chances may be low enough to warrant the conclusion that we were testing a nonhomogeneous population; that is, that the differences which appear are statistically significant. At best, however, this method will be a rather rough test of the hypothesis. The M ethod. The method of ranks used in testing family expenditures for probable family type and occupational bias, used in this bulletin, is a simplifica tion of the method devised by Friedman. It was simplified by using deviations from sums of ranks rather than deviations from mean ranks, and by constructing a table of k values for the 5 percent and 1 percent levels instead of using the chi-square table. The formula given by Friedman for the value of chi-square based on ranks, 2 12n 4 1) ' Xr 2>(P + 1) was rewritten in the form n (p + 2 Xr= 1)J ? [ ? r" 'n p (p + l) where p is the number of ranks, n is the number of sets of ranks, r is the value of any rank, y > is the sum of ranks in a column (class), and r is the mean of the n ranks for a given class. If the expression is called k, then j K n p j p + ^ l ) Xr and can be tabled for various values of n and p, for given levels of chi-square based on p — 1 degrees of freedom. In preparing these values of k (table 4) we used Friedman's values of x l for small values of n and p ; otherwise we used the table for chi-square given in R . A. Fisher, Statistical M ethods for Research Workers, 6th edition, pages 118-119. Note that k is merely a constant times chi-square, but a .much simpler measure to compute. A N A L Y S IS T OF 221 E X P E N D IT U R E S 4 . — Critical values of k able FOR P=0.05 p n (ranks) trows; 3 .......................... ......... ....................... 4....................................... ..................... 6___________ ______________________ 7 ________ ________________________ 8........................................ ..................... _____ ___________________________ 10 ___________ ____________________ 11 .................... ............ ........ ............... 1 2 ........................................................... 13 ________ _________ _________ ____ : 1 4 ........ ........ ..................... ..................... 15________ ______ _______________ 3 4 5 6 7 i 18 26 32 38 42 50 56 62 68 75 81 87 93 35 50 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 71 95 119 142 166 190 214 237 261 285 308 332 356 116 155 194 233 271 310 349 388 426 465 504 542 581 176 235 294 353 411 470 529 588 646 705 764 823 881 8 9 253 338 422 :08 591 675 760 844 928 1,013 1,097 1,182 1, 266 349 465 582 698 814 930 1,047 1,163 1,279 1,396 1, 512 1, 628 1, 745 7 8 9 235 314 392 471 549 628 706 785 863 942 1, 020 1,098 1,177 333 443 554 665 776 887 998 1,109 1,219 1, 330 1,441 1, 552 1,663 452 603 753 904 1,055 1, 205 1, 356 1, 507 1,657 1,808 1,959 2,110 2, 260 10 465 620 776 931 1,086 1,241 1,396 1, 551 1,706 1,861 2,016 2,171 2, 326 FOR P=0.01 p ii (ranks) trows; 3........................................................ . 4........................................ .................. . 5 ............................. .............................. 6............................................................. 7 ________ ___________ ____________ 8_________________ ________________ 9 ______ __________ __________ ____ 1 0 _____ _____ ________ ____________ 11 ............................................................ 12.......................................... ................... 13....................................... ........... ........ 14.......................... .................................. 15.......................................................... . 3 4 5 6 i 18 32 42 50 62 72 78 87 95 104 113 121 130 41 62 95 113 132 151 170 189 208 227 246 265 284 100 133 166 199 232 266 299 332 365 398 432 465 498 158 211 264 317 370 422 475 528 581 634 686 739 792 i P = 0.02. Jlj) N ote.—For extending the table use &=*----- —— freedom. 1J The expression 10 596 794 993 1,192 1,390 1, 589 1, 787 1,986 2,185 2, 383 2, 582 2, 780 2,979 2 xf with the value of chi-square based on p —1 degrees of measures the departure of the sum i ^ of n ranks in a class from the expected sum based upon the hypothesis that the class is a random arrangement of homogeneous data. In our first example n — 8, p = 4 , y > = 2 0 . and — — - =20. Hence the foregoing expression is zero for every column, k is zero, and the hypothesis of homogeneity is supported. In the second example n = 8 , p = 4, y > = 8 . 16, 24, 32, respectively, for the four columns, and =20. The four column deviations from 20 will be — 12, —4, 4, 12; the sum of these squared will be k , or 320. From the k table we find for an 8 X 4 set of ranks that the probability is 0.01 of getting by chance a value of k as large as 151. The prob ability of getting a value of 320 is even less; hence, the likelihood of getting such a set of ranks by chance is extremely small. 222 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YO R K C IT Y Limitations of the Method. The chief limitation of this method is the loss of information due to the transformation of the data into ranks, a loss which is indeed great. Another limitation is that the difference however small or large between two adjacent observations must be represented by the same difference in rank. Other limitations are not necessarily restricted to the rank test: (1) The method provides no basis for dis tinguishing between a significant difference due to many pairs of classes each significantly different, and that due to the difference between an extreme class and all the rest (2) it takes no account of variations around the means (3) the basic classifications used may be invalid and (4) the tests reject hypotheses, they do not prove them. Application of the Method. Rank tests were made of the average expenditures of native white families for each of the major groups of expenditures by family type and by occupation, the results of which are summarized in table 5. The family type tests were based upon three family type groups (I, II—III, IV -V ), the ranks being based upon the sums of the six occupational averages within each income class and each family type group. The occupational tests were based on six occupational groups, the ranks being based upon the sums of the averages of the three family type groups within each income class and each occupational group The number of Negro families in the white-collar occupations was so small that family type or occupational tests on the expenditures of these families were not justified. Certain combinations of items made throughout the Study were followed in making the tests. Housing expense includes the cost of fuel, light, and refrigeration. Housing value is housing expense plus free rent and imputed value of owned home. Automobile expense includes both that of purchase and that of operation. Interpretation of the Results. Table 5 contains for each test for each item, the deviations of the sums of ranks from the average sum expected. A negative value means that the sum of ranks for a given family type or occupation, the summation extending over all income classes used, is less than the average sum expected; a positive value means the sum of ranks is more than the average sum expected. T able 5. — S u m m a r y o f f a m i ly ty p e and occup ation m ean rank tests in N e w Y o rk [Income range $1,750 to $4,000] Family type tests (All occupations combined) Item Occupation deviations 2 Family type deviations 1 k IV-V -6 1 -1 -2 -1 3 3 .5 0 -4 3 0 4 -4 5 5 1 0 0 -2 6 -2 -1 -5 -1 3 1 -1 -1 -.5 -4 -1 5 -1 1 4 -5 -1 -2 4.5 1 1 -4 1 -3 4.5 -1 -4 -1 2 -1 Pk Salaried profes sional 62 2 2 24 62 14 14 45.5 2 26 26 2 26 36.5 42 42 0. 0 1 .05+ .05+ .05+ .0 1 .05+ .05+ .0 5 .05+ .05+ .0 5 + .05+ .05+ .05+ .0 5 .0 5 - -7 8 1 -2 0 2 7 9 -7 7 2 -6 12 3 -1 2.5 6 . 05+ 3 Salaried business -1 -2 -2 - 0 .5 1 -3 -2 2 6.5 3 -6 1 - 1 .5 - 6 .5 1 7 -7 Independ ent pro fessional Independ ent busi ness 3 1 5 6 14 1 -1 0 -3 0 -5 4 -1 0 8.5 0 -1 - 7 .5 1 -6 14 15 8 -6 -8 -3 1.5 3 -7 9 -1 0 .5 - 1 .5 -3 -9 3 7 k Clerical 5 -3 -5 - 3 .5 -8 -5 1 1 3 -8 - 2 .5 4 0 5 1 8 -6 Pic Wage earner -1 2 -1 3 —15 -1 5 11 12 -6 -4 0 9.5 2 - 8 .5 0 3 -1 0 86 118 420 502.5 550 196 362 140 118.5 156 201.5 238 401 785 22 257.5 152 0.05+ .0 5 + .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 5 + .0 1 .0 5 + .0 5 + .0 5 + .0 5 + .0 5 .0 1 .0 5 + .0 5 + .0 5 .0 5 + E X P E N D IT U R E S II-III OF Total money expenditures___________ I A N A L Y S IS Food_____________________________________ Clothing_____________ ______ _____________ Housing expense 3________________ _______ Housing value 4............... ......... ... ........ Household operation______________________ Furnishings_______________________________ Automobile, total _____________ ____ _ . Other transportation____ _____ ___________ Personal care___________________ _____ __ Medical care____ _______________________ Recreation________________________________ Tobacco__________ ________ _______________ Reading_________________________ ___ . .. Education________________________________ Gifts and taxes___ _____________ _____ __ __ Changes in assets and liabilities___________ Occupation tests (Family types I, II-III, IV -V , combined) 1 Deviations from average sum of ranks (12). 2 Deviations from average sum of ranks (21). 3 Includes housing plus fuel, light, and refrigeration. 4 Includes housing expense plus imputed income from owned home plus rent received as pay or gift. 223 224 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN N E W YO R K C IT Y The value, P k, gives the probability of getting by chance a value of k larger than the one obtained. If this probability is 0.05 or less, we have grounds for rejecting the hypothesis that the average expendi tures for that specific item came from the same expenditure universe. We show three levels of probability as follows: 0 .0 5 + means a value of P greater than 0.05. 0.0 5 — means a value of P between 0.05 and 0.01. 0.0 1— means a value of P less than 0.01. A test of significance is much more effective in rejecting a hypothesis than in proving one, and this together with the limitations of the rank test, should caution the reader against making any sweeping general izations from the test results. A t best they suggest hypotheses for further and more refined testing. Appendix E V ariability in Fam ily Expenditures A family which, at any given income level, has relatively low total expenditures for current living may have spent less all along the line for food, clothing, and housing, as well as for the lesser items of expendi ture. It may, on the other hand, have had average expenditures for the major categories of consumption, while it spent little or nothing for transportation, medical care, reading, recreation, and tobacco. A family at the other extreme may have reported larger than average expenditures for almost all the major categories of expense, or may have incurred very heavy expense in only one or two fields, such as transportation or medical care. It is, therefore, not surprising to find among the families of a given income class, occupational group, and family type very wide variations in expenditures for most categories of consumption. Such variation in the pattern of expenditures is characteristic and quite normal and accounts for the irregularities in average expenditures to which attention has been drawn in the pre ceding discussion of the individual consumption categories. Detailed examination of the data for a number of cells indicates that food expenditures show the least relative variation.1 Other basic and recurrent items in the usual family budget that show relatively little variation are clothing, housing (including fuel, light, and refrigeration) and personal care. Certain of the more elastic consumption categories, for which average expenditures increase rather rapidly at succeeding income levels (such as clothing, recreation, and household operation), show less percentage variation within a cell than do the items which receive a more constant proportion of the total, such as tobacco and transportation other than by automobile. The three most variable categories in the budget are medical care, furnishings and equipment, and automobiles, two of which are rela tively stable in relation to total expenditures, and one highly elastic group. A t most of the income levels covered, the expenditures for medical care do not show the regularity which characterizes the out lays of families that provide for preventive medicine, for annual physical and dental examinations. They show either no expense at all, small sums for medicines, or relatively large amounts spent in the care of the sick. Expenditures for housefurnishings and for automobile 1 See U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. 642, Family Income and Expenditure in Chicago, Washington, D. C., vol. II, appendix E. 225 226 F A M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E IN NEW YORK C IT Y purchase and operation are not so large in New York in relation to income as in some communities where dwellings are in general larger, where automobile operation is cheaper, and where municipal trans portation is less well-developed. These very factors may increase the variation in expenditures for those items by individual New York families. The actual outlays of families of a given income, occupa tional, and family type group frequently range from zero to fairly substantial amounts. T o illustrate the range of variation, the expenditures of four groups of white families and two groups of Negro families are shown in table 6. The mean expenditure is given for each category and the range from the mean of the expenditures of individual families. For most categories, the dispersion was very wide. The maximum expenditure on even such a basic item as food was generally at least twice as great as the smallest expenditure reported.2 The range from a relatively large deficit to a large surplus was particularly striking. In general, the mean expenditure for a given categoiy was closer to the minimum than to the maximum, indicating that most families reported moderate outlays while one or two reported large amounts. This was particularly clear with reference to automobile purchase and operation, medical care, and household furnishings. JThe wide variation in food expenditure is not attributable to the receipt of food without money expense by some families. Although “ free” food was of considerable importance, particularly among Negro families at the lower income levels, it was negligible for the families in these selected cells. T a b l e 6 . — M e a n expenditures o f fa m ilies in selected groups and range o f exp en d itu res o f in divid ual fa m ilie s Negro families White families Classification: Income....... .......................... Occupational group............ $2,000-$2,249 Clerical IV and V II and III 17 1 19 3 Family type........................ Number of families: Renters...... .......................... Owners_____ ____________ Category Range from mean Mean Total money income_________ $1,124 Total money expense............ 1,230 Food: Total __________ ________ Away from home_________ Clothing: T otal................................. . Husband________________ Wife........ .............................. Housing 1_______ Fuel, light, and refrigeration. _. Other household operation___ Furnishings and equipment... Automobile_____ Other transportation_________ Personal care_______________ Medical care........... ................. . Recreation___________ ______ Tobacco....... ......... ........ .......... Reading_________ Education___________________ Contributions and personal taxes______________________ Other family expense ______ Net surplus or deficit................ $250 240 Above 12 0 8 2 16 0 7 0 Above Below $117 321 $113 371 $3, 239 3,069 $232 592 $239 $5, 788 1, 751 4,999 $250 1,703 Below Above $298 $1,103 1,279 1,168 $263 334 Below Above Above $145 $1.615 100 1,567 $102 202 $119 169 542 39 172 39 204 70 791 144 344 111 246 194 770 285 261 254 500 699 1,311 270 457 252 430 316 438 40 136 40 136 71 541 112 203 86 143 197 71 14 20 351 96 46 5 3 32 23 28 14 22 13 1 45 14 20 87 55 40 5 3 31 16 28 14 17 13 1 125 39 28 129 111 70 63 47 65 23 146 20 41 22 11 172 74 63 481 99 103 55 24 47 38 95 49 43 24 10 108 54 43 165 59 90 55 24 47 23 95 49 43 15 10 143 60 141 147 140 197 345 144 69 25 220 50 75 43 72 353 135 218 622 61 196 62 218 57 63 97 108 55 41 3 203 85 127 334 29 163 58 218 57 50 62 94 55 20 3 387 158 282 198 33 199 178 1, 352 73 52 92 135 140 34 27 460 142 235 1,059 152 652 160 215 66 90 112 180 70 53 120 275 42 185 309 77 136 158 215 66 48 112 139 70 44 120 178 60 173 629 196 194 171 337 275 47 318 124 94 151 681 92 26 42 326 88 36 21 11 26 34 28 32 23 14 1 48 19 27 86 52 33 19 11 23 24 26 27 23 5 1 48 27 58 274 105 50 139 74 21 36 128 55 31 13 5 176 59 50 412 93 67 25 72 29 33 196 41 40 20 119 76 50 368 55 61 45 55 37 31 42 34 18 4 47 13 28 24 14 9 4 77 13 55 29 34 6 8 14 14 38 58 2 55 2 208 14 276 87 256 87 524 526 295 18 237 18 363 48 15 1 14 1 16 11 32 5 143 346 227 61 509 460 197 1, 786 676 745 847 1,759 206 157 37 145 124 -8 4 -5 3 227 1 Includes imputed income from owned homes and the value of rent received as pay or gift. Mean Mean Below Above Range from mean Range from mean Range .from mean Mean Mean Below $124 $2,125 334 2,075 IT and III $1.500-$1,749 Business and pro fessional IV and V Range from mean Range from mean Mean Below $1,000-$1,249 Wage earner I $5,000-$7,499 Independent pro fessional II and III $3,000-$3,499 Salaried professional VARIABILITY IN FAMILY EXPENDITURES $1,000-$1,249 Wage earner Appendix F Fam ily T yp e Com position o f Occupational Groups and Occupational Com position o f Fam ily T yp e Groups The interdependence of occupational and family type groups made it desirable to analyze at given income levels the expenditures of families of given composition holding occupational group constant and, similarly, expenditures of families of different occupational classification holding family type constant (see appendix D ). Since, however, the data (weighted averages) presented in the text and Tabular Summary for family type groups by income and for occupa tional groups by income reflect such interdependence, the following tables are presented in order to indicate the relative importance along the income scale of the several occupational groups within each family type and of the several family type groups within each occupational category. See p. 187, table 2, column 5. T able 7 . - —D istrib u tio n o f eligible fa m ilie s o f specified occupational grou p s according to f a m i l y ty p e , by in com e [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Income class and occupational group All types I II and III IV and V W a g e earn er $500-$749...................................................... ............................ $750-$999_________ __________ _____ ___________________ $1,000-$1,249................................................ ............................ $1,250-$1,499........................................... ............................ $1,500-$1,749__________________________________________ 100 100 100 100 100 51 40 35 26 28 30 40 43 45 41 19 20 22 29 31 $1,750-$1,999_________________________ ____ ___________ $2,000-$2,5M9_________ ________________________________ $2,250-$2,499_________________________________ _____ _ $2,500-$2,999__________________________________________ $3,000-$3,499__________________________________________ $3,500-$3,999— ______ _________________________________ 100 100 100 100 100 100 23 21 21 21 18 15 43 40 33 36 25 16 34 39 46 43 57 69 $750-$999____ ______ ____________ _____ _______________ $1,000-$1,249__________________________________________ $1,250-$1,499__________________________________________ $1,500-$1,749____________________ _____________________ $1,750-$1,999__________________________________ _______ 100 100 100 100 100 42 36 40 36 37 95 34 38 35 38 23 30 22 29 25 $2,000-$2,249________________________ _______ ___ ____ _ $2,250-$2,499._____________________________ ___________ $2,500-$2,999_________________________ ________________ $3,000-$3,499_.................... ................................................. . $3,500-$3,999......................... ................................................... 100 100 100 100 100 28 27 29 27 25 43 42 33 35 30 29 31 38 38 45 C le r ic a l 228 229 COMPOSITION OF GROUPS T able 7. — D istrib u tio n o f eligible fa m ilie s o f specified occupational groups according to f a m i ly t y p e , b y in com e — Continued [White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Income class and occupational group All types I II and III IV and V In d e p e n d e n t b u sin ess $1,250-$1,499___________________________ $1,500-$1,749______________ ____________ $1,750-$1,999___________________________ $2,000-$2,249___________________________ $2,250-$2,499..... ........................ ................... 100 100 100 100 100 42 29 31 36 32 28 43 36 42 43 30 28 33 22 25 $2,500-$2,999____ __________ ____________ $3,000-$3,499....... ........ .................. ............. $3,500-$3,999......... .........._............................ $4,000-84,999__________________ ____ _ $5,000-87,499......................... .................. . 100 100 100 100 100 24 28 15 15 25 46 42 42 44 35 30 30 43 41 40 $7.500-89,999..... ............................................ $10,000 and over.............................................. . 100 100 20 12 30 32 50 56 $1,250-81,499___________________________ $1,500-81,749____________________ ______ $1,750-81,999___________________________ $2,000-82,249___________________________ $2,250-82,499___________________________ 100 100 100 100 100 50 60 36 64 44 25 40 28 20 39 36 16 17 $2,500-82,999______ _____ _______________ $3,000-83,499________ __________________ $3,500-83,999____ ____ __________________ $4,000-84,999___________________________ $5,000-87,499___________________________ 100 100 100 100 100 28 36 31 22 36 41 39 50 53 32 31 25 19 25 32 $7,500-89,999________________________ .... $10,000 and over........... ............... ......... ......... . 100 100 23 25 50 33 27 42 $1,250-81,499____ ___ ___________________ $1,500-81,749________ ______ ___________ $1,750-81,999___________________________ $2,000-82,249_________________________ _ $2,250-$2,499___________________________ 100 100 100 100 100 36 35 37 19 50 41 37 41 61 50 23 28 22 20 $2,500-82,999_____________ _____________ $3,000-83,499................................................ $3,500-83,999___________________________ $4,000-84,999___________________________ $5,000-87,499___________________________ 100 100 100 100 100 27 2S 22 18 24 39 40 26 38 37 34 32 52 44 39 $7,500-$9,999________ __________________ $10,000 and over--------------------------------------- 100 100 37 29 20 34 43 37 $1,250-81,499._____ _____________________ $1,500-$1,749___________________________ $1,750-81,999___________________________ $2,000-82,249__________________ ________ $2,250-82,499____________________ ______ 100 100 100 100 100 47 47 34 47 36 33 32 49 34 43 20 21 17 19 21 $2,500-$2,999___________________ ______ $3,000-83,499___________________________ $3,500-83,999__________________________ $4,000-84,999_____________________ _____ $5,000-87,499________________ __________ 100 100 100 100 100 36 46 38 39 35 46 31 35 21 34 18 23 27 40 31 $7,500-$9,999---$10,000 and over. 100 100 32 26 37 42 63 In d ep en d e n t p r o fessio n a l 25 S a la r ie d b u s i n e s s S a la r ie d p r o f e s s i o n a l 230 T FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY able 8 . — D istrib u tio n o f eligible fa m ilie s o f specified typ es according to occupation al group, b y in com e |White nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Income class and family type Total Wage earner Clerical Inde pendent business Inde pendent profes sional Salaried business Salaried profes sional F a m ily typ e 1 $500-$749........................................ $750-$999...... ................................. $1,000-$1,249_................................ $1,250-$1,499....... ........................ . $1,500-$1,749.......... .................. 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 68 46 46 25 32 39 40 9 6 1 2 2 5 4 $1,750-$1,999___........................... $2,000-$2,249.______ ______ ____ $2,250-$2,499__.............................. $2,500-$2,999................. ................ $3,000-$3,499.................. ............... 100 100 100 100 100 36 26 29 33 17 46 42 42 37 33 6 11 7 8 10 1 5 4 3 5 5 6 5 7 14 6 10 13 12 21 $3,500-$3,999................................. $4,000-$4,999_......................... $5,000-$7,499___............................. $7,500-$9,999.__________________ $10,000 and over______________ 100 100 100 100 100 11 34 6 8 20 14 18 8 14 21 18 41 14 17 23 47 41 27 61 36 21 $500-$749______ ______ ________ $750-$999______________________ $1,000-$1,249_................ ................ $1,250-$1,499.................................. $1,500-$1,749_________ _________ 100 100 100 100 100 100 79 74 63 55 21 26 29 32 5 8 2 3 2 $1,750-$1,999.............................. $2,000-$2,249.............. ................... $2,250-$2,499....... .......................... $2,500-$2,999....... .......................... $3,000-$3,499.................................. 100 100 100 100 100 50 34 30 39 20 34 46 41 30 35 5 9 6 10 13 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 11 7 16 6 5 10 11 12 $3,500-$3,999___________________ $4,000-$4,999________________ $5,000-$7,499__________________ $7,500-$9,999________________ $10,000 and over......................... . 100 100 100 100 100 9 33 13 19 23 21 32 . 10 26 16 38 32 14 29 31 24 29 21 26 30 17 7 $500-$749_______ ______ _______ $750-$999___________ ____ _____ $1,000-$1,249.._......... .................. $1,250-$1,499....... ................. ........ $1,500-$1,749____________ _____ 100 100 100 100 100 100 74 62 63 55 26 38 26 35 6 1 2 3 2 $1,750-$!,999................................. $2,000-$2,249................................. $2,250-$2,499__________________ $2,500-$2,999__________________ $3,000-$3,499.................................. 100 100 100 100 100 54 44 48 47 39 31 41 36 34 33 7 6 5 7 8 1 1 l 2 2 4 4 4 6 11 3 4 6 4 $3,500-$3,999................ ................. $4,000-$4,999......................... ........ $5,000-$7,499________________ _ $7,500-$9,999______________ ___ $10,000 and over_____ _________ 100 100 100 100 100 27 33 9 15 26 26 39 2 11 16 15 30 18 30 31 38 23 11 44 27 21 8 F a m ily typ es I I and I I I F a m ily typ es I V 1 (*) and V Less than 1 percent. (*) 7 (*) 231 COMPOSITION OF GROUPS T able 9 . — D istrib u tio n o f eligible fa m ilies o f specified occup ation al groups according to f a m i ly ty p e , b y in co m e [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Income class and occupational group Total I II and III IV and V W a g e earn er $500-$749........................ .................... $750-$999__......................................... $1,000-$1,249___.................................. $1,250-$1,499__.................................... $1,500-$1,749....... ............................... 100 100 100 100 100 56 63 53 56 44 13 30 29 18 25 31 7 18 26 31 $1,750-$1,999_...................................... $2,000-$2,249....................................... $2,25Q-$2,499....................................... $2,500-$2,999_..................................... 100 100 100 100 45 45 60 29 33 11 20 14 22 44 20 57 $750-$999___ $1,000-$1,249 $1,250-$1,499 $1,500-$1,749 $1,750-$1,999 100 100 100 100 100 40 75 67 89 43 60 25 33 11 43 $2,000-$2,249. $2,250-$2,499. $2,500-$2,999. 100 100 100 46 50 75 23 17 31 33 25 Business and professional $750-$999. ___________ __________________ $1,000-$1,249___________________ _____ $1,250-$l,499..__________ _______________ $1,500-SI,749_____ ______________________ $1,750-$1,999______ _____________________ 100 100 100 100 100 40 59 50 20 20 33 50 6 30 40 8 50 44 50 $2,000-$2,249_________ __________________ $2,250-$2,499___________________________ $2,500-$2,999________ ___________________ $3,000 and over________________ ______ 100 100 100 100 40 60 40 40 Clerical 8 0 6 9 4 °— 39 -16 56 14 20 100 44 232 T FAMILY EXPENDITURE IN NEW YORK CITY a b l e 10 . — D istrib u tio n o f eligible fa m ilie s o f specified typ es according to occup ation al g r o u p , b y in co m e [Negro nonrelief families including husband and wife, both native born] Income class and family type Total Wage earner Clerical Business and pro fessional F a m ily typ e I $500-$749............................................. $750-$999...... ............ .......................... $1,000-$1,249__.................................... $1,250-$1,499.................................... . $1,500-$1,749....................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 92 80 88 57 4 9 12 21 $1,750-$1,999..... .................................. $2,000-$2,249_....... .................... ......... $2,250-$2,499_-.................... ................ $2,500-$2,999.______ _______ ______ $3,000 and ov er....................... ........ 100 100 100 100 100 62 33 33 25 23 50 33 75 $500-$749__ _____ ______ _______________ $750-$999...... ........ .......... ............................ . $1,000-$1,249_....................................... ........ $1,250-$1,499______________ ____________ $1,500-$1,749_................................................ 100 100 100 100 100 100 84 83 74 86 12 6 16 7 4 11 10 7 $1,750-$1,999........................... ...................... $2,000-$2,249................................ ................. $2,250-$2,499____________ ______________ $2,500-$2,999___........................ .................... $3,000 and over............................................ 100 100 100 100 50 17 25 100 25 50 25 25 33 50 $500-$749________________ ____ ________ $750-$999__________ _________ _________ $1,000-$1,249.............................. ......... . $1,250-$1,499....................... ......................... $1,500-$1,749......................... ....................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 71 95 91 68 $1,750-$1,999................................ ................ $2,000-$2,249........................................ . $2,250-$2,499____________________ ____ _ $2,500-$2,999_......................... ..................... $3,000 and over________________________ 100 100 100 100 100 40 45 33 40 4 11 22 15 17 34 100 F a m ily typ es I I and I I I F a m ily ty p e s I V and V O 29 5 9 32 10 44 67 20 50 11 40 100
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